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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
L16I— O-I096
In Memory of
Gerard C. Berthold
1910-1992
University of Illinois Library at Urbana-Champaign
History
The Great Northwest
HEN OF PROGRESS.
A Select List of Biographical Sketches and Portraits of
The Leaders in Business, Professional, and
Official Life.
Published under the Personal Supervision of
HUGH J. McGRATH and WILLIAM STODDARD.
EDITED BY C. W. G. HYDE AND WM. STODDARD.
minneapolis.
The Minneapolis Journal.
1901.
COPYRIGHTED 1901
NEAPOLIS JOURNAL.
NOTICE
\FTER CAREFUL EXAMINATION OF THE
NNER MARGIN AND TYPE OF MATERIAL
VE HAVE SEWN THIS VOLUME BY HAND
;0 IT CAN BE MORE EASILY OPENED
\ND READ.
HERTZBERG-NEW METCHD.INC.
HISTORY
OF
THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
I 1 49928
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ByC. W.G.HYDE.
THE GREAT NORTHWEST DEFINED.
HE expressions "The North-
west,'" and "The Northwest-
ern States," convey to the
minds of most people an idea
that is vague, undefined, and
therefore unsatisfactory. Be-
fore attempting to enter upon the history
of this region, it will be well to get our bear-
ings and to know delinitely what territory
is included in the great Northwest whose
history is here set forth.
The Northwest Territory, as the term
was understood at the close of the eight-
eenth century, included the northern por-
tion of the territory ceded to the United
States by Great Britain in 1783 not forming
part of the thirteen original states. This
territory was bounded on the north by the
Great Lakes, on the south by the Ohio river,
and on the west by the Mississippi. It em-
braced the present states of Ohio, Michigan,
Indiana, Wisconsin and Illinois, as well as
that part of Minnesota lying east of the Mis-
sissippi river. The Northwest Territory
was at that time an appropriate designation
for the country to which it was applied, for
it was the most northerly and westerly por-
tion of the domain of the United States, and
was, moreover, set off by a natural bound-
ary— the Ohio river — from the eastern and
southern parts of the new nation. The pop-
ular conception of the Northwest was recog-
nized by congress in the enactment of the
famous ordinance of 1787 or — to quote the
text — "Ordinance for the Government of the
Territory of the United States Northwest of
the River Ohio." In this ordinance our fa-
thers struck the keynote of liberty whose vi-
brations awakened a responsive chord in ev-
ery American heart — a chord that was for
seventy years turned into discord by the
hum of the cotton-gin, but which has devel-
oped into a song whose harmonies compel
the world to stop and listen.
It is quite pertinent to our topic to dwell
for a moment upon this remarkable docu-
ment, for it laid down those fundamental
principles on which the government of the
later Northwest has been built. "In truth,"
says Theodore Roosevelt, in "The Winning
of the West," "the ordinance of 1787 was so
wide-reaching in its effects, was drawn in
accordance with so lofty a morality and
such far-seeing statesmanship, and was
fraught with such weal for the nation, that
it will ever rank among the foreAost of
American state papers, coming in that little
group which includes the Declaration of In-
dependence, the Constitution, Washington's
Farewell Address, and Lincoln's Emancipa-
tion Proclamation and Second Inaugural. It
marked out a definite line of orderly free-
dom along which the new states were to ad-
^ ance. It laid deep the foundation for that
system of widespread public education so
characteristic of the republic and so essen-
tial to its healthy growth. It provided that
complete religious freedom and equality
which we now accept as part of the order of
nature, but which were then unknown in
any important European nation. It guar-
anteed the civil liberty of all citizens. It
provided for an indissoluble union, a union
which should grow until it could relentless-
ly crush nullification and secession; for the
states founded under it were the creatures
of the nation, and were by the compact de-
clared forevei- inseparable from it."
The great Northwest, as the phrase is
now understood, comprises the two north-
ernmost tiers of states lying west of lakes
Michigan and Superior. These states are
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota,
South Daliota, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho,
Washington and Oregon.
OUR TITLE TO THE NORTHWEST.
Wisconsin and that part of Minnesota
lying east of the Mississippi were acquired
from Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris,
September 3, 1783. This is the treaty by
which the Revolutionary War was formally
terminated. In 1803, the United States pur-
chased the Province of Louisiana from
France, paying her $15,000,000. The north-
western states since formed from the terri-
tory thus purchased are Minnesota west of
the Mississippi, Iowa, North Dakota, South
Dakota, and the portions of Montana and
Wyoming drained by the Missouri and its
tributaries. Washington, Oregon, Idaho and
the western portions of Montana and Wyo-
ming— the portions lying west of the main
range of the Rocky Mountains — originally
formed part of the vast territory known
as Oregon. The title of the United States
to this territory is seven-fold: First — It was
discovered in 1792 by Robert Gray, captain
of a Boston ship, the Columbia. He sailed
several miles up a magnificent river never
before navigated by white men, and, naming
it after his ship, landed and took possession
of the country it drained, in the name of the
United States; second, the territory of Lou-
isiana, whose boundaries were very loosely
defined in the treaty of 1803, was held by
some to extend to the Pacific. Assuming
this view to be correct, the country became
ours by purchase; third, the exploration of
tlie Columbia river and its tributaries in
1805-6 by Captains Lewis and Clarke;
fourth, the actual settlement of Astoria, at
the mouth of the Columbia river, in 1811, by
the Astor Fur company. The seal of nation-
ality was placed upon this enterprise by the
presence of a I'nited States naval officer who
commanded the leading vessel in the enter-
prise; fifth and sixth, the title of the United
States to the Oregon country was further
strengthened by treaties with Spain (1818)
and Mexico (1828), which were somewhat in
the nature of quit-claim deeds. In these
treaties the two countries expressly relin-
quished their claims to the territory in ques-
tion, leaving Great Britain as the only ad-
verse claimant; seventh, on July 17, 1846, a
treaty was signed by which the parallel of
forty-nine degrees north latitude was fixed
as the boundary between the British posses-
sions on the north and the United States on
the south. It is from the territory thus ac-
quired that the states of Washington, Ore-
gon, and Idaho and portions of Montana and
^Vyoming were formed.
THE ABORIGINES.
V\hen, in 1492, Christopher Columbus
landed on the island of Guanahani, he sup-
posed he had reached the "land where the
spices grow," or the Indies. He therefore,
in all his accounts of his voyages, spoke of
the dusky natives as Indians, that is, na-
1i^■es of the Indies. When the error made
by Columbus was discovered, it was too late
to change the name either of the locality or
of the people. The former was therefore
called the West Indies, a name which ap-
plied collectively to the various islands and
groups of islands which separate the Carib-
bean sea from the Atlantic ocean and the
Gulf of Mexico. This name distinguished it
from the spice regions in southeastern Asia,
the discovery of a western sea-route to
which had been the object of Columbus' voy-
age, and which were thereafter known as
the East Indies.
The investigations of ethnologists point
to an Asiatic origin of the Indians of Amer-
ica. A very high authority reaches the con-
clusion that the aborigines in the extreme
north reached this continent by crossing
Bering strait, while others came to our east-
ern shores by an overland route which ex-
isted in the Pleistocene epoch. The theory of
Asiatic origin is based upon resemblances
of color, skull measurements, and other
physical characteristics which appear to
identify the Indians with the great Mon-
golian division of the human race. On the
other hand, the philological argument leads
to the conclusion that the aboriginal inhabi-
tants of America were of American origin.
••Philologists have agreed," says Terry,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
"that the Aiiierif-an languages are unique
and cannot be traced to an oriental source;
that, further, they bear evidence of aborig-
inal antiquity — are primitive in character
and differ radically from all others."
As to the antiquity of the race to which
the North American Indian belongs, no pre-
cise date can be assigned as that of his first
appearance upon the continent. We are not,
however, left to mere conjecture upon this
point. The investigations of geologists en-
able them to fix upon a minimum period ino
attempt is made to limit the maximum peri-
od) within which our aborigines made their
advent in America. John Fiske gives a
most interesting discussion of this question
in the first chapter of "The Discovery of
America." He says: "It is altogether prob-
able tliat the people whom the Spaniards
found in America came by migration from
the Old ^^'orld. But it is by no means prob-
able that their migration occurred within so
short a period as five or six thousand years.
A series of observations and discoveries
kept up for the last half-century seem to
show that North America has been continu-
ously inhabited by human beings since the
earliest Pleistocene times, if not earlier.
* * * Concerning the antiquity of the
Pleistocene epoch, * * * if -^^^ adopt thf
magnificent argument of Dr. Croll * * *
we obtain a result that is moderate and
probable. The Glacial epoch began about
240,000 years ago and came to an end about
80,000 years ago. » * * Xow the traces
of the existence of man in North America
during the Glacial epoch have in recent
years been discoA'ered in abundance, as, for
example, the palaeolithic quartzite imple-
ments found in the drift near the city of St.
Paul, which date from toward the close of
the Glacial epoch; [and] the fragment of a
human jaw found in the red clay deposited
in ilinnesota during an earlier part of that
epoch. * * * In July, 18S7, * * * in
a deep cut of the Baltimore and Ohio rail-
road, in a stratum of Philadelphia red grav-
el and brick clay, Mr. Cresson obtained an
unquestionable palaeolith. * * * If we
accept Dr. CroH's method of reckoning, we
can hardly assign to it an antiquity less
than 150,000 years."
According to a map published by George
Catlin, in IS'i'.i, the great Northwest was at
that time inhabited by the following tribes
of Indians: In Wisconsin, the Chippeways,
the Menomonies, and the Winnebagoes; in
ilinnesota, the Chippeways and the Sionx;
in Iowa, the Sioux, the Sacs and the Foxes;
in Dakota, the Assinneboins, the Minata-
lees, the Mandans, the Riccarees, and the
Sioux; in Montana, the Blaekfeet and the
('rows; in Wyoming, the Crows and the
( 'heyennes ; in Idaho, the Shoshones and the
Flatheads; in Washington and Oregon, the
('hilts, the Chinooks, the Flatheads, the
Snakes, and the Nez T'erces.
There are at present in the Northwest
some 82,000 Indians, about 70,000 being col-
lected in a hundred different reservations.
The remaining 12,000 are self-supporting
and are taxed like the whites. The distri-
l)utiou of the Indians in the several states is
approximately as follows: In South Dakota,
20.000 Brules, (I'heyennes, Blaekfeet,* Sioux,
etc.; in Washington, 11,000, belonging to
nearly eighty tribes — Cceur d'Alenes, Kute-
uays, Nez Perces, Okanagans, Olympias,
Pend d'Oreilles, Piutes, Puyallups, Spokanes,
etc.; in Montana, 11,000 Assinneboins,
Blaekfeet, C'heyennes, Crows and Flat-
heads; in Wisconsin, 10,000 Menomonies,
Oneidas, etc; in Minnesota, 10,000 Chippe-
ways, etc.; in North Dakota, 8,000 Arikaras,
Assinneboins, Blaekfeet, Sioux, Gros Ven-
tres, ilandans, Unkpapapas, Wahpetons and
Yanktonnai; in Oregon, 5,000 Cayuses, Pi-
utes, Shastis, Snakes, etc.; in Idaho, 4,500
Bannaks, C(r>ur d'Alenes. Nez Perces, Sho-
shones, etc.; in \A'yoming 2,000 Shoshones,
Arapahoes, etc; and in Iowa, 500 Sacs and
Foxes.
As the tide of white exploration and set-
tlement moved westward across the conti-
nent, various types of the Indian were en-
countered. Indians living upon cultivated
maize, small grain and vegetables, wild
grains, fruits and roots; flesh eaters, root
diggers, and fish eaters. Everywhere the
Indian was found conforming through ne-
cessitv to his environment, taking advan-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tage of the situation, and ingenious with the
elements around him. The highest intelli-
gence was found among the Indians of the
Atlantic coast and east of the Ohio river,
this intelligence gradually decreasing, until
the most sciualid Indian was found west of
the Rocky ^Mountains, on the Pacific coast
and northward, and in regions where the
natural resources were limited.
Peaceful at the advent of the whites,
then hostile, the Indians became more wild
and savage as our ancestors proceeded
westward, this fierceness being again aggra-
vated by the advancing lines of Anglo-Sax-
on civilization. In a very instructive mono-
graph on "The Aborigines of the North-
west" (Parkman Club Publications No. 4,
]81>6), Frank Taylor Terry speaks thus of
the change in Indian character in the past
300 years:
"The American Indians were, 300 years
ago, superior to the better known Indians
of our modern frontier. Explorers of the
sixteenth century found them an agricultur-
al race, living in settled villages, planned
often with an eye to comfori and beauty;
the houses interspersed with trees, grass
plats and groves for tame deer; and, in their
proper place, were regularly laid out corn-
fields and gardens of potatoes, beans, mel-
ons and tobacco. Each town had its public
houses, one for worship, one for council, and
one for storing grain.
'•They seem also to have been a hospita-
ble race. When Raleigh's men, in 1584,
landed on Roanoake Island, the native vil
lagers took them into the large five-room
house of their chief's brother, warmed them
before the fire, washed and dried their
clothes, and hastened meanwhile to dress
and cook some meat for them, and the nar-
rative says 'their vessels are earthen pots,
very large, white and sweet; their dishes are
wooden platters of sweet timber.' It is
these and other Indians living in fixed vil-
lages in comfort and peace that in all prob-
ability erected the mounds and made the
mound pottery and implements. Found in
the midst of plenty, a simple and friendly
race living in Arcadian simplicity and rustic
happiness, they were slowly crowded west-
ward by the whites until they became a
ti'eacherous and deadly foe. • ♦ • They
are the last vestiges of a social condition
That may have been happier than civiliza-
tion; and even our nomadic hunting Indians
of Wisconsin, who wept with joy on the ar-
rival of Perrot. Radisson, and Grosseilliers,
might perhaps have wept with grief for the
future of their tribes, had they known that
a foreign and distasteful civilization would
appropriate their hunting grounds and de-
stroy their ancient means of livelihood."
Before the coming of white men, the
principal means of conveyance along the
lakes and rivers of the Northwest was the
dugout canoe. When the Spaniards brought
horses, some of them escaped and in time
bands of wild horses were roaming over the
western plains. The Indians captured and
lamed them, and substituted them for the
canoe. These were the ancestors of the In-
dian ponies variously designated as bron-
c OS, mustangs and cayuses. The plains
where the horse was found running wild be-
came valuable as horse producing grounds,
and almost incessant war was the result;
but, if tradition is to be believed, war was
the normal condition of the Indian tribes of
North America. The horse, enabling the
Indian to follow the buffalo for food and
clothes, and the claiming of the lands by the
tribes, encouraged his nomadic habits and
paved the way for his continued unsettled
life. The buffalo grounds were also battle-
fields where the southern Comanche fought
the northern Sioux, and the Pawnee and the
Cheyenne met in deadly conflict.
The wandering habits of many tribes,
and their varied manners and customs may
account for the great number of tribal Ian-
gauges. The battle for the necessities of
life was not a struggle as now, because
game was abundant, and people were not so
numerous. Skins and furs for clothing and
for making lodges, tents, and tepees, were
plentiful; and the flesh of the fur animals
was used for food. The lakes and streams
abounded in fish and the seasons brought
the unfailing crops of roots and nuts. War,
theft, and indolence were virtues in the men,
and labor was the dutv of the women. The
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
patient squaw was the stay of the family,
being, in fact, a beast of burden and both
camp guard and l^eeper, while the males
loafed, hunted, stole horses, fished, and
made war. Wants were comparatively few
and easily supplied.
Lands were regarded by the Indians as
tribal, not individual, jjroperty. Before the
coming of the whites they had portioned out
the surface of the country fairly well, and
by consent or tacit agreement, separate sec-
tions of the country were occupied by tribes
of the several stocks. For example, the
Sioux occupied the valley of the Mississippi
and stretched far to the southeast; and the
Shoshones roamed through the middle basin
between the Kocky and the Sierra Nevada
mountains in Idaho and farther south.
Indian nomadic life was not favorable to
the growth of large families. The Indians
moved with the seasons, following the game,
or going to corn growing grounds. Those
who depended most upon agriculture were
the most permanent because the climate of
the agricultural sections was agreeable, and
the country abounded in root crops and
birds, and the streams contained fish. These
natural resources made this class of Indi-
Jins less nomadic than those who, being
flesh eaters, depended on game.
Wild and free life made the Indian im-
provident; it gave him no care for the fu-
ture. Even now a week's rations is con-
sumed in two days, for he is a ravenous
eater, and besides he is not certain there
may be any food on the morrow. Nature
has also conspired to make the Indian thrift-
less and unstable. In his free condition, he
was the ideal wild man, pure and simple,
and to this day, many Indians are but little
changed in their wild instincts. Then the
restraint upon his appetite, physical or oth-
erwise, was satiety, and death was met with
nerve, and as a condition of life. Cunning
and ingenious, and with some mechanical
skill, he placed nature under tribute for
arms, weapons, decoys and game traps. Aa
a hunter he was more adroit than the wild-
est game, more fleet of foot than the elk or
deer, and more stealthy than the wolf.
The Indian village was the unit of organ-
isation in nearly all the tribes. The individ-
ual was and is merged in the village. With
the sedentary Indians, the villages were of
a permanent character. With the nomadic
Indians, lodges or tents, with their live
stock and property, composed the village.
In peace, the nomadic village was placed in
a favored retreat, and here the Indians re-
mained until war or the seasons forced them
to remove. By marks or signs, a band could
tell what Indians had preceded it. As a
rule, the bands of a tribe had their well-de-
lined camping grounds, which were sacred
to them. A tribe seldom, if ever, camped or
lived in a compact mass. The villages were
frequently separated by long distances, and
in war were signaled with fires or alarmed
by runners. In war, old men and women
<ared for the camp and protected it. When
a war party returned, one of their number
was selected to bear a pole upon which were
suspended the scalps taken from the enemy.
The Indian village life, the growth of cen-
turies, is now partially perpetuated on large
reservations, and the love of it is one of the
chief causes of the Indian's resistance to the
white man's customs. The Indian does not
like to live isolated. Dances preceded and
followed all their movements, good or bad.
From the camps or villages, the warrior set
out to acquire new honors or to meet death.
This was the life of the ancestors of the In-
dians, and with some tribes it still con-
tinues.
The Latin and Anglo-Saxon life which
poured in upon the Indian was to him inva-
sion. The pale-face was to him a robber,
who desi)oiled him of his lands and game,
and so became for all time his enemy. The
Indian's first impression of the white man
was very unfavorable, and to him the white
man has not changed, except to be looked
upon as more grasping. He found in the
first white man the same instincts of trade
and desire to oppress the lowest orders of
men that he finds now.
The question has sometimes been raised
whether contact with the sublime and the
beautiful in nature exercises, necessarily, a
refining influence upon hnman nature.
While the Indians in past ag(>s had all the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
advautaj^es arising from contact with beau-
tiful scenery — all that bounteous nature
could give to please, ennoble, or entrance, in
an area so great that all climates were with-
in his domain, and all altitudes, from the
towering mountain, sublime in its majesty,
to the low and i>oetic ranges of hills where
Terdure lay the year round and the wild
flower blossomed, — no Indian was ever in-
spired to the softer ways of life by the
grand eflfects of lavish nature. The Indian
is the embodiment of cruelty, and the wom-
en, in this respect, far excel the men. While
the Indians did not learn brutality in war
from the whites, the Europeans taught
them the use of firearms, diplomatic cun-
ning and intoxicating liquors, and also intro-
duced some loathsome diseases among them.
Eight of the northwestern states have In-
dian names, which are here given with their
significations: Wisconsin, wild, rushing
channel; Minnesota, cloudy (or sky-tinted)
Avater; Iowa, drowsy; Dakota, leagued;
Wyoming, the large plains; Idaho, gem of
the mountains; Oregon, great river of the
west.
The Indian is very superstitious and
holds to a mythology similar to that of all
primitive peoples and varying in its details
in different tribes. So far as has been as-
certained, however, he has no well-defined
religious views or beliefs. The Indians of
the Northwest are, in their native state, in-
capable of inventing, constructing, or build-
ing anything that requires the mental
power of combination. They are garrulous
among thejuselves but they become silent at
the approach of white men whom they in-
stinctively regard as their natural enemies.
Among themselves, in camp, the women
chatter as rapidly and loudly as white wom-
en, and the children bubble over with laugh-
ter and fun. The children seldom, if ever,
cry, and a brutal Indian father or mother
is very rare. While on the march, an In-
dian woman will unstring the portable cra-
dle from her back, take the child out, fill
her mouth with water, eject it in a spray
and wash the vermin or dust from the child,
which never even whimpers, replace it on
her back, and hurry along to overtake the
moving band.
All hunters know how the young of most
wild animals conceal themselves when their
privacy is invaded, and give no sign of their
presence by movement or sound, no matter
how near the intruder apjiroaches. It is the
same with Indian children; they seem to
share the secretive instinct with the young
plover, rat and deer.
Being the original occupant of the land,
the Indian cannot understand his being
crowded out or absorbed by the white. It
has been for centuries bred in his bone that
labor is dishonorable. He cannot compre-
hend the Anglo-Saxon moral code. For four
hundred years there has been intermittent
warfare between him and the invader.
"Over the old hunting ground, across the
silvery streams that thread the brown bar-
rens and plains, up the tall mountains,
among the towering pines to the snow-
( api)ed and sun-touched summits, in the
land once the home of his people, the Indian
of to-day can cast only a longing eye and re-
flect. * * * Crooning squaws and tot-
tering old men on reservations, in most
cases in squalor, rags, and hunger, retell
the fierce battles of their people, * * •
every person mentioned a hero; all now
legend and myth. These past Indian glories
and splendors can never come again; but
the Indian does not realize it, and so he in-
vokes their return with his ghost or ilessiah
dance.
"The Pacific coast fish eaters and root
diggers are now peaceable, progressive, and
almost entirely self-supporting. The other
reservation tribes, even if disposed to war,
are so surrounded with white settlements
that a war would be of short duration."
THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN.
It is a notable fact that where lust for
conquest and gold have failed to open up
new territory to higher civilization, this end
has been accomplished through the zeal
of Christian missionaries. Columbus, who
stipulated with the Spanish sovereigns that
he should, if he succeeded, hold high office
and receive a share of all gold, precious
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
stones and merchandise acquired, never
landed on the North American continent.
Ponce de Leon, the discoverer of Florida,
was killed bj the Indians. In 1528 Narvaez
explored the lands bordering the north
shore of the Gulf, endured cold and famine
and perished by shipwreck; De Soto, like
Narvaez, sought for gold; landing in Florida
M'ith a richly appointed company in 1539,
he discovered the Mississippi river in 1541.
Here he was buried. ''He had crossed a
large part of the continent in search of gold,
and found nothing so remarkable as his
burial-place." These expeditions — typical of
all purely self-seeking enterprises — entailed
upon the future colonists a legacy of unend-
ing border warfare.
"It was reserved for religious zeal to ac-
complish that enterprise in which a desire
of conquest and the thirst for gold had
failed; the ^Mississippi valley had yet to be
reached from the northeast, by the route of
the Great Lakes; and all the countless bene-
fits which have flowed from its settlement
and cultivation, in a commercial point of
view, have had their foundation in a promi-
nent degree in the religious zeal of the disci-
ples of Loyola. The discovery of the north-
west region was made, missionary posts es-
tablished, friendship cultivated with the nu-
merous savage tribes, churches erected; the
country was explored, and the upper Missis-
sippi not only discovered, but traced from
the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf of Mex-
ico; and all these through the untiring la-
bors of the French missionaries."
Before 1600, Jesuit missionaries had ex-
plored the St. Lawrence basin as far west as
the present site of Duluth. In 1641, some
Jesuit fathers attended a feast of the dead,
held by two thousand Chippewas at Sault
Ste. Marie (Falls of St. Mary), at the outlet
of Lake Superior. Here they learned of the
Sioux, who lived eighteen days' journey fur-
ther west beyond the great lake (Superior).
In 1854, two French fur traders pene-
trated the Sioux country west of Superior.
In 16G5, Father Claude Allouez embarked
on a mission to the far west. Having heard
of the copper deposits on the south shore, he
sailed in quest of them until he reached
( 'he(iuamegon Bay. Here, at a grand coun-
cil, he heard from the Indians of the vast
prairies covered with buffalo and deer
which stretched to the south and west, and
of the noble river called by them the "Mes-
sippi." The English intruders into America
had ti'ied by both fair and foul means to dis-
possess the natives of theii- land, gaining lit-
tle land and unlimited ill will, with a liberal
expenditure of treasure and blood. The
French missionary and trapper brought to
Ihe Indians a tender of alliance, an offer of
protection and a genial comradeship. The
trappers traveled, ate, drank, slept and in-
termarried with the red men, so that in time
of war, the Indians generally sided with the-
French as against the English.
In 1673, Father Marquette and the Sieur
Joliet started from the fort of Lake Michi-
gan to explore the great west. Passing
through Green Bay, they entered the Fox:
river, made a portage to the Wisconsin, and
soon entered the great ^lississippi. Proceed-
ing down the river, they discovered an In-
dian village upon a tributary floT^g from
the west. They were unquestionably the
first white men who had ever trod the soil'
of what is now Iowa, but the calumet or
pipe of peace was tendered to them and they
were told that the river on which the village
was situated was the Mouin-gouina. We
now call it the Des Moines. They continued
their descent of the Mississippi to a point
below the Arkansas, and on their return,
went up the Illinois and reached Lake Mich-
igan.
In 1682, La Salle descended the Missis-
sippi to the Gulf, and, formally taking pos-
session of the country drained by the Missis-
sippi and its tributaries from its source ta
its mouth, for France, he named it Louisi-
ana, in honor of Louis XIV. The next year
he returned to Quebec. "To La Salle must
be mainly asci-ibed the discovery of the vast
regions of the Mississippi valley, and the
subsequent occupation and settlement of
them by the French."
To Louis H(>nnepin belongs the credit of
having been Ihe first European who ascend-
ed the Mississippi above the mouth of the
Wisconsin. In February, 1680, he sailed up
HISTORY OV THE GREAT NORTIIAVEST.
tlie Mississippi from the Illinois, with in-
structions from La Salle to jjrocecd, if pos-
sible, to its source. At the forty-fifth def;ree
of north latitude, he was stopped by a high
waterfall to which Father Hennepin gave
the name of the Falls of St. Anthony of
I'adua. Thus, at the close of the seventeenth
century, France, in right of occupancy and
discovery, claimed the entire Mississippi ba-
sin, including the present states of Wiscon-
sin, Minnesota, Iowa, the Dakotas, and the
greater i)arts of Montana and Wyoming, be-
longing to the great Northwest.
For a century or more, the French trad-
ers and trappers roamed over the prairies
and through the forests of Louisiana (the
Mississippi basin) in quest of game, furs,
skins, and "the wool of the buffalo." On the
10th of February, 176.3, an event occurred
which made a fundamental change in the
history of this region. On that day the
Treaty of Paris was concluded. This treaty,
which terminated the French and Indian
War, transferred from France to Great Brit-
ain all that portion of Louisiana lying east
of the Mississippi except the town and is-
land of Orleans. The present state of \Yis-
consin and about one-third of Minnesota
thus passed from French to British control.
It was long, however, before the English ob-
tained a fijni foothold. The French traders
had taken wives from among the Indians,
and the great fur dealers in New Orleans
gave more in barter for peltries than the
English could afford to pay so that the In-
dian trade was retained by the French not-
withstanding the transfer of sovereignty.
The English, therefore, established no posts
of trade or defence west of Mackinac at the
foot of Lake Michigan. The country further
west appears to have been trodden by few
British subjects until after the visit made to
it by Jonathan Carver soon after the con-
clusion of the French and Indian War.
•Jonathan Carver, a native of Connecti-
cut, and said to have been a descendant of
John Carver, the first governor of Plymouth
Colony, left Boston in 17(!6 for the purpose
of exploring the Northwest. From the
mouth of the Wisconsin, he ascended the
Mississippi in a canoe, arriving at the Falls
of St. Anthony in November. After this he
ascended the Minnesota to a point two hun-
dred miles above Mendota. He was ac-
companied on his return to the mouth of the
Jlinnesota by nearly three hundred Indians,
who were making their annual journey to
a cave (now known as Carver's cave) in a
bluff just below the present city of St. Paul,
in order to bury there their dead. Carver's
heirs claimed a tract of land lying southeast
of St. Anthony, with an area about twice as
great as that of the state of Rhode Island,
and containing nearly 1,.500,000 acres.
They based this claim on a treaty Carver
was said to have made with the Indians at
the Great Cave. May 1, 1767. The claim
was never allowed.
At the commencement of the American
Revolution, from the first act of hostilities,
the savages of the Northwest had been as-
sociated as allies of Great Britain, and em-
ployed by the British commanders to lay
waste the frontier settlements. In 1778
an Amerian expedition under command of
Col. George R. Clark set out from the Falls
of the Ohio (Louisville) to terminate the In-
dian depredations by reducing the British
jiosts on the Wabash and the T'pper Missis-
sijipi. The story of Col. Clark's success-
ful operations in the Wabash region forms
one of the most brilliant chapters in Ameri-
can military history. We cannot dwell up-
on it. The news of his success alarmed the
British traders in the Minnesot.a and Wis-
consin country, and extraordinary military
precautions were taken to protect the fur
trade of the British. Five years later a
definite treaty of peace closed the Revolu-
tionai-y War and transferred from the do-
minion of (ireat Britain to that of the Unit-
ed States of America that part of the great
Northwest which lies east of the Missis-
sippi. ^^'e are now to trace the early his-
tory of Louisiana — or rather that portion of
it which embraces Montana, Wyoming, the
two Dakotas, Iowa, and western Minne
sota.
We ha\e already related that in 1682 the
French explorer La Salle, having explored
the Mississippi river from the Illinois to
the Gulf, formally took possession, in the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
name of France, of all the country drained
by that river and its tributaries. The cere-
monies by which he declared the sovereign-
ty of his king over this country were elabo-
rate. The Te Deum was given, a Latin
hymn was sung, and a cross was planted
bearing the arms of France. This act is the
basis of the title under which the United
States holds this country to-day, for this
ceremony has ever been respected by all
nations as the official seal placed by France
on the claim she made to the territory by
virtue of discovery, exploration and occupa-
tion. The name chosen by La Salle — Louisi-
ana— applied to the whole Mississippi val-
ley until 180.3. The history of this vast ter-
ritory for the next century and a half is
simply the history of trapping, trading for
furs, and the incidents of life among the
savages which contribute nothing to human
progress. In 1762 France ceded Louisiana
west of the Mississippi to Spain. Eighteen
years later Spain re-ceded it to France.
This last cession was a secret one. As
soon as President Jefferson learned of it he
foresaw trouble with France. It was of the
utmost consequence that the western states
bordering on the Mississippi should have
free access to the gulf by way of the river.
Willi New Orleans in the possession of a
foreign power — our commercial rival — such
access was impossible or would inevitably
be hampered by vexatious and expensive re-
strictions. The danger to free navigation
of the river was imminent, for in November,
1802, word came that a French military
force was on its way to occupy New Orleans.
The Spanish governor of New Orleans at
this time forbade the navigation of the Mis-
sissippi by American citizens, thus violating
the treaty of 1705, by the terms of which the
inhabitants of the states bordering the Ohio
and Mississippi had flat-boated their bacon,
hams, tobacco, and flour to New Orleans
and stored it in warehouses preparatory to
shipi)ing. The president was urged to take
action that might lead to war with Spain.
He determined to wait until France openly
assumed ownership of the province. The
opportunity to reach a peaceful solution of
the difficulty soon came. Napoleon was
first consul of France. He needed money.
He foresaw that it would be impossible for
him to hold a vast transatlantic territory
against England, a power that was mistress
of the seas and the hereditary enemy of
France. -Jett'erson offered to buy the island
of New Orleans and West Florida. Na-
]K)leon wanted to unload all of Louisiana,
and asked for an offer. After much bar-
gaining, the American envoys agreed that
the I'uited States should pay to France
sixty million francs in stocks bearing six
per cent, interest, and should in addition
assume the payment of all debts owed by
France to American merchants, to an
amount not exceeding twenty million francs.
As the value of the American dollar was
then estimated at five and one-third francs,
the new acquisition may be said to have
cost us .^15,000,000. The .senate ratified the
treaty of cession, and on December 20, 1S0.3,
the United States formally took possession
of its magnificent acquisition of nearly a
million square miles — a territory about
twenty times as large as England and
Wales combined, — enough to make over
three and one-half million farms of 160
acres each. From this territory there have
since been formed seven states and two ter-
ritories in addition to the five states form-
ing part of the great Northwest. Our
glance at the early history of the Oregon
country must be very brief.
The term Oregon was in early days ap-
plied to a vast territory west of the Rocky
^Mountains, extending along the forty-second
parallel to the Pacific, thence north up the
coast indefinitely, thence east to the crest
of the Rocky Mountains, thence south on the
crest to the place of beginning. Spain, Rus-
sia. Great Britain, and the Ihiited States
had conflicting claims to this region or parts
of it.
In 1513 the Spanish exjjlorer Balboa
crossed the Isthmus of Panama from north
to south and discovered the Southern Ocean,
(.r, as he named it from its peaceful appear-
ance, the Pacific Ocean, Pope Alexander
\'I. liad. ill 1403, issued a hull in which he
gave S|)ain all lands and waters she should
thereafter discover west of (about) the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT ^•ORTH^YEST.
fiftieth meridian of west longitude. By
virtue of Balboa's discovery, therefore,
Spain asserted her sovereignty over the
western shore of America bordering on the
Pacific, together with all territory drained
by the rivers which flowed into the Pacific,
or their tributaries. "Good old times, those
were." says Barrows, '"when kings thrust
their hands into the New World, as children
do theii's into a grab-bag at a fair, and drew
out a river four thousand miles long, or an
ocean, or a tract of wild land ten or fifteen
times the size of England!" In 1789 the
Spanish authorities captured some English
vessels that were attempting to form settle-
ments on Vancouver Island. Spain was in-
formed by the English ministry that she
could "not accede to the pretensions of abso-
lute sovereignty, commerce, and naviga-
tion" that were claimed. As the protest of
England was backed by a powerful navy,
Sjjain yielded, and in 1894; quietly withdrew
from Nootka Sound (Vancouver Island)
without formally relinquishing her claim.
When, as has been related above, Spain
ceded Louisiana to France, the cession in-
cluded all her territory north of the forty-
second parallel, — that is to say the Oregon
country.
The Hudson Bay company having found
a region in the far northwest that invited
the efforts of capitalists and navigators,
James Cook was commissioned by the
British government in 1776 to explore the
northwest coast, to look for the outlets of
rivers, and to take possession, in the name
of Great Britain, of any territory not al-
ready claimed by any European powers.
Cook was soon after murdered by the na-
tives on the Sandwich Islands, but the ex-
plorations of the agents of the Hudson Bay
company formed a weak thread on which
Great Britain hung her claim to Oregon.
In 179:; Captain Kobert Gray of Rhode
Island discovered the mouth of the Colum-
bia, and explored the river to a considerable
distance from its mouth, fifteen miles. In
1805-6 Captains Lewis and Clarke explored
the Oregon country under the authority of
the United States. In 1811 Astoria, at the
mouth of the Columbia, was settled by
American citizens, and in 18-16 all that part
of Oregon south of the forty-ninth parallel
was relinquished by Great Britain to the
I'nited States by treaty.
TERRITORIAL CHANGES.
1. By an act of congress approved
March 2Q. 1804, the newly ac(iuired domain
of Louisiana was formed into two districts.
The fii-st, designated as the ''Territory of
New Orleans," comprised '"all that portion
of country ceded by France to the United
States, under the name of Louisiana, which
lies south of the Mississippi territory, and
of an east and west line to commence on the
.Mississippi river, at the thirty-third degree
of north latitude, and to extend west to the
western boundary of the said cession."
•The residue of the province of Louisiana,"
was called the "District of Louisiana." The
executive power of the governor of Indiana
Territory was extended over the new dis-
trict, and to the governor and judges of
Indiana Territory was committed the au-
thority "to make all laws which they may
deem conducive to the good government of
the inhabitants" of said district. Freedom
of religion and trial by jury were established
by the same act. In 1805 the name was
changed to "the Territory of Louisiana,"
and a territorial government was organized
consisting of a governor and a legislative
bodj' consisting of "the governor and three-
judges or a majority of them." At this time
Wisconsin and the part of Minnesota lying
east of the Mississippi were part of Indiana
Territory.
2. Under an act of congress passed in
1809 the present Wisconsin and eastern Min-
nesota became part of the newly formed
Illinois Territory.
3. Michigan Territory was formed soon
after, and in 1821 we find that it includes
the present states of Michigan, Wisconsin,
and eastern Minnesota.
-t. Wisconsin Territory was established
in 1836. It embraced the present states of
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and that part
of North and South Dakota lying east or
the White Earth and northeast of the Mis-
souri river — about half of these two states.-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
5. Iowa Territory was organized in 1838
out of the western part of Wisconsin Terri-
tory-, It comprised the present state of
Iowa and those portions of Minnesota and
the Dalcotas that lie between the Mississippi
and the Missouri rivers.
G. Minnesota Territory came into exist-
ence in 1849. Its limits comprehended all
of the present state of that name and the
Uakotas to the Missouri and White Earth.
Iowa was reduced to its present limits.
7. Nebraska Territory was created in
1854. It included all the present Nebraska,
Montana, Wyoming and the Dakotas lying
between the Missouri river and the Rocky
Mountains.
8. In 1860 we find Minnesota with its
boundaries as they now exist, it having
been organized as a state in 1858. The
eastern Dakotas retained the name of ^lin-
nesota Territory.
9. Dakota Territory appears in ISfil.
It was made up of North and South Dakota
as they now are, with ilontana east of the
Rockies, and the north half of Wyoming.
■\^'ashington Territory at that time em-
braced the present states of Washington
and Idaho.
10. Idaho Territory was organized in
186.3, embracing the region now known as
Montana. Idaho, and Washington.
11. Montana Territory was formed in
1864, with the same limits as the present
state.
12. Wyoming Territory was created in
1868, and was given the boundaries of the
state of Wyoming.
The ten states of the Great Northwest
were admitted into the Union on the fol-
lowing dates: Iowa. Dec. 28, 1840: Wiscon-
sin, May 29. 1848; :Minnesota. May 11. 1858;
Oregon, Feb. 14, 18.59; North Dakota, Nov. 2,
1889; South Dakota, Nov. 2. 1889; Montana,
Nov. 8, 1889; Washington. Nov. 11. 1889;
Idaho. .Tilly .3. 1890: Wyoming, July 10.
1890.
PHASES OF FRONTIER LIFE.
To give an exhaustiAe history of the dif-
ferent phases of early life in every section of
the region under considei-ation would not
only transcend the limits which properly be-
long to this general sketch of the history
of the great Northwest; it would prove un-
profitable, wearisome, and unsatisfactory to
the reader. The states comjwsing the great
Northwest, while they have many commer-
cial interests in common, do not form either
a political or a geographical unit. Their
development has been along different lines,
and a series of historical facts closely relat-
ed to one or more of them may have no ap-
plication to the others. The histories of
the individual states found in this volume
give details which cannot with propriety be
included in this general view. In this por-
tion of the history representative phases of
life will be portrayed and will be illustrated
by events which — while they are more or
less local — are typical, to a greater or less
degree, of the entire region.
THE FUR TRADE.
••In 1783 seA-eral of the principal mer-
chants entered into a partnership to prose-
cute the fur trade, and in 1787 united wilh
a rival company, and thus arose the famous
North-West company, which for many years
held lordly sway over the immense region
in Canada and beyond the great western
lakes. Several years later a new associa-
tion of British merchants formed the Macki-
naw company, having their chief factory or
depot at Mackinaw; and their field of opera-
tions was south of their great rivals, —
sending forth their light perogues and bark
canoes by Green Bay and the Fox and Wis-
consin rivers to the Mississippi, and thence
down that stream to all its tributaries. In
1809 John Jacob Astor organized the Ameri-
can Fur company — he alone constituting
the company; and in 1811. in connection
with certain partners in the North-West
company and others, he bought out the
Mackinaw comi)any and merged that and
iiis American Fur company into a new as-
sociation called the South-West company.
By this arrangement Mr. Astor became pro-
prietor of one-half of all the interests which
the Mackinaw company had in the Indian
country within the Tnited States; and it
was understood that the whole, at the ex-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
pii'iitioii of five vears, was to pass into bis
hands, on condition that his company should
not trade within the British dominions."
After the War of 181:2, congress prohibited
British fur traders from prosecuting tlieir
enterprises within the United States.
Prairie du Chieu was, in 1815, a rendez-
vous for the fur traders of the upper Mis-
sissippi. The idea then prevailed in the
ITuited States that the Indians would be sat-
isfied with the most inferior goods in ex-
change for their furs and peltries. This
was an error, and one that brought upon
American traders as well as the govern-
ment the ill-will of the Indians. The blank-
ets furnished by the British traders were of
superior quality, as were also the calicoes
and cloths, while those furnished by the
Americans were inferior. The American
tobacco furnished to the Indians, however,
was better than that procured from the
British. The Sac and Fox Indians brought
from Galena — in addition to their furs —
bars of lead, moulded in the earth and
weighing from thirty to forty pounds each.
It was not an uncommon thing to see a Fox
Indian arrive at Prairie du Chien with a
hand sled loaded with twenty or thirty wild
turkeys for sale.
About this time, through the influence of
John Jacob Astor, the secretary of war
designated certain points throughout the
Indian country as trading points, and li-
censes to trade were confined to these
points. This was done to favor Astor's
company, "for if a license was granted to
some adventurous trader not connected
with that company, he was permitted to
trade only at some designated point already
occupied by that opulent and formidable
corporation; and the cansequence was that
the company would drive away the opposi-
tion trader by selling goods at half their real
value." After the departure of the trader,
who was unable to compete with them, the
old prices were restored, and the company
soon made up the loss incurred in the pro-
cess of stamping out competition. It is
evident that monopolies and trusts were not
invented at the close of the nineteenth cen-
tury.
But the companj' sometimes met its
match in a trader too shrewd to be driven
out of business. An agent of the American
Fur company at one time reported to a
I'nited States military officer that a fur
trader by the name of William Farnsworth
was violating the law by selling whiskj' to
the Indians. The commandant sent an of-
ficer with a file of men to destroy Farns-
worth's whisky and drive him out of the
country. Upon arriving at the place, the
officer informed Farnsworth of the object of
his visit; the latter expressed his astonish-
ment that any one should have made such
complaint against him. He invited the of-
ficer to search thoroughly and see if he could
find any whisky. He freely confessed that
he kept a little good brandy for himself and
his friends, but he declared he never sold
any, and invited the officer to take a little of
his choice liquor. He took some. Farns-
worth then asked if be might offer some to
the soldiers, which request was granted, and
the soldiers were lielped to a bountiful sup-
ply. The officer stood bravely by the bran-
dy bottle and sent his men to search foi the
whisky. They peered about in the vicinity
of the cabin, and after refreshing them-
selves once more with the brandy, reported
that they could find no whisky, and that they
believed it was pure malice that prompted
fhe fur company to cliarge Farnsworth
with selling whisky to the Indians. The re-
port was satisfactory to the officer. Farns-
worth entertained the party with supper,
lodging, breakfast, and an abundance of
brandy, and they parted good friends — the
generous trader not forgetting to supply his
departing guests with several bottles of the
delightful beverage that had added such
pleasure to their visit. During this search
Farnsworth had four or five barrels of whis-
ky buried close by his house.
The fur company now tried another
plan. A large party of Indians was em-
ployed to go to his house and seize his goods
and whisky if he declined to give them up.
In the winter of 1820-21 they made their
appearance and frankly told their business,
adding that they were brave men deter-
mined to accomplish their purpose. Farns-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
woi-th replied that he too was brave and
would put their boasted courage to the test.
He theu produced a keg with the head out
and nearly full of gunpowder. Carefully
inserting the lower end of a lighted candle
in the powder so that the light came within
six inches of the explosive material, he cool-
ly lit his pipe and sat down beside the In-
dians, saying he would soon see who the
brave men were. The Indians soon rushed
from the house in terror, when Farnsworth
cautiously removed the candle, fearing lest
a spark would drop. After this exhibition
of bravery the Indians became very friendly
with Farnsworth and the fur company did
not undertalce to molest him again.
Xo exact statistics are obtainable to
show the magnitude of the fur trade of the
Northwest, ^'ast numbers of buffalo, wolf,
fox, beaver and other fur-bearing animals
roamed over the prairies or were found in
the woods and streams of the vast region
lying between the Great Lakes and the
Bocky ^Mountains. Some concei)tion of the
extent of the trade in furs and peltries com-
ing from the Northwest may be formed from
the following statement, which shows the
weight or number of such articles exported
from Philadelphia alone in the year 1824:
Deer skins, 250,(1(10 ])ounds; beaver fur, 25,-
000 pounds; 17,00(1 buffalo robes; 8,000 bear
skins; 4,500 otter skins; 25,000 raccoon skins;
81,000 muskrat skins; 1,000 mink skins;
1,500 fox and wolf skins; 400 fisher and
marten skinsT At the same time, British
traders were taking annually from our
northern frontier 120,000 beaver; 30.000
marten; 20,000 muskrat; 5.000 fox; 4,000
otter; 2,000 bear; 2,000 mink; 5.000 buffalo;
0,000 lynx; 4.000 wolf; 1.000 elk; and 12,000
deer skins.
To have a clear idea of the fur trade, it
is necessary to know something of the man-
ner in which it was carried on. The great
depot which formed the center of the fur
trade in the Northwest was Mackinac Island
— or Michilimackinac (The Great Turtle) as
it was called by the Indians. This island is
in the strait tliat connects Lake Michigan
with Lake Huron.
The goods destined for the supply of the
northwestern Indians left New York in
May, and reached Mackinac in June. Here
those who procured the goods met those en-
gaged in selling them to the Indians. A
thousand different persons from every part
of the Indian country assembled here. The
most remote outfits, or stocks of goods
bought by the retailers, were destined for
Lake Winnipeg (Manitoba), Big Stone Lake
(Head of Minnesota or St. I'eter's River),
Leech Lake (northern Minnesota), and for
intermediate points. The entire country
between the longitude of Lake Michigan
and that of the Red River of the North and
from the latitude of the mouth of the Illinois
river to the Canadian border drew its sup-
plies from that point. Through all this im-
mense region, trading establishments were
scattered. The traders going to the most
rt-mote points left Mackinac in July and the
others in August. The goods were trans-
ported upon the lakes and rivers in batteaux
and canoes, and reached their destination in
October. The Indians now leave their vil-
lages and scatter throughout the coifhtry in
hunting camps. An industrious hunter
would, under favorable conditions, collect
a pack of peltries worth, at the trading post,
from eighty to one hundred dollars, for
which he was paid in blankets, provisions,
tobacco, guns, ammunition, gaudily-colored
calico and other cloth, etc. The furs and
pelts being collected at the trading posts
were taken to the central depot at Mackinac
in the same manner as the goods were car-
ried in the opposite direction, and were
there disposed of to the large traders.
In addition to the business done by
American fur companies and traders, the
Hudson's Bay company, a British corpora-
tion, carried on an immense trade in the
great Northwest. "A few years since, in
the solitudes of the West, two European
tourists were struck by the frequency with
which they encountered a certain mystic
legend. Eager to solve its meaning, they
addressed a half-breed lounger at a small
station on the Canadian Pacific Railway.
'Tell us, my friend,' they said, 'what those
three letters yonder signify. Wherever we
travel in this country we encounter "H. B.
aiSTORY OF THE GREAT NORTinVKST.
C." We have seen the legend sewn on the
garments of Indians; it has been painted on
canoes; it is inscribed on bales and boxes.
AVhat does "H. B. C." mean?' 'That's the
company,' returned the native grimly, 'Here
Before Christ.' "
The Hudson's Bay company was char-
tered by Charles II. in the year 1670, and it
is still in existence. The king granted to
his cousin. Prince Rupert, and to seventeen
nobles and gentlemen, the exclusive right to
establish settlements and carry on trade in
the vast region called Rupert's Land, which
comprised all the territory whose waters
flowed into Hudson's Bay. It was a coun-
try as large as all of Europe. They were
authorized to maintain ships of war and
forts, and to carry on war with any prince
or people not Christian. The company was
also made absolute proprietor of all lands
and all mines which had not already been
granted to others. The posts of this power-
ful company were established not only in
the region now known as Canada or British
America, — they extended into the Red river
country in Minnesota and North Dakota,
as well as into the Oregon country, where
they formed the basis of the British claim
to sovereignty in the first half of the nine-
teenth century.
It will be instructive here to glance at
the methods employed by the Hudson's Bay
company and other companies and small
traders in dealing with the native hunters
and trappers. Each factory or trading post
was surrounded by a stockade, within which
were warehouses for storing furs and the
goods bartered for them. Traders and their
assistants were heavily armed. The Indians
brought their goods (skins of deer, bison,
beaver, marten, fox, etc., and feathers of
birds) to the post, and delivered them
through a small aperture in the side of the
storehouse, as a. tourist hands his money
through a window at a railway station. The
price (in goods) given for furs was in the
discretion of the trader, and was influenced
by policy and by the rivalry of French and
American traders. When the Indian pre-
sented himself at the trader's window, he
was by no means sure what his furs would
bring. He often journeyed two months in
the depth of winter to bring to the post a
small bundle of peltries, for which he re-
ceived, perhaps, a string of beads, a blanket,
a hatchet, a little tobacco and a pound or
two of powder. If he demurred to the small
price ottered, his furs were passed back to
him through the aperture. This was mere-
ly a form. In theory the Indian was free to
dispose of his goods where he could obtain
the best price for them; practically he
must sell them to the company or starve.
The gross profit to the company on the
goods used in Indian barter was often 300
per cent, or more. At first the Indians were
content with beads and toys, but it became
the policy of the company to render them
more efficient as hunters by supplying them
with the implements of the chase. Six or
seven beaver skins would buy a blanket,
three a shirt, fifteen a gun.
The Northwest was frequented in these
early days by individual French traders
known as coureurs des bois (forest rovers)
whose activitj' in trade tended to injure the
company's business. A tribe would be gath-
ered at a post to sell their furs, when a re-
port would spread like wild-flre among them
that the French coureurs were giving a
pound of powder for a beaver, instead of de-
manding three beavers as the company did.
In an instant there was a stampede, and a
rush was made for the rival trader, who
was perhaps fifty miles distant. To these
Indians fifty miles for a single pound of
powder was nothing.
The Hudson's Bay company had its posts
on the head waters of the Mississippi, the
Red River of the North and the Missouri
river, — in other words they occupied the
country now comprising western Minnesota,
North Dakota and Montana. Not only this,
— their trade extended over the whole of
^^'ashington, Oregon, and California to the
Sacramento river. American enterprise oc-
cupied this region with permanent settle-
ments, and Amei'ican diplomacy secured our
title to it in the treaties of 17S3, 1818, and
1846.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
THK MISSIONARY.
As early as tlie year 1011 tlie French
Fathers of the Society of Jesus — Jesuit
priests — ben;an tlieir missionary work in
New France wliicli soon after extended, in
F'rench geograpliy, up tlie St. Lawrence and
the Great Lakes, down the ilississippi and
indefinitely westward. One of the fathers,
writino- of the missionary work in the year
1608, says: "The fathers of our society
have here expended their labors and their
blood, in their efforts for the conversion of
ihe savages. Father Menard has penetrat-
ed into the interior 500 leagues (about 1,500
miles), carrying the name of Jesus Christ to
places where it had never before been
adored." We are told by their biographer
(delations Jesuites, Quebec, 1858, Notice
Eiographique) that "they found ten years
sufficient time for the evangelization of the
idolatrous people who inhabited the im-
mense forests which extended from the gulf
of St. Lawrence to Lake Superior and from
the New England border to Hudson's bay."
From the same source we learn that the In-
dians "were impressed with the gentleness
and the disinterested spirit as well as with
the zeal of these black-robed ])riests, who
had come such a distance to teach them the
value of their souls, and to show them the
road to a happier life, with no other motive
than that of a superhuman love."
In 184!) and 185L Father P. J. De Smet
made missionary tours to the P>ad Lands,
the country of the Yellowstone and upper
Missouri, the Rocky Mountains, and the re-
gion since formed into the Yellowstone Na-
tional Park. Father De Smet, in a letter
written in 1852 says of the Indians in the
great Northwest: "AVith a few exceptions,
all the half-breeds are baptized, and received
as children of the church. During twenty
years they have petitioned to have Catholic
priests and have manifested their good-will
to meet the wants of Uieir missionaries, and
to maintain them. If ("atholic missionaries
are not soon sent there, it is to be feared
that persons hostile to the true faith may
take possession of the ground. On the Feast
of the Exaltation of the Cross, I had the
happiness of offering the Holv Sacrifice, in
presence of all the gentlemen assisting at
I lie council, of all the half-bloods and whites
and of a great concourse of Indians. After
my instruction, twenty-eight children and
five adults were regenerated in the holy wa-
ters of baptism, with all the ceremonies pre-
scribed by the church. * * » During an
instruction in the camp of the Ogallallahs, a
Sioux tribe, in which I explained to them the
ten commandments, when I arrived at the
sixtli and seventh, a general whispering and
embarrassed laugh took place among my
barbarous auditory. I inquired the reason
of Ihis conduct, and explained that the law I
came to announce was not mine but God's,
and that it was obligatory upon all the chil-
dren of men; that the word of God required
all their attention and respect; that those
who observe his commandments will have
eternal life, while the prevaricators of his
holy law shall receive hell and its torments
as their lot. The great chief at once rose
and replied: 'Father, we hear thee; we knew
not the words of the Great Spirit, and we
acknowledge our ignorance. AVe ar« great
liars and thieves; we have killed; we have
done all the evil that the Great Spirit for-
bids us to do; but we did not know those
beautiful words; in future we will try to live
better, if tlion wilt but stay with us and
teach us.' * * * The next day 239 of
tlieii' children were regenerated in the holy
waters of ba])tisin. Of the Arrapahoes, I
baj)tized 305 little ones; of the Cheyennes,
253; of the Sioux, 280; in the camp of the
Painted Bear, 50; in the forts on the Mis-
sfoiri, 3!t2; total number of baptisms this
season, 1,580.''
In 1852, James Lloyd Breck, who was
then engaged in the Indian mission work of
the Protestant Episcopal church, received a
call from the Indians dwelling in the north-
ern forests of Minnesota to go and teach
them. Obeying this call, he went^ to Gull
Lake, in north central Minnesota, and estab-
lished there a mission station. The Indians
among whom he settled were the same peo-
jile, substantially, with those who greeted
the first settleis in \'irginia and with those
who signed the treaty with William Penu.
Breck erected mission buildings, and a
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
church, where he had dailv service, procured
female helpers, and established schools. He
also taught them to labor. Rising dailv at
4 a. m., he went to the fields with the Indi-
ans, teaching them to plant, sow. hoe, and
raise all kinds of vegetables. The Indians
tell how "once, when there had been a long-
continued drought, and the gardens were
just on the point of being ruined, and the
skv was still brazen and cloudless as it had
been for weeks, that he rang his little bell
for pravers. and summoned them all to pray
for rain; and though there was not a cloud
in the sky when he began, the dropping rain
began to fall as they came out of the church,
and there was a great rain." They also tell
how children who were apparently dying or
dead, revived when he knelt and prayed for
them and baptized them.
Some years later, he left his prosperous
mission at Gull Lake, and established an-
other at Leech Lake — still deeper in the wil-
derness. Here, whisky flowed like water
among the Indians, supplied by the traders
of mixed blood, who were incensed against
the missionaries because the latter, knowing
the extortionate rates charged by these
traders for their goods, let the Indians have
large quantities of mission goods at reason-
able prices, in exchange for fish, maple sug-
ar, etc. The hostility of the traders being
thus excited, they instigated the Indians to
acts of hostility which compelled the mis-
sionaries to leave. One cause of the failure
of this mission — and perhaps of others —
was that the missionaries gave the Indians
too much and thus encouraged habits of in-
dolence and a feeling of dependence, when a
spirit of independence and self-help is essen-
tial to their becoming well-disposed and use-
ful citizens. After the withdrawal of the
missionaries the Indians became the prey of
frontier liquor dealers and were exposed to
contact with all the vices that accompany
the white man on the first wave of civiliza-
tion.
After leaving Leech Lake, Breck estab-
lished a school at Faribault, and here he, in
conjunction with Bishop Whipple, educated
a number of Chippewa and Sioux boys who
became missionaries and were thus the
foundation of the missions to the Sioux and
Chippewa nations. In 1870 or thereabouts,
the Chippewas moved to the White Earth
reservation, where, removed from the cor-
rupting influences of vicious whites, and
guided by the missionaries, they have gone
on from better to better, until they have be-
come one of the most peaceful, well-behaved
and prosperous communities in the country.
The full-blooded Indians are nearly all mem-
bers of the church. "No more striking tes-
timony," says J. A. Gilfillan, "to the power
(if the gospel of Christ to raise the
most hopeless can be found than that com-
munity. They who were once such slaves to
drink, now never touch it; as a community
they never drink; and those who knew them
when they were drunken, starving savages,
<-an scarcely believe when they hear that
Ihey are Christian men and women and re-
spectable farmers."
No more thrilling story is to be found in
the annals of history than that of early mis-
sions in the great Oregon country. The
briefest sketch is all that can be attempted
here. In 18-32, four Flathead Indians ap-
peared in the streets of St. Louis, wearing
the dress and equipment belonging to their
iribe. General Clarke, who understood their
language, learned that they were all chiefs,
that they had spent about six months on
iheir journey from Oregon, and that they
had come in search of ''The White Man's
Book of Life" and to ask that teachers be
sent to their tribe. Why no steps were tak-
en to comply with their request does not sat-
isfactorily appear. Perhaps it was that an
English Bible would have been useless to
Them without an interpreter. Gen. Clarke
treated them hospitably — so hospitably that
two of them died in St. Louis, probably from
over-eating rich food. Having remained in
St. Louis all winter they started on their re-
turn in the spring, but without the book for
the possession of which they had undertak-
en their long journey. One of the two died
on the return trip, and only one of the four
lived to reach home to tell that he had been
unable to obtain the precious book that was
the one object of his journey.
Before the two survivors set out on their
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
return trip, Gen. Clarke gave them a ban-
quet, at which one of them addressed the
guests. No white post-prandial orator ever
made a speech more brimming over with elo-
quence. Like Lincoln's (lettysburg speech,
it cannot be abridged without fatally mar-
ring it. The chief said : "I come to jou over
the trail of many moons from the setting sun.
You were the friends of my fathers, who
have all gone the long way. I came with an
eye partly open for my people, who sit in
darkness. I go back with both eyes closed.
How can I go back blind to my blind people?
I made my way to you with strong arms
through many enemies and strange lands
that I might carry back much to them. I
go back with both arms broken and empty.
Two fathers came with us who were the
braves of many winters and wars. We
leave them asleep here by your great water
and wigwams. They were tired in many
moons and their moccasins wore out. My
people sent me to get the 'White Man's Book
of Heaven." You took me to where you al-
low your women to dance as we do not ours"
(the theatre) "and the Book was not there.
You took me to where they worship the
(ireat Spirit with candles, and the Book was
not there. You showed me images of the
good spirits and pictures of the good land
beyond, but the Book was not among them
to tell us the way. I am going back the
long and sad trail to my 'people in the dark
land. You make my feet heavy with gifts
and my moccasins will grow old in carry-
ing them, yet the Book is not among
ihem. When I tell my poor blind people
after one more snow, in the big council, that
I did not bring the Book, no word will be
spoken by our old men or by our young
braves. One by one they will rise up and go
out in silence. My people will die in dark-
ness, and they will go a long path to other
hunting grounds. No white man will go
with them, and no White Man's Book to
make the way plain. I have no more words."
The speech was published — the church
i-esponded. The ilethodists sent mission-
aries in 1S34, and in 1835, the American Mis-
sionary Board sent Dr. Marcus Whitman
with a companion to explore the Oregon
field. The story of Christian missions can-
not be told by statistics. Wherever the
missionary went — either Catholic or Prot-
estant— the children were educated and the
adults were instructed in sobriety, honesty
iind good citizenship. In the Oregon coun-
try, as everywhere else, the good influences
disseminated by the missionary were large-
ly neutralized by the vices introduced by
v.hite traders. In Oregon, the great ob-
stacle to progress in early days was a great
foreign corporation which claimed exclusive
right to trade with the Indians. The debt
of gratitude this nation owes to early Chris-
tian missionaries has never been fully ap-
preciated.
This brief and inadequate account of
missions in the great Northwest cannot be
r-losed without an allusion to Dr. William-
son, Eev. A. L. Riggs, Rev. Samuel W. Pond
and Rev. (lideon H. Pond, who were pio-
neers in this work among the Dakota Indi-
ans. For the fascinating narratives of their
work, the reader is referred to "Mary and
I," "Gospel Among the Dakotas," and "Two
Volunteer IMissionaries Among the Dako-
las." The work of Christian missions is not
yet finished. The labors of the frontier mis-
sionary— both Catholic and Protestant — are
still being prosecuted in the chapels and
schoolhouses as well as in the homes of
frontier settlements in ^linnesota, the Dako-
tas and Montana.
APMINISTIiATION OF JUSTICE.
In those parts of the great Northwest
which are adapted to agriculture, the char-
acter of the first settlers was such that it
was comparatively easy to secure the ends
of justice by ordinary means, through the
courts established by the state or territorial
government. In an agricultural community,
the pioneer settler labors hard, undergoes
many privations, and belongs, usually, to a
steady, industrious class, whose habits are
simple, and who seldom nwds assistance
from courts of justice because his rights are
seldom assailed. In fact, the differences
that arise among i)eople of this class are
often settled by friendly arbitration, or, if
the affair is too serious to be settled in this
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
way, an appeal to a lawfully constituted
court enables the litigants to reach a deci-
sion which, however unsatisfactory it may
be to the losing party, is generally acqui-
esced in by all concerned as coming from an
authority which all citizens have helped to
establish and all have an interest in main-
taining. In a mining country, the case is
far different. The lust for gold attracts
thither the discontented and restless spirits
who are not satisfied with the slow methods
and the humdrum existence of life on the
farm or in the town. They hope to make
their fortune in a day by striking rich dirt
or by robbing those who work the mines in
a legitimate manner. In the following ac-
count of frontier methods of administering
justice, numerous extracts are taken from
"The Vigilantes of Montana," by Thos. J.
Dimsdale.
"Together with so much that is evil, no-
where is there so much that is sternly op-
posed to dishonesty and violence as in the
mountains. Middling people do not live in
these regions. There is no man more fit to
serve his country in any capacity requiring
courage, integrity, and self-reliance, than an
'honest miner' who has been tried and found
true by a jury of mountaineers." A "power-
ful incentive to wrong-doing" in the early
mining camps was "the absolute nullity of
the civil law." "No matter what may be
the proof, if the criminal is well liked in the
community, 'Not Guilty' is almost certain to
be the verdict of the jury, despite the efforts
of judge and prosecutor. If the offender is
a monied man as well as a popular citizen,
the trial is only a farce, grave and pro-
longed, but capable of only one termination
— a verdict of acquittal. * * * T'nder
these circumstances, it becomes an absolute
necessity that good, law-loving, and order-
sustaining men should unite for mutual pro-
tection. Being united, they must act in har-
mony, repress disorder, punish crime, and
prevent outrage, or their organization
would be a failure from the start, and soci-
ety would collapse in the throes of anarchy.
None but extreme penalties inflicted with
promptitude are of any avail to quell the
spirit of the desperadoes with whom they
have to contend; the gangs of murderers,
desperadoes, and robbers who infest mining
countries, and who, though faithful to no
other bond, yet willingly league against the
law. They must be secret in council and
membership, or they will remain nearly use-
less in a country where equal facilities for
the transmission of intelligence are at the
command of the criminal and the judiciary.
An organization on this footing is a vigi-
lance committee.
"Such was the state of affairs when five
men in Virginia and four in Bannack, Mon-
tana, initiated the movement which resulted
in the formation of a tribunal supported by
an omnipresent executive comjirising within
itself nearly every good man in the territory,
and pledged to render impartial justice to
friend and foe without regard to clime,
creed, race, or politics. In a few short weeks
the face of society was changed as if by
magic. * * * The administration of the
lex taliouis by self-constituted authority is
undoubtedly, in civilized and settled commu-
nities, an outrage on mankind. But the sight
of the mangled corpses of beloved friends
and valued citizens, the whistle of the des-
perado's bullet, and the plunder of the fruits
of the patient toil of years alter the basis
of reasoning, and reverse the conclusion. In
the case of the vigilantes of Montana, it
must also be remembered that the sherifi
himself was the leader of the road agents,
and his deputies were prominent mem-
bers of the gang."
Boone Helm, a desperado who operated
in Montana in "the sixties" was "one of
those hideous monsters whom neither pre-
cept nor example could have saved from a
life of crime." The sketch here given of his
cai'eer is condensed from a very valuable
and intensely interesting work by Hon. N.
P. Langford, entitled "Vigilante Days and
Ways." Mr. Langford was at one time ter-
ritorial governor of Montana. A man known
as "Dutch Fred" enjoyed a local reputation
in Florence as a gambler and a pugilist. He
was. strange to say, also an honest, straight-
forward miner. "He was neither a rowdy
nor desjierado, and in ordinary deal, honest
and generous; but he gambled, drank, and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
when roused, was a perfect Hereules in a
fight. Entering a saloon where Fred was
seated at a faro table, Boone Helm, with
many oaths, epithets, and flourishes of his
revolver, challenged Fred to an immediate
deadl}' combat. Fred sprung up, drew his
knife, and was advancing to close with the
drunken braggart, when the bj-standers in-
terfered, and deprived both of their weap-
ons, which they entrusted to the keeping of
the saloon-keeper, and Fred returned (juiet-
ly to his game.
"Helm apologized, expressed regret foi-
his conduct, and left the saloon. A few
hours afterward he returned. Fred was
still there. Stepping up to the saloon-keep-
er. Helm asked him for his revolver, ])romis-
ing that he would immediately depart and
make no disturbance. Xo sooner was it re-
turned to him than he turned toward Fred,
and uttering a diabolical oath, tired at him
while seated at the table. The ball missed,
and before the second fire, Fred, unarmed,
with his arms folded across his breast, stood
before his antagonist, who, with deadlier
aim, pierced his heart. He fell dead upon
the spot. Helm cocked his pistol, and, look-
ing towards the stupefied crowd, exclaimed:
" "Maybe some more of you w'ant some of
this!'
"As no one deigned a reply, he walked
coolly away.
"If Helm was arrested for this murder,
he escaped, for the next we bear of him he
was captured on Frazer river in the fall of
1862, as will appear from the following ex-
tract from a British Columbia paper:
" 'The man Boone Helm, to whom we re-
ferred some weeks since, has at last been
taken. He was brought into this city last
night strongly ironed. The first clue of the
detectives was the report that two men had
been seen trudging up the Frazer river on
foot, with their blankets and a scanty sup-
ply of provisions on their backs. The de-
scription of one corresponded with the de-
scription given by the American officers of
Boone Helm. \Mien overtaken, he was so
exhausted by fatigue and hunger that it
would have been impossible for him to con-
tinue many hours longer. He made no re-
sistance to the arrest — in fact he was too
weak to do so — ^and acknowledged without
equivocation or attemi)t at evasion that he
was Boone Helm. I'pon being asked what
had become of his comj)anion, he replied
with the utmost sang froid:
^A'lly, do you sn])pose I am a fool
enough to starve to death when I can help
il ? I ate him up, of course."
" 'The man who accompanied him has
not been seen or heard of since, and from
what we have been told of this case-hard-
ened villain's antecedents, we are inclined
to believe he told the truth. It is said this
is not the first time he has been guilty of
cannibalism.' "
Ten years later, a scholarly recluse who
had built himself a cabin and surrounded it
with a stockade in the valley of the Rogue
river, shouldered his rifle one day and
strolled into the forest in quest of a deer.
He says: "A rustle in the underbrush at-
tracted my attention. Supposing it to be
caused by some animal, I peered out cau-
tiously from the shadow of a pine, aftd saw
to my surprise a man half concealed in the
thicket, watching me. It was the work of
an instant to bring uiy rifle to an aim.
" 'Who are you?' I demanded, knowing
if he were a white man he would answer.
"He replied in unmistakable English 'I
am a white man in distress.'
"Dropping my rifle from my shoulder, I
hastened to him and found a shrunken, ema-
ciated form, half naked and nearly fam-
ished. A more pitiable object I never be-
held.
" 'My name,' said he, 'is Boone Helm. I
am the only survivor of a company which,
together with the crew and vessel, were lost
on the coast ten days ago. We were bound
for Portland from San Francisco, and were
driven ashore in a storm. I escaped by a
miracle, and have wandered in the moun-
tains ever since, feeding on berries and
sleeping under the shelter of rocks and
bushes. I came in this direction, hoping to
find the California trail and fall in with a
pack train.' My sympathies were enlisted
and I conducted him (o my home, sharing
bed and board with him for a month or
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
more, long enough to make the prospect of
separation painful, though I felt that I
would be better off without than with him.
When he left, I gave him a good buckskin
suit, a cap, a pair of moccasins, and a gun.
JJe wrung my hand at parting, expressing
the warmest gratitude.
"A year passed, during which I labored
diligently at my books. One day I was
startled by the distant clatter of a rapidly
approaching horse. Seizing my rifle, I
sprang to an opening to reconnoitre for In-
dians. Judge of my astonishment to behold
a woman, well mounted, urging her steed
rapidly toward my stockade. Assisting her
to alight, I sought to discover the import of
her wild errand. She told me that while
staying at a hotel she had heard three men
enter the adjoining room and engage in ear-
nest conversation. She continued: 'I could
hear distinctly every word they uttered —
Ihey were planning a murder and robbery.
One of them, whom they addressed as Boone
Helm, seemed to be their leader. He de-
scribed the home and surroundings of the
intended victim, said he had been there and
shared his hospitality for several weeks;
spoke of the road leading there; the trail
from the road to the house; the location of
the herd of cattle; and the ready sale that
could be found for them. "\Ye cannot," said
he, "make more money in a shorter time,
with greater ease, and less liability to de-
tection, than to go there, kill the nmn and
take his property." They finally agreed that
at a certain time the three should go in com-
pany and execute their murderous design.
I immediately determined to foil them in
their bloody purpose or lose my life in the
attempt. Be on your guard. Make every
preparation to defend j-ourself,- for the men
will be here to take your life. And now,'
she concluded, 'bring my horse and I will
return.' I could not prevail on her to re-
main longer. Springing to her saddle, she
waved me a farewell, and in a few moments
had disappeared.
"The next day I made every needful
preparation for defence and calmly awaited
the arrival of the ruffians. In the afternoon
of the dav mentioned by my informant, I
saw them approaching, with Helm half a
mile or more in advance of the other two.
I stood in the gate of my stockade with my
revolver in my belt, and as he approached
nie greeted him kindly, bade him enter, and
closed and bolted the door behind him. I
saw at once by his churlish manner that he
was bent on mischief. Hardly waiting for
an exchange of common civilities, he said:
" 'Lend me your pistols. I am going on
a perilous expedition.'
" 'I cannot spare them,' I replied.
'■ 'But you must spare them. I want
them.'
" 'I tell you I cannot let you have them.'
"Flying into a passion, he, with bitter
oaths rejoined:
" 'I'll make you give 'em to me or I'll kill
you,' at the same time grasping his re-
volver.
"Before he could pull it from its scab-
bard, I had mine leveled with deadly aim at
his head, and my finger on the trigger.
" 'Make a single motion,' said I, emphat-
ically, 'and I will shoot you.'
"He quailed, for he saw I had the ad-
vantage of him. His comrades now ap-
proached the gate from without.
" 'Break down the door,' he shouted, and
ordered them to kill me.
" 'If they attempt such a movement,' said
I, 'I will kill you instantly.'
''He knew me to be desperately in ear-
nest, and, taking the hint, told them to go
away. They obeyed.
" "Xow, sir,' I persisted, still holding him
under fire, 'unbuckle and drop j'our belt, pis-
tol and knife, and walk away so that I can
get them.'
"He begged, but I was inexorable. He
tried to throw me off my guard by refer-
ring pleasantly to our former acquaintance,
and assuring me he was only jesting, and
would not harm me for the world. I told
him I had been warned of his coming and its
object, and detailed the conversation he had
■\\ ith his companions at the time they agreed
upon the expedition. He stoutly denied it,
and demanded the source of my informa-
tion. Knowing that he was ignorantly su-
perstitious, I gave him to understand that it
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
was entirely providential. He believed it. I
made liim sit down and kept him in range of
my revolver all night, conversing with him
on such subjects as would win his confi-
dence. He told me the story of his life. I
have never heard or read a more horrible
history than that narrated by this man of
blood.
"Morning came. Helm's companions were
still lingering near the stockade. I ordered
them to withdraw to a certain distance,
that I might with safety release my pris-
oner. I then opened the gate and, with my
shot-gun leveled upon him, bade him go, as-
suring him that if we ever met again, 1
would shoot him on sight. He marched out
and away with his comrades. The next in-
telligence I received concerning him was
the announcement of his execution by the
righteous vigilantes of Montana."
The story of Boone Helm has been given
at some length (abridged, however, from the
account in Mr. Langford's book), in order to
give the reader some idea of the desperate,
hardened, ungrateful, unrepentant, and
treacherous nature of the villains whose
presence and whose deeds on the frontier
rendered necessary the organization of a
vigilance committee. The career of George
Ives, epitomized from the same work (Vigi-
lante Days and Ways) illustrates the for-
malities incident to a vigilante trial.
George Ives was regarded as the most
formidable robber of the band with which
he was connected. It was his custom, when
in need of money, to mount his horse, and,
pistol in hand, ride into a store or saloon,
toss his buckskin purse upon the counter,
and request the proprietor or clerk to put
one or more ounces of gold dust into it "as
a loan." The man thus addressed dared not
refuse. Often, while the levy was being
weighed, the daring shoplifter would amuse
himself by firing his revolver at the lamps
and such other articles of furniture as
would emit a pleasing sound.
A young German by the name of Tiebalt
sold a span of mules, and, having received
the purchase money, went after the mules,
which were at a ranche some distance away.
As several days elapsed without his return,
the buyers concluded that he had swindled
them out of the money and left the country
without the mules. Nine days later a hunter
sliot a grouse, and, going to the place where it
fell, found it on the frozen coi-jise of Tiebalt.
The body bore marks of a small lariat about
the throat, which had been used to drag him,
while still living, to the clump of heavy
sage-brush in which the body had been
found. The hands were filled with frag-
ments of sage-brush, torn off in the agony of
that terrible process, and the bullet wound
over the left eye showed how the murder
had been accomplished. The hunter took
1lie body in his wagon to the nearest town,
where the apparent cruelty and fiendishness
of the l)loody deed roused the indignation of
the people to a fearful pitch. That evening,
twenty-five citizens subscribed an obligation
of mutual support, and under competent
leadership, started at once in pursuit of the
murderer. P^rom a desi)erado whom they
took into custody, they learned that the per-
petrator of the crime was George Ives, and
that he was at a wicldup (brushwood hut)
near by. The leader promptly repaired to
the house and selecting from the seven per-
sons present the one he believed to be Ives,
asked his name, which was given. Ives and
ihroe other desperadoes were immediately
placed under arrest and taken to the town
of Nevada, near Virginia City. A rancher
who was in sympathy with Ives, hastened
to Virginia City and secured the legal as-
sistance of Messrs. Kitchie and Smith.
Before ten o'clock next morning, nearly
two thousand people had assembled from
the various towns and mining settlements.
It was determined that the trial should take
place in the presence of the entire assem-
blage. To avoid all injustice to people or
prisoners, an advisory commission of twelve
men was appointed from each of the dis-
tricts. 'W. H. Patton, of Nevada, and W. Y.
I'emberton, of Virginia City, were selected
to take notes of the testimony. Col. Wilbur
F. Sanders and Hon. Charles S. Bagg, at-
torneys, appeared on behalf of the prosecu-
tion, and Messrs. Alexander Davis and J. M.
Thurmond for the prisoners. Ives was the
first one put on trial. The prisoner, secured
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
by chains, was seated beside his counsel. A
day and a half was spent in unprofitable
tiuibbling, lonij speeches, captious objec-
tions, and personal altercations, when, the
patience of the miners being exhausted, they
informed the court and peojjle that the trial
must close at three o'clock on that — the
third — afternoon. The testimony cannot be
reproduced. Among other things it was es-
tablished that Ives had said in a boastful
manner to his associates in crime:
"When I told the Dutchman I was going
1o kill him, he asked me for time to pray.
I told him to kneel down then. He did so,
and I shot him through the head just as he
commenced his prayer."
Two alibis set up in defense failed of
proof because of the infamous character of
the witnesses. Many developments of crimes
committed jointly by the prisoner and some
of his sympathizing friends, were made,
which had the effect to drive the latter from
the territory before the close of the trial,
but for which his conviction might possibly
have been avoided. The prisoner was un-
moved throughout the trial. Not a shade of
fear disturbed the immobility of his fea-
tures. Calm and self-possessed, he saw the
threads of evidence woven into strands, and
those strands twisted into coils as inextri-
cable as they were condemnatory, and he
looked out upon the stern and frigid faces
of the men who were to determine his fate
with a gaze more defiant than any he en-
countered. There were those near him who
were melted to tears at the revelation of his
cruelty and bloodthirstiness; there were
even those among his friends who betrayed
in their blanched lineaments their own hor-
ror at his crimes; but he, the central figure,
equally indifferent to both, sat in their
midst, as inflexible as an image of stone.
The scene, by its associations and ob-
jects, could not be otherwise than terribly
impressive to all who were actors in it; it
wanted none of the elements either of epic
force or tragic fury, which form the basis
of our noblest poems. A whole community,
burning under repeated outrages, sit-
ting in trial on one of an unknown number
of desperate men, whose strength, purposes.
even whose persons were wrapped in mys-
tery! How many of that surging crowd
now gathered around the crime-covered mis-
creant, might rush to his rescue the moment
his doom should be pronounced, no one
could even conjecture. No man felt certain
that he knew the sentiments of his neighbor.
None certainly knew that the adherents of
the criminal were weaker, either in numbers
or power, than the men of law and order.
It was night, too, before the testimony
closed; and in the pale moonlight, and glare
of the trial fire, suspicion transformed hon-
est men into ruffians, and filled the ranks of
the guilty with hundreds of rei-ruits.
The jury retired to deliberate upon their
verdict. An oppressive feeling, almost
amounting to dread, fell upon the now si-
lent and anxious assemblage. Every eye
was turned upon the prisoner, seemingly the
only person unaffected by surrounding cir-
cumstances. Moments seemed like hours.
"What detains the jury? Why do they not
return? Is not the case clear enough?"
These questions fell upon the ear in subdued
tones, as if their very utterance breathed of
fear. In less than half an hour they came
in with solemn faces, with their verdict —
Guilty! — but one juror dissenting.
"Thank God for that! A righteous ver-
dict!" and other like expressions broke from
the crowd, while on the outer edge of it,
amidst mingled curses, execrations, and
ho« Is of indignation, and the quick click of
guns and revolvers, one of the ruffians ex-
claimed:
"The murderous, strangling villains dare
not hang him, at any rate."
Just at this moment a motion was made
to the miners "that the report be received
and the jury discharged," which, with some
little opposition from the prisoner's lawyers,
was carried. Some of the crowd now be-
came clamorous for an adjournment; but
failing in this, the motion was then made
"that the assembly adopt as their verdict
that of the committee" or jury.
The prisoner's counsel sprung to their
feet to oppose the motion, but it was carried
by such a large majority that the assembly
seemed at once to gather fresh life and en-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
••oui'a<:ement for the dischai'oe of the solemn
duty which it imposed. There was a mo-
nientarv lull in the j)i'Ofeedin<;s when the
people found that they had reached the
point when the execution of the criminal
was all that remained to be done. Thev
realized that the crisis of the trial had ar-
rired. On the faces of all could be read
their unexpressed anxiety concerning the re-
sult. What man among them possessed the
courage and commanding power equal to
the exigencies of the occasion!
At this critical moment, the necessity for
prompt action, which had so disarranged
and defeated the consummation of the trial
of two other desperadoes — Stinson and Ly-
ons— was met by Colonel Sanders, one of
the counsel for the prosecution, who now
moved:
"That George Ives be forthwith hanged
by the neck until he be dead."
This motion so paralyzed the ruffians
that before they could recover from their as-
tonishment at its being offered, it was car-
ried with even greater unanimity than
either of the previous motions, the people
having increased in courage as the work
I)rogressed. Some of the friends of Ives
now came up, with tears in their eyes, to bid
him farewell. One or two of them gave way
to immoderate grief. Meantime, Ives, him-
self, beginning to realize the near approach
of death, begged piteously for a delay until
morning, making all those pathetic appeals
which on such occasions are hard to resist.
"I want to write to my mother and sister,"
said he; but when it was remembered that
he had written, and caused to be sent to his
mother soon after he came to the country,
an account of his own inurder by Indians, in
order to deceive her, no one thought the rea-
son for delay a good one.
"Ask him," said one of the crowd, as he
held the hand of Col. Sanders, and was in
the midst of a most touching appeal for de-
lay, "ask him how long a time lie gave the
Dutchman."
He made a will, giving everything to his
counsel and his companions in iniquity, to
the exclusion of his mother and sisters. Sev-
eral letters were written under his dictation
by one of his counsel. In the meantime, A.
I{. Davis and Robert Hereford prepared a
scaffold. The butt of a small pine, forty
feet in length, was placed on the inside of a
half-enclosed building standing near, under
its rear wall, the top projecting over a cross-
beam in front. Near the upper end was
fastened the fatal cord, and a large dry-
goods box abont five feet high was placed
beneath for the trap.
Every preparation being completed, Ives
was informed that the time for his execution
had come. He submitted to be led quietly
to the drop, but hundreds of voices were
raised in opposition. The roofs of all the
adjacent buildings were crowded with spec-
tators. While some cried, "llang the ruf-
fian," others said, "Let's banish him," and
olliers shouted, "Don't hang him." Some
said "Hang Long John. He's the real mur-
derer," and occasionally was heard a threat,
"I'll shoot the murdering souls," accompa-
nied by curses and epithets. The flash of re-
^■olvers was everywhere seen in the moon-
light. The guards stood firm and giim at
their posts. The miners cocked their guns,
muttered threats against all who interfered,
and formed a solid phalanx which it would
have been madness to assault.
When the culprit appeared ui)on the
l)latforni, instant stillness pervaded the as-
si-mbly. The usual question, "Have yon
anything to say?" was addressed to the pris-
oner, who replied in a distinct voice:
"I am innocent of this crime. Alex Car-
ler killed the Dutchman."
This was the only time he accused any
one except Long John.
He then expressed a wish to see Long-
John, and his sym])athizers yelled in appro-
liation; but as an attempted rescue was an-
ticipated, the request was denied.
When all the formalities and last re-
(piests were over, the order was given to the
guard:
"Men, do your duly."
The click of a hundred gun-locks was
heard as the guards leveled their weapons
upon the crowd, and the box flew from un-
der the murderer's feet, and he swung "in
the night breeze, facing the pale moon, that
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
lighted up the scene of retributive justice."
The crowd of rescuers fled in terror at the
click of the guns.
"He is dead," said the judge, who was
standiug near him. "His neck is broken."
Henry f^pivey, who voted against the
conviction of Ives, was a thoroughly honest
and conscientious man. He was not satis-
lied that the evidence showed Ives to be
guilty of the murder of Tiebalt. and as this
was the specific charge against him, he
could not in conscience vote for his convic-
tion. He said that if Ives had been tried as
a road agent, he would have voted "guilty."
The execution of Ives terrified the horde
of desperadoes. No revelation had yet been
made that was sufficient to implicate any of
them in the nuinerous murders and robber-
ies that had been committed. The people
realized that the work of ridding the com-
munity of thieves and cutthroats was but
just begun. A few of the citizens of Vir-
ginia and Nevada, therefore, met for consul-
tation on the day succeeding Ives' execution,
and within thirty-six hours a league was
formed, in which all classes joined, for the
punishment of crime and the protection of
the people. The vigilance committee ap-
pointed bj' the league commenced opera-
tions at once. They soon arrested a notori-
ous villain by the name of Erastus Yager,
who, from the redness of his hair and whis-
kers, was familiarly called '"Red." After at
first denying any complicity with the robber
horde. Red confessed his guilt, and when in-
formed that hanging was imminent, gave
the names of other members of the gang.
'•It's pretty rough," said he, "but I mer-
ited this fate years ago. What I want to say
is that I know all about this gang. There
are men in it who deserve death more than
I do; but I should die happy if I could see
them hanged or know it would be done. I
don't say this to get off; I don't want to get
off."
"It will be better for you. Red," said the
vigilantes, "at this time to give us all the
information in your possession, if only for
the sake of your kind. Times have been
very hard. Men have been shot down in
broad daylight, not alone for money, or even
hatred, but for mere luck and sport, and
this must have a stop put to it."
"I agree to it all," replied "Red." "No
jioor country was ever cursed with a more
bloodthirsty or meaner pack of villains than
this, — and I know them all."
On being urged by the leaders to furnish
their names, which he said should be taken
down, "Red" gave the names of twenty-three
men who formed the robber band. These
men were bound by an oath to be true to
one another, and were required to perform
services as stool pigeons, spies, fences, horse
thieves, telegraph men, and roadsters, ac-
cording to circumstances and their qualifi-
cations. The penalty of disobedience was
death. If any of them, under any circum-
stances, divulged any of the secrets or
guilty purposes of the band, he was to be
followed and shot down at sight. The same
doom was prescribed for any outsiders who
attempted an exposure of their criminal de-
signs, or arrested any of them for the com-
mission of crime. "Red" acknowledged that
he was a member of the band, but declared
that he was not a murderer. He disclosed
a long list of atrocities committed by the
band. After listening to this disclosure,
the party of vigilantes determined that the
culprit should be executed immediately.
"Red" met his fate with courage. He ex-
piessed a wish that he might be kept under
arrest and not hanged until he had wit-
nessed the execution of those whose names
he had divulged, and who, he claimed, were
more guilty than he. After the rope had
been adjusted about his neck, he turned to'
one of the vigilantes and said:
"Let me beg of you to follow and punish
the rest of this infernal gang."
" "Red,' " replied the man, "we'll do it if
there's an\ such thing in the book."
"(iood-by, boys,' said "Red," "you're on a
good undertaking, fxod bless you."
The stool on which he stood fell, and the
body of the intrepid freebooter swung life-
less in the midnight blast.
Before the end of the Civil War between
twenty and thirty desperadoes had been exe-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
cuted b\ the vijiilancc committee, and others
were banished from the territory for vari-
ous offenses.
In less than three years the vigilance
committee had transformed this mountainous
mining region from a den of cutthroats into
an abode of well-ordered industry, progress,
and social order. Politics was not raen-
tiontnl in the deliberations of the committee.
Men of all ranks, ages, nationalities, creeds,
and political atliliations worked together in
harmony. A common danger made them
one. In a neighboring territory which had
no committee, sixty homicides were commit-
ted (according to a local paper), without a
single conviction. Another paper declared
that "cemeteries are full of the corpses of
veterans in crime and their victims."
That crime was less rampant in the early
days of the eastern than those of the west-
ern portion of the great Northwest is not
due to any conditions of climate or environ-
ment which in one case tend to develop men
into peaceful citizens and in the other into
criminals. The coiuparatively peaceful char-
acter of the pioneers of ^linnesota and the
Dakotas is to be ascribed in part to the fact
that this region was formed by nature for
agriculture and that it attracted a class of
people who were content to earn their living
by the slow process of agriculture. Such
people seldom have in their possession large
sums of money, and the region in which they
live does not, therefore, form as attractive a
field for the professional robber as do the
gold mining districts. It is possible, in an
agricultural section, to administer justice
approximately according to the forms pre-
scribed by law.
A single incident will illustrate the dif-
ficulty of holding a court on the upper Mis-
sissippi sixty years ago.
In the summer of 1842, the region l.ving
between Taylors Falls and the mouth of the
St. Croix was sparsely settled. In that sum-
mer, Judge Irwin, then living at Madison,
in Wisconsin (which was then a territory
and included Minnesota) was assigned to
hold a term of T'nited States district court
at Stillwater, the county seat of St. Croix
county. He embarked on a steamboat at
Calena and landed at Fort Snelling. He
had learned that the clerk of the court was
a man by the name of Joseph R. Brown,
and that he resided at Stillwater; further
than that he had no knowledge, and was ig-
norant of any route or means of conveyance
from the fort to the place of holding the
court. The commanding officer at the fort
Iirovided him with a horse, and a guide to
pilot him through the unsettled country.
Street cars now make regular trips every
half hour between the same points.
Arriving near the head of Lake St.
Croix, and inquiring for Mr. Brown, he was
directed to go up the lake shore about a
mile to his residence, a log cabin. This was
a short distance above the present site of
the state penitentiary. The judge found
the cabin occupied by an Indian woman and
children, none of whom could either speak
or understand English. Upon inquiry of
some people who were building a saw mill,
he learned that Mr. Brown was at his trad-
ing post on Gray Cloud island, twenty or
more miles distant. He returned *» Fort
Snelling the next day, and took the first
steamboat down the river, disgusted with
his trip, and declared that the next time he
held a court in Stillwater he would provide
himself with moccasins, clout, and blanket.
The first term of territorial court held in
Minnesota was held in Stillwater during the
second week of August, 1849, five months
after ^linnesota was organized as a terri
tory. The second term of court was held by
Judge David Cooper, at Stillwater, in Feb-
ruary, 1850. This term is noted for having
the first criminal trial for murder under
Minnesota laws. It was a case of a boy
about thirteen years old, by the name of
Snow, killed by a companion about the same
age, on Third street, St. Paul. The prose-
cution was conducted by Morton S. Wilkin-
son and Putnam Bishop; the defense by
Michael E. Ames and Henry L. Moss. The
tiring was from the southerly side of the
street, with an ordinary shotgun, directly
across the street, where stood the Snow boy,
—the boys looking at each other. A single
small bird shot penetrated the eye and brain
of the Snow boy. The jury convicted the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
boy of manslaughter, holdlnji; that, even in
the absence of malicious intent, the firing of
a gun across a public highway where people
were passing, was an unlawful act. Judge
Cooper, in pronouncing sentence, there be-
ing no penitentiary in the territory, commit-
ted him to the guard house at Fort Snelling
for ninety days, during the first two and the
last one of which he was to be kept in close
confinement and fed on bread and water.
James M. Goodhue, of the St Paul Pioneer,
commenting on the decision of Judge Coop-
er, said it was a specimen of dispensing jus-
tice in homeopathic doses.
The first term of court in St. Paul was
held by Judge Aaron Goodrich in a public
room adjoining the bar-room in the Amer-
ican Hotel, corner of Third and Exchange
streets, in the spring of 1850.
An interesting case brought before the
first territorial term of court in Minnesota
concerned a prominent member of the bar,
Mr. William D. Phillips. The following
sketch of the case is related by Judge
Charles E. Flandrau.
Mr. Phillips was a native of Maryland,
and came to St. Paul in 1848. He was the
first district attorney of the county of Ram-
sey, elected in 1849. On one occasion, when
discussing in court the construction of a
Minnesota statute with an attorney fresh
from the east, his adversary' made some
classical allusion in which the names of
Cicero and Demosthenes occurred. Mr. Phil-
lips, answering, became very much excited,
aud in a rising flight of eloquence said;
''The gentleman may be a classical scholar;
he may be as eloquent as Demosthenes; he
has probably ripped with old Euripides,
socked with old Socrates, and canted with
old Cantharides; but, gentlemen of the jury,
what does he know about the laws of Min-
nesota?"
The indictment against Mr. Phillips
charged him with an assault with intent to
maim. In an altercation with a man, he had
drawn a pistol on him, and the defense was
that the pistol was not loaded. The witness
for the prosecution swore that it was, and
further, that he could see the load. The
prisoner, as the law then was, could not tes-
tify in his own behalf, and could not di-
rectly dis])rove this fact. He was convict-
ed, and fined $2.5. He was very indignant,
aud gave this explanation of the assertion
of the witness that he saw the load. He
said he had been out electioneering, and
from the uncertainty of getting his meals in
such an unsettled country, he carried crack-
ers and cheese in the same pocket with his
pistol. A crumb of cheese had got into the
muzzle, and the fellow was so scared when
lie looked at the pistol that he thought it
was loaded to the brim.
About the year 1855, says Judge Flan-
drau, Mr. John B. Brisbin arrived in St.
Paul and commenced practice. A great deal
of the business was done in courts of justices
of the peace, and Mr. Brisbin was called to
Mendota to defend a client who was charged
with tresijassing on another's land or, as we
then called it, "jumping his claim." Major
Xoah appeared for the plaintiff, and filed
his comi)laint. Mr. Brisbin demurred to it,
and made a very eloquent and exhaustive ar-
gument in support of his position. The jus-
tice was a very venerable looking old
Frenchman (the greater part of the popula-
tion being French at that time). He lis-
tened very attentively, and occasionally
bowed when Mr. Brisbin became most im-
pressive, leaving the impression upon the
speaker that he comprehended his reasoning
and acquiesced in his conclusions. When
.Mr. Brisbin closed his argument, Major
>soah commenced to address the court in
French. Mr. Brisbin objected; he did not
understand French, and judicial proceed-
ings must be conducted in English. The
major replied that he was interpreting to
the court what Mr. Brisbin had been saying.
"I desire no interpretation; I made myself
clear," said Mr. Brisbin. "Certainly," said
the major, "your argument was excellent,
but the court does not understand any Eng-
lish," which was literally true. It is said that
when the court adjourned, the judge was
heard to ask the major, "Est ce qu'il y a une
femme dans cette cause la?" Whether the
judge decided the case on the theory of there
being a woman in it, history has failed to
record.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
In 1S44, Henry Jackson of ST. Paul was
appoiuted justice of the peace. There was
some delay in the arrival of his commission,
and before it came, a couple came to his
house and asked him to marry them. When
he told theiu he was not yet legally a jus-
tice, and therefore could not lawfully marry
them, they were terribly disappointed. They
assured him that they could not possibly
bear the shock of disappointment, aud beg-
ged of him to devise some way of uniting
them, for their hearts already "beat as one."
''Well," said Jackson finally, "I can nail you
together so that perhaps you'll hold till my
commission comes, but I can't warrant the
job. I'll marry you by bond, if that will be
satisfactory." "How's that done'.'" inquired
the would-be husband. "\\'hy," said Jaik
son, "you can give me a bond that when n)y
commission arrives you will appear and be
legally married. In the meantime, you may
consider yourselves husband and wife, re-
membering that you are only quasi married
[•eople, and if my commission fails to come,
the deal is off."' Both readily assented to
the quasi marriage, and having executed
their bond, went on their way rejoicing. The
commission arrived in due time, but there is
no record accessible to show whether the
quasi union was ever converted into a legal
one.
Four years later, the same justice was
trying some ordinary case. The matter had
been submitted to the jury, and they had re-
tired for consultation, being locked up by
the constable in a small room lighted by one
small window which was at a considerable
distance from the ground. One of the six
jurymen was a skilled violinist who was al-
ways in demand for dancing parties. ( )ii
the day of the trial, a man had come from
Stillwater for the purpose of securing the
services of this musician for a ball that was
to be held in that city that very night. On
finding the violinist in confinement, he be-
came somewhat uneasy lest the wielder of
the bow should be detained so long as to
prevent his reaching the ball-room in time.
Unfortunately, the jury had great difficulty
in agreeing upon a verdict. The discussion
of the case was conducted with considerable
warmth, and several times the jurors nearly
came to blows. The man from Stillwater,
meanwhile, became desperate. He dared not
return without his violinist. He deter-
mined to speak with him at all hazards.
I'rocuring a high box, he placed it under the
window and, mounting it, succeeded in at-
tracting the attention of his man who at
once approached the window and held an ex-
tended ((mference with him. At this point,
one of the jurors who had disagreed with
the violinist accused him of being in surrepti-
tious communication with an outsider and
of being guilty of conduct which exposed
him to a grave suspicion of having received
a bribe. This intimation precipitated a fight.
Chairs, tables, heads, shins, and the window
wi'ii- broken in the melee. Among the in-
jured was the musician, whose right arm
was dislocated. The constable unlocked the
door and rushed in to restore the peace; the
justice and the people followed. The jurors
who had not been placed hors du combat
slipi)ed out of the room in the confusion, and
this ended the case. For the benefit of those
who must always be told how a story ''comes
out," it may be added that the violinist did
not draw the bow that night, and that the
Stillwater ball was postponed.
The scene now shifts to Dakota. Leav-
ing the pastoral region of Minnesota, we
find ourselves once more in a rugged, moun-
tainous, mining country. The following
sketch of the administration of justice in a
court of law is taken, with some changes in
wording, from "Life in the Black Hills," by
Maj. T. M. Newson.
Street scene. Post-office. Men coming
and going; a strange, mysterious man in the
irowd. He is recognized by a passenger,
who exclaims:
"Here's a mail robber!"
Men draw their pistols; the mysterious
man also draws and runs. He is pursued by
the crowd, firing as he runs, but is finally
<aught by the sheriff', who, flinging his arms
about him, holds him fast. He is found to
be severely injured, and the sheriff", with the
assistance of two men, conveys him to jail.
The next day he is brought into court. The
judge is on the bench, lawyers are present,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWESt.
and the court room is filled with people.
The complaint is that the prisoner is guilty
of robbing the stage.
Judge: "What have you to say, — guilty
or not guilty?"
Before the prisoner answers, a man goes
to the judge and speaks a few words to him,
when the judge says:
"The court orders the sheriff to produce
one of the prisoner's boots."
The boot is produced and is examined by
the judge and others. It is a very small
one. The judge now turns to the prisoner
and remarks:
"Suspicions are now conclusive, by the
production of this boot, that you belie your
sex, and are not what you appear to be —
that is, you are a woman! Do you plead
guilty to this charge?"
"May it please your honor, I do, and if
permitted would like to make a few re-
marks. I am a woman ! I mean no wrong.
I did not rob the stage, but was with the
parties who did. Drawn into their cob-web
of villainy, I could not break away from
them without losing my life, and may it
please your honor, every resolution I made
was broken. I plead guilty to the last, but
not to the first charge, and if I may be per-
mitted to skip the town this time, you may
be assured, your honor, that I will never
enter it again."
"Madam," said the judge, "you are in a
very singular predicament, — charged with
robbing the stage and violating all social
and civil law by appearing in the character
of a male. Under ordinary circumstances,
the law would deal harshly with you, but I
take the responsibility of setting you at lib-
erty." With thanks to the judge for his
leniency, the woman walks out of the court
room and disappears.
EDUCATION.
The first annual report of the state super-
intendent of public instruction was made to
the state legislature of Minnesota, January
14, 1861, by Edward D. Neill, the state super-
intendent. For this report, only fourteen
counties frunished data. Eighty-two coun-
ties for the report made forty years later.
A recommendation was made by the state
superintendent in this first report which is
interesting as being the precursor of a se-
ries of recommendations made by his suc-
cessors for the past forty years, a recom-
mendation of a plan of organization that
has been adopted in many states very much
to the advantage of their school system, but
which has failed, thus far, to meet the ap-
proval of the legislature. In the report of
1861, the suj)erintendent says:
"Under the law no pupil can go to school
beyond the boundaries of the district where
his parents or guardian reside. Separated
by a slough or marsh from the school house
of his own district, he cannot, except by
special permission of the trustees, attend
the school of another district, which may be
in sight of his father's house. The conse-
quence is that some families are obliged to
pay a school tax from year to year, while
their children are debarred the privileges of
public instruction. To obviate this it is
recommended that each civil township form
a corporation for school purposes, and that
each family in the state be allowed to send
children to any public school that may be
selected."
The reason given by Dr. Neill for the
adoption of the township system for the
organization of schools was not the strong-
est that might have been given. Hon. W.
W. Pendergast, in his report of Nov. 20,
1804, gives thirt^'-two excellent reasons why
the township unit would be advantageous.
These reasons are based on the experience
of states — some of tliem younger in state-
liood than Minnesota — which are enjoying
the benefits which result from this system.
In 1861, there were no county superin-
tendents of schools. The state superintend-
ent recommended that a uniform series of
text-books be adopted for use in all the
schools of the state. This plan has since
been tried — for fifteen years — and repudiat-
ed by the people. Another recommendation
was that |1,000 be appropriated by the leg-
islature for the purpose of buying library
books which might be sold to school dis-
tricts by the state at low rates. Since 1861,
laws have been passed by which any district
that will purchase a suitable library may
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
receive aid from the state to the amount of
|2() for tlie first year, and |10 for each suc-
ceeding year. The present value of school
district libraries in Minnesota is |!245,0()(>.
A question that has arisen and which
continues to arise in every state of the union
was in 1861 considered such an important
one that Dr. Neill used it for a displayed
caption in his report: — Shall the Bible be
read in public schools? — The opinion of the
attorney general was obtained in order that
the state superintendent might answer with
authority the many letters which came to
him from those who favored or disfavored
the practice. The attorney general in 18(50
said:
"In reply to your communication, I would
call your attention to the fact that in the
first sentence of the constitution of the state
there is a grateful recognition of God, and
also that the school law requires 'that no
teacher shall be employed who shall not be
first examined and found qualified in moral
character.' By common consent the moral-
ity of the Bible is esteemed superior to the
ethics of any other book. * * * Some
profess to be scrupulous in relation to send-
ing children to any public school where mor-
al instruction is given; and others ecjually
honest do not wish to patronize a school
where there is no recognition of God. Now,
it is unfair that either party should deprive
the children of the other of a school support-
ed by common taxation. * » * j there-
fore recommend that the teacher, a few min-
utes before or after the recitations of the
day, reads a portion of the scriptures and
unites with the scholai's in offering the
Lord's prayer, with the express understand-
ing that when the parents or guardians
make the request, the children of such are
not to be compelled to attend the scripture
services."
It will be interesting to compare with
the above the following ruling of another at-
torney general of Minnesota, rendered De-
cember 10, 1895:
"* * * The question involves a con-
struction of section 16 of Article one of the
constitution, wherein it is, among other
things, provided:
" 'Nor shall any man be compelled to at-
tend, erect, or support any place of wor-
ship.' » * «
"In Wisconsin, the supreme court * * *
held that the reading of the scriirtures in a
jiublic school was in violation of the consti-
fntion, in that it compelled one to support
a place of worship. * * *
"No distinction can in principle be drawn
between the opening of a school with prayer
and the reading of the scrij^ture. * * *
If one is unlawful, the other is also. It is
the purpose of the law of this state to per-
mit no intrusion into our public schools of
any religious teachings whatever. They are
lo be kept purely secular in character * * *
where children may assemble for purposes
of instruction in authorized subjects and in-
cidental moral improvement. * * * You
are advised that the practice * * * is
violative of the constitution."
In 1851, the legislature of the Territory
of Minnesota created in the university a de-
partment of the theory and practice of in-
struction, and in 1858, a state normal school
was established at Winona. In the *year
1860-61 the state had between sixty and
seventy normal school pupils; in the year
18!)!»-iy00, it had 2,376. The chairman of the
liormal school prudential committee report-
I'd at that time that to support normal
school instruction for the ensuing year,
there would be required an appropriation of
at least |5,000: The current expenses of
our four normal schools for the year 1899-
]900 amounted to |10S,000. Three normal
school instructors were then employed; now
there are eighty-five.
In 1861, the state university consisted of
;i "costly pile of stone * * * with about
fifty rooms without windows,'' together with
"a debt of about eighty thousand dollars
and no available means for its liquidation."
The next year, State Superintendent B. F.
Crary reported of the state university: "It
is now nothing but a perplexity and a shame
to all who feel any desire to see education
advance. The building is utterly unfit for
educational purposes. * * * The state has
no need for it, and no means to endow it."
The legislature of 1867 appropriated $15,000
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
for repairing and furnishing the university
building "and for the eniploj-ment of a teach-
er or teachers" for the institution. I'rof.
W. W. Washburne was employed as princi-
pal, and before the end of the year two
other teachers were employed. The number
of students enrolled was 44; "31 males and
13 females." In 1900, the number of stu-
dents enrolled was 3,400.
The first apportionment of the current
school fund in February, 1863, amount-
ed to 112,308. The amount apportioned in
the year 1900 was |1,311,000. The per-
manent school fund in 1863 was less than
half a million dollars. In 1901 it was over
112,000,000. In the following pairs of num-
bers, the first number in each pair refers to
the year 1862, and the second, to the year
1900; Number of districts reported, 1,072 —
7,000; number of persons of school age, 50,-
644 — 575,000; number attending public
school, 22,913—390,000; number of teachers^
1,165—12,000. In 1863, Freeborn county had
the largest number of pupils — 5,024 — of any
county in Minnesota; Hennepin county
(the county in which Minneapolis is located)
comes next, with 4,514; Olmsted county fol-
lows with 3,804; and Ramsey county (in-
cluding the city of St. Paul) had 3,679 pupils.
The corresponding numbers in 1900 were:
Freeborn, 9,500; Hennepin, 55,000; Olm-
sted, 6,500; and Ramsey, 37,000. In 1863,
the average monthly compensation of male
teachers was |21, and of female teachers
$13. In 1900, the average monthly wages
were $65 and |40, respectively.
The county superintendency of schools
was created in Minnesota in 1864, for such
counties as chose to have their county com-
missioners appoint superintendents. The
law was amended later so as to provide for
the election of a superintendent by the peo-
ple in each county. The first state educa-
tional journal was established in 1867 and
was called the Minnesota Teacher. It was
founded by William W. Payne, Esq., county
superintendent of schools for Dodge county.
Mr. Payne is now professor of mathematics
and astronomy in Carleton college, in North-
field.
In 1861, the state normal board was di-
rected by law to select a list of text-books
for use in the common schools of the state.
The books selected were to be used in all the
schools for five years. In 1867, the law
having expired, the state superintendent
recommended its renewal. State uniformity
of text-books has been since tried in the
state but has been proved unsatisfactory.
I'nder the present law, the board of educa-
tion in any district may contract with pub-
lishers for text-books of their own selection,
and may furnish them free to the pupils at-
tending the schools. In 1867, the state
superintendent of public instruction asked
the legislature to appropriate the sum of
|3,000 to be used annually for holding teach-
ers' institutes in different parts of the state.
The legislature responded to this call. The
sum now annually appropriated for this pur-
pose is $27,000. These institutes and training
schools are now attended by about 7,000
teachers.
The past thirty years has witnessed a
wonderful development of the state. Min-
nesota now has 115 state high schools, each
receiving |800 annually from the state; 110
state graded schools, each receiving $200
annually from the state; 190 semi-graded
schools, each receiving flOO from the state;
and 660 stiite rural schools, each receiving
|75 from the state.
In Dakota, the first biennial report of
the territorial board of education was made
in 1888. Below will be found in tabular
form some statistics which will indicate the
growth of the educational system of Dakota
in the past sixteen years.
Number of School Districts
Total Value of School
Houses, Sites, and Fur-
niture
Number of Male Teachers
Employed
Number of Female Teach-
ers Employed
Average Montiily Wages of
Male Teachers
Average Monthly Wages of
Female Teachers
Number of Children of
School Age
Number of Children enroll-
ed in the Public Schools . .
Amount paid for Teachers'
Wages
2,04S
$38.43
$31.71
77,499
50,031
$394,785.00
1,434
2,587,865
1,178
2,905
$41.72
$35.81
92,009
77,686
$818,792
3,204
$33.01
$30.25
98,013
77,338
$751,950
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
The following table shows the advance-
ment made in the educational field in Mon-
tana for the past thirty j'ears:
1868
1878
1888
1898
No. of Districts.. .
Enrollment
No. of Teacliers...
25
1,359
27
105
5,315
116
$59.70
$88,284.00
316
27,600
442
$62.50
$646,670.00
669
49,478
1,086
$60.00
Value of School
$1,875,965.00
Apportionment. ..
$12,099.00
$44,478.00
$371,442.00
$575,332.00
Montana has a free text-book law, a
compulsory education law, a good school
library law, a normal school at Dillon, and
an agricultural college at Bozeman.
Of the twenty-four county superintend-
ents of schools in Montana, twenty-one pre-
fix the title Miss, two that of Mrs. and one
that of Mr. to their names.
MILITARY HISTORY.
This section of the history of the grcar
Northwest is treated in five subdivisions:
1. Early Indian Wars; 2. The Black Hawk
War of 1832; 3. The Sioux War, 1862-63;
4. The Civil War, 1861-65; 5. The Spanish-
American War.
EARLY INDIAN WARS.
In the seventeenth century the Ojibway
Indians resided on the shores of Lake Su-
perior. They were then on friendly terms
Mith the Dakotas or Sioux who then occu-
pied the headwaters of the Mississippi and
the country lying between that country and
the Great Lakes. The good feeling between
them was such that intermarriages took
place between them. But ill-will was cre-
ated through a quarrel between an Ojibway
and a Dakota gallant respecting a woman
both were courting. The woman was a Da-
kota, and the affair took place at a village
of her people. She preferred the Ojibway,
and the rejected gallant took the life of his
rival. This affair did not precipitate war, —
it only reminded the warriors of the two
tribes they had once been enemies. Shortly
after this quarrel, four Ojibway braves —
brothers who resided at Fond du Lac, on
Lake Superior — paid a friendly visit to the
Dakotas at Mille Lacs. During this visit
one of the brothers was treacherously mur-
dered. Again the three survivors visited
grille Lacs, and this (ime two of them were
killed, only one returning to his home.
Their aged father blacked his face in mourn-
ing, and his head hung down in sorrow.
Once more his sole surviving son asked
l)erniission to pay the Dakotas a peace visit
that he might look on the graves of his de-
ceased brethren. His sorrow stricken pa-
rent said to him: "Go, my son, for prob-
ably they have struck your brothers through
mistake." A full moon passed and the son
(lid not return. Now, for the first time, the
bereaved father began to weep, and he
mourned bitterly for his lost children.
"An Ojibway warrior never throws away
his tears," and he determined to have re-
venge. For two years he busied himself in
making preparations. With the fruits of
his hunting he procured ammunition and
other materials for a war party. At last
he summoned the warriors of his tribe
from the remotest villages to go with him
and search for his lost children. Nearly
all of them collected at the appointed time
at Fond du Lac, eager to stain their«Bcalp-
ing knives with the blood of their ancient
foes. Having made the customary prepara-
tions, they left Fond du Lac and followed the
ti-ail to Mille Lacs, where the blood of their
fellow braves had been spilt. The vanguard
of the Ojibways fell on the Dakotas at Cor-
morant Point early in the morning, and sucli
was the fury of the attack that before the
lear had arrived the village had been almost
entirely exterminated. The Ojibways then
hastened to the larger Dakota village at the
outlet of the lake.
After a brave defence with their bows
and barbed arrows, the Dakotas took refuge
in their earthen lodges fi'om the more deadly
weapons of their enemy. The Ojibways dis-
lodged them by dropping bags of powder
through the smoke holes in the tops of the
lodges. The Dakotas were not acquainted
w ith the nature of powder, and supposed,
when the powder bags exi)loded, that the
spirits were aiding their foes. They there-
fore gave up the fight in despair and were
easily dispatched. It was thus that the
Ojibways obtained (heir footing in the Mille
Lacs region.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
lu two subsequent wars, the Ojibways
wrested from the Dakotas the valley of the
St. Croix, the upper Mississippi valley, and
the valleys of the Wisconsin and Chippewa
rivers. Many other conflifts occurred be-
tween these tribes before the permanent
coming of the white man.
THE BLACK HAWK WAR.
This brief sketch of the Black Hawk
War follows nminly the account given by
Ueuben Gold Thwaites, secretary of the
State Historical Society of Wisconsin, in
his "Story of the Black Hawk War."
Few events in the early history of the
Northwest were as picturesque, as tragical,
or as fraught with mighty consequence as
this. On November 3, 1804, the United
States government concluded a treaty with
the Sac and Fox Indians, by which, mainly
for the paltry annuity of one thousand dol-
lars, the confederacy ceded to the whites
50,000,000 acres of land, comprising eastern
Missouri, southwestern Wisconsin (then in-
cluded in Michigan Territory), and north-
western Illinois. This would amount to an
annual rental of one cent for each 500 acres.
There was an unfortunate clause in Article
7 of the treaty, which became one of the
chief causes of the Black Hawk War. It
was stipulated that "as long as the lands
which are now ceded to the United States
remain their property" — that is, public
land — "the Indians belonging to the said
tribes shall enjoy the privilege of living or
hunting upon them."
Within the limits of the cession was the
chief seat of the Sac power, — a village beau-
tifully situated on the banks of the Missis-
sippi near Rock Island. The principal char-
acter in this village was Black Hawk, — a
leader by common consent though not a
hereditary or elected chief. He was rest-
less and ambitious, but without great ca-
pacity. He aroused the passions of his peo-
ple by appealing to their prejudices and
superstitions. He was probably honest,
however, in his motives. But he was in-
fluenced by the British agents, who before
1812 continually endeavored to excite the
hostility of the northwestern tribes against
the Americans. ^loreover the conduct of
the Americans, with whom he associated
daily, was such as to shock his high sense
of honor, and contrasted sharply with the
courteous treatment accorded to him by the
British officers.
At the outbreak of the War of 1812,
Black Hawk naturally sided with Tecumseh
and the British, and was present at the
battle of the Thames in 1813, where Tecum-
seh was killed. During his absence with
Ihat chief, he claims that a fatal injury was
inflicted by the Americans upon an aged
friend. It was therefoi-e eighteen months
after the treaty of Ghent before Black Hawk
could be induced to cease his retaliatory
forays. It is not to be wondered at that he
hated the Americans. They brought him
nothing but evil. A personal insult was, in
the winter of 1822-23, added to the national
or tribal injuries received at the hands of
the Americans. Some white settlers at that
time gave him a cruel and unmerited beat-
ing, and he nourished revengeful feelings
which boded no good to the white race.
In the summer of 1823, squatters, covet-
ous of the rich fields cultivated by the Sacs,
began to take possession of them. The
Treaty of 1801 had guaranteed to the In-
dians the use of the ceded territoi'y so long
as the lands remained the propei'ty of the
United States and were not sold to individ-
uals. The Sacs would not have complained
(so they said) if the squatters had settled
in other portions of the tract, and not
sought to steal the village, which was their
birth[ilace, and contained the cemetery of
their tribe. These were outrages of the
most flagrant nature. Indian cornfields
were fenced in by the intruders, squaws and
children were whijiped for venturing beyond
the bounds thus set, lodges were burned
over the heads of the occupants.
The evil grew worse year by year. When
the Indians returned each spring from their
winter's hunt, they found their village more
of a wreck than when they had left it in the
fall. It is surprising that they acted so
peacefully while the victims of such harsh
treatment.
Keokuk (head chief of the Sac and Fox
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
fonfederafv) advised peaceful I'etreat across
ihe Mississippi. But Black Hawlv was stub-
born as well as romantic, and his people
stood by him. He now claimed that the
Indians had not, in the treaty of 1804, agreed
that the land on which Black Hawk's village
stood slionld ever become the property of
the T'nited States. He ignored the fact that
he had subsequently signed three treaties,
each of which had reaffirmed the cession of
1804.
In the winter of 1830 Black Hawk and
his band returned from an unsuccessful
hunt to find their town almost completely
shattered, many of the graves plowed over
and the whites more abusive than ever.
During the winter the squatters, who had
been seven years illegally upon the ground,
had finally jire-empted a few quarter sec-
tions of land at the mouth of Rock River,
so selected as to cover the village site and
the Sac cornfields. This was a trick to ac-
cord with the letter but to violate the treaty
of 1804. There was still a belt fifty miles
wide, of practically unoccupied territory,
from which the selection of lands might
have been made. When Black Hawk re-
turned to his village in the spring of 1831,
he was fiercely warned away by the whites,
upon which he retorted that he should use
force, if necessary, to remove them.
Becoming alarmed, the settlers called
upon the governor of Illinois for military
assistance. He responded by sending into
the disturbed region a force of 1,C00 mount-
ed volunteers. These, with ten companies
of regulars under Gen. Gaines, appeared be-
fore Black Hawk's village on June 25, 1831.
That night the Indians quietly withdrew to
the west bank of the IMississippi. On the
30th they signed an agreement never to re-
turn to the east side without the permission
of the United States government. The
British encouraged the Indians to rise
against the whites, and aid was proffered by
several tribes of Indians from the East.
Many elements in the white population saw
benefits to be derived from it. It would
give occupation to loafers, cause money to
circulate freely, give opportunity for Indian
haters to hunt the red man, present chances
for jxilitical preferment, and afford excite-
ment and adventure for those who craved it.
April 6, 1832, Black Hawk, with 500 war-
riors, crossed to the east side of the ^lissis-
sii)pi, thus invading Illinois, (ieneral At-
kinson ordered him to recross, but he re-
turned a defiant answer. Sixteen hundred
volunteers hurried to the scene of actioa
^Vmong these was Abraham Lincoln, who
served as a captain. Jefferson Davis was at
this time a lieutenant in a regiment of regu-
lars which saw service in the war. In a
preliminary skirmish, a body of irregular
militia was put to fliglit by an inferior force
of Indians, after which Black Hawk's band
ravaged the country, killing settlers, — men,
women, and children. After much desul-
tory marching and fighting, a decisive battle
was fought at the mouth of the Bad Axe
River in Wisconsin, about forty miles above
I'rairie du Chien, the Indians being com-
pletely routed. This was on August 2, 1832.
A few days later Black Hawk was captured.
Out of the band of nearly one thousand In-
dians who had taken part in the beginning
of the war, not more than one hundred and
fifty remained "to tell the tragic story of the
Black Hawk War— a tale fraught with dis-
honor to tlie American name." Black Hawk
was kept a jirisoner in Fortress Monroe
until the summer of 1833. Black Hawk
died at the age of seventy-one, in 1838, on a
small reservation set apart for him and his
personal followers in Davis county. Iowa.
THE SIOUX WAR OF 1862-63.
When Jonathan Carver visited the
Northwest in 1706, the country lying upon
the Mississippi river above the Falls of Sr,
Anthony and below, into what is now north-
ern Iowa, and that included in and adjacent
to the valley of the St. Peters or Minnesota
from its source to its mouth, as well as the
prairie conntry between these rivers was
occupied by the Sioux or Dakota Indians.
They were a powerful and warlike nation,
and might be found west of Minnesota as
far as the base of the Rocky Mountains.
Four tiibes of Sioux resided in Minnesota —
the Medawakonton, ^^'apl'ton. Wapekuta,
and Sisseton tribes.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
The Wapekutas claimed the country on
Cannon river, on the headwaters of the
Blue Earth and that lying immediately
west. The Wapetons occupied the Big
Woods. Their ancient home was the vicin-
ity of the Little Kapids on the Minnesota,
near Henderson. The Medawakontons at
one time lived in the Mille Lacs region. The
Sissetons occupied the Minnesota valley
from St. Peter to Little Rock. These four
tribes comprised what were known as the
Annuity vSioux of Minnesota, and had at
many times received presents from the gov-
ernment of the United States.
In 1816, the United States entered into a
treaty with the Sioux, in which these In-
dians relinquished all claim to lands ceded
to the United States by Great Britain,
Prance, and Spain. In 1830, the govern-
ment entered into a treaty with the four
great tribes above mentioned, by the terms
of which, in consideration of their relin-
quishing all claim to a large tract of land,
the United States agreed to make them
large presents in goods, to furnish a black-
smith to reside among them, to provide an
educational fund for them, and to give them
three thousand dollars annually for ten
years. In a treaty made at Washington, in
1837, and others concluded at Traverse des
Sioux and Mendota, Minn., in 1851, the
Sioux ceded to the United States all their
lands within the present limits of Minne-
sota. At the same time, two reservations
were assigned to the Indians — on the upper
Minnesota. These treaties provided for a
large annuity fund of over three million
dollars. In another treaty negotiated in
1858, a plan was adopted looking toward
the civilization of the Indians. To all who
would abandon their tribal relations and
adopt the customs of the whites, lands were
assigned in severalty — eighty acres to each
head of a family. Farm buildings were
erected for the Indians on these lands, they
were furnished with implements and cattle,
and they were, moreover, paid for the labor
they performed, and were permitted to keep
their crops for their own benefit.
By 1862, there were about one hundred
and sixty such farms, and among the sav-
ages thus civilized were Little Crow — the
leading sjjirit in the following massacres —
and many of his band. This humane scheme
for the benefit of the red men was to a large
extent thwarted by the blanket Indians,
ihat is, those who declined to yield to the
influences of civilization. When the latter
tired of the chase and the war path, they
camped among the farmer Indians, living off
their savings, thus compelling them to aban-
don their civilized mode of life.
The Indians claimed that the govern-
ment had failed to carry out, or, at least,
had very imperfectly fulfilled, its treaty ob-
ligations. This claim had doubtless some
foundation in the dishonesty of traders and
others through whose hands money passed
after having been disbursed by the govern-
ment agent. "The cession of their terri-
tory," says I. V. D. Heard, in his "History
of the Sioux War," "is necessarily enforced
upon the Indians by the advance of the
white race. • * * Were the treaties
fairly obtained, and all their stipulations
fully carried out, regrets for the home they
have lost, and the narrow limits, soon desti-
tute of game, into which they are crowded,
would soon bring repentance of their bar-
gain, and force a bloody termination of the
conflict of the races. But the treaties are
born in fraud, and all their stipulations for
the future are curtailed in iniquity.
"The traders, knowing for years before
that the whites will purchase the lands, sell
the Indians goods on credit, expecting to
realize their pay from the consideration to
be paid by the government. They thus be-
come interested instruments to obtain the'
consent of the Indians to the treaty; and
by reason of their familiarity with their lan-
guage, and the assistance of half-breed rela-
tives, are possessed of great facilities to ac-
complish their object. The persons deput-
ed by the government to efl'ect a treaty are
compelled to procure their co-operation and
this they do by providing that the sums due
them from the Indians shall be paid. The
traders obtain the concurrence of the Indi-
ans by refusing to give thein further credit,
and by representing to them that they will
receive an immense amount of money if
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
they sell their lands, and thenceforth will
live at ease, with plentj- to eat, and plenty
to wear, plenty of powder and lead and of
whatever else they may request. After the
treaty is agreed to, the amount of ready
money 'which the government agrees to
pay them' is absorbed by the exorbitant de-
mands of the traders and the expense of
removing the Indians to their reservations.
After that, the trader no longer looks to the
Indians for his pay; he gets it from their
annuities. Claims for depredations ui)on
white settlers are also deducted out of their
moneys before they leave Washington; and
these are always, when based on fact, dou-
ble the actual loss, for the Indian depart-
ment is notoriously corrupt, and the hand
manipulating the machinery must be
crossed with gold. The demand is not only
generally unjust, but instead of its being
deducted from the moneys of the wrong-
doer, it is taken from the annuities of all.
This course punishes the innocent and re-
wards the guilty, because the property tak-
en by the depredator is of more value than
the slight percentage he loses. About f 400,-
000 of the cash payments due the Sioux un-
der the treaties of iSol and 1S52 were paid
to traders on old indebtedness. So intense
was the indignation of the Indians that
there was serious apprehension that they
would attack the government officials and
traders. The opposition of Bed Iron, the
I»rincipal chief of the Sissetons, became so
boisterous that he was broken of his chief-
tainship by Governor Eamsey, the superin-
tendent of Indian affairs."
From the same work we condense an ac-
count of an interview between Red Iron
and Governor Ramsey in December, 185-.
Red Iron was brought in, guarded by sol-
diers. He was about forty years old, tall
and athletic, six feet high, with a large,
well-developed ht^ad, aijuiline nose, thin,
compressed lips, and physiognomy beaming
with intelligence and resolution. The gov-
ernor, in the midst of a breathless silence,
ojjened the council.
Governor Ramsey asked, "What excuse
have you for not coming to the council when
1 sent for you?"
The Dakota chief rose with native grace
and dignity, his blanket falling from his
shoulders, and ])urposely dropping the pipe
of peace, he stood erect before the governor
with his arms folded and his right hand
pressed upon the sheath of his scalping
knife. With the utmost coolness and a de-
fiant smile playing upon his thin lips and
his eyes sternly fixed upon the governor,
with firm voice he replied:
"I started to come, but your braves
drove me back."
Governor: "I thought you a good man;
but you have since acted badly, and I am
disposed to break j-ou — I do break you."
Red Iron: "You break me! My people
made me a chief; my people love me; I will
still be their chief; I have done no wrong."
Governor: "Red Iron, why did you
march here with your braves to intimidate
other chiefs and prevent their coming to
the council?"
Red Iron: "^\'e have heard how the
chiefs were served at Mendota — by secret
councils ynu got their names on paper and
took away their money. We don't wAt to
be served so. We come to council in the
daytime, when the sun shines, and we want
no councils in the dark. When we signed
the Mendota treaty, the traders threw a
blanket over our faces, and darkened our
eyes, and made us sign papers we did not
understand, and which were not explained
or read to us. We want our Great Father
at Washington to know what has been
done."
Governor: "The Great Father wants
you to leave the money in my hands to pay
the debts your tribe has incurred. If you
refuse, I will take the money back."
Red Iron: "You can take the money
back! AVe sold our land to you, and you
promised to pay us. If you do not give us
the money, I will be glad, and all our people
will be glad, for then we will have our land
back. The treaty was not interpreted or
explained to us. AVe are told that it gives
about .fROO,000 of our money to the traders.
A\'e do not think we owe them so much.
We want to pay our debts. We want our
Great Father to send three good men here
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
to tell US how much we really owe, and
whatever they say, we will i)ay and that is
what all our chiefs and people say."
Governor- "That can't be done. You
owe more than your money will pay. The
agent will pay your annuity — and no more
— when you are ready to receive it."
Red Iron: "We will receive our annu-
ity, but will sign no papers for anything
else. We are poor; you have plenty. Your
fires are warm; your tepees keep out the
cold. We have nothing to eat. We have
been waiting a long time for our moneys.
Our hunting season is past. A great many
of our people are sick with hunger. We
have sold our hunting-grounds and the
graves of our fathers, \^'e have no place to
bury our dead, and jou will not pay us the
money for our lands.'"
The council was broken up, and Red
Iron was sent to the guard-house, where he
was kept till next day. It was for a long
time doubtful whether the Indians at this
council would consent to receive their annu-
ities as a price for abandoning their lands.
They finally concluded to do so, being in-
fluenced by three principal considerations:
First, many of them had come hundreds of
miles in the dead of winter, and were, with
their families, in a starving condition; sec-
ond, several Indians who had been impris-
oned for attacking the Chippewas were to
be released in case the bargain was made;
third, large presents were ottered them, and
certain braves were promised chieftain-
ships if the Indians would sign.
The summer of 1862 seemed to the Sioux
a remarkably favorable time for redressing
their wrongs and sweeping the white invad-
ers from their ancient hunting grounds.
The Federal army had been meeting with
serious reverses in its conflict with the
South; the braves noticed as they passed
through the settlements that the able-bodied
men were absent — they were bearing arms
on southern fields — and the half-breeds
who could read assured the Indians that
soldieis of the Great Father were being
whipped by the southern "niggers." They
believed that the country h.ad nearly ex-
hausted its resources, that it was going to
ruin, and that it would not be able to pay
them any more annuities. In July, 5,000
Sioux assembled at the Upper Agency (at
the mouth of the Yellow Medicine river) to
make inquii'v about the payment of their
annuity. They remained here for some
time, suttering from hunger and sev-
eral dying from starvation. They man-
aged to appease their appetites with
roots which they dug from the ground, and
when corn was dealt out to them they de-
voured it uncooked. On August 4, they
broke into the government warehouse and
seized the provisions stored there, cutting
down the American flag in the presence of
one hundred armed soldiers. Finally they
were induced to return to their reservation
on the issue of a large quantity of provi-
sions. Similar scenes occurred at the
Lower Agency, which was situated on the
Minnesota river, about fourteen miles
above Fort Ridgely.
"Thus," says Heard, "on the 17th day of
August, lSr.2, we find the instinctive hatred
of this savage and ferocious people, who are
able to bring into the field 1,300 well-armed
warriors, the most expert and daring skir-
mishers in the world, fanned to a burning
heat by many years of actual and of fancied
wrong, and intensified by fears of hunger
and cold."
On Sunday, August 17, eight Indians
found some hens' eggs on the prairie, near
Acton (now Grove City), in Meeker county.
When one of them proposed to eat them, an-
other tried to dissuade him, saying that
they were the eggs of a tame fowl and be-
longed to the whites. "You are a coward,"
retorted the first, as he dashed the eggs to
the ground; "I am brave; there is a white
man's ox; see how brave I am," and raising
his gun, he shot and killed the ox. "And
now," he continued, "I am going to kill a
white man." The party then separated in-
to two groujjs of four, each intent on prov-
ing its bravery. One party reached the
house of Mr. Howard Baker, and seeking a
quarrel with him and his family, shot and
killed four persons. The surrounding coun-
try was thrown into the greatest alarm.
When Little Crow heard of this affair,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
hp had some difticulty in deciding how to
act. If he became the friend of the whites
he would incur the undying hatred of his
people, and forfeit his supremacy as a lead-
er among them. If, on the other hand, he
should join in a war upon the whites, which
he now saw was inevitable, he would be in-
volved in the ruin which he foresaw must
result from a conflict with a mighty nation.
He decided to join his own people. "Let us
go to the agency," said he, "kill the traders,
and take their goods."
The war now burst upon the state like a
whirlwind. On August 18, the Lower
Agency was sacked and the inhabitants
murdered: on the same day, the massacres
extended on both sides of the Minnesota to
within six miles of New Ulm, and up the
river to the Yellow Medicine. We quote
again from Heard:
"The naked forms of the savages, hide-
ous with paint, their mad shouts and wild
merriment, increased the horrors of the vic-
tim. Former friendsliip and kindness
availed nothing. On the contrary, the In-
dians started oil' at first to the neighbor-
hood where they had camped on their hunt-
ing excursions, and had been hospitably
treated by those whom they now murdered.
Helplessness, innocence, tender age, pray-
ers, tears — none of these induced mercy.
They sened but to furnish embellish-
ments to the tale to be told for the plaudits
of the camp, where narratives of common
slaughter had become stale, and excess in
cruelty received the palm. * * * Noth-
ing which devilish ingenuity could suggest
in the way of groti'scpie horror was omit-
ted."
On the day of the massacre at Redwood
Agency, Captain Marsh and thirty-nine men
perished near Fort Ridgely; nine survivors
escaped to the fort. Attacks were soon af-
ter made on New Ulm and Fort Ridgely,
but the Indians were repulsed at both
places. To detail the scenes of pillage,
burning, outrage and slaughter that fol-
lowed would be to fill the mind of the read-
er with horror and to repeat a tale with
which many are already familiar. Only the
salient points of the narrative can be no-
ticed.
August 20, Ceiiei'al Sibley started from
Fort Snelling with 1,-100 men, toward the
scene of the trouble. He arrived at Birch
Coolie on September 3, too late to save a
company of soldiers and citizens which had
been surrounded by the Indians in the
coolie the day before and nearly all killed.
In the latter part of September, about two
hundred and fifty captive women and chil-
dren were surrendered to General (then
("olonel) Sibley, at Camp Release, near the
mouth of the ( "hippewa river, and many In-
dians surrendered at the same time. On
the I'Cth of December, 1862, thirty-eight of
the leaders in the massacres were executed
by hanging at Mankato.
After his defeat in Minnesota, Little
Crow, with his followers, fled to Devils
Lake, in North Dakota. Here he vainly
tried to enlist some of the western tribes in
the war against the whites. In June, 1863,
• Jeneral Sibley, with a force of about 2,500
men, started in pursuit of the Sioux <iJiief-
tain. About the same time General Sully,
vvitli a large body of cavalry, passed up the
ilissouri to co-operate with Sibley by cut-
ting olf the retreat of the savages. Mean-
time small squads of Indians straggled
back into the state and renewed the atroci-
ties of the preceding j'ear, camping at one
time with twelve miles of St. Paul. Little
(-"row, himself, with Indian bravado, came
to the very center of the state. Here, near
the village of Hutchinson, he was shot on
the 3d of -July. The leading spirit of the
Sioux war thus i)assed to other scenes. His
skull may be seen in the rooms of the Min-
nesota State Historical Society.
We i-eturn now to the expeditions of
(Jenerals Sibley and Sully.
The object of these exjieditions was to
further chastise the Sioux who had massa-
cred the settlers in Minnesota, and to com-
pel their complete submission. General
Sibley succeeded in driving the hostile In-
dians— all who did not escape to British
territory or retui'u to ^linnesota — across
the Missouri. Lieut. David L. Kingsbury,
illSTOKY OF THE GUKAT NURTHWESt.
of the Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infan-
tiy, who accompanied the expedition of
General Sully the next year, has given a
graphic narrative of the campaign, from
which, by his permission, liberal extracts
are made in the account which follows. The
force under General Sully was composed of
the Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry
mounted, commanded by Lieut. Col. Henry
C. Rogers; six companies of the Second Min-
nesota Volunteer Cavalry, commanded by
Col. Robert N. McLaren; the Third Minne-
sota Battery; forty -five scouts; eleven com-
panies of the Sixth Iowa Cavalry; three
companies of the Seventh Iowa Cavalry;
two companies of Dakota Cavalry; the
Thirtieth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry; Col.
N. Pope's Battery; and Brackett's Minnesota
Battalion of Cavalry.
The command started from the Missouri
river, at the mouth of the Cannon Ball, July
19, 1864. Nine days later, the Indian camp
was discovered at Tahakouty (Killdeer)
mountain, near the headwaters of the
Heart river. So confident were they of
their ability to crush our troops that their
old men, squaws and children assembled in
front of their camp to witness the destruc-
tion of our little army of 2,200 men by their
5,000 braves. The savages were so badly
defeated that they had no opportunity to
move their village or any of their supplies.
The Indian village, consisting of sixteen
hundred rawhide tepees, with many tons of
pemmican, buffalo meat, and other supplies,
were destroyed. About 20,000 buffalo robes
were thrown by the Indians into a deep can-
yon. Many of these were secured by the
traders, llie destruction of this camp and
its supplies was a great loss to the In-
dians. "Indian against Indian, it would
have been impregnable; and it had, no
doubt, been their winter home for genera-
tions."
"To soldiers, or others," says Lieut.
Kingsbury, "who have not seen or heard an
Indian charge, it cannot be described. It is
calculated to strike terror into the hearts
of the bravest. I have not the command of
words to attempt to give any proper de-
scription of it, and can make no better com-
I)arison (imaginary, of course) than with the
imps of hell let loose.''
After passing through the Bad Lands,
the Indians were again encountered. They
attacked our troops with about 7,000 war-
riors, but they were repulsed with a loss of
about three hundred killed — our loss being
nine. "I may venture the opinion here,"
says Lieut. Kingsbury, "that, if the Indians
had been as well armed at this time, or
even at the fight of Killdeer Mountain, as
were those at the Custer fight, the result
would have been as disastrous."
The ^linnesota contingent arrived at
Fort Ridgely on its return, on October 8,
after an absence of four months. "In that
time,'' says Lieut. Kingsbury, "we had
marched sixteen hundred and twenty-five
miles; had wiiipped the savages at an esti-
mated loss to them of four or five hundred
killed and many wounded; and had forever,
settled the Indian question east of the Mis-
souri river. Thus it was made possible for
white immigrants to settle and develop a
territory equal in area to the New England
states. It was believed at that time to be
almost a desert, fit only for Indians and
buffaloes; but now it supports a large and
industrious population, and is one of the
greatest wheat and cattle producing re-
gions in the world."
Two companies of cavalry were organ-
ized in Dakota for service in the Sioux War.
They did valiant service. Company A was
organized at Yankton, in April, 1862, to
serve three years. The commissioned ofii-
cers were : Captain, Nelson Miner ; first li'eu-
tenant, James M. Bacon; second lieutenant,
David Benjamin. Company B was organ-
ized at Sioux City in 1863, to serve three
years. Its commissioned officers were:
Captain, William Tripp; first lieutenant,
John R. Wood; second lieutenant, T. El-
wood Clark. Both regiments were mustered
out in 1865, by reason of expiration of term
of service. The record shows, also, that
First Lieut. John K. Fowler resigned from
Company A on May 1, 1863, and that Second
Lieut. Frederick Ploghatt' resigned from the
siame company on July 20, 1863.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
THE CIVIL WAR.
No narrative, however extended, ran do
full justif-e to the patriotism and the valor
displayed and to the sufferings endured by
ihe citizens of the great Northwest in the
struggle for the Union, which continued
from ISfil to 1805.
Minnesota furnished for service in the
Civil War, one regiment of heavy artillery,
three l)atteries of light artillery, two regi-
ments and two battalions of cavalry, two
companies of sharpshooters, and eleven
regiments of infantry, — in all, 24,203 men.
The causes of the Civil War are well
known, and no attemi)t will be made here
to recapitulate them.
Fort Rumter surrendered to the Confed-
erates April 14, 1801. On the same day, and
the day before President Lincoln issued a
call for Union troops, Alexander Ramsey,
the governor of ilinnesota, addressed a
communication to the secretary of war, in
which he said:
"As the executive of the state of Minne
sota, I hereby tender to the government of
the United States, on the part of that state,
one thousand men to be ready for service as
soon as the necessary information can be
communicated to the people there." This
was the first tender of troops made to the
government for service in the Civil War.
President Lincoln issued a proclamation,
calling for 75,000 volunteers, on April 15.
On the same day, at a meeting of the Pio-
neer Guards of St. Paul, Minn., several
members signed an enlistment roll. The
first name signed was that of Josias E.
King, who claims the honor of being the
senior volunteer in the United States serv-
ice in the Civil War. Mr. King afterward
became first sergeant of Company A, and
finally captain of Company G, of the 1st
-Minnesota. This state, therefore, which
was at that time the last to enter the Union,
was the first to spring to its defense. The
Minnesota First was mustered into the serv-
ice of the United States on April 29, and
was the senior three-years regiment in the
service.
On June 14, the regiment was ordered to
Washington and eight davs later wa$ on its
way down the Mississipjii. The delay was
due to the fact that some of the companies
were, when marching orders came, doing
garrison duty at Forts Ridgely and Ripley.
Just before the battle of Hull Run, an
incident occurred which is typical of one
phase of army life. The men had not yet
ac(]uired that keen relish for the army ra-
tion which is necessary to a condition of
perfect content. Strict orders had been is-
sued against foraging. A squad of Minne-
sotans, bringing the dressed quarters of a
young beef into camp, were met by Col.
Franklin, the brigade commander. Gor-
man, the ^linnesota colonel, rode up while
Franklin was interrogating the delinquents,
and in his stentorian voice, poured upon the
men such a volume of denunciation and in-
vective that Franklin at once assented to
his proposition to leave the men to him —
fJorman — for such punishment as would be
an effective example to the regiment. When
Franklin had ridden away, Gorman turned
to the trembling culprits. "Now, you,''
he shouted, "take up that beef and g!) to
your regiment, and don't disgrace it by ever
getting caught in any such scrape again."
The men enjoyed the fresh beef and profited
by their colonel's advice, for in their subse-
quent foraging they were more wary.
At Bull Run, Ball's Bluff, in McClel-
lan's Peninsular campaign. Pope's battles
around Washington, Antietam, Fredericks-
burg, and Chancellorsville, the Minnesota
First was where the fighting was fiercest.
Space cannot be taken to detail the heroic
deeds performed by otTicers and men in
these battles and campaigns, and only a
bare allusion can be made to the histori<-
charge of the Minnesota First at Gettys-
burg. It is absolutely without parallel in
military history. In this charge, the regi-
ment lost 82 per cent of its number; the
loss of the Light Brigade in the famous
charge at Balaklava was 75 per cent. Gen.
Hancock, who ordered the charge, is quot
ed as saying: "There is no more gallant
deed recorded in hisfor\'; it had to be done,
and I was glad to have a regiment at hand
willing to make the terrible sacrifice that
the occasion demanded." The regiment
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
sei'vt'tl in tlu' Ainiy of the Potomac until
the end of the war.
The Second Rejcinient was orpjanized in
July, 1861, and served in the Army of the
Cumberland, taking part in the battles of
Mill Springs, rerryville. Triune, Tullahoma,
Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Mission Ridge,
tlie Atlanta campaign, Sherman's march to
the sea, and Sherman's northward march
from Savannah to Raleigh. Passing through
Richmond after its capture, the regiment
participated in the grand review in Wash-
ington. May 24, ISfiS, and was disbanded on
the 2(lth of July.
On the morning succeeding the battle of
Chickamauga "a muster and roll call of the
regiment was had, and every man of the
Second Minnesota, of the three hundred and
eighty-four who commenced the battle on
the l!)th was accounted for; thirty-five had
been killed, one hundred and thirteen
wounded, fourteen captured, and two hun-
dred and twenty-two were present for duty,
unhurt. This report attracted the atten-
tion of the brigade commander, who, after
verifying its correctness, said, in his official
report of the battle, 'It is a noticeable fact
that the Second Minnesota Regiment had
not a single man among the missing, or a
straggler, during the two days' engage-
ment.' " The officers who served as colo-
nels of the Second Regiment were H. P.
Van Cleve, James George, and J. W.
Bishop.
The Third Regiment embarked at Fort
Snelling, Nov. 17, 1861. After an honora-
ble service of about a year, in Missouri,
Kentucky and Tennessc-e, it returned to
Minnesota and took part in the campaign of
1862 against the Indians. The next impor-
tant service of this regiment was rendered
at the siege of Vicksburg. After the sur-
render of that stronghold, on July 4, 1863,
the ^Minnesota Third formed part of the ex-
pedition which was commanded by Gen.
Steele in the Arkansas campaign of 1863.
Space cannot be taken to recount the gal-
lant deeds of this regiment in Arkansas, in
the battles of Fitzhugh's Woods, Pine Blutf
and Devall's Bluff.
It was the Third Minnesota and the Ren-
ville Rauirers that did Ihe fighting at the
haltle of Wood Lake — the battle that
marks the collapse of the Sioux War of 1862.
I )n the 28d of September the regiment, with
other troops, was on the east bank of the
Yellow iledicine river, near Wood Lake.
Early in the morning, a few of the men
started with some wagons to find fresh veg-
etables. When about two miles from camp,
on the prairie, a number of Indians sprang
up from the grass and fired, mortally
wounding one of the men. Leaping to the
ground, the men returned the fire. On hear-
ing the firing, the regiment in camp fell in
and was promptly led to the scene of action
by Major Welch. By this time the prairie
seemed to be alive with Indians. Little
Crow, their leader, swinging his blanket
about his head, gave the war whoop and the
Indians, with answering yells, advanced to
overwhelm the little band of soldiers. In
the midst of the fight. Gen. Sibley sent per-
emptory orders for retreat. When our men
began to fall back, the savages thought the
whites were on the run and rushed in
among the soldiers to secure scalps. But
they were routed with fixed bayonets, and
].o(Kl of them surrendered. The colonels of
the Third were Henry C. Lester, Chauncey
W. Griggs, and C. C. Andrews.
The Fourth Minnesota was organized
during the autumn of 1861. Among the cam-
paigns and battles it took part in were the
battles of luka, Corinth, Chattanooga and
Altoona; the siege of Vicksburg, and Sher-
man's final marches through Georgia and
the Carolinas. The regiment was presept
at the surrender of Johnson at Raleigh to
Sherman, April 26, 1865, and received its
final discharge at Fort Snelling on Au-
gust 5.
The Fourth took part in the assault made
on the Confederate works at Vicksburg, on
May 22, 1863. Lieut. Col. Tourtellotte says
in his report: "The regiment pressed for-
ward up to and even on the enemy's works.
In this position, contending for the posses-
sion of the rebel earthworks before us, the
regiment remained for two hours, when it
became dark, and I was ordered by Col.
Sanborn (who then commanded the brig-
HISTORT OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
adpl to withdraw." In this assault, twelve
iiieu of this refrinu'Ut were killed and forty-
two wounded. The colonels of the Fourth
were John B. Sanhorn and John E. Tour-
lellotte.
The or>,'anization of the Fifth Minnesota
was completed ^larch l!0, 1862. It served
in the Indian War of 1802, in Minnesota and
Dakota. It afterward bore an honorable
part in the battle of Farniinn;ton, Tenn.; the
siege of Corinth : the battles of luka and
Corinth; c-anipaifins through central Missis-
sippi and '\^'est Tennessee; the campaign,
siege, and capture of Vicksburg; Banks'
Red River campaign; the battle of Tupelo
and Abbeyville; a campaign through Ar-
kansas and Missouri in pursuit of the Con-
federate Gen. Price; the battle of Nashville
and the subsequent pursuit of Hood's ar-
my; and the campaign against Mobile. The
regiment receivt^l its discharge at Fort
Snelling. September G. 1865.
General W. S. Rosei-rans writes thus of
the deeds of the Fifth Minnesota at the bat-
tle of Corinth, Miss., on Oct. 4, 1862: "When
the enemy from the north assaulted our line
and forced it back a few hundred yards into
the edge of town. Col. Hubbard, moving by
his right flank, faced the coming storm
from that quarter, and by his promptitude
anticipated Gen. Stanley's order from me,
to use the reserves of his division in meet-
ing the enemy's charge. He drove back
the fragments of his columns, overtaking
and bringing back some pieces without
horses of our reserve artillery, which the
enemy had seized, and covering the retiring
of a battery which had gone too far to the
front. Veterans could hardly have acted
more opportunely than did the gallant Fifth
Minnesota on that occasion." The regi-
ment was at first commanded by Col. Ru-
dolph Borgesrode, and subsequently by Col.
Lucius F. Hubbard.
The Sixth Minnesota was organized in
the summer of 1802. Its record of active
service includes the Sioux War of 1862, in-
cluding the engagement and rescue at Birch
Coolie and the battle at Wood Lake; the
Sibley expedition to the Missouri river in
1863; and campaigns in Arkansas, Louisi-
ana, and Alabama. The regiment was mus-
tered out of service, August 19, 1865.
The Sixth Regiment took a prominent
part in the storming of Fort Blakely, one of
the defenses of ifobile, on April 9, 1865. A
member of the regiment says: ''We halted
on the crest of a deep ravine about 4 P. M.
for a few minutes, and amid a shower of
bullets, crossed the creek and dislodged the
enemy. The Sixth Regiment was marched
in just under the brow of the hill, silently
and unobserved by the enemy, and got into
I)osition before dark. We were ordered to
light no fires, and to be ready to move for-
ward by midnight, but we were soon called
on to furnish 125 men for guard. In our
advance as guard, we drove the enemy from
their advance rifle-pits. Following, we
drove them from another line, and advanced
our regimental front about 100 yards. Gen.
("anby's forces captured Spanish Fort
I he evening of April 8, and the long line of
fortifi<ations at Blakely were assaulted and
carried between 5 and 6 P. M., April 9.
Promptly the men sprung to the worln. and
the whole line moved forward over tor-
pedoes, pits, wires, abatis, and ditches, un-
til the forts were reached. The men did
not heed the order to halt at the rifle-pits,
but leaped the works of defense, and the
<^'onfederates threw down their arms. It
was one of the last chapters of conflict of
Ihe war. On the very same day that Lee
surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, our
army in tlie far South had overthrown the
great force massed to make a final stand
for the Confederacy." The colonels of the
Sixth Minnesota were ^^'illia^l Crooks and
John T. Averill.
The Seventh Minnesota was organized
in August, 1802. After particii)ating in the
Sioux War of 1802-63, it departed for the
South. It upheld the honor of Minnesota
at Tupelo, in canii)aigns in Mississijjpi, Ar-
kansas, Tennessee, Louisiana, and Alabama,
including the memorable battle of Nash-
ville. Its service was concluded Aug. 16,
1805.
There is sjiace for only a single episode
in one of the many battles in which the gal-
lant Seventh distinguished itself. The Civil
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Wai- was ended in Tennessee when the
Union army under Thomas annihilated
Hood's armv in the battle of Nashville,
Dee. 15 and 16, 18fi4. The Seventh Minne-
sota was actively engajjed on both days.
Of a jiortion of the second day's fight, one of
its members says: ''Tlie first brigade of our
division, nearly half a mile to our right, was
seen to be moving forward; immediately the
second brigade. Col, ITubbard commanding,
swung forward across the field. Quickly
Col. Marshall had our brigade in motion,
the three brigades moving in echelon. The
enemy opened a terrific fire of musketry and
cannon all along the line; a battery directly
in front of the Seventh throwing canister,
shot, and shell so lively that the air was
darkened; but all moved right along up to
their works and over them, capturing a
large number of prisoners and a Louisiana
battery. This battery of four twelve-pound
Napoleon guns was behind a stone fence
that had gaps broken in it for the guns,
through which our men rushed while the
rebels were loading. Col. Marshall rode
his little chestnut horse Don across the field
with his men, guiding the colors, and was
among the first over the rebel works. He
rode onto a rebel gunner who tried to run
away, and captured him. If the colonel had
not carried his gauntlets doubled up in the
breast of his coat, he would not have rid-
den Don another day, for while we were
waiting before this charge, they received a
Minie-ball and saved his life." The colonels
of the Seventh were Stephen Miller and
William K. ]\[arshall.
The Eighth Minnesota was organized in
August 1862. It served in the Sioux War
of 1862-63, and in the Sully expedition of
1S64. It then went South and had the satis-
faction of defeating the Confederate caval-
ry leader Forrest at Murfreesboro, Dec. 7,
1864, and thus helped Gen. Thomas to win
his great victory at Nashville. It after-
ward had a share in the operations in the
east which resulted in Johnston's surrender
to Sherman. The men of this regiment were
discharged from the service at Fort Snelling
just three years after their enlistment.
The following incident occurred in the
second battle of Murfreesboro, when Hood
was pursuing the retreating forces of Thom-
as, just eight days before the latter inflicted
on him the crushing defeat of Nashville.
Early on Dec, 7, 1864, the Eighth Minnesota
was ordered out with other troops under
(!en. Milroy, Col. Thomas of the Eighth com-
manding a brigade, to find and feel of the
enemy, and the skirmishers were soon ex-
changing shots. As soon as there was
fighting the Eighth was sent to the front,
and seemed to be regarded as the most re-
liable regiment in the command, its experi-
ence in the Indian War giving it prestige
and earning for it the title of the Indian
regiment. Thomas' brigade was ordered
to lie down, and an artillery duel took place
over the heads of the men. The Union
forces shifted position a number of times,
and a rebel prisoner afterward explained it
thus: ''We-uns changed front three times,
and you-uns took us endwise every time."
At length, under a sharp fire from a rebel
battery, Thomas' brigade was formed in
line of battle, and "Forward" was the order.
The rebels had the exact range, and one of
their shells struck Company F of the
Eighth, killing several men. I'nder a heavy
fire of artillery and musketry, the Union line
juoved forward, charging across an open
field upon the rebel position in the woods,
the Eighth Regiment giving an Indian yell,
and as the lines came together, the Confed-
erates broke and left the field, totally rout-
ed, leaving over 200 prisoners, two stand of
colors, two cannons, and several \vagon-
loads of small arms. After Hood's retreat,
the Eighth received the thanks of Gen.
Thomas for its share in securing the victory.
The colonel of the Eighth Minnesota was
Minor T. Thomas.
The Ninth Minnesota was enlisted in
August, 1862. It was at first engaged in
the Sioux War. Its record also includes the
battle of Guntown, Miss.; the battle of
Tupelo; a campaign in Arkansas and Mis-
souri in pursuit of Gen. Price; the battle of
Nashville; and the Mobile campaign. The
regiment was mustered out of the service at
Fort Snelling, Aug. 24, 1865.
The conduct of the Ninth Minnesota in
History of the great northwest.
battle was no less commendable than that
of the other Minnesota troops. We select
for our record, however, an act which while
displaying no little courage, revealed in the
hearts of the men that element of kindness
which makes the whole world kin. Nov. 12,
1863, a negro entered the camp of the regi-
ment near Otterville, Mo,; said that he had
traveled all night; that his wife and family
had been taken from him to be shipped to
Kentucky for sale; that the train bearing
them away would reach Otterville in an
hour; and he piteously begged the men to
save his family. Forty-one men at once
seized their guns; reached the station;
stopped the train; and a sijuad stood guard
over the engineer while others entered the
cars, found the negroes, helped them alight,
and told them to break for the woods. A
Missouri military officer of high rank, re-
volver in hand, tried to interfere, but with-
out success. The same day the forty-one
were arrested and were kept in the guard-
house two months. On Jan. 11, 1S64, Senator
Wilkinson presented a resolution in the
United States senate, asking the secretary
of war why certain Minnesota soldiers were
detained in prison in Missouri, their only of-
fense being the rescue of slaves from rebel
sympathizers. The resolution was unan-
imously adopted, and the next day the sec-
retary telegraphed an order to release the
men.
Alexander Wilkin, the first colonel, was
killed in the battle of Tupelo, July 14, 1864,
The second colonel was Josiah F. Marsh,
The Tenth Minnesota was organized as
a regiment in October, 1S62. Its first serv-
ice was in the Sioux War, and in Gen, Sib-
ley's expedition of 186-3, It subsequently
took jjart in the battle of Tupelo; the raid
after Gen. Price; the battle of Nashville;
and the capture of Spanish Fort near Mo
bile. It was formally mustered out of the
service, Aug, 18, 1865. Its colonel was
James H. P.aker.
We give a partial account of the dis-
tinguished part taken by the Tenth in the
battle of Nashville, Dec. 16, 1864. Gen. Mc-
Arthur ordered the brigade to which the
Tenth belonged to capture a hill occupied
l>y the enemy, which formed the key-point
to his works in front. Quietly and steadily
the men moved down one hill and up the
other to within a few feet of the enemy's
parapet, when they received a volley which
did severe execution in the Tenth. "Noth-
ing daunted," says the brigade commander,
"this gallant regiment, together with the
others composing the front line cleared the
enemy's works with a bound. Lieut. Col.
Jennison, the commanding officer, was con-
spicuous for his high daring. He fell,
severely wounded, on the enemy's works."
The Eleventh Minnesota was organized
in August and September, 1S64, with James
B. Gilfillan as colonel. Its service in the
South consisted in guarding railroad com-
munication between Nashville and Chatta-
nooga. It was mustered out on the 11th of
July, 1865.
The First Regiment of Minnesota Mount-
ed Rangers, under Col. Samuel McPhail did
efficient service in the Sioux War. including
the Sibley campaign of 1863,
Many men of this regiment were promi-
nently connected with the early history of
Minnesota; they have filled various state of-
fices, from governor on down ; they have held
high rank in the state legislature and in the
national congress; and have graced the
bench and bar of Minnesota,
The First Company of Minnesota Sharp-
shooters became a part of the Second Regi-
ment of the United States Sharpshooters;
and the Second Company of Minnesota
Sharpshooters was incorporated with the
First United States Sharpshooters, Both
served in the Army of the Potomac, and
both received high praise for gallant con-
duct.
The Second Regiment of Minnesota Cav-
alry came into existence on Jan, 11, 1864,
It served with Gen, Sully on his expedition
against the Indians. Its last company was
mustered out :May 4, 1S66. Its colonel was
Robert N. McLaren.
Bracketfs Battalion of Cavalry (Major
Alfred B. Brackett. commanding) consisted
of four companies. It was recruited in Sep-
tember, 1861, and was mustered out in June,
1866. The list of its battles and campaigns
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
is a \oii<i one. It iududes Fort Donelson,
Shilob, siege of Corinth, and Hully's cam-
paign against tlie Indians. The saber
charge at Wartrace, Oct. 6, 1863, and the sa-
ber charge on the Fourth Alabama and Fifth
Georgia on the Tennessee river four days
later are mere incidents in the long series
of marches, raids, skirmishes, and battles
in which the battalion engaged.
Hatch's Independent Battalion of Cav-
alry included six companies, with Major E.
A. C. Hatch (afterward, Lieut. Col. C.
Powell Adams) in command. It was raised
in 1863, and served in northern Dakota
against the Indians.
The First Regiment of Minnesota Heavy
Artillery, under command of Col. William
Colvill, commenced its organization in the
summer of 1861. It did garrison duty at
Chattanooga, Tenn.
The First Minnesota Battery of Light
Artillery, commanded by Capt. Emil Munch
(afterward, by Capt. Wm. J. Clayton), en-
tered the service Nov. 21, 1861, and was
mustered out July 1, 1865. Its record of
service includes the names of Shiloh, siege
of Corinth, battle of Corinth, siege of Vicks-
burg, campaign of Atlanta, march to the
sea, and battle of Cheraw, S. C.
The Second Minnesota Battery of Light
Artillery, Capt. Wm. A. Hotchkiss, was
mustered in, March 21, 1862, and mustered
out Aug. 16, 1865. Its principal battles
were Perryville, Stone river, Chickamauga,
and Chattanooga.
The Third Minnesota Battery of Light
Artillery, Capt. John Jones, took part in
Gen. Sibley's campaign against the Indians,
in 1863, and in Gen. Sully's campaign the
next year. In 1865-66, it accompanied an-
other expedition into Dakota and was mus-
tered out Feb. 27, 1866.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.
The ten years' struggle of the Cubans
for independence not only aroused the sym-
pathy of our people, — it caused great mate-
rial loss to us. The national honor was out-
raged, moreover, by the wanton murder of
the Americans in the Mrginius expedition.
The renewal of Spanish oppression, and
< 'uban resistance in 1895 resulted in the de-
struction of our Cuban commerce and of the
property of American citizens resident in
Cuba. In the declaration of war made by
congress in April. 1898, the justification for
the war is set forth in these words: '"The
abhorrent conditions which have existed for
more than three years in the island of Cuba,
so near our own borders, have shocked the
moral sense of the people of the United
States, have been a disgrace to Christian
civilization, culminating, as they have, in
the destruction of a United States battle-
ship with 266 of its officers and crew, while
on a friendly visit in the harbor of Havana,
and cannot longer be endured." The war
lasted three months and twenty-one days.
The following are its principal events: May
1, Commodore Dewey destroyed the Spanish
fleet at Manila; July 3, Admirals Sampson
and Schley destroyed the Spanish fleet near
Santiago, Cuba; July 17, Santiago surren-
dered to the American forces; August 12,
peace protocol signed, and hostilities
ceased; December 10. treaty of peace signed
at Paris. There were about 300,000 Amer-
icans engaged in the war, in both army and
navy. Of these, one out of every thousand
was killed in battle. Forty-three Spanish
vessels were captured or destroyed. The
treaty of peace provided that Spain should
relinquish Cuba aud cede Porto Eico and the
Philippines to the I'nited States, we paying
her §20,000,000.
The following table will show the part
taken by Minnesota, North Dakota, South
Dakota, and Montana, in the war:
s
1
2i
H
c
g
Number of infantry regiments fur-
nished
Number of cavalry troops furnished
Number of men furnished
4
7
74
86
1
2
8.50
14
11
1
93
- 37
1
'i.624'
21
Number wounded in action
120
16
One Minnesota regiment, the Thirteenth
Infantry, and one North Dakota regiment,
the First Infantry, served in the Philippine
islands. The First South Dakota and the
i
k
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
First ^Montana Infantry also served in the
Philippines. The number reported above
as "killed in action" includes those who died
of wounds received in action.
POLITICAL PARTIES.
Every political paiiy is. at its inception,
the outgrowth of some dominant idea. If
the idea in which a party is rooted is one of
permanent signiflcance, the party continues
its existence indefinitely, sometimes with
a change of name; if of temporary sig-
nificance, the party dies when it has served
its purpose. Even when a party degen-
erates into a corporate scheme for promot-
ing the selfish interests of its leaders at the
expense of the people at large — even then,
an idea or a set of related ideas is ostenta-
tiously set forth in order to secure the sup-
port of the conscientious and patriotic
masses.
It is proposed to set forth summarily in
The following paragrajjhs, the ideas or prin-
ciples on which the several national polit-
ical parties of the present day are based,
and to give a concise history of each of these
parties. No mention will be made of the
many ephemeral organizations — some of
ihem serving important ends — which have
sprung up, flourished, and expired since the
establishment of the government. The
parties will be treated in the order indicat-
ed by the relative size of the popular vote
cast for their candidates for the presidency
on Nov. 6, 1900.
THE REPUBLICAN PARTY.
During the American Kevolution, there
were two political parties, the Whig and
the Tory. The former advocated independ-
ence of f Jreat Britain, — the latter, a contin-
uance of allegiance to that power. Two
parties were developed in 1787 and 1788
during the sessions of the convention which
adopted our national constitution and the
discussions in the several states upon its
adoption. One of these parties favored the
conferring of large powers ujjon the central
government — the government of the United
States — and reserving relatively little pow-
er or subordinate powers, to the individual
states. It wished the country to be a unit
40
— one strong federal union. It was claimed
that large sovereign powers for the general
government were implied in the constitu-
tion as it was adopted, and it placed a lib-
eral or loose construction upon such of its
terms as favored its views. This party
was therefore called the loose-construction-
ist or Federalist party. Those who took the
opposite view formed themselves into a
party called the Anti-Federalist party. It
favored a strict construction of the consti-
tution— a construction which vested sov-
ereignty in the individual .states. This par-
ty adopted for itself the name of Republi-
can. This name was soon changed to Dem-
ocratic Republican, and it is now called the
Democratic party. To avoid confusion we
shall speak of it uniformly by that name.
The Federalist party was practically shat-
tered with .Jefferson's election in 1800. Its
fragments reunited under the name Nation-
al Rej.ublican, in lsi>5, securing the election
of .Jolin Quincy Adams in the house of rep-
resentatives. In 1834, its members adopt-
ed the title of the ^^'hig party. The organi-
zation which to-day bears the name of the
Republican party was formed in the year
1856. It is the lineal descendant of the
Federalist party of Washington, the Nation-
al Republican party of John Quincy Adams,
and the \Miig jtarty of Henry Clay.
George Washington was the first Fed-
eralist president. The question of his elec-
tion created no division; the choice was
unanimous,— Federalists and Anti-Federal-
ists alike voted for him. During his
presidency, the French Revolution was
in progress, and Great Britain was at
war with France. It was natural that
Americans should sympathize with the
French people, from whose government
they had received substantial aid in
their struggle for independeme. Jefferson,
the Anti-Federalist leader, was desirous of
having this government give assistance to
its late ally. Washington, however, main-
tained a strict neutrality, and negotiated a
treaty (Jay's treaty) with England, thus
giving great offence to the opposition. In
the administration of John Adams (1797-
180V), the second Federalist president, the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Alien and Sedition laws were jiassed. The
Alien law conferred npon tlie president the
power to send out of the country any for-
eigners who should conspire against the
peace of the United States, and the Sedition
law provided that any one who should
malign the president or congress might be
fined and imprisoned. These laws were
very unjiopular, and having been enacted
by a Federalist congress, led to the defeat of
the party at the next election.
During the administration of John
Quincy Adams (lS25-2!t), the more conserv-
ative elements iu the Democratic Repub-
lican (Democratic) party gradually came to-
gether, and, about 1830, adopted the name
of National Republican, which was, not long
after, changed to WJiig. It favored a na-
tional bank, internal improvements carried
on by the general government, and a pro-
tective tariif. In 1840, the \Miigs elected
William Henry Harrison as president, and
John Tyler as vice president. Harrison
died one month after his inaguration, and
soon after, Tyler broke with his party by
liis veto of the national bank act. Henry
Clay, whom the Whigs nominated in 1844,
-was defeated by the Liberty (Abolition)
party, which was composed of the most rad-
ical elements among the Whigs. In 1846,
the Wilmot Proviso was introduced into
congress. It provided that slavery should
not be permitted in any territory we might
acquire from Mexico. It was supported by
northern, but opposed by southern Whigs.
Zachary Taylor was elected by the Whigs
in 1848, on his military record. The ques-
tion of slavery divided the northern from
the southern Whigs, — the northern wing
opposing the extension of slavery into new
territory. Winfield Scott, the Whig candi-
date in 1852, was comi)letely defeated, and
the party was broken up. A part of it
joined the new American party whose ral-
lying cry was "American-born rulers for
America"; the border state Whigs formed
the Constitutional Union Party — a compro-
mise party devoted to the preservation of
the Union; the southern portion united with
the Democrats; and the northern Whigs
were swallowed up in the Republican party.
The name of the new party was suggest-
ed at a meeting of a number of Whig con-
gressmen, and was first formally adopted
at a convention held in Michigan, in 1854.
The bulk of the Free Soil Party — which had
voted for Van Buren and Adams, in 1848 —
drifted into the Republican party. A na-
tional convention held in 1856 nominated
John C. Fremont on a platform which de-
clared against the repeal of the Missouri
compromise and the extension of slavery,
and in favor of aid to a Pacific railroad, of
the admission of Kansas as a free state,
and of the improvement of certain rivers and
harbors by the general government. Fre-
mont was defeated by a small majority.
The Republican party had its great
strength in the north. It was solidified
and enlarged by the uncompromising at-
titude of the slave power, adding largely
to its numbers from Democrats and others
who, on moral and economic grounds,
were opposed to the extension of slavery.
The platform of 1860 included the planks of
1856 and added two, demanding a protective
tariff and condemning threats of secession.
Abraham Lincoln was nominated and elect-
ed. In view of Republican anti-slavery prin-
ciples, many of the southern states became
alarmed for the existence of slavery and se-
ceded from the Union, thus precipitating
the Civil War. In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant
was elected on a platform which declared
for equal suffrage to all loyal men in the
south, liberal pensions for soldiers and sail-
ors, the encouragement of foreign immigra-
tion, and the removal of the restrictions im-
posed on the late rebels provided they mani-
fested a loyal spirit. The thirteenth, four-
teenth and fifteenth amendments to the con-
stitution, which were Republican measures,
were adopted in 1865, 1868 and 1870, respec-
tively. The thirteenth prohibited slavery
for the future; the fourteenth protected the
rights of freedmen, prohibited office-holding
l>y the late rebels who had held office before
the rebellion, and forbade the payment of
the Confederate debt; and the fifteenth pro-
vided that the right to vote should not be
denied on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Ill 1870, Eutlierford P.. Hayes was the
Republican nominee. The jihitfnrni de-
clared that the T'nited States is a nation
and not a lea<;ue; that i)nblic funds oujiht
not to be used to support scliools under sec-
tarian control; that no furtlier grants of
public lands should be made to corpora-
tions; that the honest demands of women
for additional privileges should he consid-
ered; that polygamy should be extirpated
from the territories; and that T'nited States
notes should be redeemed in coin. When
the returns of the vote for president were
made it was found that four of the states
had sent in two sets each of official returns.
These states were South Carolina, Florida,
Louisiana, and Oregon. If the electoral
votes of all these states were cast for
Hayes, he would have a majority of one in
the electoral college. To pass upon the
conflicting returns, the electoral commis-
sion was created by an act of congress, ap-
jjioved January 29, 1S77. The commission,
composed of five justices of the sui)renie
court, five senators and five representa-
tives, ruled that in the case of each of the
four states, the Hayes electors were the
ones whose \otes should be received. The
house of rei)reseiitatives voted to reject the
report of the commission and the senate to
accept it. As a concurrent vote of the two
houses was necessary to reject, the decision
of the commission was binding and Hayes
became president.
On the 2l2d of June. 1877, Tresident
Hayes issued the following regulation:
"Xo officer should be recjutred or permit-
ted to take part in the management of polit-
ical organizations, caucuses, conventions,
or election cam]>aigns. Their right to vote
and to exjiress their views on public ijues-
tions, either orally or through the yjress, is
not denied, jirovided it does not interfere
with the discharge of their official duties.
No assessment for political purposes on otfi-
lers or subordinates should be allowed."
The national convention of the Kei)ubl le-
an ])arty was held in Chicago, in 1880. The
platfoiui realfirmed the principle that "the
constitution of the United States is a su-
preme law and not a mere contract. Out
of confederate states it made a sovereign
nation." It further declared that revenue
duties "sliould so discriminale as to favor
American labor"; that Chinese immigration
ought to be restricted; and that honest vot-
ers in the south "must be protected agiiinst
terrorism, violence, or fraud." On this i)lat-
forin, James A. (iarfield was nominated and
elected. Four months after his inaugura-
lion, he was shot by an assassin, and the
vice ])resident, Chester A. Arthur, succeetl-
ed him.
James (1. Blaine was noininated in Chi-
cago, in 1884. The platform called for pro-
tective duties on wool, for an international
standard for the relative value of gold and
silver coinage; the regulation of interstate
commerce; civil service reform ; the enlarge-
ment of the navy; and encouragement to
the merchant marine. Blaine was defeated.
In 1888, the Republicans elected their can-
didate, Benjamin Harrison. The ])latform
adopted in Chicago said: ''We are uncom-
promisingly in favor of protection;" "\\'e
declare our opposition to * * * trusts
* * * to control the conditions of trade;"
we arc "in favor of the use of both gold and
silver as money;" "We demand the reduc-
tion of letter postage to one cent i)er ounce."
The Rejiublican convention of 18!)2 met in
Minneai)olis. Harrison was renominated
but was not elected. William McKinley was
elected in 1896, and again in 19(M). Theplat-
foi'iiis reaffirmed Rejiublican ])rinciples as
previously set forth, and added (h^clarations
in favor of a gold standard and in opjKisi
tion to the free and unlimited coinage of
silver; in favor of the construction by the
govei-iiment of an isthmian canal; and ac-
cepting the res])oiisibility of United States
sovereignty in I'orto Kico and the Philip-
pines.
THE DEMOCR.iTIC r'ARTY.
This party, which has been known, at
(litfereiit periods, as the Anti-Federalist, the
Republican, the Democratic Republican,
and, finally, the Democratic party, has as
its fuiKhimental pi'inciple the limitation of
the powers of the federal government to
those granted in the letter of the constitu-
51
U. OF ILL LIB.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tion, and the increase of the direct influence
of the people in the conduct of the govern-
ment.
Thomas Jefferson, the first Democratic
president, deviated from the principle of
strict construction in the purchase of Lou-
isiana, but all parties have since approved
his action. To protect the manufactures
that had grown up during the War of 1812,
and to relieve the financial difficulties
caused by the war, the party adopted a pro-
tective tariff and established a national
bank in Madison's administration. In 1832,
a distinctively southern, and pro-slavery
faction of the party, under the leadership
of John C. Calhoun, threatened nullification
and secession, but Andrew Jackson, a Dem-
ocratic president, saved the Union by the
wise measures he took. The ascendency of
the Calhoun wing committed the party, in
1844, to the annexation of Texas. Calhoun
was a keen logician, strictly consistent,
thoroughly honest, pure in his private char-
acter, and unreservedly committed to the
maintenance of slavery. "Texas must be
acquired," he declared in the senate, "by
purchase, if possible, — by war, if necessary,
in the interest of our peculiar institution."
Under the Democratic president, -James K.
Polk, we acquired California and other ter-
ritory from Mexico, and cleared up our title
to Oregon by treaty with Great Britain. In
1853, Franklin Pierce, a northern Demo-
crat, was elected president. The northern
Democrats did not favor slavery, but for
the sake of party and national union they
refrained from opposition to it.
Under Stephen A. Douglas' Kansas-Ne-
braska bill, in 1854, these states were per-
mitted to enter the Union with constitu-
tions prohibiting or permitting slavery, as
the people should vote. When Kansas was
admitted as a free state, the Calhoun wing
of the party proclaimed the doctrine of the
duty of government to protect slavery. In
the party convention, held in Charleston in
I860, a split occurred. Douglas was nomi-
nated for the presidency on the principle of
"popular sovereignty," but the Calhoun
wing withdrew, and afterward, in a conven-
tion held in Baltimore, nominated John C.
Breckenridge. This division resulted in
tlie election of the Republican nominee,
Abraham Lincoln.
In 1864, the Democrats nominated
(leorge B. McClellan, and in 1868, Horatio
Seymour for the presidency. The platform
adopted in New York in 1868 recognized the
(juestions of slavery and secession as hav-
ing been settled for all time. It d<'manded
The immediate restoration of the seceded
states to the Union; amnesty for political
offenders, abolition of "all political instru-
mentalities designed to secure negro su-
premacy"; and the grateful remembrance of
the soldiers and sailors who "carried the
flag of our country to victory against the
most gallant and determined foe."
Samuel J. Tilden, the nominee of the
party in 1876, had a majority of the popu-
lar vote, but the electoral commission gave
the election to R. B. Hayes, the Republican
candidate. In 1880, Winfield S. Hancock •
was nominated on a platform which pro-
claimed the principles of opposition to cen-
tralization; a tarift' for revenue only; civil
service reform; free ships; and "no more
Chinese immigration." The platform of
1884, on which Grover Cleveland was elect-
ed, modified the tariff plank so as to call for
revenue reform rather than a tariff for rev-
enue only. The platform of 1892 reaffirmed
the historic principles of the party. "We
hold," it added, "to the use of both gold and
silver as the standard money of the coun-
try." Mr. Cleveland was in that year elect-
ed for the second time.
The Democratic national convention of
1896 met in Chicago. July 7. The candidate
nominated for the presidency was William
Jennings Bryan, of Nebraska. The plat-
form announced the adherence of the party
to the principles of "freedom of speech,
freedom of the press, freedom of conscience,
the preservation of personal rights, the
equalitj- of all citizens before the law, and
the faithful observance of constitutional
limitations." The platform further de-
clares: "We demand the free and unlimit-
ed coinage of both silver and gold at the
present legal ratio of 16 to 1, without wait-
ing for the aid or consent of any other na-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tion;" "We denounce the issuance of notes
intended to circulate as money by national
banks;" "We bold that tariff duties should
be levied for purposes of revenue;" "We are
in favor of the arbitration of differences be-
tween employers * * * and employes;"
"we especially object to government by in-
junction." The National Democratic ])arty
(Sound Money Democrats) nominated John
M. Palmer, of Illinois, for the presidency.
The most notable planks in its platform —
those which indicated its diverjience from
the Bryan democracy — declared that gold is
the necessary money of the large affairs of
business and should be the standard of mon-
etary measure; and that the independence
and authority of the supreme court must be
maintained. "We condemn all efforts to
degrade that tribunal, or impair the confi-
dence and respect which it has deservedly
held." The last clause is a reply to that
plank in the Chicago platform which de-
nounced government by injunction.
The Democrats at their convention held
at Kansas City in July, 1900, renominated
Mr. Bryan, who had been defeated in ISOfi.
The platform condemned the policy of the
McKinley administration with reference to
Porto Eico, Cuba, and the Philippines; op-
posed militarism, private monopolies, and
subsidies to American shipping; and reaf-
firmed the doctrine of the free and unlimit-
ed coinage of gold and silver at the ratio
of 16 to 1. In the election that followed,
Mr. Bryan was again defeated. The Anti-
Imperialists, in a convention held at Indian-
apolis, in August, 1!)00, endorsed Mr. Bi-y-
an's candidacy, and adopted a platform in
which President McKinley was denounced
for having undertaken to sulijugate a for-
eign people (the Filipinos) "who are of right
free and independent." The Silver Repub-
licans endorsed, in 1000, Mr. Bryan's nomi-
nation.
THE PROHIBITION PARTY.
The object of the Prohibitionists is to
secure the passage of laws prohibiting the
manufacture and sale of intoxicating li(i-
uors, except for manufacturing industries,
science, and art. Such a law was passed in
Maine in 1840 and has rciiiained on the stat-
ute books ever since. Several other states
have also adopted ])roliibifory legislation.
Most of the states prohibit the sale of
liquor to minors and on Sundays. The first
national convention of the party was held
in 1S72. The names of the presidential can-
didates and the ])Oi)ular vote (in round num-
bers) for each quadrennium is as follows:
1872, James Black, 0,000; 1876, Green Clay
Smith, 10,000; 1880, Neal Dow, 12,000; 1884,
John 1*. St. John, 151,000; 1888, Clinton B.
Fisk, 250,000; 1892, John Bidwell, 270,000;
1896, Joshua Levering, 140,000; 1900, John
(i. Woolley, 197,000. The platform of 1900
arraigns the president for permitting the
sale of liquor in the army exchange or can-
teen.
THE PEOPLE'S PARTY.
The first national convention was held
at Omaha in 1892. The party stands for
the free coinage of silver and gold; a vol-
ume of money equal to not less than |50 per
capita; an income tax; government o^yner-
ship of railroads, and telegraph and tele-
phone lines; an eight-hour law; popular in-
itiative and referendum; the establishment
of postal savings banks; and the election of
president, vice president and senators by di-
rect vote of the people. The candidate for
president in 1892 was James B. Weaver,
who received a popular vote of 1,042,531.
In 1890 and 1898, this party endorsed the
Democratic candidate, Mr. Bryan. A wing
of this party refused to indorse Jlr. Bryan
for the presidency in 1900, and, under the
name of Populist (Jliddle of the Road), held
a convention in Cincinnati, at which Whar-
ton Barker was nominated for president
and Ignatius Donnelly for vice president.
The platform was substantially like that
adopted at Omaha, but with this addition:
an irredeemable, legal tender, paper money
issued by government.
THE SOCIALIST LABOR PARTY.
The first national convention under the
above name was held in New York on Au-
gust 28, 1892, and nominated Simon Wing
lor president. In 1896, the nominee was
UISTORY OF THE (JUEAT XORTIIWEST.
Charles H. Matchett. and in 1000, Joseph F.
Maloney. The popular vote for this party
was 39,000 in 18!t(>. and 32,433 in 1000. This
party demands government ownership, free
use of inventions, income tax, compulsory
education, employment by the government
of the unemployed, equal wages for men
and women, abolition of the veto power,
abolition of the senate and all upper legis-
lative chambers, female suffrage, free ad-
ministration of justice, and abolition of cap-
ital punishment, — also several things in-
cluded in the platform of the People's par-
ty. The ^^ocial Democratic party, in 1896,
nominated Eugene V. Debs for the presi-
dency. It declares the supreme political is-
sue to be "the contest between the working
class and the capitalist." Its demands are
nearly identical with those of the Socialist
Labor party, with the addition of national
insurance of working people against acci-
dents, lack of emi)loyment, and want in old
age.
The I'nion Reform party believes in "di-
rect legislation under the system known as
the initiative and referendum." The presi-
dential candidate in 100(1 was Seth H. Ellis,
of Ohio. Jonah F. R. Leonard was, in the
same year, the candidate of the United
Christian party; the principles contended
for are Christian government, observance
of the Christian Sabbath, the daily reading
of the bible in schools, etc.
POLITICS IN THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Minnesota was admitted into the T'niou
in 1S5S. The first governor, H. H. Sibley,
was a Democrat. Tlie twelve succeeding
governors were Republican. In 1808, John
Liud, a Democrat, was elected, and in 1000,
Samuel R. ^'an Sant, a Republican. In
1896, the popular vote was as follows: For
president, McKinley, 193,503, Bryan, 139,-
735; foi- governor, D. M. Clough (Rep.), 165,-
006, John Lind (Fusion-Dem.-Pop.), 162,254.
In 1808, for governor, Lind (Fusion), 132,-
024; Eustis (Rij).), 111,025. In 1000, for
president, McKinley, 188,015, Bryan, 111,-
400; for governor, Van Sant (Rep.), 152,966,
Liud (Fusion), 150,567.
North Dakota has cast a majority of its
votes for Republican presidents and govern-
ors at every election since its admission as
a state in 1889. In 1806, the popular vote
was, for president, McKinley, 26,335, Bry-
an, 20,586; for governor, Briggs (Rep.), 25,-
018, Richardson (Fusion), 20,600. In 1898,
for governor, Fancher (Rep.), 27,087,
Holmes (Fusion), 10,620. In 1000, for presi-
dent, McKinley, 35,801, Bryan, 20,519; for
governor, Frank White (Rep.), 34,052, M. A.
Whippoimann (Fusion), 22,275.
South Dakota became a state in 1889.
Her popular vote for the past few years has
been as follows: In 1896, for president,
Bryan, 41,225, McKinley, 41,042; for gov-
ernor, Lee (Pop.), 41,187, Ringerud (Rep.),
40,868; in 1898, for governor, Lee (Fusion),
37,319, Phillips (Rep.), 36,949; in 1900, for
president, McKinley, 54,530, Bryan, 39,544;
for governor, C. N. Herried (Rep.), 58,803,
B. H. Lien (Fusion), 40,091.
Montana, since its admission to the Un-
ion in 1889, has elected one governor on the
Democratic ticket, two on the Republican
ticket, and three on a Fusion ticlcet. Since
and including 1806, the popular vote has
been as follows: In 1806, for president,
Bryan, 42,537, ilcKinley, 10,404; for gov-
ernor, Robert B. Smith (Fusion), 36,688,*
Botkin (Rep.), 14,003; in 1808. for governor,
Robert B. Smith re-elected; in 1000, for
]iresident, Bryan. 37,146, McKinley, 25,373;
for governor, Joseph K. Toole (F\ision), 31,-
410, David E. Folsom (Rep.), 22,691.
I
HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.
An early inhabitant of the tounti y lying
between the St. Croix river and the Red
River of the North would need to have been
a well-informed man in order to answer cor-
rectly the question "^Vhere do you live?"
If living in the year 1S60, he might claim
the singular experience of having resided in
seven territories and states without having
changed his location. He might, when our
Civil War broke out, have truthfully made
this statement: "I am sixty years of age.
I have always lived where I do now. My
father announced mj' birth to grandmother
in a letter dated Northwest Territory, July
12, 1801. When I was seven years old, a
trapper who stayed with us over night at
our cabin in Indiana, told us that a Mr. Ful-
ton had, the year before, sailed on some
eastern river in a boat propelled by steam.
We lived in Illinois during the War of 1812,
and the news of the admission of Missouri
reached us at our home in Michigan. We
Wisconsin people were little disturbed by
the fighting at Cerro Gordo and Buena Vis-
ta, but, in common with other dwellers in
the Territory of Minnesota, I was intensely
interested in the compromise measures of
1850. I have all this time been living in St.
Paul, which is now in the State of Minnesota.
^ly friend, who has lived just across the
river, near Fort Snelling, for thirty years,
has in that time resided successively in Loui-
siana, Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota."
LOCATION AND AREA.
The state of Minnesota occupies the ex-
act center of the North American continent,
midway between the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans, and also midway between Hudson's
bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Iowa is on the
south. South Dakota and North Dakota on
ihe west, Manitoba and Ontario on the
north, and Wisconsin on the east. The
state extends from 43 degrees 50 minutes to
■J!< degrees north latitude, and from 89 de-
grees 2!l minutes to 97 degrees 5 minutes
west longitude. It contains 84,287 square
miles, or about 5.3,943,:579 acres. For every
fifteen sections of land in Minnesota there
is a square mile of lake. The name of the
state is therefore a peculiarly appropriate
one, signifying sky-tinted water.
EARLY EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLE-
MENTS.
In 1035, Jean Nicollet, a French youth of
great promise, having wintered on Lake
Michigan, told in Montreal of the Minneso-
ta country then inhabited only by Dakota
and Ojibway (Chippewa) Indians. Several
years before the first settlements were made
in the Carolinas, eastern Minnesota wjjs ex-
plored by two French fur traders who are
distinguished as being the first white men
to visit the country now called Minnesota.
They spent the winter of 1658-59 in the vi-
cinity of Mille Lacs. These men were Pe-
ter Esprit Radisson and his brother-in-law,
Des Groseilliers. A thrilling narrative of
Kadisson's voyages has recently come to
light in the discovery of a set of manu-
scripts written by himself and which, for
two hundred years, escaped the attention of
scholars in the Bodleian Library and the
British Museum. In 1679, Daniel Du Luth
led a party of traders to the western end
of Lake Superior, and held a council with
the Sioux near the site of the city which
bears his name. The next spring, he ex-
plored the St. Croix river, and at its mouth
met the Dutch Franciscan priest, Louis
Hennepin, who had in that same year dis-
covered the Falls of St. Anthony. Eight
years later, Nicholas I'errot built a fort on
Lake I'epin, near the site of Lake City, and
formally claimed the country for France.
Le Sueur fortified an island in the Missis-
sippi, near Hastings, in 1696, and four years
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
later established a fort on the Mahkahto or
Blue Earth river, near the mouth of the Le
Sueur. Here he supplied the Indians with
guns and ammunition in exchange for furs.
In 1763, at the close of the French and
Indian War, France ceded to Spain all her
territory between the Mississippi river and
the Rocky Mountains, and to Great Britain
the country between the Mississippi and
the Alleghanies. Captain Jonathan Carver,
a native of Connecticut, visited the Minne-
sota country in 17G6. He claimed to have
made a treaty with the Indians in Carver's
Cave (St. Paul), in which they ceded him
an immense tract of land. The government
did not recognize his claim. In 1783, Great
Britain relinquished her claim to all terri-
tory south of Canada and east of the Mis-
sissippi to the United States. Eastern
Minnesota formed part of the Northwest
Territory, for the government of which the
famous Ordinance of 1787 was passed. In
1803, the United States acquired western
Minnesota as part of the Louisiana Pur-
chase. In the same year, William Morrison
discovered the source of the Mississippi,
and about thirty years later, Henry R.
Schoolcraft found a name for the lake in
which the river rises, by uniting the middle
portions of the Latin words signifying
truth and source — ver-itas ca-put. Fort
Snelling was established in 1819, and fifteen
years later, Gen. H. H. Sibley made a per-
manent settlement at Mendota.
St. Paul was founded in 1838. In that
year, Pierre Parrant built a trading shanty
on the site of that city, and in 1840, a Cath-
olic chapel was erected, and consecrated to
Saint I'aul, whose name was afterward
adopted for the capital city. Stillwater was
settled in 1843 and a saw mill was imme-
diately erected there. Another saw mill
was commenced in 1847 at the Falls of St.
Anthony.
THE TERRITORY.
On the third of March, 1849, congress
passed a bill organizing the Territory of
Minnesota with its boundaries extending to
the Missouri river, and Alexander Ramsey
was appointed its first governor, serving
four years. The succeeding territorial gov-
ernors were Willis A. Gorman, 1853-57, and
Samuel Medary, 1857-58. When Governor
Ramsey arrived in St. Paul, May 27, 1849,
no suitable accommodations could be found
for himself and family, and he became the
guest of H. H. Sibley, at Mendota. These
two gentlemen were at that time intimately
associated for several weeks with two oth-
ers— Henry M. Rice and Franklin Steele.
"These four men,"' says Judge Flandrau,
"have been more prominent in the develop-
ment of the state than any others. All of
them have been honored by having impor-
tant counties named after them, and by be-
ing chosen to fill high places of honor and
trust." The population of the territory at
this time was 4,764 — about equal to the
l^resent population of St. Peter. In that
year, there were about 500 peojjle in what
is now Minneapolis, 609 in Stillwater, 840
in St. Paul, and 33 in Red Wing. In eight
years, the population of the state had
grown to 150,037 — an increase of about
3,150 per cent.
Judge Charles E. Flandrau, in his "His-
tory of Minnesota," says: "In my opinion,
the first great achievement of the first legis-
lature was the incorporation of the Histor-
ical Society of Minnesota * * » and
now possesses its greatest intellectual and
moral treasure in a library of historical
knowledge of sixty-three thousand volumes,
which is steadily increasing, a valuable mu-
seum of curiosities, and a gallery of histor-
ical paintings." The motto engraved on the
first seal of the supreme court was "Fiat
justitia ruat coelum" — "Let justice be done'
though the heavens fall." It is said that
one of the judges interpreted it thus:
"Those who defy justice will rue it when
we seal 'em."
The Mississippi was, in territorial days,
navigable for steamboats to the Falls of St.
Anthony and for a considerable distance
above. Steamboats ran regularly . up the
river to Mankato, and sometimes reached
the mouth of the Yellow Medicine.
The first Minnesota newspaper was the
Minnesota Register, the first number of
which bears the date of St. Paul, April 27,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
1849. The first number of the Pioneer was
published one day later. The St. Taul
Press was established on the first of Janu-
ary, 1861. The two last-mentioned were
united on April 11, 1875, to form the jour-
nal which has since that date existed under
the name of the St. Paul Pioneer Press. The
iirst daily in Minneapolis was the Tribune,
the initial number being dated May 25,
1867. There are now about 580 newspapers
jtublished in the state.
The railroad system of Minnesota had
its beginning in the Minnesota & Pacific,
which, in the latter part of 1861, operated a
road ten miles long, running from St. Paul
to St. Anthony. This road has grown into
the Great Northern, which now runs its
trains from St. Paul to the Pacific ocean.
There are, in round numbers, about 6,100
miles of railroad now operated in Minneso-
ta,, on a capital stock of about $264,327,000.
THE STATE.
On February 26, 1857, congress passed
an act authorizing the people of Minnesota
to form a state government. On October
13, of the same year, the people adopted a
constitution, and in the act of admission in-
to the Union passed May 11, 1858, Minne-
sota was "declared to be one of the United
States of America." The state at that time
contained a population of 150,037. The
United States censuses since 1858 show the
following totals: 1860, a population of 172,-
023; in 1870, a population of 439,706; in
1880, a population of 780,773; in 1800, a pop-
ulation of 1,301,826; and in 1900, a popula-
tion of 1,751,.3!)4. Minneapolis, which first
appeared in the national census of 1860, bad
at that time 2,564 inhabitants; the city now
numbers 202,718. The census of 1850 gave
St. Paul 1,112; that of 1900 gave her 163,-
065. In 1870, Duluth numbered 3,131; in
1900, her population was 52,969. The pop-
ulation of Winona in 1900 was 19,714; Still-
water, 12,318; and Mankato, 10,599.
The first biennial session of the state
legislature was held in 1881, the sessions
previous to that having been held annually.
The Australian system of voting was intro-
duced at the general election of 1892.
The names of the state governors, with
their terms of service, are as follows:
Henry H. Sibley, 1858-60; Alexander Ram-
sey, 1860-63; Henry A. Swift, 1863-64; Ste-
phen Miller, 1864-06; William R. Marshall,
1866-70; Horace Austin, 1870-74; Oushman
K. Davis, 1874-76; John S. Pillsbury, 1876-
82; Lucius F. Hubbard, 1882-87; A. R. Mc-
Gill, 1887-89; William R. Merriam, 1889-93;
Knute Nelson, 1893-95; David M. Clough,
1895-99; John Lind, 1899-1901; Samuel R.
Van Sant, 1901—.
THE LUMBERING INDDSTEY.
While generally considered a prairie
state, Minnesota is bountifully supplied
with timber, and a large portion of it is cov-
ered with dense forests. A strip of hard
wood timber extending in a general north
and south direction through the middle of
the state contains about 5,000 square miles,
and is called the "Big Woods." That por-
tion of the state between the Mississippi
and St. Croix rivers is well wooded, the
northern portion of it consisting of Aten-
sive jjineries.
In 1847, Mr. Daniel Stanchfield explored
the Rum river and its tributaries. He
says: "The discovery by the exploring
party of the almost inexhaustible pine tim-
ber above the falls of St. Anthony, heralded
throughout all the states and Canada,
brouglit immigration from every state, and
changed this part of the territory from bar-
barism to civilization." Billions of feet of
pine that grew on the shores of Rum river
have since been cut and made into lumber.
The report made by Mr. Stanchfield on his
return from his exploring expedition result-
ed in the construction of a dam, the build-
ing of a saw mill and the manufacture of
lumber in Minneapolis — or St. Anthony, as
it was then called. The first supply of logs
for the new mill to work up was obtained
from the Crow Wing river. A bargain was
made with the Ojibway chief, Hole-in-the-
Day, by which the latter was to receive fifty
cents for each tree (pine) hauled to the riv-
er, and, in addition, five pairs of blankets,
some calico and broadcloth, and a pony.
One and a half million feet of logs were cut
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the first winter, besides timber for a mile
aud a half of boom.
About the same time, the government
erected a saw mill near Long Prairie.
The saw mill at St. Anthony began work
September 1, 1848, and ran night and day
to supply lumber for building the houses of
imnngrants. The next year, a gang saw
mill aud two shingle mills were added. lu
1856, the surveyor general scaled over six
million feet of logs for one St. Paul firm,
and many rafts of logs were floated to St.
Louis in that year. In 1850, over six mil-
lion feet of pine logs were driven to St. An-
thony from the Rum river country. The
St. Anthony mills had at this time two
gangs and three single saws running, be-
sides two shingle mills. Many logs went to
the St. Paul boom for markets farther down
the river. In the year 1857, the cut and
drive of logs on the upper Mississippi and
Rum river exceeded forty-four million feet.
In the winter of 1853-54 the first dam
and saw mill were built at Anoka. In the
same county, mills were built between 1854
and 1857, near Centerville, at St. Francis
and at Columbus.
The manufacture of lumber was extend-
ed by the building of mills at Orono in 1851,
at Princeton in 1856, at Monticello in 1855-
56, at Clearwater in 1856 and 1858, at St.
Cloud in 1855 (by Wilson, Brott, AVelles,
and Stearns), and 1857 (by Raymond and
Owen), at Watab in 1856 (by Place, Hanson,
and Clark), at Little Falls in 1849 (by James
Green), and in 1856-58 (by the Little Falls
Manufacturing company), near the mouth
of Swan river in 1856 (by Anson Northrup),
and on the SkuJik river, Morrison county, in
1858.
Preliminary to the establishment of a
saw mill or the cutting of timber in the pin-
eries of the upper Mississippi came the
work of the "cruiser" whose office was to
Iirospect or cruise in search of the most de-
sirable areas for lumbering, to determine the
areas occui)ied by pine timber available for
logging and to estimate the amounts that
would be yielded from different tracts on
the streams of the region. It was the cus-
tom of the cruiser to supply himself with
some provisions, a blanket, a rifle or shot-
gun, with ammunition, aud matches to start
the nightly campfire, and then to go alone
or with one or two comrades, into the path-
less forests, there to collect the information
and estimates needed, remaining weeks or
sometimes even months in the woods, and
subsisting mostly on game, fish and berries.
"The first great gold mine of the North-
west was its pine timber, which was taken
from the red man almost without compensa-
tion. From the ui)per Mississippi region,
above the falls of St. Anthony, it has (up to
1900) yielded twelve billion feet of lumber,
having a value, at the places where it was
sawn, of not less than |75,000,000. This
great lumber industry, more than all our
other resources, built up the cities and
towns on the upper Mississippi and its trib-
utaries, at these falls and northward."
It will be interesting to compare meth-
ods of lumbering in the fifties with those in
vogue at the beginning of the twentieth cen-
tury. Then, the main logging roads were
cut twelve or more feet wide, straight,
smooth aud level. One end of a tree trunk
was loaded on a bob sled, the other part —
The bark being removed from the under side
so that it would slip easily on the snow —
dragged along, ^^'hen it reached the lake
or river shore, it was rolled off the sled and
the sawyers cut it into logs, cutting an own-
ership mark in each log. In the spring the
diivers rolled the logs into the water and
drove them down the river. Now, two bob
sleds are used, and, by means of a tackle
and fall, the logs are lifted upon them, some-
times to the height of ten feet. To facilitate
the drawing of such heavy loads, the ruts of
the logging roads are iced by drawing water
tanks along the roads, applying a small
stream at each side. The trees, instead of
being clioi)ped down with axes as formerly,
are sawed off at the stump.
The growth of the lumber industry in
Minnesota may be seen from the following
table, which shows the number of feet of
lumber, and the number of shingles and
lath cut in the saw mills of the state. Data
relative to shingles and lath prior to 1900
are not at hand:
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
1848
1880
1890
1900
Lumber
Shingles
2,000,000
2(B,306,000
344,494,000
i.erifi.fi+H.ooo
30X.9t)2,000
379,2,sl.n00
IRON MINING.
When Croesus, the Lydian king, dis-
played his heaps of treasure to Solon, that
wise philosojdier told him that whoever
possesses the iron of the world is able to
control the gold. Nearly twenty-five cen-
turies later, a French economist (Louis
Figuier) asserted that "Le roi des ni^taux
c'est le fer, et non pas I'or," — iron and not
gold is the king of metals. One of the rich-
est provinces of King Iron is to be found
in northwestern ^Minnesota. The first men-
tion of iron ore in northern Minnesota oc-
curs in the report of J. G. Norwood, in 1850.
Mr. Horace V. \Yinchell says: "Minnesota's
iron industry is of recent date but phenome-
nal growth. Though it is only fifteen years
since the first car load of ore was digged
in our northern wild, the industry has
grown with amazing rapidity, until to-day
an almost incessant stream of purest hem-
atite is kept moving toward the furnaces
of the east. * * * In 1880 the popula-
tion of St. Louis county was 4,504. There
was not a settlement north of Duluth." In
1!)00, the population of this county was
81!, 932. In this year the production of iron
ore, which began in 1884, was 5,878,1)08 tons.
Of this, 4,61.*?, 7fiG tons Avere produced on the
Mesalii range, and l,2fi5,142 tons on the
Vermilion range.
The iron mines of Minnesota, so far as
they have been developed, are situated in
St. Louis county, north and northwest of
Lake Superior. The two iron belts lie about
twenty miles apart and extend in an easter-
ly and westerly direction. On the south,
and hence nearer to Lake Superior and the
ore shipping ports, is the Mesabi range,
whose rocks may be traced from Cook coun-
ty on the east, through St. Louis and into
Itasca county on the west, — more than 150
miles. The iron ore of the Vermilion range
is not nearly as regular and well defined,
but the rocks of that general formation al-
so extend from Cook into Itasca through
St. Louis county, — a distance of more than
125 miles. The ore deposits are not con-
tinuous, but are scattered along in groups,
at irregular intervals. On the Vermilion
range, there are two groups of mines, situ-
ated at Ely and Tower, respectively, — these
places being twenty -three miles apart.
The shipi)ing point for these mines is Two
Harbors, in Lake county, 68 to 90 miles
distant from the mines. On the Mesabi
range, the groups of mines are centered
around the cities of Biwabik, McKinley,
Sjiarta, Eveleth, Virginia, Mountain Iron,
and Hibbing. The ore from this range is
hauled by rail about 75 miles to Duluth
and Superior.
The iron ore from the iron mines of Jlin-
nesota is carried by rail and water to ports
on Lakes Michigan and Erie and thence by
rail to fui-naces in Ohio and Pennsylvania.
The amount of cajiital invested in Lake
SuiKM'ior iron mining is estimated at |250,-
000,00(1. This includes the investment in
mines, docks, raili'oad transportation, and
lake fleets.
As methods of handling and mining ore
liave improved, prices have declined; the
margin between the cost of production and
the selling price has grown smaller and
smaller, and earnings have been made on
larger outjiuts and greater economy of oper-
ation. The prices paid for the ore delivered
at Cleveland and other lower lake ports
have fluctuated much — reaching their high-
est point (fl2 per ton) for Bessemer ore, in
1873. From that time, prices have declined.
In 1891, this ore brought |6, and in 1895,
|2.75 to |3.50 per ton. Non-Bessemer ore
brought, in 1895, |1.90 to |2.30 per ton.
Inasmuch as several of the mines on the
Mesabi range are owned by the state of Jlin-
nesota. it is evident that the state has a
l)ecnniary interest in their development.
The royalties paid from such mines into the
state treasury in 1899 and 1900. at the legal
rate of twenty-five cents jier ton. amount to
.f33,(!fi9.91.
QUARRYING.
At Sauk Bajtids and St. Cloud, granite
(|uarrying was begun in 18fi7. Numerous
varieties are quarried and have been much
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
used in the r-onstruction and trimminji of
buildings, bridges ete. Gneiss has been ex-
tensively quarried near Ortonville since
18S7.
Qnartzite — a very hard and crystalline
sandstone — was quarried in the Minnesota
Valley, opposite New Ulm, in 1850. It
forms a great ridge in Cottonwood county
and has plentiful outcrops in Pipestone and
Rock counties. It is used for building stone
under the name of jasper. Near the vil-
lage of Pipestone, the red quartzite encloses
a thin layer of a red and mottled clayey
rock known as pipestone (catlinite). It
covers an area of only a few acres, and is
the only formation of its kind in the world.
It is used by the Indians for making pipes
and ornaments.
Sandstone quarrying was begun at
Hinckley in 1878, and later at Sandstone on
the Kettle river. The red sandstone at
Fond du Lac was first quarried in 1870.
Varieties of sandstone were quarried at
Jordan in 1858, at Mendota in 1869, and at
Dresbach in 1881.
Quarries of valuable limestones were
opened near St. Paul and Minneapolis in
1820, at Stillwater in 1847, at Mankato in
1853, at Winona in 1854, at Mantorville in
1856, and at Kasota in 1868. Stone from
these and many other quarries in the state
are shipped to Chicago, Winnipeg, and
many other cities throughout the North-
west.
AGRICULTURE.
The agricultural history of Minnesota is
practically the history of the state. Of the
four sources from which all the material
wealth of the world is drawn— the field, the
forest, the mine, the sea — Minnesota is
richly endowed with three. The soil is
fruitful, the climate is good, there is an
abundance of rainfall, and all the condi-
tions exist which underlie successful farm-
ing. Minnesota is very near the northern
limit of the best wheat production, and it
is an established fact that the nearer the
northern limit animal or vegetable growth
can be carried on, the better will be the
results. As to quality, Minnesota No. 1
hard is esteemed as the very best in the
markets of the world.
In the year 1860, Minnesota produced
2.186,!)!):{ bushels of wheat; in 1868 the
product was 16,128,875 bushels, — an average
of 17.75 bushels per acre. In the latter year
the average in Illinois was 14.5 bushels, in
Ohio, 11.6 bushels, and in Indiana, 10.5
bushels per acre. The average of corn per
acre in ^Minnesota was 23.32 bushels in 1866,
31.95 in 1867, and 39.93 in 1868. Similar
statistics show a parallel growth in the
production of oats, potatoes, barley, rye,
buckwheat, hay, flax, butter, cheese, and
other farm products, as well as in the stock-
raising industry.
The following table shows the principal
agricultural and live stock resources of the
state from the latest report:
Wheat 58,623,241 bu. Horses 559,060
Oats 53,101,86S " Cows 610,496
Com 37,149,314 " Working Oxen 1,220
Barley 12,510,935 " Other Cattle 451,246
Potatoes 9,284,722 " Sheep 316,965
Flaxseed 3,604,632 " Hogs 401,806
Rye 1,521,819 "
Timothy Seed... 247,348 "
Clover Seed 40,876 "
The butter and cheese industries of the
state have had a remarkable growth in
the past few years. In 1900 there were
641 creameries and cheese factories. Min-
nesota butter to-day commands the highest
price. Its value is recognized not onlj'
throughout the United States, but is in
great demand in the British markets. It
took four of the five prizes offered at the
late Trans-Mississippi Exposition at Omaha.
A similar statement would be true in regard
to ilinnesota honey.
A valuable and interesting account of
the development of agriculture in the Red
River valley of JMinnesota is contained in
Vol. 25 of the United States Geological Sur-
vey, by Warren J. Upham, now secretary
of the Minnesota Historical Society. There
is room here for only a few brief extracts.
Condensation requires some changes in lan-
guage, and quotation marks are therefore
omitted.
In pre-Columbian times, and onward to
the present day, the Indians of the Red
River valley have cultivated fields of maize,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
potato(^s, and s(]naslies. Tlic tirs( iiiiniijii'a-
lion of white men to colonize this fertile
basin was in 1812, when the early pioneers
of the Selkirk settlements established their
homes as far south as Pembina. Small
bands of farmers settled further up the
river in the sixties, but the main tide of im-
migration came after the Northern Pacific
railroad (1870-72) and the Great Northern
(lS7o) had provided means of sending the
staple product to the markets of St. Paul,
^linneapolis and Duluth. All the wheat is
sown in the sprinji;. It is a remarkable fact
that in the year 1890 the Red River valley
])roduced 2S~i busliels of wheat for evei-y
man, woman and child of that ref;ion. The de-
velojiment of that portion of the state will ap-
])ear in the followinp; comparison of acreage
and production of the wheat in 1880 and
]8!)0. The statistics refer to the six most
northerly counties of Minnesota bordering
on the Red River of the North. In 1880:
W.i:My^ acres, 1,092,183 bush.; in 1800, 600,-
000 acres, 8,000,000 bush. In the latter
year, the other leading i)roducts of the same
counties, excluding Kittson, were as fol-
lows: Oats, 102,58-4 acres, 2,784,77.3 bush.;
barley, 35,891 acres, 671,850 bush.; tame
hay, 15,908 acres, 27,182 tons; potatoes,
5,512 acres, 427,413 bush.; flaxeed, 2,494
acres, 20,252 bush.; wild hay, 183,103 tons.
In 1891, the amount of live stock in the
six counties first named was as follows:
Horses, mules, and asses, 36,910; neat cat-
tle, 80,594; sheep, 26,002; swine, 14,473.
The first wheat was shipped from the
state in 1857, from the Le Sueur prairie.
In 1859, a few thousand bushels raised prin-
cipally about Le Sueur and St. Peter were
shipped by boat to St. Louis. This cargo
was supplemented by hickory hoo])-poles
from Chaska. In that day Milwaukee was
the market for most of the grain shipped
out of the state. In 1862, the first flour
was shipped from Minneapolis.
THE STATE AGRICULTDRAL SOCIETY.
This society was incorporated in 1868,
although a similar society had been in ex-
istence as far back as territorial days, and
in 1867, the state had appropriated |1,000
for its encouragement. In 1885, Ramsey
county offered to convey to the state 200
acres of land adjoining the city of St. Paul
for the purpose of holding annual exhibi-
tions, and the state at once appropriated
|100,000 for permanent improvements. In
1887, a further api)ropriation of .|50,000
was made. Previous to this the annual
fairs had been held in various parts of the
state. The state now appropriates $4,000
annually to aid in the payment of premiums
to exhibitors.
The society is prosperous, and holds an-
nual fairs on its grounds in September.
Other societies which have done much to
promote the agricultural interests of the
state are: The Horticultural Society, the
Forestry Association, the Dairymen's As-
sociation, the Butter and Chese Makers' As-
sociation, the Poultry Association, and the
Ree Keepers' Association.
FARMEUS' INSTITUTES.
The chief aim of these institutes is to
disseminate among the farmers information
that will be helpful to them. More than
forty are held every year in the various agri-
cultural centers of the state. Those held
between November and A])ril continue two
days, and the summer institutes — held be-
tween seed time and harvest — last one day.
The work of this institution began in 1887.
As instructors and lecturers in these insti-
tutes, persons are selected who have made
a practical success of agriculture, horticul-
ture, stock-raising etc. Hundreds of ques-
tions are asked of these instructors by the
farmers and their wives who eagerly crowd
to the institutes. Reports of the addresses,
discussions, questions, and answers are pub-
lished in the county papers, and are collect-
ed in an illustrated annual of about 400
pages, twenty thousand copies of which are
jtrinted and distributed among the farmers
of the state. This work has, for several
years, been under the immediate supervision
of O. <". <Jregg of Lynd, Lyon county.
THE SCHOOL OF AGRICDLTDRB.
This school is unique in its plan and
methods. It is not a high school or a school
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
for general culture. It is a farm which has
facilities for instructing both young men
and young women in the science of field
and domestic farming, and for affording
them practice and observation in the best
methods of doing the actual work of farm-
ers. Its success has exceeded all expecta-
tions. It started in 1S88 with forty-seven
students; in 1899-1000, the enrollment was
503, — 423 males and 80 females. Nearly all
its students are the sons and daughters of
farmers, and most of its graduates are en-
gaged in farming. The course of study in-
cludes agriculture, blacksmithing, botany,
carpentry, drawing, study of breeds, lan-
guage, sewing, cooking, chemistry, dairying,
fruit growing, poultry, physics, home econ-
omy, civics, dressing and curing meats, feed-
ing, forestry, machinery, fertilizers, veteri-
nary science, etc. This school is supported
by a liberal annual Appropriation from the
state, and is worth many times its cost in
the increased intelligence it brings to bear
on that industry which is the main eco-
nomic stay of the state.
FLOUR MANUFACTURE.
While the leading industry of Minnesota
is agriculture, the manufacture of flour is
especially worthy of note from the fact that
the output of this commodity in the state is
nearly equal that of all other portions of the
United States.
In the middle of the nineteenth century,
farmers depended on the horse mill for
grinding their wheat and corn. In 1867, a
wind power grist mill was established at
Owatonna, and in 1868 a similar mill at
Mankato ground 160 bushels of wheat daily,
— the equivalent of about 30 barrels of flour.
In 1867, there were in Minnesota seven 60-
foot wind wheel flouring mills. The first
flour mill run by water power in the state
was built in 1822 by the United States gov-
ernment at St. Anthony Falls to supply
flour for the garrison at Fort Snelling. It
was operated by soldiers.
In 1850, Minnesota produced 1,401 bush-
els of wheat, and the flour output was val-
ued at 1500. In 1900, the wheat product
was about 70,000,000 bushels and the value
of flour manufactured was about |100,000,-
000. Froin 1850 to 1855, small grist mills
wei'c built on the streams of Houston, Wi-
nona, ^^'abasha, Dakota, Hennepin, Sher-
burne, Fillmore, and Olmsted counties. In
1851, the flrst grist and merchant mill was
erected at St. Anthony Falls in East Min-
neapolis. "The Minnesota," a five-run mill,
was built in Minneapolis in 1854. It was
situated on Hennepin Island. The mill cost
•fin, 000 and brought its owners a net profit
of .f24,000 the first year. As sufficient Min-
nesota wheat to supply this mill could not
be obtained, wheat was hauled by wagon
100 miles from Wisconsin, or by boat from
Iowa. "The Minnesota" was the first mill
to ship Minnesota flour to eastern markets,
in 1858. It paid f2.25 per barrel freight, —
over five times the present cost.
The Globe Milling com])any of New Ulm
was a corporation to manufacture flour
in Minnesota. The mill had a daily capaci-
ty of 50 barrels, and began operation in
1858. Limitation of space forbids more than
the mere mention of the beginnings of flour
milling at Northfield in 1856, at Dundas in
the sixties, at Hastings before 1859, at Isin-
ours, on the Root river in 1855, and at Min-
netonka Mills in 1853. In 1860, Minnesota
had 85 flouring mills, 63 of which were run
by water and 22 by steam. These mills,
from 1,273,509 bushels of wheat, produced
254,702 barrels of flour, valued at |1,310,431,
— an increase of |1,309,931 in ten years. In
1861, the estimated daily output of the Min-
neapolis mills was 4,000 barrels, — about
one-third of the present output of the "Pills-
bury A" mill.
In the decade of 1860-70, the number of
mills had increased to 216, their output to
about 1,000,000 barrels of flour, and 500,000
bushels of corn meal, all valued at $7,500,-
000.
The manufacture of flour was revolu-
tionized in 1870 by the introduction of the
"new process" of saving the gluten of the
wheat berry by means of the middlings puri-
fier. The value of Minnesota flour was in-
ireased $1 or $2 per barrel by the use of
this, the invention of the brothers Nicholas
and Edmund N. La Croix, who were Minne-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHWEST.
sofa millei'S. In 1874, the roller process
was introduced into tbe "Washburn A"
mill at Minneapolis.
In 11)01, Minnesota had about 400 flour
and grist mills, with an aggregate daily
capacity of about 140,000 barrels. The
manufacture of this flour requires about
115,000,000 bushels of wheat. Fifteen mil-
lion barrels of Minnesota flour go to foreign
countries, and more than one-half of this
to Great Britain and Ireland. Our other
]>rincipal foreign markets are in the follow-
ing order: AX'est Indies, Hong Kong, Brazil,
and Germany.
The ten largest milling centers in the
T'nited States "as measured by their flour
outi)ut in 1S99 are as follows: Detroit, 504,-
700 barrels; Nashville, 680,S0:i; Buffalo,
1,068,044; Kansas City, 1,094,846; Chicago,
1,125,745; Toledo, 1,150,000; St. Louis, 1,166,-
4:>!t; Milwaukee, 1, 7:57,826; Duluth-Superior,
],7(i:!.020; jMinueai)olis, 14,291,780."
OnJan. 21, 1901,Mr. Geo. D. Rogers de-
livered an exceedingly interesting and valu-
able address on the history of flour manu-
facture in Minnesota. At the conclusion of
this address, from which most of the above
data have been drawn, he says: ''At the
World's Exposition at Paris during tbe past
yv.iv. bread made from Minnesota flour car-
ried off the prize medal for the best bread
in the world, and Minnesota flour likewise
took first premium in the contest for the
best flour in the world, showing that Min-
nesota holds the world's sweepstakes for
the quantity and (piality of ])r()duct."
HISTORY OF SOUTH DAKOTA.
C. W. G. HYDE.
The state of South Dakota lies in the
heart of North America. It is north of
Nebraska, east of AA'yoniing and Montana,
south of North Dakota, and west of Min-
nesota and Iowa. Its area is 77,850 sijuare
miles. It is about equal in size to Nebraska
or I'ruguay, one and a half times as large
as New York or England, more than twice
fhe size of Indiana, and nearly seven times
the size of Belgium. It would take nearly
ten states like ^Massachusetts and sixty-two
like Rhode Island to equal South Dakota
in area.
The natural divisions of South Dakota
are the Missouri valley, which has become
noted for a production of corn and hogs
(■(|ual to that of Illinois and Iowa. The Big
Sioux valley, which contains fine quarries
of granite and jasi)er I'ock and a fertile soil;
the James River valley, which produces the
finest wheat grown in the state, and which
is the finest artesian well district in the
world; centrjil Dakota, which includes the
divide and prairies between the Missf)uri
and -Tames rivers, and which is well adapt-
ed to grain and stock farming; the Sioux
reservation in the northwestern part of the
state; the Sisseton reservation in the north-
eastern corner of the state — a rich tract of
agricultural land; and tbe Black Hills in
the southwest, which are chiefly noted for
their abundant deposits of gold, silver, lead,
tin, coi>per, gypsum, niica, cements, clays,
coal, graphite, iron, marble, zinc, etc.
The aboriginal inhabitants of South Da-
kota were the Crow, Cheyenne and Sioux
Indians. A detailed account of these abo-
rigines is given elsewhere in this volume.
TERRITORIAL CIIANOES.
1. South Dakota, in i- inoii with oth-
er parts of the west was a hunting ground
for roving bands of Indians from time im-
memorial.
2. La Salle, a French explorei-. formally
took possession of all the country drained
by the Jlississippi and its tributaries, and
named it for his king — Louis XIV. — Louis-
iana.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
3. In 1762, France ceded the country to
Spain, but it was retroceded to France un-
der the treaty of St. Ildepbonso in 1800. In
1803, Louisiana became the property of the
United States by purchase.
It is now necessary to distinguish the
changes made in the eastern section of the
state from those made in the western sec-
tion,— the Missouri river constituting the
dividing line.
4. The western section of the state be-
came a part of Missouri Territory in 1812,
and afterward of Mandan Territory. In
1854, it was incorporated in the Territory
of Nebraska.
5. The eastern section was a part of
Missouri Territory from 1812 to 1834, of
Michigan Territory from 1834 to 1836, of
Wisconsin Territory from 1836 to 1838, of
Iowa Territory from 1838 to 1849, and of
Minnesota Territory from 1849 to 1858.
From 1858, when the state of Minnesota
was organized, until 1861, it had no legal
name or existence. In the latter year, Da-
kota Territory was organized, including both
of the present Dakotas, together with Mon-
tana, Wyoming, and part of Idaho.
6. In 1873, the boundaries of Dakota
Territory were i-eadjusted so as to include
North and South Dakota as they now are.
7. On Nov. 2, 1889, South Dakota was
organized as a state with its present bound-
aries.
EARLY HISTORY.
The first party of American explorers to
ascend the Missouri river into the land of
the Dakotas was that conducted by Cap-
tains Lewis and Clarke, and was organized
immediately after the consummation of the
Louisiana purchase. The party entered the
Missouri river in boats from the Mississip-
pi, May 4, 1804. Twenty-three days later,
they passed the mouth of the James river,
and near the place where Yankton now
stands, an Indian swam to their boats and
informed them that a large body of Sioux
was near. The party landed and met the
Indians at Calumet Blutf, making speeches
and giving presents. On the 24th of Sep-
tember, they reached the mouth of the Te-
ton, now called the Bad, river. They re-
mained in their canoes in the river, opposite
the site of Pierre, for one day, the Indians
being so hostile that they did not venture to
land. On October 1, they passed the mouth
of the Cheyenne. Here they met Mr. Valle,
a French trader, who informed them that
he had passed the preceding winter in the
mountains (Black Hills) where the river
takes its rise.
Soon after the Lewis and Clarke expedi-
tion, American traders and adventurers be-
gan to push their way into the hitherto un-
known Nor-thwest, establishing posts for fur
trade with the natives. The furs and pel-
tries were taken to St. Louis in the spring,
the journeys down the upper tributaries be-
ing often made in circular boats of skins,
with which the channel could be followed,
regardless of sand-bars, snags, and dark-
ness. The first trading posts were estab-
lished in the country about 1809. It is .
claimed that Pierre Chouteau, of the Amer-
ican Fur company, was the first man to run
a steamboat up the Missouri river into Da-
kota, and with him as pilot the steamer An-
telope passed up the river into the Dakotas
in 1832.
It is said that a stone slab has been
found on the top of Mount Lookout, near
Spearfish, upon which this inscription had
been cut:
"Came to the Hills in 1833, seven of us.
Doctor Lacon, Ezra Kind, G. W. Wood, F.
Brown, R. Kent, William King, Indian
Crow, all dead but me, Ezra Kind. Killed
by Indians beyond the High Hill. They
got all our gold, June, 1834." On the op=
posite side is this inscription:
"Got all the gold we could carry; our
ponies were got by the Indians. I have lost
my gun and have nothing to eat. Indians
are hunting me.''
No permanent settlement was made in
South Dakota until 1856, when Sioux Falls
was settled. The first census of Dakota
was taken in 1861, and showed a popula-
tion of 2,402. In 1868, there were 12,000
whites in the territory. The first telegraph
line was built from Sioux City to Yankton
in 1870, and in 1872, a railroad was finished
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
between the two places. In 1874, pold was
discovered iu the Black Hills, and in 1S77,
the Black Hills region was opened to white
settlement.
The governors of Dakota Territory, from
the date of its organization, March 2, ISfil,
were as follows: William Jaynes, 1861-03;
Newton Edmunds, 18G3-6G; Andrew J.
Faulk, 1866-69; John A. Burbank, 1869-74;
John L. Pennington, 1874-78; William A.
Howard, 1878-80; Xehemiah (j. Ordway,
1880-84; Gilbert A. Pierce, 1884-87; Louis
K. Church, 1887-89; Arthur C. Mellette,
1889.
THE STATE.
On February 22, 1889, I'resident Cleve-
land signed an act empowering the people
of >?outh Dakota to adopt a constitution pre-
paratory to admission into the Union as one
of the United States. A constitutional con-
vention met at Sioux Falls on July 4, 1889.
As the people had voted to endorse a consti-
tution which had been adopted four years
before, the duties of the convention were
limited to making such changes in that c(m-
stitution as related to the name and bound-
ary of the proposed state and to the reap-
portionment of legislative and judicial dis-
tricts, and such amendments as might be
necessary to comply with the admission act.
A provision of the constitution relating to
the ju-ohibition of the liquor traffic was sub-
mitted to the people separately, as follows:
"No person or corporation shall manu-
facture, or aid in the manufacture for sale,
anj' intoxicating liquor. No person shall
sell or keep for sale, as a beverage, any in-
toxicating liquor. The legislature shall by
law prescribe regulations for the enforce-
ment of the provisions of this secti(m and
provide suitable and adecjuate jtenaltics for
the violation thereof."'
The constitution, including the ])roliib-
itory provision, was adopted by po]>ul:ir
vote on October 1, and on November •'', 18S;i,
President Harrison issued his proclanuUion
admitting Houth Dakota to the Union. Ar-
thur C. Mellette was elected governor, and
the first state legislature, on October 17,
chose two United States senators, viz., K. F.
Pettigrew and Gideon C. Moody. The gov-
ernors of the state since that time have
been as follows: Arthur C. Mellette, 1889-
93; Charles H. Sheldon, 1893-97; Andrew E.
Lee, 1897-1901; C. F. Herreid, 1901—. R.
F. Pettigrew rejiresented South Dakota in
the United States senate from 1889 to 1901;
and Gideon (;. Moody, from 1889 to 1891.
James H. Kyle succeeded Senator Moody in
1891, and was re-elected in 1897. In 1901,
Pobert J. Gamble was elected to succeed
Senator Pettigrew.
The population of South Dakota in 1870
was 11,776; in 1880. 98,268; in 1890, 328,808;
and in 1900. 401,.570.
There are twelve cities in South Dakota
having a population greater than 2,000. In
Ihe following list the first number which
comes after the name of each city denotes
Ihe population in 1890, the second number,
the population iu 190(»:
Aberdeen, 3,182—4,087; Brookings, 1,518
— 2,346; Deadwood, 2.366 — 3,498; Huron,
3,038—2,793; Lead, 2,.'581— 6,210; .Madison,
1.736—2,550; Mitchell, 2,217—4,055; Pierre,
3.235—2,306; Sioux Falls, 10,177-1^,266;
N'ermilion, 1,496—2,183; Watertown, 2,672
—3,352; Yankton, 3,070-4,125.
In 1890, about 12,000,000 acres of fine
farming lands embraced in the Sioux reser-
vations were opened to settlement, and the
lands were promptlj' occupied by settlers.
One tract of these lands lay between Ameri-
can and Medicine creeks on the east, and
< "heyenne and White rivers on the west side
of the Missouri, and also included all that
]iortiou of the <ireat Sioux reservation lying
south of the forty-sixth i)arallel and west of
the 103d meridian. Another tract lay north
of the city of Watertown. In the same
year, a stringent law was passed prohibit-
ing the manufacture, sale or giving away of
intoxicating liquors, under heavy penalties.
In 1898, an amendment to the state consti-
(ution was adopted providing that the state
should conti'ol the manufacture and sale of
li(|uors, but this amendment was repealed
in (111- year 190(1.
South Dakota was the tirst state to estab-
lish Ihe initiative and referendum as a part
of the law-making process, an amendment
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
to the constitution enibodvins this principle
having been adoi)ted in 1898.
GOLD MINING.
Gold was first known to exist in the
Black Hills in 1858, having been discovered
by Lieut. Wheeler, a government scientific
explorer, near the Wyoming border. Two
years later gold was again found in small
quantities near the place now known as
Jenny's Stockade, on Beaver creek. In
1861, Gen. Harney's party found fine pros-
pects on French creek.
In the year 1874, Gen. G. A. Custer con-
ducted a military and scientific expedition
from Fort Abraham Lincoln, N. D., to Bear
Butte, in the Black Hills, and explored the
country south, southeast, and southwest of
the latter point. Capt. Ludlow, chief engi-
neer of the expedition, under date of Au-
gust 23, 1874, says:
"Whatever may ultimately be deter-
mined as to the existence of large amounts
of precious metals in the Black Hills, the
evidence gathered on the trip was discour-
aging to that supposition. It is probable
that the best use to be made of the Black
Hills for the next fifty years [up to 1925]
would be as the permanent reservation of
the Sioux." Gen. Custer, in his report of this
expedition, says that while no discoveries
were made of gold deposits in quartz, an
even, if not very rich, distribution of gold is
to be found in the valleys. He was satisfied,
however, that gold in satisfactory quantities
could be obtained in the Hills. A few days
later the general again refers to the discovery
of gold and states that additional evidence of
its existence in paying quantities has been
discovered.
In October of the same year a party of
twenty-five explorers and miners started
for the Black Hills from Sioux City, Iowa.
On the 24th of December they found gold in
Custer's Park, near where Custer City now
stands. This was the first gold produced in
a mining camp in the Black Hills. In the
spring of 1875, these miners were arrested
and conducted out of the Hills by United
States soldiers, as they were trespassing on
an Indian reservation, and their lives were
in danger. Prospectors and miners persist-
ed in carrying on their work in the Hills in
spite of government opposition, and the
president at last, in 1875, began negotiations
with the Indians, looking to a cession of the
Black Hills region.
The discovery of gold in the Black Hills,
in the vicinity of Deadwood, which was the
forerunner of the real gold find in the Black
Hills, was made in the summer of 1875 by
a party of gold seekers from the Cheyenne
River agency, near where Pierre, the capital
of the state, is now located. These men
had been told by the Indians of the exist-
ence of gold in the hills. The party con-
sisted of Dick Lowe, Tom Moore, Frank
Bryant, Sam Blodget, J. B. Pearson, James
Pearman and George Hauser, who came in
with pack animals.
The gold was discovered in Whitewood
Gulch, about 300 yards above the mouth of
Spruce Gulch, at a point which is now with-
in the first ward of the city of Deadwood.
The country on the route between the Chey-
enne river and the point at which they made
their first find was thoroughly prospected
without finding any gold. They remained
in the gulch about six weeks, when their
food gave out, and Lowe, Moore and Pear-
man returned to the Missouri river for pro-
visions. The remainder of the party went
to the Southern Hills and were arrested and
taken out of the country by the military.
Frank Bryant and two others located the
first mining claim taken up in Deadwood
Gulch, November 17, 1875.
A treaty with the Indians was finally
concluded on September 26, 1876, and was-
ratified and approved by the president, Feb-
ruary 28, 1877. The countrj- ceded was all
that region west of the 103d meridian which
is included by the north and south forks of
the Cheyenne river.
In the meantime, the Castle Creek Drain
Ditch company was organized and com-
menced work on September 1, 1876. Al-
though this company abandoned its claim
on Castle creek within a year because of
the impossibility of pumping water for their
ditch, one of their number, Mr. Sidney E.
Cornell, declares that he shall never re-
J
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
gret liavinfi; gone there, "for there I found
the best niififjet of them all — a faithful help-
mate who is with me ret. a true and lovinp;
wife." The total product of frold in South
Dakota for the year l.'^ni was .«;a.ll2.fino ; for
189.3, S«4,n00.nn0; for isno, |;S,2.3.5.0nO; for
1898, ,«!S.nOO.(lOfl; for 1S99, «9.]:?1.4?.fi. and
for 1900 (estimated I. *14,000,000. South Da-
kota ranks tliird among the states of the
Union in the production of gold. It is es-
timated that up to April 1. 1900. the Black
Hills had yielded gold to the value of ^87,-
000.000.
WHEAT RAISING.
During early times in South Dakota,
conditions were so favorable that a very lit-
tle care and work brought an abundant
yield. The immediate result was a heed-
lessness on the part of farmers which
brought temporary disaster. More careful
preparation of the soil and diversified farm-
ing have brought renewed prosperity. The
hard varieties of wheat can be successfully
raised in the northern part of the state.
The raising of blue stem wheat has been
made a success, and it is a valuable wheat
to raise, considering quality and yield. The
losses in quality of wheat by smut, in South
Dakota, in early days, no longer occur to
any considerable extent. The average yield
of wheat is about twelve bushels per acre,
and in an average year, the state produces
from thirty-six to forty-five million bushels.
The average price obtained by the South
Dakota farmer for a period of six years is
fifty-two and three-fourths cents per bushel,
according to the latest obtainable statistics.
THE DAIRY AND CREAMERY INDUSTRY.
"The great siiccess to which dairying in
South Dakota has attained is due mainly to
two potent factors," says Prof. A. H.
Wheaton. These two factors are "the ex-
cellent quality of the native grasses and the
extreme cheapness and wonderful fertility
of the soils. The native grasses of South
Dakota are wonderfully rich in nutrition of
those peculiar qualities which make them a
natural and nearly balanced ration for ani-
mals designed for beef, and for milch cows."
"The butter produced from them is of a
very high order" as to flavor, texture, and
long keeping.
In the early days of South Dakota, the
conditions referred to above were not un-
derstood, but as the state grew older it be-
came apparent to agriculturists that in or-
der to secure themselves against loss in
years that were not favorable to the produc-
tion of good grain crops, they must raise
some kind of stock. "Ex])eriments were in-
augurated by the ExperinuMital Station and
by farmers of all classes along these lines,
which resulted in the almost unanimous
ojtinion that South Dakota was, and is, one
of nature's ideal spots for grazing purposes.
The results, indeed, were far beyond the ex-
jiectations of the tuost sanguine.
"From a very few creameries established
in 189(1, the industry of dairying and espe-
cially buttermaking has rapidly spread un-
til now nearly the whole state east of the
Missouri river is engaged in it. January
1, 1S!)8, there were li5 successful cream-
eries in operation," and it is now estimated
that there are over two hundred. Th%plan
was followed of "establishing creameries in
localities where wheat raising had been es-
pecially disastrous during the driest sea-
sons.
"^\'hile it has now been completely dem-
onstrated that so long as the lands remain
at the present price, dairying can be carried
on in South Dakota with profit, it is as true
that twice as many creameries can be suc-
cessfully operated" and large investments
may profitably be nuide in the erection of
additional creameries and the stocking of
more farms with milch cows. Capitalists
who desire to find a paying and safe invest-
ment are learning that the dairying indus-
try in this state brings them a good rate of
interest and that the milch cow in South
Dakota is never a defaulter. "Gilt-edged
security is no longer considered to be a
mortgage on real estate, but on cows and
steers. Thousands of car loads of each
have been shipped into the state during the
past six months, the cows generally remain-
ing east of the Missouri river, while the
steers are more generally shiiiiicd to owners
who live west of the Great Muddy.'
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
The profits from this industry reach into
the millions, and those engagced in it are on
the hijjh road to wealth. The dairying in-
dustry east of the Missouri and the raising
of beef cattle west of that river are corner
stones in the agricultural prosperity of
South Dakota. At the convention of the
National Creamery Buttermakers' associa-
tion, held in St. Paul, Minn., in February,
1901, South Dakota was awarded a silver
cup — one of five — for best state exhibit.
THE SHEEP INDUSTRY.
It is not known just when the first sheep
were brought to South Dakota, but it is cer-
tain that sheep raising has not until quite
recently assumed large proportions in the
state. At the present time, she occupies a
prominent place among the sheep raising
states of the Fnion, although a small pro-
portion of her natural advantages in that
direction have been utilized. The most
practical evidence of her rank in this indus-
try is to be found in her large shipments of
wool, mutton, and breeders. "Her grass
mutton," says Hon. M. F. Greeley, "fre-
quently tops the eastern markets, her grain
finished lambs seldom fail to do so, and her
wools are now well and favorably known in
all the great wool centers and mills. The
more we see and know of South Dakota's
great natural advantages for the econom-
ical production of wool and mutton, the
more are we convinced that Dakota is and
always will be a great sheep country. Sheep
thrive best in the high, cool altitudes of the
mountains. Dakota is a vast, almost level
mountain."
The sunshine which prevails almost con-
stantly in South Dakota is a source of im-
mense profit to her shepherds. Hygienic
conditions are afforded by dry winters, and
the steadily low temperature of the winter
months favors the growth of a heavy fleece.
There are few localities that afford as great
a variety of sheep foods as South Dakota.
Her sugar beets are unrivalled for sweet-
ness, and her grass, roots, and weeds are
more than usually sweet and nutritious.
"Out of about 600 plants, weeds and grasses
growing wild in the state, a cow will eat
about fifty-seven of them, a horse eighty-
two, and a sheep, 576. Weedy hay is poor-
ly and only partly eaten by cows and
horses, while sheep eat the weedy part first,
and their pasture is as free from weeds as
old cattle and horse pastures are from
grass." Mutton of the very best quality
and fleeces that are unexcelled are to-day
produced from a feed consisting of the
weedy upland hay that covers over half of
South Dakota, and this without the addi-
tion of a single pound of food artificially
prepared. "In the more eastern portions of
the state," says Greeley, "where, owing to
much plowing, the wild grasses are not suf-
ficient for all the winter fodder, corn stalks,
oats in the bundle, millet, hay, and other
lame fodders are also found to be much
richer in sugar and other fiesh forming
I)roperties, than they are when grown far-
ther south and east. All these things tend
lo enable South Dakota to put grass mut-
ton upon the market earlier than any of her
more eastern competitors, frequently doing
this almost as soon as eastern tame pas-
tures are sufficiently formed to receive
stock at all."
The mutton breeds of sheep predominate
east of the Missouri, and grades of the
Shropshire, Oxford, Hampshire and South-
downs are most plentiful. "These are all
dark-faced sheep, and when Dakota grown,
prove to be good muttons." Fine bunches
of Cotswold, Lincoln and other white-faced
mutton breeds are also to be found. West
of the Missouri, the bands of sheep are lar-
ger and most of them are of ^lerino blood.
The outlook for the sheep industry in"
South Dakota is a very bright one, and the
business of wool and mutton production in
the state is certain to be a permanent and
a paying one. "Beef, butter, wool, and
mutton are fast taking their place among
the leading products, and will continue to
do so" until South Dakota shall stand in
the front rank of states engaged in stock
raising.
IRRIGATION IN SOUTH DAKOTA.
While a considerable part of the state is
humid, and has a precipitation of moisture
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
above the averaj>(* absolutely rciiiiircd for
the production of abiiudant crops, a por-
tion of it belongs to the semi-arid region,
and must depend on irrigation for jiroflta-
ble agricultural products.
Three plans or methods of irrigation are
at present employed in South Dakota. One
method is the building of dams on bound-
ary lines and on the dry runs and the cre-
ation, by this means, of bodies of water
which seeps through the ground or is con-
ducted in ditches to the points where it is
most needed. Another plan is to obtain
tlie required water by artesian wells. A
notion more or less prevalent that artesian
well water is injurious to soils and plants
has been proved fallacious. .\ third way is
to irrigate from shallow wells and pumps.
I'rof. Stacy A. Cochran says: "There is
nothing that I more firmly believe than that
the intelligence and energy of the South
Dakota peojile will ultimately solve the irri-
gaticm ])robleiii and our state will become
the veritable garden spot of America."
HISTORY OF NORTH DAKOTA,
C A. LOUNSBERRY.
North Dakota, admitted to the Union in
1880, was originally a jjart of the Louisiana
Purchase, and was claimed by France from
the time La Salle explored the ilississipjii
in 1082, till ceded to Spain in 1762. In lS(tO.
Spain ceded it to France by secret treaty
and in 1803 France ceded it to the United
States for 80.000.000 francs.
Louisiana then extended from the <Julf
of Mexico north to the Lake of the Woods,
and embraced what is now Arkansas. Mis-
souri, Iowa. Nebraska, Oregon, North and
South Dakota, the Indian Country, Mon-
tana, Idaho, Washington, part of Minneso-
ta, part of Kansas, part of Colorado and
part of Wyoming. Though it had not been
in the possession of Sjjain for nearly three
years, when Lewis and Clarke started on
their exi)edition to explore the Missouri riv-
er country in 1803, the Spanish otHcials
were still in charge and would not allow
thoni to winter on the ceded territory. They
wintered near St. Charles, Mo., on the east
side of the river.
In 1805, the Louisiana I'uichase became
Louisiana Territory, and was governed by
the oflicials of Indiana Territory. In 1812 it
became Missouri Territory. In 1831 con-
gress created the Territory of Michigan,
which then included that part of the two
Dakotas east of the ilissouri and White riv-
ers and included also the i)resent states of
Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota.
In 1836 Wisconsin was established and then
that portion of North Dakota east of the
^lissouri became a part of Wisconsi% In
1838 Iowa was organized and included the
present state of North Dakota. In 1849
Minnesota Territory was established and
covered tliat part of North Dakota lying
east of the Missouri river. In ISo-l Nebras-
ka was organized and took the country west
of the ^lissouri and White rivers, which had
previously been known as Mandan Terri-
tory. In 1858, Minnesota became a state
and that portion of North Dakota lying east
of the Missouri river became unorganized
and unattached territory and so remained
until Dakota was organized in ISOl, and
then embraced North and South Dakota, a
pan of Montana, a jiarl of Wyoming and a
jiarr of Idaho.
The bill creating Dakota was signed by
President Buchanan, ilarch 2. 18G1, and on
the 27th day of May thereafter. President
Lincoln ai)pointed his old friend and towns-
man. Dr. W'm. Jayne, of Springfield, 111.,
governoi' of Dakota.
In lS(iO the population of Dakota, includ-
ing all of the states and parts of states
above mentioned, was 4,837.
In 1S81> what was then Dakota was di-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
vided and the present state of North Dakota
was admitted into the Union in connection
with South Dakota, Montana and Washing-
ton. Xorth Dakota, leadino; in the enabling
act, takes rank above the others in the or-
der of admission.
The division of North Dalvota was ac-
complished after many hard struggles and
much bickerings and strife between the two
sections, South Dakota being persistent in
her efforts to take the organization and the
name, which North Dakota had made fa-
mous by its wlieat, leaving North Dakota to
take another. Pembina would have been
acceptable, perhaps, though it was claimed
to be of corrupt origin, meaning little or
nothing. Some claimed that it related to a
berry found growing on the Pembina river,
and others, i)robably better infoi-med, that
the application of the name related to the
Holy Eucharist and meant "blessed bread."
The eastern members of congress offered
Huron, Algonquin and various other names,
and the controversy was continued until
1889, when, on February 22, of that year,
the so-called omnibus bill was approved,
which provided for the admission of the
fo\ir states previously named as a part of
the United States.
The constitutional convention was held
at Bismarck, beginning July 4, 1889. Many
distinguished Americans were present on
the occasion and they were welcomed by
Sitting Bull and a large number of his
braves in full war dress. The constitution
was adopted at an election called for the
purpose October 1, 1889, by a vote of 27,410
for, to 8,107 against the adoption of the con-
stitution. State officers were then elected.
The president's proclamation declaring the
admission of the state was issued Novem-
ber 2, 1889.
Returning again to some facts as to ear-
ly history. The Hudson Bay company, char-
tered by Charles II., in 1070, occupied a con-
siderable portion of North Dakota in early
days and they did not quit doing business at
North Dakota points until sometime after
1870, when their former possessions in Can-
ada became crown colonies. Rival fur com-
panies contested with them for the trade of
this region. They had a post at Pembina as
early as 1800, established by Capt. Alex-
ander Henry, who also located <a post at
Orand Forks in 1801. There was a French
trader at Pembina as early as 1780 and he
was still there when Long established the
boundary line between the I'nited States
and Panada in 1823. Lord Selkirk also had
a post there, supposing it to be within Brit-
ish territory, built in 1812, and destroyed by
Long in 1823. The old Selkirk burying
ground is on the North Dakota side and is
now the property of the state. The Swiss
settlers of the Selkirk colony were driven
out by adversities and became the first set-
tlers in Minnesota.
Nicollet, sent out from Quebec in 1639,
gives some account of the country and the
first known. Hennepin, who accompanied
LaSalle, was captured by the Sioux and is
supposed to have visited North Dakota
about 1682. The first practical results came
from the explorations of Lewis and Clarke,
who wintered in North Dakota, near what
is now Washburn, 1804-5. Jean Nicholas
Nicollet, assisted by John C. Fremont, the
pathfinder of the campaign of 1856, ex-
plored the Devils Lake region in 1838. Cat-
lin visited the country in 1841 and gathered
from North Dakota life many of his famous
Indian paintings, now the property of the
United States. Capt. Pope mapped the
country in 1849, and designated the country
around Devils Lake as a salt water region.
Lieut. Warren explored the country in 1855,
and reported it occupied by powerful tribes
of roving savages and that it was only
adapted to a mode of life like theirs. Fol-*
lowing the Indian outbreak of 1862 the
Sully and Sibley expeditions passed over
North Dakota and on North Dakota soil
was fought the decisive battles of that war.
Military posts were established at Aber-
crombie. Ransom, Totten, Rice, Stevenson,
Kuford and Pembina, following the out-
break of 1862. Before that an occasional
party of butt'alo hunters visited the country,
but it was regarded as dangerous ground,
as it had been overrun for years by con-
tending bands of Indian warriors.
There were trading establishments and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
a custom house at Pembina, where Chas.
Cavileer, the tirst white settler to establish
a permaueut home in the state, still resides,
his good wife being a descendant from the
Selkirk colony, and as early as 1858 a regu-
lar mail route was established to I'embina.,
and the mail was carried in summer in part
by canoe and in winter by dog sledges; but
until 1871 the only certain means of trans-
portation to the country was by means of
the Red river carts. With these in brig-
ades, the traders made two trips a year
from the Ked river country to St. Paul.
In 1870, with traders and military posts,
and trappers and hunters, the population of
North Dakota was but 2,405, and these were
mostly part bloods, descendants of voy-
ageurs, traders and adventurers intermar-
ried with Indian women, and at that time
not an acre of public land had been entered.
In 1871 the first low wash of the coming
wave of immigration, leading to magnifi-
cent development, touched North Dakota
and the Scandinavians were in the lead.
They came from Minnesota and occupied
homes on the Ked, Cheyenne and Goose riv-
ers in Cass and Traill counties. Later in
the season came the town site boomers, fol-
lowed by Jay Cooke's party of newspaper
writers, the Northern Pacific engineers and
the men with the pick and shovel, the rail-
road being completed to the Red river in
the fall of 1871. The Great Northern was
also completed that year to the Red river,
and that season a line of steamboats was
established on the Red river; regular stage
lines having been established, connection
was made with Winnipeg, and thus was
laid the foundation of a new state.
Thirty years thereafter we find a popu-
lation of 319,146, as shown by the census of
I'JOO, 73 incorporated places, 19 of which
have exceeding 1,000 people, eight having
exceeding 2,000, among these Fargo, the
metropolis of the state, 9,589; Grand Forks,
the second city, 7,652, and Bismarck, the
capital, 3,319.
One-eighteenth of the land surface, not
included in reservations, aggregating 2,400,-
000 acres, was granted to the state by con-
gress for public schools, 90,000 acres for the
state university, 90,000 for the agricultural
college, 40,000 for the school of mines, 80,-
000 for normal schools, 40,000 for the school
for the deaf, 20,000 for the manual training
school, 40,000 for the scientific school, 40,-
000 for the school of forestry, 20,000 for the
reform school, 20,000 acres and |30,000 for
the institution for the feeble-minded, 40,000
for the soldiers' home, 30,000 for the asylum
for the blind and 50,000 for buildings at
the state capital, making an aggregate of
3,000,000 acres, laying the foundation for
an enormous permanent fund for education-
al purposes, as none of these lands can be
sold for less than flO per acre and a consid-
erable amount has already been sold for
double that sum and some as high as f40
per acre. The number of children of school
age in the state in 1890 was reported at 92,-
009; the number enrolled in the public
schools, 77,686. The number of school
houses was 3,003, and the school property
was valued at .'S;2,587,865 and the cost of
maintenance for the preceding biennial pe-
riod was 11,583,594. •
The common schools are a branch of the
excellent school system of the state, of
which the university is the head and the
normal schools for the training of teachers,
of which there are two, a part. There is
also the state agricultural college and exper-
iment station, maintained by the national
goverunient in part, with its excellent sys-
tem of farmers' institutes, resulting in a
more intelligent cultivation of the soil and
a general tendency toward diversified farm-
ing.
The taxiible valuation of the state in
1900 was $117,204,877. The number of acres
in farms was 11,297,758, having an estimat-
ed value of .1139,000,000. The number of
acres under cultivation was 6,623,315. The
wheat acreage was placed at 3,686,223 and
Hax at 1,338,244. Flax often yields from 20
to 25 bushels per acre and a bum])er crop of
wheat turns out many yields above 40 bush-
els, sometimes reaching as high as 50 bush-
els per acre.
The state is divided into three natural
divisions: The Red river valley, adapted to
the cereals; the James river valley, em-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NOKTHWEST.
bracing the coteaus, to mixed or diversified
farmiug, and the Missouri river country,
and from there on west to the Montana line,
to stocli growing. Tliroughout this region,
and to a considerable extent in the James
river valley division, the grasses mature
before fi-ost and remain in the condition of
hay during the entire winter, affording win-
ter grazing for stock. Cattle, horses and
sheep will leave the best provision that can
be made for them and turn to the grass on
the range in winter, w^hen the snows are
not too deep.
The snow fall of North Dakota is light,
sleighs are seldom used in winter, the
spring comes on early and the fourth of
July rarely comes without an abundance of
early vegetables in the gardens ready for
use.
Corn is grown successfully in all parts
of the state, but more especially in the Mis-
souri river country. Some of the bonanza
farms in the Red River valley claim corn
is their most profitable crop.
While the Selkirk settlers raised suffi-
cient wheat to meet local demands, and
there were a few considerable sized fields of
wheat grown in Pembina county before the
settlements of 1871, no wheat was attempt-
ed to be grown in North Dakota for market
until 1875, when Dalrymple led the way by
his system of farming on an extensive scale.
It was his success, heralded to the ends of
the earth, and the exceedingly cheap lands,
resulting from the Northern Pacific finan-
cial collapse in 1873, which contributed so
largely to the rapid development of North
Dakota in the early eighties.
The highest altitude in the state is about
2,500 feet., at Belfield. The coteaus are
1,800 to 2,000, Bismarck, 1,873, Fargo, 903
feet. The so-called Pembina and Turtle
Mountains are hills rising from 500 to 700
feet above the level of the prairies. The
country is generally prairie, with a skirting
of timbei- along most of the streams. A
large portion of the western part of the
state is underlaid with lignite coal in beds
from a few inches to upwards of twenty
feet in depth. The leading veins now being
worked are about nine feet in depth. There
is coal enough in North Dakota to supply
the demands of the United States for fuel
for several centuries. It is an excellent and
cheap fuel, but is dirty to handle, and much
of it slacks and crumbles to dust. There
is a process being developed, however, to
press it into brickettes, doing away with the
unfavorable features. In stoves adapted to
it, and where those using it know how to
handle it, it is now preferred to either wood
or hard coal. It is sold at the mines at $1
per ton, at Dickinson, Mandan, Bismarck,
Minot, Williston, Buford, Kenmare, Wash-
burn and other coal points at $2. It is de-
livered at Fargo at $3.25. It is required
by law to be used in all public buildings un-
less wood or other fuel is cheaj^er.
The old definition of the word Minnesota
was muddy water. The true definition is
many waters, the word sota in the Sioux
language meaning many. So the old defini-
tion of the word Dakota was allied tribes.
The true definition, according to the Sioux,
is many heads or many people. They were
the most numerous of the many Indian
tribes and very naturally claimed to be the
people.
The railroad mileage of North Dakota is
3,031. The number of newspapers is 150.
The number of postoffices, 000. Fully two-
thirds of the people, demonstrated by the
religious census recently taken in the lead-
ing towns, are communicants of orthodox
churches, the Lutherans leading, other de-
nominations standing in the order named:
Methodist Episcopal, Catholic, Congrega-
tional, Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian,
Unitarian, Christian and Jew.
The population of the northern counties
in the state is very largely Canadian. There
is a large Scandinavian element throughout
the state, with a heavy sprinkling of Ger-
man, a considerable number of French and
Poles, the usual proportion of Irish and a
strong, hardy, American class from the
northwestern states. The per capita of
wealth is larger than in the older states, ex-
cepting where there are wealthy manufac-
turers, and the general health of the coun-
try is remarkably good.
HISTORY OF MONTANA.
C. A. LOUNSBERRY.
Montana Tei'ritory was created by act of
congi-ess May -6, 1864. In 1873 it received
an addition ot 2,000 sijuare miles from Da-
kota. That I'Oitiou lying east of the Rocky
moimtaius was a part of tlie Louisiana I'ur-
cbase and was claimed by France from 1(>82,
when La Salle exploi-ed the Mississippi, until
1703, when it was ceded by France to Spain.
It was re-ceded to France by secret treaty
in 1800, and by France ceded to the United
States in 1803, but remained in the possession
and occupation of Spain until occupied by
the United States. In 1804 it became the
District of Louisiana, and in 1805 the Terri-
tory of Louisiana, and was governed by the
officers of Indiana Territory. In 1812 it be-
came Missouri Territory, in 1834 it was of-
ticially designated as Indian Country, in 1853
^A'ashiugtou, in 1S03 Idaho, and in 1804 Mon-
tana Territory.
That poi'tion west of the Rocky moun-
tains was claimed by the United States by
right of original discovery and occupation,
and the right of the United States to it was
confirmed by treaty with Spain in 1819 and
by treaty with England in 1846. It was or-
ganized as Oregon Territory, created in 1848,
became Washington in 1S53, Idaho in 1863,
and Montana in 1864.
Montana was admitted as a state by the
act admitting North Dakota, South Dakota,
Montana and Washington, approved Feb-
ruary 22, 1889. This act provided for a con-
stitutional convention, which met at Helena,
July 4, 1889, and the constitution then
framed having been ratified by vote of the
people, admission of the state was duly pro-
claimed by the president November 8, 1889.
The population of Montana, as shown by
the census of 1900, is 243,329, being an in-
crease of 84.1 per cent during the decade.
The population in 1890 was 132,159, in 1880,
39,159, and in 1870, 20,595. The population
is now more than eleven times what it was
at the first census in 1870 aftec its organiza-
tion in 1864.
The area of Montana is approximately
145,310 square miles, exclusive of 770 miles
water area. There are 26 incorporated cities,
towns and villages in Montana. Eutte, the
largest city, has a population of 30,470, in-
creased from 10,723, in 1890; (Ireat Falls,
14,930, increased from 3,979; Helena, the
third city and the capital, 10.770; Anaconda,
9,435, increased from 3,975; Billings, 3,221,
increased from 836; Bozeman, 3,419, in-
creased from 2,143; Kalispel, 2,526, not in
existence in 1890; Livingston, 2,778; Mis-
soula, 4,366, increased from 3,426; Red
Lodge, 2,152, increased from 624; Walker-
ville, 2,621, increased from 743; Miles City,
1,938, increased from 956; Dillon City, 1,530,
increased from 1,012; Deer Lodge, Fort Ben-
ton, Havre, Hamilton and Lewiston have ex-
ceeding 1,000, and I'hillipsburg falls but five
short of 1,000. ♦
The population of Butte was 241 in 1870,
3,363 in 1880, 10,470 in 1890, and 30,470 in
1900. Anaconda, twenty-seven miles dis-
tant, developed by the same wonderful en-
ergy and mining resources, has 9,975 now
against 3,975 in 1880. Butte is connected
with the Northern Pacific railroad by a
branch, with the Great Northern by the Mon-
tana Central, and with the Union Pacific by
a branch to Pocatello. It is in the heart of
an euormouslj- rich mining district which
has added over $300,000,000 to the wealth
of the world.
An act for establishing trading-houses
among the Indians being about to expire,
President JetVei'son, in January, 1803, recom-
mended to congress, in a confidential mes-
sage, an extension of its views to the Indians
on the Mississippi. He also proposed that
a party should be dispatched to trace the
Missouri to its source, cross the Rocky
mountains, and proceed to the Pacific
ocean. Captain Meriwether Lewis, a native
of Virginia, a captain in the regular army,
and private secretary to the president at
that time, was appointed to take charge of
HISTOUY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
this expedition. Later he associated with
liini ^\'illiam Clarlie, a brother of General
George Rogers (L'larlce, and they started on
their expedition that fall, wintering near St.
Charles, Mo., but on the east side of the Mis-
souri, as the Spanish officers, still in charge,
had not heard of the treaty whereby the
country was ceded to the United States.
Their party consisted of nine young men
from Kentucky, fourteen soldiers, two Cana-
dian boatmen, an intei'preter, a hunter and
a negTo servant to Captain Clarke. They
wintered 1804-3 near what is now Wash-
burn iu Korth Dakota, latitude 47° 21' 4".
They left their fort April 7, 1805, and pro-
ceeded on up the river. On June 13 they
came to a beautiful plain, where the buffalo
were in greater numbers than they had seen
before. "To the southwest," says the jour-
nalist of the exijedition, "there arose from
this plain two mountains of a singular ap^
pearance, and more like ramparts of high
fortifications than works of nature. They
are square figures, with sides rising perpen-
dicularly to the height of 250 feet, formed
of yellow clay, and the tops seemed to be
level jjlaius. Finding that the river bore
considerably to the south, and fearful of
passing the falls before reaching the Rocky
mountains, they now changed their course to
the south, and leaving those insulated hills
to the right, proceeded across the plain. In
this direction Captain Lewis proceeded about
two miles, when his ears were saluted with
the agi-eeable sound of a fall of water; and,
as he advanced, a spray, which seemed driv-
en by the southwest wind, arose above the
plain like a column of smoke and vanished
in an instant."' And the Great Falls of the
Missouri was discovered. They explored
and named the Jefferson, Madison and Galla-
tin rivers, followed the Jefferson to its source,
traveled through the mountains in August
and September, and early iu October em-
barked in canoes on a branch of the Colum-
bia, wintering on the Columbia, having
reached the mouth of that stream November
15, 1805. Captain Lewis was appointed gov-
ernor of Louisiana Territory, embracing the
country which he had explored, on his return,
in 1807, and committed suicide in 1801), when
en route to \\'ashington, and Clarke was
made guveruor of the .same territory, then
Missouri, which position he held from 1813
to 1821. I..ewis and Clarke County, Mon-
tana, was named in their honor, and well
they deserved it.
While up to that time there were hunters
and traders in the country, they were of the
Rritish companies, and the counti-y was en-
tirely unoccupied by the Americans. Their
work attracted universal attention. As
early as 1802 John Jacob Astor had under-
laken to establish communication from Hud-
son bay to the Columbia river for the pur-
poses of trade. The Missouri Fur Company,
organized at St. Louis, in 1808, established
posts on the Upper Missouri, and later one
beyond the Rocky mountains on the head-
waters of Lewis river, the south branch of
the Columbia. This, the historian of Lewis
and Clarke's expedition declares, was the
first post established by white men in the
country drained by the Columbia. That was
given up in 1810, and the Astor interest with
headquarters at Astoria was driven out by
the ^^'ar of 1812. While there were other
attempts to establish trade in this region by
.Vmericans it was declared in 1843 that there
was then not an American port or trading
post in that vast region where trade had
nourished for nearly twenty years between
the Northwest Coast and China.
In 1823 the Rocky Mountain Fur Com-
pany commenced regular exj>editions to the
borders of the Columbia. Captain Bonne-
ville spent nearly two yeai-s chiefiy on the
waters of Lewis river, starting in 1832. As
early as 1843 it was said: "The parties ar-_
riving with furs are becoming less in number
from year to year, as well east as west of
the Rocky mountains, below the latitude of
49°, owing to the great destruction of the
fur-bearing animals by the hunters of the
rival fur companies, both British."
Indeed, the country had then been occu-
pied for one hundred years, beginning with
the explorations of Verendrye, the discov-
erer of the Rocky mountains. They ascend-
ed the -Vssiniboin, followed a then existing
tiail to the Mouse river, and touched what is
now Montana, at the mouth of the Yellow
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
stone, and Jannai-.v 1, 1743, came in sij^lit of
the Kockj mountains, and on tlie 12th as-
cended them. They remained in the conntry
until the 12th of May, 1744, and jjhinted on
an eminence the anus of France, engraved
on a leaden plate, and raised a uionument
of stones. Father Conciuard was asscM-iated
with Vereudrye. Jonathan Carver's explo-
rations, or at least his information, extended
to the Montana region in 1708, and his map
of that year shows evidence of this earlier
French occupation. He gained from the In-
dians a very fair idea of the headwaters of
the Missouri, and of the Columbia, so suc-
cessfully explored by Lewis and Clarke in
1805, sixty-two years after the first occupa-
tion of the country by the French explorers,
followed, by the Church. Indeed Lewis and
Clarke carried out the plan of Carver. They
did what he outlined and had hojted to do.
In April, 183!t, Fremont, the Tathtinder
of the Rockies, i)assed up the Missouri, and
though it is doubtful if he reached the Mon-
tana country, his influence did. Ten years
before Fremont, however, development had
commenced. Fort L'nion had been estab-
lished above the mouth of the Yellowstone,
and in 182!) Kenneth McKenzie had estab-
lished a trading post for the American Fur
Company near where Fort Buford now is.
In 1833 Robert Campbell and Hublette estab-
lished a trading post at Buford, and the next
year another up the Missouri sixty miles.
In 1832 the first steamboat reached Fort
Union and after that boats arrived yearly
and trade b.^- modern methods commenced
with Montana. I'rior to that the dog sleds
and carts, and the travois had been the only
means of transportation, aside from the bull-
boat and the canoe, though the Indians
were chary of the Missouri, which below the
Yellowstone, at least, never gives up its
dead. But earlier than Lewis and Clarke
the trappers of Alexander McKenzie had
traversed every stream in Montana.
Pages, yes volumes, of most interesting
matter might be written of the voyages lead-
ing up to the occupation of the Pacific coast,
the discovery of the Columbia, named fin-
the good ship which first touched its watei-s,
of the search and research for the way to
India, out of which the voyages of Columbus
grew, and the efforts to find a northwest
passage. Here let us recall the impassioned
words of Thomas H. Benton, in the United
States senate, when, pointing westward, he
said: "Yonder in the west lies the east;
there lies the path to India."
A new chai)ter opens with the discovery
of gold in Montana, first remarking, how-
ever, that next to Thomas Jefferson Montana
owes her early development more to Thomas
H. Benton than to any other living man.
The name Mfintana is of classic origin,
means a mountain land, and was suggested
by Mrs. Jessie Fremont. The Indian name
was Toza-be-Shock-uj), mountain cf)untry, or,
as Joaquin Miller suggests, Shining Moun-
tains, (lold was discovered in California, in
1848. Explorations continued on the moun-
tain ranges, jnishing gradually westward un-
til the g(dd fields of Montana were opened
in 1862, following the immensely lich placer
diggings on the bars of Salmon river, where
grains of gold were said to lie as thick as
wheat on a threshing floor, and about the
size and color of wheat. The first record of
sluice boxes in operation in Montana Is at
Cold creek, May 9, 1800. Then followed de-
velopment of mines at Bannack, the first
cai)ital of Montana, and other points, but
the richest deposits at Adler, and Last
Chance, now Helena, are what made Mon-
tana famous throughout the world. The
Koolenai disti'ict wasexjdored and the mines
woi'ked to some extent in the late fifties, but
not with success. T\\e first notable work at
mining was by (Iranville and James Stuart
on (Jold creek in the sin-ing of 1802. Mines
were discovered that year at Big Hole. Gold
was also found on Williard's creek. The
Crold creek mines were soon deserted for
Bannack. A party of miners from Bannack
in ISO:', started for the Yellowstone, and were
driven back by the Indians. On their return
ihey discovered the Adler (Julch ])lacers.
fabulously rich, yielding as high as four dol-
lars to the pan. Nearly one hundred million
dollars were taken from this gulch. The
discovery of these mines was by Fairweather,
Juiir- 1. ISO:!, and that was the bcgiuiiing of
fair weather in the develo|)meul of Montana.
Adler was in the very heart of the gold region
of Montana, Ihe richest ever discovered on
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the face of the earth. Other discoveries fol-
lowed, Harris Gulch, California Gulch, Wis-
consin Gulch, Bivens Camp, Silver Bow,
Butte, all rich camps.
There is only room here to speak of the
beginning- and the results. The bullion
product of Montana in 1802 was .f.")(l(l.(l(IO;
in 1863, |8,00n,000; in 1864, $13,00().()()0; in
1865, 114,500,000; in 1866, #16,500,000; in
1867, 112,000,000; in 1868, .|15,000,000.
The first quartz mills erected were in the be-
ginning of 1863, and in 1870 the number of
mines in operation was 683.
Last Chance Gulch, on which Helena was
established, or "just growed," the miners"
cabins having been established on either side
of the pav streak, was "struck" in 1864, and
yielded between foi'ty and fifty million dol-
lars.
Placers were discovered at Butte in 1864,
and were steady producers for a number of
years. Butte"s real development was com-
menced in 1875, when the first mills were
erected. In addition to its great silver
mines there is a copper vein eighty feet in
width extending for a mile and a half just
north of the city limits. It is now worked
to a depth of more than 1,500 feet, showing
better ore the deeper it is worked. The cop-
per product of Butte exceeds 25 per cent of
the copper product of the world. In 1S07
the copper output of Butte was |38,00(l,0()();
gold, 13,500,000; silver, |6,000,000.
Anaconda is twenty-seven miles from
Butte. The works of the Anaconda Copper
Mining Company are the greatest of the kind
in the world. The capacity of the works is
5,000 tons of copjter and 180 tons of silver
ore daily. The graphite deposits and the
sapphires near Anaconda have no superiors.
Bozeman, settled in 1864, has valuable de-
posits of gold, asbestos, and inexhaustible
deposits of coal. Great Falls is the young-
est of Montana cities that have attained
greatness. It is located at the head of the
falls of the IMissonri and has but a trifle be-
low 15.000 population. The Boston & Mon-
tana Co])per Smelting and Keflning i)lant is
located here, also the large silver smelting
plant of the Ignited States Smelting and Re-
fining Company. The pay rolls of these two
companies amount to $3,000,000 per annum.
It is the greatest primary wool market in
the world. Tlie water power of the Missouri
at Great Falls is 350,000 horse power. The
coal fields immediately adjacent cover 4,000
square miles.
The total gold product of Montana, up
to 1802, when the mining interests of the
state reached their flood tide of prosi>erity,
was |137,46!),0()4; silver. $172,071,376; cop-
])er, i>ounds, 868,653,427. The copper prod-
uct increased from 9,058,284 pounds in 1882
to 159.212,203 pounds in 1892. The metal
product of Montana for the year 1892, in-
cluding .f990,035.08 of lead, was $42,565,-
026.06.
In 1892 the number of ranches was
9.330, containing 2,640,056 acres, with an
average of 283 acres in a ranch. The aver-
age product per acre was, wheat, 33.06
bushels; rye, 38.71 ; barley, 34.48; corn, 24.92;
oats, 40.97; potatoes, 72.95. There were
16.393 daily cows and 1,066,393 pounds of
butter were made. The number of sheep
shorn was 1.459,791, the average wool per
head being 6.97 pounds.
The conditions atfording winter grazing
prevail in all of the plains regions of the
state, and millions of cattle and horses graze
upon the hills and in the valleys without
thought of provision for winter food. In
many instances, though, here, as in North
Dakota, it pays to jirovide for contingencies.
The mean average height of Mtmtana is
about 3,000 feet above the sea, while that of
^^'yoming is 6,000, and of Colorado 7,000,
giving Montana a more favorable climate
than either of these states. Because of the
irfluence of the Japan current, the climate is
about the same as Cleveland, Ohio, and any
fruits grown in that region are grown in
Montana. The apples, peaches, pears, plums
and other fruits have the flavor of the moun-
tains and are far superior to the fruits grown
in the lowlands of the Pacific coast. Mon-
tana is well timberetl, well watered; it is a
bind of bright sunshine, a land of health
and of hapi)iness. Tlie death rate does not
exceed 9 jiei- 1,000. Consumption never
originates in such a climate. The Yellow-
stone Park presents the grandest scenery the
eye of man ever rested upon.
NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.
Thf North Itakota Agi-icultiual CoUoj-c
and Experinu'ut Station, located at Farj^o,
are conducted in the interests of industrial
education for the youth of the state and to
aid in the develoijuient of its agricultural
and industrial possibilities.
The pollege cun-iculuni eniliraces such
academic and technical subjects and man-
ual training as are necessary to confer upon
the student the necessary culture to fit him
for his place in the body politic and at the
same time to prepare him to take advantage
of the natural opj)ortunities the state affords
ffir the production of wealth.
Agriculture is the paramount industry of
North Dakota. The state being without
timber or minerals, manufacturing will
never assume large proportions wilhin its
borders. The soil, which is by nature ex-
tremely fertile, will always be the principal
source of wealth. Since the state is located
in the far north, its climatic cfinditions are
Iieculiar, and many varieties of grain and
vegetables must be acclimated before they
can be relied upon for jirotitable crops.
Many problems relating to cnltivation
methods must also be solved tliat the best
results may be obtained. These jiroblems
can only be solved h\ numerous and accurate
experiments continued through many years.
The es])eriment station is suppoi-ted by
the federal government and thoroughly
ecjuipjied for its work, and the data obtained
from exx>erimentation are furnished to the
farmers of the state through the medium of
bulletins and the annual reports of the sta-
tion. By a system of selection and hybrid-
ization many varieties of grain are im-
jirovcd. rendered hardy and more prolific
and better able to withstand the iMgor of
the climate.
The ((uestions of conservation of soil fer-
tility and moisture for the growing crops
are also given large attention. Where a
state has, in the main, but one great source
of wealth — an extremely al)undant and fer-
tile soil — its study should receive every pos-
sible attention. For the sake of future gen-
eiations it should be cultivated, keeping its
continued improvement in view instead of
robbing it of its fertility for the more rapid
and less exjjensive accjuiring of wealth by
the present generation.
The largest variety of wealth-producing
industries within the scope of agi-iculture is
also encouraged. A single crop country is
never more than temporarily jirosperous and
seldom that. Animal husbandry, the manu-
facture of beet sugar and dairy prodin'ts, the
production of wool and the manufacture of
woolen goods, linseed oil, potato starch and
flax fiber are all legitimate industries belong-
ing to an agricultural state, and add to its
we.iltli. furnish variety of emplovment»and
conserve rather than waste its soil fertility.
Large attention is also given to the de-
stiMiction of weeds, to diseases of cereals,
vegetables and live stock, and remedies are
prescribed for their cure or prevention.
The treatment prescribed for the preven-
tion of smut in wheat alone, will, when gen-
erally apjilied, save to the farmers of the
state millions of dollars annually.
Through the agency of farmers" institutes
the work and ideas of the experiment station
are disseminated through lectures and vei--
l)al discussions, a farming spirit is fostered
and better methods of cultivation are em-
phasized. Better ideas also obtain in rela-
tion to the feeding and breeding of live stock,
of diversified income and of rural economy.
The experiment station is without ques-
tion the most important institution of the
state viewed from the standpoint of the
state's material development and future
greatness.
Through the investigations of the depart-
ment of chemistry the feasibility of maun-
facturing sugar from beets grown in the
southern part of the state has been so far
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
deteriiiiiH^d tliat a company has been orfiaii
ized and will in all pi-obahility be<;)n build
ing a sugar manufactory at Oakes, Dickey
county, the present year (1001).
The depai'tment of dairying has also done
much toward the development of butter and
cheese manufactories in those sections of the
state west of the Red River Valley, where
mixed farming is more generally encouraged.
To direct the attention of the youth of the
state to its ojjportunities for making a living
and for the sure production of wealth, and
also to afford the necessary culture to enjoy
the fruits of industry and to discharge intel-
ligently the duties of citizenship, the agri
cultural college stands with door ajar. It
accepts its educational mission fearlessly and
earnestly. To prepare young men and wom-
en for the largest measure of usefulness and
happiness in rural life is the first concern of
a purely agricultui'al commonwealth. To
dignify labor by supplanting soulless drudg-
ery with scientific interest and to eliminate
waste, chance and carelessness by substitut-
ing economy, reasonable certainty and busi-
ness methods through educational training
directed to those ends and for those specific
purposes, is a work worthy of the state's
fostering care.
The adaptation of the energies of an edu
cational institution to si>ecific practical ends
■ — ends which find their answer in the high-
est possible development of a state's natural
resources, and also a refined and cultured
citizenship — may seem to run counter to all
the traditions of education, but it is so much
the worse for the traditions. The closing
years of the nineteenth century have made
havoc of many autiipiated theories — educa-
tional and otherwise. America's high des-
tiny cannot be achieved without an educa-
tional stimulus for her farmers and working
millions, no less direct and helpful than that
afforded professional and ministerial voca-
tions. Not all may avail themselves of edu-
cational facilities to better qualify them for
the humbler, though not less important, voca-
tions of life, but a sufficient number will do
so to save the farmer and the working man
from the conditions of peasantry.
Democratic institutions demand demo-
cratic education and the eradication of every
force that tends to breed and foster caste or
create social strata among the citizens of onr
common country. Patriotism manifests itself
(|uite as generously by develo])ing the re-
sources of a country and safe-guarding its
soil and other wealth-producing agencies
from impaimient or wanton destruction as
it does in protecting the institutions of liber-
ty and justice as a heritage for posterity.
Our flag represents possibilities as well as
freedom — a productive country as well as a
free country.
The colleges of agriculture and mechanic
arts re])resent this modern idea of adapting
educational means to practical ends, without
ini]iairing their cultural (jualities. It unites
both the practical and the cultural in educa-
tion that the coming citizen may /.-/ioic some-
thing and be able to do something, that he
may know how to live and also know how to
make a living.
To meet the demands made upon it the
North Dakota Agricultural College adapts
its work, as far as possible, to actual con-
ditions and arranges its courses of study, in
some instances, to suit the students' conven-
ience and time.
Three regular collegiate courses of study
of four years each are maintained, leading to
the degree of B. S., viz.: Agi'icultural, Me-
chanical and Scientific. In addition to these
gi-aduate courses of study a short course in
agriculture is maintained, requiring two
years for completion. This course deals with
agriculture and other technical subjects hav-
ing a bearing upon it, such as dairying, horti-
culture, shop-work and veterinary. In con-
nection with the technical studies, arith-
metic, grammar, geography, history, book-
keeping and ci\il government are required,
and other elective subjects may be taken.
A two-year course in steam engineering
is also maintained. In this course steam en-
gineering is the major subject and has as-
sociated with it practically the same school
studies as are outlined in the two-year course
in agriculture, with more of mathematics
and physics, however. Long and short
courses are given in the department of dairy-
ing according to the student's desire to fit
HISTORY OF THE (JRKAT NORTHWEST.
himself for farm oi' creamery work. For the
benefit of students unable to attend school
during the working season, two three-month
winter courses are provided — one in agri-
culture and the other in steam engineering.
Arithmetic and English are re(iuired in both
courses, and those desiring to do so take
penmanship. The short course in agriculture
consists of sixty lectures of one hour each
upon agricultural subjects, thirty of horti-
culture, thirty of dairying and sixty of vetei*-
inary. Stock-scoring is given two after-
noons each week, and all the students take
shop-work.
ITiese lectures are delivered in pojiulur
form and the principles rather than scientific
facts are dealt with, care being taken not to
go beyond the student's comprehension.
The three-month course in steam engi-
neering is confined mainly to lectures upon
the construction and operation of the trac-
tion engine. All the separate parts of the
engine are arranged in order in the lecture
room, and during the sixty lectures each part
is fully explained, together with its function
and its relation to other parts of the engine.
Afternoons are devoted to engineer practice,
shoi)-work, etc., while arithmetic, English
and penmanship are required as in the short
course in agriculture.
The very large number of traction en-
gines required in the state every fall to fur-
nish p((vver during the threshing season, and
the scarcity of competent engineers to ope-
rate them, make this department of winter
training at the college exceedingly popular.
Ladies are admitted to the Agricultural
College on equal terms with gentlemen, but
in lieu of the technical studies for young
men, ladies are offered courses of training in
household economics. These courses are
varied according to the length of time the
young lady remains in school. Those taking
a graduate course complete the subject, in-
cluding a thorough course in plain and fancy
needlework. The subjects are taught in a
practical manner, and no pains are spared to
emphasize the importance of good housekeep-
ing as a necessary adjunct to every woman's
education. The shorter courses embrace the
more common operations connected with
cooking, baking, household sanitation and
plain sewing. As far as pos.sible home-mak-
ing is rendered a pleasure and economy a
habit. This dejjartment is quite popular and
but very few lady students nuUriculate with-
out availing themselves of its advantages.
The short courses alluded to are not in-
tended to give more than limited training in
si)ecial subjects and are intended to accom-
modate a class of students not able, for finan-
cial reasons or others, to complete a college
course of study. These short courses, how-
ever, enable such students to do better work,
to become somewhat familiar with the
nomenclature of science and to learif the
sources of information which they may make
use of in after life. Such courses give stu-
dents a better ojiinion of agriculture as a
vocation and a disposition to observe and in-
vestigate on their own account.
The students of the Agricultural College
will exercise a powerful influence upon the
development of North Dakota, shaping its
industrial and political career. Though hard-
ly more than in its infancy, the college has
already demonstrated its usefulness, but as
the years go by the students will, by their
life work, show the value of their college
tri'.ining and silence every opponent of in-
dustrial education.
MACALESTER COLLEGE.
Macalester College is the outgrowth of
the Baldwin School of St. Paul, projected by
Rev. Edward D. Neill as far back as 1853,
and of a similar institution opened in 1873
by the same gentleman in Minneapolis, near
the Falls of St. Anthony. The fonner school
received its name from Matthew W. Baldwin,
of Philadelphia, a liberal contributor to its
founding and sujiport. The latter received
its name from Charles Macalester, also of
Philadelphia, who donated for its use a valu-
able property once known as the Winslow
House, and located near the jiresent Exposi-
tion Building in Minneapolis. The institu-
tion springing from the union of these two
schools was moved to its present site and
opened in 1885.
The men most actively interested in the
establishment of Macalester College ai'e:
William C. Baker, Richard Chute, W. W.
McNair, Judge C. E. Vanderburg, Rev. J. C,
Whitney, Hon. Eugene M. Wilson, Rev.
Robert F. Sample, of Minneapolis; and Hen-
ry J. Horn, Henry M. Knox, H. L. Moss,
ex-Gov. Alexander Ramsey, H. K. Taylor, R.
P. Lewis, Thomas Cochi'an, of St. Paul. To
the efforts of the above named trustees must
be added the splendid services of Rev. Daniel
Rice, D. D., who devoted the later years of
his life wholly and gratuitously to the up-
building of the college.
Drs. Neill and Rice were both graduates
of Amherst College, and a number of the
trustees were honored sons of eastern col-
leges such as Hamilton, Williams and Lafay-
ette. The purpose, therefore, in the minds
of these men was to build up in the north-
west an institution after the noble character
and aims of these colleges whence they had
come. This was their ideal.
Their successors on the Board of Trus-
tees have labored earnestly to realize this
ideal. They seek to make Macalester Col-
lege a center of culture and of warm Chris-
tian intiuence — a school to which parents
may confidently commit their sons and
daughters not only for a thoi-ough education,
but also for the safeguard and development
of their characters.
By a provision of the charter amended in
1885, two-thirds of the trustees are to be
members of the Presbyterian church. But
in its instruction and internal administra-
tion, the college is wholly non-sectarian, and
all its privileges are available to students of
other denominations on equal terms. Stu-
dents preparing for the ministi'y of any
Evangelical church, receive tuition at half
the usual rates.
The college is located in Macalester Park,
a beautiful suburb in the western part of the
city of St. Paul, one-half mile south and a
little east of Merriam Park, and one mile
south of the Inter urban Electric Line on
Snelling avenue.
The college buildings are seven in num-
ber and have been erected at a cost of $120,-
000. The college campus contains thirty
acres, and has a frontage of six hundred and
sixty feet on Summit avenue, a beautiful
boulevard two hundred feet in width and
laid out with parks, drives, etc. The grounds
contain a fine grove and efforts are making
to beautify them in a manner befitting their
suiToundings. Tlie location is almost ideal
for an institution of learning. The college is
away from the distractions and temptations
of the cities. There are no saloons or other
places of temptation in the vicinity. Though
the college is in a quiet and retired place,
the students are brought more or less in con-
tact with the life and culture of the cities.
The large iiublic libraries, churches, lecture
courses and musical entertainments are easi-
ly accessible.
The trustees of the college are W. H. Dun-
woody, J. A. Gordon, Rev. R. N. Adams, D.
D., Rev. John E. Bushjiell, D. D., Rev. J. C.
I
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Faries, of Minneapolis; Thomas H. Dickson,
Pres., Prof. Thomas Shaw, Vice-Pres., R. A.
Kirk, R. C. Jefferson, H. L. Moss, B. F.
Wright, Rev. A. B. Meldrnm, D. D., Rev.
Mnrdock McLeod, of St. Paul; also Rev. P.
H. Cleland, D. D., Duluth; Georfje D. Day-
ton, Worthlngton; B. S. Cook, Owatonna;
Rev. C. T. Burnley, Hudson, Wis.; Judge R.
N. Oaruthers, Grand Forks, N. D.
The faculty of the college numbers six-
teen members, of which the officers are
James ^^'allace, Pres.; George W. Davis,
Dean; Mrs. Julia M. Johnson, Dean of the
^N'oman's Department.
SHATTUCK SCHOOL.
Beginning in 186.5 it has grown into one
of the largest and most prosperous of our
training schools for boys. Its reputation is
almost national, all but ten states having
patronized it. Its present enrollment of
about two hundred includes boys from 2.3
states and Central America, by which its in-
fluence extends over a wider field than a ma-
jority of the colleges. Its past work and the
conditions of its geographical location and
the popular favor assure its success and per-
manence. More than 2,000 have enjoyed its
advantages, in preparing for college or for
an active business life. Its object is to give
boys a thorough education, and to train them
in body, mind and soul to the right way of
thinking and living, and to lead them to a
higher iilane of manhood both by precept
and example. The school points with pride
and confidence to the many it has so trained.
Resources. — In view of its high aims and
the demands upon it, its resources are all too
limited. It began with nothing, either in
buildings or money. It has depended wholly
iiI)on its earnings for its maintenance, care-
ful business management having made it
self-supporting from the beginning. It is not
curried on for any one's profit. Whatever
can be saved is used for the improvement of
the school. Every dollar given it has been
ajiplied to the erection of a building, or been
added to the scholarship endowment. It was
never so pi'osperous, nor so wortliy the con-
fidence and the cooperation of the friends of
education. This condition with the ]n-elimi-
nary work done, and the ac(]uisition of a
beautiful location and property that have
cost more than .|:!.50.0()0, together with a
scholarship endowment of .|10.3,000 for the
partial aid of boys of limited means, are the
guarantee it otters for a wise, economical
and .safe use of gifts and bequests entrusted
to it. The experience of its managers stretch-
ing over more than thirty years has qualified
them to expend money to the best advantage
to secure its permanent usefulness. An in-
spection of the school will convince any one
that there has been a wise, careful use of the
money donated, and the utmost good faith in
carrying out the wishes of the donors.
Needs. — A good boarding school has su-
perior advantages for fitting boys for college,
for business, for life. Amply endowed, it
does it better, and works more independent-
ly, with more confidence in the future, than
the one that has nothing but tuition fees to
sustain its work. It does the foundation
work for the boy who goes to college; it takes
the place of the college with many others.
Its instruction is thorough and advanced,
bnl the best work of a good school, and
which makes it even more valuable to a boy
than the college, is character building. The
imjiressions on the mind and character are
more easily made and are more lasting at the
scliool age than at the college age. The im-
provement of the secondary work is there-
fore of far more benefit to the public than
any increase in the number of the colleges.
Its endowment, and ample means for the em-
jiloyment of the very best teaching ability,
foi' providing every building and facility
necessary for the best work, and for the hap-
])iness and the well-being of boys in this
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
formative period, will c-ontribiite more to-
ward developing the right kind of manhood
than anything that can come later. A good
endowment is for these and other reasons n
supreme need for the best type of training
school that is founded with a view to its be-
coming a permanent institution.
The location, grounds and grouping of
the buildings are strikingly beautiful, and
some of the buildings are among the best in
the country. Three other buildings, and a
Primary Department for very young boys,
are, in addition to the endowment, the press-
ing needs, and plans for these buildings are
now in course of preparation. As stated
under the head of Eesources, the sum applied
from donations and earnings for the upbuild-
ing of the school and the scholarship fund is
nearly |500,000. To erect the additional
buildings, found a Primary Department, and
provide the adequate endowment requires as
much more. It is not too much to say, that
the great endowed school of the West can be
established more successfully and with less
cost on this foundation than in any other
way. Gifts and bequests of money or prop-
erty are sought to help in doing this.
Need I say more to interest those who
can appreciate good management and de-
voted work for the training of the young?
JAMES DOBBIN, Rector.
Faribault, Minn.
MEN OF PROGRESS.
PILLSBURY. JOHN SAKGENT. -The
name of John S. Pillsbury is so interwoven
with the development and growtli of Min-
nesota from its territorial, inchoate condi-
tion, to its present proud and commanding
position as the Empire State of the great
Northwest, that a synopsis of his successful
career would require a large volume, and
then not contain the essential ingredients of
his character which have most contributed
to the result. Integrity, acumen, prescience,
public spirit, sagacity, patriotism, loyalty
and noble aspirations cannot be weighed and
measured in their influence-producing effects.
The most intangible forces seem to be the
most potent, and yet the most elusive when
subject to description. The combination of
forces in a person is conventionally called
"force of character." When this is exhibited
in action some inference may be drawn. But
this must be always inadequate to poi-tray
the real man. In dealing with the life of
John S. Pillsbury. these limitations must be
considered. The influence of his character
could not be confined to his local habitation
any more than could the ai^oma of a flower
garden be fenced in. In public estimation —
and of very great importance — the preserva-
tion of the credit of the .state by liquidating
the old railroad bonds and the rescue of the
State University from collapse, if not from
oblivion, are perhaps the two most distin-
guished public achievements of Mr. Pills-
bury. Mr. Pillsbury was born at Sutton,
Merrimac county, N. H., July 2i), 182S. His
father was John Pillsbury, a manufacturer,
and a man for a long life, prominent in local
and state affairs. He was a desceudant of
Joshua Pillsbury, who came from England
in 1640, and settled at Newburyport,
Mass., where he received a grant of laud,
a portion of which still remains in the pos-
session of his descendants, one of whom,
Micijah Pillsbury, went to New Hampshire
in 171)0 and settled at Sutton. He was the
great-grandfather of John S. Pillsbury,
whose mother likewise was of early Puritan
ancestry. Her maiden name was Susan
Wadleigh. The descendants of the Pills-
burys have been numerous, and many of
them have filled positions of honor and trust
with fidelity and credit. John's early educa-
tion was confined to the common schools of
his native town, which, in those days, were
of limited facilities. When a sturdy lad he
commenced to learn the printer's trade. The
business, however, did not prove congenial,
so he abandoned it, and secured employment
as a clerk in the general country store of his
older brother, George, at Warner, N. H.
After four years George sold his busi-
ness, and John continued to work in the
store under the new proprietor for tw*years
longer. Then, shortly after he became of
age, he went into business for himself, with
^Valter Harriman as partner. It is worthy
of remark that each of these partners was
afterwards governor of a state — Mr. Harri-
man governor of New Hampshire, and Mr.
Pillsbury governor of Minnesota. When
this partnership was dissolved he went to
Concord, in the same state, and engaged in
business as a merchant tailor and cloth deal-
er, which he continued for two years. In the
meantime, becoming satisfied with his apti-
tude for mercantile life, he was on the look-
out for a good place in which to [)ermanent-
ly settle. In 1853 he made a tour of the
West for this purpose. The Falls of St. An-
thony captivated him. He was satisfied that
a metropolis would grow up around them.
Without loss of time he settled on the east
side of the Mississippi river, where the prin-
cipal settlement was made and called St.
Anthony. He engaged in the hardware busi-
ness, and because of the large demand for
such goods in the rapidly developing com-
munity, his enterprise was at once prosper-
JOHN SARGENT PILLSBURT.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ous. The only way for a merchant to obtain
goods in any considerable (luantity. at that
time, was by water transportation up the
river from the railroad's terminal point. It
was therefore necessary to secure in the fall
a stock sufficient to supply the demand until
navigation opened the following sprinii —
that is, for live or six months. In the fall of
1S5C, Mr. Pillsbury had safely housed in his
warehouse a larj-e consignment to sui)ply his
trade. It was difficult to obtain insurance,
there being then only one small Illinois com-
pany represented in the town, and that not
deemed very strong. Mr. Pillsbury's store
was insured for a small amount, but the
warehouse containing the hulk of his stock
was considered as not being in much danger.
But a fire started and a high wind soon de-
stroyed this storehouse with its valuable con-
tents, involving a loss of thirty-six thousand
dollars. The goods had been bought mostly
on the usual credit terms. Then, to make
the matter worse, the panic of 1857 came on.
Those who now know Mr. Pillsbury"s capac-
ity for snatching victory from apparent de-
feat— as in the University muddle, and in
the railroad bonds matter — will not be sur-
prised to know that he, instead of succumb-
ing to the appalling disaster, went to work
to retrieve his misfortune in a manner which
may fairly be called heroic. Of course, he
was compelled to ask an extension from his
creditors. One or two small ones, however,
determined to take advantage of the law
which gave the first attaching creditor all
the i»roperty, without regard to the interests
of other creditors. When their design was
known Mr. Pillsbury made an assignment to
protect all the creditors alike. He then suc-
ceeded in obtaining an extension of time for
the payment of his obligations, giving his
notes for payment. The times continued
fearfully dull, but he worked with desperate
energy. He lived in a house for which he
paid ^150 a year, and he supported his fam-
ily on |400 a year. Neither he nor his wife
had a new suit of clothes for six years. When
his first note for |1,200, given to one of his
largest Boston creditors, became due and was
sent on for collection, the best Mr. Pillsbury
could do was to pay on it the pittance of |25.
He made that payment and jiromised to send
on more as soon as he could get together
$23.00. He kept his promise, and in this way
paid the note a few months before the second
one of like amount became due. When this
was sent on for collection, all the notes c-ame
with it, each endorsed to J. S. Pillsbury "for
collection." He could not understand it at
first. It was a strange proceeding to have
his own notes returned to him in this manner.
However, he finally paid every obligation
and was fairly on his feet again in five years.
He then bought a new suit of clothes and
went on to Boston. His old creditor greeted
him very cordially, saying, "You are the man
who pays a •11,200 note $25 at a time. I'm
glad to see you.'" Then turning to his man-
ager he said, "Whatever Mr. Pillsbury wants
at any time, let him have it, and if you
haven't got it, send out and buy it for him,
and if they want to know anything about Mr.
Pillsbury in Xew York, tell them he's the
best man on earth," or words to that effect.
Mr. Pillsbury was now stronger than ever.
Notwithstanding the precarious condition of
general western credit at that time, Mr. Pills-
iiury could command whatever he needed.
Although he was so absorbed in business
that an ordinary man would deem it work
enough, Mr. Pillsbury did not neglect his
work as a citizen. He was always actively
interested in public affairs. In 185G he was
elected a member of the City Council of St.
Anthony, which was then the center of po-
litical control. By repeated re-elections he
served in this body for six years. He was so
tied up with his business obligations that he
could not honorably abandon them and go
into the army during the war — although that
would have been an easy way to escape from
his burdens. But when the Civil War broke
out he rendered efficient service in organiz-
ing the first three regiments. In 1SG2 he also
assisted in raising and ecpiipping a battalion
of mounted men to serve against the Indians.
In 1851 congress gave Minnesota forty-six
thousand acres of land to build a university.
To raise money the land was mortgaged for
forty thousand dollars. When the first build-
ing was completed it was moi-tgaged for fif-
teen thousand dollars. This was during the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
panic of 1X57. In the tonrst' of two or three
jears tlie creditors became clamorons for
some paj. The legislatnre was not able to
make an appropriation, and the friends of
the enterprise "generally, felt that the prop-
erty must be turned over to the creditors to
let them get what they could out of it. Mr.
Pillsbury, though not a scholar himself, was
keenly interested in the cause of education,
and he determined, if possible, to save the
university to the state, that the youth of the
state might have the best facilities for an
education. It became almost a passion with
him. To show the desperate condition of the
affairs of the university it may be well to say
that the governor of the state in his message
of 1802, only voiced the prevailing opinion
when he was compelled to own that he could
see no other way out of the financial embar-
rassment of the university than to give all
the granted lands to the creditors to extin-
guish the debt. The next year Mr. Pillsbury
was appointed one of the regents of the uni-
versity and began to investigate the affairs,
and finally devised a plan to extricate the in-
stitution from its difficulty. For the time
being he made its affairs his own, and ap-
plied his business sagacity and acumen to its
deliverance. He was also, the same year,
1863, elected to the state senate. Here he
proposed his plan. It was to create a new-
board of regents with plenary power to deal
with all the affairs of the university. He
was ably assisted by Hon. John M. Berry,
later a justice of the supreme court. He
drew up and introduced the bill which be-
came a law March 4, 1864, which provided
that the regents should give bonds each, in
the amount of twenty-five thousand dollars.
They were empowered to "compromise, set-
tle and pay any and all claims" and "to sell
at public or i)rivate sale" the whole or any
part of the land for cash, or on credit. In a
woi"d, the new regents had as full control
over the uni\ersity property as if it had been
their own. The new regents were John S.
Pillsbury, O. C. Merriam, also of St. Anthony,
and John Nicols, of St. Paul. Mr. Pillsbury
took upon himself the untangling of the com-
plicated M'eb of claims — some of long stand-
ing, some items in dispute, some scattered
east and west. This difficult and delicate
task required Mr. Pillsbury to travel to dis-
tant jilaces. and to devote months of time in
adjusting satisfactorily to creditors and to
the friends of the university the jumble
placed in his hands. It was, however, finally
accomplished. He succeeded in discharging
every lien and debt to the satisfaction of all
concerned, and yet saved to the university
thirty thousand acres of land, the campus of
twenty-five acres, and the buildings, which
alone were worth about seventy-five thou-
sand dollars. ITiis was a voluntary work of
his heart, without compensation to himself,
except the joy of a noble duty well done.
Mr. Pillsbury was in the senate neai'ly all the
time from 1863 to 1876, and always managed
to secure a liberal appropriation from the
legislature — even when others deemed it
hopeless. Very naturally his successful deal-
ing with university affairs gave him a wide
reputation throughout the state. He is a
Kejjublican, although in no sense a politician.
In 1875 he was nominated by the Bepub-
licans for governor, and elected. The state
needed the best business ability it could com-
mand, for the panic of 1873 had just left its
devastating trail; the grasshopper scourge
afflicted the farming community, and with it,
every business interest; the long repudiated
railroad bonds were a stain upon the escutch-
eon of the state, which, besides the moral
obloquy, were a source of financial trouble.
The propositions offered for settling these
claims had been so rejected by the people
that most of the prominent public men w^ere
afraid to meddle with the subject. But Mr.
Pillsbury believed that honesty was just as'
obligatory to the state as to an individual.
He became terribly in earnest that the
state should be honest. Here was to be his
home, and he did not want to live in a state
which rejnidiated its debts — no matter' how
they had been contracted. He was almost
alone in these views. There were only seven
other prominent men in his home community
who favored the payment of the repudiated
bonds. He did not hesitate to urge at all
times the liquidation of the debt. His views
were known when he was elected governor.
In five successive messages to the legislature
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
and in every legitimate and honorable way
lie sought to bring about a settlement. The
ojiposition claimed that the bonds were ille-
gally issued. It was diffleult to get a judicial
decision from the supreme court to deter-
mine this question, by reason of technical
difficulties in the way. Although the people
who did not fully understand the matter and
who had been misled by politicians, rejected,
by a vote of about three to one, the proposi-
tion for settlement. Governor Pillsbury suc-
ceeded in inducing the legislature to author-
ize him to U]ipoint seven judges of the dis-
trict court — or if necessary one or more
from the supreme court — to form a commis-
.sion to decide upon the legality of the bonds.
Tlie first judges approached to accept an ap-
pointment on the commission refused to
serve — such was the unpopularity of the gov-
ernor's motive. There was, for a time, dan-
ger that he could not form a commission.
However, when he succeeded, and the com-
mission met to consider the question, they
were confronted by an injunction procured
by the repudiationists to prevent the commis-
sion from acting. This was the best thing
that could happen, for it brought the ques-
tion before the supreme court, which not
only dissolved the injunction, but pro-
nounced the bonds valid, and made the pro-
posed work of the commission useless. But
the work of extinguishing the hateful debt
was not yet done. It was necessary that the
legislature should provide funds. In antici-
pation of a settlement. Governor Pillsbury
had secured the surrender of the old bonds.
Now some of the bondholders wanted to re-
pudiate their agreement and demanded the
surrender of their bonds, which by the decis-
ion were valuable. But the governor would
not give them up. He held them to their con-
tract. When every (juibble against the pay-
ment of the bonds had been demolished. Gov-
ernor Pillsbury made his final appeal to the
legislature. It was a masterly argument,
and won. Even then it required great cir-
cumspection to execute and deliver the new
bonds, for feeling ran high, and the danger
of physical as well as legal interference was
imminent. But even that was successfully
circumvented and the subject has quietly
passed into history which redounds to the
credit of the persistent and courageous gov-
ernor, who declared from the outset that he
would 'go into every school district of the
state, if necessary, to convince the people of
the absolute justice and honesty of paying:
the railroad bonds." The scourge of grass-
hoppers was at its height during a part of his
six years of administration as governor. He
vetoed the first crude bills for ai)propriations
to purchase seed wheat for the sufferers, be-
cause the sowing of wheat was worse than
useless, so long as the pest remained. His
wisdom was fully justified by subsequent ex-
perience. He secured a council of governors
of the affected states to organize a co-opera-
tion for exterminating the grasshoppers. It
met at Omaha, Neb., in October, 1876,
and elected Governor Pillsbury president.
He traveled, incognito, the infested region in
midwinter to ascertain from personal in-
vestigation the true situation and the con-
dition of the peoi)le. He visited thirty-two
counties and met with many pathetic inci-
dents. The willing beggars had been forced
out of the country. Those that remained had
the right stuff in them. To relieve the im-
mediate wants of many, he gave liberally
from his private means. When he returned
with his full personal knowledge, he made
such an appeal to the benevolent that a gen-
erous response was received from all parts
of the country. (Jovernor Pillsbury and his
wife attended personally, with scrupulous
and exacting fidelity, to the distribution of
the supplies. They were generously carried
to their destination by the railroads and ex-
press companies, free of charge. Ministers
and country physicians having no selfish in-
terests to serve, and being familiar with the
conditions, were appointed as distributing
agents. There were over six thousand peo-
ple relieved in this manner, and it is safe to
say that no supplies were ever distributed
more equitably. Later the legislature made
appropriations for supplying seed wheat to
the sufferers. The execution of this law was
put upon the governor, and it involved a
stupendous amount of work. To put the seed
where it was wanted in so many ditferent lo-
cations, in different counties, and in time for
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
early spring planting, was a task of immense
difiioiilty. Early in the spring of 1877, at the
express wish of several religious bodies, and
in accordance with an old New England cus-
tom, Governor Pillsbury issued a proclama-
tion for a day of "fasting and prayer.'" This
attracted attention throughout the country,
and provoked some criticism, but it was
largely observed in the state, and it inspired
many with a new hope. When it was found
that the grasshoppers disappeared, and that
the harvests of the year were unusually
bountiful, especially in the infected districts,
many people believed that the prayers were
truly answered. There has been since no
such affliction in the state. In 1877 Mr.
Pillsbury was again elected governor. Dur
ing his inspection of the region devastated
by the grasshoppers he discovered a number
of county ofQcers who w^re totally incompe-
tent from ignorance, and some who were dis
honest by inclination. He saw that it was
necessary to have some remedy for this state
of aflairs. He therefore drew the bill for the
appointment of a public examiner to investi-
gate all public offices and accounts and to
devise an efficient method of keeping public
records. The bill became a law. It gives the
governor the power to remove n.n objection-
able officer. This has proved to be a valuable
safeguard to the people. By his action the
governor saved one county alone thirty thou
sand dollars. The law has been adopted in
several other states and will no doubt even-
tually become as universal as the "official
ballot." He also secured the passage of the
law creating a high school board to complete
the chain connecting the district school with
the university. Education has always been
a subject close to his heart. He was a stern
defender of the school fund and at one time
set his face so strongly against a proposition
to sell the school lands, that the matter has
been dropped ever since. Mr. Pillsbury also
succeeded in having the session of the legis-
lature made biennial instead of annual, to
the marked improvement of the quality of
the laws, as well as a saving in expense.
When the railroads defaulted ujion their
contracts to build railroads the lands grant-
ed as aid were forfeited and reverted to the
state. These were then sold to settlers.
Afterwards the state gave a new contract
to the railroad companies and returned the
lands to them, except those lands sold to
settlers who had gone on and improved their
claims in good faith. This gave rise to many
contests betewen the settlers and a rail-
road company. One arrangement required
the settlers to go to the capital. 8t. Paul, to
fight for their lands. Governor Pillsbury
took the attorney general and judge and
proper officers to hold a court in the counties
where these lands were in dispute, because
the settlers could not meet the expense of a
journey to St. Paul and maintenance while
there contesting for their fanns. The gover-
nor spent eighteen months in settling these
claims and saved the farms of 400 settlers.
The attempted bank robbery at Xorthfield,
where the brave cashier who foiled the rob-
bers was killed, brought out another praise-
worthy trait of Mr. Pillsbury's character —
that of coolness and judgment in times of
excitement. There was a clamor for calling
out troops to arrest the bandits who were
trying to escape from the state. Believing
that quick action was better than a military
expedition, necessarily slow, he offered on his
own resjjonsibility a reward for the arrest of
the outlaws. His plan was successful, and the
most of them were killed or captured within
less time than it would have taken to get a
military column in motion. When it was de-
cided by the legislature to enlarge the capitol
by the addition of a wing to the old building,
§14,000 was appropriated for the purpose.
Xo one could be found to take the contract
at that price, and it was generally predicted
that it would cost two or three times that
amount. Governor Pillsbury hired men and
supervised the work himself and brought
the wing within the sum mentioned. The
legislature adjourned and by an oversight
neglected to nmke the necessary approi)ria-
tion for paying the current expenses of the
state penitentiary at Stillwater. To prevent
the calling of an extra session of the legisla-
ture, which would cost the state from fifty
to seventy-five thousand dollars, he advanced
$55,00 from his private funds to keep the
prison running and to save the common-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
wealth that extra expense. Subsequently,
when the hospital for the insane at St. Peter
was burned, just before winter set in, he
saved the state the expense of an extra ses-
sion of the legislature, which would have
been necessary to provide for the emergency,
and he prevented the suffering of the in-
mates by advancing from his private ex-
chequer the necessary funds. In 1879, al-
though contrary to jirecedent, and not de-
sired by himself because of the growth and
size of his private business, he was elected
governor for a third term — the only instance
of a third election to the office in the history
of the state. From all indications, from the
urgent solicitations of prominent public men,
and the almost universal approval of his
three administrations, he could have been
elected for a fourth term, but he positively
declined to be considered again. The capitol
was burned March 1, 1881, in the early even-
ing. Before midnight, by telegraph, a tender
of the old market house at St. Paul was
made for the use of the legislature. This
was the first news of the disaster received
by the governor, who was at home in Minne-
apolis. In the morning the offer was accept-
ed, and subsequently by his influence, the
capitol was rebuilt on the old site. Another
evidence of his broadmindeduess was shown
conspicuously in his selection of judges for
the supreme and the district courts, when the
legislature increased the judicial service. Al-
though a staunch Rejmblican, out of three
appointments for the supreme court, he ap-
pointed two Democrats, and for the district
courts he appointed several Democrats.
These selections were approved by the peo-
ple generally, and subsequent experience has
abundantly conflrmd the wisdom of Gover-
nor Pillsbury's choice. His liberality and
munificence have always kept pace with his
prosperity, from the time that he generously
relieved the grasshopper scourge sufferers
from his private purse, up to his princely
gifts for public uses. In 1889 he built and
gave to the University of Minnesota the mag-
nificent structure known as "Science Hall,"
erected at a cost of .1150,000. In 1892 he pre-
sented to his native town, Sutton, N. H.,
a fine town hall, as a memorial of
his father, John Pillsbury, and his mother,
Susan 'Wadleigh Pillsbury. In 1898 Mrs.
Pillsbury, his wife, established an endow-
ment fund of .|1 00,000 for "The Home for
Children and Aged Women," in Minneapolis.
In 1900 he and his wife erected in the same
city a home for working girls, at a cost of
$25,000. Through his business management
the State Agricultural College and Experi-
ment Station farm were secured for the state
without costing it a cent. In 1901 he deter-
mined to give to Minneajtolis as complete a
library building for the "East Side" — which
has always been his home — as could be de-
vised, which will cost .f75,000. This is for
the especial benefit of the families of the six
or seven thousand mill hands working there.
There is no room here for a history of his
successful efforts in building up the flour
mills which have made the name of "Pills-
bury" famous throughout the world, and
made the city of Minneapolis the world's
greatest milling center. It is enough here to
say that this gigantic business is due to the
capital and business sagacity of JoUn S.
Pillsbury. He has always been the founda-
tion and motive power of the enterprise and
has never been out of touch with it. The
greatest merit of all is the fact that by his
firmness and principle, and unswerving loy-
alty to Minneapolis and the Northwest, he
prevented the transfer of the property to a
trust. He resisted the temptation of almost
fabulous sums to yield control, which by the
scratch of a pen he had the i)ower to do, and
thus relieve himself of a vast responsibility
when ease in comfoi'table circumstances is
grateful. For this integrity and steadfast-
ness the whole world owes him honor. Gov-
ernoi' Pillsbury, November i!, 185G, was mar-
ried to Miss Maliala Fisk, the daughter of
("a])tain John Fisk, who came from Suft'olk,
England, in 1837, and settled at Windoui,
Mass. She has been a worthy help-uu'ot.
deeply intei-ested in ln-r Imshaud's j)lans,
and ably assisting \\li('rc Ikm- efforts
would avail. Tlicy have had four children —
Addie, horn October 4, 1859, the deceased
wife of Charles M. Webster; Susan M., born
June 23, 1863, the wife of Fred B. Snyder,
the well known lawver and state senator
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
from Minueapolis; Sarali Belle, born June 30,
1866, and Alfred Fick Pillsbur.T, born Oc-
tober 20, 1868.
MENDENHALL, Richard Junius.— Com-
ing in the early 50's to the then practically
unknown west, and locating at the little set-
tlement by the falls of St. Anthony, Richard
J. Mendenhall has been identified with the
city of Minneapolis from its early growth,
and in his 15 years of residence he has had
a varied business record — that of surveyor,
land agent, banker and florist. In the early
decades of the city's development few were
more actively identified with those interests
which were calculated to advance its wel-
fare. Struggling often with poor health,
his resolution and power of will overcame
every obstacle, and turning by adverse cir-
cumstances from one field of enterprise he
launched boldly and with enthusiasm into
another, finally reaping in later years the
success he so richly merited. Entomology
and botany have been his scientific diver-
sions throughout the whole of his career,
and applying to them his business experi-
ence he has built up a reputation as a florist
which has made his name known through-
out the entire northwest. Mr. Mendenhall
traces his ancestry directly back to the
"Quaker" Mendenhall who came over with
William Penn, and who was the founder of
the American family of that name. Rich-
ard Mendenhall, his great great grandson,
and the father of the subject of this sketch,
was a tanner by profession and carried
on an extensive business at Jamestown,
N. C, from which he realized a comfortable
fortune. He was a member of the North
Carolina legislature for several years, and
an ardent abolitionist. The interest he
took, however, in organizing Sunday schools
among the colored people nearly led to his
being hanged by some of the more rabid
slave-holders. As his ancestors before him,
he was a follower of the Quaker creed and
a prominent member of the Society of
Friends in North Carolina. His wife, Mary
Pegg, was a descendant of an old Welsh
family which settled in Maryland at an ear-
ly period. She was a woman of strong char-
acter and a worthy help-mate. Richard J.
was born at Jamestown, N. C. November
25, 1828. His educataional opportunities
were of a somewhat limited nature. After
a few brief years at the village school, he
spent a year at the Quaker boarding school
at New Garden, N. C. At fourteen, he
went to Greensboro and lived with a
physician, who was also the postmaster, and
assisted in the work of the oflice, but later
returned to his native town, working in his
uncle's store. When twenty years of age he
went to Providence, R. I., and entered
the celebrated Friends' School at that
place. For a short time afterwards he
taught school at North Falmouth, Mass.
During the next few years he followed
the occupation of a civil engineer, travel-
ing through the eastern states, finally
coming west, and had charge of a survey-
ing party in Des iloines, Iowa, during the
winter of 1855-56. The following spring, be-
ing afl'ected by a hemorrhage of the lungs,
he decided to come further north for his
health, reaching ilinneapolis on the twenty-
seventh day of April, 1856. He entered into
partnership here with Mr. Cyrus Beede, un-
der the firm name of Beede & Mendenhall,
carrying on a banking and exchange business.
The following year proved disastrous to the
young firm through extensive loans made on
what proved to be worthless security, but
they held on, preserving their credit, and
doing such business as was possible under
the adverse conditions. In November, 1862,
Mr. Mendenhall became president of the
State Bank of Minnesota, having purchased '
a half interest in the capital stock of that
concern, and continued as such until 1871.
He was also president of the State Savings
Association, which was connected with the
National Bank. When the panic of 1873
came the savings bank was forced to sus-
pend and nearly all his fortune was swept
away by the crash. He then turned his at-
tention to horticulture, a subject in which
he had always taken a great interest. In
prosperous times he had erected near his
family residence a greenhouse, where he de-
voted his leisure moments to the cultivation
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of choice exotics, as -well as the more com-
mon flowers. The o^reenhouses were at
once extended and his business grew in
magnitude until he built up what is probably
the largest cut flower business in the north-
west, and lias in his greenhouses the choicest
plants from all parts of the world. Though
a man of seventy-two years of age he still
takes as much interest in his floral beauties
as he did in his youthful days. Mr. Menden-
hall has always taken an active part in poli-
tics, but never to the extent of seeking office.
He has voted for those candidates whom he
thought would make the best men for the
office to which they aspired, regardless of
their political affiliations; but he never
shirked his own responsibility as a citizen.
He served as treasurer of the town of Min-
neapolis in ISGl*, and as treasurer of the
Minneapolis school board for ten years. He
was also treasurer of the Minnesota Mutual
Insurance Company for the same number of
years. He was a delegate to the national
board of trade for three successive years, a
delegate to the river and harbor improve-
ment convention at St. Louis in 1867, and
was president of the state national park for
twelve years. He has been a member of the
State Horticultural society since its organi-
zation, and was its president for one year.
Kut no sketch of the life of Mr. Mendenhall
would be complete which did not take into
account the share which his wife had in the
molding of his character and the guiding of
his life. Her maiden name was Abby Grant
Swift. She was the youngest of a family of
seven daughters. Her father, Silas Swift,
was a sturdy sea captain. She grew up to
young womanhood in tlie little village of
West Falmouth, Mass., attending the com-
mon schools, but was prevented by ill
health from receiving the advantages of a
seminary or a boarding school education.
This was compensated for in part, however,
by diligent reading and study at home. She
spent a few years at New Bedford, where
she assisted a relative in the conduct of her
business, keeping books and accounts. On
February 11, 185S, she was united in mar-
riage to Mr. Mendenhall, having met him
first when he taught school in West Fal-
laCHAltD J. MENDENHALL.
mouth. She soon became prominent in the
social life of the Society of Friends ia her
new home, and took an active interest in the
missionary work of the church both at home
and abroad. Having no children of her own,
Mrs. Mendenhall became by sympathy and
choice a mother to the unfortunate, and in
every charitable effort she was always a
foremost spirit. Her memory is especially
cherished in connection with her work for
Bethany Home, having been one of the organ-
izers of the society which built this useful
institution, and was the treasurer of that
society during its entire history up to the
time of her death, January 11, 1000.
LYON, Hiram Rogers. — The custody of
other people's money is one of the most re-
sponsible duties that can be assumed, not so
luudi perhaps because of the value of the
trust, but rather by reason of the tempta-
tions which inhere to the control of ready
money. Diamonds of ten times the value of
a sum of money could not attract the temp-
tations which seem to hang around and be-
leaguer ready cash. Brilliant schemes prom-
ising large and (]uick returns seem to crowd
HISTOllY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
HIRAM R. LYON.
around the money safe when any other form
of property would be immune from attack.
Hence a banker, to be successful, must have
a peculiar mental equipment. It is not
enough to be merely honest and to have good
intentions. Such a one may tumble into pit-
falls, as many of them do. He must be well
informed in all matters of finance, stocks,
bonds, mortgages and all sorts of securities.
He must know about the crops, wool, cattle,
commerce, the balance of trade, politics,
"strikes" and a host of other things involv-
ing money. He must be of sound judgment,
conservative, cautious — and yet not too care-
ful; alert, yet not so eager as to be blind to
risk; bold to seize an opportunity, and yet
not rash; kind hearted and jet not maudlin;
generous, though not a spendthrift, and
have many other qualities not essential for
success in other lines of business. There
are bankers who are not so equipped, yet
they manage to get along, but it is more
owing to good fortune than to their own ef-
forts. The crucial test of their fitness may
never have been met, but in the long run it
generally comes. A successful banker of
long standing is therefore a man of more
than common ability.
The First National Bank of Mandan, North
Dakota, is fortunate in having a man at the
head who may fairly be classed with the
ideal portrayed. President Hiram K. Lyon
for nearly twenty years has held a large
share of the i-esponsibility of the bank.
During that time there have been critical
periods in financial circles, as many know
to their sorrow, and Mr. Lyon has faced the
storms like an experienced pilot.
Mr. Lyon was born at Zanesville, Ohio, in
1856. His father was Carlos W. Lyon, who
came to Minnesota in an early day and set-
tled at Wabasha as a grain dealer. He was
also the local agent for the Davidson Line of
steamboats, which at that time was one of
the leading transportation companies and
did a large business. He was a man of in-
fluence, though only in moderate circum-
stances, and was elected mayor of the town.
He was serving in this capacity at the time
of the Indian outbreak. The neighboring
Indians were greatly agitated and the situ-
ation was alarming. Through Mr. Lyon's
influence they were induced to go to Fort
Snelling, where they were kept until the trou-
ble was over. He died in 1865, when Hiram
was only nine years of age. Hiram's moth-
er was born in Philadelphia, her maiden
name being Mary Rogers. She married at
Zanesville, Ohio, where her son was born.
She married for her second husband Capt.
David W. Wellman, a civil engineer, who
was the city engineer of St. Paul. She is
still living, at Los Gatos, California. Hiram
was educated in the public schools and took
a special course in the University of Min- .
nesota. He also attended the Normal school
at Oshkosh, Wis., for two terms. He then
did some work in civil engineering un-
der his step-father. But within one week
after he was of age he secured a position as
messenger in the Second National Bank of
St. Paul. This was really his starting point
in life. He found his sphere, for he proved
so apt and etBcient that he was rapidly pro-
moted to bookkeeper, teller, and cashier
within four years. In 1881 he went to North
Dakota, or Dakota Territory, — as it had not
yet been divided into states, — to look up a
place for a new bank. He selected Mandan,
HISTOKY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ever since his home. The present bank was
organized by him in August, 1881. The next
year, April 1, 1882, Mr. Lyon came and
took charge of the bank as cashier. In 1881
he was elected president of the institution,
grown to be one of the most substantial in
the state. Mr. Lyon has always been a IJe-
publican, as bis forefathers have been, but
has held few public offices. He served on
the governor's staff three terms as a mem-
ber of the Agricultural Board. He is a
member of the Royal Arcanum and of the
Minneapolis Club, which he joined while teni
porarily living in Minneapolis in charge of
the Xorth Dakota Millers' Association prop-
erty. Besides being interested in the bank-
ing business of the country, Mr. Lyon has in-
terests in lumber and in farm machinery
business. He is also president of the Mis-
souri Valley ISIilling Company, and of the
Lyon Elevator Company, with headquarters
at Mandan. Mr. Lyon is a member of the
Episcopal church, and is married and has
one child, Caroline Rogers Lyon, now near-
ly seven years old. He has also a step-son,
Robert Meech — his wife's son by a former
marriage, — now about fifteen years of age,
and a student at Shattuck school, Faribault.
SPALDING, Burleigh Folsom, congress-
man from North Dakota, comes from old
colonial stock. He is a descendant, in the
eighth generation, from Edward Spalding,
who migrated to Virginia from England in
161"J, settling in Massachusetts in l(j:?0, and
on the maternal side, in the eighth genera-
tion, from John Folsom, who came to this
country from England and settled in Massa-
chusetts about 1638. His ancestors on both
sides fought in all the early colonial and
Indian wars, and at least three of his great
grandfathers participated in the Revolu-
tionary' war. Benjamin Spalding, his great
grandfather, was one of the earliest settlers
of Drleans county, Vermont, settling in
Craftsbury, where he died, in 1838. liis
grandfather, Noah Spalding, was a noted
teacher in northern Vermont, and served in
the war of 1812. The father of the subject
of this sketch was Benjamin Pendell Spal-
BUKLEIGH F. SI'ALDING.
ding, who was an itinerant preacher of the
Methodist Episcopal church in Vermont«nd
New Hampshire. Ann Folsom, his wife,
was a daughter of Rev. ^Moses Folsom, a
Free Baptist preacher of the same two
states. She taught school in Vermont for
several years before her marriage, and was
noted in her vocation as among the best.
Their son, Burleigh, was born in Craftsbury,
Orleans county, Vermont, December 3, 1853.
He attended the common schools of Ver-
mont, summer and winter, till he was eleven
years old, then only the winter term till he
was seventeen. This was supplemented by
an attendance at the Lyndon Literary Insti-
tute and the Norwich University, the latter
being the military college of Vermont. He
graduated from this institution in 1877,
with the degree of B. Ph., and was honored
with the degree of M. A. from his alma ma-
ter in 1897. He was compelled to pay his
own way through college, and earned the
funds with which to do so by teaching dur-
ing the winter, and working on the farm or
canvassing for books in the summer. The
winter of 1877-78 he taught in the Albany
Aradriiiy. and then, having a desire to take
up the legal ]irofessi(in as his vocation in
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
life, read law with tlie firm of Gleasou &
Field, in Montpelier. During the session of
1878 he served as a clerk in the Vermont
legislature. He was admitted to the Wash-
ington county bar, March 15, 1880, and im-
mediately came west, settling at Fargo, Da-
kota Territory, March 31. The following
May he entered into a partnership with Hon.
S. G. Roberts, one of the earliest settlers of
Fargo, and at the end of one year purchased
his interest and formed a partnership with
Hon. C. F. Templeton, which continued un-
til 1888. He then practiced alone till 1892,
when he formed a partnership with George
H. Phelps. In 1893, Mr. Seth Newman was
admitted to the partnership. Mr. Phelps
withdrew from the firm in 1896, and, in 1S98,
the firm of Newjnan, vSpalding & Stambaugh
was formed, which still continues, and is
one of the best known law tirms in the state.
Mr. Spalding has always enjoyed a lucrative
practice and has been engaged in many of
the most important cases tried in any of the
courts of his home state. From the begin-
ning of his residence in Dakota he always
took an active interest in politics. His po-
litical affiliations have always been with the
Republican party. In 1883 the legislature
of Dakota Territory elected him as a mem-
ber of a commission of nine to re-locate the
capital and build the capitol buildings, and
he served for several years as secretary of
this commission. He was superintendent
of public instruction for Cass county from
1882 to 1884, and served as a member of the
convention which framed the constitution
of the new state of North Dakota in 1889.
He also served on the joint commission to
divide the archives and property of the terri-
tory between the two new states of North
Dakota and South Dakota. He served as
chairman of the Republican state central
committee from 1892 to 1894; and in 1896,
of Cass County Republican committee. In
1898 he was nominated to congress on the
Republican ticket, and M'as elected by the
handsome majority of 9,938. He declined a
renomination in 1900 by refusing to be a
party to a combination formed in the state
convention of that year to parcel out state
offices. Mr. Spalding made an admirable
record during his two years' term in the
lower house of congress. He was one of the
hard-working men of that body and could
always be depended upon to look out for the
interests of his constituents. He served on
the territorial and war claims' committees,
and was chairman of the subcommittee to
prepare a system of government for Alaska.
He also introduced and secured the passage
of the bill opening Fort Buford military res-
trvation to settlement. This reservation in-
cludes about 517,000 acres. The bill is said
to be the most important passed by any new
member at the first session of this Fifty-
sixth congress. North Dakota lost a valua-
ble man to represent its interests in con-
gress when Mr. Spalding declined to join
the slope forces in their combination to con-
trol state offices, and by so doing practically
declining a renomination. But she will not
be deprived of his services in other ways.
He is a man who will always take a fore-
most position in public affairs, contributing
freely of his time to the best interests of his
adopted state. He did effective work on the
stump in the campaign of 1900, speaking
from one end of the state to the other, and
contributed in no small measure to the large
vote polled for the Republican ticket in that
year. Mr. Spalding is a prominent member
of the JIasonic fraternity. He has taken
the thirty-second degree in the Scottish
Rite, has served as High Priest of Keystone
Chapter, and is one of the trustees of the
Masonic Temple at Fargo. He is also a
Knight Templar. He was married, Novem-
ber 25, 1880, to Alida Baker, daughter of
David and Emily H. (Cutler) Baker, of Glov-
er, Vermont. Their union has been blessed
with five children: Deane Baker, born April
12, 1882; Frances Folsom, born December
20, 1888; Roscoe Conkling, born January 9,
1890; Burleigh Mason, born April 9, 1891,
and Carlton Cutler, born January 21, 1896.
WOOLMAN, Joseph P., is United States
marshal for the district of Montana, to
which position he was appointed in May,
1898. He was born February 5, 1841,
at Woodstown, Salem county, N. J. His
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
father, James Woolman, was a leading- manu-
facturer in that place, and was also en-
gaged in farming. He was a man who took
quite a prominent part in the affairs of his
own community and was regarded as a
shrewd and capable business man. His
wife's maiden name was Mary Ann Pedrick.
She was a worthy woman in every respect,
self-sacrificing where the interests of those
she loved were concerned, and was the moth-
er of eleven children. On his father's side.
Mr. Woolman is descended from ^^■illianl
Woolman, and his son John, who came over
from England in 1678 and settled in New
Jersey. They belonged to that large and
worthy class of Quakers who came to Amei'-
ica to escape persecution in their mother
country, and who took so prominent a part in
the building up of the colonies. John Wool
man, the great great uncle of the subject of
this sketch, was a noted Quaker jtreacher.
The Pedricks were settlers of New Jersey in
the early colonial times, and from this fam-
ily the village of Pedricktown, in Salem
county, derived its name. Joseph received
his early educational training in a private
school conducted by the Society of Friends
and in the public schools of his native town.
Later in life he attended the First Pennsyl-
vania State Normal school at Millersville, in
Lancaster county. He taught school in New
Jersey during the winter of 1861-62, going
from there to Philadelphia, where he
worked as a salesman in a retail and whole-
sale dry goods store for the next two years.
While living in Philadelphia he served as a
member of the Pennsylvania state militia in
1863, which was engaged in repelling the reb-
el invasion of that state, and was under fire
at Carlisle when Gen. Fitz Hugh Lee burned
the government barracks at that place and
shelled the town. The gold fever struck
him in 1864 and he started for Montana. On
his way there he stopped at Centreville,
Utah, near Salt Lake City, and taught
school during the winter of 1864-65. He
reached Montana in April of the following
year. His first employment was in placer
mining in Last Chance gulch. He gave this
work up in a short time, however, and be-
gan clerking and keeping books for a gro-
.iDSEPH r. wooL^rAN.
eery house at Virginia Citj', and later at
Helena. Being industrious and frugal*in
his habits, he was able after a few years to
interest himself financially in a number of
ditferent enterprises. He became interest-
ed early in ranching and stock raising, but
did not give the business his personal atten-
tion. He is at the present time, however,
largely interested in sheep raising. For sev-
eral years he was the owner of the leading
boot and shoe stoi-e in Helena. He is now
a member of the firm of Holme, Miller & Co.,
which does an extensive hardware, mining
machinery and supplies, and tinware busi-
ness in Dawson, Yukon Territory, Canada.
Mr. Woolman has been a life-long Repub-
lican, and taken an active interest in poli-
tics. He represented Montana on the Cen-
tennial commission of the Philadelphia Ex-
position in 1876, by appointment of Presi-
dent Grant. In 1878 he was appointed by
President Hayes an honorary commissioner
to the Paris International Industrial Expo-
sition of that year. He has also served his
state in a number of important positions of
trust. In 1879 he was appointed auditor of
the then Territory of Montana by Gov.
Potts, and made such a capable and efficient
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
oflBcer that he was reappointed to this posi-
tion by Governors Crosby and Carpenter,
serving continuously in this office until 1887.
In 1808 he was appointed to his present po-
sition as United States marshal of Montana.
He served as chairman of the Republican
territorial central committee in 1880 and
1881, and as chairman of the Republican
state central committee in 1898 and 1899.
Mr. Woolman is a member of the Benevolent
and Protective Order of Elks. His church
connections are with the Society of Friends.
In 1880, he was married to Mrs. Sarah Ellen
Glendinen, n6e McGavran, who died in 1890.
In 1893 he was again married, to Mrs. Cor-
nelia Miller Goodwin, n^e Swiggett. He
has no children. Mr. Woolman resides at
Helena.
BRIGGS, Asa Gilbert.— One of the lead-
ing lights in the legal profession in St. Paul,
Minn., is Asa Gilbert Bi-iggs. The success
he has achieved has been due entirely to his
own unaided efforts. From the age of six-
teen he has been dependent on his own exer-
tions for his support, as well as his educa-
tion. When he opened up an office in St.
Paul to commence the practice of his pro-
fession he had less than one hundred dollars
in his pocket. By careful, painstaking work
he has built up, in the thirteen years he has
been in practice, an enviable reputation as a
lawyer and has the respect of the bar in a
high degree, not only of St. Paul, but the
state as well. Mr. Briggs is of Welsh ex-
traction, his ancestors coming to this country
in the early colonial days and settling in
Massachusetts. His father, Isaac A. Briggs,
was, before he retired, a practicing physician,
and, also, owner of a farm, partly within
and partly without the village limits of Ar-
cadia, Wis., where he resided. He was born
in Vermont in ISIG, moving early in life to
Michigan. In 1858 he migrated to Wisconsin
and located at Arcadia. After thirty years
of active practice, he retired in 1881, moving
three years later to St. Paul, where he has
since resided. Aside from his professional
work, he has been interested at different
times in cattle raising and the lumber and
woolen mill business. His wife, Elizabeth,
is also a native of Vermont, where she was
born in 1819, and was married to Mr. Briggs
in Michigan. The doctor and his wife are
both living, he at the age of 84 and she at
that of 82. Their son, Asa, was born De-
cember 20, 1862, at Arcadia, Trempealeau
county, Wis. He attended the district school
until his thirteenth year, then entered the
graded school at Arcadia. Previous to the
construction of the Green Bay & Winona rail-
way through Arcadia in 1873, that place
only consisted of a small settlement, with a
corner store, and no means of communica-
tion with the outside world, except by horse,
within twenty miles. The schools from that
time on began to improve, and when Asa
was thirteen years of age a new graded
school was built. He graduated with the
first graduating class from this school three
years later. The next two years were de-
voted to teaching in the common district
school in the winter, and working on the
farm in the summer. He was also engaged
in the house-moving business, having pur-
chased an outfit for this purpose. In this
way he was enabled to earn enough money to
pay his expenses for a year's attendance at
the University of Wisconsin. He was eight-
een years of age when he went to Madison
and entered the university, taking the gen-
eral science course, with additional studies
in modern classics. He graduated with the
class of 1885, paying his expenses through
the whole course with the money earned by
his own individual effort. Going to St. Paul
from Madison, he devoted the following year
to making money in the real estate business
and the study of law. Returning to the uni-
versity in 1886, he entered the law depart-
ment, and with the knowledge of law already
acquired was able to do two years' work in
one, graduating the following year. While
at college he was a member of Hesperia Lit-
erary Society, Phi Delta Theta fraternity.
The Senate (an organization specially intend-
ed to give experience in parliamentary prac-
tice), the U. W. Athletic Association, The
E. G. Ryan Debating Society and various
other organizations. During his sophomore
vear he was a member of the debating team
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of the sophomore class at its public enter-
tainment, and was also a membei" of the
joint debating team for 1884 repi-esenting
the Hesperia Society. Foi' over a year he
was managing editor of the University Press,
and was business manager of the first "class
annual" published at the university. At the
commencement exercises he was elected by
the faculty a member of the oration class.
In fact, he was one of the most enthusiastic
and active students at the university during
the course. He was a leading spirit in the
efforts to obtain a gymnasium, and was elect-
ed by a college mass meeting as one of two
members of the university to represent it
before the legislative committees of the ses-
sion of 1885 in making arguments for that
purpose. Immediately after graduating he
came to St. Paul and entered the employ of
the legal department of the St. Paul Title
Insurance Company, remaining with that
firm four months. Is'ovember 15, 1887, he
opened a law office, having desk room only,
in the Chamber of Commerce building. Two
years later he secured more- spacious quar-
ters in the Pioneer Press building, and five
years later removed to the New York Life
building, where he is now located. He was
in partnership for a short time with Hon.
George L. Bunn, the firm being known as
Briggs & Bunn. In 1891 he formed a part-
nership with M. L. Countryman, as Briggs
& Countryman, which continued for two
years. The following two years he practiced
alone, and in July, 1S"J8, associated himself
with J. L. D. Morrison, in the present firm
of Brigg-s & Morrison. Mr. Briggs has en-
joyed a lucrative jn-actice from the begin-
ning. He has always had an active court
practice and has been very successful in a
remarkably large number of contested cases,
among which maj' be mentioned: Williams
vs. Great Northern Railway Company, in
which new rules of expert evidence were es-
tablished; McQueen vs. Burhans and others,
involving the fiduciary relation of the defend-
ant to plaintiff', and a large amount of real
estate, and Mowry vs. McQueen et al, all of
which were decided in the supreme court
of Minnesota. He has also served as attor-
ney for Maurice Auerbach, as receiver of
ASA G. BRIGGS.
Allemania Bank, and A. B. Stickney, as as-
signee of William Dawson. He is at present
attorney for a number of large coi"porations
and has an excellent class of clients. Mr.
Briggs has always been a Republican and
taken an active interest in politics, but has
never sought political preferment for himself.
He was president for two j'ears of a young
men's Republican club of Ramsey county.
He is a member of the Minnesota Club and
the Commercial ('lub, of St. Paul, the Ma-
sonic fraternity and the Royal Arcanum.
Though an attendant of the Presbyterian
cliurch, he is not a member. Oct. 21, 1891,
he was married to Jessica E. Pierce. They
have three children, Allan, Paul Austin and
Mary Elizabeth.
TODD, Frank C— To the sturdy and rug-
ged men who came to the Northwest in the
early pioneer days is to be accredited the
firm foundations on which Minneapolis was
erected and which has assured to her the
})rosperity she now enjoys as the metropolis
of this great Northwest. And it is to the
men who came from the state of Maine, who
from their early childhood were trained to
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
FRANK C. TODD.
frugal and industrious lives, that she owes
much of the energy that was spent in the
building up of her natural resources. The
development of the lumber industry, the
chief of her resources, has made her the
largest lumber market in the world. One
of the first pioneers in this industry was S.
D. Todd, the father of the subject of this
sketch. He married Anna Whicher of Ver-
mont in 1855 and came to St. Anthony in
1856. He followed the lumber business
throughout his whole career, and was en-
gaged in the manufacturing branch of that
industry. The subject of this sketch was
born in Minneapolis. His early education
was received in the public schools of Minneap-
olis, which was supplemented by an attend-
ance at the St. liOuis manual training school.
He then attended the University of Minne-
sota for two years, taking the scientific
course. Later, desiring to take up the med-
ical profession, he entered the medical de-
partment of the same university, graduating
in 1892. After a short period in general
practice he decided to take up a special
training in diseases of the eye and ear and
spent some time in study at the eye and ear
hospitals of New York, Philadelphia and
Chicago. Returning to Minneapolis in 1894
he was appointed clinical assistant in dis-
(^ases of the eye and ear at the University
of ^linnesota. In 1896 he was ai)pointed
clinical instructor at this institution, and
was honored, in 1897, by election as clinical
jirofessor of ear and eye diseases. He is
also attending eye and ear surgeon at the
("ity and Asbury Hospitals, Bethany Home,
Old Ladies' and Children's Home, Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry., etc. Dr. Todd,
though comparatively a young man, has
achieved considerable success in his profes-
sion and won the respect of his Minneapolis
brethren as a skillful practitioner, and is re-
garded as among the rising young men of
his profession in that city. He is a member
of the American Medical Association, the
Minnesota Academy of Medicine, and sev-
eral other societies of like character.
MEGAARDEN, Philip Tollef.— As a
youth, Philip T. Megaarden's highest aspira-
tions were that he become a minister of the
gospel of the Lutheran faith. These hopes
were dashed to the ground by the death of
his father, leaving him, when a mere lad of
fifteen, at the head of a family of seven with
little means for support. His struggle for
a livelihood has been beset with many hard-
ships, and Mr. Megaarden can look back
with conscious pride to the fact that what
success he has achieved is due entirely to
his own individual efforts. Mr. Megaarden
is the sheriff of Hennepin county, Minne-
sota. He is of Norwegian descent, both his
parents having been born in Norway. His'
father, Tollef K. Megaarden, was a dealer in
livestock and later a railroad contractor.
He was a resident of Allamakee county,
Iowa, when the Civil war broke out, and en-
listed in the 4th Iowa cavalry. He served
three jears, receiving an honorable dis-
charge. Returning to his home, he re-
moved to Dickinson county, where he lived
until 1877, at which time he removed to Min-
neapolis. Philip was born in Allamakee
County, Iowa, on October 2, 1864. The edu-
cational training of his early years was re-
ceived in the district school near his home in
HISTOUY OV THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Iowa and the Minneaiiolis public schools.
It had been his intention to prepare for the
Lutheran niinistrv, and for this purjjose he
entered the Augsburg Seminary at Min-
neai>oIis in the fall of 1878. He was com-
jM'lIed to ])ut aside this plan, however, In
reason of his father dying the year follow-
ing, leaving the burden of taking care of tin-
family practically to young Philip. He ob-
tained such employment as he could find,
first as a teamster, then clerk in a fuel office.
Ihen as bookkeeper and later as court officer
in the municijial court. He did not drop his
studies, however, while thus endeavoring to
earn a livelihood, but for some time attended
an evening school and later employed a pri-
vate instructor. By diligent efforts he suc-
ceeded in taking a course at a business col-
lege, and finally was able to enter the uni-
versity law school, from which he graduated
in 1802, taking the degree of LL. B. He was
admitted to practice before the bar the same
year. A year later he completed a post-
graduate course in the law school and re-
ceived the degree of LL. M. Mr. Megaarden
practiced his profession alone for about two
years, but discontinued it on January 1,
1895, to accept the position of chief deputy
sheriff of Hennepin County. At the end of
his two years' term he resumed the practice
of his profession, entering into a partner-
ship with Judge John H. Steele. In 1808,
^\v. Megaarden was elected Sheriff of Hen-
nepin County, and again in 1900 after a
very bitter contest. He has made a splen-
did record in that office. He has always
been a staunch Republican and has taken an
active interest in the affairs of his party.
He is a member of the I'nion Club and sev-
eral other political clubs as well. He is al-
so identified with a number of fraternal or-
ganizations, taking a prominent part, espe-
cially, in the Knights of Pythias. He has
at times filled nearly every office in this
lodge. He has repeatedly been elected to
represent his lodge in the Minnesota Grand
Lodge, and being a member of the Grand
Lodge of the Domain of ilinnesota he has
taken a prominent part in the affairs of the
order in the Northwest. lie is a member of
North Star Division, No. 1, T'niform Rank
rillLlr T. MEGAAKDKX.
and of Mahrah Temple No. 77, D. O. K. K.
He holds membership, also, in Khtftum
Lodge, No. 112, A. F. & A. M., Ark Chapter
No. 53; Darius Commandery No. 7, K. T. ;
Zurah Temple of Minneapolis; Ridgley
Lodge No. 85, I. O. O. F.; Minnewa Tribe,
No. 11, Improved Order of Red Men and ^lin-
nea polls Lodge No. 44, B. P. O. E. He is a
member of the Jlinueapolis Commercial
Club.
CONROY, Edward James. — A good ex-
ample of what may be accomplished by en-
ergy and thrift, when reinforced by personal
honesty and integrity, is afforded by the
career of the man whose name stands at the
head of this sketch. In public life his ser-
vice has been confined to that of county com-
missioner, but in that office he has won for
himself an enviable reputation as a man of
sterling honesty, integrity and u])rightness
in handling public affairs. Mr. Conroy is at
present engaged in the fire insurance busi-
ness at Minneapolis. He is of Irish descent.
Thomas and Jlargaret (Moran) Conroy, his
parents, were born in Dublin, and emigrated
to this country in 1852. settling at Osh-
kosli, \Vis. Mr. Conroy was a larpeuter by
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
EDWARD J. COXROX.
trade, and, though in moderate circumstan-
ces, always succeeded in malving a good liv-
ing for his family. He came to Minneapolis
with his wife in 1888, since which time they
have been living with the subject of this
sketch. Edward was born November 15,
1864, at Oshkosh. He attended the com-
mon schools, but later on supplemented this
early education by a term at a commercial
college, working his way through by doing
janitor work at the school. From the time
he was able to work the young lad endeav-
ored to be of assistance to his family. His
first dollar was earned as a lather, at which
he became an expert, and which line of work
he followed throughout his school vaca-
tions. When only seventeen years of age
he removed to Minneapolis and learned the
plasterer's trade. He followed this voca-
tion for the two years following, acquiring
a general knowledge of the business of mas-
ter mason and contractor. In 1883 he com-
menced business on his own account as a
contractor of mason work and from the first
was successful in building up a remunera-
tive business. Aside from his business in-
terests, Mr. Conroy has found time to de-
vote considerable attention to public affairs.
His political affiliations have always been
with the Democratic party, of which he has
liten a constant and active supporter. In
1801 he served as assistant sergeant-at-arms
in the state senate. The following year he
was elected county commissioner from the
First district of Hennepin county, for a
term of four years. Though that district
went Republican in the elections of 1S'M>. Mr.
Conroy was re-elected by a majority of 1,364.
This was an eloquent testimony of the re-
gard in which he was held by the people of
the district he represented. He was elected
chairman of the board of county commis-
sioners in 1892, and served in that capacity
until 1897. The last two years of his chair-
manship a majority of the board was Repub-
liian. but Mr. Conroy was so well liked by
liis associates that they retained him in this
position. Mr. Conroy also served as a mem-
ber of the board of tax levy from 1892 to
1897. In the campaign of 1894 he was chair-
man of the Democratic county committee,
also of the Democratic campaign committee.
He also served as a member of the latter
committee in 1900. In his capacity as a
county commissioner Mr. Conroy won the
complete confidence of the public by the
efficient manner in which he conducted the
affairs of the county. He was one of the
first advocates of the building of bicycle
Iiaths, and introduced a resolution in the
board of county commissioners to construct
a path to Lake Minnetonka. This path was
constructed and was one of the first built in
the state of ilinnesota which really amount-
ed to anything. He was also instrumental
in having the board adopt a resolution al-
lowing all county printing to be done by
union shops. This act was especially pleas-
ing to organized labor. Mr. Conroy was not
a candidate for re-election in 1900. Since
1898, he has been actively engaged in the
fire insurance business, with offices in the
Guaranty Loan building, and is doing an
extensive business in that line.
DROPPERS, Garrett.— The Northwest
has gradually come to the front in educa-
tional as well as business lines. For many
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
jears the only seats of higher education in
this country were the larger colleges of the
East, but of late years the various state
universities have gradually come to assume
an important position in the education of
our youth, and none more so than those lo-
cated in this great Northwest. Their devel-
opment has been rapid, and it may truly be
said that they are now competing strongly
with the older colleges. Necessarily the
men at the head of these institutions must
be broad-minded and liberal in their views,
possessing good administrative ability.
Garrett Droppers, president of the Uni-
versity of South Dakota, takes high rank
among the men who are occupying similar
positions of responsibility. He has only
served in this position since January 4,
181(0, but in this short time his administra-
tion has been marked for the high exec-
utive ability shown in the management of
the affairs of that institution. He brought
to his aid the experience gained while hold-
ing a leading professorship for several years
in the university of Tokyo, Japan, and has
been a leading spirit in everything tending to
the upbuilding of the university of which he
now has charge. Mr. Droppers is of Dutch
descent, and the son of John Dirk and Gert-
rude Droppers. His father was engaged in
business in Milwaukee, from which he earn-
ed a moderate competence, and is now re-
tired. His mother died when he was but
sixteen years old. The family name is de-
rived from a small landed peasant property
of that name in Holland, it being cus-
tomary in that country to give the holder of
such property the name of his property.
The subject of this sketch was born in Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin, April- 12, 1860. His
early education was received in the public
common schools of that city, which was sup
pleniented by an attendance at the High
School in the same city. He qualified him-
self early for the profession of teaching,
and eagerly devoured what books he could
get hold of. From 1879 to 1884 he taught
Latin and History at the High School from
which he had graduated, going from there
to Harvard University. He graduated from
this institution in 1887, with the degree of
GARRETT DROPPERS.
A. 1!., taking double honors in economics,
and honors in philosophy. The follo^ng
year he taught school at Orange, N. J.
Desiring, however, to, pursue the further
study of economics, he went to Germany
in 1888 and entered the University of
Berlin. He took a course in economics and
finance at this institution under the direc-
tion of Professors Wagner and Schnujller,
but did not take any degree. He returned
to America the following year, and in Sep-
tember received an offer of the chair of
Economics in the University of Tokyo, Ja-
pan, which he accepted. On September 4th,
he was married in Cambridge, Massachu-
setts, to Cora Augusta Rand, of that town,
immediately afterwards starting for Japan,
reaching Tokyo iu the latter part of October.
He held the chair of Economics in the Tokyo
University until December, 18'J8, a little
over nine years. While a resident of that
country, Professor Droi)pei's Served as sec-
retary of the Asiatic Society of Japan for
several years, and was a member of the To-
kyo Club. He also contributed a number of
articles on Japan to the magazines of this
country, among which may be mentioned
two for the Quarterly Journal of Economics
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of Harviir(l, and four for the Asiatic Socie-
tj-'s transactions. He furnished, also, a re-
port on the money standard in Japan to the
government at Washington. In 1898 he re-
ceived a call to the presidency of the Uni-
versity of South Dakota. This offer was
accepted, and coming directly to the United
States he arrived at Vermillion, South Da-
kota, January -i, 18!)1), and immediately en-
tered upon the duties of that office. Prof.
Droppers has never been much of a par-
tisan in politics, believing that American
politics are too much concerned with ques-
tions which, at bottom, can have very little
influence on the country. He has an intense
interest in politics, however, in the real
meaning of the word, viz., the relation of
government to social welfare. He believes
that the future progress of the United
States depends, not so much upon individual
initiative, of which we have abundance, at
least in the ordinary acceptance of the term,
as upon the true development of government
functions in relation to the common welfare.
As an illustration of this, he would advocate
the nationalization of the telegraph and the
railways, and the municipalization of munic-
ipal monopolies. He is a member of the
Harvard Club, of New York, and while not
a regular member of the Unitarian church,
he generally attends that church when in
Cambridge. Prof. Dropper's wife died at
Tokyo, in 1896. The following year he made
a flying trip to Cambridge, Massachusetts,
and married her sister, Jean Tewkesbury
Rand. No children resulted from the first
marriage; by the second there are two, Se-
ton Eand Droppers, age two, and Cora Rand
Droppers, born in August, 1900.
BRANTLY, Theodore.— College classes,
families and societies sometimes have a
picture taken by superimposing successive-
ly the likeness of every member of the
group to form one portrait called a com-
posite picture. It is supposed to represent
the aggregate physical characteristics of the
class, family or society. The picture is like no
one in particular, but in theory it represents
all in one. It differs from an ideal picture
in having in it a real part of each face.
Then, in theory it is supposed to show the
physiognomy of the class, just as an indi-
vidual may embody all the traits of his an-
cestors. The idea may be fantastic, but
there is in it enough of the color of science
and of plausibility to make an interesting
subject of study. The great Northwest is
somewhat like this composite picture. It
is a blending of numerous races, whose an-
cestral traits from diverse countries are so
intertwined in warj) as to form one canvas,
with one picture differing from all other
]:oints of the earth. There is only one
northwest, with its energy, enterprise, cour-
age and intelligence.
AA'hile this "composite" character of the
northwest is real, as a whole, a study of the
biographies of the men who are making it —
the dominant spirits who mould affairs —
will reveal a similar composite character in-
dividually. Variegated threads make up
the fibre which springs from roots spread-
ing to ancestral homes, widely separated.
Theodore Brantly. the subject of this sketch,
may be taken as an example. He is of old
American parentage, but there courses in
his veins the blood of the sturdy Scotchman,
the earnest Huguenot, the stolid Hollander^
and the languid southerner. Mr. Brantly
was born in Wilson county, Tennessee, in
1851. His father is Rev. Edwin Theodore
Brantly, a Presbyterian minister of Nash-
ville, Tenn. He was born in Conecuh
county, Ala., where his father, Edwin
Brantly, was a cotton planter. The family
l)roperty, largely in slaves, was of course
swei)t away during the Civil war. After
graduating at the University of Tennessee,
he studied theology at Union Theological
seminary. New York. The Brantlys came
from Holland to America before the Revo-
lutionary war. On the female side they
were French Huguenot and English descent
named Reding. They settled in North Car-
olina, whence Edwin Brantly, already men-
tioned, after his marriage, emigrated to
southern Alabama. Theodore Brantly's
mother was Eliza Brown, daughter of Dun-
can Brown, of Giles county, Tenn. He
was a grandson of Duncan Little, and his
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
wife, i\[ar<iai'et, who came from Scotland
before the Revolution, and settled in North
Carolina. Duncan Brown was married to
Margaret Smith, in 1805 and moved to Ten-
nessee, where Eliza, mother of Theodore
Brantly, was born, as stated. This was
rather a I'emarkable family. Duncan Brown
had four daughters and two sons. Each
daughter married a minister. Both sons
were lawyers and became distinguished
men, Neil S. and John C. Brown. Each was
twice governor of the state of Tennessee.
John C. Brown was a major general in the
Confederate army, and Neil S. Brown was
minister to Russia, under the administra-
tion of President Polk. It is easy to see the
source of Theodore Brantly's aptitude for
learning. He received his early education
in the common schools of the state. He
then entered the Southwestern Presbyterian
university at Clarksville, Tenn., for his col-
lege education, and graduated as valedic-
torian of his class in 1875. Choosing law
for his profession, he entered Cumberland
university, at Lebannon, Tenn., and grad
uated in 1881, with the degree of Bache-
lor of Laws. He immediately associated
himself with Hon. J. S. Gribble, now chan-
cellor of the judicial division to which Wil-
son county belongs, and began the practice
of law at Lebanon. He continued this prac-
tice for two years, then accepted the posi-
tion of professor of Ancient Languages in
Lincoln university, Lincoln, 111. In 1887
he resigned this chair and at the solicita-
tion of President I). J. McMillan, his cousin,
now of New York City, he accepted the pro-
fessorship of Ancient Languages in the
College of Montana, at Deer Lodge, Mont..
which is now his legal residence, although
on duty at Helena. After teaching two
years in this institution he resumed the
practice of law at Deer Lodge, and con-
tinued until 18!)2, when he was elected judge
of the Third Judicial District of Montana.
He was re-elected in 1896 to the same posi-
tion. At the general election in 1898 he was
chosen to the supreme court, the position
which he still holds.
Mr. Brantly's father and the family were
"Whigs," and most of them favored, either
THEO. BIt.4^NTLY.
actively or passively, the abolition of
slavery. They became Democrats at J.]ie
close of the war and most of them still ad-
here to that party, but Judge Brantly voted
for I'resident Garfield, and has since been
a Republican. He is a Knight of Pythias,
and a member of the Masonic order. He
has held the various offlces in the subordi-
nate lodges and is now grand master of
Masons for the state of Montana. In re-
ligion he is a Presbyterian. In 1891 he
was married to Lois Reat, at Tuscola, 111.
She is of Scotch descent. Her ancestors
coming to America before the Revolution,
settled in Virginia and Kentucky, whence
her people emigrated to Illinois before the
Civil war. They have three children, Theo-
dore Lee, Lois Brown, and Neil Duncan
Brantly.
SHEVLIN, Thomas Henry.— The white
pine forests of Minnesota have furnished un-
limited opportunities to men of spirit and
enterprise who have recognized in them a
safe investment from which to realize a com-
fortable fortune. The subject of this sketch
was trained from early youth in the lumber-
ing business, and appreciating the opportu-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
THOMAS H. SHEVLIN.
nitj afforded in these extensive pine woods
of the North Star state, some sixteen years
ago he removed his operations to this center.
Mr. Shevlin is now one of the largest white
pine operators in Minnesota. He was born
January 3, 1852, at Albany, New York. His
father, John Shevlin, was engaged in mer-
cantile pursuits in that city. His mother's
maiden name was Matilda Leonard. Both
his parents were of Irish descent. Thomas
H. attended the public schools of his native
town until he was fifteen years of age, at
which time he entered the employ of John
McGraw & Company, a lumber finn of that
city. He began here the education that to-
day has made him an authority on the manu-
facture and sale of lumber, and all that per-
tains to it. That he took a deep interest
in his work is shown by the fact that
he remained ten years in the employ of
this firm, taking charge of important inter-
ests of the company at Albany, Tonawanda
and Bay City. In 1879 he severed his busi-
ness relations with that firm and went to
Chicago. Here he was employed by T.
W. Harvey, a prominent Chicago lumber-
man, to look after his interests in Muskegon,
Mich. A year later, Mr. Shevlin trans-
ferred his business connections and became
associated with Stephen C. Hall, of Mus-
kegon, and began, as a side issue, the pur-
chase of logs, timber and timber lands. In
1882 he was appointed treasurer and general
manager of the Stephen C. Hall Lumber
Company, of Muskegon. It was at this time
Mr. Shevlin began to look beyond the timber
supply of Michigan for sources upon which
to draw in later activities. He began mak-
ing timber investments for his company in
the white pine woods of Minnesota, and in
1884 organized a branch company in Min-
neapolis for the manufacture of lumber.
This was known as the North Star Lumber
Company. Mr. Shevlin removed to Min-
neapolis in 188G and assisted in organizing
the Hall & Ducey Lumber Company, the
firm being composed of Mr. Shevlin, P. A.
Ducey and S. C. Hall. In 1887 Mr. Ducey
sold his interests in the company to the
other partners, the firm then being known
as the Hall & Shevlin Lumber Company.
This company built the Minneapolis mill
now owned by the Shevlin-Carpenter Com-
pany. Mr. Hall died in 1889. In 1892 El-
bert L. Carpenter, a member of the lumber
firm of Carpenter Bros., bought an interest
in the business, forming with the varied
lumber interests in which Mr. Shevlin was
identified the Shevlin-Carpenter Company,
with Mr. Shevlin as its president. This
company has continued to this time with a
thriving and steadily growing business.
But Mr. Shevlin has not confined his ener-
gies to this one firm. In 1895 he formed a
partnership with J. Neils, of Sauk Centre,
this firm being known as the J. Neils Lum-
ber Company, its mill sawing 15,000,000 feet
of lumber annually. In 1S9C, in connection
with Mr. Hixon, of La Crosse, and the Ar-
pins of Grand Rapids, Wisconsin, Mr. Shev-
lin bought extensive tracts of pine on the
Red Lake reservation, the St. Hilaire Lum-
ber Company, located at St. Hilaire, a few
miles above Crookston, being organized.
This company now owns a mill at Crook-
ston, one at Cass Lake, and another at Little
Falls, in all of which enterprises Mr. Shevlin
is financially interested. These various
companies have secured the control of over
I
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
600,000,000 feet of standing pine. It is es-
timated that the annual cut of the various
lumber companies in which Mr. Shevlin is
interested as whole, chief or half owner, will
run up to the enormous amount of 150,000,-
000 feet. But it is impossible in such a
brief sketch to give full justice to the activ-
ities of the business life of Thomas H. S^hev-
lin. It is due chiefly to the good judgment,
(|uick action and bold spirit of this one man
that the great lumber industry of which he
is at the head has become great. He has
received the reward comparatively early in
life that comes to the man who recognizes
the opportunity when it presents Itself and
is quick to seize it. In politics Mr. Shevlin
is a Kepublican. He has always been will-
ing to contribute of his time and money to
the cause of the party of which he is a mem-
ber, without seeking political preferment for
himself. It was this unselfish spirit on his
part which led to his being chosen as one of
the delegates from the fifth congressional
district to the Republican national conven-
tion at Philadelphia in 1000, and later to be
selected as Minnesota's member of the Re-
publican national committee. His services in
that position during the campaign of 1900
were of inestimable value to his party. Mr.
Shevlin is a member of the Minneapolis Club.
February 8, 1882, he was married to Alice
A. Hall. They have three children: Thomas
Leonard, Florence and Helen.
McGARRY, P. H.— In the rapid develop-
ment of the Northwest new words have been
added to the English language and old
words have been given a new meaning, mak-
ing them practically new. As a rule they
express tersely characteristics, conditions,
and results peculiar to the region, and have
become current among the people because
the ideas could not be expressed so forcibly
by any other terms. At first these words
were regarded as "slang." Common use,
however, compelled their recognition as
something necessary, and they gradually
lost the opprobrium of "slang" and gained a
foothold in the dictionary as "colloquial."
Some have finally been admitted into the so-
P. H. McGARRY.
ciety ot respectable words without being
tagged in any doubtful manner, and they will
remain to do a service which no other term
could perform. One of these words is "hus-
tler," meaning a person of intense energy,
enterprise and industry. The Northwest
needed just such men, and ''hustler" was
needed to describe them, for there was no
other word which combined tin? characteris-
tics peculiar to the class. Hustlers are ven-
turesome, sometimes to rashness ; hopeful to
a degree bordering on the visionary, and
courageous to the point of foolhardiness, at
times, but without them the progressive,
bustling, thriving Northwest could not have
been. All honor to the "hustlers." If there
were more of them the world would be bet-
ter.
The subject of this sketch, P. H. Mc-
Garry, of Walker, Cass county, Minn.,
is fairly typical of this western ozone of
energy. He was born at Grand Rapids,
Mich., in 1860. He received an academic
education and developed literary and even
poetic gifts which might have made their
mark in the field of letters, had not almost
abnormal activity given a trend in other di-
rections. Instead of going through the ten-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tative process, common to young men search-
ing for a business, be leaped at once, by one
bound, as it were, into active business life,
for at eighteen years of age he took charge
of a hotel at Stanton, Mich. That he was
successful is evident from the fact that
he was appointed jiostniaster of the town
in 1884, although only twenty-four years
old. He also built two hotels in Stanton.
One, the "Grand Central," was of brick, with
the woodwork finished in hard wood. It
cost $20,000. He finally resigned his posi-
tion as postmaster and moved to Chicago.
It seemed as if that city was too nearly
finished to suit him, for he moved to Rhine-
lander, Wis., and again back to Michigan
and settled in the new town of Ewen, where
he erected a number of substantial buildings
which are even yet the pride of the town.
From Ewen he went to Ironwood, Mich.,
and there built four brick stores. He next
went to Grand Rapids, Minn., where he
erected a brick block and managed the old
hotel Pokegama. When the wonderful iron
ore banks of the Mesaba range were discov-
ered and public interest rose to a high pitch,
Mr. McGarry was attracted thither. He
went to the town of Merritt, and with his
usual dash he built the Merritt hotel. Then
he went to the town of Virginia, and in
thirty-one days put up the Virginia hotel, a
hostelry large enough to accommodate one
hundred and fifty guests. F.rom there he
went to Biwabik and built the Edna hotel.
Returning to Virginia, he erected a large
business block, which, however, was de-
stroyed by the great forest fire which raged
so furiously there a few years ago. The
hotel was also swept away. His indomitable
spirit is shown by the fact that before the
ashes were fairly cooled he had a force at
work on a new structure. Nothing seems
to discourage or daunt him; no obstacle can
thwart him; his dictionary does not contain
the word "fail." In fact it seems to have
but one word, and that is "Hustle."
While conducting the Virginia hotel he
visited Minneapolis, and formed what is
now the Leech Lake Land companj'. Mr.
McGarry was appointed general manager,
and went to Walker, where he still resides.
to take charge of the enterprise. When the
village was organized the jjeople elected Mr.
Mc( Tarry president. He has been at work
with his characteristic "push," to use one of
the new western words. He erected a hand-
some brick block, which is now used as the
court house, for the town was made the
county seat. He also built a fine hotel, the
"Pameda," which is a model of convenience
and one of the best appointed houses in the
northern part of the state. When the or-
ganization of Cass county was pending in
the legislature the bill was defeated in the
senate. Mr. McGarry "snatched it from
oblivion," it may be said, and finally suc-
ceeded in having it made a law. Mr. Mc-
Crarry's migrations, so numerous that the
record reads almost like an itinerary, were
not due to mere inane restlessness. There
were in them purpose and method which
brought forth such substantial results that
the towns favored by his operations will
long have cause to rejoice in the visit of the
"hustler," P. H. McGarry, whose name must
ever be identified with their growth and
prosperity, and whose architectural me-
mentoes will long continue to be an inspira-
tion to the faint-hearted.
GREELY, Otto Ethan, a prominent fire
insurance man of the citj', was born at Ban-
gor, Elaine, in 1853, and when two years of
age his parents came to Minneapolis, or to
St. Anthony, which has become part of the
city. His father, William Q. Greely, was
one of the first blacksmiths in this part of
the state. He did the work required by the
sawmills, which in that early day were
small, crude affairs in comparison with the
wonderful mechanism and huge plants now
engaged in the business of making lumber.
He also fitted out lumbermen with their
tools and implements for the pineries. He
retired from business about ten years ago.
His wife was Miss Amanda F. Gowan.
Mr. Otto E. Greely was educated in the
public schools and in the university of Min-
nesota, where he studied during the fi-esh-
man and sophomore years. But he was am-
bitious to engage in active business, and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
therefore entered the office of JudRe Isaac
Atwater, one of the most distinguished jur-
ists in the state, and became clerk and stud-
ied law with him and with H. B. Hancock.
Being offered a position in the office of
Messrs. Gale & Co., the leading insurance
firm in the citj, he entered as a clerk in 1873,
and later was given a working interest in
the firm. His success in fire insurance was
so pronounced that, in 1879, he was ap-
pointed a si)ecial agent for the Phenix In-
surance Company of Brooklyn, N. Y.,
in connection with the local agency. In
1884 he sold his interest in the partnership
and became exclusively employed witli the
Phenix Insurance Company. In 1888 he
^as promoted also to the position of adjust-
er for the company, the office which he has
since held.
He was elected, in 1898, president of the
Minnesota and Dakota Fire Underwriters,
and In 1899 he was re-elected president of
the association. The honors seemed to come
in showers, for at its thirtieth annual meet-
ing in Chicago, in September, the same j'ear,
1899, the Fire Underwriters' Association of
the Northwest elected Mr. Greely its presi-
dent. This is the highest honor that can be
paid to an insurance man in the west. The
Fire Underwriters' Association is composed
of officers, managers, special agents and ad-
justers, living west of Pennsylvania and
north of Kentucky, and has a membership
of six hundred. It will be seen from this
that the distinction bestowed upon Mr.
Greely is no mean honor, and his friends
will endorse it, as a well-merited tribute to
ability and sterling worth.
Mr. Greely has always been a Republic-
an, and although prominent in local polit-
ical affairs, he never held office. He is a
member of the Republican Executive Com-
mittee of Hennepin County, and was mana-
ger of the campaign of John A. Schlener, for
nomination for mayor of the city of Minne-
apolis. He is likewise a member of the Min-
neapolis Club. He is equally prominent in
social circles. Mr. Greely was one of the
charter members of the Minneapolis Mount-
ed Commandery, Knights Templar, one of
the most noted organizations in the Xorth-
OTTO GREELY.
west, eliciting universal admiration wher-
ever it appears.
This outline of Mr. Greely's activity «.nd
achievements, necessarily brief in a volumi-
nous work like this, gives indication of his
usefulness, and shows to some extent the
characteristics which have brought success
and contributed to the welfare of the com-
munity in which he has cast his lot. He is
a man of integrity and morality.
RAKD, Lars M., has been a member of
the city council of Minneapolis for the past
len years. He is one of the strongest men
in that body and has served his constituents
faithfully in every respect. It is an apt and
truthful description of him to say that he is
a self-made man. Neither has he, in his days
of success and prosperity, forgotten that
station from which he began tlie struggle
of life and for which he still retains a large
sympathy. He was born January lit, 1857,
in Bergen, Norwav. He is the son of Mathi-
as O. Rand, who belonged to the laboring
classes of Bergen. His ancestors were a
long-lived family, his four grandparents hav-
ing lived to be over ninety years of age. His
early educational training was received in
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTH\A'EST.
LARS M. EAND.
the common schools of his native town. This
was supplemented later bv an attendance in
the common schools of Minnesota after his
emigration here in 1875, and a literary
course in the state normal school at Winona.
His inclinations being toward the legal pro-
fession he took up the study of law in the
office of Hon. William H. Yale, of Winona.
He was admitted to the bar in 1884, and in
the same year was elected judge of criminal
court in that city. Possessed of an ambi-
tious temperament, however, he resigned
lliis office in the fall of the following year
and removed to Minneapolis, believing that
in the young metropolis he would find a lar-
ger field for the employment of his talents
in the practice of his profession. Two years
later he was appoijited assistant city attor-
ney by Mr. Seagrave Wmith, then city attor-
ney of Minneapolis, and served two years in
that capacity. He then formed his present
law partnership with ilr. H. J. Gjertsen, the
firm being known as Gjertsen & Rand. This
firm has enjoyed an extensive and lucrative
law practice. Mr. Rand is an active mem-
ber of the Democratic party. He is recog-
nized as one of the most influential members
of that party in the state, and has served for
several years as a member of the state cen-
tral committee. In 1890 he was elected to
the city council from the Sixth ward, and
has served continuously in that capacity
ever since. Mr. Rand holds a warm place
in the hearts of his constituents by his
championship of the interests of the com-
mon people. His voice has always been
raised in opposition against the granting of
franchises and special privileges. In the
long controversy over the question of street
railway transfers, Judge Rand was one of
the staunchest opponents in the council of the
Street Railway company, finally achieving
the end for which he strived — a system of
transfers which is probably as nearly per-
fect as it could be, and one that satisfac-
torily serves the interests of the general
public. Mr. Rand has regarded as unfavor-
able to the interests of the city the present
garbage and gas and electric contracts, and
has done everything he can, during his mem-
bership in the council, to improve the exist-
ing conditions. He is a warm advocate in
favor of the city owning its own lighting
plants, and has been an earnest champion of
the eight-hour day and its adoption in the
public work of the city. ili'. Rand is a mem-
ber of the Masonic lodge. Knights of Pyth-
ias, Turners and the Elks. In 1884 he was
married to Miss Jennie M. Beebe, of Wino-
na. They have three children: Lars, aged
12; Florence, aged 9, and Clyde Milton,
aged 2.
FORCE. Jacob Francis, the president of
the great Northwestern Life Association, is'
a native of New York, having been born at
Stillwater, Saratoga county, of that state, in
1843. His father was John C. Force, a mer-
chant, who died in 1885. His mother's name
was Hannah Adams, of the Adams family
of Connecticut. She died in 1859. Both
parents were of New England ancestry.
Henry Force, the grandfather, was a soldier
in the Revolutionary war and belonged to
<"ol. Hazen's Congress regiment, so named
to distinguish it from the militia. He par-
ticii)ated in the battles of Monmouth,
Springfield, Cherry Valley and Yorktown,
II1ST()I{Y OV THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
where the British coniiuaiuler, Cornwallis,
siiri'enflered — tlie battle which established
the independent-e of the nation. He was
borne iii)on the rolls as a pensioner until his
death in 1820.
Jacob F. Force was educated in the dis-
trict school, and at the academy. He then
followed his father's example and enffajied
in the mercantile business, but on the break
inji- out of the Civil war he showed his pub-
lic si)irit and patriotism by enlisting; in Com-
jiany K. of llie 12.")th rci;iment. New Yoi-k
voluntiMM- infantry, when only nineteen
years of age. He served as private and was
promoted to corjjoral sergeant and first
sergeaiit or orderly sergeant and was then
commissioned as an officer in the 22d regi-
ment of I'nited States colored troops, in
which he was promoted to captain in 1864.
He took part in the battles of Harper's Fer-
ry, Gettysburg, two days, Bristow Station,
Mine Run, Fort Powhattan, Petersburg, Au-
burn Ford, Dutch Gai), Deep Bottom and
Fort Harrison, near Richmond, where he
was severely wounded, Septem'ber 30, 1804.
He was discharged on account of his
wounds. When he returned to civil life he
resumed for a time his mercantile business
and, while so engaged, took a course in
Bryan and Stratton's celebrated business
college at Newark, X. J. He then be-
gan to study medicine and entered the Al-
bany Medical College — now the T'niversity
of Albany — where, on the final examination
at graduation In 1871, he took a prize for
his itroflciency.
The next year Dr. Force came west and
settled to practice bis profession at Heron
Lake, Jackson county, Minn. The im-
mediate interest which he took in every-
thing pertaining to the welfai-e of the com-
munity soon made liini one of the most
lironiinent men in the county. He was a
Ikcpublican. His tirst vote was cast for Lin-
coln, in ISfil, while lying in the hospital, his
vote being sent home to be counted. At
Heron Lake he was i)ostniaster for eight
years and was twice elected county super-
intendent of schools of Jackson county. In
search of a larger and more remunerative
field for his practice, in 1885 be came to
,IA(;(II1 F. FOKCK.
Minneapolis. After practicing medicine in
the city for two years he became medical
director of the Northwestern Life Assoria-
tion. In 1888 he became secretary of the in-
stitution, and in 1895 he was made presi-
dent, the position which he now holds. The
steady progress of the association is a
strong testimony to his energy, business
capacity and versatile resources.
Notwithstanding Dr. Force's business
acti\ ity in the management of so large a
concern, he has not neglected liis duty as a
man and a citizen. He is ju-esident of the
Minneapolis Co-operative Company; vice
president of the Asbury hospital; director
of the Jlinnesota state Y. M. C. A., and also
of the local Y. M. C. A.; treasurer of the
Methodist Ei)iscopal Missionary and Church
Extension Society and member of the official
board of the Hennepin Avenue M. E. church.
He was a delegate to the great Methodist
Episcojjal general convention held in Cleve-
land, Ohio, in 1896, and to the conference at
Chicago in 11)00. What, perhaps, may be
regarded as a still greater honor, he has
been chosen delegate to the Ecumenical con-
ference— comprising the whole Methodist
world— to be held at London, England, in
1901. He is also intlueutial in the Masonic
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
fraternity, belonging to the riymouth third
degree lodge; Columbia Royal Arch chap-
ter; Zion Coraniandery and Zurah Temple,
all of the city of Minneapolis. He is med-
ical director of Minnesota Department, G.
A. R., and also member of the Minne-
apolis Board of Education. In 1867 he
was married to Sarah F. Mesick, of Kin-
derhook, N. Y. They have three children
living, Dr. Prank Wilson, now in Manila;
Charles E., associated, as secretary, with his
father in the management of the Northwest-
ern Life Association, and Miss Mayward
Force. Mr. Force is also a member of the
Grand Army of the Republic and of the Loy-
al Legion and in November, 1900, was elect-
ed a member of the school board of Jlinne-
apolis.
OLSON, Seaver E. — There is no mer-
chant in the northwest who is more familiar
to the people than Seaver E. Olson, the head
of what is popularly called the '"Big Store,"
because of its size and its completeness as a
department store. The manner in which
the people are attracted to this great empo-
rium shows absolute genius in the manage-
ment, not only in the vast aggregate of mer-
chandise provided to meet every variety of
taste and purse, but in the frank and home-
like methods of dealing with the people and
in the conveniences arranged for the com-
fort of customers and visitors of all social
grades. Mr. Olson is the inspiration of all
this organization, which has made the estab-
lishment such a success that it is a matter
of public pride as it must be of gratification
to the capable executive head of the concern.
Mr. Olson is a native of Norway, having
been born in the parish of Ringsaker, near
Hamar, in 1846. His father was a con-
tractor and builder in easy circumstances.
His uncle. Prof. Tollef Olson, was a profes-
sor in the seminary and held the position for
fifty years. For this long and useful serv-
ice the king, as a mark of distinction, pre-
sented Prof. Olson a gold medal. The Olson
family were devoted Christians and be-
longed to the Baptist denomination, and
young Olson was brought up under strong
religious influences. For his early educa-
tion he was put in charge of his uncle, the
noted professor. So apt was the pupil and
so thorough was the master that the boy,
when only ten years of age, was put in
charge of a district school which he taught
for two years. In 1858 the family moved
to America, landing at Montreal, and thence
came to the United States, taking govern-
ment land within seventeen miles of La
Crosse, Wis. When about twelve years
of age he procured employment in a gener-
al store at La Crosse. Having worked
here for two years, he became imbued with
the idea of getting a college education like
his distinguished uncle, and with a prompt-
ness characteristic of him when he has come
to a decision he set out for Beloit, the seat of
a small college which has since grown to be
an institution of great importance and of
high standing among the colleges of the
AVest. He entered the school and struggled
for nearly a year to maintain himself while
jtursuing his studies. He finally concluded
that he would forego the advantages for
himself, and give the college education to
his brother. This unselfish purpose he ful-
ly carried out, furnishing means to support
and educate his brother in the most thor-
ough manner, supplementing the college
course with a post-graduate course in Eu-
rope. Beaver's efl'orts were well rewarded,
for his brother became a distinguished
scholar and proved his ability by his admin-
istration of the South Dakota State Univer-
sity, of which he was elected president. He
achieved remarkable results in this capacity
and had a promising future, but his brillianf
career came to an untimely end. He per-
ished in the disastrous fire of the Tribune
building, in 1889, where he happened to be
attending to some literary matters pertain-
ing to the university.
After giving up his college idea so gen-
erously, Seaver procured employment in a
store at Beloit. The proprietor soon after-
wards opened a store at Cambridge, Wis.,
and put Olson, though yet a mere boy,
in charge of it. He held this position,
wliich he must have filled with exceptional
abilitj', until January, 1864, when the man
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
by whom he was first emplo^yed as a lad, at
La Crosse, oti'urt'd him the position of head
bookkeeper and general manager of the very
establishment in which Olson had worked
as a boy. He served there until 1867, when
he launched out for himself, opening a store
at Eushford, Minn., under the style of
S. E. Olson & Company. This was a suc-
cess from the oulset and secured a very
large trade. But Mr. Olson, after three
years, sold out his interest and- went into
partnership with his old employer at La
Crosse, a fact which is a strong testimony
to the recognized superior ability of the ris-
ing 3'oung merchant. Three years later he
organized the wholesale and retail house of
Olson, i^mith & Company. On the dissolu-
tion of this firm, in 1S7C, Mr. Olson retained
the wholesale or jobbing interest of the
house. In ISTS he removed his stock to Min-
neapolis and became connected with the
house of N. B. Harwood & Company. Two
years later this firm failed, leaving Mr. Ol-
son badly in the lurch. But his energy and
indonntable courage did not desert him.
He united with M. 1). Ingram and bought at
sheriff sale, with money borrowed for the
purpose, the remnant of the stock of the old
concern and began business again under the
style of Ingram, Olson & Company. The
business prospered so rapidly that in 1887
Mr. Olson was able to buy the interest of his
partner and thus became the sole owner.
Under his spirited management the business
grew to such extent as to demand better
facilities. To secure these he built the great
block on the corner of First avenue and
Fifth street, arranged expressly for the busi-
ness. He has also an extension through to
Kicollet avenue with a magnificent entrance
and attractive display counters on that pop-
ular thoroughfare.
The mammoth establishment thus creat-
ed is one of the largest in the Northwest.
In 181)4 he organized a complete department
store, known as the S. E. Olson Company,
whose acres of store rooms are worthy of
the name, "Big Store," given it by the peo-
ple.
Besides being an enterprising and pro-
gressive merchant Mr. Olson is a public spir-
SEAVER E. OLSON.
ited man, second to none in his activity for
the welfare of the city where he has been so
bountifully blessed. He was among the first
to advocate the great Exposition and con-
tributed largely in time and money to make
it a success. In political matters also he
is active, and so prominent as to be regarded
as a leader in the Republican party. While
he refused to accept ottice he served as a
delegate to the national Republican conven-
tion in 1900. In social affairs he is no less
interested. He still retains his religious
connection with the Baptist denomination
of his parents and family. lie was married
in 1889 to Miss Ida Hawley, of Minneapolis.
HElvKEID, Charles N. — If some philos-
opher like Herbert Spencer would write a
treatise on the "I'hilosophy of Popularity,"
it might be of vast service to the army of
ambitious statesmen struggling for public
favors. I'oi)ularity is the one thing most
desired by this class of men. They pursue
it as ardently as the old alchemist sought
the philosoi)her's stone which would trans-
mute all things into gold, and with the same
success. The elements of one are as elusive
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
CHARLES N. HERREID.
as those of the other. The Scriptural in-
junction, "Seek and ye shall find," seems to
be inapplicable to the search for popularity,
for the more it is sought after the less it is
realized. The qualities which win it cannot
be acquired. They must be spontaneous in
the soul. The personal magnetism — what-
ever that may be — which produces popular-
ity, is like genius. It refuses to be weighed,
measured or analyzed. It is an endowment,
and blessed is the man who possesses the
gracious gift.
Charles N. Herreid, the present governor
of South Dakota, is one of these favored
sons. If any demonstration of the fact
were needed, the state Rei)ublican conven-
tion of South Dakota, in 1900, would be am-
jjle proof, for he was nominated for govern-
or unanimously in the convention of 1,052
delegates, without even the suggestion of
opposition. This is a characteristic exam-
ple.
He was born In Wisconsin, in 1857. His
father was a farmer and one of the pioneers
of the state. Young Herreid, after receiv-
ing a common school education, attended
the Galesville University and took a three
years' course. Determining to be a lawyer,
he read law one year before entering the
law department of the Wisconsin state uni-
'i'ersity, from which, after a two years'
course, he graduated in 1882. The same
year he was married to Miss Jeannette Slye,
and in 1888 went to establish his home in
the territory of Dakota, which then em-
braced the states of both North and South
Dakota. He settled at Eureka, McPherson
countj', where he has since lived. Eureka
has earned the reputation of being the lar-
gest primary wheat market in the world,
and Mr. Herreid's law practice partook of
the prosperity of the town. He also held
successively the offices of judge and state's
attorney. He was made a trustee of the
state university, and, later, a member of the
board of regents, having charge of all the
educational institutions of the state. The
duties on these boards, although not par-
ticularly ostentatious, made Mr. Herreid
known throughout the commonwealth, and
through them he became distinguished for
his sound judgment, strict impartiality, and
discretion. Though factional strifes concern-
ing the institutions were rife at times, Mr.
Herreid's character of fairness and honesty
of purpose shielded him from the taint of
partisanship and injustice.
In 1892 he was elected lieutenant govern-
or of the state, and was re-elected to the
same position in 1894. This office is fre-
quently regarded as a political tomb, or a
sort of retiring room for the politician. But
Mr. Herreid so discharged the duties as to
increase his reputation and enhance his pop-
ularity. During the two terms that he was
president of the senate he more fully dem'-
oustrated his capacity for public affairs; he
showed thorough knowledge of parliament-
ary practice; displayed remarkable tact in
forming the committees of the senate — a
duty which is often a stumbling-block to
presiding officers; he exhibited patience and
skill in unraveling the intricacies of debate
and decided points of order with such a
clear comprehension of questions involved
and with such fairness as to win, not only
the respect, but the admiration of opponents
as well as friends. It is well worthy of re-
mark that during the whole of his adminis-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tration no apjjeal from his ruling was ever
taken. It is said that no similar reoord was
ever made by the president of the senate of
any other state. Therefore the unanimous
vote of thanks at the close of the term was
not a mere perfunctory matter of form, but
a genuine expression of sincere regard.
Mr. Herreid has always been a Republic-
an. He was chairman of the state Repub-
lican committee in the campaign of 189S and
acted as a member of the national Republic-
an committee and has exhibited a more than
common executive ability in every position
occupied. His activity, however, has not
been confined to politics. He is a Knight
of Pythias and has been grand chancellor of
the domain of South Dakota. He is a mem-
ber of the A. O. r. W., and was chairman
of the committee to revise the constitution
and statutes of the grand lodge of that or-
der, and has held other important and i)rom-
inent positions in the organization. He is
also a thirty-second degree Mason and a dep-
uty inspector general for South Dakota, and
has held high offices in the consistory.
In manners, Mr. Herreid is modest and
unassuming almost to the verge of timidity,
being also rather reticent and not given to
flattery. Although firm in his opinions, he
does not assert them with arrogance. He
conveys the impression of being sincere and
straightforward, and, even when in opposi-
tion, his manner of putting his side of the
question inspires confidence rather than an-
tagonism. His home life at Eureka is al-
most ideal. He has two children, a girl just
budding into womanhood, and a boy twelve
years old. He attends the Presbyterian
church, of which his family are members.
Xo man in the state is held in higher re-
spect, and it is doubtful if another e(iuals
him in popularity in public and private life.
MERRILL, George Costin. — George C.
Merrill, the well known title expert, has been
an active citizen of Minneapolis for nearly
twenty years, coming to the city in 1882.
His father was Joseph Winthrop Jlerrill, a
distinguished horticulturist of Illinois, and
his mother was Anna E. Costin, both of Eng-
GI'^ORGE C. MERRILL.
lish antecedents, and, as the name would in-
dicate, of early American ancestry. Ge^pge
( ". Merrill is a native of Manchester, Scott
county, 111., but when two years old his pa-
rents moved to Cook county. 111., in the vicin-
ity of (-'hicago, where the family lived, in
the city and suburbs, until George came to
Minneapolis, as stated. He had the advan-
tages of the graded schools of Chicago and
then attended a private academy at Hyde
Park — one of the suburbs of Chicago — and
Chicago University. He eventually chose
law as his profession, and took his profes-
sional course at the University of Minnesota.
— the largest law college in the world, —
where he graduated in 1895, as Bachelor of
Law. He was the same year admitted to
practice at the bar of the state of Minne-
sota. In 1896 he took the degree of Master
of Law.
Mr. Merrill early made a specialty of ab-
stracting real estate titles, a business re-
(piiring careful research, absolute accuracy
and a competent knowledge of the legal
bearing of every conveyance. He formed a
]iartnership in 1882 under the style of Mer-
rill & Albee, of which he was the senior
member. This was continued until 1886,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
when Mr. Merrill assumed sole charge and
conducted the business in his own name.
The business grew to such proportions un-
der his prudent management that in 18!>l'
it was organized into the Merrill Abstract
Company, of which Mr. Merrill was made
president and manager, which offices he has
filled continuously since the organization of
the company, which has become one of the
leading establishments engaged in the busi-
ness, recognized in all business circles as
one of the very highest authorities in all mat-
ters pertaining to real estate titles.
Mr. Merrill has always been a Republican,
and cast his first vote for Gen. Grant. He
has been so absorbed in business that he
has never held or sought a political office.
His popularity, however, was such, especial-
ly in business circles, that he was nom-
inated under the new primary law for reg-
ister of deeds of Hennepin county on the Re-
publican ticket in I'JOO, over eight compet-
itors, where, owing to the unusual number
of candidates, the contest was more than
commonly warm. This is an office for which
Mr. Merrill is peculiarly fitted by training
and experience. It is so closely in line with
his life business that it may be said to be
really a part of it. His great strength in
the canvass was his public spirit as a citizen,
as well as his technical skill and experience
with title records. The judgment of his
friends at the primaries was fully sustained
by his election in November by a large ma-
jority. He is a member of the Business
Union, Board of Trade, and kindred organ-
izations, and has always been active in
promoting the interests of the city. His
nomination was a tribute to his activity.
In 1875, Mr. Merrill was married to Mary
Alice Swindler, and has two children, Alice
Reba Merrill, and Fred Raymond Merrill.
He enjoys the esteem of a wide circle of busi-
ness and social friends who show him in
many ways the highest regard a man can
win for sterling qualities of character.
COMSTOCK, Solomon Gilman.— Much
of the work which men do, especially in pub-
lic service, is paid for only in the satisfac-
tion found in the doing. It is its own re-
ward. If busy and useful men received the
Aalue of their labor at its true worth, they
would have more of the good things of life
than they could use, and would be overload-
ed by the weight of their honors. Yet some
of them cannot complain of meager rewards
in ])ublic appreciation, at least. This is en-
couragement for others. Solomon G. Corn-
stock, of Moorhead, Minn., so long iden-
tified with the interests of the great North-
west, is one of the busiest of men in the mak-
ing of it. While his recompense has in no
wise been commensurate with his abundant
labors, his usefulness and fidelity to the in-
terests of the people have been recognized
and they have accorded to him distinguished
honors. Mr. Comstock was born at Argyle,
Maine, in 1842. His father, James M. Com-
stock, was a lumberman and farmer in com-
fortable circumstances and of Scottish de-
scent. His ancestors came from Edinburg
about 164(1 and settled in Rhode Island and
Massachusetts. Mr. S. G. Comstock's moth-
er was of English descent, her people com-
ing to New England in 1834, settling in
Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He
was educated in the public schools and acad-
emies of Elaine. When he decided to be a
lawyer he began to read law in the office of
Judge S. F. Humphrey, at Bangor, Maine.
He then came west and attended the Law
School of the University of Michigan in 1868
and 1869. Coming to Minnesota in 1879 he
pursued his studies in Minneapolis, in the
law school, and with D. A. Secombe. He
was admitted to the bar at Omaha, Neb.,
in 1869, and was subsequently admitted
to practice in the courts of Minnesota and
Dakota. In 1871 he was made county at-
torney of Clay county, Minn., which of-
fice he held for six years. He continued to
practice his profession until 1888, when he
engaged in locating town sites on the Great
Northern railroad. He was interested in
locating and promoting the towns of Hills-
boro, Grafton, Bathgate, Rolla, Bottineau,
Rugby, Towner, Minto, and other North Da-
kota towns, and the town of Kalispell,
Mont. Mr. Comstock has always been a Re-
publican, and one of the active leaders of
HISTORY 1)1" THE (JUEAT NORTHWEST.
tlii^ party. He was elected to the lower
house of the lenrislature in 1876, and served
six years, beinj; twice re-elected. He was
then jii-onioted to the state senate, and
served there for six years, closing his legis-
lative career by resigning from the senate
To accept a nomination for the Fifty-flrst
(■oiigr(^ss. to which he was duly elected.
During Mr. Comstock's service of twelve
A ears in the legislature, he participated in
all the settlements of what were then ques-
tions of absorbing interest. They are now
forgotten to a large extent, it is trne, but
not because they were unimportant; rather
for the reason that wise legislation settled
them on sound principles, so that they re-
main settled. He served on the Judiciary
committee in both branches of the legisla-
ture. This is the most important committee
in legislation, for nearly all proposed laws
must be submitted to this committee. Here
Mr. Comstock's legal attainments and acu-
men were almost invaluable. He was chair-
man of the Judiciary committee of the sen-
ate. He took part in settling the trouble-
some state railroad bond matter. He also
secured the State Normal School, located at
^loorhead, and the appropriiition to build it,
Mr. ( "omstock made a gift to the state of the
ground on which the school stands. He
served as resident director of the institution
and member of tlie State Normal Board for
four years. While in congress, owing to
his legal talents, he was made a mem-
ber of two imjwrtant conmiittees of the
house, "Privileges and Elections," "Coinage.
AVeights and Measures." He assisted in the
I)assage of the Sherman silver purchasing
bill, to forestall the i)assage of a free silver
bill. He also assisted in the passage of the
McKinley tariff bill, so much discussed, the
Iias.><age of which, undoubtedly, made Mc-
Kinley president. He was likewise a sup
porter of the federal election bill which was
jiassed at that session. His committee also
disposed of about twenty contested election
cases. Very few single terms of congress
have been equal to that in which 5Ir. C(nn-
stock served, in ctfecting legislation of such
vital importance to ilic welfare of the nation.
His experience in congiess and in the twelve
years of his state legislative career, where
many measures of local importance were
passed, has scarcely been paralleled in the
lives of the public men of the state. He has
shown sound judgment and solid statesman-
ship to a remarkable degree. \Aith such a
record it is only natural that he was strongly
suj)ported in lS'.)i for the I'nited States sen-
ate as a fitting climax to his successful ca-
reer. In 1802 he was a delegate to the na-
tional convention.
Mr. ('omstock was married at Fargo in
1874, to Sarah A. Ball. They have three
children, Ada Louise, Jessie May. and
(Jeorjie M.. all born at iloorhead.
PINEO, ^\•illa^(l P.yllier.— The high
standing which Dr. W. P.. Piueo, of Minne-
ajiolis, has attained in his i)rofession is en-
tirely due to his own unaided efforts. He is
a si)ecialist in diseases of the eye, ear, nose
and throat, and his skill in these lines has
won for him not only the respect of his pro-
fessional brethren, but a large clientele as
well. Dr. Pineo traces his ancestry back to
.la<(iues Pineau, the French Huguenot, who
landed at Plymouth in 17()(». His grand un-
cle. Dr. Timothy Stone Pinueo, was a re-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
WILLARD B. PINEO.
nowned man of letters. He was a graduate
of the classical and medical departments of
Yale college, and was, also, professor of
belles lettres at Marietta college, Ohio.
Later, he had charge of a school in Green-
wich, Conn. He was the author of Pin-
eo's Grammars, and was the rerisor of
the McGuffey readers. Another grand un-
cle. Dr. Peter Pineo, of Boston, had a dis-
tinguished war record. On his mother's
side. Dr. Pineo is a descendant of the Rams-
dells and Leightons of England. He is the
son of Benjamin C. and Cordelia W. (Bams-
dell) Pineo. His father was a stone con-
tractor of Columbia, Maine, in moderate cir-
cumstances. It was here that Willard was
born, April 22, 1858. His early education
was received at Oak Hill Seminary, at
Bucksport, Maine, and Kent's Hill Semi-
nary, at Redfleld, ^Maine. His tastes being
inclined toward the medical profession, he
began its study in the office of Dr. Charles
Milliken, of Cherrifield, Maine. In Septem-
ber, 1882, he came to Minnesota. Being
comjjelled to rely upon his own resources to
obtain tlie money necessary to pursue his
medical studies, he taught in the public
schools for a short time. In 1885 he gradu-
ated from the medical de])artment of the
University of Minnesota, receiving at the
same time a medical diploma from the Min-
nesota Hospital College, also. He was val-
edictorian of his class and president of the
alumni association. After his graduation.
Dr. Pineo was associated with Dr. Duns-
moor, the well-known general practitioner
of Jlinneapolis. He was very successful in
his practice, but decided to take up the spe-
cialty of ear, eye, nose and throat diseases,
and for this purpose entered the Polyclinic
and Manhattan Eye and Ear Infirmary of
Xew York city in 1889. He remained in
this institution for a year, receiving instruc-
tion in these special lines. Returning to
Minneapolis, he commenced practice as a
specialist, and has confined himself to that
line of practice since that date. In 1895 he
took a trip to Europe, visiting the eye and
ear hospitals of Berlin, Vienna, Paris and
Loudon, devoting himself to further studies'
along these special lines. In 1901 Dr. and
Mrs. Pineo made an extended tour of Europe,
visiting all the principal places of interest —
the doctor devoting a great deal of time in
study and investigation into new methods
and latest developments in his special branch
of the medical profession. In politics Dr.
Pineo is a consistent supporter of Repub-
lican principles, though never taking a
very active part in political campaigns.
He is prominent in Masonic circles, and
has received his thirty-third degree in
that order. He is past master of Hen-
nepin Lodge, No. 4, and Minneapolis Coun-
cil, No. 2; past junior warden of Zion
Commandery, No. 2; past wise master of
St. Vincent de Paul Chapter, No. 5; past
right worshipful district deputy grandmas
ter of the state of Minnesota, and past prior
of Minneapolis Consistory, No. 2. He is al-
so vice president of the Masons' Fraternal
Accident Association of Minneapolis. Oth-
er social bodies of which he is a member are
the ^linneapolis Commercial Club, the Min-
neapolis Whist Club, and the Benevolent
and I'rotective Order of Elks. He was mar-
ried November 28, 1881, to Saidie Kendal
Cobb, of Boston, granddaughter of Nathan-
iel Cobb, the noted philanthropist.
116
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
LANDER, Edward J., is prominently
identified with the investment and real estate
business at Grand Forks, N. D., and is
one of the substantial residents of that
thriving Tounff city. He was born Septem-
ber 12, 1860, at Rockford, 111. His pa-
rents, Ohristopher and Jane Brown Lander,
came to this country from England in 1848,
and settled at Rockford. Edward received
his education in the public schools of his na-
ti\ e town, and graduated from the Rockford
high school in the class of 1878. He moved
to North Dakota in 188:1 and settled at
Grand Forks, where he started the business
now being conducted by E. J. Lander & Go.
He opened up a real estate office and suc-
ceeded in building up a lucrative business in
farm loans, abstracts of title, etc. These
operations became so extensive that, in
1897, it was found necessary to widen the
scope of his business and the present corpo-
ration of E. J. Lander & Co. was organized.
Mr. Lander has had the active management
of this concern ever since its organization.
It is one of the most substantial of its kind
in the Flickertail state, and its operations in
real estate and farm loans are carried out
on an extensive scale. Mr. Lander has tak-
en a prominent part in the upbuilding of the
city of Grand Forks, and is recognized as a
sound, conservative business man. He gave
his active assistance to the organization of
the company which built the present Metro-
politan Theater of Grand Forks, has served
as treasurer of the company since it was
first organized, and was its manager for sev-
eral years. He was also one of the organ-
izers of the Grand Forks Building and Loan
Association. This association has had a
prosperous career under the direct manage-
ment of Mr. Lander, who has served as its
secretary and as member of the board of di-
rectors for the past ten years. But the in-
terest he has taken in the development of
Grand Forks has not been confined entirely
to those business institutions already men-
tioned, and of which he has had the active
management. Every enterprise caloilated
to strengthen and build uiJ that city has had
his active aid and support, and he has been
prodigal of his time and services on everj'
EDWARD J. LAXDEIt.
occasion calling for the exercise of public
spirit. It is to such men as Mr. Lander fliat
North Dakota owes the great prosperity she
enjoys. It is only a few years since the
Flickertail state was admitted to statehood,
but the development has been a remarkable
one. The credit for this is to be given to the
energetic, wide-awake, progressive young
men who came from the eastern states to
build homes in the new one. The subject of
this sketch was one of the moving spirits in
that development; not from the standpoint
of a high, political i)osition, but rather as a
quiet and effective worker in the ranks, and
here his infiuence has always been directed
toward that which was best for the commu-
nity and the welfare of his adopted state,
in his political affiliations he has always
been a consistent snpjjoi'ter of the Republic-
an party. He served as a county commis-
sioner for three terms, from 181)0 to 18!)!),
representing the (Jrand Forks city distriit.
Aside from this, however, he has held no
jtolitical office and has no ambitions in that
direction whatever. He is a member of tlie
Pioneer Club, an old-time social club of
Grand Forks, which is in a very fiourishing
condition, having a membership of 140, and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
occujiyinn; luxurious quarters. At various
times he has served as president and secre-
tary of this club. He is also a member of
Acacia Lodge, A. F. and A. M.; the Knight
Templars; (hand Forks Commandery, No. 3,
and Carmel Lodge. No. R, Scottish Rite. He
was married at ^Montreal, Canada, February
27, 1884, to Jessie King Krause. Their un-
ion has been blessed with one child, ililes
Krause Lander, now five vears of age.
ARMSTRONG, Moses K.— The pioneers
of the territorial days of Minnesota and the
Dakotas are now few in number. The
idaces that they filled are now filled by oth-
ers. The work that they so bravely started
is now being carried on by their grandchil-
dren. Their faces are fast vanishing from
our view; but their deeds shall not be for-
gotten, for the work that they undertook
will be their monument. The name of
Moses K. Armstrong, of St. James, ^linn.,
is inseparably connected with the early his-
tory of ilinnesota and the Uakotas. He
was born at Milan, in Erie county, Ohio,
September 10, 1832, a son of pioneers of
Ohio. Phoebe Armstrong, the mother of
the subject of this sketch, was a native of
the state of Ohio, and Augustus Armstrong,
his father, was an early settler from Con-
necticut. He was a farmer and took a
prominent part in the frontier troubles of
the day, serving as captain of the militia.
Moses K. Armstrong received the splendid
education that was accorded the youth of
early Ohio and was graduated from Hu-
ron institute, and from Western Reserve
college, then, as now, a superior college.
He excelled as a mathematician and natur-
ally followed the work of a surveyor. When
but eighteen years of age he drifted into
northern Iowa on a surveying trip, and. in
18.56, came to the then territory of Minne-
sota. During the same year he was elected
surveyor of Mower county, and while trav-
eling on foot between the frontier settle-
ments, gathered up material from which he
afterwards wrote an early history of the
county. Mr. Armstrong is a follower of
the Democracy and was one of the delegates
to the first Democratic state convention,
and helped to nominate General Sibley as
Minnesota's first state governor. He was
ajtpointed a deputy by the first surveyor
general of Minnesota and surveyed tlie gov-
ernment land in the southwestern part of
the state. He went on into Dakota terri-
tory at the time that country was an unor-
ganized territory, and surveyed some of the
first claims and town sites for the new set-
tlers on the lands then ceded by the Yank-
ton Indians. Dakota was organized into a
separate territory in 1861 and Mr. Arm-
strong was elected a member of the first
territorial legislature. He was elected for
a succeeding term and was chosen speaker
of the house, when North and South Dako-
ta, Montana, Idaho and Wyoming were all
a part of the great territory. During the
war he was an editor of a Democratic pajjer,
the Dakota Union. In 1864 he was ap-
pointed clerk of the supreme court of Da-
kota, and in the same year was one of the
original incorporators of the Northern Pa-
cific railroad, as chartered by congress. In
1865 he was elected territorial treasurer,
and then a member of the territorial senate,
and in 1867 became presiding officer of that
body. In 1867 he also acted as secretary
for the Indian peace committee, and while
in that position visited every tribe of Sionx
Indians on the Missouri river as far north
as the Yellowstone country. In 1870, while
a member of the territorial senate, he was
elected by the Democrats as a delegate to
congress, and gave his first year's salarj- for
the purchase of a new printing press, with
which was founded the oldest party organ
in Dakota, and the first permanent Demo-
cratic newspaper in the territory, the Dako-
ta Herald. He was a successful and popu-
lar member of congress and was re-elected
a second term in 1872, and declined a third
term, preferring to attend to other busi-
ness, and re-entered upon his surveying
work, taking charge of the survey of the
Cut-head Indian reservation, near Devils
J>ake. He had engaged in much of the gov-
ernment surveying of the territory up to
1870, and had established most of the me-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ridians and standard lines in southern Da-
kota and along the Red River of the North.
He also was selected to execute for the gov-
crumeut the re-survey of the state bound-
ary of Nebraska, near Sioux City, Iowa,
where the treacherous river had cut a large
island into the state from the Dakota
boundary. Jlr. Armstrong received from
Ihe gdverinuent a charter for the first iia-
lional bank established in Dakota territory
and located at Yankton, he serving for
some time as president. Mr. Armstrong
has a deep interest in historical matters,
and his life has been such as to give oi)p()r-
tnnity to accjuire invaluable knowledge of
matters concerning the early history of Da-
kota. He served as secretary of the Dakota
Historical Society for ten years. In ISfifi
he prepared and published the "Early His-
tory of Dakota," and the book contained
much matter that could not be found in tlie
lecords, but which he knew from his own
observation and notes. In 187G the govern-
or of the territory delegated him to jire-
pare and deliver a centennial address at
Philadelphia on the resources of the terri-
tory. This address was afterwards repro-
duced in the leading magazines of the day.
Mr. Armstrong decided in 1877 to return to
ilinnesota and accordingly ('oncentrated his
business affairs, and in 187S located at St.
■James, filling the position of railroad land
agent. In 1878 he organized the Old Bank
of St. James and has since remained in that
business, and is known as one of the most
prominent business men in southern Minne-
sota. He is a writer of known ability, and
is the author of a recent historical work of
400 pages, entitled "The Early Empire
Builders of the Great West." He is a life
member of the Dakota Historical Society
and of the Minnesota Historical Society.
The prominence of the Armstrong family
has not been confined to one member, as
Thomas H. Armstrong, a brother, has
served as lieutenant governor of Minnesota,
and another brother, Augustus Armstrong,
served four years as United States marshal
for Minnesota, and his youngest brother,
Edward (\. Armstrong, the only one now
living, is a well known lawyer of Olmsted
\UMSTl:0.\G.
county, Minn. He was married in 1872 to
JIartha Bordens, of Detroit, Mich. He has
no children living. ^
BARTHOLOMEW, Joseph Milton, of
the supreme court of North Dakota, is one of
the first selections by the people of that
state for that position. This fact will al-
ways be an honorable distinction. He was
born in McLean count}-. 111., in I84;i, and
conu's of old American historical lineage.
His grandfather was General Joseph Bar-
tliolomew, an associate and warm personal
friend of President William Henry Harri-
son, being second in command under Gen.
Harrison at the celebrated battle of Tippe-
canoe. Judge Bartholomew's father was a
farmer and civil engineer in moderate cir-
<nmstances. He was an early pioneer of
Wisconsin, settling in Columbia county.
Territory of Wisconsin — as the region was
then called — in 1845. He was a member of
the legislature of the young state and held
various county offices and pf)sitions of honor
and trust. He was first a Whig and then a
Republican in politics, and died at Lodi,
Wisconsin, in 1886. His mother's maiden
name was Catherine Hefl'uer, a native of
JOSEPH MILTOX BARTHOLOMEW.
I
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Virginia. She was married in Illinois, and
died in Wisconsin in 1890. His grandfather,
Gen. Joseph Bartholomew, already men-
tioned, had a career as illustrious in mili-
tarj' affairs as that which his worthy grand-
son has won in civil life. He was born in
New Jersey, in 1766, and although only a
lad, carried a musket in the last years of the
Kevolutionary war. He was by nature and
training an Indian fighter and served as a
soldier under Gen. Anthony Wayne in the
Indian wars sub.sequent to the Revolution.
He settled in Indiana in ISOO, and served un-
der General Harrison. At the battle of Tip-
pecanoe his sword arm was shattered by a
bullet. For his intrepid conduct on that
critical occasion he was promoted to briga-
dier general. He was also prominent in civ-
il life and held various minor offices. He
was one of the commissioners who located
the capital of Indiana where it now stands.
He always retained his warm friendship for
Gen. Harrison. During the campaign of
1810, although ' seventy-five years old, he
rode on horseback over two hundred miles
to be present and to preside at the great
Harrison mass meeting held on the Tippe-
canoe battlefield. This effort was too much
for him. He became broken in health and
died on the day Harrison was elected presi-
dent.
Judge Bartholomew was educated in the
public schools and prepared for college un-
der a private tutor. But military blood
coursed in his veins and when the Civil War
broke out he entered the army. He enlist-
ed as a private soldier at Lodi, Wis., in
July, 1862. He was first under fire in the
attack on Vicksburg, by the way of Chicka-
saw Bluffs, in the hist week of December,
1862. He was in all the battles of the Vicks-
burg campaign, including the capture of the
city. He participated in the siege and cap-
ture of Jackson, Mississippi, and in several
minor engagements in western Louisiana, in
1863, where at one time he was one of seven
in his company who remained for duty at
the end of the fight. He also took part in
all the battles of the disastrous Red River
campaign. He likewise participated in the
operations against the forts at the mouth of
Mobile Bay, and was finally mustered out of
service November 14, 1865, with the rank of
captain.
After the war he took up the study of
law, concluding with two years of office
study and a course of lectures. He was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1869 and immediately
commenced practice in the courts of Wis-
consin and Iowa until he went to Dakota, in
1883, where he continued in his profession,
settling at La Moure, La Moure county. His
practice covered all branches of law, and in
several states, thus giving him a very thor-
ough preparation for the duties devolving
upon him in his present position of Judge
of the supreme court, to which he was first
elected in 1889, when the state was organ-
ized and admitted into the Union. This was
twenty years after his admission to the bar.
Judge Bartholomew cast his first vote
for the IJncoln electors at Helena, Ark.,
in 1864. By a law of Wisconsin, the sol-
diers in the army were allowed to vote on
the field. Gn this occasion, very appropri-
ately, the ballot box was the bullet box* or
ordinary cartridge box. He has been a Re-
publican ever since, but has never held any
civil office, aside from the one he now holds,
except that of state attorney. His present
residence is Bismarck, North Dakota, the
capital of the state and the seat of the court.
He is a member of the Grand Army of the
Republic, and of the Masonic order, being a
thirty-second degree Scottish Rite Mason.
He was mari'ied, in 1878, to Mary C. Harring-
ton. Judge Bartholomew passed away on
March 24, 1901.
BAKER, Thomas, Jr.— To be a leading
representative in any important line of busi-
ness in these days when competition is so
strenuous, may be deemed justly a mark of
some special ability above the common.
Thomas Baker, Jr., holds that rank in the
important business of fire insurance at
Fargo, N. D., his present place of resi-
dence. He was born at Barton, Vt., in
1859. His father, Thomas Baker, is a
farmer in northern Vermont and has long
been a man of influence in that community
and in the state, being prominent in politic-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
THOMAS BAKER, JK.
ill affairs. He has also served his constit-
uents as a member of the legislature of
Vermont. His wife was Sarah B. Eliot,
of Concord, N. H., a member of the dis-
tinguished family of that name, dating from
the early settlement of the country. Her
father was a substantial, wealthy citizen,
and an old school Puritan. Thomas Baker,
Jr., began his education in an old-fashioned
district school at West Glover, where there
was only one department, ranging from the
alphabet to astronomy, or from addition to
geometry, all taught by one teacher, the pu-
pils being both boys and girls — a primitive
co-educational institution. The puzzle of
modern times is how such an establishment
could turn out such competent men and
women. That they did have some effective
way of imparting instruction is unques-
tioned and abundantly proven by examples
of the success of their pupils. He attended
this school until he was fourteen years of
age and then began a course of study at the
old and highly esteemed Barton academy.
On graduating from this school, he entered
the well known St. Johnsbury academy
whose curriculum might with propriety be
called collegiate, and graduated in 1876.
He then chose law for his profession, and
came to Fargo, 2s. D., in 1880, and was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1881. He immediately
secured a good practice and formed a part-
nership under the firm name of Boyesen &
Baker. There was, however, a good open-
ing for an insurance business. It was at-
tractive, for it was akin to law. It might
almost be called a branch of the law busi-
ness because of the legal technicalities in-
volved in it. The field was tempting; be-
sides, it need not preclude the practice of his
profession. He decided to undertake it.
The splendid result justifies the decision.
He has now the leading business in this line
northwest of Chicago. He has so devoted
his attention to the subject of insurance
that he has become an authority. His ad-
vice is often sought by the highest officials.
In the national conventions of the guild, he
has read original papers esteemed of great
value, and occupies an influential position
in the highest councils of this important
branch of business. He has also taken ac-
tive interest in all educational matters, hav-
ing been a member of the board of educa-
tion of the city of Fargo for twelve years,
a large share of this time being its presi-
dent. He is now president of the library
board of that city. He has done this work
while representing as general and special
agent several of the leading insurance com-
panies of the country. In 1898 he was elect-
ed to the lower house of the legislature of
the state, and was accorded by that body
the distinguished honor of being unani-
mously chosen for speaker of the house.
That he discharged the important duties of
this position impartially and with credita-
ble ability is shown by the fact that not a
single appeal from his decision or ruling
\yas taken during the entire session. This
record, and the unanimous election, when
parties are so numerous and partisanship is
so rampant, are very rare occurrences in a
legislative career. Mr. Baker is a member
of all the York Rite bodies of the Masonic
order, and was for two years the com-
mander of Auvergn Commandery, Knights
Templars, and is now grand captain general
of the Grand Commandery of Knights for
HISTORY OF TUE GREAT NORTHWEST.
North Dakota. He was married in 1S82 to
Julia M. Root, of Fox Lake, Wis., be-
longing to an old family of note and of high
respect in both New York and Wisconsin.
Thej rejoice in two pi'omising sons — Koy
and Julius Baker.
DODGE, John Sylvester.— The flour
mills of Minneapolis are world-renowned,
not only for the immense (juantity of wheat
turned into flour, but for the superior qual-
ity of the product. Both in quantity and
quality they are unrivalled in this country
or anywhere on the globe. They have giviMi
Minneapolis the cognomen of "Flour City,"
a name which is regarded with pride by the
citizens of the whole state, because the dis-
tinction is so unquestionably earned by the
entei'pi-ise, energy, business capacity and
skill of the luen who have made such honor
possible.
Among those who have contributed in
making the milling business of ilinneapolis
so famous, the name of John S. Dodge, so
long the head miller of the celebrated ^^■ash-
burn mills, is one of the most ])rominent.
His father, Charles Clark Dodge, was a far-
mer of Oswego county. New York. His
mother's maiden name was Betsy Goit.
They were of New England, Puritan de-
scent. Mr. Dodge's great grandfather, on
his father's side, was an officer in the Revo-
lutionary War. John S. Dodge was born
at Pulaski, Oswego county, N. Y. After
completing his common school education in
the district school, he was sent to Pulaski
Academy, a school of high standing in north-
ern New York, and graduated in the class
of 1871. He then came to Minnesota and
settled at Beaver, a small village in Winona
county and near Winona, where he found
emidoyment in a flour mill and learned the
milling business. That he became very pro-
ficient in his calling is very evident, for in
1878 he became the head miller in the great
mills whose ojjerations he yet successfully
directs.
Mr. Dodge is a resident of the Fifth ward
of the city of Minneapolis, and has taken a
great interest in public aflairs. His activ-
JOHN S. DODGE.
ily has made liiiii |ii(iiiiiiieiil both in politics
and in s<Mial matters, while his sound judg-
ment lias been called into requisition in
many important subjects of public intei-est.
He was elected in 187S a member of the
Jlinneapolis park board, for a term of six
years, on the Republican ticket. He has al-
ways been a Republican, in fact, he came
from Whig and Republican ancestry. His
jjopulaiity as a man is shown by the vote he
secured at his election, it being the largest
cast for any candidate on the ticket. At the
state Republican convention in 1900 he was
unanimously nominated for presidential
elector, another remarkable tribute to his
standing in the community, the more noted
as he has been a resident of the Fifth ward
since 1873 and so active that most men
would have provoked jealousies and antag-
onisms in that (iiiie, making such a record
imi)ossible.
In Masonic circles Mr. Dodge is no less
favored. He was made a thirty-second de-
gree Mason in 1892. Hi October, 18i)9, at
the meeting of fhe supreme council, he was
accorded the distinction of being created
•knight commander" of the Court of Honor
of the ,\ncienl and Accepted Scottish Rite
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of the Southern Jurisdiction for the United
States. In June, 1900, he was also elected
commander of Alfred Elisha Arms Council
of Kadosh, Minneapolis. Such honors
among his social equals are strong testi-
mony to Mr. Dodge's qualities of mind and
heart. He wears all his honors meekly.
There is no arrogance in his nature. While
his supervising position in business puts
him in charge of men and the tendency of
such contact is to make one arbitrary, and
perhaps domineering, he has retained his
genial manners. His success has not
"turned his head" — to use a common expres-
sion— nor encroached upon the characteris-
tics which have made him popular as a citi-
zen and valued as a friend.
SEARLE, Dolson T5. — To over-estimate
the value of the services of Dolson Bush
Searle, of St. Cloud, on the bench of the
state of Minnesota, would be well-nigh im-
possible. His record has been replete
with honorable achievements, his character
irreproachable, and in his judicial capacity
he is acknowledged to have no superior in
the state. Judge Searle comes from Revo-
lutionary stock, his two grandfathers, both
of whom were pioneer settlers in Whitehall,
N. Y., having fought in the War of 1812,
while his great-grandfathers participated in
the Revolutionary and Colonial wars. His
father, Almond D. Searle, was a prosper-
ous farmer living near the village of Frank-
linville, Cattaraugus county, N. Y. The
Searle family is of English descent and was
prominent in the early history of England,
the first mayor of London having been a
Searle. The mother of our subject, Jane
Ann Searle, is of Scottish extraction and a
lineal descendant of Sir Walter Scott. She
was a highly cultured woman, and recently
died at the advanced age of over four score
years. Dolson was born June 4, 1846, on
the family homestead near Franklinville.
His boyhood was passed on his father's
farm and in attendance at the district
school, going from there to the academy of
his native town, from which he graduated.
He was one of the first to respond to the
call for men when the Civil War broke out,
and enlisted as a private in Company I, 64th
Regiment, New York Volunteers. During
his tern\ of service, which continued for
about two years, he was engaged in the fol-
lowing battles: Fair Oaks, Seven Pines,
Oaines Mills, Savage Station, White Oak
Swamp, Malvern Hill, the second battle of
Bull Run, and the battle of Antietam, be-
sides other minor engagements. Soon af-
ter his discharge from field service, which
was granted by reason of disability, he re-
enlisted in the regular army, and was de-
tailed for clerical duty in the war depart-
ment at Washington. Shortly afterwards
he was discharged from the military serv-
ice, by President Lincoln, to accept a civil
position in the war department, which he
held until 1871. In his clerical capacity.
Judge Searle had charge of an important
bureau in the adjutant general's office, and
the performance of his duties brought him
into confidential relations with President
Lincoln and Secretary Stanton, for whom
he came to feel a warm affection. He was
one of the audience in Ford's theater the
niglit of the president's assassination, and
perhaps no one in the whole assemblj* was
more deeply impressed by that sad fatality
than the young department clerk. During
the period of his service in the war depart-
ment, Mr. Searle attended the Columbia
Law College of Washington, graduating
with high honors in 1868. He came direct-
ly to Minnesota after severing his connec-
tion with the federal government, and lo-
cated at St. Cloud, where he began tlie
practice of his profession, associating him-
self with Hon. E. O. Hamlin, as a partner in
the firm of Hamlin & Searle. This partner-
ship was dissolved a year later by Judge
Hamlin's removal to Pennsylvania, after
which Mr. Searle practiced by himself, at-
taining a prominent position in legal cir-
cles. He served as city attorney of St.
Cloud for six years, and, in 1880, as Repub-
lican candidate for the office of attorney' for
Stearns county, was elected by a large ma-
jority, in spite of the fact that the county
was strongly Democratic. In April, 1882,
he was appointed United States district at-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
torney for the district of Minnesota, by
President Arthur, and served with eonspio-
iious ability until December, 1885, resigning
in order to give President Cleveland a
diance to appoint his successor. In Octo-
ber, 1887, he was appointed to the bench of
the Seventh judicial district of Minnesota.
He has sened continuously in that office
since that time, and has just been re-elected
for another six-year term, with no opx>osi-
tion. He has made an enviable record on
the bench, and has won special credit by
his decisions in the notorious "pine land
ring" case and the '"Avon school'' case. His
declaration in the latter case was the most
direct and emphatic ever issued by any
court in the country, prohibiting sectarian
jirayers and religious instruction in the
public schools. The same qualities which
united to make Judge Searle a good lawyer
serve him equ.ally well in discharging the
duties of judge. He is honest, painstaking
and trustworthy. In the investigations es-
sential to a correct decision, lie is just as
patient and just as thorough as if conduct-
ing a case in court for his client. There is
perhaps no judge in the state more indus-
trious in the examination of authorities,
and none more desirous of reaching a right
conclusion. During his years of general
practice. Judge Searle was attorney succes-
sively for the Northern Pacific, the IMinne-
apolis & Manitoba, the Great Northern and
the "Soo" roads. In politics, he has always
been a Republican, and previous to taking
the bench figured iii-ominently in state poli-
tics. He served as a member of the Repub-
lican state central committee in 1880 and
1887, and took an active part in the national
campaign of 1884. He was nominated for
congress from the Sixth district in 1892, and
made a brilliant campaign, being defeated,
however, by a very small majority. Judge
Searle has always been liberal of his time
in support of public enterprises and given
his best judgment in the proper conduct of
the municipal affairs of his own city. He is
a prominent member of the Grand Army of
the Republic, and on October 24, 1896, was
appointed aide-de-camp, with the rank of
colonel, on the staff of the commander-in-
chief. He was department commander of
the Department of Minnesota for the year
1899, and served as senior vice commander
the year prior thereto. He is also a Knight
Templar, of the Columbia Commandery of
Washington, D. C, a Knight of Pythias,
and a member of the Elks. He was united
in marriage, February Id, 1875, to Elizabeth
Clarke, of Worcester, Mass. The only child
boi-n to Iheiii died at the age of five years.
WERNER, Nils O., the president of the
Swedish American National Bank of Min-
neapolis, is a splendid representative of that
class of American citizens who, coming to
this country from the ice-bound shores of
the Scandinavian peninsula, have contribut-
ed so large a share to the upbuilding of this
great northwest. He is recognized as one
of Minneapolis' most substantial business
men, and his careful and conservative busi-
ness methods have won for him the con-
fidence of the public in a high degree. His
ancestors for many generations were tillers
of the soil in Sweden and representative of
that sturdy class which has been the back-
hiinc of the nation and i)reserved it intact
from the grasping hands of other European
HISTORY OF THE GUEAT NORTHWEST.
NILS O. WERNER.
countries. He is the son of Ola Werner and
Cherstin (Swenson) Werner. His paternal
grandfather was a soldier and non-commis-
sioned officer in the regular army of Sweden,
and fought in the wars against Napoleon in
1813-14. At the close of the war he re-
turned to his farm. Nils was born on the
old ancestral homestead near Christianstad,
Sweden, January 19, 1848. He attended the
common schools of the parish until he was
thirteen years old, when he entered the
Christianstad college, taking the full classi-
cal course, and graduated in June, 1868.
In September of the same year he emigrated
to the United States. His parents and
brother and sister had preceded him a few
months, locating at Princeton, 111. Shortly
after his arrival at this place, Mr. Werner
took up the study of law in the office of Hon.
James S. Eckles, remaining there for nearly
two years, when he removed to Red Wing.
Minn. Here he resumed his law studies in
the oflice of Hon. Wm. W. Phelps, one of the
first congressmen from the state of Minne-
sota. He was admitted to the bar in the
spring of 1871, and commenced practice at
once in Red Wing. He continued in the
practice of law until 1888. From the first
he won the respect of the bar and succeeded
ill building up a lucrative law practice with-
in a comparatively short time. In 1874 he
was elected to the office of Judge of Probate
foi (Joodhue county, which office he held
continuously for the next ten years without
(i]iposition from either of the political par-
lies. Mr. Werner, while a resident of Red
^^'ing, always found time to take some in-
terest in the public affairs of the town, and
for many years served as a member of the
board of education and the city council,
holding all of these positions at the same
time. His political affiliations have always
lieen with the Republican party, of which he
has been an active member ever since his
residence in the state. He represented his
district in both state and congressional con-
ventions for many years, and was a member
of the Republican state central committee
twice, from 1886 to 1888, and from 1898 to
1900. In 1888 he removed to Minneapolis
and assisted in organizing the Swedish
American bank, becoming its cashier. In
January. 1S!)4, he was elected president of
the bank. This bank was organized as a
state bank with a capital of flOO.OOO, which,
however, was increased in 1890 to |1250,000.
In April, 1894, this institution was made a
national bank, and given the title of the
Swedish American National Bank of Minne-
apolis. It has carried on a very successful
business from the start under the careful
and conservative business management of
Mr. Werner. Mr. Werner is also connected
with a number of other successful business
enterprises. He is a member of the Minne-.
apolis club. His church connections are
with the St. John's English Lutheran
church of Minneapolis, of which he is a
member, as well as his family. He was
married August 17, 1872, to Miss Eva C. An-
derson, at Red Wing. Mrs. Werner is also
a native of Sweden. They have three chil-
dren: Carl Alexis, Anna Olivia and Nils
Olof.
HI'LBERT, Charles Smith.— Charles
Smith Hulbert is city treasurer of Minneap-
olis, to which office he was elected in March,
HISTORT OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ISnT, by the t-ity council of Minneapolis, to
fill the vacancy caused by the resij;nation of
A. C. Haujran. Mr. Hulbert took hold of
this office at a time when it seemed almost
impossible to induce any man to take it and
furnish the large bond required. Such a
jteculiar situation was due to the determina-
tion of the city council not to accej)t any-
Ihinji but gilt-edged securities in the shape
of bonds. The treasurer-elect had failed to
c|ualify, and after repeated failures to se-
cure a successor, Mr. Hulbert stepped in to
till the breach. He is a native of New York
state, and was born ^larch 7, 1832, in Fay-
etteville, Onondaga county. His parents,
Stephen and Anna \Yright Hulbert, were
both natives of the Emj)ire state. The fa-
ther was a mechanic and acquired a moder-
ate competence by working at his trade.
Charles attended the common schools until
he was fourteen years of age, when he began
working on a farm. Not being strong phys-
ii-ally, he was compelled to give up this kind
of work, and coming west secured a posi-
tion as clerk in a store at B'elvidere, 111.
Having been frugal and industrious in his
habits, he was able, at the age of 22, to em-
bark in the hardware business at Lyons,
Iowa. This business proved successful un-
til the winter of "oG-'oT, when he suffered
heavy losses by fire, which, followed by the
hard times of the latter year, drove him to
the wall. He settled up all his indebted-
ness, however, and, with a very limited capi-
tal, moved to Minnesota and located at
Xorthfield in the spring of ISOO, where he
lipened up a general merchandise store. In
1862, Mr. Hulbert moved to Chicago iind ac-
cepted a position with the wholesale firm of
Wm. Blair & Co. His health failing a year
later, he returned to Xorthfield and again
engaged in the genei'al merchandise busi-
ness. On the opening up of the Iowa and
.Minnesota division of the Chicago, Milwau-
kee & St. Paul railway in the fall of 1865,
he accepted the position of local agent of
the company at Xorthfield. In connection
with this, he built up a good business in
grain, lumber, agricultural implements, etc.
He also had charge, on this division, of the
wheat buying for the Millers' Association
CHARLES S. HUI.IiKKT.
of Minneapolis. In the spring of 187G, Mr.
Hulbert moved to Minneapolis and took a
position as traveling agent for this associa-
tion. In October. 1878, he organized the
rillsbury & Hulbert Elevator Company for
the building and operating of grain eleva-
tors in the northwest. At this time, what
is now the Great Xorthern railway was rap-
idly constructing its line, and the new firm
followed closely in its wake and soon had
1600,000 invested in elevators along this
line. The venture proved a very successful
one. The last year Mr. Hulbert managed
the attairs of this company it received from
fai'uiers' wagons more than 10,000,000 bush-
els of grain, which is believed to be the lar-
gest amount of grain handled by a like num-
ber of houses in one year. Breaking down
from over-work, Mr. Hulbert closed out his
interest in the firm to C. A. Pillsbury & Co.,
and with his wife and daughter spent sev-
eral years abroad. \Miile absent, the Inter-
State Grain Company and the Swedish
American National Bank were organized.
.Mr. Hulbert was largely interested in both
(if these institutions. He served as presi
(lent of the Inter-State company until it sold
out to Van Dusen & Co., after having en-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
joyed several years of successful business.
lie has also served as vice-president of the
Swedish American National bank ever since
its organization. In ]\Iarch, 1897, he was
elected city treasurer of Minneapolis by the
city council. It was only, however, at the
solicitation of the substantial business men
of the city that Mr. Hulbert was induced to
accept this position. He was persuaded, al-
so, to take the nomination for this office in
1898, and received a handsome endorsement
at the polls in the election of that year. He
was re-elected to the office in 1900. He has
made an admirable record in that office, and
is the best treasurer the city ever had. His
administration of the office has been on thor-
ough business principles and he has the con-
fidence of the business community in a high
degree. Mr. Hulbert is a Republican in pol-
itics, but he has never taken a very active
part in political affairs. He is a member of
the Plymouth Congregational church. In
September, 1856, he was married to Julia
Jennings Goodsell, a daughter of Charles
Morehouse Goodsell, the founder of Carle-
ton College, at Northfield. Mr. and Mrs.
Hulbert have one child, a daughter, now
Mrs. Willard Jerome Kling, of Minneapolis.
VAN TUYL, Charles White.— After six-
teen years in railroad business, in which he
had achieved a fair amount of success, the
subject of this sketch entered the insurance
business. He is now the general agent of
the State Mutual Life Assurance Company,
of Worcester, Mass., at Minneapolis, and
is regarded as one of the leading under-
writers of that city. He was born Decem-
ber 17, 1859, in Addison, Steuben county,
N. Y. As his name would indicate, he
is of Dutch descent. His ancestors were
originally natives of Holland, and the full
family name there at present is van Tuyl
van Serooskerken. The family is of Frisian
origin, and Tuyl was the name of a small
town in that province. The American
branch is descended from several brothers
who came to this country about 1720. Mr.
Van Tuyl's direct ancestor located in the
Mohawk Valley, New York. It was here
that Ebenezer Van Tuyl, the father of the
subject of this sketch, was born, who died
in October, 1900. He was for many years
engaged in railroad business, and until re-
cently was manager of the Western Car
Service Association of Omaha, Neb., re-
signing on account of advanced age and
poor health. Mr. Van Tuyl had an honor-
able war record. He was captain of Co. G,
of the 1st New York volunteers, remaining in
the service about two years. He was in the
army of the Potomac during McClellan's
peninsular campaign, and the events follow-
ing, until the battle of Chancellorsville,
when he was wounded and taken prisoner.
He was so badly wounded that he could not
be moved from the battle field, and this was
all that saved him, probably, from death in
a Confederate prison. He was exchanged a
few days after this battle, which ended his
military career. Since the war he has been
engaged almost continuously in railroad
business. The maiden name of the mother
of the subject of this sketch was Sarah A.
McNeil. She was the daughter of a well-to-
do farmer living in Tioga county. New York,
and of Scotch-Irish descent, her ancestors
having settled in Central New York in the
early days of that colony. The first school
Charles attended was the primary depart-
ment of the village school in Hornellsville,
N. Y. His family removed from Hornells-
ville to a farm in Tioga county, about six
and one half miles from Owego village, when
he was six years of age. From his sixth to
tenth year his only schooling consisted of a
few months each je&v in the district school.
He then spent one year in a first class
graded school in Binghamton, N. Y. The
next three years his educational facil-
ities were limited to the attendance of only
a few months each year in the district
school. When he was fourteen his family
moved to Binghamton, where he enjoyed the
advantages of the Binghamton graded
school and high school for the next three
years. He commenced his business career
in the employment of the United States ex-
press company at Binghamton, serving in
the position of a driver for a few months.
This was in 1875. He was then given
u[s-i'<>i:y oi' TiiK (;ki;a'I' n(ii:tii\vest
;i i-Ici-Usliip in till' t'i('i';lit <ittii-c of the V.v'u'
railway al tlii'.t pDiiit. where he remained.
tiliin<.^ variims ]ii>siiii>iis iu the office, for
about six veaiis. He removed to Onialia.
Neb., in Man-h, 18S2, joining his father and
family who had ])i-efeded liiui tlieie six
montlis. In September of that year he ob
tuiiied :i rlerkslii]! in the freij;ht auditor's
oflice of tile I'nion I'aritii- railway. He was
promoted throuiih various <;radations in the
freifiht auditor's oHice until he was appoint-
ed i-hii'f rlerk (if rhe freijiht claiiu de])art-
nicut. wliii-li was a snlidi-parlnieiit of the
former oflice. In October, ls<s4, he was ap-
])oiuted assistant freijjht claim ajijent, with
headi|narlers al Salt Lake I'ity. In Di^ceiu
bi'I-. of Ihe ye.ir folliiwill.U. there oi-c\irred one
of the periodiral clian^i's in the nianaj;e-
meiil ot the I'nion I'arilir. and his pcisition.
to<;(*tlier with a host of othei-s of {jreater or
less importance, was abolished and the work
consolidated with other departments. He
leturned to Omaha and was fjiven a clerk-
shijj in the freij;ht claim department aj;ain.
but subsequently was re-appointed to his old
]iosition of chief clerk in that department.
He held this position until Novemlier 30,
1S!I2, when he resijined to f;o into the insur-
ance business. His first en<iat;enient in this
line was with the Xorthwesterii Mutual Life
afiency at Omaha. He gave this uji to ar
ce])t the Minneapolis agency of the State
Mutual Life Assurance ( V)m])any, of Worces-
ter, romiiig to Minneapolis in November,
iS'.t.".. He has been highly successful in this
]iosition, and the agency under his charge
has gi'own quite prosfierous. .Mr. \',in Tuyl
has always taken a j)roniinent part in the af-
fairs of the Life I'nderwriters" Association.
At the National T'nderwriters" convention
held in Chiiago in June, 181)4, he was the
first winner of the Calef loving cuj), offered
annually as a prize for the best essay on a
selected life insurance topic. Again at the
national convention held in Minneajtolis in
August. 1S!)S, he made an address w liich has
attracted considerable attention from the in
surance press all o\er the country. He
.served as president of tlii' Minnesota asso-
ciati{Mi in 1S!».5, and in like capacity for the
^linneapolis ass(jciation the following \ear.
in.\i;i.i;s w. v.\N •ft "VI..
.Mr. \'an Tuyl is a Hejuililican in iniuciple.
but does not take an active ]iarl in politics.
lie is a meiiil)er of tlic Coiuinercial Club and
of Westminster Presbyterian <hurcl^ In
September, ISCO, he was nnirried to Kathe-
rine, J. Bingham, at Northfield. .Minn. Five
children have been born to them. Kuth.
Olive. Hugh Oliver, Kiiy Whittier and Kath
eiiiie. Hugh and Olive are deceased.
FORT, Greeubury L., was born in Mar-
shall county, 111., June !l. is.->(i, on his
father's farm near Lacoi;. the county seat.
Ilis father. Washington l». Fort, was born
iu Scioto county, Ohio, and moved with hia
parents in an early day to Illinois. Chicago,
one hundred and twenty miles from the
farm that he selected, though only a small
village, was the nearest trading point. He
w.is a man of great energy and industry, and
]pros]iered. He became one of the leading
men in the townshij), ever ready with a help-
ing h.iiid to the needy, and highly resiiected
tor his siiotless integrity, being frequently
|ilaccd by the jieople in jiositions of trust.
His wife, who was married to him when only
seventeen years old. was a native of Keii-
liickv. born near Frankfoii. and came to Illi-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
GKEEXBURY L. FORT.
nois with her parents when in her teens.
Her maiden name was Sarali S. Fostei'.
Her father was John Cracraft Foster, a
noted woodsman and hunter, who, without
the advantages of a school, became, by his
own exertions, a well-informed man of good
general information.
The Fort famil}- is of French extraction,
its progenitors settling first in Maryland.
The original name was De la Fuert, which
in English was pronounced "Fort." The
descendants, beginning with Mr. G. L. Fort's
father, uncle, and aunt, adopted the simpler
English s[)elling of the name. His grand-
father, lienjamin, and grandmother, Mary,
born in Maryland, retained the old spelling
"Feurt."
The early education of the subject of this
sketch was, like that of most farmer boys,
in the old-fashioned district school, where,
perhaps because of the few studies pursued,
pupils learned most thoroughly the funda-
mentals of education. Many believe that
the methods of modern schools, with their
multitude of subjects, do not produce results
equal to those of schools limited strictly to
the primary branches of reading, spelling,
arithmetic, geography and grammar, with
the continuous and strenuous drill of the
olden time. When young Fort was "well
grounded" in the studies taught at the old
"Rosemont" district school he went to the
Illinois Wesleyan University, at Blooming-
ton. To obtain means to pursue his studies
he taught school in Marshall and Woodford
counties. But, like many other young men,
having reached the sophomore year of his
college course he concluded to take a short
cut to his profession, and entered the law
department of the Northwestern University
and graduated in the class of 1882, being
also a member of the college fraternity Phi
Gamma Delta. He immediately pushed out
to Bismarck, X. D., and entered into
partnership with his brother, now Judge
John F. Fort, who is still on the bench as
county judge of the county of Burleigh,
serving his second term. In January, 1886.
Mr. Fort came to Minneapolis and entered
upon practice with the result that he soon
took influential rank in his profession. In
1S04 he was elected to the city council from
the Tliirteenth ward by a large majority, re-
ceiving sixty per cent of the popular vote
against the opposition of both the Democrat-
ic and Populist parties. In council he was
chosen chainnan of committee on ordinances,
where his legal talents were called in requisi-
tion to the advantage of that body. Owing
to the high estimate of his character the
coiincil, on the expiration of his term, elected
him, in 1809, city assessor.
Mr. Fort is a staunch Republican and has
always taken an interest in public affairs.
He assisted in the organization of the First
Regiment of the Dakota National Guard,
the first miltary organization in that ter--
ritory. He held successively the three com-
missioned ofTices of Company "A," the first
company formed, O. W. Bennett being the
first captain. On the organization of the
brigade he was appointed judge advocate
with rank of major.
In 1887 Major Fort was nuirried to Miss
Clara Fortier, of Granite Falls, the daughter
of Joseph and Sarah E. Fortier, early set-
tlers in Yellow Medicine county. Joseph
Fortier was one of the very first men in that
region, being a post trader. He was a mem-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
bei- of the Benville Rangers and fought in
the Indian war of the frontier from ISOl to
lS(i5, receiving a severe wound. He then be-
came a merchant, and was for many years
the sheritT of the county. The union was a
liappy one, and they are parents of one chihl.
now eleven years old, named Arthur Fort.
Mr. Fort is one of the most influential
men in the ward and his position as city as
sessor gave him a prestige throughout the
whole city. He has a bright future, which
his many friends will be glad to assist in
making hapjiy and useful.
RUNCE. August Henry. — Coolness,
courage and (juick judgment are essential in
the equipment of brave men who daily risk
their lives in the hazardous occupation of
protecting life and projterty from tii-e in our
large cities. No man ])ossesses these (juali-
flcations in a higher degree than August
Henry Runge, first assistant chief of the
Minneapolis fire department. !Mr. Runge
has been connected with the lire department
of that city for the past twenty-six years,
and takes high rank among the fiieflghters
of the country as a brave and efficient ol!i-
cer. He was born in New York City Felnni-
ard 12, isr)2, of Oermau descent, both his
l)arents having been born in Germany. His
father, Henry August Runge, was engaged
in the grocery business in the city of New
York. He died when the subject of this
sketch was but four years of age. His wife's
maiden name was Marie Christina Sophia
Kracke. She survived her husband for many
years, passing away at her son's home in
Minneajmlis in 18S5. August attended the
public schools of New York until he was
twelve years of age, at which time his ad-
venturous spirit led him to follow life on the
high seas. He enlisted in the navy Sejitem-
ber 22, 1864, as an apprentice bity of the
third class. His good behavior and close at-
tention to his duties won for him in a short
time promotion to the second class, and
from there, by successive stei)S, to first class
landsman, ordinaiy seaman and seaman.
He was discharged from the navy, March 1,
1870, in the latler class. Duriu'; his term of
service, Mr. Runge served in the Cnited
States ships, "Savannah," "Fah Kee," "Sa-
bine," "Colorado," "Newburu," "rensacola,"
"Independence" and "Vermont," %hich
were attached to the North Atlantic, Euro-
pean and I'acifie squadrons, under Admirals
Farragut, I'orter, (ioldsborough, Thatcher
and Craven. After leaving the navy, he
went to the oil regions in Tennsylvania. He
here learned all there was to know about
the drilling of wells, from running an en-
gine to dressing tools. He was unfortunate
enough, however, to sink all his sui-jjIus
cash in a "dry hole. This discouraging
him, he decided to seek his fortune in the
west. He arrived in Jlinueapolis October
28, 1873, and was immediately engaged as
an engineer with the Tribune company,
which at that time had its offices in the old
city liall. He renutined with this concern
nufil May, iss;^,, when he resigned to accept
the appointment of first assistant chief en-
gineer of the fire department. When Mr.
Runge came to ^Minneajiolis the city was
protected by only a volunteer fire depart-
iiHiii. He joined this force October ."5, 1874,
Willi truck No. 1. I'pon the dispersement
of the VKliinlccrs. and the orgaiiizaticm of
HISTORY OF THE (iUlOAl' NOHTHWEST.
the regular depai-tineiil in IST'.I, he was aji-
pointed captain of Tru(k >«o. 1. lu Decem-
ber, ISSl, he was appointed second assistant
chief engineer, and in May of the following
year tii-st assistant chief engineer "at call.""
This (ittice was made permanent in May,
lS8i{, and from that time on Mr. Kunge de-
voted all his time to the duties of this posi-
tion. He was appointed chief engineer in
January, 1S!>0, and held this position until
January, 1895, when he resigned. In Janu-
ary of the following year he was apjiointed
to his present position of first assistant
chief of the fire department. Mr. Kunge
has made an admirable record in this capac-
ity. His judgment has been quick and ac-
curate in the handling of large tires, and he
has won for himself the complete contidence
of the business community. He is a promi-
nent member of the G. A. R. and Jsaral Vet-
erans. He is present commander of Jacob
Schaefer Post, No. 1G3, G. A. R.; past colo-
nel and adjutant of Gettysburg Regiment,
No. 8, Union Veterans' Union; general of
the Army of Minnesota, Naval Veterans'
Union; ex-captain of Minnesota Naval Vet-
erans' Association, and lieutenant-command-
er of the National Association of Naval Vet-
erans. Mr. Runge is also prominent in
Masonic circles and a thirty-second degree
Mason. He is identified with the Episcopal
church, and is a member of St. Andrews.
February 12, 187(i, he was married to Miss
Louisa von Ende, eldest daughter of the Hon.
August von Ende. They have two daugh-
ters, Mabel Sophia, born March 22, 1878,
and Anna Louisa Hazel, born September
4, 1885. Both the girls are musically in-
clined, ^label sings soprano at the Church
of the Redeemer, and Hazel, who is in the
eighth grade at the Blaine school, has exhib-
ited considerable talent in songs and dan-
cing.
BARRET, Anthony Hundley.— The ca-
reer of the present state treasurer of Mon-
tana, the subject of this sketch, pre.sents a
series of striking vicissitudes. It is typical,
however, of the life of many of the men who
have succeeded in winning fortune and fame
in I Ills far western state. The hardships of
frontier life only strengthened their moral
fibre, and no matter how many .set-backs they
met wilh in their struggle for a competence,
they commenced the battle anew with in-
creased energy and dererniinatiou. Mr. Bar-
ret's unique exjierienrc in falling back on a
legislative clerkship at earli succeeding ses-
sion for many years, after a strenuous con-
test with opposing elements wliich held him
down, makes very interesting reading. Tlie
story will be told in its proper plai-e in this
sketch. Mv. Barret is a native of Kentucky,
as were his parents. His grandparents were
Virginians. He was born in Leitchfield,
(Jrayson county, January 25, 1834. His
father, Augustus Melville Barret, for thirty
years served his home county (Edmondson)
in the capacity of county clerk and circuit
court clerk. The maiden name of the mother
of our subject was Mary Jane Cunningham.
She died at about the age of 28 years. The
paternal grandfather of Mr. Barret served as
a private in the Revolutionary War, becoming
aftemvards a missionary Baptist preacher.
His father was a colonel in that great strug-
gle for America's independence. Tlie mater-
nal grandfather of Mr. Barret was a noted
politician in the Blue Grass state. He served
in botli houses of the Kentucky legislature
for several terms. His father was a Gen.
Smith of Revolutionary fame, and a resident
of \'irginia. The educational privileges en-
joyed by the subject of this sketch were of a
somewhat meagre character. They were lim
ited to the log school houses of the early
days of Kentucky, in which the insti'uction
afforded was very crude in its nature.
When twelve years of age he went to Texas
with an elder brother and learned the har-
ness and saddlery trade. He did not follow
this occupation very long, however, but be-
gan clerking in a country store. He was en-
gaged in this line of work until 1858, at
which time he removed to Missouri, where
his father had preceded him, and assisted in
the winding up of his father's estate. Dur-
ing the session of the Missouri legislature
in 'G0-"61, he served as a clerk in the house
of representatives. He then went to St.
Louis and secured a position with A. W.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Sproiile & Co., a leading clothing' house in
that city. He reuiaiiied with this firm until
ISO;"), coiiiiiig to Montana in the spring of
lliat yeai-. His tirst eniiiloynient was cbo])-
jiing wo(j(l at the liead of Alder Gulcli, in
whiili work he was engaged during the fol
lowing winter. In the early jiart nf ISlifl
he worked at jtlacer mining. In March, he
was elected ilerk of the legislative council
of Montana, and later was ajjpointed (iov
ernor Aleagliei-'s pi-ivate secretary, also
clerk of Indian affairs ((ien. Meaghei- being
ex-olHcio superintendent of Indian affairs),
and assistant territorial auditor. In Feb-
ruary, 18()7, he was apjioiuted S])ecial In-
dian agent for the Joco, or Flathead, Indian
reservation, and remained in this position
until an agent was appointed and arrived at
the agency. For some time after this he
worked at placer mining, and then engaged
in the grocery business at Springville and
Kadei-sburg, Jefferson county, but failed.
lie was elected to the house of representa-
tives for the session of 1869, and after the
legislature adjourned returned to Kaders-
burg and chopped wood in the mountains
for a year. He clerked in a grocery store
the following year, and served as chief clerk
in the house of representatives at the next
session of the legislature. The winter of
1873 he was again engaged in the laborious
work of chopping wood near ^'^irginia City.
He then built a shop at Adobetown, in Al-
der Gulch, to take up the trade he had
learned as a youth in Texas, that of saddle
and hainess making. A short time later he
moved to Madison county, and opened a
shop at Pony. In the legislative sessions
of '75-'7(i and '76-77 he also served as chief
clerk in the house. In 1878, he removed to
IJutte, and succeeded in building up here
the largest business, as a dealer in saddles
and harness, wagons, carriages and farm-
ing implements, of any of the kind in the
state. Mr. Barret retired from active busi
ness three years ago, but still has an inter-
est in stores at Butte and Dillon, .Mont. He
is held in high esteem in business circles
for his strict business integrity, and greatly
admired for his public spirit as well as his
jiersonal character. He has always taken
AN'-niOW II. IlAltUET.
an acti\e interest iu public affairs, and his
service in the legislature is quite uiiiciue,
having served as chief clerk of the lower
house and the territorial council |pr ten
sessions, and as a member of the house for
one session. He was a member of the
Butte city council for two years, and justice
if peace for eight years. He is a Democrat
in politics, and as a reward for his long
services iu behalf of his party was elected
state treasurer, in TJOO, by a large major-
ity. Mr. Barret is quite prominent in Ma-
sonic circles. His record in that lodge is
summed up briefly, as follows: Wiis made
a Master Mason in George Washington
Lodge, No. 9, St. Louis, Mo., February U,
1805; a Royal Arch Mason in Deer Lodge
Chapter, No. 3, Butte, Mont., May 23, 1879;
(Council degrees in Helena Council, No. 9,
Koyal and Select Masters, October 9, 189r);
was created Knights Templar in Montana
Commandery, No. 3, Knights Temjilar, at
Butte, Nov. 3, 1882; the Degrees of the
Scottish Rite, in<-luding the thirty-second,
were communicated by Harry K. Comley,
acting inspector general Thirty-third De-
gree for ^Montana, .lanuary 31, 1882; was
elected K. C. of the Court of Honor, October
HISTORY OF THE (JREAT NORTHWEST.
L'(i, l,sS(i: was ((iroiR'ltcd IldiiinahU' Insjiec-
lor (iciicral of the Soiitlicrii .Iiirisdiction.
A. and A. IJilc .Maicli U, I'.lOd, a) Little
Hock, Ai-k., l)y Cluiflcs K. Koscnliauiii, Act-
inji' Iusi)ectoi' (ieiieral Tliirty-tliii'd Dejjjree;
was W. M. of P.ulte Lodge. No. Ii2, in 1887;
Ilisili Priest of Deer Lodge ("liapter. No. :i.
in 1S82, and Eminent Coinniander of Mon-
tana Coniniandei y. No. :', in 188G. AVas
elected Junior (Jraud Warden of the Grand
]^odge in 18!t(i, and by regular advancement
became (Jrand blaster, September 21, 189!).
\^'as chosen R. E. (Jrand King at the organi-
zation of the (Jrand Chapter in 1891, and
^lost Eminent (Jrand High Priest in 1893.
^A'as first V. E. (Jrand ('ommander of the
(Jrand Commandery of ilontana in 1888, and
K. E. Grand Commander in 1889. Mr. Barret
enjoys the unifjue distinction of being the
only person who has ever been called upon
to serve at the head of the three Masonic
Grand bodie.s. It was upon his motion that
the (Jrand (I'hapter set apart !|!500 from its
general fund, and ten per cent of its reve-
nues, for the Masonic home endowment
fund. November 9, ISSO, ^Mr. Barret was
married to Miss Lizzie A. Brooke, at Hel-
ena, Mont., by the late Bishop Gilbert.
Mrs. Barret is a native of Morgantown, Va.
No cliildren have been born to them. They
liavc. however, raised two adopted children,
both happily married now, and one who
died at the age of fourteen. The oldest, a
boy, was sent to college and is now a prac-
ticing lawyer in Louisville, Ky. The younger,
a daughter, is living with her husband in
Kansas City, Mo.
RUSSELL, Benjamin Stillman. — Among
the men of New England lineage who have
exerted a powerful intiueuce in moulding the
institutions of the great Northwest, Benja-
min S. Russell stands almost without a peer.
(Joniing to the Territory of Dakota in 1879,
ten years before it was a state; controlling a
large body of land; having a wide experience
in a multii)licity of atlairs; well informed in
history; thoroughly imbued with religious
and educational instincts; generous almost
to a fault, and abounding in energy, he could
not fail to be an animating foice in any in-
choate community. -Mr. Russell's ancestors
were very early emigi'ants to New England
from (Jreat ]?ritain. The first settler of the
family was AVilliam Russell, who landed at
Quinebaug, now New Haven, Conn., August
2o, 1(!?>S. His son, Noadiah, was a ministei'
of the Congregational church. In his house
the first steps were taken towards founding
Yale College, and the first gift toward tin'
institution was his donation of books. Both
he and his son, William Rus.sell, were pas-
tors of what is now the Fii-st (Congregational
church of ]Middletown, Conn., the father serv-
ing tifty-five j'ears, and the son twenty-five.
Benjamin's father, Hamlin Russell, was a
farmer, bom in (Jonuecticut in 1781, and
moved to Erie county. Pa., in 1802. He
settled on a farm on which he lived until he
died in 1852. It is now in possession of his
grandson. He was a man of great influence
in his day. He served as quartermaster to
the trooi>s during the building of Commodore
Perry's fleet on Lake Erie, during the war
of 1812. His wife, Benjamin's mother, was
Sarah Norcross, of Scotch-Irish descent. She
was maiTied to Hamlin Russell in 1810 and
died in 1831. She was a woman of strong
character, an excellent wife and mother, and
left an abiding influence on her children.
Benjamin S. Russell was born in Erie coun-
ty. Pa., in 1822. His early education was ob-
tained in a priniative school organized by the
neighborhood before the Pennsylvania "Com-
mon School Law" was passed. The books
were few and there were no paraphernalia
common to modern schools. But that the in-
structions were thorough and efficient is
evident from the scholarship and literary
ability shown by Mr. Russell, who completed
his course when only fourteen j'ears of age,
and has had no other scholastic training. In
183C he left home, went to Philadelphia and
secured employment in a wholesale hard-
ware store. The '"hard times'' following
the panic of 1837 cut short his term of
office after four years. He then obtained
emjiloyment as a clerk in various occu-
pations until 1813, when he secured a
position as teller and liookkeejier in a Har-
risburg bank, holding this place until Sep-
HISTORY OF THE GREiAT NOUnn\KST.
tcmber, 1850, when he moved to Towanda,
Pa., and formed a partnership for a bank
of his own. When the war brolce ont in
18G1, although i)revented from enlistment by
crippled arms, Mr. Russell t(M)l< an active
part in every movement for tiic s\iii|iorl of
the government. He was a]ii)ointed a tiscal
agent for the government under Salmon 1'.
C^hase, the secretary of the treasury, and sold
the securities issued to support (he bonds,
selling many hundreds of thousands of dol
lars worth where government securitii's had
never before been bought. Failing health
compelled him to make a change. In 18()^
he sold out his business and moved to I'hila-
deljihia, taking a general agency of a life in
surance company with the banking house of
E. W. Clark & Company, where he remained
until 1871, when he removed to Dubitli,
Minn., as a partner of a branch house of that
firm, and a director of the Lake 8ui>erior \-
Mississippi — now St. Paul & Duluth — rail-
load. The business was continued with suc-
cess until the great i)anic of 187;{ shook the
financial world. Mr. Russell struggled with
his affairs for two years longer, then suc-
cumbed with the rest.
In 187:{ Mr. Russell was appointed one of
the commissioners, by Governor Austin, of
Minnesota, under an act of the legislature, to
settle the controversy existing between the
states of Wisconsin and Minnesota concern-
ing the entrance of the Bay of Superior, the
jurisdiction of which had been in dispute,
and litigation in the United States court for
five years, at a cost of more than one hunderd
thousand dollars to the city of Duluth, one
of the parties to the controversy. The com-
mission met at Washington. There were nine
men present at the meeting, including the
commissioners: Governor Wa.shburn, Tinio
thy O. Howe, Senator Philetus Sawyer — then
member of the lowei' house and on the com-
mittee of commerce having in charge the
rivers and harbors — Jerry Rusk, member of
congress; Senators Alexander Ramsey and
William Windom, and the commissioners.
Sidney Lnce, mayor of Duluth, Ex-mayor
Joshua B. Culver, and B. S. Ru.ssell. This
aiTay of noted men indicates the importance
of the subject under consideration, and the
HION.IAMIN S. IM'SSKLL.
public interest in the result of the delibera-
tions of the conference. Of the nine men
present only two survive — Alexander Ram-
sey and Mr. Russell. The commissicth was
successful in devising a jilan of set I lenient.
It was, to stop all controversy over the en-
trances by making them all eciually avail-
able for commercial jiurjMjses. Tliis could
b( done by an ajtjjropriation from the gov-
ernment to imjjrove I hem. The modest sum
of one hundred thousand dollars was asked
for this i)uri)ose, and it was granted. Gov-
ernor Washburn then predicted that (he har-
bor of Duluth would be "the best on the
lakes." This has come to pass through the
muniflcience of (lie geneial government,
which has already expended (wo million of
dollars in improving the harbor, and has ap-
jiropriated two millions more for contracts
extending over five years. It is just ly a inal
tei- of pride to Mr. Russell that he was iden
tified with this magnificent enteqirise and
contributed to bring about the result.
The reverse at Dululh would have o\-er
whelmed most men of .Mi'. Russell's years.
r.ne he, buoyant by nalure, and with courage
undaunted, again resumed his business activ-
i(\-. After skirmishing some time in Phila-
IIISTOUY OF TIIH i;i!EAT XOUTIIWEST.
(li'lltliia, be secured control of a large body of
laud in Dakotii — now the state of North Da-
kota— and in 1S7!) went there to dispose of
if. He settled fii-st at Spiritwood. He sold
the land within two rears and removed to
Jamestown, wliere he now resides. Mr. Rus-
sell in politics was a Whig until 1854, a suj)-
jtorter of David AVilmot, of "Wilmot I'ro-
vise'' fame, and one of the promoters of the
Kepublican party. He voted for John C. Fre-
mont, in lS,")(i and has voted for every llepuh-
lican i)residential nominee since. He has
never sought oftice nor accepted a nomination
when offered, but he has chosen to be identi-
fied with the educational institutions of the
state, and with the advancement of religious
interests. He is a trustee of the normal
schools of Xorth Dakota, and a member of
the board of management of the school at
Mayville. He is an active Ejjiscopalian and
the beautiful, noble church at Jamestown is
one of the evidences of his zeal. Mr. Russell
was married to Mary Gaskill at Philadelphia
in 1847. She died in 1891. Five children
survive her, four sons and one daughter, and
four preceded their mother to the grave.
The sons are well settled in business. The
daughter was married to Samuel Bucknell,
in 1882 ,and resides at East St. Louis.
Notwithstanding his business activity, Mr.
Russell has found time to cultivate his men-
tal powers. He has a remarkable memory
and has made good use of it. He is a man of
scholarly attainments and among his friends
is regarded as an authority in hi.story, sacred
and profane, ancient and modern. The im-
]»ress of his forceful character will be re-
tained in that growing state for generations
to come, and men will bless the day when the
panic of 1873 sent him to live among them.
HUNTER, (Miarles Henry.— To nii-et a
man who has attained eminence as a physi-
cian and surgeon, inspires one's admiration;
but to know one, who has not only accom-
I)lished this, but who is also widely known
because of his active interest in all that
tends to the advancement of mankind, is as
unusual as it is jileasing. To be a judge of
what is best in literature, to be familiar
with the books of the day, to be able to dis-
cuss intelligently the <-omplex political prob-
lems of the nation, to keep abreast of all
scientific advancement, to be actively inter-
ested in athletics, to be in demand as an after-
dinner speaker, to appreciate a joke, as well
as know how to tell one, in addition to sus-
taining an eiivialde rejiutation in a ])rofes-
sion which ordinarily demands all of one's
time and energy, entitles one, surely, to be
known as a many-sided man. Such a man is
Charles Henry Hunter.
Rorn February (5, 18o:}. at ('linton. Me., his
early youth was spent in the home of his fa-
ther, (Jeorge H. Huntei-, now a meri-hant of
the neighboring town of I'ittstield. Here
he received his elementary education, after
which he attended the Maine Central in-
stitute, located in this village. In the fall
of 1870 he entered Rowdoin ("ollege, from
which he graduated with honor in 1874, re-
ceiving the degree of A. M. in 1886. The fol-
lowing two years he served as principal of
the Limerick academy, after which he began
the study of his chosen profession, attending
first the I'ortland School of Medical Instruc-
tion, then the Medical School of Maine, and
afterward the College of Physicians and
Surgeons in New York City, from wliich he
received the degree of doi-tor of medicine in
1878.
On February 9 of the same year he was
married to Miss ilargaret Orr Stone, daugh-
ter of Col. Alfred J. Stone, of Brunswick,
Me., who points with just pride to a noble
line (if ancestry, and whose cultured mind
and charm of manner have won friends for
her everywhere.
Dr. Hunter settled for the jiractice of
his profession at Newport, Me., but his
sjihere of usefulness was to be a broader
one than this, and after one year had
I)assed, in company with his wife, he went to
Europe, for the j)urpose of extending his
knowledge of medicine and surgery. Three
years he remained abroad, di\iding his time
among the most celebrated schools of Eng-
land and the continent. He heard the most
noted lecturers in the universities of Berlin,
Vienna, Strassburg, Paris and London, and
attended the clinics where surgical science
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHWKSP.
was demoustrated by the most euiiiifMit sur-
geous of the world.
Ou his retui'u to America, in 1882, he set-
tled iu Minneapolis, which city has since
claimed him as a resident. Although com-
ing here a stranger, his splendid prepara-
tion, his tireless energy, and his pleasing
personality (jnickly won for him a host of
friends, and the confidence of the comniii
nity.
He has adhered to a general practice,
both in medicine and surgery, and his repu
tation has extended over the entire North-
west.
Dr. Hunter was one of the founders of the
Minnesota Hos])ital college, and upon its
identification with the University of Min-
nesota, which was accomplished largely
through his efforts, became and is now i)ro
fessor of theory and practice of medicine in
the College of Medicine and Surgery.
He is one of the visiting physicians of
St. Barnabas hosjjital and is on the attend-
ing staff of the University of Minnesota free
dispensary.
He has long been a member of the Hen-
nepin County Medical society, and is activt
in promoting its interests. With him ori-
ginated the idea of founding the Academy
of Medicine, a society composed of a limited
number of medical men from the twin cities.
It has existed since 1887, is the only organ-
ization of its kind in the Northwest, and has
met with marked success. It is founded on
such broad scientific and social lines, that
its influence is continuous and progressive.
Dr. Hunter enjoys the social side of life
and is a member of the Masonic fraternity
and the Elks. In college he affiliated with
the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and en-
joys an occasional evening with the chapter
here. He was instrumental in founding the
Western Alumni Association of Bowdoin Col-
lege, in 1S84, and its annual meetings are to
him a source of rare pleasure.
He has always been an enthusiastic
wheelman. Ho was for some time state
centurion and is at present chairman of the
National Sidejiath committee of the L. A. W.
All out of door sports have for him a
CHAitLKs II. iir\Ti:i;
particular fascination. He is a member of
the Bryn Mawr Golf club, Minnetonka Ice
and Yachting club and Long Meadow Gun
club, and when he is able to steal a few
hours from his professional duties, delights
in the recreation and sport to be attained
through these mediums.
The pleasant home of Dr. and Mrs. Hun-
ter is at Second avenue south and Ninth
street. In it the son and daughter just grow-
ing to young manhood and womanhood find
everything conducive to their happiness and
advancement, and here their hosts of friends
delight to call upon them, assured always of
a hearty welcome and royal entertainment.
SHOEMAKER. Waite Almon, is known
as one of the leading educators in Minnesota
and has been for many years a resident of St.
Cloud where he has been engaged in educa-
tional work for nearly twenty years. He is
a son of Aehsa Waite Shoemaker, grand-
daughter of one of the early settlers on the
western reserve, and Abraham Shoemaker,
a descendant from the Pennsylvania family
of that name. Abraham Shoemaker was for
over fifty years a minister of the Disciples of
UISTOKY OF TlIK GUEAT NOltlllWKST.
WAITE A. SHOEMAKER.
Christ. \V. A. ^>li()Lniuikei- was boru iu 1800,
on a farm at Meutor riain near Willoughby,
Ohio. When he was but three years of age
his parents came to Minnesota, settling near
Plainview, but in 1S70 removed to Steai'ns
cotmty. He received his early education in
the country schools. In 1S72 he first attend-
ed the normal school at St. Cloud, enrolling
in the model school. He had a hard struggle
to secure his education and was obliged to
do manual labor at times to earn the money
necessary for his expenses. He taught his
first school when but fifteen, and earned
enough to spend a year in the normal school.
He then taught for several years in the coun-
try districts. He re-entered the normal
school in 1878 and was graduated, in 1880,
from the elementary course, and was valedic-
torian of the class, and also class orator. He
then entered the advanced course and was
graduated in 1881. While a student he
taught some of the classes in mathematics
and upon graduation received a place on the
faculty of the school, serving as principal of
the grammar grade in the model school, and
was also a critic teacher. The second year
he became principal of the preparatory de-
partment and again served as critic teacher.
The following year saw him advancing in
his work. He filled the position for several
years of general assistant, but finally settled
upon mathematics and methods as his favor-
ites. Mr. Shoemaker decided that a course
iu graduate work would be of benefit and
secured leave of absence and entered New
York university; in 181)7 he received the de-
gree of master of pedagogy, and in 1898 that
of doctor of pedagogy. Dr. Shoemaker then
resumed his work at the normal school, but
in 1900 he was elected superintendent of city
schools at St. Cloud, which position he now
fills. He has been engaged in furthering the
higher education of teachei-s for a number of
yeai's. He has taken special interest in sum-
mer school work, and has been conductor of
over a dozen summer schools in this and
neighboring states, and has also conducted
classes at numerous "teachers' institutes."
He has been a deep student of psychology,
metaphysics, and methodology; and with
Miss Isabel Lawrence, also a worker along
educational lines, published a text book
known as "The New Practical Arithmetic."
Dr. Shoemaker is a member of the Minnesota
Educational Association and served as presi-
dent of that body during 1899. He was mar-
reid in 1881 to Miss Louise Polley and they
have two children, Isabel and John.
TUFTS, DeWitt Clinton, receiver of the
land office at Fargo, N. D., is a native of
Maine, and was born August 9, 1851, in Farm-
ing-ton, Franklin county, on the old home-
stead where his grandfather settled, on his
removal from Massachusetts, over a century
ago. This farm is still in possession of the
Tufts family. His father, J. Warren Tufts,
followed the occupation of farming the
same as his ancestors before him. He was,
however, of a speculative disposition, and,
getting the gold fever in 18.51, went to
r'alifornia by the way of the Isthmus. Not
finding there, like thousands of others, the
fortune he sought, he returned in a short
time to his native state and resumed farm-
ing. He was a life-long Republican and
held various offices of trust in his township
at Waterford in 18.5."i. His father was I^evi
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
and home county. He also served in the
Maine lejjislature for two terms. He was a
great admirer of Horace (ireeley, and weni
with the Greeley party during the hitter's
j)i-esidential campaign. The maiden name
of the motlier of the subject of this skctili
was 5Iartha A. Tarbox. She vas born in
Oldtown, Me., and was a member of a nii
merous and prosperous family wlio were
early settlers in New England. DcWilf re
ceived his early education in llic common
schools, and later the free high schools of
his native county. When twenty-one years
of age he entered the Western State Normal
at Farmington, Me., graduating from this
institution in 1874. After leaving the state
normal, he taught for the next three years
in both the common and high schools of
Maine. He came west in the spring of 1877,
and spent a little time in the Black Hills
mining country in South Dakota. In June,
however, he left Deadwood for Fargo, going
over all the railroad lines then constructed
in the two Dakotas — 35 miles from Vermil-
lion to Yankton, and 196 miles from Bis-
marck to Fargo. He settled on a home-
stead, four miles north of Fargo, and com-
menced farming. He has been very suc-
cessful in his farming operations since that
time, and attained a prominent position in
his own community. Shortly after remov-
ing to North Dakota he taught school for
one year. He has always been a Republic-
an in politics and has taken an active inter-
est in political affairs. He was elected to
represent his district in the second session
of the state legislature, held the winter of
1890 and '91, after North Dakota was ad-
mitted to statehood, and was one of the orig-
inal supporters of Senator Hansbrough,
remaining with him till the unexpected hap-
pened, as it frequently does in North 1 )akota
politics, and he was elected to the United
States senate. Mr. Tufts served for eight
years in the state legislature, two terms in
the house and two terms in the senate. In
recognition of his eminent services 1o the
party, he was appointed receiver of the Far-
go land office by President McKinley, in Jan-
uary, 1898. Mr. Tufts is an attendant of the
Congregational church, though not a mem-
DE Wri'T C. TUFTS.
ber of that body. He was married in the
fall of 1881* to Miss Mary I. Campbell. Mr.
and Mrs. Tufts have eight children^ four
boys and four girls.
BROWN, Calvin Luther.— Interest will
so often warp calm judgment that it has
come to be regarded as almost impossible
for an ordinary man to hold the scales of
justice without prejudice. There is, how-
ever, a cast of mind — sometimes called "ju-
(lifiar'—which can easily lay aside all bias
and then penetrate to the marrow of a sub-
ject. It would seem that the subject of this
sketch belongs to a family distinguished for
this characteristic. His father, John H.
Brown, was esteemed such an efficient
judge that he was elected and re-elected
judge of the Twelfth judicial district of Min-
nesota until he sei-\ed for fifteen years.
Judge Brown was a descendant of John
r.rown, who <ame from England in 1632
and settled in Massachuseils; also of Wil-
liam Brown, who s(>rved in the Revolution-
;iry war; he was the brother of the late L.
M. Brown, of Shakopee. Calvin L. Brown's
mother's maiden name was Orrisa Maxfield.
HISTOKY OF JIIE GREAT NORTHWEST.
CALVIX L. BKOWX.
He was born at Goshen, N. H., April 26,
1854. His father, after the fifteen years of
his judgeship, was only in moderate finan-
cial circumstanfes. Young Brown came to
Minnesota territory as an infant, with his
parents, in 1855. The family settled at
8hakopee. In 1871 the home was changed
to Willmar, Minn. He received his educa-
tion in the district and higher schools of the
state. AMien of proper age he very natur-
ally took up the study of law, which seemed
almost hereditary to him, both by direct
and collateral descent. He was admitted
to the bar at Willmar, in 1876. Two years
later he opened a law office at Morris, Minn.
From the outset he showed aptitude and spe-
cial ability in his profession, as might have
been expected from his ancestors. So marked
was his proficiency that in four years,
or in 1882, he was elected county attorney
of Stevens county, and discharged the du-
ties so satisfactorily that he was kept in
office until 1887, when he was appointed by
Gov. McGill judge of the Sixteenth judicial
district, embracing the counties of Big
Stone, Grant, Stevens, Pope, Traverse and
Wilkin. He was then elected by the peo-
ple, and held the office for two terms, or un-
til 1899. During this time he had so estab-
lished his character as a jurist that he was
elected, in 1898, as judge of the supreme
court of the state, and. of course, resigned
the office of district judge, and took his seat
on the supreme bench in 1899, which posi-
tion he now holds. In the meantime he had
not ignored his duties as a citizen. He held
numerous minor positions of honor and
trust, aside from his judgeships. The fidel-
ity and integrity shown in what may be
called obscure offices were no small factors
in securing for him the confidence of the
community. He was also an enterprising,
])nblic-spirited private citizen, taking his
full share of the responsibilities naturally
falling to a prominent man. He attends
tlie Congregational church and contributes
to its various departments of work, al-
tliough not an enrolled member. He is a
prominent member of the Masonic frater-
nity, and was the Grand Master of the state
of ^Minnesota in 1895 and 1896. He was
married September 1, 1879, to Miss Annette
Marlow, at Willmar, and they have been
blessed with five children. Olive, the first-
born, died. The others are Alice A., Mon-
treville J., Edna M., and Margaret E. Brown.
The judge is yet a comparatively young
man and has a bright future. Taking the
brief outline given as a true indication of
his sterling character, it is a safe assurance
that the supreme bench will be honored by
his service, and that a brilliant career
awaits him.
STBLETTE, George Washington.— This
is pre-eminently an engineering age. The
services of the civil engineer contribute
more to the health, comfort and convenience
of the people than does the work of all the
other learned professions combined. Yet
how few value these services at their true
worth. A doctor who saves one life is given
full credit for his work, and is very proper-
ly honored. But the civil engineer of a city
may save hundreds of lives by his skill, and
yet passed unnoticed. Minneapolis is for-
tunate in having a competent and efficient
engineer, in the person of George Washing-
HISTORY (IF THK (JKKAT NORTHWKST.
ton Sublette, the distinguished chief of the
city engineering department, president of
the Minneapolis Engineers' Club, and uicni-
ber of the Texas Academy of Science.
Mr. Sublette is of French Huguenot de-
scent. His forefathers left France to escape
religious persecution, and settled in Vir-
ginia. They afterward became prominent
in the fur trade and in the explorations of
the far west. Capt. Wm. Sublette, one of
the brothers of the family, was general man-
ager of the American Fur Company. He ex-
j)lored the Rocky Mountains and determined
the shor-test route to California. It was
from Capt. Sublette that Sublette Lake of
the old geographies was named. It is now
the Yellowstone Lake.
Peter Jackson Sublette was nianicd to
Sarah Russell Warfield. of a well kndwn
Maryland family, and emigrated to Missouri,
where he became a prosperous farmer in St.
Louis county. He was a soldier of the Mex-
ican war and a member of the Missouri mili-
tia during the Civil war. It was here that
Geo. \A'. Sublette, the city engineer, was
born.
Young Sublette was educated in ilif pub-
lic and private — or '"select"" — school, as it is
called sometimes, and prepared for college
at the academy, graduating at the State
Normal at Kirksville, Mo. Later he took
a post-gi"aduate course in mathematics
and engineeiing in the University of Min-
nesota, under Professors Downey and Pike.
Mr. Sublette had a natural aptitude for the
profession he has chosen. He may fairly be
said to have been born to it, for having
taught school at the age of fifteen years, he
surveyed land at sixteen, joined a surveying
party at eighteen, and at twenty-one be-
came the county surveyor of Adair county.
Mo. Such precocious ability was sure to
find abundant employment, ilr. Sublette's
subsecjuent career has fully carried out his
early promise of usefulness. He was en-
gaged in railroad construction — only a part
of which can be mentioned — the Wabash,
the Chicago & Northwestera and the Union
Dejjot at Minneapolis. Under city engineer
Andrew Rinker he was placed in charge of
the North Minneapolis tunnel. He was also
GEORGK W. sriiLETTE.
engineer of construction for the city of Aus-
tin, Tex., completing the power house and
dam. He also held the same official position
for Helena, Mont., while constructing the
light and power house at Canon Ferry.
His election as city engineer of Minneap-
olis in l>S!t9 was a well merited recognition
of his practical experience and rich profes-
sional acquirements.
Mr. Sublette is an active Odd Fellow,
holding the highest office in the subordinate
lodge. He is also a member of the Knights
of Pythias, and has his church relations
with the Church of Christ. In politics he
has always been a Republican.
He was married to Miss Anna B. Baldwin
in 1S70. and is the hapjiy father of two chil-
dren, lo and Marguerite.
So long as the att'airs of the city are in
the hands of such a man, Minneapolis may
rest assured that its physical welfare will
be efficientlv conserved.
BERii. Otto C.. secretary of state of
South Dakota, is a resident of Redfield,
Spink .-onnty. He was born September 10,
1S4!). ai Bn'Miuiii. Ringsager, Norway, and
HISTORY OF THE GKKAT NORTHWEST.
OTTO C. BERG.
is the son of Cbristence Berg, nee ovre
Rudd, and Cliiistian T. Berg. His father
was a government employe and was over-
seer of government roads, and other im-
j)rovements. He received a common school
education in his native village and at the
age of sixteen started on a business career
and was employed as a clerk in a general
store at Lillehammer, and then for several
years was bookkeeper in a wholesale estab-
lishment at Drammen. He became dissat-
isfied with conditions in Norway and deter-
mined to come to America, and came to this
country in 1873, locating at Norwalk, Mon-
roe county, Wis., engaging in the mercan-
tile business. He came to South Dakota in
1883 and settled at Northville and started a
general mercantile business. He after-
wards located at Redfield, his present home.
Mr. Berg is one of the best known men in
the Republican party in the state. He ear-
ly affiliated with the party and has always
been a hard and enthusiastic party worker,
and his recent election to the responsible
position of secretary of state is a just re-
ward, not only for his party work, but for
merit. He served as postmaster at Nor-
walk, Wis., and also as county clerk of
.Monroe county, ^Vis. He has served for six
years as clerk of the circuit and county
courts of Spink county and goes from the
office of clerk to that of secretary of state.
Mr. Berg is a prominent member of the Ma-
sonic bodies at Redfield. He is a member
of Redfield Lodge, No. 34, A. F. & A. M.,
and has twice served as master of the lodge.
He is a member of Redfield Chapter, No. 20,
R. A. M., and has served as High Priest.
Me is also a member of the Ancient Order
of United Workmen. He was married
May 1, 187D, to Miss Edith Rowe, daughter
of the late David B. Rowe, of Whitewater,
Wis. He has two children, Edna M. Berg,
a young lady of twenty, and Paul B. Berg,
a boy of thirteen.
HOFOHTON, James Gilbert.— One of
the most important functions of a city gov-
ernment is that of safeguarding the people
against their own folly, ignorance and par-
simony in building their houses. If left
unrestrained by laM% the perils of the city
from fires, from insanitary homes and facto-
ries, from flimsy tenements for rent, and
from encroachments on the rights of the
public would be greatly increased. Hence
it is necessary to have a thorough supervi-
sion of all the building operations in the
city. This is an immense work in a rapidly
growing community. To accomplish this
properly requires system, combining ac-
curacy, care and impartiality with a clear
method of registry. It can be readily seen
that although the duties are not showy, they
are of great importance. A regular depart-
ment is organized for the work, the officers
of which are known as building inspectors.
To be competent for the office they must
have both thorough building knowledge and
experience, together with mechanical skill
to decide what is feasible and what should
be prohibited. In this exacting duty James
G. Houghton has made a record for the city
of Minneapolis worthy of the highest credit.
Mr. Houghton is from Maine, a state con-
tributing many sons noted in the develop-
ment of Minnesota, and especially in the
building up of Minneapolis. He was born
142
HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST.
Howard Houghton, a farmer and a mason
in moderate circumstances. His mother's
maiden name was Elizabeth T. Robbius.
Both were of Englisli descent. Mr. Hougli-
ton liad the advantages of a district school
education and worked on his father's farm
at W'aterford during school age. He then
learned the carjienter ti-ade in the good old
way. Like most of the energetic men in
that region, where the towns are to a large
degree finished, young Houghton took Hor
ace (ireeley's famous advice to "go West."
He landed in Minneapolis June 25, 1880, a
date which is a mile stone in liis career never
to be forgotten. He immediately went to
work at his trade and for several years
served as foreman to one of the contractors
in the city. He then established himself in
business on his own account, and conducted
it until 1894, when he was appointed first
assistant building inspector for the city of
Minneapolis. He was elected to the of-
fice of building inspector January 1, 1899,
which put him in full charge of the depart-
ment. His superior fitness for the place
was soon demonstrated by the improve-
ments he made in the administration of af-
fairs. In the first place he very materially
reduced the expenses of the ofiSce. Al-
though there was more work than in any
other year subsequent to 1894, Mr. Hough-
ton managed the business with two less men.
His thorough knowledge and practical com-
mon sense enabled him to simplify the sys-
tem of keeping the records so as to keep them
in better form with less labor. He also insti
tuted sevei"al new records, greatly needed
and which will be of great value in the work
of the department. Therefore the whole
labor is better done and with less expen.se
than ever before since the office was estab-
lished. In addition to this Mr. Houghton
makes a jiractice of personally inspecting
buildings in the course of erection.
Mr. Houghton is a Republican in politics,
and was a ward committeeman in 1898. He
is a member of Hennepin Masonic Lodge,
No. 4 of which he is also a P. M.; a
member of Ark Lodge, R. A. M., and Past
High Priest; member of the Minneajiolis
Mounted Commandery, IS'o. li:{, of Knights
Templar; member of Minneapolis Camp,
No. 445, Modern Woodmen, and member of
Modin Tent. No. '2'\, order of the Maccfflbbees.
He was married in 1882 to Susan C. Drew,
and has three children, Harry D., Lucy M.,
and Robert J. Houghton. He is likewise a
member of the Simj)Son Methodist Episcopal
church, so that his social and religious as-
sociations give him a very extended fellow-
ship with a host of desirable friends by
whom he is highly esteemed and universally
respected as a husband, father, and citizen
without reproach.
FTTNK, William Albert, is a prominent
lawyer, politician and real estate owner of
Mankato, Minn. He is a native of Illinois,
and was born in La Salle county, February
25, 1854. His father, Abraham Funk, was
born in Virginia, but moved to Ohio with
his i)arents when he was but a mere child.
He grew up to manhood in the Buckeye
state, and for several years taught school.
Later he engaged in the occupation of farm-
ing in this state, and afterwards in Illinois,
where he removed in 1852. For the last fif-
HISTOKY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
WILLIAM A. ITNK.
teeu years Le has lived in the vilhige of
Odell, 111. He was married in 1840 to Mar-
garet Jane Hutchinson, the mother of the
subject of this sketch. She was born in
Fairfield county, Ohio, and was of English
descent. The ancestors of Abraham Funk
were Swiss-Germans. The American branch
of the family is descended from three broth-
ers who came to this country from Switzer
laud about 176.5, aud settled in Virginia and
Pennsylvania. The subject of this sketch
received his early education in the public
schools of La Salle county. 111., which was
supplemented by an attendance at an acad-
emy. Desiring to take up the legal profes-
sion as his vocation in life, he entered upon
the study of law and was admitted to the
bar by the supreme court of Illinois in Sep-
tember, 1875, when 21 years of age. He be-
gan the practice of his profession in Odell,
HI., forming a partnership with J. H. Funk,
lately speaker of the Iowa house of repre-
sentatives. This partnership continued until
1878, when the subject of this sketch remov-
ed to Streator. 111. He formed a partnership
there, in 1880, with Joel T. Buckley, the firm
being known as Buckley & Funk. This part-
nership continued until 1882, when he associ-
ated himself with (Jeorge E. (Jlass, the pres-
ent mayor of Streator, under the firm name
of Funk & (jlass. In 1885, this partnership
was dissolved and Jlr. Funk practiced his
lirofession alone. In March, 1887, he remov-
ed to Minnesota and located at Lakefield, in
Jackson county, where he practiced law until
November, 1895, when he removed to Man-
kato, where he now resides. From the first,
Mr. Funk enjoyed a lucrative practice, and
assumed a prominent position in legal cir-
cles. He has held many jwsitions of public
trust, and has always taken an active inter-
est in political affairs. He has been a life-
long Republican, and has done effective
work for his party on the stump. He
stumped the state of Illinois during the
campaign of 187G, and has contributed like
service to his party in every campaign since
that time, both in Illinois and in Minnesota.
He ser\-ed as an alderman in Streator, 111.,
for two years, also three years as chairman
of the Rex)ublican city committee of Strea-
tor. In 1890 he was elected county attor-
ney of Jackson county, Minn., and was re-
elected in 1892 and 1894, making an enviable
record in that office. He resigned this posi-
tion in 1895 on his removal to Mankato.
In 1896 he served as chainuan of the execu-
tive committee of the Mankato McKinley
club, and was on the stump for forty-seven
nights during that exciting campaign. In
1898 he served as a member of the executive
committee of the Republican state central
committee. He was a candidate for the
congressional nomination from his district
in 1900, but withdrew after the result of the
first caucuses was announced, it being ad-
verse to his candidacy. During the cam-
paign of this year Mr. Funk served as presi-
dent of the McKinley and Roosevelt club of
Mankato. He has always been a prominent
worker in his party's interests, and is recog-
nized as one of the leading political speak-
ers in the North Star state. Mr. Funk has
also interesed himself largely in real estate
and is the owner of the unsold portion of the
town-site of Lakefield, Minn., as well as
several hundred acres of land adjacent to
that town. He also owns rich farming
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHAVEST.
lands in several oilier sections of Minne-
sota, as well as in Wisconsin. Mr. Funk
has been an Odd Fellow for many years,
and is a member of the grand lodge, both in
Illinois and ^[innesota. He also served as
consul of Camp No. 4, M. W. A., when that
order was organized in Illinois. He also
held this position later at Lakefield, Minn.
He is also a member of the Knights of
Pythias. He is identified with the Presby-
terian body, and is a member, trustee and
elder of the First Presbyterian church of
Mankato. He has been the superintendent
of Hope Mission Ir^unday school, of Mankato.
for three and one-half years, and is a trustee
of Alb(n't Lea college. He was married in
October, 1879, to Nellie Douglass, at Strea-
tor, 111. They have four children: William
D., aged 20; Nettie M., aged IS; Leslie A.,
aged 14, and Edgar N., born in September,
I'JOO.
HKNUY It. PORTER.
PORTER, Henry Rinaldo.— The duties of
an ordinary busy physician are said to be
exceedingly depressing. Some go as far as
to say that the drain of vitality is greater in
the work of a medical man than in that of any
other occupation, however laborious. Cou-
tinually in contact with suffering — for when
absent from the patient his case, if critical,
is ever in the mind of a faithful doctor;
pouring out sympathy on friend and stranger
day by day; listening to complaints of all
sorts of ailments; called up at all hours of
the night, sometimes on frivolous pretexts,
and, the worst of all, constantly reminded
of his utter impotence where he most desires
to be of help, it is not strange that with
the weight of these anxieties he should be
borne down with weariness of mind and
body. His sympathies, his emotions and his
intellectual powers are on the rack with but
little relief. If a doctor in ci^^l life, pro-
fessionally associated with whom he may
consult, with friends who may atlord him
some cheer, and with social amenities to re-
lieve the monotony and perhaps furnish some
recreation, must undergo the anxieties and
anguish of spirit portrayed, what must be
the condition of the anny surgeon subject to
the same or greater strain, and yet, not only
deprived of these alleviating items, but re-
stricted intheappliancesof his profess^pu and
curtailed in his medicinal supplies? Can his
situation be less than positive torture? Yet
how little consideration is given to the army
surgeon. The public is prone to find fault
with the hospital service on the slightest
pretext, while the extraordinary achieve-
ments of the medical staff have only meager
mention. Dr. Henry R. Porter, the eminent
surgeon and medical practitioner of Bis-
marck, N. D., has had the chastening experi-
ence of both civil and military life, so that if
ihe adage be true that "practice makes per-
fect" he ought to be well nigh the goal. Be-
sides, with him the profession may be called
hereditary, for his father, Henry N. Porter,
M. D., was a distinguished physician in the
state of New York, having practiced in
Oneida county of that state for thirty-live
years. He then retired and moved to the
less rigorous climate of Washington, D. C,
where he died in 189!). His wife was of
Scottish birth and came to this country when
seven years of age. Her maiden name was
Helen Poison. Dr. Henry R. Porter, the son,
was born at Lee Center, Oneida county, N.
HISTORY OF THE CRKAT NORTHWEST.
Y., in 1848. He was, of couisp, surrounded
with the atmosphere of his profession.
When he had completed his literary prepara-
tion, he went to the Mic-hi<?an university at
Ann Arbor, the medical department of the
school having a high rank. He finished his
professional course at Georgetown, District
of Columbia, graduating in 1872. He then
served as resident physician of the Columbia
Lying-in Hospital at Washington, D. C, un-
til appointed acting assistant surgeon of the
United States army. He was assigned to
duty with the troops in the field against the
Apache Indians under (ien. Crook, command-
ing the department of Arizona. During the
arduous service in this Indian war campaign.
Surgeon Porter won the encomiums of his
commanding ofiicers and secured public
recognition in an unusual degree for a medi-
cal staff officer. In the battle of vSupersti-
tion Mountains Dr. Porter's gallantry and
services were so conspicuous that he was
commended by Gen. Crook in general order
Xo. 14, of date April !), 1873. He was like-
wise distinguished for gallantry and con-
spicuous service in the campaign which
closed the war against the Tonto Apaches in
February and March, 1873. Dr. Porter was
the only surviving surgeon of the Custer-
Reno fight at Little Big Horn on the 2oth day
of June, 1870, when Gen. Custer and his
entire force were slaughtered. Dr. Porter
was with Gen. Eeno and had charge of all
the wounded, about fifty in number. He had
also about fifty dead to take care of to pre-
vent the enemy from outraging them. For
his bravery and for the character of the work
performed under — as the commendatory or-
dei's recite — 'most trying circumstances,'" he
received great praise from both Gen. Terry,
the military commander, and from Medical
Director Sloan, in charge of the medical staff.
Dr. Porter is married and has one son, Hal,
now attending Oberlin College. Mrs. Por-
ter's maiden name was Lotta Viets, and her
home was at Oberlin, Ohio. Dr. Porter en-
joys the respect and confidence of all who
know him. That his skill is recognized is
evident from the large general practice which
he has secured at home and in the surround-
ing districts.
MOORE, Joseph Boone. — In September,
1880, a young man or boy, rather, seventeen
years of age, might have been seen tramp-
ing into the village — now city — of Lead, Da-
kota Territory. He had only twenty-five
cents in his pocket, and that he soon paid to
a barber for a shave. The next morning he
went to work with a pick and shovel, dig-
ging a ditch for a water pipe, for which labor
he was paid two dollai's and a half per day.
Ill a few days he got a job as a common labor-
er at three dollare a day with the Homestake
Mining Company. That lad was Joseph B.
31oore, the present judge of the Eighth ju-
dicial circuit of the state of South Dakota.
Mr. Moore v>as born at Nashville. Tenu., Oc-
tober 13, 1802. His father, James G. Moore,
was of Scotch-Irish descent, and was born
in Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland. He
learned the saddler's trade. When he came
to Nashville he engaged as a merchant in
the harness and saddlery business, and be-
came well-to-do. During the Civil war he
lost a large amount of cotton, and by the
emancipation x>roclaniation of course lost all
his slaves. Mr. Joseph B. Moore's mother
belonged to the Hiter family, of Virginia.
They were of Irish extraction. Her name
was Mary Ewing Hiter. The middle name
indicates a connection with that well known
family. Young Moore «as educated in the
schools of his native city, Nashville, and was
what is sometimes called "city-bred." Un-
der such circumstances his first entrance into
the field of Lead, as a day laborer, was not
far from the heroic. From that time on he
worked as a laborer in the saw-mill, in the
mine as a shoveller, then as tool-packer,
miner, and timekeeper for the Deadwood-
Terra Mining Comjiany, one of the group be-
longing to the Homestake Mining Company.
In the spring of 1883 he began work on the
Homestake railroad, known as the Black
Hills & Fort Pierre railroad, as brakeman,
and continued to work for this company as
brakeman, fireman, and conductor until
April 5, 1884, when in attempting to get on
a moving train he fell under the cars and
lost his left leg just below the knee and the
four smallest toes on his right foot. In-
capacitated for manual labor by this terrible
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NOUTHWEST.
accident lie left Lead for his did liniiic at
Nashville, Tenn. In the fall of 1884 he en-
tered the law department of the Vanderbilt
University. He doubled his studies, taking'
a two years" course in one year, and gradu-
ated with honors the followinjj; spiinji', bcinu
one of the iloot Court coiuniencenient day
orators, winning the Moot Court case on the
trial. He then returned to Lead and began
to practice his profession with inuuediate
success. In 1889 he was made city attorney
of Lead. He held this office until May 1.
lSlt2. He was then ai)])ointed state's attor-
ney for Lawrence county, and served during
1893 and 1S94. In 1S97 he was elected judge
of the Eighth judicial circuit of South Da-
kota, which position he now holds, and the
term of which will not expire until Decem-
ber, 1901. In the campaign of 1900 he was
one of the candidates for congress on the
"fusion" ticket, a union of Democrats and
Populists, but was defeated, although run-
ning ahead of his ticket several hundred
votes. Mr. Moore was a South Dakota mem-
ber of the National Populist convention
which met at Sioux Falls, in 1900, and se-
cured the insertion of a resolution in the
platform denouncing the incarceration of
miners in the Cneur d"Alene bull pen as an
outrage. He had also represented South Da-
kota in the National Populist convention
held at St. Louis in 1890. He has always
been a constant, consistent fnend of the la-
boring men, being himself one for years. It
is said of him that he never refused to take
a law case for a poor man or woman, for
lack of fees. ITnable to go to the Spanish
war, he had, nevertheless, a warm interest
in it. When troop "A" of the Cowboy regi-
ment United States Volunteer Cavalry of
South Dakota perfected a permanent organi-
zation, Mr. Moore was made an honorary
member, then the list of honorary members
was closed. The troop presented him with
a button badge, which he takes pride in
wearing on the right lapel of his coat, in-
tending, he avers, to so wear it as long as
he lives. June 2, 188G, he was married to
Susie B. Jordan, born near Franklin, Wil-
liamson county, Tenn. Her father was one
of the great landed proprietors of middle
Tennessee, owning a large number of slaves.
There is a coincidence between his marriage
and that of Grover Cleveland, which was on
the same day. This, however, was unpre-
meditated on the part of Mr. :Moore,<or his
coming wedding was aniiounced to his
friends several weeks before it took place,
while the i)residenfs was announced only a
few days before his marriage; therefore Mr.
Moore is accustomed to say jocularly, "Grov-
er Cleveland married the same day I did."
They have three children — Rupert E., twelve
years of age, ilary Alice, nine years old, and
Norma Elizabeth Moore, born March 15,
1899. Judge Moore holds the office of Lead-
ing Knight in Deadwood Lodge No. .508 of
the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.
In religion he is a liberal, not belonging to
any denomination or church, while a firm be-
liever in the Supreme Being. The golden rule,
— "Do unto others as you would they should
do unto you," is his creed that governs every
act of his life, and has given him success as
a lawyer and distinction as a jurist. He be-
lieves in the broadest religious liberty and
accords to every man the right to worship
God and to vote as he pleases, claiming for
himself the same right. He is one of South
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Dakota's best known men, and has made a
reeord since going upon the bench as being
one of the fairest, most courteous and abh'
of trial judges, whose decisions are seldom
reversed by the supreme court. In the cam-
paign of 1900 he gained a national reputa-
tion by reason of his pronounced views and
utterances in opposition to the Philii)pine
war. Judge Moore still resides at Lead. S.
D., among the friends of his early manhood,
and is a prominent figure in South Dakota
politics, whose friends predict for him a bril-
liant future.
KELLAE, Andrew Jackson. — The lapse
of time and the dissipation of the prejudices
that swayed men's judgment for a number
of years after the close of the War of the
Eebellion have caused us to view in a new
light the sacrifices of the men who wore the
Confederate uniform, and we have come to
admire their devotion to the principles for
which they fought. The bitter feelings en-
gendered by that fierce internecine strife
two score years ago have passed; we are
now a united nation and proud of the flag
which commands respect the world over.
We have learned to love those true gentle-
men of the South who represent all that is
noble and inspiring in man, and have come
to appreciate the unselfish motives which
prompted the men who, accepting the out-
come as final, bowed gracefully to defeat,
and strove to unite the former opposing ele-
ments. Such a man was Col. Andrew J.
Kellar, now a resident of Hot Springs, S.
I). After giving four years of early youth
to the Confederate service, he returned
home imbued with the desire of uniting
North and South. His soldierly heart was
won by Grant's magnanimity at the surren-
der of the Confederate armies; his admira-
tion was open and enthusiastic. He wel-
comed northern men and capital to the
South when it was not the popular thing to
do. His stand antagonized the secession
politicians who opposed his efforts with all
the bitterness of the period. His fighting,
however, had ended with Lee's surrender.
Col. Kellar is a native of Tennessee, and a
scion of heroes of Revolutionary days. His
paternal grandfather was born in France,
came to this country in the early days,
fought as a volunteer soldier in the Revolu-
tionary War, was captured by the British
near Newport, R. I., and was sent to
England a prisonei*, where he remained
until peace was made between the United
States, England and France. He returned
to this country from France in 1800 and
settled in Maryland, and was a soldier in
the War of 1812, serving in the army that
defended Kaltimore against the British.
Col. Kellar's maternal grandfather was an
Irishman, and served as a corporal in the
E'irst Kentucky riflemen under Gen. Jack-
son, in the war with England in 1812-1815.
He came to the L'nited States from Ireland
in 179G, under charge of the father of Gov.
Wise, of Virginia, and was a member of the
Society of United Irishmen. He died after
the battle of New Orleans while on his way
to his home in Kentucky. The subject of
this sketch is a son of George Philip Kellar
and Sarah Conley Kellar, and was born in
1838. When fourteen years of age he en-
tered the state university at Columbus,
Tenn., remaining in this institution for two
years. Afterwards he pursued his studies
in New Orleans with Professors Lanier and
Dimitry. He began the study of law under
the direction of Mr. Miles Taylor, a distin-
guished member of the bar of New Orleans,
and who was then a member of the lower
house of congress. Later he went to Som-
erville, Tenn., and prepared himself for ad-
mission to the bar in the office of Gen.
Thomas Rives. He was admitted to prac-
tice law in the circuit courts in 18.50, and ad-
mitted to the bar of the supreme court of
Tennessee in 1860. The following year, on
the outbreak of the war, he enlisted in the
Confederate ai-my at Memphis, Tenn., and
was mustered in as captain of Company D,
Fourth Tennessee Regiment of Infantry.
In July, 1862, he was commissioned lieuten-
ant-colonel of the same I'egiment, and in
July of the following year, colonel. He was
paroled May 1, 1865. The regiment served
in Cheatham's division in the army com-
manded by Generals Albert Sidney John-
HISTORY OF THE GKKAT NOUTinVEST.
son, Beauregard, Bragg, Hood and Joseph
E. Johnson. After the war he returned
home and resumed the practice of his pro-
fession. He took a prominent part in polit-
ical affairs, ever having the highest inter-
ests of his country at heart. This spirit
dominated him to the exclusion of personal
ambition. In the stormy days at Wash-
ington, in the contest of Tilden against
Hayes, he was a quiet factor in "stilling the
ugly temper of the nation"; but he accepted
no favors for his conscientious work. It
was done for the republic, not for himself.
Not without laudable ambition, he yet de-
clined honors lest his motives be misunder-
stood. He had an intimate acquaintance
with distinguished men and was a i)ersonal
friend of Andrew Johnson, Hayes and (Jar-
field. An incident at a dinner at Delmoni-
co's, where Whitelaw Reid, Blaine and oth-
er distinguished men were guests, shows the
impression Col. Kellar made on older men.
When the feast ended and the party was
discussing the situation of the day, Blaine
laid his hand kindly on Col. Kellar's shoul-
der and exclaimed: "You are a very auda-
cious young man." That Col. Kellar's able,
unselfish course made him honored by his
peers is evidenced by the following extract
from the Memphis Scimiter, of January 8,
1889, when his friends in Kentucky and
Tennessee wanted him in Harrison's cabi-
net:
"More than any other man in the South,
perhaps, did he contribute to that pacifica-
tion of our section with Haj'es' administra-
tion which enabled it to secui-e the victory
that the South achieved over the carpet-bag
government. Of Col. Kellar's equipment for
any service under the new administration,
which he would accept, none can doubt.
He is a very able man, whether at the bar,
in the military field, in the editorial room,
or in business life, with all of which he has
enlarged and successful experience. He
could have had anything for the asking un-
der Hayes, but he was not in politics for
revenue, nor for the other delights of offi-
cial power and place. He held a very
unique post in the work he had undertaken,
and felt, no doubt, that he would forfeit
ANDREW J. KELLAR.
what induence he hoped to exert on either
side if there should be a suspicion that he
was engaged in the advocacy of his schemes
of pacification for the selfish ends to^be at-
tained by accepting office, and so he de-
clined."
Col. Kellar came to South Dakota from
Kentucky in 1893 and located at Hot
Springs, where he is engaged in the prac-
tice of law. In politics, he was a Douglas
Union Democrat in 1800, voted for Grant in
1868, for Greeley in 1872, Peter Cooper in
18T(), Garfield in 1880, Blaine in 1884, Har
rison in 1888 and 1892, Bryan in 180(1 and
1900. The only office held by Col. Kellar
was that of member of the state senate of
South Dakota, elected on the Silver Repub-
lican ticket in 1896. He served as chair-
man of the judiciary committee. In 1874,
he was an earnest supporter of Andrew
Johnson for the United States senate and
contributed in no small degree to the lat-
ter's success in securing his election. In
1S77, he was tendered the governorship of
Washington territory, by President Hayes,
which he declined. November 28, 1865, he
was married to Miss Margaret Agnes
Chambers, of Mississippi, a cousin of Hon.
HISTORY OF TIIK GREAT ^■ORTII^YEST.
rTn<rh Lawson White. She is descended
from the Kevolntionarv {generals, William
Davidson and Griflith Rutherford. Five
children were born: Chambers, who grad-
nated with first honors at Vanderbilt uni-
versity, and is now a leading attorney of
Dead wood, S. D.; Andrew Conley, connect-
ed with a Sioux City commission house;
Werdna, graduated with first honors in mu-
sic at Hellmuth college, Canada; Philip
TJutherford, admitted to the bar of South
Dakota by the supreme court of the state,
but, preferring literature and journalism to
the law, is now in Chicago, engaged in news-
I)ayer work.
WIXSHIP, George Bailey. — For more
than twenty years George B. Winship, the
founder and pre.sent publisher of the Her-
ald, Grand Forks, N. D., has been one
of the leading forces in shaping the develop-
ment of the Northwest. He was born in
Saco, Me., in 1847. His father, George
D. Winship, was a native of New Hamp-
shire, his ancestors being early settlers of
English descent who were principally farm-
ers, stock raisers and fruit growers, in mod-
erate financial circumstances. George D.
Winship was a carpenter by trade. He was
married in 1840 to Abigail Bailey, also New
Hampshire boin and reared. She died at
Pine Island, Minn., in 1880. They moved
to Dodge county. Wis., in 1850, and the next
year moved to La Crosse, in the same state,
where he worked at his trade. Six years
later, in 1857, he crossed the Mississippi with
his family and settled at La Crescent, Minn.
On the breaking out of the Civil W'm\ at the
fii-st call for troops in 1861, he enlisted in the
First Minnesota Rangers, and on the expira
tion of his term of service in 186.3, entered
tlie Second Minnesota cavalry and served
until the close of the war, making a service
of four years. He died in 1899.
Young George, when the family moved
to La Crescent attended the district school
until he was thirteen years of age, when he
was so proficient in his studies that he was
apprenticed as a printer in the office of the
La Crescent Plaindealer, a weekly paper,
with a job printing outfit such as will gen-
erally be found in a country newspaper of-
fice. Such establishments are the true
])rinting schools of the nation. There the
typo learns all the fundamentals of the art,
from the casting of the roller to the making
ready of the forms, and generally, under cir-
cumstances which test the fertility of his re-
resources and ingenuity to the limit of his
capacity. It is doubtful if a person can be
a thorough newspaper man without graduat-
ing from one of the primitive institutions.
After two jears' work he quit and offered to
enlist for the war, although only fifteen
years old. He was rejected because of his
age. He then went to work in the brick
yard of William E. Potter, "sanding
moulds."' At the end of the year he offered
himself again for a soldier and was accept-
ed, enlisting as a member of Company "A"
of the 2d Minnesota Cavalry, with which he
served two years and thi>ee months, until
the end of the war. When mustered out of
service he picked up whatever job he could
find, among other things chopping cord
wood for Luke Blair, a Winona county farm-
er. In 1867 he started for the Idaho gold
fields with Captain Davy's expedition,
which was to leave Fort Abercrombie on the
first of June, that year. Part of the outfit
failed to arrive and Mr. Winship declined
to go. The few who determined to proceed
reorganized and started late in the summer,
but on reaching the Missouri river late in
the fall they were massacred by the Indians.
Mr. Winship engaged to drive a freight
team hauling goods from St. Cloud, the rail-
road terminus, to the various military posts
in the west. The next year, 18G8, he re-
sumed his old business of printing, in the
Winnipeg, Man., "Northwestern,'" under the
charge of Dr. Schultz, afterwards lieutenant
governor of the province. This was the only
paper north of St. Cloud. Mr. Winship
remained there about two years, during
which the Riel rebellion broke out. In 1870
he went to Pembina, and was employed as
clerk in a post trader's establishment.
When the Blakeley-Carpenter lines of stages
were put on between Breckenridge and
\Vinnipeg, Mr. ^^'insllip formed a partner-
GEOKGE BAILEY WINSHIP.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ship with William TSudsp and established
a stage station at Turtle River— now Man-
vel — fourteen miles north of Grand Forks.
In 1873 he sold out his interest in this en-
terprise and went to St. Paul, where he re-
sumed his trade as printer, being employed
on all the papers, at times. He was em-
ployed on the Pioneer as compositor when
it was consolidated with the Press, and af-
terwards on the Pioneer Press until 1877,
when he started a weekly paper named
the "Courier," at Caledonia, Minn., inde-
pendent in politics. In 187U the plant was
transferred to Grand Forks, Dakota Terri-
tory, where the weekly Grand Forks Herald
was established. In November, 1881, the
Daily Herald was launched as an evening
paper. In the meantime the facilities of
the office were continually increased to
meet the wants of the growing business,
which required not only new material, but
more house room. In 1891 the full Asso-
ciated Press franchise was secured and the
paper entered upon its career as a metro-
politan morning daily paper. It has now
all the most modern appliances — Mergen-
thaler typesetting machines, rapid Miehle
presses, together with a complete modern
bindery from which is turned out every
form of blank books for state, county, and
minor officials, and blank forms carefully
prepared for every use in the state. These
are kept in stock for immediate delivery.
Mr. Winship has been the animating spirit
of the vast enterprise from its inception, the
Herald being in his control ever since its
establishment. The energy, perseverance
and business sagacity required to overcome
obstacles, harmonize interests and to un-
tangle the complications involved in the
development of such an enterprise and in
bringing it to its present commanding posi-
tion, is an achievement worthy of the high-
est honor. Mr. Winship, in addition to
this immense labor, has not neglected his
duties as a plain citizen. While his great-
est inlluence has, perhaps, been exerted
through the Herald, his strong personality
has been a large factor in directing public
affairs. In early life he was a Democrat.
In the Hayes campaign he was an enthusi-
astic supporter of the Republican party and
voted for its nominees. He has since been
a consistent Republican. He was the first
state senator from the Seventh legislative
district of the state. He championed the
])rnhibition law and has always advocated
its rigid enforcement. He led the forces
opposed to the Louisiana lottery when an
effort was made to establish it in the state.
He served one term as oil inspector under
Governor Allen, and was strongly sup-
ported in the state Republican conventions
of 1898 and 1900 as a candidate for gover-
nor; in the latter convention a large ma-
jority of the delegates were favorable to
him, but through deft maneuvering the
nomination went elsewhere. Mr. Winship
was appointed and served as provisional
department commander when the Grand
Army of the Republic department was in-
stituted in the state. He was subsequently
first department commander of North Da-
kota, and had previously served as senior
vice commander of the Dakota Territorial
department, besides being a post command-
er, having been a member of the Grand
Army of the Republic sixteen years. He
has been active also in the Masonic order,
being a member of the Blue Lodge, Chapter,
Commaudery, Lodge of Perfection, and
El Zagel Temple. He is one of the charter
members of Acacia Lodge of Grand Forks,
and has served as senior warden. He was
married to Josephine Minshall, at La Cres-
cent, in 1874, but they have no children ex-
cept an adopted daughter, Barbara, mar-
ried to Francis W. Weego, Dec. 27, 1899.
Mr. Winship, although not enrolled as a
member, is a regular attendant and sup-
porter of the Methodist Episcopal church at
Grand Forks.
HEINRICH, Julius J., the efficient head
of the department of oil inspection of the
state of Minnesota, under Gov. Lind's ad-
ministration, came to the state with his pa-
rents, John Heinrich and ^Minnie Heinrich,
when a mere lad, in 18G5. His father en-
gaged in brewing, an industry then in its
infancy in the state. He was an energetic,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
practkal man, and determined to train his
sou, Julius, to be a like character. Accord-
iufily, after Julius had completed his educa-
tion in the public schools, he went to the
business college, where he was duly indoc-
trinated in the intricacies of accounts and
in business routine. He then went in busi-
ness with his father, continuing in that pur-
suit until 1S90. He had, in the meantime,
taken an active interest in politics, and had
become a recognized leader in the Demo-
cratic party. Being a man of genial man-
ners, attractive personality, and of a gener-
ous disposition, he was very XJopul'U' with
all who knew him. A natural result fol-
lowed. He was nominated to one of the
most important oflBces in the city, that of
register of deeds, on the Democratic ticket,
and triumphantly elected. Upon entering
upon the duties of the office, he sold his in-
terest in the brewing business, and, with
characteristic fidelity, devoted his whole at-
tention to the public service. The city of
-Minneapolis has never had a more satisfac-
tory discharge of those duties than during
the administration of Julius J. Heinrich.
The whirligig of politics let Mr. Hein-
rich out of office at the close of his term.
But a man of his activity, fertile in re-
sources, could not remain idle. He engaged
in various pursuits, among them the laun-
dry enterprise. He is still president and
treasurer of the Phoenix Laundry company,
the well known establishment at 315 Third
avenue south. Yet his interest in public
affairs did not abate. His practical com-
mon sense made him one of the leaders in
the broader field of state politics.
A proof that his sterling qualities were
fully ajtpreciated is shown by the fact that
he has been twice nominated by his party
for secretary of state. When Gov. Lind
was elected lie appointed Mr. Heinrich to
the important position of state oil inspector.
Mr. Heinrich is no less popular in the
social sphere than he is in business life and
in political circles. This is evident from
his fr.aternal associations. He is a member
of the Elks, Modern Woodmen, Druids,
Knights of Honor, besides being an Odd
Fellow and a Mason. He was happily mar-
JULIUS J. HEIMtlCH.
ried in 18S2 to Hattie A. Stremel, and re-
joices in a daughter and son, Minnie A.
Heinrich, 16 years of age, and Gustaf A.
Heinrich, 12 years of age. His hoifte is
1115 Sixth street north, where he has lived
twenty-five years, honored as a citizen and
respected as a man, in every relation of life.
As if to emphasize this high regard, his
friends determined to confer other honors
upon him. In the campaign of 1900 they
made him the nominee of the Democratic
party for the responsible office of city treas-
ui-er of the city of Minneapolis, a position of
trust of the very highest character. A man
wlio can inspire such confidence may well
feel that he has not lived in vain.
WILSDN, Samuel Bailey, county attor-
ney of Blue Earth county, is a resident of
Mankato. His career can but show the
possibilities awaiting a young man who has
iduck and energy supplemented by an edu-
cation. Samuel B. Wilson was born May
12, 1873, at Price's Branch, Montgomery
county. Mo., and is a son of Rebecca (Suth-
erland) Wilson and Charles Wilson. His
father was at one time a prosperous farmer
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
SAMUEL B. WILSON.
owning a large farm on the Missouri river,
but a sudden change in the current of that
treacherous river washed it all awaj', leav-
ing him with what little personal property
be could save. He died in 1878 and, while
fairly well situated, left but a small amount
for his large family. Mrs. Wilson died
soon after and Samuel, at an early age, was
obliged to hire out to a farmer for his board
and clothes. He was thus employed for
several years and received but scanty
schooling during this time, as he was only
able to attend school during the winter
mouths, and then had no time for outside
study. For the next five years young Wil-
son was emi)loyed as farm hand, day labor-
er, section hand and railroad brakeman;
any employment that was honest being
gladly accepted. In 1889 he rented a farm
in Montgomery county, Mo., and after a
year of fairly successful farming, sold the
proceeds and decided to attend school, and
entered the high school at Mexico, Mo., but,
for financial reasons, had to leave before
the year was finished. He then came to
Minnesota and entered the state normal
school at JIankato, working on a neighbor-
ing farm for his board. The next few years
saw a struggle for means to complete his
normal course. He was employed as farm
hand, carpenter, bookkeeper, salesman, etc.
Perseverance won and he was graduated
from the normal school in 1894 with special
mention from the faculty. Mr. ^^'ilson now
determined to become a lawyer and went to
Miuneajjolis to attend the law department
of the state university. In connection with
his college work he was employed by a col-
lection agency, but before the year was over
was appointed assistant librarian and later
librarian of the library at the law school,
which position he filled until graduation.
While in college he was very prominent in
college affairs and was law editor of the
college paper. He was a delegate from the
TTniversity of Minnesota Eepublican club to
the national convention of the American
College Eepublican League, and as such
took a prominent part in the proceedings
and secured the following convention for
the University of Minnesota. He was also
appointed chairman of the Ninth district,
comprising Minnesota, Iowa and Wiscon-
sin. He is a member of the legal fraternity
of Phi Delta Phi. Mr. Wilson was gradu-
ated in the class of 1896 and located in Man-
kato, where he has built up a steadily grow-
ing practice. In 1896 Governor Clough ap-
pointed him judge of probate, to fill an un-
expired term, and he was at the time the
youngest judge of probate in the history of
the state. He did not seek a re-election as
the position interfered with his private
practice. Judge Wilson is an enthusiastic
Republican and has been rewarded in sev-
eral ways for his faithful work. In 1897
and again in 1899 he was elected a member •
of the board of education of Mankato. In
1900 he was elected county attorney of Blue
Earth county. The judge is a member of
several secret societies, among them the
Royal Arcanum, Modern Woodmen of
America, Eastern Star, Masonic Order and
the Elks. He has filled several chairs in
the blue lodge of the Masons, and has
served in like capacities for the Elks, in-
cluding two years as Exalted Ruler, and as
delegate to the grand lodge at Atlantic City,
X. J., in July, 1900. He was married on
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
June 21, 1899, to Miss Daisy Sheehau, a
critic teacher in the Mankato state normal
school. Judge and Mrs. Wilson attend the
Presbyterian church, the latter being a mem-
ber of the same.
KENT, Ernest Howard.— North Dakota
has become known throughout the country
for the prominence of its young men in pub-
lic affairs, and its remarkable growth is in
no small way indebted to the push and vig-
or of this young blood. Ernest Howard
Kent, of Lakota, was appointed register of
the TJnlted (States land office at (Jraud
Forks in 1898, when he was barely thirty,
and his career previous to that time shows
that the people of his state had long known
his abilities. He was born February 10,
1868, at Osceola, Wis., where his father,
John folk Kent, born and raised in Maine,
followed the business of boat builder; in
fact, most of the upper Mississippi and St.
Croix boats of that time were built by him.
The mother of the subject of this sketch,
Mary Jane Wilson, was born in Pennsyl-
vania, and is a direct descendant of John
Alden, the pilgrim. Young Kent spent his
boyhood days on the pictures(iue banks of
the St. Croix, near Osceola, and when eight
years old the family removed to Ashland,
Wis., where he received most of his early
education. In 1880, James P. Kent first
heard of the then newly opened Red River
valley country and made his plans to move
there with his family, but died before ma-
turing his arrangements. However, Mrs.
Kent, too, had become enthused with the fu-
ture of the new country and located at
Crookston, Minn. In 1883, Ernest followed
the extension of the then St. P., M. & M.
railway, and located at Bartlett, N. D., at
that time the end of the line. He had a
varied experience, as the only boy in a new
western town. He clerked in various
stores and gained valuable business experi-
ence. In company with other residents of
Bartlett, he removed to Lakota, as the old
town, ruined by a disastrous fire and the at-
titude of the railroad company, praclicall.y
went out of existence. In 1885 young Kent
KUNKST H. KENT.
formed a partnership under the name of
Kent & Brown, and carried on an extensive
mercantile business. Ernest Kent has al-
ways been an ardent supporter of Ifte Re-
publican party and in 1888, before he was of
age, was sent as a delegate to the last ter-
ritorial convention, held at Watertown, and
has since attended several conventions, both
state and national. The first public office
held by Mr. Kent was that of postmaster at
Lakota, which position he filled for about
five years. He was not of age at the time
he received his appointment and, in 1889,
when he was sworn in, was the youngest
postmaster in the United States. In 1891
Mr. Kent retired from business to become a
newspaper man, he having purchased the
Xelson County Herald, a Democratic paper
struggling for an existence. He changed
the politics of the paper and has made it a
success, and to-day, known as the Lakota
Herald, it is regarded as one of the leading
])aj»ers in the state. Mr. Kent was the orig-
inal McKinley man in North Dakota, and
in 1893 wired Wm. McKinley congratula-
tions on being elected governor of Ohio, and
pledged North Dakota for him in 189(5. He
was the only North Dakotau in attendance
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
at the banquet of the Marquette club in Chi-
cago, February, 1806, when the formal can-
didacj of Wm. McKinley for the nomina-
tion of president was announced. He was
an alternate to the St. Louis convention
when McKinley was first nominated. March
2, 1898, President McKinley ajtpointed him
register of the United States land office at
Grand Forks, and he is now filling that ])()-
sition. Mr. Kent served and is now secre-
tary of the North Dakota State Business
Men's Union. He is also president of the
North Dakota State Press association. As
a true Dakotan, he is much interested in the
Chautauqua movement and is a member of
the board of trustees of the organization at
Devils Lake. While acting in his present
position, Mr. Kent is putting in his spare
time by taking a course at the law school
connected with the state university at
Grand Forks. He is a thirty-second degree
Scottish Rite Mason and belongs to the
lodge at Lakota and the consistory at Far-
go. He is also a member of El Zagel Tem-
ple of the Shrine.
KOEHLER, Robert.— One of the promi-
nent members of his profession in the United
States is Robert Koehler, director of the
Minneapolis School of Fine Arts. He is rec-
ognized as one of the leading instructors in
art, and the Northwest is proud of the dis-
tinction of having such a talented artist in
its midst. Mr. Koehler is a native of Ger-
many. His father, Theodore Alexander
Ernst Koehler, was a resident of Berlin,
where he was born in 1816. His ancestors,
as far back as 1690, were weavers. He was
a mechanic, possessed of unusual skill. As
was the custom in Germany, Mr. Koehler
entei-ed upon his ''wanderjahre'' after leaving
school, visiting various foreign countries.
Returning, he established himself in business
in Hamburg. He was married in 1846 to
Louise Charlotte Christiane Bueter, who was
the eldest child of Nicolas Basilius Bueter, a
master-builder in Hamburg. She was a lady
of artistic tastes and attainments, especially
in the line of fine needlework, to the teach-
ing of which she devoted many years of her
life, both before and after marriage. In
Mai'ch. 18.54, Mr. Koehler came with his fam-
ily to New York, subsequently locating in
Milwaukee, which he made his permanent
home. Mr. Koehler (^tablished here a little
machine shop of his own which enabled him
to give a good private school education to his
cliildren, the public schools at that time not
offering such advantages as he was anxious
to provide them. This appeal's to have been
his chief, if not his sole, ambition. He was
not aggressive, and did not care for public
distinction of any kind, but in private organi-
zations of an educational character he was a
wise counsellor and an active worker. He
died in his eightieth year, after a short ill-
ness, in the fullest posse,ssion of his mental
powers, though failing strength had for some
time prevented his continuing his wonted
work. His faithful wife did not long survive
him, dying, at the age of 81, the following
year (1897). Three children, two boys and
one girl, were born to them. The subject of
this sketch, who was the second born, first
saw the light of day November 28, 1850, at
Hamburg. He received his early education
at the "AVest Side German and English High
School" in Milwaukee, where all the regular
branches of study were gone through in both
the English and (ierman languages. Besides
the regular courses in languages and the
higher mathematics, considerable attention
was given to chemistry, physiology, literat-
ure, and drawing, free hand and mechanical.
In the latter branches Robert easily excelled,
so that some career in which he could apply
his skill in these directions was decided upon,
and he was apprenticed to a lithographer on
quitting school. His dislike for the purely
uu'clianical part of the profession grew apace
with his more artistic leanings, and he re-
solved to devote himself for some time ex-
clusively to the study of drawing, finally
choosing this more congenial and artistic
branch of lithography as his future occu-
pation. After having served his appren-
ticeship in Milwaukee, he accepted a posi-
tion in a lithographic establishment at Pitts-
burg in 1871, removing to New York the
same year in order to have his eyes treated.
Having undergone a successful operation he
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
decided to remain tliere, but suffered a short
jieriod of disajnioiutment before be was able
to secure a paying- situation. This he finally
did in a lithographic establishment, where
he continued to ply his vocation for the next
year and a half, in the the meantime attend-
ing night classes at the National Academy
of Design. Having now saved enough mon-
ey for the purpose, he went to Europe,
where he took up the study of art in Munich
in 187:3. His funds giving out at the expira-
tion of two years he returned to New Yoik
and began the struggle for existence anew.
For four years he had a hard contest with ad-
versity; but, finally, through the munificence
of George Ehret, the wealthy New York
brewer, he was enabled to resume his studies
abroad. The next dozen years he sjjent
chiefly in Europe, coni])leting his course at
the Royal Academy at Munich, under Profes-
sors LoelTtz and Defregger, finishing with his
laVge painting "Tlie Strike"' (now on exhibi-
tion in the Minneapolis Public Library), for
which he received a silver medal at Munich,
and a Mention Honorable at the World's Fair
in Paris in 1889. After leaving the academy
he assumed charge of a private art school
in Munich, which he conducted for several
years until he decided on his return to Amer-
ica in the fall of 1892. He took up his abode
in New York, where he occupied one of the
Van Dyke studios for the next nine months,
when he received and accepted the offer of
the directorship of the Minneapolis School of
Fine Arts, which he has filled ever since,
coming to Minneapolis in September, 1893.
While in Munich he was twice delegated to
America by the Munich Artists' Association
for the purpose of organizing an American
department at the International Art Exhibi-
tion of 1883 and 1888, the successful accom-
plishment of which, in the face of very dis-
couraging conditions, gave proof of energy
and executive ability of no mean order, and
earned him official recognition by the Bavari-
an government in the bestowal of the cross of
the order of St. Michael. During his sojourn
in Munich he took a prominent part in all af-
fairs of the American colony there, being
four times elected president of the American
Artists' club. The experience thus gained,
OniOUT KOEHLER.
while holding various oflices and as a teacher
of ai-t, tended to qualify him exceptionally
for the position he now holds. When the
history of the art development in the North-
west will be written, Mr. Koehler's earnest
and conscientious work will appear as of the
greatest importance. His faith in the future
of art in the great Northwest keeps his en-
thusiasm fresh and finds him ever ready to
sui)j(()rt with advi(e and assistance every
artistic enterprise, ^^'ith pen and pencil, on
the lecture platform and in the class rooms,
he works indefatigably and unselfishly for
the cause of art. In September. 1895, Mr.
Koehler married Marie Fischer, born in
Rochester, N. Y., of German parents, her
father being a civil engineer of great ability.
Mr. Koehler met his wife some years previ-
ously on the beautiful shores of Lake Con-
stance, in Germany. Mr. Koehler has built
himself a handsome residence on Portland
avenue, within two blocks of lovely Min-
nehaha creek. The house is of striking ap-
]iearance, being modelled after the old Ger-
man houses of Nuremburg. Tlie second floor
is mainly occupied by the artist's studio, and
in this ideal sanctum Mr. Koehler spends
what time is left from his vocation of teach-
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ing — considerably less than he could wish.
Among the pictures Mr. Koehler has painted,
aside from the aforementioned "Strike"' are
"A Holiday Occupation" (owned by the Penn
sylvania Academy of Fine Arts); "Her Only
Support," "Love's Secret," "The Socialist,"
"In the Cafe," "The Carpenter's Family,"'
"Bainy Evening in Munich," "Evening, I'l'om-
enade I'latz, Munich," (referred to by Pi'o-
fessor Muther in his "History of Modern
Painting""); "The First Guests," "Violet,"'
"Judgment of Paris," "Spanish Nobleman,"
"Listening to the Sermon,"' "Lunch Time,"
"In Summer," "The Sower," "Homeward
Bound," and "At Lake Minnetonka"; also a
num])er of portraits.
WULLING, Frederick John. — Pharmacy
as an art is as old as history, but phamiacy
as a science, like chemistry, is of compara-
tively recent development. The old-time
doctors' materia medica M'as limited to the
few organic drugs they collected themselves
and carried about with them. The advance
of the profession of medicine compelled ex-
pert knowledge to such an extent that the
compounding of drugs gradually developed
from a mere adjunct to a doctor's qualifica-
tions into a separate and true profession.
I'harmacy is now recognized as one of the
most important arts and sciences in the cir-
cle of the professions, and takes rank with
and includes chemistry. When the LTniver-
sity of Minnesota was expanding its curricu-
lum to more fully embrace the field which
its name implies — university — a college of
pharmacy was included and a young man of
superior attainments and practical expei>i-
ence was secured to organize it. Tliat man
was the present dean of the college, Frede-
rick J. Wulling. He was born at Brooklyn,
N. Y., December 24, 1866. His father was
John J. Wulling. an architect by profession.
He was also a manufacturer of artistic in-
terior woodwork. During one of the almost
periodical depressions of the country he
became so involved that he closed out
this business, stripping himself and fam-
ily of all but the necessaries of life to
meet his obligations, which he paid to
the last dollar, sacrificing even his home-
stead for this purpose. The family is
of German descent and can be traced back
to the fourteenth century. It held a landed
estate in Germany up to about the middle
of the last century, when so many changes
took place. The name was originally Von
Wullingen. This was changed by Mr. Wul-
ling's great-grandfather to its present fonn.
In 1870 John J. Wulling moved from Brook-
lyn to his summer home at Carlstadt. N. J.,
eight miles from Xew York. Here Frederick
received his earh' education and spent his
boyhood days. He passed through tlie gram-
mar and high s<-hools, graduating from the
latter at the head of his class. Besides this,
during the last two years of his high school
course, he attended Bryant & Stratton's busi-
ness college at night, and was emjdoyed on
Saturdays in the office of a wholesale import-
ing house in New York city. This shows the
indomitable energy of the boy and his capac-
ity for work. His father's reverses came
at about the close of Frederick"s high school
course. After graduating he took up the
univei'sity studies under tutors, and then be-
gan the study of medicine and phanuacy.
His father was so broken down by his busi-
ness troubles that the support of the family,
grown to be a large one, devolved upon Fred-
erick, who was the oldest, although scarcely
more than a boy, but the responsibility in
stead of discouraging him stimulated him to
increa.sed energy. He took a position with
college privileges with Dr. C. W. Braeutigan,
of Brooklyn. A part of his time was given
to the Columbia University, and to translat-
ing articles on chemistry, pharmacy and
medicine from French. Gemian, Italian and
Spanish journals. He did this so rapidly
and well that he earned enough to support
his father's family and to provide for his own
college course. In 1885 he passed the senior
examination in pharmacy and allied branch-
es before the boards of New York and Brook-
lyn, and of New Jersey. He had matricu-
lated at the College of Pharmacy of the city
of New York in 1884. After the final junior
examination of the college in 1886 it was
made known to him that his rating was the
highest of the class, and that he was entitled
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
to enter the competitor's examination for the
free scholarship of the senior year. He won
the scholarship — the first that had been won
for several years, because of the failure of
candidates to reach the required percentage.
lu 1887 he graduated at the head of a class
of one hundred and six, taking as prizes the
gold medal, one hundred dollars in gold, a
microscope, and an analytical balance — all
the prizes possible for one person to take.
His general average in marking was 98f.
This has not since been equalled in the col-
lege. During the three years at the College
of Pharmacy and after — as time permitted,
while keeping up with his class — he attend-
ed the College of I'hysicians and Surgeons
in the Columbian University. In the spring
of 188G he resigned the position with Dr.
Braeutigan to accept one in Dr. S. Fleet
Speir's laboratories on Brooklyn Heights,
where he was promoted so rapidly that he
became managing chemist before he had
graduated from college, and when he had
just turned twenty years of age. In 1880 he
was appointed lecture assistant to I'rofessor
Bedford, the foremost pharmacist of the pro-
fession. In 1887 he was promoted to the in-
structorship, and in 1890 to the assistant
professorship of phannacy in the New York
College of I'harmacy. From 1889 to 1891
he was associate editor with Editoi-in-Chief
Professor Bedford on the Pharmaceutical
Record of Xew York. During the early
spring and summer of 1S87 he visited the
chief universities of Eurojje, studying for
brief periods at Munich, Berlin, (joettingen
and Paris. Before he returned home he vis-
ited every country in Europe except Eng-
land. The versatility and activity shown by
Mr. Wulling during the yeai-s from 1887 to
1891 exhibit his ability and capacity for
work. He was managing chemist in a large
laboratoiy, teacher at the New York College,
doing post-graduate and original research
work with Professor Charles F. Chandler,
and later with Professor Parsons, attending
the College of Physicians and Surgeons
three times a week, ti'anslating, doing edi-
torial work, and writing of articles on chem-
ical, pharmaceutical, medical and allied sub-
jects, attending the Hoagland Laboratory of
FItEDEiaCK J. WULLING.
Bacteriology at Long Island College, lectur-
ing before the Brooklyn Institute, and be-
fore the Brooklyn Ethical Association, be-
sides doing work for physicians in clinical
microscopy, and instructing private c*asses
in chemistry. During this time he recovered
his father's old home and added surrounding
ground to it and acquired other real estate.
He also entered into partnership in drug
stares with some of his most successful stu-
dents. In 1889, as might have been expect-
ed from this multifarious activity, his health
began to fail and he took another trip to
Europe for a rest, but did some advanced
work in chemistry at Munich. He, however,
returned fully recovered. In 1891 Professor
AVulling was called to the chair of Inorganic
I'harmaco-Diagnosis at the Brooklyn College
of Pharmacy. He resigned from the New
York College to devote his attention to his
new duties and to a larger business venture
with his uncle, which, not proving i)rorttable,
was disposed of. In 1892 he published his
work "Phannaceutical and Medical Chem-
istry" which lias now reached its third edi-
tion. A brief history of botany, which he
wrote in 1891, has passed through ten edi-
tions of a thousand each. In the spring of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
1892 Professor Wulling was called to the
University of Minnesota to organize a de-
partment of pharmacy. This work he did,
surmounting many obstacles. The depart-
ment took high rank from the start, and it
is now one of the leading colleges of the
United States. He was at once given the
title of dean of the faculty and made an ex-
ecutive officer of the university. He has giv-
en his time and energy exclusively to the
college and higher pharmacy since his ap-
pointment as dean. In 1894 Dean Wulling
made a trip to England, Scotland, France
and Belgium. He there enlarged his ac-
quaintance with men i^rominent in his own
field and in other sciences. He has been in
all the states of the Union, and has visited
Canada. Soon after his return from Eng-
land he was elected Fellow of the Society of
Science at London. To sum up his literary
work it may be mentioned that besides being
the author of the two standard books men-
tioned he is the author of more than four
hundred original essays, papei's and lectures
outside of college work, and of a work pub-
lished serially in "Merck's Report" on the
subject of "Carbon Compounds." This work
is now complete and will shortly appear in
book form. His writings are widely copied
in journals in the United States and in the
leading countries of Europe. In 1897 Dean
Wulling was married to Miss Lucile T. Gis-
sel, daughter of Henry Gissel, a pi'ominent
citizen of Brooklyn, N. Y., and a well-to-do
merchant. He has four sisters and three
brothers, for whom he has provided a liberal
education, besides contributing liberally
every month to his parents. In 1896 he
graduated from the law school of the Uni-
versity of Minnesota with the degree of
Bachelor of Laws, and in 1898 took the de-
gree of Master of Laws. He has therefore
earned the degrees of Ph. G., Ph. C, Phm.
D., LL. B., F. S. C, and LL. M. He is also
affiliated with the following organizations:
Honorary member of the Brooklyn College
of Pharmacy and of Alumni associations of
the College of I'harmacy of the city of New
York and of the Minnesota University Col-
lege of Pharmacy. He is a member of
the American Pharmaceutical Association,
American Chemical Society, Chemists' Club,
New York; New York State Pharmaceuticjil
Association, Minnesota Pharmaceutical State
Association, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and
Letters, Brooklyn Ethical Association, Min-
nesota Bar, and of other minor associations.
TUENBLAD, Swan Johan, is owner and
publisher of the Svenska Amerikanska Pos-
ten, published at Minneapolis. This publica-
tion is the most influential Scandinavian
weekly issued from the presses of this coun-
try, it has a circulation of over 50,000
copies, exceeding by a good many thousand
that of any other paper of its nationality, and
is the largest in point of size, running usually
from sixteen to twenty pages. Mr. Turn-
hlad is in every sense of the world a self-
made man. He is a prominent representa-
tive of that class of American citizens who
make up such a large portioni of the popula-
tion of this great Northwest. What success
he has achieved is due entirely to his own
unaided efforts. Taking hold of the Svenska
Amerikanska Posten in the second year of
its existence, when it had only 1,400 sub-
scribers and an indebtedness of $5,000
weighing it down, his business sagacity has
succeeded in thirteen years in making it one
of the best paying newspaper properties in
the Northwest. Mr. Turnblad was born Oc-
tober 7, 1860, in Tubbemala, Sweden. He is
the son of Olof Monson and Ingjard Turn-
blad, who came to this country when he was
but nine years of age. His father had pos-
sessed a considerable fortune in the old coun-
try, but he lost it all through the unfortunate
endorsement of worthless notes. On his ar-
rival in America, he came directly to Minne-
sota and located at Vasa, in Goodhue county,
where he engaged in farming. The subject
of this sketch attended the Vasa public
schools and P. T. Lindholm's high school in
that place. He taught school for two terms
after leaving the high school. Quite early
in life Mr. Turnblad exhibited a strong pre-
dilection for the art of printing. While at-
tending school he sent away for a set of t3'pes
and a small hand press. Up to this time he
had never seen a printer's case, but through
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
a small instruction book he obtained he
quickly learned how to use the small printin}^
equipment he had ordered. That he was
ambitious may be judged by the fact that he
attempted' to publish ;iu arithmetic compiled
by Professor P. T. Liudholm. He had to
distribute his type after setting and printing
each page, but in six months' time he suc-
ceeded in getting out a book of 120 pages.
He was but seventeen years old when he com-
pleted this pretentious task. In 1S79 he re-
moved to Minneapolis and worked as a type-
setter on the Minnesota Stats Tidning and
Svenska Folkets Tidning. He followed this
line of work for the next eight years, part of
the time soliciting in the insurance business.
In 18S7 he took charge of the management
of the Svenska Amerikanska Posten, which
at that time was in a bad financial condition,
but under his able management it was soon
put on a solid footing. The paper is inde-
pendent in politics, and is an advocate of
temperance principles. It may be men-
tioned in this connection that at one time
Mr. Turnblad took a prominent part in tem-
perance work. He assisted in organizing the
first Scandinavian temperance society in Min-
neapolis, meetings being held at the old Har-
rison hall every Sunday afternoon to crowd-
ed houses. He was also a Good Templar and
helped to organize several lodges throughout
the state of Minnesota. When 3Ir. Turnblad
first came to Minneapolis he did not have
over |5 to his name, but by industry and fru-
gal habits ho has now amassed a comfortable
fortune. In the days when he worked at the
printer's case, his inventive mind evolved a
secret letter writer, which is now extensively
used. He sold the sole right to its patent to
an eastern party at a handsome figure, thus
first securing his start in life. He owns the
Cecil flats at 1511 Stevens avenue, one of the
handsomest and best paying apartment build-
ings in Minneapolis, and also possesses con
siderable other real estate property. He is
now erecting a handsome grey-stone resi-
dence on some property he owns, on Central
Park and Oak Grove street, at a cost of
1100,000. Mr. Turnblad is independent in
his political affiliations, but has always re-
fused to accejit [tolitical jirefciuicut for him-
SWAN J. TUUM'.LAl).
self, with the exception of his appoiutment
as a member of the board of umuagers of the
state reformatory at St. Cloud, which he
was ottered by (iovernor Lind in 1899^ He
is a projuinent nu'mher of the Masonic lodge,
having taken all the degrees up to the thirty-
second in the York and Scottish Rites. He
is also a Shriner. He is identified with the
Presbyterian church, and is a member of
Westminster. In 18S;! he was married to
Christina Nelson, of Worthing-ton, Minn.
They have one child, Lillian Zeuobia. Mr.
Turnblad and his family, in the last few
years, have enjoyed considerable traveling,
and in 1895, 1897 and 1S99 they made ex-
tensive Eiuoiiean tours.
MARSHALL, Cla ranee Alden, came to
Minneapolis in 1891 from Boston, to take the
directorship of the Northwestern ('ouserva-
tory of Music.
His father was Alden B. Marshall, a con-
tractor and builder of Newton, Mass., a vete-
ran of the Civil war, and a man of sterling
character, universally resix'cted in the com-
munity. His nu)tlier was Clarissa Hemeu-
way, a member of a prominent family in
HISTORY OF THE OREAT XORTHAVEST.
CLARAXCE A. MAltSHALL.
Fi-auiingliam, Mass. Both families came
from the oldest Puritan stock.
Clarance A. Mai-sliall was born at Marl-
boro, Mass., March 15, 1859. His education
was obtained in the public schools of New-
ton, Mass., where his parents removed in
his ninth year, attracted by the i-eputation of
the public school sj'stem of the city. He
graduated from Newton High School at the
age of eighteen, and entered Harvard Col-
lege a year later as special student in art and
music. Here, for a period of six years, he
pursued his studies in music and art under
John Knowles Paine and others.
His musical education was continued un-
der some of Boston's most famous instru-
mental and vocal artists, with a large num-
ber of whom he was associated as pupil or
in some higher capacity until he became asso-
ciate conductor with Carl Zerrahn, the well-
known director of the famous Handel and
Haydn Oratorio society. Positions as church
organist and choir director were held in Wa-
tertown, Eoxbury and Boston, and as direc-
tor of choral societies in Watertown, Dor-
chester and other Massachusetts cities, also
in Bangor, Waterville, Augusta and other
Maine and New England towns.
In the fall of 1887, a choir and three
choral societies in Saginaw, Mich., held out
inducements which were accepted, and a sea-
son was spent in that state. The next au-
tumn, poor health making a southern climate
preferable, he went to Nashville. Tenn., as
leader of a surpliced choir and vocal instruc-
tor in a large young ladies' seminary. In
the spring of 18S9 he organized and made
a success of the first great musical festival
ever held in the city. In the fall of that
year he accepted an offer from the Mozart
Society, of Richmond, Va., where two years
were spent as director of the chorus and or-
chestra of the society, and booking ai'tists
for the semi monthly concei'ts. Here two
large and successful festivals were organized
and a great stimulus given musical matters.
In the summer of 1891 he purchased the
Northwestern Conservator}' of Music at Min-
neapolis, immediately assuming active direc-
tion. The institution had been in operation
for six years, and his first year showed an
attendance of about 130. During the nine
years following, energy and ability in man-
agement has increased the annual attendance
to nearly 500, the last graduating class num-
bering 24. Over 3,500 students have been
connected with the school, and an alumni
association of over 100 organized, the quar-
ters occupied have been enlarged, and a great
school, exerting a wide influence over the
Northwest, has been firmly established.
Mr. Marshall became a member of the
Immanuel Baptist church of Newton, Mass.,
when a lad, and still retains the membership,
his professional connection with churches of
various denominations making a transfer im-
{tracticable. During his residence in Minne-
apolis he has been organist and choir direc-
tor of Westminster Presbyterian, Gethsem-'
ane Episcopal, and the First Congregational
churches.
He was married in 1891 to Miss Marion
Howard, of Waterville, Me., and has one
child, a daughter.
HUGHES, Thomas, is one of the leading
lawyers of Southern Minnesota, and has been
practicing his profession in Mankato since
1882. He is a native of Ohio, and was born
in Miuersville, Meigs county, September 23,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
1854. His father, Henry Huolies, was bora
in Monnioutlisliii-e, Soutli Wales, in lS:?;i,
and came to this country in 1851, settling at
Minersyille, where, two years later, he was
married to Eliza Davis, a native of Cardi-
ganshire, Wales, who had emigrated to this
country the same year as her husband. Mv.
Hughes moved with his family to Minnesota
in October, 1855, and settled on a farm in
the present town of Cambria, Blue Earth
county, and was one of the first settlers in
that section of the state. He retired from
his farm in 1880, removing to Mankato,
where he now resides in fairly good circum-
stances. He always took an active interest
in all matters of a public nature, has been
a leader in local affairs, and held a number
of town and school offices. The subject of
our sketch enjoyed the best educational ad-
vantages the country schools afforded, and
when twenty years of age went to Northfleld
and entered the preparatory department of
Carleton College, graduating in the regular
classical course in 1880, with first honors.
He then took up the study of law in the of-
fice of the late Judge F. H. Waite, of Man-
kato, Minn., and was admitted to the bar in
1882. He formed a partnership with Mr. M.
Z. Willard in 1884 under the firm name of
Willard & Hughes, which continued until
1887. For the past ten years his brother,
Evan Hughes, has been associated with him,
but the finn name has been "Thomas
Hughes." Ho enjoys an extensive practice
and has the respect of his clients and fellow-
members of the bar in a high degree. Ik-
has been attorney for the First National
IJank of Mankato, the Mankato Mutual
Building and Loan Association, and several
other corpoi'ations, for a number of yeare.
During his practice he has handled a large
number of important cases, and with very
good success. In 189C he was elected coun-
ty attorney of Blue Earth county and was
re-elected by a large majority in ISflS. His
record in that office is acknowledged to have
been second to none in the state. In politics
he has always been a Eepublicau and a con
sistent supporter of Kepublican ])rinciples,
taking an active interest in the party's wel-
fare. He has been identified with evei'y piib-
TIIO.MAS HUGHES.
lie enterprise tending to build uji and pro-
mote the best interests of his adopted city,
and has been a director of the Mankato
Mutual Building and Loan Association for
a number of years. He is also a member of
and on the board of directors of the Man-
kato Board of Trade, is a director of the Y.
M. C. A. of that city, and is connected with
a number of other associations. The only
fraternal organization with which he is con-
nected is the Knights of I'ythias. He is a
member of the Congregational Church of
Mankato, a trustee and deacon, and superin-
tendent of the Sunday school. November
25, 1885, he was married to Miss Alice O.
Hills, daughter of Amos B. and Sybil Hills,
of Faribault, Minn. Tlieir union has been
blessi^i with two children, Burton E. and
Evan Raymond. Mrs. Hughes is a graduate
of Cai-leton College in the class of 1881.
WINTEKEK, Herman.— North Dalvota
has allorded boundless ojiportunities to the
young man of pluck and determination.
Success, however, was not to be achieved
without a struggle, and the ambitious youth
who took lip his residence in the Territory
HISTOUY OK THE GREAT ^•OUTH^A•EST.
HERMAN WIXTEUEIl.
of Dakota in the early clays liad his share of
adversity and misfortune. When the sub-
ject of this sketch first settled in the Flicker-
tail state and hung out his shingle he had
neither money nor books nor experience as
a lawyer. He did, however, jjossess a facul-
ty for persevering and the prominence he
has attained in the legal profession is due
largely to this particular part of his make-up.
Mr. Winterer was born in Philadelphia, Pa.,
January 1, 18.57. His father was a native
of Gennany, and was born and reared in Et-
tenheim. Grand Duchy of Baden, and here
he learned the trade of a locksmith. He
came to the United States when a young
man and located in Philadelphia, where he
secured employment in a locomotive shop.
He was married here to Francisca Kohlif-
rath, who was also a native of Ettenheim.
In 1858 they migrated west and settled in
Sibley county, Minn. The Sioux uprising in
the early sixties compelled the family to
move away for a time from the claim on
which they had settled, and in 1867 Mr. Win-
terer purchased another farm at Lake I»rai-
rie, in Nicollet county. He died in 1889, his
wife's death preceding his about seven years,
leaving a large family sui'viviiig them. Her-
man's early education was received in the
district schools, but the instruction afforded
was crude in its character. The desire of
the parents to give their children the best
education at their command inspired the lad
to make diligent use of his time after the
evening chores were done. He taught school
and later he attended the high school at Le
Sueur, Minn. lu 1877 he entered the State
Tni versify, and after comjileting the four
year's work at this institution, took up the
law course in the University of Iowa, gradu-
ating in the class of 1882. The following
spring he went to Dakota and located at
^'alley City, where he began the i)ractice of
his profession. A few months later he
formed a partnership with Judge Seth Mills.
^Mr. Mills died shor-tly afterwards, however,
and Mr. Winterer continued his practice
alone until his younger brother, Edward, be-
came a partner and the law firm of Winterer
& Winterer was established. Ever since his
residence in Dakota Mr. Winterer has taken
an active interest in politics. Although
not a partisan, he has generally asso-
ciated himself with the Democratic party.
He was first an applicant for political hon-
ors in 1800, when he aspired to the office of
state's attorney for Barnes county, and was
elected by a two-thii-ds vote of the county
against strong opposition. He was i-e-elect-
ed in 1892, and again in 1891, without oppo-
sition. His brother succeeded him in this
office at the close of his third term. While
serving as state's attorney he successfully
conducted a number of important tax cases
growing out of the Northern Pacific land
grant. Both in 189G and in 1900 Mr. Win-
terer was solicited to become a candidate
for district judge of his home district, but
in each instance declined, feeling that he
could not aftord to give up his practice for a
judgeship). In 1890 he was elected vice
president of the First National Bank of Val-
ley City, which position he still holds. He
has also served for a number of years on
the board of education of that city and is
president of the board at the present time.
Since his graduation from the Iowa law
school Mr. Winterer has been admitted to
practice in the state and federal courts of
HISTORY OF TUE (JUEAT NORTHWEST.
Iowa, Minnesota, North and Soutli Dakota,
and, on March 28, 1898, was granted the priv-
ilege to practice before the snpreme court of
the United States. He is prominent in ^Ma-
sonic circles, is Eminent Commander of St.
Elmo Commandery, No. 5, Valley City, and
Warden of the Grand Commandery of the
state of North Dakota. He is also a. mem-
ber of El Zagal Temple of the Mystic Shrine
of Fargo, also a member of the A. O. U. "W.
January 1, 1887, he was married to Emma
A., daughter of Cyrus (1. Myrick, of Le
Sueur, Minn. Mr. Myrick is a Vermonter
and a graduate of the Norwich ^Military
School and Middlebury Colk^ge. Althougli
84 years of age he is able to read Creek and
Latin and handle the higher branches of
mathematics as easily as though he had just
graduated. Mrs. Winterer is a graduate of
the Le Sueur High School, and, thereafter,
the recipient of special instruction. Three
children have been born to them: Florence
Nightingale, Francisca Eloise and Hermione
Winterer.
MARTIN, Eben W.— The congressman-
elect from South Dakota, Eben W. Martin,
might be said to be indigenous to the soil,
for he is by birth, training, education and
exi)erience a product of the Northwest and
a fair example of what its institutions can do
for its citizens. Mr. Martin was born in
Maquoketa, — a name suggestive of westeni
ozone, — ^lowa, in 185.5. On his father's side
the ancestry is Scotch-Irish, while his mother
is of English descent, from a family which
settled at Stonington, Conn., in the seven-
teenth century. Her maiden name was Lois
Hyde Wever, and she was the youngest
child of Rev. John M. Wever, a Methodist
Episcopal minister of the Troy (N. Y.) con-
ference. Mr. Martin's father, James W.
Martin, was a traveling salesman in modest
iinancial circumstances, who served in the
war of the Rebellion as captain of Company
I, Twenty-fourth Iowa Volunteers. Eben
\V. Martin's great-great-grandfather was a
soldier of the Revolutionary war, and served
under General Washington. By reaso7i of
this military lineage Mr. Martin is a member
of the Loyal Legion through his father's
EI'.KN W. 1I.\UTIN.
service, and a member of the South Dakota
Chapter of the Sons of the American Revolu-
tion by virtue of his great-great-grandfa-
ther's record in the struggle for indepen-
dence. Mr. Mai'tin's early education 1<ras ob-
tained in the district school of Ma(]Uoketa,
Jackson county, Iowa, and in the grammar
and high school of Mount Pleasant, Iowa,
where he prepared for college. He entered
Cornell College, Mount Vernon, Iowa, and
took the classical course, graduating with
the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the class
of 1S70, and three years later received from
the institution the degree of Master of Arts.
^^'llile in college he was, in 1877, president
of tlie Interstate Oratorical Association — a
fact which speaks well for his oratorical
stan<ling at college. Having chosen law as
his jirofession, he commenced his legal stud-
ies in the office of George B. Young, Clinton,
Iowa, and then entered the law department
of the University of Michigan, and was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1880. He was i)r('sid»'nt
of the law class of the university while he
was a student. In August. 18S0, he came
to South Dakota and settled at Deadwood
when the region was known as the •'Black
Hills," where he has ever since lived. Here
he devoted himself to his profession with
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
great assiduity and soon had a lucrative
practice in all the courts accessible. In 1887
he formed a partnership with ISTorman T.
Mason, Esq.. under the style of Martin &
Alasou. The firm at once took a leading po-
sition at the bar and has since had a large
share of the important litigation in all the
higher courts of the state. Some of the
cases conducted by the finu have been noted
for the abstruse law points involved, and for
the array of legal talent employed. One of
the more recent cases is that of the Buxton
Mining Company vs. Golden Reward Com-
pany, in the Circuit Court of the United
States at Deadwood, and in the United
States Circuit Court of Appeals at St. Paul,
^lartin & Mason were attorneys for the
plaintiff. This was a jury case. The trial
consumed five weeks, resulting in a verdict
for about seventy thousand dollars for the
plaintiff. Mr. Martin has always been a
Republican, and has generally taken part in
all campaigns so far as his business would
permit, but not in a personal way, except
when he was elected to the territorial legisla-
ture in 1884—85, until the recent campaign.
In 1900 he was elected to congress as a mem-
ber at large from South Dakota. He has
always taken an interest in educational mat-
ters, as might be expected from his own
thorough equipment. He was for several
years president of the board of education of
the city of Deadwood. and has served at dif-
ferent times as a member of the board of
trustees of the State Normal School at Spear-
fish, S. D., and of other educational institu-
tions. He is a member of the Methodist
Episcopal church and in May, 1900. was a
lay delegate to the quadrennial general con-
ference of the denomination, held at Chicago.
In 1883 he was married to Jessie Arvilla
Miner, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. George N.
Miner, formerly of Cedar Falls, Iowa, now
of Hot Springs, S. D. They have five chil-
dren: George M., IG years old; Lois W., 14;
Paul E.. 11; Charles E., 8, and Jessie A.
Martin, 4 vears old.
YOUNG, Newton Clarence. — Judge N.
C. Young, who is now serving as one of the
three justices of the supreme court of North
Dakota, was born at Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, on
January 128, 1802. His parents are natives
of Oliio and are farmers. In 1850 and
shorfly after their marriage, they emigrat-
ed to Iowa, where they still reside. Their
family consisted of ten children, six of
whom are living. Newton, who is the
fourth, received his entire education in the
schools of his native state. Until he was
eleven years of age he attended a countrv
school. Later he attended the preparatory
department of Tabor college. Following
this he was compelled to remain out of
school for four years and assist his father
on the farm. In 1879 he entered the Iowa
City academy, from which he graduated in
1882. In the same year he entered the
state universit.v, taking the classical course,
and graduated in 1880 with the degree of
B. A. and on the honor list. In his second
year in the university he was elected to the
editorial staff of the Yidette Reporter, the
then official newspaper of the university,
and later became its managing editor. He
was a member and one of the presidents of
the Letagathian Literary Society and later
became a member of the Phi Delta Theta
fraternity. In the annual university ora-
torical contest of 1880 he was awarded
second honors. In 1890 his Alma Mater
conferred upon him the degree of Master of
Arts. In the year of his graduation from
the collegiate department of the university
he entered the law department of the same
institution and graduated therefrom in
1887. On June 2.3, 1887, two days after his
graduation, he was married to Miss Ida B.
Clarke, who had just graduated from the
philosophical course of the same university.
They immediately moved to Bathgate, in
Pembina county, in the then territory of
Dakota, where ^Ir. Young entered upon the
practice of his profession. He soon became
a useful member of the community in which
he had taken up his residence and, in addi
tion to enjoying a lucrative practice, he was
called to fill a number of local offices. In
1892, at the instance of those of his fellow
citizens favoring a better enforcement of
the law, he became a candidate for state's
attornev and was elected. In 1894 he was
NEWTON CLARENCE YOUNO.
HISTORY OF THE (HiEAT NORTHWEST.
re-elected to the same position without op-
position. In 1896 he was one of three nomi-
nees for district judye of the Seventh ju-
dicial district, and was defeated. His suc-
cessful administration of the state's attor.
ney's office had, however, established his
reputation from one end of the state to the
other, as a conscientious and fearless at-
torney, so that, two years later, notwith-
standing his defeat, the Republicans of
Pembina county presented his name to the
state convention as their choice for the su-
I)reme bench of the state, to succeed Judf^e
("orliss, and he was nominated by acclama-
tion. Shortly after the convention Judge
('orliss resigned and Mr. Young was ap-
l)ointed by Gov. Devine to fill out the un-
expired term. The ensuing election result-
ed in his election by a large majority, the
endorsement from his home county being
particularly complimentary and largely
non-partisan. Judge Young is making an
honorable record on the supreme bench and
is a striking example of what may be ac-
complished by a young man of energy and
fidelity to principle and purpose. In 1898,
after his election to the supreme bench.
Judge Young moved his family to Fargo,
because of the greater convenience in his
work, and the excellent educational advan-
tages of that city. Their family consists of
three children, Laura B., aged 12; Horace
Clarke, aged 10, and Dorothea P., aged 8.
HARVEY, Thomas Edmond, was born in
New York City, November 23, 1844, and is
the oldest of seven children of Michael L.
and Ellen Harvey, both of whom were na-
tives of the north of Ireland, but of English
and Scotch ancestry, — the maiden name of
Mrs. Harvey being McGill. In May, 1850,
the family emigrated to the state of Illinois
and settled on a farm near Dixon, the county
seat of Lee county, where Thomas E. re-
ceived his early education, attending the com-
mon schools in the winter months and work-
ing on the farm during the summer. He was
a studious reader of biography and history,
in which he was greatly assisted and directed
by his father, who was a graduate of the Uni-
A'ersity of Dublin. In 1861 he entered Bry-
ant & Stratton's Commercial College in Chi-
cago, but before graduating he enlisted in
the 65th Illinois Infantry, and went to the
front, participating in the battle of Harper's
Ferry in September, 1862, where General
Miles surrendered to Stonewall Jackson.
From a private soldier Mr. Harvey rose to
the rank of second lieutenant, and in June,
1865, when peace was declared, the spirit of
adventure still strong in him, he started west
and crossed the plains, arriving in Denver on
the 6th of August, and returned to Omaha,
Xeb., in December of the same year. Here
he first began the study of the law under the
tuition of Hon. Charles H. Brown, then the
leading criminal lawyer of the state. In Feb-
ruary, 1868, he left the office of Mr. Brown
and removed to North Platte, Neb., where
he enteied the law office of Hon. Beach I.
Hinman. afterwards taking a course in a law
school of one year, in Chicago, and returning
to his old preceptor at North Platte, where
he was admitted to the bar, September 23,
1873, remaining with Mr. Hinman until the
fall of 1875. About this time reports of the
discovery- of gold in the Black Hills of Da-
kota attracted the attention of Mr. Harvey,
and he resolved to set out for that Eldorado.
Leaving Chejenne on the 12th day of Janu-
ary, 1876, after many hardships, and their
horses having been stolen by the hostile In-
dians, Mr. Harvey and his brother James ar-
rived in Custer City, February 14, 1876. At
that time the Black Hills was a part of the
Indian reservation, and the territorial laws
were not in force, but the people at once
organized a provisional goverament, and al
the election on the 25th of March, 1876, a
code of laws was adopted and a full set of
oflicers elected, Mr. Harvey being elected the
first judge of the superior court, having ap-
pellate jurisdiction from the justices of the
peace. This office he resigned to engage in
the practice of law, and he was the first law-
yer to practice in the Black Hills, and was
engaged in every case tried in the courts
there until he removed to Deadwood in July,
1877. While at Custer he was appointed
the first United States postmaster, his
168
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
commission bearing date March 14, 1877.
In July of that year Mr. Harvey removed
to Deadwood, where lie had a lucrative law
practice until 1889, when he was apijoiuted
the first district attorney of Meade county.
After a year and eight months in this office
he resigned, on account of his growing prac-
tice, and the large fees olTered him in the
defense of crininial cases; his success in this
line was so great that there was not one
conviction for felony for two years and four
months, although over fifty parties were in-
dicted tor ditTerent crimes, including seven
murder indictments. The citizens becoming
alarmed at the condition of ali'airs in their
county, requested him to accept the nomina-
tion for state's attorney on the Democratic
ticket in the fall of 1892, and feeling that he
should resjKind to the wishes of the best ele-
ments of all political parties, he accepted the
nomination and was elected bj' a large ma-
jority over both the Republican and Populist
candidates. Mr. Harvey justified the hopes
of his friends and supporters by succeeding
in convicting, and sending to the state peni-
tentiary, sixteen persons for different crimes
including murder and manslaughter, and an-
other (Jay Hicks) was executed at Sturgis,
November 1.5, 1894, for the robbery and mur-
der of a stockman, committed in November,
1893, thus, in two years' time, effectually put-
ting an end to the reign of terror in that
county, and making it one of the most peace-
able and law-abiding counties in the state.
Mr. Harvey's reputation as a criminal
lawyer is not confined to his own state. He
is frequently employed to try important crim-
inal cases in Montana, Wyoming, Utah and
Nebraska. In politics he is a Republican,
having renounced the Democratic party in
189.5 during Cleveland's last administration;
he is valued very highly as a campaign or-
ator and is engaged by the Republican state
and county coituiiittees in every ])olitical con-
test.
In 1885 Mr. Harvey was mai-ried to Miss
Lizzie J. Martin, of Houghton. Mich. Four
children were born to them, two only of
whom are now living, Vivian Clarence, aged
ten years, and James Edward, aged eight
years. He is not a church member, but en-
tertains the highest respect for religion and
its good infiuence in society and the home,
and donates liberally to the different churfties.
In the month of April, 1897, Mr. Harvey,
with his wife and two boys, located in the city
of liead, S. D., the richest town in the state,
having a population of over (i.OOO people.
Here the great Homestake mines and mills
are located, where the mines and mills em-
ploy over two thousand men, and the output
of the Homestake mines alone exceed ,1f:!,0()(),-
0(1 a year in gold. Lead City is situated about
three miles southwest of Deadwood, the
county seat of Lawrence county, and is des-
tined to become the most populous, as it now
is the richest, city, in the state of South Da-
kota.
In a country like ours with the great op-
l)ortunities which are constantly arising,
those who have the requisite amount of
stamina, haye a field before them of almost
unlimited space in w-hich to become a great
personal power from the results of their
strenuous work and great prestige they are
sure to gain. The subject nf this sketch is
surelv in this class.
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
THOMAS (fUUUMA.X.
O'GORMAN, Thomas.— It is with pleas-
ure that the biographer turns to a contem-
plation of the life of a spiritual teacher, no
matter what creed or faith he professes.
He has no evidence before him that speaks
of victories won in a contest for worldly hon-
ors. He sees only the self-effacing, modest
hero who has devoted his life to the uplifting
of humanity. His own heart is refreshed
and comforted by the mental vision called
forth by the self-sacriliciug, noble life of one
of these humble, never-tiring agents for good.
In the early days of this great Northwest,
the forerunners of civilization were the mis-
sionaries of the Catholic church. A true
history cannot leave out the important part
taken by these men in the work of upbuild-
ing. The priest of today has not the difficul-
ties to contend with that his early brethren
had. His work, however, is none the less
trying, and he is just as much the spiritual
father of his people as were his predecessors.
A good and true priest is a burden bearer.
His motto is alter alterius onera portate;
bear ye one another's burdens. The cast-otf
sorrows of those he has comforted enrich his
soul and bring happiness and spiritual con-
tentment to his heart. We now take up a
brief re\iew of the life work of Thomas
O'Ciorman, bishop of Sioux Falls. This
good man has served his church for nearly
thirty years in the Northwestern Held, and
was consecrated bishop of the Sioux Falls
diocese after long and faithful labors as a
minister of the gospel. Bishop O'Gorman
was born May 1, 1843, at Boston, Mass., the
son of John 0"Gornian and Margaret Keefe.
His father came west and settled in St. Paul,
Minn., in 1852, when Thomas was but a mere
boy. He took an active interest in public
affairs and served as chief of police and in
other important municipal offices in the
period between 1852 and 1870. The fore-
bears of our subject came to this country
from County Kilkenny, Ireland. Thomas
attended the Catholic and public schools of
Chicago and St. Paul between his seventh
and tenth year. In 1853 he was sent to
France to receive a thorough educational
training, with the purpose in view of later
entering the priesthood. He was placed in
the Petit Seminaire at Meximieux, in the
Department of the Ain, where he remained
until his graduation in 18G0, making a bril-
liant record as a student and generally car-
rying oft' the class honors. He then entered
the Theological Scholasticate at Montbel, De-
jjartment of the ^'ar, and prepared for the
ministry. He returned to America in 1864,
and was oi-dained a priest in St. Paul by the
late Bishop Grace, second Roman Catholic
bishop of St. Paul, Nov. 5, 1865. In Janu-
ary, 1866, he was sent to Rochester, Minn.,
by Bishop Grace, and here entered upon his
ministry. He remained in this field until
July, 1878, when he became attached to the
Church of the Paulist Fathers of New York.
He was identified with the work of this com- '
munity until 1882, when he returned to Min-
nesota and was assigned to the pastorate at
Faribault. He remained here for two years,
removing in 1885 to Merriam Park, where he
became attached to the College of St. Thomas
as first president and professor of dogmatic
theology. He severed his connection with
St. Thomas College in 1891 to accept the
chair of professor of church history in the
Catholic University at Washington, D. C,
which he held for five years. While at this
HISTORY OP THE GKB^AT NORTHWEST.
institution, in 1893, he was honored with the
bestowal of the title of D. D. by Pope Leo
XIII. April 19. 1S9(;, he was consecrated
bishop of Sioux Falls in St. Patrick's church,
\A'asliington. by Cardinal Satolli, Archbishop
Ireland preaching the ciinsecration sermon.
Bishop O'Gorman is greatly loved and es-
teemed in this diocese. He is staunch and
unswerving in his devotion to the church;
yet, while strict in his adherence to her rites
and doctrines, he never hesitates to join
heartily in all movements tending to uplift
and benefit society. He is a man of rare
scholarly attainments, and is greatly ad-
mired by all with whom he comes in contact,
not only for his intellectual accomplishments,
but his endearing personal qualities as well.
The bishop was a contributor to Charles
Scribner's Sons American Chui'ch series, and
wrote the volume entitled "The Histoi-y of
the Roman Catholic Church in the United
States." His residence is at Sioux Falls,
S. D.
PINE, Oran Steadman. — The surgeon of
the Minnesota Soldiers' Home, O. S. Pine —
as he usually writes his name — is a "Green
Mountain Boy'' worthy of the lineage by his
own personal experience and war service.
He was born in the town of Underbill, Vt.,
October 13, 1845. His father, Joseph Pine,
still living in 1900, at the age of eighty years,
was a farmer in moderate circumstances.
The family dates from pre-revolutionary
times. Joseph Pine's grandfather served in
the Revolutionary War under the noted
Ethan Allen. His mother was sister to
Judge Randall, of New York, the father of
Alexander W. Randall, one-time governor of
Wisconsin and postmaster general under
President Johnson. Dr. O. S. Pine's moth-
er's maiden name was Perlina Dike, the
daughter of Rev. Orange Dike, a Free Will
Baptist minister of the Vermont conference.
She died in 1894, after more than fifty years
of married life, having had five children,
three sons and two daughters, of whom two
sons and one daughter survive. She was of
Scotch-Irish extraction, while the I'ines were
refugees from Naples, Italy, who fled from
ORAN S. PINE.
persecution in the early part of the eight-
eenth century. Dr. Pine received his early
education in one of Vermont's "little red
schoolhouses." This literary education ^vas
supplemented by two fall terms at the Willis-
ton (Vt.) Academy, which prepared him for
teaching a district school, although only six-
teen years of age. He, however, jiromptly
began the work and continued teaching dur-
ing the following winter. In the spring he
went to New York and secured a position in
a drug store, whcih probably determined his
future career. But it was for a time inter
ru])ted. In 1S63 he enlisted in a company
which went to fill up the thinned ranks of
the somewhat famous Fourteenth Brooklyn
regiment, after the battle of Gettysburg.
This regiment went with the rest of the army,
young I'ine serving in the ranks, sharing in
the hardships of the battles of the Wilder-
ness, Spottsylvauia, and Cold Harbor, at the
last of which he was taken ])risoner with
fourteen others, at the charge made by the
regiment on the second day of June, ]S(i4.
He was confined in Libby prison until the
sixteenth of June, when he was started with
other prisoners in a train for the infamous
prison pen at Andersonville. During a halt
HISTORY OF THE GItEAT XOUTHWEST.
at Charlotte, N. C, while awaiting transpor-
tation, although surrounded hj a strong
guard, he made his esrape, going westward
through Lincolnton and Morgantown, cross
ing the great Catawba river near the latter
place. He found two colored boys at a i>lan-
tation near the foothills leading to the Iron
Range dividing North Carolina and Tennes-
see, who volunteered, with the consent of
their slave parents, to pilot him over the
mountains, and, it was hoped, to liberty.
After many hardships and nights of travel
they came to a detachment of one hundred
Union soldiers belonging to the Third North
Carolina Mounted Infantry, commanded by
Colonel George W. Kirk. The detachment
was under orders from (Jeneral Schofield to
cross tlie mountains into North Carolina, to
destroy some railroad bridges. When I'ine
informed them of a rebel camp of instruc-
tion, called Camp Vance, near Morgantown,
N. C, they determined to attempt its cap-
ture. Dr. Pine and his two colored guides
volunteered to go with the command. The
command was surprised on the 28th of June.
Under a flag of truce borne by Dr. Pine and
Oscar M. Coburn, who had been discharged
from the First Ohio Heavy Artillery to re-
ceive a first lieutenant's commission in
Colonel Kirk's regiment. Lieutenant Bullock
and about three hundred men under his com
mand surrendered without firing a shot.
The camp of supj)lies, railroad station and
other property were destroyed. On the se-
vei'e march out of the country, some of the
more delicate prisonei-s were paroled.
About two hundred were safely landed at
Knoxville. In an action with a force which
had been sent to rescue the prisoners, one
man was killed, and five wounded. Dr. Pine
received a flesh wound, near Piedmont
Springs. This has been regarded as one of
the daring and successful of the minor ejii-
sodes of the war. Dr. Pine rested at Knox-
ville, and assisted in recruiting Cokmel Kirk's
regiment. He then received a furlough of
sixty days as an escai)ed jirisouer, so that he
did not join his regiment until November,
and then only to be captured again before
Petersburg, while trying to take from the
field the wounded adjutant of his regiment.
He was, however, liberated after two days
in Ri<hmond and thereafter served without
incident until mustered out at the close of
the war, at Camp Parole, Md. He then took
up again the study of medicine. He entered
Pellevue Hospital and College, New York
("ity, and graduated in 1870. He soon went
to Kansas, remaining two yeai-s, when he
returned to Brooklyn, N. Y, where he prac-
liced four years. In 1870 he removed to
Chicago. In 1880 he was married to Irene
E. Duncan, of Lafayette, Iowa, and removed
to Milbank, Teiritory of Dakota, and built
up a large jiractice there and at Aberdeen.
v here he was surgeon of the Chicago. Mil-
waukee & St. Paul railway. His wife died
at Aberdeen in 1885. He was married to
Dr. Alrinda Auten, of St. Paul, in 1888. since
which time he has practiced his profession in
that city. In February. 1800, he was ap-
I)ointed trustee of the Minnesota Soldiers'
Home, by Governor Lind, in place of H. A.
Castle, whose tenn expired. At the annual
meeting of the board of trustees in the fol-
lowing August, Dr. Pine was elected surgeon
of the Home, which position he now fills.
He has been very enei'getic in improving the
administration of his dejiartment, both in
methods and in service. He has introduced
trained women nurses, which secures much
better care of his invalid comrades, with
whom he is in hear-ty sympathy. His aim
has been to make the Soldiers' Home hospital
perfect in all its appointments, and an insti-
tution of which the state may be justly
jirond. Dr. IMne is a member of the Ameri-
can Medical Association. He was the first
delegiite to the association from Dakota Ter-
ritory. He also organized the Dakota State
Medical Society. He is, besides, a member
of both the ^Minnesota State and the Ramsey
County Medical societies. He is also a mem-
ber of Summit Lodge of Masons, St. Paul,
of the Ex-Prisoners of War Association — of
which in 1800 he was commander — a mem-
ber of (Jarfield i)Ost, G. A. R., of which he is
a past commander. Dr. Pine came from New
England anti-slavein* and Republican stock.
He has always been allied with the party of
Lincoln, until 1800. when, believing Cleve-
land demoi-racv and the reiinl)licanism of the
HISTORY OF THE GUIOAT NOKTHWEST.
St. Louis convoutioii to hv identical in prin-
ciples, he supported Hi'ViUi. In 1S!18 he was
the candidate of tlie fusion parl.v for coroner
of Ramsey count \.
EUSTIS, William Henrv.— Anions the
many successful men who have contributed
in a marked degree to the development of
the Northwest there is occasionally one, here
and there, whose achievements border on the
marvellous. liefjinninji jierhaps under cir-
cumstances exceedinjily unitro](i(ions; im-
peded by conditions thai clogged every stej)
in advancement; confronted with ol)stacles
seemingly unsurmountable, yet in S])ite of
all difficulties such signal success has been
won as to make the career an inspiration to
all who struggle against adverse environ-
ments. William H. Eustis is a conspicuous
exami)le of this number, far too snmll to be
called a "class'" of 7nen. He is of English
ancestry. His father, Tobias Eustis, came
from Cornwall, England, when a young man
and learned the trade of wheelwright, which
he followed, although his forefathers had
been Cornish miners. He was married to
^lary Markwick, who, like himself, was of
English lineage. They finally settled at the
village of Oxbow, Jefferson county, N. Y.,
where, in 1,S4;"), AA'illiam H. Eustis was born,
the second of a family of eleven children.
As soon as able he was obliged to assist in
the support of the fiimily. For this purpose
he was taken from school al an early age.
The diminutive size of the \illage made op-
portunities for work not over-abundant. One
of the chief industries of the neighborhood
was a tan yard. In this young Eustis ob-
tained intermittent employmc-nt, tending a
mill for grinding tan bark. When about fif-
teen years of age he mel wilh an accident,
which caused such an injniy that his life
was for a long time in peril ,ind was barely
saved by a naturally vigorous constitution
assisted by an indomitable will, by his own
careful study of his condition and by perse-
vering attention to the treatment which he
himself devised. His coni])lete recovery was
hopeless, but he did not let that discourage
him. Being incajiacitaled for maniial labor.
WII.LIA.M II. ins'i'it^
which, had not what was deemed a great
calamity o\ertaken him, he woiild in all
probability have followed, he prepared him-
self for a teacher. .Vfter teaching dj^trict
schools for several winters he aimed at
something better adapted to his physical con-
ditiiin. He was compelled, however, to de-
pend upon his own exertions for a higher
education. His courage under the ciniim-
stances may be deemed heroic He deter-
mined to .secure a college educatien. .\s a
stej) towards it he leai'ned telegra|ihy and
bookkeeping and taught them to select
classes. This service, supplemented by what
he earned in soliciting life insurance, enabled
him to take a preparatory college coiii-se at
the seminary at (Jouverneur, St. Lawrence
( ounty. N. V. He pre])ared so thoroughly at
this institution that he was able to enter the
\Vesleyan I'ni versify at Middletown, Conn.,
as a sophomore in 1S71, and graduated in
the class of IS":',. The Xew England colleges
of that era had long vacati(ms in winter,
which gave students an opjiortunity to teach.
Leave of absence was also granted for a lew-
weeks before and after this vacation to such
as wished to teach. ^Ir. Eustis ai)iiropriated
these advantaucs and keiit nii with the class
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
while teaching. He chose as his life work
tlie profession of law. His next step was
perhaps the hardest pull of all. He went to
New York City and entered the Columbia
Law School. By doing two years' work in
one he finished the course in 1874, but was
a thousand dollars in debt. The quickest
way to discharge this seemed to be to resort
to his old occupation of teaching, for it often
happens that a young lawyer must grow a
beard before he secures paying clients. The
course adopted proved to be wise, for the
end of the year made him a free man. He
bought a new suit of clothes, paid his fare to
Saratoga Springs, and had fifteen dollars left
as a nest egg for a fortune. He had previ-
ously formed the acquaintance of Mr. John
R. Putnam, a member of the Saratoga bar,
who offered Mr. Eustis a partnership. It
proved to be a fortunate event for both men,
for the ]n*actice of the firm became large and
remunerative. The partnership was contin-
ued for six years, and was dissolved in 1881,
when Mr. Eustis detennined to visit Europe.
He had taken an active part in public alfairs
and had gained celebrity as a public speaker,
traveling over the state in political cam-
paigns. He had but few equals, and none
superior in this field, being not only an elo-
quent advocate, but a singularly entertaining-
speaker, judiciously interspersing his argu-
ments with apt historical allusions, poetry
and anecdote in illustration. He has the fac-
ulty of holding his audience apparently up
to any pitch of enthusiasm desired. Al-
though Mr. Eustis planned to be gone two
years when he left for Europe in the spring
of 1881, political events drew him home in
a few months. He then set out in search of
a new home, and being satisfied that the
progressive west oilered better opportunities
than the eastern states, he made a very thor-
ough examination of the condition of the
principal cities west of the Mississippi, finally
concluding that Minneapolis was the most
promising and attractive. The twenty-third
day of October, 1881, is the date which marks
his fortunate settlement in the city of his
choice, and with the growth and prosperity
of which he has been ever since so closely
related. With the same self-reliance and
courage which had made him a victor in his
early struggles he began immediately to
practice his jirofession without the advan-
tage of an established partner. He had faith
in the future of the city, and while pursuing
his law business, which gave promise of
meeting his most sanguine expectations, he
boldly invested in real estate his compara-
tively small savings of previous years, and
contributed with enthusiasm to the extent
of his ability in purse and brain to commer-
cial and industrial enterprises designed to
build up the material interest of the com-
munity. The wide range of his public spirit
can be judged by the character of a few ex-
amples. He erected the building at Henne-
pin and Sixth street, so long occujtied as the
Republican Union League headquarters and
now known as Elks hall ; the Flour Exchange
and the Corn Exchange, besides other busi-
ness edifices less known. He was a director
of the building committee in charge of the
erection of the Masonic Temple. He was
one of the projectors of the North American
Telegraph Company, designed to secure com-
petitive telegraph service for the Northwest,
serving both as director and secretary of the
enterprise. He was one of the incorporators
of the "Soo" railroad, built to furnish cheap
transportation by a new route to the east,
and he was one of its board of directors. Mr.
Eustis was in 1892 elected mayor of Minne-
apolis. His administration was one of the
most careful and economical in the history
of the city, for Mr. Eustis brought to his
public duties all the ability which had made
his private affairs such a success. He was
also as conscientious in the discharge of
these public duties as if they pertained to
his religion. No obligation could have been
given a more thoughtful consideration and a
more scrupulous observance than Mr. Eustis
lavished upon his office of mayor. His term
stands as a landmark in the progress of the
city. Its many excellencies are unquestioned,
nor are the absolute honesty, fidelity and
sincerity of Mr. Eustis ever doubted. In
dealing with the liquor tratfic, however, he
was in advance of his age. Although he put
into operation in dealing with licensed sa-
loons a system which has proved by the rec-
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
ords more effective in restricting the evils
of the Irafflc than liatl been the method here-
tofore tried, he met with serious objections
in his plans, and that, too, in circles where
he expected to receive support, when the
efficiency of the method had been fully
demonstrated. But he was disappointed
and made no effort for a reelection. He was
subsequently nominated by the Republican
party as a candidate for governor of the
state. His defeat was not personal to him,
but entirely due to the nationality of his op-
jjonent. It was generally acknowh'dged,
however, that eminent ability and valual)le
services to the city, state, and party were
unfortunately ignored in the heated contest
of the campaign. Mr. Eustis was not soured
by his defeat. He has continued in his ac-
tive support of the party as of old. No one
is in greater demand for service as a public
speaker. His versatility is also as great as
his ability. His gift for speaking acceptably
on almost any subject at the shortest notice
has often been compared to that of Henator
Chauncey M. Depew of New York — the
highest compliment that could be paid. Mr.
Eustis is a man of scholarly habits and has
a fine library, which is one of his chief
pleasures. He is a bachelor and a member
of the Methodist Episcopal church. He
contributes liberally to benevolent objects,
while his private assistance in a (piiel man-
ner makes manv a heart glad.
LINDWAV, William.— In politics, the un-
deviatiug path of duty is a difficult way to
follow. Treacherous are the by-ways to en-
tice the wayfarer, and he is a brave man who
walks a highway of his own in company with
his self-respect. ^Villiam Lindsay, ex-mem-
ber of the Montana legislature, is an ideal
representative of the people who hold honor
dear at heart. He achieved a reputation in
the exciting days at the capitol in Helena, in
the winter of 1899, which is not confined ex-
clusively to the state lines of Montana. In
the midst of corruption and treachery he
stood out firmly against the attempts made
to bribe his vote, his reputation for integrity
remaining unsullied. The conspicuous posi-
AMI,I,I.\^r LINDSAY.
tion which he assumed in that famous sena-
torial contest contributed in no small meas-
ure to make the light more bitter and pro-
longed. But Mr. Lindsay's promin^ce in
public life does not rest solely upon the
stand he took in the legislature two years
ago. He has taken an active part in Mon-
tana politics for several years past, and as a
business man is highly esteemed for his
strict integrity and business enterprise. He
is extensively engaged in the sheep business
and has shown an exceptional ability in the
carrying on of that enterprise. Mr. Lindsay
was born April 20, 1852, in Poland, Mahon-
ing county, Ohio. His father, James M.
Lindsay, was a mechanic by trade, in mod-
erate circumstances. He was of Scotch de-
scent, and his ancestors were among the
early settlers of the state of New Jeraey.
His wife, Elizabeth J. Bebout, was a member
of a well-to-do family living in Beaver
county, Pa. William did not enjoy the
advantages of a liberal education, being
thrown upon his own resources at the
age of fifteen and compelled to leave
school. He learned the tinsmith trade,
but did not follow this vocation very
long, the work being obnoxious to him. In
HISTORY OF THE GIJEAT NORTHWEST.
ISTO, hf \v<-nt to Micbigau and was employed
in tlie lumber business for a number of
jears. By his industry and frugal habits
he was able to lay up sufficient money to set
himself up in the hardware business in
Beaver Falls, I'a., where he removed in 18T(>.
Tliis venture proved very suctessful; but
believing that the west attorded wider op-
portunities and would give better returns for
the money invested, he sold out in 1883, com-
ing to Montana the year following. He lo-
cated on the Missouri river, near Gleudive,
and engaged in the wool-growing industry,
in which he has been highly successful. In
politics he is a staunch Republican and an
earnest supporter of party interests. He
was elected a member of the board of county
commissioners of Dawson county in 1892
and served as a member of that board for
four years. It was largely due to his influ-
ence, and as a result of his activity in that
office, that the magnificent steel arch bridge
over the Yellowstone at Glendive was built.
In 1890 he was elected to the lower house
of the legislature, and was re-elected in 1898.
His record in the house has been one of which
his friends feel proud. His devotion to the
best interests of the state in standing out
uncompromisingly against legislative cor-
ruption won for him many warm friends, but
made luany bitter enemies. He was a can-
didate for the state senate in 1900, but was
defeated, the opposition putting up a fierce
fight against his election. Mr. Lindsay en-
joys the confidence of the public in a high
degree. He has faced the contumely which
was heaped on him by his political enemies
with a brave, untiinching spirit, secure in the
knowledge that he has always acted for the
welfare of party interests and the interests of
his constituents. His career is not yet end-
ed; so far, however, it is a shining example
for younger men to pattern after. Mr. Lind-
say is a member of the L O. O. F. and A. F.
& A. M. His religious connections are with
the Methodist Episcopal church, of which
he is a staunch member and an active church
worker. He served as a lay delegate from
IMontana to the general conference of that
body held at Chicago in May, 1900. He was
married August 7, 1886, to Miss Alice M.
Reehl, of Beaver Falls, Pa. Their union has
Ik en blessed with two children: Grace M.
;iii(i \\illiaiii Lc I\ov Liudsav.
FORD, James William.— The educati(mal
institution at Owatonna, Minn., founded in
1877, enlarged and endowed by Hon. Geo.
A. Pillsbury, and known as the I'illsbury
.Vcademy, is so rapidly outgrowing the char-
acter of a mere preparatory school that i>eo-
l>le are ready to call it the Pillsbury College.
In the year 19(10, less than twenty-five years
after its foundation, it had six buildings
worth |12o,(IOO, and an endowment fund of
^225, (100 hearing interest. It is only fair to
say that very much of this prosperity is due
to the combined qualities — scholarship,
financial skill, and executive ability — of Pro-
fessor James \A'. Ford, A. M., Ph. D., the
present principal, who has been in charge
of the institution for eleven years, or since
^'ovember, 1889. He was one of the faculty
of the well known Colgate Academy, Hamil-
ton, ;N'. Y., for twelve years, being principal
for the last six years. He is not only a
scholar and teacher of experience, but he is
a "man of affairs,"' made so by early training
and jiractice, which capacity is of even more
value sometimes than are mere literary qual-
ifications. Mr. Foi'd was bom at Lowell,
Mass., December 20, 1846. His father was
David P. Ford, a native of Deerfield, N. H.,
born in 1821. He and Benjamin F. Butler
attended the same district school. He was
a man of sound judgment and marked abil-
ity, and was overaeer in the Boott Cotton
Mills when he died, at the age of twenty-
seven, of typhoid fever, leaving two children,
James "\Y., two years old, and a brother still
younger. He was of English descent from
progenitors who came to this counti'y before
1700. James W. Ford's mother's name was
Lydia Iseal, born in South Bei-wnck, Me., in
182-1, and of the same descent as her hus-
band, but her people were Friends, or
Quakers, in religion. Her father and grand-
father were farmers and made a good farm
out of the wilderness. They were sturdy,
industrious, courageous. Godfearing men.
Thev were of the same stock as Neal Dow,
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
She was likewise courageous, liopeful, self-
reliaut aud bad a woudei-ful trust in God.
Mr. Ford attributes to liis mother whatever
success he has obtained. She brought up
her cliildreu to self-support, aecumulatiug
considerable property, and inculcated hon-
esty and faithfulness in the discharge of
every trust. She still lives ou the ancestral
farm, where Mr. Ford usually spends his
summer vacation, and which he now owns.
Mr. Ford was educated in the public schools
of Lowell, and there entered the high school
at the age of thirteen. At the end of the
first year he became a messenger of the Boott
Cotton Mills counting room. His duties
wei'e to distribute and charge all supplies to
six large mills, and to find and bring to
the office any employe wanted. Here he
learned promptness, accuracy and quick-
ness of observation and apprehension. He
studied double entry bookkeeping evenings
with Charles Farnsworth. From 1862 to
ISOT he was bookkeeper and general sales-
man for H. W. Hilton & Co., of Lowell,
Mass., and became so expert in his various
duties that in four years he was offered a
partnership in the concern. He, however,_
declined. His ideals of life changed about
that time because he had become a Christian.
He now wanted to have a college education.
At the end of five years' service he returned
to Lowell High School, where his old teacher
still remained, very ready to aid Mr. Ford
in his new resolve. He took the Latin and
Creek of a four yeai"s" course in two years,
with double honors; the Carney silver medal
for scholarship, aud the valedictoi'y honor,
the highest that could be given. He had,
when prepared for college, |1,200 which he
had earned. This, with a little aid from
friends, enabled him to go through the col-
lege course free from debt. He entered the
Madison University, at Hamilton, N. Y., in
18C9, and graduated in 1873, with the saluta-
tory, or second honor of the class. He was
a member of the Madison Chapter of the
Delta Upsilon fraternity. Mr. Ford's high
scholarship gave him a place also in the
graduate fraternity of Thi Beta Kappa. Ex-
pecting to go into the ministry, in 1873 he
entered the Hamilton Theological Seminary.
J.XJIKS W. FOltU.
lie left after a year's study on account of an
affection of the throat, which turned him from
preaching to the work of education. In 187-1
he was appointed professor of Latin aud
science in Colby Academy, New Loudon, N.
H. The next year he held the same chair
iu Cook Academy, Havana, N. Y. In 1876
he was appointed professor of Latin in Col-
gate Academy, Hamilton, N. Y., and re-
mained with this institution twelve years, as
previously mentioned, during the last six of
which he was principal. He left this thriv-
ing school in 1888, bringing with him the
vigor which had made Colgate such a suc-
cess, to accept the position of treasurer of
all the institutions under the control of the
hoard of trustees of Madison University.
Although he was successful and gave satis-
faction to the board, at whose urgent solicita-
tion he undertook the duties, the work was
not as congenial as that of teaching, nad
when the urgent request of Mr. Tillsbury,
seconded by the board of trustees of Pills-
bury Academy, came to him, he regarded it
as an opening for larger woi-k along lines
both jileasing and familiar. Since engaging iu
this work Mr. Ford has been offered several
attra'tive positions iu both Eastern and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHA^EST.
Western institutions, among them at differ-
ent times tlie presidencies of three colleges;
but he is greatly attached to academic work,
and his nati^'e qualities, early training and
mature experience lit him peculiarly for his
present responsible position. The Baptists
of Minnesota own Pillsbury Academy. Mr.
Ford was licensed to preach by the First
Baptist church of Lowell, in 1869, and in
1898 he was ordained, but never was the pas-
tor of a church. He has, however, preached
a great deal, and has always been in demand
for addresses on special occasions both
among Baptists and elsewhere. During the
Civil war Mr. Ford proved his patriotism by
enlisting a&a soldier, but he was rejected be-
cause of physical disability. In politics he
has always been a Republican, and while in
New York served for two years on the state
Republican committee. He has been repeat-
edly solicited to accept office at Owatonna,
but has always declined because his work
seems to be along lines taking him away
from political office. He has been a mem-
ber of the Baptist church since 1SC6,
and of the board of trustees of the
Baptist state convention since 1890. He
was upon the building committee, erecting
the Owatonna Baptist church, when about
$20,000 was raised by public and private
solicitation. He was first president of the
Owatonna Public Library, and spent much
time in selecting plans, erecting the building
and organizing the library. In 1876 Mr.
Ford was married to Katie E. Jones, at
Cazenovia, N. Y. They have six children —
Mrs. Elizabeth Ford Shedd, wife of Professor
t>hedd of Pillsbury Academy; James W., now
at Nome, Alaska; Grace Brett, Paul Boyn-
ton, Hugh Pillsbury, and Neal Kelly Ford.
Besides his degree of A. B. on graduating,
Mr. Ford has received from Madison Univer-
sity the degrees of A. M. and of Ph. D. A
more useful man in the field he has chosen
would be difficult to find.
FARMER, John Quincy. — To condense
into an epitome the life and experience,
the public sei-vice and useful work of a
man of such varied attainments and ability
as those demonstrated by Judge John Quin-
cy Farmer, of Spring Valley, Minn., is not un-
like trying to compress the statutes of a
state into a small pamphlet. The limits of
''Tlie History of the Northwest" compel such
an attempt which must of necessity be a
meagi'e outline. He was born in a log
house at Burke, Caledonia county, Vt., in
1823. The Farmers were of English descent.
John Quincy Farmer's grandfather, who
filled him with patriotism by rehearsing to
him many a tale of Revolutionary times, was
a hero of that war. His father's name was
Hiram; his mother's, Salina Snow (Farmer).
She was of Scotch descent. Her people
were merchants. Until seventeen years old
he had only the limited resources of the
winter district school to give him schooling.
Then, by permission of his father and by
paying his own way, he attended several
academies in Ohio. He attributes his most
important training to the Summit county
institute, under the Rev. Samuel Bissel, of
Twinsburg, Summit county, Ohio. He then
taught school and "boarded around," earn-
ing about |14 a month. He began to study
law M'ith Perkins & Osborn, at Parrisville,
Ohio, and completed his course at the Bals-
ton Springs law school. New York. He be
gan to practice at Omro, Wis., in 1850. On
returning home with the intention of getting
married and coming back to Omro, he was
persuaded by Brewster Randall to go to
Conneaut, Ohio, and take up the law prac-
tice which ilr. Randall wished to give up.
It proved to be a fortunate step. He re-
mained there six years, then formed a part-
nership with Hon. L. S. Sherman at Ashta-
bula, Ohio, where he continued also six
years, serving in the meantime as county at-
torney. In 1852 he was married to Maria
N., the daughter of Dr. Jos. R. Carpender,
of Painsville, Ohio. His wife's health fail-
ing, he determined to try a change of cli-
mate for her and moved to Spring Valley,
Minn., where he had relatives who had set-
tled at an earlier day. His wife, however,
did not entirely recover, and died in 1866,
after a residence of about two years, leaving
two sons and a daughter, who died when five
years old. Mr. Farmer at first engaged in
farming, but later resumed his profession.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
His abilities very soon marlved liim as a
leader in tlie state. In 1S65 he was elected
to tlie legislatnre to represent Fillmore
county, and was reelected in 1SG6 and
chosen speaker of the house. The next
year he had the same honors, beino; ajjain
si)eaker, a fact which sjjeaks well for his
ability and capa<'ity for administration. In
1S7() he was promoted to the senate for a
term of two years, but a new apportionment
comi)elled a new election the next year, at
which he was again honored by the people.
He was chairman of the judiciary commit-
tee of the senate for both terms. This is
the highest honor as well as the most in-
fluential position in the senate. In 1871) he
was elected judge of the Tenth judicial dis-
trict, and at the expiration of the term was
re-elected for another term, making thirteen
years of service on the district bench. Al-
though renominated for a third term against
his earnest i)rotest, he was firm in his re-
fusal of the protfered honor, and has since
stayed by his profession and simply busied
himself with his own affairs and in looking
after the interests of his numerous sons, the
most of whom are in business for them-
selves, practicing their professions of law
and of medicine. He gave each of them a
university education. The youngest, about
nineteen, James D., is in the State Bank of
Spring ^'alley; George and Charles arc
piacticing law at Howard and Madison, S.
1).; J. Frederick is practicing osteopathy at
S])ring Valley; John ('. is i)racticing medi-
cine* at McKinley, Minn.; Dan E. is at Des
Moines, Iowa; Ernest M. is practicing law at
Detroit, Minn.; Frank O. is ])racticing oste-
opathy at Kankakee, 111. In 1S(J0 Judge
Farmer was married to Susan C. Sharp, who
became the mother of six more sons, making
in all eight in Mr. Farmer's family, still
alive, an unusual experience in these days.
Mr. Farmer was a Henry (May Whig, and
helped such men as Joshua R. (iiddings,
Henj. F. Wade and President (larfield, with
whom he was familiarly acquainted, to or-
ganize the Kepublican party, to which he
has always been loyal, being especially firm
on the question of jtrotection to American
industi'y and sound money. He was presi-
.70HN Q. FARMER.
(lent of the ^Minnesota Farmers' Insurance
company for twelve years. This was an
organization to furnish farmers safe in-
surance at cost. In religion Judge FiWint'r
holds broad views. He assisted in Ih" or-
ganization of a church which attiliated with
the Fnitarian body. He is a niembei- of the
hoard of trustees of the church at Spring
N'alley. Judge Farmer has a very wide ac-
(|aaintance, and no man in the stale com-
mends higher respect among all classes.
START, Charles M., chief justice of the
supreme court of the state of Minnesota, has
had an enviable judicial career. He was
appointed judge of the Third Judicial dis-
trict of the state by Governor Pillsbury, in
ISSl, and was elected as district judge with-
out opposition for three successive terms.
He then resigned to accept the position of
chief justice of the suiireme court, to which
he was elected in 1894. At the election of
1900 he was re-elected without o|)position.
Charles M. Start — as the judge usually
writes his name — was born in Bakersfield,
Franklin county, Vt., Octobei' 4. 1S3!). His
father, Simeon (Jould Slail, was a farmer.
HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST.
CHARLES M. START.
and the judge was boru on the farm. His
mother's maiden name was Mary Sophia
Barnes. He is of English extraction, and
traces his ancestry to progenitors who came
to America in 16.52. His common school
education was obtained in the district school
of his native town. His academic training
was received at the noted Barre academy in
Vermont. Having chosen as his life work
the profession of law, he "read law" — as the
preparation for the bar was then called —
with Judge William C. Wilson, of Bakers-
field, and was admitted to practice in 1860,
at St. Albans, Vt. He came to Rochester,
Minn., in 186.3, and began his professional
career. That place has since been his home,
although his elevation to the supreme bench
requires an oflicial residence at St. Paul.
He was county attorney of Olmsted county
for eight years. In 1879 he was elected
attorney general of the state and sensed in
this office from January, 1880, until Mai'ch
12, 1881, when he resigned to accept the po-
sition of judge of the Third judicial district,
tendered to him by Governor Pillsbury.
This was strong testimony to Judge Start's
ability, for the governor was noted for the
scrupulous care which he always exercised
in making his appointments, fre(inently go-
ing outside of his party to select the proper
man. He enlisted July, 1862, in the Tenth
Regiment Vermont Volunteers. August 11
he was commissioned first lieutenant of Com-
jiany "I" of the same regiment, and Decem-
ber following he resigned on a surgeon's cer-
tificate of disability. In i)olitics he has al-
ways been a Republican. In religion, by
birth and jtractice, he is a Congregationalist,
although not. enrolled as a member of the
church. In 1865 he was married to Clara
A. Wilson, daughter of William C. Wilson,
one time judge of the supreme court of Ver-
mont, and with whom Judge Start studied
law. They have one child, Clara L. Start.
TO5ILINS0N, Harry Ashton.— This is an
age of specialism — if such a word may be
used to denote a concentration of energies
on a single division of a subject. It has
been conceded in all departments of human
activity that life is not long enough for any
man to master more than a fraction of any
of the great divisions of knowledge. The
'■good all round" man is therefore falling to
the rear in the rapid progress characteristic
of the times. The specialist is in demand,
and rightly so too, for only by making use of
thorough knowledge at every step can the
best results be obtained. Thus in the col-
leges the sciences are subdivided into small
sections, where once the whole field was
covered by one or two professors. In law
there are recognized divisions, as criminal
law, commercial law, corporation law, real
estate law, even probate law, and the best
result is obtained by employing an expert
in the law governing the case. In manu-
faclures, where the best mechanical skill is
required, the same principle prevails. The
greatest success is achieved by men who do
only one thing. Experience has thoroughly
demonstrated the correctness of this prin-
ciple. But in the learned professions, the
true specialist — ^the man who excels nearly
all others in a certain field of the profession
— is rare. Hence he is more valuable. An
ordinary surgeon is common, but here and
there may be found one whose superiority
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
is beyoud question. He is a specialist wlio
can command wliatever fee he may demand.
The same is true also in other de])ai'tments
of the medical profession, one of which is
now especially under consideration because
the subject of this sketch — Dr. Harry Ash-
ton Tomlinson — is a noted specialist in the
treatment of nervous diseases. Dr. Tomlin-
son is the son of George Washin<jton Tom-
linson, whose original ancestor in America
was John Tomlinson, a member of the So-
ciety of Friends, who emigrated to America
from Ireland in 17.5!t and hmded at Lewes,
Del., settling finally at Philadelphia. Al-
though the family were Quakers, and did
not believe in shedding blood in war, the
spirit of liberty was so strong that George
Washington Tomlinson, Harry's father, en-
listed in 18G1 for the war of the Rebellion,
and rose to the rank of major, serving until
1864, when he was fatally wounded. Har-
ry's mother's maiden name was Sarah Dun-
lap McGahon. She was descended from a
long line of I'resbyteriau ministers. Her
great-grandfather. Rev. James Dunlap, D.
D., was tlie third of the presidents of Jeffer-
son college, at Cannonsburg, Pa. During
the Civil War Mrs. Tomlinson lived at Car-
lisle. When the rebels attacked the city on
the night of July 1, 186.3, the college build-
ing was used at a hospit.al. While the shells
of the enemy were screaming through the
city Mrs. Tomlinson went to the temporary
hosi)ital and assisted the surgeons in the
care of the wounded. Subsequently when
her husband was wounded, she went to the
hospital to nurse him in Washington, where
he was lying. Finding the food and care of
the wounded officers not what they should
have been, she secured, through the surgeon
in charge and with the sanction of Miss Dix,
of the sanitary commission, sole charge of
the domestic service of the hospital — includ-
ing the discipline of the nurses — and dis-
charged the heavy duties with such success
as to satisfy everj' requirement.
Harry Ashton Tomlinson was born at
Philadelphia in 1855. He obtained his lit-
erary education in the public schools of the
city. Choosing medicine as his profession,
he entered the medical department of the
HARRY A, TOMLINSOX.
T'niversity of Pennsylvania in 1877 and
graduated in ISSO with the degree of M. D.
He immediately began the practice of his
profession in central Pennsylvania, ©where
he continued for eight years, devoting the
last three to the special study of nervous
diseases and their treatment. He then gave
up his general practice and went to Phila-
delphia to make a special study of his chosen
subject, spending the winter of 1888 and
1S89 in this pursuit. He became so well
(jualified in this department of diseases that
in June, ISS!), he was engaged as resident
physician in the Friends' Asylum for the in-
sane, at Frankford, a suburban part of the
city of Philadelj)hia. His success in this in-
stitution was so pronounced as to make him
somewhat noted in his specialty. It led to
an invitation from the board of trustees of
the state of Minnesota hospitals to become
first assistant ])liysician of the St. Peter in-
stitution, which he accepted in 1801. On the
retirement of the superintendent, Dr. C. K.
Rartlett, in 180:5, Dr. Tomlinson was put at
the head of the hosi)ital. His eastern repu-
tation and his admirable work in this state
induced the board of trustees of the new
Kjdleptic Colony of Massachusetts to make
HISTORY OF THE OKEAT NORTHWEST.
an attempt to sccnrc Dr. Tonilinson for the
chief physician and superintendent at that
enterprise. Although the offer was flatter-
ing, it was declined, as Dr. Tomlinson
wished especially to carry out a line of treat-
ment which he had begun at St. Peter. The
doctor is a member of the American Con-
gress of Physicians and Surgeons, Ameri-
can Medical association, New York Medico-
Legal society, American Neurological so-
ciety, American Medico-Psychological asso-
ciation, Philadelphia Neurological society,
Minnesota Academy of Medicine, State Med-
ical society. Southwestern Minnesota Medi-
cal association, and of the State Conference
of Charities and Corrections, to all of which
he has contributed papers relating to his line
of work. He is a Knight Templar and a
member of the Loyal Legion, Minnesota
commandery. In 1884 he was married to
Mary Vandever, daughter of Peter Bishop
Vandever, of Delaware. They have one
child living, Nancv Elicott Tomlinson.
WORST, John H.— North Dakota, though
a young state, has at Fargo an educational
institution abreast of any establishment of
its kind in the United States. It is known as
the North Dakota Agricultural College, with
which is connected an experiment station,
I)artly supported by the United States, as are
all similar euteiiirises in all the states con-
ducting them. The present high standing of
this modern school is largely due to the effi-
cient management of President John H.
Worst, a practical farmer, as well as a man
of education.
Mr. A\''orst was born in the northern part
of Ashland county, Ohio. His father was
Rev. George Worst, a preacher and farmer
in moderate financial circumstances, who
was a pioneer of the Western Resen-e of
northern Ohio, and cleared up a farm from
the virgin forest. His grandfather', when
twelve years old, ran away from his home
in Holland and came to Pennsylvania, where
he settled, finally married and reared a family
of two sons and several daughters. The old-
est son, Jacob, the grandfather of the sub-
ject of this sketch, moved westward, and
after clearing up several small farms in
I'erks and Mercer counties, Pa., reached Ohio
with his family and bought a quarter sec-
tion of go\ernment land in what is now Ash-
land county. His son, George, was the fann-
er preacher, the father of President John H.
^^'orts, whose mother was Margaret ^Martin.
She also came as a little girl with her parents
from I'ennsylvania to Ohio. Indians were
then lining in that region. Professor Worst's
great-grandfather lived to be 100 yeai-s old.
His grandfather died at the age of 95, while
Ills grandmother lived to the age of 104. His
father died in August, 1808, at the age of
seventy-three. John attended the rural
schools of Ohio until fifteen years of age,
when he entered the Smithville Academy,
Ohio, for several terms, and until prepared
to teach school, after which he worked on
the farm during summer and taught during
the winter for several years. He also attend-
ed Salem College, Indiana, one year, and final-
ly entered Ashland LTnivei-sity, Ohio. Al-
though he did not complete the full course to
graduation, the institution in 1S99 conferred
on him the degree of LL. D. In working on
the farm summers and teaching in winter he
lost his health. For this reason he spent the
summer of 1870 on the shore of Chesapeake
15ay. When he returned to Ohio he engaged
in the newspaper business, editing the Fair-
field County Republican, at Lancaster, Ohio.
He was a delegate to the state convention
which nominated Hayes for governor the
third time, and took an active part in that
campaign. In 1883 he came to Dakota Ter-
ritory, and took up a homestead forty miles
southeast of Bismarck, near Williamsjiort,
Emmons county. Here he opened up a farm
and later engaged somewhat extensively in
sheep and cattle raising. In the fall of 1883,
when Emmons county was organized, the
county commissioners ajyfiointed him super-
intendent of schools. He was duly chosen
by the people at the next election, and he
continued to be re-elected until 1889, when he
resigned to take the office of state senator for
the Twenty-sixth legislative district, for the
short tenn. He was re-elected for the full
term of four years. He was chairman of the
committee on education, where his school ex-
JOHN H. WORST.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
perience as teacher and superintendent en-
abled him to assist in formulating and pass-
ing bills which have given North Dakota its
unexcelled educational sj'stem. In ISOJ: he
was elected lieutenant governor, and jn-oved
to be an excellent presiding officer during
the session of 18'J5. He was appointed presi-
dent of the North Dakota Agi-icultural Col-
lege and director of the experiment station
for the school year beginning July 1, 1895.
and has held the office ever since. He is as-
sisted by a corps of nearly twenty professors,
the most of whom are experts in their sev-
eral departments. Under his management
the institution has come into prominence as
one of the most thorough and practical edu-
cational institutions in the Northwest. Presi-
dent Worst is aggressive in his views, and
has done much to break down the prejudice
against a high class industrial education.
He also combats the frequently expressed be-
lief that education and physical labor are in-
compatible, and he contends that an agri-
cultural .state is not justified in expending
nearly all the school taxes for the purpose of
fitting students for professional life, espe-
cially when the professions are overcrowded.
The money thus expended, he contends, sel-
dom brings substantial returns to the state,
but instead, is used for selfish personal enjoy-
ment. He has delivered many addresses and
written many papers in defense of industrial
education, and in showing how the state
should encourage it. Under his labors in this
direction the patronage of the institution has
grown so that this college is the leading edu-
cational institution of the state. President
Worst is a life-long Kepublican, and has
probably done more field campaign work
than any other man in the commonwealth.
He is in frequent demand for a wide range
of public addresses, before farmer's insti-
tutes, at Fourth of July celebrations, and
memorial exercises. These demands show
that he is a versatile, attractive and efficient
public speaker. He is a member of the
Knights of Pythias, and Past Chancellor
Commander of the order. He is also a Mason
of the highest degrees. He holds the office
of Wise Master of the Rose Croix Chapter of
the Scottish Kite, and is Prelate of the Com-
mandery of the York Rite. In 1872 he was
married to Susan Wohlgamuth. They have
a girl and two boys — Olive J., Clayi:on
LeRoy, and Lloyd Warner Worst. Clayton
was sergeant of Troop G, Third U. S. Volun-
teer Cavalry, during the Spanish War. Lloyd
Warner is a student at the Agricultural Col-
lege.
STEWART, J. Clark.— An interesting
event in the life of Dr. Stewart is that he
was the first freshman pupil to enter the
University of Minnesota. To be one at the
beginning of a successful enterprise is al-
ways a pleasant remembrance, and, gener-
ally, a stimulus in all future efforts. When
this association has been a matter of public
concern it arises above the merely personal,
and becomes of historic importance. J.
Clark Stewart was born in Camden, N. J.,
October 21, ISSi. His father was Daniel
Stewart, D. D. His mother's maiden name
was Eliza Mann, and she was reared and
educated in New York City. Dr. Stewart,
as his name would indicate, was of Scotch
ancestry, his father coming from Scotland.
The maternal ancestry runs back to early
colonial times in Rhode Island. Dr. Stew-
art's grandfather on his mother's side was
an alderman in New York City, and has a
place in history as the chairman of the com-
mittee appointed to receive Lafayette on his
visit to this country after the Revolutionary
War. By virtue of the services of his ma-
ternal ancestors, J. Clark Stewart is a mem-
ber of the Society of Colonial Wars of Rhode
Island. Dr. Stewart, his father, was a grad-
uate of Union College, at Schenectady, N.
Y., about 1832. Having chosen the minis-
try as his life work, he entered the theologi-
cal department of I'rinceton college, New
Jersey, and graduated in 1837. From this
time until 1881 he was active in the minis-
try, but served about four years, 1849-1853,
as a professor in the New Albany Theologi-
cal seminary. He was pastor of the An-
drew and the First Presbyterian churches,
Minneapolis, Minn. Dr. J. Clark Stewart
was educated at a private school and in an
academy. When prepared for college he en-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tered the recently establislied University of
Minnesota, and, as stated, he has the distinc-
tion of being the first fresliniau to enter the
university. He graduated in 1875, standing
number one in liis class, and he took two de-
grees, B. S. and (\ E. He then taught in
the institution during the class year 1ST.5-
1871). At the close of this service in 187<i,
he entered business in a manufacturing con-
cern, and remained there until 1881, when he
went to New York to stud}' medicine. There
he entered the ofhce of the celebrated Wil-
liard Parker, and enrolled in the College of
I'hysicians and Surgeons, from which he
graduated in 1883 with honorary diphjina.
Iniiuediately following, on a competitive ex-
amination, he secured a position in the
Mount Sinai hospital. He served in the
surgical division under Doctors Stimson,
Gerster, Wyeth, Fluhrer, Munde, Gruening,
— names well known in their special field.
In the fall of 1886 he i-eturned to Minneap-
olis and became one of the teaching force of
the Minnesota Hospital college and re-
mained there until the absor^jtion of the in-
stitution by the University of Minnesota,
when he was appointed professor of Histol-
ogy, and later professor of Pathology in the
medical department. As this department
developed he gradually withdrew from labo-
ratory work, and he is at present the profes-
sor of Surgical Pathology. In politics Dr.
Stewart has always been a Republican, but
always too busy to seek office. He is a
nieniber of a long line of medical and
surgical societies, among them the Amer-
ican Medical society, Minnesota Acad-
emy of Medicine, Hennepin County Med-
ical society, and Western Surgical and
Gynecological association. He is also a
member of the Minneapolis club and of the
Colonial Wars society. In religion he is a
Presbyterian — the church of his ancestry —
and a member of the First Presbyterian
church of Minneapolis. It must be to him a
gratifying reflection that having entered the
University of Minnesota when the institu-
tion was obscure and in fact only in embryo,
to find it now one of the leading educational
forces of the nation, and himself one of the
prominent factors in the important work
J. CLARK STEWART.
which it is so successfully performing.
I'rofessor Stewart's unique relations with
his Alma Mater is an object lesson, an in-
spiration to all who are struggling for rec-
ognition in the higher walks of life.
MOLANDEK, Swan B.— One of the prom-
inent names as candidate for the important
position of secretary of state before the state
KeiHiblican convention in I'JOU, was that of
Swan B. Molander. His scholarship and pub-
lic experience secured for him a strong sup-
port for the office, although he had been in
the field but a short time. He was county
auditor of Kanabec county, Minn., for ten
consecutive years, and was engrossing clerk
of the House of Kepresentatives of the state
in the session of 18!);5. Mr. Molander was
born in Sweden, February 27, 1855. His
father was a large landholder, and a nurn of
prominence and influence. He had ])lanned
to educate his oldest son. Swan, for the min-
isti'y, and the boy had received a consider-
able stai't in school towards the cherished
design, but financial reverses overtook the
father, and as calamities rarely come singly,
his wife died. The scenes of his home con-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
SWAX B. MOLANDER.
tinually recalled his changed circumstances,
so he determined to leave these constant
reminders and make a new start. In IStiO
he emigrated to the United States with his
two sons. ^Vhen they reached Minnesota,
the oldest son, Swan, was allowed to remain
in the state, while the father continued his
journey and settled in South Dakota. Swan
B. Molander has continued to live in Min-
nesota. He went to public and private
schools to supplement the education which
he received in Sweden, and still continues
his studies. He has always taken an active
interest in political affairs since he was old
enough to cast his ballot, having a natural
ajititude and taste for public matters. In
addition to the positions already mentioned
he has held a number of minor offices, and
has been a member of the Republican con-
gressional committee of the Fourth distiict
ever since its organization. He is at pres-
ent "stumpage clerk" in the state auditor's
office, a position which he has held since
Auditor R. C. Dunn assumed his duties as
state auditor. In ISTO Mr. Molander was
married to Miss Nellie Anderson. The union
has been a happy one, and has been blessed
with four promising children, three of whom
aie now living. Mr. Molander has proved
his integrity by long public service, and has
developed into an upright, intelligent citizen,
whose future is bright with promise. The
church may have lost a valuable minister,
but the state has gained a public-spirited
man worthy of her institutions.
ROBINSON, Edward Van Dyke.— The
responsibility resting upon the executive
head of our high schools demands that these
offices shall be tilled by men possessing a
high order of educational equipment. Eligi-
bility to the position should necessarily be
contined to teachers of wide experience, who
have demonstrated their fitness as educators.
This experience and adaptability we find in
a study of the life of Edward Van Dyke
Robinson, principal of the Central High
School of St. Paul, Minn. Mr. Robinson was
born in Bloomington, 111., December 20,
1867, the son of Charles Stanley and Wil-
helmina Krummel Robinson, His father was
an arcliitect and contractor. Family history,
(til the paternal side, is traced back to one of
the English Puritans who came to this coun-
try with the "great emigration," about 1635.
The grandmother of our subject was the
daughter of Governor "\'an Dyke, of Dela-
ware, who served in that office from 1776 to
1783. lliis family was of the "Sea Beggar"
stock, who fought Spain throughout the
great rebellion of the Dutch, and afterwards
came to New Amsterdam, thence to Dela-
ware, when this province was conquered
from the Swedes. During the Revolution a
member of the Robinson family was a com-
modore in the Pennsylvania navy, and an-
other a quartermaster-general in the Penn-
sylvania army. Maternal ancestry is traced
back to the ancient baronial family of Von
Schwaneflugel, in Hanover. The estates of
this family, which should have gone to the
mother of Mr. Robinson, on the failure of
male heirs, were otherwise disposed of on
account of her fathers political defection and
emigration. Edward received his early edu-
cation in the public schools of Bloomington,
Hoopeston and Paxton, 111. These schools
were exceedingly poor, measured by the
HISTORY OF THE GHKAT NOUTHWKST
standards of today, but the boy had inherit-
ed, in a measure, a love of schohirly pursuits,
which was enlianced by a diligent attendance
at the public library. He graduated from
the Bloomington high school in June, 1867,
and in October of the same year entered the
Tniversity of Michigan. By means of ad-
\anced standings and extra work, he gradu-
ated with the degree of A. B., in the classical
course, in June, 1S90. The succeeding year
he served as an assistant in the University
libran', as substitute for the professor of
economics and politics, in the meantime
studying for the degree of A. M., which was
gi'anted in June, 1891. The major branch of
his studies was political science; the minors,
economics and English literature. He se-
cured the ai>iiointuu'nt of superintendent of
schools in Schoolcraft, Mich., and served in
this position from 1891 to 1894, resigning to
go abroad in the summer of the latter year.
He spent a little over a year in travel and
study, the latter chiefly at the University of
Leipzig, where, in July, 1895, he was given
the degree of I'h. D. — summa cum laude for
the examination, and egregia for the thesis.
This combination, of first rank in both, ap-
pears not to have occuri'ed, so far as could
be ascertained, more than three times in four
centuries. The subjects for examination
were political science, economics and medi-
eval history. The thesis was entitled "The
Nature of the Federal State." Professor
Carl Victor Fricker, Ph. D., of the Leipzig
University, in commenting on Jlr. Eobinson's
successful examination, spoke very highly of
him and the excellent manner in which he
had handled the subject of his thesis. Re-
turning to America in 1895, Mr. Robinson
was appointed jtrincipal of the high school
at Muskegon, Mich. He held this position
until 1897, when he removed to Rock Island,
111., to accept the position of principal of
the high school of that city. In Scptembei',
1899, he came to St. Paul to accejit the po-
sition he now tills. Mr. Robinson has
achieved considerable reputation as an au-
thority on political science and economics,
and has contributed a numlier of articles to
leading educational and jiolitical science pub
lications, among which may be mentioned:
EDWARD VAX DYKE KOBINSON.
"The Nature of the Federal State," (re-
jirinted from the Annals of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science, No.
92); "Topics for Supplementary Reading and
Discussion in United States History,"
(School Review, May, 1897); "The Caroline
Islands and the Terms of Peace," (Indepen-
dent, October, 1898); "An Ideal Course in
History for Secondary Schools" — a paper
read before the National Educatitmal Asso-
ciation at Milwaukee — (School Review, No-
vember, 1898); "Review of J. Novicow: La
(pierre et ses prt^tendus bienfaits," Ameri-
can Journal of Sociology, November, 1898);
"Review of G. de Molinari: Gi-andeur et A{>-
cadence de la guerre," (Political Science
(Quarterly, December, 1898); "Germany and
till' Caroline Islands," (Independent, Janu-
ary 2(i. 1899); "History in Relation to the For
mation of Character," (Chicago Teacher,
Jlay 1, 1899); "Review of A. C. McLaughlin:
A History of the American Nation," (School
Review, June, 1899); "Review of Ch. V. Laug
lois and Ch. Seiguoi)es: Introduction to the
Study of History," (School Review, Septem-
IxM-, 1S99); conimunicatiou in re "Kh'clivc
Studies in Iligli School." iSrliool Kcvicw.
October, 1899); ronniiunication rclaliiig In lln-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
"Review of Laiifj;lois and Seignobes," (School
Review, January, 1900; "TheAVest Indian and
Paiifio Islands in Relation to the Isthmian
Canal," (Independent, March 1, 1900); "Re-
view of F. M. Colby: Outlines of General
History," (School Review. March, I'.tOO);
"Medieval and Modern History in the High
School," a discussion before the National
Herbart Society, (School Review, May, 1900);
"Review of H. H. I'.ancroft: The New Pa-
cific," (Political Science Quarterly, June,
1900); "Waste in High School Education,"
a discussion before the Minnesota Education-
al Association, (School Review, September,
1900); "Review of Katherine Koman and
Elizabeth Kimball Kendall: A History of
England," (School Review, November, 1900);
"What Should the High School Alumni Ac-
complisli?" (reprinted from the forty-second
annual rejjort of the board of school insjiec-
tors of the city of St. Paul; December, 1900);
"War and Economics, in History and in The-
ory," (Political Science Quarterly, December,
1900); "Review of Trueblood, the Federation
of the World: McCabe, Can We Disarm?
Richet, Les guerres et la paix; Von Stengel.
Der ewige P'riede," (Political Science Quar-
terly, December, 1900). He also published
a catalogue of the Schoolcraft Public
Schools, in April, 1S92, and a catalogue and
manual of the Rock Island High School, in
April, 1898. Mr. Robinson is usually a Re-
publican in national i>olitics, though indepen-
dent in state and local affairs. He is a mem-
ber of the St. Paul Commercial Club, the St.
Paul Informal Club, Ancient Landmark
Lodge F. & A. 51.; Prairie Ronde Chapter,
Royal Arch, and the American Historical
Association. His religious connections are
with the Presbyterian clwirch. He was mar-
ried June 30, 1897, at St. Paul's rectory. Mus-
kegon, to Miss Clare Howard. Their union
has been blessed with one child : Helen How-
ard Van Dyke, born June 2G, 1900, in St.
Paul.
LEWIS, Robert Steele.— The develop-
ment of the Northwest has afforded bound-
less opportunities to the young man of pluck
and energy, and success lay within easy
grasp of the man who possessed self-confi-
dence and was willing to do his share in the
work of upbuilding. No matter what form
his activities took, if he possessed those dom-
inating traits that count for so much in a
successful career, he ultimately reaped his
reward. The credit for the rapid develop-
ment of this large section of our country is
to be accorded in large measure to the men
of this generation. This is particularly true
in the case of North Dakota. Her citizens
of prominence, in public as well as business
life, were, as a rule, young men without
capital when they entered her bordere.
Their success has been due to the untiring
energy and perseverance with which they
have devoted themselves to their special lines
or callings. Robert S. Lewis, vice president
of the Red River Valley National Bank of
Fargo, is a splendid type of the self-made
man. In his eighteen years of residence in
the Flickertail state he has built up an en-
viable reputation as a reliable business man
and attained a position of prominence in
financial circles. He is a native of Tennes-
see, and was born at luka August 15, 1856.
His father. Josiah F. Lewis, was for a num
ber of years a professor in one of the leading
colleges of the South. Having acquired
some means in this way, he came north with
his family in 180.3 and located at Monticello,
5Iinn., where he engaged in farming. He
was dcejjly interested in everything pertain-
ing to educational matters and took a promi-
nent position in local affairs. He was elect-
ed county superintendent of schools for
Wright county, and held this office for seven
years, filling it very creditably. He took an
active interest, also, in state grange matters.
His wife's maiden name was Mary Steele.
She was a native of North Carolina, and was
connected with the wealthy Steele families
of the South. She was a woman who pos-
sessed many excellent traits of character, had
received a college education, and was an un-
selfish, devoted mother, impressing strongly
upon her children her personal characteris-
tics. Robert received his early education in
till' common schools of Minnesota. This was
supplemented, however, by the wider knowl-
edge of his parents and their careful guid-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
,'ince of liis stmlies. lie Wdi-kctl on tlio farm
until liis niuetcenth year, when he he);an
teaching in tlie conuti-y schools. Me was
very .snceessfnl in this vocation, and taughl
foui* tei-ms in one district and three in an-
other. In the fall of 18S0 he moved to ^lin-
neapolis and secured employment as a clerk,
remaining; here until his removal to Farjio,
July 8, 1882, to accept a clerkship in the Red
River Valley National Bank. He has been
connected with this institution ever since,
winnintf jiromolion <;radnally in recognition
of his faithful, conscientious service, lie
served for the first year and a half as a col-
lectoi-, from which he was advanced to the
jiosition of teller. This i)osition he held for
two years, when he was promoted to assist
ant cashier, at the same time being eleited
to a position on the board of dii-ectors. In
18!)1 he was again promoted, to the position
of cashier. He remained in this office until
1897, at which time he resigned in order to
devote his i)ersonal attention to the various
outside Interests with which he was identi-
fied. On his resignation he was elected vice
president of the bank, which position he still
holds. In 1892 Mr. Lewis invested in a tract
of land known as the Gardner farm, owned
by (leorge M'. (Jardner, of Hastings. This
proved to be a very fortunate investment
and he has been unusually successful in his
farming operations. He ke])t adding to the
original purchase fi-om time to time until
now he owns and operates over 5,000 acres
of fanning land. It is well stocked and is
probably the best equipped farm in the
Northwest. He is also interested in the
Fargo Cold Storage and Packing ComiJany,
a thriving business institution of that city,
and is secretary of the company. Mr. Lewis
is held in high regard in financial circles for
his strict business integrity. He has exhibit-
ed a high order of business capacity and has
won foi- himself the esteem of all who know
him. Aside from the various business inter-
ests with which he is identified, Mr. Lewis
has also found time to take an active interest
in municipal and county politics. Although
coining from a Democratic family he has al-
ways voted and worked for the success of the
Republican i><'>rty, before and since his resi-
189
ItOBEUT S. LEWIS.
dence in North Dakota. He served as secre-
tary of the Kejiublican state convention, held
at F'argo, in 181)8, and was elected in 1900 to
the state senate, for a term of four years, by
a handsome majority against one^^f the
strongest combinations ever put up in the
state in a legislative contest. He has also
taken an active interest in educational mat-
ters, is president of the school board of the
city of Fargo, and a member of the board
of trustees of th(> North Dakota Agricultural
College. He is a brother of J. H. Lewis,
superintendent of public instiiiction for the
state of Minnesota. Mr. Lewis is also prom-
inently identified with a number of fraternal
organizations, is a thirty-.second degree Scot-
tish Rite 5Iason, a Shriuer, a member of the
Knights of Pythias, the A. O. U. W. and the
Elks. He was married December 25, 1870,
to Alice M. Cari)enter, daughter of Judge
Carpenter, of Mt)nticello, Minn. Their union
has been blessed with three children, Robert
C, Olive M., and Alice.
DEARTH. Elmer H., was born in Sanger-
\ille, Piscatacpiis county. Me., June 0. 1859.
He icceived a high school and acad<'mic edu-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ELMER H. DEARTH.
cation, gniduating in 1878, and from that
date until 1880 taught school in his native
state. In 1880 he entered the office of the
Bangor (Me.) Daily Whig and Courier, where
he remained until the latter part of 1883,
thoroughly mastering the business of news-
paper work. He came to Minnesota in the
fall of 1883, first locating in St. Paul. From
1881 to the latter part of 1886 he was editor
and manager of "The Independent" at Hen-
derson, and from 188C to 1890 he owned and
edited the "News"' at Le Sueur, disposing of
his interest in the latter year and returaing
to St. Paul. Through his newspaper affilia-
tions, and personally, he always took an ac-
tive interest in the i)olitics of this state, his
jiapers being at all times vigorous advocates
of Republican ])rinciples. His efforts for the
party did not remain unnoticed by the lead-
ers, and Mr. Dearth received, in 1889, from
Governor Merriam, the appointment of Depu-
ty Insurance Commissioner of the state. In
this new post he soon developed a large
amount of executive ability and he filled it
with credit to himself and the state, and hon-
or to the insurance depai'tment. After re-
maining in this position for three years he
voluntarily resigned to accept a iiosition with
the Equitable Life of New York. In Janu-
;iry, 1897, Mr. Dearth received from Gover-
n<u- Clough the appointment of insurance
commissioner of Minnesota and entered the
jiosition with a full knowledge of the details
of the office, eminently qualified to pursue its
duties. He retired from this office in 1899,
tJie state administration having passed into
the hands of a Demo-Pop governor. Upon
Ills retirement he held the position of presi-
dent of the National Association of Insur-
ance Commissioners, and for the next suc-
ceeding two years was engaged in the gen-
eral and local fire insurance business. In
January, 1901, he was again appointed by
Covernor Van Sant to the position of insur-
ance commissioner of Minnesota, which office
he now holds.
He is a prominent Mason, Elk, Knight of
Pythias, and a charter member of the Com-
mercial Club, the leading business organiza-
tion of St. Paul. He has had a deal of ex-
perience in journalism and commercial busi-
ness, and during the last twelve years in that
of insurance. In 1889 he was married to
Miss Nellie G., daughter of Hon. M. Doran,
of St. Paul.
NORDIN, Axel Frithiof, judge of pro-
bate of Kandiyohi county, Minn., is an excel-
lent type of the self-made man. He is a native
of Sweden, and was born at Stockholm, No-
vember 16, 18-19, the son of Peter E. and
Maria Helena Nordin. His parents emigrated
to America when he was four years of age,
but did not come to Minnesota until 1855,
first settling at Hastings. Two years later
they i"emoved to Nininger, and then, in 1859,
to Eureka, in Dakota county, where the
father engaged in farming. The fann was
sold a year or so later and the family moved
to Greenvale, Rice county, locating on an-
other farm. In 1863, this farm was also sold,
the Nordin family removing back to Hast-
ings. From there they went to Northfield,
where Mr. Nordin started a general store,
but was burned out in 1865. He then moved
to Norway Lake, in Kandiyohi county, and
again settled on a farm, and until 1882 re-
mained there, then sold out and moved to
HISTORY OF THE GIIEAT XOUTHWEST.
Leeds, N. D., where he now resides iu fairly
comfortable circumstances. Mrs. Nordin
died in 1880. The early life of the subject
of this sketch was not an enviable one. In
common with the children of our early pio-
neers he suffered the hardships and priva-
tions of life on the frontier. He assisted his
father in the opening up of four farms, and
this meant incessant toil. His op[)ortunitics
for acquiring an education were, therefore,
somewhat limited. He attended the common
schools, such as they were, and later was
able to supplement this early training in the
Seabury Mission School at Faribault, and
Carleton College, at Northtield, though he
did not remain long enough in either institu
ti,)n to graduate. He left the farm shortly
after reaching his twenty-first year and com
menced clerking in a store at New London.
A few months later he removed to AA'illmar.
and after a year's service as a clerk, opened
a butcher shop. This he soon disposed of,
however, and began the study of law in the
office of Samuel Dunham, at Willmar. Short-
ly afterwards he was appointed deputy regis-
ter of deeds for Kandiyohi county, and held
this office for a year and a half, when he was
elected register of deeds and seiwed one
term in that office. He was clerk of the court
for two terms, and was then appointed de])u-
ty collector of internal revenue by the late
William Bickel. March 1, 18S4, he was ap-
pointed assistant secretary of state and com-
missioner of statistics under Secretary of
State Baumbach, and' held this position un-
til October 1, 1886. The following year he
moved to Cokato, and shortly afterwards
was admitted to the bar, returning to Will-
mar to begin the practice of law. In 1801 he
was elected county attorney of Kandiyohi
county, served two terms, and was then elect-
ed probate judge, which office he now holds.
Judge Nordin has achieved distinction solely
on merit, and as a reward for public service
faithfully performed. He is highly esteemed
by all who know him, not only for his emi-
nent legal ability, but for his admirable per-
sonal qualities as w^ell. He is a staunch Re-
publican and has stumped the state in sev-
eral campaigns. He is a member of the K.
of P., A. O. U. W., M. W. A., Degree of Hon-
or, Royal Neighbors, and Territorial I'io
neers. He is a Protestant Episcopalian, and
is junior warden, la}' reader and superin-
endent of the Sunday school iu St.»Luke's
church, at Willmar. June 7, 1875, he was
nuirried to Anna T. Anderson; six children
were born, only one of whom is now living —
Agues E.
HANSON, Peter E.— That the great
Northwest is a "land of promise" to those
who have the right qualities, or, as the com-
mon saying is, have the right stuff' in them,
is well illustrated in the career of Mr. I'eter
E. Hanson, the well known president of the
ilceker County Bank. Born at X'oldsjo,
Sweden, in 1845, he came to Minnesota and
settled in Swede Grove Township, Meeker
county, in 1857. His father, Hans Peterson,
was a farmer, who thoroughly understood
his business, for he prospered and accumu-
lated a large estate. His son, Peter E., was
brought up as a farmer's boy, receiving sim-
ply a coniuKui school education, but early
develojjed a superior business capacity. He
began to deal in real estate, and in 1879 he
opened an office in Lifchficld, the county
seat of Meeker coimiIv. wlieir, hv his nn-
HISTORY OP TUE GREAT NORTHWEST.
PETER E. HANSON.
(jiiestioned integrity and fair dealing, he built
up a lai'ge business, securing the largest cli-
entele in the city and disposing of a very
large amount of land. To this business he
added that of banking, and in 1891 was made
president of the Meeker County Bank, a po-
sition which he yet holds, and where his
high character for uprightness, sound judg-
ment and uswerving probity is a tower of
strength to the institution.
As a young man — too young to enlist —
Mr. Hanson took part in the Indian war of
1802. He helped to guard the homes and
to defend the fort at Forest City, Minn. He
had the reputation of being the best shot in
the country and took part in two battles.
He has always been a patriotic, public-spirited
citizen, taking an active interest in public
affairs, sei'ving as a member of the town
board and as chaimian of the county board.
He was elected also to the state senate, where
his solid qualities found due recognition.
His able services as senator undoubtedly pre-
pared the way for higher honors which await
him at the hands of the Republican party,
of which he has always been an active mem-
ber, supporting its measures and nomina-
tions with ardent zeal. In one of the larg-
est state conventions ever held in the state,
Mr. Hanson was nominated by the Repub-
lican party in 1!)0(), for the high office of
secretary of state over several very able com-
jietitors, and was duly elected at the polls in
November by a handsome majority. This
was an honor of which any man ought justly
to feel proud, for it is a distinction which
only few can hope to attain in a great com-
monwealth, and it is the more notable, in
this instance, that it conies to a farmer boy
while still comparatively young.
]Mr. Hanson was married in 18G7 to Ra-
chel N. Halverson, and is the happy father
of four children — Xellie O., Harry A., Jennie
F., and May L. Hanson, a joy to their par-
ents and full of promise to the state.
MERRIAM, William Rush.— The North-
west has a distinguished representative in
the employ of the federal government at
Washington in the person of William Rush
Merriam, director of the census. Mr. Mer-
riam is a resident! of the state of Minnesota,
and for two teniis filled the office of chief
executive of that state with conspicuous
ability. In recognition of his eminent serv-
ices to the Republican party he was awarded
the appointment at the head of the census
bureau. The marked executive talent he has
exhibited in that office has won for him
many encomiums. Governor Merriam conies
from good old colonial stock. His paternal
ancestors came to this country from England
in the early part of the seventeenth century
and settled at Concord, Mass. William
Merriam, his grandfather, was born at Bed-
ford, Mass., in 1750, and served as a private
in Captain Jonathan Wilson's company of
minute men in that town. He participated
in the fight at Concord Bridge, April 19,
1775, and in the pursuit of the British forces
on their retreat from Concord to Charleston.
Two years later he served as chainnan of the
board of selectmen of Bedford and rendered
important service in procuring enlistments
to the American army. His son, Hon. John
L. Merriam, the father of our subject, was for
many years engaged as a merohant at W^ad-
liam's Mills, Essex county, N. Y. It was
HISTORY UF TIIIO GREAT NORTHWEST.
Lei-e tliat ^^■illiiUll Hush Moiriam was boru,
July 2(j, 1841). His mother was of Frencli
descent, her maiden name being Maliahi De-
lano. In 1861 the family came west and
settled at St. I'aul, Minn., John L. Merriam
engaging in the stage and transfjortation
business, in partnership with J. C. Burbank.
Their business became quite an extensive
one, as those were days before railroads had
made their entry into the North Star state.
Mr. Merriam also became identified with a
number of other entei^jrises, and taking an
active interest in politics was elected a mem-
ber of the state legislature, and served as
speaker of the lower house in 1870 and 1871.
William Rush Merriam was of a naturally
studious disposition and took a keen interest
in his studies. When fifteen years of age he
entered the Racine Academy, at Racine,
Wis., and, having graduated from this pre-
paratory school, entered Racine College,
where he acquitted himself with honors, be-
ing chosen valedictorian of his class at com-
mencement. He returned to his home in St.
I'aul after graduation and secured a position
as a clerk in the First National Bank. He
devoted himself diligently to the work in
hand, developing an unusual order of busi-
ness ability, and when only twenty-three
years of age was elected cashier of the Mer-
chants' National Bank. Seven years later,
in 1880, he was chosen vice president, and in
1884: made president of the bank. Aside
from his business interests, Mr. Merriam
early took an intei*est in public affairs and
became an active worker for the Republican
party in every campaign. In 1882 he was
chosen to represent his district in the lower
house of the legislature, at once assuming a
conspicuous place in that body. He was
again elected in 1880, and was chosen speak-
er, serving in the same position occupied by
his father sixteen years before. He made an
admirable presiding officer, winning the re-
spect and esteem of the members for his fair
and impartial rulings, and the geniality of
his manner. The same year he was chosen
vice-president of the State Agricultural so-
ciety, and a year later was made president
of that organization, and contributed in no
small measure to the s\iccess of the state
WILLIAAl K. All':i;i!l.\.\l.
fair held under its auspices during those
years. In 1888 Mr. Merriam received the
nomination for governor on the Repwblican
ticket, against Hon. Eugene M. Wilson, of
.Minneapolis, the Democratic nominee, and
was (fleeted. He was honored with a re-
uoniination in 18t)0, and was again elected
(o the gubernatorial chair. He made an ex-
ceptionally good record in that oflice, his ad-
ministration being marked for the practical
business methods adopted in the conduct of
state affairs. At the close of his term of
ottice in January, 18ii3, Mr. Merriam re-
sumi'd active charge of the various banking
interests with which he was connected. He
was always an earnest student of public af-
fairs, and became recognized as au au-
thority on financial questions in the memor-
able campaign of 18U0. He contributed nu-
merous articles on the subject of national
finances to leading financial papers of the
country, which had considerable iutiueuce
in shaping opinion in favor of sound finance.
In Alarch, 181)0, he was chosen by the Repub-
lican state convention one of the delegates
from Minnesota to the national convention,
lie was appointed director of the census of
HISTORY OF TUE GREAT NORTHWEST.
1900 bj Pi-esideut McKiuley, and tlie wis-
dom of the selection lias been endorsed
everywhere by the splendid record he has
made in that office. His remarkable execu-
tive talent and skill in orji;anization and in
readily handling- and dispatching the im-
mense amount of business in that office with
accuracy and lightning speed, has stamped
him as one of the most efficient census di-
rectors the country ever had. There is little
doubt entertained but that the complete re-
turns of the 1900 census will be compiled
and published long in advance of the time
that has generally been alloted to this
work. One other commendatory feature of
his superintendence of the census bureau is
the fact that practically little complaint is
heard as to the accuracy of the count made.
Governor Merriam is a member of the Uni-
versity club of New York, the Metropolitan
club at Washington, and the Minnesota club
at St. Paul. He was one of the first presi-
dents of the Minnesota Boat club. He also
served for three years as treasurer of the
St. Paul Board of Education. He is a mem-
ber of St. Paul's Episcopal church of St.
Paul. In 1872 he was married to Laura
Hancock, a daughter of John Hancock, and
a niece of the late Gen. Winfleld Scott Han-
cock. Mrs. Merriam is a lady of rare ac-
complishments and gracious manners. The
future holds out brilliant prospects for her
distinguished husband. He has not yet
reached the high water mark of success.
His many warm friends in the Northwest
wish him greater honors than those he has
already received.
EDWARDS, Alanson William.— Colonel
Cadle, adjutant-general of the Seventeenth
Corps, commanded by the brave, popular and
genial General Prank Blair, in the following
letter to "The Forum,"" has some words for
an old comrade and explains how he comes
to write:
"Society of the Army of the Tennessee,
Recording Secretary's Office, P. O. Box 35,
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 31, 1898.— To 'The
Forum': The Society of the Army of the
Tennessee desires to keep in its records mem-
oranda showing the services of its members.
Some time ago I wrote Major Edwards and
asked him to send me a sketch that would
enable us, when he died, to print his obituai"}'.
He sent me a \ery brief statement, but, know-
ing as much or more of his record than he
modestly stated to me, I have written the
enclosed, and if you think it worth while it
might be printed, because it shows a great
deal of his experience in the Army of the
Tennessee in the war of the Rebellion.
"He was certainly a gallant soldier in our
army, and credit should be given to living
men as well as dead. Therefore I send this
to you with the hope that it may be used,
and that, as an obituary of our society, it
may be long before it will be required. Ma-
jor Edwards does not know of this communi-
cation. Yours very truly,
■•CORNELIUS OADLE."
"Major Alanson William Edwards was
born in Lorain county, Ohio, August 27, 1840.
His father removed to Macoupin county. 111.,
in 1848. Major Edwards attended the coun-
ty schools and was afterward, in 1856-57, a
student at McKendree College, Illinois. He
was a railroad express agent and telegi-aph
operator at Gillespie, 111., when the war
broke out.
"He enlisted at once for the tliree months'
service, but the quota of Illinois was then
tilled, as was the first call for three years
Aolunteers. He enlisted and was mustered
in as a private of Company I, One hundred
and twentj'-second Illinois Infantry, at Camp
■ Palmer, Carlinville, 111., August 4, 1802. He
served in the Western ai-my, beginning at
Columbus, Ky. He was a clerk in the office
of the adjutant-general, district of Jackson
war department. General Grenville M.
Dodge, of Corinth, Miss.
"In April, 1863, by authority from the
war department. General Grenville M.
Dodge, at Corinth, Miss., organized the first
Alabama Union ( "avalry from loyal refugees,
driven from their homes in the mountains in
North Alabama by Confederate conscripting
(ifficers. Major Edwards was appointed
first lieutenant and adjutant, with George
E. Spencer as colonel, and was afterward
promoted to captain L troop of this regiment.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
"He served with General Van Derveei
as actino- assistant adjutant-general, district
of Rome and of Marieeta. Oa. and was near
Kenesaw mountain with General Sherman
when Sherman sip;nalled Corse at AUatoona
to 'hold the fort.' at the same time that Gap-
tain Flint, of Gomjiany E, First Alabama
Garali-y, was aide to General Corse, and
wrote at Corse's dictation the answer about
iosiu}!- liis cheek, but was able to whip all
hell yet.'
''Major Edwards commanded Company ^I
of his regiment on the'JIarcli to the Sea,' and
in the <'lose ajij)roach to Savannah he rode
with the First Alabama Cavalry over the
torpedoes planted in the road Ity the enemy.
Lieutenant F. W. Tupper, his successor and
adjutant of the regiment, having his leg
blown off, and many of the regiment being
severely wounded.
"Colonel Cornelius Cadle, the adjutant-
general of the Seventeentll Army Corps, be-
ing at that moment in advance with the First
Alabama Cavalry, directed the provost mar-
shal of the corps. Major John C. Marvin, to
bring to the front all the jn-isonerS of war,
and they, upon their hands and knees, dug
into the ground and took out the toi-jiedoes —
the unexploded ones — that several of these
prisoners had assisted in planting a few
days before. It hap])ened that the Confede-
rate sergeant who had supervision of the
placing of these torpedoes was one of the
prisoners, and he readily found them and
carefully aided in clearing our way to Sa-
vannah, the city that was a Christmas pres-
ent from Sherman to our president. Lincoln.
"At Savannah ISlajor Edwards was de-
tached from his regiment by order of General
Sherman, and assigned to duly as acting
assistant adjutant-general. Fourth Division,
Fifteenth Army Cori)s. and served with Gen-
eral Corse, the division commander, until
after the grand i-eview of the armies at
Washington, May 1'4 and 2.5, ISG.j, and was
mustei-ed out July 11, 1S(;.5. He was l)revet-
ed major March i:?. ISG.j, for 'gallant and
meritorious .service in the field.'
"Major Edwards was j)reseut al the meet-
ing of the officers of the Armv of the Ten-
ALAXSOX W. EnWAKDS.
nessee. called to organize our society, at Ka-
leigh, N. C, April 2,5, 1805.
"The first post of the Grand Army of the
Republic was organized by Dr. B. F. flfeven-
son, at Decatur, HI., and several members
were sent over the state to institute other
jiosts. A dozen or more were mustered at
the same time. Major Edwards, after his
war service, was mustered in Post No. G, at
I?unker Hill, 111., which was one of the ear-
liest organized posts of the Grand Army of
the Republic.
"Returning to his home in lS(i."). he resus-
citated the 'Union Gazette,' at Bunker Hill,
111., a paper he published before going to the
war, and which was suspended during the
war. Ill 18(iS Major Edwards secured an in.
(erest in the Carlinville Free Democrat, a
Republican paper started by Senator John
M. Palmer in 185G.
"Major Edwards was warden of the Illi-
nois state penitentiary at Joliet in 1871-72.
After the great Chicago fire he went into
business in Chicago, and was a member of
the board of trade in 1875-78. He went to
the Black Hills in 187G. located at Fargo in
1878, as editor of the 'Fai-go Reimblican.'
He established the 'Daily Argus' in 1879.
195
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
(Tovernor G. A. Pierce, of our society, ap-
pointed Major Edwards superintendent of
Ihe semi-decennial census of Dakota Terri-
tory in 1885. Major Edwards was elected
mayor of Fargo in 1886; was a member of
the legislature 1895-96. He lost the Argus
in 1890, started the 'Daily Forum' in 1891,
purchased the 'Republican,' the first paper
he started, and consolidated the two, and it
is now issued by Edward & Plumley.
"Major Edwards was married to Eliza-
beth Robertson at Carlinville, 111., in ISTO.
They have six sons and one daughter, all liv-
ing in Fargo, N. D. The sons are Harry
Goodell, 26 years; William Robertson, 23;
Allanson Charles, 19; John Palmer, 17;
George Washington, 13; Richford Roberts,
9, and the daughter, Marie R., 24 years.
"Cincinnati, Ohio, March 31, 1898."
LIND, John. — To be elected governor of
the state of Minnesota at any time is not a
small honor; to be the first man elected to
the place in opposition to the Republican
party organization is even a more signal vic-
tory; to be chosen above and beyond partisan
lines by the discriminating judgment of his
fellow-citizens, at a time when all the other
nominees of the opposing party, save the
gubernatoi-ial, were elected by more or less
handsome majorities, is a distinction such as
has been accorded to few men in any state.
It was under such circumstances that John
Lind was inaugurated governor of Minne-
sota in January, 1899.
Governor Lind was born at Kanna, Prov-
ince of Smaiand, Sweden, March 25, 1854.
His parents were Gustav and Catherine
(Johnson) Lind. Gustav Lind, like his an-
cestors for several generations, was a farm-
er, and also filled local offices in the com
munity where he lived, being a deputy sheriff
of the borough for several years. The fam-
ily emigrated to America in 1867, when John
was thirteen years of age, and settled in
Goodhue county, Minn. Here young John,
laboring to assist in the support of the fam-
ily, lost his left hand by an accident which,
perhaps, turned the current of his career, as
now, illy fitted to compete with his fellows
in the material world, he was urged to more
assiduity in the pursuit of his studies. He
s])ent as much of his time at school as pos-
sible, and at sixteen he was gi-anted a cer-
tificate entitling him to teach in the public
schools. He taught one year in Sibley
county, but not being satisfied with the com-
pensation in a new country at that time, be,
in 1873, took up his residence in New Ulm,
where he has since resided, respected and
honored among men. By the dint of hard
study, industry and strict economy, he was
able to attend the State I'niversity in 1875
and 1876, having in mind then the jn-actice
of the law. Utilizing all his opportunities
for private study and privileged as he was
to work in the office of a Kew I^lm practi-
tioner, he was admitted to the bar immedi-
ately upon leaving the university at the age
of twenty-one. In 1877 he began the prac-
tice of law, and, taking an active interest in
public life, was chosen superintendent of
schools of Brown county. This position he
held for two years, declining a renomination
in order that he might devote himself entire-
ly to the profession upon the adoption of
which he had now fully detennined, namely,
the law. In 1881, under the administration
of Garfield and Arthur, he was made re-
ceiver of the land office at Tracy, Lyon coun-
ty, which position he held until the election
of Grover Cleveland, still being able, how-
ever, to care for his private practice at New
Ulm. The country was filling up rapidly
and the work of the courts incidentally in-
creased. Mr. Lind's natural talent and dili-
gence made him a name more than local, and
his i)rosecution of several suits, notably
those against railroad companies, won him
not a little renown. He was also active in
the councils of the Republican party, and in
1886 he was nominated to represent the Sec-
ond district in the federal congress. The
Second district then comprised twenty coun-
ties— practically all of Southwestern Minne-
sota. That was a hard fought campaign.
Dr. A. A. Ames, of Minneapolis, coming
within a very small margin of defeating A.
R. McGill for governor, but Mr. Lind was
elected by a splendid jtlurality. Two years
later he was renominated and again elected,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
his adversary this time being Colonel Morton
S. Wilkinson, a veteran leader, who had been
one of Minnesota's three representatives in
the federal house from 18G9 to 1871, and
United States senator during the War. He
took an active interest in the affaii's of the
Indians and secured the passage of a bill
establishing seven Indian schools in various
jiarts of the country, one of them being lo-
cated at Pipestone, in this state. Another
sphere of work of local importance was the
pushing of some old claims for the depreda-
tions of the Indians during the outbreak of
1862. He secured the payment of many of
these for the people of the Second district,
who had suffered during that uprising. One
of the greatest economies which he secured
to the people of the state, however, was the
passage of the bill for the reorganization of
the federal courts of the District of Minne-
sota, which is commonly known to this day
as the "Lind Bill." I'revious to its passage
all sessions of the United States courts in
this state had been held at St. Paul, entail-
ing long sitting-s, delays in trials and long
journeys, increasing the cost to litigants \\\-
ing remote from the capital. Mr. Lind's
bill provided for terms as now held at Min-
neapolis, JIankato, Winona and Fergus
Falls, as well as in St. Paul. Mr. Lind was
a strenuous fighter for the integrity and en-
forcement of the Interstate Commerce Act in
its efforts to prevent discriminations in favor
of persons or places. He had added to it
amendments which made it possible for the
commission to procure evidence more effi-
ciently, and also made several battles in the
courts to secure for the millers in the smaller
centers of the state rates more fair when com-
jiared with the millers of Minneapolis, who
had been granted ccT-tain special privileges.
Mr. Lind was also instrumental in securing
a great reform. in railroad management and
equipment, which ia saving human lif(> and
limb hourly. That is, the automatic coupler
and jiower-brake bill, so called, which was
l)assed, and directed all railroads to provide
their cars with automatic couiders of uni-
form type, and to have at least a certain
number of cars of each train equipjjed with
ail', or rather power, brakes, so as to obviate
JOHN LIND.
the use of hand brakes, which were very dan-
gerous in icy or sleety weather. Tliisbill
was opposed by a strong and insistent lobby,
led by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company,
but after a hard contest the lobby was beaten
and Mr. Lind's bill became a law. Another
bill of commercial value to the Northwest
niad(- Minneapolis a port of entry. Mr. Lind
was a conceded authority in the House on
the subjects concerned with public lands —
Congressman Payson, of Illinois, being the
only man on the floor considered his peer in
this special branch of so much importance
to the West. In the contest over the tariff
Mr. Lind was a hard fighter, and showed his
indejiendence by declining to be bound by
the declarations of the Republican caucus.
He fought the tariff on lumber because, as
he said, it committed the nation to the idiocy
of destroying its own forests rather than
those of other people. He fought for free
sugar, for free materials for making liindiiig
twine and for free twine. In IX'M) Mr. Lind
was elected a thii-d time, defeating General
James H. Baker, of C.arden City. In 1802
he declined to become a candidate again, for
])ei'Sonal reasons, and the ]irescnt congress-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
man, James T. Mt-Cleary, then professor of
political economy in the State Normal School
at Mankato, was nominated and elected to
succeed Mr. Lind. The i)latform adopted at
Mankato accorded the retiring conf;ressman
this (ompliment: "We recognize in Hon.
John Lind, our present member of congress.
an able and efficient representative, and trust
that his voluntary retirement from the field
of active legislative duty will be only tem-
porary." In 1803 Governor Nelson appoint-
ed Mr. Lind, who had returned to the prac-
tice of law at New LTlm, a regent of the T'ni-
vei-sity of Minnesota. Mr. Lind was an early
recruit to the financial policy espoused by
Senator Teller and other Silver Eepublicans.
In 189C the Democratic and People's party
nominated him for governor, and he made a
sjjlendid run, David M. Clough defeating him
by only a small majority of about three thou-
sand votes. In the spring of 1898, when
President McKinley called for volunteers to
defend the national honor and avenge the
destruction of the Maine, John Lind, at the
sacrifice of his law practice, tendered his
services to Governor Clough in any capacity
in which he might be available. Governor
Clough, at the request of Colonel Bobleter,
in command of the Twelfth Minnesota, made
Mr. liind regimental quartermaster with the
rank of first lieutenant. His record as quar-
termaster was attested by Lis popularity
with the regiment, which had a chance at
Chattanooga to compare with other stand-
ards the efficiency of Mr. Lind's arduous la-
bors in keeping the men well equipjied and
well provisioned. It M'as while the Twelfth
Kegiment was encamped at Camp Thomas,
Chickamauga National Park, that the Demo-
cratic, People's and Silver Republican par
ties, in state convention, unanimously nomi-
nated Mr. Lind for governor. It was his
desire, after the defeat of 1800, not to again
enter the field of politics, but so unanimous
was the call, and so insistent were the friends
who had sui)ported him so warmly in previ-
ous campaigns, that Mr. Lind at last put
aside his desire for political retirement and
consented to make the race, subject to the
necessary limitations of his military service.
With the surrender of Santiago and the sub-
sequent return of the Minnesota troops from
the South, Mr. Lind was enabled to make
two short series of speeches in a few of the
citit^ and towns of the state. There has
rarely been such a series of popular demon-
strations of personal admiration and sym-
]iatliy. These tours, brief as they were, were
splendid auguries of the magnificent vote
which the men of Minnesota gave him on
election day. This is the public and politi-
cal career, epitomized, of the man who has
fought his way, despite rebuffs and tempo-
rary revei-ses, to attain success at last and
a full realization of the fact that "he cannot
appreciate victory who has not suffered de-
feat." Governor Lind's energies have not
been spent alone in politics and public af-
fairs. He has had a lucrative practice at the
bar and has not sacrificed it in the public
service. New Ulm is the center of a thriv-
ing farming community, prettily situated in
the picturesque valley of the Minnesota, and
is such a town as might well be selected for*
ihe home of a man of Governor Lind's char-
acter, earnest, faithful and unaffected. Gov-
ernor Lind has been identified with some of
the best institutions of New Ulm. He has
served as director in the Brown County
Bank, and was one of the committee of five
New I'lni men who had charge of the con-
struction of the Minneapolis, New I'lni &
Southwestern railroad and other enterprises
that have materially benefited his home
town.
Governor Lind was married in 1879 to
Jliss Alice A. Shepard, the daughter of a
then prominent citizen of Blue Earth county,
since removed to California. He, Kichard
Shepard, was a soldier of the Union army in
the Civil War. His father also fought for
the young republic in the War of 1812, while
his grandfather was a soldier in the Revolu-
tionary War.
To Governor and Mrs. Lind have been
born four children, Norman, Jenny, Winni-
fred and John Shepard. The first named is
now a student at the State Uuivei-sity, and
with four generations of soldiers before him,
might be looked for to enter a military career
rather than that of politics, in which his fa-
ther has attained his greatest fame.
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
CRITCHETT, Eruest Thomas, superin-
tendent of public scliools, Kew Ulni, Minn.,
comes fi'om old New England stock. On
both sides of the house he is descended fioui
the early settlers of Massachusetts and New
Hampshiie; his paternal ancestors, for many
f>enerations, having lived on the shores of
Massachusetts Bay, settling there in 1630.
He was born July 30, 1803, at Concord, N.
H., the son of M. B. Critchett, a merchant of
that city from 185G to 1883, and Emily J.
(Yeaton) Critchett. He attended the public
schools of hs native place and graduated from
the Concord high school. He then entered
Dartmouth College, at Hanover, N. H., grad-
uating from this institution in 1885, with the
degree of A. B. Three years later he was
honored with the degree of A. M. by his
alma mater. While at Dartmouth he was a
member of Kappa Kappa Kappa fraternity,
and at graduation became a member of Phi
Beta Kappa. Immediately after graduating
he came west and located at Mankato, Minn.,
where he began teaching as the principal of
the Pleasant Grove grammar school in that
city. Later, he was appointed principal of
the Mankato high school and held this posi-
tion for two years. In 188U he was offered
the position of principal of the Duluth high
school, which he accejjted, and was at the
head of this institution for four years, during
which time a new high school, one of the
finest in the country, was erected. He was
appointed to his present position in 18i)4.
The enrollment of the New Ulm city schools
has increased more than one-third in that
time, and one of the best high school build-
ings in the state has been built. Mr. Critch-
ett is an earnest student of educational mat-
ters and his administration has been efficient
in every respect. He has aimed to introduce
the most advanced methods into the school
work and has brought the New Ulm schools
up to a high standard of excellence. He is
an active member of the National Education-
al association, and for the past fifteen years
has been a member of the Minnesota Educa-
tional association. In politics, Mr. Critchett
is a Republican, but has never taken an ac-
tive part in political affairs, or held office.
He is a member of Charitv Lodge, A. F. &
ERNEST T. CUrrCIIETT.
A. il., of New Ulm; of New Ulm Chapter,
R. A. M., and of DeMolay Commandery, K.
T., of New Ulm. He is active in church work,
is a member of the First Congregational
church of New Ulm, a member and secretary
of the board of trustees, and superintendent
of the Sunday school. June 15, 1887, he was
married, in Minneapolis, to Helen M. Crook-
er, whose father was one of the old residents
of Minnesota, having settled in Owatonna in
1857. Two children have been born to them,
Francis Eruest, in 1888, and Edward Fowler,
in 1892.
JONES, David Newton., is a native of
Ohio. He was born at Gomer, in that state,
September 1, 1850. His father was Maurice
F. Jones, the son of Richard Jones. His
mother's maiden name was Mary Evans. His
early education was obtained in the public
schools of Gomer, and at the high school of
Lima, Ohio. He then entered the Northwest-
ei'u Ohio Normal School at Ada, until he
was pre[)ared to teach school. He then
taught for three years at Veuedocia. Jones-
town, and Gomer, his native town. He was
now twentv-one vears old, and chose for his
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
AVID N. JOXES.
life work Iht- piofessiou of medicine. He be-
gan his study uuder the direction of Profess-
or W. A. Yohn, M. D., and attended the med-
ical department of the jS'orthern Indiana
Normal School at Valparaiso for two and a
half years. In 187'J-S0 he took a course of
lectures at the Medical College of Ohio, Cin-
cinnati, and another at the Kentucky School
of Medicine, Louisville, Ky., and one at the
Kush Medical College, Chicago, 1880-81. Ee-
turniug later, he graduated from this insti-
tution with the degree of M. D. He began to
practice at Lima, Ohio. After one year, he
moved to Gaylord, Minn., in August, 1882,
and established his practice there, where he
has since lived. He is the medical examiner
for the New York Life Insurance Company,
the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New
York, the Equitable Life Assurance Com-
pany of the United States, the National Life
Insurance Company, Montpelier, Vt., and
the ^tna Life Insurance Company of Hart-
ford, Conn. Dr. Jones is a member of the
Amei'ican Medical association. International
^Association of Hallway Surgeons, Minnesota
State Medical society, of which he was vice
])iesident in 1801 and 1802; Minnesota Val-
ley Medical association, Minnesota State
Koard of Medical Examiners, 1806-8; Board
of Trustees of the Minnesota State Hosjiitals
for the Insane, appointed in 1808, and still a
member, serving as president since 1800. He
has been surgeon of the Minneapolis & St.
Louis Railway since 1883. He is also secre-
tary of the United States Board of I'ension
Examining Surgeons, located at Gayloi-d.
Dr. Jones has also presented several papers
to the Minnesota State Medical society,
which were well received, having been pub-
lished in 1801, in the "Northwestern Lancet,"
as well as in the proceedings of the society.
The principal subject was"Phlegmonous Ery-
sipelas.'" The doctor devotes his attention,
however, largely to surgery But while so
active and prominent in his profession, he
does not neglect the amenities of life nor
public affairs. Politically he affiliates with
the Democratic party, in which he is promi-
nent and active, having been chairman of its
county committee for ten consecutive years,
but guards against all partizan bias in pub-
lic matters. He was a member of the board
of examiners for teachers, 1883 to 1806, and
he served as mayor of Gaylord in 1888-89.
In social matters he is likewise interested.
He is a Mason and an Odd Fellow, being the
first noble grand of his lodge, in 1888. He
has passed all the chairs of the encampment
branch, and is a major of the Fourth Battal-
ion, Division of the Lakes. He is also a mem-
ber of the Modern Woodmen of America.
July 18, 1882, he was married to Miss Mary
Foley, of Lima, Ohio. They have one daugh-
ter, Florence, bom November 5, 1886 .
WHITE, Frank T., county attorney of
Sherburne countj', Minn., is a young man
who has shown more than the usual amount
of pluck and energy required in the struggle
for success. He has worked against disad-
vantages that would have discouraged most
young men, but these obstacles only spurred
him on to renewed labors. Mr. White was
born April 0, 1866, on a farm near East Bur-
lington, Kane county. 111., and is a son of
Edgar White and Emma C. (Thurston) White.
His father, now a merchant and postmaster
at Clear Lake, was for many yeai-s a farmer,
and much of the success attained by Frank
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
T. is due to the earlj' traiiiiug secured ou the
iarm. He is a desueudaut, ou his father's
side, from good >;ew Euglaud stock, the
early members of the family beiug resideuts
of Vermont. James White, the great grami-
father, served as a (ireeu Mouutaiu Boy lu
the Coutiueutal army during the Kevolutiou,
aud held the positiou of orderly sergeant.
Mr. White came to Miunesota in 1872, with
his people, they coming overland in au emi-
grant wagon, and settled upon a farm near
Clear Lake. He led the customary life of a
farmer's boy of that period, attending school
whenever he could be spared from the farm.
He earned his hrst money by selling furs,
which he obtained by trapping, game being
plentiful near his home. He attended the
public schools at Clear Lake and also at
Clearwater, and the high school at Creston,
111. His high school course was interrupted
frequently in order to earn the money neces-
sary to pay his expenses. He taught school
for a number of years, starting iu his home
district when but seventeen years of age. He
then taught at Monticello I'rairie. Mr.
^^'hite had now decided that he would be a
lawyer and he came to Minneapolis and en-
tered a law office as clerk, and began his
studies, besides working in the law library
located in the same building. He earned his
meals by working in a restaurant dui'ing the
noon hour; he also carried papers for one of
the morning newspapers. He then taught
the village school at Clear Lake the winter
of 1888 and 1889, and early in the latter year
went to California, where he remained for a
couple of years, working at various places.
He returned to Minneapolis in 18!J1 and en-
tered the night law class at the State Univer-
sity. His course was interrupted again, how-
ever, and for the better part of a year he
taught school at Clear Lake and managed
his father's farm. In 1S93 he returned to the
university, and by taking both day aud night
lectures, was able to be graduated with the
class of 1894. Mr. White then went to his
home at Clear Lake to rest up before begin-
ning practice. He was unexpectedly nomi-
nated for the position of county attorney of
Sherburne county, his home county, and in
spite of the oppositon of the bosses in his
FK.VNK T. WHITE.
(jwn party aud the ettorts of the other cuiidi
date, was elected by the narrow margin of
seven votes. He has filled the office in so
creditable a manner that he has been re-
elected at each succeeding election. Mr.
\Vhite was married December 29, 1897, to
Miss Daly, of Elk Kiver, and has a family of
two children, Kuth Mary and Lavina Esther.
Mr. White has made his home at Elk Kiver
since his first election as county attorney,
and carries on a very successful, law, real.
estate aud insurance business, in connection
with his work as county attorney. Mr. ^^■hite
belongs to several fraternal and beneficiary
orders, including the Modei-n Woodmen of
America, the Ancient Order of United \\'ork-
men, the Odd Fellows, the Maccabees and
the Elks.
DOBBIN, James.— The Shattuck School
at Faribault, Minn., is one of the great suc-
cesses of the iS'orthwest in the educational
field. Beginning in 18(J5, with neither money
nor buildings, it has trained more than 2,000
boys, from nearly all parts of the Union — the
attendants for the year 1900 representing
Iwentv-four states. It now has fine build-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JAMES DOBBIN.
iiig.s and a propei-ty worth uearly a half mil-
lion dollars, including a scholarship endow-
ment of more than one hundred thousand
dollars, all in the custody of a strong cor-
poration which gives a sense of permanence
and of a faithful administration of the whole
establishment. This remarkable achieve-
ment is lai-gely the work of James Dobbin,
D. D., rector of the school, who has had en-
tire charge and responsiblity for the care,
maintenance and growth of the institution
since 1SG7 — ^more than a generation. He was
born at Salem, jS'. Y., June 29, 1833. His
father, Josej^h Dobbin, w'as a farmer in mod-
erate circumstances, who came from the
north of Ireland when a lad, at the begin-
ning of the last century. The Dobbins are
of Huguenot extraction, which is shown by
historical records I'eaching back to William
the Conqueror, with whom Peter Dobbin,
afterwards high sheriff of Dublin, came to
England. James Dobbin began his educa-
tion in the common country school. When
seventeen years old he entered the Washing-
ton Academy at Salem for a few mouths,
walking daily to and from home, each way,
three and a half miles. Here he was instilled
with the desire for a college course, and was
jirepared there and at tlie academy in Argyle.
He entered the Union <"ollege, and gradu-ated
in the class of 18i5n, with a standing among
the ten highest in a class numbering eighty-
three. AMiile in college he was a member of
the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and for
his scholarship he was made an honorary
member of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity.
He was principal of the Argyle Academy for
two years before entering college, and after
he graduated, served two years as the prin-
cipal of the Greenwich Academy, both in the
state of Xew York. In 1864 he took up theo-
logical studies for orders in the Episcopal
church, and was ordained on Trinity Sunday,
1807. He had, however, been appointed, in
April preceding, rector of the Shattuck
School, then in its infancy, and wholly with-
out means for its future growth. While thus
empty-handed and without buildings, the
school has been self-supporting from the first,
has contributed a large amount from its earn-
ing-s toward its imin'ovements and equip-
ments, and has become one of the foremost
and largest schools of its Idnd in the country.
The result of his work, his ability, sagacity,
and management will be proclaimed to fu-
ture generations more effectively by the Shat-
tuck School than could words however elo-
quent proclaim his merit. He first came to
Faribault in 1859, remaining one year. He
returned in 1801, and has resided there ever
since. In 1801 he was married to Fannie I.
Leigh, of Argyle, N. Y., who died in 1865,
leaving one daughter, Jessie Leigh, now the
wife of G. Carl Davis, of Red Wing. In 1874
Mr. Dobbin was married to Elizabeth L.
Ames, of Niles, Mich. They have two sons,
John Edgar and Edward Savage Dobbin.
HEINTZEMAN, Christian Carl, is one of
the leading teachers of music in Minneapolis,
Minn. He is a native of Gennany. His
father, Heinrich Heintzeman, was for fifty-
lour years a teacher in the Kormal school of
Bad Wildungen, a summer resort in the prin-
cipality of Waldeck. He held the position of
"Cantor," musical director of the school, and
was the organist of the Lutheran church of
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTinA'EST.
(hat place for fifty years. In recognition of
his \(mg and faithful service he was deco-
rated by the prince with the gold medal of
merit. He then retired, and is still living at
the ripe old age of eighty years, in the enjoy-
ment of his pension. He was a very con-
scientious teacher, and a strict disciplinarian,
and it was under his guidance that the sub-
ject of this sketch began the study of the
pianoforte, organ and harmony. Afterward,
he studied with Karl Stracke, then with
Tewes, and later under Kuehne, all noted in-
structors. After coming to America, Pro-
fessor Ileiutzeman began to study instru-
mentation, and, to thoroughly equij) himself
as a composer and teacher, he worked hard
learning to understand the whole string fam-
ily of instruments, as well as those of brass
and wood. This developed an especial liking
for the military band, henceforth much of
his time has been devoted to that particular
line of work. After playing for a consider-
able time with flrst-class eastern organiza-
tions, his services as a teacher became so
much in demand that Professor Heintzeman
abandoned his jirofessonal playing and has
since devoted all his time to the teaching of
bands and orchestras, although not neglect-
ing his earliest choice, the i)iano, having con-
stantly a large class of piano pupils. Profess-
or Heintzeman came to Minnesota from
I'rovidence, E. I., in September, 1887. He
enjoys the reputation of being one of the
best band instructors in the United States.
This has been borne out by his services in con-
nection with The Minneapolis Journal News-
boys' Band, one of the most unique musical
organizations in the country. It is a full mili-
tary band of fifty pieces, and is composed of
genuine newsboys, every one of whom was
taken from the streets when the band was
organized. Professor Heintzeman was en-
gaged as the instructor of the boys in 1807,
and the band made its first public api)ear-
ance on Memorial Day the following year.
Since then it has been in great demand for all
sorts of public engagements. It has played
over sixty engagements, including concerts
at the Lyceum Theater and T'entury Hall,
music for baseball and football games, place
of honor in Memorial and Labor Day parades,
CI1KI8TIAN C. HIOIXTZEMAN.
and the iKinic-roiiiing of the Thirteenth Min-
nesota Volunteers, in Minneapolis, besides
numerous concert engagements throughout
the Northwest at street fairs and (^unty
fairs, also at the Minnesota State Fair. Early
in 1!(()0 the band played a concert tour
through Southern Minnesota, meeting with
great success. It has a large repertoire, and
after their long practice together the boys
can jilay the most difficult music with the
confidence of old-time musicians. Iii 1879,
Professor Heintzeman was married to Miss
Matti(» Pheljis, at Bridgewater, Mass. No
children \\er<' born. ilrs. Heintzeman died
in l.S!)2.
ALLEN. William Duncan, one of (he
most prominent and successful business men
of Faigo, N. D., was born at Fpper Darby,
Delaware county. Pa., August 1, 1858. His
father, -Jose])h Allen, was a fanner of Irish
extraction. His mother's maiden name was
Mary Duncan. Slie was of Scotch descent.
Her Scotch father was a sea ca])tain. Will-
iam recei\-ed his early education in tlie dis-
li-ict schools of liie counliy. and Iheii tooli a
coiii-seat l]ie K|iisco]ial .\cadeniy, a scliool of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
WILLIAM D. ALLEN.
liigli grade in Philadelijliia. He then took a
business course, graduating at the Philadel-
phia Business College. Thus equipped with
a good practical education, he learned the
plumber's trade in I'hiladeljjhia, and came to
what was then Dakota Territory, now North
Dakota, settling at Fargo, in May, 1882, where
he established himself in business on his own
account, and yet carries it on. By his su-
perior skill and upright dealing he has made
it one of the leading and most successful
business enterprises iu the state. He has
also been an active and prominent man in
public affairs, as well as in business circles.
He has been a member of the cit^- council for
three tenus, and in 1900 was elected presi-
dent of the council. He is now acting mayor
of the city. In 1S!)8 he was elected to repre-
sent his district and citj' in the lower branch
of the legislature. He has always filled every
position to which he has been elected with
credit to himself, and to the advantage and
honor of his constituents. In church rela-
tions he is an Episcopalian, being thus loyal
to the traditions of his people and to his
early training. His interest in social life and
fraternity mattei-s are shown by his standing
in Masonic circles. He has received all the
degrees of the Masonic order up to the Thir-
ty-third degree. He was married March 12,
1SS4, to Annie C. Jones. They have three
children: Martha R. Allen, 15 yeai-s of age;
Harry C. Allen, 11 years of age, and Eliza-
beth ('. Allen, 8 years of age. Mr. Allen is
niic of those solid men who make no preten-
tions. His ])ractical sense, sound judgment
.uid iiiitlinching integrity have won the confi-
(li'iuc of all who know him. His election as
jiresident of the city council shows the esti-
mate in which he is held by his associates.
He is a kind and indulgent father, and good
neighbor, and a successful, public-spirited
citizen.
LUtiGER, Otto, professor of entomology
at the I'niversity of Minnesota, and State
Entomologist, is a native of Germany, and
was born in Hagen, Westphalia, September
1.J, 1S14. His ancestors on both sides of the
house were mostly officers in the Prussian
army, and members of old Prussian families
whose records are traced back to the four-
teenth century. His father, Fritz Lugger von
Hagen, was a professor of chemistry, an orig-
inal investigator in that and allied sciences,
and a man of great prominence in scientific
and educational circles. His mother's maid-
en name was Lina von Fischer. He was edu-
cated at the Gymnasium at Hagen, and later
at the universiities at Munster. Bonn and Ber-
lin. He then joined a cavalry regiment sta-
tioned at Munster, and was commissioned a
lieutenant in 1804. He left the army shortly
after to enter the Polytechnicum at Berlin,
and later at Heidelberg. In 1805 he came to
the United States, and almost immediately
entered the United States engineer sei-vice
in the lake survey at Detroit, Mich. He re-
mained in that service for three jeara, when
he became assistant to Prof. C. V. Riley,
state entomologist of Missouri. He held this
position until 1875, when he was appointed
curator of the Maryland Academy of Science
at Baltimore. Shortly afterwards he entered
the Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore,
at the same time serving as naturalist of the
public parks in that city. Later he went to
Washington and spent three years in the di-
OTTO LI-GGICU,
$05
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
vision of entomology of the Department of
Afiricultiire. He was appointed professor of
entomology and botany at the Minnesota Ex-
periment Station, at St. Anthony Park, in
1880. Professor Lugger is a high authority
on the subject of entomology, particularly
with reference to the Northwest. He is a
noted experimenter, and his discoveries have
been of the greatest value to the agricultur-
ist. He has also written a large number of
books and bulletins which are of great im-
portance to the farmer and fruit grower. He
was appointed state entomologist in 1800.
February 5, 1850, he was married to Lena
Eosewald, a native of Iserlohn, Westphalia,
Germany. To them have been born two chil-
dren : Linnea and Humboldt.
ELLIOTT, Charles B.— Fearless and cour-
ageous in the discharge of his duties, Charles
B. Elliott has made a record on the district
bench of Hennepin county which has won for
him the respect of every right-thinking citi-
zen of Minneapolis. He is a man of strict
fidelity to principle, of calm temperament,
and clear and impartial judgTuent. His just
administration of the law has made him
feared by those who would seek to pervert
it to their own base purposes, and has given
him the complete confidence of that element
of the community which stands for what is
best in society. Judge Elliott is a product
of the farm, from which have sprung the
men who have been the most prominent in
the history of these United States. His
father was an Ohio farmer, who spent the
larger share of his life scratching a poor liv-
ing out of even a poorer farm. It needed but
the stimulus of an ambitious temperament
to make the young farmer boy break away
from his environment and seek in the world
beyond the reward awaiting patient and per-
severing effort. Charles was born in Morgan
county, Ohio, .January 0, 1801. He is the son
of Edward and Anjaline (Kinseyi Elliott.
The Elliott family came to Ohio shortly after
the Eevolutionary War, and were among the
early settlers of Morgan county. The father
of Charles" mother was also an early pioneer
in Ohio. The ancestors of these two families
emigrated to this country from England in
the early days and settled in New England.
The common schools of southeastern Ohio, in
which the subject of this sketch received his
early education, were just one step removed
from the old log school house. But they
were good schools of their type, and the
sturdy and ambitious country lads who at-
tended them were duly impressed with the
idea that they should get in training for the
presidency. At the early age of sixteen
Charles had sufficiently qualified him.self to
begin teaching. He spent all his spare time
in hard study and in a short time was able
to enter the preparatory department of Mari-
etta College. Being compelled to work his
own way, he was only able to attend inter-
mittently. He taught country schools in the
winter, worked on the farm in the summer,
and while in college taught night school and
did janitor work. In fact the young student
worked so hard that he temy>orarily ruined
his health. His father having moved to Iowa,
Charles followed him and entered the Iowa
State University, graduating from the law
department in June. 1881, with the degree of
L.T-. B. The following winter was spent in
the law office of Brannan & Jayne, at Musca-
tine, Iowa. In 1882 he moved to St. Louis,
'Slo., where he suj)ported himself by writing
for the legal magazines and reviews, but his
health breaking down the year following, he
was obliged to give up this work and went
to Aberdeen, S. D. He remained here for a
little over a year, engaged in outside work,
until he had regained his health. Going to
Boston, he spent some time studying, but
came west and located at Minneapolis in
1884. He o])ened uj) an office and began the
practice of his profession, but the first three
years were a hard struggle with adversity.
He was unremitting in his studies, however,
taking a post-graduate coui-se in history and
international law for three years at the Uni-
versity of Minnesota, graduating in 1887,
with the degree of Ph. D., the first granted
by that university. He continued the prac-
tice of law until January, 1801, when he was
ap])ointed, by Governor Merriam, judge of
the municipal court of Minneapolis. The fol-
lowing November he was elected to this office
HISTORY OF THE GItKAT NORTHWEST.
for a term of six veal's. In Januarj-, 18U4, he
was appointed jiuljie of the district court by
Governor Xelson, to till an unexjtired tenii.
In the November elections of that year he
was elected to the full term of six years on
the district bench, and has served in that
capacity up to this time. He was renomi-
nated to the same office in the primary elec-
tions of 19(10 after a hard and bitter fight.
His fearless conduct of the cases against
what was known as the "city hall gang"' had
incurred for him the ill-will of the friends
of the convicted man, as well as the element
they represented, but he won out "hands
down"' against their open, undisguised and
revengeful opi>osition to his renomination,
and received a handsome endorsement at the
polls in November. Judge Elliott is a stu-
dent and a man of high attainments, and has
come to be recognized as an authority on in-
ternational law. From 1890 to 1898 he was
a member of the faculty of the law depart-
ment of the University of Minnesota, lectur-
ing on corporation law, insurance and inter-
national law. He is still engaged as a lec-
turer on the latter suliject. He has written
extensively on these subjects, and among his
most noted books may be mentioned '"Law
of Private Coii>orations,'" now in its third
edition; "Law of Insurance," in its second
edition; "Law of Public Corijorations,"" "Min-
nesota Trial Practice,"" recently pul)lished,
and a historical volume entitled "The United
8tates and the Northwestern Fisheries"'
(1887), which is regarded as the highest au-
thority on that subject. Judge Elliott has
also contributed many articles to the maga-
zines and reviews, such as the Atlantic
Monthly, the Forum, the American Law Re-
view, and numerous French, German and
Russian reviews, devoted to public and in-
ternational law. The active duties of his of-
fice, and his prodigious activity as an author
have not, however, kept Judge Elliott from
mingling among liis fellow-men in a social
way, by whom he is highly esteemed, not
alone for his intellectual ability, but for his
social qualities as well. He is a Republican
in politics, and a member of the Masons,
Knights Templar and the I. O. O. F. In 189.1
he was complimented by the State University
CHAIILKS l:. ELLIOTT.
of Iowa with the honorary degree of LL. I).
He is also a member of the Phi Beta Kappa
fraternity, and is president of the Minnesota
chapter. A\'hile not a member of any (Aurch,
he is. with his family, an attendant at St.
Mark's Episcopal church. He was married.
May 13, 1883, to Edith Winslow, at Musca-
tine, Iowa. Their union has been blessed
with four children, Charles Winslow, Edwin
I]ugene. Ethel and Walter A.
I'ERKINS, George Albion. — Thorough
Iirejiaratory training is more essential in the
medical profession, jirobably, than in any
other. The practitioner in that profession
can achieve prominence only through demon-
strated skill, and the wider his experience in
ronnecfion with the various hospitals during
his ((lur^c iif studies the better he is equip-
jjed to take upon liimself the responsibilities
of a general practice. If he wins the confi-
dence of his patients early in his career it is
a strong indication that he has acquired con-
siderable skill and will later take high rank
in his profession. Dr. George A. Perkins, of
Dickinson, N. D., is a good example of the
young, successful practitioner. He is a na-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHV\EST.
GEORGE A. PERKINS.
tive of the [Norlb Star state. His father, T.
E. Perkins, was one of the earlj' and well-to-
do settlers of Goodhue county, Minn., having
located on a farm near Red Wing, in 1865,
where he has resided continuously ever since.
His mother's maiden name was Ehoda A.
Boston. In common with other heroic wom-
en of those days, she suffered the hardships
of a pioneer life, but now enjoys the comforts
to be obtained by a prosperous farmer. The
paternal ancestry of our subject was Scotch,
and was fli-st represented in America by
three brothers, who came here about the time
of the first settlement in Maine. The one
from whom Di-. Perkins is directly descended
settled in Maine, the others in Xew Hamp-
shire and Massachusetts. On his mother's
side, he is of English descent, her ancestors
hanng settled in New England in early
colonial days. He was born on his fathers
farm, near Ked \Ying, July 17, 1S71. His
early education was received in the public
schools. AYhen twenty years of age he en-
tered the State University of Minnesota and
took two years in the scientific course. De-
siring to take up the profession of medicine
as his vociition in life, he entered the medical
department of the same institution in Oc-
tober, 189-1, and graduated in June, 1897. He
was president of his class in the freshman
year, and in the junior year, iu a comijetitive
e.'v'amination. he won the position of house
jiliysician and surgeon at St. Luke's Hospital.
St. Paul, which he held from June, 1S9G, to
-iinic. 1>-'.I7. In the senior year he was again
suicessful in the competitive examination
and secured the position of house physician,
and suiegon in the City and County Hospital
of St. Paul, which position he held until
Ajiril, 1898, when he removed to North Da-
kota and located at Dickinson, where he be-
gan the active practice of his profession.
Shortly afterwards he formed a partnenship
w ith Dr. n. A. Davis, under the firm name of
l>rs. Davis & Perkins. This partnership was
dissolved Jan. 1, 1901, since which time he
lias i)racticed alone. In his short temi of
practice. Dr. Perkins has acquired a reputa-
tion for being a thoroughly comi>etent and
skillful practitioner, and if his present suc-
cess is a safe criterion he is bound to rise in
his profession. Dr. Perkins is a Republican
iu politics, but has never taken an active part
in political affairs. He is a member of the
North Dakota State Medical association and
the American Medical association. In his
junior year at college he was elected to mem-
bership in the N. E. N. Medical fraternity.
He is also a Mason. June 28, 1899, he was
married to Miss Minnie F. McDowell, of
Minneapolis.
THOMAS, David Owen, was born in 1852.
He is the youngest son of Thomas and Mar-
garet Thomas, of Penybenglog Mill, Nevern
parish, Pembrokeshire, Wales. He is of an-
cient Welsh lineage, being on the i>aternal
side of the well known Lloyd family of Car-
diganshire, and on the maternal side of the
Owen family of Pembrokeshire, whose rec-
ords are connected with the history of the
principality since the fourteenth century.
Several men of this branch were distinguish-
ed as well in the literary annals of Wales.
In his nineteenth year David Owen Thom-
as came to this country and made his home at
Youngstown, Ohio. .In 1873, in order to con-
tinue his education, the foundation of whioh
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
was well laid in Wales, he entered Bethany
(,'ollege, ^^■est Virginia, where, in ISTS, he
{iraduated with the degree of B. A. After
some indecision with regard to liis future
plans, he decided upon the practice of medi-
cine as his life work, and accordingly enter-
ed the Medical College of Indiana, at Indian-
aj)olis. Here, in 1884, he graduated, receiving,
with the degree of M. D., the Mears gold med
al for the best thesis on "Caesarean Section."'
In 18S5 he was married to Miss Anne E.
Butler, youngest daughter of the late Ovid
Butler, founder of Butler College. I'liivei-
sity of Indianapolis.
After his marriage Dr. and 'Siva. Thomas
went at once to Minneapolis, where they
established their home. Three years later,
desiring a more extended clinical experience,
he left there. He went first to the College of
I'hysicians and Surgeons of New York, where
he again graduated; crowding two years"
work into one. He then went abi'oad, and,
after some travel in Europe, returned to Lon-
don and continued his clinical work for two
years at St. Bartholomew's Hosjiital. He
successfully passed the examinations of the
Conjoint Board of the Royal College of I'hy-
sicians of London and the Royal College of
Surgeons of England. Dr. Thomas is the
only physician in Minneapolis who holds Lon-
don d<'grees of L. R. C. P. and M. R. C. S.
In 18t)l he returned to Minneapolis and
resumed the practice of his profession, and is
well esteemed by his fellow practitioners as
a safe and experienced man. He has filled
for many years the chair of Dermatology and
Genito-Urinary Diseases in the medical de-
partment of Hamline University, Minneapo-
lis; and holds appointments of visiting phy-
sician to both the Asbury Methodist Hospital
and the City Hosijital.
He is an active worker in both the Henne-
pin County Medical Society and the Minne-
sota State Medical Society, and is a frequent
contributor to the medical journals. Politi-
cally he adheres to Republican principles, but
in local politics favors right men and meas-
ures rather than a party label. He became
a member of the Christian church while a
student at Bethany College, which was found-
ed by Alexander Campbell, and is the oldest
scliool of the Disciples of Christ. He is a
iiK'inher of the I'ortland Avenue Church of
Christ, and has served as elder for a number
of years. It was largely through hi»iuflu-
ence that the annual missionary convention
of the Christian church was held in Minne-
ai)olis in 1!)01, for the preparation of which
he acted as chainiian of the executive coni-
uuttee.
His literary taste has made him conver-
sant with the best thought and latest discov-
eries, not only in his own jtrofession, but also
in the principal fields of learning and re-
search. He is a man of broad sympathies,
quiet and thoughtful disposition, and while
excluding violent measures, advocates moral
reform and religious liberty and progress.
MITCHELL, Charles Luther. — Over-
crowded farming communities and unremun-
erative occupations in the humbler walks of
life, in the eastern and middle states, have
furnished their quota of men — a large per-
centage, too — to the development of the
Northwest, especially the Dakotas. These
were young men who sought in newer fields
of activitv oiieuings \vlii<-li were denied them
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
mines he received a certifleate from the board
<if examiners as a mine boss. In 1884, he
came west and located at Jamestown, X. D.
lie has been eminently successful and is
(|uite extensively engafj;ed in farminff at the
present time. He is also serving as postmas-
ter at Jamestown, to which office he was ap-
pointed Aug. 29, 1800. He has also served
as aldennan for two terms, and was president
of the citj' council. In politics he is a Re-
publican, and has served as chairman of the
Kepublican county committee. He is also
prominently identified with a number of fra-
ternal organizations, and is a member of the
Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, the A.
O. U. W., the Maccabees, the Knights of La-
bor, and the Patriotic Sons of America. His
church connections are with the Episcopal
church. In 1884, he was man'ied to Miss
Jane Hysong. One child has been born : Cleo
Mitchell.
CHAKLES L. MITCHELL.
in the older states. They were willing to
turn their hands to anything which prom-
ised adequate returns for their labors, and in
most instances their efforts were crowned
with success. The subject of our sketch, com-
ing to the Dakotas a poor man, has built up
a moderate competence, and has the respect
and esteem of the community in which he
lives, in a high degree. Mr. Mitchell was born
March 20, 1858, at Blairsville, Pa. His father,
Solomon F. Mitchell, ws a coal miner by oc-
cupation; an industrious and frugal man in
his habits, who succeeded in placing himself
in fairly moderate circumstances, and was
the owner of a small fai-m. He was a veteran
of both the Mexican and Civil wai's. His
wife's maiden name was Mary Magdalene
Bates. He was of English descent; her an-
cestry was English. Charles did not enjoy
the advantages of a very liberal education.
The lad began working in the mines when
only nine years of age, and continued in this
employment until he was twenty-one. At
different periods, however, he attended the
common schools of Pittsburg, and later,
through his own exertions, was able to take a
course in Duff's College, in that city, from
which he graduated. While working in the
EODDLE, William Henry.— The present
secretary of state of South Dakota, William
H. Roddle, although a young man, may be
regarded as one of the fathers of the city of
Brookings, S. D., the seat of the State
Agricultural College, and one of the most
prosperous towns of the state. In the
summer of 1879, when the first railroad was
building through Brookings county, Mr. Rod-
die was an old settler in the county, so to
speak, or at least was so regarded for he
came to it in February, 1870, that is a few
months ahead of the road, which in those
rushing days seemed a long time. He was
active in securing the location of the city
where it now stands. His name will always
be connected with that thrifty community,
where he has resided up to the present time.
Mr. Roddle is of English descent. His fa-
ther, William Roddle, came to America when
a young man, from the southern part of Eng-
land, near London, where his ancestors had
been sturdy farmers for many generations.
He was also a farmer, but settled for a time
in New York. He then went west succes-
sively to Ohio, Wisconsin, and Minnesota,
settling finally in Waseca county, where he
reared and educated a large family and ac-
HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST.
quired a competency for his old ajjc, dying
in peace where lie had made his home. His
wife was Mary Smith, born and icared in
New York city, the home of her ancestors
from the early settlement of the country.
William H. Koddle was bom September
;2S, tsno, in Kenosha county, \\'is., on
his father's farm, lie was educated in I lie
common schools in the country and in (lie
towns, lie worked on the farm and attend-
ed school in winter and at such otliei- limes
as he could be spared. When he was a yoiim;
man he secured employment in a hardware
store at Waseca, where he thoroujilily learn-
ed the business, and finally hecaiiie a partner
in the firm of J. M. Koberlson i.K: Company,
of Waseca. This firm continued until !Mr.
Koddle went to Dakota and engaged in the
hardware business in IJrookings county, later
forming a ])artnership with ^V. (1. Lockhart,
under the firm name of Lockhart & Koddle,
in 1882. The firm was dissolved in ISS.-), Mr.
Lockhart retiring. The business was contin-
ued by Mr. Koddle until lS9(i, when the press
of other business led him to retire.
Mr. Koddle has always been an active Ke-
publican, and has filled many positions in
local matters. In 1SII2 he was elected treas-
urer of the county, and was re-elected in 18!)-1.
He was elected secretary of state of South
Dakota in 18!t(;, and re-elected in 1S9S. He
has been a member of the Odd Fellows since
early manhood. He is also a Mason, and for
many years has been an active worker, being
honored by tlie fraternity with many posi-
tions of honor and trust. At the annual
meeting in 180!), at Yankton, S. D., lie
was elected Grand Master of Masons of
the state. He is also a past High I'riest of
the Koyal Arch degree, and a Knight Tem-
jdar, as well as a Shriner of El Raid Tem-
ple, Sioux Falls, S. D. It is therefore ap-
I)arent that his social relations are of wide
extent. The energy which prompted INlr.
Koddle to struggle with the railroad to se-
cure the location of Brookings seems to be
characteristic of him in every enterprise un-
dertaken. His re-election to every political
position he has held, is testimony of strong
character to his efficiency and versatile abil-
ity. His evident popularity among his frater-
2H
JAM II. Itl)Ill>Li;.
iial associates is no less ci-edilable to his so-
cial (jualities. Mr. Koddle was married Jan-
uary 1, 187<!, to Fannie R. Stevens. TTiey
have one child, Mary E. Koddle. •
A comparatively young man, with such a
career behind him he may reasonably look
forward to even bighei' achievements and a
still moi-e brilliant future.
KIESSBECK, John.— The office of county
aiidiloi- is one which dii-ectly interests the
jieople. They seek lo place in this office only
men of demonstrated fitness for the jiosifion
and who are thoroughly rc^liable and trust
worthy. The disposition made of the finan
ces of llie coinily is a matter of vital inter
est, and they look to the man whom they
lun'e placed in the auditor's office to see that
they are protected and their confidence not
abused by other servants of the public. Po-
litical expediency, however, often places men
in office who are not deserving of public con-
fidence. II .iugiirs well, therefore, when
faithful service is recognized by continuing
in odices of trust those who have proven their
ability and their honesty. Such has bwn
done in the case of the subject of this sketch.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JOHN RIESSBECK.
who is county auditor of Stark couuty, N. D.
Mr. Eiessbeck is a native of Germany, and
was born near Nuremberg, September 5,
1861. His father, Thomas Riessbeck, was a
blacksmith by trade, but also followed the
occupation of a farmer. His mother's maid-
en name was Barbara Kamm. The educa-
tional training of our subject was limited to
an attendance at the common school until his
twelfth year. He emigrated to the United
States in 18G4, and located in Pittsburg, Pa.
Moved to Newark, Ohio, in 18C9; and to
Marathon county, Wis., in 1871. Located in
Dakota March 17, 1883 — engaged in farming
and stock raising until 1891, when he took
hold of a restaurant at Dickinson. In 1886,
he was elected county assessor and held that
office for two years. He was elected county
treasurer in 1894, and served in this office for
four years. In 1898 he was elected county
auditor, and was re-elected in 1900. Mr.
Riessbeck has made an admirable record in
both offices, and has the confidence of the
public in a high degree. In politics he is a
Republican, and an active supporter of the in-
terests of his i)arty. He is a Mason, both
Chapter and Commandery, and is Past Mas-
ter of Dickinson Lodge, No. 32, and High
I'riest of Columbian Chapter, No. 11, of Dick-
inson. His religious connections are with the
( 'ougregational church, of which he is a mem-
ber. October 7, 1888, he was married to La-
toiia Brown. They have four children: John,
Oliver Victor, Annis Lucile, and Everett
(Veil.
OLSON, Carl Oscar Alexius, is one of the
rising young men of the Hennepin county
bar, Minnesota. He is a native of Sweden,
and was born April 5, 1872, at Kaasentorp,
in Long parish, Skaraborgs laen, the old
lionic of his paternal ancestors. His father,
Anders Olsson, was a farmer in moderate
( ircumstances. He died June 13, 1872,
from the result of sickness contracted
while serving in the Swedish army. Maja
Slina Persdotter, the mother of the sub-
ject of this sketch, was born January 23,
1850, on her father's homestead, where is
now located the business portion of the pros-
perous village of Wara. She was married to
Mr. Olsson in 1869. In the spring of 1874
she emigrated to America, locating at Wa-
conia, Minn., where she was married the fol-
lowing year to John Swenson, from Skarstad,
Vestergotland, Sweden. Alexius came with
his mother to this country and lived for a
short time on a farm near Waconia, then
moved to Minneapolis, where he has re-
mained ever since, with the exception of a
couple of years spent on a farm at Swede
Lake, near Watertown, Minn. He attended
first the country school at Swede Lake, then
the Franklin, Sumner and North Side High
schools of Minneapolis, graduating in 1891,
as class president in the pioneer class of the
latter institution, receiving at commencement
the German-American Bank prize for oi'a-
tory. He employed his out-of-school hours
as a carrier on the daily papers, and also
clerked in various stores and offices. In 1892
he w'ent to Europe and traveled through
Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Noi'way and
England. He returned to America the fol-
lowing year, and during the summer was em-
ployed at the World's Fair in Chicago.
Coming back to Minneapolis in the fall he
entered the University of Minnesota, taking
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the soientific ronrse in the academic depart-
ment, and graduated with the degree of B. S.
in 3 895. He then entered tlie law depart-
ment and graduated with the degree of LL.
B. the following j-ear. In 1897 he received
the degree of LL. M. from the same institu-
tion. While at the university he was active
ly interested in student affairs and served
successively as class president, editor of The
Ariel, the leading college paper, and as cadet
major of the University Battalion. At com-
mencement he was recommended by the fac-
ulty to the adjutant general's office as avail-
able for military duty in case the govern
ment should wish to organize troops. He
was also one of the originators and charter
members of a local Greek letter society,
which secured the establishment at the uni-
versity of a chapter of the Zeta I'si frater-
nity, and is a member of the Delta Chi law
fraternity. He was admitted to the bar by
the Minnesota supreme court, June 5, 1896,
and has since that time been engaged in the
general jtractice of law at Minneapolis, with
offices in the Temple Court. During the
first year of his practice he was associated
with the firm of Dobbin & Bond, since which
time he has maintained an office of his own.
In politics he has always been an ardent
Kepublcan, and as a member of ward and
city campaign committees has actively par-
ticipated in the elections, and has devoted
considerable time to the promotion of politi-
cal organization in Hennepin county. In
1898 he was elected a member of the house
of representatives of the Minnesota state leg-
islature, and in 1900 was prominently men-
tioned as a candidate for the office of secre-
tary of state. As secretary of the John
Ericsson Memorial Association he has been
enthusiastic in the cause of raising funds for
the erection of a monument in memory of
the great inventor of the Monitor. From
1892 to 1898 he served as president of the
North Side High School Alumni Association.
He is actively interested in sports and is a
member of the Minnetonka Ice Yacht Club,
the Odin Club, and the Bryn Mawr Golf
Club. His religious connections are with the
Lutheran body. He is a member of Augns-
tana churcli and has been prominently idt'ii-
CAKL O. A. OL^
lifted with the young people's society of that
denomination, having served as president of
the Bethlehem and Augustana societies, re-
spectively. •
BLOCK. Julius IL, is a stalwart type of
the true German-American. His parents
emigrated from Germany early in the '50s,
coming to America and locating in Texas,
where they remained several yeare, later re-
moving to Gallon, Ohio, where Julius was
born, March 30. 1800. In 1870 they came
to Minnesota, and settled on a farm in Le
Sueur county, afterwards removing across
the river to Nicollet county.
•lulius spent the early years of his life on
his father's farm and attended school, obtain-
ing a common school education, both English
and (Jernum. He early became accustomed
to hard work and was i)ossessed of a physical
strength far beyond his years. It is told of
him that while a mere boy, he took a con-
tract for grubbing a jiiecc of timber land in
order to ])rovide himself with means to at
tend school during the winter, and he labor-
ed untlaggingly and iierseveringly through
the hot summer davs niili! Die job was fin-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JULIUS H. BLOCK.
isbed. This same rugj;ecl spirit of determiua
tiou and eiiei-g;y has marked his subsequent
career, and is one of his most prominent
characteristics.
At the age of 19 Mr. Block went to St.
Peter, the county seat of Nicollet county,
where he has since made his home. He was
engaged as supervisor and storekeeper at the
state hospital, and afterwards gradually
drifted into politics, and was elected sheriff
of the county, which office he held for sev-
eral successive terms, until his election as
state treasurer in 1900. He was also engaged
in the fire insurance business, and until re-
cently was at the head of one of the largest
agencies in southern Minnesota. His nomi-
nation for state treasurer at the Republican
state convention in June was unanimous and
by acclamation, one of the most enthusiastic
and spontaneous nominations ever witnessed ;
his election the following November, by a
majority of over 50,000, was a splendid testi-
monial to the esteem in which he is held, as
well as to his wide acquaintance throughout
the state. Mr. Block was maiTied at St.
Peter, Feb. 12, 1885, to Miss Sarah West,
Two sons have blessed the union, Robert,
born March 16, 1886, and Budd, born in
April, 1888.
Mr. Block's career is a striking example
of the possibilities of "the boy from the
faruL" By his own efforts he has won a high
and honored position, one of the highest in
the gift of the people of the state. The same
sterling qualities that he displayed in his
youth and in his business life, enhance his
usefulness in a public capacity.
PRESTON, Harrison C— The memorable
senatorial contest of the South Dakota legis-
lature in 1891 resulted in the election of Rev.
James H. Kyle, a Congregational minister of
the church of Aberdeen. He had been elect-
ed to the state senate as a Populist and was
the determining factor in the struggle. Ma-
ny Republican names were presented as can-
didates upon whom the uitMubers of the party
tried to unite, among them that of H. C.
Preston, then in the state senate, who took
a conspicious part in the contest. He was
jirominent in the state as a lawyer, a good
platform speaker, and a man of recognized
ability in evers' sphere. He was the choice
of a large number of Republicans for United
States senator. It seemed at one time that
he would be elected, but a "fusion" finally
won the prize. Mr. Preston is of New Eng-
land lineage, from English ancestry. Levi
Preston, his great-grandfather, was born in
England, September 6, 1736. He was mar-
ried to Deliverance Mosher, a direct descend-
ant of Hugh Mosher, who came from Eng-
land on the ship "Jane" and landed on the
coast of Massachusetts, June 12, 1632. The
fourth child in a family of seven children,
Ephraim Preston, born March 10, 1764, was
H. C. Preston's grandfather. He was mar-
ried to Sarah Maxwell, of Rhode Island, for
his second wife. The youngest of her six
children, Murray Preston, born in 1815 and
now living, is the father of H. C. Preston.
His mother, Mary A. Foster, who died in
1875, was a direct descendant of Reginald
Foster of Essex county, England, who land-
ed at Ipswich, Mass., in 1638. Her par-
ents removed to the "Holland Purchase," in
western New York, when she was about ten
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
years of age, where she resided for fifty
years.
H. C. Preston was born in 1852 on a farm
in Bethany, (lenesee county, N. Y. His
early life was much like that of any thrifty
farmer's boy, and had in it more work than
j)lay. When young, he helped on the farm in
summer and went to school during the winter
until he was qualitied to teach a district
school, ^^'hen older he hired out as a farm
hand for the summer and taught school dur-
ing the winter, "boarding round"" among the
families having children in school. This
sort of life opens up the vista of human na-
ture into a panorama never to be forgotten.
Hut he was ambitious for something more
than farm life, and chose law for his profes-
sion. He went to Marion, Iowa, where he
had an uncle, Hon. Isaac M. Preston, who
was a lawyer of large practice. He entered
his ottice and began the study of law. Soon
after his admission to the bar he went to
Dakota territory, settling at Mitchell in 1881,
where he now lives. Here he began the prac-
tice of law in partnership with C. H. Dillon,
under the firm name of Dillon & Preston.
This partnership continued for more than ten
years, and acquired for the firm a large prac-
tice. During this time they prosecuted and
defended some of the most important civil
and criminal cases in the territory and state,
which extended their practice and added
greatly to the reputation of the partners.
Mr. Preston east his tirst presidential vote
for James A. Garfield, and has always been
a Republican, giving liberally in service and
means to advance the principles of his party.
He is an effective speaker and makes a good
impression by his manners and personal ap-
pearance, therefore he is in great demand for
political campaign work, and is probably
second to none in the state of South Dakota
in general esteem. He was elected to the
state senate in 1891, and, as already referred
to, in the campaign which consumed a very
large portion of the session, Mr. Preston was
a leading man of his party, and made a name
for himself throughout the state, as a man
of superior ability, sound judgment and po-
litical sagacity, which will undoubtedly re-
dound to his future success. He is now in
HAUinsilN V. PUKSTON.
his prime and no politiial honor is beyond
his reach, and no position of honor or trust
would be regarded as beyond his merit and
worth. He has done much for the city in
which he lives, and the people would d^ight
to repay, in some measure, the interest he has
taken in all matters designed to promote the
growth of the city and the prosperity of the
community. Mr. Preston was married in
1875 to Eva E. Burroughs, of Mari(m, Iowa.
The union has been crowned with the joy of
an interesting family of four children: Mary
E., Clarence M., Ella K., and Harrison C.
I'reston, Jr.
WHIPPLE, Abram Olin.— The indebted-
ness of the Northwest to the sons of New
England has been frequently the theme of
remark and essay, if not of song. But the
debt of the obligation can never be fathomed.
For, as the histoi-ian delves into the records
and examines the landmarks of the North-
west, surprise at the iuHuence of that rugged
corner of the republic increases. There is
no nook or corner of the vast Northwest
which is settled that does not bear traces
of New England blood in some degree. It
may be only in the names of the people.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ABKAM O. WHIPPLE.
Then again, when these perhaps have been
obliterated by intermarriage, some cnstom,
mode of procedure, or organization of insti-
tutions will show the impress. More com-
monly the pioneers yet remain to give im-
pulse, tone, and direction to the community.
North Dakota has its share of this leaven.
There is scarcely a town without more or
less of this permeating, uplifting influence.
These reflections are suggested by the career
of the subject of this sketch, A. O. Whipple.
He was born at Shaftsbury, Bennington
county, Vt., a region noted as the scene of
one of the most brilliant achievements of
the Revolutionary war. His father, Asa H.
Whipple, was a manufacturer. His mother's
maiden name was Esther Olin. She was the
daughter of Gideon Olin — these Bible names
are indicative — who was an associate of
Ethan Allen in the New Hampshire Grant
troubles, which were at one time perilously
near bringing on a civil war. He was other-
wise, also, a prominent and influential man,
being chairman of the "Committee of Safety"
and one of the first men to represent the state
in congress. After liis common school edu-
cation Abram O. Whipple prepared for col-
lege at Fairfield Seminary, Fairfield, N. Y.
He entered Williams College, at Williams-
town, Mass., and graduated in the class of
ISfJG. He then took the celebrated advice
of Horace Greeley, and went west to Fari-
bault, Rice county, Minn., and took up the
study of law. He was admitted to the bar
in 18(59, and immediately began practice in
that county. He became so well known and
was lield in such esteem that he was chosen
delegate at large from the state of Minnesota
to the national Republican convention held
at Chicago in 1880. He continued the prac-
tice of his profession in Minnesota until 1883,
when he was appointed a receiver in the
United States land office at Devils Lake, N.
D., where he has since lived.
In 1885 he resigned the office of receiver
and organized the First National Bank of
Devils Lake, of which he is now president.
He is also president of the National Bank of
Lakota, at Lakota, N. D., both well known
institutions which have secured the confi-
dence of the business men of the state. Mr.
\Miipple is a man of energy and sound judg-
ment, as proved by his success. He has al-
ways been a Republican in politics, and one
of the leaders of his party. He was a mem-
ber of the constitutional convention which
framed the constitution under which the
state was admitted into the Union. By rea-
son of his scholarly attainments and knowl-
edge of law, he exercised no small influence
in shaping that important instrument. He
lias been an active promoter of all measures
devised for the welfare and improvement of
the town. He has been twice chosen as
mayor of the little city, which is one of the
most influential in that part of the state, if
it does not even dominate in most public
matters. In 1877 Mr. Whipple was married .
to Miss Mary J. Ten Broeck. They have an
interesting family of four children, two boys
and two girls: Ten Broeck, Howard, Esther
Olin and Josephine Whipple. The success
of Mr. Whipple, the Green Mountain boy of
\'ermont, demonstrates that the sterling
(jualities of New England's sons do not
terminate, however radical the change of
environment, for there could scarcely be a
greater contrast than that between the
prairies of the north and the picturesque
mountains of his native state.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
GETTY, George Frankliu. — The teudeucy
of modern times toward specialty in all lines
of business, as well as the professions, led
the subject of this sketeli to lake up that
branch of the law relating to insurance as
his particular line of study, and since his lo-
cation in Minneapolis in 1S.S4 he has succeed-
ed in building up a lucrative practice. Mr.
(Jetty was born October 17, 1S55, in Allegha-
ny county, Md. He comes of old colonial
stock, his ancestors having settled in Ma-
ryland and Pennsylvania in the early days.
His father, John Getty, was engaged in farm
ing in western Maryland and eastern Oliin.
He died, however, when George was but si.\
yeai-s old. Two of his brothers were men of
i;rominence in Maryland and Ohio. \Yilliam
R. Getty is a prominent public man and pol-
itician in Maryland, and has occupied offices
of public trust throughout the whole of his
career. The other brother, Joseph Getty,
who is now dead, was well known through-
out eastern Ohio as a merchant, railroad
promoter, minister and temperance lecturer.
The maiden name of George's mother was
Martha Ann Wiley. She was a worthy wom-
an in every respect and a helpful companion
to her husband in the hard tasks of agricult-
ural pursuits. Her father, John Wiley, was
a prominent school teacher and preacher in
western Maryland for forty yeara He was
born in IJSOO and died in 1870, after a long
and useful life. George F. enjoyed the ad-
vantages of a liberal education. He attend-
ed the common country schools of eastern
Ohio, in Tuscarawas and Stark counties,
which early training was supplenu'uted by a
course at the Smithville academy, of Smith-
ville, Wayne county, Ohio. After graduat-
ing from the academy, he entered the Ohio
normal university, of Ada, Ohio, from which
he graduated in 1879. The Ohio nonnal uni-
versity is one of the best schools of Ohio and
for several years has had the largest enroll-
ment of students of any school of its kind in
the state. It is a progressive institution in
every way, giving full scope to the individual
characteristics of the scholar. Its literary
societies are among its most prominent fea-
tures. Mr. (Jetty taught school during his
last year at the university, returning at the
UKOUGK F. GKTTY.
end of the school term to graduate. He was
salutatorian of his class. \\'hile at the
Ohio normal he was a member of the Phil-
omathean literary society, one of the ^wo,
now three, prominent societies of that in-
stitution. He took an active interest in
the work of the society and represented it
at the close of every term of school, while
in attendance, either in oratorical or joint
debate, with the members of the other
society. These debates were always of
great jjublic interest and took place before
large and appreciative audiences. Since
leaving the university he has twice been in-
vited to debate at alnnmi reunions, and ac-
cepted the invitation in 1890. After leaving
the Ohio normal he entered the law depart-
ment of the university of Michigan, at Ann
Arbor, from which he graduated in 1882, and
was admitted to practice on March 13 of the
same year. In a class of seventeen taking
the examination only four ]>assed. Mr. Getty
began the i)ractice of his i)rofession at Caro,
Mich., the same year, entering into a part-
nership with Mr. John Huist. He won rec-
ognition for his legal ability early in his
practi(« and was quite successful for a young
man. In the fall of 1882, tlie first year of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
his practice, lie was elected circuit court
commissioner for Tuscola county, of which
Caro is the county seat. Among the im-
portant law cases which Mr. Getty has con-
ducted may be mentioned: State of Wiscon-
sin vs. Whitmore, in which new principles of
law were enunciated and the insurance de-
partment of Wisconsin compelled to change
its ruling affecting a lai'ge number of insur-
ance companies. Mr. Getty moved to Min-
neapolis in 1884. He has practiced alone
most of the time, giving the larger share
of his attention to life insurance law, and
is recognized as an authority in that par-
ticular branch of the legal profession. He is
at present secretary and treasurer of the
National Mutual Life Association, of Minne-
apolis. Mr. Getty's political affiliations are
with the Kepublican party, but his interest
in that direction has not been to the extent
of seeking personal preferment, aside from
the office he held while at Caro, Mich. He
is a member of the Commercial Club of Min-
neapolis, Board of Trade, Minnesota Lodge
A. F. & A. M., St. John's Chapter, Zion Com-
mandei-y, Zurah Temple, and the Minnesota
State Bar Association. His religious con-
nections are with the Methodist Episcopal
church, and he is a member of the Wesley
church of Minneapolis. He was married Oc-
tober 30, 1879, to Sarah Catharine McPher-
son Risher. Two children have resulted
from this union: Gertrude Lois, born Novem-
ber 24, 1880, died October 9, 1890, and Jay
Paul, born December 15, 1892.
STAR, Sol. — Some men have a genius
for poijularity. With no effort on their
part they become a sort of social or political
center from which there seems to radiate
an aroma of good fellowship, permeating the
entire community. Frank and generous;
genial in disposition; ever ready with a help-
ing hand for a fellow in distress; jovial and
social, yet, in serious matters keen and pen-
etrating; sound in judgment; full of i"e-
sources in emergency; energy unbounded,
and a public spirit ready for war in the in-
terests of his town, country, or state. These
are some of the characteristics of a natural-
ly popular man. The combination is not
common, it is true, but it exists now and
then, as if to demonstrate the possibilities of
human nature. Solomon Star, of Dead-
wood. S. D., comes very near to this
ideal, if his fellow-citizens who know him
best are fair in their estimate of him. He
writes his name "Sol," and is known every-
where as "Sol" Star. He came to the Black
Hills in 1870 with a stock of goods and set-
tled in Deadwood as a merchant. From the
very outset, with no desire on his part, he
became a leader. Xo public gathering was
complete without his presence; no enter-
prise began without his active influence; no
delegation left the "Hills" to a convention
but Sol. Star was the animating spirit and
"set the pace." Without assuming superior
wisdom or ability, he was spontaneously
accorded a leadership, if not even a guiding
hand. He never sought to use his popular-
ity for his personal advantage, but for his
friends he was a great power. His peculiar
influence in the Black Hills spread his name
throughout the territory of Dakota, from
Bismarck to Yankton. Solomon Star was
born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1840. He
came to this country when young and re-
ceived a good acadamic education, although
he is not "college bred." He is a stalwart
Republican. He has filled numerous posi-
tions of honor and trust with fidelity and
credit. He was appointed by President
(Jrant receiver of the LTnited States land
office in Montana territory. He was also
auditor of the same territory. He was post-
master of Deadwood under President Gar-
field. He was mayor of the city of Dead-
wood for thirteen years — a very remarkable _
career in a western city. It is doubtful if a
parallel can be found in the history of the
Northwest. It is likewise strong testimony
to his executive ability and integrity. He
was chairman of the first state Republican
convention, when the state of South Dakota
was admitted into the I'nion. He was also
state auditor of South Dakota. In 1898
he was elected clerk of the circuit and
county courts of Lawrence county, S. D.,
and was re-elected in 1900, receiving the
highest vote and largest majority. Mr.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Star is uumai'ried. Althougli his intorest
in public affairs lias been so eonspifuous,
his activity in fraternal affairs has been
scarcely less marked. He is a member of
the popular Olympic club of Deadwood. He
is a member of the Masonic order in which
he has reached the thirty-second dejj,ree.
He is also a Knight of Pythias and a
member of the order of Red Men, as well
as a member of the Ancient Order of
United Workmen. This brief epitome of
Mr. Star's career gives only a meager idea
of his strong personality, which has drawn
to him in close friendship more associates
than it is the good fortune of many men to
enjoy. He is just in the prime of life, and
whatever good fortune the future has in
store for him, there are but few, if any, of
whatever social or political position, high or
low degree, but will rejoice in his success.
BRAS, Harry Leonard. — The work of an
educator, or teacher, is less appreciated than
any other labor requiring years of prepara-
tion and considerable natural aptitude to in-
sure success. In a new state the vocation is
especially thankless, for the labor of laying
the foundation for a system of education is
necessarily obscure and of a character to pro-
voke opposition by reason of the heterogene-
ous material which must be welded into
some sort of unity. The people from all
parts of the world have different ideas, and
these must be harmonized to a certain extent,
before anything can be accomplished. The
man who can do this successfully must have
gifts which may fairly be called genius.
Among those who have done noble work of
this kind in the new state of South Dakota,
no one stands higher or is entitled to more
credit for substantial, permanent results
than Harry Leonard Bras, of Mitchell, S.
I). His activity was not confined to im-
parting instruction, although this is a very
important function. But, out of chaos, he
organized a system for others to follow. He
established landmarks which serve as guides
to the hosts of teachers coming after him.
Mr. Bras' father was C. W. Bras, a lawyer in
good practice and fair circumstances. He
was married to Hannah Mary I)e Motte, of
South Bend, Ind. She was a neighbor of
Schuyler Colfax, with whom she was per-
sonally acquainted as a social friend. In
1S4() the young husband and wife moved to
Iowa and became pioneers in the settlement
of Louisa county. On the breaking out of
the California gold fever in 184!), the young
lawyer went to California, and in three years
amassed a fortune of |l>o,(l(M», but lost the
most of it subsequently by bad investments,
after his return.
Harry L. Bras was born at Toolsboro,
Iowa, in 1862. When Harry was five years
old his parents moved to New Boston, 111.,
where he received a public school education,
going through the grades and finally gradu-
ating from the high school in 1880. He then
attended the state normal university, and
later the LTniversity of South Dakota, from
which he received his diploma. After a
service of three years as a teacher in the .
state of Illinois, he came to South Dakota to
take up land, and became a farmer. He set-
tled at Mt. Vernon, Davison county. Here
he engaged in his old occupation of teaching
for three years, and was then elected county
superintendent of schools in Davison county,
serving the people in this capacity for three
terms and declining the election for the
fourth term, to accept the editorship of the
South Dakota Educator, the official organ of
the State Educational Association. In the
meantime he had become a partner in the
mercantile firm of Betts, Bras «fe Co., though
not employed in the store. This establish-
ment was destroyed in the fire of April 2,
"1889, which also burned up the whole town.
A detailed history of the early struggles of
Mr. Bras with the crude conditions of school
matters would make an interesting volume.
When he entered upon his duty as county
superintendent of schools, there was no uni-
formity of method, nor anything which could
be called a system. During his first term the
schools were graded, and the people were in-
duced to adopt a uniform course of study,
with a system of free text book«. The peo-
ple in their laudable desire to have schools
had heavilv bonded their districts to build
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
schoolhouses. Much of the money obtained
was at a high rate of interest. Mr. Bras i"e-
duced the bonded indebtedness more than
one half, and refunded the bahmce at a much
lower rate of interest. He took also an ac-
tive interest in state educational work. He
was chairman of the committee which jire-
pared a state course of study for the district
schools of South Dakota. This was adopted
and is now in use in every county in the state,
and has done more, probably, than any other
agency to improve the schools of the state.
Mr. Bras was for two years secretary, and for
four years treasurer of the State Educational
Association. For twelve years he has been
one of the managers of the State Teachers'
Reading Circle, and for eight years secretary
of the I'ujiils" Heading Circle. He became
editor of the South Dakota Educator in 1892,
a i)osition whch he still holds. From 1800
till 189G, when the body was abolished by
law, Mr. Bras was a member, and, at the
second session was made president of the
board of trustees of the state normal school
at Madison, S. D. In 1892 he was very
strongly supportc^d at the state Repub-
lican convention for the nomination of state
superintendent of public instruction, being
beaten by only ten votes. He is a Repub-
lican, and has been one of the leaders of his
party. He was chairman of the Republican
county central committee for four years.
He was elected to the legislature to represent
the Thirteenth district in 1898, although the
county was carried by the opposition. He
was made chairman of the committee on
education, and succeeded in having passed
several important bills among them the Pure
Food P>ill. At the recent election Mr. Bras
was re-elected. Mr. Bras is at present vice-
president of the Mitchell Building and Loan
Association, also treasurer of the Commer-
cial Fire Association of Mitchell. Although
not a member, he attends the Methodist
Episcopal church. He was married 1o Miss
Hattie E. Betts at Mt. Vernon, in 1885. and
has four children: Elsie Louise, Lilian, Flor-
ence, and Sara Bras. His has been a very
busy life, but nothing has suffei"ed from his
neglect. He has tilled all the numerous po-
sitions which fell to him in a manner credit-
H.\l:l!V L. IlKAS.
able to himself and profitable to those who
put their trust in him. No higher honor
can be achieved.
DUNN, James Henry.— The achievements
of the surgeon and physician, for some rea-
son unnecessary now to discuss, are not her-
alded like the doings of men in the other
learned i)rofessions. One case at court, in
which there is public interest, may make the
lawyer noted throughout a wide region. The
utterances of a preacher, published from week
tf> week in the press, may make his name a
household word. The statesman may, in
championing one cause, leave an imperish-
able name in history. But the surgeon, how-
ever skillful, and the physician, however
learned, though dealing with human life, of
;ill things most i)recious. may live in com-
parative obscurity and die unheralded by
fame. The chief recompense of a life in this
profession is the consciousness of doing good
work for fellow Tuen. Like ^'irtue, the pro-
fession is largely ils own reward. Yet, in
spite of the etiquette which represses pub-
licity, and notwithstanding the private char-
acter of much of the best work, many sur-
HISTORY OF TflE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JAMES H. DUXX.
geons a;id pbysicians win satisfactory houors
and renown. They are not, it is true, spec-
tacular like those of heroes in battle, but
substantial and permanent in the annals of
progress.
One of the men who has won distinction
in his profession among his compeers — and
this seems to be the only eminence coveted
by the guild — is James Henry Dunn, who
occupies the chair of Professor of the Prac-
tice of Surgery in the College of Medicine
and Surgery of the University of Minnesota.
Only a brief outline of his career, taken
largely from Wilson's "Physicians and Sur-
geons of America,'' can be given. He was
born in 1853 at Fort Wayne, Ind., son of
James and Mary (O'Hair) Dunn, and grand-
son of James H. Dunn. He completed his
literary course in the public and high schools
and at the First State Normal School at
Winona, graduating in 1872. He was a lec-
turer in the Minnesota State Teachers' Insti-
tute from 1871 to 1876. He then determined
to pursue the study of medicine and surgery,
and entered the University Medical College
in New York city, and graduated in 1878.
For still further equiinnent he went to Ger-
many and took two years of post-graduate
work at the universities of Heidelburg and
\'ienna In 1885 he settled at Minneapolis,
where he has since pursued a busy practice,
chiefly surgical. He was city physician of
Minneapolis in 1886 and served in that capac-
ity for three years. He was professor of
skin and venereal diseases in the Minneapolis
Hosi)ital Medical College from 1885 to 1889;
professor of genito-urinary diseases in the
College of Medicine and Surgery of the State
University from 1889 to 1891, when he was
elected professor of clinical surgery in the
Univeisity of Minnesota. When Professor
^^'heaton resigned in 1899, Dr. Dunn was
elected to fill the chair, a position which he
now holds. In the meantime Dr. Dunn has
been surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital since
1886, surgeon to Asbury Hospital since 1892,
and to the City Hospital since 1893. He is
a fellow of the American Surgical Associa-
tion, member of the American Medical Asso-
ciation and of the Minneapolis Academy of
Medicine, and of many other local, state, and
national medical societies. He was president
of the Minnesota State Medical Association
in 1888, and of the Minne.sota State Medical
] >efense Union in 1900. He is also a contrib-
utor to various surgical and medical jour-
nals. He was married in 1885 to Miss Ag-
nes, daughter of Hon. J. L. Macdonald, of
Kansas City. They have one son, born in
1887.
ARCHIBALD, Alexander Russell.— Edu
cational institutions founded for instruction
in sijecial lines have enjoyed great popular-
ity during the past two decades, but none
have attracted more students or contributed
more invaluable service to the business com-
munity than those established to instruct
young men and women in the rudiments and
principles of commercial business. One of
these institutions is the Archibald Business
College, of Minneapolis, conducted by Alex-
ander Russell Archibald. Mr. Archibald is
a native of Nova Scotia, and was born in
Musquodoboit, Halifax county, July 27,
1847. His father, Matthew Archibald, was
a farmer in moderate circumstances. The
Archibald family is of English descent.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
They located originally in Londonderry,
Kew Hampshire, and afterwards removed to
Nova Scotia. Many members of this family
attained to positions of prominence in Nova
Scotia, such as the governorship, member-
ship in the people's parliament, etc. A
brother of the subject of this sketch was a
member of the people's parliament for the
city of Halifax for several terms, and has
now a life position as sheriff in that city.
The maiden name of the mother of Alexan-
der was Jane Grant. Her father was a na-
tive of Scotland. Alexander received his
early education in the common schools,
where only the rudimentary branches were
taught. Later he attended the Kimball Un-
ion Academy in New Hampshire, and gradu-
ated with high honors. He was president
of his class and was selected to give the
parting address. From the academy he
went to Dartmouth College. Being com-
pelled to work his own way through college,
he earned the money necessarj- to pay his
expenses by teacliing school. Yet his rank
in his class was among the first third during
the whole course. He also competed for
and secured the prize for oratory. While
in college he was a member of the Theta
Delta Chi fraternity and represented that
society as a delegate to its national conven-
tion in New York in 1873. He graduated
from Dartmouth College in 1874, with the de-
gree of M. A. In September of the same
year he came west and located at Glencoe,
Minnesota, where he was engaged as princi-
pal of Stevens' Seminary. He remained
there through the school year of 187(> and
'77, but in the latter year came to Minneap-
olis and founded the Archibald Business
C'Ollege. This school has taken a high rank
among institutions of its class, and its grad-
uates occupy nmny positions of trust in the
northwest. It has been successful from the
start and the pupils in attendance come
from all parts of the great territory con-
tiguous to Minneapolis. Mr. Archibald i)os-
sesses a thorough and practical knowledge
of the principles of commercial business,
and has the complete confidence of the busi-
ness community, which recognizes his fit-
ness for the task he performs in educating
ALEXANDER ]i. AUL'UIDALI i.
young men and women to assume the prac-
tical duties of life. Mr. Archibald recalls
with pleasure and pride, in the success of
liis after life, that he earned his first dollar
while working in a hay field on a Nova Sco-
tia farm. He is a Republican in jOlitics.
He has always voted that ticket, and is a
substantial supi)orter of the Republican
party. He never sought political honors for
himself, but as a delegate to local and state
conventions has rendered Invaluable assist-
ance in securing political honors for his
friends, many of whom have reason to re-
member his aid with gratitude. He was
married in August, 1877, at Glencoe, to Miss
Sarah Jane Appleton. They have one child,
George S., now in his nineteenth year.
HICKS, Henry George.— The early ca-
reer of the major proiiortion of the men who
have achieved prominence in the legal pro-
fession has been nuirked by a hard struggle
with adversity. Ardent study and persever-
ance have been the foundation stones on
which their future success was built. Such,
in brief, is typical of the early life of the sub-
ject of this sketch. Henry G. Hicks is one
of the leading members of the Minneajjolis
bar, and an ex-judge of the district court of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
HENKY G. HICKS.
Hennepin county. He was born January 26,
1S38, at Varysburg, Genesee (now Wyoming)
county, N. Y. His father, George A. Hicks,
a harness maker by trade, was born at Castle-
ton, N. Y. He died at Freeport, 111., in 1881.
His mother, whose maiden name was Han-
nah Edwards, was a cousin of Jonathan Ed-
wards. Sophia Hall, his wife, was a native
of Rutland, Vt. Her father, Asa Hall, was
a soldier in the War of 1812, and was wound-
ed in a skirmish with the British forces at
the battle of Lake Champlain. Mrs. George
A. Hicks died in 1855, at the age of seventy,
at the home of her son. Judge Hicks, in Min-
neapolis. The subject of this sketch received
his early education in the common schools
of New York and Pennsylvania. During the
winter of 1851-52 he attended the academy
at Arcade, N. Y. At the age of fifteen he
commenced teaching school, but was enabled
four yeai's later to enter the preparatory de-
partment of Oberlin College, where he re-
mained for three years, supporting himself
in the meantime by teaching and work of
other kinds. In August, 1860, he entered
the freshman class of Oberlin College, but
his enlistment in the ai'my in 1861 prevented
further college study. He enlisted as a pri-
vate in Company A of the Second Illinois
Cavalry, July 21, 1801. August 10 be was
a])]>ointed sergeant major, and Octijber 10
was commissioned adjutant of his regiment.
He was mustered out of this regiment on
June 6, 1802. Shortly afterwards he was
a]ii)ointed adjutant of the Seventy-first Illi-
nois Infantry, a three months' regiment, and
was mustered out of this regiment on No-
vember 1. On November 15 following he
«as appointed adjutant of the Ninety-third
Illinois Infantry, and was honorably dis-
charged therefrom, as adjutant, February 27,
1801, on account of disability resulting from
wounds received in battle. On February 13,
11 and 15, 1862, as adjutant of the Second
Illinois Cavalry, he was present at the battle
of Fort Donelson. As adjutant of the Nine-
ty-third Infantry he was present at the battle
of Jackson, on May 14, 1863, the battle of
Champion Hills on May 16, the charges upon
Vicksburg on May 19 and 22, and in the
siege thereof from May 22 to July 4; also at
the battle of Mission Ridge, November 24,
1863, where he was wounded, receiving a
minie ball through the face. At the close of
the war he came to Minneapolis, arriving
there in April, 1865. His first visit to Min-
nesota, however, was in 1857, when he came
as an agent for a dealer in lightning rods.
At that time he only remained here two
months. During the winters of 1865 and
1866 he taught school at Hopkins, in Henne-
pin county, and in the summer was engaged
in selling lightning rods and farm machinery
and operating threshing machines Decem-
ber 2, 1867, he was appointed sheritf of Hen-
nepin county to fill the vacancy caused by
the death of Sheriff Byrnes, In the fall of
the following year he was elected to this
office for the next ensuing term, serving until
Januai'y 1, 1871. In April of that year he
was elected city justice of Minneapolis, and
was re-elected in 1872, serving until April,
1874. He then began the practice of law,
forming a partnership with Hon. E. A. Gove,
which was continued until October 14, 1875,
at which time the partnership was dissolved.
He then entered into a partnership with Jud-
son N. Cross, under the finn name of Cross
& Hicks. Subsequently, in 1881, Frank H.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Carleton was admitted to the firm, and the
name of the firm changed to Cross, Hicks &;
Carleton. This partnership continued until
March 15, 1887, when Mr. Hicks received the
appointment of judge of the district court
of the Fourth Judicial District of Minnesota.
He held that oi3ace until January 5, 1895.
The larger portion of the latter year was
spent in travel abroad. On October 14, 1805,
just twenty years from the date of forming
the partnership with Capt. Cross, Judge
Hicks again resumed the practice of law with
Capt. Cross, Mr. Carleton and Norton M.
Cross, son of Capt. Cross, under the firm
name of Cross, Hicks, Carleton & Cross,
which firm continues to the present time.
This firm is considered one of the strongest
in Minneapolis and conducts a large and suc-
cessful law practice. From early manhood
Judge Hicks has always affiliated with the
Republican party, and has served it in a num-
ber of important positions of trust He was
elected and served as a member of the house
of representatives in the Minnesota state
legislature during the sessions of 1878, 1871),
1881, 1883 and 1897, and was chairman of
the judiciary committee in 1881 and 1883.
He was president of the board of managers
on the part of the house that, in 1882, suc-
cessfully conducted the impeachment trial of
E. St. Julien Cox, a judge of the district
court of the Seventh Judicial District of Min-
nesota. In 1809 he was appointed by Gov.
Marshall a member of the board of trustees
for the sildiers' orphans in Minnesota, serv-
ing continuously on that board during its en-
tire existence. He was annually elected
president of the board from 1872 to 1883,
when the board, having finished its work,
was dissolved. Judge Hicks became a mem-
ber of the Grand Army of the Republic in
April, 1867, joining the Geo. N. Morgan Post,
No. 3, at Minneapolis, and was several times
commander and quartenuaster of that post.
In January, 1868, he was elected department
commander of Minnesota, the honors of which
were lost by the surrender of the department
charter some time in 1871 or 1875, but to
which he was reinstated by the National En-
campment in August, 1883, at Denver, Colo.
He became a member of the Loyal Legion in
1888, and has since held subordinate offices
in that order. He was elected commander
of the Loyal Legion of Minnesota in May,
] 9()U. He was married May 3, 1864, to Mary
Adelaid Beede, of Freeport, 111., who died in
July, 1870, and to whom were born four
children, all of whom have since died. No-
vember 5, 1873, he married Susanna R. Fox,
his present wife. There have been no chil-
dren of this marriage.
COBURN, George W., is overseer of
Hennepin County Poor Farm, located at
Hopkins, Minn., to which position he was
appointed in 1895. On his father's side, Mr.
Coburn is of English descent. His grand-
father, Joseph Coburn, one of a family of
eleven children, came to this country from
England shortly after the War of 1812, lo-
cating at East Constable, Franklin county,
N. Y., where he built in 1816 the first flour
mill erected in that section. Here he lived
until his death in 1840, at the age of sixty-
six. Alexander Coburn, his son, and the
father of the subject of this sketch, learned
the flour milling trade, taking charge of the
mill erected by his father and conducting it
throughout the larger share of his life. He
came to Minneapolis when the weight of
years rendered it necessary for him to cease
active work, and here he died in 1889. His
wife, I'hidelia Chamberlain, and the mother
of ( Jeorge W., died in 1842, a few years after
her marriage, at the age of twenty-three.
She was a direct lineal descendant of Sir
John Lawrence and Mary Townley, of Eng-
land, who were married at The Hague, Hol-
land, in 1093. The subject of this sketch
was born October 11, 1838, in East Con-
stable, N. Y. He attended the common
schools of his native town, and later, the
Fi'ankliu academy at Malone, N. Y. He
learned the trade of a mechanic and for a
short time followed this line of work.
When the war broke out he enlisted for
three years as a musician in the 60th Regi-
ment New York Volunteers, serving until
lie was discharged by act of congress Sep-
tember 0, 1862. He re-enlisted as a mu-
sician in General John P. Slough's brigade
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHWEST.
GEORGE W. COBURN.
band on Julj' 13, of the following year, serv-
ing until the end of the war, receiving an
honorable discharge June 24, 1865. During
his service he served under Generals
Slough, Greene, Sigel, Pope and others, and
was in the battle of Harper's Ferry, Win-
chester, Front Royal, Bealeton, Catlett's
Station, and second Bull Run. On his re-
turn from the war he located at Lawrence,
St. Lawrence county, N. Y., and engaged in
the sash and door and pail and tub business.
lie came west, however, in 1SC7, and located
on a farm in Richland county. Wis. He re-
mained here until 1S70, at which time he re-
moved to Minnesota, settling at St. Anthony
Falls, which at that time had not been in-
corporated in the city of Minneapolis. He
entered the employ of Wheaton, Reynolds &
Co., sash and door manufacturers in Minne-
apolis, retaining his connection with this
firm for eighteen years. In 1881) he was
elected county commissioner of Hennepin
county, and served for four years in this
position, acting as chairman of the board
in 1893. In February, 1895, he was ap-
pointed to his present position of overseer
of the Hennepin County Poor Farm. In
politics Mr. Coburn is a staunch Republi-
can. He was a member of the Lincoln Wide
Awake club in Lawrence, St. Lawrence
county, N. Y., in 18G0, and cast his first vote
for Lincoln and Hamlin in the election of
that year. He is a member of Dudley P.
Chase post, Xo. 22, (J. A. R., in which he has
held at various times the offices of surgeon,
adjutant and commander. He is also an
active member of the Masons, Odd Fellowa
and A. O. U. W., having held offices in each
order. He was married December 31, 1862,
to Mary E. Smith, of Brasher, N. Y. They
have two children: Fred Elmer, born May
21, 1807, at Lawrence, N. Y., and Ida Lillian,
born January 2i, 1876, at Minneapolis.
BAXTER, Luther Loren. — Governor
Hubbard, of Minnesota, elected as a Repub-
lican, and a staunch and even stalwart mem-
ber of his party, appointed in 1885 Luther
L. Baxter, a staunch Democrat, judge of the
district court of the Seventh Judicial dis-
trict of Minnesota. While such a non-
jjartisan executive act is not without prec-
edent, yet it is uncommon. What is still
more uncommon is what may be called the
remarkable ratification which the act re-
ceived, for at the next election, in 1886,
Judge Baxter was chosen for the same
office by the people when the Republican
majority in the district was 3,500, arid a
candidate was nominated by the party for
the position. The term of the judgeship is six
years. At the next election, in 1892, and
again in 1S98, Judge Baxter was elected
without opposition. It must be a strong
personality which can achieve such honor in
a community of adverse politics. Judge
Baxter's residence is Fergus Falls, Otter
Tail county, Minn. He was born in Corn-
wall, Vt., in 1832. His father was Chaun-
cey Baxter. His mother's maiden name
was Philena Peet. They are both old New
England names of English lineage. Judge
Baxter received his early education in the
district school of his native town. This was
supplemented by private tuition, a year at
Castleton semiuarj', and a two years' course
at Norwich university. He began his study
of law when nineteen years of age with
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Lindslpy & Beokwitli at Miadl(4imy, Vt.,
and continned the study witli Jiidsc Horatio
Seymour. In the fall of 1.S53 he moved to
Illinois, and was admitted to the bar in that
state in 1S.54, and hcjian his jiracticc at
Geneva, Wis. Here he riMcivt'd a j^ood
elientajie. Hut a strong tide of emigration
set towards the territory of Minnesota, and
young Baxter was eaught in its eddies. He
moved to Carver county and resumed the
jiraetice of his jirofession, wliicli lie con-
tinued, except while in the army, until 1SS5,
when he was aj)])ointed judge, as stated.
From INTO until ISSl!, however, he jtracticed
at Jlinneapolis, then at Fergus Falls, where
be now lives. During this time lie held many
positions of honor and trusl. He was judge
of probate of Carver county in 1858; prose-
cuting attorney for the Fourth Judicial Dis-
trict in 1850; county attorney of Scott county,
18(53; senator from Scott county for the term
1865 to 1868; representative from Carver
county, 1869; senator from that county from
1869 to 1876; county attorney of Carver
county from 1876 to 1878, and member of
the legislature from 1877 to 188L'. He filled
all these various positions with exceptional
ability, fidelity and efficiency. His brilliant
career has been singularly free from those
errors of judgment and mistakes which
sometimes mar the j)iiblic life of the best
men.
Judge Baxter's army service was scarcely
less felicitous. He entered the war as cap-
tain of Company "A" Fourth Minnesota Vol-
unteer Infantry in September, 1861. He was
assigned with two companies to the com-
mand of Fort Ridgeley. In March, 1862, he
rejoined his regiment, which was at Fort
Snelling, and was promoted to the rank of
major. The next month his regiment was
ordered south. In October, Major Baxter,
owing to sickness, was compelled to resign.
Regaining his health he again entered the
service, in November, 1861, as major of the
First Minnesota Heavy Artillery. In Feb-
ruary, 1865, he was promoted to the rank of
lieutenant colonel of the regiment, and com-
missioned colonel the same year. He was
elected to the senate of the state of Minne-
sota in the fall of 1864, while serving in the
LUTHER L. U.\XTKK.
army, lie obtained a leave of absence to
attend the session of the legislature. On
returning to the army, in February, 1865. he
was assigned to duty as chief of artillfry at
Chattanooga, and remained there with his
regiment until mustered out of service in
October, 1865.
QUINN, Gliomas H.— Among the self-
made men in the southern part of Minnesota,
who have become conspicuous in their field
of endeavor, Thomas H. Quinn, the city at-
torney of Faribault, Rice county, Minn., is
justly entitled to a place in the front rank.
He is a native son of the great Northwest,
having been born at Berlin, Wis., November
6, 1854. He came to Minnesota with his pa-
rents and .eight brothers and sisters in 1865,
and settled at Faribault. Thomas obtained
his early education in the common schools
of Wisconsin and ]\Iinnesota. His father was
I'atrick Quinn. The maiden name of the
mother was Catherine Brady. They were
pioneers in the settlement of Hie west, al-
ways keeping well to the frontier of civiliza-
tion during the second quarter of the nine-
teenth century. They were blessed with a
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
THOMAS H. QDINN.
large family, tlie exigencies of which com-
pelled Thomas to leave school when thirteen
years of age to contribute to the family fund.
But this did not stop his progress in educa-
tion. Although doing the hardest kind of
labor during his "teens," he persistently kept
at his studies nights and holidays, with an
endurance and fortitude which only a rug-
ged physical constitution could have made
possible. In this laborious manner he mas-
tered the elementary studies and took up the
study of law. With the same energy and in-
dustry he fitted himself for the profession,
and was admitted to the bar in 1877, at Fari-
bault, where he had struggled all these years
of toil. He then commenced practice at once
in the same place where he was brought up
and best known. The next year he formed
a partnership with G. N. Baxter under the
firm name of Baxter & Quinn. This was
terminated in 1880, when he went into part-
nership with John B. Quinn, under the style
of J. B. & T. H. Quinn, which terminated in
1883, since which time Mr. Quinn has been
m practice alone. His business has been a
general prac^tice, and he has met with his
full share of success. Mr. Quinn, as he ex-
presses it, was bom into the Democratic
party, and has always affiliated with it, ex-
cept in 1890 and in 1900, when he was op-
posed to its platform, and could not support
its candidates. Notwithstanding the gen-
eral adverse majorities in his county, he was
twice elected county attorney of Rice coun-
ty, serving from 1884 to 1887, and again
from 1891 to 1893. He has also been city at-
torney of the city of Faribault for the last
five years successively — a position which he
still holds. Since it is said that a "prophet
is not without honor save in his own coun-
try," this compliment to Mr. Quinn's ability
and character is no small honor. In religion
he is a Roman Catholic. He was mari'ied.
May 1.5. 1893, to Elizabeth Nolan, of Rich-
land. Rice county, Minn. They have two chil-
dren, Thomas H. and Beati'ice.
OARLBLOM, Albert Nathaniel.— Honesty
and integrity in public life are as essential to
success as in private life. It is true that dis-
honesty and trickery have succeeded in plac-
ing some men in positions of prominence in
the public eye, but sooner or later they have
fallen into the abyss of obliAion. Not so,
however, with the honest and conscientious
official. The public is quick to recognize
faithful service and show its appreciation by
bestowing higher honors upon the object of
its favor. Albert N. Carlblom is State Au-
ditor of North Dakota. He was selected to
this office in 1898 after a long and efficient
service in positions of a similar character in
his home county. Mr. Carlblom was bom
on a farm near Cokato, Minn.. December
17, 1865. His father, John C. Carlblom, was
a farmer, in moderate circumstances. He
emigrated to this country from Sweden in
the early 60's, locating in Wright county,
!Minn. He removed to North Dakota in
1881, settling on a farm at White Stone Hill,
in Sargent county, where he resided until his
death in 1899, at the age of 74. His wife's
maiden name was Elizabeth Anderson, to
whom he was married in the old country.
She crossed death's portals a year earlier
than her husband, at the age of 73. The
subject of this sketch received his early edu-
cational training in the common schools of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Wright county. This was supplemented by
a course in Gustavus Adolphus College, at
St. Peter. Directly upon leaving school he
commenced his business career by clerking in
a store. Later, he was employed as a book-
keeper. He was also for some time engaged
in teaching school. Having actively interest-
ed himself in politics, he was appointed in
1890 deputy county treasurer of Sargent
county. He served in this office for one year,
at the expiration of which time he was aji
pointed deputy in the county auditor's office.
He acquired such a familiar knowledge ot
the business affairs of his home county that
his services were recognized by his party and
rewarded in 1892 by nomination and election
to the office of county auditor. This position
he held for three consecutive terms, up to
and including 1808. In the fall of that year
he received the nomination for the office of
state auditor of North Dakota, and was elect-
ed. He was re-elected to the same office in
1900. In every instance Mr. Carlblom has
been nominated by his party without oppo-
sition, and in each elected by large major-
ities. He has always had the confidence of
his constituents as a faithful, conscientious
and capable officer, his integrity being con-
ceded even by his political opponents. Upon
all important questions of the day he has al-
ways been found on the side of the people. In
politics, Mr. Carlblom is a consistent and
conservative Eejjublican. He has been presi-
dent and secretary at dilferent times of the
various Republican leagues and clubs of
Sargent county and Forman, where he has
resided for the past eighteen years, and has
always taken an active part in the interests
of his party. Aside from the interests of his
public office Mr. Carlblom has also found
time to engage in a number of business enter-
prises. He has extensive farming interests,
and a paying real estate and loan business,
and is connected, also, as an officer or stock-
holder, with several other enter])rises of a
business character. Mr. Carlblom is active-
ly identified with the Augustana Lutheran
church, of which he is a member, and con-
tributes freely to the support of the work
of that church. He was married March '2t',.
1898, to iliss -Josephine A. Peterson, of Cot-
ALIiERT N. C.\1!LBLUM.
ton wood county, Minn. They have one
cliild, a daughter named \'era Lenore.
PHELAN, Francis Norton, is one of the
leading physicians of Duluth, Minn. He was
born May 16, 18G1, at Fond du Lac, Wis.
His father, William M. Phelan, came to this
country from Ireland at a very early age and
settled in Albany, N. Y. He was mari'ied
here to Miss Mary Norton, the mother of the
subject of this sketch, who was also a native
of Ireland, and shortly afterwards moved
west, locating at Fond du Lac. He was en-
gaged in the business of contracting for many
years and acquired a comfortable fortune.
He became prominently identified with the
business interests of his adopted city, and for
a period of over thii-ty years held many im-
l>ortant offices of public trust. He died at
the ripe old age of seventy-four years. Mrs.
Phelan passed away in her fifty-fourth year.
Francis received his education in the public
schools, and graduated from the high school
at the age of seventeen. He then entered
the office of Doctors Cray & Wyatt. at Fond
du Lac, for the pui-pose of taking up the
studv of medicine. A vear later he entered
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
1SS,3 he was married to Lela Ann Evans, a
(luugliter of Rk'hard C. Evans, a wealthy
lumberman, and owner of the townsite of
biirchester, ^Yis. Two children have been
Ixirii to them, ("leoj)atra and Francis Evans.
FltAXCIS X. PHELAN.
Rush Medical College, remaining in this in-
stitution for two years. He then entered
Wooster University, at Cleveland, Ohio, and
graduated with the class of 1884. Returning
to Wisconsin he located at Colby and began
the practice of his profession. In 1885 he
formed a partnership with Singleton B. Hub-
ble for the practice of medicine at Medford,
in the same state. On account of failing
health, however, he was comj)elled to leave
here a few months later, and moved to South
Dakota, locating at Watertown. This field
did not prove a very lucrative one, and, hav-
ing regained his health, he decided to make
another change, going from here to Duluth,
where he located in June, 1886. Dr. Phelan
soon established a reputation for being a thor-
oughly competent practitioner, and has suc-
ceeded in building uj) an extensive practice.
He wasi attending physician and surgeon to
St. Mary's Hospital for a number of years,
was a member of the board of health for
three years, and is examining physician for
fifteen different lodges. Dr. Phelan takes an
active interest in all public matters, and has
been identified with every enterprise tending
to build up the Zenith TMiy. He is a member
of the Cathedral Parish Catholic church. In
DT'NX, Robert Campbell.- -There is no
oftice in the state government more impor-
tant than that of state auditor. One of the
])rinci]»al duties of that office in ^Minnesota
is the administration of the large land inter-
ests of the state, the honest discharge of
wliich is of incalculable value to the com-
monwealth and the people as a whole. The
man whose name stands at the head of this
sketch, was elected to the office of state audi-
tor of Minnesota because he represented a
]'iin<-iple in state government. He had been
at the head of a refonn movement for the
more careful administration of the land in-
terests of the state, and had so completely
demonstrated the necessity of reform in that
]iarticular, and was so successful in protect-
ing the state through his work in the legis-
lature, that the people elected him to this
office in 1894 and committed those interests
to his charge. He has fully justified the con-
fidence which was reposed in him, and has
administered the office to which he was elect-
ed with distinguished ability. "Bob" Dunn,
as he is familiarly known, is a native of Ire-
land, and was born at Plumb Bridge, County
Tyrone, February 11, 1855. His father, Rob-
ert Dunn, was a comparatively rich man,
viewed from the standpoint of business
affairs as conducted in that country. He
owned about 250 acres of land, and aside
from his agricultural interests, was also a
storekeeper. Though a liberal Protestant,
and a member of the Episcopal body, he
never affiliated with the Orangemen. His
wife, Jane Campbell, was descended from an
old Scotch family of strict Presbyterians.
Two of her uncles. Col. Robert Campbell and
Hugh Campbell, were among the best-known
citizens of St. Louis, the fonner settling there
in the early days, when there were only 200
jieople in the village. Andrew and Samuel
Dunn, brothers of Robert Dunn, were
among the first settlers of Columbia county,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Wis. The eldest brother of the subject of
this slvctch has for many years been a
magistrate in Irehind. William, his young-
est brother, is a graduate of the (llasgow
Medical College, and a successful physician
in London. Robert C. Dunn's early educa-
tion was received in the common national
school near his home in Ireland. This school
was conducted t'ontinuously throughout the
year, with the exception of one month. He
attended it until he was 14 years of age, when
he was apprenticed for five years to a dry
goods merchant at Londonderry, about 20
miles from Plumb Bridge. The man to whom
he was apprenticed proved a hard task-mas-
ter and the young lad found his situation a
very uncomfortable one. Six months later,
by the aid of a brother at home, he succeeded
in raising enough money to pay for a second-
cabin passage to America. On arrival here
he immediately came west, and was with
bis uncle, Samuel Dunn, in Wisconsin, before
his parents knew he had left Londonderry.
After remaining with his uncle for nearly a
year, assisting in the work on the farm, he
removed to St. Louis, hoping to better his
condition. From there he went to Missis-
sippi and was employed in a store in the
Yazoo Valley for six or eight months. Ke
turning to St. Louis, he learned the printer's
trade and followed this occupation up to
1876, when he came to Minnesota and located
at Princeton. In the fall of that year he
commenced the publication of the Princeton
Union, and has been the editor and ])ublisher
of that paper ever since. The venture proved
a successful one, and the Union is one of the
most flourishing weeklies in the state. Two
years after settling at Princeton he was
elected town clerk, and served in that office
for eleven years. The fees of the office were
not large, amounting to only |:iOO a year, but
this sum was a valuable addition to the
finances of the country editor. In 1884, he
was elected county attorney of Mille Lacs
county, and re-elected in 1880. In 1888, he
was elected to the house of representatives
on the Republican ticket from the district
composed of the counties of Todd, Crow
Wing, Morrison, Benton and Mille Lacs. He
was re-elected in 1890, but was on the losing
KOIiEUT C. UUNN.
side in a contest for the seat. He was re-
nominated two years later, and elected, and
was one of the most ett'ective members of
the lower house in the session of 1893> He
represented the Sixth district of Minnesota
in the Republican national convention held
at Minneapolis in 18i)2, was a member of
the committee on credentials, and was one
of the most enthusiastic of the Blaine sup-
porters. In 1894, he was elected to the office
of state auditor, and was re-elected in 1898.
Jlr. Dunn devotes all his energies to the best
interests of the state and is one of the most
popular men at the Minnesota capitol. Feb-
ruary 14, 1887, he was married to Lydia Mc-
Kenzie, of Spencer Brook, Isanti county.
They have two children, George R. and
Grace. Mr. and Mrs. Dunn reside at Ham-
line.
KUNTZ, Philip J., is the city superin-
tendent of schools at Owatonna, Minn. He
is a practical educator and has had a long
experience in his chosen profession. He is
of foreign parentage as both his parents
were natives of Alsace Lori'aine. Their pa-
rents came to this country when they were
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
PHILIP J. KUNTZ.
both young, ami settled in Indiana. Here
on the farm in Dearborn county, in 1844,
Milton Kuntz was married to Magdalena
Haclauer, and for forty years they lived on
the same place and reared their children.
Philip J. Kuntz was born on their fann,
March 17, 1857. His parents were only in
moderate ciix-umstances, but they were de-
termined that their children should have a
good education, and Philip attended the
country schools near his home and enjoyed
the experience of having several typical
"Hoosier Schoolmasters'" as instructors at
various times. He entered Hedding College,
at Abingdon, 111., and was graduated with
the degree of Ph. B. Mr. Kuntz, liow'ever, has
not been satisfied to let his education di"op
behind in any waj', and has done much grad-
uate study, and has received certificates from
the University of Chicago Extension as-
sociation, one in Universal History and
one in Universal Literature. He decided
upon educational work as his career and be-
gan his work as a country school teacher,
and has steadily w'orked up. In 1881 he be-
came principal of the school at Arlington,
Ind.; in 1885 he went to Sheldon. 111., to as-
sume a similar position. In 1888 he became
superintendent of schools at Centerville, Ind.,
where he remained until 1892, when he was
elected for the same position at Aledo, 111.
In 1899 he was elected city superintendent
of schools at Owatonna, Minn., which posi-
tion he now occupies. He has made a spe-
cialty of history, and also of reading, writing
and spelling. Mr. Kuntz has prepared a text
in spelling — now in manuscript — the funda-
mental idea being words in genei'al use and
a division into words adapted to the work in
each grade of the schools, and such words
as are used in these grades. Mr. Kuntz is a
supporter of the Republican party, but does
not allow his politics to interfere with his
school work. He is a Mason and a member
of the Knights of Pythias, and has held vari-
ous positions in both orders. Mr. Kuntz is
an active member of the Methodist Episcopal
church and is an earnest supporter of all
forms of Christian work. He was married,
April 8, 1880, to Miss Effle Smith, of Newton
county, Ind. She died in 1890, leaving three
children, Magdalena, Ada and Irene. His
second mara-iage was to Miss Anna M.
Wright, of Cambridge, Ind., and there is one
child by this union, Frances Lucille, bom in
1894.
FREEMAN, John William.— The hospi-
tal is comparatively a modern institution.
It was generated and developed by the kind-
ly humanitarian influences of Christianity
and is now one of the permanent requisites
of every civilized country. The necessity of
the hospital is so undeniable that it is a
reproach to a city of any size to be without
one or more. These conditions have created
a demand for a class of professional men
who combine medical and surgical skill with
trained administrative ability, to take charge
of the institution. A man may be compe-
tent as a surgeon and skillful as a physician,
and yet be inefficient, and even worse, as a
manager of this benign provision for the
unfortunate. Therefore hospital manage-
ment has come to be almost a profession by
itself. Besides, the establishment being
generally educational — not as a trainer of
nurses but as a branch of some medical col-
JOHN WILLIAM FKEEMAX.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
lege, it is desirable that the responsible
heads should have a still further iiualifica-
tio — ability to teach. Hence it is that the
men selected for this service take high rank
in the field of medicine and surgery and be-
come conspicuous in their profession.
The northwest is not yet endowed with
numerous hospitals, but a good beginning
has been made. The grade of the institu-
tions existing is, however, in every respect
praiseworthy. They are strong, especially
in the progressive character of the profes-
sional staff.
The subject of this sketch, John W.
Freeman, M. D., of Lead, S. D., one of
the useful men described, is connected with
the Homestake Hospital at Lead, S. D., in
the region popularly known as the "Black
Hills," where gold mining is a leading
industry. This business is of a hazard-
ous nature and surgical aid is in frequent
demand. Dr. Freeman was boi'n at Vir-
deu, Macoupin county. 111., in 1853. His
father, Feter S. Freeman, was a native of
New Jersey. He was born and reared on a
farm, and was a thorough farmer by occupa-
tion. He came to Illinois in an early day —
about 1840 — and bought a large farm in
Macoupin county in that state, on which he
lived until his death in 1874. He was mar-
ried to Elizabeth Fierce Warriner, who was
born in Kentucky and came to Illinois in
1841). She died on the farm in 1886.
Dr. Freeman received his early education
in the common district country schools and
then graduated in the high school at Virden,
supplementing this literary training by a
year's study at the Blackburn University at
Carlinville, 111. When he chose the medical
profession for his life work he began the
study of medicine and surgery under the di-
rection of Dr. David Frince, at the Sanitari-
um in Jacksonville, 111. — which was practical-
ly a hospital — and in the meantime attended
for two years the lectures of the Miami Medi-
cal College of Cincinnati, Ohio. He then went
to New York city and entered the medical col-
lege of the New York university and gradu-
ated in the class of 1879. Returning to
Jacksonville, he accepted a position in the
Sanitarium with Dr. Prince, his old tutor,
and remained with him two years. In 1881
he was appointed acting assistant surgeon
of the Ignited States army, and reported to
Fort Snelling, Minn., for duty. He was
assigned to Fort Meade, Dakota territory,
now South Dakota, where he served until
June, 1883. In 1884 he was appointed sur-
geon of the Homesteak Mining company at
Lead, and entered into partnership with Dr.
D. K. Dickinson in the Homestake hospital,
where he has since remained. He has, how-
ever, several times during this period, visit-
ed New York and Chicago to be abreast of
the progress made in his profession and to
keep in touch with the various organizations
to promote its interests. In 1887 he was
elected president of the Black Hills Medical
society. In 1889 he was made first vice-
president of the South Dakota State Medical
society, and in 1890 was elected president
of the organization. He is a member of the
American Medical association, also of the
International Association of Railway Sur-
geons. Dr. Freeman was married in 1885
to Hattie V. Dickinson. They have four
children, Carrie E., Marion E., John D., and
Howard Freeman. He is a Republican in
politics, and is a member of the Masonic
order. He is past master of Central City
Lodge No. 22, F. & A. M., past high priest of
Dakota Chapter No. 3, past eminent com-
mander of Dakota Commandery No. 1, and
past potentate of Naj'a Temple, Deadwood,
S. D. He has taken an active interest in
educational affaii*s, and has been a member
of the board of education of Lead for the past
six vears.
STRICKLER, O. C, is one of the foremost
physicians and surgeons of Southern Minne-
sota. He has been practicing his profession
at New Ulm for the past sixteen years, mov-
ing there from Michigan. He is a Canadian
by birth and first saw the light of day in
York county, Ont., January 7, 1863. He
conies of old Pennsylvania Dutch stock.
Daniel Strickler, his father, migrated to On-
tario from his birthplace in Bucks county.
Fa. He still remained an American citizen,
however, and after a few years' residence in
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Canada moved with his family to Michigan,
where his wife, whose maiden name was
Elizabeth Henderson, has relatives. The snb-
ject of this sketch was afforded the advan-
tages of a liberal education. His early train-
ing was i-eceived in the famous Markham
(CInt.) high school. This was suppleuiented
with studies in mathematics at the British-
American College at Toronto. He then en-
tered the Ann Arbor Medical College and
graduated with the class of 1885. Immedi-
ately after graduating he came west and lo-
cated at New lllm. Dr. Strickler's profes-
sional career has been eminently successful.
His native talent, indomitable perseverance
and courteous demeanor have plnced him in
the first rank and won for him a large and
lucrative practice. He belongs pre-eminent
ly to that class of ])hysicians who are in their
profession because they love it. The practice
of medicine and the study of the ever-varying
forms of disease are to him at once a recrea-
tion and a delight. He is an earnest student
of the advances made in surgery, and devotes
his practice largely to that important branch
of the profession, as well as that of gynecol-
ogy. Dr. Strickler is surgeon for the Chicago
& Northwestern and the Minneapolis & St.
Louis Railways, and is a member of the
American Medical association, the Minne-
sota State Medical society, the Academy of
Kailroad Surgeons, the International Asso-
ciation of Kailroad Surgeons, and the Minne-
sota Academy of Medicine, besides several
local societies. He has also ser\'ed as presi-
dent of the Minnesota Valley Medical socie-
ty. He has been a member of the State Med-
ical Examining Board and served as its presi-
dent in 1808. Up to 1806. Dr. Strickler was
a Democrat. He supported the Republican
ticket that year, however, and since then has
affiliated with the Republican party. He is
now a member of the board of regents of the
University of Minnesota, having been ap-
pointed by Governor Van Sant. Tliis ap-
pointment was all the more gratifying as it
is the fir-st instance in the history of that in-
stitution that a i)hysician has been a mem-
ber of this board. Dr. Strickler is prominent
in Masonic circles, and has taken the thirty-
third degree. He is also a Knight Templar.
O. C. STUICKLEK.
While of strong religious convictions, be is
a liberal in his beliefs and is not a member
of any church. In 1887 he was married to
Emilie Doehne, of New Ulm. To them have
been born two daughters, Vera Eleanora and
Leola May. A brother of Dr. Strickler (A.
F. Strickler) is also a medical practitioner,
practicing his profession at Sleepy Eye,
Minn.
SWIFT, Lee, the superintendent of the
city schools of Tracy, Minn., is a college bred
production of the great Northwest, which,
ill the minds of many men of keen observa-
tion, is the best possible foundation for a sue-
ce.ssful career in any field. He was born,
December 5, 1850, at Cazenovia, W^s. His
father, Charles Byron Swift, was a farmer.
He came from Ohio to Wisconsin in 1856,
thus constituting himself one of the pioneers
of the state. He was a member of Company
F, Third Wisconsin cavalry during the Civil
War, and was in fair financial circumstances.
The maiden name of Lee Swift's mother was
Caroline A. Huntly. Mr. Swift modestly
savs that his earlv education was obtained
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
LEE SWIFT.
in a "small \illaj;e stliool." His success as
a teacher makes it evident that it must have
been one of good quality, however small.
He then took a college course at Eipon Col-
It ge, Wisconsin, and graduated in the class
of 1886. He chose teaching for his life work.
He began in Wisconsin and taught three years
in that state. The next four years were spent
in the schools of South Dakota, and he has
been in school work in Minnesota nine yeai's,
coming to Tracy, where he is now engaged,
in 1892. This succinct record, however, does
not show his real preparation for practical
work in a position which requires a knowl-
edge of men and things, as well as a knowl-
edge of books, and a literary training, so to
speak. Before entering college — an event so
curtly noticed — Mr. Swift clerked in a gen-
eral store i]i Wisconsin, where, if anywhere,
a man can gain a knowledge of human na-
ture, so essential to school discipline. While
teaching in the same state, he was elected
county surveyor of Sauk county, and served
one tenii. In 1886 he was married to Carrie
May Blanchard. They have three children —
Carrie May, Vera Blanchard, and Ernest
Fremont Swift. ^Ii-. Swift is a member of
the Presbyterian church.
LEWIS, Charles Lundy. — A position on
the supreme bench is one of the highest hon-
ors in the power of the commonwealth to
bestow. The universal wish of the people,
regardless of party, is to have a supreme
judiciary made up of men of acknowledged
ability and stainless character. It is a seri-
ous fault of our judicial system that the
bench should be brought into the arena of
jiolitics. Though mistakes are sometimes
made, yet it is to the credit of the voter that
it is the man, not the party, that he looks to
in exercising his privilege at the polls. One
of the most capable men on the supreme
bench of Minnesota is Charles Lundy Lewis.
He is a man of sterling integrity and posses-
ses in high degree those qualities which go
to make up the best equipment of a consci-
entious and able jurist. Judge Lewis was
born on a farm (in the house in which his
parents still live), near Ottawa, La Salle
county, 111., March 8, 1852, His father,
Samuel R. Lewis, followed the occuijation of
farming since boyhood. He has always oc-
cupied a prominent position in the commu-
nity in which he lives, filling various posi-
tions of trust, and representing his home
county in the state legislature. He was an
active member of the original Abolition
party, and took a prominent part in connec-
tion with the well-known ■"underground rail-
way" in the exciting days before the outbreak
of the Civil war. His political affiliations
have always been with the Rei)ublican party.
He is still living at the ripe old age of 82
years. His wife, Ann E. Harley, was of
Dutch descent, and the daughter of a sub-
stantial fanner of Central Illinois, who was
one of the pioneers of that state. She was .
born in Pennsylvania, but came with her
parents to Illinois when quite young. Self-
sacrifice in the interest of others, particular-
ly her husband and children, has been a dom-
inant characteristic of her life. She has al-
ways shown great affection for her family
and wonderful perseverance in promoting
the welfare of those she loved. Though sim-
]>le and quiet in her habits of life she has
been a most positive force in the character
building of her children. She is still living
at the age of 80. Judge Lewis' ancestors on
HISTORY OF THIO GREAT NORTHWEST.
his father's side were Qualvers. The original
Lewis, knowD in family history as Henry
II., was of mixed Scotch and Welsh blood,
and came from Wales about the time of
William Peun and settled in Eastern Penn-
sylvania, near l'hiladi'lj)hia. As a rule the
members of the family have all been agri-
culturists, with the exception of one who
was noted in Eastern Pennsylvania as a
mathematician. They did not attain ])rom-
inence in the public eye but were honorable
and worthy members of that class of men
who contributed so largely to the upbuild-
ing of this country. The subject of this
sketch enjoyed the advantages of a liberal
education. He attended the coinmou school
of his district until he was sixteen years
of age, and then spent two years in the
high school at Ottawa, HI. He went from
here to Chicago, taking a two years" course
in the academic department of the Chicago
University. He entered the freshman class
of this institution in 1872, and completed
the classical course in this and the sopho-
more class, but the university falling into
financial trouble he was compelled to leave.
He complett'd the course in Oberlin College,
graduating in the class of 187fi, and tak-
ing his share of the jjrizes in literature,
oratory and debates. While in attendance at
college, Mr. Lewis came in contact with two
different phases of religious thought and
methods of teaching. The University of Chi-
cago, in those days a very strict Baptist in-
stitution, was liberal in its teaching, devel-
oping independence in study and self-govern-
ment on the part of its pupils. Oberlin Col-
lege, on the other hand, while also under
strict sectarian influence, interfered with the
individual development of the student by
rules and regulations more adapted to schol-
ars of a tender age. This wide contrast in
method could not fail to impress the receptive
mind of the subject of this sketch. He was
able to perceive the grievous tendency in the
educational system of those days to contine
the student to routine and tixed standards,
and its logical result in hindering his de-
velopment through original processes of
thought. This served as an incentive in his
own study and in the development of latent
CH,\I!LES L. LKWIS.
resources within himself. He realized early
that the student's natural trend of thought
should be given a practical turn in his educa-
tion, and this no doubt was of great influence
in shaping his after career. He did not en-
joy, on leaving college, the advantages of
a training in a law school, but gained his
knowledge of the legal profession by a three
years" clerkship in a law office and private
reading. He was admitted to the bar in
1879, coming to Minnesota in September of
that year, settling at Fergus Falls. He be-
gan here the practice of his profession, and
succeeded in winning for himself a fairly
successful law practice. He was elected
county attorney of Otter Tail county in 1884,
and was re-elected to the same position in
1886, serving to the end of his second term.
Believing that Duluth afforded wider oppor-
tunities for the successful practice of his
profession, he moved there in 1891. In 1893,
he was appointed judge of the Eleventh Ju-
dicial District by Gov. Nelson to fill the po-
sition provided by the legislature of that
year. In the November elections of the year
following he was elected to this office for the
next ensuing term of six years. In Septem-
ber, 1895, he resigned his judicial ofiQce to
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
resume general practice. This was contin-
ued until his election as associate justice in
November, 1898. Judge Lewis has dis-
charged the duties of his office with great
ability and has won the confidence of the
people as well as that of members of the
legal profession. He is a quiet and unas-
suming man, reserved in his habits and a
lover of home life. His natural inclinations
are toward what is most beautiful in life,
and in the loving influence of his home he
finds the greatest hapjjiness. When in need
of recreation nothing gives him more pleas-
ure than to piclc up the rod or gun and take
a tramp in the woods. Judge Lewis is a
member of the Masonic fraternity. While
not a member of any church, he belongs to
the liberal class of thinkers along religious
lines, and generally attends service where he
can have the advantage of listening to the
most intelligent discourse from the pulpit.
He was married, in 1880, to Janet D. Moore,
of Minneapolis. They have four children:
Laurel, aged 17; Murray, aged 14; Charles
L., aged 11, and Margaret, aged 9.
ANKENY, Alexander Thompson, of
Minneapolis, is of German and French de-
scent on his father's side and of English
and Scotch on his mother's. His paternal
ancestors were Huguenots, in the border-
land of Germany and France. The founder
of the family in America was De Walt
Ankeny, the great grandfather of the sub-
ject of this sketch. He was born in Wur-
temburg, Germany, in 1728, came to Phila-
delphia in 1745 and the following year made
a settlement on lands in Washington coun-
ty, Md., naming his farm "Well Pleased."
He was twice married, first to Mary Jane
Uomer and at her death to Margaret Fred-
erick. Peter Ankeny, the grandfather, was
the second son of the first marriage and was
born in 1751. He was married in 1773 to
Rosina Bonnet, who was a daughter of John
Bonnet and Mary Bickley, also from the
same part of the old country. The new
couple at once set out with pack horses and
crossed the Alleghenies, settling at what
afterwards came to be Somerset, Pa, He
also served as a captain in the Revolution-
ary War. Isaac Ankeny, the fourth son,
and the father, was born in 1792 and in 1820
was married to Eleanor Parker. She was
a daughter of John Parker and Agnes
< Jraham. John Parker was a son of Thomas
Parker and Eleanor Ferguson, born in the
north of Ireland in 1720 and 1727. respec-
tively. Agnes Graham was a daughter of
Judge John Graham, of Bedford county,
Pa., and was born in 1770 and died in 1852.
The family of Grahams traces its connec-
tion back to the Grahams of Scotland.
Isaac Ankeny was a man of prominence,
holding several important public positions
of honor and trust. He died at Somerset in
1853, his wife surviving until 1879. They
had a family of four boys and six girls, four
of the family still living. William P. An-
keny, of Minneapolis, was the oldest, and
was an early settler and an honored citizen.
He died in 1877. John J. Ankeny, an older
brother, was postmaster of Minneapolis
under President Cleveland.
Alexander Thompson Ankeny, named
after a distinguished judge of Pennsylvania,
w^as born at Somerset, Pa., December 27,
1837. His early education was in the home
schools. At the age of fifteen he was sent
to the Disciples' college at Hiram, Ohio, at
which time President Garfield was an instruc-
tor. Two years later he attended an acad-
emy at Morgantown, W. Va., then under
Rev. J. R. Moore, and at which time Judge
William Mitchell of Minnesota was an in-
structor. The acquaintance thus formed
with these men, who afterwards became so
distinguished, ended only with their death,
and was in several instances helpful to all
concerned. In 1857 Mr. Ankeny entered
Jefferson college at Canonsburg, Pa., where
he remained until the spring of 1859, when
he received an appointment at Washington,
D. C, in the office of Hon. Jeremiah S.
Black, attorney general. At this time Hon.
Edwin M. Stanton was also connected with
the office. Here he read law, and at the
close of the administration returned to
Somerset and entered upon the practice of
his profession. He tried and won his first
case on the day Fort Sumter was fired
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
upon. Upon the appointment, by President
Lincoln, of Mr. Stanton as secretary of war,
in 18C2, Mr. Anlceny accepted a position in
the war department, where he remained to
the close of the war. He returned to Som-
erset, engaging in the practice of law, and
was also connected with a private bank.
In 1872 Mr. Ankeny removed to Minne-
apolis and engaged in the lumber business
with his brother, William P. Ankeny. On
the death of the latter he devoted himself to
closing up the affairs of the large estate,
and ill 187!) resumed the practice of law,
in which he has ever since engaged, main
taining a high position at the bar. Puring
his life in Minneapolis few citizens have
rendered more or more valuable services to
the public, and almost uniformly without
compensation. In 1S77 he served as a mem-
ber of the board of education of the west
division of the city. He was then one of a
committee of ten which formulated the plan
for the complete union of the east and west
divisions of the city. In 18SG he was elected
a member of the board of education, re-
elected in 1889, and up to January, 1895,
served as president of the board, being also
ex-officio a member of the library board.
He had much to do with securing the pas-
sage by the legislature of our present free
text book law, and aided materially in plac-
ing the system in successful operation in
Minneapolis. In 1899 he was appointed by
Governor Lind a member of the board of
directors of the State Normal schools, and
was at once elected as its president. On
the subject of public education Mr. Ankeny
has justly been regarded as an authority, as
his many public addresses on that subject
amplj' testify.
By birth and conviction Mr. Ankeny has
always been a Democrat. He believed that
its principles were such only as could bring
to the people the fullest development and
the greatest happiness. He therefore clung
to it in good as well as evil report. If it
erred he did not forsake it, but simply
waited until it should resume its rightful
position on public questions. He frequent-
ly stood as the candidate of his party al-
though, as a rule, living in a minority dis-
ALEXANDER T. ANKENY.
Irict. In 1885 he was the candidate for
municipal judge, in 1890 one of the four
candidates for district judge, and in 1896
for mayor of Minneapolis. From IgiSS to
1894 he was a member of the executive com-
mittee of the National Association of Dem-
ocratic clubs. From 1886 to 1888 he was a
member of the Democratic state central
committee. In the state campaign of 1886
he was chairman of the committee on plat-
foi'm, and for the first time in this country
a recommendation was made for the adop-
tion of the Australian system of voting,
now in almost general use. In the state
campaign of 1898 he practically outlined
the poli(-y of the party in its platform, and
largely through that policy a Democratic
governor was elected. In the campaign of
1900 Mr. Ankeny did not actively partici-
pate, though honorably supporting the par-
ty candidates. He then firmly believed in
maintaining control of all the territory ac-
quired through the treaty with Spain, and
could foresee nothing but defeat in any at-
tempt to thwart what he believed was our
manifest destiny.
In his profession as well as in other
business enterprises Mr. Ankeny has al-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ways been regarded a man of cool and de-
liberate judgment. Ue was one of the in-
corporators of the Masonic Temple associa-
tion, of Minneapolis, and has ever since been
first the vice-president, then president of
its board of directors. In January, 1900,
he was appointed by the judges of the dis-
trict court one of the fifteen charter com-
missioners, and in the revision of that year
rendered valuable and conspicuous services.
Mr. Ankeny was married at Wheeling,
W. Va,, in 1801 to Miss :Martha V. Moore,
daughter of John Moore. They had one
son and four daughters, all residing in Min-
neajwlis, except the oldest, Mrs. Florence
McKusick, who died at Duluth, Minn., in
February, 1900. The family are connected
with the I'ortland Avenue Church of Christ
of this city.
FARNS WORTH, Sumner Amasa, princi-
pal of the Cleveland High School, of St. Paul,
Minn., is a native of Wisconsin, and was
bom at Bristol, Kenosha county, November
26, 1852. He is descended from Puritan
stock. His paternal great great grandfather,
Matthias Farnsworth, was one of the original
settlers of Groton, Mass., about 1664.
Simeon, his tenth son, moved to Washing-
ton, N. H., in 1781. His son, Daniel, was
born at Goshen, in that state, April 9, of the
following year. Joel Farnsworth, the son of
Daniel, and the father of the subject of this
sketch, was born March 15, 1818, at Wash-
ington, N. H. He was married June 18,
1840, in Stoddard, N. H., to Mary B. Fair-
banks, who was a native of that town, born
March 20, 1820. Her grandfather, Aaron
Fairbanks, was an early settler of Dedham,
Mass., where his son, Amasa, the father of
Mary, was born. Joel Farnsworth moved
with his family to Bristol, Wis., in April,
1852. His wife died June 10 of the follow-
ing year. He is still living at the advanced
age of eighty-three years, and is retired from
active work. While a resident of New
Hampshire he served as a captain of the state
militia. Sumner received his early educa-
tion in the country schools, and later in the
village schools of River Falls, Wis. After
finishing the course ollered therein, he taught
five years in the country schools. In the fall
of 1875 he entered the advanced class in the
State Normal School at River Falls. He was
compelled to give up his studies, however,
after a year of hard work. In September,
1876, he was elected superintendent of the
public schools of River Falls. He gave this
jiosition up the following spring and came to
Minnesota, locating on a homestead at Ada,
Norman county, and proceeded to open up a
farm. He gave up agricultural pursuits,
however, the following fall, having been
elected superintendent of schools at Brainerd.
He served in this position for three yeai-s,
resigning to take a position as cashier and
bookkeeper for L. L. Ramstad & Co., a large
general merchandise firm at Ada. He re-
mained with this concern for two j-ears, at
the same time serving as deputy postmaster.
He was also chairman of the town board of
supervisors for one year. He was one of the
pioneers of the Red River Valley and a dele-
gate from Norman county to the Red River
Valley drainage convention and was elected
secretary of the commission that so suc-
cessfully conducted the topographical survey
of the valley, which survey has been the
basis of all drainage work done in that sec-
tion. In 1882, he was elected superintendent
of the schools at Crookston and served in
this oltice for two years, resigning to accept
a similar position at Ada. In 1886 he was
offered the i^osition of principal of the Cleve-
land High School at St. Paul, which he ac-
cepted, taking charge of the school in Sep-
tember. He has held this position ever since.
The enrollment has gradually increased to
its present figure, 1,300, which makes it the
largest graded school in the North Star state.
The enrollment includes 200 high school pu-
pils, and the curriculum covers a period of
twelve years' work. Mr. Farnsworth is a
firm believer in the power and influence of
good men and women in the educational field,
and the thirty-two teachers on his staff are
thoroughly competent in their particular
lines. In 1896, he took the examination of
the board of regents and graduated in the
advanced course of the River Falls, Wis.,
State Normal School. In the fall of the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
same year, upou the uuanimous recoiumen-
datioii of the presidents of the four uornial
schools, he was granted a life professional
certificate for Minnesota. Mr. Farnsvvorth
has alwa.ys taken a deep interest in educa-
tional matters. He has taught in the state
summer schools at different times, and was
the first president of the Twin City School-
masters" Club. For six years he was gen-
eral secretary and financial manager of the
State Teachers' Association, and was presi-
dent of the associarion for one year. He was
Instrumental in having the proceedings of its
annual meetings put in printed form for the
first time, and later succeeded in gefting the
legislature to pass a law which provided for
the printing of the proceedings by the state.
He was chairman of the committee on legis-
lation of this association for twelve years
and aided in the securing of much needed
legislation. He has been an active mem-
ber of the jN'ational Educational Associa-
tion since 1891, holding at one time the
position of state manager. For three con-
secutive terms he has been elected presi-
dent of the St. Paul City Teachers' As-
sociation. He has always been active in pro-
moting the welfare of the teachers of his
home city, and instrumental in having many
points in question decided for the board and
teachers. He is a strong advocate in favor
of perfect freedom of action on the part of
employes of boards of education. He was
editor and proprietor of the "Twin City
Teacher" for one year. He is also a member
of the National Geographic Association.
Mr. Farnsworth's position as a teacher has
in a certain sense kept him out of active poli-
ties, but he has always felt free to express
himself and been independent enough to vote
for men as well as principles. Mr. Farns-
worth is prominently identified with a num-
ber of fraternal oi'ders. He has been a mem
ber of the I. O. O. F. since 1873, has held all
the offices in the subordinate lodge, is present
deputy grand master of Minnesota, and is a
member of the encampment branch. He is
also a member of the A. F. and A. M., and
has held the ofiices of senior deacon and
senior warden in St. Paul Lodge No. 3. He
has been a member of the Masonic Union of
SUMNER A. FAUNSWORTH.
St. Paul, the Order of the Eastern Star, St.
Paul Chapter No. 24, and is a past worthy^
patron in the same, and has taken th^ four-
teenth degree in the Scottish Rite. He is
president of the East Side Business Men"s
Club of St. Paul. Every enterprise tending
to promote the business interests of his sec-
tion of the city has always received his ear-
nest and heartj' support. While not a mem-
ber of any church, Mr. Farnsworth has been
an attendant and a supporter of the Pres-
byterian church since his residence in the
Saintly City. He was married October 21,
187!), at Glyndou, Minn., to Eliza L. Gross.
One child, a boy, died in infancy at Crooks-
ton, Minn.
NYE, Carroll Anderson, who has the
noted record of being county attorney of
Clay county for eight years — a county which
embraces Moorhead, with its State Normal
School and a population not surpassed in pro-
gressive ideas and intelligence in the state —
was born in St. Croix county, Wis. His father
was a native of Maine, and a farmer. He
was of mixed descent, French and Welsh.
His wife was also a native of the same state,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
CARROLL A. NVE.
and Freucli and English. In 1S52 lie came
to St. Oroix L'ouuty, Wis., and took up a farm.
Carroll was brougbt up on a farm, going to
dstrict school winters and working on the
farm in summer, until he was seventeen years
of age, when he went to the State Nonnal
School at River Palls, Wis., for several tenus,
paying his way by teaching schools at inter-
vals. The first money he earned, however,
was by working on a farm in the neighboi"-
hood by the month. His brother, Frank M.
Nye, the well known attorney of Minnesota,
and formerly county attorney of Hennepin
county, Minn., was then pi-acticing law in a
small town in Wisconsin. Carroll began to
study law in his ofBce. After a preparatory
course there he entered the law department
of the State Univei'sity, and graduated in
the class of 1886. A few months afterwards,
January, 1887, he went to Moorhead, Clay
county, Minn., and began to practice his pro-
fession. Previous to this, December 30, 18S6,
he was married to Miss Mary A. Gordon, of
Madison, Wis. They have a boy, James Gor-
don Nye, nine years old. Mr. Nye met with
almost instant success at Moorhead. His fine
natural abilities supplemented the thorough
training he received, and he only needed an
ojiportunity for exercise to demonstrate his
capacity for taking a high rank in his pro-
fession. Within two years he had establish-
ed a reputation which secured for him the
{)osition of city attorney of Moorhead. So
well did he discharge the duties of the ofiBce
that he was continued in it for four tenns.
In 1893 he was elected county attorney of
Clay count}', and was re-elected again and
again, until, as already mentioned, he was
elected for the fourth temi. No comment on
such a career need be made, when the char-
acter of the service required and the intelli-
gence of the community are considered. This
is also more remarkable when it is known
that he is absolutely independent in politics.
In January, 1899, Goveraor Lind appointed
him resident director of the State Nonnal
School of Moorhead for the term of four
years. He has built up a large and lucrative
practice, outside of his official sphere, em-
bracing neai"ly all branches of his profession.
In religion he affiliates with the Congrega-
tional church, of which he is a liberal sup-
porter, although not enrolled as a member.
He is a member of the Masonic fraternity,
the Knights of Pythias, and the Ancient
Order of United Workmen.
BUDD, Joseph Danly, is one of the lead-
ing surgeons in northern Minnesota and is
regarded as one of the best railroad surgeons
in the state. He is chief surgeon of the Du-
luth & Iron Range Railway Company and re-
sides at Two Harbors. The Budd family can
be traced back to an early French family of
that name. The members of the family resid-
ing in this country held a reunion at Budd's
Lake, Morris county, N. J., in 1878, and Col-
onel Enos G. Budd, a prominent member of
the family, read a paper tracing the name
back to the period before William of Nor
mandy came to England. From this address
it is learned that in the early days of Nor-
mandy and the French Empire one Jean
Budd was a bai'on of influence and took an
active part in the stirring events of that time.
His descendants naturally followed in his
footsteps and one branch of the family, after
taking the side of the people against a tyran-
HISTORY OF THE OIJKAT XOir|-II\VKST.
nical ruler, were obliged to flee with their
families. They joined the following of Will-
iam the Conqueror and with him landed in
England when thev took rank with the
others of the invading force. The family has
always been among the leadere in publi'-
matters and one member became a minister
of high rank in the English church. The
first of the family to come to America were
three brothers. John, Joseph and Thomas,
who. in 16.3.3, located at various places in
yew England, and from these three are de-
scended nearly all of the Hudd family resid-
ing in America. I). H. liudd. the father of
the subject of this sketch, came west in 1847
and located at Lancaster, Wis., and carried
on a manufacturing business, dealing in
wagons, carriages and sleighs. He was an
active Hepublican and held numerous ]»ublic
offices, including that of judge of i)robate for
four years. Tlie mother of .Joseph J). IJudd
was formerly a Miss Eliza M. Rich, and she
is a direct descendant of John ,\ldeu and
Priscilla, of Puritan fame. Dr. Hudd was
born. ^Nfay ."j. 1"*48. at Lancaster. \\'is., and
was attending the village high school when,
in ISO."), at the age of sixteen, he enlisted in
f'omjiany H. of the .50th Wisconsin Volun-
teer Infantry. He saw service in ^lissouri.
and in Dakota on frontier duty. He entered
Lawrence T'ni versify at Appleton, Wis., and
was gi-aduated in 1872 with the degree of
M. S. He taught school for several yeai-s and
then decided to study medicine and is a grad-
uate of the St. Paul :Medical Colh-ge. then
otfering instruction at St. I'aul. but discon-
tinued at the time the State T'niversity Med-
ical College was organized. Dr. Budd jirac-
ticed for a numV>er of years at Fayette, ^fich..
but came to Minnr'sota in 1887. In 1880 he
was appointed chief surgeon of the Duluth
& Iron Range Railroad and removed to Two
Haibors. his jiresent home. He is deeply in-
terested in his profession and has taken jiost
graduate courses at the Chicago Policlinic
during the years ISOO. 1808 and 1000. He is
a member of the International .\ssor-iation
of Railroad Surgeons. Dr. P.udd is a follower
of Republicanism and has taken an active
part in local jiolitics, and has served as cor-
oner and as county physician. For ten years
.iiisi:iMi h. r.i i/ii.
he has also Im-i-m IiimIIJi uHicer ;il Two ll;ir
bors. He is a member of ihe <i. A. R., affili-
ating with Culver Post at Duluth. Dr. liudd
\\as iiian-ied in 1882 to Miss Margaret»Car-
eiici-. He has a daughter. Leila !M. I>udd,
born in 180r{.
S.M'TER. Otto Edward. — Judge (). E.
Sauter. of Crafton. >.'. D.. has shown unusual
stability of character in the fact that having
ciutie to Craftcm immediately after gradua-
tion from the law dejiartment of the ^Miclii-
gan I'niversity, with the degree of P.achejoi-
of Laws, in 1882, he has ever since made that
cily his home. He was also a memf)er of the
Phi Delta I'hi law fraternity. He was born
ai Chicago. 111., Sei.tember 17, 18.10. He was
tin- son of Jacob Sauter, who removed from
Connecticut in 1837. He was in moderate
financial circumstances, and served the city
of Chicago as a lieutenant of the police. He
died of pneumonia in 180.5. He was married
in L'<42 to Anna M. Schmidt. vvhos<' parents
came from France in 1818 and settled in New
York, where they remained until 1840, when
they came to Chicago. Otto was only six
vears old when his father died. Much of his
HISTORY OF TPIE GREAT NORTHWEST.
OTTO E. SAUTER.
success must therefore be attributed to his
mother, who lived until October 13, 1893.
Judge Sauter obtained his early education
in the public schools of Chicago. That he
was a good scholar is shown by his taking
the "Foster Medal" for scholarship on gradu-
ating from the grammar school to the high
school in 1876. Afterwards he entered the
University of Michigan. When he chose the
profession of law he did not confine himself
to the mere school studies. He read law in
Iowa in 1881, and in 1882, previous to his
graduation, he took the bar examination in
Michigan and was admitted to practice in
Januai-y of that year. He came to Grafton,
May 28, 1882, and opened an oflSce on the
first of June, in partnership with C. A. Cle-
land, under the firm name of Cleland & Sau-
ter. This partnership was continued until
1890, when Mr. Sauter practiced alone until
1893. January 1, 1893, he formed a partner-
ship with J. H. Fraine. This firm was dis-
solved by the appointment of Mr. Sauter to a
seat on the bench as judge of the Seventh
judicial district of North Dakota, April 15,
1895. In November, 1896. Judge Sauter M'as
elected for four years to succeed himself, his
term of office expiring January 1, 1901. He
had as competitors in this election C. A. M.
Spencer, and N. C. Young, afterwards judge
of the supreme court of the state. Judge
Sauter was not a candidate for re-election,
and retired from the bench on the expiration
(if his term. On the eighth of January fol-
lowing, he opened an ofiice in Grafton to re-
smiie his practice. In 1881 he was married
Id Mamie M. McCarthy, the daughter of Col.
I>. F. McCarthy, formerly of Faribault, :Minn..
hilt now of Ansgar, Iowa, where the marriage
took place. They have two children, Marie
Sauter, born in 1889, and Jean Sauter, bom
in 1891. The judge is not enrolled as the
meiuber of any church. In politics he is a
Republican. He was active in the Garfield
campaign of 1880 and made political ad-
dresses in Iowa. He then cast his first vote,
and has at all times affiliated with the Re-
publican party. With the exception of the
judgeship, which was in the line of his pro-
fession, he has never held office.
KNOWLES, Hiram.— A seat on the
bench of the United States court is one of the
highest honors of the legal profession. It is
a dignity of which any man might feel proud.
It carries with it prima facie evidence of at-
tainments and character which cost some-
thing to acquire, and which secure the re-
spect of the community. The people of the
United States have been fortunate in the na-
tional judiciary, the high character of which
has never been impeached, and it is natural
that the lives of the men who have worn the
ermine with such honor, should be of inter-
est to the public. Among those of the North-
west who have served in this cai>acity with
credit, the name of Judge Hiram Knowles,
of Helena, Mont., could not be omitted. He
is of New England lineage, to which the
Northwest is so greatly indebted. He was
born at Hampden, Maine, in 1834. His father
was Dr. Freeman Knowles, a descendant of
Richard Knowles, a sea captain, who settled
in eastern Massachusetts between 1640 and
1650. Freeman Knowles was also a sea cap-
tain in early life, but afterwards studied med-
icine and become a physician, and was in fair
material circumstances. His wife, Hiram's
mother, was Emily Smith, bom in Maine.
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHAVEST.
Her father was a land surveyor, born in New
Hampshire, at or near Concord. Judge
Knowles received his early education in the
public schools of Iowa, and prepared for col-
lege at the Denmark Academy. He attend-
ed Antioch College, Ohio, when Horace Man
— one of the most distinguished teachers the
country has produced — was president. His
professional education was begun in 18.58 and
18.59, in the office with Hon. Samuel F. Mill-
er, late a justice of the sujjreme court of the
T'nited States. He then entered the Harvard
Law School, one of the most eminent law
colleges in the United States, and graduated
in the class of 1860. He selected the Terri-
tory of Nevada as his field of practice, and
in 186.S was appointed prosecuting attorney
of Humboldt county. The same year he was
elected probate judge of the county. After
serving his term until 1865, he went to Idaho
and practiced law there one year, in partner-
ship witli Frank Ganahl. In 1866 he settled
in Montana, then a territory. Two years later
he was appointed as associate justice of the
supreme cour-t of the territory of Montana.
He filled this resjjonsible position for eleven
years, and finally resigned in 187i1, to re
sume the practice of law at Butte, Mont. In
February, 1890. he was appointed United
States district judge for the state of Mon-
tana, the office which he still holds. Judge
Knowles has had a professional experience
almost unique. Few men have been so close-
ly connected with the novel conditions of
communites in formation. While the prin-
ciples of law may be well established in old
settled countries, circumstances in a new one
may compel such application of legal deci-
sions as will be tantamount to a new depar-
ture, upsetting many preconceived notions.
Questions arise which have never been ad-
judicated because similar conditions have
never before existed. Statutes are called into
being to meet emergencies that could not be
anticipated; thus a body of laws, dithering
in many respects from that ever before
known, was developed in the new mountain
states. A man schooled for more than thirty
years in such a curriculum should become
fitted to occupy a seat on the bench of the
very highest courts. Judge Knowles has al-
HIItAM KNOWI.KS.
ways acted with the Kepuhlirau party. Hold-
ing most of the time a positicm incompatible
with active political work, he has held but
few political offices. In 1884 he was tfie Re-
jiublican candidate for congress, but was de-
feated by Joseph K. Toole. He was a mem-
lier of the constitutional convention, under
which the state was admitted to the Union,
in 1889. He is a member of the Masonic fra-
ternity and was the Grand Master of the order
of Montana in 1880. He is also a member of
the Ancient Order of United ^Yorkmen. lu
religion he is a Unitarian, being a member
of the church of that denomination at Hel-
ena, Mont. He was married to Mary L. Cur-
tis at Athens, Mo., in 1871, and they have
had seven children, three of whom are now
living.
CRIER, Thomas Johnston.— Cold mining
in the "Black Hills" of South Dakota has
made the region noted far and wide. The
foundation of its reputation is the success of
the operations of the Homestake Mining
Company, which, for a generation, has pour-
ed foith its stream of gold with the regularity
of a never-failing sjuing. When it is con-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
THOMAS J. GIUER.
sidered that the ore from which this wealth
is drawn is called of such low grade that it
would be spurned by many prospectors and
mining experts, the business management
which has never skipped a good dividend for
a generation creates admiration. The man
who has been for many years largely respon-
sible for this uniform success is Thomas J.
Grier, the present superintendent, who has
been at the helm, boy and man, for twenty-
three years. The details of the work have
been enormous, involving the employment
and management of several thousand men,
and, it may be said, the business life of the
community is involved, for without the
Homestake Mining Company in successful
operation, there would be stagnation. Mr.
Grier was born. May 18, 1850, at Pakenham,
Can. His father was James Grier, a car-
riage manufacturer by occupation. He was
a man of strong character and of moi'e than
common ability, as shown by the fact that
he was postmaster of Iroquois, Ontario, Can.,
for twenty-six years. The maiden name of
his wife, the mother of Thomas, was Eliza
A. Patterson. The boy was reared and edu-
cated at Iroquois, finishing in the high school.
He then went to work as a clerk in the post-
office, under his father, and while there learn-
ed telegraphy. The next step was to Mon-
treal, Can., where he became an operator in
the office of the Montreal Telegraph Com-
])any. He then secured a position in the of-
tice of the Western Union Telegraph Com-
jiany at Corinne, Utah, from which he was
transferred to be chief operator of the same
company at Salt Lake City. In 1878, when
twenty-eight years old, he was engaged as
bookkeeper by the Homestake Mining Com-
pany, and put in charge of the principal of-
tice at Lead City, Dakota Territoi-y, now
South Dakota. In 1884 he had made him-
self so efficient and so demonstrated his abil-
ity, that he was appointed superintendent of
the company, the position which he now
holds and has held ever since. His interests,
liowever, have not been confined to that duty
exclusively. He is president of the First Na-
tional Bank at Lead, and vice president of
the First National Bank of Deadwood. He
is also a member of the Masonic fraternity,
and is active in every public movement of in-
terest to a good private citizen, contributing
with purse and personal influence. In re-
ligion he is an Episcopalian. August 8, 1896,
he was man-ied to Miss Mary Jane Pale-
thorpe, of Glasgow, Scotland. They have
two children, a boy and girl. The boy has
been named Thomas Johnston Grier, Jr.
The girl's name is Evangeline Victoria (trier.
STT'ART, Wesley A., ofSturgis, S. D.,
is prominent throughout the western coun-
tr\- for the interest he has shown in the irri-
gation movement. He was born, April 13,
18.19, at Ottumwa, Iowa, of New England
jiarentage. His mother, Fannie A. Stuart,
nee Riley, was one of the Riley family of
musicians known throughout New England
and the South during the period just before
the Civil War. Addison A. Stuart, the
father of Wesley A., came from Massachu-
setts and settled at Ottumwa, Iowa, and en-
gaged in the practice of law. He entered the
Union army in 1801 and served as a captain
in the 17th Iowa Infantry for nearly the
whole period of the war. He came out from
service disabled for life by wounds and loss
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of hearing, resulting from the explosion of
a bomb. He afterwards was the author of
a book entitled "Iowa Colonels and Regi-
ments." We.sley A. Stuart received onlv a
common school education, and at seventeen
was api»renticed to a blacksmith. He fol-
lowed this work and that of carriage ironing
until 1884, when he entered an office for final
preparation for admission to the practice of
law. Mr. Stuart had early decided that he
should be a lawyer, and while working at
his trade had started on his studies with that
end in view. He entered the oflice of one of
the oldest firms in the state. Mills & Keeler,
of Cedar Rapids. His studies were followed
with success in June of 1887, when he was
admitted to practice before the supreme
court. He started in practice at Williams-
burg, where he remained until 1800, when
he decided to locate in the Black Hills, and
accordingly settled at Sturgis, S. D. He has
had more than the average success at the
bar, and has become known as an active and
aggressive lawyer, faithful to his clients, ex-
celling in the trial of cases, and has been con-
nected with nearly all of the important liti-
gation in his county for the past ten years.
He is conceded to be the leader of the Meade
county bar and in the front rank of Black
Hills practitionei's. He represents the prin-
cipal mercantile agencies in his county, has
been twice appointed city attorney, and is
local attorney for the Fremont, Elkhorn &
Missouri Valley Railroad. He has also been
an active member of the executive commit-
tee of the Commercial Club of his city for
several years. Mr. Stuart has always been
a Democrat and takes an active part in po-
litical matters, but has never sought or de-
.sired public office. He is deeply interested
in irrigation matters, and is a member of the
National Irrigation Association, and is now
the South Dakota member of the National
Executive Committee. At the Irrigation
Congress, held November 21 to 24, 1900, in
Chicago, he delivered one of the principal
adresses, his topic being '"What the National
Irrigation Congress Stands For," and the
same was very favorably mentioned in the
Associated Press accounts of the meeting.
He represented South Dakota at the Trans
WESLEY A. STUART.
^lississippi Congress, held at Wichita, Kan.,
and at the meeting held at Houston, Texas.
He was also one of the state commissioners
for South Dakota of the Trans-Missftsippi
Exposition at Omaha. He was married at
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in July, 188'J, to Minnie
E. Durham. She is a leading worker of the
Black Hills Federation of Women's Clubs.
Their only living child is Karl K. Stuart,
born in 1890.
KILGORE, Wallace Warren.— The super-
intendent of public schools at Willmar,
Minn., Wallace W. Kilgore, was born March
10, 1862, at North Neury, Maine — a state
which has furnished more enterprising men,
in propoiiJon to its population, to develop
the great Northwest, than any other state in
the Union. His father, Isaac T. Kilgore, was
a carpenter and farmer — occupations which,
in the early days of Maine, a great lumber-
ing state, were very frequently combined.
Wallace obtained his early education in the
common schools. He then attended Bridgton
Academy, the Mecca of all wide-awake New
England boys, where he prepared for college.
He entered, in 1882, Bowdoin College, the
HISTORY OF THE GUEAT NORTHWEST.
WALLACE! W. KILGORE.
well known jS'ew England institution which
has always stood high for scholarship, and
which has tui-ned out many brilliant and use-
ful men. While at college Mr. Kilgore was
a member of the Theta Delta Chi Greek let-
ter fraternity. He won the oratorical prize
in the junior year, and at the same time was
prominent in athleticism, being the manager
of the Bowdoin College baseball team in
1886. That same year he graduated with the
degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1889 he took
the degree of Master of Arts. His active
work of teaching was begun in the country
schools of Franklin county, in that state. In
winter, especially, when many young men
taking college courses engaged in teaching
to pay their way, these schools are of a high
grade. After he graduated Mr. Kilgore came
to Wisconsin, as superintendent of the public
schools at Mazomanie, which position he held
until he resigned to accept the appointment
of superintendent of schools at Mar.shall,
Minn. He was also principal of the Red
Wing high school for six years. He then ac-
cepted the superintendency of the Spring
\'alley schools, where he remained for two
years, and then resigned to take the position
which he now holds at Willmar, Minn. In
the meantime, for the last eight years, he has
been emjiloyed as a conductor of slate sum-
mer training schools for teachers. In poli-
tics Mr. Kilgore has always been a Repub-
lics u, but from the nature of his business has
ne\er taken a very active part. He is inter-
ested in fraternal society matters, and is both
a Mason and an ( )dd Fellow. He is also, by
virtue of the services of his early ancestors
in the Revolutionary War, a member of the
Sons of the American Revolution. He was
married, June IT, 1889, to Emma A. Ward,
of Mazomanie, Wis.
WOODARD, Francis R., the well known
physician and surgeon of Minneapolis, was
born in Madison, Lake county, Ohio, July 15,
1848. His father is Joseph S. Woodard, and
his mother's maiden name was Frelove M.
Baker, a descendant of Francis Baker, who
settled at Yarmouth, Mass. They were mar-
ried in Ohio in 1847. When Francis was ten
years old, the family moved to Rochester,
Olmsted county, Minn., then a village about
two years old. The mother and children
cauie by rail to La Crosse — there was no rail-
• road beyond that point — and from there by
sleigh, seventy-five miles, to Rochester. Mr.
>\oodard drove his team, with a top buggy,
in December, 1S5S, all the way from Chicago,
and opened the first drug store in Rochester.
In winter his goods were hauled by team
from La Crosse, and in summer, from Wi-
nona. Mr. Woodard on one occasion accom-
panied the team himself, and had some amus-
ing and thrilling experiences. Indians were
common, and their disposition was uncer-
tain, resulting sometimes in disquieting con-
ditions. On one trip from La Crosse Mr.
Woodard met on the road far from any
house, a band of fifteen, in feathers and paint.
He was glad to give them the whole road,
as they were determined to take it, anyway.
He had in his load several barrels. After
passing some distance the band returned and
demanded '"whisky,'" repeating the word over
and over — probably the only English they
knew. He told them he had none, but they
compelled him to wait until they had care-
fully overhauled the whole load, when they
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
went away with a dissatisfied grunt. In iy59
he bought from a Chicago agent five gallons
of kerosene oil and six marble-foot lamps,
which were sent to him from Chicago by ex-
press. This was the first kerosene ever
brought to the state. He sold the oil for
$1.40 a gallon and the lamps for .f 1.25 apiece.
The first gallon and lamp were sold to Judge
Barbour, of Rochester. Mr. Woodard also
kept a news dejiot and sold the daily Chicago
papers, which came by stage from La (Jrosse,
and he disposed of from 130 to 1.50 a day, at
ten cents ajnece. This was the only way to
get news from the Civil War, as there was
not a telegraph or daily paper in the state.
Francis began to go to school at I'ainesville,
Ohio. He continued to attend school at
Rochester until he could be trusted to put
up prescriptions and then was for some time
the prescription clerk in his father's store,
and thus very naturally turned to the pro-
fesson of medicine and began to study for
it. In 1869 he entered the Michigan State
University and took a literary course for two
years, and then a year in the law department
of the same institution. In 1S75 he returned
and took one coui'se of lectures in the med-
ical department. The following year, 187C,
he entered the Rush Medical College at Chi-
cago, at the same time doing service in the
Cook County Hospital. He graduated in the
class of 1879 and came to Minnesota and
went into practice at Claremont, where he
remained until 1881, when he came to Min-
neapolis, where he has since lived. His pres-
ent home is 2104 Park avenue. Dr. Woodard
soon built up a large practice. He was ap-
pointed by JIayor Winston one of the com-
missioners of the City Board of Charities and
Corrections, and he has been i-e-appointed to
the position by each mayor of the city up to
the present time, serving in all ten years,
during six of which he has been president of
the board, and during nearly all this time
he has been chairman of the City Hospital
Committee. He is attending physician of the
Asbury Hospital, consulting physician at St.
Mary's Hospital, and Lutheran Deaconess,
and Gynecolgist of the City Hospital. He
is a member of the American Medical Asso-
ciation, the Minnesota Academy of Medicine,
FRANCIS R. WOODARD.
the Minnesota State Medical Society, and of
the Hennepin County Medical Society. In
1870 he was married to Miss Helen C. Nich-
ols, of Wells, Minn., a woman of culture and
refinement. They have had five children —
Frances Helen, Harry Smith, Joseph Nich-
ols, Luella, and Lawrence Baker Woodard.
The doctor is an attendant and supporter of
the Park Avenue Congregational church,
with which his family is identified. In poli-
tics, although too busy to take an active part,
he is a Republican, having cast his first vote
for President Grant.
JONES, William Alexander, specialist in
nervous and mental diseases. Dr. Jones is
a native of Minnesota, and was born at St.
Peter, May 24, 1859. His ancestors were
^^'elsh on his father's side, and Scotch on his
mother's. Both of his grandfathers were
American jjatriots, and fought in the War
of the Revolution. Dr. Jones' father was
born in Vermont in 1832, and when four
years of age went with his parents to New
York City, where he grew to manhood. He
came to Minnesota in "54, and located at St.
Peter, where he kept a drug store, returning
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
WILLIAM A. JOXES.
to New York in "58, in which city he was
married to M. A. Virginia Christian, who
was born and reared in that citj'. The young
couple returned at once to their western
liome, to witness and share in the most stir-
ring scenes of frontier life. While watching
a scalp-dance of the Sioux, Mrs. Jones was
forced to join in the circle; and a few years
later they saw the terrible Indian outbreak,
and they sheltered many refugees in their
home. Dr. Jones was then a mere baby. His
education was gained in the common schools
of St. Peter, and at the end of his course in
the high school, he spent six years as a clerk
in his father's drug store, where he gained
a thorough and practical knowledge of drugs.
After graduating from the medical depart-
ment of the University of the City of New
York, in the class of "81, he became assist-
ant phy.sician in the State Hospital for the
Insane at St. I'eter.
Dr. Jones came to Minneapolis in Octo-
ber, 1883, and spent three years in general
practice. He was married at Denver, Colo..
in 1880, to Annie R. Johnson, and, accom-
]ianied by his bride, went abroad for special
study in the schools and hospitals of Berlin
and Vienna. Since his return from Europe
his practice has been limited to nervous and
mental diseases, and very extensively to con-
sultation work, for he enjoys the confidence
and resjject of the medical profession in a
high degree.
Dr. Jones has taken an active part in the
advancement of the medical department of
the State University, and for a number of
years has been clinical professor of nervous
and mental diseases in this institution. He
is also attending neurologist for St. Mary's,
Asbury ^lethodist, the City and Northwest-
ern hospitals, besides being chief of staff of
the Northwestern. He is an active member
of many local, state and national medical so-
cieties, including the American Medical As-
sociation, and the American Neurological As-
sociation, and has been president of the Min-
nesota Academy of Medicine and the Henne-
pin County Medical Society. He seized two
years on the board of tinistees of the State
Hospital for the Insane, to which position he
was appointed by Governor Nelson.
Dr. Jones is editor of the Northwestern
Lancet, whch is one of the oldest and most
influential medical journals in the west.
Dr. Jones" political affiliations are with
the Democratic party. He is a member of
Westminster Presbyterian church of Minne-
apolis. He has offices in the Pillsbury Build-
ing, Nicollet avenue and Sixth street.
ZOCH, Herman. — During the past de-
cade Minneapolis has rapidly come to the
front as a musical center. The remarkable
growth of the previous decade had left her
in a somewhat chaotic condition, but as busi-
ness institutions became more substantial
her citizens grew more responsive to the
refining influences of the higher arts. No
man contributed more to that development
along musical lines than Herman Zoch. He
is a pianist of rare skill, and his concerts
have come to be a leading feature in musical
circles each season. Since his location in
Minneapolis in 1884, Mr. Zoch has given
about sixty recitals, without any assistance,
in that city, besides many others in which
he has assisted other musicians. This is a
remarkable record, as few pianists can hold
HERMAN ZOCH.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
and chain an audience an entire evening un-
aided and unrelieved bj vocal or other in-
strumental music. Mr. Zoch is a native of
Prussia. His father, Carl Friedrich Zoch,
was director of the estates of the Polish
Count Dziedusziclvi, and it was on one of
these estates in Theerkeute, in the province of
Posen, Prussia, that Herman was born. His
{grandfather was an officer of the army and
especially distinguished himself in the war
against Napoleon in 1813. His mother's
maiden name was Augusta Kunau. The
educational facilities he enjoyed were of
a most liberal character. He was provided,
as a child, with a private tutor at home, but
afterwards entered the state gymnasium in
Halle, Saxony. He went from there to Leip-
sic and continued his studies in the Thomas
Gymnasium, from which he graduated in
the classical course. His musical talent
had developed itself at an early age and his
parents afforded him every opportunity to
improve it. After his graduation from the
gymnasium he secured admission to the
Royal Conservatory of Music at Leipsic,
where at the end of the third year he gradu-
ated with students who had been there five
or six years, and took the first prize in piano
playing. His instructors in piano were
Carl Reinecke, Jadassohn and Coccius, the
first two being his teachers in counterpoint
and composition. The next few months Mr.
Zoch spent in Paris, making the most of the
opportunities there afforded for advance-
ment in his art. He attended the recitals
given by the players of note in that city of
culture and studied their methods of execu-
tion. From there he went to Munich, where
he formed the acquaintance of the best musi-
cians of that city. He lived there for two
years and enjoyed the friendship of Joseph
IJheinberger, the great composer, for whom
he performed the latter's piano concerto, op.
94. This selection Mr. Zoch subsequently
introduced for the first time at concerts in
Berlin and Leipsic, with orchestral accom-
paniment. He had at this time come to be
recognized as an artist of great merit, and
a series of recitals that he gave in Leipsic,
Berlin, Munich, Vienna, Gotha and other
large musical centers in Germany proved
very successful. He had decided, however,
to seek a newer and more promising field
where his skill as a pianist would not only
be appreciated but would yield larger finan-
cial returns, and so came to America in 1883.
A year later he came to Minneapolis and be-
gan teaching. In this he has been very suc-
cessful, and is an artist whom Minneapolis
is proud to number among its citizens. Mr.
Zoch is a player of great power and brilliant
technique. Since 188!) he has made several
concert tours and has given jiiano recitals
in all the large cities of the country. His
programs indicate a remarkable versatility
and no composition seems too difficult for
him to perform. Mr. Zoch is devoted to his
art and finds in it all the pleasures that one
seeks in this life. For this reason he has
not cared to ally himself with any orders or
societies. Neither has he married.
THOMPSON, Frank Jared, came to the
state of North Dakota in the spring of 1878.
He had just been admitted to the bar and
was looking for a location. His father had
previously come to the state and was run-
ning a locomotive engine on the Minnesota
Division of the Northern Pacific Railway be-
tween P.rainerd. Minn., and Fargo, N. D.
His father's name is Jared Childs Thomp-
son, and he is a locomotive engineer. Prior to
coming to take a position on the Northern
Pacific railway, he had been employed in
that capacity on the Michigan Central for
about thirty years.
His mother's maiden name was Sarah
Jane Mason.
The Thompson family moved into Maine
some time in the early part of 1700, and the
descendants scattered to the southwest i)or-
tion of that state, and also into the northern
portion of Massachusetts. Benjamin Thomp-
son, direct lineal ancestor, participated in
the battle of Lexington and also served dur-
ing the Revolutionary War.
His mother's family is descended from
Hugh Mason, who was a brother of Captain
John Mason, well known to colonial fame.
Captain Hugh Mason came to this country
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
in 1634 and settled in Watertown, Mass. His
first son was named Joliu. aftei- liis brotlier.
His second son, Huuli, after liiniself. His
mother's family is descended from the second
son, Hugh. The Mason family is a A^ery ex-
tensive on(\ and has numbered among their
members some of the brightest minds in the
country. — not only in politics, but esjjecially
in the professions. Mr. Thompson's direct
lineal ancestor on his mother's side, Joseph
Mason, was also a minute man of colonial
times, and participated in the battle of Lex-
ington.
Mr. Thompson was horn at Uockford. 111.,
August 2?>, lSi)ij, where his mother wa« visit-
ing tempfu-ai-ily. His grandfathers moved
into Jlichigan during the thirtii^s of the nine-
teenth century. He spent his childhood days,
until about seventeen or eighteen years old,
at Marshall, Mich., attending the j)ublio
schools of that city. When only a lad he en-
tered the Michigan Central Eailway shops,
located at that place, and served his time as
machinist apprentice.
Mr. Thompson, being of a musical turn of
mind, began to study music while working
at his trade, and after finishing the same,
devoted his time largely to musical studies,
and, subsequently, for a time, made the
teaching of music his profession. Not being
satisfied with that kind of life, he entered
the Jackson College and took up the same
course by sjjecial studies as was taught at
the Michigan University, after which he
studied law and was admitted to practice in
the courts at Jackson, Mich.
He was, by birth, a Republican in poli-
tics and remained so until 1804. In 1889 he
was elected a member to the first legislature
of North Dakota and was chairman of the
judiciary committee of the house. While
serving as such member, he introduced, in a
spirit of fun, a resolution naming the chil-
dren born in the state of North Dakota
"Flickertails." The resolution was ado])ted,
and ever since then North Dakotans have
been known as "Flickertails." On his own
motion the following morning, after the reso-
lution was adopted, he asked to have it ex-
punged from the records of the house, but
the name stuck nevertheless.
FRANK J. THIlMl'SO.N.
In 1S!)1, during the second session of the
legislature, he was appointed assistant attor-
ney general of the state. Becoming dissatis-
fied with the a})parent political conations,
and not being satisfied with the Cleveland
policy, he joined the Independent movement
of the state, which affiliated with the Popu-
lists. He stumped the state for that party,
and has ever since remained with it and has
served as chairman of the state central com-
mittee since 18!t(i. At the session of the legis-
lature in ISO!) he received the full vote of the
Populists and Democrats for United States
senator.
He has always been active in fraternal
societies. He was Master of Shlloh TiOdge,
No. 1, A. F. & A. M., Fargo. N. D., for six
years; Potentate of El Zagal Temple (the
Shrine), of the same place, for six years, and
the head of some of the Scottish Rite bodies.
In June, 1890, he was elected Grand Mas-
ter of ]\ra'<ons for the state. In June, 1892,
was elected the Grand Secretary of the
Grand Lodge of Masons. Also Grand Re-
corder of the Knights Templar of the Grand
Commandery. In 1894 was elected Grand
Secretarv of the Grand Chai)ter, R. A. M., of
the state, all of whidi jiositions he now holds-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
He is also librarian of the library of the
Grand Masonic Lodge, and is at present the
librarian of the city library. For nine years
he served as a member of the school board.
He is also a member of the Knights of
Pythias, the Elks, the United Commercial
Travelers, and the Ancient Order of United
Workmen.
Mr. Thompson is also the author of the
Ritual of the Zodiac, Ancient Assyrian Mys-
teries, and is now the Most Sovereign Grand
Aries of the Grand Zodiac. The Zodiac is a
new order which is rapidly coming into
prominence.
He belongs to no church, but is a member
of the Unitarian Society.
In 1882 Mr. Thompson was married to
Elmadine Bissonette, then of Minneapolis,
by whom he has two children, the elder, a
girl, named Jaredine; the younger, a boy,
named Jack Dacotah,
PATTEE, William Sullivan, Dean of the
College of Law of the University of Minne-
sota, was born in the town of Jackson, coun-
ty of 'U'aldo, in the state of Maine, September
19, 1846, His father was Daniel Pattee,
whose ancestors were among the early set-
tlers of Maine. His mother, Mary Ann Bix-
by, was born in Maine, her father. Willard
Bixby, having emigrated there from Wood-
stock, Conn., while Maine was still a part of
the state of Massachusetts. Daniel Pattee
died at the age of thirty, leaving his wife and
two children, Helen and William. His moth-
er "was a woman of great strength of char-
acter and for several years supported herself
and children. She afterwards married Isaac
Gates, a farmer living in the town of Jack-
son. Her son William grew up on the farm,
remaining at home summers, until he was
twenty-one years of age. He attended the
common schools of the vicinity during the
winter months, and before he reached his ma-
jority, he had spent three terms in the East
Maine Seminary at Bucksport, in that state.
The winter after he was eighteen years of
age he commenced teaching in the country
schools dui'ing the winter months.
.\t the age of twenty-one he was ready
to enter the sophomore class of Bowdoin Col-
lege, having done the larger part of bis pre-
paratory work during the fall and spring
terms of the three preceding years at the
Maine Wesleyan Seminary at Kent's Hill.
Through this period of jireparation for col-
lege, like most young men from the country
districts, he was obliged to support himself
by teaching and doing such manual labor as
it was possible for him to procure in the
vicinity of the school. Entering college as a
s()i)l!omore at the age of twenty -one, he grad-
uated from Bowdoin in June, 1S71.
While at college he taught a portion of
each day in the public schools of Brunswick,
and by that means was enabled to meet his
expenses. Though his college course was
made extremely difficult by the outside work
he was compelled to do in order to maintain
himself, he nevertheless took a good I'ank as
a student, and was the orator of his class at
its graduation exercises. His education, up
to the time of his graduation from Bowdoin,
was acquired by continuous hard work, great
jserseverance, and under the inspiration of a
settled purpose to acquire the best education
it was possible for him to attain under his
impecunious conditions of life.
Tliree months before graduating from
Bowdoin College. Mr. Pattee was elected as
superintendent of the public schools in the
city of Brunswick, Maine, and performed the
duties of that office while at the same time
he carried all the work of the senior class.
He continued as su]ierintendent until April,
1872, when he resigned this position and ac-
cepted another as teacher of Greek in the
T^niversity of Lake Forrest, 111., which he
held until June, 1874, meanwhile lecturing
at times upon botany and other branches of
natural science. He then resigned to accept
the office tendered him of superintendent of
public schools in the city of Northfield, Minn,
On August 31 of that year Mr. Pattee
commenced his work in the state of Minne-
sota, largely reorganizing the Northfield
schools, where he continued his labors for
four years. The Northfield schools under his
administration were thoroughly organized.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
and became anioug- the most efficient in the
state.
During his college course, and his years
of subsequent teaching, he had puisued a
most systematic and thorough course of
study of jurisprudence. His vacations, and
all the time which he could properly use out-
side the work of the schools in which he was
employed, were devoted to the standard
works upon the various branches of law, and
on the first day of June, 1878, after having
been admitted to the bar of Rice county,
^Minn., he commenced the practice of his pro
fession in the city of Northfleld, where he
was then still residing. He entered at once
upon a successful practice and continued the
same for ten years. During this time he con-
tinued to be a systematic student of law, and
devoted himself exclusively to the demands
of his pi'ofession, excepting the winter of
1 884-5, when he was a member of the house
of representatives in the legislature of Min-
nesota. In this session of the legislature Mr.
Pattee was recognized as one of its ablest
debaters, and held a commanding place dur-
ing the entire session.
In the spring of 1888 he was asked by the
regents of the University of Minnesota to
organize and establish in that institution a
department or college of law. He accepted
the position and commenced his labors there
on the eleventh day of September of that
year, when he gave the opening address be-
fore the students, the faculty and the regents
of the university. That was the beginning of
what has now become, at the close of eleven
years, one of the most thoroughly organized
and efficient colleges of law in America, there
being but three, or possibly four, larger ones
in point of numbers in the United States.
Of Mr. Pattee's sound judgment, untiring
energy and wise administration in the organ-
ization, management and development of
this department of the university, too much
cannot be said, and to him must be attributed
a very large measure of its success. His
wide legal learning, his studious habits, his
executive ability, his tact and agreeable per-
sonality all have contributed to make him
the ideal founder and head of a college of
law. Starting without a building devoted
WILLIAM S. PATTEE.
to its purpose, without a library tor its use
and without any trained assistants for its
instruction, he has at the end of eleven years
secured through the substantial aid of the
regents, the erection and equipment of a fine
building, a library consisting of nearly all
the English Reports and repoi-ts of the vari-
ous supreme courts of the Union, including
those of the United States, with a fair col-
lection of text-books, and has gathered
around him an able faculty of efficient and
conscientious instructors and lecturers, num-
bering fifteen in all, upon whose instruction
there was in attendance at the close of the
eleventh year, four hundred and fifty stu-
dents.
Mr. Pattee has devoted to the upbuilding
of this college his entire time since its organ-
ization. Inspired by a desire to make the de-
partment an efficient promoter of higher
k^arning in the law, he early in its history
organized a graduate course leading to the
Master's degree, and later aonther leading to
the degree of Doctor of Civil Law. In these
classes Mr. Pattee has had an oi)i)ortunity
to show, and has shown, his broad and thor-
ough scholarshi]) in the realms of philosophy
and political science. The study of philos-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
opliy has been for liim for more than a quar-
ter of a century a rest and a recreation, and
one for which he has ever had an especial
fondness. It is the testimony of his students,
in these higher courses of study, that the
deep and perplexing problems of philosophy
are presented and discussed by him with a
force and clearness that make his lectures at
once a delight and an inspiration. To this
clearness of thought, aptness of illustration
and vigor of expression is largely due, un-
doubtedly, the high reputation Mr. Pattee
has won wherever he has taught as an able
and inspiring teacher, and to his clearness of
perception, his accuracy in detail and state-
ment, his strength of diction, his intuitive
sense of justice and his knowledge of law is
due his reputation as a leading member of
his profession.
Besides his public service in connection
with the university and his legislative ex-
perience, Mr. Pattee was for twelve years
the president of the State Board of Normal
Directors in Minnesota, and devoted much
time and thought to the ujjbuilding of the
normal schools in the state.
At the present time, in addition to the
executive duties imposed upon him as Dean
of the Faculty of Law, he teaches regularly
in both the undergraduate courses the sub-
jects of Contracts and Equity.
DEVINE, Joseph McMurray.— The North-
west has been fortunate in attracting to its
educational field men of culture and high
ideals. Generally, it is difiScult to draw from
educational centers those who are competent
to direct affairs in a new country, for the con-
ditions repel. The social elements are com-
paratively few; genial associates are widely
scattered; books are not so readily procured;
libraries are in the future, and the equip-
ments of the schools, high and common, are
necessarily scant. Then the work of organ-
ization is prodigious. But in spite of all
these hindrances and largely because of the
promise of great things sure to come, men
of the very highest educational rank and abil-
ities have turned their energies to building
up the school systems of the Northwest. The
common schools of this region cannot be sur-
passed by those of any section of the United
States. The magnificent school funds of the
new states have made this progress possible,
for with the best of ability, without means,
the results would be far from satisfacton-.
Among those who left a strong impress in
this field Governor J. M. Devine of La Moure,
La Moure county, N. D., must always be
prominent. He was bom at Wheeling, W.
^'a., in 1861. His father, Hugh C. Devine,
was born in Ireland. At the age of eighteen
he emigrated to the L'nited States, settled
at Wheeling, \\'. Va., and there engaged in
his favorite pursuit of horticulture and land-
scape gardening. He was married to Jane
McMurray of Wheeling. He was a man of
excellent education and of great personal
force. Jane (McMurray) Devine was of
Scotch-Irish descent, with all the excellence
of character which that term implies; strong,
loyal, self-sacrificing. Her whole life was
an everyday inspiration and benediction to
her children. Young Devine received his
env\y education in the common and high
schools of A^'heeling, after which he entered
the University of West Virginia, choos-
ing the classical course. He proved to be
a good student and stood high in scholar-
ship, winning distinction for its ex-
cellence. He was especially strong in pub-
lic speaking and in debate, in which de-
partment he carried off several oratorical
prizes. He graduated in the class of 1884.
The same year he went with an older brother,
J. C. Devine, to Dakota Territory, La Moure
county, now in the state of North Dakota,
and opened up a large farm. Here his schol-
arly attainments were soon discovered and
he was elected in 1886 Superintendent of
Schools of La Moure county. His efHciency
was so recognized that he was re-elected
again and again, and kept in the position
for ten years. To his progressive adminis-
tration the country is chiefly indebted for
the admirable system of schools now main-
tained. In 18D0 the oflBce of State Educa-
tional Lecturer was created, and Mr. Devine
was selected to fill the position. This gave
him the opportunity to exert a marked edu-
cational influence throughout the whole
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
State. In 1891, he was iiuaniiiHiusly elected
I'resideut of the State Ediu-atioual Associa-
tion. In llStti, he was nominated, b.y the
State Republican Convention, for State
Sniierinteudeut of I'ublic Instrnction, but the
whole ticket was overwhelmed by the fusion
opposition, and Mr. Devine went down with
the rest of the Kepublican nominees. In
LSili), thouf;h not a candidate, nor in any
way soliciting the office, he was uuamiuously
elected Chief Clerk of the House in the
Fourth Legislative Assembly. He was nonii
nated in IS'JG for the office of Lieutenant
Governor, and was elected with Frank A.
Hriggs as Governor. During the illness and
absence of the Governor Mr. Devine dis-
charged the duties of chief executive when
they were unusiuilly exacting by reason of
the numerous details connected with the
mustering in of troops for the Spanish war.
On the death of Governor IJriggs, the duties
of the chief executive of course devolved
upon Mr. Devine. So thoroughly and to the
satisfaction of the people did he discharge
the duty, that he was re-elected in IS'jy
Lieutenant Governor by the phenomenal ma-
jority of eleven thousand four hundred and
seventy votes. In IS'JG he was elected as a
delegate to the Kepublican National Con-
vention at St. Louis. He was also made one
of the vice presidents of that convention, and
still further honored by being made one of
the committee to notify Mr. McKinley of
bis nomination. On the organization of the
great National Sound Monej' League in ISitT,
Mr. Devine was made vice president, a posi-
tion which he still holds. In discharging
his duties iu this organization he has writ-
ten several articles on the money question
and on finance, which on being published
were extensively copied throughout the
country. His activity in political atVairs be-
gan when he was very young, for the work
was thrust uj)on him. He cast his first vote
for James G. Blaine, in 1884. In that
memorable campaign Mr. Devine, on the re-
quest of the state executive committee went
from North Dakota to "stump" the state
of ^^■est Virginia — his native state and
thought to be at most hopelessly Democra-
tic— for the "Great ("ommoner." His zeal
Ki'ii M. iii;vi.\i;
tor the principles of the party have never
riagged from that day. He is an eloquent,
persuasive speaker and is always in demand
for cauipaigu services. In I'JUO his sewices
and his ability as a scholar were again rec-
ognized in his nomination and election as
State Superintendent of Tublic Instruction.
Mr. Devine is an acti\e member of the pres-
byterian Church. On July 18th, I'JOO, he
was married to Miss Mary Bernadine Haus-
com. He takes an active interest in fraternal
societies, and is a member of the Odd Fel-
lows, Knights of I'ythias and of the Masonic
Order, in which he has taken the thirty-sec-
ond degree.
LONfiSTAFF, John. — The proprietcu' and
manager of the lluronite Publishing Com-
pany, of Huron, S. D., one of the largest
jtrinting establishments in the state, John
Longstaff, is a native of New York. He was
born at Newport, Herkimer county, of that
state. May 2l', 180:?. His father, a man of
strong native ability, was a blacksmith and
wagonmaker in well-to-do circumstances.
The maiden name of John's mother was Man-
Bradbury. They were both of English birth.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JOHN LONGSTAFF
John had the advautagL's of a good common
school education under the guidance of sen-
sible parents. He then took a course at the
noted Eastman's College, at roughkeepsie,
N. Y., and graduated in March, 1883, when
he was only twenty years old. He immedi-
ately set out for the west, and secured em-
ployment with the Times Publishing Com-
pany, at Huron, Dakota Territory— now
South Dakota. In 1885 he accepted a posi-
tion in Davenport, Iowa, with the Davenport
Gazette, then the leading Kepublican paper
of Scott county, in that state. He was soon
promoted to business manager of the estab-
lishment, where he remained for two years.
He then returned to Huron, his first love, so
to speak, and bought a working interest in
the Dakota Huronite. One year later he pur-
chased the interests of the other partners,
and formed a co-partnership with J. W.
Shannon, which continued until June, 1890,
when Mr. Shannon retired, disposing of his
interest to Mr. Longstaff, who has since con
ducted the business. Under his management
the business has grown yearly, until it has
become, as mentioned, one of the largest i)ub-
lishing houses iii the state. It is thoroughly
equipped with all modern machinery, and it
gives employment to nearly a score of people.
Mr. Longstaff i.s not only a thorough business
man, but he wields a facile pen as a forcible
writer, and he is an effective jmblic speaker.
In ]io]itics he is an active Republican, promi-
nent and influeutial in his party in addition
to the powCT- which he exerts through his
I>aper, The Huronite, one of the strongest in
the state. In 1SS!» President Harrison ap-
]>ointed Mr. Longstaff' jiostmaster of Huron.
He has been a member of llie Ke])nblican
State Central Committee since lS!((i, and is
one of the five members of the executive com-
mittee. He has always taken an active in-
terest in the affairs of the South Dakota
Press Association, and was elected president
of the association at the midsummer meet-
ing at Madison in 1892. In 1897, when the
legislature api>ointed a commission to inves-
tigate the state institutions and state otfi-
cers. Governor Lee, of the opposite party
from Mr. Longstatf, appointed him as a fair-
minded man, a member of the commission,.
as a Republican. He also takes an interest
in social affairs, being a member of the Syra-
cuse Lodge, No. 16, of the Knights of
Pythias, of which he has been an officer up
to the highest rank. He is a member of the
Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, Huron
Lodge, No. 444. He is second to none as a
public-spirited citizen, being always ready
with purse, pen, and personal effort, in every
movement for the general welfare of city,
county and state. He was married to Miss
Rose Schichtl, of Racine, Wis., in 1887. They
have three children, all boys: Ralph S.,
Cjeorge E. and J. Walter Longstaff'.
MARQUIS, William James.— I'ride of oc-
cupation is an essential element of success
in any calling. Where this prevails, accom-
panied with natural aptitude, the result is
not doubtful. The secret of the marked im-
provement in the Sauk Rapids schools under
the superintendency of William J. Marquis
may be atributed to this happy combination
in his character. He was born at Pickering,
Ontario, Can., August 25, 1871. He is of
Scotch-English extraction. His father,
lliomas B. Marquis, came from England with
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
his parents when a child, and is now a fann-
er in comfortable circumstances. The maiden
name of William's mother was Anne Dickie.
She came from Scotland with her parents
when only five yeare of age. Both are still
living to rejoice in the success of their son,
who when only ten years old determined to
be a teacher. His early education was ob-
tained in the country schools, where he was
fortunate in having good men teachers.
AMien prepared for high school his school
training was interrupted by five years' work
on his father's farm, but the germ of a teach-
er was in him. In ISSS he entered the noted
Collegiate Institute of Whitby, Ont., where
the instructors are held to be si)ecialists in
their departments, and where the i)ersonal
infiuence of the pi'ofessors is deemed a factor
in the training received. Here Mr. Marquis
took a foui- years' classical course with train-
ing in commercial details. He immediately
took a teach(M-'s ti'aining course in the Whit-
by Model School, and then began to teach
in country and village schools. The pay was
too low for a life work, so, after two years of
this teaching, Mr. Marquis determined to try
something else. In February, 1895, he went
into a general store business with his broth-
er. This did not jtrove congenial to him. He
could not be contented in following it, and
had a desire to return to his first love — teach-
ing— where the circumstances were more
favorable than at home. Concluding to try
the T'nited States — the Mecca of so many
young men of the Dominion — he came to
Jlinnesota. Although already well equipped
for teaching, and having had considerable
experience, he entered the State Normal
School at St. Cloud. Here he carried off a
large share of the honors. He was, in May,
180S. awarded a diploma from the advanced
Latin class. In 1S97 he was elected presi-
dent of the junioi' class, and in 1898 he was
elected president of the graduating class.
In the same year he Avas editor-in-chief of the
school paper, "The Normalia," and during
his course was frequently selected to repre-
sent the students in i)ublic exercises and
meetings. In September, 1898. he was en-
gaged as sujierintendent of the city schools
of Sauk Rapids, Benton county, Minn., the
WII.I,IA>1 .1. MAItlillS.
jiosititm which lie now holds. The schools
are already nearing a complete orticial high
school standing. He also takes an aitive
interest in general educational mattery be-
ing an active member of the Minnesota Edu-
cational Association, and is secretary and
treasurer of the Northern Minnesota Educa-
tional Association. Mr. Marquis is a mem-
ber of the Methodist Episcopal church, an
Odd Fellow, and belongs to the Council of
Jlodern Samaritans. He was married, Au-
gust 24, 1898, to Miss Lilian B. Holliday, of
Brooklin, Ont. They have one son, Harold
Holliday Manjuis, born IMarch fi, 1900.
DUNN, John Benjamin, surgeon to St.
Raphael's Hospital, St. Cloud, Minn., was
born at Winona, Minn., Nevember 27, 1859.
Is the son of James and Mary O'Hare Dunn,
natives of Dul)lin, Ireland, who emigrated to
America in 1845. His father served as a vol-
unteer in the Mexican War, and subsequent-
ly, in 185fi, took up land in Winona county
and engaged in farming.
Dr. Dunn's early education was in the
common schools of Winona. In 1877 he en-
tered the Second State Normal School grad-
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT N( »KT1J\VKST.
JOHN B. DUNN.
uatiuo ill 1880. He tlieu began the study of
medicine, graduating from Rush Medical
College in 1884. He at once located at
Shakopee, Minn., taking a large general prac-
tice established by his brother. Dr. J. H.
Dunn, in Scott and adjoining counties. De-
siring to especially qualify himself for sur-
gical practice, after nine years of active gen-
eral experience, in 1891 he went to Chicago
and New York for about two years of post-
graduate study under Drs. Senn, Murphy and
other prominent surgical teachers.
In 1893 he located in St. Cloud, Minn., as-
sociating himself with Dr. N. J. Pinault, who
had a very large general practice in the
northern part of the state tributary to St.
Cloud. It was the intention of Dr. Pinault,
whose taste and learning leaned towards in-
ternal medicine, to associate with himself an
expert surgeon and the firm thus formed was
a very strong one. The following year Dr.
Pinault unexpectedly retired, and for a time
Dr. Dunn continued the very heavy practice
of the firm, both medical and surgical.
Since the rebuilding of St. Raphael's Hos-
I)ital, which gives St. Cloud modern hospital
facilities equal to the best in the Northwest,
he has limited his practice largely to sur-
goiv and consultaiioii \\oik. Here be has
Ills own jirivate oiicialing room, fitted with
all tlie modern conveniences and ajipliances.
He is a member of the State Medical Associa-
tion, the American Medical Association and
other medical societies.
In 1SS4 Dr. Dunn was married to Miss
yiMy OT.rien, of Minneapolis. They have
Iliici' daughters, Irene, aged Ki. Adelaide.
ai;c(l 11, and Margai-et. aged 5.
CANTERBURY. James Rudolph.— Pro
tection against fire is one of the prime neces
sities of a modei-n city. The appliances de-
\ised to fight fire are mai-vels of ingenuity
and mechanical skill. It follows, of course,
that the men in charge of them must be skill-
ful and well trained in their calling, to be
efficient. This requires time; therefore a
modern fireman is an expert. He has a pro-
fession akin to that of a soldier, and like
him, risks life and limb in the battle, and-
although with the elements, it is scarcely
less hazardous. When the fireman, by his
knowledge, skill and intrepidity attains dis-
tinction he is as fully entitled to the honors
of his rank as is the perhaps more ostenta-
tious military officer. The fire chief, who
may be called the general, earns credit for
the efficiency of his force as does the com-
manding officer in an army. Tlie rush of
an engine to battle with fire is scarcely less
thrilling than a charge of soldiers. The
value of the two services can hardly be com-
jiared, for the fireman's duty is to defend and
save, while that of the soldier is to attack
and destroy.
Among the names of the men in the
Northwest distinguished for their fire serv-
ice, that of J. R. Canterbury, the Chief En-
gineer of the Fire Department of the city
of Minneapolis, will always be prominent.
He attained this distinction by a course of
training which peculiarly fitted him for his
career. It may with truth he said that he
lias also a hereditary aptitude for his profes-
sion, as his fathei', John David Canterbury,
was a stationarv engineer. He is still liv-
ing at Pomeroy, Ohio, surviving a service of
three years and a half in the army during
HI.STORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the Eeliellion. He is of English parentage,
wliile his wife, who was Harriet Stanley, was
of early Ameriean descent on both her fa-
ther's and mother's side. John David Can-
terbury's mother was of (ierman birth. Thus
Chief Engineer Canterbury can boast of hav-
ing in his veins three strains of sturdy
Anglo-Saxon blood — English, Aniei'ican and
German. He was born at I'oiiieroy, Ohio.
March 15, 185S. Having rcccixcd a com
nion school education lie began his active
life when fifteen years of age, in the employ
of the New Cumberland Towboat Company
of New Cumberland, \V. Va., where he re-
mained for five years. He then werjt into
service on a line of steamers as lamp trim-
mer, watchman and mate, plying between
Pittsburg, St. Louis and New Orleans. He
left the river in ISIS and was engaged in
the Belcher Sugar Refinery at St. Louis. In
1882 he came to Minneapolis and bought
shares of stock in the Co-operative Barrel
Manufacturing Company. He was appoint-
ed to the jjosition of pipeman in the fire de-
partment of Minneapolis, May 1, 1883, and
assigned to duty with chemical engine No. 1
where he remained for a year, and was then
transferred in the same cai)acity to hose No.
5, February 26, 1886. Ho was then promot-
ed to the lieutenancy of engine No. 5,
and again to the captaincy of engine No. 6,
December 8, 1887. He was appointed second
assistant chief engineer June 0, 1801, where
he seiTed until he resigned from the de-
partment, February 1, 1895.
He was appointed assistant boiler inspect-
or June 20, 1895, and held the position until
he was elected to his present office of chief
engineer of the tire department. Tlie whole
secret of his successive promotions lays in
the fact that he filled every place with ex-
ceptional ability and fidelity. He was al-
ways equal to any duty placed upon him.
Mr. Canterbury has always atTiliated with
the Eepublican party, and has identified
himself with the organizations which were
designed to promote the interest of the cily.
He is a member of tlie board of trade, and
of the Commercial club. He is an active
member of the iLasonic order, Minneai)olis
No. 11), Blue Lodge; St. John Cliapler, Royal
JAMES U. CAN'TEIUSUUY.
Arch; Zion Comniandcry, l\iiights T(MMplar;
Minneapolis Council No. 2. He is connected
also with other associations of social and
ci\ic interest, among them Nicollet Codge
No. 1(>. A. O. U. W., Minnehaha Council 1160,
R. A. He is likewise president of tlie Fire-
men's Relief association, and vice-president
of the international association of chief en-
gineers of lire departments. In church rela-
tions he is a Methodist. He was married in
1SS:{ to Lizzie IMunier Hanscom, of Minne-
apolis, and has two children, Ethel May, 15
years of age, and James Raljih, two years
younger.
Mr. Canterbury is a genial companion and
an ui)right. public spirited citizen, reflectiug
upon the community the honor which he so
abundant! V earned.
HEALY, Frank.— The law department of
a large city is its citadel of defense against
assaults on the city treasury. The city at
torney is the general in command. WOc be
to the taxjiayers if this otticcr be iiicomiicteiil
or inetticient to i(']iel raids on the city's
•'strong box." I'eople are })rone, on the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
FItAXK IIEALY.
slightest pretext, to sue the city, as if it weie
everybody's legitimate plunder. The num-
ber and frivolous character of the claims
made upon the public treasurj'; the ingenuity
with which they are concocted; and the cun-
ning displayed in prosecuting them, are won-
derful. To successfully cope with these
multifarious attacks, more especially as they
are very frequently conducted by legal talent
of a high order, requires much more than
ordinary ability.
Mr. Frank Healy, the city attorney of Min-
neapolis, has made an enviable record in this
important work during the nearly four years
that he has been in charge of the office. In
this time, there have been made attempts to
collect from the city claims which in the
aggregate amounted to hundreds of thou-
sands of dollars, and yet but two small ver-
dicts have been secured against the city.
This result is certainly very remarkable. In
not a few of these cases Mr. Healy opposed
distinguished members of the bar who had
the so-called "prestige of never losing a case."
What the result )night have been had the
office of city attorney been in the hands of a
less competent lawyer, it is easy to imagine.
Defending suits is only part of the duty de-
volving upon the incumbent of this office.
He must prosecute in behalf of the city, he
must give advice to the city council and al-
dermen and to the other departments of the
municipality, and decide questions of law
submitted to him by any of the city author-
ities. All this requires sound judgment, as
well as a wide range of legal knowledge. Jlr.
llealy has been as successful in this depart-
ment as in the defendant position.
Mr. Healy barely escaped the honor of be-
ing a native of the state. He was born near
the city of Syracuse. N. Y., in 1854. In 1850
his parents moved to Minnesota, and took up
a homestead near Preston, Fillmore county,
w here his father still lives. His mother died
in 1873. In that picturesque Boot river re-
gion, Mr. Healy spent his boyhood, beginning
his education in a log school house. His
next step, in 1874, was attendance at the
Preston graded school for two years. In
187(j he entered the preparatory department
of the state university, and began his college
course in the institution in 1878, graduating
with the degree of A. B. in the class of '82.
He chose law as his profession and entered
Ihe law department of the state university
of Michigan, graduating in 1884, with the de-
gree of LL. B. Beturning to Minneapolis
he began his law career as clerk in the office
of Col. C. H. Benton, who was then city at-
torney. Soon after he became a partner of
his employer with S. A. Plumley, the firm
being under the style of Benton, Plumley &
Healy. Later Mr. Plumley retired, and the
firm became Benton & Healy, so remaining
until the death of the senior partner in 1890.
Mr. Healy then practiced alone until 18!»3.
when, with Judge John P. Eea and Frank R.
Ilubachek, the firm of Bea, Huba<'hek &
Healy was formed, which continued until
1897, when Mr. Healy was chosen city at-
torney by the city council — the position
which he now holds so creditably to him-
self and profitably to the city.
Mr. Healy was married in 1889 to Miss
Louise Henry, who graduated from the state
university in the class with him. They are
blessed with a bov and a girl.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
PETERSON, John.— No class of emi-
grants have contributed more to the upbuild-
ing of this great Northwest than those who
came here from the Scandinavian peninsula.
A typical repre.sentative of that sturdy and
thrifty class of citizens is the subject of this
sketch. Mr. Peterson earned his firsi dollai-
in Minnesota, working as a grader on a new
railroad in course of construction. Since
that day he has taken a proniineni jiarl in
the construction of the railway systems of
the Northwest, and has been identified willi
many other important business interests.
He is at present Collector of Customs for
the District of Minnesota. Mr. I'elerson
was born July 6, 1841, in tlie province of
Vermland, Sweden. His parents, I'eter and
Carrie Johnson, belonged to the agricultural
classes and were in but moderate cix-cum-
stances. They were people, however, of
strong character and earnest Christians, and
spared no efforts to give their son John a
fairly good education. Their self-sacritices
in his interest taught him early in life the
value of an upright, honest character. The
lesson he thus learned exerted a deep influ-
ence on his after career. From his sixth
to eighth year he attended a small children's
school near his home. His later educational
training was received in the public schools.
Upon his graduation from them he learned
the trade of a mechanic and builder and for
several years followed this line of work. His
skill and conscientious attention to his du-
ties soon earned for him promotion to the po-
sition of superintendent of the construction
of railroad bridges on the governmental rail-
roads of Sweden. But his ambitious tem-
perament was not satisfied with the pros-
pects held out for him in the old country and
he decided to seek his fortune in America.
He emigrated to the United States in the
spring of 1869, coming directly to Minnesota
and locating at St. Peter. He sought the
first work at hand, and that was helping to
grade on the new railroad line being built
from St. Paul to Sioux City, and which is
now a part of the Northwestern system.
During the following summer he also worked
in the harvest fields in the vicinity of
Rochester. His experience in railroad con-
JOHN PETERSON.
struction work came in good stead about
this time. Many different railroad lines
were then being constructed, and Mr. Peter-
sou commenced operations as a sifb-con-
tractor on the Winona & St. Peter railroad.
In 1871 he became a member of the firm
of C. J. Larson & Company, which, until
its dissolution in 188, took a most active
part in the building of the great railroad
systems of this northwestern country. In
1886, Mr. Peterson also entered into part-
nership with Fred Widell, of Mankato, and
was for several years engaged in stone
quarrying and building. But Mr. Peter-
son's business activities have not been di-
rected along these lines alone. He has also
been identified with a great number of
other business interests and his whole ca-
reer has been one of unceasing activity. He
has conducted extensive farming operations
in Northwestern Nebraska and has been
largely interested in the iron industry in
northern Minnesota. For several years
he has been a director of (he Nicollet
National Bank of St. I'eter, :Minn., and
[iresident of the Northwestern publishing
company, of St. Paul. He is also vice-presi-
dent of the Svenska Folkes Tidning, of Min-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
nea polls, oue of the leading Scandinavian
papers published in this country. Mr. Peter-
son has also held many positions of public
trust. He is actively identified with the Re-
publican party and has served as a delegate
to numerous congressional and state conven-
tions. For several years he was a member
of the central committee of the Second con-
gressional district. He was elected to the
state senate from St. Peter in 1894, and was
three times appointed a member of the board
of trustees of the State Hospitals for the In-
sane, twice by Gov. Merriam and once by
Gov. Nelson. From 1881 to 1896 he served
as a member of the city council of St. Peter,
and for two years was its president. He was
appointed collector of customs for the Dis-
trict of Minnesota in 1897. Mr. Peterson has
also taken a special interest in educational
matters and has served as a director of Gus-
tavus Adolphus College of St. Peter for over
twenty years, and its treasurer for many
years. He is connected with the Swedish
Lutheran church, of which he has been a
member since 1871, and for many years
served as a member of the church council.
He was married in 1873 to Frederica Eliza-
beth Lundberg. They have seven children,
Agnes L., Adolph C, Bernard R., Hjalmar
N., Mabel F. C, Vernan J. (\ and L. Russell
F.
MORRIS, William Richard.— The disad-
vantages of birth present an almost insur-
mountable obstacle to members of the Afro-
American race, but there are a few notable
instances in this country affording a shining
example of the ability to rise above race
prejudice to positions of standing and influ-
ence. William R. Morris, a lawyer prac-
ticing his profession in Minneapolis, is a mag-
nificent type of that manhood which is dis-
couraged at no taslv, and finally, through
dint of persevering work, achieves a success
which makes him marked among his fellows.
Mr. Morris has a mixture of wliite blood in
his veins. On the paternal side of the house,
his great grandmother was born in Eng-
land and was a member of the English
nobilitv, while his irreat grandfather was
a negro and a slave, as was also his grand-
mother. His paternal grandfather, half
English, half negro, was a preacher learn-
ed in the Scriptures, and noted for his
great physical strength and powers of
endurance. His great grandmother, on
ihe maternal side, was an English wo-
man, and a slaveholder, as was also his
maternal grandmother. His father, Heze-
kiah, was a slave in Kentucky, but bought
his freedom, and was a mattress-maker by
trade. His mother's maiden name was Eliza-
beth Hopkins, who was born free. William
R. was born in Fleming county, near Flem-
ingsburg. Ivy., February 22, 1859. His fa-
ther having died when he was two years of
age, his mother moved, after the war, to
Ohio. He attended the public schools in
New Richmond, and also a private school in
the same place; later, the public schools of
Cincinnati as well as a private Catholic
school in that city. This was supplemented
by a term in a Catholic school in Chicago,
111. When seventeen years of age he en-
tered Fisk University at Nashville, Tenn.,
graduating from the classical department of
that institution in 1881, with high honors.
He was recognized by his instructors as oue
of their brightest scholars. He was apt in
his studies, a logical debater, and his exami-
nation papers revealed a vigor of thought
and an accuracj' of expression that proved
the thoroughness of his investigations and
the possession of high legal attainments.
After his graduation he was made a member
of the faculty, and for more than four years
was the only Afro-American member of that
body of twenty-five professors and teachers,
teaching classes in mathematics, languages
and the sciences. Mr. Morris regards the in-
fluence exerted on his after career hj Fisk
University as broad and deep. While a stu-
dent at the university, he taught in the pub-
lic schools of Mississippi and Arkansas dur-
ing his vacations. In 1885 he represented
the Afro-Americans of the South at the an-
nual meeting of the A. M. A. at Madison,
Wis., delivering an address entitled "The Ne-
gro at Present," which won for him a wide
reputation. In 1886 he was employed by the
superintendent of education of Tennessee to
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
hold institutes for Afro-Aineripan teachers
of that state, lie has also at different times
contributed articles for the press which have
been highly commended. He completed a
course in law in 1887, and in the same .year
was admitted to the bar by the supreme
court of Illinois, in a class of twenty-seven,
being one out of three to receive the same
and highest mark. He was also admitted
to the bar by the sujjreme court of Tenessee,
and practiced some at both Chicago, 111., and
Nashville, Tenu. In June, 1889, he resigned
his position at Fisk University and came to
Minneajtolis. He was the first Afro-Ameri-
can lawyer to appear before the courts of
Hennepin county. He enjoys an extensive
practice, and has handled a number of im-
portant cases, winning for himself an envi-
able reputation as a lawyer, both in civil
and criminal practice. One of his most im-
portant cases was the defense of Thomas
Lyons, in the famous Harris murder trial,
in which he succeeded in having Lyons dis-
charged. Mr. Morris is an active member
of the Republican party, and has served it
on several local committees. Notwith-
standing the active duties of his profession,
Mr. Morris has also found time to take the
lead in everything tending to the upbuilding
of his race. He was elected president of the
Afro-American State League in 1801, and
is the acting general attorney of the National
Federation of Labor of Colored Men of the
United States and Canada. Mr. Morris is
also prominent in Masonic circles, and has
taken the thirty-third degree in the Scottish
Rite. He is grand secretary of the Minne-
sota Grand Lodge, scribe of Royal Arch
Chapter, thrice illustrious master of the
Council of Royal and Select Masters, general-
issimo of the commandery, potentate of Fez
zan Temple, treasurer general of Imperial
council, and second vice president of the
Masonic Veterans' Associatnon of the United
States. He is also deputy supreme chan-
cellor and brigadier general of the Knights
of Pythias, and P. N. F. and P. G. M. of the
Odd Fellows. Other social organizations
with which he is identified are the Clio Club,
the Business Men's Club, and the English
and Ancient Literature Club. He is a mem-
WILLIAM K. MORUIS.
ber of the Plymouth Congregational church.
July 14:, 1S1)(J, he was married to Anna M.
La Force, of Pullman, 111., a young woman
possessed of considerable literary ability and
refinement. Their union has been blessed
with one child — Richard Edward.
IVERSON, Samuel Gilbert. — Any one
having public business to transact at the
cai>it()l building in St. I'aul will find many
genial and obliging officials, but none more
popular than Samuel <,i. Iverson, deputy in
the state auditor's office. Mr. Iverson has
been associated with the oflicial life of the
offices of the state treasurer and the state
auditor for the past thirteen years, and hav-
ing become thoroughly informed with all the
details of the conduct of those offices, has
made himself indispensable to those who,
seeking his aid, have been spared a great
deal of time and trouble in the transaction
of their business with the different depart-
ments of state govenimeut. Mr. Iverson is
of Norwegian descent, his i)arents having
both been born in Norway. His father, John
Ivei'son, was iiorn in Sogn, near Bergen, and
his mother, (iuuhild Ciundersou, in Thele-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
SAMUEL G. IVEKSOX.
mai-keu. They were among the earliest set-
tlers in Fillmore county, Minn., and were
married at Rushford, Minn., in 185G, where
they have resided ever since. Mr. Iverson
was a merchant in this place for manj* years,
but is now engaged in farming. Samuel G.
was born in Rushford, April 21, 1859. His
early educational training was received in
the common schools, and later the high
school of Rushford. This was supplemented
by a course at the Shattuck School, in Fai"i-
bault, one of the best schools of its kind in
the North Star state. Later in life he at-
tended the law department of the State Uni-
versity, from which he graduated, and was
admitted to the bar in 1SD3. Mr. Iverson ob-
tained his first business experience by clerk-
ing in one of the stores of his native city
when seventeen years of age. In 1881 he was
ajipointed postmaster at Rushford by Presi-
dent Hayes, and that he served the public
satisfactorily is attested by the fact that he
held that position until October, 1886. He
was elected in the November election of that
year a member of the state legislature and
served through the legislative session of
1887. At its close he was ai)pointed an ac-
countant in the state auditor's otHce by Capt.
A\'. \V. Braden, remaining in that position
until Mr. Braden's retirement in January,
181)1. Joseph Bobleter, then state treasurer,
recognized Mr. Iverson"s capacity and im-
mediately ottered him the position of deputy
in his office. Mr. Iversou's long experience
in the two principal financial offices of the
state has made him perfectly familiar with
the state's business affairs, e.specially of the
lare and management of the large area of
school and other public lands. The tax and
revenue laws of the state have been subjects
to which he has given especial study, so that
he has made himself invaluable to his prin-
cipal in the auditor's office, and secured for
himself a position of high standing in official
life and a leading position in the Republican
party of the state. Mr. Iverson always took
an active interest in political affairs, even
before lie became a voter. His first ballot
was cast for President CJarfield. He has also
been much interested in the national guard
of the state and served six years in the First
regiment, two years of the time as first lieu-
tenant of Company C, at St. Paul. He is
also an active member of several societies
and fraternal organizations. He was mar-
ried, April 21, 1900, at Rushford, Minn., to
Mrs. Calista Bentlev Retel.
HALLAM. Oscar, bears the surname of
one of the most distinguished writers of his-
tory. He does not, however, depend upon
the fame of the illustrious author of the
"History of the Middle Ages," for the posi-
tion Avon at the bar and in forum of the
states of Wisconsin and Minnesota. Oscar
Hallam's father was a farmer at Linden,
AYis. He married Miss Mary Wood. The
name indicates English ancestry. Oscar
was born at Linden, Wis., in 1865. Here he
received his start in climbing the ladder;
the district school furnished the means.
Having mastered the primary branches of
education, he entered the Dodgeville High
School and prepared for college, and for
his higher education he chose the Wis-
consin University at Madison. Here he
immediately showed more than common
OSCAR HALLAM.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ability. He became active in the various
organizations of the university designed
for literary culture, joining the Athenian
Literary Society and the Phi Delta Theta
college fraternity. In the great "joint de-
bate" in 1886 between the literary societies,
an event always of great interest and
importance, and one of the established pub-
lic contests, Mr. Hallam was elected as
one of the best speakers, to represent his so-
ciety. It proved to be a good choice, for his
side was successful. He appeared on various
other public occasions, and always acquitted
himself with such credit as to give promise
of a successful professional cai^eer. He grad-
uated in 1887, as one of the honor men of the
class. He then chose law as his profession
and entered the law department of the uni-
versity, and graduated in 1889. With char-
acteristic promptness he at once selected St.
Paul as his home and began to practice his
profession. He has recently tilled the re-
sponsible position of treasurer of the Ramsey
County Bar Association, which testifies to
the appreciation he has won by his ability
and integrity, as well as his genial personal-
ity. Mr. Hallam has always been a Repub-
lican, with a keen interest in the current po-
litical questions of the day. The college
training which he received as a forcible pub-
lic speaker has been of great service to his
party. He is always in demand as a popular
orator in campaigns, and i)resided over the
last Republican county convention of Ram-
sey county, yet he has never held a political
office. He has identified himself as a public-
spirited citizen with every movement for the
welfare of the community, and especially in
matters intended to promote the business in-
terests of the city. For this purpose he is a
member of the Commercial Club and the
Chamber of Commerce, and is a member of
the board of directors of both bodies. He is
also a member of several of the most promi-
nent fraternal societies, among them the
Masonic Order, the Ancient Order of United
AYorkmen, the I. O. O. F., the U. O. F., and
others, in which he has filled various official
positions. He is a man of high moral char-
acter, and in religion associates with the
organization known as the People's church,
one of the most progressive religious organi-
zations in the Northwest. Mr. Hallam was
married to Miss Edith L. Lott in 1892, and
has two children, Cornelia Mary and Rus-
sell Hallam.
JORGENS, Joseph.-- ^Mr. Jorgeus" first
home was a log house in the pioneer settle-
ment of Frankford township, Mower county,
Minn. When a year old the family moved
in a prairie schooner drawn by a yoke of
oxen to Otter Tail county. — a territory which
was then the hunting ground for a band of
Chippewa Indians, very few pioneers as yet
having found their way thither.
The family settled on a homestead claim
on the north shore of Wall lake four miles
east of the present city of Fergus Falls. The
natural resources of the county in soil, tim-
ber, numerous beautiful lakes and streams —
in fact a veritable park region — soon attract-
ed homeseekers and with the increasing pop- -
ulation came the organization of the county.
The father of the subject of this sketch, O.
Jorgens, was chosen by the people the first
county auditor, was re-elected and served in
all three terms. He took the leading part in
the early development of the county, in the
organization of townships, school districts,
the establishment of post offices, mail routes,
the final establishment of the county bound-
ary lines, and in locating the county seat at
Fergus Falls which was then the settlement
center. After several years' residence in the
county the family removed to Grand Mead-
ow, Minn., and engaged in general merchan-
dising. They have many relatives in this
community and the father is highly respected
for his probity and estimable character.
There are two children, a married daugh-
ter— a former teacher in the public schools
— and the son whose full name is Joseph
Oscar Jorgens.
Mr. Jorgens, Jr., after finishing the com-
mon school branches at Grand Meadow was'
induced by a former teacher of his who had
great interest in him to go to Lanesboro.
Finding work with W. W. Wall, the present
editor of the Lanesboro Journal, thus pay-
ing in part his expenses, he attended the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
high school which was then pi'esided ovei"
by Snpt. K. W. Budl, of Fillmore, as prin-
cipal. He next taught country school a term,
having received his first teachers certificate
at the age of thirteen. Later he went to
Carleton college; taught another term of
school and worked each year in the interim
of summer on the farm. At Carleton he
wrote a history of his class which jiroved a
praisworthy piece of work.
In 18SC he went to ilinneapolis to attend
the State university, entering the sub-fresh-
man class. Shortly after beginning his stu-
dies he obtained employment with the IMin-
neapolis Tribune, first as a paper (;-arrier,
then a manager of .several newspaper routes,
and later as a reporter on the Pioneer Press,
beginning liis ap])renticeship with that re-
markable staff composed of Chapin, Jones,
Mannix, Barnes, Mart Williams and Pickett.
By this method, earning from thirty to forty
dollars per month, he worked his way
through the university, keeping up and grad-
uating with his class in 1891.
At the university he was known as a good
student, bright and faithful in his studies,
yet developing along all lines that pertain to
a well rounded college life. In athletics he
was captain and manager of the winning
base ball team in '88. In literary society and
college organizations he was an enthusiastic
worker and made a finn and efficient presid-
ing ofTficer. His college fraternity, T'hi Kap-
pa Psi, did much at this time to promote
scholarship, literary work, and oratory.
Fi'om '87 to '03 this society took each year
the first place in the oratorical contests and
in "01 had both the Valedictorian and Saluta-
torian of the class. The stimulus and in-
fluence of such an order on its members were
inestimable. Though Mr. Jorgens makes no
pretense at oratory now, if is interesting to
note that during commencement of '01 he
gave three orations in one week — every one
seemingly gems. For his speech "Political
Parties" he received one of the prizes in the
Pillsbury contest. His oration on the "Col-
lege Graduate" received a place on com-
mencement day in the old coliseum, and as
memorial orator on class day he presented
the bust of Dr. W. W. Folwell to the uni-
JOSEI'H J(JRt;KXS.
versify, fhe response being by (Jov. J. S.
I'illsbury. The memorial oration was
spoken of by the press as an exceptional-
ly elocjuent ett'ort and one of th% best
ever delivered by an undergraduate. Upon
leaving college, affer several months' out-
ing on a survey on the "Soo" in Noi'th
Dakota, he took up teaching again, spend-
ing a year in tlie country, then two years
at Lyle as principal. In educational mat-
ters at this place, his enthusiasm brought
new interest in the work; the enrollment was
enlarged and the building capacity doubled.
In order to retain him for a third year to ex-
tend the high school work, several of the
parents, owing to the inadequacy of the sala-
ry, offered to assist the school board by per-
sonal contributions; but this was deemed im-
practicable by the state officials and he ac-
cepted the ])osition as superintendent and
principal at Clear Water. Besides the edu-
cational work at Lyle, as a hit in the literary
line, an old file of the local ])ai)er mentions
in a very flattering manner a Masonic ad-
dress delivered by Mr. Jorgens at that place.
The work at Clear Water brought him to the
attention of the Minneajiolis schools, his
work receiving espi'cial mention by the stale
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
inspector of schools in liis annual report.
The Clear Water school board strove to re-
tain him by holding out as an inducement
the highest salary ever offered at that place,
but a Minneapolis ai)pointnient with its fu-
ture proved more tempting and he accepted
a position in the south side high school with
civics, history and political economy as his
specialty. After two years' service, his nat-
ural executive abilities promoted him to the
princi])alship of the Jackson school, which in
point of number is the second or third largest
in the city, if not in the state, with an enroll-
ment of 1,202 pupils and 23 teachers.
Though successful in the class room, to use
an expression of a co-worker he is "extreme-
ly practical and a genius at management"
and would succeed in any active vocation.
He is, however, much interested in the teach-
ing occupation as a profession, being an ac-
tive worker for the teachers of the city, and
is at present a member of the executive com-
mittee and secretai-y of the Minneapolis
Teachers' club — an organization potent in
promoting culture in the community and the
professional and advanced interests of the
teaching body.
Mr. Jorgens' life is interesting because it
is a typical one of many ^Minnesota boys who
have with grim determination strenuously
battled their way to obtain an education,
■winning, as he has done, an early success.
He is still a young man employing his
spare moments in advance study, and with
his well rounded abilities, experience, schol-
arship, it is safe to predict for him one of the
brightest futures in the state.
VON BAUMBAOH, Frederick.— Men of
German ancestry have always been promi-
nent in American affairs since the days of
the Re^•olution. Citizens of this nationality
are recognized among the most sturdy, in-
telligent and patriotic citizens of the repub-
lic, and many of them have become distin-
guished in literature, art, commerce, and
politics, or, perhaps, more properly, states-
manship. The Northwest has been especial-
ly indebted to the virile, enterprising and
scholarly characteristics of the German race.
Frederick von Baumbach is a scion of this
lineage. His father, Louis von Baumbach,
was an officer in the Prussian array and
served against the first Napoleon. He was
very prominent and influential in German
public affairs, being president of the diet of
Ilcssc-Cassel and a member of the German
parliament of 1848, celebrated as one of the
most important ever held, being, in fact,
ei)ochal. In the crisis which arose Mr. von
Baumbach was on the progressive side with
the plain people. In the upheaval which
took place when the cause of the people
failed, he, with other distinguished men, emi-
grated to the United States, coming in 1849
first to Ohio, near Elyria, where he settled
on a farm. After a time he removed to Mil-
waukee with his large family and became
the German consul, a position which he held
until in 1883. His wife was Mina von
Schenk, of a family noted, like that of von
Baumbach in the history of Hesse-Cassel,
where they figure as soldiers and statesmen
of the highest rank. She died in 1809. The
old Baumbach estate, Kirchheim, in Hesse-
Cassel, founded in the year 1300, is still in
possession of the family. On this estate
Frederick von Baumbach was born, August
30, 1838. His education was begun under
the private tutor always resident with the
family. When the family emigrated to the
United States, Frederick was ten years old,
and one of the youngest of the family. He
was sent to the public schools of Elyria,
Ohio, near his home. On the removal of the
familj' to Milwaukee, he went to a business
college, and was also employed in a bank
until 1860, when he went to San Antonio,
Texas, and was there when the war excite-
ment was intense. His sympathies, of
course, were with the north, and after some
exciting adventures in escaping from the
south, he reached home, and on June 1, 1861,
enlisted as a private soldier in Company C,
Fifth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer In-
fantry. His efficiency as a soldier and his
scholarly qualifications secured for him rapid
pi-omotions as soon as the fighting begfln in
earnest. He was made successively corpo-
ral, sergeant, and sergeant-major, and on
June 13, 1862 — a little over a year from the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
time of his enlistment — he was commissioned
a second lieutenant. He then soon rose to
first lieutenant. On December 11, 18G8, he
was appointed captain of Company 15, Thirty-
tiftli Kegiment \Yisconsin Volunteers, and
October 24, 1805, he was promoted to major,
in which rank he was mustered out at
lirownsville, Texas, March 15, ISGO, having
served nearly live years, and terrible years
they were, for he participated in many of the
most important battles of the war, besides
laking part in almost innumerable skirmish
es. Among the battles may be mentioned
the following: Yorktown, Williamsburg,
seven days" battle before Richmond, second
battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericks-
burg, Mobile, and Spanish Fort.
After the war, in looking around for a
home, for he was married in 1803 to Sarah
J. Decker, of Milwaukee, he visited Douglas
county, Minn., and, although pleased with
the prospect, he returned to Wisconsin and
opened a drug store at Fond du Lac. With-
in a year his establishment was burned. He
Ihen turned to his first love, Douglas coun-
ty, Minn., where, on the shore of Lake
Agues, near Alexandria, he has one of the
most lovely homes in the state. He has al-
ways been a Republican and active in the
campaigns of the party. He was very soon
elected to minor ofBces in the gift of the
people. In 1872 he was elected county audi-
tor of Douglas county. He was re-elected
again and again until he was chosen for the
high office of secretary of state in 187"J. lie
filled this position so well, also, that he was
twice re-elected. When he again returned
to Douglas county the people once more
elected him county auditor, and put him in
charge of the construction of the new court
house. On the passage of the new internal
revenue law in 1898, to provide funds for the
Spanish war, Mr. von Baumbach was ap-
pointed by President McKinU\v a collector,
with an office at St. Paul. Mr. von Baum-
bach, as stated, was married in 1803, to Saiah
J. Decker, but they have no children excc]it
tho.se adopted, Jacob and Julia. The family
attend (he t'ongregutional church, of which
the husband and wife are members. He is
a member of the veteran soldier organiza-
FUEliEUlCK VCliN BAUMBACH.
tions, the Orand Army of the Republic and
the Loyal Legion, the latter composed ex-
clusively of those who were commissioned
officers in the war of the Rebellion. Be is
also an Odd Fellow and a Mason.
PETERSON, James A., is a lawyer and
prominent member of the Minneapolis bar.
He was born on his father's farm near the
village of Alderly, Dodge county. Wis., Jan-
uary IS, 1859. He is of Norwegian descent,
both his parents having been born in Thele-
marken, Norway. His father Aslak Peter-
sou, is a farmer and lives in the town of Ash-
ippuu. Dodge county. Wis., where he has
lived since 1849, at which time he came as an
emigrant from Norway and took the farm he
is now living on as a homestead from the
United States government His mother's
maiden name was Karen Marie Ostenson.
She was married to Mv. I'eterson in the old
country. The subject of this sketch attended
I he country school near his home until he
was fourteen years of age, leaving it to at-
tend school in the neighboring villages of
Hartford and Oconomowoc. James was of
iiiubitious temperament and was anxious to
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JAJIES A. PETERSON.
receive the benefit of a college education.
His parents, however,were unable to provide
him with the means to accomplish this, so he
was compelled to rely upon his own re-
sources. He taught school for a part of the
time to pay his expenses while attending col-
lege, and with the exception of the last year,
when he had some help from his father, earn
ed the money to pay for his own education
through the entire course. This education
was received in the university' of Wisconsin.
He entered the freshman class in the fall of
1880, taking the ancient classical course, and
graduated in the fall of 1884, with the de-
gree of A. B. While at the university he
was a member of the Hesperian debating
societ}' and was the leader of the debate for
his society in 1881. He was also a mem-
ber of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity.
Having the legal profession in view as his
ultimate career he continued his studies in
the law department of the same university,
from which he graduated in 1887. Mr. Pe-
terson had commenced the study of law in
1885, after graduation from the classical de-
partment of the university, with W. S. Field,
of Yiroqua, and while in the law school stud-
ied in the office of J. L. Connor, of Madison.
He came to Minneapolis August 18, 1887, and
began the practice of his profession. In 1893
he was appointed assistant county attorney
of Heunei)in county under Frank M. Nye,
and was re-ai)i)ointed to the same office in
1895. In 189(j he was elected to the office of
(oiiuty attorney of Hennepin county, and
served one term. At the expiration of his
term of office as county attorney, he resumed
the active practice of his profession in part-
nership with Eobert S. Kolliner, under the
firm name of Peterson & Kolliner, until July,
1900, at which time the partnershij) was dis-
solved. Since then Mr. Peterson has prac-
ticed alone, his offices being located at GIO
Boston block, and enjoys a large and success-
ful practice. During his term of service as
county attorney Mr. Peterson's ettorts in the
direction of breaking up the old "city hall
gang"' resulted in the conviction of the presi-
dent of the State Bank of Minneapolis for ir-
regular banking, as well as the city treasurer
of Minneapolis and two aldermen, one for ir-
regular conduct in his office and the other for
perjury. He has always been a Eepublican
and taken an active part in campaign work.
In 1881 he stumped northern Wisconsin for
Blaine, and has done a like service in Minne-
sota at other general elections. He is at
present a member of that body of freeholders
who framed and presented a new charter to
the mayor of Minneapolis in 1900. Mr. Pe-
terson is a member of the Masonic lodge, the
Knights of Pythias, and the Elks. He has
always been identified with the Episcopalian
church, and is a member of Gethsemane. He
was married Nov. 19, 1889, to Marie Emilie
Dahle, of Dane county. Wis., who graduated
in the same class with him at the university
of Wisconsin. They have two children liv-
ing, Amy Belle and James Dahle. One
daughter, Olge Dorethea, died in 1895.
TRYOX, Charles John. — It is always a
pleasure to trace the pedigree of a successful
man back to a worthy ancestry, no matter
what may be the estimate placed upon hered-
ity. Those who value it are encouraged to
tontinue the family name with honor, and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
those who give "blood"' no value iu the race
of life are t-oustrained to prove it by their
own exertions iu outstripping the aehieve-
nients of those who have gone before them.
It is worthy of note, however, that very many
of the men who have made the Northwest
famous are lineal descendants of the people
who made New England what it is in history.
Charles J. Trvon is a fair example of this
truth.
He was born in Batavia, Genesee county.
N. Y., a region once as famous for its wheat
product as the most favored section of the
Northwest. His father, Anderson D. Tryon,
was for thirty-five j'ears the leading druggist
and bookseller in the place. His mother,
whose maiden name was Amanda Hatch
Shepard, was born in the first log house
built in her town in Genesee county, N. Y.,
moving to Batavia after her marriage. Al
though both the parents were born in New
York they were of Connecticut lineage, dat-
ing from 1040, when William Tryon came
from England and settled near Wetherstteld,
and from a Huguenot family.on the mother's
side, dating from the Revolutionary war.
The maternal ancestors first went to Ver-
mont, and from there to New York state.
The family had emigrated from Scotland,
whence they were refugees to America. The
great grandfather of Charles J. was a soldier
in the Revolutionary war, and was in the
force which brought about the surrender of
Burgoyne. Tliis battle of Saratoga, as it is
called, it put down in history as one of the
decisive battles of the world because of the
influence it had on the Revolutionary con-
test. It secured the aid of the French gov-
ernment and enabled the struggling colonies
to obtain a loan of money from the Dutch,
two things which made independence more
l)robable, if not absolutely certain.
John Tryon, the grandfather of Charles J.,
fought in the war of 1S12. This honorable
and patriotic parentage is done no discredit
by the success of Charles J. Tryon. He was
school of Batavia, an institution of high
grade, under the supervision of the state
board of regents, with an academic depart-
ment leading to the university. He was
compelled, howevci', to leave school when
CHAIfLES J. TRYON.
fifteen years of age and assist his father
ill the store, as clerk. After four years of
lliis service he procured a clerkship in the
treasury dei)artment, at ^Vashillgton^ hold-
ing the position from 1S7S until 1SS(;. In the
meantime he had taken up the study of law.
He entered the National University Law
school at Washington and graduated as
bachelor of laws in ISSO, when he was admit-
ted to the bar. He took the higher degree
of master of laws, LL. M., at the Columbian
university, in 1882. He finally in 1886 se-
lected the city of Minneapolis as his home,
and resumed his practice by entering the of-
fice of Messrs Kitchell, Cohen & Shaw.
Within a year he became the examiner of
titles for the Minnesota Title Insurance X-
Trust company, and was soon made assistant
counsel of the company. He was promoted
to counsel in 1802 and in 1895 he entered up-
on a general practice, making a specialty of
real estate, corporation and insurance law.
Mr. Tryon is a Re]>ublican in i)olitics and
takes an interest in all public affairs, and is
active in social and religious circles. He is
a member of riymouth Congregational
church, the Miuneaj)olis club, the Minikada
club and the ;Miinii'toiika Ice Yadil clnb, the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
leading religious and social organizations of
the city.
He was mai-ried June 10, 1891, to Miss
Isabel Gale, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs.
Harlow A. Gale. He lias an interesting fam-
ily of four children— Fredericli (i., Elizabeth
G., Philip D., and Kichard M., Tryou. Cer-
tainly his ways are pleasant and his paths
are peace.
KNOX, Thomas J. — Eminence in the le-
gal profession is only attained by merit.
The successful advocate does not win his
laurels without a severe struggle. He must
commence at the very beginning, must plead
and win his first case and work his way up-
ward by ability and integrity. It requires
perseverance, close application and hard
study. He wins only because he has led in
the race. He obtains clients because the
public has confidence in his ability and in-
tegrity. He is successful as an advocate be-
cause every fact is carefully studied, the law
applicable thoroughly investigated, and with
his well-trained mind a clear, logical and for-
cible argument is presented to the jury.
Minnesota has many eminent men practicing
before her bar. One of the foremost is
Thomas J. Knox, of Jackson. Mr. Knox has
been engaged in the practice of law iu Minne-
sota since 1872. The years immediately fol-
lowing his location in Jackson county were
not favorable to the development of south-
eastern Minnesota and the young lawyer had
a hard struggle to maintain his position dur-
ing the early years of his practice; but by
perseverance and close attention to business
he eventually succeeded in building up a
large and lucrative clientage, his reputation
extending beyond his home county. Mr.
Knox was born at Covington, Tioga county,
Pa., February 16, 1846, descending from
Revolutionary stock. His grandfather, Geo.
Knox, who was born September 27, 1757,
was a member of the Colonial anny dur-
ing the greater part of the struggle for
independence. By trade he was a tanner,
following that pursuit after the close of the
war until the time of his death. He erected
the first tannery built at Covington, Pa., and
owned and operated the same during his life-
time. His wife, Ann Knox, was born No-
vember 2a, 1761, and died June 21, 1808. He
survived her for a number of years, passing
away March 10, 1831. Their children were:
Thomas, who was born April 28, 1785, and
died August 7, 1795; Jean, who became the
wife of William Kirk; Betsey, who was born
October 31, 1787, and married James Crown-
over; James Knox, born December 21, 1789,
who in 1845 removed to Oregon, where most
of his descendants still reside; Nancy, who
was born March 31, 1792, and married Rob-
ert Montgomery; Bell, who was born No-
vember 22, 1794, and married John Bennett,
and, after his death, became the wife of
John Jenkiuson; Hannah, born August 8,
1797, and married Jesse Minshall; Ann, who
was born September 1, 1802, and became the
wife of William Annstrong: George, the fa-
ther of our subject, and Samuel Bell, who
was born January 14, 1808, and died in 1875.
The maternal grandfather of T. J. Knox, .
Royal Cole, was also a Revolutionary hero,
and a soldier in the war with England in
1812. He made his home in Wellsboro, Pa.,
and some of his descendants are still resi-
dents of that locality. His children were:
Gideon, who was killed in the war of 1812;
Rachel, who married Daniel Odell of Duchess
county, N. Y.; Betsey, who first married Mo-
ses Johnson, and after his death wedded
Erastus Fellows; Deborah, who married Ly-
man Wetmore; Jerusha, who was born No-
vember 25, 1812, and became the wife of
Alanson Andrews; Ruth, twin sister of Je-
rusha and the mother of our subject; and
Lewis, the youngest
George Knox, the father of Thomas J.,
was born December 22, 1805. He followed
in the footsteps of his father and became an
expert worker in the tanner's trade, pursuing
this vocation during the greater part of his
life in the east. He came west in the spring
of 1854 and located on a farm near Geneva,
Wis., removing to Minnesota in the fall of
the following year and pre-empting a claim
in Fillmore county. Later he purchased a
farm in Racine township, Mower county,
where he passed his remaining years. He
was a man of considerable strength of char-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
acter and occupied an influential position in
his own community. lie served in many i)o-
sitions of public trust, from that of justice
of the peace to member of the state legisla-
ture, and discharficd with marked fidelity llie
duties devolvinj;: ujion him. He died Novem-
bep 11, 1867. Tliomas" early school privi-
leges were limited, but he was of a naturally
studious disposition and had access to a
fiood library in his own home, for his jiarents
were possessed of cultured and literary
tastes. This home training was su]>])le-
mented by a year's attendam-c at a jirivale
academy. In 1SG8, he secured a lopy of
Rlackstone, and undirected began reading
law, but the following year entered the
law office of (". T. licnedict. then of Roches-
ter, IMinn., but now of .Milwaukee, "Wis.
The succeeding year he became a student
in the law office of Stearns & Start, who
have become prominent in the affairs of
the nation, the former as a judge and
Ignited States senator and the latter as
chief justice of the sujireme court of Minne-
sota. Mr. Knox was admitted to practice
before the courts of the state Octobei- 14,
1871, and before the United States courts
December 12, lS7t!. Though he had original-
ly intended to locate in Dakota, he was i)er-
suaded by some friends to open an office in
Jackson, which he did November 17, 1872.
He has always been an earnest student, and
the high rejuitation he has achieved as .a
lawyer is due to his tireless energy and close
application to his jirofession. He has never
been associated with a partner, but has been
the preceptor of several young men who have
assisted him in his professional transactions.
Mr. Knox's political affiliations are with the
Democratic party. lie served as probate
Judge for a short time l)y a])pointment, and
in December, 1870, was elected superintend-
ent of the public schools of Jackson county
on an independent ticket, and for two suc-
ceeding terms was elected on the Re])ub]ican
ticket. He served as county attorney from
1887 to Ism, and in May of the latter year
was a])i)ointed a member of the state board
of examiners in law to represent the Second
Congressional District, serving in this posi-
tion till the summer of 1000, when he re
TUOJIAS J. KNOX.
signed. Jn January, 10(10, he was appointed
a member of tlie state railroad and ware-
house commission by Gov. Lind, and was a
candidate for election to that office in No-
vember of that year, but was defeated. Mr.
Knox is ca charter member of Des ISloines
Valley Lodge, No. 15G, I. <>. O. F., and Jack-
son Lodge, No. 40, A. (). IT. W. He was
married September :'., 1877, to Miss Jane
Cowing, daughter of John and Elizabeth
("owing. Four children have been born to
(hem: Elizabeth, John Cowing, Kuth and
Thomas Start. Elizalieth died in inlanev.
KOfJEKS, Arthur Curtis.— Care of feeble
minded and epileptic children is a compara-
tively modern philanthropic work. This be-
nevolence was left at first to private en-
deavor. The method of treatment — if meth-
od it could be called — was naturally hap-
hazard, depending upon the vagaries of the
]>erson in charge. The subject had not been
studied. There was no scientific basis on
which to iiroceed. ^\'llen the importance
of the work was in some degree recognized
the state, very properly, took hold of the
matter with the result that it induced study
and investigation, which have evolved a
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ARTHUR C. ROGERS.
rational course of treatment and has de-
veloped a cori^s of educated and trained
professional men, devoted to this neglected
tield of humanitarian effort, and who have
attained a degree of success heretofore
deemed impossible. The Jlinnesota school
for feeble minded at Faribault is one of
the most noted in the United States, if
not in the world. The institution, al-
though at times a sufferer from parsimony,
is well appointed and equipped and is a credit
to the state. The high rank of the school
is largely due to the j)rofessional and admin-
istrative ability of Dr. Arthur Curtis Rogers,
who has been in charge of the institution
since 1885. He was born in Iowa, near
Decorah, July 17, 185G. His father, Ansel
Rogers, was a minister in the society of
Friends, or Quakers. As the ministers of
this church are not paid salaries, they gen-
erally follow some secular occupation for a
livelihood. Ansel Rogers engaged in the
mercantile and milling business. He was of
English descent. His grandfather came
from England during the revolutionary
period, and settled at Greenfield, Mass. In
the decade of 1840-50 he removed to Mich-
igan and was one of the ])ioneers of I^enawee
county. In 1853 he went to Springwater,
^^'inneslliek county, Iowa. Here he was post-
master as well as miller, and his establish-
ment was a popular center for a large region.
He kept an open house for many a traveler
in those early times. He was very devoted
to Friends' principles, and to the interests of
the society. He moved to a new state two
different times, sacrificing a good business
and a prospect of certain competency for
what he believed to be his religious duty.
He moved from Springwater to Leavenworth
county, Kan. Here he was the agent, and
his mill was made the depot for the distribu-
tion of supplies sent from the eastern states
to the sufferers from the severe drought of
ISGO. Young Arthur began his schooling in
the common schools of Crawford and Dela-
ware counties, Ohio, and continued his stud-
ies in the common schools of Lenawee coun-
ty, Mich. He then took a two years course — it
might well be called a preparatory course for
college — at the Raisin Valley seminary, near
Adrian, Mich. His next step was to Earl- .
ham college, at Richmond, Ind., where he
look the scientific course. All this training
fl as secured only by the most persistent and
indefatigable labor, for he was obliged to
pay his own way through the schools. This
he did by working during vacations, by the
month, day, or hour, as he could get a job.
Nearly all the time in college he taught clas-
ses in general or analytical chemistry to as-
sist in paying his tuition. Besides this, he
taught a village school; took charge of a
small country store for the owner; and was
bookkeeper, clerk and steward for a state
institution. Having chosen the profession
of medicine he took the medical course at
the state university of Iowa. He was then
made assistant physician of the same state
institution in which he had served as book-
keeper, clerk and steward. His next service
was that of physician and clerk to the Hai'ri-
son institute, a training school for Indians
at Chemawa, Or. He was then appointed to
the position he has now held for more than
fifteen years. Dr. Rogers is singularly mod-
est in speaking of his valuable work for the
feeble minded; he claims no original dis-
coveries. But he has stood for principles,
especially for the generous and humane care
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of all iiieiitally defective children, aud for
their training, when possible, to a condition
of usefulness. He was probably the first in
his profession to insist on cond)ining indus-
trial and manual training with school work.
He was also the first to organize training-
classes for attendants to feeble minded chil-
dren. He has also the distinction of being the
editor of the only perif)dical in the English
language devoted to the interests of the fee-
ble minded, the journal of "Psycho Asthen-
ics," publised (juarterly. He believes thor-
oughly in the retention of defectives in vil-
lage communities, by the state, where they
have a variety of occupations, under restric-
tions to protect society from increase of the
class, and to protect such unfortunates from
the misunderstandings and tlie mistreatment
of society. Dr. Rogers is a member of sev-
eral medical societies — the American Acad-
emy of Medicine; The Association of Medical
Officers of the American Institutions for
Feeble Minded Persons, of which he was
president in ISOO, and of which he has been
permanent treasurer and secretary since
1804; The Minnesota State Medical Society;
Tlie American Medical Association; The
American Medico-Psychological Association ;
The National Conference of Charities & Cor-
rection, being also chairman of the Section
of Feeble Minded in 18S9 and again in 1894;
president ]\Iinnesota State Conference Chari-
ties and Correction in 1899; The National
Educational Association, being in 1900 vice-
president of the department of the society
devoted to the interests of the feeble mind-
ed. In religion Dr. Rogers belongs to the
Society of Friends, but affiliates with the
Congregational church. His liberality is
shown by the fact that notwithstanding his
ti-aining he lield the rank of first lieutenant
of com])any "C," Iowa National (luard,
and was sergeant major of the .^th I'cgi-
nient, to which the company belonged. In
|ioIitics he has always affiliated with the
Ixepublican party, though independent in
all local issues. In 1882 he was married
In Phoebe A. Coltiii. of Columbus, Kan.
riiey have thi'ce children, Eloise Hazel, age
i'-i; Helen Lola, age 11, and Aitliiir Williain
Rogers, six years old.
AAKER, Hans H., mayor of Moorhead,
Minn., M'as born on a farm near Ridgeway,
Iowa, on the IGth day of April. 18f)2. His
father, Hans O. Aaker, was born in Sauland,
Telemarken. Norway, in 1825. He emigral-
ed to America in 1848, settling first in Wis-
consin and in 18.51 removed to Winneshiek
county, Iowa, where he was one of the early
settlers and for fifty years a prominent and
well lo do farmer. Ragnild Aaker (n^e
Cutehus), llie mother of H. 11. Aaker, was
born in Hjerldal, Telemarken, Norway, and
was married to Hans O. Aaker just l)efore
his emigration to this country. 'S'oiing
Aaker received a good ])rimary education
and entered Luther college at Decorali,
Iowa, where he remained nearly four years,
when coming to the conclusion that a busi-
ness course would be better than prepara-
tion for the ministry, which at that time
seemed to be the chief aim of the college,
entered a business college at Decorah, grad-
uating in 1882, and from the commercial
department of the northern Indiana Normal
school and business institute in 188?.. Mr.
Aaker then assumed charge of the com-
mercial department of the Willmar semina-
ry, a new scho(d started at Willmar. ^inn.,
by Prof. A. M. Hove, now a teacher at Augs-
burg seminary, ^Minnesota, I'rof. H. S. Hille-
boe, now principal of the schools at Benson,
Minn., and Mr. Aaker. The Willmar semi-
nary was one of the first schools of the kind
in the Northwest and starting in 188.3 with
twelve students gi-ew in five years to a school
with an attendance of over two hundred and
fifty. In 1888 Prof. Aaker decided to engage
in business and resigned his school position
and in partnershij) with a brother oi)ened a
mercantile house in Twin Valley, where a
[irofitable business was carried on. In 1891
the Northwestern Lutheran College Associa-
tion was incorporated and a school styled
Concordia College was started at Moorliead.
The record made by Prof. Aaker at the AN'ill-
mar sensinary was well known and the of-
ficers of the new school were very anxious to
secure liis services. Finally, after repeated
icfnsals to consider the matter, he was in-
(liircd lo accejil a ]pusili(iM willi this insli-
(Ml ion. In -Tanuaiv, 1S92, he assniiied
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
HANS H. AAKEU.
cliai'ge of the commercial departmeut and
two years later he was elected principal
of the school. Concordia College is one
of the most prosperous i)rivate schools in
the Northwest and much of the success
of the school is due to the system in-
augurated by Professor Aaker. In political
matters he is known as a Prohibitionist and
he has taken an active part in the work of
the party. While located at Twin Valley lie
was the party nominee for county superin-
tendent of schools and lost by a narrow mar-
gin in a county where his party had but a
small jiart of the vote. In 1893 he was the
Prohibition candidate for secretary of state.
In the spring of 1900 the business men of
Moorhead requested Prof. Aaker to become
a candidate for mayor. The city had been
for many years the dumping ground of the
di"inking element of Fargo, N. D., a city
across the state line, and undei- prohibition
laws. The resorts barred from Fargo
found a place in Moorehead, and, as no re-
lief could be obtained from the regular nom-
inees, the business men decided upon Prof.
Aaker as the man to redeem the fair name
of the city. He was elected by a plurality
of eight votes over the opposing candidates.
The city of Moorhead has undergone a
change under his guidance, and would not
be recognized as the lawless place of a few
years ago. Prof. Aaker was nominated
for congress by the Prohibitionists of the
Seventh congressional district, in the spring
of 1!MM). He was also a candidate for the
nomination of the People's party and had
the support of the leading men of the party,
but owing to saloon influence he was de-
feated for this nomination. Prof. Aaker,
though defeated, ran ahead of his ticket,
receiving more than double the votes cast
for the nominee for governor. He is a
young man yet and will be heard from
in the future, not alone in politics but
along educational lines. Prof. Aaker is a
member of the United Norwegian Luthcn'an
church of America. He was married Sep-
tember 5, 1900, to Miss Annette Peterson, for
several years a teacher at Concordia College.
CAIRNS, Charles Sumner. — How what is
deemed at the time an unimportant, or even
a trivial, incident of life may determine a
career, is illustrated almost daily. This
small, potent factor, though so common, is
never without interest. It is frecpiently re-
called with pleasure, or regret, as it is re-
lated to subsequent events.
Charles Sumner Cairns, the brilliant at-
torney who was so conspicuous as the effi-
cient supervisor of the twelfth United States
census of the fifth congressional district of
the state of Minnesota, may well have pleas-
ant memories of the episode which estab-
lished him in Minneajiolis.
When a young man just entering upon his
professional career, he selected the staid old
city of Decatur, 111., as a suitable place and
formed an advantageous partnership with
Judge Wm. E. Nelson. Mr. Cairns had
friends in Minnesota. After a year's hard
work he concluded to spend his short vaca-
tion with them. He was so delighted with
the city of Minneapolis and its environments
and prospects that what was meant for a
casual visit, terminated in a permanent resi-
dence. This was in 1883. His marked pro-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
fessional success is evidence that he has nev-
er had cause to regret the incident.
Mr. Cairns traces his American descent,
on his father's side, to William Cairues — or
Careins, the archaic form of the name hav-
in;; an '"e" in it — a Scotch-Irish Preshv-
terian who came to Maryland in 1774,
and settled north of Baltimore, in what
is now Jarrettsville. His son, also named
"William" was born, grew up and married
there. He was a soldier of the war of 1812.
This son, about 1830, with a young boy, Rob-
ert, emigrated to Ohio and took a farm in
Muskingum county. Robert grew up and
received a better than common education, his
district school studies being supplemented
by some college training. He taught district
school in Ohio, when a young man, and set-
tled down to become a prosperous farmer.
He was the father of Charles Summer
Cairns, Charles' mother's maiden name be-
ing Mary A. Haynes.
On his mother's side Mr. Cairns is of Pu-
ritan stock. She descended from Samuel
Haynes (or Haines), who came over in the
ship "Angel Gabriel,'' which was wrecked on
I he coast of Maine in 1035. He, with eight
others, founded the city of Portsmouth, jS\
H., and was a "selectman" of the town. One
of his descendants (a lineal ancestor of
Mr. Cairns) served under Washington four
years in the Revolutionary War. Mary
A. Haynes — aftei-wards Mrs. Robert Cairns
— the mother of Charles, was a remarkable
woman, distinguished for mental endow-
ments and literary attainments. She was
the author of a volume of poems of some
note. Although for many years a great suf-
ferer from rheumatism, she never lost in-
terest in public affairs. Her memory was
very tenacious, and she read with avidity
everything accessible pertaining to the im-
portant questions of the day, and formed
conclusions worthy of a seer. Judge John
Haynes of the supreme court of California
was her brother.
From these facts it is easy to discover how
Charles S. Cairns came by his superior nat-
ural talents and intellectual trend. He w;is
born on the home farm near Duncan's Falls,
Muskingum county, Ohio, July i, 1856. The
CHAULES S. CAIKNS.
district school which he first attended was a
mile away. One of the established practices
of the school was "speaking pieces" every
Friday afternoon. His interest in the^ ex-
ercises first prompted in young Cairns the
ambition to become a lawyer. He entered
Muskingum College at New Concord, Ohio, in
1872, and received his A. B. degree in 1876,
taking also in due course the master of arts
degree. Having read law one year in the
office of Roby, Outten & Vail at Decatur,
111., he entered the law department of Michi-
gan university, graduating as LL. B. in 1882.
He began to practice at Decatur, as already
stated. When he came to Minneapolis, in
1883, the year of the fateful visit, he formed
a partnership with David S. Frackelton but
soon, however, struck for himself and has
conducted his practice most of the time
alone. It is of a general character, covei-ing
civil, mercantile, and patent law; his patent
cases leading him to practice in the Federal
circuit courts in several states and in the
I'nited States supreme court.
jNIr. Cairns has taken an active interest in
political affairs, as a stalwart Republican.
He was elected to the legislature of 1893,
where he was recognized as one of the ablest
HISTORY OF THE GKKAT NORTHWEST.
of his party. He made his mark as a pro-
gressive legishvtor by introducing a bill to
provide for the nomination of candidates by
a direct vote of the people, dispensing with
delegate conventions. This principle was af-
terwards embodied in the "primary election
law" passed by the Minnesota legislature of
1899. Mr. Cairns being one of the authors
of this law, he took great pains, — in pub-
lic meetings called for the purpose — to ex-
plain its various provisions to the electors.
His name will always be connected with this
great reform which dethrones the political
"boss" who had come to be regarded as the
"sum of all villianies" in politics. His ap-
pointment as supervisor of the census men-
tioned, was made by the president on the rec-
ommendation of the business men of Min-
neapolis. Although the items of the sched-
ule were more numerous than ever before re-
quired, the general results, under Mr. Caii'us"
direction, were the most accurate and satis-
factory ever obtained, showing that his
appointment was no mistake. He is a di-
rector of the Board of Trade, and a member
of the Commercial club, the tw'o organiza-
tions which represent the business interests'
of the city. He is a member and elder of the
Westminster Presbyterian church, is married
and has two sons, Millard S. and Cai"l A.
Cairns. His wife's maiden name was Frances
V. Shellabarger, daughter of one of the old-
est families of Illinois, and a cousin of the
late Judge Samuel Shellabarger, of Wash-
ington, D. C.
WHIPPLE, The Et. Rev. Henry Benja-
min, Bishop of Minnesota. — It is no exaggera-
tion to say that Bishop Whipple, the subject
of this sketch, has no compeer in the North-
west, if indeed in the world. Future genei'a-
tions may be pardoned for regarding the
words of sober truth used by contemporaries
in trying to dejjict his unique pei-sonality, as
extravagant hyperbole, but the naked facts
alone, without embellishment, cannot be ex-
pressed in the boldest jnanner without seem-
ing, to those beyond his generation, as mere-
ly fulsome eulogy. Exaggeration, however.
is scarcely possible when dealing with his
life and services in the Northwest. Henry
Benjamin Whipple, who has been bishop of
the Episcopal Church of Minnesota since
ISoit. was born at Adams, Jefferson county,
N. Y., in 1823. His father, Hon. John
AVhipple, was a merchant of New York, and
a staunch supporter of the old Whig party.
The maiden name of his mother was Eliza-
beth ^^'ager. She was the daughter of Hon.
Henry Wager, one of the electors who chose
Jefferson pi-esident of the United States. Of
the ancestors on both the father's and moth-
er's side, sixteen were officers in the Revolu-
tionary and Colonial wars. Many of the
family were noted for usefulness in church,
state and countiT, one a signer of the Decla-
ration of Independence. By virtue of the
services of these ancestors Bishop Whipple is
a member of both the Sons of the Revolution
and of the Society of Colonial Wars of the
United States, and is also the chaplain-gen-
eral of both organizations. He was educat-
ed in the private schools of New York state,
and holds the college degree of D. D. from
Hobart and Racine colleges, and degrees of
D. D. and LL. D. from the English universi-
ties of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham.
When Bishop Whipple chose the ministry
as his profession he took his theological
coui'se under the direction of Rev. Dr. Wil-
liam D. Wilson, afterward professor in Cor-
nell University, Ithica, N. Y. He was or-
dained deacon in 1849 in Trinity church,
Geneva, N. Y., by Bishop De Lancey, and
ordained priest by the same bishop a year
later in Christ's church, Sackett's Harbor,
in the same state. In 1850 he was called to
Zion church, Rome, N. Y. Under his rec-
torship the parish increased and grew so that
he soon built a beautiful and substantial
stone church. Here his power and influence
over men was so recognized that he received
calls from a number of wealthy parishes.
But he refused them all. His unselfish de-
votion was conspicuously shown when he ac-
cepted an urgent call to go, at a smaller
salary, to Chicago, where the field offered
such a chance for work among a hetero-
geneous mass of men of all conditions
of life that it seemed like a Macedonian cry.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Here his rare eloquenue, persuasive power,
courtesy, kiuduess uud euergy served to wiu
all hearts. He seemed to neglect no class.
He labored with prisoners and men of all na-
tionalities. Among the Swedes he had great
influence, devoting to them much time and
labor. He established the free church sys-
tem at Chicago. His efficiency, sound judg
ment, and judicial temper, together with his
successful administration as a rector pointed
him out as a natural bishop. A year after
the organization of the state of Minnesota,
he was bj* a unanimous vote elected first
bishop of Minnesota, in 1S59, and consecrated
in St. James' church, Richmond, Va., Bishop
Kemper being one of the cousecrators. There
probably never was a choice more thorough-
ly justified by results. It was in this posi-
tion, by his devotion, sacrifices, courage, en-
durance, manliness, keen sense of justice, ut-
ter self-abnegation, and stainless integrity,
that he rose to the spiritual grandeur he has
attained. Every injustice found in him an
instant antagonist. But it was more espe-
cially as the valiant champion of the Indians
of the Northwest that he exercised his won-
derful power against wrong. Like a true
Knight of the Cross, he fought iniquity wher-
ever found, but his almost single handed
combat, by masterly pleas, addresses, and
every personal influence he could bring to
bear against the rascalities carried on under
the system of Indian agencies, rises to the
majesty of the heroic. His woi'k of evan-
gelizing the Sioux and Chippewa Indians, in
which he was very successful, was greatly
aided by the friendship he showed for their
material interests. He secured their confi-
dence so thoroughly that he was named
''Straight Tongue," because he never lied to
a red man. He became an authority on
every jdiase of the Indian question, and he
has been appointed by different presidents of
the United States on important commissions,
and has proved himself to be not only a spir-
itual guide of the first order, but a philan-
thropist of the practical sort, a statesman of
sagacity, and a successful advocate and dij)-
lomat. As successful and as notable as his
work has been among and for "Red men" —
and which has been to him trulv a '-White
HKNKY I!. WHIPPLE.
Man's Burden"' — his labors for the people of
his own race have been greater, and the
fruits of them will continue to grow when
1 he Indians have disappeared as a race. His
great school at Faribault will remain* mon-
ument of which not only any man, but a
state, might feel proud. He laid the walls
of the beautiful stone buildings of St. Mary's
hall for girls, which he first opened in his
own home; Shattuck Military school for boys;
Seabury Divinity School, and the Cathedral
of the Merciful Savior, the first Protestant
cathedral erected in the United States. He
has also largely directed the management of
the schools to their present thriving condi-
tion. In 1871 the archbishop of Canterbury
offered him the bishopric of the Sandwich
Islands, but he declined it in the interest of
these diocesiau schools and his Indian work.
He has been a trustee of the great I'eabody
fund for educational work in the South since
1873, being one of the vice presidents. He
has received many honors in England, where
he is not only esteemed, but revered. The
ojM'ning sermon of the Lambeth Conference
at Lambeth Palace, London, in 1888, was
I>reached by Bishoj) Whipi)le. He has
preached on special occasions at almost every
cathedral of England. Queen Victoria in-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
vited him as a guest to \A'indsor Castle, and
afterwards she presented biiu with a jwr-
trait of herself and with a copy of her book,
"Highland Journal."' He was presiding
bishop of the American church at the Lam-
beth Conference in 1897, and has so served
several yeai-s at the church functions in the .
Fnited .States. He preached the sermon at
the centennial of the Protestant Episcopal
Church, in Xew York, in 1889. In 1899, on
invitation to be present as the representative
of the I'rotestant Episcopal Church in Amer-
ica, he delivered an address at the centenary
of the Church Missionary Society of Eng-
land. At the request of the i)residing bishop
he visited Porto Kico in 1900 to examine the
field for church work. He held the fii-st
protestant public service ever known in Cuba.
When Bishop ^Vhipl)le began his work in
Minnesota in 1859, there were about 20,000
Indians in the state, his diocese spreading
over an area of 81,259 square miles. For
twenty-seven years, during the most rapid
period of growth. Bishop Whipple did the
work of this vast diocese alone, and did it
efticieutly. At the beginning there wei"e no
railroads. The immense amount of travel-
ing necessary where every town in the
state needed attention, can scarcely be
imagined, — the hardships involved in the
methods of travel — on horseback, in rude
wheeled vehicles, in canoes — the rough ac
commodations for sleeping, often on the
ground in the forest, and the exposure
to summer heat on the prairies, and
the snows and blizzards of winter. There
was in fact no physical hardship that
he did not cheerfully undergo to accomplish
any mission which he felt was in the line of
his duty. After years of this heavy burden-
bearing, in wliich the conditions of life and
travel had greatly changed for the better,
he asked for an assistant. Mahlon N. Gil-
bert was ajjpoiuted as his coadjutor in 1886.
He was a bright, vigorous young man, but
he died in 1899. Bishop Whipple is still
hale and ready to undertake with energy any
duty which falls to him. In addition to his
labors in the episcopate, he has written much
on the Indian question, and on miscellaneous
subjects. His latest work is "The Lights and
Shadows of a Long Episcopate,'" which is
full of the spirit of the venerable bishop.
He was twice married, and has four children,
three married daughters and one son, Major
C. H. Whipple, V. S. A. The bishop himself
would, no doubt, have made an ideal soldier
and general. He was, before he chose the
ministry, interested in military affairs. He
has been a general of the highest rank —
when labors and achievements are consid-
ered— in the church militant, and deserves
the highest rewards. His relations to the
patriotic societies have already been men-
tioned. He is a member of the Victoria In-
stitute of Great Britain.
COOPER, Walter.— The last thirty-five
years have witnessed a marvelous transfor-
mation in the great Xorlhwest, for during
this short period the almost limitless region,
for years known as the American desert, has
been wrested from hostile tribes, and its vast
area converted into rich, prosperous and pro-
ductive states. The men who have accom-
* plished these wondei-f ul results, now present-
ed to the view of those who roll across the
boundless west in a luxuriant palace car,
were, it is needless to say, men of iron, of
restless activity, of more than ordinary en-
durance and persistency of purpose; for their
achievements outrank the efforts perhaps of
any previous generation since the first set-
tlement of North America, when religion was
the mainsjjring of their actions.
As a faithful private in the ranks of the
early pioneers, ^^■alter Cooper now deserves
to rank as an officer in the army of those
hardy veterans who with gallant hardihood
hewed the way for "millions yet to be." He
was but sixteen years of age when, in 1859,
he reached the Rocky Mountain region. He
was without the benefits of an education
when he was first thrown amid the wild
scenes and rugged men of Colorado, where
he grew to manhood unfettei-ed by class-
room, but schooled for life's battle by the un-
couth usages of the wildest and roughest of
frontiers, where one"s native ability is
brought to a keen edge, and mere book learn-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ing does not add :m iota to the scale of merit,
as weijffhed by tlie discriniiiiating bands of
the pioneers. Worth it is that makes the
man, wliere people are forced to estimate him
in times of peril, and eA'ery hour is fraught
with danger and imperiled life. Such was
Mr. Cooper's school. Little time had he had
to seek the polish of a higher education, but
it would be erroneous to assume that he is
lacking in this particular, for, with an un-
usually well-equipped mental reservoir, and
expanded by his eai'ly training, Mr. Cooper's
relentlessly active mind has gathered to it the
attributes of the thinker and student, well
able to present his views in the jiublic prints
and upon the rostrum.
Mr. Cooper was born in the town of Ster-
ling, Csiyuga county, state of New York, July
4, 1843, and was the third son of Andrew H.
and Sarah E. Cooper. His jtaternal grand-
father was of Irish descent, and his grand-
father on the mother's side was of Scotch
descent. Both father and mother were from
the town of Argyle, Washington county, N.
y. Argyle was founded by Donald McGill-
vra, great-grandfather of Mr. Cooper, and
was by him named for his birthplace, Argyle
county. Isle of Mull, Scotland, where he was
bora in 1723, and whence he came to Amer-
ica,— first to Canada, as a private soldier in
the British anny. In 1752 he served with
General Wolfe during the latter's camjiaign
against the French, and fought under Wolfe
on the plains of Abraham, September 13,
1759. This sturdy Scotch soldier gained an
enviable i-eputation for courage and stability,
and was honorably discharged, in the year
1759, after seven years' service. The orig-
inal discharge is now in the possession of the
Cooper family. After his discharge Donald
McGilhTa went directly to New York City,
where he remained three years, and then lo-
cated at the town of Hebron, in Washington
county, N. Y. There he remained a number
of years. Having cast his lot with the Amer-
ican party, he was set upon by Indians and
Tories to such a degree that he was forced
to abandon his home, and he finally joined
the American army and entered the Revo-
lutionary struggle. In 17S9 he settled again
in Washington county and founded the town
wAi/ri:u ('(((ji'i:!!.
of Argyle, where he died in 1812, aged eigh-
ty-nine years. George Cooper, grandfather
of Mr. Cooper on the father's side, and Dan-
iel McGillvra, son of Donald McGillvra,
grandfather on the mothei''s side, emiffrated
from Washington county, N. Y., to the town
of Sterling, Cayuga county, N. Y., arriving
April 27, 1827, and being among the early
settlers in that section. George Cooper was
of Irish parentage and served in the war of
1812, being stationed at Fort Oswego, where
he was taken prisoner by the British squad-
ron under Sir James Yeo, who bombarded
and captured the fortress in 1814.
Andrew H. Cooper, father of Walter
Cooper, was bora at Argyle, Washington
county, N. Y., in 1813, and married Sarah E.
McGillvra, daughter of Daniel McGillvra, at
the town of Sterling, Cayuga county, N. Y.,
October 30, 1832.
Sarah E. McGillvra was born in A\'asli-
ing-ton county, N. Y., November 29, 1S14.
Mr. Coojier lived in the near vicinity of Ster-
ling until 1845, when he emigrated with his
family, consisting of wife and foui- sous, to
Shiawassee county, Mich., where he died,
June 24, 1851, leaving a wife and six sons.
Tlie oldest son was but sixteen years of age,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
and upon Iiim the care of this young family
largely devolved. Shortly after the death of
his father, at the age of eight years, Walter
was sent to Lansing. Mieh., to live with a
naternal aunt, who promised to educate and
care for him as her own. For three years the
boy lived with this aunt, not having seen the
inside of a school house. Becoming dissatis-
fied, he ran away from his aunt, and hence
we find him, at the early age of twelve, work-
ing as a farm hand in summer and in the
lumber camps in northern Michigan in win-
ter,— depending entirely upon his own re-
soui'ces. Mrs. Cooper had in the meantime
returned to New York, takng her second and
three younger sons.
In the fall of ISoS Walter started west,
reaching Leavenworth, Kan., in the month of
November, where he passed the winter, driv-
ing team for the government and doing such
work as he could find to do until Febmai'y,
1859, when he engaged to drive a team across
the plains to Pike's Peak, where he worked
as a herder on a ranch. In the spring of
1860 he joined a prospecting expedition to
the San Juan mountains. The party left
Denver, Colo., early in May, and visited old
Mexico. Returning to Colorado in the win-
ter of 1861, our subject spent the summer
and fall of 1862 near Colorado Springs, act-
ing at times as scout for the First Colorado
regiment. In November, 1863, he started for
Montana (then Idaho), arriving at Virginia
City in February, 1804, and engaging at once
in mining in Alder Gulch. In May he became
interested with Charles Cooper in a freight
train, with which he started for Fort Benton
to meet the steamboats, — expecting to return
to Virginia City with freight. During 1864
the water was so low in the Missouri river
that little freight reached Fort Benton, and
he was forced to return with his teams
empty. Arriving at Virginia City in August,
he disposed of his train, fitted out a team
with supplies for winter, and located and
passed the winter of 1864-5 in the Missouri
River valley, near Round Grove, spending
the winter in hunting. In the spring of 1865
he engaged in mining at Nelson Gulch and
other points, which occupation he followed
with varying success until the fall of 1869,
when he settled in Bozeman, Gallatin county,
Mont.
On the 10th of April, 1870, Mr. Cooper
married Miss Mariam D. Skeels, only daugh-
ter of Nelson Skeels. of Boulder Valley, Jeff-
erson county. Mont., and he has since resided
at Bozeman. Mr. and Mrs. Cooper have had
one son and two daughters born to them, the
son and one daughter having died in infancy;
they have one daughter. Mariam Cooper, liv-
ing, aged ten years.
In 1870 Mr. Cooper founded in Bozeman
a mercantile house which became famous as
the most complete establishment of its kind
in the Northwest. He also engaged in the
fur business in 1872, giving this branch of
business such energy that, as a result of his
efforts, Bozeman in three years became sec-
ond in importance as a shipping point for fur
robes and skins. Mr. Cooper invented and
patented many improvements in firearms,
and at one time manufactured the most fa-
mous long-range hunting rifle ever used in
the west. He was selected as one of the in-
corporators of the city of Bozeman in 1883,
on the adoption of the city charter, and was
a member of the first city council ; was nomi-
nated for mayor of the city of Bozeman by
the Democratic city convention in 1888, but
declined for business reasons. On the organ-
ization of the Board of Trade of Bozeman, in
] 883, Mr. Cooper became its first president,
in which capacity he served two years. In
1884 he was nominated by the Democratic
district convention of the First judicial dis-
trict, was elected to the constitutional con-
vention as delegate at large, and was made
chairman of the committee on privileges and
elections. He was again nominated and
elect'^d to the constitutional convention in
1889. on the admission of IMontana into the
Union, and was made chairman of the com-
mittee on appointment and representation.
As chainnan of this committee Mr. Cooper
reported and strongly advocated the adop-
tion of the famous article giving one senator
to each county. This article was bitterly op-
posed by delegates from populous districts,
but was ratified by the convention after a
fierce struggle, became a part of the constitu-
tion, and is thoroughly appreciated, especial-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
]y by the less populous counties, being con-
sidered a safeguard against reckless legisla-
tion, and serving to dignify the senate and
render it a more conservative body.
Mr. Cooper was selected by the state con-
vention as a delegate at large to the National
Democratic convention held at Chicago in
1892, was selected and served on the com-
mittee on credentials, espoused the cause of
the regular delegates, Henry P. Henderson
and John T. Coign, of Utah, against the con-
testing delegation backed by an influential
club, in which contest Mr. Cooper developed
rare qualities as a debater, showing, as well,
a thorough knowledge of western affairs.
The regular delegates were seated, and ]Mr.
Cooper received a letter of thanks from the
Utah Territorial Central Committee. Mr.
Cooper was nominated as an elector on the
Democratic ticket in 1892, and ran several
hundred ahead of his ticket.
He was elected president of the State
Pioneer Society in 1892, serving two years,
and was elected president of the Pioneer So-
ciety of Gallatin county in 1893, serving one
year. He served as a member of the legis-
lature in 1895, and secured the pas.sage of an
act which made possible the erection and
equipment of the buildings now occupied by
the Montana State College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts. He was appointed by
Governor Richards, in 1892, as a member of
the local executive board of the Agricultural
College, serving six years.
In the business world, Mr. Coopers fore-
sight, courage, and, above all. his tireless
energy, have won for him a position in the
forefront. His associates say he was never
known to express a doubt in the ultimate
success of any enterprise in which he was
interested.
When, in 1889, the city of Bozeman want-
ed a supply of fresh water for fire protection
and domestic use, Jfr. Cooper acquired the
water right on Lyman Creek, organized the
Bozeman Water Woi-ks Company, and caused
the construction of the most perfect system
of water works in the Northwest. He be-
came vice president and one of the largest
stockholders of the comjiany. In 1884 he
secured control of the coal fields on Bockv
Fork, and, together with Hon. Samuel Word,
of Helena, brought about the building of the
Kocky Fork & Cooke City Railway, and the
development of this great coal field, with its
limitless supply of the most excellent coal.
From the inception of this entei-jirise to its
completion, — covering a period of six years,
— much of Mr. Cooper's time was occupied
with it. As an enterprise bearing upon the
general welfare of the state it will doubtless
rank among the most important achieve-
ments of the last decade, and its history from
start to finish stands in pei^jetual ci'edit to
the master mind of Mr. Cooper. As one fa-
miliar with almost every detail of this enter-
jirise, the writer regards Mr. Cooper's con-
nection with it as Napoleonic. The difficul-
ties surmounted, the energy displayed, and
the benefits accruing to the state at large
make it a memorable page in Montana's his-
tory.
Mr. Coojier has, among other things, de-
voted some of his attention to mining. He
organized and is president of the Bozeman
Gold & Silver Mining Company. He was
also instrumental in organizing the Bozeman
Jlilling Company, operating one of th» larg-
est flouring mills in the state, and of this he
was its first president, as well as its largest
stockholder.
Mr. Cooper is identified with many other
enterprises of a i)ublic and private nature.
In politics he is a Democrat, and has taken a
jirominent part in the councils of his party
since the fonnation of Montana as a terri-
tory, as well as rendering it and his beloved
state valuable services whenever called on.
Mr. Cooper took an active part in the political
affairs which agitated Montana in 1898 and
19(10. He was one of the ]»rincipal factors in
the conduct of the preliminary campaign
which culminated in .seating the regular
Democratic delegates at the Kansas City con-
vention, July 4, 1900. Later he successfully
conducted the preliminai-y contest against
the Amalgamated Copper Company, and se-
cured for the regular Democratic party the
control of the state convention, and was
made its chairman. He was elected by the
convention chairman of the State Central
Committee, and conducted the great cam-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
paijjn of 1000 against the united Republican
and Independent Denioci-atio forces of Mon-
tana, whicli wei-e bac ked by the Anialganiat
ed Copper and Standard Oil Companies, re
suiting- in a complete victory for the regular
Democratic national and state tickets, and
the election of a large majority of the state
legislature, insuring the election of two Dem--
ocratic United States senators, as well as ac-
complishing the complete overthrow of the
Amalgamated forces, which have so long
controlled ]\[ontana. He has earned and
deserves the reputation of being a skillful
leader of men, — an oiganizer whose magnet-
ism, personal courage and unceasing activity
have always won and merited approval.
Time and again he has led his party to vic-
tory, directing its movements with cool judg-
ment and clever generalship.
Mr. Cooper has a pleasing and engaging
pereonality. He is exceptionally well in-
formed upon all subjects, and takes a lively
interest in the welfare of the state, for Mr.
Cooper's predominating characteristic is loy-
alty to his country. Tliere is no man proud-
er of the American flag, more devoted to his
country, or who feels like drawing himself
to a greater height when he says, "I am an
American, and from the state of Montana."
HARE, William Hobart.— No man is
more thoroughly identified with the progress
and development of the great Noi'thwest
than William H. Hare, D. D., S. T. D., bishop
of South Dakota. His successful labors have
been so largely in the Indian field that he has
been called "The Father of Indian Missions"
in that I'egion — not that he was the first to
undertake the work, but because of the en-
thusiasm and force wheh he brought to bear
upon the work, the character of the fellow-
laborers whom he rallied about him and the
"boarding school" featui-e in missions to
which he gave great prominence and which
revolutionized the system of influence exert-
ed, and made the results more permanent.
His St. Paul's School for Indian boys at the
Yankton Agency, was the first boarding
school of anv kind for either race, erected
within the limits of South Dakota. His labor
in the white field is fully as significant. If
he had no other monument than the All
Saints" School for girls at Sioux Falls to in-
dicate his interest in the state at lai-ge, it
would be a worthy life achievement.
He completed twenty-five years of service
as bishop January 0, 1898, and this fact was
commemorated at the general convention of
that year when, in a joint meeting of the
House of Bishops and of the House of Cler-
ical and Lay Deputies, he was presented with
a handsome silver loving cup, and a minute
l)laced on record in which this language was
used: "The difficult task of mediating be-
tween the red man and the white he has
discharged with consummate skill and tact.
***** j^Tpypp 3 sentimental apol-
ogist for Indian crimes, he has been always
and invariably a staunch upholder of Indian
rights. The people and the government have
learned to trust him as one who could be de-
pended upon to tell them the whole truth."
Bishop Hare was born, May 17, 1838, at
Princeton, N. J., to which place his father
had moved from Philadelphia to take the
rectorship of the Episcopal church. His far
ther was the Rev. George Enilen Hare, D. D.,
LL. D., a professor in the Divinity School of
the Protestant Episcopal Church in Phila-
delphia, and a member of the American Old
Testament Committee, appointed under the
directiim of the Convocation of Canterbury,
England, in 1870, to act with the English
committee in revising the authorized version
of the Bible. He was the nephew of the cele-
brated Robert Hare, of Philadelphia, famous
for his scientific attainments. Francis Hare,
bishop of Chichester, England, 1671-174:0,
was an ancestor. The American branch of
the Hare family settled in Philadelphia in
1773. Bishop Hare's mother was Elizabeth
Catherine Hobart, from whom he obtained
his middle name. She was the daughter of
Bishop Hobart, of New York, and through
her mother, a grand-daughter of Rev. Thomas
Bradbury Chandler, D. D., a distinguished
churchman in colonial days. Tlie founder of
the Ilobai't family in America was Edmund
Hobart, who came from Hiugham, Norfolk
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
county, England, in 1633, to secure a more
peaceful home than England then penuitted
nonconformists to enjoy. He founded and
named the town of Hingham, Plymouth
county, Mass. He had eight sons, six of
whom graduated at Harvard, the newly
established university of the colony. Five
of them entered the ministry, a profession
which attracted the Hobarts in the old coun-
try, also, the late Earl of Buckinghamshire,
one of the family, being a clergyman of the
Church of England, and a peer of the realm.
The early education of the young bishop was
obtained in the Episcopal Academy of Phila-
delphia, a school managed after the prin-
ciples of the great Arnold of Rugbj'. To
the influences surrounding him in this school
he traces the interest and faith whch he has
shown and the methods which he has follow-
ed in education. Here he won high honors.
He then entered the sophomore class of the
University of Pennsylvania, where lie took
rank in the "first class of distinguished stu-
dents." Failing health and want of means
compelled him to withdraw from college at
the end of the junior year. He secured a po-
sition as assistant in a classical school and
at the same time began his theological studies
in the institution of which his father was the
immediate head. It was founded by Uisbop
Alonzo Potter, and is now known as the
Episcojial Divinity School. Here he was
brought into immediate contact with that
high sense of the value of moral education,
earnest faith in the fundamental truths of
Christianity and broad-mindedness which
characterized the founder and his coadjutors.
June 19, 1858, he was ordained deacon by
Bishop Bowman. May 2.5, ISG'2, Bishop
Alonzo Potter ordained him priest. While
deacon he was assistant minister of »St. Luke's
church, Philadelphia, and then became rector
of St. Paul's church. Chestnut Hill, Philadel-
phia. He married, October 30, 1861, Mary
Amory Howe, daughter of the Rev. M. A.
DeWolfe Howe, I). D., afterwards bishop of
Central Pennsylvania, and a woman of rare
force and beauty of character. She died a
few years after marriage, leaving a son, who
is now Dr. Hobart Amory Hare, a professor
WILLIAM H. HARE.
in the noted Jefferson Medical College of
I'hiladelphia, and the author of several well
known standard medical works. In^l863,
to seek a restoration of his wife's health, he
went with her on a six months' visit to the
great lakes of Minnesota, a visit which has a
distinct relation to his settlement in after
years in the great Noi-thwest. On returning
he took charge of St. Luke's church, Phila-
delphia, dui'ing the absence of the pastor.
In 1861. he took charge of the church of the
Ascension in the same city, and was later
made its rector, and served in this capacity
until 1870, when he was appointed secretary
and general agent of the Foreign Committee
of the Board of Missions of the Episcopal
Church. In October, 1871, the House of
Bishops elected Dr. Hare missionary bishop
of Cape Palmas, and parts adjacent in West
Africa. The House of Deputies, however,
represented that his services in the office he
held were invaluable, and induced the bish-
ops to withdraw his nomination. In No-
vember, All Saints' Day, 1872, the House of
Bishops again elected him bishop, with the
title of Missionary Bishop of Niobrara, a dis-
trict ill Dakota Territory inhabited chiefly
HISTORY (IF THE CHEAT NORTHWEST.
by wild ludiaiis. After some hesitation be
ai-eepted aud was consecrated in St. Luke's
church, I'hiladclphia, January i), 1873. He
received at the same time the degree of D. D.
from Trinity and from Kenyon Colleges, and
the degree of S. T. D. from Columbia College.
liishojjHare entered upon his duty with char-
acteristic zeal aud energy. He reached Yank-
ton, Dakota Territory, April 29, 1S73, at an
unpropitious time, for it was just after one
of the most memoi-able storms ever known in
Dakota. The ettects of it were seen in the
carcasses of cattle which perished in it, and
in the huge banks of still unmelted snow.
Custer's cavalry, encamped near Yankton,
had abandoned horses and camp equipment
to seek shelter from the wild fui-y of the
storm in the houses of the village. From
Yankton the bishop passed up the river
among the Indians and established himself
at the Yaukton Indian Agency, where, be-
fore the summer of 1873 was over, he had
erected a stone building, which served as his
home and a boarding school for Indian boys.
He devised a light traveling conveyance, and
snug portable tent and made himself famil-
iar with his whole field, establishing mission
posts and schools until the territory under
his charge was well covered. At the Gen-
eral Convention of 1883, hs jurisdiction was
changed and extended so that it now in-
cludes the whole state of South Dakota, with
the Santee Indian Keservatiou in Nebraska.
His title was also changed to Missionary
Bishop of South Dakota. At a special meet-
ing of the House of Bishops, February i,
1891, Bishop Hare was requested to go to
Japan as its special representative to take
charge of affairs there for six months or a
year at his option. The Ghost Dance craze
had disturbed the conditions in South Da-
kota and he was reluctant to go away, but
the unanimity of the House of Bishops,
coupled with a statement of the needs of
Japan and of the fact that the bishops "were
moved to the choice of the Bishop of South
Dakota in view of his special fitness for the
delicate and important mission on which he
was going at their bidding,'' overcame his
scruples. He held this special commission
for a year, making two visits to Japan and
extending his second visit to the missions in
China. Bishop Hare's administration has
been marked by a great interest in educa-
tion. Four industrial boarding schools for
Indians, placed at different places in the In-
dian country of South Dakota, testify to his
efforts in behalf of that I'ace, and the All
Saints' School at Sioux Falls — a boarding
and day school for young ladies, which occu-
pies one of the finest buildings in the North-
west, with his cordial interest in the public
school system of the country, is jjroof of his
broad sjTupathy with general education.
COMPTON, James.— In 1887, when a
member of the state senate, Mr. Compton
was appointed a member of a .special senate
committee of three, to draw and submit a
bill for the establishment and government of
the Minnesota Soldiers' Home. By virtue of
the bill then reported the present institution
exists and is governed. It seems exceedingly
appropriate now that he should be command-
ant of the noble institution with which he
was so closely connected at the outset, and
that he should administer the rules and I'egu-
lations founded upon the enactment which
he was instrumental in providing. The gen-
erous provisions of the bill only reflected his
sympathy for his old comrades, and his ap-
preciation of their sendees. Mr. Compton
was born near Mead\ille, Pa., January 14,
1840. His father, William Compton, a farm-
er in limited circumstances, was born in New
Jersey and came to Crawford county with his
parents about the year 1800. They settled
near Meadville, and were among the first
pioneers of that region. Mr. James Comp-
ton's great-grandfather was a soldier in the
Revolutionary War, while his grandfather
and father were both in the war of 1812; his
brother in the Mexican War. Mr. Compton's
son, AVilliam G., it may here be added, serv-
ed in Company C, Thirteenth Minnesota Regi-
ment during the whole period of the regi-
ment's service in the Spanish War in the
Philippines. Since Mr. Compton himself
HISTORY OF TIIK GREAT NORTHWEST.
served in the W'av of the Rebellion, it will
be noticed that the family has the reniarlv-
able record of having one or more represen-
tatives in every war in which the nation has
been engaged. This certainly speaks well
for the public spirit and patriotism of the
Comptons. Mr. Conipton's mother's maiden
name was Mary Buchanan. She was born
in Pennsjlvania of Scotch-Irish ancestors.
Young Compton received his early education
in the common or district school. He then
entered the Meadville Academy and prepar-
ed for college. In 18C0 he became a student
in Alleghany College and remained there un-
til 18()1, when the war sijirit carried him into
the army. He enlisted at the first opportuni-
ty, April I'J, 18(>1, for three months — as the
call for troops limited the term — in the Mead-
ville volunteers. November 2, 1861, he re-
enlisted at Chicago, 111., in Company (', Fifty-
second Eegiment, Illinois ^'oluuteer Infantry.
March 3, 1802, he was promoted to first lieu-
tenant, and April 7, 18G2, he was made cap-
tain. He served with the "Army of Tennes-
see," and participated in nearly all of the
battles of that army, from the capture of
Fort Donaldson, in 18(52, to that of Savannah,
Ga., in 18(il. He is a member of the Stanton
Post, (irand Ai'mj' of the Republic, at Fer-
gus Falls, and was Department Commander
of the State of Minnesota in 1890. He is also
a member of the Loyal Legion and was Senior
Vice Commander of the Commandery of Min-
nesota in 18'J!). He has served as colonel and
aide-de-camp on the staff of Governors Hub-
bard, Mc(iill and Merriam. It was in 1872
that he came to Minnesota and settled at Fer-
gus Falls. The same year he assisted in
organizing the First National Bank of Fer-
gus Falls — the first and the oldest national
bank northwest of Minneapolis — and became
its cashier. He followed the business of
banking at Fergus Falls until 18!J1. In the
meantime he was county auditor of Otter Tail
county from 1873 to 1877. He was elected
to the state senate in 1882 and re-elected for
another term of four years in 188G, making
eight years' service. His efficiency as a mem-
ber of the senate is indicated in some degree
by at least two permanent and visible
JAJ[KS COMl'TUN".
acliicvements. He secured for Fergus Falls
the establishment and building of the third
State Hospital for the Insane. His promi-
nent service tor the State Soldiers' Home has
aheady been mentioned. I'resident Harrison
appointed Mr. Compton, in 181)1, surveyor
general of public lands for the state of Min-
nesota, which position he held until 18115.
Before his term of office expired he was ap-
pointed assistant bank examiner for the
state, which position he resigned, August 31,
lUOO, to accept the responsible duties of com-
mandant of the Minnesota Soldiers' Home,
which office he now holds. He was married,
September 25, 18GG, to Louise Gould, of Erie
county, Ta. They have three children — Mary,
married to Frank J. Evans, cashier of the
Fergus Falls National Bank; Margaret, who
is a kindergarten superintendent; William
(i. Compton, the soldier ivf the Spanish War,
as stated. In religion Mr. Compton is a niem-
hei' lit the Presbyterian church. In j)olitics
l:e is a Republican, "past and present,'' as he
stales it. The honors which have come to
him, his friends — and they are many — regard
as only a natural tribute to the numly quali-
ties characteristic of him in business and
social life, as well as in public service.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
KOI5ERT G. MOUIMSOX.
MOREISOX, Robert G., is of Scotch de-
scent on both bis father's and mother's side.
He was born at Blair's Mills, Pa., in 1860.
His father was David Harbison Morrison,
whose ancestors emigrated from Scotland to
the north of Ireland in the beginning of the
eighteenth century, where he was born and
educated. He was then apprenticed in the
old-fashioned way to learn the mercantile
business. When a young man, having gradu-
ated in the business, so to speak, he emi-
grated to the United States and found his
first employment in a wholesale house at
I'hiladelphia, where he remained until he had
accumulated sufficient to start in business
for himself. This he did at Blair's Mills,
Pa. In 1872 he moved to Morning
Sun, Iowa, and opened a general store,
where he has since successfully conduct-
ed the business and become in very com-
fortable financial circumstances. The maid-
en name of Robert's mother was Margery B.
McConnell, whose ancestors came from Scot-
land and settled in Pennsylvania, with many
others of the race, in a very early day. Rob-
ert's grandfather was in the wiir of 1812, and
later was a colonel of the Pennsylvania mil-
itia. The family ranks with the oldest in the
state. Young Morrison's education began in
the country schools of the state of Pennsyl-
vania. His instruction was continued in the
common schools of Iowa — whither the fam-
ily had moved — until he entered the high
school at Morning Sun, Iowa, from which he
graduated in 1870. The next year he spent
in supplementing the high school course by
studying Greek and Latin, to be prepared
better for college. He entered the Univer-
sity of Iowa in 1877, where he distinguished
himself by his proficiency. He was elected
president of the literar-y society and was
placed on the program of exercises in two of
the annual exhibitions of the society, and
was still further honored by his associates in
being chosen valedictoi-ian of the class for
the "Class Day" exercises. He graduated
with the degree of Bachelor of Ai'ts in 1882.
In the fall of the same year he entered upon
the study of law in the same university and
graduated from the law department in 1883
with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, which'
admitted him to practice in all the state
courts of Iowa and in the Lfnited States Dis-
trict and Circuit courts. In 1890 he took the
degree of Master of Arts from the Univer-
sity of Iowa. He was also commissioned first
lieutenant of the battery of the Iowa Nation-
al Guards. In 1883 he moved to Minnesota
and settled in ^Minneapolis, his present home,
where he entered the office of Worrall & Jor-
dan, and continued his study of law for an-
other year. He then went into the employ-
ment of the Western Union Telegraph Com-
pany, in the business office of the company
at Minneapolis, where he I'emained until
1880. when he opened an office to practice
law on his own account. He continued this
ja-actice for six years and then formed a pai-t-
nership with Mr. Jayne, under the style of
Jayne & Morrison. This partnership con-
tinued for four years, dui-ing which time the
firm built up a large and lucrative business
in commercial and corporation law, especial-
ly. On the dissolution of the partnership in
1896, Mr. Morrison resumed his practice
alone, taking a more general practice. This
he still continues, although commercial and
corporation law predominates in his busi-
ness. He has become a prominent citizen in
HISTOKY OK THE GUKAT N( lUTIIWlOST.
the best sense of the word, for he does not
neglect his civic :ind social duties. He is an
ardent Republican in jiolilirs; a iiicniluM- of
the Westminster l.ilcrary ("lab, of which lie
was elected first president; the treasurer of
the Minnetonka Ice Yacht Club, and an ac
five member of the ^yestmiuster Presb.v
terian church.
HAYCKAFT, Julius Everett, is an attor
ney-at-law practicing- at Madelia, Minn. lie
is a native of Minnesota and was born on a
farm near Madelia August 26, 1871. His
[)arents were well-to-do farmers and were
early sc^ttlers, coming to the state in 18G1.
His mother. Sarah I'. (Jolly) Haycraft, was
born in Kentucky, as was Isaac Hayci-aft,
the father of the subject of this sketch.
They are both of English descent, their peo-
ple coming to this country in an early day,
locating in ^Maryland. The next generation
went to Virginia, and their descendants were
in turn seized with the migratory fever and
came to Kentucky. The families next nmved
to Illinois, and here the young i)eople were
married. 'AVestward ho" was also their cry
and they came to ^Finnesota nad located near
Madelia. Isaac Haycraft was an ardent
supporter of the Union and served in Com-
pany F of the Second Minnesota Cavalry.
Julius llayciaft was brought up on the farm
and received a country school education
He determined to bi'tter himself, and came
to Minneajjolis to attend a business college.
He then decided upon the law as a profession
he would enjoy, and accordingly set out to
become a lawyer. He entered the law office
of Judge Cooley at Madelia, and under his
supervision prejiared for the state bar exam-
ination. He was admitted to practice in Oc-
tober, ISnS, and in consequence of his oftice
training was in a j)osition to start at once.
In January, IS!)!), Mr. Haycraft and Mr. E.
H. Either formed a partnership under the
name of Bither & Haycraft and succeeded to
the practice of Judge Cooley. The firm i)rac
tices before all the courts and has succeeded
in l)Milding up a lucrative i)ractice. Mr.
Haycraft has taken an active interest In po-
litical matters and is an ardent supporter of
■Tl'I.irs 10. IIAVt'I!.\FT.
tile Re]iulilicaii pait\. He was aii])oiiited
postmaster at Madelia in 18!)!) and still holds
the position. Mr. Haycraft is a member of
the Sons of Veterans and is a prominent*man
in the order, and was from lS!t7 to 18!)!) a
member, and secretary, of the council in
chief of the national organization. He is a
firm believer in the princijiles of the Masonic
order and is a member of the lodge at Ma-
delia, and has served as Master for three
tcriiis, an unusual honor for so young a man.
EDDY, Frank M.. of (ilenwood, Pope
county, Minn., enjoys the distinction of be-
ing the first of Minnesota's native born to
represent her in either branch of congress,
and he is now serving his fourth term as
member of congress from the seventh con-
gressional district. Mr. Eddy is essentially
ii selfiuade man, and under any other form
(if governiiienl his laleiils weiild have gtuie
unrecognized and lie would iiol have been
able In I'vcii secure a hearing. -Mr. lOddy
comes from excellent <-oloiiial stock which
has not deteriorated with ige. His father,
Richard Eddy, was a farmer and teacher and
was a son of Kichard Eddy, an American
HISTORY OF THE GUICAT NORTHWEST.
FKA.NK JI. EDDY.
soldiiT ill the War of 1812. The great grand-
father of F. M. Eddy wa.s previous to the
KeTolution an officer in the British colonial
armj'. He resigned his position, and at the
outbreak of the war became a captain of a
Khode Island company in the Continental
arniv, and his commissions in both armies
are now in the possession of a member of the
Eddy family. Through his father's family
on his mother's side Mr. Eddy can trace his
lineage back to the youngest daughter of
Roger Williams and through her to Pere-
grine White, the first while child born north
of Virginia. The mother of the subject of
this sketch was formerly Mary Eliza Sand-
born, a daughter of (1. T. Sanborn, a mem-
ber of the 3rd Minnesota volunteers. Her
ancestors also fought in the War of the
Revolution. Her mother was a great grand-
daughter of George R. T. Hewes, one of the
leaders in the "Boston Tea Party." Frank
M. Eddy was born April 1, 1856, at Pleasant
Orove, Olmsted county, Minn., and his early
boyhood days were spent near the same
locality. He attended the village schools
whenever he was able and worked in a
brick yard in order to earn the money neces-
sary to kec]) up liis studies. In 1SG8 he
moved with his parents to Pope, returning
to Olmsted county in 1873 to attend school.
In 1878 he became a school teacher and
taught country schools for several years.
In 1880 he returned to Pope county and
taught school, and has since continued to
reside there. In 1883 he became a land ex-
aminer or cruiser for the Northern I'acific
railway. He was elected clerk of the dis-
Iricl court in 1884, and held the position
foi- ten years. He studied shorthand and
also became court reporter for the Sixteenth
judicial district. This position threw him
in contact with people in all parts of
northern Jlinnesota. Mr. Eddy aciiuired a
thorough knowledge of the Scandinavian
hmguage, and his studies have repaid him
many fold in enabling him to carry on a po-
litii-al canvass in a country district largely
settled by Scandinavians. In 1894 Mr. Eddy
received the nomination for congress in
his district. At the time the office was
tilled by a Populist and the district was
normally against the Republicans, but Mr.
Eddy won out. He has been re-elected at each
election since, and in spite of determined
efforts to defeat him has increased his lead
on every occasion. Mr. Eddy's success as
a campaigner has been remarkable and his
powers of endurance are wonderful. Mr.
PJddy is regarded as one of the strongest
men in the Minnesota delegation, and is a
close observer and a thorough student of
mc^n and events, and his political future is
deemed very bright. He is a Mason, a mem-
ber of the Knights of Pythias and of the
Sons of the American Revolution. He is a
member of the Christian church, sometimes
called Campbellites. He was married June
24, 1886, to Miss Frances Fraser, of Wash-
burn, 111., and has a family of five children,
Ruth, Joyce, Jessie, Richard Fraser and
Frances Marion.
\\'EISER, George Brosins, whose home is
at New Ulm, Brown county, ]\Iinn., is a native
of Pennsylvania, having been born at (ieorge-
town, Northumbeiland county, Sei)tember 7,
1857. He adopted the profession of his fa-
HISTORY OF THE GIIBAT NORTHA\'EST.
ther, Charles S. Weiser, who was one of the
best known physicians in Northnmberhind
conutT, and a prominent man in the com-
munity. His wife, George B. Weiser's moth-
er, Sarah Brosins, was a native of George-
town, and the adopted daughter of George
Brosins, of tliat i)lace. He was a merchant
and ])rominent liusiness man of that locality.
The ^^'eiser family is of (ierman extraction,
and sprang in this country from Conrad
'SAViser, who came from Gennany to Amer-
ica and founded the German settlement in
Berks county. Pa. He was a man of great
force of character, whose sterling qualities
have been liberally transmitted to his de-
scendants. The settlement which he founded
left the impression of its institutions upon a
wide surrounding region, and its influence is
still a living force in the commonwealth.
Conrad Weisei* was apjtointed, by the colonial
governor, an Indian agent. He learned the
language of the Indian tribes, and, as inter-
preter, he settled many disputes and made
treaties with the Indians. ]?y his tact, firm
integrity and sagacity, he won the confidence
of the red men and exerci.sed more influence
over them than did any man of his day, so
that he saved much bloodshed in the valley
of the Susquehanna. Young George had
favorable surroundings. He was liberally
educated in the public schools, and, when old
enough, attended the Fi'eeburg Academy.
From there he went to the Berrysburg Semi-
nary, and finally took a complete literary
course at the Sunbury Academy or Institute.
His father died in August, ISOl, so he began
the study of medicine with Dr. B. L.Kerchner,
who had much of George's father's practice.
After having finished his preparatory studies
with his preceptor, he entered the Jefferson
Medical College at Philadelphia — there is no
higher grade school of medicine in the world
— and graduated March 12, 1879. Dr. Weis-
er also took a special course at the Philadel-
phia School of Anatomy, and another at the
Pennsylvania Disjiensary for Skin Diseases.
These might propei-ly be called }>ost-gi-adu-
ate courses, although they were pursued dur-
ing his regular college course at the Jeffer-
son. Immediately after graduating, he went
GEORGE B. WEISER.
to McKee's Half Falls, Snyder county, Pa.,
and began practice. He remained there until
1893, when he went to New Illm, Brown
county, Minn., where he has remaiuea ever
since, and has built up an extensive practice
in surgerj' and medicine. In politics he is a
Republican, and very early took an active
jiart in public afl'airs. In Pennsylvania he
represented Snyder county in the State Ee-
I)ublican Central Committee. He was also
elected coroner for the county, and served for
three years. He was auditor of his town from
1881 to 1891. He is now a member of the
board of education of New TUm, and in 1896
he was made county physician of Brown
county. He is a mendier of the Brown Coun-
ty Medical Society and the Minnesota Valley
Afedical Society. He belongs to the Masonic
order, and has served as Master of Charity
Lodge, No. 98, and as High Priest of New
TTlm Chapter, No. i57, and is a Sir Knight
Tem])lar — belonging to Demolay Command-
ers. New Tim. He is also a member of the
Mode] II ^^'o(((llll(■ll of America, and the ex-
amining iihysician of Harmony Cam]). He
holds the same relations to the A. O. U. W'.,
Ilic (). D. H. S,. and the AV. C. O. F. He was
HISTORY OF TIIK OUKAT NOUTIIWEST.
married to Sarah C. Schoch, daughter of
(leorse J. Scliorli, of Selinsgrove, Pa., «)c
tober 2, 18!)0. They have one child: Kath-
erine Georgia Wciser, born January 2, lltOO.
STEELING, Thomas, is a hiw.ver practic-
ing his profession at Redfield, S. D. Mr.
Sterling was born in Faii-field county, Ohio,
February 21, 1851. His parents belonged to
the agricultural class, and were a sturdy,
hard-working, independent people. Charles
Sterling, his father, is a progressive fanner
and in good circumstances. He removed
from Ohio in 1S55 and located at LeRoy,
McLean county, 111., where he now resides.
He is of Scotch-Irish descent. His wife,
Anna Kesler, is of German descent. Though
Thomas had only the meager educational fa-
cilities afforded by the district school, and
was compelled to work on the farm during
the spring and summer months, his teachers
were for the most part of a splendid type
and from them the lad received an inspira-
tion to go beyond the limited training of a
counti'y school. When nineteen years of
age, he entered the Illinois Wesleyan Univer-
sity at Bloomington, 111., and in order to earn
the means with which to complete the course
he taught for three tei-ms in the district
school. During his term at college he was
the winner of the sophomore prize essay, and
was class orator on his graduation in 1875.
He was a member of the Munsellian Literai>y
Society of that institution. The two years
following his gi-aduation he was principal of
schools at Bement, 111., and devoted his leis-
ure hours to reading law. In June, 1877, he
entered the law office of Hay, Greene & Lit-
tler, at Springfield, 111., for the purpose of
taking uj) the study of the legal profession
in earnest, and was admitted to the bar in
June of the following year. He immediately
began to practice at Sjjringtield in partner-
ship with Joseph M. Grout, a fellow-student
in the same office, and was city attorney of
Springfield in 1881-2. The healthful climate
and the prospc^ctive settlement and rapid de-
velopment of the then Territory of Dakota
attracted the young lawyer, and in October,
1882, he located at Northville, Spink connty,
S. I)., where he at once engaged in the prac-
tice of law and in the real estate business.
In 1886 he was elected district attorney of
Sjiink connty and in 1887 removed to Ked-
ticld, where he has since resided. In Janu-
ary. 1.8(»1, he formed a law partnei-shij) with
Mr. AA'. A. Morris, under the firm name of
Sterling & Morris, which continued until
January, 1001. Mr. Sterling has succeeded
in building uj) an extensive law jiractice, and
is regarded as one of the leading lawyers of
South Dakota. He has been engaged in a
number of important civil cases affecting
]iublic interests, and relating to questions of
procedure in the new state. He was made
jiresident of the South Dakota Bar Associa-
tion at its meeting in February, 1901. In
politics he has always been a Republican.
He was a member of the constitutional con-
ventions of 1883 and 1889, and was chainnan
of the judiciary committee in the latter con-
vention. He was also a member of the first
state senate in 1889-90, and served as chair-
man of the judiciary committee in that body.
In the following year he was a candidate be-
fore the legislature, though not previously,
for the United States senate. He was de
feated by the combined Populist and Demo-
cratic votes which were given to Senator
Kyle. He is a member of the Masonic and
.V. O. U. W. fraternities. His church con-
nections are with the Congregational body.
In 1887, he was married to Anna Dunn, at
Bement, 111. She died in 1881. In 1883, he
was again married, to Mrs. Emma R. Thayer,
of Xorthville, S. D. He has one child. Cloyd
Dunn Sterling.
IIANNA, Louis Benjamin, is a resident
of Fargo, X. D., where he is prominently
connected with the banking interest of the
state. He was born August 9, 18(;i, at New
Brighton, Pa. His mother was Margaret A.
Hanna, n6e Lewis, and was a descendant of
a prominent French Huguenot family, that
came to this country in an early day. Jason
R. Hanna, the father of the subject of this
sketch, although of Quaker descent, forsook
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
his principles for the sake of his country, and
enlisted durinpr the ("ivil War in the 148d
Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was lieuten-
ant colonel of the reji;iment. He died shortly
after the war as a result of the hardsliijis
and exposure. The boyhood days of Louis
B. Hanna were spent in Cleveland, Ohio,
Pittsfield, Mass., and New York City, and
he received an excellent common school edu-
cation in the schools ot these cities. He
came to Noi-th Dakota in 1881, when he was
a young man of twenty, and for over a year
ran a fann near Hope. He came to the con-
clusion that farming was not to his liking,
and in the fall of 1882 removed to Page, and
engaged in the lumber business, which he
followed until 1886, when, perceiving the op-
l)ortunities ottered in banking, became in-
terested in the State Hank of Page. He is
now president of the bank and also president
of the First National Bank of Cooperstown.
He gradually became interested in other
banks in the state, and in 1S99 removed to
Fargo to become vice president of the First
National Bank of Fargo. Mr. Hanna has
had a varied experience in both mercantile
pursuits and banking, and has come to be
I'ecognized as an able man in the various
lines of commercial activity. Mr. Hanna has
always been a believer in the principles of
the Bepnblican party, and has taken a promi-
nent place among the leaders in North Da-
Ivota. He was postmaster at Fargo from 1887
to 1894, and has represented the people of
North Dakota in both branches of the state
legislature. In 181)4: he was electwl a mem-
ber of the house, and his ett'oi-ts were such
that the people of his district rewarded him
by electing him to the senate in 18!)G, for a
four years' tei'm, and as senator he was inter-
ested in much of the important legislation
))assed during his tenn. He served as chair-
man of the Cass ('ounty Kepublican Central
committee during the campaign of 1900. Mr.
Hanna is a member of the Masonic order,
and is still a member of the Hii'am Lodge,
No. 20, at Page, of which he is a Past Master.
He is a Eoyal Arch ]Mason, and a Knight
Templar. He also belongs to the Scottish
Rite bodies, and is a Shriuer, having joined
El Zagel Shrine at Fargo. Mr. Hanna is an
attendant of the Baptist church. He was
married in November, 1884, to Lottie L.
Thatcher, of North Adams, Mass., and has
had a family of three children, Margaret,
who died in 1S94; Jean E. and Dorothy L.
DAKE, Arthur Newman, is a very promi-
nent newspaper man and liepublican poli-
tician residing at Elk Kiver, Minn., where he
is editor and publisher of the Sherburne
County Star News. Mr. Dare is regarded as
one of the best exponents of country journal-
ism in the state, and the opinions advanced
in his editorials are widely quoted and com-
mended. He was born in Jordan, Onondaga
county, N. Y., May 25, 1850. Alfred Dare,
his father, came to this country in 1838 from
Wales, where the family can be traced back
to as far as 1545. His occupation was that
of a miller. He married Mary Matilda Allen,
a native ot Vermont. The family came to
Minnesota in 1807 and located in Minneapo-
lis, ^'oung Dare received a good common
school education is his native town iftd a
few terms in the village academy. He enter-
ed the emi)loy of the Minneapolis Tiibune
and learned the trade of a printer. In 1807
a spirit of wandering seized him and he de-
cided to become a sailor. He joined the crew
of a whaling vessel from Bedford, Mass., and
was gone for over two years, and had mimy
exciting adventures in the Pacific ocean. He
visited in many foreign countries and tinally
decided to return to Minnesota, and located
at Elk Hiver in 1874, where he was employed
as a printer on a local paper. He became
local editor for the Elk Kiver Star and pur-
chased a half interest in the paper. The fol-
lowing year he became sole owner. In 1870
he jturchased the Elk River News and con-
solidated the two publications under the
name of the Sherburne County Star News.
Mr. Dare has always been a Republican and
has ser\ed the party in many ways. He was
chairman of the Republican County Commit-
tw of Sherburne county from 1884 to 189(i.
In 1894 he was elected to rei)resent his dis-
trict in the state legislature: his work was
lUSTOKY OI' I'HK GltKAT XCJRTIIWEST.
ARTHUR ^'. DAUE.
sucli that be was le-elwted iu IS'JS aud made
speaker of the bouse for the session of ISlit),
which i>ositioii he tilled with yi-eat credit to
himself aud bis district. Mr. Dare was ap-
pointed to take charge of the United States
census of IDOO for the Sixth congressional
district of Minnesota and made many new
friends by the satisfactory way in which he
pei-formed bis duties. Mr. Dare is a man
who will be heard from again in political cir-
cles, for his abilities are sucb that the peo-
ple of tbe state will still further reward him.
Mr. Dare was married in IIST.S to Susan May
Albie, and he bas a family of three children,
Dapbne D., Susan and Lawrence A. He is
a member of Sherburne Lodge of Masons,
and of the lodge of Elks at St. Cloud.
CAMl'HELL, .James Cray., of Dickinson,
N. D., is a native of Scotland. His father,
Blair Campbell, was for many years a dealer
in boots and shoes in tbe city of Edinburgh,
and towards tbe close of bis life came to
America. His wife's maiden name was Isa-
bella Cray. The subject of tbis sketcb was
born in p:diiil)urgli, and received bis earlv
education iu that city. He emigrated to
America when still a young man, and located
at Cass county, 111. June 17, 18G1, be was
luustered into the service of tbe United
Slates as sergeant of Company F, Nineteenth
Illinois Infantry. He served with tbat or-
ganization and was mustered out with it at
tbe end of its three years" term of service, at
Chicago, 111., as captain of his company, tak-
ing rank as such from January 2, 1863, the
day when bis predecessor in command, the
gallant Cai)tain Knowlton H. Chandler, was
killed at the battle of Stone River, while
leading his company in the charge of the
Nineteenth Illinois upon the advancing en-
emy in re.sponse to the call of General Neg-
ley: "AMio'll save the left?"' — a charge which
did save the left of Kosecrans' army and led
to liual victory. Mr. Campbell then devoted
himself to the study of law, and after his
admission to the bar went to Michigan and
began the practice of his profession. In the
spring of 1882, he came west and settled in
Stark county, N. D., taking up a government
claim. He followed agricultural pursuits,
however, for only the short period of two
yeare, when he again turned his attention to
the legal profession. He served as judge of
lirobate and district attorney during terri-
torial days, and since 188!), when North Da-
kota was admitted to statehood, has served
ten years in tbe oftice of county judge of
Stark county. Judge Campbell was one of
the three commissioners appointed to organ-
ize this county. He is a Republican in poli-
tics, and has been a member of that party
ever since it was organized. His fraternal
connections are with the Masonic body and
the I. O. O. F. He is an adherent of the
Presbyterian church. Judge Campbell was
lirst married to Martha Hitchcock; two chil-
dren were born, one died in youth, the other,
Archibald James, now resides at Danville,
111. He was again married at Muskegon,
Mich., to Alice Davis, and nine children have
been born to them: Clyde Leith, Clenlyon
Drysdale (died in infancy), Alice Isabella,
Nina Lucy, Clarence Argyle, James Douglas,
Clementine Corenia, lone Genevieve, and
Theodore Blair.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
HALL, William Asbury. — It is not long
since it was tbought necessary in the North-
west to take any case requiring skillful sur-
gery to some eastern city for a critical opera-
tion to be performed. It would have been
considered presumptuous to trust any sur-
geon of merely local rejiute in any operation
thought to imperil life. The establishment
of hospitals and the accumulation of medical
and surgical talent, fostered by the necessity
of such skill, have changed all this. Some
of the men who labor in this field have won
a wide celebrity by reason of noted cases
which they have successfully treated and
managed, so that there is no longer a ques-
tion as to the efficiency of the Northwestern
medical and surgical service, both in hospital
and private i^ractice. William Asbury Hall,
the subject of this sketch, is prominent
among the men who have wrought this
change. He was born in Aurelius, N. Y.,
June 17, 1853. His father was a farmer in
only moderate circumstances. His mother's
maiden name was Mary Jane Caldwell. The
paternal side of the family descended from
the Fairfield branch of Halls, who came to
this country from England in 1039, and first
settled in Connecticut. They were active
and conspicuous in the War of the Revolu-
tion and the War of 1812. It was a family
noted for its learning and scholarly work,
ratlier than for its ability to accumulate
property and great wealth. The maternal
side of the house of Dr. Hall was of Holland-
er descent from progenitors who came from
Holland and settled in New Amsterdam —
now New York — and afterwards spread into
the celebrated Mohawk Valley, New York.
Willam Asbury Hall received his primary
education in the common schools, and his
academic training in the Auburn (New York)
Academic High School. He passed success-
fully the literary examination of the board
of regents of the l^niversity of the State of
New York when only fourteen years of age.
Two years later he began to teach mathe-
matics and continued this work for three
years, when he entered the office of Dr. A.
S. Cunimings, of Cayuga, N. Y., and began
the study of medicine. In 1872 he entered
WILLIAM A. HALL.
the Albany Medical College and graduated
December 23, 1875. That his early, it might
be said precocious, proficiency was maintain-
ed in his professional studies seems certain,
for he took the "Obstetrical I'rize" and re-
ceived a special honorable mention for his
graduation thesis on the subject, "Inflam-
mation."' Immediately after graduation,
though only twenty-two years of age, he re-
ceived, after a competitive examination, the
appointment of senior resident physician and
surgeon of the Albany (New York) Hospital,
where he remained until 1877, when he set-
tled at Fulton, Oswego county, N. Y., and
engaged in the general practice of his pro-
fessiou. As a result of his thorough prepara-
tion and his hospital experience, he soon so-
cured a large practice. In 1881 he read a
paper on "Uterine Fibroids" before the New
York State Medical Society, and exhibited a
specimen weighing three pounds and nine
ounces, removed from a patient, per vaginum,
by cutting through the cul-de-sac of Douglas,
the patient recovei'ing. This was the second
opeiation of the kind reported in medical
literature, the first being done in lS7(i by Dr.
Vanderveer, of Albany, N. Y., at which ope-
HISTORY OF XilK <iIJEAT NORTHWEST.
eratiou Dr. Hall was present and assisted.
In 1885 he read a i)aper before the same so-
ciety on "Extra Uterine I'reguancy," calling
attention to its unrecognized frequency and
recommending laijarotoniy for its relief, ex-
hibiting also a specimen. From these facts
it was very natural that he should gain a
wide celebrity throughout northern ]S'ew
York. For this reason he was called as a
medical witness by the state in several mur-
der ti-ials. In 1885 he was elected president
of the Oswego (New York) Medical Society.
The next year he removed to Minneapolis,
and in 1888 was appointed jjrofessor of med-
ical jurisprudence in the Minnesota Hospital
College, ^Minneapolis, and also attending sur-
geon to St. Mary's Hospital of the same city.
At this institution, in 1888, Professor Hall
successfully removed a kidney for sarcoma,
this being the first nephrectomy performed
in the state. In 1801: he was elected presi-
dent of the Hennepin County Medical Soci-
ety. From 189i to 1S!)!» he held the chair of
Trofessor of the I'rinciples of Surgery and
Clinical Surgery in the Medical Department
of Hamliue University. The year 11)01 finds
him attending surgeon to St. Mary's Hos-
pital and the Minneaijolis City Hospital, con-
sulting surgeon of Asbury Hospital and con-
sulting physician to the Northwestern Hos-
pital, and in the continual genei-al practice
of medicine and surgery, as he does not look
favorably on the so-called specialties in med-
icine. He has always been a Kepublican in
politics, and permitted himself once to be
elected coroner of Oswego county, K. Y. He
is an active member of various national,
state and local medical societies. He is a
member of the Frotestant Episcopal church.
In 1880 he was married to Miss Ida A. Dick-
inson, of Lowville, N. Y. They have two
children, Lerov and Helen Hall.
McCLEAEY, James Thompson. — It
would not be very far from the truth to say
that no man contributed more to the defeat
of the financial heresies and the downfall of
IJryan in the campaign of 189G than James
Thom^json McCleary, congressman from the
Second district of Minnesota. Long before
Mr. McCleary entered into the domain of
politics, as a student and teacher of history
and civics, he took a deep interest in the live
economic questions of the day and in consti-
tutional and international law. To these
extremely complex subjects he brought all
the enthusiasm of youth, and pursued their
study with great diligence and intelligence.
This early training peculiarly adapted him
for a discussion of the "silver"' question, and
without additional preparation to immedi-
ately place him in prominence as a defender
of the gold standard and as one of the accred-
ited spokesmen of the Keijublican party. In
the closing debate on the currency question
in the Fifty-fourth congress, Mr. McCleary
made a speech in response to one by Mr. C.
A. Towue, then congressman from the Sixth
district of Minnesota, that directed particular
attention to him as a deep thinker and stu-
dent of the financial question. The array of
facts that he brought against Mr. Towne's
arguments, and his clear and logical state-
ments brought him at once into a position of
national prominence. This speech was
printed by the million copies, and of all the
literature sent out by the sound money cam-
paign committee it did the best service. His
speeches on the iilatform, too, in that cam-
jtaign, were forcible and convincing and gave
him a national reputation as an authority on
economic and financial questions. But this
does not mean to say that Mr. McCleary's
ability had not been recognized before the
memorable campaign of 1896. His home
state had recognized that in Mr. McCleary
they had a cajjable and efficient representa-
tive in congress. He is not a man who is
addicted to much speaking, but what he has
to say he says well. He inspired a warm
feeling of respect among his colleagues in the
Fifty-third congress by two noteworthy
speeches that revealed to them the ability of
the representative from Minnesota. One of
these speeches was against the repeal of the
federal election laws, a subject which his ex-
tensive and thorough-going study of consti-
tutional history and constitutional law had
well fitted him to discuss; the other was on
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the tariff, in which he made a clear and forci-
ble iirescntation of the fundamental princi-
ples on which the doctrine of prote<'tion rests.
Mr. Mcf'leary was first elected to congress in
1892, and has been re-elected to that body
at every general election since, with an ever-
increasing vote. He received the largest
majority in 1!)00 ever given in any district
in the state, where there was a contest. The
election was a veiitable land slide. He did
strenuous work for his party in this cam-
paign and conti-ibuted in no small measure
to the immense vote jjolled by Mr. McKinley.
He is a Canadian by birth, and was born in
IngersoU. Ontario, on February 5, 185.'>.
His father, Thompson McOleary, was an
architect and builder. His mother's maiden
name was Sarah McCutcheon. He at-
tended the common schools and the high
school of his native town, where his pains-
taking study and hard work won him the
respect of his teachers. From there he went
to Montreal and entered the McGill Univer-
sity, where his education was completed.
He came to the United States shortly before
coming of age, and settled in "Wisconsin. He
entered here upon the vocation that he fol-
lowed up to the time he received his election
to congress. He began teaching school in
that state, winning such respect for himself
as a student and teacher that he was elected
in the course of a few years to the superin-
tendency of public schools of Pierce county.
His active interest in teachers' institutes
soon won for him considerable reputation as
a champion of the newer and better methods
of education, and the quality of his work
stamped him as a man of mark. He was
offered in 1881 the position of state institute
conductor in Minnesota and professor of his-
tory and civics in the state nonnal school
at Mankato. This offer was accepted, and he
held these positions until his entrance into
the field of active politics. He took an ac-
tive interest in educational work of all lines,
and during his vacati<m seasons he conduct-
ed teachers' institutes in Wisconsin, Dakota,
N'ii'ginia, Tennessee and ('oloi-ado. As a re-
sult of his deep research of economic ques-
tions, Mr. McCleary published in 1888 a work
entitled "Studies in Civics." This was fol-
sisrt**-
.lAMKS T. McCLIOAItV.
l<iwcd in I894r by "A Manual of Civics."
iJolli these books are of considerable merit
and are used at the present time as^text
books in the best schools of the country. In
1883 he served as secretary of the Minnesota
Educational Association, and as its president
in 18'Jl. In 1892 political conditions in Mr.
McCleary's home district were such as to
favor his candicacy for congressional nomina-
tion. His studies of economic questions had
naturally imbued him with the ambition of
being placed in a position where he might
make a practical test of his theories. He
had made a host of warm personal friends in
all parts of the Second district, and they soon
evinced their friendship by active work in his
behalf with the result that he easily secured
the nomination. He was elected by a large
majority. His constituents have recognized
the faithful work performed by their repi-e-
senlative in congress and have returiu'd him
to congress at the end of each term practical-
ly without (»]iposition. This honor has been
most worthily bestowed. He has not only
looked after the interests of his home district
and given perfect satisfaction in that direc-
tion, but he has risen to a position of national
HISTOKY OF THE CItFAT X* )I!T1I\VKST
promiuenci', as already noted. He is recog-
nized as one of tlie leading members of the
lower house of rongi-ess and his eolleagnes
regard him as an authority on the great ques-
tions of the day. Mr. MeCleary was reared
in the Presbyterian ehurch. He was mar-
ried in 1874 to Mary Edith Taylor. Their
union has been blessed with one son, Leslie
Taylor, who aets as his father's private sec-
retary. The family home is in Mankato.
McGILL, Andrew R. — Hon. Andrew Eyan
McGill, governor of Minnesota in ISST and
1888, the years of the greatest development
and general prosperity in the history of the
state, was born at Saegertown, Crawford
county, Pa., February 19, 1840. He is of
Irish and English ancestry. His paternal
grandfather, Patrick McGill, came from
County Antrim, Ireland, to America about
1774, when but twelve years of age. He was,
with an older brother, connected with the
American army during the war of the Revo-
lution, and after the war settled in Pennsyl-
vania, first in Northumberland county, and
later emigrating to the western part of the
state, where he secured a large tract of land
in what subsequently became Crawford
county. This land became the "old home-
stead" of the McGill family, and the first
house built thereon by Patrick McGill still
stands on a part of the present site of Sae-
gertown. Governor McGill's father was
Charles Dillon McGill, and the maiden name
of his mother was Angeline Martin. She
was of Waterford, Pa., a daughter of Ar-
mand Martin, who was a soldier in the AVar
of 1812, and a granddaughter of Charles
Martin, of English birth, who served in the
patriot army during the war of the Revolu-
tion and after the war was appointed by
Washington an officer of the Second United
States Infantry. Subsequently he resigned
from the regular army and became a major-
general of I'ennsylvania troops. Governor
McGill's mother was a woman of strong
character, of high (Jhristian conduct, and
rare mental (pialities. She died when he was
but seven years of age, but not before she
had impressed some of her characteristics
u])on him, and in effect shaj)ed the course of
his life. The boy who was to become the
governor of a great commonwealth was
reared to young manhood in his native valley
of (lie A'enango, a rather secluded locality,
"far fiom the maddening crowd's ignoble
strife." His education was received in the
])ublic schools and at Saegertown Academy.
These were good schools, practical and thor-
ough, and he was a good student, studious
and industrious, and made the most and the
best of them. When he was nineteen years
of age — or in 1859 — he set out in life on his
own account. He had not much to begin
with aside from his education, and he did
that which he could do best. He went to
Kentucky and engaged in teaching school.
He was successful as a teacher, but in a year
or so, when the war clouds began to lower,
Kentucky became an unpleasant place of
abode for a Northern man of Union senti-
ments, and, in the spring of 1861, the war
of the Rebellion ha^nng begun, he returned
to the North. He then decided to go to the
Northwest, and June 10, 1861, arrived in
Minnesota. Again he engaged in teaching
and became principal of the public schools
of St. I'eter. The following year, or August
19, 1862, he enlisted in the Union army in
Company D, Ninth Minnesota Infantry, and
was made orderly sergeant of the company.
His muster-in dated from the second day of
the great Indian outbreak, in whose sup-
pression his regiment took part. A year
later, owing to protracted and serious ill-
health, he was discharged from the service
for disabilities. Not long after leaving the
military service he was elected superintend-
ent of schools for Nicollet county, and served
two terms. He now became a somewhat
])rominent public character. In 186.1 and
1866 he edited and published the St. Peter
Ti-ibune, a Republican papei', with which he
was connected as publisher for several years
thereafter. He was elected clerk of the dis-
tiict rourt for Nicollet countj- and served
four years, and during this time studied law
under the instruction of Hon. Horace Austin,
then judge of the district court, by whom,
in 1868, he was admitted to the bar. Two
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTUWESl
years later, when Judge Austin became gov-
ernor, Mr. Mc-dill was appointed his private
secretary. In 1873 he was appointed state
insurance commissioner, and by successive
reappointments hekt the position for thirteen
years. Tlie acceptability of his service and
its general efiflcieucy may be inferred from
its length. His reputation as an authority
on insurance became far-reaching, and his
reports are yet regarded as among the most
valuable ever issued on tlie subject. In
188(5 the Eepublicans nominated him for gov-
ernor. The canvass that followed was one
of the most active and the election one of the
closest in the history of the state, llie tem-
perance question was to the fore, and the
Rej)nblican party had declared for local op-
tion and high license. The friends of the
saloon did not want a high license system,
and the Prohibitionists did not want a li-
cense system at all, and so both these ele-
ments were against McGill. His Democratic
opponent had the support of all the licpior
interests, both inside and outside of the Re-
publican party, as well as that of large num-
bers of the Prohibitionists, who took this
way of resenting the projjosition of any state
license whatever. JlcOill was a man of un-
assailable character, and' manly deportment,
and conducted his campaign upon a dignified
plane. He was elected, and under all the
circumstances his election was a great tri-
umi)h for the principles he advocated, and
for himself personally. He was one of the
best chief exei^utive.s the state has ever had.
His administration covered a period when
the stale was being developed and improved
as never before or since, when its business
interests were being most rapidly advanced,
when it was busiest and most bustling. The
records and the history of his term show
what was accomplished. One of the most
important laws enacted under his administra-
tion was that known as the high license law.
This aimed at the bettei- control of the H(|nor
ti-attic. and has become the model for similai-
leg-islafion in other states. It was the prin-
ciple involved in this law on which the cam-
paign was fought out, and (iovernor ]Mc(Jill,
having won the election, insisted on the pas-
sage of the law; and it was through his ef-
forts and influence that the legislation was
secured. Of its wisdom and salutary work-
ings it is perhaps sufficient to say that its
repeal has never been attempted. Other im-
portant measures placed on the statute books
during Governor McGill's administration
were the present railroad laws relating to
transportation, storage, and grading of
wheat; the watering of railroad stock, etc.;
temj)erance legislation was materially
strengthened and improved; the tax laws
«('re simjilitied; contracts detrimental to la-
bor were abolished; the State Soldiers" Home
and the State Reformatory were established;
the Bureau of Labor Statistics was created,
and numerous other important measures
were inaugurated. Governor McGill may
await with unconcern the judgment of pos-
terity upon his administration. Upon his re-
tirement from the chief executive's chair,
(iovernor McGill became engaged in the
banking and trust business, from which he
finally retired in 1S9G, on account of ill-
health. At present he is not in active busi-
ness, although he is vice president and direc-
tor in two active concerns, one a loan and
the other a manufacturing company. Me is
also state senator from the Thirty-seventh
senatorial district of Minnesota, having been
elected in 1898 for the regular term of four
years. He resides at St. Anthony Park, a
suburb of St. Paul, where he has a pleasant
home. Governor McGill has been twice
married. His first wife was Eliza E. Bryant,
a daughter of Charles S. Bryant, A. M., a
lawyer and an author of some prominence,
formerly of St. Peter, and whose history of
the Sioux war in Minnesota is regarded as
the best on the subject. She died in 1877,
leaving two sons, named Charles H. and Rob-
ert C, and a daughter named Lida B. Mc-
Gill. The oldest son. Captain Charles H.
Mc(iill, served during the Spanish war as
a.ssistant adjutant general, with the rank of
captain. In 1880 Governor McGill married
Jfary E. Wilson, a daughter of Dr. J. C. Wil-
son, of Edinboro, Pa. By this marriage
lliere are tAA'o sons, named Wilson and
Thomas McGill. The ex-governor is a gen-
tleman of admirable personal qualities.
Plain, unassuming, frank and ojuni, he at-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tracts ai-quaintance and admiration at one
and the same time. He lias a (juiet, dignified
manner, but is readily accessible to all, re-
•jardless of rank or station. He is a man of
larfje information and of sound ideas, a
staunch friend, and firm in his convictions.
He does not know how to be a trimmer and
a trickster, and does not care to learn.
In June last, on the recommendation of
Senator C. K. Davis, Governor Mc(Till was
a])i)ointed by I'resident McKinley postmaster
of St. Paul, which position he now holds.
RANDALL, Euficne Wilson.— It may tru-
ly be said that the magnificent proportions
to which the annual exhibit Riven by the
]SIinnesota State Agricultural Society at
Hamline, has jiTown, is largely due to the un-
tiring efforts of Eugene W. Randall, its secre-
tary. He has been actively connected with
the society since 1887, and as its secretary
since 18i)5. During that time the annual ex-
hibition has grown from what would now be
called an ordinary country fair to one that
may be held in favorable comparison with
that given by any other state in the union.
Mr. Randall was born in Winona, Minn.
January 1, 1859. He comes from old colo-
nial stock, his parents, Albert D. and Maria
Jayne Randall, being decsended from fam-
ilies that located in New York state in the
early days of its settlement. Mr. Randall's
father died in November, 1859, and about two
years later his mother was married again to
J. B. Stebbins, of Utica, Minn. Eugene
W. was brought up on his foster-fathei-'s
farm, attending the district schools, and later
the high school in St. Oharles and the state
normal school at Winona. He graduated
from the latter institution in 1879, and was
chosen ]»rinci])al of the public schools at Mor-
ris, Minn. During hi.s tei"m as principal
he organized the Morris high school under
the state high school act. He resigned his
])osition at the end of two years to engage in
newspaper work and give his undivided at-
tention to the Morris Tribune, which he had
purchased. The Tribune thrived under his
management and grew to be an influential
publication, with a large circulation, especial-
ly for a country pap(M'. In 1888 he dis-
posed of the Tribune, and purchased what is
known as the Spring Lawn Farm, a well-
equijiited place of 400 acres, near Morris,
which he still owns. Farm work has always
had an attraction for him, and he ajtplied to
it the latest scientific methods, with the re-
sult that he has one of the most productive
and tlioroughly appointed farms in western
Minnesota. He was actively interested in the
work of the Stevens County Agricultural so-
ciety during his residence in Morris, and
seized one term, also, as secretary of the
Morris Driving Park association. In 1887
he was appointed assistant secretary of the
Minnesota State Agricultural society, since
which time he has devoted a major portion of
his attention to its affairs. In 1893 he was
elected one of its board of managers, and in
1S95 was chosen secretary of the society,
which position he has held ever since. His
work as secretary has been successful to a
marked degree. He has made a thorough
study of the varied resources of the state,
and has studied new methods and exhibited
a remarkable ability in divising new and
l)raetical plans for presenting them in an at-
tractive way at the state fair grounds. The
forty-first Minnesota state fair, held in 1900,
was without question the biggest, most com-
plete, and most interesting exhibition of the
state's industries ever held, and from a finan-
cial standpoint was an unqualified success.
Mr. Randall has also taken a deep interest in
the state's development and has given his aid
to every movement calculated to encourage
immigration to it. In i>olitics Mr. Randall
has always been a consistent and active Re-
jmblican. In 1891 he was appointed post-
master at Morris by President Harrison, and
served in that capacity for one term. He
has also served as a member of the state
central committee, and as chairman of the
Stevens county committee. He was married
in 1882 to Miss Eudora Stone, of Morris, the
youngest daughter of Hon. and Mrs. H. W.
Stone. Mr. and Mrs. Randall have four chil-
dren, Clarence, Ward, Frank and Martha.
One child, Dorothy, died when less than two
years old. The family have their residence
EUGEN'E W. RANDALL.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST
upon the state fair grounds at Hamline, a
residence there being required by reason of
his official ])()sition in connection with the
state agricultural society.
TROBEC, Rt. Rev. James.— It is practi-
cally impossible, within the limited scope of
a biographical work of this kind, to give any
dear conception of the duties of a bishop
of the Catholic church, or to form any esti-
mate of the real services to humanity per-
formed by this faithful servant of the reli-
gion of Christ. That his influence for good
is incalculable may be readily understood.
Men who occupy such exalted positions are
accorded this honor only when they have
demonstrated eminent capacity for the
great responsibilities of the office. Prepar-
atory training of the most thorough and
complete character, lasting over a long term
of 3'ears, is the first and pre-eminent quali-
fication for the man who seeks to enter the
priesthood. Then follow a life of self-denial,
a life of devotion to the spiritual and tem-
poral needs of the people whose adviser and
counsellor he has become by virtue of his
office, the carrying of burdens to lighten
those of others — these and many more are
the crucibles in which the priest's soul is
tried, and from which, if he emerge with
strengthened moral fibre and increased men-
tal power, he may rise to greater authority
in the church and have larger responsibili-
ties entrusted to his care. Rt. Rev. James
Trobec, of St. Cloud, Minnesota, bishop of
the diocese of St. Cloud, can truthfully be
said to have filled all these requirements.
He was born July 10, 1838, in Billichgraz,
Carniola province, Austria, the son of Math-
ew Trobec, a farmer, and Ellen (Pecovuik)
Trobec. His early education was confined
to two years' attendance at a parochial
school in his native town. Later, he was
sent to Leibach, in the same province, where
he entered the seminary at that place. He
remained ten years in this institution, re-
ceiving a thorough preparatory training in
the classical and philosophical course, and
a partial training in the theological course.
Early in the spring of 1864 he emigrated to
tlie T'nited States and continued his theo-
logical studies in St. Vincent's College,
Pennsylvania. He remained here until the
fall of the following year, wlien he came
west and was ordained priest in St. I'aul,
Minnesota, September 8, the same year. His
first pastoi'ate was at Belle Prairie in Mor-
rison county, Minnesota, — from October,
1865, to October, 1866. His next assign-
ment was at AVabasha, Minnesota, as pastor
of St. Felix church. He served his church
long and faithfully in this field, his pastor-
ate extending over a period of twenty-one
years. In October, 1887, he was entrusted
with the organization of a new parish, called
St. Agnes parish, in St. Paul, Minnesota,
and served as its pastor for ten years. Sep-
tember 21, 1897, he was appointed and or-
dained bishop of the St. Cloud diocese.
Bishop Trobec has made many warm friends
during his residence in Minnesota. He is
greatly loved and admired by those mem-
bers of his church whom he served as spir-
itual father and counsellor for so many
years, and who recognize his advance to the
bishopric as a worthy recognition of his
faithful service to the church and of his in-
tellectual capacity. He is also highly es-
teemed outside the sircle of his own reli-
gious faith for the deep interest he takes in
all charitable eftorts, as well as for his ad-
mirable personal qualities and the high or-
der of his intellectual attainments.
FLETCHER, Loren, has represented
Minneapolis in the United States congress
since 1892, serving as a member of the
house, from the Fifth district of Minnesota.
He is one of the pioneers of the city of Min-
neapolis, his connection with the city going
back to 1856, when he brought his young
wife to the little village then known as St.
Anthony and established his home. He is
a son of Capt. Levi Fletcher, who was a
prosperous farmer living in the town of
Mount \'ernon, Kennebec county, Me. Lor-
en was the fourth son and he was born
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
April 10, 1833. He received a good eduea-
rion in the village schools and two years at
Kent's Hill seminary, a famous institution
of that period. At the age of seventeen he
started to learn a trade, but a short experi-
ence as a stone cutter satisfied him that he
would prefer a mercantile career. He ob-
tained a position as clerk in a shoe store,
where he worked for one year. He received
but small wages, but with New England
thrift, saved what he could and then decid-
ed to make a start for himself. He sought
new fields for his activity and came west,
locating at Dubuque for a short time, and
then at St. Anthony, arriving in the sum
mer of 1,S56. He secured a temporary posi-
tion as a clerk and then entered the employ
of Dorilius Morrison, who was then carry-
ing on an extensive lumber business. Young
Fletcher had a varied experience, some-
times in one place, and then in another, in
the office, in the woods and on the drive, and
then in the mills at St. Anthony Falls. In
18G0 he purchased an interest in a dry
goods store, and in the following year
formed a partnership which continued in
various forms for over thirty-five years.
The new partner was Charles M. Loring,
and the firm was known as L. Fletcher &
Co. They established a general store on
the site of the old city hall and the business
was carried on for over fifteen years at this
stand. They dealt largely in lumbermen's
supplies. The business extended to other
lines; and at various times included lumber-
ing, farm lands, city lots, government con-
tracts, Indian supplies, pine lands and final-
ly milling. The firm has been prominent
in this line for many years. Tlu-y owned
several mills, including the Calaxy and
Minnetonka mill. Both members of the
firm became quite wealth}' through their
various ventures, and long since retired
from active participation in business. Jlr.
Fletcher has always been a Republican mid
found time, in spite of his many duties, to
devote himself to the public welfare. For
nearly ten years he was a member of the
lower house of the state legislaturr. lie
served as speaker of the house for three
LOREN FLETCHER.
years, the last time elected by the unani-
mous vote of the house, securing ^every
vote of all parties, a rare instance of polit-
ical favor in any state. His long service
testifies more than words to the merit of
his work. Mr. Fletcher retired from active
})olitics for several years only to return as
a candidate for the nomination for member
of congress, and was the first member to
represent Minneapolis when that city and
Hennepin count}- were constituted a dis-
trict. This was in lSi)2 and his long reten-
tion in that much sought for place is a tes-
timonial of his worth. Mr. Fletcher has
been elected for five successive terms and
has acquired a position among his col-
leagues which enables him to be of especial
service to his district. He is not much of
a speaker but has a way of securing the
passage of bills he is interested in, and this
fact makes him a most valuable member.
Mr. Fletcher was nuirried while in Maine to
Miss Ameretta J. Thomas, of Hangoi-. She
died in 1891', leaving Mr. Fletcher without
:i family, as their only child died while quite
young.
HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST.
WILSOX L. RICHARDS.
RICHARDS, \\"ilsou L.— The career of
Air. Richards, banker and stockman of Dick-
inson, N. D., shows what niaj- be accomplish-
ed in our newer states. He was boru, August
16, 1S62, near Louina, Ala. His mother was
of Irish descent and her maiden name was
Mary J. Lawson. His father was T. S. Rich-
ards, and he came from an old English fam-
ily. He naturally took the side of the South
during the Civil War and served as an officer
in the Confederate army, receiving a com-
mission as captain in an Alabama regiment.
After the war the conditions were such in
Alabama that he decided to seek a new home
where the prospects were better; accordingly
he removed with his family to the frontier
of western Texas, locating at Mineral Wells,
whei'e he was for many years a hotel man,
and became very well-to-do. Young Richards
received only the primitive education afford-
ed by the country schools of the South, and
in all attended school but about one year.
His further education has been obtained
through experience and reading. He natural-
ly drifted into the life followed by the boys of
his locality, and when quite young entered
upon the career of a cowboy. His work
taught quick decision and self-reliance. Mr.
Richards came to North Dakota in 1885 with
a herd of cattle which he had helped to drive
from Texas. He followed the life of a North
Dakota cowboy until 1889, when his abilities
were recognized and he became manager of
a large cattle ranch for W. L. ('rosby, of La
Crosse, ^Vis. He had an opportunity to learn
the business side of ranch life as a working
manager. In 1897 he decided that the time
liad arrived to branch out, and so, in com-
jiany with one other, started in tlie sheep
business; but finding that cattle ranching
was more to his liking, sold out, at a hand-
some profit. He bought out his fonner em-
jiloyer, and engaged in an extensive cattle
business, and is known as one of the largest
stockmen of his district. Mr. Richards has
not confined himself to one line of business,
but in 1900 organized the Dakota State Bank
at Dickinson and has become a successful
banker, and is president of the institution.
He is interested in several ventures near
Dickinson, and is looked upon as one of those
who has contributed largely to the prosper-
ity of the town. Mr. Richards came natural-
ly by his belief in the destinies of the Demo-
cratic party of North Dakota. He is one
who belives that much pleasure can be found
and many lasting friendships formed in se-
cret societies, and is a leading member of the
Masonic lodge at Dickinson. He was mar-
ried, October 12, 1893, to Mabel E. Smith,
and has two sons, Wilson Crosby Richards,
born January 7, 1895, and Thomas Franklin
Richards, born October 15, 1899.
JORDAN, Charles Morison, Ph. D.—
When it is understood that eight hundred
and fifty teachei's are employed in the public
schools of Minneapolis, and that they have
thirty-seven thousand pupils in training, and
the number constantly increasing for whom
educational facilities must be provided —
some conception may be entertained of. the
labor and responsibility required to keep this
vast educational organization running so as
to be effective for the purpose designed. The
man who has so successfully performed this
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
complicated work for nearly ten years is
Charles M. Jordan, the superintendent of
schools. By natural aptitude and traininjj;
he has been able to acconijilish this task in a
manner satisfactory to a large constituency.
He was born at Eangor, Me., November 12,
1851. His father, Nelson Jordan, the son of
Samuel and Kachael Humphrey Jordan, was
a teacher for several years in western ^Maine,
before he became a merchant, at Bangor,
where he had a general store for six years.
In 1851 he moved to Lincoln Center, and was
engaged in fanning, lumbering, and manu
facturing until 1S74, when he went to Somer
ville, Mass. In 1877 he came to Minnesota,
where he purchased and operated a large
farm in the southern i)art of the state, until
he came to Minneapolis, in 1881, where he
li^ed the remainder of his days. He died
]\rarch 26, 1805. He was an energetic man
and took an active interest in public affairs,
atlliliating witli tlie Democi'atic jiarty in poli-
tics, and in religion with the Universalists.
Tlie Jordan family in America date from
Rev. Robert Jordan, who came from Eng-
land in Ifl.'IO, and settled at Richmond's
Island, Me. Dr. Jordan's mother was a
Morison. Her maiden name was Dorcas
Staples ]\Iorison, boiii a( Livcrnmre, Me.,
December 12, 1826. She was the daughter
of Samuel and Betsey Benjamin Morison,
and also sister to Dorilus and H. O. G. Mor-
ison, the well known early settlers of Minne-
aiiolis. The IMorisons are descendants of
William Morison, who came from Scotland
in 1740, and settled at Bridgewater, Mass.
The vigor, tenacity and practical sense of
these races — English and Scotch — seem to be
united in Dr. Jordan, and, — as a New Eng-
lander might say — it has been improved by
the New England atmosi)here. He obtained
his early education in the district schools of
Maine until old enough to go to academy —
the stei)ping stone then, in New England, to
all higher education. He spent one year at
Westbrook Seminary, and tlien entered Tuft's
College, where he graduated in 1877, taking
the highest honor, the valedictory oration.
On graduating he immediately made appli-
cation for the position of jirincipal of the
IIAliLKS M. jriKD.XX.
Itangor, Me., high school. He secured the
apjiointment in a competitive examination.
Two years later the lower grade schools of
the city were jilaced also under his^harge.
In 1883, after six years of this service, he re-
signed this position to accept the principal-
ship of the Winthrop School of Jlinneapolis.
In March, 1884, he started the East Side
High School, and carried it on in the Adams
school building. As if this were not enough,
in 1886, in addition to his other work, he was
made the supervisor of the evening schools
of the city, and he continued this labor until
he was elected superintendent of schools, for
three years, by the board of education, in
18!)2. He was re-elected in 1805, in 1808 and
in 1001. He received the title of Ph. D.
from Tuft's College in 1802. In politics he
is nominally a Democrat, but he never held
nor sought a political office. He is the ])resi-
deiit of the National Council of Education,
and is a member of two Greek letter college
fraternities— Zeta Tsi and the Phi Beta
Ka]ipa. He is also a member of the Sons of
the Revolution, and a Mason in the thirty-sec-
ond degree. He is superintendent of the
Sundav school of the Church of the Redeem-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHAVEST.
er, belongiiifi to the T^niversalist bodj. May
7, ]S!)5, 111' was niairiwl to Miss Maude Grim-
sliaw, dau;;litcr of IJobert E. Grimshaw, of
J[iiin<'ai)olis. They have two childreu: Helen
Doiras. boi-n February !•. 18110, and Mildred
Salome, born Auj^ust 17, 1899.
CKAWFORD, Gorie Isaac— The bust-
ling events of a young state cannot fail to
test the metal of the men who are active in
its construction. There is a sifting process
always in force in such a community which
eventually winnows the chaff from the
grain, the adventurer and charlatan from
the men of substantial merit and serious
purpose. Those who survive this ordeal,
jiroving their stability of character, worth
and ability, are the men who — as a painter
would say — give tone and color to the in-
stitutions of the embryo commonwealth, and
a definite trend to its pi-ogress. Among the
men of South Dakota who are typical of
this character, Corie — usually contracted to
"Coe" — I. Grawford, the subject of this
sketch, must ever stand prominent by his
sturdy qualities and notable achievements.
He was born upon his father's fann in
Allamakee county, Iowa, in 1858. He is
Scotch-Irish on his father's side, and Irish-
English on his mother's, both of Presby-
terian faith. Giandfather and Grandmoth-
er Grawford were Scotch, whose ancestors
emigrated to the north of Ireland and
were connected with the Ramseys, Fun-
stons and McConnels, who came from the
north of Ireland and settled in western
Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio immediately
after the war of 1812. General Fiinston of
Kansas, and of Philippine fame, is one of
this family. Goe I. Crawford's father, Rob-
ert Grawford, was a wagon maker and
farmer, born in Ohio in 1828. He moved to
Allamakee county, Iowa, in 1853 and opened
up a farm. He was in comfortable circum-
stances and raised a large family. He died
in 1896. He was a sturdy man of unflinch-
ing integrity, and a member of the Presby-
terian church. In politics he was a staunch
Republican, and a leading man in his county.
He was for a number of years chairman of
the Board of Gounty Gommissioners. His
wife, Coe I. Crawford's mother, was born
in Ohio in 1830. Her maiden name was
Sarah Shannon. Governor Shannon, so
well known in the early history of Kansas,
was of the same family.
Mr. Crawford's opportunity for educa-
tion in early life was very meager, consist-
ing of three months of schooling in the win-
ter and occasionally a summer term of three
months; these were ungraded, common
country schools. When fifteen years of age
he was permitted to attend the village
school for one year, and thus made such
])rogress that he was prepared to teach.
AMien he began to teach it was in the coun-
try district schools. For this he received
twenty dollars a month in summer and
thirty-three dollars a month in winter, out
of which he had to pay his board. He did
the janitor work besides, gratis. He taught
three years in Iowa and two in Ohio. In the
meantime he studied hard in a private way,
and read very extensively. He was assisted
very materially in his study of Latin, Geom-
etry and Literature by an educated phy-
sician in whose family he lived for two
years. After he quit teaching he secured a
position as a field agent for a subscription-
book publishing house of Chicago, and trav-
eled extensively through New York, Ohio
and West Virginia, for two years. The
work was not (ongenial; in fact he detested
it, although it was not without its value in
after life. He left it to enter the law de-
partment of the University of Iowa in 1881,
from which he graduated in 1882. His pro-
ficiency may be judged from the fact that '
he was made president of the Law Literary
society, and was one of the speakers chosen
for the commencement exercises. He also
was awarded a share of a dividend prize for
his written thesis. In 1883 he formed a
I)artnership with Hon. W. H. Holiiian, for
the practice of law at Independence, Iowa,
whei-e he remained for one year. He then
removed to Pierre, where he met with im-
mediate success. His first case of any im-
Iportaiicc was the defence of a poor German,
HISTORY OF TIIK GltKAT NORTHWEST.
charged with murder. Three men had come
to his corral not far from Pierre, and en-
gaged with him in a quarrel over some cat-
tle. A light followed in which he resorted
to a gun, killing one man and wounding the
other two. Mr, Fawcett of Pierre, lately
deceased, was Mr. Crawford's associate.
They convinced the committing magistrate
that their client acted in self-defense and lie
was discharged. The next suit was a per-
sonal Injury case which he prosecuted, ask-
ing f 5, 01)0 for his client. It arose from the
negligence of a telephone company in leav-
ing a wire obstruction in the street. The
first trial resulted in a compromise verdict,
awarding his client only fifty dollars. A
new trial resulted in a verdict of over three
thousand dollars. On appeal to the su-
preme court the judgment was affirmed.
In 1885 Mr. Crawford formed a partner-
ship with Mr. C. E. Deland, under the firm
name of Crawford & Deland, which con-
tinued for twelve years, during which time
the practice was large and lucrative. Mr.
Crawford was a leading counsel on one side
or the other in nearly one hundred cases in
the supreme court. The wide range and
profound character of these suits may be
seen in the Sixth South Dakota Territorial
Report, and in the first ten volumes of the
South Dakota Supreme Court Reports. Mr.
Crawford was attorney general of the state
of South 1 )ikota from 180.3 to 1897. He was
admitted to practice in the supreme court of
the Cnited States in 1893. During the
years 1895 and lS9fi it became his duty to
]Mosecute the state treasurer and his bonds
men and others charged with conspiracy to
defraud the state. The suits were both civil
and criminal; also to prosecute the commis-
sioner of schools and jiublic lands for failure
to distribute school funds. These cases
were complicated with habeas corpus and
extradition proceedings, writs of error and
other intricate litigation, involving the most
specious pleas that could be devised by the
defense, supported by ample means. The
cases were historic and among the most ex-
citing events in the history of the young
state. The parties so successfully prose-
cuted were, many of them, personal friends
and associates of Mr. Crawford in fraternal
orders. He has been strongly commended
for his unswerving fidelity to the interests
of the people of the state in these arduous
and prolonged litigations. The prodigious
labors connected with them nearly ruined
his health. In 1897 he accepted the posi-
tion of attorney for the Chicago & North-
western railway for the entire state, and
moved to Huron, where he now resides, still
engaging in the general practice of law, al-
though the railway is his principal client.
He was president of the State Rar asso-
ciation of South Dakota during the year
1899. Mr. Crawford has no military record,
for he was too young for the Civil war and
too old to enlist for the Sj)anish war. He
lias, however, a brother, Robert T. Craw-
ford, a first lieutenant of the 42d Regiment
I'. S. Volunteers, now in the Philippines.
He has always been a Republican. He was
state attorney for Hughes county from 18SG
to 1888; member of the last legislature of
the territory of Dakota, that which con-
vened at Bismark in 1889; member of the
first South Dakota state senate, 1889 and
1890 at Pierre, the new capital ; in 1892 elect-
ed attorney general of the state, and re-
elected in 1894: by the largest majority of
any candidate on the ticket. He was nom-
inated for congress in 1896, but the wave of
free silver and populism rose to high tide
that year, and the Republican electors, mem-
bers of congress and candidate for governor
were defeated by small pluralities ranging
from fifty to three hundred and fifty. He
made in that, the greatest political conflict
in the history of the state, one hundred and
three speeches. Since then he has with-
drawn from active work in politics, al-
though still staunch in the faith. He is a
Mason and a Knight Templar, and a mem-
ber of the Presbyterian church. He was
married in 1884 to ^Sliss May Robinson,
daughter of Levi Robinson, a lawyer of Iowa
City, Iowa. She died in 1894, leaving two
children, :Miriam, now fourteen years of age,
and Irving, eight years old. In 1896 he was
married to Lavinia Robinson, of the same
family, at Iowa City. They have also a
child, Robert, now two years old.
HISTORY OF THE GRIOAT NORTHWEST.
ALBEUT A. AMES.
AMES, Albert Aloiizo, who enjoys the
distinction of being four times mayor of Min-
neapolis, and who, when his party was
thought to be in a hopeless minority, reduced
the usual overwhelming majority of tens of
thousands to 2,G()0, is beyond question the
best known man in the state. His personal
following is unequalled. There must be some
reasonable foundation for his remarkable
popularitj'. It cannot be an accident when
it has stood so many public tests, extending
over so many years. He came to Minneapolis
with his parents in 1852, before the place
had a name, and when it was a part of the
Fort Snelling reservation. He was then only
ten years old, and it may be fairly said that
he has been in the "public eye'' ever since,
although for some years absent from the city.
He was born at (Jarden Prairie, Boone coun-
ty, III., January 18, 1842. His father, Alfred
Elislia Ames, was a physician. He came to
Minneai)olis, as mentioned, and he had a fam-
ily of seven sons, of whom the many times
mayor was the fourth. Young Ames was a
boy of great energy and an apt pupil. He
was educated in the juiblic schools and grad-
uated at the high school — then on the square
occupied by the new court house — when six-
teen years old. In the meantime he had
secured employment in a ]irinting ottice, and,
among other duties, served the paper, the
Northwestern Democrat, published by Major
\\'. .\. Hotchkiss, and the first published in
.Miiiiicaj)olis proper, that is, on the west side
(if tlie river. The office, still standing, was
cm the southeast corner of Third street and
Fifth avenue south. Here the dashing young-
ster earned his flrst dollar. In 1858 he be-
gan the study of medicine and surgery with
his father. He then attended two prelimi-
nary courses and two regular courses at the
Kush Jledical College of Chicago, and gi'adu-
ated, when only twenty years of age, with
the degree of M. D., February 5, 1862. He
returned to Minneapolis in August of that
year and began to practice, but his ardent
patriotism led him into the Civil War. There
was an urgent call for troops. He enlisted
as a pi'ivate soldier and heljied to organize
Company B, of the Ninth Minnesota Volun-
teer Infantry, and was made orderly ser-
geant. The regiment was given a furlough
of fifteen days to prepare for going to join
the army. Owing to the Indian uprising the
furlough was rescinded and the regiment was
ordered to gather forthwith for active duty.
Anns were distributed and young Ames re-
ceived his, with the rest of the company
which he mustered. He still keeps that
musket as a trophy. Shortly afterwards he
Avas commissioned as assistant surgeon of
the Seventh Minnesota Volunteer Infantry,
and served with his regiment during its term
of senice, being promoted to full surgeou in
1801. when only twenty-two years old. He
returned to Minneapolis after military serv-
ice terminated, but in 18G8 he went to Cali-
fornia, by way of the isthmus. Here his early
taste for newspaper work came back to him,
and he became the managing editor of the
Alta California, one of the leading i)apers
of the Pacific coast. In 1871 he returned to
Minneapolis on account of his father's sick-
ness and has been a resident of the city prac-
tically ever since. He was always interested
in public affairs, and has taken an active part
in many campaigns. He is a forcible and
convincing public speaker. In 1867 he was
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
elected to the legislature from Henuepin
(Oimty, on what was called the '•Holdiers'
Ticket," the success of which was due large-
ly lo his personal popularity. In 187(5 he was
elected mayor of Minneapolis, and because
of the celebration that year of the centennial
anniversary of the Declaration of Indepen-
dence, he has jjassed into history as the "Cen-
tennial Mayor." He was elected again in
1SS2 and once more re-elected in 1886. He
was nominated for governor the same year,
on the Democratic ticket, and reduced the
cu.stomary Republican majority, as already
mentioned. He was also nominated for con-
uress and for lieutenant governor, but the
large adverse majority was too strong to be
overcome. Dr. Ames' position in politics
seems to have been misunderstood. -The prin-
cipal plank in his platform has always been
"the rights of the people." He has been in-
dittereut to the party designation, preferring
lo go for the substance, rather than the name.
Ills sympathy for what is called the masses
has always been pronounced. That is the
key-note of his apparent change of party.
In 188G he induced the Democratic party to
declare in favor of building a Soldiers" Home.
This was the first public movement in the
state for this purpose. When subsequently
it was built. Dr. Ames served as surgeon of
the institution for many years. In 1900
he was nominated by the Republican par-
ty for mayor of Minneapolis, and was
elected, this being a fourth term. His
election was notable, and will always be
a land mark in political progress, because,
for the first time, the nominations were
made by a direct vote of the people, and
not by party conventions. It was the first
application of what is called the new "pri-
mary election law." It was therefore a di-
rect i)ractical test of Dr. Ames" principles.
Dr. Ames is interested in fraternal societies,
and is prominent in several of the leading
brotherhood orders. He is a Mason and has
been Master of Hennepin Lodge, No. 4; High
I'riest of St. John"s Chapter, No. 9 ; Eminent
Commander of Zion Commandery, No. 2,
Knights Templar, and Grand Generalissimo
of [he Grand Commandery of Minnesota. He
has been also Chancellor Commander of Min-
neapolis Lodge, No. 1, Knights of I'ytliias;
Grand Chancellor of Minnesota, and Supreme
Representative to the Supreme Lodge of the
AVorld. He was on the charter list of No. 41,
IJenevolent and I'rotective Ordei- of Elks, the
tirst lodge of the Northwest, and he was its
first Exalted Ruler. He is a member of G.
N. Morgan Post, No. 4, Grand Army of the
Republic.
BURNETT, William J.— The first busi-
ness industry cifiried on in the Northwest
was the trade in furs. Although the char-
acter of this industry has greatly changed
since the days when the traders trafficked
with the Indians for the furs of the various
animals which then roamed the forests in
large numbers, it still confines to be an im-
portant adjunct to the commerce of the
larger cities. One of the most prominent
and successful enterprises in this and allied
lines is the Northwestern Hide and Fur Co|u-
pany of Minneapolis, of which >Villiam J.
liurnett is manager and proprietor. Mr. Bur-
nett was born in 1843, at I'iltsburg, I'a. His
father, Mrgil Justice Burnett, was engag-
ed in the grocery business in Newark, N. J.,
but the panic of 1837 swept away his fortune,
and after a vain endeavor to realize on his
accounts he started west with his family to
begin life anew. It was while they were en
route that William J. was born at Pittsburg.
The family remained here a short time, Mr.
Burnett, who was a carriage blacksmith by
trade, working at his handicraft in order to
earn money to pursue their journey west.
They came by boat from Pittsburg to \'in-
cennes, then by canal to Terre Haute, Ind.
On arrival here the father had but fifty cents
left, but by his industry and skill at his trade
he was soon in comfortable circumstances.
He became prominent in the atlairs of his
own community, was elected to the state leg-
islature in 185(i, and was one of the most
earnest advocates in favor of the passage of
the famous Indiana liquor law. He was also
one of five to found the free schools of
HISTORY OF TUR OHKAT NORTHWEi^T.
WILLIAM J. BURNETT.
ludiiiua. He died iu 1838, honored by all
who knew him, and sui'vived by his wife
(Harriet S. Burnett), six boys and two girls.
Mrs. Burnett is still living in the enjoyment
of full health and vigor up to the advanced
age of 93. The Burnett family is of Scotch-
English descent on both sides of the house,
and on the paternal side is presumed to be
closely related to that of Bishop Burnett.
The subject of this sketch came to Minneap-
olis November 22, 1890, and established the
Northwestern Hide and Fur Company, at
417 Main street southeast, as dealers in
hides, furs, wool and tallow. In the fall of
1895 the property at 407 and 109 Main street,
where the firm now conducts its business, was
purchased. From the first this firm has en-
joyed an unusual degree of success. It estab-
lished most favorable relations with produc-
ers throughout the Northwest, and does an
extensive business as dealers, jjaying cash
for all consignments on arrival. These con-
signments are disposed of to the large manu-
facturer and export buyers. A most im-
portant feature of the business is the trade
in North American fur skins, the firm having
exhibited great enterj^rise in sending men
Ihrougliout the Northwest to place it in close
touch with the trappers of the wild regions
to the north. Another important kindred
interest conducted by this firm is sheep dip.
They are the sole agents in the United States
for the celebrated Highland sheep dip manu-
factured bj' Alexander Robinson, of Oban,
Scotland, and are also the Northwestern
agents for E. S. Burche's wool gi'owers" sup-
plies. This feature of the business is being
rapidly built up and agencies have been es-
tablished in various cities and sheep-growing
districts throughout the United States. The
gratifying success of this firm is largely due
to the progressive methods pursued by Mr.
Burnett in the conduct of its business, and to
a number of valuable devices of his own in-
vention pertaining to the hide and fur trade.
He is acknowledged as one of the be.st in-
formed men on hides and furs in this country,
and a "Hunters' and Trappers' Guide," which
he published, and which is now in its sixth
edition, is a leading authority on this subject.
Mr. Burnett was selected by the Minnesota
state commission to collect and make the
wool exhibit at the Trans-Mississippi Exposi-
tion at Omaha. His skill and good judg-
ment was evidenced by the fact that this ex-
hibit received the highest award, a gold
medal. In June, 1888, Mr. Burnett was mar-
ried to Miss Alida Suits, of Huron, S. D.
They have one daughter, Harriet Alida, aged
ten.
COOLEY, George ^Vashington.— The
men who are making the northwest are so
busy with the work in hand that little atten-
tion is paid to the historical value of what
they are doing. Men yet comparatively
young have laid the foundations of enter-
prises and institutions and set in motion in-
fluences of great enduring value, with no
thought of future fame or renown as found-
ers or originators. But the time is coming
when the part they have acted will be
conned with great interest by those who
have profited by the labor of these piopeers.
The first schoolhouse, the first church,
factory, mill, bridge, courthouse or railroad
is a land-mark of progress that will grow in
interest as years pass on. The men instru-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
mental in projecting and bnilfling it will be-
come the heroes of subsequent generations,
for thev have made history. Among those
who have had the good fortune to link their
names with these landmarks, the civil en-
gineer stands foremost, and of these none
have been in closer relation to these initial
enteri)rises than the distinguished engineer,
Geo. W. Cooley, the efficient county survey-
or of Hennepin county, Minnesota.
Mr. Cooley was born in New York city
in 1845. His common school education was
supi)lemented by a course at the Cooper In-
stitute, the well known institution founded
by Peter Cooper, the successful business
man and philanthroi)ist. Mr. Cooley's prac-
tical professional training began in the field
as chainman and sub-assistant on railroad
surveys. He may be said to have graduated
in the practical school of the field, than
^\liich there is none better.
In 1864 he came to Minneapolis and en-
tered the employ of the St. Paul and Pacific
— now the Great Northern — railroad, as as-
sistant engineer on surveys. He drove the
first stake of that great system west of the
Mississippi, a notable incident. After two
years" service in this capacity he opened an
engineer's and surveyor's office in Minneap-
olis. Here he took in a wide range of work.
He was not only identified with all the local
surveys, of which, in a new city, of necessity
there were a great many, but he engaged in
professional work throughout the north-
west and south from Texas to Oregon and
Washington. In 1870 he became the assist-
ant engineer of the Northern Pacific rail-
road and first constructing engineer of the
system. He was also, for several years, the
assistant engineer on the Falls of St. An-
thony and sclent one winter on the improve-
ment of the ^Minnesota river, for the United
States government.
Since 18GG ilr. Cooley has been an active
man in his pi'ofession, yet he has not ig-
nored his duty as a citizen, nor his social
obligations as a man. He has always been
a Kepublican in politics. In 1884 he was
elected an alderman from the Eighth ward
of the city of Minneapolis, one of the most
influential wards in the city. Mr. Cooley
made a brilliant record in his service. He
originated the system of underground elec-
tric wires for the city, and secured the pas-
sage of the ordinance through the council.
He was also one of the originators and pro-
moters of the "patrol limit" system for the
regulation of the licjuor traffic, one of the
most beneficent systems ever devised for
controlling the evils of licensed saloons.
These two measures alone would entitle Mr.
Cooley to distinction and honor, for they
show a high order of foresight and original-
ity, as well as public spirit and legislative
capacity. He was I'enominated on the Re-
publican ticket for county surveyor of Hen-
nepin county, Minnesota, in 1000, after a
warm contest under the new primary law,
and was triumphantly elected at the polls in
November.
Mr, Cooley is a member of the Masonic
order and is prominent in the fraternity. In
1872 he was married to the daughter of the
late R. E. Grimshaw, and has six children.
He is highly esteemed socially, as well as in
his profession, and bears his honors with
the modest dignity becoming a successftil
man of affairs.
SNYDER, Harry, Professor of Agricul-
tural Chemistry in the University of Minne-
sota, was born January 2(i, 1867, in the town
of Cherry Valley, Otsego county, N. Y. His
anci'stors were among the original settlers
of the Mohawk Valley, and many of them
participated in the French and Indian and
Revolutionary AVars and the War of 1812.
His mothers maiden name was Mary Ann
Harter. She was of Gennan-Dutch descent.
His father's ancestors were of English-Ger-
man exti'action. His father, David W. Sny-
der, was a carpenter and farmer, and a man
of much mechanical skill and natural ability.
He was educated at the old Cherry Valley
Senunary and taught school for a number of
years. In later years he was superintendent
of bridge and wood work construction of the
Herkimer, Newport & Poland Railroad.
HISTOIIY OF TIIK GRIOAT XORTHWEf^T.
liAltltV SNYDKU.
The subject of this sketch attended the
counti'.v school, Saltspriuyville, Otsego coun-
ty, N. Y., and hiter the graded school at Hei-
kimer, N. Y. After working two summers
in a grocery store and a .year in a printing
office he entered the Clinton Liberal Institute
at Fort Plain, N. Y., where he prepared for
college, and in the fall of 1885 entered Cor-
nell University. At the end of the first two
yeai-s of college he was appointed private as-
sistant to Dr. Caldwell, the head of the chem-
ical department of the university, a position
heictofore always held by a graduate stu-
dent. While serving in this capacity, Mr.
Snyder was engaged mainly with the analy-
sis of foods, drugs and farm products. Thus
he became thoroughly familiar with the lab-
oratory methods of instruction and investiga-
tion, particularly along the lines of agricul-
tural chemistry, a subject not then generally
taught in American colleges. He graduated
in 188!) with special honors in chemistry, and
was appointed to the position of instructor
at Cornell. A year later he was appointed
assistant chemist of the experiment station
at that institution. His work in this jjosition
was mainly along Ihe line of milk investiga-
tion and animal nutrition, in I8!tl he came
to Minnesota to accept the i>osition of chem-
is! at the Minnesota Experiment Station, and
was a]i])ointed to his present i)osition the fol-
lowing year. He has been engaged in in-
struction and research work along agricultu-
ral lines and has been employed as an expert
in nutrition investigations by the United
States Department of Agriculture. He has
pul)lished thrive text books: The Chemistry
of Soils and Fertilizers, The Chemistry of
Foods, and the Chemistry of Dairying. These
works are used as text books in many lead-
iiiu agricultural colleges and schools. He
has also published a large number of bulle-
tins covering a number of topics. Some of
his bulletins and reports have been trans-
lated and published in the French, German,
Italian and Russian scientific journals. He
has contributed a number of articles to chem-
ical journals and to leading agricultural pa-
pers. His work in soil and food investiga-
tions has been of the highest value to the
farmers of the Northwest. As the results of
careful experiments he has shown that it is
possible by adopting proi)er methods of farm-
ing to conserve the fertility of the soil, and at
the same time i)roduce large yields of grain
and other fann products. His work in foods
has shown how it is possible to make the best
economic use of farm crops after they have
been produced. The studies that have been
made of Xorthwesteni wheat and flour by
I'rofessor Snyder have been of the highest
value, and they have assisted materially in
establishing the fact that Northwestern
wheat and flour have the highest food value
of any that can be grown or manufactured."
He is a fellow of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, a mem-
ber of the American Chemical Society, and
the Society for the Promotion of Agricul-
tural Science. He is also a member of the
Phi Delta Theta fraternity, the I. O. O. F.
and the Royal Arcanum. He was mari-ied in
1890 to Miss Adelaide Churchill Craig,
daughter of Rev. Dr. Austin Craig, formerly
president of Antioeh College, Ohio.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
VAN SANT, SamiR'l R.— Miimesota, the
largest state of the gn^at Northwest, the
"reatest in i)opulatioii, wealth and natm-al
resources, has for f;overuor a man whose suc-
cessful career is an inspiration to every younji'
American of the United States — Samuel 1{.
^"an Saut. This is not liecause he is <i'ovev-
nor, but because lie is a typical ])rominent
example of the possibilities of development,
inherent in a free I'overnnient which otters
to all liberal facilities for advancement, un-
limited scope for energy, and boundless oj)-
portunities to appropiiate. Samuel R. Van
Sant is a native of Illinois. He was born
at Rock Island, May 11, 1844. His father,
John \A'. ^^an Sant, was born in New Jersey
in 1810. He had the pleasure of beinji; pres-
ent at the capitol at St. I'aul on his ninety-
first birthday to sei' his son inauj^urated as
(.••overnor of the state of Minnesota. The
family is of Dutch descent. Its progenitors
in the United States came from Holland,
among the earliest settlers of New York and
New Jersey, and formerly spelled the name
Van Zandt. Many of the family still cling
to the old American home in the tide-water
states. The leading members of the I'ace for
several generations were sliijj builders and
sailors. It was currently said of Governor
Van Sant's great grandfather, John, that "he
could build a ship, rig it, and sail it to any
part of the world." The old hero was born
in 1726, and served his country in the marine
service, or navy, during the Revolutionary
War. On the patriotic side all the Van Sants
did service. His son, the governors grandfa-
ther, was a soldier in the War of 1812. He
was also a Methodist clergyman, and had
five sons who were clergymen in the same
denomination. Rut Samuel's father stuck
to the ship building trade, and in 18:!7 came
west and engaged in building and repairing
steamboats, a business which he and his sons
still follow in connection with the Van Sant
<& Musser Transportation Company. The fa-
ther's home is at f.e Claire, Iowa. The maid-
en name of Samuel's mother was Lydia An-
derson. She was also born in New Jersey,
and was eighty-nine years of age when her
sou was made governor. She is a daughter
of Elias Anderson, who was a private soldier
in the Revolutionary War. II will thus be
seen thai Saiiniel rauie ti-oni ]ialriolic stock
on both sides of tin- iioiise. His early educa-
tion was obtained in Die coiiiiiiou schools of
Rock Island. lie had advam-ed as far as the
high school, of whirii lie was a ]Mijiil, when
the war broke out. W'itli liis inherited mar-
tial spirit, and surrounded by the atmosphere
of his home, which was a grand military
entrejxit of the United Slates, it was no won-
der that the boy's patriotic ardor was fer-
vent, and that his asjjirations for a military
life were too strong to allow him to remain
at school. At the first call for troops, though
not seventeen years old, he enlisted, but he
was rejected because of his youth. He enlist-
ed several times at short intervals that year.
Finally armed with his father's written per-
mission, he enlisted in August, 18(51, and was
accepted as a iiieiiiher of ("omi)any A, Ninth
Illinois Cavalry, lie was in active service
o\-er three years, most of the time with the
noted (ienei-al Criersoii's raiders, where the
hardships of the campaign were unusually
severe. Yet the boy, N'an Sant, never was
sick, never missed a liattle of the organiza-
tion, and, fortunatel.w ne\-er was wounded.
A\'h(ni mustered out he resumed his studies
by entering Burnham's American Business
College, at Hudson, N. Y., where he gradu-
ated. Feeling then that his educational
e(liii]inient was not as thorough as he desired,
lie planned to take a regular college course.
He was dependent upon his own resources.
He began his preparation by entering the
prej)aratory de](artnient of Knox College, a
well known institution of (Jalesburg, 111. He
completed that course, entered the college as
freshman, and ]iassed through that year of
the curriculum. In the meantime while
studying he had learned the caulker's trade.
He gave ii]i his college course for lack of
means, and was snhsei|iiently ajii>oiiitcd
superinlendeni of the boatyard where ho
learned his trade — no small compliment to A
young man of his years. Later, in connec-
tion with his father, he bought l lie same l)oat-
building business and carried it on. The fa-
ther and son built the tirsi laige-si/,ed raft-
SAMUEL It. VAN SANT.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
boat constructed exclusively for the lumber
rafting- business. The success of the first
venture led to the construction of others by
them, and since that time the Van Sants
have been actively engaged in rafting and
lumbering on the Mississippi river. In the
spring of 1S83, Samuel R. Van Sant, for the
better facilities for managing the interests
of the Ann's business, came to this state and
made his home at "NV^inona, Minn., where he
still resides, although liis otTicial residence
will, while governor, be at St. I'aul. ^A'ith
the same public spiiit and energy always ex-
hibited, he immediately identified himself
with all the public affairs of his new home,
just as every active citizen should. He has
always been a consistent Republican. His
neighbors liked him, and he was elected
alderman of the city. T'hen they made him
a member of the legislature, in 1S92. He
filled tJie position so satisfactorily that he
was reelected in 18!)4. Then the legislature
had such an estimate of him that he was
chosen sjieaker of the house. At home we
was twice (Vimmander of John P>all I'ost,
(irand Army of the Rejiublic. He has taken
great interest in this philanthropic organiza-
tion, and he legards its honors second to
none in the gift of the people. In 1804 he
was chosen Senior \'ice Commander of the
Department of Minnesota. In 1895 he was
made Commander. Such was his fidelity to
his duties that he traveled over twenty thou-
sand miles visiting posts, attending reunions,
celebrations, establishing new posts and mak-
ing iiublic addresses. He was elected gover-
nor of Minnesota in 1000. His genial nature
and aptitude for social life is indicated by
his fraternal associations. He is a Mason,
mend)er of the Ancient Order of United
Workmen, of the Veteran Masons, of the
Elks, of the Woodmen, and of the Sons of the
American Revolution. In 181)8 he was mar-
ried to Ruth Hall. They have had three chil-
dren, only one of whom survives. Grant Van
Sant, a graduate of the Law Department of
the University, and now jirarticing his pro-
fession.
WILLI Ajr It. KOIKiEIiS.
RODCERS, William l!;iker.— It has been
truly said tlu'.t the weslern states are the
young nmn's paradise. Opportunity, for
w liiili a man may wait for years in the thick-
ly populated centers of the east, is always
at hand, and if the one that grasps it is made
of the right material, his success is assured.
William R. Rodgers, although a young man
of thirty-five, has for over two years occu-
[lied the responsible position of United States
District attorney for the District of Mon-
tana. The Rodgers faiiiiiy comes from tlii'
good old Scotch-Irish stock, so well known
in this country. John White Rodgers was
an Illinois faioner in good circumstances;
lie was a man of firm convictions and was
deeply interested in public affairs. He mar-
lied Margaret Elizabeth Gillenwater, a
daughter of one of the early pioneers of Illi-
nr)is. One of their children is the subject
of this sketch, William Baker Rodgers, born
January 7, 1803, in Coles county. 111. lie
grew ujt on the farm and attendi'd a country
school when his work was such as to permit.
He also received much instruction from his
mother, who was well educated, and devoted
HISTORY OF TIIK GItKAT NOKTHWEST.
iiiiicli tiiiu' to the wirly traiiiiug' and cdiica-
tioii of Ir'i- cliildien. lie excelled as a de-
batei- in srhool contests, and in fact, he at-
tribntes much of his subsequent success as
a lawyer and public speaker to the earlv
traiuinj; obtained at that time. He deter-
mined to secure a collejie education and to
become a lawyer, and accordingly entered
Lincoln University at Lincoln, 111. He was
obliged to attend college a year and then
teach a year in order to secure the necessary
funds. Mr. Eodgers attended the law de-
partment of Cumberland Univereity, at Leb-
anon, Tenn., and was graduated in 1891 with
the degree of Bachelor of Law. The young
attorney decided to locate in Montana, and
opened an oflBce at Phillipsburg. In 1892 he
formed a partnership with his brother,
Hiram AV. Rodgers. The firm bad offices at
Phillipsburg and at Deer Lodge, the county
seat. Subsequently the county seat was i-e-
moved to Anaconda, and the firm removed
to that place, whei'e the business is now car-
ried on. The brothers have been very suc-
cessful, and have engaged in most of the im-
portant litigations in that locality for several
years. Mining and water right law has
naturally been their specialty, although not
exculsively. Mr. Rodgers has always been a
staunch Republican, and back at his home
town in Illinois was elected tax collector
when barely of age. He took an immediate
interest in Montana politics, and within one
year after his arrival was elected county at-
torney of Deer Ix)dge county, although the
county was nonnally largely Democratic.
Mr. Rodgers made so favorable an impres-
sion that in IS94 he was elected as joint rep-
resentative for the counties of Deer Lodge
and Missoula in the state legislature, and
served on several important committees in-
cluding the judiciary, and as chainuan of the
committee on state boards and otfices. The
year 1896 saw the Republican party in Mon-
tana badly disrupted by the silver question,
but Mr. Rodgers remained a loyal worker
and did his best to preserve the party and
its organization. In 1897 he was appointed
Assistant United States Attorney for the
District of Montana, and in 1898, upon the
expiration of the term of Mr. Preston H.
Leslie, a DeiiHic rat. Mr. Rodgers was ap-
jioiiited to succiH'd liinj, and now occupies
the position with much credit to himself.
Mr. Rodgers is a member of the Alpha Taw
Omega college fraternity, and of the Knights
of I'ythias. He is also a Royal Arch Mason.
He was married June 17, 189(i, to Miss Alice
Knowles, of I'etersburg. 111., and has one
child, ilargaret Elizabeth Rodgei-s.
HO AG, William E.— In 18.55 the great
Northwest, which was attracting so many of
the sturdy sons and daughters of New Eng-
land, gave a home to Milton .John Hoag and
his young wife. Catherine Everitt Hoag (n^e
Ricketson) in the form of a quarter section
of land in Fillmore county, Minn. The am-
bition to establish a home of their own led
them to leave ancestral homes in central Xew
York state and "seek their fortune" in the
west.
Here were born to them three children,
Ida May, in 185G; William Ricketson, in Feb-
ruary, 1859, and Minnie Ann, in 1861.
The subject of our sketch began his edu-
cation in the district school, which was con-
fined to the winter tenn after he became old
enough to help with the faion work. In his
school work he early developed a fondness
and cajjacity for mathematical studies which
later became of great service to him in his
professional work.
His father, after twenty years of success-
ful fanning, during which he was recognized
as a leader in progressive farming, in mat-
ters of education and all questions of public
interest, mo^ed to Rochester, where he de-
voted himself to the nursery business to
which his early tastes and training directed
him.
Here the son took his high school coui-se
with exceptional credit, a pleasant interrup-
tion to it being a visit to the Centennial Ex-
I)osition at Philadelphia in 187<i. This jiroved
hapjiy also in that it directed his mind along
lines of higher education and engineering
construction, and thus led to his later univer-
.sity course and railroad experience which so
well fitted him for his life work.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
In Septt'iiilxT of 187S, p.ftcr a year spent
in teacliinj;- scliool, he eutei-ed tlie university
as a candidate for the degree of Civil En-
gineer. He vei-y wisely extended the usual
time for undergraduate study by accepting
employment with the Northern I'acific Kail-
road. Thus the three years preceding his
graduation in 1S84 were about e(iually di-
vided between professional study and pro-
fessional practice in the field and office.
After graduation Mr. Hoag devoted him
self to jirofessional work which gave him un-
usual opj(ortunities to study the best Amer-
ican practice in railway construction, niain
tenance and ojieration. It was not without
reluctance that he gave up his ambition in
tliis tiehl lo accejit an instructorship in ci\il
engineering in his Alma Mater in September
of 1SS.5. But his love for mathematical pur-
suits and his desire to advance his studies in
applied mechanics prevailed. These studies
occupied liis spare time while passing
through tlie successive stages of instructor
and assistant ])rofessor to that of professor of
civil engineering, and enabled him to obtain
the master degiee in 1888. A brief course in
geodesy at Coi-nell University formed a part
of the preiiaration for this degi-ee.
In 1887 I'rofess(jr Hoag was made acting
assistant of ilie Tniled Slates ("oast and
(leodetic Survey, and gixcn charge of its
operations in Minnesota. V]) lo 181(5 he de-
voted the vacation of each year to this work,
including ijrimary triangulation, base line
measurement, preci.se levels and magnetics.
Professor Hoag has not merely become an
expert engineer, but has been deeply inter-
ested in the jiedagogy of his own and allied
.specialties, having visited many of the lead-
ing polytechnic institutions to study their
organization and methods.
Impressed with the importance of consul-
tation and co-operation among teachers en-
gaged in the various lines of engineering, he
was the first lo start the movement which
culminated in the section on engineering
education of the congress of engineers which
convened in ("liicago in the memorable sum-
mer of 18t>3. So successful was this gather-
ing that it was resolved to make it a perma-
WILI.I SM K. HO.\(i.
neut, national organization, and it continues
as the Society for the Promotion of Engineer-
ing Education, with I'rofessor Hoag a promi-
nent worker.
In 18!»2 he was appointed state topograph-
er by the board of regents of the university.
In connection with the government work he
jirosecuted a system of secondary triangula-
tion and levels which will furnish absolute
control for the state topographic survey
when the work is resumed.
Two seasons have bcH^n spent as a com-
missioner and engineer of the State Drainage
Coinmission in the supervision and stud}' of
state drainage ijuestions relating especially
to the Ked river valley. A valuable report
at the conclusion of this work attests the
ability with which these studies were prose-
cuted.
A fair measure of honors have fiiilen to
the lot of Professor Hoag. Upon the estab-
lishment of the Phi ISeta Kajjpa honorary
society at the university he was the only
graduate of the College of Engineering to
whom luembershi]) was accorded. He was
one of tlie four original members establish-
ing I he Sigma \'i scientific honorary societj"
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
at the universit.y, he having received his
membership at Cornell University while
there pursuing graduate studies.
At the Columbian International Exposi-
tion Mr. Hoag was a member of the jury of
award and worked exclusively with instru-
ments of jjrecision a class in which his close
study and professional work especially fitted
him. This honor was repeated in still fuller
measure by his appointment to similar duties
at the Paris Exposition in 1900. He was one
of two jurors from the T'uited States sitting
with the general jury judging instruments
of precision and medals. The fidelity with
which the interests of exhibitors from this
country were guarded in his class may be in-
ferred from the fact that compared to the
number of exhibits, the number receiving
awards in his class was greater than in any
other country in the world.
Professor Hoag was among the first in
this counti'y to develop a strong course in
highway engineei-ing as a part of the civil
engineering course. Through his teaching,
his newspaper articles and his work with the
state and national good roads associations
he has become one of the leading workers in
this worthy cause.
In the discharge of his university duties,
both in the work of instruction and of ad-
ministration, Professor Hoag is a strong,
sympathetic and progressive factor. This has
resulted in winning the confidence and per-
sonal friendship of his students, as well
as avoiding conflict with other olficers of
the college whose personal ambitions have
been thwarted by his fearless opposition to
what he believed to be contrai'y to the best
interests of the college. In all important is-
sues his views have ultimately prevailed, and
the present high standing of the school of
civil engineering, of which he is the official
head, stands proof of his foresight and pro-
fessional sagacity.
In 1885 Mr. Hoag married Miss Annie
L. Lawrence, a classmate of his at the uni-
versity, and daughter of Leander C. and
Susan B. Lawrence, one of the first families
of old St. Anthony.
Professor and Mrs. Hoag are members of
the First Congregational church, where Mrs.
Hoag is active in church and Sunday school
work. Three children have come to their
home, Richard Lawrence, in 1887; Helen, in
188S, aud William Milton, in 1898.
Though Professor Hoag refers with pride
to his connection, on his mother's side, with
Edward Everett, and on his father's, with
Elijah Hoag, the celebrated Quaker prophet
and preacher, and to Charles Hoag, who first
formed and jjroposed the name Minneapolis,
yet he has depended upon neither the influ-
ence nor financial aid of family or friends.
This spirit of independence inspired him to
work his way through the university with
out^ aid from his father, who was able and
willing to furnish such aid. He furnishes a
good example of what may be accomplished
by a sturdy farmer's boy who makes the full-
est use of the educational advantages offered,
and rises to a full appreciation of the pro-
fessional opportunities offered in the great
Northwest.
SMITH, Charles A., is a prominent lum-
berman of Minneapolis, Minn. Compelled to
rely upon his own resources from early
youth, with pluck, industry, and the exhibi-
tion of a high order of business sagacity, he
has achieved a success in business life that
reflects great credit upon himself and en-
titles him to recognition in a history. of the
Northwest. Mr. Smith was born in the coun-
ty of Ostergottland, Sweden, December 11,
1852. His father was for thirty-three years
a soldier in the regular army of Sweden. Two
of his sons having emigrated to America, the
father decided to follow them, bringing with
him Charles and an elder sister. They ar-
rived in Minneapolis June 28, 1867. In the
old country Charles attended the counti"y
school, but the instruction there imparted
was not of a kind to convey much knowledge
of a practical nature, being confined largely
to committing to memory the catechism and
Bible history. Shortly after his arrival in
Minneapolis the lad was placed with a farm-
er to work for his board and clothing, and
was employed chiefly in herding cattle. The
HISTORY OF THE GKKAT NORTHWEST.
first money hi' ever earned was by collecting
a large quantity of hazelnuts on the farm, re-
ceiving therefor seven dollar's, which he loan-
ed to his brother at ten per cent. Charles"
first lessons in English were received in a
small log school house in Wright county, lie
devoted his spare time to study, and in the
fall of 1872 entered the State University wiili
the intention of taking the regular couisc
He applied himself so closely to his studies,
however, that his health failed him and li'
was obliged to leave at tlic end of the first
year. He then obtained employment in the
general hardware store of J. S. Pillsbury iS:
Co., remaining here for five years. .Frugal
and industrious, he succeeded in laying by
some money, and. in 1878, with the assistance
of ex-Govern(U' Pillsbury. built a grain ele-
vator at Herman, Minn., and, under the fli-m
name of C. A. Smith & Co., engaged in the
grain and lumber business. In July, 18S1, he
returned to Minneapolis to engage in the
business of lumber manufacture. The part-
nershij) with Governor l'illsl)ury was con-
tinued until 189:;, at which time the C. A.
Smith Lumber Companv' was incorporated,
of which Mr. Smith is the president and gen-
eral manager. This firm has enjoyed unusual
prosperity. In addition to the saw mill and
lumber manufacturing business in Minneapo-
lis, which ranks among the largest in the
United States, the company has a controlling
interest in a number of retail lumber yards
in Nebraska and North and South Dakota.
But Mr. Smith's business activities have not
been confined exclusively to this one firm.
He is identified with a number of other enter-
prises in Minneapolis and elsewhere. In poli-
tics, Mr. Smith is a Republican. Though he
has taken an active interest in party affairs,
he has never been an oltice seeker. He has
been a delegate to various conventions, local
and national, and was a presidential elector
in ISDO, and honored by being elected to carry
the presidential votes of the state to Wash-
ington. He was one of the organizers and is
a trustee of the Salem English Lutheran
church, of Minneapolis; is a member of the
board of directors of the English Lutheran
Seminary of Chicago, and is treasurer of the
CIl.VKLKS A. SMITH.
Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the North-
west. February 11, 187S, he was married to
Johanna Anderson, a daughter of Olaf An-
derson, for many years a member of the
Swedish riksdag, who came to America in
1857, locating in Carver county, Minn. From
this union five children lun e been born : Nan-
na A., Addie J.. Myrtle E., Vernon A. and
Carroll W.
BROAVN, James Warren. — The superin
tendent of the Minnesota State Trainin
School for Boys and Girls, at Bed Wing
Minn., James ^^'. Brown, is a native of Maine
having been born in the town of Millbridge
\\'ashington county, of that state, April 21
1847. His father was Joseph B. Brown, a
farmer and stone cutter in moderate circum
stances. The mother's maiden name was He
becca S. Nichols, of the same nativity. Young
James obtained his early education in the
common schools of his native town. He then
attended the Christian Institute at Wolfbor-
ough, N. H., going from there to the Western
State Normal School at Farmingion, Me.,
then under the direction of the noted edu-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHAVEST.
.lAMKS W. I;U(_IWN.
cator, Di'. C. C llouuds, whose personal in-
fluence for good made a lasting- impression
upon Mr. Brown, as it did upon many others
so fortunate as to come under the direction
of this "grand old man." Mr. Brown grad-
uated from this institution in the class of
1871. He was accustomed to hard manual
labor. When not attending school he was
occupied on the farm and in stone cutting,
stone masoning and in some blacksmithing
and carpenter work. Before he graduated
he was recommended for the position of as-
sistant superintendent and principal teacher
in the Reform School of his native state, and
was appointed to it in July, 1S71. He served
in this capacty until the winter of 1873, when
he accepted the position of principal teacher
in the State Reform School at Lansing, Mich.
While serving here he accepted the invita-
tion of Dr. Riheldart'er to till the place of as-
sistant superintendent of the Minnesota
school. In the fall of 1875 Mr. Brown left
to occupy a similar position in the Connecti-
cut school, but in 1879 returned to his old
position in the Minnesota school, and served
in that capacity until 1880, when Mr. Rihel-
daffer resigned. Mr. Brown was then made
sii])erintendent, and has since filled that re
sjionsible position. The school was then at
St. I'aul. and was known as the State Reform
School. During ^Ir. Brown's administration
nuxrked improvements have been made in the
iiistitntion. The location has been changed
to Red Wing, where commodious buildings
were erected for its purposes. The school
and the manual training have been organized
on a better and broader plan. In point of
etjuipment and elliciency it is now second to
no similar institution in the country. In 1895
the legislature changed the name to one more
in accord with its character. It is now offi-
<ially known as the "Minnesota State Ti-ain-
ing School for Boys and Girls."' Mr. Brown
is nominally a Republican, but believes that
the best interests of the school would not be
sened by his political activity. In religion
he is a member of the Christian church of his
native town, but since coming west he has
attended the Presbyterian and the Methodist
churches. He is a member of the Damascus
Commandery, No. 1, St. Paul, and of the
Osman Temple, and of the Red Wing Com-
mercial Club. In 1878 he was married to
Miss Angie D. Dresser, of Standish, Me. They
had one child, May, born in 1879. She died
at an earlv age.
HEATWOLE, Joel P, of Northfield,
Minn., elected to congress for the fourth
time by a phenomenal majority in 1900, is
a native of Indiana. He was born August
22, 1850, at Waterford, Elkhart county, Ind.
His father, Henry Heatwole, was a physician,
born in Rockingham county, Va. When a
young man he moved to Ohio, and afterwards
to Indiana. He left but little property. His
wife, the mother of Joel, was Barbara Culp
(Kolb), a native of Ohio, and of German de-
scent. Tlie original stock was of German an-
cestry on both the father's and mother's side.
Perhaps the most distinguished ancestor on
the father's side was the German divine,
George Hutwohl — as the name was then
spelled, — a minister of the German Lutheran
church, who died at Marschbach, Germany,
lu 1608. After passing through the public,
IIISTDKV (II' Till', CKIOAT M lUTIPAKST.
cominoii and academic schools, Mr. TIcatwole
learned the jirintinji' trade. lie came from
Indiana to ^linnesota in Aujiust, 1SS2, and
settled at (ilencoe, where he edited the (lien-
coe Enterprise. In the summer of ISS:! he
went to Dnlnth, and enjjafied in ne\\s])a]ier
work. He returned to (Jlencoe when cold
weather set in, and during the winter of
1883^ he again edited the (Ilencoe Eiiter-
prise. In March, 1884, he went to Xorthtield,
purchased the Xorthtield Xews, and lias since
made Xorthtield his home, lie laiinlil school
and conducted a paper before he was Iwenly
years old. A\'hen he began the pnhlicaiion
of a paper hi- was, at the same lime, ihc prin-
cipal of schools. He has been in I he jirint-
ing business ever since. He was always in-
terested in public affairs, and took an active
part in jiolitics as a Republican, in Indiana,
befoiv he came to ^linnesota. In lS8(i he was
made a member of the Minnesota State Ke-
publican Central Committee, and was elected
secretary and member of the executive com-
mittee of the organization, which ])osition lie
held until 18!)(), when he was elected cli.iir
man of the central committee. He also ser\-ed
six years as a regent of the State Fnivcrsity
of Minnesota. In 1888 he was unanimously
elected delegate at large to the National Ke
l)ublican convention which that year met at
Chicago. In the spring of 18!(4 he was elect-
ed mayor of his home city, Xorthtield, and, in
.Tni.:i. !■. III0,\'1-W
liilion which led lo the war willi Sjiain. In
I he Fifty-sixth congress he was relaiiied on
I he ('(unmittee on Foreign Atlairs and on the
Census Committee, and then made chairman
of the Frintiug Committee; member of the
Committee on AVashinglon Centennial; mem-
ber of Mie Committee on Examinaticm and
Disposition of Documents, and the chairman
of the Board of "Visitors to the United States
Xaval Academv at Annapolis. He was presi-
thc fall of that year, was elected to the Fifty- jj^,j,j- ^f ^jjp ilinnesota Editors' and Tublish-
ers' Association for three successive terms.
December 4, 18!)(l, Ik- was married to Mi-s.
(iertrnde L. Aicliibald.
fourth congress, and was re-elected to the
Fifty-fifth, Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh con-
gresses, and each time by an increased ma-
jor-ty. X'^o greater endorsement of his public
service could be made. In the first congress
to w liicli he was elected, he was made a mem-
ber of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In
the next, the Fifty-tifth congress, he served
again on the Committee on Foreign Affairs,
and also on the Committee on Census, and
was made chairman of the Committee on
Ventilation and Acoustics. He was also one
of a subcommittee of three, having charge
of all the resolutions pertaining to Cuba — a
\(My iiiii)oitaiit and responsible sei-\ice. I'e-
sides this he was appointed one of the three
managers on the jiart of the House of Hepre-
seutatives, having in charge the famous reso-
CAIJLETOX. Frank 11., is one of the lead-
iiiL; attorneys of Minnea]iolis. .Minn., a mem-
bei of the well known law liiiii of Cross,
Hicks. Caileton \- Cross, lie is of English
descent, and family liistoiy is traced bacU,
on the palernal side, lo Sir (iuy Carlton, and
on the maternal side to Joseph French, a
jironiinent citizen of Salisbury. Mass., a gen-
eration ])rior to America's war for indepen-
dence. His father, lleiiiy C. Carletcm, was
president of the Savings I'.aiik of Xewiiort,
X. H., for forty-tive years, lie was a leading
member of the Democratic I'arty in that
HISTORY OF THE (JUKAT NORTHWEST.
FRANK H. CAULETOX.
state, and was for forty years one of the edit-
ors of the New Hampshire Argus and Spec-
tator. He served as a member of the New
Hampshire legislature, was register of pro-
bate, and filled other impoi'tant public posi-
tions. He died Jan. 23, 1901, in his eighty-
seventh year. Prank H. was born October
8, 1849, at Newport, N. H. He attended the
common schools of that town, and prepared
for college at Kimball Union Academy, at
Meridan, N. H., where he graduated in June,
1868. He then entered Dartmouth College
and there completed the course with the class
of 1872. At ditferent times during his aca-
demic and college days he was engaged in
teaching, and, in 1870, was principal of an
academy in Mississippi. For some months
after graduation Mr. Carleton served as city
editor of the Manchester Daily Union. He
then came to Minneapolis and was engaged
as a repor-ter for the Minneapolis News. This
position he held for several months, at the
same time serving as Minneapolis correspon-
dent for the St. Paul Press. Subsequently
he was appointed city editor of the St. Paul
Daily Press, under Mr. Wheelock. A year
later he entered the office of Cushman K.
Davis and C. D. O'Brien for the purpose of
laking up the study of law, at the same time
serving as clerk of the St. I'aul municipal
court. After holding this position for five
years, he resigned, owing to ill-health, and
took a six months' trip to Europe. On his
ictnni he was ajipointed secretary to fJov.
.Iiiliii S. I'illsbury. This position was not
iiicicly u clerical one, as 5Ir. ("arleton had
Die loiiiplcte confidence of the governor, and
he rendered important service in connection
with the settlement of the rei)udiated Minne-
sota i-iulroad bonds. In 1882 he removed to
^[inneapolis and formed a law partnership
with Judge Henry G. Hicks and Capt. Jud-
son N. Cross. This firm still exists, the only
change being the addition of Norton M.
Cross, the son of Captain Cross. It enjoys
an extensive practice, particularly in the line
of real estate, probate and financial adjust-
ment cases. The confidence reposed in Mr.
Carleton is attested by his frequent appoint-
ment as administrator of large estates, ex-
ecutor of wills, and as trustee of funds for
individuals and institutions. In politics. Mr.
Cai'leton is a Republican, although not an
active participator in party afl'airs, preferring
to devote his leisure time to scientific re-
search and literary pursuits. From 1883 to
1887 he served as assistant city attorney of
Minneapolis and performed important serv-
ices in that connection. He had practically
the entire management of the large amount
of litigation arising out of the introduction
of the noted "patrol limit" system in Minne-
apolis, and successfully combatted all suits
brought in the different courts to annul that
ordinance. He is a member of the Masonic
order, a member and one of the trustees of
the Park Avenue Congregational church, and
is one of the directors of the Minnesota Con-
gregational Home Mission Society. For sev-
eral years he has been one of the directors of
the Minneapolis Public Library. In 1881 he
was married to Ellen Jones, the only daugh-
ter of the late Judge Edwin S. Jones, of Min-
neapolis. They have had seven children,
Edwin Jones, Henry Ouy, George Alfred,
('harles Pillsbury, who died in infancy;
Frank H., Jr., Fred Pillsbury, and Margaret
Sprague.
HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST.
POWERS, Fred M., the vice president of
the City Coiincil of Minneapolis, Minn., was
a fanner boy, and worked on the farm nntil
he was of age. He was born in Chanhassen
township, Carver county, Minn., July 28,
lSfi.3. His father was George M. Powers, a
well-to-do man, born in Massachusetts. He
came to Minnesota in the spring of 18.52, and
settled on the farm where his son was born,
and where he lived until his death, in 18!)1.
The Powers family is of English descent, the
first representative of which, in this country,
came from England with the Boston Colony
in 1630. Mr. I'owers' mother was Philena
White, also a native of Massachusetts^ and
whose ancestors came from England in the
Mayflower, with the first Plymouth Colony,
in 1620. She died in 1870. The family being
fore-handed, young Fred had all the school
advantages which the country afforded in
the early Minnesota i)ioneer days, but they
were meager, being only four months school
in the year. He, however, made such prog-
ress that when of suitable age he was sent
to the Minneapolis Academy. This he at-
tended one term, and was prepared to teach
a district school. He taught school for five
winters and worked on the farm during the
summers. When he started out for himself
he came to Minneapolis and engaged in the
real estate and insurance business, in which
he continued for three years. Not being sat-
isfied with this, he went into the flour, feed,
fuel and transfer business, which he still car-
ries on. He has always taken an interest in
public affairs, and in politics he is a Repub-
lican, active and influential in the councils of
his party. In 181)8 he was elected to the City
Council froni the Eighth Ward. His services
were so acceptable that he was re-elected in
1!)00 by the largest majority ever given to a
candidate in the ward, being larger than that
given for l*resident McKinley at the same
election. His associates made him vice
president of the council. He originated and
promoted the policy of doing all city work by
day labor, and not by contract; also the
measure establishing eight hours as a day's
work, believing that the laborer should have
eight hours for work, eight hours for recrea-
tion, and eight hours for rest. In religion
FltEl) M. POWERS.
he is a Congregationalist, and attends the
Lyndale Congregational church. He is also
interested in fraternal societies, being a •em-
ber of the Royal Arcanum, of the Modern
Woodmen, and of the Iron Chain. In 1887
he was married to JIamie A. Kinne, of Knox-
ville, Iowa. They have three children — two
hoys and a girl : Carroll Morris, Earl Kinne,
and Ila/.el Marie Powers.
WINTERER, Edwaid.— The struggle for
an education, owing to a lack of means, al-
though generally regarded by the young man
as a hindrance, is, like the training of an
alhletc, of incalculable service in after life.
The career of Mr. Winterer, llic well known
attorney of Valley City, N. D., is a fair illns
tration of this truth. He was born July 11,
1861, in Kelso township, Sibley county, Minn.
His father was a (icrmau, born in Etlenheim,
(Irand l>uchy of IJadcn. lie learned the lock-
smitlfs trade, and came \\ lien a young man
to I'hiladelphia, where he secured employ-
ment as a machinist in a loconuitive shop.
Before the Civil War he came to Minnesota
HISTORY OF THE GUKAT NoKTUW HST.
KDWAUD WINTEKEU.
and took up land in Sibley county. While
opening- up his farm he secured employment
in the mill at St. Peter. The Indian uprising
drove his family away for a time. In 1807
he bought another farm at Lake Prairie,
Nicollet county, to which the family moved
and continued to live. He died in 1SS9 and
left a large family. Edward's mother was
Franciska Kolifrath. a native of the same
place as his father. She was married in
Philadelphia. Edward's education began in
the country schools near the first farm. He
worked on the farm summers, attending
school only winters. Later he went to the
Lake Prairie school, held in a log school
house, fitted with benches made of hewn logs.
It was called a "loud school" because the
pujjils studied "out loud," making a babel of
voices. During part of the winter of 1871)
and 18S0, he walked three or four miles to
attend the Le Sueur high school. In the fall
of 18S(), he obtained a school near Dressel-
ville, Le Sueur county, to teach, at a salary
of thirty dollars a niimth, and worked for his
board. In 1881 he entered the University of
Minnesota as a special student. The next
summer he worked on the farm at home, and
secured a school near St. Paul to teach for
seven months during the following fall and
winter. In the summer he again worked on
the farm, but spent the fall and winter at the
university. He jjursued this course of work-
ing and studying, being employed as a book
agent, rodman for the survey of the Wiscon-
sin, Minnesota & Pacific Railroad, and a con-
struction civil engineer on the "Soo" road,
until he graduated in 1887 at the university,
with the degree of Bachelor of Literature.
While at college Mr. Winterer was a mem-
ber of the Hermean Literary Society; editor
one year of the "Notebook" department of
"The Ariel"; an efficient and interested work-
er of the society' and in oratorical contests,
and in ]887 he was one of the speakers in the
intercollegiate oratorical contest, and won
strong commendation for his theme, "Home
l\ule for Ireland." He is a fluent, effective
speaker and was rated among the very best
of his class. The year he graduated he was
elected principal of the high school at Valley
City, N. D., where he has since lived. He
held the position two years. During the last
year of that service he was nominated for the
office of county superintendent of schools,
but in the election he was beaten by 23 votes.
This, no doubt, considered by him at the time
a misfortune, proved to be a blessing in dis-
guise, for the next year he entered upon the
career in which he has been so successful, by
taking up law in the law department of the
university. He graduated in 181t0, with the
degree of Bachelor of Law, being the first of
the graduates from the academic department
to take a degree from the professional col-
leges. He formed a partnership at his home
with his brother, under the style of AMuferer
& \\'interer, which still continues, and has be-
come one of the leading law firms in the
state in the amount and important character
of the litigation conducted. In 189C Mr. Win-
terer was elected state's attorney on the Ke-
publican ticket, by a majority of about two
to one. He was so efficient that in 181)8 he
was re-elected without opposition — a remark-
able compliment. This was partly due to his
unai)proachable success in prosecutions for
\ iolations of the liquor law. He secured
eleven convictions without a miss. One
noted case was carried through all the courts
HISTORY OF THE GUEAT NORTHWEST.
to the United States supreme court, where
judgment was affirmed. He is a lueiiiher of
tlie Masonic fraternity. In IS'Jl lie was mar-
ried to Emogene Ingersoll, daughter of the
hite H. M. Ingersoll, of Concord, ilich., and
graduate of the State Normal School at St.
Cloud. The wedding took place at the home
of 5Ir. S. H. Lovejoy, now iwstmaster at Min-
neapolis, Minn., whose wife is a cousin of Mrs.
Winterer. They have three boys. Jlr. AVin-
terer attends the Congregational church, of
which his wife is a member. He declined a re-
election in 1000 as state's attorney, and refus-
ed, though urged very strongly, to become a
candidate for judge of the Fifth judicial
district. He and his talented wife have trav-
eled considerably throughout the United
States and Canada, spending some time
camping in the Selkirks, in the "Rockies,''
and taking in the jilaces of interest in the
interior, as well as on the .\tlantic and Pa-
cific coasts.
(lArciLVN. .lames Henry.— I'astor duty
in a church parish, though a service of great
imjiortance in promoting the welfare of the
people, is often overlooked in recording the
activities contributing to development of the
gi-eat Northwest. Yet the men who labor
assiduously in this field are entitled to a full
share of the credit due for the progress made.
A frontier town without a church is only a
temporary camp. It requires the chui'ch and
the school to fit it for true homes and real
I)rosperity. Why, therefore, should not the
minister be accorded a place in the record of
advancement? Reverend J. II. Gaughan, the
pastor of St. Joseph's church at Red Wing,
is one of the men who have labored success-
fully in this unostentatious service. He is of
Irish parentage, born February 27, 185.5. His
father, Michael Gaughan, was married to
Katherine Dunbar, in Ireland, and in 1857
they moved to Minnesota with their infant
son. He began his educational career in the
common schools. He was a studious lad, and
early designed for the ministry. After com-
pleting the district schools in Wisconsin,
whence his parents had moved in the mean-
time, he entered the Hinckley Academy, at
Hudson, Wis., then just (U-ganized, ;ind was
one of the flrst pupils to enter the institution,
to prepare for college. He then attendec^St.
P^rancis Seminary, Wisconsin, and studied
philosophy at St. John's College, Minnesota.
In 187!t he entered the Gnmd Seminary, Mon-
treal, Can., and studied theology under the
Sulpician Fathers. December 'I'l, 1883, he
was there ordained priest, by Bishop (later
Archbishop) Fabre. Returning to his home
he celebrated his first holy mass, and later
on, reporting to Kishop Grace, he was as-
signed to duty as assistant to Father Tissot,
in St. Anthony church, at Minneapolis, where
he remained until June, 1881. His next serv-
ice was with Rev. M. E. Murphy, at St.
.^lichael's church, Stillwater, where he re-
mained four years. Archbishop Ireland
l)laced him in charge of St. Mary's church, at
Shakopee, July, 1888, from which place, Sep-
tember 25, 18!)0, he entered upon his present
iliarge at St. Joseph's church. Red Wing,
with which were combined for a time the
missions of Pine Island and Zumbrota, which
now have a resident pastor. He attends to
the religious instruction of the Catholic boys
and girls at the State Training School at Red
Wing.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JULIUS A. SCHMAHL.
aCHMAHL, Julius August.— While the
"art preservative of arts" — the printing busi-
ness— does not produce a large proportion of
the millionaires of the country, it does offer
a chance to show a man's pluck and business
capacity. The man who succeeds in it dem-
onstrates that he has traits of high character.
Mr. Schmahl, of the Redwood Gazette, be-
longs to this craft. He was born at Traverse
de Sioux, Nicollet count}', Minn., in 1867. His
father, Jacob Schmahl, a brewer by occupa-
tion, was not blessed with a large share of
this world's goods. The maiden name of his
wife, the mother of Julius, was Rosetta Ap-
ple. Although Julius was a studious boy and
an apt scholar, at the early age of thirteen
years he went to work to learn the printer's
trade, with James Aiken, of the Redwood
Gazette. But he did not forsake his books.
As the best thing within his reach, he pur-
sued a "Chautauqua Course" of four years,
and became a graduate. The perseverance
and industry required to accomplish this,
while at work, made the achievement very
praiseworthy. Mr. Schmahl then went to
complete his trade in the job rooms of the
Fargo Argus, at Fargo, N. D. Besides this
mechanical equipment he took a business
course. In 188.5 he went to the Twin Cities
and secured a position as reporter for the
newspapers of St. Paul and Minneapolis, and
was so employed until August, 1892, thus
completing in a very thorough manner his
training for all branches of the printing and
newspaper business. He then bought a half
interest in the Redwood Gazette, at Redwood
Falls. It was an ordinary "patent inside"
country paper. The paper was enlarged to
an eight-page "all home print.'" He was suc-
cessful from the start. He has since erected
one of the finest country newspaper build-
ings in the state, and has equipjjed it with
the latest improved machinery for both news-
paper and job work, so that no more com-
plete establishment can be found outside of
the large cities. In politics Mr. Schmahl has
always been a Republican. Mr. Schmahl was
chief clerk of the house of the 11)01 session of
the legislature. He is especially interested
in fraternal societies, being a Mason of the
thirty-second degree. He is also a Forester
and a member of the Knights of Pythias. In
February, 1895, he was married to Miss Eliza-
beth T. Dunninglon. They have one child —
Dana Caswell Schmahl.
JOHNSON, Edward Morrill.— Among the
men who have left a lasting impress on the
state of Minnesota, and particularly upon the
city of Minneapolis, Judge Edward M. John-
son must be accorded a high rank. He was
born in New Hampshire November 24, 1850.
He came to iMinnesota in 1851, with bis pa-
rents, who settled at St. Anthony, now a
part of Minneapolis. They were of early New
England ancestry, prominent in colonial
times. His father, Luther G. Johnson, en-
gaged in mercantile business and in manufac-
turing, and established the first furniture
factory in the city. His son, Edward, at-
tended the first public school of the city, held
in a frame building on University avenue, be-
tween Second and Third avenues southeast.
He also attended the first high school, organ-
ized about 1803. He was sent away to the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
noted military academy at Chester, Pa., for
study and training- during the school year
1866-7. The State Uniyersity, permanently
I'eopened in 1867, wa.s then attended by Mr.
Johnson for four years, hut he left before any
class had been graduated, and was for a time
employed by his father. In 1873 he went to
Europe, where he remained for nearly three
years, studying at the Uniyersities of Heidel
berg and Herlin. On his return home he en-
tered the law office of Shaw & Levi, and
later the law school of the Iowa State Uni
yersity, from which he graduated in 1S77,
since which time he has continuously jirac
ticed his profession, except when upon the
bench. As a lawyer, Mr. Johnson has made
a sjiecialty of the law of corporations, of real
estate and of municipal bonds, of which he is
considered a high authority.
He was elected clerk and attorney of the
board of education in 1877, and held such of-
fice for several years. From 1883 until he
resigned to go upon the bench in 1897 he was
the attorney of the Farmers' and Mechanics"
Sayings Bank.
Mr. Johnson's public services began in
1883 when he was chosen one of the alder-
men of the Second Ward in the city council.
This position he held until the autumn of
1890, when he resigned upon receiving the
nomination of state senator for his district,
which office, however, in that Democratic
year, he failed to secure. At the time of his
resignation he was serving for a second term
as president of the council, in which position
he had won for himself an enviable reputa-
tion. During nearly all the years of his serv-
ice in the city council he w-as clearly the lead-
er of his party there, and largely dominated
its more impoi-tant legislation. One of the
results of his labors in the city council is the
permanent improvement revolving fund —
then a novelty in municipal legislation — but
since adopted by many other cities. AVhile
he was an alderman, the city was making
rapid growth, and measures were being con-
stantly proposed demanding the most thor-
ough examination for the protection of its
interests. This he gave. To all the needs of
the hour, and of the future, he devoted the
Er>W.\RD M. .lOHXSON.
closest attention, bringing to his work the
zeal and energy of a public-spirited, conscien-
tious and forceful man. The steel arch
Ijridge, the jniblic library and the city and
county building are, by those who know him
best, invariably associated with him. While
today there probably is not a Miuneapolitan
who would believe that the traffic between
the two sides of the river could be handled
without the steel arch bridge, yet when he
secured its construction, it aroused the most
bitter opposition. The daily papers and many
prominent citizens were arrayed against it,
and it was even sought to secure the opposi-
tion of the United States government be-
cause of alleged danger to its work upon the
falls.
A lover of books, it may be said without
hesitation, that of all he has accomplished for
his city, that which he did in connection with
the public library has given him the most
pleasure. He drafted, and was largely inter-
ested in securing the passage of the act under
which it was created and exists, a law which
was pronounced by Mr. Pool, the highest au-
thority on library measures, the ablest one
he had ever examined. From the creation of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the board, uj) to January, 1901, he was al-
most eoutiuuously one of its members.
He was appointed a member of the Court
House aud City Hall Commission in 1881),
and lias been ever since actively interested
in its work. For years, except when upon
the bench, he has been its president.
In May, 18',)7, he was appointed by Gover-
nor Clouyh to till the vacancy on the District
Court Eeuch of Hennepin County caused by
the resignation of Judge Henry C. Belden.
That his temperament and wide legal knowl-
edge made him esjjecially fitted for such a
position, those who knew him best had long
believed, and now he did not disappoint
them. Ever patient and courteous in the
hearing of causes, never fearful lest his own
dignity be affronted, but regardful of that of
the court room, he won the respect and
esteem of those who appeared before him,
and how well he succeeded in his earnest ef-
fort to understand aud interpret the law cor-
rectly, and to rule judicially, is known by all
those familiar with the history of those cases
which he decided.
A man of keen intelligence and good judg-
ment, fearless of criticism, never seeking the
popular side of a measure, nor fearing to do
what was unpopular, but doing at all times,
and in all places, that which seemed right to
him to do. Judge Johnson has given to Min-
ueaiJolis much of his best strength. Believ-
ing absolutely that a public office is a public
trust, he has used in the discharge of the
duties placed upon him the best of his ability,
an unflinching honesty of purpose, and a de-
termination to guard the interests that have
been entrusted to him.
In politics he is a Republican, aud has
always been greatly interested in the success
of that pai'ty. In 18'J2 he was chairman of
the Minneapolis City Campaign Committee,
in 18'J4 of the Hennepin County Executive
Campaign Committee, and in 18i)G was sec-
retary of the State Central Committee. Dur-
ing the campaign of 1898 he was on the
bench, and in the summer and fall of 1900
he was in Europe. During the life of the
Business Men's Union, he was one of its most
industrious members.
He is a member of the Society of May-
flower Descendants, and was for years a di-
rector in the Minneapolis Society of Fine
Arts, lie is an attendant of the First Con-
gregational church. He married, in 1880,
]\Iiss Effie S. Richards, daughter of Dr. W. O.
Richai-ds, of Waterloo, Iowa, and lives on the
corner of Tenth avenue and Fourth street
southeast, which neighborhood has been his
home continuously since his parents moved
from New Hampshire.
TOWLER, Silas II., president of the
Board of Trustees of the Minnesota Soldiei"s'
Home, was born at Xenia, Ohio, January 3,
1816. He came of old colonial stock. The
first of the family in America was Chris-
topher Towler, who settled in Virginia col-
ony in or about 1700, and became a planter
and slaveholder. James Towler, the grand-
father of the subject of this sketch, becom-
ing convinced of the iniquity of human slav-
ery and foreseeing its blighting influence,
sold his landed property in Virginia, freed
his slaves and moved to Ohio in 1804, build-
ing the first hewed log house in the town of
Xenia. He was a zealous member of the
Protestant Methodist church and a lay
preacher, and was prominent in his communi-
ty. The father of Silas H. was Dr. Thomas
Sturrock Towler. He was five years old when
his parents moved to Ohio from Petersburg,
Vi{. ^^'hen thirteen years of age he acted as
a guide to soldiers in the War of 1812. He
studied under James P. Espy, the "Storm
King''; later, took up the study of medicine
under Dr. Daniel Drake, and began practic-
ing at Cincinnati. He was intensely anti-
slavery in politics, and was so active and pro-
nounced in his opposition that a party of
Kentuckians theratened to tar and feather
him. He organized the Free Soil party in
Green county, Ohio, which was victorious at
the polls, became a Republican on the organ-
ization of that party and remained such to
the time of his death in 1871. He was com-
nussioned surgeon of Dragoons of the state
troops. He established a school in Xenia for
the advanced education of youth, and later
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
established a ladies' seminary, aud was
known among the students as "Old Moral
Basis." He explored the geograi)hical forma-
tion of Green county, Ohio, and his work was
incoi-porated in the state reports. He was an
active worker in the cause of temperance,
and was instrumental in securing the pass-
age of a law in the legislature granting local
option to the town of Fulton — now a part of
Cincinnati. This was probably the first local
option law in existence, and proved success-
ful. The mother of our subject was Jane
White Howell, who was connected with some
of the wealthiest families of Ohio at that
time. She was a woman of lovely character
aud a devout Christian. Though Silas H. at-
tended the old log school in his early years,
up to his eleventh year his education was
nuiinly received at home. Afterward he at-
tended the graded schools, and spent one
year in the high school. In the spring of
18G2, with the consent of his father, he en-
listed in Company H, Eighty-fifth Eegiraent,
Ohio Volunteer Infantry, for three months'
service. Volunteers being called for to resist
Morgan's I'aids, his corajjany responded and
went to Frankfort. While there he came
down with typhoid fever, but inside of four
weeks was again with the regiment, and went
with it to Covington to repel Kirby Smith's
anticipated attack on Cincinnati. After his
discharge, he remained about two months at
home, and again enlisted as the first recruit
in the Twenty-second Battery, Ohio Volun-
teer Light Artillery, having by subterfuge
secured his father's signature to blank forms
consenting to his enlistment. He was placed
in command of the first lot of recruits, and
succeeded in holding them in check through-
out the winter, with only two desertions. In
the spring, enough nu'n having been secured
to man four guns, the battery was ordered to
West Virginia. Their services not being
needed, they returned to Camp Chase, Ohio,
and from here were ordered to Parkersburg,
W. Va.; then, supported by other trooj)S, i)ro-
ceeded to the I'otomac to assist in harassing
Lee in bis retreat from (lettysbuvg, but ar-
rived only in time to see his rear guard cross-
ing the river. Returning to Parkersburg, Mr.
Sir.AS H. TOWLEIt.
Towler was ordered to take one gun on board
the steamer Emma Graham and proceed to
a fording place on the Ohio at the mouth of
the Little Hocking river. Here he was placed
in command of a large number of farmers
congregated to repel Morgan. Morgan not
coming that way, Mr. Towler, with two guns,
and su])ported by a company of the Eighty-
eighth Ohio, patrolled the Ohio until the Con-
federate leader's capture. He then returned
to Camp Thomas, near Columbus, where the
battery was mustered into the United States
service. Up to this time, there being no bat-
tery organization, Mr. Towler was only a pri-
vate soldier, but commanded two guns, aud
was called sergeant. From here the battery
was ordered to Camp Nelson, near Nicholas-
ville, Ky., and attached to a brigade under
the command of John DeCourcey, colonel of
the Sixteenth Ohio Infantry, and assisted in
the capture of (Cumberland Gap. It was then
stationed at the Ga]i as a part of the garri-
son. In January, 1S(>4, Sergeant Towler was
ordered to accompany the captain of the bat-
tery— Henry M. Neil — to Ohio on recruiting
service, ^^■hile thus absent. Captain Neil re-
signed, and Mr. Towler was ((inimissioned
second lieutenant and laler promoted to first
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
lieutenant of the battery. He rejoined his
battei'T, and ininiediatelv on arrival was de-
tailed as adjutant of the artillery battalion,
formed of the independent batteries luanniu};
the forts. I,ater he was placed in command
of his old battery, and with it was ordered
to Knoxville, Tenn. Scanty rations and im-
proper diet brought on acute dysentery, but
his strong constitution pulled him through
though the surgeon had given up hopes.
While garrisoned at Knoxville, Lieutenant
Towler was detailed on boards of survey to
inspect and pass upon the sen-iceableness of
ordinance, quarteruuister and commissary
stores, and to sit as a member of the general
court martial of the District of East Tennes-
see. He remained on the latter detail until
July, 18G5, when the battery was ordered
to Camp Chase, ()hio, for muster out. Re-
turning home, Lieutenant Towler took a
coui-se of instruction in a business college,
and then entered upon an active career in the
grocery business. His strict attention to
business, and his honesty, won the comi>lete
confidence of his employers, and eventually
brought him success. Up to 1889 he was con-
nected with the grocery business, both retail
and wholesale, and for a time was a member
of the firm of E. E. Shedd & Co., of Colum-
bus, Ohio. He came to Minneapolis in 1884,
under contract with Murray, Warner & Co.,
wholesale grocers. In 1889. he engaged in
the laundi'y business, which he has conduct-
ed ever since under the name of the Minne-
apolis Steam Laundry. Mr. Towler was ap-
pointed president of the Board of Trustees of
the Minnesota Soldiers' Home in 1897, and
since then has devoted a large portion of his
time in the interests of the old soldiers, win-
ning their respect and esteem. He is a mem-
ber of John A. Rawlins Post. Xo. 12G, G. A.
R., Department of Minnesota, was quarter-
master for four years, and has served as
Senior Vice Commander and (I'ommander.
He was ai)pointed chairman of the (ieneral
Memorial Day Committee of Minneapolis for
1901. He is a staunch supportei- of the Re-
publican party. He is a life member of Mag-
nolia Lodge, Ko. 20, A. F. & A. M.. and was
\A'orshipful Master in 1874; is a member of
-Vrk Chapter, R. A. M., and Minneapolis
Mounted Commandery, Knights Temjjlar,
and ])resident of the Ohio Association of
^Minneapolis. He is an active member of
I'ark Avenue Congregational church and
chairman of its board of trustees. Novem-
ber 21, 1871. he was married to Mary J. Lon-
nis. Nine childien have been liorn to them:
(Jeorge H., (married to Mary Shepard); Mer-
tie L., (wife of Rev. John (i. Briggs); Mary
Belle, Henry Lonnis, Lucy, Dora A., Edna
E., Robert S. and David Kinsman.
CROSS, Judson Newell. — For original
ideas, in and out of his profession, and for
fertility of re.sources in cari-ying out his
l)lans, Judson N. Cross, a noted leader of the
Hennepin county bar for more than twenty-
five years, has but few equals in this or any
other state. He would have won distinction
by his natural gifts, probably, in any other
pursuit chosen. He was born at Pogueland,
in the town of Philadelphia, Jefferson coun-
ty. N. Y., January 16, 1838. His father was
( rorham Cross, a Congregational minister, at
Richville, St. Lawrence county, for fifty-six
years, from 1S3S to 1893, when he died. He
was well known as the "father of Congi'ega-
tionalism'" in northern New York. He was a
native of New Hampshire. His father, Theo-
dore Cross, a mill owner at S. Weare, moved
to Jefferson county, N. Y., in 1818, and
built a saw mill at Sterlingville, on the
Josejdi Bonaparte estate. The family later
followed, and he rented the mill and bought
a faiTu near by, on the same estate, when
Gorham was thirteen years old. He was
sent to school and obtained a good comm'on
school and academic education. Gorham
was at first a surveyor and a school teacher,
and he also studied law at Gouverneur, St.
Lawrence county, but finally settled into the
ministry. Sej)tember 13, 1831, he was mar-
ried to Sophia Murdock, a native of Wynd-
ham county, ^'t. She had come to northern
New York, where her three brothers were in
practice as physicians, to teach school. She
and her four brothers wei-e greatly interested
in miuei-ology, then a new science. She was
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XOUTHWEST.
tlie daughter of Samuel Murdock. the son of
Benjamin Murdock, a soldier of the Revolu-
tionary War. Samuel married Lois Temple,
a daug;hter of another soldier, Joseph Tem-
jile, the descendant of the first Temple, New-
England emigrant. Rev. Hollis Read, the
first missionary to Bombay and who first
translated the Bible into the Indian language,
and the author of '"India and Its I'eoi)le,"
"God in History," and other notable books,
was a cousin of ilrs. Cross, the mother of
Judson N. Cross. Many other progenitors of
Mr. Cross, on both sides of his house, have
borne conspicuous j)arts and they are noted
in the annals of the country. The Crosses,
now in the tenth generation, live in the "rock
elm"" house built by John '"niss. one of his
ancestors in direct line, in the town of
Methuen, on the north bank of the Merrimai-
river, just east of Lawrence, Mass., in 1070.
His ancestors were the first settlers in Essex
county, Mass. ; among them was Martha Read
Epps, whose sister was the wife of John
Winthrop, the younger governor of Connecti-
cut. Her brother, Colonel Read, distinguish-
ed himself in the Civil wars in England and
was governor of Sterling, Scotland. She
married, for her second husband, De])uty
Governor Symonds, and she was related to
General Dennison, the commander in King
Phillip"s War, and also to several other colo-
nial governors. Mr. Cross also has for ances-
tors the celebrated Noyes brothers, of the
era 1629, and Lyonel Chute, the first teacher
of a Gei-man school in America, at Ipswich,
Mass. Professor Parker Cleveland, of Bow-
doin College, the author of the first work on
minerology ever published, was a cousin to
his grandmother Cross. He had three great-
grandfathers in the Revolutionary War.
Great-grandfather Cross, however, died in
1769. When Grandfather Cross, his son,
was fourteen years old, he wanted to enlist.
His mother said: "I have half a dozen boys
in the army already, and you, the youngest,
can't go." Joseph Temjtle, of Dummerston,
Vt., the grandfather of Mr. Cross" mother,
was the first person who was wounded in Ihe
Revolutionary War, and lived. ^^'illia^ll
White, his companion, was killed by his side,
.March IL', 177.'), at Westminster, Vt. I'his
ante-dates the battle of Lexington by more
than a mouth. See Hairs "History of East-
ern ^'ermont."" Mr. Temple"s life was ^ved
by a pewter porringer in a haversack, which
hung over his shoulder, and it protected his
heart by stopping the musket ball. But he
was clubbed with a musket until his skull
was broken on the temple, and he was left
for dead. Mr. Cross, from the education of
his parents and the admirable village and
select schools at his home — which were large-
ly attended— was prepared for college. He
left, on the day he was seventeen years old,
to study at Oberlin College, Ohio, where his
eldest sister had preceded him, and where
five of his brothers and sisters were also edu-
cated. He had clerked some in a store at
Richville, and after spending nearly a year at
Oberlin. he entered his Uncle John Cross'
store at Boon vi lie, N. Y., where he was em-
ployed for a year. He then returned to Ohio
and taught school and studied at Oberlin
until the War of the Rebellion broke out,
when, at the first call for troops, the inherited
military spirit i)romi)ted him to enlist, April
20, 1861. This, of course, cut off his college
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
course. He was elected first lieutenant of a
company of college students who enlisted at
Oberlin at a meeting held in the great church
that evening. It became Companj- C, of the
noted Seventh Ohio Regiment, which, after
going through the campaigns of West Vir-
ginia under McClellan, Eosecrans, and Cox,
took part in the campaigns of 1862 and 1SG3
in Virginia, and in the battle of Lookout
Mountain under Hooker, and in the subse-
quent battles under Sherman, losing at Ring-
gold, in one charge, thirteen officers killed
and wounded — including the colonel and
lieutenant colonel killed — out of fourteen en-
gaged. Mr. Cross had his left arm, from
shoulder to elbow, shattered at the battle of
Cross Lanes, W. Va., August 26, 1861, and he
was taken prisoner by the forces under
Floyd — Buchanan's former secretary of war
— and Wise, governor of Virginia, who hang-
ed John Brown. At the battle of Carnifax
FeiTy, Mr. Cross, and fifteen others, like him,
too severely wounded to be taken to Rich-
mond, were re-captured by Major Rutherford
B. Hayes, of the Twenty-third Ohio Regi-
ment, by gallantly crossing the swift Gunley
river on a raft, under severe fire. Mr. Cross'
ann was not operated upon until he reached
the Marine Hospital at Cincinnati by boat,
via Charleston. He was promoted to captain
November 25, 1801, and, by slow stages, final-
ly went to his home in northei-n New York.
In the spring of 1802, he was ordered to
Cleveland, as recruiting officer for his regi-
ment. At his own urgent request — against
the ad\dce of his surgeon — he was ordered to
his regiment at Dumfries, Va., being still
obliged to cari-j' his arm in a sling. This im-
prudence nearly cost him his arm, for he
caught cold in a severe snow stomi, and was
obliged to resign, for disability, in March.
He then took up the .study of law, and en-
tered the Albany Law School until the month
of June, 1803, when he was again called to
military duty as an officer in the Veteran
Resen'e Corps, serving in various western
cities. He commanded a post of six com-
panies at Madison, Ind., during the winter
of 1803-4. In the si)ring he was made as-
sistant adjutant genei'al of the district of
Indiana, and ordered to Kentucky during
Morgan's raid. In July, 1804, he was order-
ed to Washington, D. C, where he served on
the military governors staff as assistant pro-
vost marshal of the department. In Decem-
ber of that year he was ordered to Annapolis,
with four other captains — among them J. S.
Poland, a major general during the late Span-
ish ^A'ar — to muster for pay and exchange
18, ()()() pi-isonersfrom Andersonville and else-
where. He resigned at the close of the war.
In 180.5 he resumed his law studies at the
Columbia College Law School, but went back
to the Albany Law School, where he gradu-
ated in 1800. On the 10th of May, in that
year, he went to Lyons — now Clinton, Iowa —
and began practice in fellowship with Hon.
A. R. Cotton, and continued it for nearly ten
years; during the last four years of his part-
nership Mr. Cotton was member of congress.
In the spring of 1875 he left Iowa to seek a
larger field, and spent the summer in travel-
ing, going to California and other western
states. He finally selected Minneajjolis,
Minn., arriving there on the 0th of October,
1875. On the fourteenth he settled the mat-
ter by forming a partnership with Hon.
Heni-yG. Hicks — a college classmate at Ober-
lin, and a fellow teacher in southern Ohio —
under the style of Cross & Hicks, which con-
tinned until the spring of 1882, when Frank
H. Carleton was associated, and the firm be-
came Cross, Hicks & Carleton, and so re-
mained until 1887, when Colonel Hicks was
made district judge of Hennepin county,
where he served until 1805. In 1889 Mr.
Cross' son, Norton M. Cross, was taken into
the partnership, making the style Cross,
Carleton & Cross. When Judge Hicks took
his ])lace again in the finn it became Cross,
Hicks, Carleton & Cross, and was a leading
firm at the bar. It had a large share of all
imiiortant litigation in the city. They num-
bered among their clients such establish-
ments as the Pillsburys, the T^nion National
Bank, and The Tribune Comi)any. They were
in the noted Finney will case and in all the
Harwood cases. As showing the originality
of Mr. CiHiss, it may be mentioned that he
suggested to General Grant the use of ex-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
plosives from a bellows to blow up forts; to
General Fry, the use of photograpliiL- records
in connection with other data, copyrighted
by some one twenty j-ears later. He edited
the first paper published by soldiers in the
field, July 4, 1801, at Weston, W. Va. He
established before the supreme court the le-
gality of "patrol limits" for saloons, against
such lawyers as tiordon E. Cole, E. M. Wil-
son, and V. M. Babcock. As city attorney,
he compelled the railroads to sink the tracks
and bridge A\'asliingtou avenue. Third,
Fourth, and Fifth streets. In 181)1, when a
member of the United States Immigration
Commission, he was sent to Europe and fer-
reted out the system by which thousands of
"jail birds" were dumped into the United
States. Mr. Cross has always been an active
Republican. He was mayor of Lyons, Iowa,
in 1871. He was a member of the first park
board in Minneapolis in 1883; but declined
to serve again, as he had been elected city
attorney. He has been a member of the
Board of Trade, Commercial (Jlub, the Athe-
naeum, the Bar Library Association, Minne-
sota Forestiy Association, of which he was
president in 1891) and 1900. He was a char-
ter member of the Congregational Club. He
is a member of Plymouth Congregational
church. He was married September 11, 18G2,
to Miss Clara Steele Norton, a graduate of
Oberlin, who was one of six young ladies
refused admission to Ann Arbor for a class-
ical course on equal terms with men. She is
a descendant of John Steele, a leading found-
er of Connecticut, and of Anthony Hawkins,
whose name was on the hidden "Charter
Oak" charter, and of Mathew Grant, the an-
cestor of President Grant. They have had
five children — Kate Bird, wife of United
States Engineer F. C. Shenehon; Norton M.,
member of the law Ann; Cleve Sophia, de-
ceased in infancy; Nellie Malura, wife of Mr.
Theodore McFai-laue Knappen, city editor of
the Minneajtolis Journal, and Clara Amelia,
a high school teacher. Mr. Cross suggested
and kept before the people by his writings
in the Pioneer Press the project of what is
now the "Soo" railroad. He also suggested
in a letter to President Dole that Hawaii an-
nex itself to the United States, which was
practically done. He also nuide valuable sug-
gestions to Senators Davis and Nelson con-
cerning the Monroe Doctrine as applied to
Canada. The letter was placed before the
United States and Canada High Joint Com-
mission, at its session in 'Washington, and
was highly coumiended. This brief outline
will serve to Indicate in some degree the
originality, large grasp of mind and activity
which have won for Mr. Cross the eminence
he occupies. In G. A. E. matters and in the
Loyal Legion — in both of which he is a mem-
ber— he takes great interest, though he has
never been so active as manv.
3I0KEY, Charles Anson.— The school of
adversity is a good training for any young
man. Through it he learns self-reliance and
the value of application. If he possesses tal-
ent or skill, and has the energy and deter-
mination necessary to fight the battle for pre-
ferment, success is sure to crown his efforts.
The truth of this is attested in the following
biography. Mr. jMorey was born at A^ershire,
Orange county, Vt., August 9, 1851. •His
father, Royal Morey, was a fanner by occu-
l)atiou. His mother's maiden name was Jean-
ette Ellen Felton, a native of Vermont, born
at Stratford. She is a grand-daughter of
Sarah I'utnam, a niece of General Israel Put-
nam, and is still living at Lake City, Minn.
Charles attended the country school in Ver-
mont until his tenth year, at which time the
family moved to Illinois. After remaining
there one summer, they decided to go further
westward in search of a healthier climate,
and came overland in a covered wagon to
U'abasha county, Minn. The boy's early life
in the North Star state was one of hardship
and toil, with all the privations of farm life
on the frontier. He attended the common
school at Chester, Wabasha county, where he
had excellent teachers. Later, he took a
course in the high school at Lake f'ity. In
order to seiaire the means with which to ac-
(]uire an education, however, the young man
was compelled to serve his apprenticeship
as .1 teacher in the country schools. He also
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
CHARLES A. MOREY.
learned the trade of carpenter and a mill-
wriglit, and used his skill in those directions
to increase his slender resources. He grad-
uated from the formal School at Winona in
1872, and in September of that year went to
Boston and took a conrsein the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, preparatory to as-
suming a position as teacher of sciences in
the Winona IS'ormal, which lie had been offer-
ed, and to which he was ajipointed in 1874.
In 1876 he was elected president of that in-
stitution. Mr. Morey had, however, devoted
much time for five years to the study of law,
and in 1879 he was admitted to the bar, re-
signed his position as president, and began
the practice of law at Winona as a member
of the flnu of Berry & Morey. He has suc-
ceeded in building up an extensive practice,
and is regarded as one of the leading attor-
neys of southern Minnesota. He has also ac-
quired numerous business interests, and is
prominently identified with public affairs.
He has been president of the Winona Sav-
ings Bank for a number of years, secretary
of the Winona Building & Loan Association
for twenty years, was a member of the city
council for four years, and the board of edu-
cation for six years. He is a director of the
public library, is the resident director and
treasurer of the ^^'inona Normal School, and
has been a member of the State Nonual
Board since 188H, Mr. Morey is a commis-
sioner of the Circuit Court of the United
States, and was selected by the government
authorities to hear the famous Minneapolis
census cases in 1800. He is a Rej)ublican in
politics, has represented his district in nearly
all county and state conventions for many
years, and was a member of the executive
committee of the Republican State Central
Committee in the campaign of 1900. His
chnrcli connections are with the Episcopal
denomination. He was married Nov. 28,
1877, to Miss Kate Louise Berry, daughter of
Judge C. H. Berry, of Winona, deceased.
They have four children, Jeanette, Charles
Berry, Frances and Bertha Louise.
COOLEY, Clayton R., is deputy collector
of United States customs and custodian of
the Federal building at Minneapolis, Minn.,
to which position he was appointed in 1898.
He comes of old Xew England stock. His
father, Warren Cooley, was a native of
Massachusetts, and was boim at Palma in
1820. He was a mechanic by trade and fol-
lowed this occupation during his lifetime,
attaining a moderate competence. He came
to Minnesota in the early oO's and settled in
Houston county, but afterwards removed to
Iowa. He died in Minneapolis in 1887. His
wife, Eleanor F. Morris, was a native of
Illinois, and was born at Alton in 1833.
Their son, Clayton, was born in Houston
county, Minn., October 16, 1859. Short-
ly after his birth they migrated to Iowa,
first locating at Dubuque, afterwards at
Cedar Falls and Eldora, in the same state.
It was in the public schools of the latter
town that Clayton received his early educa-
tion. He commenced his business career
directly upon leaving the public school.
A^'hile a lad he had earned his first dollar
working in Burt's novel factory in East Du-
buque. The first business engagement he
secured, however, was in a drug store at
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Eldoi-a. He did not remaiu very long at
this line of work, but took a position in an
abstrai-t and loan office in the same city, ac-
quiring there his first knowledge of the real
estate business, which he followed for sev-
eral .years. He held this position until his
removal to Minneapolis in 1884. His first
employment here was secured in the office
of George W. Chowan & Co., but, subse-
quently, he entered the office of Merrill &
Albee, an abstract firm. In September,
1886, Mr. Cooley ac(]uired Mr. Merrill's in
terest in the firm and the business was con-
ducted under the name of Albee & Cooley.
This firm continued until Mr. Cooley's elec-
tion to the office of county auditor in 18!)2.
Mr. Cooley's political affiliations have al-
v.ays been with the Republican party, and
his first vote was cast for James A. Garfield.
He has taken an active interest in the affairs
of his party, and for his faithful services in
local politics was rewarded with the nomina-
tion and election to the office of county au-
ditor of Hennepin county. He made a
capable and efficient officer, and his valu-
able services were recognized by a re-elec-
tion to the same office in 1804. At the ex-
piration of his term, January 1, 1897, he
again devoted all his energies to his private
business, but gave it up in 1898 to accept his
present position as deputy collector of Unit-
ed States customs and custodian of the
Federal building at Minneapolis. He has
made an enviable record in this office, and is
held in high esteem by all who know him.
As an aid to him in his private business,
Mr. Cooley took a course in the law depart-
ment of the University of Minnesota, from
which he graduated in 1893. He does not
intend to take up the legal practice, how-
ever. He is prominently identified with a
number of fraternal organizations, and is
a member of the Masonic order, the Royal
Arcanum, and the Ancient Order of United
Workmen.
RHODES, Jeremiah M., the superinten-
dent of the public schools of ^^'iudom, ^linn.,
was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, March 1,
1866. Like most other men who have be-
JEUK.MIAII M
come efficient in the profession of teaching,
his school training began in the common
school. He early selected his vocati^ as
teacher. After some experience in common
school work, he entered the State Normal
School at Emporia, Kan., in 1886, and gradu-
ated in 1889. He then served as superinten-
dent of the public schools of Council Grove,
Kan., and of Hiawatha, of the same state.
In 1892 he went to California and attended
the Stanford University, remaining there un-
til 1893. The same year he returned east
and entered the Indiana University at Bloom-
ington, Ind., where he graduated in 1894
with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. But
this equipment did not seem to satisfy his
ambition for scholarship, for, in 1896, he ex-
tended his studies at Harvard University,
Cambridge, Mass., and in 1898 secured from
that institution the degree of Master of Arts.
Even this high honor he supplemented by a
post-graduate course at Columbia College,
New York City, completing it in 1899. His
scholarship and ability are shown by the fact
that he won prizes in both essay and debate,
and became a member of the Phi Delta Theta
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
college fraternitv. In August, 1899, lie came
to Windoui to take diai-ge of the city schools.
In polities Mr. Ehodes is a Republican. He
is a member of the Masonic order, including
the degree of Knights Templar. His thor-
ough scholarship and practical experience of
a dozen years in teaching in a variety of
schools, in widely separate localities, give
him advantages in his profession which few
men can claim, and as the Cottonwood Coun-
ty Citizen says: "The city can be congratu-
lated upon securing so able an instructor."
MATHEWS, Marvin E.— The task of
writing the biographies of the leading repre-
sentative men of any community is an ex-
ceedingly difficult one because of the prevail-
ing modesty of the successful business man,
who almost invariably manifests a certain
repugnance to anything that partakes of per-
sonal notoriety or prominence, and thus dis-
courages even friendly attempts to uncover
the secret of his success. Genuine success is
not likely to be the result of mere chance or
fortune, but is something to be labored for
and sought out with consecutive effort.
Ours is a utilitarian age, and the life of every
successful man bears its lesson, and as told
in contemporary narration perhaps is pro-
ductive of the greatest good. Thus there is
a due measure of satisfaction in presenting
even a brief review of the life and accom-
plishments of such a man.
The subject of this sketch is one of the
eminent members of the bar of southwestern
Minnesota; nor is his reputation limited by
the confines of this section. He is one of the
popular men of the state, widely known, and
his prominence in public and professional
life makes him well deserving of biograph-
ical honors.
Mr. Mathews was born near Jamestown,
N. Y., September 25, 1849; removed with his
parents to this state in the spring of 1854,
and settled on a farm near Rochester. At
that time the Indians and wild animals were
sole possessors of this portion of the coun-
try, except that here and there a small log
cabin marked the coming of civilization.
There were no school laws, school teachers
nor schools, and it was several years before a
school could be established in that country.
At length, when this was accomplished, the
school year was of only a few months" dura-
tion. The schools were supported by con-
tributions from those in the ueighboriiood
having children to send, and the school house
was some claim shanty chosen so as to be as
near the center of the settlement as possible.
It was furnished with seats and desks made
by splitting logs into slabs and placing them
on legs at the desired height. The school-
room contained no floor save that which
nature provided, and was heated by an open
fire-place built of stone. Iso certificate of
(pialification was required from the teachei-s,
and very little education. Reading, writing,
spelling, geography and arithmetic were the
only branches taught in those schools, and
consequently those desiring a further educa-
tion were compelled to obtain it by their own
unaided exertions. Mr. Mathews studied
grammar and other branches while working
in the fields, and soon made the contents of
such volumes his own. He is a master of the
English language, and is considered good
authority in many of the higher branches ol
education.
After leaving the country school he con-
tinued his studies in the high school of Roch-
ester. From seventeen years of age he work-
ed as a farm hand by the month, chopped
wood in the forest through the coldest winter
weather, later taught school, and thus made
his way in the world unaided, pushing for-
ward to the goal of success with an ambition
that nothing could daunt.
He studied law in the office of the Hon.
R. A. Jones, at Rochester, and in 1872 he
went to New Ulm, Minn., where he accepted
the position of teacher in the high school.
While thus engaged he also studied law in
the office of George W. Kuhlman until the
fall of 1873, at which time he opened a law
office and practiced his profession at that
place until 1876, when he came to Marshall,
where he has continued the practice of law
ever since. He is a graduate of the law de-
partment of the University of Michigan, at
HISTORY OF THE (JKEAT NOUTIIWEST.
Ann Aibm-, and is one of the foremost iirac-
titionei's of tlie state, and nearly alwavs con-
nected on one side or the other with the
most important litigations in this region.
He has an analytical mind which enables him
to see and handle all the details of a case,
giving to each its projier weight, and at the
same time his comprehensive grasp of affairs
enables him to master a subject in its en-
tirety. His argument is clear, forcible and
logical, and liis deductions follow one an
other in logical sequence. He has labored
earnestly, has made his clients' interests as
dear to him as his own, and has steadily
worked his way u])war(l mil 11 he is today en
joying a large and distinctively represinta
five clientage which biings him in a hand
some and well deserved income. ^Ir. Ma
thews is a life-long Democrat, is a recognized
leader in jiolitical circles, and is now promi-
nentl.y connected with the several Demo-
cratic organizations of the state. He has
served as county attorney of his county and
also as receiver of public mone,vs and special
disbursing agent of the I'uited States land
office at Marshall, Minn. In the campaign of
1900 he was nnanimousl.v nominated by both
the Democratic and Peojile's parties for mem-
ber of congress from the Second ^linnesota
district.
He has never been a candidate for any
office, and it was with considerable difficul-
ty that he was persuaded to accept the nomi-
nation.
The prosecution of a murder case in Lin-
coln county and other important legal busi-
ness during the campaign took up a large
portion of his time, but he made a few
.speeches in his district.
His arguments were plain, logical and im-
partial, and his speeches were clear state-
ments of facts bearing upon the issues of the
cami)aign, and so inten.sely loyal and patri-
otic in their chai-acter for good government
and good <'itizenship as to cai)tivate his large
audiences and give rise to an increased con-
fidence in his intellectual greatness and his
ability to grasp the salient points of the sub-
ject and present them so they could not be
misunderstood.
M.\UVIX K. MATHEWS.
Although he ran many xotes ahead of his
party, he, with all other candidates ojj his
ticket, was defeated.
5Ir. Mathews was married in New I'lm to
;\[iss Minnie TJoesch. She was educated in
New Ulm and St. Paul, and is a lady of cul-
ture and refin<^ment, presiding with gracious
hospitality ()\-er her pleasant home. Four
children have been born to their union: Wer-
ner B., Logan B., Sidonia A. and Roland >r.
Socially Mr. ilathews is a member of the
Knights of Pythias fraternity, the Indepen-
dent Order of Odd Fellows, the Modern
A^'oodmen of America, and the Eastern Star;
and in Masonry is connected with the council,
the consistory and with the Mystic Shrine at
Minneapolis. He is the soul of honor in busi-
ness life, and in social relations his career is
alike blameless. He never regards lightly
the duties of citizenship; for his friendship
is inviolable, home sacred and family devo-
tion not sim])ly a dnt.v, but the best inspira-
tion and hapi)iness of his life. His home is
one of the finest in southwestern Minnesota.
It is handsome airhitecturally, and the lawn
is adorned with the devices of the landscai)e
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
gardenei-. But the clianii of his residence is
the true hospitality which abounds within.
Mr. JIa thews is one of the most popuhir men
in this part of the state. His friends are
limited in number only by the circle of his
acquaintances, and he has the happy faculty
of holding them closer as the yeai-s roll by.
NORTHROP, Cyrus.— The great state
universities of the Northwest were establish-
ed reluctantly and with considerable trepi-
dation. Many doubted the ability of a popu-
lar government to manage successfully edu-
cational institutions of high grade on so ex-
tensive a scale as was necessary to carry out
the university idea. The charge was openly
made that a state institution on the plan pro-
posed could be nothing more than a nest of
politicians, always scheming for personal ad-
vantage; that legislatures would appropriate
funds for maintenance only by fits and starts,
controlled by an economical freak at one ses-
sion, giving inadequate support, while per-
haps at the next session the authorized ex-
penditures might be so lavish as to sustain
the charge of extravagance; that the teach-
ing staff would be made up of men whose
only attainments consisted in ability to in-
fluence party managers; that professorships
in the institution would be bones of conten-
tion among politicians, and therefore subject
to such continual changes as to impair the
efficiency of the instruction and prevent the
engagement of a high grade of competent in-
structoi-s; and, lastly, that the people would
not willingly tax themselves year after year
to sustain such an institution, especially, as
at best, only a moiety of the population
would be directly benefited. These reasons
for doubt as to the feasibility of establish-
ing state universities seemed to many cogent
and plausible. There were, no doubt, pei-ils
in the scheme, as one or two such institutions
have suffered at times from some of the
causes enumerated as objections. Experi-
ence, however, has demonstrated so clearly
the wisdom of the system of universities that
there is no longer a question of their utility.
They have become the pride of the nation.
They arc recognized throughout the world as
flowei-s of the highest culture in our civiliza-
tion. As educational centers they wield a
wide, inspiring influence, while the well train-
ed graduates whom they annually send forth
become the leaders in thought and action in
all parts of the nation, thus serving as a
leaven among the peoi)le, with an uplift to-
ward better things. This success of state
universities comes, chieflly, from one source:
the forceful character of the man at the head
of the institution. Experience has compelled
the recognition of this fact. Lack of execu-
tive ability, tact, sound judgment or an at-
tractive personality in the president entails
disaster. The defect permeates the adminis-
tration. The president is largely the univer-
sity, however ably he may be assisted. The
University of Minnesota might be cited to
show this fact. When Dr. Cyrus Northroj)
was called to be its president in 1884, the in-
stitution had scarcely a hundred collegiate
students. The catalogue was largely made
up of the names of pnpils in the prepara-
tory department — equivalent to a high school
— and of those in detached classes of even-
ing technical studies until nearly three hun-
dred seemed to be present. Three buildings
fonned the plant of the college. This was
apparently sufficient, for there is no dormi-
tory system attached to the university. In
1901 the enrollment is about thirty-four hun-
dred. There are now more than twenty build-
ings equipped with all the modern apjdiances
required by the most advanced university
dealing with all departments of knowledge.
80 wonderful as this growth has been, it is,
perhaps, the least important change wtich
has taken place under Dr. Northrop's admin-
istration. From a college teaching only lit-
erary courses of the simplest character, the
institution has become a true university, em-
bracing all branches of scientific and tech-
nical studies. Nor is this all. The standard
of scholarship has been so raised that a
diploma of the University of Minnesota takes
the highest rank in the literary, professional
and technical world. The conditions under
which President Northrop began his work
were in no respect different from those of the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHAVEST.
previous decade. Hence, the success and
prosperity of the institution must be attrib-
uted to the guidino' hand and leading spirit
of the man responsible for results.
Cyrus Xorthrop was born at Ridgefield,
Conn., in 1834. His father, also named Cy-
rus, was a fanner. His mother's maiden
name was Polly B. Fancher. She was born
in New York. Young Northro]) began his
education in the district school of his native
town. When eleven years old he entered the
academy of the town. The building in which
the school was held has historical interest,
being the birth-place of Samuel (1. Ooodrich.
noted as Peter Parley, the author of a multi-
tude of juvenile books which were exceeding-
ly popular for several generations. The
teachers of the academy were H. S. Banks
and Rev. Chauncey Wilcox, both gi'aduates
of Yale. At seventeen years of age he fin-
ished bis preparation for college at Williston
Seminary, Easthampton, Mass., under Princi-
pal Josiah Clark, and graduated at the end
of the year 18.51. He entered Yale as fresh-
man in 18.52, but owing to a loss of a year by
sickness, he did not graduate until 18.57,
when he stood third in rank in a class of one
hundred and four. While in college he was
a member of the Phi Beta Kapjia, Delta Kap-
pa Epsilon, Alpha Sigma Phi and the Skull
and Bones college fraternities. He was also
first president of the "Brothers in T'uity,'" a
literary society made up of one-half of the
students at college. In the fall of 1857 he
entered the Yale Law School, intending to
pursue the profession of law. He graduated
in 1859. While attending to his law studies
he taught Latin and Greek in the school of
Hon. A. N. Skinner in New Haven, and pre
pared two classes for Yale College. Ujion
comjileting his law course he entered the law
offfce of Hon. Charles Ives, of New Haven.
He became interested in political affairs and
took an active part in the Lincoln campaign,
s])eaking for the LTnion, and liberty — as the
struggle seemed to him — in both New York
and Connecticut during the campaign. He
was elected assistant clerk of the Connecti-
cut house of representatives in 1860, and be-
came clerk in the next vear. In 18G2 he was
rVKUS .NOKTIII
elected clerk of the state senate. He had
opened a law office and fully expected to re-
sume his practice at the close of the session
of the legislature. He was, however. tW^art-
ed in his desire, being called to the manage-
ment of the New Haven Daily Palladium.
Tlie paper was prominent and influential and
was therefore compelled to express opinions
or publish comments on all subjects of public
interest. Mr. Northrop himself wrote all the
editorials and attended to the nunierous de-
tails then common to daily newspapers. It
is said that Dr. Northrop now regards the
work of that year the hardest toil he lias ever
undertaken. It seems, however, to have been
needed to round out his preparatory experi-
ence. In 18fio he was appointed jirofessor of
rhetoric and English literature in Yale Col-
lege. He occupied the chair for twenty-one
years, or until 1884, when he was tendered
the presidency of the University of Minne-
sota, a position which came to him unsolicit-
ed and unexpectedly, as did the professor's
chair at Yale, which clianged the current of
his life. During the war and "reconstruc-
tion" time he also took an active part in pub-
lic att'airs, making many political addresses.
[IISTORY OF THE GKEAT NORTHWEST.
He was induced once to accept a nomination
for congress. But since 1870 he lias talcen
no part in politics, except to cast his ballot.
During the administrations of Presidents
Grant and Hayes he was collector of customs
of the port of Xew Haven. Since Dr. North-
roj) came to Minnesota, while unceasing in
his endeavors to build up the university, he
has made many addresses and delivered num-
erous lectures on a wide range of subjects,
which have shown the versatility of his pow-
ers. He is said to be easily the best after-
dinner speaker in the Northwest. The numer-
ous demands made upon him for platform
service forced him finally to decline many in-
vitations, literary as well as social. He is a
forceful speaker, singularly successful in
holding his audience, no matter what the
subject may be, while he makes his points in
a manner very effective to the popular ear.
He is no less happy in his style of writing,
thus contradicting a common saying that "no
man can be both a good speaker and a good
writer." He is an active and prominent mem-
ber of the Congregational church, sometimes
occupying the pulpit. In 1889 he was mod-
erator of the National Council, held at Wor-
cester, Mass., a distinction rai-ely accorded to
a layman. He was one of the two vice presi-
dents appointed from America by the great
International Council of the denomination
held in London, in 1891. to which he was a
delegate. In 1862 he was married to Miss
Anna Elizabeth Warren, of Stamford, Conn.
They have had three children. The first born,
Minnie, was taken away when only ten years
and six months old. Their son, Cyrus North-
rop, Jr., is a graduate of the university. The
surviving daughter, Elizabeth, was also a
student of the institution, but was com-
pelled to give up study because of ill-health,
before graduation.
ROBERTS, William I'reston.— Some of
the most successful men of the Northwest
came to this region in search of health, rather
than for business pui-poses, as its bracing and
invigorating climate has a wide reputation.
^Villiam P. Roberts, twice the representative
from Hennepin county in the lower house of
tlie legislature, is one of the number. He is
a native of I'ennsylvania, having been born
in <rwynedd township, Montgomery county,
in that state, June 1(5, 1845. His father, Job
Koberts, was a farmer in moderate circum-
stances, and was of Wel.sh descent. Tlie fam-
ily came to this country in l(i'.)8 from Bala,
North V\'ales, and settled in what is now
(iwynedd township — a Welsh name, pro-
nounced as though spelled Gwyneth, with
Ihe sound "th"' soft, as in "the." His mother
was Hannah Pickering. William obtained
his early education in the public schools ot
Pennsylvania, and in Maryland, where he
lived three years. The schools of the latter
state, at that time, were indifferent, because
only i)artially supported by the state. He
afterwards attended the First State Normal
School at Millersville, Lancaster county. Pa.,
from which he graduated in 1867, after the
War of the Rebellion, which interrupted his
college course. Choosing law for his pi'ofes-
sion, he entered the law department of the
University of Michigan, which has supplied
the bar with so many brilliant men of the
profession. After a full course in this insti-
tution he graduated in 1869, and immediately
began the pi'actice which he has continued
ever since. He first opened a law office in
Nebraska, where he practiced for six years —
the first two alone, and then was a member
of the firm of Cole & Roberts, which was dis-
solved when he was compelled to leave for
Minnesota in search of better health. He
settled in Minneapolis in 1874, and practiced
alone until 1878, when he formed a pai'tner-
ship with Col. R. C. Benton and his brothei",
C. H. Benton, first under the style of Benton
& Benton, and later as Benton, Benton &
Roberts. In December, 1881, this partner-
ship was dissolved and another formed by
Mr. Roberts and Colonel Benton, under the
style of Benton & Roberts, which later —
when Rome O. Brown became associated —
was known as Benton, Roberts & Brown, and
so continued until 1893, when, by the death
of the senior partner, the partnership termi-
nated. Since that time Mr. Roberts has con-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ducted his law practice witliout an associate.
His practice has been general, but his more
iuijiortant worlv has been connected witli tlie
settlement of estates, and with trusteeships.
He was active in the preparation and trial
of the St. Anthony Falls water power litisa
ti(m, and with the "railroad crossiu;;'" cases
in Jliuneapolis. He enlisted as a pi'ivate sol-
dier when a school boy, June 10, 18(!:5, in the
17th Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served as
corporal in Company H. Before the end of
the year he was commissioned as second lieu-
tenant in the 45th United States CoK)red
Troops, and served with the Army of the
Potonuic and with the Army of the James a
large part of the time. During the draft dis-
turbances of 1803, he was on duty in tlie coal
regions of Pennsylvania and in AVest ^'il•
ginia, but was with Grant in his last cam-
paign, culminating at Appomattox. In May,
1865, the command was sent to the Rio
Grande. During the latter part of this serv-
ice he was in the brigade staff. He was mus-
tered out as first lieutenant in December,
1805. During all the time he held a commis-
sion he had, except about one month, com-
mand of his company whenever it was in
active campaign, except when, at times he
was detailed for duty as adjutant, quarter-
master, or aide-de-camp. He is a member of
the G. A. R., and past post commander of
Geo. N. Morgan Post, No. 4, of Minueajjolis.
He has been judge advocate of the State De-
partment of the Order and a member of its
National Council of Administration. He is
also a member of the Loyal Legion, and has
been the junior vice commander of the Min-
nesota Department. He has always been a
Republican, and shouted for Fremont, in a
slave state when a school boy. He had never
held office until he was elected to the legisla-
ture in 1898. He was re-elected in 1900, and
has been one of the active members. He in-
troduced two original bills in his first legis-
lative teiTii which have attained considerable
attention — one, to place names of candidates
alternately on the ofiflcial ballot has just be-
come a law; the other, a "primary election
law" of general application, gave way to a
modified plan now a law. He was president
WILLIAM I',
of the Union League of Minneapolis in 1895.
He is also a member of the Fourth Ward
Republican Club, and of the Commercial
Club, and a prominent Mason, being past
master of Hennepin Lodge, No. 4, and^s at
present the grand orator of the Grand Lodge.
He belongs to the Universalist Church. In
1809 he was married to Anna M. Pugh, who
died in 1870, leaving no children. He was
married to Agnes Doyle Taggart, of St.
Clairsville, Ohio, in 1876, who died in 1895,
leaving two sons who served in the late Span-
ish War in the Thirteenth Minnesota Volun-
teers—Horace W., born July 8, 1877, and
Roy G., born January 29, 188U.
SARGENT, William C, sheriff of St.
Louis county, has had a varied and interest-
ing career — one that demonstrates his ster-
ling worth as a man, and is typical of the
sturdy race from which he sprung. The
Sargents for several generations back have
been residents of New England, where the
progenitors of the family settled on coming
from England. The late Hon. George Bar-
nard Sargent, of Duluth, Minn., whose biog-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
WILLIAM ('. SARGENT.
raphy will be foimd ou another page, was the
father of our subject. A shrewd liuancier,
a man of energy and great strength of will,
he strongly impressed himself upon the small
settlement at the head of the lakes, and Du-
lutli owes much to the interest he took in its
upbuilding. (He was a native of Massachu-
setts, born at lioston in 1818.) In 1809, estab-
lished the banking house of Geo. B. Sargent
& Co., at Duluth, acting as western agent for
the most prominent financial houses of New
York. He died in 1875. Mr. Sargent was
married, in 1830, to JIary I'erin, the mother
of the subject of this sketch. William C. was
born at lioston, Mass., December 4, 1859.
■\Mien four years of age his father located in
Kew York City, and the boy attended the
public schools of the metropolis for a time.
When ten j-ears of age he became a student
in the Faribault Military Institute, subse-
quently taking a course of instruction at St.
John's Seminary, which is situated about
twelve miles from Syracuse, N. Y. He came
to Minnesota when still in his teens, and
though his father was at that time one of
Duluth's most successful business men, the
lad was endowed with a spirit of indepen-
dence and was prepared to work at whatever
task i)resented itself. His first employment
was as a teamster in the logging business.
This he followed for a short time, liut always
kept his eye ojien for larger opportunities.
In 1880 he was appointed superintendent of
the Duluth Blast Furnace Company, and in
18S0 he was made manager of the Lakeside
Land Company, which latter position he held
for a jieriod of nine years. Mr. Sargent in-
herited his father's talent for financiering,
and with youth and energy at his command,
he succeeded in laying the foundation of a
substantial fortune. The financial depression
of the early '90s, however, with its accom-
]:anying depreciation of real estate, proved
\eiy disastrous and swept away the major
[lortion of the property he had accumulated.
Thus thwarted, Mr. Sargent turned his activ-
ities in another direction — that of the polit-
ical arena. His enthusiasm and energy in
political campaigning had made him a potent
force in Eepublican politics in St. Louis
county, and gained recognition in his nomina-
tion for sheriff in 1890. He was elected by a
handsome majority, and was re-elected in
1898 and 1900. Mr. Sargent has many ad-
mirable social qualities which have won for
him many wai*m friends, especially so in con-
nection with the numerous secret organiza-
tions to which he belongs. He is prominent
in the Masonic body, being a member of all
the different orders, and is a member of the
Elks and the Foresters. He was married
January 13, 1887, to Miss Rhobie L. Peck, at
Syracuse, N. Y. Three children have been
born to them, one of whom is deceased.
MILLER, Joseph Gustav. — As a tele-
grajih operator at some wayside station in
early youth — such has been the modest be-
ginning of many men of prominence in busi-
ness and the professions. The responsibility
resting upon a mere boy at the key for the
safety of the traveling public teaches him a
self reliance which is of inestimable value in
later life. To the boy of ambitous mind it is
a stepping stone which wins for him quick
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
recognition of his abiltj and the thrusting
upon him of greater responsibility. Joseph
G. Miller was but fifteen years of age when
he left school and conuuenced the active
duties of life as a railroad telegraph operator.
Rewai'd came iiuick in response for his faith-
ful service. In the eight years fcdlowing he
had successfully served in the responsible po-
sitions of train dispatcher, assistant sujier-
inteudent and assistant master mechanic.
Mr. Miller is of (lernian descent. The family
on both sides of the house were prominent
in mercantile and manufacturing circles in
their respective communities in Germany.
Anton Miller. Joseph's father, was born in
1833, in (jirosherzogthum, Baden. He caine to
this country in ISoit and engaged in milling.
Later he entered into mercantile pursuits,
and is now retired. Mr. Miller has an hon-
orable war record. When the war broke out
he enlisted as a private in Co. I, 36th Illinois
volunteers, sen'ing four years and four
months, or until the close of the war. He
was in the battles of Pea Ridge, Pennyville
and Murfreesboro, being slightly wounded
in the latter contest. He is a member of the
Wm. H. Thompson Post, No. 308, G. A. E., at
Pawpaw, 111. The maiden name of Joseph's
mother was Hannah Louise Peters. She was
born in Germany Sept. 16, 1845, coming to
this country at the age of five. She died
April 2, 1883. The subject of this sketch
was born Sept. 3, 1868, at Oswego, 111. He
attended the schools in that place until 1883,
at which time he left the high school to ac-
cept a position with the C, B. & Q. Ey. Co.
as telegraph oi)erator at Sheridan, 111. He
devoted his whole time to his duties, and
earned quick pi-omotion. He has served in
nearly all departments of railroad work, for
the past six years holding official positions.
He I'esigned June 1, I'JOO, to accept the uonii-
r.ation of state railroad and warehouse com-
missioner, to which office he was duly elected
in November by a handsome endorsement.
Mr. Miller's political affiliations are with the
Eepublican party. He has served as chair-
man of the Lake county central committee
for six consecutive year's. In 1896 he was
elected to the office of clerk of court of Lake
( ouuty, an office he has filled very acceptably.
He is a member of a number of fraternal so-
cieties, and that he is prominent in social life
is attested by the fact that he has held offices
in all. The orders of which he is a niAiber
are: The K. of P., M. W. of A., I. O. F., B. P.
( >. 1']., and the Two Harbors Commercial
Club. Dec. 18, 1890, Mr. Miller was married
to Mary Agnes Roth, of Oconto, Wis. They
have three sons: Gregor A., J. Vivian and F.
Newman.
^^■RIGIIT, Fred B.. so well known
throughout the state for his efficient service
for two years as the president of the State
League of Republican Clubs, was born Janu-
ary 17, 1856, in Coos county, N. H., where it
is said that the best product of the state is
men and women of the finest grade. The
merit of the saying is that it is largely true.
He is enthusiastic in his praise of Minnesota,
claiming that he came to the state because of
the "vast possibilities for a great and
wealthy" commonwealth, and to Minneapolis
"by i-eason of its splendid natural location,
the loyalty and push of the people, which
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
FRED T'.. WniGHT.
made Bliiuicapolis ccrlain of becoming a
large city." His fatlier, Beiiali Wright, was
a farmer in moderate circumstances, and had
a large family. He had a great amount of
native ability, and he was held in high
esteem in the community. He was named
after his grandfather, Beriah Wright, who
was a native of ^'ermont, and a captain in
the United States army in the War of 1812.
The captain had only one child, a son, Sey-
mour H. Wright, also born in Vennont, and
who reared a large family consisting of Solon
B., Beriah, the father of the subject of this
sketch, Lumon F., William H., Arthur A.
and Hosea D. ^Vright, and four daughters,
Sarah, Surei)ta, Ellen and Alice. These are
all living except Sarah, Ellen and Solon. The
last lived at St. Johnsbury, Vt., and died
there at the age of seventy, after a busy and
useful life, having occupied many places of
trust and confidence. Lumon is a wealthy
and prominent farmer of Linn county, Iowa.
Arthur is a prominent physician in the state
of New York. Eliza R. Wright, the grand-
mother of Fred. B. Wright, was also a native
of Vermont, and belonged to a leading fam-
ily. Her brother, Elum, was a leading law-
yer at the New York bar for many years.
Mr. Wright obtained his early education in
tlic district sclidols, and then entered the St.
.Tolinsbury Academy, from which he gradu-
ated in the class of 1878. He then taught
scliool until he entered upon his law studies.
For this pui-jjose he entered the law office of
Hon. (Jeorge A. Bingham, at Littleton, N.
H., and completed his law course at the Bos-
ton Law School. In 1883 he came to Minne-
ai)olis to practice his profession, and has
continued it ever since with marked success,
winning a high standing at the bar, which is
esteemed the strongest in the Northwest.
Mr. Wright's practice has been of a genei*al
character, as shown by the History of the
Bench and Bar, where many interesting de-
tails are noted. Mr. Wright has always been
an active, public-spirited citizen. In politics
he is an unmistakable Republican. For two
years he was the president of that most ag-
gressive Republican organization, the State
League of Republican Clubs. Mr. Wright's
vitality gave it much of its success. He has
held no other political office. He is a Mason
of high degree, belonging to the Blue Lodge,
Royal Arch Chapter, and to the Commandery.
He was married to Helen M. Conant, of
Greensboro, Vt., August 27, 1884. They have
four children: Ralph C, Fred B. Wright,
Jr., Barbara, Helen and Donald Orr Wright.
CREER, John N., principal of the Cen-
tral High School, Minneapolis, Minn., is a
native of Iowa, and was born in Scott county,
April 17, 1858. His father, Nathan Greer,
was a farmer. His mother's maiden name
was Rebecca Logan McGrew. In his early
youth. Professor Greer was passionately fond
of the wild animals of the prairies and lost
no opportunity to study them and their hab-
its, thus acquiring that taste for natural his-
tory and that habit of close observation
which are now so characteristic of him.
Farm life, however, had its restraints, and
the lad's natural inclinations were smothered
somewhat through being compelled to assist
in labor on the farm when only ten years of
age. Two vears later his father died, leaving
HISTOIIY OF THE GHIOAT NORTinVKST,
him in charge of the farm ; but the boy proved
equal to the arduous task and for three years
successfully carried on the farm work, lie
attended the district school during- the win-
ters until fifteen years of age, then, desiring to
obtain further advancement, entered the pub-
lic schools of Davenport, Iowa. Five years
afterward he was graduated from the high
school, having mastered in three years the
full four years' course, and was valedictorian
of the class. Tlie following year he taught
at Blue Grass, in his home county. In Sep
tember, 1870, he entered Iowa Tolh-ge, and
was gi^aduated in 1882. His rapid advance
through the classical course, paralleled by
sjjecial work in the sciences, secured for him
in this short time the two degrees of A. B.
and B. S., an honor bestowed upon only one
other student in the history of the college.
This was a deserving tribute to his close ap-
plication to his studies. In 1885 he was hon-
ored by his Alma Plater with the degree of
M. A. While at college he took an active in-
terest in athletics and was always foremost
in all kinds of sports. He was also an active
member of the Chrestomathian Literary So-
ciety, receiving through it a training that
proved of much practical value. Soon after
leaving college. Professor Greer entered the
law office of Cook & Dodge, in Davenport.
After about a year with this firm, during
which time he had almost prepared himself
for admission to the bar, he accepted a re-
sponsible position with a telephone company,
which had its headquarters at Cedar Eap-
ids, Iowa. A year later he accepted the ap-
pointment of principal of School No. 2, of
Davenport. He resigned this position in Jan-
uary, 1880, to became principal of the North
Side High School in Minneapolis; and in Au-
gust, 1892, he exchanged this positioTi for the
corresponding one at the Central High.
Though succeeding a most popular man —
Professor Crombie — and placed in a position
calling for much tact and executive ability.
Professor Greer has achieved a great sn<'-
cess. He at once secured the respect and ad-
miration of both teachers and pu]tils, and
now enjoys such a degree of popularity as is
seldom the reward of one in his position. A
•IDHN N. (.UtEKI!.
man of kindly nature, in com])lcte sympathy
with youth, his inlluence has been of inesti-
mable ^■alue in inspiring the students of his
school with a love for the higher and nobler
things of this life, and stimulating them to
more strenuou.s efforts for advancement. In
1884 Professor Greer was married to Sarah
Elizabeth Russell, daughter of Hon. Edward
Russell, of Davenport, Iowa. A sou, E. Rus-
sell, and two daughters, Marguerite R. and
Abby E., complete the membership of his
family.
ESCH, John Jacob, of La Crosse, Wis..
is a member of congress from the Seventh
district of Wisconsin. He is descended
from old (ierman families, as his ancestors
on both sides came from the old country.
His mother, Mathilda (Menn) Esdi, was a
(laughter of one of the earliest settlers in
.Monroe county, NNis. His father, Henry
Ksch, was in early life a minister. He set
tied in ^Slonroc coniily in I lie tcrrilorial
(lays of Wiscdusiii, and cleared a, farm in
I he Idlest. He was one of the pioneer min-
islcrs (if llial liuic and traveled a circuit.
HISTORY OF THK GUKAT NOKTIIWEST.
John J. Escli was born on a farm near Nor-
walk, Monroe county, Wis., March 20, 1861.
His education has been secured in the
schools of Wisconsin and he is essentially
a product of the Badger state. He received
a very thorough preparatory course in the
high school at Sparta, graduating in 1878,
and entered the University of Wisconsin,
taking up the work of the Modern Classical
Course, and was graduated in 1882. He took
a prominent part in college life and was es-
pecially interested in debating, and was a
joint debater in one of the annual debates.
He was class prophet at commencement and
was also a commencement orator. During
his senior year he was managing editor of
the college weekly. In 1882 he began teach-
ing school at Sparta, Wis., which position
he left in 1886 to enter the law department
of the state university. He had been study-
ing law while teaching and declined an of-
fer of the principalship that he might be-
come a lawyer. He completed the course
in 1887 and located in La Crosse, becoming
a member of the firm of Winter, Esch «S:
Winter, and has been engaged in many of
the more important cases in that locality.
Mr. Esch has always been interested in mil-
itary affairs and while in Sparta was one of
the organizers of the Sparta Kirtes, a com-
pany in the Third Regiment. Wisconsin Na-
tional Guard. He served four years as cap-
tain of the company. He also organized
Company M of the Third Regiment, at La
Crosse and was captain of this company for
some time. In 1891 he was appointed judge
advocate general, with the rank of colonel,
on the staff of (iov. Upham, but declined a
reappointment. Mr. Esch has always been
an active Republican. His first office was
that of city treasurer at Sparta, in 1884. In
18!)6 he was temporary and peiTnanent
chairman of the state convention which
nominated delegates at large to the nation-
al Republican convention at St. Louis. He
has also been prominent in several state
conventions. He was elected to congress
in 181)8 by a plurality of over eight thou-
sand votes. He has secured the passage of
several measures of great importance t9 his
district and is identified with several meas-
ures now before congress. He was re-elect-
ed to congress in 1900 by a largely in-
creased plurality. Mr. Esch is a member
of the Modern Woodmen of America and of
the Hamilton and Nineteenth Century clubs
— both literary societies — at La Crosse. He
is a member of the Congregational church,
ilr. Esch was married, December 24, 1889,
to Miss Anna Herbst, of Sparta, and has five
children, Paul, Irene, Helen, Marie and
Ruth.
ANDREWS, John Wesley, is a physician
and surgeon, practicing his profession at
Mankato, Minn. His father, John R. An-
drews, was a Methodist minister, and one of
the pioneer messengers of the gospel in south-
western Jlinnesota. John R. Andrews and
his wife, Delilah (Araistrong) Andrews, came
to Minnesota from Illinois in the autumn of
1856, and located first near St. Peter, but the
following spiing Mr. Andrews pre-empted
one hundred and sixty acres of what is
known as the big woods. The business de-
pression of 1857 came on, and for the next
two years the Andrews family, in common
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
with their neighbors, endured great priva-
tions. Flour was fD.OO a barrel, and had it
not been for the high price of ginseng and
the abundance of tliat root in their region,
many would havo suffered for food. The An
drews family is of English descent, the father
of John 11. being an English sea cai)tain.
The subject of this sketch was born at Kus-
sellville, Lawrence county, 111., April G, 1S41).
The country district schools of that time
were i)ooi-Iy ecjuipped, and the educational
advantages he enjoyed were of a very insuf
ficient and limiled chai-acter. After comjilet-
ing the course affoi'ded by the ])ublic schools,
he entered the State Normal School at llan-
kato, but at the end of his course and before
graduation he was taken sick willi lyphoid
fever and was not able to rel ui ii. 1 le became
a leacliiT ill llie high scliool al SI. IN'lcr,
where he was engaged for three years, when
he took up the study of medicine, and jirose-
cuted it as diligently as his means would jier-
mit. He attended the medical department
of the University of Michigan, and later Rush
Medical College, where he graduated in Feb-
ruary, 1S77. iVfter practicing in Minnesota
for about two years he went to New York
and entered Bellevue Hospital Medical Col-
lege, where he took the regular course in
medicine and surgery and the allied branches
of study and was graduated in March, 1880.
He again returned to the practice of his pro-
fession, which he continued until the sum-
mer of 1886, when he went to Europe for a
year of study in Berlin and Vienna. Upon
his return to Mankato he resumed his jiro-
fessional work, and continued it up to the
present time, with intervals of six weeks or
two months sjient every two or three years
in study and observation in some of the
larger cities, for the purpose of familiarizing
himself with any new discoveries or methods
which may have been adojited in his jirofes-
sion. Dr. Andrews is a member of the Min-
nesota Medical Society, of the Minnesota Val
ley Medical Society, of the American Jledical
Association, and of other medical organiza
tions. He has taken very little interest in
politics, although he was nominated for
mavor of Jlaiikato in 1893 and came within
.iiiii.N \v. .\.\iii;i;\vs.
seven votes of being elected. In the spring of
1895 he was induced to take a seat in the
council as a representative of the Fourth
^Vard of that city. Dr. Andrews is at p^sent
devoting himself largely to the practice of
surgeiy, and but few physicians in the state
enjoy a larger or more lucrative practice.
He has always been a Kejiublican and identi-
fied with that party. He is a member of the
Masonic fraternity and was for two years
senior warden, and then for four consecutive
years master, of the Blue Lodge, Mankato,
No. 12. He is a member of the Mankato
Board of Trade, and of the Social Science
Club of Mankato. He was reared in the Meth-
odist church and became a member of that
society when about tweiily years of age. He
was married, April 4, 1877, to Miss Jennie
French, formerly of Wellsville, N. Y., but at
the lime of her marriage residing in Mar-
sh.ill, Mh\u. They have one child. Boy N.
Andrews.
ilKOl'in', Batrick Jerome, of 15utte,
Mont., is regarded as one of the leading
wholesale merchants in the state. He is quiet
,111(1 unassuming, but his success as a mer-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
PATRICK J. BROPHY,
chant has shown to the people that he is a
man of sterling worth and strict integrity.
He came to Montana in February, 1881, when
the state was a territory and practically un-
deyeloped, and when the stage was the only
means of transportation to Butte. P. J.
Brophj was born in 1855, in Carlow county,
Ireland. His mother, Johanna Barry Welsh,
was a natiye of Wexford county, and his fa-
ther, Thomas Brojjhy. was a well-to-do farm-
er in Carlow county. Their son was giyen
the education proyided by the commissioners
of National education. The schools were of
good quality, with a fine influence on the
scholars. Young Brophy seryed a four years'
apprenticeship, without pay, in a large estab-
lishment near his home. He then went to
Dublin and to Liyerpool and gained yaluable
experience. He decided that the opportuni-
ties ayailable afforded better prospects in
America, and came to the United States. Mr.
Brophy liyed in Chicago for a few years be-
fore going further west. He then went to
Y\'yoniing, locating at Eyanston. He yery
soon heard of the possibilities of Montana,
and, in company with Mr. George H. Casey,
came to Butte, arriying in 1881, and started
in business. The firm carried a general mer-
ca.ntile line and built up a protitable business
in a few years. Mr. Casey desiring to change
his work, Mr. Brophy bought his interest iu
isss. and lias since continued the business
under the name of P. J .Brophy & Company,
working into wholesale and retail groceries,
.ind is now one of the largest dealers in that
line in the state. Mr. Brophy, while a be-
lieyer in the principles of the old line Deni-
iicracy, is not a politician, in the ordinary ac-
ceptation of that term. He has, howeyer,
always taken an actiye interest in local af-
fairs. He seryed for two terms as school
tiiistee, with much credit to himself and
beneflt to the public schools of the then in-
fant mining camp. He was. also, chainnan
of the board of police commissioners for two
years, during the entire period that this
method of police goyernment was proyided
by Montana's municipal laws. Mr. Bi'ophy
is an attendant of the Eoman Catholic
church, and is a prominent member of the
Ancient Order of Hibernians. He is also a
member of the Piher Bow Club, at Butte. Mr.
Brophy was married in 1893 to Marguerite
Gertrude D'Arcy, at Joliet, 111., and has a
family of three fine boys, Thomas D'Arcy,
John Anthony and Patrick Joseph.
DEAN, William J., is one of the sub-
stantial business men of Minneapolis, Minn.
He was born July 19, 1813, near Port Hope,
Ontario. His father, Matthew Dean, was a
pioneer in the North Star state, haying set-
tled on a farm in Scott county, near Shako-
pee, in 1855. Though he did not hold any po-
sition of particular prominence, Mr. Dean was
an honest, upright man in all his dealings,
and was esteemed and respected by his neigh-
bors. He was born in Ireland, as was his
wife, Ann Longmoor, and on coming to
America first settled in Ontario. The parents
were unable to give their children the ad-
yantages of a yery liberal education. There
were yery few schools in the state of Minne-
sota in those days, the school tenu in most
cases not extending oyer sixty days at one
time, and the subject of this sketch did not
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
attend school a wliole year in his life. He
helped his father to break up the prairie, cut
off the limber and open up the faiTU, and re-
mained at home until August 22, 1802, when
he enlisted as a private in Company I, Ninth
Regiment. Minnesota Volunteers. He served
for three years, and was engaged in the bat-
tles of (iuntown. Miss.; Nash\ille, Tenn., and
ilobile. Ala.; also particijjated in a number
of skirmishes. For a short time he was de-
tailed as company clerk, and then promoted
to corporal. A\'hen mustered out, he return-
ed home and resumed work on the farm.
],;iter, lie took a two months" course in a
business college for the jjurpose of acquiring
a business education. Mr. Dean came to
Minneapolis in 1S77 and engaged in business
as a dealer in agricultural implements, and
his fii-m was the first to engage in the whole-
sale imijlement business in Minneapolis. He
had but a limited amount of capital, yet with
great pluck and the exhibition of a remai'k-
able business capacity he has built up prob-
ably the largest business in this line in that
city. He is held in high esteem for his busi-
ness integrity, and for the deep interest he
takes in all matters of public welfare. Mr.
Dean was one of the first business men in
Minneapolis to advocate the introduction of
a profit-sharing system among employes, and
has had this .system in practical operation for
a number of years, a fact which has won for
Mr. Dean and his firm the unusual loyalty of
their numerous employes, ^^'heu the valu-
able property of the Y. M. C. A. in Minne-
apolis was sold under foreclosure about five
years ago, Mr. Dean was induced to take
charge of the finances of that institution.
Under his conservative management a debt of
$25,000 has been paid, the property redeem-
ed, and the association placed on a sound
financial footing. He is still president of its
board of directors. He was, also, a member
of the board of charities and corrections for
four years, and jjerformed valuable services
in that connection, saving the city a consid-
erable sum of money by the introduction of
practical business methods in the manage-
ment of the various charitable institutions
under its charge. Mr. Dean's political afflli-
WII.LIA.M .7. DEAN.
ations were witii the Jiepiililican party unlil
ISSG, since which time he has been a Tro-
hibitionist. He was twice the nominee of
that party for the office of governor of the
state. In 1900, at the earnest solicitaflbn of
a large number of business men, he ran as an
independent candidate for the office of mayor
of Minneapolis, but failed of election. Mr.
Dean has been an active member of the Meth-
odist church since 18C6, and has been hon-
ored with every office in the church to which
a layman is eligible. December 25, 1867, he
was married to Cordelia Rebecca Pond. Four
children were born: Janette C, Arthur J.,
Anabelle Ireland and Irene Rebecca.
LIBL5EY, Elias David, is adjutant gen-
eral of the state of Minnesota, having been
appointed to that office by Governor Van
Sant. January 21:, 1901. This appointment
was a fitting recognition of a capable and effi-
cient officer, and of a military career in which
any soldier miglit take more than a passing
pride, (ieneral Libbey has been an active
woiker in the cause of the National (Juard of
^[innesota since his first connection with it
in ISSS. But his military record is not con-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST
KLIAS D. LIBBEY.
fined to the aunals of the citizen soldiery.
He enjovs the distinction of ranking among
the first in the number of engagements par-
ticipated in daring the Civil War, though one
of the Tounge^it veterans. He was bom at
Stockton, Me., June li, 1.S44, the son of
John C. Libl>ey, a shipbuilder, and .Vngeline
E. (Steele) Libber. His early education was
limited to an attendance at the common
schools of his native town. He had not yet
reached the age of eighteen when he enlisted
in the seirices of his country as a volunteer.
His military ability was so marked that it at-
tracted the notice of his superiors, and he
was steadily advanced through the list of
non-commissioned officers, and six months
before hijs majority was commissioned lieu-
tenant of the Sixth Banery, Maine Light Ar-
tillery. He was honor-ably discharged June
17, 1865. He i>articipated in the engagement
at Cedar Mountain, the second battle of Bull
Run, and the battles at .Vntietam, Gettys-
burg, the \^'ilderness. SjK»tt.sylvania Court
House. Cold Harbor, Petersburgh, and num-
erous others, of more or less importance,
both in "\'irginia and the S«^>uth. ilr. Libbev
came west in 1873, and settled at St. Paul.
iLnn., where he has resided ever since. For
a number of years he has occupied a high
position in commercial and manufacturing
circles as a member of the Libbey-Scribner
Company, of which he was one of the found-
ers. In 1888. he was commissioned aide-de-
camp on the staff of Governor McGill. with
the rank of c-aptain, and in 1890 was elected
major of the First Battalion of Artillery.
Minnesota National Guard, and commission-
ed October 3 of that year. For nearly a
decade he has guided the destinies of the
battalion and won the admiration and the
esteem of officers and men alike. He has
been a leader in all efforts to secure needed
legislation in the interests of the National
<juard, and was one of the officers who drew
up the jjresent state military code. He also
had the honor of being placed in command
of the state troops at the time of the Indian
outbreak at Leech Lake in 1898. General
Libl>ey enjoys almost universal popularity,
not only in national guard, but business cir-
cles as well. In 1866 he was married to
Lizzie G. Stajjles. Two children have been
born: Allen S. and Faustina H.
SCOTT, Hugh Balph. — The county audit-
or of the city of ilinneai>olis, Hugh B. Scott,
was bom in ilinneapolis, Jime 6, 1863. His
father was Charles Scott, the senior member
of the fir-m of Scott & Morgan, noted in local
annals for building the first foundry and ma-
chine .shoji in the city of Minneapolis, in
1858, at the Falls of St. Anthony. They cast
the first iron in their foundry January 1,
1859. Besides this interesting achievement.
Mr. Scott's i>ersonal experience made him^
man of consider-able note. His progenitors
came to America with the distinguished Rog-
er ^^'iUianls, of religious liberty fame. His
grandfather, also named Charles Scott, was
a soldier of the Revolutionary War, and was
wounded during Gener-al Sullivan's expedi-
tion to Rhode Island. His father was a sol-
dier in the ^Var of 1812, while he himself
was a veteran of the Mexican War. He serv-
ed on the L'nited States ship Constitution.
He was wounded in an engagement during
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Commodore Stockton's expedition to Califor-
nia, and received a medal from congress for
gallant and distinguished service. He died
in 1804. His wife, the mother of the county
auditor, was Margaret Hamilton, of Dexter,
Me. Her ancestors were early Scotch-Irish
people. Young Hugh obtained his early edu-
cation in the schools of Hennepin county,
Minn. This was followed by a course at the
high school at Stillwater, Minn., which pre-
pared him for the University of Michigan, at
Ann Arbor, where his school training was
completed. While at the university he be-
came a member of the Phi Chi college fra-
ternity. He then returned to Stillwater and
learned the drug business, which he followed
until 18'Jl, when he entered the city engi-
neer's office, at Jlinneapolis. In 1897 he was
appointed second deputy county auditor,
which position he held at Ihe breaking out of
the Spanish ^Var, when, true to the military
spirit of his lineage, he accepted the position
of second lieutenant of Company L, 13th Min-
nesota Volunteer Infantry, and went with
that organization to Manila, I*. I., where he
participated in the native uprising at Manila,
February 22, 18t)'J; battle of Salacot, capture
of San Miguel; of San Kogue; of San Isidro;
of Cabiou; of Aryat, and the skirmish near
the latter place. He was mustered out with
his regiment at San Francisco, October 3,
1899. When he returned home he was em-
ployed in the county treasurer's office. At
the first election under the new "rrimary
Law," September 18, 1900, he was chosen as
the Eeijublican nominee for the office of coun-
ty auditor of Hennepin county, Minn., and
was elected on the ensuing Cth of November,
by a majority of 8,G31 over his Democratic
competitor. He assumed the office January
1, 1901. He has always been a Republican.
In 1896 he was a member of the party cam-
paign committee. He is a member of the
Masonic order; of the Royal Arcanum; of the
A. O. U. W., and of the Spanish War Vet-
erans. In 1894 he was High Priest of the
Masonic Royal Arch Ark Chapter, and in
1896 the Master of Ark Lodge, No. 176. He
is a member of the Westminster Presbyterian
church of Minneapolis. He was married.
HIGH R. SCOTT.
June 27, 1888, to Mary Alice Graves, of Still-
water, and they have two daughters: Mary
Alice, born March 16, 1891, and Jeanette
Hamilton, bom May 22, 1892.
SHEEHAN, Timothy J., the Commander
of Fort Ridgely, Minnesota, during the
Sioux Massacre of 1862, is one of the best
known men in the state. He was born in
the County Cork, Ireland, December 21,
1835. He was the son of Jeremiah and Ann
McCarthy Sheehan, who lived on a farm in
that county. Both his parents died in 1836
when he was but three years old, and he
was reared almost from infancy to young
manhood by bis parental grandfather. He
was given the rudiments of education in the
national schools of his native land, being
kept at his studies until he was fourteen
years of age.
In 1850 he came to the United States,
landing in New York City in the month of
November, and going thence directly to
Glen's Falls, N. Y^., where he again attended
school for some time, and where for two
years he was engaged as a mechanic's ap-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
jn-enticc. In 1855 he went to Dixon, 111.,
wheie he remained two years, at work in a
saw mill in the summer and attendinjj
school in the winter.
In the sprint; "f 1857 he eame to the then
Territory of Minnesota, arriving May 3 at
Albert Lea, then a frontier village only a
year old, and Minnesota has ever since been
his home. On Lake Albert Lea, three
miles from the village, he made a homestead
and for some years worked his claim. In
18G0 he was elected clerk of the township
of Albert Lea, was re-elected in 1861, and
held the office nntil he resigned to enter the
Union army.
On October 11, 1861, when the war of the
rebellion was fairly on, he left his home at
Albert Lea and enlisted as a private in Com-
pany F, 4th Minnesota Infantry Volunteers.
He was made a corporal and soon became so
proficient in the duties of a soldier and evi-
denced such fitness generally, that General
John B. Sanborn recommended him for a
commission. Feb. 15, 1862, at Fort Snelling,
he was dis<harged from the 4tli Regiment
by order of Major General Hallock to ac-
cept promotion, and three days later, on
February 18, was commissioned by Gover-
nor Ramsey 1st lieutenant of Company C of
the 5th Regiment Minnesota Volunteers,
then being organized. His company was
made up very largely of men from Freeborn
county and Lieutenant Sheehan recruited
sixty-five men for the company among his
neighbors and friends. After this his mili-
tary experience was a very notable one
throughout.
Upon the organization of the 5th Regi-
ment, March 20, 1862, Company C — Lieut.
Sheehan's company — was ordered to Fort
Ripley, Minn. Lieut. Sheehan's services in
Minnesota in 1862, meritorious, conspicuous
and valuable as they were to the state, are
so fully set forth in the pages of other au-
thentic histories that they need not here be
described in detail, and only certain inci-
dents connected therewith may be adverted
to.
On June 18, 1862, Lieut. Sheehan was
ordered witli fifty men of his company to
march overland from Fort Ripley to Fort
Ridgely, a distance by the route marched of
nearly two hundred miles. He arrived with
liis detachment on the 28tli, and the next
day was ordered with the portion of his com-
pany present and fifty men of Company B,
under Lieut. Thos. P. Gere, to the Yellow
Medicine Indian Agency, forty-five miles dis-
tant up the Minnesota River, to report to
Agent Galbraith, for the purpose of preserv-
ing order and protecting LTnited States prop-
erty during the time of the annuity payment
which was expected to take place in a few
days. He was placed in command of the
force consisting of one hundred men and
took with him one cannon, a twelve pound
mountain howitzer.
On the 27th of July, while in service at
Yellow Medicine, Lieut. Sheehan with four-
teen of his soldiers, four citizens, and an In-
dian guide named Wasu-Ho-Washte (or Good
Voiced Hail) made an expedition from the
agency to the Dakota line west of Lake Ben-
ton, after the bloody and merciless Ink-pa-
doo-ta, the leader of the Indians in the Spirit
Lake and Sj^ringfield massacres of 1857.
The lieutenant set out on the morning of
July 28, before daylight, and for a week was
engaged in an unsuccessful search for the
wicked but wil}' marauder, who, warned of
bis danger, had fled swiftly, far into South
Dakota.
The troublous times at Yellow Medicine
during the month of July and first part of
August, 1862, are described in other vol-
umes. It must suffice here to say that the
agency was almost constantly threatened by
several thousand wild, turbulent and hun-
gry Indians, who were ready for any des-
perate undertaking because of the protract-
ed and inexplicable delay of the annual pay-
ment: Nothing saved the agency, its prop-
erty and its white occupants at this time but
the presence and the brave and intelligent
conduct of Lieut. Sheehan and his soldiers,
who now had two pieces of artillery. When
on August 1, about eight hundred armed
warriors came upon the agency, broke in the
door of the government warehouse, and be-
gan plundering it of its stores, there was
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XOUrilWEST.
DO fallei'inji ill this siil'init band. A iiiouii-
tain howitzer was promptly trained on the
brol;en doorway by Lieut. (Jere. The In
dians at once fell away fi'om the ranjje of
the cannon, and through the avenue thus
formed Lieut. Sheehan and Sergeant Tres-
cott, with sixteen men, marched sti-aijiht to
the warehouse and drove out every plunder-
ing Indian. Lieut. Sheehan kept his men
well in hand. If under the great provoca-
tion a single musket had been filed, not a
soldier would have li\cd lo Icll llie stttry.
A dreadful slaughter was fuither ])rev('nte(l
by Lieut. Shechan's success in inducing
Agent (Jalbraith to give the Indians a iiiod-
erate su](])ly of provisions; and when the
savages again became insolent and iiieiiac
ing, he i)ut his men into position and his
guns "in battery" in front of the warehouse
and then the Indians withdrew. The im
pending storm of carnage and ra]»ine had,
however, only been checked for the time.
But it was in the gallant defense of Foi't
Ridgely when and where Lieut. Sheehan so
greatly distinguished himself and rendered
such invaluable service on the evening of
August 12, 1X(')'2. The lieutenant returned
to Fort Ridgely from Yellow Medicine with
his command; all pi-osiject of trouble with
the Sioux Indians in that quartei- had
disappeared. On the 17th he was ordered
to maich with his detachment back to
Fort Kipley. and he set out in the early
morning of the next day — August IS.
The Sioux had broken out at the Redwood
Agency and had commenced one of the
most horrid massacres recorded in the
pages of American history, indisci'iminate-
ly murdering and scaljjing men, women
and children, and burning and destroying
all property in the surrounding country.
At eleven o'clock in the forenoon the news
of the outbreak reached Captain Mai'sh at
Fort Ridgely and he at once determined to
move to llie scene of the troulile with the
larger iiortion of his conii>any. At the
sanu^ time he disi)atch(Hl a messager, Cor-
poral McLean, with the following order to
Lieut. Sheehan, who was (hen on his way to
Fort Ripley:
"I[ead(|uartei's, Fort Ridgely,
August 18, 1862.
Lieutenant Sheehan: —
It is absolutely nec(^ssary that you
should return with your <-ommaiid immedi-
ately to this post. The Indians are raising
hell at the Lower .\gency. Return as soon
as ]M)ssible.
JOHN S. MARSH,
Captain Commanding I'ost."
Corjioral .McLean did not oxi-rlake Lieut.
Sheehan's detachment until evening, when
it was in camp near (ilencoe, forty-two miles
from Fort Ridgely. The men had nmrched
l\venl\li\c miles that hot day and were
g(!ing into bivouac for the night, but (he
lieiUenant ai once ordered them to "about
face" and they obeyed cheerfully, and the
i-eturn march was begun.
Meantime Capt. Marsh and twenty-three
of his men had jierislied in the deadly Indian
ambuscade at the Redwood Ferry. Fort
Ridgely \\as being filled with citizen refu-
gees— men, women and children — ^many of
them wounded and all destitute and terror
stricken. The prairies, the roads, ly^d the
little farms were strewn with mangled bod-
ies; murder and rai)ine were in the air; the
glare of burning buildings illuminated the
sky. The savages had besel the fort and
(lie surrounding country. The fort was
merely a military i)ost. a collection of build-
ings about a sipiare with not a stone in
place as a fortification, not a spadeful of
earth thrown u]) as a breastwork. As a
garrison to defend the place, there were but
twenty-nine men with muskets, under Lieut,
(icre, a young officer only nineteen years of
age. Following is an extract from Lieut.
Ceie's account of the situation at this time:
"The Indians, hilarious at the desolation
they had wrought during the day. were at
(he agency, celebrating in mad orgies their
successes, and neglected their opjiorl unity
(o capture what proved to be the barrier to
(he devastation of the ilinnesota Valley.
Tuesday nuirning dawned on mingled Iiojk"
and a|ii)rehension for the coming hours, and
when sunlight shone upon the prairies,
TIMOTHY J. SHEEHAN.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
every quarter was closely soanned from
the roof of the highest building through
the powerful telescoi)e fortunately at hand.
At about !) o'clock Indians began congregat-
ing on the prairie some two miles west of
the fort, mounted, on foot and in wagons,
where, in plain view of the fort, a council
was held. This council was addressed by
Little Crow and their movements for the day
decided upon. While this was in progress,
cheers of welcome announced the arrival at
the fort of Lieut. Sheehan with his fifty men
of Company C. The courier dispatched by
Capt. Marsh on the previous day had
reached this comnmnd at evening soon sifter
It had gone into camp, forty-two miles from
Fort Ridgely, between New Auburn and
Crlencoe. I'romptly obeying the order for
his return, Lieut. Sheehan at once struck
tents, and the command commenced its
foi-ced march, covering during the night the
entire distance traversed in the two preced-
ing days, arriving the first to the rescue and
meriting high ])raise. Lieut. Sheehan now
took command at Fort Ridgely."
The lieutenant and his men reached the
fort in the nick of time, at ten minutes of
nine a. m., on Tuesday morning, having
marched forty-two miles in ten hours and
seventy miles in twenty-two hours. There
is no parallel to this great endeavor in the
otHcial records of the war department, and
no account of its having been surpassed is
mentioned in history.
Reaching the fort, he found the place
thronged with weeping and sorrowful peo-
ple; illy supplied with food, water and am-
munition; without protection even against
the Indians' bullets; with but few arms save
those of the soldiers, and no prospect of re-
inforcement or relief of any sort. But when
the Renville Rangers arrived, he had then
one hundred and fifty brave and resolute
men in his command, three good cannon,
and a great interest at stake, and he deter-
mined to defend the post and its helpless
occupants to the last.
He knew, too, that Fort Ridgely was the
gateway to the lower Minnesota valley, and
that if it were forced by the savages, not
only would there be one of the greatest and
bloodiest butcheries in history, but the en-
tire beautiful valley would be desolated
with fir(> and gun and tomahawk. The In-
dians were present in vastly superior num-
bers and were eager to attack him, confident
of success.
Of the defense of Fort Ridgely during its
eight full days of siege and investment by a
very largely superior force, history speaks;
but of the responsibilities upon the young
commander,, his trying experiences, his
great exertions, there can be no adequate de-
scription. He was greatly aided and sup-
ported by his gallant and faithful subordi-
nate, Lieut. T. P. Gere, and by every soldier
and also by the citizen defenders, whom he
oi'ganized into a company, with Hon. R. H.
Randall as their captain.
The first formidable and concerted at-
tack on the fort by Little Crow and his
chiefs, with about six hundred braves and
warriors, on August 20, began about two
o'clock p. m., and did not cease until dark.
It was met and repulsed at every quarter,
for the commander was prepared for it. He
had placed his aitillery, had built breast-
works, and distributed his men to the oest
advantage and the result was all that could
be desired. In a desperate fight during the
afternoon, the Indians wt^'e whipped and
driven off.
The heaviest and most desperate attack
was made on Fort Ridgely on August 22.
Little Crow, believing that if Fort Ridgely
were taken his path to the Mississippi would
be comparatively clear, resolved to make
one more desperate attempt at its capture,
his numbers having been increased to 1,200
or 1,500 warriors. The second and most fu-
rious attack was made at about one o'clock
]). m. With demoniac yells the savages sur-
rounded the fort and at once commenced a
heavy musketry fire. The garrison re-
turned the fire with equal vigor and with
great effect on the yelling demons. Early
in the fight. Little Crow, with his warriors,
took possession of the government stables,
1lie sutler's store and all outside buildings,
and in order to dislodge the Indians from
HISTORY OF THE OltEAT NORTHWEST.
tliose buildiuffs, Lieut. Sheehan ordered
them set on fire. Then on came tlie painted,
yellinjj warriors, firinj^ volley after volley,
as they charged on the ffarrison. The hero-
ic defenders opened an all-around fire from
the artillery and musketry, which paralyzed
the Indians and drove them back. Thus, af-
ter six hours of continuous blazing conflict,
alternately lit up by the flames of burning
buildings and darkened by whirling clouds
of smoke, terminated the second and last at-
tack on Fort Kidgely. T"]) to this time more
than 1,000 innocent people were slaugh-
tered, scalped and otherwise mutilated by
the savages.
Four more days and nights of sus])ense
ensued until, on the morning of the liTth of
August, the fort was relieved by the ad-
vance of General Sibley's force, consisting
of 175 mounted men, mostly from Minneap-
olis, commanded by Capt. Anson Northrop.
Before the fight the following message
was received from Hon. (". E. Flandrau,
commanding at New Ulm:
"New Ulm, August 20.
Commander, Fort Eidgely: —
Send me 100 men and guns if possible.
We are surrounded by Indians and fighting
every hour. Twelve whites killed and many
wounded. C. E. FLANDRAU,
Commanding New L"lm."
Flandrau's message was most discour-
aging, for it showed the general situation at
New Ulm and the surrounding country. But
the young lieutenant rose to the occasion
with the address of a veteran, although this
was his maiden battle. He assumed charge
of everything and directed the defense in
every detail.
f)n August 31, 1862, he was promoted to
cai>tain of his company. He continued in
command of Fort Ridgely until September
18, when he was ordered with his company
to Fort Ripley. After the Sioux massacre
in November, Companies B and C were sent
to the South to join the main portion of
their regiment, from which they had been
sei)arated since its organization, and
rcachi'd it near Oxford, Mississippi. Decem-
ber 12, 1862.
Capt. Sheehan served at the head of his
comi)any in the south during the war of the
rebellion from December, 1862, to Septem-
ber. 1865. He particii)ated in several im-
])(>rtant campaigns and was engaged in a
number of battles and skirmishes, promi-
nent among which were the siege of and as-
sault on Vicksburg; the battle of TujjcIo,
Mississippi, where he was in command of
the portions of the Fifth ^linnesota and
Eighth Wisconsin present, and other de-
tachments, in all three hundred men; the ac-
tion at Abbeysville; the long and arduous
campaign through Arkansas and Missouri,
known as the Price campaign; the battles
about Nashville, notably that of December
16, 1864, and the siege of Mobile in the
spring of 1S65. He was discharged from
the service at Demopolis, Ala.. September 6,
1865. He was frequently mentioned in or-
ders and on many occasions distinguished
himself. In the gallant charge of Gen. Hub-
bard's brigade at Nashville, which swept
away a part of Hood's strongest line, Capt.
Sheehan was among the foremost. His was
the ''color company" of the regiment. Five
color bearers were shot down. Capt Shee-
han seized the colors and charged with his
( ompany over the breastworks, command-
ing the Confederates to surrender to the
flag. For his conduct on this occasion, he
was especially mentioned in the reports.
On the first day of September, 1865,
Capt. Sheehan was commissioned by Gov.
Miller, lieutenant colonel of his regiment.
The fine substantial monument ere'cted
by the state in 18D6 on the former site of
P'ort Ridgely, to conmiemorate its defense in
1862, bears upon it a brief history of the
memorable engagement and a life-size,
bronze medallion of Lieut. Sheehan, the
ctmimander, as he appeared at the time.
The dedicatory inscription reads, "In mem-
ory of the fallen, in recognition of the living,
and for the emulation of future genera-
tions." and altogether the monument is a
most befitting and appropriate structure.
After his return from the army to his old
HISTORY OF Tlir: GREAT NORTHWEST.
lioiiio at Albert Lea, Minnosota, f'ol. i^heo-
lian reengaged in his foimer ociMipatlon,
that of farming. In 1871 he was elected
sheriff of Freeborn county and at subse-
(]uent elections was re-elected Ave times,
holding the office, in all, six terms or twelve
years. In that iiosition he showed great ac-
tivity, adroitness and expedition in arrest-
ing criminals of various kinds, and was a
popular county oflRcer.
February 25, 1885, Col. Sheelian was aji-
pointed, by President Arthur, agent for the
("liipi)ewa Indians of the White Earth Agen-
cy of Minnesota. This office he held for
more flian four years, or until June, 1889.
His service was of great value and impor-
fance, and acceptable both to the govern-
ment and the Indians. He took a promi-
nent part in making what was known as the
I'.ishop Whipple treaty of 188G, and the Hen-
ry M. Rice treaty of 1889, with the Chippe-
v»as of Minnesota.
In May, 1890, he was appointed dcpuly
United States marshal, by Col. J. <'. Dcma-
liower. He has held the position evei- since,
under all the changes of administration, in-
cluding the present Republican incumbent.
Hon. W. H. Grimshaw. Col. Sheehau him-
self has always been a Republican. He has
made a most efficient and valuable officer,
has often been entrusted with matters of
large responsibility' and has always dis-
charged his entire duties with intelligence
and satisfaction.
While in service as deputy marshal un-
der Marshal O'Connor, in October, 1898, Col.
i^heehau took a prominent and an active
part in the incidents connected with the bat-
tle with the Chippewa Indians at Sugar
I'oiut, which is described elsewhere in this
volume. His intimate acquaintance with
the Leech Lake Indians — having for four
years been their agent — and his thorough
knowledge of Indian character generally, en-
abled him to be of great service on this oc-
casion. He was first sent up to Leech Lake
to arrest the turbulent Indians who had re-
sisted and who were still defying the au-
thorities and the law. He accompanied the
force under General Bacon and Alarshal
O'Connor that went from Walker to Sugar
Point, and it was Col. Sheehan in person
who arrested the first of the lawless Bear
Islanders for whom warrants had been is-
sued. When the battle began he at once
became a participant and fought as he did
at Ridgely. During the fight he was wound-
ed three times — in the right arm, in the hip,
and severely across the abdomen — yet he
never left the field. The wounds he re-
ceived at Sugar Point made seven given him
ii) battle — two at Ridgely, two at Nashville
and three at Sugar Point.
In the opinion of the best informed a
jiiece of work performed by Col. Sheehan in
the battle of Sugar Point contributed very
largely to saving the white forces from ut
ter defeat, if not from annihilation. This
was his charge with a platoon of soldiers
and deputy marshals on the Indian left
tiauk which was being pushed around and
threatened to envelop Gen. Bacon and his
entire command. Mr. Will H. Brill, of the
St. Paul Pioneer Press, who has written^and
jmblished the standard account of the Sugar
I'oint affair, says:
"Meanwhile Col. Sheehan had taken
charge of the fighting on the right of the
flank, and he did wonders with the green
men that composed his command. He also
ri'fused to take shelter, but kept on walking
up and down the line, encouraging his men
and imploring them to keep cool. After the
first two or three volleys he ordered his men
to charge the fence on the right, under cover
of which the Indians were pouring in a cross
lire. The charge was successful and the In-
dians were driven off. In this charge twelve
of his detachment of twenty men were killed
and wounded."
Col. Sheehan's conduct in the Sugar
Point fight was the theme of admiring com-
ment from the public press of the state and
ihc nation and he received numerous letters
of congratulation from friends and associ-
ates. Ex-Governor xMcGill wrote him as fol-
lows:
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHAVEST.
"St. Paul. October 12, 1898.
IXnir Col. Sheehan : —
I fongi-atulate you on the gallant part
you played in the recent battle at Leec-h
Lake with the hostile Indians, and I am pro-
foundly grateful that your life was spared.
In your ease the hero of '6'J has become the
hero of '98. It has been thirty-six years
since your famous tussle with the red men
at Fort Ridgely. The lapse of time seems
neither to cool your blood nor modify your
courage. You are the same gallant oflfieer
you were when I first met you at St. Peter,
after the siege of Fort Ridgely. I did not
meet you personally then, but saw you, and
have always since that time carried you in
my mind and heart as one of Minnesota's
most gallant soldiers and bravest men.
God bless you. Colonel, for all you have done
and endured. But don't do so any more.
You have won the right to refrain from fur-
ther Indian fighting. Let the younger men
do the rest of it. We want you with us as
long as the rest of us live. Poor Major Wil-
kinson! How sincerely I mourn his death.
It was simply the chance of war that his life
was taken while jours was spared. Again
congratulating you on j-our courage and
never-failing grit, and again admonishing
you to stop fighting, I am sincerely.
Your friend,
A. R. McGILL."
Col. Sheehan was married in November,
1866, to Miss Jennie Judge, who was also
bcrn in Ireland. They have three sons now
grown to manhood and named Jeremiah,
George W., and Edward Sheehan. Mrs.
Sheehan is an accomplished and most esti-
mable lady and a worthy companion for her
husband. She is jn-ominent in church work
and other beneficent movements and a well
known member of the best social circles.
One of the state historians, who has long
and intimately known Col. Sheehan, says:
"All the woi'ld admires a hero. And
when he has been brave and imperiled him-
self in a right cause and the fruit of his
courage is a substantial benefit to his fellow
u:en, he is to be honored for all time. With
true courage come the other qualities and
elements which constitute right manhood
and make a man worthy of right distinction.
As one who fills this measure — as one who
has fought the battles of liis state and his
country and by his invincible courage and
fidelity saved hundreds of valuable lives and
a great area of territory from destruction,
and as one who, as a citizen, soldier, and
public official has made an unblemished rec-
())-d, Col. Sheehan well merits his place
among Minnesota's most honorable and
distinguished men. And it is gratifying
and good to say that, with the blessings of
Providence, there are many more years of
distinction and usefulness before him.
Well does Col. Sheehan deserve the gold and
bronze medals which adorn his breast."
The fine, substantial monument erected
at Fort Ridgely to commemorate the defense
of the fort against the Sioux Indians during
the massacre of 1862, is 52^ feet in height
from its foundation, with a base of 14 feet
square, and composed of Minnesota granite
from the Rockville quarries near St. Cloud.
The inscriptions are on white bronze tab-
lets, securely fastened to the granite dies.
Upon the east side of the main shaft, above
the dies, is a life-sized bronze medallion of
Lieut. T. J. Sheehan, cast at Philadelphia
from a photograph taken near the time he
was in command. The monument was com-
pleted and set during the month of Septem-
ber, 1896. It stands on the exact site of the
former flag staff of the fort in the center of
the parade ground. The inscriptions are as
follows:
IN MEMORY OF THE FALLEN;
IN RECOGNITION OF THE LIVING;
AND FOR THE EMULATION OF
FUTURE GENERATIONS.
Erected A. D. 1896, by the State of Minne-
sota, to preserve the sight of Fort Ridgely, a
United States military post established in
1853, and especially to perpetuate the names
and commemorate the heroism of the sol-
diers and citizens of the State, who success-
fully defended the Fort during nine days of
siege and investment, August 18-27, 1862,
and who gallantly resisted two formidable
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST
and protracted assaults upon it, made Aug.
20 and 22, 1SG2, by a vastly superior force of
Sioux Indians under command of Little
Crow and other noted Indian leaders and
■warriors.
August 18, 18G2, the Sioux Indians of the
Upper Minnesota River, in violation of their
treaties, broke into open rebellion, and with-
in a few days thereafter massacred about
one thousand citizens in the southwestern
part of the state, and destroyed property of
the value of millions of dollars. Many men,
women and children fled to Fort Ridgely and
were under its protection during the siege.
The successful defense of the fort by its
garrison, consisting of parts of Companies
p. and C, Fifth Regiment Minnesota Volun-
teer Infantry, the "Renville Rangers," and
citizens and refugees, was very largely in-
strumental in saving other portions of Min-
nesota from ravage and devastation, and
greatly contributed to the ultimate defeat of
the Indians and their expulsion from the
State.
During the entire siege of Fort Ridgely the
garrison was skillfully commanded by Lieut.
Timothy .J. Sheehan, of Co. C, 5th Regiment,
Minnesota Infantry. He was ably assisted
by Lieut. Norman K. Culver, Co. B, of
the same regiment, Acting Post Quarter-
master and Commissary, in charge of de-
tachments; Lieut. Thos. P. Gere, Co. B,
oth Minnesota Infantry, in command of
the portion of his company present (Capt.
John F. March and 23 men of that company,
and Peter Quinn, U. S. Interpreter, having
been killed by the Indians at Redwood
Ferry, Aug. 18, 18fi2); Lieut. James Gorman,
in command of the Renville Rangers; Hon.
Benj. H. Randall, in charge of armed citi-
zens; Ordnance Sergeant John Jones, of
the Regular Army, in general charge of the
artillery, with Sergt. James G. McGrew, Co.
B. 5th Minnesota Infantry, and Mr. John C.
^^'hipple. each in charge of a gun. Dr. Al-
fred Muller, Post Surgeon. The names of
the other defenders of the Fort appear else-
where on this monument and are as follows:
CO. B. 5th MIXN. INFTY.
1st Lieut. K. K. ("ulver, I'ost Quartermaster
and Commissary.
2d Lieut. Thos. P. Gere, Commanding his
(I'ompany.
Sergts. Jas. G. McGrew, A. C. Ellis, Jno. F.
Bishop.
Corpls. W. E. \Yinslow, T. I). Huntley, C. H.
Hawley, Michael Pfremer, Arthur Mc-
Allister, Allen Smith, J. C. McLean.
Drummer, Chas. M. Culver; Wagoner, Elias
Hoyt.
PRIVATES.
(Jeo. M. Annis,
Jas. M. Atkins,
Chas. H. Baker,
Chas. Beecher,
Wm. H. Blodgett,
Christ Boyer,
John Brennan,
L. M. Carr,
W. H. H. Chase,
James Dunn,
Caleb Elphee,
A. -J. Fauver,
J. W. Foster,
Columbia French,
Ambrose Gardner,
W'm. Good (w'd),
W. B. Hutchinson,
L. W. Ives,
J. W. Lester,
Isaac Lindsey,
Henry ^Martin,
J. L. McGill (w'di,
•lohn McGowun,
J. M. Muuday,
Jas. Murray,
E. F. Ilehrhood,
Thos. Parsley,
\\'. J. I'errington,
II. F. Pray,
Antoine Rebenski,
Heber Robinson,
Andrew Ruf ridge (w'd),
Lauren Scripture, •
John Serfling,
R. J. Spornitz (w'd),
Sam'l Steward,
Wm. J. Sturgis,
Wm. A. Sutherland,
Ole Svendson,
M. J. Tanner,
J. F. Taylor,
J. A. I'nderwood,
Stephen Van Buren,
Eli Wait,
O. G. Wall,
A. W. Williamson,
M. II. Wilson.
CO. C, 5TH INFTY.
1st Lieut. T. J. Sheehan, Coiiimanding (w'd).
Sergts. John P. Hicks, F. A. Blackmer (w'd),
John C. Ross.
Corpls. M. A. Chamberlain, Z. C. Butler,
A\in. Young, Dennis Porter (w'd).
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
PRIVATES.
!S. P. Beighley, Ij. C. Jones (w'd),
E. D. Brooks, K. I. Lowtliian,
J. M. Brown, A. J. Luther (w'dj,
J. L. Bullock, Jolm Malachy,
Chas. E. Chapel, John McCall,
Zachariah Chute, Orlando McFall,
L. H. Decker, F. M. McKeynolds,
Chas. Dills, J. H. Mead,
Chas. H. Dills, J. B. Miller,
Daniel Dills, Dennis Morean,
S. W. Dogan, Peter Nisson,
L. A. Egj>leston, Andrew Peterson,
ITalvor Elefson, J. M. Rice,
Martin Ellingson, Chas. A. Rose,
C. J. Graudy, K. F. Ross,
Mark M. Greer (killed), Edward Roth,
J. P. Green, C. O. Russell,
A. K. Grout, W. S. Russell,
Andrew Gulbrauson, Isaac Shortledge (w'd),
Peter E. Harris (w'd), Josiah Weakley,
Philo Henry, G. H. Wiggins,
Jamas Honan, J. M. Ybright,
D. N. Hunt, James Young.
RENVILLE RANGERS.
1st Lieut. James Gorman, Commanding
(wounded).
Sergts. Theophile Richter, John McCole,
Warren Carey.
Corpls. Louis Arner, Dieudonne Sylvestre,
Roufer Burger.
PRIVATES.
Urgel Amiot, B. H. Goodell,
Joseph Auge, R. L. Hoback,
Geo. Bakerman, Geo. La Batte,
Rocque Berthiaume, Fred La Croix,
Ed. Ribeau, Joseph La Tour,
John Bourcier, Cyprian Le Claire (w'd),
Pierre Boyer, Medard Lucier,
Sam'l Brunelle, Moses Mireau,
l»avid Carpenter, Theophile Morin,
Antoine Chose, A. B. Murch,
Geo. Dagenais, Ernest Paul,
Fred Denzer, Henry Pflaume,
Henry Deuzer, Henry Pierce,
Alexis Demerce, Joseph Pereau,
Francois Demerce, Thos. T. Quinu,
Carlton Dickinson, Magloire Robidoux,
James Delaney, Joseph Robinette (w'd),
Louis Demeule, (>has. Robert,
Joseph Fortier (w'd), Francois Stay.
ARMED CITIZENS.
B. H. Randall. Commandinf;.
\A'm. Anderson, Victor Rieke,
Robt. Baker (killed), Louis Robert,
Werner Boesch,
Louis Brisbois,
Wm. Butler,
Clement Cardinal,
M. A. Dailey,
J. W. De Camp,
Frank Diepolder,
Henry Diepolder,
Alfred Dufrene,
J. C. Fenske (w'd),
Jo. Jack Frazer,
T. J. Galbraith,
E. A. C. Hatch,
Patrick Heffron,
Geo. P. Hicks,
Keran Horan,
John Hose,
Joseph Kochler,
Louis La Croix,
James B. Magner,
John Magner,
Oliver Martelle,
Pierre Martelle,
Louis Sharon,
Chris. Schlumberger,
Gustav Stafford,
Joshua Sweet,
Louis Thiele,
Nikolas Thinnes,
(). "\'anasse (killed),
A. J. Van Voorhes,
John Walter,
J. C. Whipple,
C. G. WykofE,
Xavier Zolner.
John Meyer,
John Nairn,
Dennis O'Shea,
Joseph Overbaugh,
B. F. Pratt,
J. C. Ramsey,
John Resoft,
Adam Rieke,
August Rieke,
Geo. Rieke,
Heinrich Rieke (died),
A number of women cheerfully and bravely
assisted in the defense of the Fort. The fol-
lowing named rendered especially valuable
services. They were detailed by Lieutenant
Sheehan to cast bullets and cook for the
men during the siege:
Anna Boesch, Mrs. E. Picard,
Kenney Bradford, Mrs. E. Pereau, .
Elizabeth M. Dunn, Wilhelmina Randall,
Margaret King Hern, Valencia J. Reynolds,
Mary A. Heffron, Mary Rieke,
Eliza Muller, Mrs. R. Schmahl,
Juliette McAllister, Mrs. Spencer,
Mary D. Overbaugh, Julia Sweet,
Agnes Overbaugh, Emily J. West.
Julia Peterson,
The historian of this volume will say
that the honors of this great defense belong
to all those who participated in it, but the
young Irish lieutenant who inspired his men
to such deeds of heroic valor and marched
his company forty-two miles in ten hours
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
to the defense of Fort Ridgely; took coiii-
inand of the fort, and directed its defense
with consuniniate skill, deserves to go down
to history along with those of the most hon-
ored commanders in all the years of border
warfare. His name shonld be written side
by side with those of Forsyth, Crooks,
Wayne and Jackson. He held the fort and
saved the lives of three hnndred women and
children and gave time for the people of
the state to rally to its defense.
May his well-won laurels ever be green.
and his name, indelible on the scroll of fame,
never receive ambition's taint, but like the
burnished gold be reflecting more glory
when children's diildren shall recount with
pride the valor and achievements of Timothy
J. Sheehan.
IRWIN, Alexander Francis, is one of the
most prominent of the younger physicians of
the city of Minneapolis. He has been assist-
ant city physician of Minneapolis since 1893,
and in that position has become favorably
known among all classes of the people. Dr.
Irwin was born in Chatham, Ontario, Can.
His mother was formerly a Miss Margaret
Campbell and his father is Thomas Ii*win, a
well-to-do farmer and a university regent
from his distinct. The early education of
young Irwin was obtained in the schools of
Canada and this was supplemented by
courses at the University of Toronto, and the
University of Michigan, from which institu-
tion he was graduated with honor in 1889.
He was honor graduate in natural science
and a gold medalist in ancient history. He
had early decided to become a physician and
his college work had been preparatory for a
medical course and considerable of it had
been completed when he entered the medical
department of McGill University, at Mon-
treal, from which university he was gradu-
ated with honors in 1890. Dr. Irwin decided
to locate in the middle west and came to Min-
neapolis in 1890, where he soon became well
known as a careful and successful physician.
In 1893 he was appointed assistant city
ALEXANDER F. lUWIN.
physician, and the experience gained in this
position has been invaluable to him. Dr.
Irwin is a member of the Hennepin County
Medical Association, and has served ag its
secretary. He also belongs to the State Med-
ical Association and the American Medical
Association. Dr. Irwin has traveled quite
extensively, as ill-health in 1896 caused him
to spend the winter in the South, when he
touied through Texas and Mexico. In the
winter of 1897 he again went South and on
this trip toured Mexico, Central America, the
West Indies and part of South America, go-
ing as far south as Buenos Ayres. He re-
turned to Minneapolis In the summer of 1898
and resumed his practice. Dr. Irwin is an ad-
herent to the principles of the Republican
party. He is a member of several fraternal
societies, among them the Royal Arcanum
and the Masonic order. He is not married.
NOHTON, Aretus K., M. D., one of the
best known physicians and surgeons of Min-
neapolis, was born at Byron, 111., August 13,
1850. His father, Hamilton Norton, a mem-
ber of one of the oldest families of the state
of New York, came from Rome, Oneida coun-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
AKE'I'IS K. XOKTdX.
ty of that state, to (Jalena, 111., in 1835 as a
colporteur of the American Tract Society.
He labored in that field for two years, and
then moved to Byron and engaged in farm-
ing. In 1854 he removed to Polo, 111., and
engaged for a time in the grain and lumber
business. He was appointed postmaster by
President Lincoln, and served in that capac-
ity during the administrations of Lincoln,
Johnson and Grant. He was a Republican
from the organization of the party. He died
in 1877 at the age of sixty-seven. The Nor-
ton family has an honorable position in the
early history of New York. B. F. Thomp-
son's "History of Long Island" has an ex-
tensive sketch of one member, of whom Dr.
Norton is a direct descendant. Nathaniel
Norton, the history says, was a native of
Long Island, born at Brookhaven in 1742.
At the lireaking out of the French War in
1756, he is recorded as having volunteered as
a private in the Provincial Corps commanded
by Major General Bradstreet. In the year
1760 he was stationed at Osewgo, N. Y., and
"displayed on all occasions the characteris-
tics of a brave and prudent soldier." In the
War of the Revolution he took the patriotic
side, and accepted a commission in 1776 as a
lieutenant of the Fourth New York Conti-
nental Regiment, commanded by Col. Henry
B. Livingston, with which he was connected
until 1781. He participated in the battle of
Monmouth, June 26. 1778, serving the artil-
lery in the organization known as the "Corps
(le Reserve." He afterwards accompanied
General Sullivan in the expedition against
the Six Nations Indians in the western part
of New York. He was prevented by sickness
from taking part in the battles of Bemis
Heights and Stillwater, which led to the sur-
render of Burgoyne and his army. When the
five New York regiments were consolidated,
lie was left without anny command, but was
commissioned the same year, by the governor
of the state, to raise money for the cause,
among the Whigs of Long Island and New
York. It was a secret commission, and the
better to conceal the matter. Captain Noi'ton
was put in command of a small vessel called
the "Suffolk." He was very successful and
disiliarged the duty with conspicuous fidel-
ity. Owing to his important services, con-
gress, by a special I'esohition, continued him
in rank, pay and enrollment until the close of
the war. At the close of the war he retired
to his farm at Brookhaven. He was gifted
as a public speaker, and eventually became a
minister of the Baptist church. He sei'ved
as pastor in Connecticut and at Herkimer,
N. Y. Owing to the disabilities of age, he
relinquished the ministry and lived in retire-
ment on ihe liberal pension granted him by
the government, and died, full of honors,
while on a visit to New York City, October
7, 1887. He was buried according to his de-
sire, at Brookhaven, his old home, and rests
in the Baptist church burial ground at Car-
um, having been escorted hither by his old
comrades of the Cincinnati, of which he was
the senior member. Dr. Norton's mother
was Ann J. Allyn, a native of Vermont, born
at Bennington, of early Colonial and Revo-
lutionary War ancestry. She was a descend-
ant of the noted Captain "Sam" Robinson
and of Stephen Dewey, one of Admiral Dew-
ey's ancestors. She is still living. The young
doctor obtained his academic education in
HISTORY Of THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the public schools. Having chosen the pro-
fession of medicine, he began his study in
the office of Dr. W. W. Barns, at Polo, 111.
In 1868 he entered the Chicago Medical ("dl-
lege — which was the medical department of
the Northwestern University — from which
he graduated March 12, 1872. He was im-
mediately ai)i)ointed physician with the Clu-
cago Relief and Aid Society, the ''great tire"
organization, in which service he remained
for two years. Tlie next two years were
sjient in the practice of medicine at SaA'ana,
111., removing thence to New Milford, and
then to Rockford, 111. In 1882, mainly on
account of his wife's health, he removed to
Minnesota, and settled at Detroit City, Bed;
er county, where he remained nine years and
established a large j)ractice. To secure the
advantages of a large city for his family, he
then removed to Minneapolis. In 1802 he
was aiijtointed medical inspector of the City
Health Department, and .sened in this capac-
ity until 1898, when he was made health com-
missioner, and occupied this j)osition until
January 8, 1901. Dr. Norton in politics has
always been a Republican. He is interested
in fraternal societies, being a ]Mason of high
degree, including the Scottish Rite and
Shrine. He is also a past grand master of
Odd Fellows, and has served as grand rep-
resentative to the Sovereign (Jrand Lodge.
He is likewise a member of the Commercial
Club. In religion he is a Congregationalist.
December 27. 1875, he was married to Mary
Lilla McArthur, daughter of the late Dr.
Alonzo McArthur, surgeon of the Civil War
Examining Board. They have three chil-
dren: Clinton McArthur Norton, William
Hamilton Noi-ton and Allvn Kent Norton.
SARGENT, George B., an early resident
and capitalist of Duluth, Minn., now de-
ceased, was of old New England stock, his
ancestors having come to this country from
England in early Colonial days. He was
born at Boston, Mass., in 1818. His advan
tages in early life were limited, and what
schooling he received was only elementary
in its character, yet it proved sufficient as a
GEIIKCE P.. S.VUGENT.
basis for the broad, practical education later
acquired by self-culture. He chose civil en-
gineering as his vocation in life, and being
industrious and economical in his habits by
his eighteenth year had laid by a c^psider-
able sum of money. He left his native state
in 1830 and came west, locating at Daven-
I)ort, Iowa, where he engaged in the banking
business. He met with considerable success
as a banker, and continued in that line of
business for about sixteen years, when he
was appointed surveyor general for the dis-
trict comprising the states of Minnesota, Wis-
consin and Iowa. In 1857 he was elected
mayor of the city of Davenport, and served
for a term of two years. He then resumed
his financial operations at Davenport, with
connections, also, in Boston. In 1863 he re-
moved, M'ith his family, to New York City,
and for six years was engaged as a banker
and broker in Wall street. He returned west
in 1809, locating at Duluth, where he organ-
ized the banking hou.se of Geo. B. Sargent &
Co., which acted as western agent for Jay
Cooke & Co., of New York, and other promi-
nent banking houses in the East. In 1870,
Mr. Sargent was appointed financial agent for
the Northern Pacific Railway Company, and
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
tile same year made a trip to Eiiroiie in the
interests (if that eomjian.v, transacting for it
many inijiortant deals. Duluth owes nuich
to Mr. Sargenfs aggressive spirit and his
deep interest in the development of the
Northwest. More than ten years before he
took up his residence at the head of the
(Jreat Lakes, he appreciated its strategic po-
sition and foresaw its commercial import-
ance when the vast resources of the country
to the west were developed, and so expressed
himself in a lecture delivered before the
Chamber of Commerce at Tremont Temple,
Boston, February 24, 1858. He was a man of
exceptional ability, and his long experiences
in the handling of finances made him a po-
tent force in the financial world. With the
co-operation of such strong institutions as
Jay Cooke & Co., Dodge & Co. and J. S. Mor-
gan & Co., of T\'all street, he was able to do
much toward laying the foundations for the
Northwest's future greatness. Duluth had
no citizen more devoted to its interests than
Mr. Sargent. Many of its early improve-
ments received their first impulse from him,
and it was largely due to his tireless energy
that they were successfully consummated.
He encouraged the erection of substantial
buildings and progressive enterprise general-
ly, often to the extent of contributing from
his individual capital; he laid out the London
addition to the city of Duluth, which is now
a beautiful suburban section, and was instru-
mental in attracting immigration toward that
city in the early 70's. Mr. Sargent was mar-
ried in 18.30 to Mary Perin. To them were
born ten children, only two of whom are liv-
ing: William C, whose biography appears
elsewhere in this work, and Mrs. F. W. Paine,
now living in Duluth. Mr. Sargent died in
1875.
BEADLE, William Henry Harrison.— It
is doubtful if any single person in the state
has been more influential in moulding the
policy and institutions of South Dakota than
fieneral W. H. H. Beadle, president of the
State Normal School at Madison, S. D. Com-
ing to the Territory of Dakota April 30, 1879,
when it was scarcely more than a paper or-
ganization, he has been a continuous, intelli-
gent, uplifting force in the development and
progress of the commonwealth from its crude,
inchoate condition, to its present proud posi-
tion of mature statehood. He has put his
impress especially upon the public school sys-
tem of the state, by securing the establish-
ment of the township school cor])orations,
and by his labors for the preservation of the
scliool lands and school funds. His services
as secretary of the commission to codify the
general laws of the territory were likewise
far-reaching in their results.
General Beadle was born January 1, 1838,
in Liberty township, Parke county, Ind., in a
tidy, hewn-log house built by his father in
1837, and which is still standing. His father,
James Ward Beadle, was born in Kentucky,
although his father, the grandfather of Gen-
eral Beadle, was a native of Virginia. The
Beadle American ancestors came from Eng-
land and settled in New York about the time
of the first English occupation of the prov-
ince. James Ward Beadle was one of seven
sons. His mother was of Scotch-Dutch ex-
traction, a woman of remarkable industry
and excellence of character. She educated
her own children, and made them honorable
and successful men. Some of the English
ancestors were Liberals and preachers of the
Nonconformist churches. James, however,
was a fanner and a merchant, dealing in pro-
visions. He packed pork and made eighteen
voyages to New Orleans in his own boats,
loaded with produce. Later he became a
land owner in good financial circumstances.
The maiden name of General Beadle's mother
was Elizabeth Bright. She was the daughter
of Captain John Bright and Elizabeth Bur-
roughs, of Maryland, where she lived until
1816, when the family removed to Kentucky.
^Mien a child she saw the burning of Wash-
ington by the liritish in the War of 1812.
Some of the troops landed on her father's
farm to get water from a great spring on the
place. Not long after, at the call of their
mother that "Washington was burning," the
children climbed up a ladder to the top of
the house and watched the fire during the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
evening. On their journeT to Kentucky the
family crossed the Potomac at Harper's Fer-
ry, then kept by Harper and his son-in-law,
Schwartz. Elizabeth was on horseback and
Harper advised and helped her to dismount,
for crossing the river, and then helped her to
remount. Her maternal grandmother was
Margaret Harrison, a native of England, and,
through ancestors, a relative of Benjamin
Harrison, of Virginia, a signer of the Decla-
ration of Independence. Collaterally Eliza-
beth was related to John Hanson, the ilary-
land patriot. Otherwise she was of pure
Scotch origin, and had the virtue and indus-
trial eiliciency of the women of that stock.
She remembered some Scotch songs taught
her by her grandfather, James Bright, and
she could speak the Scotch dialect a little,
and a few phrases were frequently on her
tongue through life. She had a twin sister,
Ann. Both lived to be nearly eighty-eight
years of age. Captain John Bright, and hi.s
wife, lived to the age of ninety-four, and
lacked only from December to May of having
lived sixty-five years as husband and wife.
He was the oldest soldier in Parke county,
Ind., and the (t. A. K. keeps a flag over his
grave every day in the year. The early edu-
cation of young William was begun in the
"subscription school," taught by a traveling
master, in a log school house, surrounded by
forests full of mystery. He saw a panther
before he was eight years old. His mother,
however, was a better teacher. His first book
was "Peter Parley's America''; the second,
"Robinson Crusoe." His maternal uncle had
a considerable library. He read the "Vicar
of Wakefield'' at ten, and Burns' poems at
twelve years of age. He holds in honored re-
membrance Miss Lavina Tucker, the first
woman teacher in that region. She had at-
tended for a jear the Quaker Academy at
Bloomingdale, eleven miles distant, and she
greatly advanced the education of the neigh-
borhood. In the fall of 1841) his father be-
came sheritt' of the county. This gave the
embryo general an opportunity to attend the
Rockville county seat school, where he took
an advanced standing, and while living upon
a farm near Rockville, he prepared for col-
WILLl.VM H. II. BEADLE.
lege. His father, one day, told him to look
forward to the ownership of the farm of 240
acres. But William declared that he would
not get married for a long time yet, and that
he wanted to go to college. After %iany
weeks of debate the father concluded to keep
the farm and to advance enough money to
give William a college education. He at-
tributes his energy to his father, what indus-
try he has to his mother, and many of his best
incentives to both, as well as to Miss Tucker,
his first woman teacher. Anti-slavery senti-
ment was then rising. His father and moth-
er and all their ancestry were anti-slavery in
principle and practice. Miss Tucker, from
the Quaker school, added her gentle influence
to the paternal trend. A fugitive slave was
one day reported captured north of his home.
He and five other boys went over to see him.
They saw two men on horseback ahead, one
of whom was leading a horse on which the
bareheaded, barefooted slave was tied by the
feet. Two more men rode behind. The four
white men were armed. This composed what
one of the boys called afterwards "the pro-
cession ol slavery.'' It made a deep impres-
sion on till' lads, anil of the six boys three lie
in soldiers' graves in the South. In the fall
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of 1S57. Mr. Beadle enteit^ the T'niTersity
of Michigan, anil, taking the < lassiial omrsi-.
graduated in 1801, in a ehiss strong in num-
bers and abilily. The first year in toUege he
secured a high standing. He was one of the
charter members iu ISaS of the Zeta Psi col-
lege fraternity; he was also one of the orators
chosen for the "Junior Exhibition," then a
lironiinent function in the college course.
Duriug the first semester of the senior year
he was unanimously elected president of the
Alpha iS'u — the leading literary society of
the university. Among his classmates were
the late President Edward Searing, of the
Minnesota Mankato 2Cormal School; Presi-
dent Charles K. Adams, of the Wisconsin
Universitj; General Byron M. Cutcheon and
Jonas H. McGowan, members of congress;
late Walter S. Perry, Charles H. Denison,
General Isaac H. Elliott, of Illinois; James
J. Hagerman, of Colorado, and others of note
in education and other professions. The
same institution bestowed ujion him the de-
gree of Master of Arts. In 18G7 he graduated
in the law department of the same university.
A college publication mentions him as a "suc-
cessful man of affairs, and a credit to the
university." He began his practice at Evans-
ville, Ind., and later continued it in pai-tner-
ship with Hon. George C. Hazelton, at Bos-
cobel, Grant county, Wis. In tlie full tide of
success, by reason of his long army service,
his health gave way. In the spring of 1S69
he accepted, at the hands of President Grant,
the position of surveyor general of the Terri-
tory of Dakota, and established Ms residence
at Yankton, where he made his home for
twenty years. \A'hile in this sei-vice, he be-
came, from personal observation in his ti-av-
els, thoroughly familiar with the extent and
excellence of the lands of the great territory,
and appreciated the vast heritage of school
lauds granted bj congress. It was double
the amount given to the older states. He
knew how the schiK>l lands had been frittered
away — if not squandered — in the states of
Indiana, Michigan. Wisconsin, and other
states, and believed that the school lands of
Dakota might be more productive to the
school fund. It became almost a passion
with him to bring about this result. He la-
bored year after year by perscmal interviews,
correspondence, lectures and in the constitn-
tional convention, to this end. He was for
nearly twelve years a member of the board
of education of Yankton and part of the tune
its president. In 1S78 Hon. William A. How-
ard, of Michigan, was aptpointed governor of
the territory. He selected General Beadle as
his private secretary. This giive him an ad-
vantage in promoting his plans for the cause
of education. In 187H he was apftointed
superintendent of public instruction, and
held that office over six years^n succession.
AAhen asked to accept he made known his
desires to save the school lands and to organ-
ize the School districts on the township plan.
In 1883 he secured the passage of a complete
school law. In 1885 he di-afted the school
article of the state constitution according to
his views. Although mntidated to some ex-
tent by his successors, the school law remains
today in most of its important points as Gen-
eral Beadle designed it. If j»ersistent efforts
and faithful service crowned with sncc-ess is
worthy of recognition. General Beadle may
well be called the "father of the school sys-
tem of the state." Congress afterwards em-
bodied his principles as to school lands in the
enabling acts of Xorth Dokota, Mantana,
^^'yoming, Idaho and Washington. In 1876
he was ajipointed secretary of the commis-
sion to codify the laws of the territory. His
work was very highly praised. Chief Justice
Shannon declared the result when he said
that General Beadle "Md a most scientific
knowledge of law." When the commission
made its lejKjrt he was elected, in 1877, a
member of the legislature from Yankton
county. He declined in a caucus, the nomi-
nation for sjteaker. and was ajipointed chair-
man of the judiciary c-ommittee. which had
charge of the codes. His work then has been
deemed one of the most valuable ever ren-
dered to the territory or state. After gradu-
ating in June. 1861, General Beadle s(K>n en-
listed in the Union army, in the "Wabash
Killemen," a company organized at Monte-
zuma, Parke county, Ind, The Universitr of
iCchigan added voluntary military drill to
HISTORY OF 'niK GREAT NORTHWEST.
iitlik'lics. Wlien Siiinter was fired upon, a
coiDiiany of sludciits ottered their wei'viees,
but (he men were persuaded to remain in
school until after graduation. The drill con-
tinued more assiduously, each studi^nt taiviu}'
turns as captain and drilling squads for prac-
tice. An officer of (he noled "Detroit Jvight
(luards" superintended I lie matter. When
the "Wahash Kiflemen" hcnuiie ( "ompany A,
of the 'J'hirty-lirst Kegiinenl, Indiana N'olun-
teer Infantry, (Jeneral IJeadie was commis-
sioned first lieutenant of that company.
Frederick Arn, a fc^wiss and a college class-
mate, was made captain. He was made major
and Jaeulenant Beadle \\:is coiumissioned
captain ^'ov. D, ISOl, while in I he field in
Kentucky. The regiment was in a brigade
attached to (Jeneral (irant's command for the
movement on Forls Henry and Donelson,
and continued in that relation until the cap-
ture of Corinth, in which Captain Headle
took so conspicuous a part that his company
was granted the place of honor at the head
of the column which first entered the city.
May ;J0, 18(;2. In the summer, Uoveruor Aus-
tin lilair, of Michigan, who favored univer-
sity men of merit, appointed Captain IJeadle
lieutenant colonel of the First Regiment of
Michigan Sharpshooters, with which he
served until June, 1804, when he was dis-
abled. He was then transferred to the Vet-
eran Ileserve Corps and reported at Wash-
ington, D. C. lie ser\ed in the defense of
Washington against Early's raid under the
eye of I'resident J.,incoln, Secretary Stanton,
and oth(?r distinguished men. His regiment
was placed in the defenses south of the Fo-
tomac. Here for a time he was in command
of the Third Urigade of De Jiussy's Division,
with headquarters at Fort Kichardson. One
day they heard the cannonading of the battle
of Winchester, famous for "Sheridan's Itide."
Early in the winter his regiment, for the ex-
cellence of its disciijline and faithful service,
was ordered to duty at the old Capital and
the Carroll I'rison, and at the Washington
arsenal and the navy yard. The commanders
of regiments and other field otticers were
made "officers of the day for all camps and
comnuinds throughout the city," and enjoin-
ed to make the rounds of the posts once after
midnight. About one o'clock on a morning
about Ihe middle of February, ISti.'j, on ap-
proaching the Executive Mansion with a
guaid taken from the regiment in its rear,
Ihe guard was challenged by the guard at the
jiorlico. At the comnuind to "halt" given
to the "grand rounds," there was a rattle of
arms. Fresident Lincoln immediately came
out of the door, somewhat startled at the
sound, and asked: "What is this?" Colonel
l'>c;i(llc replied, "Its all right, Mr. President.
It is only the inspection of the guard," offer-
ing his services to the president. They were
accepted, and he accompanied the chief
magistrate to the war office, where Secre-
taries Stanton and Seward, with an adjutant
and clerks, were waiting for the latest news
from (irant, Thomas, and others. Colonel
F.cadle remained and returned with the presi-
dent. The faithful duty of his regiment, the
Third Jiegiment, Veteran Reserve Coi-ps,
nuide such a reputation that Colonel Iteadle
was ordered to select three hundred men as a
guard at the Capitol during the second in-
auguration of I'resident Lincoln. Colonel
IJeadle, on duty, stood within fifteen ftet of
the president during the exercises. A few
days later (Jolouel IJeadle was order(;d to go
to Utica, N. v., to relieve the provost mar-
shal there. One of (Jolonel Beadle's reports
was the basis of the first parliamentary
■'quarrel" between James G. Blaine and Ros-
coe Conklin, which led to a committee of in-
vestigation, and later, to far-reaching polit-
ical consequences. In the muster out of
troops, he served at Brattleboro, Vt. On re-
turning, he was sent on duty to Richmond,
\'a., and to Raleigh, N. C, and finally to Wil-
mington, X. ('., where he commanded the
Southern District of North Caroline for some
months. The war being over, he ottered his
resignation, but it was refused on the state-
ment of General Howard that "the services
of such men could not be spared.'" He, how-
('\er, sent in another, through the senators
from Michigan, and they secured its accept-
ance, so that he was honorably discharged
March 2(i, ISGO. During his service of over
four years he was once wounded, and receiv-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTH^VE.ST.
ed three brevets, the last beino; that of briga-
dier general, "for gallant meritorious services
during the war."
(Jeneral IJeadle's work has been mainly in
edutational lines. He held temporarily the
position of sui)erinteudeut of the Harrison
Institute, an Indian industrial school near
Salem, Ore. He was, for some time, a mem-
ber of the governing boards of the Territorial
University and Normal Schools. In July,
1889, he was called to the presidency of the
State IS'ornial School at Madison, S. D. — the
position which he now holds. He is given
great credit for the upbuilding of this insti-
tution, which takes high rank among teacher-
training colleges. He knows what is needed,
and has the scholarship, experience and apti-
tude for teaching necessary to make such an
institution effective and successful. Among
fraternal societies he has adhered to the Ma-
sonic order, and has taken all the strictly
Masonic degrees, including the Thirty-third
degree of the Scottish Rite, Southern juris-
diction, in which he was for years deputy
general inspector. He is master of the Ori-
ental Consistory, No. 1, Yankton, S. D. He
is a companion of the Wisconsin Command-
ery of the Loyal Legion. His church rela-
tions have been for many years with the Con-
gregational church. On the 18th of May,
1863, he was mari-ied to Ellen S. Chapman,
who died July 21, 1897. Their only child,
Mae Beadle Frink, is the wife of Fred. G.
Frink, a student, engineer and university pro-
fessor.
General Beadle is a man of fine presence
and engaging manners. He is a forcible writ-
er and an effective public speaker, but a se-
vere attack of pneumonia, while a soldier,
created a bronchial trouble which limits the
exercise of his oratorical powers. Of his
many addresses, that delivered in 1888 at
Yankton, at the dedication of the monument
to Rev. Joseph Ward, D. D., a close friend
and co-laborer in the educational field, is one
of his best. In 1888 he wrote a work for
school use, entitled "The Geography, History
and Resources of Dakota Territory." In con-
nection with A. F. Bartlett, he wrote "The
Natural System of Teaching Geography."
His report for 1882-3-4, sketched very fully
the history of the territory, and discussed
('Aery phase of the school system, while giv-
ing its history. He has seen the state grow
rich without sharing to any considerable ex-
tent in its wealth. In one business enterprise,
the Yankton I'acking Company, he lost all he
had, but paid every penny of his obligations.
He retains, with wonderful vigor, the fiiin-
ness, industry and Scotch persistence which
have made him such a power in the state.
He holds the respect of the people of the
state and the confidence of all who know him
— students and associates. The state super-
intendent of public instruction, E. E. Collins,
in view of the success achieved, calls General
Beadle the "Grant of the state's educational
campaigns."
DEAN, William B., of the wholesale iron
house of Nicols & Dean, of St. Paul, Minn., is
one of the leading business men of that city,
and for the past forty years has been promi-
nently identified with its commercial and
financial interests. He is a native of Penn-
sylvania, and was born at Pittsburg in 1838,
the son of William and Aurelia (Butler)
Dean. He comes from old Colonial stock,
and is a lineal descendant of soldiers of the
Revolutionary War on both sides of the
house. His early education was received in
the public schools of Pittsburg, and later he
attended Bolmar's Academy, West Chester,
Pa. In 1856, he came west and located at
St. Paul, and for some time was engaged as
a bookkeeper for the hardware firm of Nicojs
& Berkey, successors to the late ex-Governor
W. R. Marshall, who established the house
in 1855. In 1860, Mr. Dean acquired Mr.
Berkey's interest, and the firm became Nicols
& Dean, by which style it has ever since been
known. On the death of Mr. Nicols, in 1873,
Mr. Dean associated with himself his broth-
er-in-law, Mr. J. R. Nichols. This firm is the
oldest, operating under the same name, in the
state of Minnesota. It enjoys an extensive
patronage and has a valuable reputation. A
man of strong character, and possessing the
confidence of the public in a high degree, Mr.
Dean has taken a prominent position in pub-
WILLIAM I!. I>EAN.
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
lie life. In politics, he is a Republican, and,
in 1894, was one of the Minnesota president-
tial electors on the Blaine and Logan ticket.
In 1890, he was elected a member of the uj)-
per house of the legislature, but declined a
re-election in 1894. Mr. Dean assumed a
prominent position in that bodv. He secured
important amendments to the St. Paul city
charter, and was influential in securing the
passage of the bill for the erection of the new
State Capitol building. For many years Mr.
Dean has been interested in the subject of
sound finance. In 1897 he was a delegate
from the St. Paul Chamber of Commerce to
the Indianapolis Monetary Convention, and
upon its organization was elected a member
of the executive committee. He was also
honored by being made a member of the
Monetary Commission, although this distinc-
tion came against his earnest protest. The
report of this commission is now accepted as
a standard authority on the subjects of stand-
ards, cuiTency and banking. When the
Northern Pacific was under construction in
Idaho, Mr. Dean was appointed a special ex-
amining commissioner for that portion of the
line by the president. He has been a mem-
ber of the St. Paul Board of Education, and
of the boards of fire and water commissions.
He is a director of the Second National and
the State Savings Banks, of St. Paul, and is
also a director in the Minneapolis, St. Paul &
Sault Ste. Mai-ie Railway. He is a member
of the Chamber of (Commerce and of the Job-
bers' Union, of St. Paul, and is a trustee of
Oakland Cemetery. He also belongs to the
Minnesota and the Commercial Clubs, and is
a member of the Presbyterian church. In
1860, he was married to Miss Mary C. Nicols,
a daughter of John Nicols, his former busi-
ness partner. To them have been born eight
children, six daughters and two sons.
LOUNSBERRY, Clement A.— To Colonel
Clement A. Lounsberry, of Fargo, N. D., is
due the credit of establishing the first news-
paper in North Dakota. As early as 1870 he
had arranged for the establishment of a
newspaper at the crossing of the Missouri
river by the Northern Pacific, when it sliould
reach that point, and with that in view dis-
jio.sed of his newspaper property at Wells.
Minn., and took temporary employment on
the ilinneapolis Tribune, where he was
recognized as a strong writer on topics per-
taining to the development of the city and
state, ])redicting' the marvelous development
that has come to Jlinneapolis and the state.
During the campaign of 1872 he was assign-
ed to aid Hugh Creen in the editorial man-
agement of the ]SIinneai)olis Times, an even-
ing jiaper which passed into other hands and
finally became merged into what is now The
Journal. It was here that his versatility as
an editorial writer was most noticeable, for
his editorials for the Times were quite as
widely copied and commented on by the pa-
pers of the state and the leading papei"s of
the country as were those for The Tribune,
taking the opposite view of the opposing
political forces. Both being under assign-
ment he was not open to the charge of carry-
ing water on both shoulders, however. No
man is more competent than Colonel Louns-
berry to go to the bottom of a subject and
bring out the various shades, or develop the
weak points. He is a quick and ready writer,
clean cut and forcible in expression, gener-
ous in criticism and always just and reason-
able. He conducted the Bismarck Tribune
for thirteen years and since then has been
connected with various newspapers as a
writer, and is now publishing The Record,
an historical and literary magazine at Fargo.
Colonel Lounsberry is well known as a legis-
lative reporter, having reported thirteen leg-
islative sessions in Minnesota and North Da-
kota, several terms for the Associated Press.
He was the correspondent who compiled and
telegraphed the New York Herald its mas-
terly report of the Custer massacre, one of
the greatest scoops on earth. He held the
wires until the Herald received fourteen
columns of nonpareil, but to cover contin-
gencies filed a copy of the New Testament for
the operator to use in case he ran out of
copy. But he did not run out. The first re-
port covered every detail, the list of dead and
wounded, details of the battle so far as they
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST
have ever been known, of the facts leading
up to it, interviews with the survivors,
guides, guards, cam]) followers, steamboat
captains, mates and roustabouts. Much of
the matter had, of course, been prepared foi-
him on the held and on the way down the
river, and his own correspondent, outfitted
and equipped by him. Mark Kellogg, claimed
by the Herald by his permission, had pre
pared considerable matter before he fell
with the other victims, which was gathered
up by General Brisbin and forwarded to him.
together with his own notes. This ga^c liiiu
time to interview General Terry, Dr. rorli r.
Grant Marsh, Fred Girard and all Of tlic
notable chai*acters among those who came
down on that sad but Hying trip of The Far
West, and to ari'ange and prejiare the report.
Colonel Lounsberry was born of New
York and New England ancestry in DeKalb
county, Ind., March 27, 1843. His father's
people settled previous to 1660 among the
Dutch on the Hudson, and the Lounsberry
farm, known as such in 1660, is still so
known. They went from the Hudson to
Stamford, Conn., and have long been known
as one of the leading families in New Eng-
land. His mothei"'s people, Weeks, came to
New England with Winthrop in 1635. His
father's mother was of the Eli Whitney fam-
ily. Every branch of his family and families
related have a record in the Colonial, Revo-
lutionary and other wars of the republic.
When the "V^'ar of the Rebellion broke out
Colonel Lounsberry was a homeless boy
working on a farm in Michigan for wages in
summer and doing chores for board in win-
ter. He was without a relative in the state
and without acquaintance excepting in the
two neighborhoods where he had worked.
He enlisted as a private and was at Alex-
andria the raoraing Ellsworth was killed,
Avas with Grant in his last compaigu, com-
manded his regiment on the Grand Review
at Washington, and was mustered out as its
commanding officer.
On page 875 of a volume publislied in
1879 by the state of Michigan, entitled
"Michigan in the War," we find the follow-
ing record of Colonel Lounsberry:
"Lounsberry, Clement A., Marengo, en-
tered service May 1st, 1861, as a private, com-
pany I, first (three months) infantry; wound-
ed and then taken prisoner July 21 sf 1861;
exchanged and mustered out July 1st, 1862;
enlisted, sergeant, company I, Twentieth
Michigan infantry, August flth, 1862; second
lieutenant, Jan. 26th, 1863; wounded and
taken prisoner, Jlay 9th, 18(i3; rescued May
.30th, 1863; first lieutenant, Nov. l!)th, 1863;
cai)taiu, May 12th, 1804; wounded in action
at Spottsylvania, ^'a., May 12th, 1864; bre-
vet major V. S. volunteers, Dec. 2d, 1864, for
gallant and meritorious service during the
present campaign before Richmond, Va.;
lieutenant colonel, Dec. 2()th, 1864; colonel,
March 11th, 1865; mustered out and honor-
ably discharged May 30th, 1865."
His regiment is recorded as having met
the enemy at Fredericksburg December 12,
13 and 14, 1862; Horse Shoe Bend, Ky., May
10, 1863; siege of Vicksburg, June 22 to July
4, 1863; Blue Springs, Tenn., Oct. 10, 1863;
London, Tenn., Nov. 16, 186:!; Lenoir Station,
Tenn., Nov. 15, 1863; Cauipbell Station,
Tenn., Nov. 16, 1863; siege of Knoxville, Nov.
17 to Dec. 5, 1863; Fort Sanders, Tenn., Nov.
HISTORY or' THE GREAT XORTHAYEST.
20.1Sf):'.; Thnrlev'sFoi-d.Dei-. 5, 18(ia; Stniw-
liorry Mains, Jan. 22. ISfii; Clincky Bend,
JIanli 14, 18(i4; Wildeiness, Va., Jlay 5, fi
and 7. 1861; Xy i-ivei-. May !). 1864; Spottsyl-
vania. Va., May 10, 11 and 12, 1864; North
Anna, Va., May 24 and 25, 1864; Kethe.sda
chui'ch, Va., Juue 2 and 3, 1864; Cold Hai-
lioi-, Va., June 7, 1864; Petersburg, Va., June
17 and 18, 1864; The Crater, Va., July :5(),
1S64; Weldon Railroad, Va., Aug. 19 and 21,
1864; Keams Station, Va., Aug. 25, 1864;
Poplar Spring.s church, Sept. 30; Pegrani's
Farm, Oct. 2; P.oydtown road, Oct. 18;
Hatcher's Run, Oct. 27 and 28, 1864; Fort
Steadnian, ^'a., March 25, 1865; capture of
Petersburg, April 3, 1865; and siege of
Petersburg, from June 17, 1864, to April 3,
1865.
Colonel Lounsbei-ry commanded the two
legiments. First Michigan sharj^shooters and
Second Michigan infantry, which occupied
Petersburg April 3, 1865, and caused the flag
to be raised on the court house and custom
house in that city houre before the arrival
of any other troops, and captured about 3,000
jn'isoners.
On page 1188, Chap. 63, War of the Re-
bellion, Series I., Vol. 51, Part I., will be
found a letter from John G. Parke, com-
manding 9th A. C., recommending among
others Colonel, then Captain, Lounsberry for
]iromotion. The name appears in the list as
follows: "Captain C. A. Lounsberry, Twen-
tieth Michigan Volunteers, for gallantry in
the actions of the Wilderness and Spottsyl-
vania; wounded May 12, 1864, being the
third wound received during the war."
Colonel Lounsberry before this recom-
mendation had been promoted from first lieu-
tenant to captain, the recommendation hav-
ing been made immediately after May 12, and
on December 2, Secretary Stanton informed
him that President Lincoln had appointed
him "for gallant and meritorious sen-ices
during the present campaign before Rich-
mond, Va., a major of volunteers by brevet.''
He was then acting assistant adjutant gen-
eral of Ely's brigade of the First Division of
the Ninth Army Corps, and soon aftei'wards,
having been promoted to lieutenant colonel.
look command of his own regiment, and was
later appointed colonel. The wound received
ill Spottsylvania was really the fourth re-
ceived during the war, the first two being at
Fir.st Bull Run. the third at Horseshoe Bend,
Ky., when Morgan attempted to cross the
Cumberland on a raid into Ohio, and the
fourth at the time mentioned by (leneral
Parke. The last wound has troubled the col-
onel through life, and in 1SS7 his leg was
broken as a result of it. He spent one year
in Confederate prisons, the last time escap-
ing rather romantically through the aid of
two young girls and the wife of a Rebel lieu-
tenant who had had the care of him, being
too badly wounded to be carried away. He
had been left in their care by General Mor-
gan.
In civil life Colonel Lounsberry was four
years county auditor of Martin county,
^finn., a justice of the peace later at Wells,
?Iinn., ten years postmaster at Bismarck, N.
D., four years a director in the penitenitai"y
board at Bismarck, and eight years a special
agent of the general land office, a position
now held by him. In recommending him for
his present position. General B. M. Cutcheon
said: "Colonel Lounsberry served under me
as a private, a sergeant, a second lieuten-
ant, a captain, as aide, and as assistant ad-
jutant general and chief of my staff, and
finally succeeded me as colonel, and I feel
that I can say that I think he was the brav-
est man I ever knew." General Noble, then
secretary of the interior, refused to read a
single endoi'sement or hear another wor^,
lint made the appointment on the. spot.
Three years later the commissioner of the
general land office wrote him that he had
advanced the work of the department ten
years. He was sent from North Dakota to
Nebraska, thence back to South Dakota, and
again to Noi'th Dakota, and thence to Wyo-
ming, Colorado, New Mexico, and then to
Oregon and A\'ashington, and back again to
Minnesota, having charge of as high as
twelve special agents, cleaning up and organ-
izing the work of cleaning up the muss that
Sparks had made in connection with the ad-
ministration of the public lands department.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
He was reinstated uj)on tlie request of Sen-
ator Hansbi-onj;li and Kepresentative Jolinson
under the civil service rules in 1807, haviuj;
been dropped by President Cleveland. In
whatever position Colonel Louusberry has
been placed he has had the reputation of hav-
inj;' done his duty fearlessly. He is a com
nninicant in the Episcojjal church, a Knijilit
Templar in JIasonry, and his ])rivate life has
been without rejjroach.
Colonel Louusberry has four sons. Wells
J.cuinsberry, of St. Paul; George, Fred and
William, of Uuluth, and one daughter, Hat-
tie, wife of C. E. ^^ Drajier, of Mandan.
OLSEN, John Wayenblaz.— The present
state superintendent of public instruction
came from Denmark to Minnesota when a
child seven years old, with his parents, who
settled in Freeborn county, in 1871. He was
born in Copenhagen, Denmark, April 28,
1864. His father was jS'els Olsen, a farmer of
Danish birth, who came to this country with
but little means. His mother was also of the
same nationality. Young John began his
education in the district schools of Freeborn
county. He then went to the Albert Lea
high school, and from there to the Normal
College a Valparaiso, Ind., where he gradu-
ated in 1887, with the degree of Bachelor of
Science. Afterwards he did college work and
taught in country schools. In 1886-7 he was
principal of the schools at Alden, Minn. He
then went to Kansas and was principal at
Holton, Kan. In 1889-1(0 he read law with
Lovely & Morgan at Albert Lea. In 1890 he
was elected county superintendent of schools
of Freeboi-n county. His success in this held
was very marked. He was elected to this
position for six successive terms and made a
wide reputation for his superior administra-
tion of the schools of the county, and by his
efficiency secured an extended acquaintance
with the teachers of the state. In 1896 he
was elected president of the County Su])erin-
tendents' State Association. In 1899 he was
made president of the Minnesota Teachers"
Reading Circle. In 1900 he was supported
by a strong representation of the teachers in
the state for the position of state superinten-
dent of public instrucion, and was appointed
to the position by Governor Van Sant — an
office which he now holds. Mr. Olsen has al-
ways been a Republican. For the last ten
years he has taken an active part, being many
times a delegate to the district, county, and
state conventions of his party. In 1900 he
was the chairman of the Couuty Republican
Committee of Freeborn Couuty. In religion
Mr. Olsen is a Methodist, and is the secretary
of the Board of Trustees of the First Meth-
odist church of Albert Lea, and is the s\iper-
intendent of its Sunday school. He was mar-
ried July 21, 1891, to Carrie L. Naylor. They
have three children — Olive M.. Florence M.
and Carroll B. Olsen.
WIRTH, Carl. — Among the physicians
and surgeons of the Northwest, who have be-
come conspicuous for their surgical skill and
success in their profession, the name of Dr.
Carl Wirth, the well known surgeon and
physician of St. Raul, must stand in the front
rank. He is a native of Germany, having
been born in Rhein-Hessen, in 1845. He re-
ceived his literary training in the public and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
CARL WIKTH.
IjriTate schools aud gjuiuasia of his native
country. In the seventies he came to the
United States and at once entered into the
spirit of a true citizen of his adopted coun-
try. He chose medicine for a profession.
Having a sound preliminary basis on which
to build, he attended the Chicago Medical
College at once, beginning in 11S70, and grad-
uated in 1S73. He then, after the thorough
manner characteristic of German scholars,
took a post-graduate course at the celebrated
Kush Medical College of the same city. He
was now more than commonly equipped for
his work. He began his regular practice at
Plymouth, Wis., where he met with immedi-
ate success in establishing a large practice.
This work he continued tor nine years. He
then left Plymouth, to pursue his studies
still further in Germany, where he attended
some of the best medical colleges and hos-
pitals. On his return, in 1885, he settled in
St. Paul, to have a larger field for his ad-
A'anced skill. The result has justified his ex-
pectations. He has lived there ever since,
and has secured a very extensive and lucra-
tive i>ractice. For the past seven years he
has made a specialty of treating tuberculosis
of the lungs by a system of hypodermic in-
jection which has met with very gratifying
success. He has always taken an interest in
])ublii' affairs, and has been i)rominent in the
Kepublican party, of which he is a member.
He was chosen for a presidential elector in
1!)00 from the Fourth district of the state.
He is likewise active in educational and liter-
ary nuitters, and was a member of the St.
Paul I.ibrary Board. His friends are verj-
numerous, and he is held in great esteem by
them, not only for his professional skill, but
for his qualities as a citizen, neighbor', and
an upright man.
SHAW, Thomas, Professor of Animal
Husbandry in the University of Minnesota,
and sijecial lecturer on agriculture and live
stock to the Farmers' Institutes of that state,
is well known throughout the Northwest.
He is regarded as one of the highest authori-
ties on the science of agriculture and has
few, if anj', equals in this country. Profes-
or Shaw was born at Niagara-on-the-Lake,
Outai'io, Can., January 3, 1843. His father,
Robert Shaw, emigrated to Canada from
Ayrshire, Scotland, soon after attaining his
majority, aud laboi-ed for many years at hia
trade, that of a caiijenter. The latter decades
of his life were spent on a farm near Hamil-
ton, Out. His wife, Margaret Carnachan,
was also a native of Ayrshire, Scotland. She
reared a family of five sons and four daugh-
ters; two of the sons are now deceased,
though the aged mother is still living. Both
father and mother were plain. God-fearing
people of the stock of the old Covenanters,
the ancestors of Mr. Shaw having been shep-
herds for several generations. Thomas at-
tended the common district schools until his
sixteenth yeai", the summers being spent in
work on the farm. During that time, how-
ever, he had access to an old Association
library in the village of Woodburn, near his
home, and here found his inspiration for a
higher learning. He thus qualified himself
as a teacher and began teaching in the, dis-
trict school when only sixteen years of age,
and though his earnings were small, soon
saved sufficient money to make the purchase
HISTORY OF THE GHEAT NOUTinVEST.
of a hundred acres of land, and, later on, of a
second hundred. During the ten years he
taught school he was constantly engaged in
farm work, and succeeded so well that in the
course of a few years he was owner of five
hundred acres. In 1882, Mr. Shaw began the
publication of the "Stock-Raisers' Journal"
to advocate his ideas as to successful stock
raising and dairying. Later the name of the
paper was changed to "The Canadian Live
Stock and Farm Journal." It was a success
from the start and is regarded as a leading
exponent of the live stock industry in the
Dominion. Mr. Shaw sold his publication in
1888 to accept the appointment of I'rofessor
of Agriculture at the Ontario Agricultural
College and superintendent of the experi-
ment farm, located at Guelph. His work in
connection with that institution gave him a
wide reiJUtatioD. He assisted in organizing
the Central Farmers' Institute at Toronto in
1887 and was its first secretary. For six sue
cessive years he competed for and won the
prize offered by the Agricultural aud Arts
Association, of Ontario, for the best and
mo.st useful essay on some farm topic. In
1888, at the request of the Minister of Educa-
tion, he prepared a text-book on elementary
agriculture for use in the schools of Ontario,
which was adopted and is in general use in
the Dominion and in different parts of the
United States. I'rofessor Shaw took the
chair of Animal Husbandry in the Univer-
sity of Minnesota in the fall of 181)3. His
services in that connection have been invalu-
able to the agriculturists of the state. He
was the first to advocate the growing of the
rape plant in the United States, aud five
million head of sheep and lambs are fattened
on it annually; was the first to fight the bat-
tle in favor of the dual purpose cow, and was
the first to advocate growing the bacon type
of pig, a controversy which is still in prog-
ress. He is a constant contributor to "The
Canadian Live Stock and Farm Journal,"
and a frequent contributor to "The Bi-eeders'
Gazette," of Chicago; "The National Stock-
man," of Pittsburg; "The Ohio Farmer," of
Cleveland, and "The Live Stock Report," of
Chicago. Among others, he has also writ-
ten the following books: "Weeds and Meth-
THOMAS .SlIAW.
ods of Eradicating Them"; "Forage Crops
Other Than Grasses"; "Soiling Crops aud
The Silo"; "The Study of Breeds," and 'Ani-
mal Breeding,'' several of which are used as
standard text-books in all or nearly all of the
agricultural colleges of this country. Mr.
Shaw is a member of the Presbyterian
i-liunli, and has taught Bible classes almost
uninterruptedly for forty years. July 4,
1865, he was married to Mary Janet Sidey,
and four children have been born. Robert
Sidey, the eldest, is Professor of Agriculture
at the Montana Experiment Station; Will-
iam Thomas is assistant in the entonudogical
department of the Iowa Agricultural Experi-
ment Station; May Isabella is married to
Dr. M. H. Reynolds, Professor of Veterinary
Science at the LTniversity of Minnesota, and
Florence Williams, the youngest, lives with
her parents.
PAINTER, Jonathan Ellsworth.— The
desirability of the introduction of manual
training into the public schools a few years
ago was a matter for serious debate. Now
its cost is considered as legilimate an item of
public expense as that of any of the tradition-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST
JONATHAN E. PAINTER.
al subjects. Experieuce lias demonstrated
that the pupils are the better for it, physical-
ly as well as mentally. It is, therefore, of the
utmost importance that the superintendence
of such instruction should be in the hands of
thoroughly competent men. Such a man is
Prof. Jonathan E. Painter, supervisor of
manual training in the public schools of Min-
neapolis, Minn. Mr. Painter was born No-
vember 2[), 1862, near Newark, Licking coun-
ty, Ohio. His father, William Painter, fol-
lowed the occupation of a teacher in early
manhood, and throughout his whole life was
an active promoter of all matters which were
calculated to benefit the educational inter-
ests of his own community. He was a soldier
in the War of the Rebellion, serving as ser-
geant of Company P, 135th Regiment, Ohio
Volunteer Infantry. Julina Latta Robinson,
the mother of our subject, was a teacher also
before her marriage. A Christian woman of
great strength and sweetness of character,
she impressed herself strongly upon her chil-
dren and inspired in them an ambition to live
fruitful, industrious lives, and do well what
was allotted them to do. She was a native
of the ]}uckeyc state, as was her husband.
her parents having migrated to that state
from ^'iI•ginia. The remote ancestry of the
Painter family was Scotch-Irish. Jonathan's
early life was spent on the farm, and the only
instruction received was that afforded by the
country sihool. He taught in the country
schools for a number of yeai-s, later entering
the Ohio Normal University, at Ada, and
graduated in the class of 1801. He then went
to Boston and studied one year in the Sloyd
Training School of that city, teaching at the
Liverridge Institute of Industry while pui-su-
ing this course. He received a certificate for
one year's work in the Boston Art School
night classes. He also taught one tenn in
the North Bennett Street Industrial School.
In September, 180?>, he came to Minneapolis
to take up the work of his present position.
His services in that connection have been
eminently satisfactory. Manual tr-aining in
the Minneapolis schools has been brought to
a high state of perfection, and this has been
largely due to Mr. Painters untiring indus-
try and devotion to his work. Mr. Painter is
a Republican in politics, but does not take an
active interest in political affairs. His re-
ligious affiliations are with the Baptist
church, of which he is a member. June 12,
1895, he was married to Fannie Fernald Bar-
bour. To them have been born two children:
Flemming Winfield and Fernald Ellsworth.
HAL\'t)RSEN, jNIarcellus, editor and pro-
prietor of the "Enterprise," Albert Lea,
Minn., was born in Egersund, Norway, Feb-
ruary 24, 1855. His father, Rasmus Halvor-
sen, was engaged in the mercantile business
in Norway for many years. In June, 1863,
he came to the United States with his family,
living for a short time at Chicago, then in
Racine and Vernon counties, Wis. In the
fall of 1864 they removed to Newburg, Fill-
more county, Minn., remaining here until the
spring of 1866, when they moved to Forest
City, Iowa. In the old country Mr. Halvor-
sen was connected with the Lutheran church,
but when he came to America joined the Nor-
wegian-Danish M. E. church, and was a mem-
ber of the Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa
HISTOKY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
conferences of that denomination and a min-
ister' of the gospel for a number of years.
His wife's maiden name was Mechaline Chris-
tine Madland. llarcellus attended a private
school in Norway, but after coming- to Amer-
ica his education was limited to attendance
at the ])nblic schools. In early youth he
worked at farming, and when about fourteen
years of age entered the Winnebago Press
office, at Forest City, as an apprentice. He
worked in that office for two years, learning
the printer's trade, at the end of which time,
in company with another, he purchased the
plant. In the summer of 1871 he became the
sole owner of the entire outfit, and was the
youngest editor and publisher in the state of
Iowa. He continued in the printing business
at Forest City until the fall of 1S74, when
he sold out and removed to Lake Mills, Iowa,
where he started the Independent Herald.
Tills he sold the following August, when he
purchased the Enterprise at Albert Lea,
Minn. The plant was in a run-down condi
tion, but the youthful editor took hold with
great vigor, added new type and other facili-
ties, and advanced the price of the paper
from one to two dollars per year. Instead
of losing, it gained new subscribers, was
placed on a paying basis, and the following
spring was enlarged to a six-column quarto.
In 1878 the Enterj)rise moved into new of-
fices, and Mr. Halvorsen purchased a power
cylinder press, the first brought to Albei-t
Lea. In 1883 he formed a partnershij) with
Clint L. Luce, which was continued until
1897, when he bought out Mr. Luce's interest
and became sole owner. In 1899 he moved
the plant to a large two-story brick building
on Clark street, and has associated with him-
self his son, A. S. Halvorsen. The Enter-
prise enjoys the largest actual and paid cir-
culation of any paper published in Freeborn
county. In politics Mr. Halvorsen is a Re-
publican. He was a delegate to the Repub-
lican state convention of Iowa when only
seventeen 3'ears of age. In 1880 he was elect-
ed state senator by a thousand majority over
Dr. Ballard and D. N. Gates, opposition can-
didates, both older and highly esteemed men.
He made an excellent record in the senate.
JIAHL'ELLUS IIALVOKSIC.N.
serving on the judiciary, j)ublic lands, print-
ing, road and bridge and engrossed bills
committees. He introduced several impor
tant measures, and succeeded in g^ing
through a resolution dismissing sixteen sen-
ate employes. He could easily have been re-
nominated in 1890, and elected, if he had
taken any personal interest in his own cam-
](aign. Mr. Halvorsen is a member of the
I. O. O. F., the M. W. A. and the M. 15. A.
August 15, 187(t, he was married to Mildred
A. Salsiih, at Hail land. Wis. Three children
were born to tlieiu: Alexander S., associated
with his father, and Hope, attending the juib-
lic schools. One, a son, is dead.
AVILLIAMS, Erastus A., U. S. Surveyor
General of North Dakota, came to Yankton,
Dakota Territory — now South Dakota — in
May, 1871, and came to the settlement then
without name and now Kismarck, the capital
city of North Dakota, by wagon train in
1872. It was largely through the etforls of
(leneral Williams thai the town was finally
given its present iiaiiic lie was born at
Mvslic River, Conn., October i:!, 1S.")(). His
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
EUASTfS A. \MLLIAJ1S.
father, Daniel K. Williams, was a lumber
manufactui-ei- in ^^■isconsin. He was a man
full of energy and enterprise. He was in Cali-
fornia in an early day, but finally settled in
the lumber regions of Wisconsin. General
Williams' mother's maiden name was Matilda
Appleman. Like her husband, she was of
old New England ancestry. Erastus was
nine years old when his parents moved to
Wisconsin, and his early years were spent in
lumber camp surroundings, where he gained
a knowledge of men and things while obtain-
ing his school education. He went to Illinois
to study law, and in 1871 was admitted to
practice at Freeport, where, eleven years
later, he mari-ied his wife. Immediately after
his admission to the bar he struck out for the
west, and landed at Yankton, as mentioned.
His first employment at Bismarck was with
the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, and
soon afterward he entered the employ of the
Lake Superior & Puget Sound Land Com-
pany. In 1872 he was elected to the lower
house of the territorial legislative assembly.
In 1874 and 1875 he served as assistant
United States attorney, under Col. William
Pound. In 1874 and 1875 he was a member
of the territorial council. In the fall of 1882
he was again elected to the legislature of
1883, and chosen speaker of the house. In
1885 he was re-elected member of the house
and again in 1887. Preparatory to the for-
mation of the state of North Dakota he was
elected to the constitutional convention. He
was then elected a member of the first legis-
lature of the state. In all these positions
General Williams proved himself to be a
man of sound judgment and of marked abil-
ity. In 1800 President Harrison appointed
him U. S. Surveyor General, a position which
he held for four years. In 1896 he was again
elected to the legislature, and was a second
time made speaker of tlie house. In 1898
he was again appointed V. S. Surveyor Gen-
eral— this time by President McKinley — a
|)osition he still holds, with his home at Bis-
marck, of which city he has been a resident
since it was settled, (ieneral Williams is a
Republican, and has been one of the most
prominent and influential men of the state.
He is a member of the Masonic fraternity,
and prominent in political and social affairs.
In 1882 he ^\as married at Freeport, 111., to
Jennie E. Hettinger, who died in 1894. They
had five children: Eva E., Matilda A., Alice
J., Erastus H. and Odessa Williams.
REYNOLDS, Oeorge H., was born at La-
mont, Mich., January 20, 1852. His father,
Judge Reuben Reynolds, was a native of
Genesee couny, N. Y. Hs was educated for
the ministry, regularly ordained as a mem-
ber of the Methodist Episcopal Conference,
and preached for several years in that con-
nection. Removing to Lamont, Mich., he
married Lucia Aurora Tucker. Mr. Reynolds
liecame alienated from his denomination in
theology and pi-eached for several years as a
I'nitarian. In 1854 he removed to Roches-
ter, Minn., where he made his home for fif-
teen years, and was highly esteemed. He
served one term as the clerk of the district
court, and two tenns as judge of probate of
Olmsted county. During the war he held a
United States office in connection with the
jtrovost marshaVs department. In 1870 he
went to Alexandria and associated with
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Knute Nelson in tlip priiclicc of law, and was
larjjcly instminicntal in scriiriiii;- Mr. Nelson's
election to liis first term as eongressinan, foi-
Mr. Keynolds was a very eflicient caraiiaigii-
ei-. In 1S72 lie was a]i])ointert receiver of the
rnitcil States land office. In 1S7G lie remo\-
ed to llinneaiiolis and j)racticed law, liein;;
also a special jndj^e of the ninniciiial courl.
In 1S7!) he was Mp]iointed clerk of the conrt
of Folk county, at ("rookston, ■where he niiide
his home until his death in ISS!), durin<; his
sei\ ice as jud<;e of the district court to
which he had been promoted. Mrs. Reynolds
was the mother of ei^lit children, two sons
and two daufihters only livinj;- to mature af;e.
(reorpe II. Reynolds obtained his literary
education in the public schools of Rochester,
J! inn. For his professional traininfi he en-
tered the law school of the T^niversity of
Michigan, and graduated in 1X75. He imme-
diately formed a partnershi]) with Knute
Nelson — now United States senator — and
commenced practice at Alexandria, Douglas
county, Minn. Mr. Reynolds practiced in
this relation, through three seperate part-
nership agreements, most of the time until
1886, when he settled at St. Cloud, Minn.,
where he has since made his home. For the
first year at this place he was in jiartnership
with D. W. I'ruckart, and then, with (Jeorge
W. Stewart, formed the firm of Reynolds &
Stewart, succeeding to the business of Hon.
D. R. Searle, appointed district judge. This
firm continued until 18t)0, when Mr. Reynolds
took up his practice alone, continuing thus
until 1898, when the present finn of Reynolds
& Roeser was formed. While Mr. Reynolds
has had a large general ])ractice, corporation
law has had sjiecial prominence in his busi
ness. Since 1881) he has been the local at-
torney of the Great Northern, the Northern
Pacific, and the "Soo" railways at St, Cloud,
Minn. In politics he is a stalwart and out-
spoken Republican, too busy with his ])ro-
fession to hold office, but he has licen an
active participant in the presidential cam-
paigns of the i)arty to which he has rendered
valuable service, ;Mi', Reynolds, like his fa-
ther, has always been interested in literary
matters, and in literarv societi<'S of th<'
GICOKGIO 11. KKVXOI.nS.
towns where he has resided. He is the presi-
dent of the Unity Club of St. Cloud, the only
literary society in the city holding meetings
o]ieii to tile public. He has been fiso an
active iiiembcr of the Unitarian church since
its organizalioii in ISS!). Mr. Reynolds has
been twice nuiiried : In 1877 to Mary J. Cow-
ing, of Alexandria, who died without issue,
and on the :!(»th of Oi-tober. 188!), to May R.
L.\iiall. of Los Angeles, Cal.
I5LANCH, Henry (i., is a teacher by |)ro-
fession. He is a native of Minnesota, having
been born on the farm near Mantor\ille,
July 5, 18G4. He is of mixed English-* ier-
man descent. His father was born in Kent
county, England, July .">, ISi!".!. ^^'llen nine-
teen years of age he came to this country
and settled at Rome, N. Y., where he lived
for six years. In ls.f)4 he came to Minnesota,
\\iieie he remained until lS;j8, when he re-
turned to Rome. In ISO:} he again came to
Minnesota, with his family, and settled on a
farm near Mantoryille. and became a well-
lodo citizen, I'caring a large family. He died
(111 his homestead March 2, 18;)!». His wife.
HISTOKY OF THE GREAT NORTHWES1-.
HENRY G, BLANCH.
Louisa M. Getbahet, was born in Germany
December 2G, 1841, and came to Rome, N. Y.,
in 184(j, where she was reared and educated.
She was married to Henry Bhxuch November
6, 1860, and came to Minnesota with her hus-
band and little family in 1863. She was a
woman of great force of character. She is
the mother of ten children, all of whom are
living. Young Henry obtained his early edu-
cation in the district schools near his Man-
torville farm home. The school house was
built of logs, and was the first one in Disti'ict
No. 25, Mantorville township. He then at-
tended the Mantorville high school, from
which he graduated in 1886. This training
was supplemented by a course at Chicago
and at the State University of Minnesota.
He chose a teacher's profession for his life
work, and taught his fii-st school at Argo,
Brookings county, S. D. He then returned to
Minnesota and taught in Dodge county, at
the schools of Hayficld, Concord and Clare-
mont. He was then elected principal of the
graded schools at Dover, Olmsted county,
Minn., where he remained three years. For
one year he seized as superintendent of the
^A'indom high school, and subsequently en-
gaged as superintendent of the Lake Crystal
high school, where he served for three years
jircvious to his engagement at Kenyon, his
] in-sent home. In 189.5 Mr. Blanch was em-
jiloyed in the Bank of Mantorville, and dur-
ing the year he and his brother, L. M. Blanch,
]iiir(hased the institution, Henry becoming
jiresident of the bank, and his brother cash-
ier. It was afterwards sold to T. S. Slinger-
laud iS; Company, L. iL Blanch remaining as
cashier, while Henry returned to his profes-
sion, which he has since followed. In politics
Mr. Blanch is a Republican. He is a member
of the r)dd Fellows" lodge at Kenyon. In re-
ligion he is a Congregationalist, being a
iiiember of the Congregational church at
ilantorville. In 1891 he was married to Sara
y. Hook, of Mantorville, an educated woman,
and an exceptionally good teacher. Since
their marriage Mrs. Blanch has always been
associated with her husband in teaching.
JOHNSON, Gustavus.— One of the most
prominent institutions in the Northwest for
the teaching of music and the dramatical art
is "The Johnson School of Music, Oratory and
Dramatic Art," located at Minneapolis, of
which Gustavus Johnson is director. Mr.
Johnson is not only one of the foremost
teachers of music in the Northwest, but he
has achieved considerable renown as a com-
poser. He established "The Johnson Piano
School" in Minneapolis in 1898, meeting with
such success that the scope of the school was
enlarged the following year and oratory and.
dramatic art included in the curriculum, the
name being changed to its present title. In
1900, having outgrown the old quarters in
the Century Building, the school was moved
to its present quarters in a beautiful new
building which was erected for its exclusive
use, and is now one of the best equipped con-
servatories in the country. Mr. Johnson's
ancestry, on the maternal side, dates back
to William the Conqueror. His maternal
gi-andfather was Admiral Lewis Hole, who,
at the time of his death, aged ninety-two,
was the oldest admiral in the British navy,
ha^'ing served for 75 j'ears under her majes-
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
ty's flag. Admiral Hole was a lieutenant at
Trafalgar and fought on tbe same ship on
whieh Nelson was killed. On the paternal
side, Mr. Johnson is of Swedish descent. His
father, Peter Johnson, was a native of Swed-
en. ^^'hen seventeen years of age he crossed
o\er to England and for twenty-ttve years
conducted a successful business in that coun-
try. He was married liere to Henrietta Hole,
daughter of Admiral Hole. In 18(JU, he re-
turned with his family to the country of his
birth and engaged in business as a merchant
at Stockholm, which he continued up to the
time of his death in IJSST. The English
equivalent of Johanson is Johnson, and this
surname has naturally clung to the subject
of this sketch ever since his arrival in Amer-
ica. Gustavus was born November 2, 1850,
at Hull, England. He was only three years
of age when his family removed to Sweden.
He received the advantages of a liberal edu-
cation, ateuding the best schools in Stock-
holm, and taking a course in the new Ele-
mentary School established there at that
time. He also attended the Schartau Busi-
ness College, graduating from this institu-
tion in 1874. The training he received there
has proven of great value to him in the con-
duct of his present enterprise. During this
time he also i)ursued the study of music in
the Eoyal Conservatory of Music, under the
best masters in Stockholm. His princi])al
teachers were : Lindstrom, Mankell and Nord-
quist, in piano; Mankell and Winge, in the-
ory, and Hackanson, in singing. In Septem-
ber, 1875, he came to this country, and, after
a six months' stay at Providence, R. J., came
west and located at Minneapolis. He taught
music in the Twin Cities for nearly a year,
then moved to Wisconsin and pursued his
profession as a teacher in that state. He re-
turned to Minneapolis in 1880, and has resid-
ed here since that time. For several years
he taught music privately, and with consider-
able success. He has produced scores of ex-
cellent i)layers who have become noted art-
ists. It was in order to enlarge his field of
activity and afford an opportunity for the
expansion of his method of teaching among
the greatest number that he opened a school.
His success in that direction has already
been outlined. Through careful study and
close application, I'rof. Johnson has gradu-
ally advanced to his present positron as
teacher and pianist, having achieved especial
distinction as a performer and for his gen-
eral theoretical knowledge of his art. His
compositions include numerous pieces for the
piano, songs, quartettes, and a concerto for
piano and orchestra. He is a Kepublican in
politics. He was married, in 1882, to Caro-
line Frances Winslow, of Royaltou, Vt. Mrs.
Johnson is a direct descendant of Edward
Winslow, one of the early Colonial governors
of Massachusetts. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson
have one child, Laura Louise.
CHUATE, Augustus B., was born in
Wayne county, Ohio. His father, Isaiah
Madison Clioate, was educated for the min-
istry, taught school, and in 1850 came to
Minnesota and engaged in farming and stock
raising. The maiden name of his wife, the
mother of Augustus, was Minerva Bell. The
( "hoate family is among the most distinguish-
ed in New England. It is said to have oriiji-
HISTORY OF THE GRICAT NORTHWEST.
AUGUSTUS B. CHOATE.
nated in Holland, and to have come to Eng-
land at an early day. The founder in this
fonnti'V was John Choate, who came from
England and settled at Ipswich, Mass., in
1643. He was the ancestor of Kufus Choate,
the celebrated lawyer of Boston. Joseph C.
Choate, of jS'ew York, now minister to Great
Britain; Judge (ieorge Francis Choate, and
Judge William Gardner Choate, of the United
States circuit court. JIany other members
of the family have been prominent in pro-
fessional and literary circles, as lawyers,
physicians, and writers. The subject of this
sketch obtained his early schooling in a coun-
try district school, and at high school at
Sj)riug Valley, Minn. He then entered the
.State Xoi-mal School at Winona, and gradu-
ated in 1878. Choosing law for a profession,
he entered the I'nion College of Law at Chi-
cago, and graduated in 1883, thus supple-
menting his law study of two years with
Benton & Eoberts at Minneapolis. In 1883
he was admitted to the bar by the district
court at Minneapolis, and immediately enter-
ed upon his i)ractice without a partner, and
so continued until 1891, when he fonued a
partnershij) with Mr. A. Y. Merrill, under the
style of Choate & Merrill. This firm con-
tinued until 1898, since which time Mr.
Choate has jiracticed alone. While having
no specialty in his profession, it being a gen-
eral practice, incidentally i)robate law and
real estate have received more attention than
other branches, except i)erhaps the law of
highways. Mr. Choate is one of the lecturers
at the law school of the University of Min-
nesota and has "Easements and Highways"
for his subject. Mr. Choate was a Repub-
lican and always atliliated with that party
until 1896. He is greatly interested in the
constitutional questions arising out of the
Spanish War, and holds the same views there-
on as those recently presented by the late
ex-President Harrison. Mi". Choate has made
several addresses maintaining his position,
and he now affiliates with the Democratic
party. He has never held or sought a polit-
ical office, except the nomination for judge of
the district court under the primary election
law of 1900. He takes an interest in the
Masonic order, and is a member of the Blue
Lodge, the Royal Arch Chapter, the Minne-
apolis Mounted Commandei-y, the Zuhrah
Temple Shrine, and the Eastern Star.
SMITH, Washington. — The patriotic sur-
name of Mr. Smith is undoubtedly an indica-
tion of the patriotism and intense American-
ism of his father, Andrew M. Smith, the for-
mer being transmitted through a long line of
ancestors, and the latter through the active
service of the father in behalf of his adopted
country. Washington Smith was born in
I^hiladelphia, Pa., but his father and mother
are both of Danish descent, running back
for several centuries and which can be
traced for at least nine hundred years. All
the male members of the family have been
officers in the army or navy of Denmark,
Germany or France, and almost since these
nations were formed. The father, who is
now a wealthy wholesale wine merchant,
served in the expedition to Paraguay and
afterwards in the Civil War in both the
iumy and navy through four enlistments
and from beginning to end of the contest.
HIS'L'ORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
His wife's maiden name was Botiila Elberg'.
The son, Washington Smith, born in Phil-
adelphia, as stated, received his first school-
ing in the popular public schools of that city.
Subsequently he attended the schools in Chi
cago and Minneajtolis. He then studied at
Swathmore college, near Philadelphia, well
known for its thorough curriculum. After-
wards he went to the noted St. John's Mili-
tary school at Manlius, N. Y., for a course of
study and training which would fit him to
enter the army. This school is famous for
its military and educational training, being
second to none in the United States. He
graduated at the University of Minnesota in
the class of '90. This course, supplemented
by an extensive tour of travel through
Europe, South America and the United
States, has given Mr. Smith an eciuijuuent
rarely found in young men of the West.
He had an opportunity to put his abilily
somewhat to the test by filling the position
of assistant instructor and conmiandant at
the school of his early training, St. John's
military school. Mr. Smith read law in
the ofJfice of John Day Smith of Minneapolis
(who, however, is no relative of his), one
of the most distinguished lawyers in the
Northwest. In June, 18i)G, Mr. Smith was
admitted to jiractice in the courts of Minne-
sota and later in the courls of the slutc of
New York. His jtracticc embraces all
branches of his profession, with, perhaps,
the strongest leaning towards real estate
law and practice in the probate courts.
Mr. Smith is trustee of several estates and
guardian of several wards with estates in
Minnesota, Illinois and New York. He has
always been a Republican, but has never ac-
cepted an official position. He is active in
social and fraternal society circles, being a
member of the Lafayette club, Minnetonka
ice yacht clul), Minnesota Lodge, No. 224,
A. F. & A. M.; Ark Chapter, No. 53, R. A.;
Minneapolis Mounted Commandery, No. 2:J,
K. T. ; besides being a member of the Inde-
pendent Order of Foresters, Flour City
Camp, No. 630, M. W. A.; Minnesota Camp,
No. 1, W. (). W., and K. \- L. of S., Council
No. 793.
In October, 1898, he oi-gauized a company
WASlIlNTiTOX SMITH.
of the national guard and was elected its
captain. This company was assigned to the
4th regiment as company "D," but on the
retu-ganization of the 1st regiment, bae com-
pany was transferred to that regiment and is
now known as company ''F."
He has recently been made president of
the Northwestern Chemical Manufacturing
comi)any of this city. His religious associa-
tions are with the Episcopalians. He was
married to Miss Lillian Stacey of Oeneva,
N. Y., in December, 1890. A daughter was
born to tlicm in December, 1897, who died a
year later. No young man's jirospects seem
to be more promising of jiermanent success
in liis cIkisi-ii career.
ANDERSON, Jolin 1>., one of .Miuneajio-
lis' leading ])liysiciaiis, is a Canadian by
bii'th, and first saw life in I lie connly of Vic-
toria, Out., Juiu; 29, 1S55. His paternal
grandfather was a captain in the Rritish
army, and emigrated to Canada in 1832.
Within five hours of his arrival at Jlontreal
both he and his wife died of Asiatic cholera.
Their son, John, who was born in I'erth, Scot-
land, survived I hem. He became one of tlie
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JOHN D. ANDERSON.
pioiieer.s of Ontario and siKteetled in build-
ing ui> a large competence, living to the ad-
vanced age of ninety years. His wife, Janet
McLaren, was also a native of Scotland, born
in Calendar. She came with her parents to
Ontario in 1832, her father engaging in the
banking business. Their son, John D., the
subject of this sketch, was given the advan-
tage of a liberal education. He attended the
public schools, then entered the Oakwood
high schools, and was graduated in 1872. He
received a teacher's certificate, and, without
solicitation on his part, was appointed assist-
ant teacher in the high school. Desiring,
however, to take up the study of medicine, he
entered Trinity Medical School, at Toronto,
in 1875. and was graduated in 1879. That he
was an assiduous student is evidenced by the
fact that the same year he also graduated
from the medical department of Toronto
University, Ti'inity College, and the College
of Physicians and Surgeons. After taking a
short rest at home the young medical student
started for Scotland, where, in Jlay, 1879, he
entered the Royal Infirmary at Edinburgh.
He passed the examination for licentiate of
the Royal College of Physicians after a hard
summer's study, and had the honor of being
graded one hundred per cent, in both oral
and clinical examinations, therefore standing
at the head of his class, which included grad-
uates of all the leading medical colleges of
Europe. Dr. Anderson came to Minneapolis
January 12, 1883, where he has since been
engaged in the active practice of his profes-
sion. A man of eminent abilities, he has
taken a high rank in his profession, and a
large and successful practice has rewarded
his efforts. He is a member of the British
Medical Association, American Medical As-
sociation, the Minnesota State Medical Soci-
ety, and the Hennepin County Medical Soci-
ety. ^^'hile living in Ontario he was an ac-
tive worker in the Refonn party. Since his
residence in the United States he has affili-
ated with the Republican party and is a
staunch advocate of Republican principles.
He also belongs to the Caledonia Society.
His <-hurch affiliations are with the Presby-
terian denomination. In 1881 he was mar-
ried to Mill'}- Miller, daughter of Dr. D. Gil-
lispie Carmington, of Ontario. Dr. Anderson
removed to Minneapolis on account of his
wife's health; but the change did not prove
permanently beneficial, and she died six
months afterward. In January, 1896, he was
married to Jessie C. MacGregor, a graduate
of the University of Minnesota, and eldest
daughter of Mr. and Mrs. A. MacGregor, of
Minneapolis.
SMITH, Lyndon Ambrose, Lieutenant
Governor of Minnesota, is a native of New
Hampshire. He was born July 15, 1851, in
the little village of Boscawen, in the same
house where it ks said Daniel Webster began
to fit for college. His father, Ambrose Smith,
was a clergyman, and was pastor of the Con-
gregational church at Boscawen from 1852
until his death in 1862. Cynthia M. Egerton,
his wife, was a descendant of Governor Bi*ad-
ford, of the Ph-mouth colony, and of Jere-
miah Mason, the father of the eminent law-
yer of that name. Justin H. Smith, a brother
of our subject, is professor of Modern His-
tory and Diplomacj' at Dartmouth College,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTH\VEST.
and is the author of "The Troubadours at
Home." Lyndon A. attended the district
schools at Boscawen and Pembroke, N. H.,
and academies at I'embroke, and Norwich,
\'t. Later he entered Dartmouth College and
graduated with the chass of ISSO. He was
vah^dictorian of his chiss, and took first
prizes in Latin and nnithematics. He was a
member of Psi U])silon college fraternity.
From 1S7C to ISSO, Mr. i^mith served as town
superintendent of scliools in Xorwicli, Vt., at
the .same time keejjinj;' uj) his studies at Dart-
nioutli. After graduatin};- he went to Wasli-
injiton, D. ('.. and was assistant to the Na-
tional ("ommissioner of lulucation froin ISSO
to 1S85. During' this time lie prei)ared, among
other documents, a Tolume on scliool law,
and one on agricultural colleges. In 1SS4-5
he was sui)erintendent of the educational de-
partment of the Cotton Centennial Exposi-
tion. His leisure moments w'ere spent in the
study of law, taking a three years' course in
the College of Law of Georgetown Univer-
sity, and one year in the law department of
the National LTniversitv. In 1885 he came
west, and, after spending a few months in
St. Paul, selected Montevideo, Chii)pewa
county, ilinn., as his future home, where he
has ever since resided. He here began the
practice of law, in whiih he has been emi-
neiiUy successful. Mr. Smith is a I{e|)nb-
lican in politics, and an active worker in the
interests of his party. He served as county
attorney of Chippewa county from ISSS to
ISilO. In 1808 he was nominated lieutenant
governor and elected, though the head of the
ticket failed of election. He was renominat-
ed in 1900, and again elected. The lieuten
ant governor is, by virtue of his ottice, presid-
ing officer of the upper house of the state
legislature. Governor Smith has made one
of the best officers the Minnesota senate has
ever had. He has been uniformly fair and
imi)ai'tial in his rulings, and bis tact and
skillful diplomacy have won for liim many
encomiums, as well as the respect and esteem
of all the members. He is a member of the
Masonic fraternity, and has been the master
of his local lodge. He also belongs to the I.
O, O. F. and the A. (). U, W, He is an active
LYXDOX A, SMrrH.
member of the Congregational church, and
a trustee of \\'indom Institute, at Monte-
video, and Carleton College, at Northtield.
He was moderator of the State (Congregation-
al Association in 1800, and a delegate to the
last International Congregaticmal Council.
In ISSG he was married to Dora Rogers, of
Kittery, Me., a graduate of the Farmington,
Me., Normal School, and before her marriage
a teacher at Calais, ^Me., and AN'ashington, D.
C. They have one child, Charlotte, born
August 10, iSSS.
LEUTZ, Ferdinand.— One of the most
active and successful business men in North
Dakota is Ferd. Leutz, now insurance com-
missioner of the state, with official residence
at the capital, Bismarck, but whose home is
at Hebron. He was born at Eberbach, Grand
Duchy of Baden, Germany, June 21, 1S51.
His father, John \V. Lent/,, was a merchant
in comfortable circumstances, who married
JIarie Lucie Clorer. Ferdinand obtained his
early education in the Eberbach ])ublic
schools, and in the higher citizens' school.
His academic education was received at the
HISTORY OF THE (iREAT NORTHWEST
FEUDIXAND LKUTZ.
college^ at Stuttgart. He was a good student
and won several prizes — one of especial hon-
or was the silver medal of the institution.
He graduated in 1870. He then entered a
wholesale mercantile house in northern Ger-
many. In 1S74 he entered the German armj
asa volunteer and, before discharge, was pro-
moted to a non-commissioned oiflcer. In 1876
and 1878 he again served in the army, for
short terms, as lieutenant in reserve. He
came to Dakota Territory, now North Da-
kota, in 1883, and settled at Hebron, forming
a partnership with Charles Krauth, under
the style of Krauth & Leutz. The business
was that of general merchandise, but includ
ed machinery, real estate, cattle and sheep.
In 1897 this firm was dissolved, and Mr. Leutz
became interested, as special partner, in the
firm of Leutz & McClure, at Taylor, and in
the firm of Koesel & Company, doing busi-
ness at Richardston, Antelope and Glad-
stone. He is also a stockholder and presi-
dent of the Mercer County Land Company,
besides being interested in the sheep and cat-
tle business, operating a large cattle ranch
north of Hebron. Mr. Leutz has affiliated
with the Republican party ever since he land-
ed in the United States, but became so occu-
pied in his business that he could take no
active part in politics until 1!)()0, when he ac-
cejited the position of chairman of tlie Re-
jiublican committee. He was elected a dele-
gate to the National Republican convention
at I'hiladelphia, and there received the honor
of being made one of the committee to give
rrcsident ^McKinley ofBcial notice of his re-
iioiiiination. Subsequently Mr. Leutz was
lioiiorcd by being elected a delegate to the
(-onvention of his party, held at Fai'go, and
at (hand Forks, November 6, 1000, he was
elected insurance commissioner of the state,
for two years, a position which he now holds.
In religion he is a member of the Evengelical
(-lunch. In 1880 he was married to Anna
Leutz. They have had eight children, only
four of whom survive, two boys and two girls
— Charlotte, Fritz, Annie and Hans Leutz. .
WASHBURN, William D.— It is the
privilege of few citizens of any common-
wealth to exercise as wide an influence upon
its affairs, and to touch its life at so many
points, as has William Drew Washburn in
his more than forty years' residence in Min-
nesota. Coming here as a pioneer, before
statehood had been attained, he has been a
part of the wonderful development of four
decades — has seen the state change from a
mere scattered group of fi'ontier settlements
to a well-peopled community holding a lead-
ing position in agriculture, manufactures
and commerce, and the village in which he
made his home, in 1857, become the chief
city of the state. Through this period of_
evolution Mr. Washburn has been a forceful
influence in most of these lines of endeavor
which have made the state so conspicuously
successful. He was early identified with
the improvement of the water power which
became the nucleus of the manufacturing
greatness of Minneapolis, and no one was
more influential in fostering and promoting
the manufactures of the new state both by
wise encouragement and by example.
Later he became interested, also, in other
lines of business, and took a most prominent
l)art, througli railroad construction, in open-
ing the lines of commerce. During his long
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
business career he has had a part in the
financial and iuvestnient interests of tlie
city and state, and in tlie hiter nianufactur-
in^ enterprises. ()r<>anized public work has
found in him a leader and su])]K>rlcr at all
times. :Mr. ^^'aslllMU•n's adivily in I lie ])r((-
molion of ])ublic intcresis bad iiiiicli In do
with his political successes, and in poliliial
life he has been peculiarly fortunate in suj)-
plemen tins' his other labors by givinfi to the
northwest some of its most impoi-tani pnb-
iic works.
In the course of his jiubllc career Mr.
Washburn has been a factor in local, state
and national politics — atfectiuf; .Minnesota
life from every jxissible political standjioint.
And while the state has felt his influence in
all these diverse directions, his own city has
been aware of his presenceas a constant lead-
er in social (piestions; in such matters as
public and private charities, education, the
church, the improvement of the city, the
maintenance of lofty stands in those thinj-s
which make for the hit;lier life of the com-
munity. In democratic America, where an-
cestry counts for but little as a factor in
success, there is still a just cause for worthy
pride in descent from those who made Amer-
ican conditions i)ossible, or in family rela-
tion with mi'u who have been conspicuous
in the service of the nation. As a descend-
ant of old Pilgrim stock, and as one of a
fjrouj) of brothers who constituted perhaps
tlie most distinguished family contempora-
neously in public life in the United States,
Mr. Washburn might be pardoned for a
large degree of family pride. The first
^^'ashburns in America were John Wash-
burn, secretary of the council of Plymouth,
and his son John, who came to this country
with him. The latter married Elizabeth
Jlitchell, the daughter of Experience Mitch-
ell and Jane Cook, and granddaughtei- of
Francis Cook, who came over in the May-
flower in Hil'd. The family had originally
lived, probably for many generations, in the
village of Evesham, not far from Stratford
on Avon, in one of the most beautiful parts
of England. Israel Washburn, born in
1784, was dii'ectly descended from tlies(-
Puritan ancestors. Ilis father served in the
Kev(dution. as did the father of his wife,
Martha P.enjamin, whom he married in 1812.
Mrs. \\'ashburn's father was Lieut. Samuel
Penjamin, a jtatriot of whose valor and per-
sistence in his country's cause it need only
be said that he particijjated in the Battle of
Lexington and fought through the whole
war to Yorktown, where hv was present at
the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. Few of
the soldiers who fought for American in-
dei)endence saw, as did Lieut. Penjamin, the
first and last battles of the great struggle.
Israel and ilartha ^^'ashburn made their
home on a farm in Liverniore, Maine, and
it was here that their huge family was
reiii-ed. To the parents' infiuence, to the
stern ti'aining of farm life in the Maine
"back woods," to the inheritance of patriot-
ism and love of achievement, and to their
ow'n steadfast endeavor, is due in very large
measure the wonderful success of the group
of boys born in this Maine farm home.
There was little of material advantage to be
found surrounding these boys during their
early life. The father was no more success-
ful than the average New England famner,
but he was an alert, intelligent man, a read-
er, a man of hard common sense and with
the largest ambiticms to give to his sons
every opportunity for success. Of the
mother it is said that she "was a practical
housekeeper, industrious, frugal, sagacious,
stimulating to the children's consciences,
sincei'cly religious withal, and hence gave
those under her pi-ecious charge an unalter-
able bent towards pure and lofty ends." It
was ill such a home that eleven children
were born, of whom the seven sons have
achieved worthy prominence in public life.
In his "Triumphant Democracy" Andrew
Carnegie says of this grouji t)f men:
"Their career is typically American.
The >\'asliburns are a family indeed, seven
sons, and all of them men of mark. Several
of tJieni iiave distinguished themselves so
greatly as to become a ]iar( of their conn
1r.\"s iiislor.N. The family record includes a
secretary of state, two governors, four mem
bers of congress, a major general in ihe
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
army and another second in command in
llie navy. Two served as foreign ministers,
two as state legislators, and one as surveyor
general. As all these services were per-
formed during the Civil war, there were
A\'aslil)urns in nearly every dejiartment of
state, laboring camp and council for the
republic, at the sacrifice of great personal
interests."
As the youngest child in the family.
AA'illiam I), ^^'ashburn had, in addition to
the influence of his parents, the stimulation
of the example of his brothers who were
already entering public life while he was a
school boy. Israel Washburn, Jr.. was
elected to congress in 18o(), when \\'illiam.
who was born in 1831, was but nineteen
years of age. The young men had already
become prominent in Maine state politics,
and Israel, after serving four terms in con-
gress, was elected war governor of his
native state.
Elihu B. Washburn served as congress-
man from Illinois from 1853 to 1809, when
he was appointed secretary of state by Pres-
ident Grant. During the Franco-Prussian
war he was minister plenipotentiary to
France. Cadwallader C. Washburn was in
congress both before and after the war, was
a general in the Union army, and in 1871
was elected governor of Wisconsin. Charles
A. Washburn was minister to Paraguay;
Samuel B. Washburn was a distinguished
officer in the navy. Beyond what has been
said of his early influences there was little
that was distinctive about the boyhood of
Jlr. ^>'ashburn. It was the common experi-
ence of the son of a New England farmer —
the district school in the winter and farm
work in the summer. As he grew old
enough to take a heavier part in the farm-
ing, the school months of the year became
fewer. Short terms at a village ''high
school" and neighboring academies sup-
plemented the district school experiences,
and finally at Farmington Academy he was
able to prepare for college. In the year
1850, when he was nineteen, he entered
Bowdoin College — that honored Alma Mater
of such men as Hawthorne, Longfellow,
A\'illiam P. Fessenden, President Franklin
Pierce, Chief Justice Fuller, Senator John
]'. Hale, General O. (). Howard and Thomas
B. Keed — and graduated four years later
with the bachelor's degree, after completing
a full classical course. The succeeding
three years were devoted to the study of law
in the office of his bi-other, Israel Wash-
burn. Ji'.. and with Judge John A. Peters,
now and for many years past chief justice of
the supreme court of Maine. During this
jieriod he spent jiart of his time in Washing-
ton performing the duties of a clerk in the
house of representatives, where he obtained
his first acquaintance with the affairs of
congress and with the jjublic men of that
time. Two of Mr. Washburn's brothers had
already made their home in the west, and
upon completing his law studies he deter-
mined to follow their example. It was not
difficult to decide upon a location. Liver-
more had already sent men to the Falls of
St. Anthony, and his brothers, Elihu and
Cadwallader, had acquired interests there
and elsewhere in Minnesota. It seemed a
place with a greater future than any other
western settlement. The young man be-
lieved that he saw in it a field worthy of his
energies; but it is hardly probable that his
highest flights of fancy pictured the Minne-
aj>olis of to-day as a possibility during his
own lifetime.
On May 1, 1857, Mr. Washburn reached
ilinneapolis and shortly after opened a law
office. The contrast between the town in
which he settled and the city of to-day is
striking. The population was then perhaps
2,00(1 as compared with over 200,000 in 1809;
there were about two hundred buildings of
all kinds in the village, and few of them
were worth more than |1,000. There were
no railroads, and the great manufacturing
industries of the present time were repre-
sented by one or two small mills. Into this
scattered collection of frame buildings there
was pouring, however, a stream of immi-
grants, and speculation and building were
keeping the people busy. There seemed
* very prospect of coming prosperity. But
that stabilitv necessarv for securitv during
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NOHTIIWEST.
flnanrial diffleiilties had not been attained,
and the same suniniei- saw such reverses
as to make the outlook very dismal. .Mi-.
Washburn arrived just in time to ex]ii-ii
cnee, with the town of his choice, all llic
troubles of the panic of 1857. There was
little law business to be had and soon after
his arrival he became the secretary and
agent of the Minneapolis Mill Company — the
corporation controllintj' the west side ])ower
at the Falls of St. Anthony. This was a
most fortunate appointment for ilinneajiolis
as well as Mr. AVashburn. It broujiht into
immediate exercise in behalf of the village
those extraordinary executive faculties
which have ever since been so continuously
devoted to the interests of the city. To Mr.
^^■asllburn it gave the opportunity for fa-
miliarizing himself with the possibilities of
manufacturing at the falls, which was the
basis of his future success. Later genera-
tions in Minneapolis are entirely unfamiliar
with the extent of the debt of the city to Mr.
Washburn, incurred during these early
days. AA'ith that characteristic energy and
determination which has since become so
well known to the people of the city, he
commenced the improvement of the power
controlled by his company. During 1857
the original dam on the west side was built
— this in the midst of great financial em-
barassments. It was a tremendous strug-
gle, a great load to be laid on the shoulders
of a man then but twenty-six years of age.
But dam and raceway were finally complet-
ed. The young agent shrewdly guessed,
however, that his battle was only half won.
On the east side of the river there was a bet-
ter power with more eligible mill sites; but
the policy of its managers discouraged new
(•iiterjjrises. Mr. Washburn decided that
the west side works must have mills, and he
at once adopted a liberal policj' and leased
mill powers, now commanding a yearly
rental of $1,500, as low as f 133 per annum,
to persons who would establish mills. The
plan worked admirably. Everyone knows
now how the flour mills gathered ab(tut the
west side raceway until there was built up
the greatest group in the whole world. Un-
til the industries at the falls were put upon
a firm foundation, ]Mr. Washburn remained
1 lie agent of the company and he has always
maintained a large interest in it. He has
never been out of touch with the manufac-
turing interests of the state since that first
summer's work at the Falls of St. Anthony.
Receiving, in 1801, the appointment of sur-
\eyor general at the hands of I'resident
liincoln, it l)ecanie necessary for Mr. Wash-
burn to remove to St. Paul for a time. It
was while in this ottice that his friends ac-
ipiired the habit of prefixing the title "Gen-
eral" to his name; a custom so well estab-
lished that it has continued through all the
various ofiices which he has held. While
surveyor general, Mr. ^^'ashburn became
familiar with the timber resources of the
state, and, purchasing considerable tracts,
afterwards engaged extensively in the lum-
bei- business. He formed the firm of W. D.
Washburn & Co., built a saw mill at the
falls, and later one at Anoka, and until 1801)
carried on a very large lumber business.
In 1873 be entered flour milling, and
si)eedily became an important factor in the
production of that Minneapolis staple. •His
interests in flour manufacturing were
tlirrjugh the oiiginal firm of W. D. W^ash-
buru i^ Co. and ^^'ashburn, Crosby & Co.
The firm of W. D. Washburn & Co. subse-
(juently, in 1884, was merged in the Wash-
Iturn Mill Company, and in 1889 the flour
milling division of this business was consoli-
dated with the Pillsbury interests in the
I*iIlsbury-\Vashburn Flour Mills Company,
forming the largest flour milling corpora-
tion in the world. At this time there were
large accessions of English capital, but Jlr.
Washburn retained — as he does at this time
— a large interest, and has been continuous-
ly one of the board of American directors of
the properties. The Minneapolis Mill Com-
panj- was also consolidated with the new
rorporation which afterwards completed the
work of harnessing the power of St. An-
thony Falls by the construction of a new
dam and jjower house a short distance be-
low the main falls. This rapid sketching
of what would seem a life work for any man,
WILLIAM I). WASHP.UUN.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
gives, however, but one side of the business
activities of Mr. Washburn — his interest in
developing the two leading industries of
^Minnesota. It has been said of one of the
greatest of Englishmen that while many
men "think in parishes" and a few "think
in nations," he "thinks in continents." Ap-
plying this thought to business, it might be
said that while many men think in single
lines of trade, a few think in the broad lines
of general manufacturing or jobbing, while
only a very limited number think through
the whole question of producing, distribut-
ing, financing and transporting. To the lat-
ter class Mr. Washburn belongs. He has,
from time to time, and very much of the
time, had considerable interest in the finan-
cial institutions of Minneapolis, in whole-
sale trade, in real estate. But aside from
his influence in the development of manufac-
turing his most conspicuous undertakings,
and those in which the public has been most
interested, have been the great railroad proj-
ects which he has successfully consummat-
ed. The early railroad system of the state
had developed along such lines that Mr.
Washburn, with other ^Mineapolis business
men, felt the need of a railroad running to-
wards the south, which would afford trans-
portation direct to Minneapolis, and which
should be controlled in the interests of Min-
neapolis. The result was the Minneapolis
& St. Louis railroad, carried through, during
the seventies, very largely by the efforts of
Mr. Washburn, who was its president for
some time. The end desired having been
accomplished, he retired from the manage-
ment, and early in the eighties commenced
to agitate the subject of a line direct to tide-
water and completely independent of the
domination of Chicago interests. The proj-
ect was a startling one — fascinating by its
very audacity; to build five hundred miles
through an unsettled wilderness to a con-
nection with a foreign railroad — to do this
to free the city from the detrimental effects
of combinations in the interests of com-
petitors! To be financially successful the
projected railroad must depend largely up-
on its through business, and that class of
business must be mostly export flour and
wheat — and ilinneapolis flour exporting had
then but partially developed. But there
was a Washburn beliind the plan — and it
went through. The road was built in five
years — the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault
Ste. ilarie. And, since, it has been extend-
ed westward through Minnesota and North
Dakota to another connection with the Can-
adian Pacific, thus giving Minneapolis an-
other trans-continental line. Mr. Washburn
was president of the "Soo" line during its
construction and until his election to the
senate. He still retains large interests and
has been continuously a director. In fact,
the Soo line without Mr. AVashburn would
be, to use the familiar simile, like the play
of Hamlet with Hamlet left out. After a
dozen years of the enjoyment of the benefits
derived from the Soo-Canadian connection
with the east, the people of Minnesota have
come, perhaps, to accept it unthinkingly and
without remembering the tremendous diffi-
culties which its construction involved, or
the splendid energy and ability with which
its chief promoter carried out the project.
General Washburn's commercial activities
continue, his penchant for pioneering find-
ing abundant scope just now in the deveioj)
meut of a tract of some 115,000 acres of land
in North Dakota through which he is build-
ing a railroad. Those qualities in Mr.
Washburn which have made him a success-
ful railroad builder, a gicat manufacturer
and a shrewd develojier of new country,
have contributed in large measure to his
success in political life. The ability to
"think in continents" nuirks the successful
man in public life, as certainly as it does
the winner in business. A broad concep-
tion of the commercial needs of the North-
west and a well developed creative faculty,
together with those qualities of mind and
manner which aid in controlling and win-
ning men, made Mr. Washburn unusually
successful in his public service to the state
and nation. He was first called to hold
office in 185S, when he was elected to the
Minnesota legislature, then a newcomer in
the state and but twenty-seven years of age.
Three years later he received from I'resident
Lincoln the appointment of surveyor general
393
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
(if Minnesota. In ISfiG he was chosen to
the school board of Minneapolis, and assist-
ed in the eai-lj development of the school
sj'stem so prized by the people of the city.
The year 1871 again found him in the state
legislature, using his rapidly-growing in-
fluence in the suj>port of legislation looking
to state supervision and control of rail-
roads. By this time it was conceded that
he was to take a foremost position in Minne-
sota politics, and in 1S73 his friends nearly
secured his nomination for governor of the
state. After the decisive vote in the con-
vention it was claimed by Mr. Washburn's
friends that two ballots had not been count-
ed. These would have changed the result,
but Mr. Washburn refused to contest the
nomination. In 1878 he commenced six
years of continuous service in congress, ter-
minating only when he declined renomina-
tion for the fourth term on account of his
intention to concentrate his attention upon
the Soo railroad project, which he had just
then commenced. The completion of the
Soo line in 1888 made it possible for him to
withdraw from executive management of
the enterprise and become a candidate for
the United States senate, to which office he
was chosen in the following year. Again,
in 1895, he was a candidate, but was not
elected. Trusting in the very positive as-
surances of even those who afterwards op-
posed him, that there would be no opposi-
tion to his candidacy, he had confidently ex-
pected re-election, and frankly admitted his
disappointment. He would, under no cir-
cumstances, have reajipeared as a candidate
had he known of the opposition which was
to develop. In this as in all cases where he
had not been "on top" in a political struggle,
Mr. Washburn quietly accepted the situa-
tion; he had never been a "sore head" or
posed as a disgruntled politician. When
Mr. Washburn went into congress in 1878,
he was equipped for service as no other
northwestern representative had ever been.
To a wide acquaintance with public men and
a familiarity with methods and usages ai
Washington, he added a thorough knowl-
edge of the country which he was to repre-
sent— Tiot only a political knowledge, but
also a conij)rehensive view of its commercial
needs. As has been said, he had been large-
ly instrumental in developing the two great
manufacturing industries of the state, and,
with twenty years of study, was familiar, in
the minutest details, with their require-
ments in the way of transportation, devel-
()]iment of power and supply of raw ma-
terials. It had been his pleasure as well as
a necessity of his business to study agricult-
ural conditions. He saw the interdepend-
ence of all the interests of the Northwest,
and grasped the great principles which have
since been generally recognized as underly-
ing the permanent prosperity of Minnesota
and the neighboring states. In congress
he set about working out the fulfillment of
ideas which had been gradually taking form,
and the accomplishments of the twenty .
years since he entered that body have been
prolific in the fruit of the score of years of
earlier experience and study. As far back
as 186t» Mr. Washburn had conceived the
plan of impounding the flood waters of the
upper Mississippi river in great reservoirs
near the headwaters. It was an adajitation
of the plan in use on the ^lerrimac river in
New England. But it was far more com-
prehensive in form and had four purposes in
view, where tlie New England scheme had
but one. Mr. Washburn had observed the
destructive work of the floods in the Missis-
sippi and the contrast aft'orded by the pe-
riods of extreme low water, when naviga-
tion was seriously impeded. To mitigate
the floods and at the same time save the
surplus of water for use in seasons of
drouth was the central thought. But all the
results were not for the benefit of naviga-
tion and the protection of farmers along the
river banks. There was a large traffic in
logs on the river. The navigation of the
Mississippi by the common saw log was
quite as important as that of the steamer.
To save the logs from being swept away by
floods or "hung up" on sand bars in low
water was an important part of the im-
pounding scheme. Again, the water of the
Mississippi was used for power at Minne-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
apolis and other points. In flood times
vast quantities of water went to waste; in
low-water seasons the volume was not suf-
ficient for the needs of the mills. An eiiuali-
/ation of the flow was thus of the greatest
importance to navigation, the farmers, the
loggers, and the manufacturers. Having
the project in mind as one sure to be realized
some day, Mr. Washtmrn, in ISfi!), purchased
of the government the forty acres at I'o-
Icegama Falls, on the upper IMississipj)!
river, which his judgment told him would
be re(juired for the key of the system.
When the project was finally approved and
entered upon, 5Ir. Washburn conveyed this
land to the government witliout charge. It
was ten years after his conceiition of the
plan tliat Mi-. Washbuni comineiiced his
campaign in congress. Like all projei'ts
calling for large appropriations, it required
persistent endeavor; but finally he had the
satisfaction of seeing the system of dams
and reservoirs completed — a system which
has been of untold benefit to the interests
above mentioned. Early in his congres-
sional career he also commenced to give
careful attention to the needs of navigation
ui)on the Mississippi from the standpoint
of direct improvements of the channel, and
secured many appropriations for the work
on the upper river. He laid the foundations
for the appropriations for the locks and
dams immediately below ^linneajjolis,
which, when completed, will give ^Minne-
apolis direct navigation to the gulf and all
the great tributaries of the Mississippi.
But there were still broader questions under
consideration. Mr. Washburn had a keen
appreciation of the i-elations of the (Ireat
Lakes to the commercial development of the
Northwest. He saw distinctly that this
great water route to and from the seaboard
was the key to the commercial problem of
his state. Cheap transportation would
make possible such a development of farm-
ing and manufacturing as had never been
conceived of. To secure the cheapest trans-
portation, however, there must be free and
unobstructed channels through the lake
system of such depth that vessels of modern
build might pass without detention. And
so. as a member of the committee of com-
merce, ]\Ir. Washburn secured the first ap-
propriation for the improvement of the Hay
Lake channel in the Sault Ste Marie river —
the beginning of the great "twenty-foot"
]iroject which has since made possible the
navigation of the lakes by a fleet of vessels
carrying a commerce unetpialed on any
waterway in the world. While these great
jirojccts received much of Mi-. Washburn's
thought while in the house, lii' was by no
means unmindful of the si)ecial needs of his
district; his success in looking after its in-
terests being aiiii)ly testified to by the fre-
f|uent renominations which came to him.
Among the most inijiortant items of liis sjie
cial work for Minneapolis was the bill for
a public building, which he successfully pro-
moted eai-ly in the eighties. These material
mattei-s, important and engrossing as they
were, did not interfere with Mr. Washburn's
participation in all national questions which
came before congress during his terms of
office. He had always been a student of
public attairs. Though a life-long and con-
sistent Kepublitan, he has a vein o# inde-
pendence in his make-up which has been
])erhaps developed through a settled habit
of looking at things in their broader aspects
rather than from the point of view of the
])olitician who sees only the immediate po-
litical etlects. This habit of thought has
brought him from time to time into ap-
parent variance with his party; but it has
usually been acknowledged, afterwards,
that he was right. Perhaps the best ex-
anijde of this political characteristic of Mr.
Washburn was his opposition to the so-
called "force bill" while in the senate. It
will be remembered that the Lodge bill re-
ceived the support of the Republican sena-
tors— excepting about half a dozen "Silver
Republicans," who had formed a combina-
tion with the Democrats — and that Mr.
Washburn was the only senator on that side
of the house who opi)osed the measure. Be-
lieving that it was wrong in principle, and
that it would not accomplish what it aimed
to do, he voted against it — and received un-
HISTORY OP THE GUKAT XOHTHWEST.
stinted r-ritirism from the party press for
his indepeudenre of thought and action.
The years which have j)assed since this epi-
sode have served to show that Mr. Wasli-
burn was right. There ai'e probably few
men in the Eepublican party to-day who
would favor snch a measure as that pro-
Itosed by Senator Lodge. Mr. Washburn
does not pretend to flowery oratorical pow-
ers; he relies ujjon plain and earnest state-
ments and sound logic and reasoning. And
in presenting a (piestion in this W'ay he is
very successful. And so, while not among
the congressmen whose voices are heard on
every topic, he has been heard with the
greatest respect when he has spoken on the
floor of the house or senate chamber. Dur-
ing his senatorial term he made two very
elaborate speeches, which would have given
him a very wide reputation had he never
taken any other part in congressional de-
bates. One of these efforts was in sup-
port of the anti-option bill, the champion-
ship of which measure made Senator Wash-
burn for a time the most conspicuous figure
in the senate. Believing profoundly in the
principle that the buying and selling of
that which did not exist was contrary to
the laws of economics, and in practice in-
jurious to business and morals, while it
worked enormous detriment to the agri-
cultural interests of the country, Mr. Wash-
burn threw himself into the fight for the
measure with a whole-souled energy which
could have but one result. For four
months the bill was the unfinished business
in the senate. It was a battle royal with
enormous monied interests to contend with;
but the victory was finally won. Senator
\\'ashbnrn's i>rinci])al speech in support of
this bill attracted wide attention in this coun-
try and abroad. The bill was throttled in the
house and Mr. Washburn believes there has
been a loss of hundreds of millions to the
country, for which the leaders of the house,
who prevented the votes, are responsible.
By far the most elaborate and carefully pre-
pared speech which Mr. Washburn deliv-
ered while in the senate was that upon the
revenue bill of 1894, when he argued against
the repeal of the reciprocity provisions se-
cured by Mr. Blaine in ISOO. This speech —
on "Reciprocity and New ^larkets" — was
one of the most comprehensive discussions
of the reciprocity principle, the development
of the commerce of the United States during
its two years of trial, and the future possi-
bilities of the system, which was ever made
in congress. While bringing statistics to
show the trade relations with all American
nations, Mr. Washburn gave special atten-
tion to Cuba, showing the wonderful in-
crease in trade with that island under the
reciprocal treaty with Spain. It was, of
course, a foregone conclusion that the Dem-
ocratic congress would repeal the reciproc-
ity agreements, but ^Iv. Washburn's speech
revealed in all its baldness the certain re-
sult of such action — results which followed
speedily and surely. Prolonged absence at
times from his home city have not prevented
Mr. Washburn and his family from filling a
large place in the social life of Minneapolis.
As soon as he had established himself in his
new home, Mr. Washburn returned to
^Maine, where, April 19, 18.59, he was mar-
ried to Miss Lizzie Muzzy, daughter of the
Hon. Franklin Muzzy, a Bangor manufact-
urer and a man prominent in the political
life of the state. A modest home was estab-
lished in Minneapolis, and here their chil-
dren, four sons and two daughters, passed
Iheir early childhood. Realizing that in-
creasing fortune brought with it increased
obligation, Mr. Washburn some years ago
purchased a beautiful tract of land and
erected a mansion surrounded by most at-,
tractive grounds. This home, which was
named "Fair Oaks," has become not only a
center of social attraction, but an object of
pride in a city where beauty of surround-
ings and the refinements of life are most
highly appreciated. October 24, 1859, a
meeting was held in the village of Minneap-
olis for the purpose of organizing a L^niver-
sjilist church. On this occasion Mr. Wash-
burn occupied the chair, and his connection
with the Church of the Redeemer dates from
that meeting. It was at first a struggling
society; it is now one of the leading churches
HlSTOUy OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of the dcnouiiuation in tlie connli y. In its
early vifissitudes and its later pi-os])pi-ity it
has continually had reason to reuifniher Mr.
Washburn's constant generosity, for in his
church connection, as in all othei- matters,
he has been liberal in liis idntrilnitions
where there has been evidence of need and
worthy object to be accomplished. Of Mr.
Washburn's religious beliefs there could be
no better testimony than this, from one in
a positicm to know whereof he speaks:
"Mr. Washburn is modest and sparing
in liis religious professions, but deep-rooted
in his religious convictions. His father and
mother were earnest T'niversalists, and he
inlierited their faith. To this he has been
as loyal as to the other parental examples.
His creed is pretty w'ell summed nji in the
words, 'Fatherhood of God and Brotherhood
of Man.' The broad spirit he shows else-
where blossoms in his thoughts on spiritual
matters. His daily prayer must be, in sub-
stance, that all men may one day be good,
pure republicans of this world and saints in
the next. Freedom for all and Heaven for
all are his mottoes."
The same excellent authority describes
his friend in these words:
"In personal appearance ilr. Washburn
may be considered a very elegant gentle-
man. Neat and fashionable in his attire,
symmetrical in form, inclining to slimness,
erect, of moi'e Ihan medium height, clear-
cut features, and bright, earnest eyes, grace-
ful in movement, correct in speech, he im-
presses one even at first as a person who
has had always the best surroundings. He
is dignified in manner, and is not inditi'erent
to style in whatever pertains to him. If on
any occasion he shows abruptness of lan-
guage and is sliglitly overbearing, ditficult
to be approached, by strangers especially, it
is owing generally and chiefly to the thorns
of business he feels at the moment prii-king
him or to want of time to be himself.
Hurry sometimes trips politics."
The latter part of this estimate seems at
jtresent inaccurate, however true it may
have been when written — at a time when
Mr. Washburn was carrying vast loads of
care, both commercial and political. H may
be that the i)rogress of years has softened
a manner which still retains, however, all
its characteristic dignity. Mr. Washburn
has traveled much. It is almost a necessity
(o a man of his temperament to see what is
going on in the world outside the limits of
his home city or state. He has from time
to time visited every part of the United
Sitates, Mexico, Cuba and Canada. Six
times he has visited Euro])e, on one of these
pilgrimages extending his joiirneyings to
Egypt and the Nile, and on another seeing
Norway and Sweden — the ''Land of the ^lid-
night Sun" — and Russia. Three years ago
he spent six months in China, Jajian and
other oriental countries, and would have
completed the "round the world" tour had
it not been for the prevalence of the plague
in India. In travel ilr. ^Vashburn finds
that continued education and those broaden-
ing influences which every intelligent man
■welcomes throughout his life. He has also
found such rest from the cares of a life of
much more than ordinary activity and re-
sponsibility that he is, at the age of sixty-
eight, still in his i)rime, and bears himself
with the air of a man much his junior.* He is
to-day, as he has always been, a growing
man. His interest in public affairs is un-
abated, and the attention which is paid to
his views was very recently evidenced, when
an interview, in which he denounced the
trust evil, was quoted and commented upon
from one end of the English-speaking world
to the other.
RUSSELL, Henry.— The part jjlayed by
the modest editor of the country weekly in
the work of development is not often taken
into consideration; indeed, seldom receives
mention. Right-thinking people, however,
will concede that he deserves a great deal
more credit than he is usually accorded. In
addition to the news of the world iu con-
densed form, the country weekly covers all
local doings and happenings, and as such is
of value to the community in which it is pub-
lished. Its existeuci', however, is dependent
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
HENRY RUSSELL.
upon the pioiiiotion of the best interests of
that community, and it acts as the medium
for the advocacy of every enterprise which
promises to help ujibuild. Its influence,
therefore, is determined by the quality of the
man who conducts it. If he be a man of
brains and character, clear and out-spoken in
his utterances, he becomes a potent force in
his own community, and his influence cannot
be lightly estimated. TTie subject of this
sketch is the editor and publisher of "The
Vidette," of Spring Valley, Minn., one of the
most successful weeklies published in the
North Star state. Mr. Eussell is a native of
New York state, and was born at Little Val
ley, Cattaraugus county, November 19, 1857.
His father died when he was only two years
of age. His mother, whose maiden name was
Amanda Shurtliff, was a second cousin of the
well known surgeon, Dr. Frank Hamilton, of
New York. She was directly connected with
the Adams family, whose members were so
intimately associated with the founding of
the republic. She is now living at Money
Creek, Minn. The subject of our sketch re-
ceived a common school education. In 1872
he came west and settled at Rushford, Minn.,
where he engaged in farming. Later he be-
came a teacher and taught in the public
schools of the North Star state for a period
of twelve years. Afterwards he became in-
terested in the newspajjer business, and has
lieen an editor of country papers for the past
nine years. In 181)!), he took charge of the
Sjii-ing ^'alley Vidette, one of the oldest pa-
pers in Minnesota, established in 1867.
I'nder his able editorship the Vidette has
geratly increased its circulation and become
one of the leading and influential weeklies
of southern Minnesota, ilr. Russell has al-
ways aflflliated with the Republican party,
and has jjerformed valiant senMce in its in-
terests as an editor. He is an earnest advo-
cate of temperance principles, though not a
prohibitionist in any sense. He is a member
of the Presbyterian church. In 1880, he was
married to Miss Mary Van Sickle. Their
union has been blessed with seven children:
Ona L., Pearl E., Edna M., Rollin, Stanley
A.. Harold and Bulah.
RUSSELL, John, the president of the
First National Bank of Valley City, is one
of the earliest i)ioueer settlers in North Da-
kota, having made his first visit there in
1878, when it was yet a jjart of the Territory
of Dakota. He was born in Genessee county
— in that portion now Wyoming county —
New York, Februars' 4, 1828. This was, at
one time, the greatest wheat producing re-
gion in the United States. His father's name
was also John Russell. He was a farmer,
and then, for many years, a merchant, carry-
ing on a country general store, and was in
fairly good financial circumstances. He was
a native of Vermont, where his ancestors
lived for many generations. He was married
to Grasenia Gillette, who was the mother of
the subject of this sketcli. She was a native
of Delaware county, N. Y. Young John was
resired in western New York, and his educa-
tion and training were obtained in the com-
mon schools of his native state. They were
esteemed good schools at that time, but they
were hardly up to the standard now requir-
ed. Like most young men of that era who
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
did not stud.T for a profession, Mr. Kussell
turned his hand to whatever he could find to
do, and g^i-adually worked into the banking
business, which he now follows. The secret
of his remarkable success may be expressed
in a few words: honesty, caution, prudence
and strict attention to business. When Mr.
Russell first came west he settled in Minne-
sota, and opened up a good farm and handled
wheat. He went to ^'alley City to look over
the ground in 1878, and moved there perma-
nently in March, 1880. He bought land and
broke it up. The First National Bank of
Valley City was organized in 1881, and he
was one of the first stockholders. In 1884 he
was elected president of the bank, a position
which he has since continuously held. As
the institution is now one of the very oldest
in the state, so it is also one of the strongest
It is not too much to say that its success is
principally due to Mr. Russell, whose busi-
ness sagacity and sterling character have al-
ways been a bulwark of strength to the en-
terprise. It has paid an annual dividend of
ten i)er cent, ever since he has been presi-
dent, and Mr. Russell is justly proud of the
success of the institution. He has also been
in the milling business since 1882, being
president of the Russell & Miller Milling
Company. He was living in Minnesota at
the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion.
Although he has always been a Democrat he
tried to enlist for the war, but was rejected
because of physical disability, on his exam-
ination. Mr. Russell was a life long Demo-
crat until the recent political upheaval on
the financial question. He was a delegate to
the State Democratic convention at James-
town. When the convention endorsed "free
silver" he walked out of the hall, and has not
been in accord with his party since, but has
been a strong su])iiorter of President McKin
ley and the financial policy of the Republican
party. He was elected mayor of Valley City
and served two years. He refused to accept
the office again. Governor Church, as a
Democrat, appointed Mr. Russell a member
of the Penitentiary Hoard, where he served
two years. In 1831 he was married in New
York to Jane I'arker. Tliev had three chil-
dren— ;Mrs. Miller, of Minueaiiolis, Herbert
J. Russell, now in the state of ^Vashington,
and Albert Russell, Mrs. Russell died in
18!K». In 1891 he was married to Julia B.
Sarsfield, a lady of refinement and culture,
and an active church worker and teach?i' in
the Congregational church and Sunday
school. Mr. Russell is not enrolled as a mem-
ber of any church, but is a liberal contributor
to all denominations.
COTTON, Joseph Bell, a prominent attor-
ney of Duluth, Minn., is a native of the
Hoosier state. He was born on a farm near
Albion, in Noble county, Ind., January 6,
18(iu. His father was Dr. John Cotton, a
native of Ohio, and a graduate of Rush Med-
ical College, Chicago. His mother was Eliza-
beth J. Riddle, also a native of Ohio, and a
daughter of Joseph B. Riddle, a prominent
and influential citizen of Albion, Ind., recent-
ly deceased. Mr. Cotton's father has been de-
ceased for many years. On the paternal side
he is related to the late Rev. Dr. Phillips
Bi-ooks, long the distinguished pastor of
Trinity church, Boston. Up to his sixteenth
year, Josejih assisted in work on his grand-
HISTORY OF THE GKEAT NORTHWEST.
JOSEPH B. COTTON.
father Riddles farms, since which time he
has depended on his own resources. His
early education was received in the district
school, going from there to the high school
at Albion. He then attended the Michigan
Agricultural and Mechanical College, at Lan-
sing, graduating with the degree of B. S., in
the class of 188(i. He was class orator in both
his senior and junior .years, and was one of
the eight commencement orators. After
graduation he was offered the position of
tutor in mathematics at his Alma Mater,
which he accepted. He held this position for
two years, in the meantime reading law un-
der the direction of Hon. Edwin Willits, then
president of the college and a fonner Michi-
gan congressman, and assistant secretary of
agriculture in ex-President Harrison's cabi-
net. He was admitted to practice before the
Michigan supreme court on June 13, 1888,
and in September, 1888, removed to Duluth,
where he began the practice of his profession.
Having interested himself in politics, he did
valiant service for the Kepublican party, and
was rewarded, in 1892, with election to the
lower house of the state legislature. He
made an excellent record in that body, serv-
ing on several important committees, and
succeeded in getting through a measure pro-
viding for a third judge in the Eleventh judi-
cial district, thus achieving what had been
his chief incentive in entering the legislature.
His powers of oratory were also brought into
full play by an eloquent speech i"e-nominat-
ing the late Cushman K. Davis to succeed
liimself in the United States senate. In 1891
^Ir. Cotton became a member of the law firm
of Cotton & Dibell, which soon afterwards
became Cotton, Dibell & Reynolds. This
firm enjoyed a large and lucrative practice
and finally was dissolved by Mr. Cotton ac-
cei)ting corporate employment and Mr. Dib-
elTs election as judge of the district court at
Duluth. Since 1893, Mr. Cotton has sen-ed
at attorney for the Duluth, Missaba & North-
ern Railway Company, and the Lake Su-
perior Consolidated Iron Mines. For the
jiast eight years his practice has been con-
fined exclusively to corporation law, and he
has been connected with much important liti-
gation, both in Minnesota and Wisconsin.
He is prominent in Masonic circles, being a
thirty-second degree ^lason, a Knights Tem-
plar, a member of the Mystic Shrine and a
Knight of the Red Cross of Constantine. He
is also an Elk and a member of the Phi Delta
Theta college fraternity. Mr. Cotton married
Miss Louise Hubbell, of Duluth, January 4,
1900, and they have a daughter, born Febru-
ary 15, 1901.
O'DOKNELL, John. — Despite the popu-
lar notion to the contrary, the essential con
ditions for individual success are not more
unfavorable today than they were a genera-
tion ago. In studying the lives of successful
men it will generally be found that the con-
ditions under which they began their career
were just as unpromising as those that con-
front the young man of today. The same de-
termination and effort, expended with the
same intelligence, will lead to success now as
it always has and always will. Skill, energy
and application are qualities of individual
possession that can never be held under sub-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
jection, and will always be iu demand while
there is work to be aceoniplished, wliether in
small or large tasks. A good illustration of
this is the rerent appointment of John 0"I)on
nell, of Minneapolis, as Commissioner of La-
bor for the state of Minnesota. His jnefer-
ment has come to him in recognition of labor
well performed. Jlr. O'Donnell was born in
Lancashire, England, August 29, 18G2. His
fathei-, John O'Donnell, came to this country
with his family shortly afterwards. He en-
listed in ('omi)any F, Fifty-eighth Massachu-
setts Infantry, and served until the close of
the war. He then secured work as a spinner
in the cotton mills of Massachusetts, and
later was engaged as a miller. The maiden
name of the mother of our subject was Catli
erine Bohan. John began working in the cot
ton mills at the early age of ten years. His
first educational training was received in the
public schools; later he attended the night
schools. In June, 1881, he came west and se-
lected Minneapolis as his future home. He
learned the plumber's trade and worked at
that line of occupation for quite a number of
years. He is an expert craftsman and soon
took a leading position among his fellow-
workmen. He has taken an active interest
in all matters relating to labor organization
and been a leader iu labor circles. He has
held every office in Plumbers' Union, No. 15,
of Minneapolis, and is its jiresident. He has
also served as president of the Trades and
Labor Council of Minneapolis for two terms,
and was elected the second time by acclama-
tion. In July, 1890, he was appointed sani-
tary inspector in the Minneapolis health de-
partment, and held this position until his
present ai>pointment by Governor Van Hant
in January, 1901. This office has been
brought into particular prominence by ]\Ir.
O'Donnell's two predecessors in office; but
the record they have made is not likely to
overshadow that of the present incumbent.
Mr. O'Donnell is an intelligent, progressive
man, aggressive in his character, and prom-
ises to make a capable and efficient labor stat-
istician. He is a member of the Modern
Woodnu'n of America, and his church con
nections are with the Catholic body. .Vjirii
.JOHN O-IKIXXELL.
23, 1890, he was married to Miss Mary Kouse.
Five children have been born: Mary, John,
Helen, ratheiiiic and William.
KELISUjS', Samuel Andrew. — Scandinavi-
ans have contributed in a large degree to the
development of the Northwest. There is no
bi-auch of industry, occupation or profession
where men of this race are not conspicuous
and intiuential. They are leaving their im-
press wherever they settle. Among the most
jirominent of this enterprising race, Samuel
A. Nelson, of Lanesboro, must be placed in
the front rank as a leader. He was born on
Erickstad farm, Lyngdals I'restegjeld, Chris-
tian.sands stiff, Norway, January 0, 1851.
His father was I'eter Nelson Erickstad, a
tainicr by occujiation. His mother's maiden
name was Anna Sampson Aen, fi-om Vos,
and a pious woman. His father was of strong
character, and a school teachei' and leader in
chuich work. He left a permanent impres-
sion upon the character of his children, as
shown by the work and iuHuence of Samuel
in business and church alfairs. Mr. Nelson
canii' to Ihis ciiniitiy when Ihroe months old,
and received his early education in the par-
HISTORY OK THE GREAT NOnTHWEST.
SA.MI'KL A. XKI.SOX.
ocliial scbuol at W'iuiiesbeik luimty, Iowa,
and in the ijublic schools. He then entered
the Biyant & Stratton Commercial College at
(Chicago, where he graduated in 1870. This
training was supplemented by a literary
course at the Marshall Academy, Wisconsin,
lie came to Minnesota and settled first on a
farm at Newberg, Fillmore county. July 7,
1872, he opened a general store at Lanesboro,
where he still continues the business. He
prospered from the start. In 1882 he associ-
ated with him his brother, I'eter A. Nelson,
under the firm name of Xelson Bros., in
which style the immense business is still car-
ried on. In 18!t5 they opened a branch store
at Slayton, where they do a large business.
March 20, 1901, they opened at Lanesboro
the Farmers" and Merchants" Bank, a private
in.«1itution, owned by Xelson Brothers. In
politics Mr. Xelson has always been a Repub-
lican, but has been too busy to occupy ottice,
except of a local nature, which his duty as a
citizen comijelled him to accept. He has been
mayor of the city, and a member of the coun-
cil and of the board of education. He has
been asked to run for the legislature, but has
not pushed for it because of his exacting
business. He served on Governor dough's
staff with the rank of major and was lately
sui'ju-iscd to receive an a])jiointment on
(iovcrnor N'an Sanfs start' with the rank
of iiiajor — an entirely unsolicited honor.
In religion he Iteloiigs to the Tnited
Lutheran Church of AiiicT-ica, and is very
]ironiiiieHt in its councils, lie is now serv-
ing the second term as trustee of the
general body. He was appointed alone as a
committee to bargain for the ground at St.
.Vnthony Park on which the Xorwegian
Lutheran Church Seminar^- is being built,
lie is also active in Sunday school work, and
liejongs to the Scandinavian Old Settlers'
.\ssociation. He was married, January 1(>,
1878, to Julia Maria, daughter of Jule H. and
Sille Skarie, of the town of Carrolton. They
have had ten children: Philander Julius,
Alfred S., Arthur J., Christian (1., Selma A.,
Delia G. (deceased October 11, 1889), Samuel
F., Luther P., Ferdinand G. and Charlotte
Ruth X'elson.
ESTES, William R. — Estes is a name de-
rived from the old Austrian and French
name, "D'este," now represented by the
reigning family of Austria, and to which
Queen Victoria also was related. A branch
of the race settled in North Carolina very
early — date not exactly known — where Will-
iam Estes, the father of William R., was
born. In 1825 he moved to Indiana, to a
farm near Princeton, where William R. Estes
was born March 4, 18.52. The mother's maid^
en name was Jane King. Tlie family moved
to Madelia, Minn., in 1807, and the father en-
gaged in hardware and machinery business,
which he continued until about 1880, when
his sons Samuel B. and William R. Estes,
succeeded him. He died in April, 1900.
Young William R. was not a rugged boy,
therefore his schooling was intermittent.
But he was fond of reading, and so studious
that he made considerable progress with his
education. He was fifteen years old when
he came to ^Minnesota, and the pioneer
schools did not offer the very best facilities,
IIISTOKY (IK TIIK (JItEAT XOItrH WEST.
so lit' iitti'iidcd tlic ("oinnici-cial ("olk'j^i' of
.Mr. W. A. Fnddis. at St. rani, and nv.xdn-
ated from the iiistitnlion in IsTli. llr lln-n
(^n>;:i>ic<l in business with his fallici- :ind
hnilhi-r. From ISSi' until 1SS7 he traveled
for coiiiinereial houses extensively, and in
l.SS(i, while so workiuf;. was elerted to the
lej;;i.slatnre. He iutroduced and woi-ked
thron}--!! the Ic'iislature a hill to test the
practicability of Imldin;^ farmers" institutes.
Mr. Estes was i-e-elecied in isss, and hav-
ing jiroved the ntilil.\ and value of fanners'
institutes by his tirst bill, secured the jiass-
i\>re (if a law makinji such institutes a ]>er
nianent jiolicy of ihe slale. This law is that
under which they have since been conducted.
He also had char};e of all dairy lejrislation
durinjf the session— ii very iniiiortant duty.
In 1S!)() he was ajijiointed Fnited States con-
sul at Janiaica, and served while the reci-
procity treaties weie nejiotiated. Secietary
of State James <i. Itlaine wrote a letter liij^h-
ly conimendinj;' his work in this connediiui
to Senator .\llison, chairman of the commit-
tee (Ui a]i]iroiiriations, February 4, ISDl.
This was printed in the <"on<;ressional Kec
ord of February ITtli, jiajic 2S!M), and on the
streu};tli of this letter conjiress voli'd him an
increase of salary of .fl.ddd i)er annum. A I
his own reipu'st Mr. Estes was transferred
to Nureinburg. (iermany. Itefore he left for
his new jiost. the I'nited States consul at
Hamburg; had deserted his jiost <ui account
of the cholera iiievailinji there. I'resident
Harrison and Secretary of State Foster, on
consultation, concluded that Mr. Estes was
the best man for that important ]iosilion.
Because of the danjicr lo his family, ;ind foi-
other reasons, he demurred. Init linally ac
cejited and served until he was relieved by
I'resident Cleveland in July, 189:3. Mr. Estes
has always been a Republican. He voted to
elect Senator Davis in ISST. and Senator
Washburn in ISS!). In i-elijiion he has attili
ated with the ]\Iethodis( Episco]ial chui-( h.
He is a Jlason and has held several oflices
in the IJlue I>odj:c, and is a meudier of Ihe
St. James Chapter. In isitT he lion-;lit the
JIadelia ilessenirer, which he now nianaffes.
He has raised the subscrijition list from liuO
WILMAM K. KS'I'KS.
to l.l'dd. He was married November lid,
1S77. to Saiah K. Vounii. dau;;hler of Kev.
W. Vounj;. of the .M. K. Conference. They
ha\e four children: Ko/.ella A., now Mrs.
John l!ini;liam. born February 2'2, t879;
X'era M., born .May :!1, ISSI ; Florence A.,
boin in .Inly. ISS:'.. and Howard C. Estes,
born Februarv d, IS'.ll.
XKI.SOX, Kmil .Ufred.— Tin- librarian of
the .Minnesota Slale Library, .Mr. K. .\. Nel-
son, was born in a log house in \'assa, <i 1-
hn>- coiinly, .Minn., .March IS, lS7d. He is of
Swedish ]iarentaj;e. His father, I'. .M. Nelson,
was a farmer and cai-penler. He came from
Swi'den and settled in (ioodliue i-ouuty,
.Minn., in IStiS. His \\ife came to j<iiu her
husband in lS(ii». Iloth father and molher
came fi-om lli>' middli' class in Sweden an<l
from families strong and hardy which in
foiiner times lieljied to make uji the xeoniau
ry of wari-ing kings. Emil's early i-dination
was obtained in Ihe <lisli-iit s<-liool of Ciood
hue county. He says that his strongest im-
])ression in earl.\ training was i-eceived from
his lirst teacher, I'rof. C. W. Foss, who U
HISTORY OF TIIH GRKAT NORTHWEST.
EMIL A. NELSON.
now the acting i)i'esident of Augustana Col-
lege, Rock Island, 111. Mr. Nelson worked up
the most of his collegiate education by pri-
vate study, so that after an attendance of
only nine months at Augustana College,
Rock Island, he graduated in a full collegiate
course from that institution in the class of
1897. In the meantime he taught school and
has now to his credit six years of teaching
experience. For four years he taught in
country schools, then for two years was prin-
cipal of the graded school at Hallock, Kitt-
son county, Minn. He has been three times
elected county superintendent of schools in
Kittson county. In the fall of 1889 he be-
came editor and proprietor of the Hallock
Weekly News, and has since conducted that
paper. In January, 1901, he was appointed
state librarian by Governor Van Sant — a po-
sition which he now holds. Mr. Nelson has
always been an active, stalwart Republican,
taking a prominent part in political cam-
paigns. He has been firm in principles under
adverse circumstances and maintained them
in his paper when the Farmers' Alliance of
Kittson county declared a boycott on it. He
is a member of the State Editorial Associa-
tion and of the Northwestern Editorial As-
sociation, being also secretary of the latter.
He is likewise a member of the State Educa-
tional Association, and was president of the
("dunty Sui)erint('ndents' Section of that or-
ganization for one session. In religion Mr.
Nelson belongs to the Swedish Lutheran
church. He was married in December, 189S,
to JlissFlorenceDure — a bright young teach-
er of Hallock, Kittson countw Minn.
SMITH, A. M., was born on the 4tli of
February, 1S41, near the town of Kolding,
Denmark. His family, as shown by official
records, has been of unmixed Danish blood
foi- several hundred years past. His ances-
tors have all been soldiers in the Danish
army, and sailors in the Danish navy and
merchant marine. His grandfather was a
lieutenant in the Danish battalion of heavy,
artillery which accompanied Napoleon in his
famous Russian campaign. A. M. Smith,
early in life, followed the sea. After making
several voyages to South America, he joined
the United States navy in Brazil, sailing in
the S. S. Mai'y Comet on the Paraguian ex-
jiedition. He was discharged from the navy
on the return of the expedition to the United
States, and, after experiencing many trials
and hardships, found himself at the outbreak-
ing of the Civil War at Galveston, Texas. He
immediately made his way North, and on the
22nd of April, 1801, he was one of the first
volunteers to enlist on the books of the fii'st
company mustered in the state of Indiana.
This was originally a three months' service,
but it was mustered into the Tliirteenth Regi-.
ment of the Indiana Volunteers for the dura-
lion of the war and was in over twenty en-
gagements in Virginia. In October, 1802, be-
ing severely wounded, he was honorably dis-
charged from the army, and in 1803 again en-
listed in the United States navy, shipping on
the gunboat Conestoga, and afterwards be-
ing transferred to Gunboat No. 13, Fort
Hineman, of the Mississippi flotilla, and was
at the surrender of Vicksburg, and took part
in the Red river expedition. At the attack
on Fort De Russey, he was mentioned for
bravery by Captain Pierce, and was shortly
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
jifter severely wounded, and in July, 1864,
honorably discharged from the United States
navy. He went to ("aliforuia, and shortly
after his arrival there enlisted in the Second
("aliforuia ^'olnnteers, whose entire term of
service was spent in fighting the Indians. In
1^06 his regiment was mustered out of serv-
ice. Shortly after this Jlr. Smith became en-
gaged in the construction of the Central l*a-
ciflc Railroad fi-om Cisco to Elko, Nevada.
After this he started in business in Salt Lake
City, but was forced by Brigham Young to
h ave on account of his strong and out-spoken
anti-Mormon sentiments. He then removed
to Philadelphia, remaining there until ISf^t!,
when, realizing the opportunities of the
Northwest, he transferred his business and
family to Minneapolis. While in Philadel
phia he wrote and published a "History of
the United States Mint," "History of the
United States Coins," "A History of Colonial
Coins," and also edited and published the
"Coin Collector's Guide and Illustrated Mag-
azine," and an autobiography, entitled "The
Luck of a Wandering Dane,"' and finally end-
ed his literary labors by writing and publish-
ing the "Encyclopedia of Cold and Silver
Coins of the World," which is still a standard
work on the subject, although sixteen years
old, and in fact is the only work on the sub-
ject, published, which so thoroughly and ex-
haustively covers the ground. Mr. Smith
spent seven years and many thousands of dol-
lars in preparation of this work in collecting
the original of every gold and silver coin.
While in Utah, Mr. Smith married a Miss
Elberg, a young lady whose parents lived a
short distance from his home in Denmark.
He has two sons, the eldest of whom. Wash
ington Smith, is married and has been en-
gaged in the practice of law in this city for
some time, while his younger son, Arthur
Mason Smith, is still pursuing his studies.
Mr. Smith is a member of the Ancient Ordei-
of United Workmen, of the Grand Ainiy of
Ihe Reitublic, of the Ancient Free and Ac-
ccj)1ed Masons, Royal Arch Masons and the
Knights Templar. He is also a life member
of the Numismatic Society. Mr. Smith is a
large property holder in this city, having
A. M. sMrrri.
great faith in its future developments. He
has one of the largest general and ornitholog-
ical libraries in the Northwest. His coin col-
lection is one of the finest in the United
States. He is a great traveler, having wisitcd
every country of the world, and generally
spends from three to six months of each year
in visiting old scenes and new. His principal
business is that of a dealer in ('alifornia
wines, which he conducts at 249 Hennepin
avenue. Mr. Smith is very widely known on
account of his anticpiarian proclivities, as he
has the largest individual collection of an-
li(]uities, Indian curios, ancient weapons and
tapestries in the Northwest, to which he is
continually adding. His archaeological col-
lection is esTXM-ially tine.
QTTIST, Peter P., of Winthrop, Minn., is
a ly])ical representative of that class of for-
eign born citizens who form such a large pro-
portion of the po])ula(ion of llie Northwest,
and who have contributed so much to its up-
building— the Scandinavians. He was born
in Rinkaby, Sweden, Aug. 18, 1S54. His fa-
ther was Peter N. Quist, who for twenty-six
years served in a cavali-y i-ogiment in the
HISTORY OF THE CURAT XOHTHWIOST.
Swcflisli ariii.v. He ciuionited to this couii-
tr\' ill 1805, localiuji in Nicollet county,
-Miini., where he settled on a homestead.
There were seven sons in the (^uist family,
Peter P. being next to the youngest. The
father died in IS'Jl, aged eighty years; the
mother in 181)8, aged eighty-five years.
Peter 1*. received his education in the
IMihiic schools in St. Peter and St. Ausgari
Academy, East Union, Minn. He left his fa
ther's farm when he reached his twenty-first
year and learned the hardware and farm ma-
chinery business. In 1882 he located at the
then new town of Winthro}). Sibley county,
and opened a hardware and farm machinery
store, associating with himself his brother,
John 1'., and C. J. Larson, afterwards state
senator, under the Hi-m name of P. P. Quist
& Co. The\- enjoved a very prosperous busi-
ness for eighteen years, when Mr. Quist sold
out his interest to his partner. Senator Lar-
son.
.Mr. (^uist has always taken an active in-
terest in public aflairs. He is director in the
State Pank at Winthrop, and also in the
Scandinavian Kelief Association of Red
^^■ing. He was apjwinted postmaster of Win-
throp by President Garfield in 188:jl, and
served in that position for ten years. Was
one of the incorporatois of the Sibley ("ouuty
Telephone Company, and served as its treas-
urer for years. Is i)resident of the \\'inthrop
IJonnl of Trade, member of the board of edu-
cation and served as its treasurer for si.\
years.
He is a Rei)ublican and an active worker
in the party interest; has served as member
of the Sibley County Rejmblican Committee
fill- several years and also on the State Cen-
tral Committee. He is a member and incor-
jioratoi- of the Swedish Lutheran church of
\\iiithroi> and served as its treasurer for sev-
eral years. Was appointed state weigluiias-
ter at Minneapolis by the Railroad and Ware-
lionse Commissioners March 1.3, IIIOI. which
jKisition he now occupies.
February 5, 1881, he was married to iliss
Emma M. Falk, of Red Wing, Minn., a teach
er in the public schools. Six children have
been liorn to Mr. and Mrs. Quist: Ida, Hugo,
Chester, ISIauritz, Walter and Lvdia.
ROBPINS. Andrew P., Surveyor General
of Logs and Lumber for the Second District
of the State of Minnesota, was born at Phil-
lilts, Me.. ^\.pril 27, 1845. His father, Daniel
Robbins, was a leading business man of the
town, operating a flouring mill, a tannery,
and a lumber business. He was a man of
considerable means. In 1855 he came to
Minnesota and settled at Anoka, where he
was compelled to put his family into the loft
of a log house — the only building iivailable —
on the bank of Rum river. He had a wife
and six children who were crowded under
the eaves of the primitive structure. He
established the first steam saw mill at Anoka.
It was operated at a time when men with
teams camped on the grounds to wait their
turn to secure lumber as fast as it came from
the saw. Besides thus supplying lumber
from the mill, in which he invested his
means, he loaned money to nii^i engaging in
new enterprises in the town. He was of early
New England ancestry. The maiden name
of Andrew's mother was Mary R. Shaw, a
direct descendant of John Holland, one of
HISTORY OF THE GRIOAT NORTHWEST.
tho omisrants from England on tlic ilayttow
er. As a f;irl she walked several miles from
home to attend distrirt scliool. Slie was a
woman <if most exalted charaiter. I'nder ail
conditions — some ]ieruliarly Irving — she
was ne\-ei- ]iei-tni-bed. Diiriiii; liei- whole life
no word of eomiilaint or exjiression of ill
humor was heard from her lips by her cliih
dren. The {diilosoph,\ of life which she
taii.iilit I hem was, "Don't worry." and she ex
emplitied this mofto in her own life. Her
ancestors, as well as those of her husl)and,
were prominent in Colonial days and si-rxcd
in the War of the Revolution, holding com-
missions in the Continental army when in-
dependence was secured. Andrew's first
schooling was obtained in the villa^ic of his
birth. He was ten years of aj;e when he
came with his parents to Anoka, and there he
attended tlie school of the new town. When
fifteen years old he was sent to a private
academy, conducted by a most able and suc-
cessful teacher, who secured sj)lendid results
in the advancement of his pui)ils. He at-
tended this institution for two years. Then
the wave of patriotism swept over this conn-
try at the breaking out of the Civil War. In
September, I8fi2, although only seventeen
years of age, he enlisted in Coni[Kiny A.
Eighth Regiment of Minnesota Volunteers.
This ended his academic education. Owing
to Indian troubles the regiment was detained
in the state, and in IStM formed part of flu
force of General Sully's famous exjiedition
against the Indians. This service, though
sometimes belittled because of the common
contempt foi- Indians, involved, accoiding to
the rejiort of (ieneral Sully, ■"llie greatest
hardshi])s of any expedition he ever com
nianded."" Tlu' troo{)s marched for whole
days withoni water, when the temjierature
was at 110 degrees. Tlie supi)ly of water,
when found, was obtained frequently only in
pools and buffalo wallows, and it was stag-
nant, and rank with alkali. When at the
border of the "Bad Lands,'' where the In-
dians were overtaken, attacked and defeattnl,
it was discovered that by some ei-ror in mak-
ing up the amount of supplies, the command
was short of raticms. This, with the other
AMiKi;w i;. umuiiNS.
condilions, made the camjiaign Ihe trying one
which (ieneral Sully reports. .Mr. Kobbins
then went with an expedition to relieve the
comnuind of CM])tain l-'isk, who was •Bcort-
ing to safety a jiarly of emigrants. Having
lost heavily by the attacks of the Indians,
lh(y wcie comijelled to pack their wagons
and to llnow n]i entrenchments. When this
command was rescued and taken to Fort
Rice, on the Missouri river — during which
time Mr. Robbins was commissary sergeant —
the regiment was sent South, and formed a
jiart of (ieneral Schofiehrs corjis, the Twen-
ty-third. They iiaificiiiated in the second
battle of .Murfreeshm-o. l»nring this bailie
they could hear the cannon engaged with
Hood's army in liiealtack on Nashville, lie
was also in the batth^ of Franklin, further
south. .\l Ihis time .Mr. Kobbins was at-
tached to the stall (it (ieneral \'an Cleve.
After II I's defeat, the icgimcnl was order-
ed III \\ ashingtdu. and it encamped on .\r-
linglon Heights. Fi-oui there thi' regiment
was .sent by trans|)orl to Xewbern, .X. C.. and
then UKirched to Raleigh, in the same state, to
form a jnnclion with Sherman's army. Mr,
Robbins in North Carolina served as quarter-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
master sergeant attaclied to division head-
quarters. Upon the junction with Sherman,
the war ended, and Mr. Kobbins was muster
ed out. Upon his return from his three
years" service he accepted the first chance for
woriv, which was night service in a saw mill.
He left this to take a clerkship at 8t. An-
thony, ill the lirst depot of the St. Paul &
I'acitic Railway, on the bank of the river, just
above the falls. When the depot was moved
to the west side of the river, to \Yashing-ton
avenue, he was chief accountant, ticket
agent, and telegraph operator. He did all
the work connected with these positions at
that time. When the road was extended to
\Mllmar, Minn., he was appointed agent at
that point, and also formed a partnership in
the lumber business with John Paulson and
A. E. Rice, and operated a grain elevator at
the same time. After two years the interests
of Mr. Paulson and Mr. Rice were bought
out, and a new partnership was formed with
Mr. Rice, who was then a member of the state
senate. In 18TG Mr. Robbins succeeded Mr.
Rice in the senate. The grasshopper scourge
then came on. Mr. Robbins drew up the first
seed grain law to relieve the sufferers. To
insure its success, he canvassed the senate
and secured the necessary support, and then
had the bill introduced into the lower house
by AVilliam Crooks. During the grasshop-
per InA'asion Mr. Robbins devised the sheet
iron "hopperdoser,'" and, having tested it on
the prairie near his home at Willmar, he
wrote a description of it for the Pioneer
Press. It became immensely popular, and it
is yet used wherever the grasshopper pest is
known.
Mr. Robbins has been an ardent Repub-
lican ever since Hon. Galusha A. Grow
stumped the Northwest. He was selected by
a committee to present the name of Senator
Windom as the choice of the Republicans to
succeed himself, and he received from Mr.
^Vindam a letter of thanks for the manner in
V hich the service was performed. While liv-
ing at Willmar, Jlr. Robbins established the
Bank of Willmar, now one of the leading
banks of the state, ^^■llen the Northwestern
P^Icvator ("omiiaiiv was organized, he was
made general manager, and held the position
for fourteen years. He was afterwards, for
four years, general manager of the Minnesota
iV: l>akota Elevator Company. In 1S!».") lie
was eh'cted to the legislature from Hennepin
( ounty. and served as chairman of the com-
iiiittee on appropriations. He now holds the
I'osition of surveyor general, as mentioned.
In religion, Mr. Robbins is a member of the
( 'oiigregational church. He is a Mason of the
thirty-second degree, Scottish Rite, and a
member of the Ancient Order of United
Workmen. In 18C0 he was married to Ade-
laide J. Walker, the sister of T. B. Walker,
and a niece of Judge Barlow, of Xenia, Ohio,
where she was born. They have five chil-
dren: Edith Robbins, the principal of the
high .school at Madelia, Minn.; Amy and Ade-
laide, attending the University of Minnesota;
Ruth and Esther Robbins.
GRANT, Donald.— The Northwest owes
much to the man who introduced the rail-
road— the forerunner of civilization — into
what was, less than a half century ago,
nothing but a wilderness. To them may be
attributed in large measure the development
that has taken place, a development so rapid
that it has surpassed the wildest dreams of
those who laid the foundations for its future
greatness. These men belonged to a sturdy
and aggressive type, and one which is fast
passing away, men who risked much that
posterity might reap the advantage of the
work they accomplished. A man deserving
of much credit in that connection is Donald
Grant, of Faribault, Minn. Mr. (irant has
been in the business of railroad building
since 1865, and has constructed parts of the
Iowa & Minnesota road, the Hastings & Da-
kota, the Minneapolis & St. Louis, the Great
Northern, the Northern Pacific, the Duluth
& Winnipeg, the Southern Minnesota, the
Wisconsin Central, the Canadian Pacific, the
Mesaba road, the Winona & Southwestern,
and the St. I'aul & Duluth. He is a Canadian
by birth, and was born December 20, 1837,
in Glengarry county, Ont. His father, Alex-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ander Grant, was for thirty years sheriff of
that county. His mother was Catherine Cam
eron, a native of Scotland. Both fatlier and
mother were Highbinders, the ancestoi-s on
both sides liaving come from that sturdy raic
of peojile. Donald earned his first dollar
working for seventy-five cents a day on an
Ohio farm, where he had gone as a young
man in search of his fortune. After having
accumulated several hundred dollars by the
exercise of strict economy he returned to his
Canadian home, only to find that the money
was worthless — the issue of "wild cat" banks.
Mr. Grant secured his first contract on th(
Minnesota Ontral, now the Iowa &, Minne
sota division of the Milwaukee road. It was.
however, only a small one to supply ties.
Later he was engaged in track laying on tlic
same road from Faribault to the Iowa bound
ary. His career for the first fifteen years
was one of varying success. Since that time,
however, all his business ventures have been
attended with remarkable success. Mr.
Grant enjoys the distinction of having laid
more miles of track in one day than was ever
built by any other road builder in the coun-
try. In the construction of the Great North
ern from Minot to Helena, in 1887, he laid in
one day ten and one-half miles of track, and
on several occasions laid over eight miles a
day the same season. The principal of econ-
omy and thrift which Mr. Grant adopted at
the outset, together with his great business
sagacity, has enabled him to accumulate a
large fortune. He is interested in a number
of manufacturing enterprises, and is directoi-
in three banks. He is also principal stock-
holder in the well known Orinoco Company,
which secured a valuable concession from the
Venezuelan govei'nment some years ago, and
is largely interested in the Kio Verde Canal
Company of Arizona. Mr. (Jrant enjoys an
enviable I'eputation as a man of integrity,
and has the confidence of business men in a
large degree. He is a Republican in politics,
but has never sought political preferment.
He was, however, induced to accept the office
of mayor of Faribault, and served for two
terms, in 1892 and 18!»;5, being indorsed by
both Democrats and Kepublicans. Dec. 25,
iMi.NALl) (;i;.\.\T.
1S(J0, he was married to Mary Cameron, to
whom has been born six daughters and one
son: Samuel, Ellen, Katherine, Isabella,
Emma, Mary and Margaret Jane.
MERRILL, Galen Allan.— No duty of the
state is more imperative than that of taking
care of the weak and helpless. This service
may well be regarded as a distinguishing
characteristic of a Christian community, for
in no other system of religion is this humane
duty made obligatory, or even prominent.
So general is the recognition of the necessity
of this work of caring for the unfortunate
and helpless that a trained class of educated
men has arisen who are experts in the special
field, and whose services are indispensable
to the well-being of these wards of the state.
One of the pioneers in this noble work in the
state of Minnesota is Galen A. Merrill, the
superintendent of the State Tublic School for
Dependent Children at Owatonna. He organ-
ized and opened the institution in 188G under
tlie law passed by the legislature of 1885, and
he has maiuiged it under the direction of the
Board of Control since tliat time. During
this period it has received and provided for
two thousand two hundred children. Mr.
niSTORV OF THE GUKAT NORTIIWEST.
CALIO.N A. MKKUILL.
Merrill was bom in Kalamuzoo couuty, Mich.,
December 28, 185!). His father was George
Phelps Merrill, a Connecticut farmer who
caine to Michigan early in manhood and set-
tled on a farm in Kalamazoo county. His
wife's maiden name was Sabra Wallace. She
was a native of New York. (Jalen, having
passed through the ])ublic schools of his
native state, took up a course of private
study, and i)ursued that of medicine for two
years, after which he accepted a position in
the public schools of Ludington, Mich., where
he taught for two years. He was then ap-
pointed assistant superintendent of the Mich-
igan State Public School for Dependent Chil-
dren, established at Coldwater. After serv-
ing in this capacity for two years, he was
made the state agent of the institution. It
was his duty to visit the children who had
Ixen i)laced out in families, and to supervise
these wards in their new homes. Having
served two years in this work, and having
thus become tlntroughly familiar with all
branches of the service, he was called to Min-
nesota, to put into ()]icrMlion a similar insti-
tution at Owatonna. \\ iicrc lie still continues.
V>\ reason of liis i-ccogiiij'.cd abilitv and ex-
perience, he was made president of the State
Conference of Cliarities and Corrections, in
1S!)S. At the National Conferenre of Chari-
lics and Corrections, which met at Topeka.
Kan., in May, 1!)0(), Mr. Merrill was made
chairman of the Committee on the Care of
Destitute and Neglected Children. In poli-
tics he is a Keitublicaii. In religion he is a
member of the Methodist Episcoi)al church,
and in 188(5 was elected by the Jlinnesota
( 'onference as a delegate to the (ieneral Con-
feren<'(^ — the governing body of tlie church
- -which held its session at Cleveland, Ohio.
He is also a member of the Royal Arcanum
fraternity. October 0, 1880, he was married
to Estella Ogden. They have two children:
.Mand, born April 30, 1888, and Paul O. Mer-
rill, born June 20, 1801.
BLACK, John D., of Valley City, N. D.,
comes naturally enough by his noted mili-
tary record, of being wounded in battle three
times and of winning three brevets for gal-
lantry and meritorious services. He is of
Scotch-Irish and Pennsylvania extraction on
his fathei^'s side, and of the so-called "fight-
ing"' Quaker stock on his mother's. His fa-
ther was William Black, a merchant who
retired from business in 1840, and died in
18fi9. John's mother's maiden name was
Plue-be Jones, springing from the same fam-
ily that gave to the world John Paul Jones,
the famous naval commander of the Revolu-
tionary War, who carried such terror to the
British hy his achievements on the very
shores of Britain. Her people were engaged
in the Revolutionary and Indian Wars in the
settlement of western Pennsylvania, and
wei'e driven from home to take refuge in Fort
Duquesne, three different times. Mr. Black
was born at Meadville, Pa., July 19, 1841.
His early education was obtained in the com-
mon school until he was thirteen years of
age, whc^n he entered Allegheny College at
Meadville, which he attended for four years,
1854 to 1858. He was a member of the Alle-
gheny Literary Society. ^\'hen he left col-
lege he learned the tinner's trade. This sub-
se(|nenllv easilv led into the hardware busi-
JOHN D. BLACK.
HISTORY OF THE GRI5AT NORTHWEST.
ness, in which he engaged for seA'eral .years.
From an early age lie took an interest in pub-
lic affairs. In 18G0 he caiTied a "Wide
Awake" torch in the Lincoln campaign. On
the breaking out of the Civil War, at the
earliest o])portunity, — April 15, 18G1, — Mr.
Black enlisted as a private in the Erie Zou-
aves, a three months' organization. It will
be remembered that Beauregard did not fire
on Fort Sumter until April 12, 1861. This
shows the impetuous patriotism of Mr. Black.
He was mustered in as third lieutenant.
April 23, and served the full three months,
being mustered out Julj' 23, 18G1, with his
regiment. He re-entered the service July 2.
1862. as fii-st lieutenant of Company E, 145th
Regiment of Penn-sylvania Volunteer Infant
ry. December 13, 1862, he was appointed
adjutant of his regiment. On December 2,
1864, for "gallant services at the battle of
Reams' Station," he was appointed a captain
of volunteers by brevet, and "for conspicuous
bravery and valuable services and for meri-
torious conduct, a major of volunteers by
brevet to rank as such from the 9th day of
April, 1865." Major Black served in the
First division of the Second Corps of the
Army of the Potomac, participating in all
battles fought by that noted organization,
until the close of the war and the return of
the coi-ps to Washington, where, instead of
being mustered out with his regiment, he
was retained by special order as aide to Gen-
eral Nelson A. Miles, and went with him to
Fortress Monroe, where the general assumed
the charge of Jefferson Davis, Clement C.
Clay, and other prisoners. Mr. Black has
interesting reminiscences of those stirring
days. He served as acting assistant adjutant
general on the staff of General John R.
Brooks; as aide-de-camp on tlie staff of Gen-
eral Francis C. Barlow, as well as on the
staff of General Miles, who finally assumed
command of the division. He retained Major
Black after the war was over, and after the
regiment to which he belonged had been mus-
tered out, as before mentioned. There could
scarcely be greater compliment paid to a sol-
dier's efficiency. Major Black was wounded
through the chest and left arm at Chancel-
lorville, thi-ongh the left lung and chest at
Gettysburg, and in right side and chest at
Weldon railroad. He was mustered out by
special order October 30, 1865. After his dis-
charge Major Black engaged in the hai-dware
business at Union City, Pa.. In 186() he was
made postmaster of the city, and held the
office until he resigned in 1871. In 1867 he
was also appointed an agent, and, later, as-
sistant superintendent of schools of the
Freednian's bureau in North Carolina, re-
maining there until the spring of 186!>, when
he was married, March 9, 1869, to Selenda
G. Wood, of Buffalo, N. Y. — the youngest
daughter of Dr. Eri ^^'ood — and moved to
Mount Vernon, III., to engage again in the
hardware business. In 1S76 he moved to
Battle Ci'eek, Mich., and later to Union City,
in the same state, finally, in 1880, settling in
the Territory of Dakota. Here he engaged in
farming until 1888, when he was elected reg-
ister of deeds of Barnes county. He held the
office by continued re-elections for six years,
in the meantime opening up a set of abstract
books. He then took out a certificate as ab-
stracter, and has continued that business at
Valley City. Major Black, being always in-
terested in military affairs, joined the Na-
tional Guard of the Territory of Dakota, in
1885, as captain of Company F and later be-
came quartermaster of the First Regiment,
North Dakota National Guard. He served
also as aide-de-camp on the staff of Governor
Shortredge and on that of Governor Briggs.
When the Sjjanish War came on, he took an
active part in organizing and fitting out the
First Regiment, North Dakota Volunteers,
a two-battalion regiment in which Major
Black sent out his only son and child. Nelson
Miles Black, as captain and assistant sur-
geon. Soon after. Major Black himself was
commissioned by the Ignited States as chief
commissary of subsistence, with the rank of
major, and ordered to report to his old com-
mander. General Nelson A. Miles. He kind-
ly ordered the major to report to aiTuy head-
quarters for assignment to duty on his staff
as acting assistant quartermaster. He ac-
(•omi)anicd the general to Santiago, Cuba,
and after the surrender of the Spanish gen-
IILSTOUY OF THE GRKAT XOKTIIWEST.
eral, Toro, to Poilo Kico. That his services
were effect i\(' and apiireciated, is shown by
General Miles, who in his official report rec-
ommended Major IJlack for brevet lieutenant
colonel "for distinguished and valuable serv
ices as commissary of subsistence durinji
the campaign in Porto Kico." This nuide tlic
third brevet earned by him, and referred to
above. His son, Cajjtain Nelson M. lilack,
followed closely in the footsteps of his gal
hint father, for he distinguished himself in
the I'hilippines, earning a recommendation
for brevet, as shown by the following extract
from an official letter:
Head(jnaiters First Division,
Eiglitli Army Corps,
Manila, P. I., December 18, 180'J.
Captain N. M. Black,
Asst. Surgeon U. S. A.
Dear Sir:
I have the honor to inform you that the
Dinsion Commander, Major General Henry
W. Lawton, U. S. Volunteers, in his final re-
port of an expedition to the jiroviuce of
Cavite, Luzon, P. I., .lune 10 to l2l!, ISflO,
dated October !), 18i)!t. reconuiicnded yon for
brevet major. Ignited States army. * * *
\'ery respectfully,
CLAKENCE R. EDWARDS,
Lieut. Col. 47tli Inft., U. S. Y., Actg. A.sst.
Adjt. Gen.
Colonel Black, as he is fairly entitled to
be called, has been prominent in Grand
Army of the Republic circles. He is past
commander of his post and past commander
of the Department of North Dakota. In the
Loyal Legion he is past junior vice command-
er of the Department of Minnesota. He has
always been a Republican, taking an active
part in county, state and national politics,
serving twice as chairman of the county cen-
tral committee, and on the executive com-
mittee of the state central committee. In
Masonry he is Past Master, I'ast High Priest,
Past Commander, and Past Eminent Grand
Commandei-, Knights Templar, and member
of A, A, O. N. M. S. and O. E. Star.
WII. 1,1AM II. .TOIINSdN.
JOHNSON, A\illiaiii 11., is in the Indian
school service, a department of education
and of the United States government service
which may fairly be called a profession by
itself because the duties of a teacher of In-
dian schools arc so nmltifarions and jiecul
iar. Mr. Johnson was born at Janesville,
^Vis.. October 22, 18(51. His father, still living,
is a farmer by occupation and now lives in
southern Kansas, where he owns and operates
a stock farm of three hundred and twenty
acres, and is in good financial circumstances.
He served in the Civil \\'ar for four years
and three months, as a member of the Third
\\'isconsin Cavalry. When he entered the
service his young son was only one mouth
old. His mother's maiden name was Mary
Baker. She died in lsc.."i. Young William
was educated in the pnlilic schools of Kan-
sas, finishing in the Slate Cniversify at Law-
ivnce. He also tool; a special course in elo-
cution at Kansas City. Mo., to iirejiare for
IHihlic readings, of which he afterwards gave
only a few. He feels a pride in the fact that
lie obtained his education through his own
efforts, witliout tinancia! aid from any one.
as he had deteiiiiined on this course when
HISTOUY OF THK GKKAT NORTHWEST.
MIt.S. W. H. jmiNSDN.
only sixteen years old. He worked his way
tlu-ouyli tbe hiffli school until he was eom-
petent to teaeh. He began the work of teaeli-
iug in Kansas in 18S4, and alternated his
teaching- by attending school until he passed
a United States civil service examination.
In 1891 he received a commission to teach
in the Indian school service. His first work
under this authority was teaching in the
Cheyenne Indian Srliool. at llie Cheyenne
and Arrappaho Agency. Oklahoma. He was
soon promoted to i)rincipal teacher of this
establishment. After filling this position for
two years, the ('omniissioner of Indian Af-
fairs promoted him to the position of super-
intendent of the resen-ation school at Qua-
paw Agency, Indian Territory. After two
years' service in this capacity he was pro-
moted to be superintendent of the Non-Res-
ervation school at Morris, Minn., which po-
sition he has held since 1S!)7. Each promo-
tion carried with it certain better privileges
and higher emoluments, the last involving
large responsibilities. A brief outline of the
important work done by Mr. Johnson and his
wife — wlio shares in the administration to a
certain extent — will show .><oniething of the
icsponsibilities. He was authorized to pur
chase ground and start a school. There was
an old school with no pupils on the ground
bought. Under his direction three brick
buildings were erected and ecjuipped with all
modern appliances, including electric lights,
water works, and telephone. One building is
for a boys' home, another for a girls' home,
and the other a school house proper. But
there were no children to occupy these build-
ings. These have now been collected from
the AVhite Earth Reservation and Mille Lacs
Lake, Minnesota; Sisseton Agency, South
Dakota, and from the vicinity of Neche,
North Dakota. This has been done at gov-
ernment expense. The children range from
ti\e to eighteen years of age, and are of both
sexes. Mr. Johnson has had also a commis-
sary building, valued at $5,000, erected by
the Indian boys, pupils of the school, under,
the direction of the school carjjenter. A
quarter section of land has also been added
to the original purchase of eighty acres. Tbe
capacity of the school is about one hundred
and fifty pupils. Tbe attendance has increas-
ed from seventy-eight in 1897 to one hundred
and tifty-four in 1901. Mr. Johnson affiliates
with the Methodist church, and although not
a jiolitician, he usually votes the Republican
ticket. He was married in 1887 at Winfield,
Kan., to Miss Emma Zette Kinsey, the daugh-
ter of Daniel Kinsey, now a merchant at
Oklahoma, in good financial circumstances.
He served three years and three months with
the Thirty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry in
the Civil War. He moved to Kansas in 1872,
where his daughter was married to Mr. John-
son. She entered the Indian service as ma-
tron after passing a civil service examina-
tion, and was assigned to duty in 1896 at the
Quapaw Indian School. In 1897 she was
transferred with her husband to Morris,
Jlinn., and is the matron of the girls' depart-
ment of the industrial school, where her
energ;\' and fidelity to duty is a prominent
factor in training Indian girls in the line of
domestic duties. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson have
had four children, one of whom, Freddie,
died in infancy. The others are: Mary,
Frank, and Neuwaukis.
HISTORY OF THE (JUEAT NORTHWEST.
KOSMERL, Francis Seraph.— Tlie pastor
of the St. AnthoDV of Padua German Cath
olie parish, Duluth, Minn., Key. Francis S.
Kosmerl, is a native of Austria, liaviu};' been
born July 22, ISC-l, at Asslinj^', Upper Car
niola. His father, Johannes N. Kosmerl,
was a tanner by occupation, and was a well-
to-do connuoner. In his later years ho <fave
up his trade, and took up the niininfi' busi-
ness. His wife was JIaria Theresa Kristan.
Her parents were in easy tinamial circinn-
stances and the family belonjied to thi- com
moner or burgher class. Quite a number of
his father's relatives held prominent posi-
tions in the community, as i)riests and bur<io
masters. At the present time -an uncle of the
subject of this sketch is burjiomaster of his
father's native town. Francis 8. Kosmerl
obtained his early education at the city
school at home, and at Krainburj^, preparing
in the latter place for a military course in tlie
Real (iymnasium. He then entered the State
fTvmnasium at Laibach Carniola, Austria,
and then finished a classical course. Coming
to Minnesota in Sejjtember, 188;i, he entered
St. John's University to complete his studies,
but more particularly to learn the English
language. He finally entered the St. Thomas
Theological Seminary at St. Paul, and took
a six years" course in l'hilosoi)hy and The-
ology. November 15, 18!)0, he was ordained
as the first jji-iest for the newly organized
Roman Catholic Diocese of Duluth, by Rt.
Rev. Rishop James McGolrick, in St. Thomas
Seminary. He was then immediately ap-
pointed as assistant pastor of the Cathedral
in Duluth. He served in this capacity until
he was selected and appointed by his bishop
to establisli a much-needed and new congre-
gation for the Geniians of Duluth. It was
no easy task, but by laboring almost by day
and night, he succeeded in sixty days in
organizing the St. Anthony of Padua par-
ish, and in acquiring one of the now most
beautiful church locations — since greatly im-
proved— on the corner of Third avenue and
Second street east. On the 4th of March,
1891, he was apjiointed pastor of the new,
now a leading and prosperous, congregation,
the position which he still successfully fills.
He is a regular member of the St. Josepli
Renevolent Society, and for many years was
its president. He is also a member of the
(icrman Roman Catholic Aid Assoq^tion.
At the convention held at Sleepy Eye, Minn.,
in 18!)!), he was made vice president of the
organization. In politics he was a Democrat
until 1!>0(); since then he has inclined towards
the Republican party. His tine scholarship,
genial manners and close attention to his
onerous duties have placed him in high esti-
mation in the whole community.
SCHULZ, Carl (!.— The assistant superin-
tendent of public instruction of the state of
Minnesota, ("arl (t. Schulz, was born in Nicol-
let county, town of New Sweden, Minn., in
18(i7. His father, a farmer by occupation,
came to Minnesota from Sweden, his native
country, in 1SG5, and settled on a fann in
Nicollet county. Carl's early education was
obtained in the district schools of the county.
He then attended the Gustavus Adol])lius
College at St. Peter for four years, preiiaring
for a higher cducalioii, after which he enter-
ed Auguslana College at Rock Island, 111.,
HISTORY OF THE OHKAT XOUTHWEST,
CAUL G. SCHULZ.
and graduated in the class of 1S88. He chose
the profession of teacher, and first taught in
the district schools. After several years of
this work he was appointed principal of the
schools at Winthrop, Minn., where he served
for one year. In January, 1890, he was ap-
pointed superintendent of schools of Nicollet
county, Minn., to succeed Judge Gresham.
He there showed such capacity and efficiency
that he was continued in the position at the
first election following, and he was repeated-
ly re-elected at every election, until he was
appointed to his present position of assistant
superintendent of public instruction, in Jan-
uary, I'JOl. In politics Mr. Schulz has al-
ways been an active, unswerving Republican,
taking an active part in public affairs. In
religion he belongs to the English Lutheran
chui-ch. July 1, 1893, he was married to
Emma J. Carlson, of St. Peter. They have
one daughter, Marion, born in 1896.
SPOONER, Lewis C, was bom March 7,
1850, in a genuine log house, near Spring-
ville, Erie county, N. Y., in which his parents
continued to live until he was four years old.
His father, Carlton Spooner, is still living at
Springv'ille. He was bom July 18, 1S18, at
Nunda, Livingston county, X. V. His father
was Ebenezer Spooner, who left New Bed-
ford. Mass., the original American home of
the family, and went first to Poultney, Vt.,
where he died when his son Carlton was
([uite young. His widow, with her son Carl-
ton and two sisters, removed to Erie county,
X. Y., where Carlton Spooner has since lived.
He was married to Phoebe Shippy, the
(laughter of Hezekiah Shippy, of Erie coun-
ty. Carlton Spooner, the father of Lewis,
was a farmer and owned and operated a saw
mill near Springville. liy one of the fre-
ijuent freshets in that hilly country he lost
his mill property, and became a poor man —
a condition from which he never recovered.
After his disaster his son, Lewis, then twelve
years old, and who had previously attended
intermittently a district school a few months
a year, hired out to work. His first job, at
twelve and a half cents a day, was that of
driving a horse to a mixing mill in a brick
yard. From that time he never had a dollar
that he himself did not earn. Later, he work-
ed on a farm at Concord, at six dollars a
month, and in winter went to the common
school. When thirteen years old he worked
in a saw mill for thirteen dollars per month
until winter, when he again went to school.
The next year he was occupied in a similar
manner, going to school in winter. So he
worked along, sometimes in a saw mill, some-
times in a wood working shop, and some-
times in a cheese box factory, going to
school winters, until competent to teach a
district school. When seventeen years . old .
he secured a school about a mile from Hol-
land, Erie county, N. Y., and rejoiced at
receiving twenty dollars per month and
board — "boarding round." The next fall,
18G8, he attended a "select'" school, and the
following winter taught the Patchen or Bos-
ton Center village school, at fifty dollars per
month. ITie next spring he attended the
Griffiths Institute at Springville, and in the
succeeding fall opened a select school at
Holland. Such was his success that he was
engaged to teach the large school at Kerr's
Corners, at sixty dollars per month. He was
LEWIS C. SPOONER.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
then made priiu-ipal of the Union School, at
E\ans, N. Y., where he was first conipelled
to teach Latin. It kept him busy to Iceep
ahead of the Latin and Algebra classes and
to keep up the confidence of the pupils that
he knew his business. In the fall of 1870 In-
taught a select school at Morton's Corners.
He subsequently taught at Springville, and
in the Union School at Hamburg, N. Y., from
which he resigned to come West, where, in
November, 1875, he accepted the position of
principal of the public school at Litchfield,
Minn., and held that situation until the
spring of 1877. In the meantime he had
been studying law. He was examined before
Judge John H. Brown, of the Twelfth judi-
cial district of INIinnesota, father of Judge
C. L. Brown, of the supreme court of the
state, and was admitted to practice in April,
1876, after what the judge pronounced to be
the best examination ever passed before him.
He commenced practice at Litchfield after the
close of his school, in 1877. His success was
immediate and noticeable, embracing all
branches of his profession. In 1881 he re-
moved to Morris. He was in active general
practice until 1S85. In criminal law he de-
fended men charged with all grades of mis-
demeanors and crimes, from assault to mur-
der. What is perhaps remarkable, no client
that he ever defended for any crime was ever
sentenced to imprisonment, and no client
that he ever defended was, after acquittal,
ever again nmde the defendant in a criminal
prosecution. In 1885 he removed to Minne-
apolis, temporarily, and then went to Chi-
cago, where he was for ten years general
counsel for three veiy large cor-porations.
He returned to Morris in March, 1896, where
he now lives. Mr. Spooner has probably the
largest law practice in western Minnesota,
and so uniformly successful is he, because of
his cautious habit of making such thorough
prepaiation for his cases, that none of his
fellow advocates relish hanng him for an
opponent. Although he had only $13.67
when he landed in the state, he is now the
owner and operating farmer of nearly thirty
farms in Stevens and adjoining counties, and
besides he is chief owner of the town site of
('hokio, sixteen miles west of Moi-ris, and the
pos.sessor of twenty-five residences and stores
in Morris, thus demonstrating a high order
of business capacity, as well as sui)erior leg-al
talent. Xo citizen of the community has ex-
jicndcd mor(' money and time, nor done more
in building uj) and improving the village of
Morris than he. Through his influence large-
ly. President J. J. Hill, of the Great Xorth-
ern Railway, gave the village its public jiark
and also sold to it at a greatly reduced in-'n-e
the old depot for an armory and to the Vil-
lage Improvement Committee the strip of
right of way known as the Harris Addition,
from which the village derived a splendid
sum for public improvements. Having faith
in the future of Morris at all times, he has
erected business blocks even before there
seemed a demand for them, that no enter-
prise should be turned away for lack of a
building. Although a very heavy tax payer,
no public improvement has been opposed by
Mr. Spooner; in truth he has encouraged
some of these when others hesitated. He is
too busy and too independent to be a poli-
tician, and has no political record. The only
club of which he was ever a member is the
Commercial Club of Minneajtolis; the only
secret society, the Knights of Pythias, No.
108, of Morris. Mr. Spooner has for more
than a quarter of a century furnished a home
for his parents, and he has assisted in very
material ways others of his relatives; nor
does his charity end, as it began, at home,
for many are the widows' and other humble
homes that have been gladdened by unorder-
ed supplies of flour, gi'oceries or fuel that the
thankful recipients have tracked back to
him, for he tells not of these things, and very
possibly, basking in their obscurity, he would
repudiate them altogether. One of the prin-
cipal traits in the character of Mr. Spooner
is the faculty of immediate decision. He has
no time for the phrase "will see you later."
This characteristic is prominent both in his
legal and financial transactions. The schem-
er who is looking for some way to evade the
payment of a just debt gets no sympathy;
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
nor the guilty who would escape tlie conse-
quences of his crime. I'eojile who have h)nf;
known ^fr. Spooner look upon his counsel
and advice in the nature of a judgment on
the whole matter. lie is emidiatically a
thinker and a doer, and a man amonj; men.
LE\'ISTON, Irwen, the superintendent
of the St. I'aul puljlic schools, was born at
Bradford, N. H., Jlarch T.O, 1S.5S. His pater-
nal ancestors were of Scotch-Iri.sh extraction
and enii<irated to ('ana(hi in an early day,
where his father, \Mlliani Le\iston, was
born, but came to the United States aiid en-
}j:aged in mannfacturinK, being nearly his
whole life a member of the well known New
Hampshire finn of Leviston Bros. As senior
member of this firm he had a large acipiaint-
ance among the business men of Boston. Ir-
wen's mother, Orianna Sjialding, sprang
from the original Spalding family which first
settled Braintree, Mass. After obtaining a
common school education in the district
schools of New Hampshire, Irwen Leviston
entered the Kimball Union Academy, at
Meriden, N. H., to i)repare for college. He
graduated from that institution in 1877, and
entered Dartmouth College the next year.
He graduated in the chiss of 1882 with hon-
ors, taking the prize for the greatest general
improvement during the college course. He
was a member of the Delta Kajipa Epsilon
college fraternity. .Vfter graduating he was
associated witli his father in manufacturing
and business pursuit.s, especially from 188;3
to 1885, but spent a considerable i)ortion of
1882 and 1S8.S in travel. In 1885 he accepted
a positiiui as teacher of sciences in the Coun-
cil Bluffs, Iowa, high school, where he re-
mained one year, and then accepted a similar
position in the Omaha, Neb., liigh school,
until 1889, when he was made assistant prin-
cipal of the same school. After serving in
this capacity until 181)0, he was so success-
ful that he was elected principal of the high
school, which had grown to nearly 1, :'>()() pu-
pils. In 1899, owing to his father's death in
New Hampshire, he was compelled to leave
his position for the purpose of settling
IltWEN LHV1ST(.).\.
the estate. He then .spent nearly two years
in this business and in travel. In August,
1900, he was elected to his present position
of superintendent of public schools oi the
city of St. Paul, Minn., which he now so ac-
cei)tably fills. Mr. Leviston, in politics, is a
Kepublican on national questions, but, be-
cause of his occupation, has never taken an
active part in politics. In 1885 he was mar-
ried to Nellie E. Currier, of EIntield, N. H.
They have two children — Alice, born 1897,
and Kobert, born 1890.
GATES, Joseph A.— The president of the
village of Keuyon, Minn., Joseph A. (jates,
is a native of ISIinne.sota. He was born Sep-
tember 11, 187(», at Oronoco, Olmsted county.
His father is a well-to-do farmer in the coun-
ty, now retired on his means, and living at
Rochester, Minn. The maiden name of Jos-
eph's mother was Jane AYaldron. She is a
New York farmer's daughter. Joseph A.
(Jates obtained his early education in the
common schools and his academic training
was received in the Rochester high school,
from which he graduated in 1892. He grad-
IIISTOUY OF Tin: CHEAT XOIJTIIWEST.
JOSEPH A. GATES.
uateil fioiu the Medical Department of the
T'uiversity of Minnesota in 1805. He was
president of the chiss, and during the school
year of 1893-4 and 1S94-5 he served as as-
sistant to the professor of chemistry in the
institution. After graduating in June, 1895,
he settled at Kenron, and began practice.
His success was immediate, and he has con-
tinued there since he began, identifying hi ni-
sei f with every interest of the community.
In 1898 he was elected a member of the
board of education, and in the two following
years he was elected clerk of the board. In
1898 he also formed a ]mrtnership with A.
J. Eocknex, and A. C. Knudson, under the
style of Gates, Eocknex & Comijany, and
bought the Keuyon Leader, of which Dr.
Gates has since been the editor. The same
year he was elected a director of the Citizens'
State Bank of Kenyon. a position which he
still holds. In the spring of 1901 he built
the local telephone exchange in Kenyon, and
is its owner and proprietor. He has always
been a Eepublican in politics, and is a mem-
ber of the Third District Eepublican Con-
gressional Committee. In 1900 he was elect-
ed president of the village. In religion he
affiliates with the Methodist church. He also
takes an active interest in fraternity afifairs.
He is a member of the Blue Lodge, Eoyal
Arch Chapter, and Commandeiy of the :Ma-
sonic order, having also been \Vorshipful
Master of his lodge. He is also a member of
the A. O. r. W. He is also a member of the
^Modern A\'oodnien. He is local surgeon of the
Chicago & (;reat Western Eailway. and sec-
retary of the Kenyon Commercial ("lub. In
1890 he was married to Jennie A. Clark, of
Kochester, Minn. They have two children,
boys: Elnathan C. and Eussell Gates.
MOERIS. Page, representative in con-
gress from the Sixth district of Minnesota,
is a native of Virginia. He was born at
Lynchburg June 30, 1853. His father. Will-
iam S. Morris, was a physician in his early
life, and in good financial circumstances.
Later he became interested in the construc-
tion of telegraph lines, and became president
of the Lynchburg & Abingdon Telegraph
('ompany, which constructed the first tele-
graph line ever built for commercial pur-
poses south of the Potomac river. This com-
pany was later on consolidated with the
American Telegraph Company, Dr. Morris
seiving on the board of directors with Mr.
^lorse, Mr. Field, and others of the most
noted telegraph men of that day. When the
("ivil War broke out he organized the lines
in the Confederate states into a sepanite com-
jiany, and, as president, operated them dur-
ing the war. The mother of our subject was
Lanra Page Waller, a daughter of Dr. Eob-
ert Page Waller, a prominent physician and
a wealthy planter of Williamsburg, Va. On
the maternal side she was a great-gi-and-
daughter of General Mercei-. of Revolution-
ary fame, who was killed at the battle of
Princeton. The Morris family settled in
Hanover county, Va., prior to the War of
the Eevolution. The subject of this sketch
received his early education at a private
boarding school kept by his uncle, Charles
Morris, M. A., which was supplemented by a
year's attendance at William and Mary Col-
lege. He then entered the Virginia Military
Institute at Lexington, and was graduated
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHWE8T.
with the class of 1872, complotinjr the four
years' course in three years. He toolc first
honors in his class, and was the winnei- of
the debater's medal in the \'ir<4inia Dialectic
Society. For a year after jiraduatinjj he was
assistant professor of mathematics at his
Alma Mater. He then took the chair of
mathematics in the Texas Military Institute,
where he renniined for two years. In lS7(i,
he accepted the chair of mathematics at the
Agricultural and Jlechanical Collejic, at
I.ryan, Texas, and remaini-d at that institu-
tion thi-ee yeai-s. Durinj;- all this rime he
read law more or less, and spent two sum-
mer vacations in the office of a iirominent at-
torney at Austin, Texas. He then went to
St. Louis, and, after a few months spent in
rexiewiug his law studies, was admitted to
the bar in February, ISSO. Returniuj; to his
native town, he began the practice of law,
and remained at Lynchburg until December,
1886, when he decided on a change of loca-
tion, and came to Duluth. He soon won
recognition, and in March, 1889, was elected
municipal judge, and served until March,
1892. In March, 1894, he was elected
city attorney, and served until Sejitember
1, 1895, when he was appointed to the dis-
trict bench by Governor Clough, to fill the
vacancy caused by Judge Lewis' resignation.
Judge Morris was a Democrat up to his
twenty-ninth j'ear, when he became a Repub-
lican. In 1884 he was nominated for con-
gress in the Sixth Virginia district and made
a splendid showing against John Daniel, now
United States senator, in a hojjelessly Demo-
crjitic district. Before going on the bench
he took an active part in politics at Duluth,
and in July, 1890, while serving as district
judge, was forced to accept the Republican
nomination for congress against his wishes,
and was elected. He was re-elected in 1898
and 1900. Mr. Morris' congressional career
has been highly satisfactory to his constitu-
ents. He has made an excellent record in
that body, winning the esteem and respect of
his fellow-members. He is a member of the
Masonic fraternity — the York and Scottish
Rite — and the Kitchi Gammi Club, and be-
longs to the Episcopal church. He was mar-
l-AdK MUKiaS.
ried February 21, 1S77, to Miss Elizabeth
Stathaiu, of Lynchburg, \'a. To them have
been born live children, the oldest, a son,
Charles S., and four daughters — Page, Marj',
Virginia and Elizabeth. *
SHEFFIELD, Milledge B., the late presi-
dent of the Shellield Milling Company, of
Faribault, Minn., was born in ('ornwallis,
Nova Scotia, May 2, 18H0. He was the son
of Benjamin B. and Fanny (Steadman) Shef-
field, who were also natives of Nova Scotia.
His father was a man of prominence, and the
owner of valuable business properties, in-
cluding foundry, machine shops and farm
lands. The Sheffield family was distinguish-
ed for its tall and nobly developed specimens
of manhood, and Milledge B. was no excep-
tion to the rule. He measured over six feet
in height, was finely proportioned, and digni-
fied in his carriage and manners. He was of
mingled English and Scotch descent on both
sides of the house. The school training he
received was mediocre in its character, being
confined to the common school coui-se of his
native town; but his home training was such
as to thoroughly e(|ui]) him for (he battle of
HISTORY OF TUE GPtEAT NOKTin\EST.
wa.s married to Helen A. ITall, of Albert
Lea. September 1, 188G. They have had two
children: Thilip H.. born Au-iust 2!), 1887,
and died in July, 1894:. Barba, the siir\iv-
inji child, was bom July 30, 181)0.
HENKT A. MORGAN.
to the bar, and in July of that same year lie
was admitted to the partnership, when the
style of the firm became Lovely, Morgan <&
Morgan — the other members being John A.
Lovely, now associate justice of the supreme
court of Minnesota, and D. F. Moi"gan, now
of Minneapolis. In 18!)1 the firm was dis-
solved. Since then Mr. Henry Morgan has
practiced alone, and has secured a large and
lucrative business. In 1889-90 he was the
city attorney of Albert Lea. In 1891 he was
elected county attorney of Freeborn county,
and, by re-elections, served until 1899. He
has thus become one of the most prominent
and successful lawyers in the southern part
of the state. In politics, he is a Republican,
stalwart and active, serving as a member
of county, congressional and judicial com-
mittees from time to time, where liis influ-
ence has been potent in all the affairs of
interest to his party. He has also rendered
very efficient .service as a public speaker in
all political campaigns, and ranks high on
the forum. He is a member of the Knights
of P^^'thias and of the Roj'al Arcanum. In
religion he affiliates with the Presbyterians,
which is the denomination of his familv. He
5r('LF:N0N. Rufus Buel.— The superin-
tendent of the public schools of Madison, S.
I)., Professor Rufus B. McClenon, is an hon-
or man of Williams College, Mass., — an in-
stitution which probably suii>asses most col-
leges in putting personal character in the
fore-front of intellectual training. His fa-
ther, Thomas ifcClenon, was an industrious,
honest farmer, whose wife's maiden name
was Frances Benedict, a woman of sweet dis-
position and kindly spirit. The early life of
young Rufus was not unlike that of most
fanner boys. He was born in Franklin, N.
Y., November 13, 1852. His early education
was obtained in the "little red school house"
on the foot hills of the Catskill mountains,
New York, in days when school and work
were very close together. Later, he attended
Walton Academy, about six miles from his
home. Mr. McClenon highly commends the
influence of this school for the inspiration
and stimulus it gave him, and for its high
standard, moral and intellectual. When a
lad in his "teens" he joined a Oood Templar
lodge, and became so interested in the work
that he used to walk six miles to the lodge
meetings, after a hard day"s work on the
fann. The proceedings were conducted by a
bright, educated lawyer as chief templar,
while there were present two or three hun-
dred members. The ease and dignity with
which the business was directed tilled young
McClenon with admiration, and the experi-
ence gained was of great value to him in
after years. He finally entered Williams
College, Massachusetts, and graduated in the
class of 1878. The habits of industry and
fidelity to duty, due to his early training,
aided materially in securing for him a high
rank at college. His scholarship won the
honorary oration, and, what he prized even
HISTORY OF [-IIK CKKAT NOKTIIWEST.
more hii^hlv, a nienibershipin the well known
I'lii Beta Kiij)]ia college fraternity. He also
enjoveil athletic sports, but was i)recliided
from sjiecial honoi-s in this field because he
was compelled to work st) nunh to |)ay his
way through college that there was little
time left for play. Poverty, however, was no
bar to honors in the institution, for a jioor
boy with brains and a friendly sjiirit \\;is
just as popular as one with plenty of money.
He was "class historian." and one of the
editors of the ■■<!nl."" a college publication.
His loyalty to the class of "78 is one of his
chief delights. After griiduating he studied
law for one year. Init lack of means led him
to teaching, at which he was so successful
that he decided to make teaching his ]iiii
fession. In addition to his tine scholarshij)
he has proved to be apt in imparting instruc-
tion, and he combines with this, those quali-
ties which influence his pupils to put forth
their best endeavors, and which stimulate
them to continue their studies in the high-
est institutions. He has had marked success
in this field. Coming West, he secured a jio-
sition at Beloit, Wis., in the Beloit <"ollege
Academy. In 1889 he went to ►South Dakota
to accept the position of jirincipal of the high
school at Sioux Falls. During his senice of
four years in this institution, he clearly dem-
onstrated his special aptitude for his profes-
sion by the improvements he made in many
directions, adding — among other things — a
year to the course. His success led to an in-
vitation from Madison, S. D., to take charge
of the public schools of that city, as superin-
tendent, a position which he has since held.
The uplift of his personal influence in this
capacity has been shown in the number of
pupils who have entered the higher institu-
tions of learning, while his efficiency as a
teacher has been proven by the high stand-
ing of the Madison graduates, who have been
admitted to the best colleges without con-
ditions. In politics Professor McCleuon
might be called an eclectic, with decided
views of public affairs. He exercises his lib-
ertv as a citizen to select the l)esl men. re-
litKIS l;. .MCI.EI.DN.
gardless of i)arty affiliations. When nine-
teen years old he joined the Congregalional
clniicii at Walton, N. Y., and has sinc%been
an .1(1 ive worker, serving as clerk of the
church at Lake (ieueva, Wis., and as super-
intendent of the Sunday school at Sioux
Falls and Madison, liis jiresent home. He is
a (Jood Templar, as mentioned, and has been
Chief Templar of the Grand Lodge of South
Dakota and three times a delegate to the
supreme lodge. He was married. July 27,
1882, at Walton, N. Y., to Mary Adeline
White, whose acquaintance he formed while
attending the academy ten years before. She
is a gifted woman and graduated at ^'assar
College, Poughkeepsie. X. Y., the same year
in which he graduated at Williams College.
They have two children: Raymond Benedict,
a senior in Yankton College, and \\'alter Hol-
brook McClenon, a ])Upil in the Madison high
scliool. Both have led their respective classes
in scholaishiii, while Raymond is the cham-
pion tennis player of his college, and the
l)r('sident of the Young Men's Christian As-
soi-ialion of the institution.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
!Eortr;E a, fkaxklin.
itself, is a good si-liool for literary training.
(Jainiug a taste for more knowledge, he en-
tered the Normal School at jXormal, 111. At
the fall term of 1S7G he was elected president
of the college literary society — the "Wrigbt-
toniau Society" — of which he remained a
member until he graduated in 1887. He con-
tinued to work at the printer's trade, off and
on, to provide for himself during his college
course, and at one time he was foreman of
one of the largest offices in Rockford. After
graduating he was principal of schools at
Eutler, III., for two years. He went to Iowa
and became a member of a law and collec-
tion firm, at Forest City. While there he
was elected on the Republican ticket as
superintendent of schoolsof Winnebago coun-
ty, Iowa, in which office he served nearly two
years, resigning in September, 1887, to re-
sume teaching, which was more congenial.
He accepted the position of superintendent
of schools at Delavan, 111., and continued in
this sei*vice for six years. In the meantime
he was employed as a conductor of summer
schools for training teachers. He has con-
ducted several of such schools in each of the
states of Iowa, Illinois and Minnesota. He
left this work and his sui^erintendeney at
Delavan just previous to his engagement at
Taribault, Minn. He is a Royal Arch Mason.
In politics he has always been a Republican,
and, while in Iowa, he was active in political
matters. In religion he is a member of the
Methodist church. In 1884 he was married
to Emma Jenkins, daughter of Mr. and Mrs.
( 'harles W. Jenkins, of Butler, 111. They had
three children: Joy Elizabeth, born Sep-
tember 13, 1S88; Camilla, born June 13, 1890,
and (ieorge Frederick, born August 31, 1892.
:Mi's. Franklin died June 26, 189C. He was
married again August 1.5, 1900, to Annie M.
Willson. daughter of Judge C. C. Willson,
of Rochester, Minn.
DUNSMOOR, Frederick A.— Dr. Dnns-
moor is an eminent physician, surgeon and
gynecologist jiracticing his jH-ofession at Min-
neapolis. He is a native of Minnesota, and
was born May 28, 1853, at Richfield, in Hen-
nepin county, the son of James A. and Al-
mira Mosher Dunsmoor. His parents were
natives of Maine, and came to Hennepin
county, Minn., in 1852. Frederick Alanson
received his education in the public schools
of Richfield, Miuneaijolis, and at the Univer-
sity of Minnesota. His professional training
began in the office of Doctors Goodrich and
Kimball, of Minneapolis, and was continued
in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College,
New York City, where he received the de-
gree of M. D. in March, 1875. He also re-
ceived private instruction from Doctors
Frank H. Hamilton, Alfred G. Looniis, Aus-
tin Flint, Sr., E. G. Janeway and R. Ogden
Dorenius. He began his practice at Minne-
apolis in partnership with Dr. H. H. Kim-
ball, and was associated with him one year.
Dr. Dunsmoor has been active in hospital
work, having assisted in the establishment
of the Minnesota College Hospital in 1881,
and serving as vice president and dean of the
medical college, professor of surgery and at-
tending surgeon to the liospital and dispen-
sary for eight years. In 1889 the Hospital
College, in conjunction with other schools of
medicine in St. Paul and Minneapolis, was
organized in the medical departments of the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
University of Minnesota. Dr. Dunsnioor
served as professor of surgery in the St. Pan!
Medioal College in 1877 and until 1879; in
the medical department of Hamline Univer-
sity, 1879 to 1881; Minneapolis Mosj)ital Col-
U'gc from 1881 to 1888, and in the medical
(lc]iartnient of the university since its organ
i/.alion. He was county physician for Hen
nejiin county during 1870. He was also ac-
tive in organizing Asbury Methodist Hos-
pital, which WAS opened September 1, 18'.»L',
and which became the chief clinical field for
the medical dei)artment of the university, ami
of the College of I'hysicians and Surgeons of
Minneapolis. Dr. Dunsmoor has also been
in active service as surgeon to St. Mary's
Hospital since 1890, to St. Barnabas Hos-
pital since 1879, gynecologist to the City
Hospital since 1894, to the Asbury Hospital
since 1892, to the State Free Dispensary
since 1889, and to the Asbury Free Dispen-
sary since 1889. He has devoted his atten-
tion to surgery and gynecology, operating
every morning, and enjoys a wide i-eputation
as a skillful and successful operator. For
many years his services have been in de-
mand by the railway, milling, accident and
insurance companies. Dr. Dunsmoor is a
member of a number of professional and
scientific societies, anu)ng them the Interna-
tional Medical Congress, the North Dakota
State Medical Society, the American Medical
Association, the National Association of Rail-
way Surgeons, the Minnesota Academy of
Medicine, the Minnesota State Medical Asso-
ciation, the Hennepin County Medical Soci-
ety, the \A'estern Surgical and Gynecological
Association, the Tri-State Medical Associa-
tion, and the Society of Physicians and Sur-
geons of Minneapolis. His membership in
social and beneficiary societies includes the
Nu Sigma Nu Society, the Masonic order, the
Good Teinplars, the Druids, the Minneapolis
Club and the Commercial and Athletic Clubs.
Of the latter two he was a charter member.
He is also an active member of the Hennepin
Avenue Methodist church, where he has
served for years in an official capacity. He is
a diligent student of the science of medicine
and surgery, and spends a portion of each
FltKDEUICK A. J)UNSMOOIt.
winter in medical study in some of the great
scientific centers, and enjoys the ac(iuaint-
auce and professional association with the
most famous surgeons in the country. He is
a contributor to different medical and sur-
gical journals, and is recognized as an au-
thority in his particular branch of the prac-
tice. He is a man of genial manners and
happy temperament, and an enthusiastic
patron of music and fine arts. Dr. Duns-
moor was nmrried, September 5, 1876, to
Miss Elizabeth Emma Billings, daughter of
the late Surgeon George F. Turner, U. S. A.
They have three children living, Marjorie
Allport, Elizabeth Turner and Frederick La-
ton.
TITUS, Seymour S., cashier of the First
National Bank of (irand Forks, N. D., is one
of the oldest bankers in North Dakota. He
is a native of Minnesota and was bom in
Oak Grove, Hennepin county, June :i, 18r)l,
the son of Moses S. and Jane L. Titus. His
father was one of Minnesota's first settlers.
He migrated to that state from Connecticut
in 1844, carving out a home for himself in
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
SEYMOUK S. TITUS.
what was tlieu pi-actiially a wilderness. Sey-
mour's early life was ^)ent on the farm, up
to his twenty-lirst year.Nlu common with the
sons of our early pioneei'sNhe endured many
hardships and privations, and his life was
one ineessant round of toil. The educational
advantages aliorded in those days were of a
meager character. Our subject received such
training as he could obtain in the common
schools, and in October, 1872, left the farm
in Scott county to enter the First National
Bank at Shakopee, Minn. He was employed
as a general helper in the office, and worked
for nearly two years without remuneration.
In February, IST-l, he removed to Sauk Cen-
ter and was employed by Andrew J. Smith,
a banker of that place, as a clerk and book-
keeper. He held this position until June,
ISTfl, when he removed over into the Terri-
tory of Dakota, going by stage from Fisher,
Minn. Grand Forks at that time contained
a population of about one hundred people.
Mr. Titus remained for a few days looking
over the country, then returned to Sauk Cen-
ter for a short time, and on August 29, of the
same year, in comiiany with J. Walker
Smith, opened a bank at Grand Forks. Tliis
was named "The Bank of Grand Forks,"'
which later on was succeeded by what is now
"The First National Bank of Grand Forks."
Tliis was the first banking institution estab-
lished in the lower Bed river valley, and,
with possibly two exceptions, the first in the
state of North Dakota. In the summer of
ISSI. Jlessrs. Titus and Smith erected a
handsiune new bank building on the corner
(if Third street and Kittson avenue, which
was the first solid brick building built in
the city of Grand Forks. The First National
is one of the strongest banking institutions
in the state. Mr. Titus has served as cashier
of the bank since it was first established,
and has the confidence and respect of the
business men and the public generally in a
high degree. He is a financier of acknowl-
edged ability, and a man of unquestioned
business integrity. He was married April 5.
1880, to Miss Annie L. Stabler, of Sauk Cen-
ter, Minn. Three children have been born to
this union, only one of whom is now living —
Marion E., bom May 11), 1882.
CAMPBELL, Wallace, vice president of
the Northwestern National Life Insurance
Company, of Minneapolis, Minn., was born
at ^^'averly, Tioga county, N. Y., September
8, 1863. His father was Solomon C. Camp-
bell, one of the oldest veterans in the dry
goods trade, and for many years and is still
resident buyer in New York for the large dry
goods house of John V. Farwell Company,
of Chicago. He has been engaged in that
line of business for over fifty years, and is
recognized as one of the most expert judges
of dry goods values. He was a son of Philo
and Calista V. Campbell, who were among
the earliest and most substantial settlers in
the town of Cami>bell, Steuben county N. Y.
The mother of our subject was Mary Aurelia,
daughter of Benjamin and Hannah (Knox)
Farwell, also early settlers and pioneers in
Steuben county. The ancestry is sturdy
Scotch on both sides of the family. All of
the great-grandparents of our subject came
from Scotland, some settling first in Ver-
HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST.
mout and otbers iu New York. Knoxville,
Steuben county, was named for bis maternal
great-grandfatber, and Campbell, in tlie same
county, for his paternal great-grandfatber.
Among tbeir noted descendants may be men-
tioned Hon. Charles B. Farwell, U. S. sen-
ator from Illinois, and his brother, John A'.
Fai-well, the i)ioneer wholesale dry goods
merchant of the West. Wallace attended the
public school at Corning, Steuben county, N.
Y., and later prej^ared for college by private
tutoi-ing. He entered Hamilton College, at
Clinton, N. Y., in September, 187!), and grad
uated with honors in the class of 1883, with
the degree of A. B. AVallace was a member
of the Chi I'si fraternity, and a successful
contestant for the Clark prize in oratory.
For a year after graduation he was iustruct-
tor in the Brooklyn I'olytechnic Institute, at
the same time attending the Cohnubia Col-
lege Law School, and was admitted to prac-
tice before the New York supreme court in
1885. He was associated with Hon. Robert
W. Todd, one of New York's leading law-
yers, until his removal to Minneapolis in
June of the following year. Hei-e he became
a member of the legal fii-m of Stryker &
Campbell, and practiced law successfully un-
til 1891, when he joined the bank of Hill,
Sons & Co., of which he assuuu^d active man-
agement. In September, 1898, he disposed
of his interests to his partners and engaged
in the insurance business, as vice president
and superintendent of agents of the North-
western Life Association. This association
was consolidated with the National Mutual
Life Association in 1901, and its name
changed to the Northwestern National Life
Insurance Company. Mr. Campbell being re-
tained in his former position. Mr. Campbell
has also acquired other business interests.
He has been vice president of the Minnesota
Title Insurance & Trust Company for sev-
eral years, and in Januaiy, 1901, was elected
president of the People's Bank, of Minne-
apolis. He is a staunch Republican; stump-
ed the state for Harrison in 1888, and has
contributed forceful articles on party prin-
ciples to the North American Review and
other standard publications. He is a mem-
WALL.VCK l'A.\in;i:LL.
ber of the Conimen-ial Club, the Miiincafiolis
Club, the Northwestern Association of Chi
I'si, and other social and business organiza-
tions. In October, 1880, he was marjied, at
Chicago, to Minnie V. Adams, daughter of
Hugh Adams, one of Chicago's oldest and
most substantial residents, formerly presi-
dent of the Chicago Board of Trade and a
member of the large grain tirui of Mc('or-
mick, Adams & Co. Two children have been
born to them, Maiy ^^, aged l;J, and Ruth,
ao-ed 4.
DEAN, Frank Edson, is superintendent
of schools at Luverne, Minn. He is a native
of the North Star state, and was born at
lilakeley, Scott county, February 13, 1869.
His father was Isaac Newtuu Dean, one of
the i)ioneers of Minnesota. He located at
Blakeley in 1850, and was its first settler,
engaging in the general merchandise busi-
ness. He enlisted in one of the Jlinnesota
regiments in the War <if I lie Rel>elli(Ui, and
has an honorable recoid as a scililier. H(» is
now engaged in tlie wood and grain liusiness
at Blakeley. His wife's maiden name was
Rebecca Jane Jones. Their son, Frank, was
HISTORY f>I' TIIK OUKAT NOItTHW EST.
PRANK B. DEAN.
affoi'detl the advantages of a liberal educa-
tion. His early training was received in the
village school of his native town. He then
spent a year in the high school at Le Sueur,
and the next year taught in the district
school. Afterwards he went to Mankato,
where he took the advanced course at the
Normal School, graduating with the class of
181)0. The kindly sympathy and scholarly
attainments of the late Professor Searing,
then president of the Mankato Xonnal, were
of great influence in determining the young
student's future career, inspiring in him a
desire to reach out for a higher and better
education. The four years following his
graduation from that institution he taught
in the graded schools at Watertown and
Cliaska, Minn. To better equip himself for
his chosen profession he then entered, in the
fall of 1S!)4, the University of Minnesota, and
was graduated with the degree of B. S. in
IS'JS. He was elected president of his class
during his first year, and joined the Phi
Gamma Delta fraternity the same year. Be-
fore his graduati(m the Luverne board of
education elected him superintendent of city
schools for the ensuing year. Mr. Dean is
now serving his third year in that position.
He has made an excellent administrator and
luis won the respect and esteem of the mem-
licis (if the school board, who repose in him
ilic inmost confidence. He takes a deej) in-
terest in all educational matters, and is an
earnest sliident of advanced methods of
teaching. Though a comparatively young
man he is generally regarded as one of the
leading educators of southern Minnesota, and
]ironiises to take high rank in his profession.
.Mr. Dean's jiolitical affiliations are with the
Kejiublican jiarty. Aside from the Greek
letter society already mentioned, the only fra-
ternal organization with which he is con-
nected is the Masonic order.
LOFTFIELD, (Jabriel, j.resid.'ut of the
^linnesota Normal School and Business Col-
lege of Jlinneapolis, was born in the i)arish,
of Mo, Nordland county, Norway, March 29,
1S66. His father, Gabriel Olson Loftfield,
belonged to a much esteemed and honored
family, whose many members possessed a
high order of musical ability. Ole Haagen-
son, the grandfather of our subject, enjoyed
the reputation of being the best violinist of
his time in Nordland county in rendering na-
tional airs and folk lores, ilany of his chil-
dren also became .skilled in the use of the
violin. Gabriel Olson, his third son, succeed-
ed to the i)aternal fann, the two older broth-
ers having chosen other vocations. This
farm having a high elevation, bounded on
north by mountain slopes and bordering on
the south on the edge of a perpendicular
granite cliff or precipice, about one and a
half miles long and 1,500 feet high above the
fiord which rises almost to the foot of the
clitf, following the usual custom in Nor-
way, Loftfield, signifying lofty field or moun-
tain, was ado])ted as the surname of the fam-
ily. Though Gabriel Olson Loftfield was an
energetic man. and toiled from morning to
night, the barren and unjiroductive soil fail-
ed to yield sufficient to provide for a large
family and keep jioverty from the door. He
died in 1870, at the age of forty-flve. His
wife was Else Margrete Jacobson. For the
jtast nine years she has resided in America,
HISTORY OK THE (JKHAT Nf)RTH\VEST.
but at present is on a visit to Norway. She
is a woman of Icci'ii rclij^ioiis instinct, and of
sti-oni;- and nolilc rliararti-r. Of ten i-liililn-n
liorii to ilicni only fmii- arc- now li\inj;: llii'
eldest is still a resident of Norway, one is :i
fainier in Bnrnette loiinly. \\'is.. another.
Hernei* Lofttield. is an editor and |inlilislier
in ilinneajtolis. and the fourth, tlie snlijeri
(if tliis sketch. Haajjen Olson, an uncle of
our subject on his father's side, was a baililf
in (lildeskaal. Norway, for o\-er lifty yi-ars.
He died in lS!t!t at the a^e of seventy six.
(iahriel l.dfltield attended the cdninion
scIkjoIs (if his nali\-e cnunlry u]i to his tif-
teenth >-ear. Altlioui;li the rtnliiuenlaiy
branches were taujiht in these schools, the
instruction was chiefly (jf a relijiious nature.
Seeinji' tluit N'laway ottered nii'aj;cr o|i]ior-
tunities for an ambitions youth, (iabricd
came to the T'nited States in the fall of 18S:5.
and located in l^ilfalo county. Wis. lie re-
mained here for three years, doin;;' various
kinds of work in the linnberinjj business in
northern Wisconsin, but with a fixed pur-
pose in mind of earning;- sufficient money
with which to continue liis education. In
the fall of ISStJ he removed to Minneajiolis
to take a tliree-year prej>aratory course at
Au};sbur<^ Seminary. Hi.s summer vacations
w'ere si)ent in teaohinji jiarochial schools in
Lutheran con<i:rejiations. In the fall of iss'.l,
he entered ^'al]laraiso ('ollej;e. ij. Indi;nia,
flTadimtinj; in IS!):!, with the dem-ee of 15. S.
He was one of the most ener};<'tic workers
of his class, took a live interest in tlie work
of the literary societies, and was the jirinci-
jial promoter in the foundinj; of the Scandi-
naxian society, "Xorrona,"' at that institu-
tion. He has at various times since his grad-
uation taken sjiecial work at the University
of ilinnesota, and has just comjileted a post-
graduate course at his Alma Mater and re-
ceived the de};ree of Mast(^r of Science. The
year after liis gnuluation Mr. Loftficdd
taught English, (Jerman and Histoi-y in the
Normal College at Crookston. Minn., and on
the removal of this institution to Minneapo-
lis continued in this position two years long-
er, hi the spring of l.S'.Mj he organized and
established, in jiartm-rship with -J. M. JJalzer,
G.VBlilEL LOFTFIKLI
of Jllinois. the :Minuesota Normal Scluxd and
Business College at Minneapolis, and has
continued to be president of that institution.
This school has had a phenomenal growth
and has now an annual enrollment %f be-
tween three and four hundred students, lu
1898, the school absorbed its competitor, the
:^[inneapolis Normal College, and has now a
very beautiful and attractive location on the
i-orner of Sixth avenue and Seventh street
south. The school maintains several distinct
departments, such as Teachers' or Nonnal,
University l'reparat((ry, Scientitic and Com-
mercial, besides its special departments of
Music, Elocution and Fine Arts. As a spe-
cial scho(d it is filling a hmg-felt want and
is a credit to its founders. In 18!)o, Mr. Loft-
fleld was editor-in-chief in the compiling and
jiublishing of "Deklamatoren," a book of
over SOO Jiages, containing selections for
reading and recitations by more than sixty-
five different authors. December 28, 1895,
he was married to Miss Hannah Gilbert, of
Crookston. Mrs. Loftfield is the secretary of
the school corporation, and teacher of elo-
cution and oratory. Mr. and Mrs. Loftfleld
have one child: Cordelia Lear Loftfleld,
l)oru Aug. ai, 1898.
HISTOKY Ol' THK GREAT NORTHWEST.
WELLINGTON C. MASTEKMAN.
MASTEEMAN, Welliugtou C, the uliair-
man of Ibe Minnesota State Eepubliean Cen-
tral Committee, to whose efficient service in
the campaign of 1900 much of the success
of the party was attributed, is a Minnesota
boy born and bred. His father, Josei)h N.
Masterman, of ante-Revolutionary ancestry,
was born in Maine. He and his wife, Abby
M., are of English extraction. Tlieir ances-
tors took an active part in the Revolution,
by virtue of which Mr. Masterman was en-
titled to a membership in the society of the
Sons of the American Revolution. Joseph N.
Masterman was married in 1844, and came
to Minnesota in 1848, with his young wife,
and engaged in the lumber business, which
was his occupation. There are two surviv-
ing children: W. C. Masterman, the subject
of this sketch, and Major Joseph P. Master-
man, brevet lieutenant colonel of the Thir-
teenth Minnesota Volunteers in the Philip-
pine campaign of the Spanish War. The
golden wedding of the pai-entswas celebrated
at Stillwater in 1894. Wellingrton C. Master-
man was born at Stillwater, Minn., January
14, 1858. His education was obtained in the
public schools of that city. He naturally
turned to the lumber business for his first
employment, and worked on the i-iver as tal-
lyman and scaler. He was then engaged for
several year.s as accountant with the late
Isaac Staples. Afterwards he was made the
financial manager of the large elevator and
millizig interests of J. H. Townshend & Com-
]iaiiy. In 1884 Mr. Masterman was elected
county auditor of Washington county, of
which Stillwater is the county seat. His
services in this capacity were such that he
was re-elected at each successive election,
until he served eight years. In 1894 he was
elected state senator for the term 1895-1899.
From 1892 until 1898 he was chairman of the
\\'ashington County Republican Central
( 'ommittee. In 1900 he was made chairman
of the State Republican Central Committee,
which position he still holds. Mr. Master-
man is interested in several fratei-nal socie-
ties, being master of the Masonic St. John
Lodge, No. 1, and the junior steward of the
Minnesota Grand Lodge of Masons. He is
also an Elk, and a member of the society of
the Sons of the American Revolution. In
church affiliation he is a Presbyterian. In
1882 he was married to Antoinette L. Easton,
daughter of Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Easton, of
Stillwater. Julia Frances, born March 17,
1887, is the only child. He is now one of
the publishers and proprietors of the Still-
water Gazette, which has connected with it
one of the largest and most complete manu-
facturing plants outside of the Twin Cities.
HIGGINS, Curran W^, the medical di-
rector of the gi'eat Northwestern National
Life Insurance Company, is a Northwestern
fanner boy. His father, a native of Massa-
chusetts, became a merchant in early life in
Jefferson county. Wis. In 1858 he moved to
Dodge county, Minn., and took up a farm.
He was a man of comfortable financial cir-
cumstances. He had two brothere who were
physicians and two who were ministers.
They were all early Michigan pioneers. Dr.
Higgins' mother was Nancy Lavina Patee.
She was born in Vermont, and married in
Michigan. Her mother was of the family of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the bolovt'd I'. 1'. IJliss, whose songs have
made him immoi-tal. Dr. Higgins was bom
at Hebron, Jelt'ei-son county, AVis., Septem-
ber 10, 184!). He came to Minnesota with his
parents in 1858 and lived on the farm, where
he worked in summer. Winters he attended
the country schools until he was nineteen
years old. He then entered the Groveland
Seminary at Wasioja, Minn. It was au ex-
cellent institution of which L. B. Allen, D.D.,
was principal. When competent to teach
school he spent the years 1870-1871 at that
work. The next step was to the University
of Minnesota, which he entered in October,
1872. He remained in the university two
years. In addition to the school work of the
second year he took up the study of medicine
under the direction of Ur. William H. Ix'on-
ard, of Minneapolis. In the fall of 1874 he
entered Hahnemann Medical College of Chi-
cago, and graduated with honors in 187().
He then commenced his practice at Corning,
Iowa, where he renuiined three years. After
this experience he removed to Dakota Terri-
tory, where he opened a drug store, and prac-
ticed his profession, at Brookings, for ten
years. In 188!) he removed to Minnesota,
passed the reijuired state examination, and
began practicing in Minneapolis, where he
has since secured a large patronage and an
enviable reputation. Dr. Higgins has al-
ways been an interested student in the prin-
ciples of life insurance. When he took up
his residence in Minneapolis in 1889, he be-
came connected with the medical department
of the Northwestern Life Association. In
18!)5 he was appointed state manager for a
large Eastern life company, and served in
that capacity for two years, and until he
was elected vice president and medical di-
rector of the National Mutual Life Associa-
tion of Minneapolis. When this organiza-
tion was consolidated with the Northwest-
ern Life Association, under the style of the
Northwestern National Life Insurance Com-
pany, Dr. Higgins was elected a director and
medical director of the consolidated organi-
zation, which positions he now holds. Dr.
Higgins is a Republican in politics. He is a
Mason, being a member of the Minnesota
cmtitAX w. nir.ruNS.
Lodge. He is also a iiicmber of the Minne-
apolis Commercial Club. In religion he is a
Baptist. He joined the Baptist church of
Wasioja in 18C9, and is now a member^f the
Cahary Baptist church of Minneapolis. In
1872 he was married to Ketta E. Stockwell.
They have three children: Clarence, a grad-
uate of the Minneaiiolis Academy and now a
senior in Fargo College, N. D., expecting to
enter the Chicago Law College when he
graduates; Mrs. Eva C. Marsh, a graduate of
the Minneapolis Central High School, and
.Maude A. Higgins, now a junior of the same
hiuh SclUM.l.
MORGAN, Henry A., was born at Jack-
son, rage county, Iowa, March 14, 1803.
His father's name was llarley Morgan. His
uKtther's maiden name was Kuth Dupray.
Young Henry began his educational career
in the graded schools of Ilesper, Iowa. He
came to Minnesota June 12, 1880, and at-
tended the high school at Albert Lea, where
he has since resided. He accepted a position
as clerk and stenograjiher in the law office
of Lovely & Morgan, and took up the study
of law. On Mav 1I>, L'<8(;, he was admitted
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
was married to Helen A. Hall, of Albert
Lea. September 1, l.SSO. Tliey have had two
children: Philip H.. born Au«inst 2!). 1887,
and died in July, 1804. Barba. the sur\-iv-
ma child, was born July ::'.0, 1S!)().
HENRY A. MORGAN.
to the bar, and in July of that same year he
was admitted to the partnership, when the
style of the firm became Lovely, Morgan &
Morgan — the other members being John A.
Lovely, now associate justice of the supreme
court of Minnesota, and D. F. Morgan, now
of Minneapolis. In 1801 the firm was dis-
solved. Since then Mr. Henry Morgan has
practiced alone, and has secured a large and
lucrative business. In 1880-90 he was the
city attorney of Albert Lea. In 1891 he was
elected county attorney of Freeborn county,
and, by re-elections, served until 1890. He
has thus become one of the most prominent
and successful lawyers in the southern part
of the state. In politics, he is a Republican,
stalwart and active, serving as a member
of county, congressional and judicial com-
mittees from time to time, where his influ-
ence has been potent in all the affairs of
interest to his party. He has also rendered
very efficient service as a public speaker in
all political campaigns, and ranks high on
the forum. He is a member of the Knights
of P.vthias and of the Royal Arcanum. In
religion he affiliates with the I'resbj'terians,
whieli is the denomination of his familv. He
M'( 'LENOX, Rufus P.uel.— The superin-
tendent of the public schools of iladison, S.
I)., Pi'ofessor Rufus B. McClenon, is an hon-
or man of Williams College, Mass., — an in-
stitution which probably surpasses most col-
leges in putting personal character in the
fore-front of intellectual training. His fa-
ther. Thomas !McClenon, was an industrious,
honest farmer, whose wife's maiden name
was Frances Benedict, a woman of sweet dis-.
position and kindly spirit. The early life of
young Rufus was not unlike that of most
farmer boys. He was born in Franklin, N.
Y., November 13, 1852. His early education
was obtained in the "little red school house"
on the foot hills of the Catskill mountains,
New York, in days when school and work
were very close together. Later, he attended
AValton Academy, about six miles from his
home. Mr. McClenon highly commends the
influence of this school for the inspiration
and stimulus it gave him, and for its high
standard, moral and intellectual. When a
lad in his "teens'" he joined a ( lood Templar
lodge, and became so interested in the work
that he used to walk six miles to the lodge
meetings, after a hard day's work on the
farm. The proceedings were conducted by a
bright, educated lawyer as chief templar,
while there were present two or three hun-
dred members. The ease and dignity with
which the business was directed tilled young
McClenon with admiration, and the experi-
ence gained was of gi'eat value to him in
after years. He finally entered Williams
('ollege, Massachusetts, and graduated in the
class of 1S78. The habits of industry and
fidelity to duty, due to his early training,
aided materially in securing for him a high
rank at college. His scholarship won the
honorary oration, and, what he prized even
HISTORY OK rilE (UtKAT NOltTIIWKST.
more highly, a membership in the well known
Phi Beta Kai)i)a collese fraternity. He also
enjoyed athletic sports, bnt was preclnded
from special honors in this field because he
was compelled to work so much to pay liis
way through college that there was little
time left for jilay. Poverty, however, was no
bar to honors in the institution, for a ]ioor
boy witli brains and a friendly sjiirit was
just as popular as one with ]ilenty of money.
He was ''class historian,"" and (nic of the
editors of the "<!nl,"" a college ]iiiblicii1ion.
His loyalty to the class of "7S is one of liis
chief delights. After graduating lie studied
law for one year, but lack of means led him
to teaching, at wliicli he was so successful
that he decided to make teaching his pro-
fession. In addition to his fine scholarshi])
he has proved to be apt in imparting instruc
tion, and he combines with this, those quali-
ties which influence his pupils to put forth
their best endeavors, and which stimulate
them to continue their studies in the high-
est institutions. He has had marked success
in this field, roming West, he secured a po-
sition at Beloit, Wis., in the Beloit College
Academy. In 18!-!y he went to South Dakota
to accept the position of i(riucii)al of the high
school at Sioux Falls. During his service of
four years in this institution, he cleai-ly dem-
onstrated his special aptitude for his profes-
sion by the improvements he made in many
directions, adding — among other things — a
year to the course. His success led to an in-
vitation from Madison, S. D., to take charge
of the public schools of that city, as superin-
tendent, a position which he has since held.
The uplift of his personal intluence in this
capacity has been shown in the number of
pui)ils who have entered the higher institu-
tions of learning, while his efficiency as a
teacher has been proven by the high stand-
ing of the Madison graduates, who have been
admitted to the best colleges without con-
ditions. In politics I'rofessor McClenon
might be called an eclectic, with decided
views of public affairs. He exercises his lib-
erty as a citizen to select the best men, re-
lillFI^S H. M'CLKLOX.
gardless of jiarty attiliatious. When nine-
teen years old he joined the ('ongregational
cliurcli ;it Walton, N. Y., and has sinc^been
an aclixc \\drker, serving as clerk of the
church at Lake (Jeneva, \\'is., and as super-
intendent of the Sunday school at Sioux
Falls and Madison, his present home. He is
a Good Templar, as mentioned, and has been
Chief Templar of the Grand Lodge of South
Dakota and three times a delegate to the
supreme lodge. He was married, July 27,
1882, at Walton, N. Y., to Mary Adeline
White, whose acquaintance he formed while
attending the academy ten years before. She
is a gifted woman and graduated at Vassar
College, Poughkee]»sie, N. Y., the same year
in which he graduated at Williams College.
They have two children: Kaymoud Benedict,
a senior in Yankton College, and Walter Hol-
brook Mc(,"leuou, a pupil in the Madison high
school. Both have led their respective classes
in scholarship, while Kaymond is the cham-
pion tennis player of his college, and the
president of the Young Men's Christian As-
sociation of the institution.
HISTORY OF THE (JHEAT NORTHWEST.
HUBBAKD, J.utius Fredeiic-k. — Tlie
-History of the (Ireat ^'orthwe.st'" would
not be coiiiplete if it failed to f^ive a slcetcb,
tliougli uecessai-ily brief, of tlie eiuiueut
Mfi-vices perfonued by Luuius Frederii-k Hub-
bard, wlio for two successive terms tilled the
office of governor of the state of Miuuesota
with distinguisLed ability. (Joveruor Hub-
bard is in the true sense of the word a self-
made man. He had only limited educational
training in youth, but, the studious habits he
formed early in life placed at his command
an education thoroughly practical in its
nature. Its benefits are shown in his after
career. The commonwealth of Minnesota
owes much to Governor Hubbard. No man
more creditably represented it in the Civil
War than he, none have performed more
eminent service at the helm of the state, and
few have contributed more to its upbuilding.
From the beginning of his residence in the
state he took an active interest in public af-
fairs, and has richly merited the rewai-ds
which have been bestowed upon him. The
naming of Hubbard county after this dis-
tinguished man has perpetuated his name for
all time. Governor Hubbard is a native of
the state of New York. He was born Janu-
ary 2G, 1836, at Troy, N. Y., and was the
eldest son of ("harles F. and Margaret "S'an
Valkenburg Hubbard. He comes from old
Colonial stock and is descended, upon his
father's side, from George Hubbard and
Mary Bishop, who came to this country from
England in the seventeenth century. On his
mother's side he is descended from the Van
Valkenburgs of Holland, who were among
the earliest settlers in the Hudson river val-
ley. Lucius was but three years of age at
the time of his father's death, and was
placed in charge of an aunt at Chester, Vt.
He remained here until he was twelve years
of age, when he went to Granville, N. Y., and
attended the academy at that place for three
years. Returning to Vermont, he began,
when but fifteen years of age, an apprentice-
ship to the tinner's trade at Poultney. He
completed his api)renticeship at Salem, N.
Y.. in 1854. Believing that in the West he
would find better opportunities to succeed
in life, lie came to ("hicago from Salem, and
woiked at his trade in that city. For the
three years following he.devoted all his spare
time to improving his education. Possessed
of literary tastes, the systenmtic and careful
study he pursued was a source of pleasure
to him, and he thus acquired by his studious
habits an excellent iiracti<al education. In
July, 1S57, Mr. Hubbard came to Minnesota
and located at Ked Wing. The first business
venture he undertook was typical of the bold
s])i)it i'.nd self-confidence of the man. Al-
though having no exfierience in the publish-
ing business he started the Ked Wing Ke-
publican, the second paper established in
(Joodhue county. The pa[)er was a success
from the start. His good business judgment
was recognized by the people of Goodhue
county a year later by his being chosen to
fill the office of register of deeds. In 1861 he
became a candidate for the upper house of
the state legislature on the Republican
ticket, but was defeated. The Civil War
having broken out at this time, Mr. Hubbard
recognized his responsibility as a citizen and
was not slow in responding to the country^s
call. He sold his paper in December of that
year, and enlisted as a private in Company
A, Fifth Minnesota, and was elected captain
of his company on the oth of February the
following year. On March 20. 1862. the regi-
ment was organized and Mr. Hubbard was
advanced to the rank of lieutenant colonel.
In May the regiment was divided, three com-
jianies being ordered to the Minnesota fron-
tier, the other seven to the South. Mr. Hub-
bard went with the southern division, which
participated almost immediately after its ar-
rival in the battle of Fannington, Miss.,
then in the first battle of Corinth, where
('olonel Hubbard was badly wounded. In
August of that year, he was appointed col-
onel of his regiment. He was in its com-
mand at the battle of luka, the second battle
of Corinth, and at the battles of Jackson,
Mississippi Springs, Mechanicsburg and Sa-
tarcia. Miss.; Richmond, La., and the assault
and siege of Vicksburg. After the fall of
Vicksburg Colonel Hubbard was given com-
mand of the Second Brigade, First Division,
LUCIUS V. HUBBARU.
HISTORY OK THE (iUEAT NORTHA\'EST.
Kith Army Corjis. The lirif;ade participated
within a very shoil time in seveu battles on
Red river, La., and in sontliern Arkansas.
Returning to Memidiis, it also took part in
several engagements in Mississijjpi, Arkan
sas and Missouri. It was also engaged in
the battle of Nashville, December 15 and 10.
18(i4. reinforcing General Thomas. In this
battle the brigade was badly cut to pieces;
Colonel Hubbard had two horees killed
under him and was severely wounded. It
added to its laurels, however, by capturing
seven pieces of artillery, many stands of
colors and forty per cent, more prisoners
than were in the command itself. Colonel
Hubbard was breveted brigadier general for
conspicuous gallantry on this occasion. Sub-
sequently he was engaged in military opera-
tions near New f)ileans and Mobile, and was
mustered out in Sejitember. 1865. During
his term of service (ieneral Hubbard was en-
gaged in thirty-one battles and minor en-
gagements, and has a military record of
which his state has reason to be proud. He
returned to his home in Red Wing somewhat
broken in health, but after a short rest en-
gaged in the grain business, his operations
becoming quite extensive. Some years later
he turned his attention to railroad building,
and in 1S70 comj)leted the Midland railway
from Wabasha to Zumbrota. This road was
subsequently ])ur(hased by the Chicago, Mil-
waukee & St. Paul. Mr. Hubbard also organ-
ized and projected the Minnesota Central
from Red Wing to Mankato and later he pro-
jected the Duluth, Red Wing & Southern
Railway, of which he has had actual control
as general managei' np to this time. Aside
from his numerous business interests, Mr.
Hubbard has always found time to take an
active interest in public affairs. His polit-
ical affiliaticms are with the Republican par-
ty. In ISfiS he was nominated for congress
from the Second Minnesota district, but de-
clined on account of the regularity of the
nomination being questioned. He sened in
the state senate in the sessions of 1872. 187.S,
1874 and 1875. but declined a re-election in
the following session. In 1881 he was nomi-
nated for the office of governor and elected
by a handsome majority. He was re-elected
in 18,s;{, the latter time being for three years.
His administration of this i-esjionsible office
was marked for the high executive ability
shown in the conduct of the affairs of the
state. .Maiiy inqjortant legislative measures
were ena<-ted in response to his recommenda-
tion, among which may be mentioned the
creation of the present railway and ware-
house commission; the existing state grain
inspection system; the state insj)ection of
dairy ])roducts; the present state sanitary
system; the state board of corrections and
charities; the establishment of the state pub-
lic school at Owatonna; the organization of
the State National Guard, and the change
from annual to biennial elections. During
Governor Hubhard"s service in the guber-
natorial chair the state's finances were also
administered on the strictest bu.siness i)rin-
ciples and the taxes levied for state purposes
averaged less than for the ten preceding
years or any similar period since. The rate
of taxation was not only greatly reduced,
but the jiublic debt was materially decreased,
and the trust fund of the state increased
nearly two million dollars. Among other im-
l>ortant positions of public trust which Ciov-
ernor Hubbard held may be mentioned his
ajijiointment in 18fi6 on the commission to
investigate the status of the state railroad
bonds and report on the means to be adopt-
ed to secure their surrender; his appoint
nient by the legislature in 1874 on the com-
mission to investigate the accounts of the
state auditor and state treasurer; his ap-
]>ointment by the same body in 1879 on .the
commission of arbitration to adjust the dif-
ferences between the state and the state
prison contractors, and, in 188fl, on the com-
mission to compile and publish a history of
Minnesota military organizations in the Civil
^^'ar and the Indian War at that time. In
recognition of his distinguished services to
his country Governor Hubbard was appoint-
ed a brigadier general by President McKin-
ley, June 0. 1898, and served throughout the
Spanish-American War in command of the
Third Division, Seventh Army Corjis. This
was a fitting tribute to a long and useful
HISTORY OF TUF. (JREAT NOltTIIWKST.
careei', aud an honor most worthily bestowed
on one of the lieroes of the (Mvil War. Gov-
ernor Huhbai-d is also actively identified
with the (i. A. R. and kindred orjiauizations.
He is a member of the Acker Post, (i. A. R.,
St. Pan]; Minnesota Tommandery of the
Loyal Leiiion; the Minnesota Society, Sons of
the American Revolution; Society of the
Ai'Uiy of Tennessee, and of the Hoard of Trus-
tees of the Minnesota Soldiers' Home. He is
also a membiM' of the Red Winj; Royal Arch
Masons. He was married at Red \\'inji, in
May, 18fiS. to Amelia Thomas, a daughter of
Charles Thomas, and a lineal descendant of
Sir .lohii ifoiire. Their union has. been
iijessed with three cliildren— ( 'iiarles F.,
Lucius '\'. and .Tulia M.
OJERTSEN, Melchior Falk, a lu-oniinent
Lutheran clerjjyman of Minneapolis, Minn.,
more familiarly known as M. Falk (ijertsen,
was bom in Sojjn, Norway, February l!i.
1847. He is a son of Johan P. and Bertha
Johanna (Hanson) Ojertsen. The ancestors
of the family on both sides belonged to th.e
peasantry of Norway. Johan P. Ojertsen
was a minister of the gospel, highly esteem
ed by all who knew him, and one of the or-
ganizers of the "Zion Society for Israel,"
whose special object is the conversion of the
Jews. He was also the author of "Mission-
ary Hymns for Israel." He died at Stough-
ton, Wis., in his ninetieth year. Mrs. (ijert-
sen is still living at the advanced age of
eighty-six years. The subject of our sketch
attended the Latin school or college at Ber-
gen, Norway. A\'hen seventeen years of age
he emigrated to America, locating in Chi-
cago, where he contributed to the supjiort of
the family by working in a chair factory.
His daily task here was putting together
fifty four-spindle chairs a day, for which he
received as compensation one dollar a day.
Three months later he obtained employment
in a shingle mill at one dollar and fifty cents
a day. Later he secured a position in a gro
eery store at Milwaukee, but became seri
onslj- ill in the course of a year, and it was
at this time he resolved to make a change in
MioLCHloK I-. (;.ii:itTSi:x.
his <-arc('r. On liis icciixcry he began to
study for the niinistry and entered the theo-
logical seminary of the Scandinavian An-
gustana Synod, at Paxton, 111. He \^s or-
dained to the niinistry in ISdS, and his first
pastorate was at Leland. 111. He remained
here for four years, then removed to Stough-
ton. Wis., where he resided for nine years.
In 1S81, he moved to Jlinnea])olis and be
came jiastor of the Lutheran Trinity church.
He has been its pastor ever since, and is held
in high esteem for his faithful and conscien-
tious work in behalf of the church. He was
one <if the lirst jiromoters of temperance
work among the Scandinavians of the North-
west, and lias taken an acti\c |iart in the
|irohibition movement in .Minnesota, and in
the regulation nf ijic liquor li-allir in .Minne-
apolis. In jiolitics, howexer. lie is a Kepuh-
lican. In 1SS7 he was I'leiicd a niemlier of
the school board of Minneaiiolis by liolh tlie
Hejiublicans and Democrats, was tlic secre-
tary of the boai-d for six years, and its ]iresi
(lent for two yeai-s. Mr. (ijertsen has also
been deeply interested in lios|iilai work, and
assisted in the establisliiiieni of tiie Order of
Deaconesses in Minneapolis. lU' was one of
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the organizers of the Nor\ve5,nau-D;iuish
Lutheran Conference in 1S70, and also of the
United Norwegian I>utheran Church of
America, whicl) was organized in 1890. He
was also one of the founders and has always
been one of the most ardent supporters of
Augsburg Theological Seminary. He was
the organizer, also, of the Norwegian Y. M.
C. A. of Minneapolis. He has published two
volumes of sermons, one of seven discourses
on the parable of the Prodigal Son under the
title "K(mi hjem" ((Vmie home!), and another
of eight discourses on the letters to the
churches in Asia Minor. Both of these vol
umes have been published in Norway, and
there, as well as here, have had a large sale.
He is also one of the publishers of "Sang-
bogen," a volume of hynms with music, pub-
lished here in Minneai)olis. In 1869 Mr. Gjert-
sen was married to Sarah Ann Mosey, of
Fi-eedom, HI. They have three children liv-
ing: Marie, Johan and Lena.
AUSTIN, Zadok H., the actuary of the
Northwestern National Life Insurance Com
pany of Minneapolis, Minn., is of early ^'ir-
ginia ancestry. Tliree brothers of one of the
Virginia families in the opening years of tiie
nineteenth century migrated from their old
home, in three different directions — one to
the far Southwest, of whom Setphen Austin,
a leading character in Texas history, and for
whom the city of Austin was named, was a
representative. The second brother settled
in Kentucky, near Frankfort. From this
sprang the subject of this sketch. All of his
immediate ancestors are Kentuckians. The
third branch established itself in the North-
west, where descendants may be found iu
Minnesota and other states. The father of
Z. H. Austin was William S. Austin, former
ly a farmer iu Callaway county, Mo. Later
he removed to Duluth, Minn., where he en-
gaged in the wholesale cigar business, which
he still continues. His wife's maiden name
was Elizabeth A. Hook. She died in 1897,
at Duluth. Zadok was born on his father's
farm near Fulton, Mo., January 9, 1863. His
early life was that of an ordinary farmer's
boy. His schooling consisted of about three
months' attendance iu a country school eacli
year. The rest of the time, when old enough,
he was comjielled to occupy in fami work.
It so happened that this school was of a
very superior character. It has the rej)uta-
tion of turning out more professional teach-
ers than is credited to any other countn^
school district in the Southern or Western
states. The ])resent state superintendent of
scliools of the state of Missouri is a farmer
boy of that district. Mr. Austin began rn
teach at the age of .seventeen, engaging in
this work part of the year and attending col-
lege during the remainder of the time. The
elementary studies considered then of prime
importance were mathematics and spelling.
Mr. Austin's principal college training was
received at Kirksville. Mo., but he pursued
most of the college branches indejjendently,
and outside of a regular school. That liQ
was unusually proficient is .shown by the
fact that when only twenty-two yeare old he
was admitted as a member of the Missouri
School of Philosojjhy — an honor unprec-e-
dented. The next youngest member was
thiity-five years old. Mr. Austin made a
sjiecialty of mathematics and the languages,
devoting most of his time to them. Begin-
ning as mentioned, at the age of seventeen,
he taught country schools for four years.
He was then elected superintendent of
schools at Lancaster, Mo. In this position he
demonstrated his advanced attitude by or-
ganizing the schools into grades, which they
still retain. He then went into high school
work, advancing in position and salary each
year. At twenty-four years of age he held '
an official position in the Missouri State
Teachers' Association and became a writer
(ui educational subjects, and an associate
editor of several Eastern educational papers.
Iu 1888 he determined to abandon teaching
on account of his health and because of the
desire of ihe stimulus of a business and po-
litical life, for which he had a taste. He
.selected Duluth as a suitable place in which
to make the change, solely because of its
favorable geographical position. He knew
little of its size or of the conditions of busi-
uess, or of the opportunities presented, but
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
he went directly there, prepared to remain.
He found business dull. Two weeks later,
when offered the priucipalshii) of the hi<;li
school, he concluded to accept the i)osition
for a time. He was enga<;ed in this service
for part of two yeai-s, when business revived,
and he gave up school work. He then took
up insurance and real estate on his own ac-
count. He succeeded in working uj) a large
and profitable business, ^^■hen the panic of
1893 came on, lie gave insurance his exclu-
sive attention. Fur this he was peculiarly
fitted by his mathematical knowledge. He
was such an acknowledged authority on this
subject that Governor Lind appointed him to
duty in that department as deputy insurance
ccnnmissioner. On the organization of the
Northwestern National Life Insurance (.'om
pany — from two old established concerns —
Mr. Austin's skill was again called into
requisition by being made actuary of the con-
solidated company, the office which he noM-
holds. During all his school work he looked
forward and prepared to make law his pro-
fession. He expected to go into practice at
Duluth, but the chances in real estate chang-
ed his plans. In politics he had always been
a Democrat until 1S94. He was nominated
as a Democrat, without his knowledge, in
1890, for the position of county superinten-
dent of public schools of St. Louis county,
Minn. He also took an active part as a
Democrat in Cleveland's campaign in 1892.
In 1891:, however, he rebelled against Cleve-
land's gold standard policy, and openly
espoused populism. That year he was nomi-
nated for the legislature by the Populists,
and ran ahead of both the Populist and
Democratic tickets. That year also he made
the first active political canvass, mostly
against the Democratic and Republican can-
didates for congress. He afterwards became
reconciled to Towne, the Republican candi-
date, and visited him in Washington, after
Mr. Towne's "silver speech" in April, 189G.
Mr. Austin then pledged his active support
to Mr. Towne, provided he was compelled to
leave the Republican party. That event hap
pened, and Mr. Austin became chairman of
z.\noK n. AUSTIN.
the Sixth district cimgressioual committee,
.spending three months in active campaign-
ing. In 1898 Mr. Austin succeeded in secur-
ing the solid delegation of St. Louis county
against the "Mid-road Populists." This dele-
gation proved to be the pivoted force which
determined the results. Lind and fusion tri-
umphed. Mr. Austin had the distinguished
honor of presiding at this convention — par-
ticularly noted as putting in nomination the
first candidate for governor successfully in
Minnesota against the Republican party. It
may also be called epochal, in that it com-
pelled a new arrangement of parties in the
state, and even in the nation. Mr. Austin
was nominated by this convention for the
clerk of the supreme court and his nomina-
tion was endorsed subsequently by Demo-
crats and Silver Republicans. He is now a
member of the national committee of the
People's party and was a member of the con-
ference committee at the Kansas City con-
vention, in 1900. He is a warm personal
friend of Marion Butler, and an enthusiastic
disciple. Mr. Austin belongs to the Chris-
tian church, and to the ('ommercial Club of
Minneapolis.
HISTORY (»1' TIIK (iUKAT NUKTIIWEST,
JOHN A. SCHLENER.
SCHLENEK, John Albert.— If success in
business of a standard line of trade in these
days of strenuous competition is an index of
ability, John A. Schlener must be placed in
the first rank. Commencing as a poor boy
he has won a prominent position in the city
of Minneapolis, Minn., where the pace is
I'apid in all the avenues of trade. His father,
— ^also named John A., — came from Phila-
delphia, Pa., in 1857, and started a bakery
on the east side of the river in Minneapolis —
then St. Anthony — and carried it on until
his death in 1872. Mrs. Schlener's maiden
name was Bertha Sproesser. They were both
of German extraction, and had inherited to
a full degree the industry, energy and thrift
of that hardy race. Young John was born in
Philadelphia, February 24, 1856. He first
essayed to climb the heights of learning in a
private school. He then attended the public
schools of the city and sujjplemented that
training by a course at a business college.
At twelve years of age, however, he began
work at anything his young hands could find
to do. For a time he was employed by the
toll gatherer at the suspension bridge, to
help take care of the bridge and to keep the
accounts. The experience and knowledge of
men and things which he acquired in this
jiosilidii, and the wide acquaintance which
he iIhmc gained subsequently j)roved to be
|ii(ililalile caiiilal. When only sixteen years
1)1(1 he was emjiloyed as a Itookkeeper in the
lioiik and srationery store of Wistar, Wales iV
('oiu])any, one of the leading firms in that
blanch of business. Young Hchlener proved
III be so efficient and useful in every depart-
iiienl (hat he was retained through several
iliunges ill the firm, and when it was reor-
ganized finally, under the style of Bean,
\\'ales i^ ("onqjany, Mr. Schlener was taken
into partnershi]) and given a third interest
ill the concern. Subsequently Mr. >\'ales re-
lii-ed and the business was carried on by
Kiikbiide & Whitall, in whose employ Mr.
Sehlener remained until 1884, when he open-
ed a store of his own, which he has conduct-
ed with such success that he enjoys a large
share of the best trade in the city and states
of the Northwest. ^A'hile absorbed in his
business, he does not neglect his duties as a
citizen nor slight his obligations as a factor
in business and social life. He is an active
member of the organization to promote com-
mercial enterprises and a Mason of the high-
est degrees, having been frequently honored
by the order with offices of honor and trust.
In jiolitics Mr. Sehlener is a Republican of
such prominence in the party that he has
been put forward as a leader in the manage-
ment of local political affaire. In 1890 he
was elected a member of the board of educa-
tion, and is recognized as one of the most
valuable men in the service. In 1900 he was
induced to allow his name to be presented
for the nomination to the mayoralty under
the first trial of the new primary law. For
peculiar reasons, not necessary to mention,
his friends did not succeed in getting him
the nomination, but his support was highly
creditable to his standing with his own
party. In religion Mr. Sehlener, although
born and baptized into the Lutheran church,
to which his parents belonged, prefers the
Congregational church, and is an attendant
of the Plymouth chui'ch of Minneapolis. In
1892 he was married to Miss Grace Hol-
brook, of Lockport, N. Y., a lady of cultuie
and refinement.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTIIWEST.
DONAHOE. Michael. — Statistics* and
written descriptions of the develojinieut of
the state of Montana convey a vague idea of
tile results acconijiJislied in that wonderful
state, hut they cannot present the daring en-
terprise, fertile engineering exjiedience, i)er-
sistent energy and business acumen which
ha\e made possible the achievements so
noted throughout the world. ^luch less can
the pei'sonal qualities of Ihe men who have
overcome apparently insuperable obstacles,
conquered adverse conditions, and wrung
success from hostile nature, be described.
The names of some of Ihem, it is true, are
public projterty. but the true I'.xecutive force
in the develojiment is I ften buried in
their im]iortanl work. Among those who
have been peculiarly successful in the ditli-
cult field of .Montana, Michael Donahoe, the
subject of this sketch, must be accorded a
high rank. He was born at Marathon, Cort-
land county, N. Y., June 17, 18U1. His fa-
ther's name was Thomas S. Donahoe. His
mother's maiden name was Catherine McMa-
hon. They were in comfortable financial cir-
cumstances, and the boy had the advantages
of a good common school education in the
public schools. Early in life he became iden-
tified with the railroad business, and in
April, ISSti, he went to Butte, Mont., as the
joint agent of the Northern I'acitic, Cnion
Pacific and Montana Union railways. H(^
proved his efJiciency in this capacity so thor-
oughly that in October, 1888, he was taken
into the employ of the Anaconda Copper
Mining Company, as assistant general man-
ager, under Marcus Daly. He had charge of
all the details of this large enterprise, until
Mr. Daly's death, in November, 1!U)(). In ad
dition to these onerous duties — which would
be enough work for most men, he was vice
president and general manager of the Butte,
Anaconda & Pacific railway from the date
of its construction in 1S93 until lltOO. In
August, 181)1), he became a member of the
banking house of Daly, Donahoe & Moyer,
of Butte, Mont., and of that of Daly, Dona-
hoe «& Greenwood, of Anaconda, with which
he is still identified. He has always taken
an active part as a citizen in the improve-
MICH.VKL IKINAIIUK.
nii'ut of the I'onimunity, and is iudueiitial in
all business circles. He was married to Miss
Anna Meloy, of Shulsburg, Wis., in 18',)2.
They have four children: Henry, (Varies,
Kathleen and Walter.
M'KIXXON, .Me.xander, a ]irouiinent
farmer of Crookslon, Minn., is a Canadian by
birth, and was born at Lancaster, (ilengary
county, Out., March 5, 1854. He is a sou of
Archibald and Jennette (McC.illis) McKin-
non, both of whom were born in Scotland,
emigrated to America and settled im a farm
in the province of Ontario, Can. Alexander
only received a common school education,
leaving school in his fourteenth year. He
learned the trade of a blacksmith, and lived
in Wisconsin for several years. In 1S78 he
removed to Minnesota, and after living at
St. Paul for a short time, finally located at
Crookston in the fall of the same year. He
had .seven hundred dollars in cash, which he
had accumulated by his own industry and
economical habits, and ojieued a small black-
smith shoji on the site now occupied by the
McKiunon Block, lie shortly afterwards as-
HISTORY OF THE (JUl'^AT XORTIIWEST.
AI-EXANDEK XI'KrXKOK.
sociated with himself a younger brother, Al-
lan J. MfKiuuou, aud contiuued doing a very
successful business. In May, 1S80, Mr. Mc-
Kinnon associated with himself another
brother, J. K. McKinnou, in the business of
manufacturing and liandling of farm imple-
ments. Later, he engaged in the real estate
and insurance business, which he continued
for some years, ij) partnership with his sec-
ond-named brother. Mr. McKinnon has been
very successful in his business career. He is
part owner of the property known as the
McKinnou Block, in Crookston, a fine brick
building, 125x140, built in 18ST, and costing
seventy-five thousand dollars. He also built
and owns what is known as the I. O. O. F.
Block, at a cost of forty thousand dollars, in
1890. He is also the owner of several hun-
dred acres of rich farming laud in Polk coun-
ty, and at present devotes a larger portion of
his time to its management, and is accounted
one of the most progressive agriculturists in
the 2vorth Star state. The success which Mr.
McKinnon has acliicved is an inspiration to
the youth of the country. An eye open to
every business o])poi-tunity, he embraced it
with energy and enthusiasm, and by his un-
failing business instini-t lias succeeded in
amassing a comfortable fortune. He is held
ill high esteem, not only for his eminent
worlh as a man, but for his strict business
integrity as well. In politics, Mr. McKinnon
is a Dt'iiiocrat, and an active sujiporter of his
]iarl.\. In ISS.j, he was apjiointed postmas-
ter at Crookston by I'resident Cleveland, but
resigned F'ebruary 14, ISHO. He was elected
mayor of Crookston in April, ISDO, and re-
elected without opposition in Ajiril, 18!)1. In
1S!»2 he was elected a delegate to the Demo-
cratic national convention, and was chosen
a member of the committee on pennanent
organization, representing tlie state of Min-
nesota. He was nominated for state treas-
urer on the fusion ticket in 180(5, and renomi-
nated in lS!tS, but as the whole ticket went
down to defeat in both elections, with the
excejition of the head of the ticket in 1898,
when John Lind was elected governor, he, of
course, failed of election. At present he is
a member of the state board of grain ap-
peals, having been appointed by Governor
Lind in July, 11)00, and was elected its chair-
man. This board has charge of the fixing of
grain grades, ilr. McKinnon is a member of
the Commercial Union of Crookston, and
was president of the Northern Minnesota
Agricultural Driving Association for two
years. He is also a member of the Knights
of Pythias, the Elks, and Odd Fellows, in-
cluding the Valley Encampment, No. 9, and
the Knights of Columbus. April 23, 1883, he
was married to Miss (Catherine Macdonald,
in Glengary county, Out. They have one
adopted son, Angus D. McKinnon, who is at-
tending the ^linnesota State University.
KELLOGG, Frank B.— Few men have at-
tained in Minnesota the distinction which
Frank B. Kellogg has won in the profession
of the law. Born at Pottsdam, N. Y., Decem-
ber 22, 1856, while yet a child he came to
Minnesota and was reared to manhood in
Olmsted county. When he was nineteen
years of age, he left the farm and began the
study of the law in the office of H. A. Eck-
holdt, at Rochester. Afterwards, and until
he was admitted to the bar in 1877, he was
a student in the office of K. A. Jones, of the
KKANK 1!. KI'lLLd
HISTORY OF TIIK (JJJKAT \( tUTIlWEST.
same ]iliicc. In llic hillci- year he was ad-
mitted to the hai- and. witli I'.ert \V. Eaton
as a jmi-tner, pi-acticed his profession in
Hoehester until Oetober 1, 1S87, wlien an
opliortunity was aft'oi-ded liini of movinj; lo
St. Paul and ent(^rini; into a ]iartnership witli
Senator Davis and C A. Severance, under
the firm name of I)a\is. Kelloj;g & Sever-
aiKc. which relation was continued from
that date until the death of Senator Davis
in November. 1!MMI.
Mr. Kellofig- obtained in the country prac-
tice, carried on by him in Rochester, a gen-
eral education in his profession and a famil-
iarity with all kinds of litigation, which fit-
ted him in a high degree for the responsible
duties since placed uijon him and which he
has so acceptably performed.
For Ave years he was county attorney
and for three years be was city attorney of
Rochester. These, the only i)olitical offices
ever held by him, were strictly within the
line of his profession. Just before leaving
Rochester, he was a candidate before the
Republican state convention for attorney
general, and, although a very young man, he
had so won the confidence and respect of the
bar and citizens generally, of his part of the
state, that he received their united, earnest
and hearty sujjport. He failed to obtain the
nomination, but what seemed to be a disap-
pointment and defeat turned out to be his
future good, for it was growing out of an
acquaintance made in that contest that his
move to St. Paul was brought about.
For many years Senator Davis had stood
at the head of the bar in the state of Minne-
sota and the association with him afforded
to the young men who came to his office, ilr.
Kellogg from Rochester and Mr. Severance
from Dodge county, an opportunity which is
given to few in the jjrofession. They were
equal to the occasion and to all calls made
upon them, and the firm of Davis, Kellogg
& Severance in a short time largely added
to the business for which the ability and gen-
ius of Senator Davis had laid the foundation.
From the snmller interests involved in a
country practice. Mr. Kellogg was quic kjy
thrust into res])onsibilities which manv men
of gi-eatei- experience and more years would
have hesitated to assunu'. lie measured n\t
to e\erv reijuirenient of their extensive jti-ac
tice and at once became identified, not only
in name, but in fact and i-e]iMtation. as a
partner of Senator Davis.
It may be said without disparagement to
others that the firm of Davis, Kellogg & Sev-
erance has been entrusted with more iniixu'
tanT cases and larger interests than any
othei- firm of attorneys in the state of ilinne
sota. Tliey were generally enii)loyed u])on
one side or the other of almost every inipor
tant case litigated in the federal courts of
this district, and of a very large proportion
of like eases litigated in the state courts.
The demands made upon Senator Davis, aris-
ing from his official duties as representing
the state in the United States senate for the
last fourteen years of his life, cast upon his
partners the practical management of tnt
business for the entire firm. In this way,
both Mr. Kellogg and Mr. Severance became
more personally identified with their client-
age than if Senator Davis had been able to
give his personal attention with them to the
business. It is unnecessary to say that the
interests entriisted to their care have never
suffered on account of this added resjionsi-
bility. So well have they met it that tht>
death of Senator Davis has made no break
in the business entrusted to them, and the
firm stands now, as it did while he was still
living, unquestionably at the head.
Mr. Kellogg's success in life is a splendid
example of the result of hard and persistent
effort. Physically he is not strong, but his
indomitable will and perseverance have con-
(juered every difficulty. Application to duty
entrusted to him and faithful i)erformance
of it is his highest ambition. No effort is
shirked which will add to the chances of suc-
cess. Day after day, week after week, year
in and year out, he has res])onded to the calls
of his profession with an untiring energy
that has won the admiration of those with
whom he has come in contact. He is attor-
ney for many of the largest interests in the
state and for many outside of the state
(qx-rating in the Northwest. Such employ-
nisroKY OK THIO <!UEAT XOUI'HWKST.
niciits liavi' liroii^lit liiiii into inliiiuitr rrhi
tions Willi llii' iiiosi lUdmiiirul 1:i\\vi-rs mid
lirifiiitest liiKsiiic-s iiicii of the (■(imiliy. Ills
larji'i' iiiul coiisliUitly iucreasiiij; rliciitaui' is
cvidt'iii-c of tIic rcjiiud in wiiicli lliry Imld
liiiii.
Jlr, Kclioiiii lias a iiuisl ;;i'iiial persouality
and a wide cii-clc of pcisoiial friends. He is
a jjicat leader and sliideiit of uciieral lilera
(lire. His ]irivale lihrarv rontains many
(■lioic<' vidiinies. In the |ninie of life, enjoy-
iiy^ a siicet'ss that rarely comes lint with old
a,i;e, his nsefnlness in his jirofi'ssion seems
but jiisl liej;nn, and it is the ]iride of liis
fi-iends to feed that romiiii; years will liriiiu
to him the hijihest jMissilile distinrlioii and
success in his clioseii ]irofession.
STANTON. C.eor.iic A.— Siiiieriiitendent
(Jeorne A. Stanton, of Sank Center, ilinn..
canio to Minnesota with liis jiarents in ISTT.
He was born in Horicon, \Ms. His father.
Lyman Stanton, was one id' the pioneer farm-
ers of that state. He was of Enj^lish extrac-
tion, as the name indicates, while his wife,
whose maiden name was Mari^aret McAllis-
ter, was of Scotch (h-scent. (ieorj^e A. ob-
tained liis eomimni school education cliii'tly
in the public schools of Wisconsin. His col-
lejiiate education was secured at Carleton
("(dle^e, Nortlifield, Miun. — an institution
noted for its thoroughness and hi};h standard
of scholarship. .Mr. Stanton !.iradiiated in
the scientitic course in ISSl, and chose teach-
ing for a profession. His first enj;'a};enient
was at Lariniore. N. !>.. in 1S8;2, as princijial
of the ])ul)lic schools at that jilace. His abil-
ity and efficiency weri' signally deaionsl rated
In this first position, fm- he remained there
from 18S2 to 1S89. He then accepted the po-
sition of superintendent of the public schools
at St. Charles, Minn., and served in that
caiiacity until ISMI, when he entered upon
his duties at Sauk Center, where he is still
emj)loyed. Mr. Stanton's jirofessional skill
is rerofjiiized tlirou<;hoiit the state. He has
been called into sei-vice by the state anthoii
ties for the last sexeii years, as insti-ucloi-
and conductor of state summer schools for
teachers. He is also the inesideiit of the
State High Sclio.il Council. In jiolitics he is
a Re]iublicaii. though his ]irofessioii as a
teacher ]irecludes a.ctive ]iarlicipation in jio-
litical campaigns. He is a member of the
ilelhiidist Ei)isco]!al church, and is inteiest-
ed to some extent in fraternal societies, be-
ing a member of the Knights of rythias. He
is likewise interested in ]iul)lic affairs, as n
citizen, being a luember of the city library
board and of the committee on city iinjirove-
nients. In issti he was married to Miss
Basha V. Jaqiia. the daughter of (Jeorge H.
Jaipia. of Elysian. .Minn. They have had
four sons: Walter H., who died August :!(>,
l.s!l!i; Edgar A., eleven years of age; Leon
(i.. ten years old, and Ceiu-ge A. Stanton,
•Jr.. six vears old.
CHALLMAN. Samuel .\., superintendent
of the public schools of Detroit, Minn., for
the last eight years, came :is an infant in his
mother's arms from Sweden, in l.'>i(iS. where
he was born, November !.'<, l.^'liT. His father,
.Andrew Challman. was a clergyman, and
first settled at I'orter, Hid. In 188(1 he moved
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
SAMUEL A. CHALLMAN.
to Batavia, 111. In 1897 he resigned his pas-
torate and was appointed postmaster of the
city, in which capacity he served until his
death, in 1900. After passing through the
public schools of Porter, Ind., Samuel enter-
ed the preparatory department of the Au-
gustana College at Rock Island, 111., in 1882,
and in 1886 was graduated from the college
proper, with the highest honors, receiving
the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Ten years
later he received the degree of Master of
Arts from his Alma Mater. In 1888 he came
to Moorhead, as assistant principal of Hope
Academy, a private institution — under Luth-
eran control, founded that year. After two
years' service of pronounced success, he was
nuide principal, and served in that capacity
for three years. Under his administration
the school was exceptionally prosperous, hav-
ing an enrollment of 150 students. The finan-
cial stringency of 1893 crippled the society
and the school was suspended in 1895. The
estimate in which he was held is shown by
the following extract from the Moorhead
Daily News, of January fi. 1890: "Mr. Chall-
man is recognized l)y the parent society of
Hope Academy, its officers and remainder of
the faiulty, as well as by the students in at-
tendance and the public, as a young man of
extraordinary erudition and talents, and as
combining these with an aptitude and skill
in teaching which places him high on the list
of educators, a proud i)asition for one so
young to occupy." In 189.'') he was elected
to his i)resent position of superintendent of
the Detroit schools. That he has fulfilled all
expectations in this cajiacity is evident from
this extract from the Detroit Record, of Oc-
tober, 1897: "Calling at our office, Mr.
Alton, state inspector of high schools, said
he could not speak in terms of too high
praise of the manner in which the school
work is being conducted in Detroit, and of
the efficiency of our teachers. Mr. Chall-
umn, he says, stands in the front rank among
the iiublic school educators of the state, and
under his capable management the excel-'
lence of our schools is not confined to the
high school room, but in every department
the work is being conducted in a systematic,
thorough and profitable manner." In 1899
Prof. Challman was president of the North-
western Minnesota Educational Association.
He has been employed for the last six years
as instructor and conductor of the State
Summer Training Schools for Teachers. He
is now a resident of Montevideo, Minn., hav-
ing accepted the position of city superinten-
dent of schools there. In 1892 he was mar-
ried to Grace E. McMillan, of Marinette, Wis.
They have three children: Marion Alberta,
Merrill McMillan and Grace Margaret Chall-
man.
DONALDSON, Lawrence S.— The "Glass
Block" of Minneapolis, Minn., is, beyond
question, one of the best known mercantile
establishments in the Northwest. From
small beginnings on an old foundation it has
develojted in twenty years, under the manage-
ment of William and Lawrence Donaldson,
into one of the largest and most complete
organizations, popularly known as "depart-
ment stores," to be found west of Chicago.
It occupies nine lots on Nicollet avenue, the
principal business street in the city, and five
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
on South Sixth street, the locatiou being a
corner in the heart of trade, which lias been
drawn to the city largely by the immense
establishment of ^^'illiam Donaldson & Com-
pany, as the firm of the "(ilass Block" is
technically named. The building is a great
white marble structure, lighted by a large
number of glass windows — hence its popular
designation, "Glass Block." It is always the
center of trade attraction. The manager of
this vast emporium is the subject of this
sketch, L. S. Donaldson — as he writes his
name — assisted by John and (Jeorge Donald-
son in the executive work. Mr. Lawrence
Donaldson is president and treasurer of the
corporation. ^Ir. John Donaldson is vice
president, and George Donaldson is secre
tary. Lawrence was born in Scotland in
1858. His father, John Donaldson, was a
manufacturer. His mother was Mary Don-
aldson, both of ancient Scotch lineage.
Young Lawrence was educated in a public
parochial school, ^^'hen of suitable age he
was regularly ax>prenticed, in Glasgow, Scot-
land, to learn the dry goods business. In
1878 he came to this country, landing in Is'ew
York on a Tuesday, and going to work on
Friday of the same week. This incident
shows somewhat the alert character of the
young man. He remained in his first posi-
tion one year, and then accepted a situation
in I'rovidence, R. I., where he spent two
years. The East apparently seemed too slow
for his energetic nature, so lie removed to
St. Paul, Minn., and engaged for nine months
with the wholesale house of Auerbach, Finch
& Van Slyck. In the meantime his brother
William became interested in Minneapolis in
1881, and Lawrence invested with him and
aided him as far as spare time would per-
mit. In 1882 Lawrence stai'ted in as buyer
for the old firm of Colton & Oo. In 1884 he
and his brother formed a partnership under
the style of William Donaldson & Company
and became successors to the original busi-
ness. The style of the firm has so remained,
although William died in 18"J!>, leaving the
whole re.sponsibility upon Lawrence. Mr.
Donaldson is a public-spirited citizen, and
takes an interest in all public affairs, not-
LAWUIONCE S. llOX.\LDSON-.
withstanding his engrossing duties as head
of the great institution described. He is an
active member of both the Commercial Club
and the Minneapolis Club. In politic^he is
a stalwart Republican, contributing liberal-
ly to aid in carrying out the principles of his
party. He is a member of the Presbyterian
church. He was married February 19, 1901,
to Isabel McDonald, the daughter of John
McDonald.
S.VTTERLUND, John.— The receiver of
the United States land office at Bismarck, N.
1)., John Satteilund, is a tj-pical Northwest-
ern "hustler." No other word contains the
idea of the ((iniliination of qualities enter-
ing into the cliaracter, consisting of enter-
])rise; courage to the verge of rashness; fore-
sight, amounting to prescience; energy, per-
severance and self-reliance approaching the
sublime. His fatlier, Eric Satterlund, was a
native "f Sweden. lie came to the United
Slates with his family, and settled on a farm
in Traverse (■(iiiiil\. Minn. He was a sturdy,
industrious, iKinest, eutei-prising man, a
farmer by (>c(n]pation, and made a success in
JOHN SATTERLUNn.
HISTORY OF TIIK CUIOAT XORTIIWRST,
life. He died, leaviiifj; liis family in «ood cii-
ciiinstances. His widow, wliosc maiden name
was Mary Kudberj;. is still livint; in Traverse
county. She came of tlie same stalwart stock
as her husband. John was horn in Carlsbad.
Sweden, the old home of liis parents. .May :!,
1851. His education bejian there, and was
suiJjilemented in this i-oiiiilry as ojiportiinity
offered, but he early sel out III make his own
way in the- world, lie rauie lo America in
1S(;!I and located in Si. I'aul. and went out
on I he Northern I'acilic and followed the
road till it reached Liismarck in 1S72; he
stayed only a few days and then removed to
Duluth, where he spent two years. From
Duluth he went to I'oi-t Arlhur. Can., where
he spent four years. He returned to 15urlei<;h
county, N. D., or rather Dakola Territory, as
is was then known. Ju ISTS he bought a
large tract of land north of Hismarck, and
engaged in the stock raising business, and in
farming. In l^Sili he took a leading part in
the political campaign in IJui-leigh county —
he was one of the three who placed the Ke-
l)Mblican ticket in the field which was elected
by an o\'erwhelniing majority — the first Re-
publican ticket ever elected in liurleigh
ccHinty. He was a candidale foi' county c(mu-
niis.sioner on that ticket and was elected by
over one thousand majority, hi October,
l.S<S:!, hi' resigned his oftice and moved to
Washburn. The year bef(u-e, in company
with John S. \'eeder, he Ixnight and platted
the town of Washburn and afterwards had a
new lounty created, which was named Mc-
Lean; it was organized November '.i, 1881!,
and Washburn was made the county seat.
Mr. Satterlund was aiijiointed its first sheriff;
at the next election he was chosen sheriff
again by the peoitle. From 188:{ to 1887 he
was Deputy fnited States Marshal, hi 18!l(l
he was elected reiuesentative from the Twen-
ty-ninth district, and during the .session of
1891 he had a bill drafted enlarging McLean
county' fnjiii sixteen townships to one hun
dred, making one of the tinest counties, and
the third in size, in I he stale. In is'.ii' he
was re-elected lo the legislalure without op-
position and was tend(;red the nomination
the following election, but declined. He was
nominated for Fnited States senator during
the session of lS!):5-4 andi'eceived a nici' com
Iilinienlaiy vote. He is now ]iresident of the
\\'ashbuiii Real Estate ("omjiany, and inter-
ested heavily with ex-Senator \\'. I). Wash-
burn, (d' Minneapolis, in tlie lignite coal min-
ing iiidusti-y which is i-apidly (lexcloping in
the i-egion about Washbniu, which is rich in
this valuable t'uel. In iiolitics .Mr. Satter-
lund has always lieeii an active, ardent Ke-
piiblican, ]U'o]ninent and inliuential in local
and state politics. He has attended the state
convention tor the last twenty years as chair-
man of the county delegati(Ui. In 18!)8 Presi-
dent .McKinley a]>p(iiiited .Mr. Satterlund re-
ceiver of the I'liited States land oftice at His-
marck— luie of the most im]iortant in the
country, 'this otlice he now holds, and that
cil\ is his otticial residence, although his
home is at Washburn, lie is active in social,
as well as public atfairs, and is a Mason of
high degree. In ls77 he was married to
Charlotte I'eterson. of Iowa. They have four
children: Hilda, Lulu, violence and Floyd
Satterlund. .Mr. Satterlund, by enterprise,
intliience and large business interests, is one
of the strong men of that ]iart of the*tatp.
He is of a generous natuie and rejoices in
the success of others almost as much as his
own. He is at pi-esent interested with ex-
Senator Washburn in securing the railroad
fr(uu the cajiital city, Rismarck, to Wash-
burn, which road will l)e (■(nu]ilete(l by the
tirsi of September.
CO.MSTOCK, \\ illard Lee, is one of the
•■siuis of the soil"" of Minnes(jta, having been
\hu-u at Mankato, November 24, ISdl. His
father, Marshall T. Comstoi-k, a native of
.\ew York, descended fiom the Coiustock
family of Herkimer county, of that state,
linuuinent in commercial and ju-ofessional
lircles in eastern New York. He was a pio-
neer settler in the Territory of Minnesota dat-
ing from ls.")L'. Ill 1S.">() he made his luune
at .Mankato. lie was a man of intluence and
in good financial circumstances. His wife's
maiden name was Sarah E. Tathui, a de-
HISTORY OF TIIK (JRKAl' NORTHWEST.
WlLLAitD LKE COJISTOCK.
SL-endaut of the Lee family of ^'il•g■inia,
branches of which have been prominent in
American history in Ohio and Virginia.
Young Wilhird obtained his early education
in the public schools. He was a studious
boy, and a lover of books. Mr. Comstock
still continues his studious habits, and has
one of the best and most extensive private
libraries in that region. He has marked lit-
erary tastes and has contributed to various
periodicals, besides doing some literary woi'k
anonymously. ^^'hen qualified to teach
school, he engaged in that work and con-
tinued it for six j'ears, looking forward to
the profession of law as his life occupation.
While in the teaching field he served as prin-
cipal of schools at Mapleton, Minn., and of
the Franklin school at Mankato. After
studying law five years he M'as admitted to
the bar and commenced practice. Without
help, and by his ability, industry and energy
he has built up a large and lucrative law
business, calling for his appearance in all
courts, both state and federal, in some of
the most important cases. While his prac-
tice is general, be represents a number of
Eastern financial corporations and serves
also as confidential counsel, and is constant-
ly employed. He is a fluent sfK^aker and
strong advocate, and is frecjucntly called
upon for public addresses and platfonn work
in the ])olitical field. He was for a time spe-
cial judge of the municipal court at Man-
kato. In politics !Mr. Comstock is a Jeffer-
son Democrat. Although the county of Blue
Karth, his home, is strongly Republican,
such is his popularity that he was elected to
the legislature from that county. He was
also for ten years the captain commanding
Company F, of the Second Kegiment, Minne-
sota National Guards. He resigned and was
honorably discharged in June, 1892. Mr.
("omstock is especially interested in frateraal
societies and is a member of the Knights of
I'ythias, the Ancient Order of United Work-
men and of the (irand Lodge of the A. (). V.
W. He is also the Grand Vice Regent of
the Royal Arcanum of Minnesota, member
of the Grand Commandery of Imperial
Knights, and of the United Order of For-
esters, besides being Counselor of American
Institute of Civics, and member of other eco-
nomic societies. He was married, November
20, 1890, to Phila L. Fletcher, formerly of
Lake City, Minn. They have two children:
Philip Fletcher Comstock, eight yeai-s of age,
and Dorothy Lee Comstock, two yeai's of age.
PEAKE, Amasa Parker.— The fame of
the lignite coal fields of North Dakota has
long been abroad, but comparatively little
has been done in developing them. These
coal deposits are literally of uncalculable
value, and they are of great, though undeter
mined, extent. The men engaged in turning
this fuel to practical account will be true
benefactors of the great Northwest. Among
those who are especially active in this benefi-
cent work, with a large measure of success,
Amasa P. Peake, the president of the Con-
solidated Coal Company, making a specialty
of deep mined lignite coal, is a leader. His
home is at Valley City, N. D., where he has
been a resident since 1881. The mines are
at I.«high and New Salem, N. D., and are
acknowledged to be in many respects the
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT XOItTHWEST.
iiKisI vMliiablc in the ticld, as their product
is of tlic l)est (|iiality sent to market. Mr.
I'eake is a tlioroiishly trained business man.
He was born at ("row Wing, Minn., October
21, 18G1. His father, Kev. Ebenezer Steeh-
Peake, is the well known chajjUiin of St.
Marv's School, the noted Episcopal institii
tion at Faribault, ^liiin. He was born al
Kingsboro, N. Y., in l.s:}((, and has been one
of the most useful clerg.vmen of the Episco
pal church, laboring jd-incipally iu the West.
He first came to Minnesota in 1854 and
began missionary work in the \alley of tln'
Minnesotii rivei-. With l>r. IJreck and .Mi-.
-Manner he founded the associate mission at
Faribault from which, under I'.isho]) Whi](-
ple's direction, has grown the noble woik of
the church at Faribault. In 1S.")() lie became
a missionary to the ("hippewa Indians and
remained in that field at <"row \\'ing, (iull
Lake and Leech Lake until driven out by the
Indian uprising at the time of the famous
massacre. In 1802 he entered the army as
chaplain of the Twenty-eighth Wisconsin
Volunteer Infantiy and served with his regi-
ment until it was mustered out in the fall of
1805. Keturning to Jlinnesota he accepted
the rectorshi]) fif the <-hurch at Austin, but
was unal)le to recover his health lost during
the years of his army service in the South,
and iu 1806 accejited a call to the parish in
San Jose, Cal. Kemoving, in 1871, to San
Francisco he i^emained there as rector of St.
Luke's church until 1878, when he again re
turned to his first love, the great state of
Minnesota. In 185(> he mariied Mary Au-
gusta Parker, daughter of .ludge Amasa
Parker, a prominent la\v\er of Delhi, N. Y.
The family is of English Puiitan and Hugue-
not French extraction, both the Peakes and
the I'arkers having come into New York
from ("onnecticut. Colonel I'eake was young
when ills fatliei' ot1i(ialed on the I'ii(ific
coast, and he had the advantages of the jiro-
gre.ssive ]iublic schools of that region at San
Francisco and four and a half years' sjiecial
training at St. Matthew's Military School.
San Mateo, ("al. \\'lien he i-eturned lo Min
nesota he attended the Sliattnck Military
School, at Faribault, where, in addition to
AMAS.\ eAKKKI! I'K.VKE.
his literaiy education, lie received a strict
and most llidi-oiigh iiiilitary t raining. When
the young man struck out for himself he
went forth ready to take the first hon^able
work h(^ could (ind. H(^ was only twenty
years old when he went to N'alley City. N. I).
— then .-i part of the Territory of Dakota —
where lie ai'cejiied a |iosition ill a general
store. He reiiiained in this ]iositioii for one
year', and tlii'u secured a minor ])osition in
the Farmers" iV: .Merchants" National Mank.
from which he wcnked his \\;\\ up until lie
was cashier. When the shareholders of the
inslitulinn concluded to go out of business,
Mr. Peake was jiiit in charge of the li(]uida-
tion. I5y the; time he had successfully wound
u]i the affairs of the bank, he had worked
into the real estate and loan business, which
he still carries cm. He finally saw the gi^'at
wealth lying uri(level()j)ed in lignite coal and
added coal mining and shipping to his busi-
ness, associating for this purpose with Mr.
-lohn l'\ P.rodie. of Dickinsoti, N. D. The
"deep mined"' "White Ash" lignite which
they handle is promising to he a source of
almost boundless wenllli to ihc slate of
North Dakota, and for this Cohuiel I'eake
HISTORY OF THE GUIOAT NORTHWEST.
uiusl lie j;i\cii :i lar^c sliai'c of n-cdit. The
military traiiiiiiji wliirli Coloiu-l rcalcc had
as a boy jii-i'disjioscd liiiu to a soldier's life.
He joined the Territorial National (Juard at
its first organization, in 1885, and he has al-
ways taken an active interest in it. He en-
tered the service as a jirixatc and has had
the experience of every j^rade, from that of a
uon-commissioned officer, and <-aptain of his
home, ^'alley City, company, up to that of
cohiuel of the re}jiment, the position which
he DOW holds. At the breaking out of the
Spanish War he took great pains to have his
regiment drilled and put into such shape as
to be a credit to' the state. While the regi-
ment was waiting to be mustered into serv-
ice at Fargo, he prepared them for real sol-
dier life in the only way possible to make
good soldiers, and that is by drill and disci-
pline. Colonel I'eake was a good drill uuis-
ter and a thorough disciplinarian — just ex-
actly what any regiment needs. Prom the
fact that the government mustered into serv-
ice only two battalions, a lieutenant colonel's
command, his services could not be used, and
therefore he was compelled to remain at
home when his boys went to the Philippines.
It is the gi-eat regret of his life. Colonel
Peake in politics is a Kepublicau, and active
in local, state and national affaire. He has
never wanted oflice for himself, but is al-
ways interested in securing good men. He
is jjresident of the board of managers of the
State Normal School at Valley City, and is
serving in that capacity on his second four
years' term. He is a Mason — Knights Tem-
plar and Shriner — and is also a member of
the Eastern Star, of which his wife is a
prominent member. He belongs to the Epis-
copal church, in which he and his wife are
both' active communicants. He was married
June 14, 1888, to Anne Teall Hollister, the
daughter of James H. Hollister, of Detroit.
Mich. Her grandfather was one of the first
Episcopal missionaries of Michigan, and did
very valuable service to the cause of Chris-
tianity and civilization. She is a native of
Massachusetts, and was educated in Connec-
ticut. They have five children: Ceorge
Teall, 12 years old; Esther Augusta, 11 years;
Kli/.ahclh Ilollislcr. 7 years; Charlotte
Louisa, i years, and Auiasa 1'.. Jr., - years
old.
ROURKE, Patrick H.— The United States
Attorney for North Dakota, I'atrick H.
Rourke, whose home is in Lisbon, Ransom
county, is a native of Pennsylvania, having
been born at Norristown — almost a suburb
of Philadelphia, where itroverbially the law-
yers are noted for tlieir acumen — October 28,
1854. His success in his profession makes
him a worthy compeer of the legal lights to
whom he is so near akin. His father was a
native of Ireland, and is now dead. The
maiden name of his mother was Mary Max-
well, a native of I'ennsylvania, and of Irish
ancestry. She is now living at Lincoln, 111.,
a .state to which the family moved as far back
as 1856. I'ati'ick had the advantages of the
public schools very regularly until he was
large enough to make his services of some
value in contributing to tlie support of the
family, which comprised thirteen children,
of which Patrick was among the older. His
natural taste for learning and aptness as a
pupil, could not, however, be quenched by
unfavorable circumstances. He made such
way as he could through the public schools
and worked his way through a course at the
Normal College at Valparaiso, Ind. Then,
to gather funds for further progress, he
worked by the month on a farm, and for a
while for the Chicago & Alton Railway Com-
jtany. In the meantime he jilanned to take
up the study of law. \\'hen he reached his
twenty-fifth year circumstances permitted
him to gratify the desire of his life. He then
entered the law office of R. N. Stevens, of
Petersburg. 111., and took up the study of
law with the avidity sharpened by a long
hunger. His mind was mature and his ex-
perience of men and business were a help to
his progress. In 1882 he passed his examina-
tion and was admitted to the bar in Chicago.
He then formed a partnership with his tutor
and friend, and they went immediately, to
Dakota Teiritory, now North Dakota, and
settled at Lisbf)n, Ransom county, and Mr.
Rourke began the jjractice of his profession
HlS'l'OKY OV TIIIO GUKAT XOUrilWKS'l .
as a meinbei' of the law firm of Stevens iV:
Roui'ke. This pai-liiersliii) contiiiiied foi- foiii-
years, durini' which time an extensixc and
lucrative business was established. Mi-.
Rourke's success was abmist immediate. In
18S3 he was elected city attorney. The next
year he became state's attorney, or attorney
for the county. These positions jia\c liim a
wide acquaintance, and .is he tilled them
with credit to himself and ad\autani' to the
connnunity, his name went throughout the
state. In 18!tl he was selected and apjtointed
b}' the governor of the state as one of a com
nussiou to compile the laws of North Dakota.
This was an imjiortant and ditticult duty, re
(juirinj;- not only keen legal perception and
knowledge, but a sound judgment, to unravel
the intricate overla])iiing of inconsistent a<ts.
So well was this work done that when finish
ed at the end of three years, he was elected
to the state senate and was made a member
of a joint committee of the legislature to
revise the laws of the state. It is no wonder
that in such a service he became one of the
most thoroughly informed lawyers in the
commonwealth. In 1890 Mr. Rourke was
elected nuiyor of liisbon, and here he showecl
his practical knowledge of law by making
many improvements. Among the most use-
ful, as well as permanent, may be mentioned
the establishment of water works for the
city. His two years' service will always be a
landmark in local annals. Mr. Rourke was
married in 1883 to Miss Harter, who died in
1891, leaving no children. In 1892 he was
married to Miss Rose Gardner. They have
two sons: Curran and Grattan, and one
daughter, Mary. Mr. Rourke is a Republican
in politics, and has been a potent factor in
the i)olitics of his state. He is a member of
the Masonic order, and enjoys the respect
and esteem of all who know him.
FRITSGHi:. Louis .\lhcrt.— To be the
first in any new enterprise, ino\cment or pro
gressive innovation, although a jirivatc af
fair, gives a man a historical iK)siti(ni in the
annals of the state. This is an honor of |ic
culiar value. Dr. L. Albert Fi'itschc is vu
i.ori.s Ai,iii;i;T i>-i!rrsciiio.
titled to the distinct inn of receiving the first
license Id iir.-icticc medicine granted by tlie
-Minnesota State Hoard of Medical Examin
ers. He was born in Lafayette townshi]i.
neai- New rim, Xicollet county, Minn., May
2S. 1S(IL». Mis father. Frederick Fritsche.
was born in Saxony, Germany, and came to
Jlinnesota, in 1855, with his father, Carl .T.
Fritsche, who was one of the founders of New
rim. The maiden name of the mother of
the doctor was Louise Lillie, a native of Han-
over, Germany, and the daughter of Chris-
tian Lillie, who settled in New Vork in 1852.
She came 1o Minnesota in 185(i, with her fa-
ther, when the family settled in Lafayette
towiisliip. The grandfather and l:ithei- of
the doctoi- were defenders of New llui dur-
ing the Indian outbreak of 18(12. The doctor
commenced his .school days in a log school
house about two miles from the homesfead,
where his father farmed and laised stock.
When the falhei- was elei-led li-e:isurer of
XicolhM countv- which ollice he held for ten
years, from 1S72 to 18Si.'.— ;iiid lived at St.
Teter, the county seal, .Mbert attended the
pnlilic srhiiol and (he high scIkxjI of that <-ily,
and in iss;! nnd 1884 Ijnighl a disti-irt school.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Ill the fall of 1S84 he attended the medical
department of the University of ]\Ii('lii}fan,
and ffi-adnated June 30, 18S7. He immedi-
ately took the Jlinnesota state medical ex-
amination, and bes^in at once to practice at
New l^lm. In April, 188!t, lie went to Berlin,
(lermany, and took a post-jii-aduate course,
and had the decree of Doctor of Medicine
and Surf>ery conferred upon him fi'om the
Fredei-ick Wilhelm Tniyersity. In Noyem-
her, ISitO, he resumed his practice at New
rini, where he has ever since continued. He
is surgeon of St. Alexander's Hospital, and
was appointed a member of the board of pen-
sion medical examiners during President
Cleveland's last administration. He is a
member of the State Medical Society, the
Minnesota Valley ^[edical Society, and of the
Hrown County xMedieal Society. He is also
at i)resent a member of the State Board of
Medical Exaniinei'S, by an apiioiutment from
(lovernor Lind. In politics he affiliates with
the Democratic party, and was elected cor-
oner of Brown county in the fall of 1900. He
is a member of the Masonic order, and be-
longs also to the New Ulm Turnverein. In
i-eligion he is identified with the Liberals.
In 1890 be was married to Miss Amalie
Pfaender, a daughter of Colonel ^A'illiam
Pfaender.
COTTER, Joseph Bernard, bishop of the
Diocese of Winona, Minn., is a native of Eng-
land, born in Liverpool, November 19, 1844.
His father was Lawrence P. Cotter, a jour-
nalist by profession. He came to America
with his family in 1850, and located at Cleve-
land, Ohio, where they remained for about
five years. They removed to St. Paul, Minn.,
in the fall of 185.3. Mr. Cotter took an active
intei-est in public affairs, and for several
tenns held the oftice of city clerk of that city.
He was the incumbent of that office at the
time of his death in 18(J2. His wife's maiden
name was Anne Mary Perrin. Their son,
Joseph, was given the ad\antages of a thor-
oughly liberal education, first attending pri-
vate academies in the cities of Cleveland
and Fi-eemont, Ohio, and later, after the re-
moval to St. Paul, the Cathedral school of
that city. He then went East and entered
St. Vincent's College, in Pennsylvania. Aft-
er completing a course of instruction in that
institution, he returned to Minnesota and for
a short time was a student at St. John's
College, continuing studies begun at St. ^'in-
cent in the classics, philosojihy and theology.
He was ordained to the ])riesthood May lil.
1871, in the Cathedral of St. Paul, by Kt.
Rev. Thomas Langdon Grace, D. D., and on
June 9 he assumed charge, by virtue of offi-
cial appointment, of St. Thomas' church, in
Winona, Minn. I'p to 1882, in addition to
the pastoral duties of his own church, he
also attended the missions at St. Charles.
Lewiston, Ridgway and Hart. On December
27, 1889, in the Cathedral of St. Paul, he was
consecrated firet bishop of Winona by Arch-,
bishop John Ireland, assisted by Archbishoji
Grace and Bishop Marty. This diocese em-
braces the two southern tiere of counties of
Minnesota, together with Wabasha county
on the third tier. At that time it included
eighty churches, two academies for girls,
twelve parochial schools, one industidal
school for boys and two hospitals, with forty-
five priests. The growth has been rapid since
then, its present status showing one hundred
and twenty churches, fifteen chapels, three
academies for young ladies, twenty parochial
schools — furnishing education to about four
thousand children — three hosjjitals and an
oi-i>han a.sylum, with seventy priests. The
total membership exceeds forty-five thou-
sand souls. Much of the ci'edit for this is
due to Bi.shop Cotter, whose untiring zeal in
the interest of his church, and the cause of
humanity, has won for him the devoted love
and respect of his i>eoi)le. Bishop Cotter was
for many yeai-s president of the Catholic To-
tal Abstinence L^nion of America. In 1887,
as a lecturer for that organization, he visited
.some of the leading cities in the states of
New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
Pennsylvania, "S'irginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illi-
nois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and .secured,
as a result of his labors, about sixty thou-
sand jiledges of total abstinence. In 1872, he
founded the Father Mathew Society of Wi-
nona. The bishop's residence is at Winona.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
FRANKFORTER, Ccoige Bell, was born
in nortliwc'stei-n t)liio in ISUO. At the age
of twelve years liis parents moved to Lincoln,
Xeb. Here he tinished his common and higli
scliool studies and entered the state univer-
sity. In his sophomore year he was ap-
j)ointed assistant in the chemical laboratory,
which position he held until graduation, lie
took his baccalaureate degree in 18!S(i and
was immediately appointed instructor in
chemistry. He held this position for two
years, taking at the end of that time the de-
gree of ^Master of Arts for research work
done in mineralogical and geological chem-
istry.
In 188S he organized the department of
science in the high school at Lincoln and
later went abroad for further study. He
spent the following four years chiefly in
the German universities, and in 1893 took
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the
Royal Univei'sity of Berlin. His work in
this institution was chiefiy in organic, inor-
ganic, physical and technical chemistry, min-
eralogy, assaying physics and philosophy.
He specialized in chemistry, choosing the
plant alkaloids and more particularly the
opium compounds. He worked out the con-
stitutional formula for the opium alkaloid
narceiue and succeeded in making it syn-
thetically.
Immediately after taking his doctorate
in Berlin, he was appointed lecturer in chem-
istry in the University of Nebraska, and later
professor of analytical chemistry. In the
same year he resigned the latter position to
take charge of the department of chemistry
in the University of Minnesota, which posi-
tion he holds at the present time.
Since he has been in charge of this de-
pai-tment, it has grown rapidly and now
stands near the head both in size and in the
amount of research work done. Indeed, the
demand for larger quartere was such that in
1899 the legislature appropriated money to
complete the present laboratory, one of the
largest and best buildings on the campus.
The building is at the present time devoted
exclusively to chemistry.
Dr. Frankforter has published numerous
cjeorge; bell fraxkfokter.
papers in almost every line of chemical
science. He is a member of nearly all of the
chemical societies at home and abroad. At
present he is a member of the United States
Mint Commission, having been appointed by
President McKinlev.
DUTTON, Charles Elvan, the well known
physician and surgeon, was born in Dela-
ware county, Iowa, June 22, 1862. His fa-
ther, George H. Dutton, was an enteiprising
farmer who left his home and birthplace,
Washington county, Ohio, in 185C, and trav-
eled by team to Delaware county, Iowa,
where he became prosperous and intluential.
He was of early Virginia ancestry, his pa-
rents and grandparents on his father's and
mother's side being natives of the "Old Do-
minion." Dr. Dutton's mother was Eliza-
beth Ellison, a native of Ohio, of Iiish ex-
traction. He obtained his early education
in the public schools of Iowa. He then en-
tered Lenox College for two years, and after
that went to teaching. He finally entered
Bayless College and graduated in 1882. In
the fall of 1885 he moved to Minneapolis,
Minn., and engaged in the real estate busi-
HISTORY OF THF, (JIUOAT XOiri'IIWEST.
CHAUI.IOS i;i.\A.\ IiTTTON.
iicss, witli Mr. 1). \\'. I'aync, until tlie siniiig
of IISJSG, wLeu he took nii the study of iiiedi-
eine in the ottice of Doc-tors Ames & Moore,
then having the hnjiest practice in the city,
beiny surgeons for many of the railroads and
large establishments. He also attended the
lectures at the Minnesota Hospital College.
He entered the medical department of the
Tniversity of Minnesota, and graduated in
ISS'j, He was then apjtointed acting assist-
ant surgeon to the I'nited States army and
served at Fort Snelling with the Third T'. S.
Infantry, and at the Brule Reservation with
detachments of the Twelfth U. S. Infantry
during the summer and fall of ISilO, when he
resigned and established a practice in Minnc
apolis. He was as.sociated with Dr. J. E.
Moore until 1898, since which time he has
had a large general jjractice on his own ac-
count. He was appointed assistant surgeon
of the Third Regiment. National Guard of
-Minnesota, in 1S!)2, and was promoted to the
rank of cai)tain in 1S!»7. When the Spanish
War broke out he was mustered into the
Tnited States Volunteers and served with
tlu' Fourteenth .Minnesota. While at Camp
Thomas he was transferred to the Second
Division. Fiist Ainiy Coijis Ii(is]iital. where
he served until mustered out with his regi-
nu'Ut. In 1S!IS Dr. Diitton was jn-omoted to
the rank of major in the medical dei)artjnent
of the National Cuard of Minneso-ta. In lS!(.o
and 1S!)(> he served as medical ins])e<-tor of
the city of Minnca|)o]is. Dr. Dutton lias al-
ways taken an interest in jiublic affairs, and
is a man of inllncnce in the Rei)ul)lican i>arty,
with which he alhliates. He is a charter
membei- of the ('omniercial Club of Minne-
ajiolis. He is a Thirty-second degree Mason,
a Knights Tem])lar and Shriner, and is a
member of Minneapolis Lodge of Elks, No.
44. He is the commander of the A. M. Hig-
gles Command, No. 3(1, of the Spanish War
\'eteians. In issil he was married to Geor-
gia Harrington, daughter of Kev. C. E. Har-
rington, of Boston.
\ANDER HORCK, Max Posa, a promi-
nent specialist in skin diseases at Minne-
apolis, ilinn., is of (ierman-Dutch descent.
His father, (Japtain John Vander Horck,
was a pioneer in the North Star state. He
was a native of the city of Eitorf, near
Cologne, in Rhenish Prussia, and the son of
an officer iu the revenue service of that
government. Political troubles and the de-
sire to escape compulsory service in the
army were the reasons which induced John
Vander Horck to emigrate to America in
1S52, when twenty-two years of age. He
remained a year and one-half in Chicago,
I hen engaged in the hardware business at
(Jalena, 111. In 185.5 he removed to St. Paul,
Minn., and shortly after opened a grocery
store in West St. Paul. He served as treas-
urer of the city of West St. Paul in the
years 1858-0. In 18fi2 he was commis-
sioned first lieutenant of Company D, Fifth
Minnesota Regiment, which he had raised,
and in the following March was promoted to
the cajitaincy. His company garrisoned
Fort Ambercrombie, on the Red River, and
successfully rejiulsed the attacks of the In-
dians. In A])ril, ISO.S, he resigned because
of disability, his arm having been shattered
by a shot from a sentry at the fort, who mis-
look him for an Indian. The following June
HISTOUY OK THE GltKAT .NORTIIWKST.
he was appointed a caplaiu in the United
States Invalid Coips, afterwards called the
Veteran Keserve ( 'orps. lie had charge of
the general rendezvons at Ft. Leavenworth
for three years; was Inspector (leneral of
the District of Kansas for one year, and
Commissar}' of the Department of Kansas
for six months. Returning to Minnesota he
settled in Minneai)olis, and was engaged in
the hardware business for nine years. Dur-
ing this time he served four years in the
office of city comptroller, and for tive years
in the city council. In 1877 he was ap-
pointed I'ost Trader at Fort Sisseton, in
Dakota Territory, and held this position for
nine years. Since that time he has resided
in Minneapolis, and has been engaged in a
variety of manufacturing and other invest-
ments. Among other trusts, be was for two
years a director of the Flour City National
Bank. He was also instrumental in main-
taining the ilinnesota Hospital College, and
on its reorganization was appointed its
president and sei-ved until this college was
absorbed by the medical department of the
State University. Captain Vander Hork
was married on May 6, 1853, to Miss Eliza
Zenzius, daughter of Peter Zenzius, a noted
teacher. Mrs. Vander llorck died April 8,
1885. To them were born nine children, five
of whom died in infancy, and one, a son, in
his twenty-eighth year. Three sons are
now living. Max I'osa was the sixth child.
And was born in St. I'aul August 5, 18(i2.
He attended the public schools of Minne-
apolis, and the University of Minnesota
through the junior year. Instead of enter-
ing the senior class he went east, in the fall
of 1882, and began the study of medicine at
the College of Physicians and Surgeons in
New Y'ork City. A year later he went to
Philadelphia, where he entered the Jelfer-
son Medical College and completed his
course, graduating with honors in March,
1885. He then served as interne in the
Blockley Hospital, and later in the Jeffer-
son Medical College Hospital. Having
chosen dermatology as his specialty this
training proved of especial value, but in
order to more thoroughly equip himself he
went to Europe in .laniiary, ISSfi, and spent
MA.x riisA vAMiEi; noucK.
nearly three' years in special study of skin
diseases. He matriculated for one year at
the University of Berlin, was afterwards for
fifteen months at \'ieuua, and four m^^nths
at Prague, Bohemia. He also spent some
time in traveling through (iermany, France,
Switzerland and Italy, returning in the fall
of 18S8 to accept the appointment of Pro-
fessor of Dermatology in the medical de-
partment of the University of Minnesota.
For the tirst year after his return Dr. Van-
der Hork was associated with Dr. F. A.
Dunsmoor, but since September, 1889, he
has practiced alone, confining himself to the
practice of diseases of the skin and urinary
diseases, in which he has been eminently
successful. He has also retained up to this
lime the professorshi]i already noted, and in
addition that of genitourinary diseases was
added to his duties in 1891). He is also con-
sulting dermatologist at Asbury Methodist
Hospital. St. Barnabas Hospital, St. Mary's
Hosjiital, Noi'thw<'slern Hospital, and City
Ilos])ital. He is a member of the American
.M<'dical Association, the State Medical So-
ciety, the Minnesota Academy of .Medicine
and the Hennepin County Medical Society,
[n addition he is a member of the D. K. E.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
eollejie fratoiiiity, the K. S. N. medical fra-
ternity, and tlie Minneapolis Club. He is
also a JIason and an Elk. January 1, 18'J1,
he was married to Emma Curtiss Kobb.
daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John G. Robb, of
:Minneaiiolis. Three children have been
iiorn to them: Viola, aged nine; Karl, aged
seven and one-half, and ilax, aged Ave.
HALLOCK, D.D., Rev. Leavitt Homan.
was born in Plainfield, Hanijishire louuty,
Massachusetts, August 15, 1842. His fa-
ther «as Leavitt Hallock, a man of
marked energy and efficiency in public
att'aiis, being postmaster, Justice of the
I'eace, County Commissioner, Represen-
tative in the Massachusetts Legislature
and holding various positions of trust and
responsibility in that highland Massachu-
setts town. He removed to Amherst, Mass.,
to educate his sons, where he accomplished
some successful business enterprises for
the public betterment, and made donations
to the cause of education; among them was
the gift of some acres of virgin hardwood
forest, within the village limits, now known
as "Hallock Park," which he donated to the
trustees of Amherst College for the benefit
of the public. He died in 1875 at the house
of his son, the subject of this sketch.
Dr. Hallock's grandfather was Rev.
Moses Hallock, for 45 years the pastor of
the Plaintield church, a nmu known far and
wide as an earnest, godly and devoted
Christian minister: he died at the age of 77
years, still holding the office of pastor
emeritus in the midst of the loving people
among whom he had spent his life.
lu addition to his ministerial life Moses
Hallock educated several hundred young
men for entrance into Williams College, a
half hundred of whom became preachers
and seven foreign missionaries. Among
the latter was the noted missionary to
Athens, Rev. Jonas King, and among busi-
ness men who came under his care was Chas.
Dudley Warner, and others of more or less
note.
Leavitt Hallock, his second son. married
Miss Elizabeth Porter Snell. of Cumming-
tou, Mass.. who was own cousin to William
Cullen Bryant, with whom, on adjoining
farms, her childhood was spent. The Snells
were in direct line of descent from John
Alden of the Mayflower, so that true blue
blood of the Pilgrims Hows in the veins of
Dr. Hallock, as well as the blood of Puritan
stock also from the Hallock side of th«'
house. The first Hallock to emigrate to
America was Peter, who landed at Matti-
tuck, L. L, in 1640. Hallocks and Hallecks
in this country are descended from this
Peter. The variation in spelling the name
crept in a few generations later.
Leavitt H. Hallock received his common
school education in one of the typical "old
red school houses" of New England, taught
in summer by some young woman but in
winters by a student from Williams College,
employed for the purpose of teaching a "se-
lect school," by Leavitt Hallock and invari-
ably boarded at his house "for the sake of
his personal influence which I always re-
garded as sufficient compensation for his
board." I.reavitt H. was the youngest but
one of eight children, four of whom lived to
their majority; two sous who became minis-
ters, William Allen, and Leavitt H., and
two elder twin daughters, both of whom
married ministers, and are still living.
(1901.)
When Leavitt H. had reached the age of
ten years the family moved to Amherst, and
he attended Amherst Academy, then gradu-
ated in 1859 at Williston Seminary, East-
hamptou, and at Amherst College in the
class of 1863.
After four years of theological study in
East Wind.sor Hill and Hartford Seminaries,
Mr. Hallock was ordained and installed as
IJastor of the Congregational church at
Berlin, (Jonn., July 18, 1867, where he re-
mained six years and then was installed at
^^'est Winsted (now known as the second
church of Winstedj, in February, 1873.
Here he remained nearly eleven years,^a
most successful pastorate.
In 1883, he was called to the Williston
HISTORY OV THE GREAT NORTHWEST
fhiu't'h, Poi-tland, Me., as successor to Rev.
F. E. Clai-k of Christian Endeavor fame,
and remained there six years.
A temporary service in Watervilh', Me.,
during which tlie church was repaired and a
line parsonage built, was followed by a pas-
torate of three and one-half years in the
First church of Tacoma, Wash. While in
Washington Jlr. Hallock was giv<'n the
honorary litle of Doctor of IHvinily by
Whitman College, of which he afterward
became trustee, and to which he rendered
some service, notably in delivering the his-
torical oration at the dedication of the
monument to the memory of Dr. ilaniis
Whitman, at Walla Walla — ])ioneer and ])a-
triot who saved the Northwest for our flag
—November 2!), 1897.
Owing to a temporary impairment of
health early in 18!)(i, Dr. Hallock went to
Mills College, an institution for young ladies
in California, where he was preacher and
lecturer for two and one-half years, fully
recovering his health and fitting himself for
the service to which he was next called,
which also brought him into the state of
Minnesota.
In the summer of 1898, as he was passing
through Minneapolis for the East, he stop-
ped a few days and preached for a friend.
In October the pulpit of Plymouth church
becoming suddenly vacant, the committee
invited him to preach a few Sundays while
they looked for a pastor; they never looked
further, but within a few weeks the church
unanimously called I^avitt H. Hallock, D.
1)., to the pastorate of this historic and
most important church of the Northwest,
and he continues to fill the place acceptably,
with marked efficiency, and enjoying the
loyal affection of a united people.
In addition to the oration named above,
Dr. Hallock has delivered several published
speeches and addresses, — has lectured quite
extensively in the East on "The Hawaiian
Islands and Volcanoes," which he visited in
1878; "The Yoseniite Valley," and various
subjects of passing interest, including "The
Passion Play of Oberammergau" and other
topics on both sides of the sea. Dr. Hal-
RKV. LKAVITT IIOMAN HALLOCK, H.II.
lock is an observiint man, and with more
I ban ordinary powers of description, and
has traveled extensivelv, visiting nearly
every state in the I'nion, and has crossed the
continent a score of times, beside taking
some trips abroad.
Dr. Hallock was twice Moderator of the
General Conference of Maine, the highest
ecclesiastical honor in the gift of the state.
He was president of the Congregational
Club of Portland and vicinity; member of
the First International Council of Congrega-
tional churches in London, Eng.. in 1891,
from Maine, as delegate at large; and of
the Second International Council in Boston
in 1<809, as delegate at large from Minnesota.
For seventeen years he was member and
secretary of the Board of Trustees of Hart-
ford Theological Seminary, and has been a
regular attendant upon the National Coun-
cils of the denomination almost from their
inception. He was elected corporate mem-
ber of the A. r,. i\ V. .M. in 1S!)2, which
office he still holds. While on the Pacific
Coast Dr. Hallock took the deepest interest
in the develojiment of Congregationalism
there, as well as in piduiol ing the cause of
HISTORY OF THE CKIOAT NORTHWEST.
("liiisliaii <'(lniati(iii. It was hu'S'olv due to
liis <'ariM'st and insistent endeavor that the
National ("ouncij was induced to visit the
coast in 1S'J8 at Portland. Ore. He was
president of the Minnesota Congregational
("lub in li)00-0].
Dr. Hallock has always been, both by
birth and election, a <'ongregationalist. and
a loyal Kei)ublican in i)olitics, believing in
citizenship as precedent to i)rot'essional ac-
tivity. "F'irst a man. then a minister."
Mr. Hallock. June 1], 18(i7. married Miss
Martha Barstow Butler, of Brooklyn, N.
Y., daughter of Henry Butler, by whom
they had two children, Lilian Huntington
and Henry Butler, tioth of whom are mar-
ried and living. Mrs. Hallock died Oct. -2.
1S7.S.
Oct. ::, ISSS, Dr. Hallock married Miss
Ellen M, ^\■ebster, daughter of Joseph H,
■\\'ehster, of I'ortland, Me., who is with him
in the pastorate at Minneapolis.
Just before the writing of this sketch,
viz., on Sunday. June 2, VMil, Dr. Hallock
preached the Baccalaureate sermon at the
T'niversity of Minnesota, in the Armory
Hall, on the text, Romans 7-14. "Xone of
us liveth to himself." A i)lea for high
scholarship; for active manhood; for a life
that shall benefit mankind, and honor God,
which latter is the true student's ultimate
aim.
At the jiresent date, IDIIl, Dr. Hallock is
in the full exercise of his preaching and pas-
toral gifts and is devoting all his mature
powers to the building up of righteousness
and Christian educati(m in the great North-
west. He is a trustee in Carlcton ("olle<ie.
MOOUK, .lames Edward. — Minneapolis
hospitals have become ]iroverbial for excel-
lence, not only in their care of patients, but
especially in the medical and surgical skill
empkned. No one has contributed more to
this reputation than the subject of this
sketch, James E. Moore, M. D., of Minne-
apolis. He was born at Olarksville, Mer-
cer county, I'a., March 2. 18.52. His father
was the Rev. (ieorge W. Moore, for thirty
^•eal•s a member of the Erie Methodist Epis-
co])al Conference. \\'hen he retired he came
to Minneapolis to be near his children, and
connected himself with the Sampson M. E.
church, where he was highly esteemed, and
he became known throughout the city as
Father Moore. He died in January, 1900,
and was buried at Lakewood. His ancestors
came from Scotland and settled first in
Washington county, Pa., and later moved
to Mercer county of the same state, where
there is still remaining many rei)resenta-
tives in the farming community. The
maiden name of Dr. Moore's motlier was
Margaret Jane Zeigle. Her ancestors came
fi'om Germany and fii-st settled in Mercer
county, Pa., and later moved to Jones coun-
ty, Iowa, and took up government land.
Mrs. Moore's jiarents lived to a ripe old age
at Anamosa, Iowa. Her fatlier was a mem-
ber of the famous "(irray Beards" of the
state, during the war of the Rebellion. She
was a good wife and an excellent mother,
very ambitious for her children. She died
at Ripley, N. T., in 1882. Dr. Moore began
to climb the ladder of fame in the public
schools of Pennsylvania, then for three years
he attended the Poland Seminary, at Po-
land. Ohio, where President McKinley was
educated. Abner, the president's brother,
was a classmate of Dr. Moore's. Having
chosen medicine for a profession, he began
the study with Dr. ^^■. H. Truesdale, of . Po-
land, the uncle of W. H. Truesdale of rail-
road fame. He then entered the medical
department of the T'^niversity of Michigan in
1871, and remained there until the winter
terra of 1872-3, when he went to the Belle-
view Hospital Medical College of New York
and took his degree of M. I), in the spring of
187:'. He opened his first office for practice
at Fort ^Vayne, Ind., where lie remained
two years. The subse(iuent seven months
he si)ent in New York City, attending hospi-
tals and clinics. The next move, with in-
creased experience, was to Emleton, Pa.,
where he remained nearly seven years, the
first three of whi<-h he was in partnersliip
with Dr. B. F. Hamilton. Desiring a wider
field the prospects of the thriving city of
Minneapolis, Jlinn., attracted him. On ar-
HISTOUV OF TIIK liKEAT M IKTIIWKST.
rival, August 17, 1SS2, he t'urincd a |iar(n(T
.sliip with Dr. A. A. Auies, I he uiavor of llic
city, and a eaiulidatc for coujircss, w Im re
quired assistance in liis large jn'acticc. Tin-
jjartners were the ofhcial surgeons of nearly
every railroad and large nianufai-turing con
cern in the city. Accidents were nnnierous
because of the large ])roi)ortions of new men
put to work owing to the press of business
and scarcity of men of experience. Tliei-e
were no ambulances and the hospital ac-
commodations were so meagre that injured
men were brought in patrol wagons to Ili<'
ollice, oiM'i'ated u])on and then seni home.
The partnership was dissolved by niutnal
consent at the end of four years. As far
back as IS.SO Dr. iloore began making yearly
visits to New York for professional st\i(ly.
}iarticulai'ly in surgery. In 1S8() after dis
sohitiou of the i)artnership with Dr. Ames
he visited Europe for the same jiurpose.
Several months were s]>ent as student in tlu-
medical department in the Tniversity of
Berlin, (Jerniany. This was supplemented
by study in hospitals in London, Eng. In
IScSS he turned aside a large general ])ractice
and announced to the jirofession thai he
would dt vote his practice exclusively to
surgery. He was the tirst in the west l<>
make surgery a sp<'cialt.\'. There was tluMi
no such specialist in Chicago, and but few
in the United States. The extensi\-e use of
chloroform as an aiia'sthetic in Minneai)olis,
is largely due to Dr. Mooi-e. In lSS(i h<'
brought from (iermany Esnuircli inhalers
and a man es])ecially skilled in administer
ing ana'sthelics. In ISilii he jniblislied.
through \\'. I*.. Sanders, of riiiladeliiliia. a
book on ()rtho]»edic Surger,\. which was
kindly received by the profession, and which
won for Dr. Moore an international reputa-
tion and caused his election as an honorary
niendier of the American ()rthoi)edic Asso
elation. In the meantime and for eighteen
years he has been in demand as a learher
and lecturer, haxiiig been connected with
tlie St. I'aul .Medical College and a mend)er
of the faculty of the rniv<'rsity of Minne-
sota, since the establislim<-n1 of (he medical
department. lie is now, IDbl, rrofessoi- of
Clinical Surgery, and ojierales before stu-
46X
.lA.MIOS !■:. .MlHIKi:,
dents evei-y Thursday at the SI. Itaruabas
and City Hospitals. He has had much to do
with educating the laity to the advantages
of hosjiitals. He is now Surgeon in Chief
to the Northwestern Hospital tor Women
and Children, to St. Uariiabas, and to the
City Hospital. He contributes to medical
journals. An article written by him for the
New York Medical Record in 1S!>2 denounc-
ing the use of drainage lubes in surg<'ry no
doubt had much to do with their almost en-
tire disuse al the ]iresent lime. He is a
niemlxM- of all the local, stale and I'niled
States Medical soi-ieties. In ISS.") he was
elected Fellow of the .\niericaii Surgical As-
sociation at its New York nu'eting. This is
one of the most exelusive socielies in th<'
Cuited States. In 1S;(4 he traveled through
England, Frame and Italy, accompanied by
Dr. II. H. Kina)all. In politics he is a \U'
publican, but has absolutely no jxilitical am
bilious. lu religion he is a rniveisalisi .
bul rarely attends, as his Sundays are need
ed for rest. In IST-I he was iiiarri<Ml lo
15essie Tar Ajiplegale. who died in ISSl'.
in 1SS4 was ni.arried lo Claia 11. Collins,
who died in ISS,". leaving a daughter. In
1SS7 he was married lo Louise C. Irving, his
HISTORY OF THE CltKAT NOUTHWEST.
I>icscm wilV. ills iiiilv cliild. now sixteen
vcars old. is ;il l<-ii(liiij; school at (Jnifton
Hall, Foud du l^ac l)i-. Moore is a man of
aliility. uncpicstioiied l),v the profession, and
is in the very first rank of liis spei-iaJty.
I. INN, Arthur, the commandant of the
Soutli Daliota .Soldiers' Home at Hot Springs,
in tliat state, has had a unique experience.
In 185S John Bonner, the editor of Haqier's
AVeekly, and financial and commercial editor
(if the New York Herald, who was a friend
and neighbor on Staten Island, about eight
miles below New York City, offered him a
jtlace in the editorial rooms of Harper's
Weekly. The "rooms'" were one very large
room overlooking Franklin Square, and was
occupied by John Bonner. Geo.W illiam Our-
tis, and Tharles Norrthof, all distinguished
men who had a wide acquaintance and close
relations with many famous persons. All
these young Linn met at various times in the
editorial rooms. Among them were Stefihen
A. Douglas, ex-President Filmore, Edward
Everett, Benson J. Lossing, Mrs. E. D. AA'.
Southworth, Ann Stephens, Emerson, Long-
fellow, rieneral Sickles. Commodore Vander-
bilt, and literally hundreds of others, more
or less noted in literature, art, and politics.
From Harper's Weekly he went to the New
York Herald, and remained there until the
Civil War broke out. August 23. 1861, he
enlisted in Com])any H, Tenth New York Na-
tional Zouaves, when only fourteen years and
eight months old. His old friend, John Bon
ner offered to procure for him a commission
of second lieutenant, but Mr. Linn declined
the honor because of his youth. He served
three years, the full term of his enlistment.
During the fall of 1801 and the winter of
1861-62, the regiment was on duty at Fort-
ress Monroe. It was his fortune to see the
great epochal battle between the Monitor and
the Merrimac, and when the latter was
blown up by her crew, May 10, 1862. to .save
her from falling into Union hands, Mr. Linn
was within half a mile of the explosion.
From first to last he probably saw more of
that terrific struggle than did any other one
man. He is credited by the officers of his
own regiment and of other regiments on the
ground where the battle could be seen, with
having written the only correct report pub
lishcd. He was on guai-d duty at the beach
at Fortress Monroe with order to challenge
every row boat jiassing in the evening of
March 8. 1862. One of the ITnited States war
vessels in the first attack, the Cumberland,
was sunk, the Congre.ss was burning, the
frigate Alinnesota was aground, the Roanoke
was heljiless with a broken shaft, and the
sailing frigate St. Lawrence was also help
less. The Rebel Jlerrimac was mistress of
the situation. Through the fog forming on
the water and then about six feet high he
heard a rapidly moving row-boat, and he
challenged, with no reply. At the third
challenge, with a threat of shooting, came the
answer wafted through the fog, "We are
coming." In a few moments an eight-oared
boat grated on the white sand beach where
he stood. "What boat is that?" he demanded.
The situation made such a vivid impression
on him that he says he can now see the boat
and hear the answer of the man who sat in
the stern, "The Monitor's boat. Lieutenant
^^'orden in command. For God's sake don't
detain me." Nobody had seen the Monitor,
and none but the authorities at Washington
knew that she ought to be in the bay. Linn
was probably the most astonished youth in
the anny, and as he has since expressed him-
self, he "felt bigger than if he had challenged
Jeff Davis himself."' "What do you want?"'
was the young sentry's next question. "A
pilot to go to the relief of the Minnesota.""
was Worden's answer. He was promptly
directed how to find General Wood, the com-
mandant of Fortress Monroe. The victory
of the Monitor on the day following, March
9, 1862, not only overwhelmed the enemy, but
revolutionized the naval architecture of the
world. Norfolk, Va., was captured May 1(1,
1802. Tlie Zouaves were sent there to take
charge of the city. Linn was detailed to
perform the duties of assistant provost mar-
shal, although only a private. He adminis-
tered the oath of allegiance.gave certificates,
furnished safeguards and issued passes to
thousands of persons from "\'irginia and
North Carolina, ^^'hen the advance was
HISTORY OP' THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
made oo Kichmoiid under McClellan, via the
peuiusula, the Zouav es joined the forces and
Liuu participated, sharing the hardships of
the seven days' battle before Kichuiond, end
ing at Malvern Hill. He regards that week
of service the hardest of many hard ones he
experienced during the war. After he was
mustered out, Mr. Linn came west and vis-
ited relatives at Charles Uity, Iowa, in iS(5(J.
In 1869, December 25, he came to Yankton,
with a view of taking up his old business of
newspaper work. January 1, 1870, he bought
the "Union and Dakotan," the territorial or-
gan, the oldest paper in the territory. There
was then only one other paper — that at Ver
million — published within the boundaries.
He assumed editorial and business control,
and has resided ever since in the territory
and state. The office was well equipped for
those times, as shown by the fact that the
same year he printed the first history of the
territory for James S. Foster. In 1872 he
was chosen chairman of the Yankton County
Republican Central Committee — a position
full of trouble because of the strife and mixed
condition of politics. In 1873, after a visit
to the famous Spotted Tail Agency, he pub-
lished a full and complete history of the dis-
covery of gold in the Black Hills from evi-
dence and proof furnished him by James
Bordeaux, an old and respected Frenchman,
who was in command at Fort Laramie for
the American Fur Company, when General
Fremont first crossed "The I'lains." It was
always believed that gold existed in the
Black Hills. Bordeaux proved it to Linn,
and on his return he published in his paper
several columns in relatioji to the mat-
ter, and in so convincing a manner thai
the famous Collins Sioux City expedition was
organized to invade the "Hills." This was
suppressed by General Hancock, command-
ing the department, with headquarters at St.
Paul. The excitement, however, continued,
resulting in an army expedition under Gen-
eral Custer, which fully confirmed Mr. Linn's
account. The legislative body of the terri-
tory was called a council. For the session of
the council for 1874-75 Mr. Linn was elected
secretary. During this session, at the re
quest of Senator Lawrence, Mr. Linn drew up
ARTHUR LINN.
a bill which established and named the three
original Black Hills counties; Custer, named
after the general; Lawrence, from th» sena-
tor, and I'ennington, after the governor. Mr.
Linn has from that time always been an in-
fluential factor in the development of the ter-
ritory and of the state of South Dakota. He
is a member of the Masonic Blue Lodge,
Chapter, Commanderj', and of the Oriental
Consistory, No. 1, of Yankton. His official
residence while commandant of the South
l>ak()ta Soldiers" Home — of which his wife is
also matron — is at Hot Springs, but his home
is at Canton, in the same state. His wife, to
whom he was married in 1871, was Etta
Brown, the oldest daughter of Colonel and
-Mrs. E. M. Brown, of Montpelier, Vt., now of
St. Paul, Minn. Mrs. Brown's father was a
Connecticut soldier under Washington in the
Revolutionary War, and she is said to be the
only "daughter of the Revolution" in the
stale of Minnesota. Edward M. Brown was
lieutenantcolonel of the Eighth Vermont In-
fantry, and was a close personal friend of
General B. F. Butler. The Linns are of
Scotch lineage, which may be traced back to
I lie veai' 1200. TIkm have one child alive.
HISTORY (IF TIIK CKKAT N(»RT?nVEST.
The oldest, Artlnir Eihvai-d, died Jauuaiy 21,
1!»()1, aud was editor of the Leader at ( "auton.
S. 1». 'i'he second son. Alexander, died at
("anion. .Ma.v is. ISil."). The youngest, a
danjiliter. Florertce ,Ieau Etta, resides at the
Soldiers" Home, willi lier parents.
HAYS, Willet .Martin. — Althoujj;h agri-
culture is tinidaniental in luoderu civiliza-
tion and is the oldest euiploynieut of man-
kind, yet there is probably no occupation
conducted in such a hit-or-miss manner.
It would seem that having been followed for
untold ages by men af all ages and of varied
capacity and tastes, the right and best meth-
od of every operation connected with farm-
ing ought to be known to a certainty. Ou
the contrary, there seems to be a disagree-
ment among the most intelligent practical
farmers, as well as among the least edu-
cated, concerning the details of the busi-
ness. The variable conditions of soil and
climate, and the proneuess of plants and
animals to do well or poorly according as
their environment is favorable or unfavor-
able, make the difficulties of solving the
problems of farming very great. There has
been much improvement in late years, how-
ever, largely through agricultui-al colleges
and experiment stations and farmers" insti-
tutes. Some men have made original re-
searches and have established facts for the
foundation of a truly scientific system of
farming and have devised pedagogical meth-
ods; and, better yet, have broken the crust
of prejudice against "book farming," so as
to let in some light. Among the men con-
spicuous for the faith that a change could
be wrought and for valiant work done in
this field, Willet Martin Hays, the Profes-
sor of Agriculture in the agricultural de-
Xjartment of the University of Minnesota,
must be placed in tlie front rank. He is
through and through a western product and
tlierefore holds the closest possible rela-
tions with the agriculture of this region,
which in numy resjiects is i)eculiar. He was
born near Eldora, Hardin county, Iowa, Oc-
tober ]'.». l.s.f,ii. His father. Silas Havs, was
a farmer of early English ancestry. He
moved from Knox county, Ohio, to Iowa,
wlK're he was one of the earliest pioneers in
the region where he settled. He died when
Willet was six years old, leaving three boys,
("liarles L., older than Willet, and Marion,
an infant. His wife's maiden name was
<"liristina Lepley, of Pennsylvania, of Ger-
man extraction. She inherited the physical
and mental sturdiness of that stalwart race.
Although a widow, she had keen business
saga<ity and so managed that when W'illet
was only twelve years old she dismissed a
negligent tenant on her farm of one hundred
and forty acres and managed it herself with
the assistance of the two older boys, then
not much more than striplings — but it was
the making of the boys. They made the
farm pay and improved it with buildings,
groves, fences, and roads. Later, the boys
took "turn about"" in going to school. Wil-
let received his early education in the dis-
trict school, then he attended Oskaloosa
College, Oskaloosa, Iowa, and Drake Uni-
versity, Des Moines, for three years, taking
the academic course. Desiring to make a
profession of agriculture, to which his nat-
ural taste and farm experience inclined him,
he then entered the Iowa Agricultural Col-
lege at Ames, where he graduated in 1885
with the degree of Bachelor of Agriculture,
later receiving the degree of Master of Agri-
culture. He was married to Miss Clara
Shepperd, of Chariton, Iowa, a post-grad-
uate student of domestic science at the Iowa
State Agricultural College. Mr. Hays gives
her great credit as a co-worker in agricult-
ural education. On graduation such was
Mr. Hays" proficiency that he was placed in
charge of the agricultural experiments on
the college farm. Among the original re-
search work which brought him credit was
that of determining the extent and condition
of plant roots in the soil, including corn —
the great staple product of the state. He
also made the investigations of practical
value by demonstrating the kind of tillage
and tillage implements best adapted in time
of drouth, being the first to inculcate "level
<Milture at medium depth,"" now so much
insisted upon in teaching agriculture. The
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
next year be was engaged as assistant
editor with the noted Orange Judd on the
•I'lairie Faiuier," Chiiago. For the next
two years, iJ^iyS-li, lie served as assistant in
agriculture in that department of the Min-
nesota State University and in the Minne
sota Stale Exjierinicnl Station, in the latter
yi-ar hcing promoted t(] tlic Professorship
of Agriculture. He and his wife were en-
gaged in ISSJ by the North Dakota Agricult-
ural <'olle<;c and Exp<'rinieiit Station, he as
Professor of Agri'tiltuie, and she as Pro
lessor of l>(unestic Science. Here her death
occurred. Then he was induced to accept
lii< old ]iositi(in in the University of Minne-
sota, whi'ii- 111- has been since 18!)?., part of
the time with the additional dtities of Vice-
("hairnian of the Experiment Station. He
has published the results of numerous ex-
Iteriments in his department. Among the
subjects are Rural Engineering; Soil Physics;
Field and Farm Management; The Kotatiou
of Crops; Botany, Breeding and Cultivation
of Corn; Forage Crops; Testing 'S'arieties,
Botany, Cultivation and Bre<'ding of Wheat;
and Plant Breeding. He has also pro
duced several new varieties of wheat and
corn, some of which are very widely dis-
seminated and are materially increasing
the yields of these staple crops in the
state. He has also imi)roved other plants
by breeding, having produced flax which
grows seven inches taller than the aver-
age, showing that a fibre of full length
may be bred to grow in a climate less moist
than that of the flax fibre districts of Eur-
ope. He has inaugurated a system of dis-
seminating pedigreed seeds much more suc-
cessful than the methods generally em-
ployed. .V bulletin giving his class lectures
<iii plant brwHliug is in course of publica-
tion |]\ the National Department of Agri-
culture at Washington. He has also made
marked advancement in the methods of
teaching rural engineering, and farm man-
agement in agricultural schools, and in
methods of introducing agricult\ire and na-
ture study into rural schools. Some of
these methods have been ])repared for jMibli-
cation. He has done much to ])rom(jte the
teaching; of home economics in our agricult-
wii,i.i:t .m ii.ws.
iiral r<i]iet;('s. In religion he belongs to
the IMsiiples of Clirist and is a member of
the I'.oanI of D.Mcons of the Portland Ave-
nue Clinrch of Christ, Minneapolis. ^He is
an active member of many societies kindred
to his profession and has held various posi-
tions as officer and member of committees.
Among them are American Association for
the Advancement of Science; American As-
sociation of Agrictiltural Colleges and Ex-
periment Staticms; Farmers' National Con-
gress; State A^riiultural Society; State
Horticultural Society; State Dairy Society,
and the State and National (iood Roads As-
sociiitions. As the fruit of his flrst nuir-
riage he has two children, Bessie, boiii in
1SS7, and .Myron Etna, born in 18!K!. In
IN'.IT 111' was Hiarrie(l to Ellen Beach, daugh-
ter of Dr. 1. .\. P.each. of Courtlaml. N.
\". They lia\-e oue child. Doiis. born in
IS'.l'.l.
ROHLINCEK, John P. N., of Madi-
son. .Minn., is llie ai-ii-ediled re])resentative
in the United States of His (irace, the Most
Pev. Basilios Agi:iar. .Vrchbishop of Saida
and Deir Elkamar in Svria. He was l)orn
IIISTOHY OF THE GREAT XOnTIIWEST.
JOHN P. N. ROHLINGER.
April '2H, 1S(JU, oe:ii- Huilsbiirg, Hubbaid
township, Dodge county, Wisconsin, the son
of Peter Kolilinger, Sr., a capitalist, and
Elizabeth (Keifer) IJolilinger. His educa-
tion was received in the public schools, sup-
plemented by a training for the priesthood
in 8t. Francis Seminary, from which he
graduated in June, 1SS5. He was ordained
June 29 of the same year, and for the ten
years following ministered as priest in
the state of ^Vashington. Came to Minne-
sota January 8, 1S!)5, and was assigned to
pastorate at Madison, Lac qui Parle county.
The following letters are explanatory of his
present mission:
Saida, Oct. 25, 1899.
Very Eev. Fathei- Kolilinger: —
One of my American friends informs me
of the good you are doing. Aware of your
boundless charity, I therefore address you
the present letter to expose our situation
on this old continent.
I am Archbishop of 8aida, the old capital
of Phenicia. My diocese is bounded on the
west by the Medit<'i-ranean Hea, on the east
by the extremity of Lebanon, on the south
by the diocese of Tyre. In my diocese is
I In- ohl Sarcjita, the resting place of the
jiT-o]ili<'t Klias.
Our Lord Jcsns Christ himself preached
the Christianity of Sidon, as shown per
Cha[>ter vii. of the gos]iel of St. Mark. It
exjdains why St. Paul, going to Rome, found
already some Chi-istians in Sidon. St.
Peter, himself, on his way fioiii .leiiisalem
lo Antioch, consecrated St. Couartos first
bishop of Sidon. Therefore, Christianity
tloiirislied already in this place at the time
of the apostles. Proofs of it are the old
rlmrch now in ruins, and the sign of the
cross which we find engraved on the stone
of the houses. Near Sidon is a sanctuary
called the "Virgin of Mantharah," where the
Plessed Virgin waited for our Lord. For
on account of the wickedness of the Sidonian
gentiles, the Immaculate Virgin had not
entered the city and waited a day and a half
for her Son Jesus.
This sanctuary has been miraculously
lireserved in behalf of the visitors. On this
occasion the Chananean woman obtained
the cure of her daughter. Alas! what a
p.ASiijos Ar.niAR,
change in those places where Catholicity
was formerly so prosperous. I must open
free schools, but all my means are the help
IIISTdUY OI'' Tino GRKAT NOUTHWKS'r,
coming from Rome. In view of vonr ^cii-
prosity aud cliai-ity, 1 aii|H';il iirovidciilially
to you to obtain stiiicnds for my mission
aries and Ihdp foi- my siliools. ^dni' help.
Very Rev. Fallicr. will surely he used in a
riglit numncr and will tic an aurci'aldc sac ri-
fice to Jesus Christ. \i>\\ an- awan-, \'(t\
Rev. FaitJier, tliat our Isasl is awakening;'
from ils ])rofound slumhfi', and listens lo
the voice of tlie (iood Sheidierd. I.eo X Ill-
made manifest by the last cucliarislic < 'on
gress held in .lerusalem: the dissentiui;
(ireeks liej^in to understand the ,\|iostolic
zeal of Leo XUl. We also, to cori'cs|.ond
to the holy zeal of His Holiness which is a
timely source of encourafiement. work un
ceasingly to sjnead the kingd(un (d -lesus
Christ on this old continent. Sinci' by
ourselves we can do nothing (nihil ])ossumus
facere), we ai)iK'al to benefactors like you,
in view of obtaining some help. .\s is writ
ten. "Caritas Christi urget mis," I appeal to
your boundless charity.
With resjiect and high consideration,
and ]irayilig to C.od to bestow all goods
upon you,
1 remain, your ser\ant.
^^'
-*^^
/y^.
*^^t,-A_
liri! L\U\ OF M.\NTn.\K.\II.
Sci'diid — Tlic ctinnisioii (if iiifidilx hi/ the
iiniiiil mill ivJhjiuiiK vdiinilitiii nf iniiiiiii mid
llir i.nnisr of inirks of iiiiitii hi/ llic iiiitircx.
HISTORY.
The wonderful sanctuary of Maiitharah
is, aftei- the Carmel aud Nazareth, the oldest
in tlu' world. An old tradition reminds us
that in that grotto the Sidonians worship-
]ied Astaroth and Astarthea. Ther* also
Solmnon, forgetful of his duties, contanuuait-
ed himself with the imimre goddess. There
also rhenicians and peojile of the neighbor-
hood were addicted t<i untold orgies. (III.
^ /\//y r) hood were addicted t<i untold org
^^^^^^^^^:^G^j^^^.^ .o>M^ Kings xi..-.. 7. :!:•.: IV. xxiii.l:!.) The same
radition informs us that this grotto shel-
tered, for a few days, the Mlessed Virgin,
'■^ with tlK' apostles St. I'eter and St. John,
whom our Divine Savior had left, with
^ olh<-rs, holy women, outsid<' of the walls
/J^-i^'-^'^ ^^'-^ ^'^'^duriiig his joniney through Sareptha and
Tvie, when he cni-ed the ilaugllter of the
Chananean and the deaf and dumb men-
tioned by the gospel. (Mark vii. 31: Matth.
XV. '12..] Until Jesus came back to the Holy
Mother to pass through the Decapolis, ou
his way to the sea of Galilea, the Blessed
\'irgin explained to the two ajioslles in-
stanci's of the ]iroi)het Isaiah r<'lating to the
.Messiah's mission.
.\ local tradition informs us that while
.lesus' motiier sojourned in this grotto, the
Domina ^Mantharah Sidoniorum.
Ora I'ro Ibibis.
(»ur Lady ot .Manthaiali was .-itliliated
with the new Eastern Crusade of prayers
established at Sidonia to obtain trom
heaven :
First— Thr rniiiiin/ bnvk of (Inrks mid Xahi' K/./ai-ahny. (lowing by I he llaidv of the
Riis.vm,s lo Ciilholir r nil II. Lelianon. was s.-eu on fir.' with tlu' nuiuntain
HISTORY OF TIIK (iKEAT NORTHWEST.
:ui<l liill ;ils<p. Tliis altriictcd lo the ah'eady
vciv faiiioiis <;r(>tt() a ^ivat ii-owd anxious
to have the pheiioiiieua acfouuted for. At
the sifiht of those three pevsous the visitors
(lid not dare to pray their <;ods, but. seduced
by the Idndness of the Holy Virjjin. they en-
trusted lier witli their trials aud attlietious.
.Vffer comfort iuft them aud streujitheuinti
them intd righteousness. Mary sent them
away.
From that time the Sidonian gods did
not render any more oracles, i^ince the first
years of Christianity the inhabitants of
^lagdonchek and vicinity came to honor and
invoke the Mother of Sydna Aissa. whom
they had the hajjpy occasion to appreciate
to beseech her to protect them for the time
being and especially for eternity. Drusi-
ans, Uedouins and ^lahomedans come in
great numbers to have lamps burning in this
grotto and invoke Our Lady of Mantharah
I Arab word for tower, fortress, custody,
protection, hope and confldence.) They en-
Irust her with the keeping of their hopes,
having never failed to see their petitions
granted. T'ntil a monument, worthy of the
Jlother of (tod, be raised through the piety
of the faithful. Christians of all Eastern
rites have masses celebrated in that grotto
and jiray therein fervently.
New Crusade in the East.
To obtain from heaven through the Inter-
cession of the Most Holy Virgin:
First — The com in;/ hacJc to Catholic Unity
of our dissented brethren the Greeks and
Russians and the iierpctuitii of Catholic Re-
ligion of the East-
Second — The conversion of infidels through
the moral and religious education of the East-
ern iconien and the talang had- of her position
in the family.
Most Rev. Basilios Aggiar, Archbishop
of Saida, has established a crusade of pray-
ers in his Cathedral and in the houses of the
Kasilian order. To share in the advantages
and the merits of the apostleship of this
peaceful crusade it is sufficient to have
one's name inscribed on the registers of the
work, to perform a little alms for the East-
ern missions and to join in the following
prayers said at cacli meeting in the Syro
I'henician Sanctuary uf ilantharab.
First — Show thyself a ilotln-r. etc.
(Three times.)
Second — Ueniember. O. Most Holy \"\r
gin Mai-y. Our Lady of Mantharah. wh<-n in
the ]>resence of Our Lord to say a good
woid in our behalf and to turn his wrath
away from us.
Third— Our Lady of Manthara. of Si-
donia, pray for us. (Three times.)
V — I'ray for ns, "S'irgin Mary. Mother of
(iod. Lady of ^[antharah.
R — That we may be made W(uthy of the
promises of Christ.
Let us pray: Grant to Thy servants, we
beseech Thee, O, Lord <tod, that they enjoy
health, both of soul and body, and being de-
livered through the intercession of the
(ilorions Virgin ^lary from the afflictions
of life, may enjoy everlasting happiness,
through our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen.
Fourt— Agios O, Theos. (O, Holy God.
Agios ischyros. (O, God of strength.)
Agios Athanatos. lO, Immortal God.)
(Three times.)
One Our Father in recommendation of
the intentions of the members of the society.
A hymn to the Blessed Virgin ends the
ceremony with the Doxi Si I Kyrie. Doxa Si.
Aniin. (Thy glory, O,. Lord, Thy glory I)
Amen.
BASILIOS AGGIAR.
Archtiishop of Saida.
WHITNEY, Charles Colby.— The super-
intendent of jjublic printing of the state of
^linnesota, Charles ('. Whitney, was born at
Salmon Falls, N. H.. March 20, 184G. His
father was a superintendent in the cotton
mills at that place, and subsequently at Law-
rence, Haydenville and Waltham, Mass. He
removed to Lawrence when Charles was
young, so that the boy had the advantages
of the i)ublic schools of that progressive
place. He attended these until fifteen years
of age, when he entered the oftice of the Law-
rence "Ameriran'" to learn the printing
trade. He made such rajiid jirogress that
HISTORY OF THE GIJEAT XORrnWEST.
lie was ]ii'<nii()t('(l Id lie forenian of the job-
biuj;: depart men t when only seventeen years
1)1(1. ^^'ll(■n FiiiT Sumter was fired upon
yiiunu W hitncy aliamloni'd the brijjht jirns
pects before him. and eidisted as a ])rivate
in Comj)aiiy I, Sixth Massaehnsetts \'ohin
teer Infantr.x — an orjianization noted foi- its
trallantry. When this term of enlistment ex-
pired he re-i^nlisted in (■onij)any I). First bat-
talion of the Twenty sixth New York ('aval
ry. with whirh he served iintij the coni-lnsion
of the war. ( »m liis n-nii-n lie entered the
employ of the old establishment. Havin<;
served in iln' mechanical dejiartment for sev-
ei-al years, he was promoted to the editorial
dejiartment. bejiinninji as a rejiorter. He
was soon j)ushed iiji to be city editor, and
finall.v l)ecame one of the jiroprietors. He
also served for many years as special corre-
spoudent of the Boston Herald. He was at-
tached to the Lawrence American for twen
ty-one years, the last ten of which he was in
the editorial department. Like so many en-
terprising;' men. Mr. Whitney tnrned his eyes
to the West for a wider field. In ISSd he re-
moved to Miimesota with his family, and
Ixniffht the Lyon ("onnty News at JIarshall.
the county seat. His success was pronounced
from the very outset. His thorough knowl-
edge of the business, with his ex]ierience.
mechanical skill and ready pen, was stamped
up(m the paper in unmistakable characters.
In 1S85 he purchased the "Marshall ilessen-
ger,'" and condiined it with the ■"News.'' mak-
ing it the ■"News-Messenger,"' now so well
known through the state. Mr. Whitney took
an active part in public affairs as a Repub
lican and soon gained a commanding influ-
ence in that party. In IS!).") the State Hoard
of Printing Conimissioners elected Mr. \Vhit
ney public printer. So efficiently did he dis-
(diarge his exacting duties that he was re-
elected in 1W»7, isytt, and 1!H)1. involving a
service of eight years. He also keejis in
touch with his paper, which is in personal
charge of his oldest son. In lS!t4 he organ
ized the Republican I'ress Association (d'
Minnesota, and was its first president. In
181)5 he was made president of the Minnesota
Editors' and Publishers" Association. He is
].i\\ w I HTM'; v.
still active in both organizations. In 1S!)8-
10(10 he was treasui-er of the State Repub-
lican League, and in 1000 secretary of the
State Rejudiliian ( 'entral Committee. .Mr.
Whitney also takes an inten^st in friiin'rnal
societies, being a Mason. ( >d<l Fellow,
Knight of P\ tliias. an KIk, and a member of
the Ro\al .\i-can\im. He is also a prominent
mendier of the <!i;ind Aiiiiy of the Republic.
In lS(iC> he was iiiaiiied to Miss Mattie M.
Hogle, at Lawrence, Mass. She died in 1877,
leaving one son, Frank C Whitney. Ry a
second marriage in ISTO. to .Miss Nellie A.
Johnson, <d' Rethcl, .Me., foui- sons and one
d.Miuhter wei-e addi-d to Ihe familv.
CHEdORV. Charles K.. State's Attor-
ney of Htark county, N. It., was born .\ugust
•JO, 1S58, at Nauvoo. Ilamock county. 111.,
the son of Edwin and Annie S. iLanel (Jreg-
oiy. His fathi-r died when he was about
five years <d' .-ige. He is tii Scotch descent,
Willi a Iiace(d' French I liigiienol blood com-
ing t lii-ongh his paternal grandniotlHM-. His
ancestors on both sides came to this coun-
try prior to the Revolution, ami at least one
of them — his i»aternal great grandfather —
HISTORY OK THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
CHAULKS K. GItEGOUY.
servcHl iis a pi-ivate in \\'asliiugton's army.
He enjoyed the advantages of a liberal edu-
cation, attending the j)nblic school and high
school in Kochelle, 111., then entering the
Illinois State University. After graduating
from this institution in the classical course,
he went to Chicago and entered the Union
College of Law. He graduated in the class
of 1880, and was admitted to the bar the
same year. Believing the then Territory of
Dakota then offered larger opportunities to
a young lawyer, he came to Carrington, Fos-
ter county, N. D., in 1882, and opened up an
office for the practice of his profession. He
remained here until 1887, when he went to
Jlinot, ^A'ard county, and was elected state's
attorney for that county the same year. He
was again elected to this office in 1890. He
also served as attorney of Williams county
in 18!)1 and 18!)'2, and was city attorney of
^linot for a number of years. He was also
local attorney at Jlinot foi- tlie Great North-
ern Railway ("omi)any for five years. In
180G, he removed to Fargo and resumed
practice in that city. In the latter part of
April, 18!»8, he responded to the call for
men to sei-ve in the war against Spain and
enlisted, receiving a commission to recruit
a troop for the Third Regiment United
States \'olunteer Cavalry, more popularly
known as Colonel Grigsby"s regiment of
Kougli Riders. In Jlay he was commis-
sioned captain of a troop in this regiment,
and leaving the rendezvous at Fargo went
south ti) <"aiii]i Ceorge H. Thomas, Chicka-
nianga Park, Ca. This regiment, however,
(lid not see actual service, but remained in
camp until it was mustered out the follow-
ing year. Returning to North Dakota, Cap-
lain Gregory located at Dickinson, and was
elected state's attorney for Stark county in
lilOO. He has built up an enviable reputa-
tion as a trial lawyer during his long service
as a stiite's attorney, and is regarded as one
of the leading lawyers of the Flickertail
state. <"ai)tain Gregory is a Republican in
jiolitics and an active supi)orter of pai-ty in-
terests. He represented the Twenty-ninth
legislative district in the upper house of the
North Dakota legislature from 1892 to 1896,
and served as chairman of the joint connuit-
fee appointed in 1893 for the compilation of
the laws of the state. This committee con-
sidered and reported the entire laws of the
state at the following session of the legisla-
ture, and the same were adopted and are
now the codes of the state. Captain ( iregory
is prominently identified with a number of
fraternal organizations. He is a thirty-sec-
ond degree Mason, a Shriner and a Knights
Templar, and was Master of his lodge for
one term. He has served as Grand Keeper
of Records and Seals in the Knights of
Pythias, and was Grand Chancellor of the
State Grand Lodge in 1892 and 1893. He
is also an Elk. In July, 1899, he was mar-
ried to Wish Helen L. Drake, of iNIinneapolis.
Gne child has blessed their union; Helen,
born in April, 1900.
MARSHALL, John.— The ambitious
youth does not wait for opportunities to
turn up; he creates them. He trains his
mind along the line he has mapped out as
his vocation in life, and when the time
comes he is ready to take up the battle for
place. Thousands of new recruits are being-
added to the ranks of the different profes-
HISTOKY OF THK (JRKAT NORTHWEST.
gions each year, and this is especiall.v true
in the case of the law profession. The rea-
son for this is to be found in the substan
tial rewards reaped by the successful i)ra<-
titioners. But success is not achieved in a
day. The man who wins does so after years
of patient study and hard work, and only
after he has demonstrated his pi'ciiliar fit-
ness as a disciple of Blackstone. A practi-
cal traininp- in other lines of mental ettort
while pursuiiif;' the study ot law will be
found of incsriiiiable value in the ]iructice of
the lef>al profession, and this will doubtless
I)rove true in the case of the subject of this
sketch. John Marshall is Superintendent
of Schools at AA'adena. Minn. He is a native
of Illinois, and was born at St. Anne, Kan-
kakee county, May 4, 1876. His father,
Adolphus Marshall, was a pioneer setth^i' in
Illinois, and later in North Dakota, when
that state was still a part of the Territory
of Dakota. He has been successful as a
lumberman, and is in comfortable financial
circumstances. His ancestry was French.
The maiden name of the mother of our sub-
ject was Paulina S. Trumbo. She is a native
of Ohio, and of Scotch-English descent.
John tirst attended the primary department
of the public school at Cbebanse, 111. In
1885, when the lad was nine years of age,
his j)arenls moved to Dakota Territory.
He attended the country school for two
winter terms, then went to the La Moure
town school for a year and a half. He next
entered the high school at West Superior,
\Yis., and graduated with the class of 1S93.
For a part of the following year he taught
school in North Dakota, and in the summer
worked in the hay fields and at threshing.
In the fall of 1894, he entered the University
of ^A'isconsin, but left that institution in
his junior year to continue his studies at
the University of Minnesota. He was a
graduate of the latter institution in the
class of 1898. Mr. Marshall was not only
an earnest student, but took an active inter-
est in literary and debating societies, was
prominent in athletics, and a prime favorite
at the university. He was president of his
class, manager of the college annual, honor
.TOHN M.\nsn.\LL.
(iebator and orator, and captain of the boat
crew. He was also a member of the Delta
Tau Delta fraternity, where he still holds an
active part. After his graduation he se-
cured appointment as superintendent «f the
public schools at Granite Falls, Minn., and
served in that position for two years. In
1901, he accepted a similar position at Wa-
dena, Minn. During the exciting political
campaign of 1890, Mr. Marshall was actively
identified with the college work at the Re-
publican national headquarters in Chicago,
organizing college clubs throughout the
country, ;ind serving on the stump in the
interest of sound money. He was also as-
sociated in the writing and publication of a
book entitled "Truth About Money," an ex-
cellent treatise on the financial questions of
the day, and which had a wide circulation.
Since his graduation from college, Mr.
.Marshall has spent his spare moments in
the study of law, with the intention of en-
tering the legal profession. He has many
admirable qualities which peculiarly fit him
for that profession, and with his native
ability and ambitious temperament there
are bright prospects before him in his
chosen life work.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
I'KAXK II. WOdllV.
WOODY, Fi;mk Ihiryrave.— A vivid im-
jtression of the newness of the Northwest is
liiven bv tlie sight of men yet in the prime,
or ripe perfection, of life, still leaders in
business and in public affairs, though they
were the first beginners of these great com-
monwealths. To see these men at the helm,
then to think of the wonderful development
everywhere apparent, cannot fail to create
amazement at the rapid pace of the prog-
ress. These enterprising spirits were as
venturesome as the IMymouth Pilgrims;
they laid the trail and blazed the path to
points of settlement more distant in time,
more hazardous in peril, and more remote
from succor in distress and danger, than
did the Pilgrims of the Mayflower; and
though the Northwestern pioneers may not
be surrounded with a halo of glory, like
that which shines so resplendently over
Plymouth Rock, their enterprise, self-re-
liance, fearlessness and brilliant achieve-
ments will always form one of the most in-
teresting chai)ters in the history of the
(ireat Kepublic.
Fiank 11. Woody, of Missoula county,
Mont., Judge of the Fourth judicial district
of .Montana, ranks with these honors. He
is one of the three first settlers in the state,
liecoiuing a ]M'rmauent resident when it was
a jiait of tli<' vast tract known as Wasliing-
ti)ii 'r<Tritoiy. lie was born at .Mud-Lick,
("Iiatham county, N. ('., in IS'.i'.i. His father,
K'obert A\'oody. was a wagon maker and a
small farmer of moderate means. His
iiintlici's maiden name was Pyrene Har-
giave. Judge Woody is of (Quaker extrac-
tion. His ancestors settled in Pennsylvania
w hcie so many of that faith found a refuge
ill the days ot William Penn and founded
that great commonwealth. Their descend-
• ints drifted into the states of Maryland,
N'irgiiiia, North Carolina, and later into In-
diana, in considerable numbers, forming
(cmjiact settlements which survive, while
sending forth to the West and Northwest in
• ill directions numerous representatives
who have done honor to their lineage.
Judge Woody's great grandfather, James
\\'oody, was born in Virginia in 1741. His
grandfather, Hugh Woody, was born in
Orange county, N. C, in 1771, and his father,
Robert Woody, was born in 1803, in Chat-
ham county, N. C, while his mother's peo-
ple, the Hargrave family, of kindred faith,
emigrated from the northern settlements
and settled in Davidson county, N. C, be-
fore the Revolutionary War. No better
stock than this ever crossed the Atlantic.
In the "subscription'" and public schools,
held in log school houses, <-ommon in the
South in the thirties and forties, where the
instruction was generally limited to read-
ing, w^riting and arithmetic, taught from
any book which the pupil might bring,
young ^^'oody began his education. When
he was eighteen years old he went to the
New Oarden Boarding t^chool — now Guil-
ford College — near (ireensboro, Guilford
county, N. C., and attended for eleven
months. This school was under the aus-
pices of Friends, or Quakers, and was of a
very superior order. The large number of
men, successful in all the higher walks of
life, sent forth from this institution is
strong testimony for its excellent instruc-
tion. Here he laid the foundation for his
subsequent education. In 1853 he removed
to Indiana and attended another Quaker
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
school in Park county, now the Bloominji-
dale. He then began his active business
life at school teaching, farming, merchan-
dizing and mining. In June, 1855, he start-
ed from Leavenworth, Kan., with a mer-
chant train drawn by oxen, and loaded with
merchandise, for Salt Lake City, intending
to go to California. ()n reaching that city
in August, lie was taken sick. From this,
and from lack of means, he was compelled
to give up his trip to (.'alifornia. He re-
mained in Utah until about the hrst of Sep-
tember, 185G, when he was engaged with
some Indian traders to go into what was
known as the Flathead Indian country, on
the headwaters of the Columbia River,
now included in the counties of Missoula
and Eavilli, Mont., forming the Fourth ju-
dicial district of the state. He reached his
destination in October, 1S5G, and has resid-
ed there ever since, at first engaged in sell-
ing goods, farming and mining. In 18U-t
the country had settled up and Montana
Territory was organized. In 18C0 Mr.
Woody was ajipointed County Clerk and
Recorder of Missoula county, which offices
he held until the next general election, when
he was elected to the same position and con-
tinued to be re-elected until 1880, when he
declined to serve longer. During the last
six years of his service the duties of Probate
Judge had been added to the office. He
had also served as deputy clerk of the Dis-
trict Court of Missoula county, to which
office he had been appointed in 1868. In
1877 he resigned this position. He had in
the meantime pursued the study of law and
was admitted to practice in the Supreme
Court of Montana the same year. He im-
mediately began to practice, building up
rapidly a large and lucrative business,
which he continued until 1892, when he was
elected Judge of the Fourth judicial dis-
trict of Montana, for four years, and was
re-elected in 1896, making a series of eight
years on the bench of the I>istrict Court.
In 1885 he was admitted to practice in the
Supreme Court of the United States, and in
1891 was admitted to practice in the United
States District and Circuit courts for the
District of Montana. Being raised a Qua-
ker, he has not joined the church of any
other denomination. In 1871 he was mar
ried to Miss Sarah Elizabeth Countryman,
at Missoula. She was born in Yuba county,
Cal. They have three children living, a sou,
Frank Woody, and two daughters, Alice .AL,
and Flora P. Woodv.
BYRNES, William Joseph.— One of the
most pronnnent members of his profession in
the Northwest is the present city physician
of Minneapolis, Dr. Wm. J. Byrnes. Dr.
Byrnes came to the front rank through ardu-
ous study and by keeping in touch with the
rapid strides made in the science of surgery
to which he has devoted his special attention,
and deservedly merits the high place he occu-
pies in his profession. He is of Irish descent,
his parents emigrating to this country in
1818. His father, William Byrnes, was a
farmer by occupation. He settled in New
York state on his arrival in America, but
three years later decided to carve out a home
for himself and fanuly on the border of civili-
zation in the west and pre-empted a claim of
160 acres at the Falls of St. Anthony, p«rt of
which is now Byrnes' Addition, and Maben,
White & Le Bron's Addition to Minneapolis.
Mr. Byrnes had an honorable war record.
He enlisted in Company K, Tenth Minnesota
Volunteers, in July. 1862, serving three years
as first lieutenant. After the war he re-
turned to Minneapolis and resumed farming.
In the fall of 1866 he was elected sheriff of
Hennepin county. He died, during his term
of office, in November, 1867. Mrs. Byrnes'
maiden name was Katharine Campbell. She
was born in Ireland, and was there married
to Mr. Byrnes. She is still living on part of
the old homestead, at 1700 Western avenue.
The subject of this sketch was born in Min-
neapolis, January 5, 1859. He enjoyed the
advantages of a liberal education. His early
educational training was received in the dis-
trict and public schools of Minneapolis, suj)-
plemented by attendance at St. John's Col-
lege at Prairie du Chien. Wis., and St. John's
College, at Collegeville, Minn. Leaving the
latter institution he entered the University
of Michigan, graduating from the medical do-
HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST.
WILLIAM .(. BYKXES.
liai-tiiieiit in 18b-, and was honored with the
appoiiituieut of assistant house sui-geon at
tlie iiniversitv hospital for the ensuing term.
He returned to Minneapolis in the fall of the
following year and immediately began the
l)ra(ti<-e of his profession, entering the office
of Dr. Edwin Phillips, which connection was
continued for eleven years. Dr. Byrnes won
recognition for his professional attainments
early in his career. The same year that he
Itegan his practice in Minneapolis he was ap-
pointed demonstrator of anatomy at the Min-
neapolis College of IMiysicians and Surgeons.
In 1S85 he took a trip to Europe, visiting
various medical centers of the old world, and
devoting his time to further study of those
lines in which he was especially interested.
The following year he was appointed profes-
.sor of anatomy in the Minneapolis College of
Physicians and Surgeons, which chair he
HUed up to 1895. From 1895 to 1900 he filled
the chair of surgical anatomy and clinical
diseases of women in the same institution,
at the expiration of which time he was ap-
pointed to the chair of the j)rinciples of sur-
gery. He was president of the Hennepin
Couiily Medical Society in 1889. In 1893 he
was a|ipointc-d t(i the ^liniicaiiolis Ixiard of
pension examining surgeons, and is still a
member of that board. Dr. Byrnes is Demo-
rratic in his political affiliations, and takes
an active interest in the affairs of his party,
liiit the offices of public trust which he has
tilled have been in the line of his profession,
lie was county physician of Hennepin county
during the years 1887 and 1888, and from
1890 to 1892 was county coroner. In 1899
he was ajtpointed city physician of Minne-
apolis, a position he has filled with great
credit to himself. Dr. Byrnes is also medical
examiner for a number of life insurance and
fraternal organizations. He is the supervis-
ing medical examiner of the Royal Arcanum
for the states of Minnesota, North Dakota,
South Dakota and Montana, and medical ex-
aminer for the Massachusetts Life, the A. O.
U. W., A. O. H., and Columbian Knights.
He is a member of the Hennepin County Med-
ical Society, the State Medical Society, Royal
Arcanum, A. O. U. W., A. O. H., and Colum-
bian Knights, and the Elks. Dr. Byrnes is
a Catholic in his religious leanings, though
not an active church member. He was mar-
ried in 1887 to Miss Josephine Armstrong, of
Ann Arbor, Mich. Their union has been
blessed with four •■hildren: Lyle, William,
Mortica and Josephine.
STOCKTOjS', Albert William.— The most
important branch of our state government is
the legislature. It is, therefore, important
that the men who sit in this law-making body
should be a thoroughly representative class
— men who occupy positions of honor and
trust in their home community, whose hon-
esty and probity are unquestioned. Such a
man is found in the subject of this sketch.
Mr. Stockton was elected to the upper house
of the state legislature of Minnesota in 1S90,
re-elected in 1894, and again in 1S98, and is
regarded as one of the leading members of
that body. He was born in Kosciusko
county, Ind., March 30, 1844, the son of John
C. and Martha J. (Sippy) Stockton. His
father folllowed agricultural pursuits in the
Hoosier state, removing with his family to
Richland Center, Wis., in the fall of 1855,
gaining a moderate competency. He did not
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTIIWEST.
take an active part iu public affairs, prefer-
ring rather to live a quiet, home life. He was.
however, held in high regard and greatly
respected by his neighbors. Our subject re
ceived only the benefits of a common school
education, and lived on the farm with his
parents until his eighteenth year. August
22, lSf.2. he enlisted in Tompany P.. Twenty
fifth Wisconsin "\'olunteer Infantry. His
regiment went into camii at La Crosse. Wis.,
and the following month was ordered to Fort
Snelling to particijiate in the efforts to put
down the Indian outbreak on the Minnesota
frontier. The regiment was divided on
reaching Fort Snelling. and Mr. Stockton's
company was stationed at Ali'XiUidrin. In
December, the company was ordered to re
port at Fort Snelling. and from there went
to Camp Kandall. ^Madison. Wis. The fol-
lowing Febi'uai-y th(» rciiiiiieiit went south,
the first stop being made at Polumbus. Ky.
Mr. Stockton served with his company contin-
uously, not losing a single day from sickness
or otherwise, participating in all the battles
in which the company was engaged, until
June 14, 1864. when he was severely wound-
ed by a gunshot wound in the right thigh, at
the battle of Peach Tree Orchard, in front <if
the Kennesaw Mountains, Georgia. He then
passed through a series of great hardshijis
in various hospitals at Resaca. (Ta.; Chatta-
nooga and Nashville. Tenn.; Madison and
Prairie du Chien, Wis. He Mas discharged
with his regiment in June, 186"), at JIadison.
He returned to his home and for several
years was engaged as a clerk in a general
store. In August, 1872, he removed to Min-
nesota, locating at Faribault, where he has
since resided. He secured (he appointment of
deputy county auditor of Rice county, and
performed his duties so faithfully that he
was retained in this office for twelve years,
resigning to accept the positimi of assistant
cashier of the First National Hank of Fari-
bault. Tliis office he held for two years,
when, in 1880. he went into business for him-
self, forming a i)artnei-shi[) to engage in the
manufacture of flour and furniture. He has
continued in this line of business since that
time, and has been very successful. Mr.
Stockton is one of the most public-spirited
AI.l'.EKT W. STiii;KTON.
men nf similicrn Minnesiita. and has always
found time to take an active interest in all
enterjirises tending to build up and proinote
the best interests of his home city and Qpunty
generally. He served as chairman of the
board of county commissioners of Rice coun-
ty for ten yeai-s. He was elected to the state
senate on the Rei)ublican ticket, and has been
untiring in his efforts in that body to pro-
mote legislation favorable to his own com-
munity. He was chosen chairman of the
railroad committee in the .session of 1895,
and has held the position in every session
since that time, working indefatigably for
the interests of the people. Mr. Stockton
has made many friends throughout the state,
who not (mly admire him for his public
spirit but for his personal qualities as well.
He was married in Faribault. November 10,
18G8. to Miss Belle Friuk. daughter of Colvin
Frink, late of Faribault. She died May S.
1870. He was again married. September 1(1.
1878, to Miss Julia Andrews, of Faribault.
They are the jiaients of one daughter, (ilenn
B. Stockton, a student in I lie state univer-
sity, and one- s(m. Charles Murray Stockton.
Mr. and Mrs. Stockton attend the Congrega-
tional church.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
HAMILTON H. WILCOX.
\YILCOX, Hamillon H.— One of the most
prominent members of the medical fraternity
in sonthern Minnesota is Dr. Hamilton H.
Wilcox, of Albert Lta. Dr. ^Vilcox has been
practicing- his profession in that citj for the
past eighteen years, has built up a lucrative
practice and won the complete confidence of
a large and influential clientele. He came to
the state of Minnesota July 3, 1877, from
Kentucky, locating first at Glenville, Free-
born county, whei-e he remained and prac-
ticed his profession until his removal to Al-
bert Lea in the fall of 1883. Though his
early life was spent in the Blue Grass state,
he was a native of North Carolina, having
been born near Jeffei'son, Ashe county, De-
cember 28, 1850, his parents migrating to the
former state the same year. Dr. Wilcox's
ancestors, for three generations back, were
American-born and connected with the early
history and settlement of the Carolinas and
Kentucky. They ]i\ed contemporaneously,
wore related to and intermarried with the
Tartwrights and Bonnes — Daniel Boone be-
ing a relative of the family by marriage.
Samuel Wilcox, his father, was a native of
Xoi-th f'arolina, and was born in 1821. He
moved with his fainilv to Keiituck-^' in 1850.
.settling in Pike county. In 1862 he removed
to Carter county, and in the fall of the fol-
lowing year joined the Federal army, serving
until his death at Paris. Ky., in March,
ls(>4. During his residence in Kentucky he
held various countj' offices and places of
honor and trust, and while he was not rich,
lie was in good circumstances, being by occu-
jiation a builder and contractor, also a farm-
er. His wife, Barbara Houck Wilcox, Avas
also a native of North Carolina, of German
descent. In the Wilcox family, however.
English and Scotch blood have predomi
iiated. Religiously, they were inclined to-
ward the Baptist faith, while the ancestors
of Dr. Wilcox on the maternal side were firm
liclievers in Methodist doctrines. The early
rducation of the subject of this sketch was
much hamjiered because of the so-called "free
school"' system prevailing in the South at
that time. Owing to an inherent amliition.
however, to acquire knowledge, quickened
possibly by the prevalence of an abundance
of jiine knots scattered over the hills of
northeastera Kentucky, and stimulated by
the delight of his parents in teaching him in
the evenings, the lad soon learned to read,
write and "cipher" and distinguish himself
in the spelling and writing contests of the
community. The school system existing in
Kentucky at the present time was not in-
augurated until 1870, and the subject of this
sketch taught one of the first schools under
the new or five months' system, the old sys-
tem being from one to two or three months
a year. Dr. Wilcox is a graduate of the
^ledical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati, in the
class of 1882. He stood well in his class and
was awarded a gold medal for the best ana-
tomical specimens and dissections. At the
present time he is a member of the American
^Medical Association, the Minnesota State
^ledical Society, and secretary of the Albert
Lea District ^Medical Society. He has con-
tributed a number of articles to the medical
as well as the secular press, and was* at one
time the editor of the Albert Lea Medical
Journal. He established the Wilcox Hospi-
tal at Albert Lea in 1897. one of the best
conducted institutions in that city, and is its
present proprietor. In politics. Dr. Wilcox
HISTOKY OF THE GHEAT XOU TIIWEST.
is and always has been a Eepublican, having
voted first for Grant for liis second term and
every Republican president since that time.
He served for a number of yeai-s as presi-
dent of the board of health of Albert Lea,
also as county coroner, and one year as may-
or of the municipality. He has also been
identified with the committee on state medi
cal legislation for some time. He is a mem
ber of various lodges and societies, viz: The
Masons, from Ulue Lodge to Shrine; the Odd
Fellows, the Maccabees, jNIodern Woodmen
of America, Modern brotherhood of America,
Eastern Star, Sons of Veterans, etc., and is
the medical examiner for many old line as
well as fraternal insurance companies. His
religious (connections are with the Methodist
Episcopal body, and he is a member of that
church. He was manned December 30, 187."),
to Mollie E. Abbott, of Carter county, Ky.
To them have been born three children:
Frank Leslie, a graduate of Rush Jledical
College, Chicago, class 1000; Jessie Grant
Wilcox, B. S., first ])rincipal of the public
schools at Redwood Falls, Minn., and Gussie
Leigh Wilcox, B. S., now ilrs. Charles Davis
Howe, married October L'.". 1900.
WALLACE, James, president of Macales-
ter College, is of Scotch-Irish descent. His
father, Benjamin Wallace, came to this coun-
try with his father, William, from Cooks-
town, northern Ii*eland, in 1812, when only
twelve years of age, and settled in Juniata
county. Pa. In 1825 he emigrated to Woos-
ter, Wayne county. Ohio, and devoted him-
self to farming. In this pursuit he steadily
prosjiered, and when he died at the advanced
age of 87 he was one of the most well-to-do
farmers of his home county. He was a man
of excellent mind, of sterling integrity, much
force of character, deeply interested in mat-
ters ])olitical and religious. For nearly three-
(|uarters of a century he was a leading elder
in the Ihiited Presbyterian church of Woos-
ter, Oliio, and even early in the fifties he had
attained considerable notoriety in the com-
munity for his strenuous ojtposition to slav-
ery. He was an ardent supporter of the gov-
.IAMi;S WAl.l.ACi:.
eminent in the <'i\il War and contributed
money lilierally to help his county secure its
needed quota of men. He had four brothers:
^^'illiam, who died at the old homestead in
Penn.syhania : -Idlin. :i I'resbyierian minis-
ter; James, a furniture dealer of Lafayette.
Ind., father of Dr. J. P. Wallace and of Judge
William De ^^'itt Wallace, and Robert, a
farmer, wim lixcd lo llie advanced age of 92.
The mother of our siibjeil, .Janet Bruce, came
to this country with her parents from Scot-
land (near p]dinburghi, about 1840, and lo-
cat(-d at ^^'ooster, Ohio. Her brother Will-
iam was, afterward, for several years, pro-
fessor of the(dogy in Xenia (Ohio) Theolog-
ical Seminary, and her youngest brother.
John, has been for many years Cnited States
district judge of northern Alabama. She
was a woman of ipiick mind, great activity,
deeply religious, and jiassionately devoted to
the careful training of her children. She
was the mother of five sons and two daugh-
ters. Of file latter, Margaret is married to
Professor J. O. Nofestein, of the University
of Wooster, Ohio, and Jlary to Professor F.
N. Notestein, of Alma College, Michigan.
The sons were William, Jann-s, Robert, John
and Benjamin, all of whom, excejit (he sub-
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
jeet of this sketob, aro eiifjaged in mercantile
business in southern ("oh)rado. James was
born, Alarch 12, 1850, near Wooster, Ohio.
The rudiments of his education were received
in the traditional old log schoolhouse near his
home. In obedience to his lather's desire to
give all his sons a college education if they
would receive it, he was sent at the age of
17 to Canaan Academy, the principal of
which was a cousin, W. W. Wallace, an ex-
perienced and successful teacher. Two years
later he entered Ohio Central College, where
he completed his four years' preparation for
college. In 1870 he entered the freshman
class in AN'ooster University, from which he
graduated four years later, pronouncing the
valedictory of his class at commencement.
He made some specialty of the classics, but
maintained a nearly uniformly high stand-
ing in all his studies. After gi'aduation he
was elected in.structor in Greek and history
in his Alma Mater, which position he held
for two years, when he secured leave of ab-
sence and devoted one year to study and
travel in Greece. Going to Greece with a
good knowledge of the ancient Greek, and
thorough familiarity with the modem pro-
nunciation, he attained a speaking acquaint-
ance with tht language such as few Ameri-
cans up to that time liad acquired. In com-
pany with Professor Thomas Davidson, of
New York, he made the entire circuit of Cen-
tral Greece and Peloponnesus, including also
in his travels the islands of Euboea, Salamis,
Aegina, Syra, Delos, Tenos and Corcyra. Re-
turning to his Alma Mater he was made pro-
fessor of Greek, which chair he filled, with
much satisfaction to the students and his
colleagues, until 1887. In that year, upon
the recommendation of several of his former
students who hapjtened to be attending
Macalester College, he was elected to the
chair of Greek and old English in that insti-
tution. A vacancy occurring in the presi-
dency in 1800, he was soon after made dean,
or acting ])resident, and in 1804, on the rec-
ommendation of the synod of Minnesota, he
was elected i)resident. The ditificulties of
this position wei-e rendered almost insur-
mountalile by a crushing debt of over |125,-
000 that had rested on the college since its
first administration, and by the long business
dei)ression of 18!»y-i)7. Nevertheless, the
high standard of the scholarshii) of the insti-
tution was maintained, the attendance in-
creased, and, through the generosity of its
many friends, the debt was finally li(Hiidated.
In 1887, by a course of study in Greek
philology, he received the degree of Ph. 1).,
and at commencement in 1808 his Alma Mater
conferred on him the honorary degree of Doc-
tor of Laws — a title which his modesty con-
strained him to decline. In 1801-93, at the
request of President W. K. Harper, of Chi-
cago University, he edited the Anabasis of
Xenophon for his series of classics. In 1870
Dr. AVallace married Janet I)., second daugh-
ter of Kev. T. K. Davis, D. D., a graduate of
Vale College and of Princeton Seminary, and
foi* twenty years librarian of the University
of Wooster. She is also sister to Miss Miriam
M. Davis, who has charge of the reference
department in the Minneapolis I'ublic Li-
brary. There have been born to Dr. and
Mrs. Wallace, besides two deceased, Helen,
Benjamin, Robert, William De >\'itt, and
Miriam.
COLLINS, Loren. Warren.— While the
personal .popularity of a judge may not al-
ways be an infallible criterion of his worthi-
ness, yet, in a re^jublic, where public senti
ment must control to secure the best results
in administration, a concensus of opinion
favorable — ^which is in fact only popularity —
cannot be far wrong. Although the old
Roman motto, "Vox populi, vox Dei," is fre-
quently subject to a sneer from some who
affect superior wisdom, it still remains a
statement very close to the truth. Therefore
a judge, who by the conscientious discharge
of duty, wins the esteem of the people, is not
only fortunate in his experience, but he is a
factor almost invaluable in establishing con-
fidence in the judiciary. Judge Collins, the
subject of this sketch, has during his long
service so efficiently discharged his duties
that thei'e seems to be no position in the gift
of the people of the state that they are not
willing to give him, when occasion offei-s.
He has been solicited frequently to assume
HISTORY 01<^ THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the liifiliest honors, but has steadily refused
to swerve from his chosen profession. He
was born in Lowell. .Mass., Auj^fust 7, IS.'JS.
His fatlier, Charles P. Collins, was a native
of Vermont, and descendant of Benjamin
Collins, who settled at Salisbury, Mass., in
1()G0. His motlier was Abigal C. Libbv. a
native of New Hamjishire, and a descendant
of John Libby, who settled near Boston.
Mass.. about 1638. A published "History of
the Libby Family" shows that it was promi
nent and intluenlial from early colonial time
forward. Charles P. Collins was a man in
limited circumstances and was by occupa
tion. before movinfi to Minnesota, aij over
seer in a cotton mill. He and his family
came to the state — or then territory — in 1854,
and settled at Eden Prairie, Hennepin coun-
ty, upon unsurveyed government land. His
son, the judge, was then sixteen years old,
and had been educated at Chicopee and at
Palmei', Mass. He chose law for his profes-
sion, but his studies were held in abeyance
by the breaking out of the War of the Re-
bellion. In 1862 he enlisted in the Seventh
Regiment Minnesota Infantry. He was pro-
moted to second lieutenant and to first lieu-
tenant, and received the rare honor of being
brevetted a captain by the president of the
I'nited States. After the war he resumed
his law studies, and in 1866 began to practice
his profession at St. Cloud, Minn., where he
still resides. He was elected county attor-
ney of Stearns county, and served for several
terms, also member of the house of represen-
tatives, while he continued his general prac
tice of law in St. Cloud until 1883, when he
was appointed, in Ajiril of that year, district
judge of the Seventh judicial district, by
Governor Hubbard. In 1884 he was elected
to the same position. In November, 1887.
Governor McGill appointed him associate
justice of the supreme court of Minnesota.
He has been elected to the same position by
the people three successive times, the last
being without opposition in November, 1000.
Such approval by the people needs no com-
ment. He has always affiliated with the Re-
publican party, but has held only offices in
the line of his profession. He was tendered
the office of United States senator by Gov-
i.OREX w. roLLix.';.
ernor Lind December 28, 1900, to till the
vacancy occasioned by the death of Senator
Uavis, but declined for personal as well as
political reasons. In religion he is a Unitari-
an, and is a member of the Unitarian fturch.
In 1878 he was married to Ella Stewart, at
J{erlin, ^\'is. She died at St. Cloud May 31,
1804. Judge Collins has three children,
sons: Stewart (tartield, Louis Loren, Loren
Fletcher. The two elder are students in the
University of Minnesota. Through his army
service Judge Collins is a member of the
(iraud Army of the Republic and of the
Loyal Legion. By reason of his descent from
Colonial ancestors he is a member of the
Society of Colonial Wars, and of the Sons of
the Revolution. He also belongs to the fra-
ternity of Elks, and is a Royal Arch Mason.
Though an upright judge and stern in justice,
Judge Collins is a genial companion, a kind
neighbor and father, and a riiizcn of whom
the state is proud.
DRR'ER, John Merrille.— The career of
a minister of the gos])el seldom offers a series
of striking kaleidoscopic jtictures of success-
HISTORY' OF THE GRI':AT XOItTHWENT.
JOHN M. DRIVER,
fill (•(iiubiit with the fon-es that are at work
iu the control of the world's commerce. His
triumphs are not recorded iu the accounts
that are written descriptive of the world's
strife. They are of the spiritual nature, but,
nevertheless, require just as much courage
of heart, conquering of self, and strenuous-
uess of character as those won over material
things. The itinerant preacher does not i-eap
his reward in earthly riches, but he wins
more — the respect, friendship, and admira-
tion of all with whom he comes in contact.
His life is one of self-sacrifice and devotion
to the needs of humanity. His cares and tri-
als are for others. The promotions he re-
ceives from his church may be marked recog-
nition of his work from a spiritual stand-
point, but do not seem commensurate in a
material sense. The honors won are written
in the hearts of men to whose spiritual needs
he has administered.
A shining example of this class of men is
John Merritte Driver, pastor of Centenary
Methodist Episcopal church, Mankato, Minn.
His eariy life was a struggle with poverty,
but the instinct for better things created in
him an intense passion for knowledge, and a
desire to become a man of scholarship, and
by sheer force of his own strength and will
jMiwer he worked his way through college,
later on girding himself with theological,
philosophical, and s( ientific lore in order to
follow, successfully, his chosen career as a
iiiiiiister of the gosjx'l.
Dr. Driver is a native of Hlinois. A his-
tory of his ancestors might be outlined, he
says, in the brief sentence, "The short and
simple annals of the poor."
His father worked altei'nately on the farm
and in the saw mill, never rising above the
barest competency and sometimes touching
the very nether-depth of poverty.
The Driver family, however, has always
been noted for its patriotism. When Abra-
ham Lincoln issued his first call, in 1861, for
75,000 men to help save the Union, James
Ransom Driver, the doctor's father, was one
of the first to respond. His fatlier before
him was a soldier in our second war with
Great Britain, and his father was a follower
of George Washing-ton in the War of the
Revolution.
On his mother's side he is descended from
an old Huguenot family.
William A. Hartley, now residing at
Walnut Hill, 111., an humble country school
teacher, opened the gates of knowledge to
the boy, whose education was rendered so
diflficnlt by his environment. Under his wise
and patient direction, in a little log cabin up
in the country, John Merritte Driver was
fitted for college, ijraduating from the Illi-
nois Agricultural College, in the classical
course, in 1876, when but 18 years of age.
Some yeai-s later he entered the Boston Uni-
versity, of Boston, Mass., graduating from
that institution, in the theological course, in
1885. He also did three years' work in the
study of oratory under President S. S. Curry.
of the Boston School of Expression.
In 1881 Dr. Driver was honored with the
degree of A. M. by the Baldwin I^niversity;
in 1885 Boston University added the degree
of S. T.B. ; in 1893 Rust University conferred
upon him the degree of D. D., and in 1899
the American I'niversity made him a doctor
of jihilosophy. He is also a member of the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Aii\L'iic;iu Archil eokigical and Asiatic Asso-
I iatiou.
Dr. Driver is uow in tlie fourtlj year of
his Mauliato pastorate, aud has the hearty
respect, coutideuce, aud co-opera tiou of a
large and important charge.
In addition to his preaching. Dr. Driver
is also a noted lecturer, having beeu heard
ou tile lecture platfonus of almost every
state aud territory in the American Union,
besides in lauds beyond the sea.
Tliough living a singularly busy life he
has found time to taste the sweets of author-
ship. A book on the labor question, entitled
"Samson and Shylock ; or, A Preacher's Plea
for the ^\■orki^gmeu,■' published by the Pat-
riotic I'ublishing company, has had an ex-
tensive sale. Two music books: "Songs of
the Soul,'" and "Bible Temperance Hymns"
(for he is also a pianist and composer of mu-
sic), have greatly extended his reputation
Some of his i>arlor and concert songs, such
as, " "Twere Sweet to Die for You,"" aud "O
Thou Whom My Soul Loves Best," are sung
everywhere, while his piano solos, especially
"Memories of Italy," and "Memories of Mau-
kato," are played by the foremost American
pianists. Of his song, "Wonderful Story of
Love,"' more than ."'),()UU,OUU copies, in books
and sheet form, have been published aud
sold.
Though passionately fond of poetry he
has yielded to the muse but once, writing
"Nepenthe."
Dr. Driver has been an extensive traveler
in E;ui"ope, Africa, and North Amei'iea, study-
ing face to face the great problems of the
world. He has thus been fortunate in being
permittted to see the most notable things the
world has to otler in the way" of art, archi-
tecture, and natural scenery, and both see
and hear the world's greate.st orators, musi-
cians, statesmen, actors, presidents, aud
crowned heads.
Dr. Driver is. himself, pre-eminently an
orator. Dr. Davidson, who has employed
aud directed more lecturers than any man
now living, in s])eaking of Dr. Driver, says:
"He is our Jose[)h Cook, junior. He con-
stantly reminds me of the great Bostonian.
In voice, vigor of thought, gesticulation, and
rush of eloquence he is a genuine second edi-
tion.'" And Fred Emerson Brooks, the Cali-
fornia poet, says: "John Merritte Driver is
a Jehu, and he drives six good horses. The
leaders are Grace and Diction; the swing
luu-ses are I'athos aud Humor, and the wheel-
ers are Eloquence and Power. Fly in his
whirling and glittering chariot as I have
done and you will be delighted. Driver is
apt, alert, eloquent, and a royal fellow."
In politics Dr. Driver is a Republican.
April 11, l.SSU, he wedded Miss Elsie \\[-
ley, of Casey, 111., a young lady of singular
and most exquisite loveliness, both of physi
cal beauty aud of devotion to all things noble
and elevating. Four children crowned their
union; Edna, Jamie, Paul, and Kuth, but
nctneare now living. The four children sleep
side by side, in beautiful Lindenwood ceme-
tery. Fort Wayne, Ind. The last they lost
was James Oweu, or Jamie, as his parents
called him, a soldier boy, only Hi years old,
aud as member of the Thirtieth Illinois Kegi-
meut I'nited States Volunteers. He fell in
the Philip])iues July 21, 1900.
Thus, though Dr. Driver has never been a
.soldier himself, he has the honor of being
the great-grandson, grandson, and so^of sol-
diers, aud the father of as brave and pati-i-
otic a soldier-boy as ever laid down his life
for his countrv.
REYNOLDS, Myron Herbert, of the State
Iniversity and Minnesota State Board of
Health, is a leading veterinarian in the
United States, and his work is known
throughout the entire country. His mother,
Mary (Budd) Reynolds, is a descendant from
sturdy New York farmers of English origin.
His paternal grandfather, Daniel Reynolds,
is described as being a scholarly man, par-
ticularly in the languages and classics. His
father, Gardner W. Reynolds, was also from
New York parentage. The latter was a
noted nurseryman and botanist, aud his son
'omes naturally by his scientific tastes. M.
H. Reynolds was born November 5, 1865, at
AV"heaton, 111. His parents soon moved to
Iowa, and his education was received fi'om
the schools of thai state. He entered Iowa
HISTORY OF THE (iUKAT NOUTHWE.ST.
MYROX H. KEYN'OLDS.
Statt^ Agricultural College at Ainets, Iowa, at
the age of sixteen, and finished the foui-
yeais scientific course in three years and a
half, receiving the degree of E. S. A. He
afterward entered the veterinary college of
the same institution, and finished a three-
years course by receiving the degree 1). \'. il.
He followed this with two years in the Iowa
College of rharniacy, receiving the degree
of I'h. (j. Dr. Keynolds then completed his
college work by a medical course at the Iowa
College of rhysiciaus and Surgeons, receiv-
ing the degree of M. D. Dr. Kfynolds was
in private veterinary practice at Keosaqua,
Iowa, until O. C. (Jregg, superintendent of
the Minnesota State Farmers" Institute, went
to Iowa in search of a young veterinarian
for '"Institute" work. The dean of the Iowa
Veterinary College strongly recommended
Dr. Reynolds for the place. Dr. Reynolds
accepted the position and for several years
lectured at various institutes throughout
ilinnesota. In 18!t;{ he was elected to the
professorship of veterinary science in the
University of Jlinnesota. and also given
charge of the veterinary division of the State
Agricultural Exi)eriment Station at St. An
thony Park. He has wi-ittcn several im]ioi-
lant station bulletins, one of the most valua-
ble being on "Covine Tuberculosis." which
won for him much credit among veterinary
journals and prominent men in his profes-
sion. He was apjioinled a member of the
State Board of Health in 1897, the fir.st vete-
rinary surgeon appointed to a place on the
board. He was soon made chairman of a
committee of Infectious Diseases of Animals,
and within a year was made Director of the
newly created veterinary department of the
State Board of Health. He soon made the
department one of the best known of the
kind in the United States, and his system of
]iiiliee sanitation in connection with infec-
tious diseases of animals is recognized as a
standard. In August, 1900, Dr. Reynolds
was obliged to relinquisli active work in
( onnection with the board, partly on account
of increasing duties in the university and the
experiment station, but still remains as a
member of the board, looking after the work
in a general way. In the summer of 1900
his abilities were recognized by a tender of
the deanship of the Veterinary Department
of the Iowa State College, his Alma Mater,
but he preferred to remain with his present
work at the University. Dr. Reynolds has
contributed se\eral important studies on
veterinary literature, more notably, "Fis-
tula," '•Hypodermic Cathartics," "State Con-
trol of Hog ( 'holera,"' "State Control of Glan-
ders," "Hog Cholera and Swine Plague."
He is also editor in chief of the annual Re
ports of the American Veterinary Medical
Association. He was a member, and now
honorary member, of the Iowa State "\''ete-
rinarv Medical Association; also member of
Hennepin County Medical Association, Min-
nesota State INIedical Association, Minne-
sota State Veterinary Medical Association,
of which he has served as president;
American Medical Association, American
Veterinary Medical Association, and the
American Public Health Association. Dr.
Reynolds is a believer in the principles
of the Republican ]iai-ty. a member of
the Congregatifmal church, an Odd Fel-
low and a ]\Iason. including the Shriners
degree. Dr. Reynolds has been twice mar-
ried, in ISO.S to Miss Eva M. Kuhn, of Iowa,
HISTORY OK THE GUKAT XoimiWEST.
who (lied withiu a few moutlis. lu 1S!)7 he
was nianied to Miss ilay I. Shr.w, daiij;hler
of I'l-ofes.sor Tlionias Shaw, of the L'uiversit y
of ilinnesota, pi-oiuinciit amonj; live stock
men and breeders as an anthority on sTich
matters, and a noted author. Dr. Reynolds
has lliree childreu.
MB^IEK, Kcv. Jiiliii, the iin'scnl jiastor of
St. Joseph's church at ^^'inona, Minn.. Ilic
subject of this sketch, is the son of Frederic
and Sojihia Jleier. His fallici- was a black
smith by trade, and a man ol' foncfiil i liar
acter. who was for fifteen years an alderman
of Paderborn. Prussia, where John was born.
Tliere is no better way to present this worthy
son's cliaracter and achievements than to
trace from the bes'inninf!; the ri.se and proj;-
ress of the church and parish of which he is
the pastoi', and to \\hiim a larjie share of its
prosjierity is due
The first Catholic clnirch in \^"inona was
built in 1S5S. to which all the Catholii- resi-
dents of ^Yinona of the different nationalities
went to worshiji. In 1802 the fierman Cath-
olics with tile I'oles and Bohemians estab-
lished the St. Joseph ])arish. with Rev. Tlieo-
d(jre "\'enn as its spii-itnal head. Their first
clmrcli edifice was a frame buildinj;. ;!.") l)y
<!"), which was latci- cnlarjicd. and was used
until 1S,82 as a clmr<-li. It was then con
verted into a schoolhonse, having given way
to a beautiful new church edifice. In Octo-
ber, ISfi.S, Father Venn was called to an
other field, and was succeeded in ^^'inona l)y
Rev. William Lette, who had charge of the
young parish from April, 1S04, to June, ISfiS.
Rev. Alois Plut then became pastoi- of St.
Joseph's ]>arish, and was at its head until
.Vjiril. ISTO. Under Father Pint's adminis
tration I lie Poles decided to establish a par
isli for themselves and in IST^ se])arate{l from
St. loseph's jiarish. and established that of
St. Stanislaus Kostka. In Jnlv, ISTO. Fa-
ther '^^'alter was ajiiiointed to sncceed Fa-
thei- Plut and remained mil il Dei-ember. 1S77.
In .lannaiy. 1S7S, Rev. .Mois Heller be
came the spiritual head of St. Joseph's, and
under his successfid administration the pal-
ish erected the Iteaiitifid brick clnirch situ
KKV. .InllN MKIKI;.
.■ited on tile coi-iier of Kast Fifth and Walniil
streets, at a (-osl of .lli."i,()(l(l. Father Heller
was snci-eeded liy the ]ire,seiit jtastor. Rev.
John !Meier, who lias been siii-(-essfiill)- gov-
erning the parish siin-e .\iigiist 4. ISS.i. Dur-
ing his adininisti-ation the inlerior of tin-
clini-i-li li.-is been coiniileled. Il has been
fi-esi-oed and lliree liandsoine (iolliii- altars
and a beanlifiil pipe oi'uan lia\c been ]ilaced
in il. In lss7 the Holieniian Calliolic-s sepa-
rated and established llie Si. .loliii N'epomu-
(-eiie |iai-isli. Tlie St. Joseph's jiai-isli has en-
jo\-ed the fruits of a jiarish school since 185S,
when the school house stood in the block be-
tween Chestnut and Libei'ty streets, on Fast
Fifth street. In ISC.") the si-liool was moved
to ils jireseiit location. I'litil l.*<(i-'< it was in
(-liai-ge of lay leac-lii-rs. Il was then i)ut into
the i-ai-e of the S(-hool Sisters de Xoti-e Dame,
with a layman to lea(-li the larger boys. In
IS.si it was given over to I he Si-hool Sisters
of St. Fr.-iiK-is, who are still in (-liarKe.
Tlii-oii;ili the iintiiiii- etlorls of Fallier .Meier
Ihe parish linill a new parish srlioolhoiise in
1s!m; at a i-osi of .'<L''_M(lll, of which ilie parish
li.-is ali-e.nly paid o\ei- Iwii lliirds. 'flic tirst
design of I his si-lioolhoiise was the W(n-k of
l''alliei- .Meier. .-ind was Ihe i-esnll of iiincli
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
labor aud many years' experiencfi in school
work. This first design was elaborated and
ai-tistically develojied by the firm of Stevens
& "\'andeusen, arfhitccts, who may look with
jiride upon the sui-ccssful completion of this
beautiful buildiufj. The school is attended
by 240 pupils. Connected with the parish are
several societies. St. Joseph's Mutual Be-
nevolent Association was established Felnni-
ary 6, 1SG6, and has a membership of 233.
St. Ann's Altar Society was established in
November, 18(12, and has 160 members. The
young men have placed their society under
the patronage of St. Aloysius Cfonzaga. This
society was established on April 20, 1875,
and has o(i members. The Young Ladies' St.
Rose of Linm Society was established in Au-
gust, ISOS. It has 00 members. Eev. John
Meier, the pre.sent pastor of St. Joseph's, was
born in I'aderborn, Prussia, July 1, 1854. It
had always been his ambition to become a
priest, and he entered the college of his na-
tive city in 1865, where he completed his
classical studies in 1873. Owing to the strin-
gent laws enacted against the Catholic
church dui-ing the "Culturkampf," he was
unable to reach his religious vocation in Ger-
many, and left home for America, where he
studied three years at St. John's University,
Collegeville, ilinn., com]>leting his philosoph-
ical and theological studies. He was then
ordained jiriest at St. Paul, by Most Rev.
John Ireland, on July 8, 1877. He was at
fii'st appointed assi'^tant pastor at Red Wing.
Minn., to Rev. .J. N. Stariha, now vicar-gen-
eral of the archdiocese of St. Paul, and then
successively given chaige of Bellevidere. St.
Peter, and again transferred to Red Wing
as pastor. In 1SS5 he was appointed to take
charge of St. Joseph's i)arish. Winona, where
]u' has liiM'H laliorim: snccessfullv ever since.
WALKER. Thomas Barlow.— While
Minneapolis has great natural advantages
in waterpower, situation and surroundings,
these would have been of little avail had
not courageous, farsighted and public-spirit-
ed men of great energy taken hold of the en-
terprise at an early day with a determina
tion to build a large citv. The task was
not so easy as it seems in 1!)01, after the
city has become the metropolis of the state.
A city at the confluence of two rivers which
furnish easy transportation, was well un-
der way only ten miles distant. It was the
trade center of the Northwest, and it had
llie additi(mal prestige of being the capital
(ir official center. ]\Iany deemed the project
of building a city ten miles away chimerical
or foolhardy. The men who overcame the
numerous obstacles in the x>ath, and wrung
success from such adverse conditions, are
entitled to special commendation. Their
sagacity to perceive, their courage to under-
take, their skill in making use of proper
means, and their unflinching perseverance
are characteristics which cannot be too
highly extolled. Among those who were
conspicuous in this work, Thomas B. Walk-
er, the subject of this sketch, stands promi-
nently in the front rank. He Avas born at
Xenia, Ohio, February 1, 1840. His father
was Piatt Bayless Walker, a native of New
York, but a long resident of Ohio. By trade
he was a shoemaker, but by occupation and
business habit he was a contractor and spec-
ulator. He was in good circumstances, but
in 184!), when the California fever was at its
height, he invested all his means in a train
of mer<-handise which he started to take
overland to California, ('holera broke out
in the company, and ilr. Walker was one of
the first victims. He died on the plains near
^^'arrensburg, 5Io. Although the train was
carried through and the goods sold, none of
the proceeds ever reached his family.
Thomas B. Walker was thus left fatherless
when nine years old. His mother was
Anstis Keziah Barlow, of New York, and
later of Ohio. She was one of the youngest
of a large family. Two of her brothers were
judges, one in New York and the other in
Ohio. T'nder these circumstances, com-
I)e]led to work from early youth, Mr. Walker
had but few ojiportunities to attend school.
He. however, made such good use of what he
had that at sixteen years of age he entered
Baldwin T'niversity at Berea, Ohio, where
he succeeded in remaining in nominal at-
tendance for several years by being present
for perhaps one term a year and keeping up
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
with his class while absent at work, which
was that of traveliiif; as a salesman. While
on tlie road he can-ieil two valises, the lar^e
containinj;' his school hooks wliicli he used
at every spare moment. The habit thus ac-
C|uii'ed of studying at all spare times, under
all circumstances, has continued with him
through life, and has made him the well
educated and thoroughly informed man on
a multitude of subjects which he is recog-
nized to be to-day. At nineteen years of
age, after many small ventures, he secured
a contract from the railroad at Paris. III..
for getting out cross ties and cord WDod.
He continued this work for eighteen months,
when the company failed and rolilx'd him of
all the profits which had accrued. He had,
however, the experience and a good timber
education, which, although not valued at the
time, proved subse(iu('ntly to be worth all
it cost. On returning home he taught school
for one year. He then resumed the travel-
ing business, engaging with Hon. Fletcher
Hulet to make a wholesale market for his
Berea grindstones. On his way up the Mis-
sissippi River on this business in l.'^fi2. he
met, at McGregor, Mi*. J. M. Robinson, of
Minneapolis, who spoke so eloiiuently of the
attractions and prospects of the embryo city
that Mr. Walker within an hour afterwards
was on his way to the promising hamlet.
Almost as soon as he arrived he engaged to
go with Mr. George B. Wright on a govern
ment land survey. The expedition was ig-
norant of the fact that the Indians \ver<' on
the war path until they learned it by the
forcible experience of being driven out of
the woods by the Indians. With difficulty
and great peril the little band of surveyors
traveled three days through the hostile dis-
trict, finally reaching Fort Ripley, where
they were gladly welcomed as a re-enforce-
ment sixteen strong to the small and poorly-
e(]uipi)ed garrison holding that point.
After two or three years spent in govern-
ment surveys, and one year on the sui'vey of
the St. I'anl & Duluth Railroad— a service
which gave liim a thorough knowledge' <>f
the timber country — Mr. Walker took u]) the
pine land business. Being practically with
out means, he associated with I >r. Levi
THOMAS R, WALKER.
Itulicr. and Mr. Howard Mills, under the
tirm name of Butler, Mills & Walker, the
junior member putting in his time, knowl-
edge and ex])eiieuce against their i^^ney.
The tirm was very successful, under Mr.
Walker's management, logging and build-
ing and operating mills and lumber yards.
The ])artnership continued for several years
and was terminated by the death of Dr.
Butler and the removal of Mr. Mills to Cali-
fornia in search of health. Mr. Walker was
at the same time interested with Mr. Henry
T. Welles in the purchase of pine timber.
Subsecjuently Jlr. Walker tecame engaged
in the lumber industry in all parts of North-
ern Minnesota and in Pakota. He owned
and operatcHl mills on the "Falls." He jair-
chased and operated the "J. Dean" mill, re-
building it after it burned, oi)erating it for
many years with Major George A. Gamp,
under the firm name of Gaiuj) & Walker.
Later in company with his son, (iilherl ^I.
Walker, under the name of Ucd Kiver Lum-
ber <'oiiipany. built two mills — one at
Crookston, Minn., and our at tirand Forks,
X. I). This firm is still arlive. with the ad-
dition of three more sons. Inil llic iiiills are
at .Vkelev. Mr. Walker is also associat<'d
HISTORY OF TIIIO (IRKAT NOU'l'l IWKST.
with -Mr. 11. C. Akoley, iiiulcr (lie finn iiaiuc
dl' Walker & Akele.v, in (lie owncrsliiit of
large tracts of pine lands, bill tlie.v operate
no mills.
While Mr. Walker lias been so busy with
the lumber business, he has been active in
biiildiiif; np Minneajiolis and the adjacent
country. He built the Central Market and
Comniission Row, whereby tlie wholesale
commission business — as well as otlu-r
wholesale business — has been permanently
located noi'th of IIenne])in avenue and west
of Fourth street. This market is one of the
largest and most commodious wholesale and
retail markets in the West, while the voluiiH'
of fruit and commission business handled in
the row adjoining, which is part of the
same enterprise, shows that Minnea])olis is
tlie great fruit and commission center of tin*
Northwest. St. Ijouis Park, a suburb of the
city, owes its existence to Mr. Walker, who
was the owner of the land, and assisted in
its develojiment under the firm name of
Land & Investment Pomjiany. It has
large niaiiiifacturing concerns, with 1he
noted great ]?(H't Sugar Plant. The SI.
I.oiiis Park & Ilojikins Street Railway is
part of the plan and it is a profitable invest-
ment, as well as a great lielji to the city and
a convenience to residents of these thriving
suburbs.
Mr. Walker has also and at all times
been a supporter of and a worker in and for
tlie Board of Trade as w<'ll as the originator
and promoter of the "Business Men's Un-
ion," which foi' many years did wonderful
work in aid of the development of tlie city.
The Y. M. C. A. has also claimed much of
his attention and means. He is a member
of the National rommittee.
Having in his youth made great use of
public libraries where\-er they were to be
found in liis travels, INIr. Walker early be-
came a stockholder in the old "AtluTPueum,"
the nearest ajijiroach 1o a public library in
operation in this city. Later he became
the means and instrument through which
the i)i-esent Public Library was organized
and set in oiieration. He gave largely in
aid of its iK'autiful building and apjioint-
ments and k<'eps its Art Gallery well stock-
ed with line works from his private collec
tioii. lie has been President of the Board
of Directors since its first organization.
As would naturally be expected, Mr.
Walker has also in his home a fine collection
of books in his jirivate library. Science,
Theology, Political Economy and many oth-
er lines are iirominently repri'sented, and
he has gathered together for his own use
and aid the finest Art Reference Library
ix'ihaps in the country.
Politically, Mr. Walker is, as might be
exjiected, a Republican. His first vote was
cast for Lincoln. He is a close student of
Political Economy and its bearings on good
goveriuiieiit. During the last two jiresiden-
lial (aiiiiiaigiis, Im- spctke fre(|ueiitly and
wrote extensively on the issues involved.
His writings atti-acled marked attention
and were widely copied and circulated.
TIIK WALKEE ART GALLERY.
During the last fifteen y<'ars or more Mr.
\\'alkei' has been engaged in making a col-
lection of high grade first-class oil paintings
and bronzes and other works of art. This
collection has become known Ihroughout
this country, and largely abroad, as a choice
and rare collection of the works of the best
masters. Such names as Corot, Rousseau,
Rosa Honheur, Diaz Hogarth, Sir Thomas
Lawrence, David, Le Fevre, Bougereau,
Sclirey<'r, Jacijue, Breton, Madam Demont
Breton, Tiii'iier, Rembrandt, Peele and many
others, are a guarantee for the character of
the collection. Tlie owner is often sur-
juised at lh<' high comparativ<' rating given
this collection by those who have seen the
world's best galleries and who do not hesi-
tate to ])lace this in the first rank. Over
fifty of these jiaintings are hung in the gal-
lery a1 the I'ublic Library, but the larger
part with the bronzes and ivories ai'c in his
gallery at the family residence at 80;? Hen-
nejiin avenue. This gallery is held o])en to
the jiublic ii])on all days excejit Sunday, dur-
ing tlu' hours of daylight. That the oppor-
tunity and ])rivilege of visiting this collec-
lioii is thoroughly appreciated, is fully at-
tested by the gi'eat numbers who constantly
a\ail themselves of it.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
One of Mr. Walker's strong cbaracter-
istics has always been his devotion to his
home and family, to whom he has given his
best time and thought. From their earliest
infancy he has delighted to make his chil-
dren his companions, entering into their in-
terests and taking them into his own.
Books and tools, shops and workrooms have
been the "strong points" of the home on
Hennepin avenue, through all the years of
the growing up of the family, which con-
sisted of eight children, of whom seven are
still living. Of these, four sons are in pai't-
nership with their father, and one still in
school. The two daughters have mai-ried.
one of whom is widowed. There are also
four grandchildren.
In character and jtrofession Mr. Walker
is a Christian of the most pronounced type,
finding his home in the Hennepin Avenue
Methodist church. Having come by this
faith through more difficulties than the av-
erage young man, he finds no greater pleas-
ure in life than to direct others in the way
in wiiich he has come, and will at any time
turn from his intricate business and with
book in hand expound to the chance listener
the wonderful truths of the autlienticity of
the Bible as shown through the prophesies
of the marvelous History of the Jews or any
one of a dozen of other lines of research.
His religion is of the active type also which
prompts him to steady and constant benev-
olencies. From his earliest record as a busi-
ness man he has always been a generous and
free giver to all works which commend-
ed themselves to his business judgment
whether it be through individual aid or
organization. His jjurse has always been
especially open to the enterprises in which
his wife has been more particularly en-
gaged.
The general summing up of the lessons
conveyed by the life of Mr. Walker, seem to
be that, given good health carefully pre-
served by a well-ordered life, energy, per-
severence, perfect honesty, of that high
type which can reorganize and grant the
rights of others, good principles, rightly ad-
hered to, and Christian integrity, no young
man need fail of success through lack of oj)-
jjortunity. Mr. Walker's eminently useful
and successful life has owed nothing at any
period to inherited advantages of wealth or
position, or to fortunate strokes of acci-
dental success. He has literally hammered
out on his own anvil every bar and nail of
advantage that has reared the structure of
his fortunes. Steady and continuous work,
studiously directed toward a definite and
well-defined object, a willingness and ability
to work and wait for results, and an enthusi-
astic interest in the work in hand have been
the keynotes of his life, and are the elements
of success which are within the reach of all
who d<'eiii them worthv of the strife.
KIN<j8BI'KY, Ceorge Washington.— In
any civilized community no single force con-
tributes more to the general development
and welfare of the i>eople than the newspa-
per press. The man who wields its power
properly is a benefactor in the highest
sense. While his reward may be only the
satisfaction arising from a duty well done,
be is entitled to a large share of the honor
accruing from the progi'ess made from^year
to year. George W. Kingsbury, of Yank-
ton, H. D., is the father of journalism in
that state. He established the pioneer
newspaper, "The Weekly Dakotan'", in the
old Territory of Dakota, in lf<r>2. It is still
a living force under his direction, and is now
known as the "Press and Dakotan", fi'om
the absorption of other newspapers. It has
always been a clean, well-conducted journal,
will an influence for good, which can never
be estimated. It has brought honor and
fame to its founder, and has given him an
historic place in the annals of the growing
state. Mr. Kingsbury was born in the town
of Lee, Oneida county, X. Y., December
lit, 1837. His father, Charles B. Kings-
bury, was a native of Connecticut, where
the family settled in early colonial days, on
coming from England. He was an active,
entei^jrising man, engaged in manufacturing
sash, doors, and blinds, until the >'ew York
(Central railroad through the Mohawk val-
ley was projected. He then took a contract
fur building that road through the central
HISIOKY OF THE GRKAT XUUTHWKST.
GIOOKGE \V. KINGSBURY.
part of tlie state. In Ls.jT he moved to Wis-
consin, and settled at ^Valwo^th couniy,
where two years later he died. His wife was
Miss Euama Barnes, daughter of Abram
Barnes, who was of jS'ew England birth, and
of Scotch-Irish descent. She was born in
Jefferson county, N. Y. Tljey had a fam-
ily of ten children, of whom George Kings-
bury was the fifth. He was reared and
educated in Oneida county, where he was
born. His parents moved to Utica in the
same county when George was about four
years old, so that he had the advantages of
the city schools, until he was eighteen years
of age. In the meantime he learned the
printer's trade. TS'hen he left school he
secured a position with an engineer corps,
engaged in building the T'tica & Black River
railroad. When this was built he went with
the same corps, in 185(i, to ^Visconsin. where
he was employed as a civil engineer in the
construction of the Madison & Prairie dn
Chien railroad. After a trip to St. Louis ana
then Illinois, he returned to St. Louis and
went to work at the printing business, a
craft which once learned it is ditlicult To
aliand(m. In IS.'s Ir. made a change to
Leavenworth, Kan. In July of that year
he was employed bj- a boom town company
to run a paper at Junction Cit^', where he
remained aliout three years and there formed
the ac(iuaintance of Josiah Trask, with
whom he went to Dakota Territory to con-
duct a newspaper and printing business. It
was the 17th day of March, 1802, when Mr.
Kingsbury landed at Yankton, then a mere
trading post. It was the day on which the
first legislature of the Territory convened.
Mr. Trask secured the contract for the pub-
lic printing of the Territory, and employed
.Mr. Kingsbury to take charge of the work.
Mr. Trask went back to Kansas, and in
1S.")4 he was killed at Lawrence by Gueril-
las. But Mr. Kingsbury had bought the
printing business and newspaper the first
year, 1.SG2, and he has conducted it ever
since. He had associated with him for
.several years Hon. F. M. Ziebach. In 1863,
Mr. Kingsbury was elected to the Territor-
ial legislature from Yankton and continued
to serve in that body until ISCT. In 1870
he was appointed United States collector
of internal revenue, and held that office, per-
forming the duties, until it was abolished.
In 1894 he was elected to the State Senate.
In 1897 he was appointed by Governor Lee
to the State Board of Charities and Correc-
tions, which has charge of all the charitable
and penal institutions of the state, a posi-
tion which he still holds. Mr. Kingsbury
has also served as countj- commissioner, and
as a member of the Board of Education.
In all the positions he has discharged the
duties with fidelity to the interests of the
peojjle and to the honor of himself and his
constituents. He was married to Miss
Lydia M. Stone, near Lawrence, Kan.,
September 20, 18G4. He had just built a
new house and she was installed as mistress.
This has been their home from the first.
Here their children were born and reared.
They have three sons: George W., Theodore
H. and Charles S. Kingsbury. Mrs. Kings-
bury died February 1, 1898. Nothwith-
standing the growth of the trading post into
a modern city, with many elegant mansions
and pretentious buildings, the old home of
HISTORY OF 'rriR GRKA'P NdltTIIWEST.
the Kingsburys is still a model of comfort,
more liigblT prized by its oeeuiKiuts than
would be auy other that could be built.
Mrs. Kingsbury was a real helpmeet. While
she made a truly attractive home, she was
influential and prominent in every move-
ment for charitable and educational worK.
As far as her woman's sphere would ])ermit,
she was a worthy compeer of her distin-
guished and perliaps better known iiusband,
of whom she was the sympathetic and inter-
ested conij)anion for tliirty-tive years. Mr.
Kingsbury is still in active life. He has
been urged frequently to accept the gover-
norshij) and other state ottices, but Ife has
steadily refused jiolitical honors. He is
still interested in the mining business, in
which he was actively engaged from IS70 to
1875, in the San Juan district of Colorado,
where he spent the summer mouths for three
3'eai"s, leaving his newspaper business in
charge of a partner. Though most of the
mining stock was taken up by capitalists of
Milwaukee, Mr. Kingsbury and his Yankton
friends hold and control a considerable in-
terest in the original venture. His life work
has been a success, fruitful to himself, and
a blessing to the state to which he has so
bountifully contributed in its development.
COOl'EK, John. — The wealth and pros-
perity of the state of M iuuesota depend upon
turning over the sod. The man who pro-
motes and encourages this labor is a public
benefactor, while conspicuous service in
long-continued eflorts to build up agricult-
ural interests is worthy of the highest hon-
ors. Yet the recognition of public service
in this important field is, too often, niggard-
ly in the extreme, compared to that given to
men in political and commercial life. When
it is considered that every lawyer, merchant,
manufacturer, railroad mechanic and clerk
must be paid by the men who turn over the
sod; that practically all the taxes which sup-
port public institutions, no matter by whom
the money is turned into the treasury, come
from the ground, and, in a word, that mod-
ern civilization is possible only by having
the earth tilled, does it not seem unfair, in
distributing the rewards, to pass by with
such short courtesy the men who sustain the
whole fabric of the commonwealth? Still a
few men do attain distinction in this d^art-
ment of human activity. Among those in
the Northwest, who, by their energy, ability,
perseverence and successful labors in con-
nection with agriculture, have earned laurels,
the subject of this sketch must always be
prominent. Although a native of a city, it
is rarely the fortune of any man to be more
useful in the field of rural economies. John
Cooper was born in Philadelphia, January 1,
1^'M. His father, James Cooper, was a
native of Belfast, Ireland. He was a car-
penter by trade, which he followed until he
came to IMiiladclphia. in l.S:5li, when he en-
gaged in the business of contractor and
builder. After a few years he bought a
small saw mill in the village of Haddington,
about four miles west, but now a part, of the
city. He added a feed mill, and put in the
basement machinery for grinding and polish-
ing tools. Here for several years he ground
and polished all the edged tools and saws
manufactured by the celebrated establish-
ment of Harry Uisston, then in its infancy.
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
He finally sold out and accepted the agency
of the great Barkley tract, comprising SU,UUU
acres of coal and timber laud in northern
I'ennsylvania, the owner of which was the
famous porter brewer, Charles Barkley, of
London, who, frightened at the "know-noth-
ing" movement, then rife, detei-mined to
sell the property, fearing excess taxation.
The i-egion was then a wilderness without
means of transportation — as the Erie rail-
road and other lines which now traverse
that whole country were not built. Mr.
Cooper, with his accustomed vigor, began
operations at once, moving on the tract with
his family, although the conveniences of
living were of the rudest description. He
cleared up a hundred acre farm tor himself;
opened up two settlements, built saw^ mills
for them, and opened a coal mine. His chil-
dren were without school privileges, and
w^ere taught the rudiments of education by
his wife, whose maiden name was Isabell
iseil. She was the daughter of a Belfast
merchant, and had received a good educa-
tion. She was married to James Cooper at
home, in Belfast, in IS:'A, and the next year
the young couple struck out for themselves
by coming to America. Being a woman of
line natural ability and of forceful charac-
ter, she conformed herself to the situation,
and was a true helpmate to her husband, as
well as a leading spirit in the community.
Under her tutelage and instruction, impart-
ed at night and at catch times, John was
reared until fifteen years of age, when she
died. Under these pioneer conditions, with
population scattered so as to make schools
and churches impossible; without an acces-
sible market for produce; with sickness and
a doctor ten miles away; with no roads, only
tracks through the stumps, and grinding
mills rare, it required the utmost vigor of
every member of the family to secure a bare
living. It was this rugged training which
prepared John Cooper for the career which
has so distinguished him, for habits of in-
dustry, persistent energy and indomitable
courage in attacking all obstacles besetting
his path to success, ^^'hen John was about
of age he left for the West, reaching Minne-
sota on the steamer "Northern Bell," Sun-
day, October 26, 1856. His father sold the
home farm and other proi>erty the following
year and started for Minnesota, traveling
by team to Butt'alo, then by the lakes to
Milwaukee, and overland from there to the
then Territory, settling finally on a farm in
Bethel township, Anoka county, in July,
1857; where he lived to the ripe age of
eighty-seven years. He died on the second
of April, 1893. He was a man much respect-
ed for his sterling qualities of heart and
mind. He was an open-hearted, true fron-
tiersman and never turned from his door
one needing any kind of assistance. In
politics he was an old-line whig "free-soil-
er" abolitionist, and, at last, a stalwart Re-
publican. When James Cooper and family
moved to Haddington, John was a delicate
child, just old enough to toddle to a private
school in the neighborhood. The building
where the school was situated was on low
ground. And there he contracted a maleri-
al disease which cut short the attempt at
schooling, and from which illness he did not
recover for several years. In the northern
part of the state to which the family moved
there were no schools before he was old
enough to take charge of the home farm.
That duty fell to him because his father was
whofly occupied with Barkley"s affairs. In
fact, John began his farm work when he was
about ten years of age, such was the press
of circumstances. When he came to the
Territory of Minnesota, as stated, he settled
on a farm in the northern part of Anoka
county, securing a pre-emption claim on sec-
tion 29, town 23, range 31. This he opened
up and continued to cultivate. His faith in
agricultural land has never wavered, as prov-
ed by his ownership of several farms since
he came to the state. At present he owns
the noted Linden Grove Shorthorn Breeding
Farm, adjoining the city of St. Cloud, the
stock of which has taken the highest rank
for twenty years. He is also the owner of
a grain farm of superior excellence about
twelve miles from the city. Besides these,
he has a number of tracts in various parts of
tlie state, all of which have been selected
with his usual judgment of value. About
1880 he engaged in the lumber business with
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
S. A. Gray, under the partuership name of
Cooper & Gray. They ac(iuired large tracts
of land in the northern part of the state, cut,
drove, and sold their logs to manufacturers.
This business was continued with the same
marked success that has characterized all
his undertakings, for he has the qualities
to bi'iug success from conditions which
would be disastrous to most men. In 1892,
finding his health impaired by his intense
and long continued application to the busi-
ness, he sold his lumbering interest to D. H.
Freeman, the firm becoming Freeman &
Gray. Since then, Mr. Cooper, while retain-
ing his large and varied interests in the
state, has spent a part of his winters in
California on a small orange ranch in the
Moreno valley. But while apparently ab-
sorbed in his own private business, Mr.
Cooper has not ignored or neglected his
duties as a public-si)irited citizen. In 1802
he enlisted as a private in Company A of the
Eighth Regiment of Minnesota Volunteers.
The first year of service was spent in fight-
ing the Indians, who were finally driven to
the then wilderness of Idaho by the Sully
expedition. The rest of the term of service
was spent in the South, under Thomas at
Nashville and elsewhere, and with General
Schofield, going to North Carolina via Wash-
ington and the Atlantic coast, landing at
Kingston and finishing, under Sherman, in
the capture of Johnson's army, the event
which closed the war. He never was a poli-
tician, and his taste never ran to office-seek-
ing, yet he is an ardent Rei)ublican, and in
apparent emergencies has rendered valuable
service to his party. He has held but few
political offices. Under President Grant he
was appointed Deputy Assessor and Col-
lector of Internal Revenue and served seven
years. In 1888 he was elected a presidential
elector and voted for Harrison. He also
served for many years as chairman of the
Stearns County Republican Committee. In
what may be called the non-partisan sphere
he has rendered valuable public service as
town assessor, city aldernuin, member of
school boards, and he was chosen by the
legislature a member of the Non-partisan
State Reformatory Board, which located and
built the institution at St. Cloud, and on
the board he served eleven years, the last
jear as its president. From many points
of view, however, his services as a member
of the State Agricultural Society were more
valuable to the state at large, perhaps, than
any of the other public duties performed by
him. He was made a member of the society
in 1884, when its annual fair was held at
Owatouna. Tlie outlook was far from en-
couraging. The organization did not own a
cent's worth of property and it was encum-
bered with a debt of nine thousand five
hundred dollars, thus being absolutely
bankrupt. Mr. Cooper, on entering his work
on the board, took hold of its affairs with his
customary zeal and practical sense, and at
the close of the year the debt was reduced to
four thousand dollars. The next year he
helped to locate the society in its present
home. He devoted seven years of hard work
to its interests, and when he withdrew, in
1891, he left the organization free from debt,
with a snmll surplus in the treasury and in
possession of a property worth nearly five
hundred thousand dollars. Mr. Cooper
would not claim that this great achie^jement
was due to his sole efforts, but nevertheless
his business experience, ketui foresight, and
natural genius for success contributed to the
result in no small degree. As if to recog-
nize his valuable services, the board, in
1897, when Mr. Cooper was in California,
elected him president of the society unani-
mously. Since then he has received the
marked compliment of being re-elected for
the second, third and fourth times, niiring
his tenn as president the society, besides
])aying liberal current expenses, has sjient
of its own earnings more than twenty-five
thousand dollars in improving the grounds
and buildings, and at the expiration of his
term of office, in January, 1901, had a
surplus of over eighteen thousand dollars
in the treasury. These facts s])eak for them-
selves. He is a member of the State Farmers
Institute Board and of the State Forestry
Board, created by the legislature at the ses-
sion of ]89!>. Mr. Cooper affiliates with the
Methodist Episcopal church, of which his
wife is a member, and to which they are
IIISTOKi' OI'' THE GRKAT X01{TII\\EST.
liberal eontilbutors. Her maiden name was
Meliuda Havward, and she was married to
Mr. Cooper in 187:$. She is a woman of fine
attainments and stronj*' character, thon^h of
retirinji' disixisition. To her sound judge-
ment and pertinent advice Mr. Coojier at-
tributes much of the success which has fol-
lowed his various undertakings.
DOW, James Jabez. — The superintendent
of the School for the Blind, a department of
the Minnesota Institute for Defectives at
Faribault, James J. Dow, was born at Mid-
napore, Bengal Presidency, India, February
15, 184S, where his father was a missionary
belonging to the Free Will Baptist denomin-
ation. The same .year he returned, in broken
health, to the United States, bringing his
family with him, among whom was his in-
fant son, James. The father was James C.
Dow, a native of Maine. His theological
course was taken at the Parsonfleld Theo-
logical Seminary. After his ordination he
preached at Dover, N. H., and other places.
In 1S4.S he was married, and soon after the
young couple left for India. On Mr. Dow's
return he preached at Bucktield, Me., Phoe-
nix, N. Y., and in East Killingby, Conn.
In 1854, on account of failing health,
he retired from the ministry, went to
Maine and lived on a farm, teaching
school winters. In 1865 he came West, first
to Minnesota. Then he tried South Dakota,
but finally returned to Minnesota, and died
at St. Charles, in 1899, at the age of eighty-
one years, highly esteemed and respected by
all who knew him. He had twelve children,
ten of whom are yet living. The Dow fam-
ily came from Norfolk, England, in 1637, and
settled at Hampton, N. H. Many of them
were "seafaring men." The grandfather of
the subject of this sketch was a well-to-do
farmer and a prominent citizen. The maiden
name of Mr. James J. Dow's mother was
Hannah Oould Bacon, born at Wilton, Me.,
in 1825. After her husband's death she lived
with her children at St. Charles and Winona,
Minn. She was a granddaughter on her
mother's side of Silas Oould of Dunstable,
Mass., who enlisted in Col. Bridges' Massa-
chusetts Regiment in 1775, at the age of fif-
teen yeare. He fought at Bunker Hill,
where the Dunstable company of which he
was a member was the last to leave the re-
doubt. He re-enlisted in December, 177G,
without leaving the field, in the Connecticut
Continentals. He was at Boston when evac-
uated by the British, went with his regiment
to New Yoi'k, fought with Sullivan at Long
Island, and narrowly escaped capture, was in
the retreat across New Jersey and fought at
Trenton and Princeton, after the expiration
of his term of service. He settled in Maine
after the war, and was a colonel of the state
militia. Mrs. Dow's father was a captain
of the state militia, a fanner and prominent
citizen of Wilton, Mass. James began his
t'ducation in the country school of East Kil-
lingby, Conn. For two years he was nnder
the tuition of a remarkable man, who had
been under the influence of Horace Mann and
Henry Barnard when they were at the height
of their success. James then attended the
lountry schools in Maine, which were gen-
erally excellent in winter, and under masters
capable of fitting pupils for college. In 1863
he lacked one year of being ready to enter
college. That year he enlisted, when only
fifteen years old, in Company F, Second
Maine Volunteer Cavalry regiment and
served with the organization until it was
mustered out, in November, 1865. It was
in active field service in southern Louisi-
ana, Alabama and west Florida. The regi-
ment suffered heavy losses from climatic
causes, exposure and hardships. The serv-
ice was more fatal than is common even in
the most destructive battle campaigns. Of
the original one hundred enlisted men in Mr.
Dow's company, forty-one lost their lives —
a jiercentage of loss scarcely equalled by any
regiment in the army, in the same length of
time. The education which was interrupted
by his ardent patriotism was resumed in
1869. That year he entered the Academy
of Carleton College at Northfield. Minn., com-
jjleted his preparation and entered the col-
lege in 1870, and giaduated in 1874 with the
degree ol A. B. In 1879 he received his
degree of ;Master of A.rts, and in 1899, the
degree of L. H. D. was bestowed upon him
HISTORY OF THE GKKAT M )i;TinVi:ST.
by the same college. Although a ooiiipar-
atively young man, he i.s a liistorical land-
mark of that thriving institution, having
graduated in its first college class. Tliere
is also a unique romance conriected with the
event. The class was composed of only two
nieniltcrs — Mr. Dow and Miss !Myra Amelia
Hrowii. She was born in Fitchburg, Mass..
of a family whose ancestors came to America
in the seventeenth century. She came to
Minnesota with her parents, who settled at
Monticello, Wright county, in 1854. Slu-
graduated with Mr. Dow, and took the same
degree of A. B. They were married the same
year, 1S74. The class honors instead of be-
ing divided wei-e thus united, ("arleton Col-
lege is a co-educational institution, and it
seems eminently fitting that its first class
should rest upon such a dual foundation.
Mr. Dow's first service after graduation was
that of superintendent of city schools of
Austin, Minn., for one school year. In .\ii
gust, 1875. he accepted the position of prin-
cipal of the Department for the Blind in the
Minnesota Institute for the Deaf and l^umb
and Blind. In ISSl, on the re-organization
of the establishment, he was made superin-
tendent of the department, a merely nominal
change, for his duties and responsibilities
lemained the same. He holds that ]iosition
at the jiresent time, 1901. He has been the
president of the As;^ociation of Iiistru<'tors
of the Blind of North America. In 1900
he was elected ])resident of the Minnesota
Conference of Charities and Corrections.
He is also an active member of the National
Educational Association. Besides being
thus active in educational organizations, he
is interested in patriotic and fraternal soci-
eties. He is a past post commander of the
Ct. a. R., being, in ISSG, post commander of
Michael Cook Post, No. 12?!, Department of
^Minnesota, and in 1P91 he was a delesate to
the National Encam])ment of the ord(>r. He
is a member of the Sons of the American
Revolution, and of the Masonic Order, Fari
bault Lodge, No. 9, and Royal Anh Chapter.
No. 8, in the same city. He is in general
affiliation with the Republican jiarty. In
religion he is a Congregationalist. having
been consecutivelv a niemlier of that church
.r.\Mi:s .1. iMiw.
at Dover, and Nt)rtlilield, and now at Fari-
bault. His children are — (Jharles Francis,
born 1875, who has taken a partial college
course at Carleton and at the Univcn-gity of
^linnesota, but who is now an invalid; .Tames
Chase, born in 1877, is a graduate of the en-
gineering department of the University of
Minnesota, class of 1900, as an electrical en-
gineer, and he is now on professional duty
with the Twin City Rapid Transit Company
at the main powei'house at St. Anthony
Falls; four children, two boys and two girls,
r.re dead. The others are Margaret Whit-
ney, born in 1S92, and AN'illiam Could, born
1895.
BELI)F:N, Henry Clay. — Judge Belden is
of New England ancestry, of the race which,
overflowing the Alleghanies. has carried the
germ of its culture and the vigor, enterprise,
anil energy cliaraclerislic of il to all ])ai-ts
of llie nation, and especially lo the North-
west. How wide-sjiread and thoi-oughly has
this new England leaven i)ermeated these
regions is shown by an incident of recent oc-
currence. .\ I'liited Stales senator waa
called lo make an address in a small lown
HENKY C. BELDEN.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
bevond the Mississippi. At the close of the
ineetiug he was invited, without previous
notice, to a banquet which had been spon-
taneously improvised for the occasion. Two
hundred guests sat round the board, and
every one of them was a native of the sena-
tor's own New England state. A similar
group could be gathered in scores of other
places in every state of this region. The
influence of this thrift and intelligence can
scarcely be over-estimated.
Henry C. Belden was born at Burke, Vt.,
in 1841. His father, Haynes W. Belden,
was a farmer of limited means and of Eng-
lish descent. His mother, Lydia P. (Blake)
Belden, was of Scotch parentage. Young
Belden received his early education in the
public schools and by private tuition, supple-
mented by a course at the academy until he
was prepared to teach. He then taught for
two years, but he chose law for his profes-
sion and in 1861 entered, as a student, the
office of Hon. Thomas Bartlett, at Lyndon,
Vt., where he remained until admitted to the
bar in 18<i4. He immediately commenced
practice. In 1870 he formed a partnership
with Elisha ilay. at St. Johnsbnry, Xt.. un-
der the tirm name of Belden & May, which
continued until 1S73, when he united with
Henry C. Ide, now a member of the Philip-
pine commission. Mi-. P.eldcn was the sen-
ior member of the jtartnership, the style of
the firm being IJeldeu & Ide. This undoubt-
edly was one of the strongest law firms of
the state, which fact, it seems, the i)ublic was
not slow in discerning, for the most import-
ant litigation in northwestern Vermont and
other sections of the state, and even in other
New England states, came into their hands.
Mr. Belden had been prosecuting attorney
in Vermont from 1S(>7 to 18fi!). During this
partnership he was elected state senator for
the term 187« to 1878, and re-elected for the
following term, 1878 to 1880, and was chair-
man of the judiciarycommittee of the Second
congressional district for several years, and
a delegate to the national Kejiublican con-
vention in 1880. The partnership with Mr.
Ide continued until 1884, when Mr. Belden,
whose health had been declining for several
years from nervous itrostration. probably in-
duced by over-work, determined to seek a
change of climate to restore it. With this in
view he came to Minneapolis, Minn., where
so many health seekers are benefitted. Al-
though the bustling city was not proverbial
as a resting place, Mr. Belden deterniined to
settle here. His reputation as a lawyer" had
preceded him, however. In 1885, the follow-
ing year, he formed a partnership with Hon.
J. B. Gilflllan and C. A. Willard, under the
firm name of Gilflllan, Belden & Willard.
This combination made a strong firm. It
secured many of the most important cases of
litigation before the courts. It was dis-
solved when Mr. Belden took up the duties
of district judge in 1895. He, however, re-
signed the judgeship May 1, 18!»7. and then
entered the law fii-m of Hahn & Hawley, un-
der the firm name of Hahn, Belden & Haw-
ley. which is distinguished for the number
of important cases placed in its charge, and
is still continued. Judge Belden was mar-
ried in 1865 to Caroline H. Kimball, and
they rejoice in a generous family of five chil-
dren: Mary B.. Helen L., Agnes E., George
K., and Harry I. Belden. Mr. Beldefl is ac-
tive in all measures designed to promote the
interests of the city and state, and is a mem-
ber of the Minnekada Club, a popular social
organization, member of the Board of Trade,
and of the Commercial Club, two organiza-
tions especially designed to look after the
business interests of the city.
NELSON, Rensselaer K. — Few men have
been privileged to point to a record of nearly
forty years' service on the federal district
bench. Such an honor is rare in the history
of jui'isprudence. From its admission to
statehood in 1858, up to 1896, Minnesota had
as its representative on the United States
district bench Hon. Rensselaer R. Nelson,
of St. Paul. Judge Nelson was born at Coop-
erstown, N. V., in May, 1826, and combines
a strain of Irish, Scotch, English and Dutch
blood in his veins. He is a son of Samuel
Nelson, for many years one of the judges
of the New York supreme court, afterward
IIISTOKY OF THE GUKAT NORTHWEST.
UENSSELAKIt K. NELSON.
an associate justice of the United States
supreme court, aud Catherine Russell. His
paternal great-graudfather, John Nelson,
came to this couutrv from Ballibay, Ireland,
in 176'4, when his grandfather, John Rogers
Nelson, was a child, settling in Washington
county, N. Y., and served as sergeant in the
war of the Revolution. Here his father,
Samuel Nelson, was born in 1792. On the
maternal side he is a grandson of John Rus-
sell and Elizabeth Williams, and great-
grandson of Ebeuezer Russell, a Revolu-
tionary soldier. On the same side he is
descended from John Nelson, who was born
in England in 15'J5, settled at Cambridge,
Mass., in 1035, aud was an intimate friend
of Governor Bellingham. Judge Nelson pre-
pared for college in llie military school of his
native town, and at Hartwick Seminary. He
entered Yale College in 1842, graduating
four years later. Soon after he began the
study of law in the office of Hon. J. R. Whit-
ing, of New York City, and finished his stud-
ies in the office of Hon. George A. Stark-
weather, in Cooperstown. He was admitted
to the bar in 1S49, and began practicing in
Buffalo. He came west, however, the follow-
ing year, arriving in St. I'aul on May 12. He
continued his practice here until 1854, when
he remo\ed to Superior, Wis., and for a year
served as district attorney of Douglas coun-
ty. He returned to St. I'aul in the fall of
is'}') and resumed his law practice. In April,
1857, he was appointed territorial judge for
Minnesota by I're.sideut Buchanan, and on
May 11 of the following year, the year Min-
nesota was admitted to the Union, was ajj-
pointed United States district judge for that
state. He served continuously until the
seventieth anniversary of his birthday, in
May, 1890, when he I'esigned to take a rest
from the arduous duties of his long judicial
career. By reason of the great extent of his
circuit, and the fact that for many years the
criminal laws of the United States were al-
most exclusively administered by the district
court judges, Judg>^ Nelson's duties were of
a very laborious and complex character. •
But he was a hard worker and seldom took
leave of his chambers. During his long
career on the bench he was compelled to pass
upon nearly every conceivable legal proposi-
tion; but he has had few decisions overruled,
hence his high standing as a jurist. Per-
liaps one of his must striking characteristics
was his keen instinct to grasp the the merits
of a proposition very quickly. His charges
to the jury, too, were so clear as to leave no
doubt as to the facts in the case nor the law
covering the case. He has enjoyed the un-
qualified confidence and respect of both
the bar and the peojile of the state, and is
highly esteemed in private life, not only for
his eminent legal abilities, but his rare social
qualities as well. In politics, he has been a
life-long Democrat, but has never been a
strong partisan. He was honored in 1901
by being made the nominee of his party in
the legislature to succeed the Hon. Knute
Nelson to the United States senate. Novem-
ber 3, 1858. he was married to Mrs. Emma
F. Wright, nee Beebee, of New York. They
have had two children, Emma Beebee and
Kate Russell. The latter died when eight
vears old.
EVANS, Robert Grenap.— One of the
most i>opular public men in the state of Min-
nesota is Robert G. Evans, the present
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
United States district attornev. He is a
man of rare genialty, courteous in his treat-
ment of every one, and generous and sincere
in his friendships. Such excellent qualities
of good fellowship, when combined with his
open-handed and square dealing in politics,
have won for "Bob" Evans, as he is familiar
ly known, the friendship of every man with
whom he has come in contact. Mr. Evans"
parents were born in Kentucky, and were of
^yelsh and English descent. In the early
50's, Joseph S. Evans, his father, while yet
a yt)ung man, moved from Kentucky and
located at Troy, Ind. Here he was engaged
in farm work for a short time, later enter-
ing the mercantile business at Rockport.
Ind., in 1850. ^^■ith the exception of a few
years devoted to agricultural pursuits, he
continued in the mercantile business until
1874. More recently he has been in the in-
surance business at Kockport. He was mar-
ried while at Troy to Mary C. ('otton. Her
father was a prominent physician in the
Hoosier state, and was a member of the con-
stitutional convention which revised the
constitution of that state in 1852. Bobeit
G. was born at Troy, Ind., March 18, 1854.
His early educational training w'as received
in the schools of Kockport. In his eigh-
teenth year he entered the sophomore class
of the state university at Bloomingtou, but
only completed his junior year in that insti-
tution. When 21 years of age he entered
the law office of Charles L. ^^'eddi^g, of
Roikport. At the time he was acquiring
his legal education, he also practiced before
the justice courts of Spencer county. He
was admitted to the bar in 187G. He locat-
ed at Vincennes shortly afterwards, forming
a law partnership with Judge F. W. Viehe,
which was continued until April, 1881, when
he moved to Minnesota, making his home in
Minneapolis, where he has since resided.
His first partnership was fonued with Judge
Daniel Fish, which was continued until No-
vember, 1887, at which time Judge Fish re-
tired from general practice to accept the at-
torneyship of the Minnesota Title Insurance
Com]>any. Mr. Evans then formed his pres-
ent connection with Messrs. A. M. Keith,
Charles T. Thompson and Edwin K. Fair-
KOBEKT G. KVANS.
child, under the tirm name of Keith, Evans,
Thompson & Fairchild. This firm enjoys
an extensive and lucrative practice o# a gen-
eral business character and is regarded as
one of the most prominent law firms in the
state. From 1884 to 181(0 he held the posi-
tion of local attorney for the St. Paul, ilin-
neapolis and Omaha railroad. Mr. Evans'
political aftiliations are with the Republican
party, for which he has done a gi-eat deal
of valuable and effective work. He was «
member of the Indiana state central com-
mittee for two years, but declined reappoint-
ment. Though a new arrival to the state of
Minnesota, he threw himself into the vig-
orous campaign of 1884 with all the enthusi-
asm of which he is capable, and with the de-
votion he has always ennced in the cause
of the part^-. He stumped the state, making
a number of effective speeches, and this he
has done at every general election since. He
is a forcible si)eaker, convincing in his logic,
and, as such, has contributed iuvaluable
service to his party. He has never sought
political preferment for himself, but has al-
ways been willing to sacrifice his time and
private interests to the good of the jiarly.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Two .years after becoming a resident of ilin-
nesota, he was elected as a nieniher of the
state central committee, and in December,
1887, was chosen as a member of the Kejmb-
lican National (^ommittee to fill the vacancy
caused by tlu- resignation of Senator Davis.
In 1888 he was elected for the next ensuing
tenn of foui- years, re-elected in 1892, and
declined a re-election in 18!)(i. He has al-
ways been an active member of the T'nion
League, and was president of that organiza-
tion in 1885 and 1880. In I'ecognition of his
eminent services to the party he was ap-
pointed, in 1808, without seeking the office,
Tnited States district attorney for the state
of Minnesota by President McKinley. On
the death of Senator C. K. Davis, with whom
he had closely attiliated ever since 1884, he
has also so far followed in the footsteps of
the distinguished senator as to be his suc-
cessor as national committeeman and to fill
likewise the same office of Ignited States
district attorney. It was therefore only nat-
ural that very many should regard Mr. Ev-
ans as a logical successor of Mr. Da^is in the
senatorship, for which eminent legal and
forensic abilities fully qualified Mr. Evans.
Having received the almost unanimous sup-
port of the state senators and membei's of
the House from his own district he entered
the canvass, and secured the largest vote of
any single candidate. The "field, "' however,
was against him, and by combining brought
about his defeat. But Mr. Evans increased
the public esteem which brought him so
near the goal by pledging anew his loyalty
to the principles of his party, and by his
sincere acquiescence in the result. Mr. Ev-
ans is a member of the Commercial Club and
the Minneapolis Club. His church connec-
tions are with the Methodist Episcopal body.
In 1877 he was married to Miss Mary Gra-
ham, at Evansville, Ind., and has three chil-
dren living — Margaret, Stanley and Graham.
Mrs. Evans passed away April 1;5, 1901.
KORRED, Charles Henry, M. D., of Min-
neajtolis, Hennei)in county, ^Minn., was a
son of William and Elizabeth Ellen (Dow-
dell) Korred, and was bora in Loudon coun-
ty, Ya., January 19, 1842. The mother died
when Dr. N(nred was a small lad. His father
was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, and his
mother in Loudon county, Va., and they were
both of English descent. Dr. Xorred was
educated in Ihe public schools of Illinois and
in the Illinois State University at Si)ring-
field. After leaving college he studied medi-
cine with Dr. R. S. Lord of Springlield and
received his medical education at I'ope's
Mediciil College, St. Louis, Mo. Subsequent
to his military service he graduated at Jef-
ferson Medical C'ollege in Philadelphia and
at the School of Anatomy and Surgery of
Pennsylvania. He first settled for private
luactice at Dawson, Sangamon county. 111.
William Norred, father of Dr. Norred, was
a miller and lumberman, and removed with
his family in 1844 from Loudon county, Va..
to Sangamon county, 111. This portion of
Illinois was then sparsely settled but rapid-
ly filling up. Mr. Norred entered and
purchased a large quantity of land, and built
flour mills, and established lumber yards on
the South Branch of the Sangamon river,
some eight miles east of Springfield. Young
Norred, growing up amid these surroundings,
ac(]uired a practical knowledge of farming,
stoi-k-raising, lumbering, engineering and
milling. He was competent to superintend
the farm work, set up and operate an engine,
di'ess burrs, run the flour mill, take charge of
the lumber yards, and buy and sell stock.
From the time he was eighteen years of age
he was an athlete, weighing about one hun-
dred and ninety pounds, and in perfect form,
and, while genial and popular with the young
people, he was a man who had opinions of
his own, and his opponents regarded him as
the right kind of a man to let alone. In all
of his legal controversies Dr. NoiTed's father
employed Abraham Lincoln, and one of the
j)leasantest recollections of Dr. Norred's
boyhood is of that great man, then compar-
atively unknown, taking him upon his knees
and kindly talking w ith and advising him as
to his future life. Young Norred was of
course one of the enthusiastic "wide awakes"
in the presidential campaign of 1860. Lin-
coln's integrity and ability, and his mar-
HISTORY OF TflK GKEAT N( )KTin\F.ST.
vcldiis siiiijilicity of character, made a last-
iiifi iiiiprcssidii upon Dr. Norred and in-
llncnced and moulded, to a jireat extent, liis
liolitioal views.
Early in 18fi2 he enlisted as a private in
the One Hundred and Fourteenth Illinois
Volunteer Infantry and organized the first
regimental hospital for the regiment at
(^anip Butler. lie liad been in the ranks
but a short time when he was jjermitted to
go before the Illinois State Military Examin
ing Board and i)assed a successful examina-
tion as senior assistant surgeon, and was
thereuiion commissioned an assistant
surgeon, from whicli time on he served in
various military hos])itals, until he was or-
dered to the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, and
placed in charge of the medical department
of that regiment, where he was on duty un-
til the close of the war. He is a member of
John A. Kawlins Post, No. lliC, (i. A. R., and
was, for a number of years, consulting sur-
geon to and examining surgeon for the Min-
nesota Soldier's Home and ^ledical Director
of the Dei>artnu'nt of Minnesota, Grand Ar-
my of tlie Kepublic. Dr. Norred was ITnited
States Examining Surgeon under President
Han-ison. While holding this position, his
broad symi)ath.\- and generous attitude toward
the old soldiers and faithfulness in the duties
of his office, placed liini in high repute with
the administration, as well as with every
soldier in his district. He was let out by
the Cleveland administration, but was un-
animously endorsed by the veterans of his
district after President McKiuley's election
and ordered reinstated by the Civil Service
Commission as T'nited States Examining
Surgeon at Minneai)olis, and is at this time
president of Board No. 1, United States Ex
amining Surgeons. His presence on the
board is a sufficient guai-antee to the old sol-
diei- and to the Ciovernment that justice will
be done alike to both. He is at this time (uie
of the consulting surgeons to tlie City Hos
I)ital at Minnea])olis. He has been for many
years a member of Hennepin County Medical
Society, the Minnesota State Jledical Society,
and the American .Medical Association, lie
is a Scottish Rite Mason and a Knights Tcui
l)lar, and is at the ]iresent time a member of
CUAKLIOS II. XIIKKKIl. .M. H.
Wesley Methodist church, Minneapolis. On
November Hi, ISti.j, Dr. Norred was married
to Elizabeth Sedate Dalbey, and they re-
moved to Minnesota in 1885. Two jjhildren
were borni to them, Charles Elmer, born
Ajiril (■>, INtiT, and died Sejitember I'll, ISilT.
\Villiaiu Asbury was born December '1\.
18(J!t, is living with his father and is a
student in the medical dejjartment ol the
Cniversity of Minnesota. Elizabeth Sedate,
his wife, died March 20, 1808.
In the si)ring of 1!)(I0, a small-pox epidemic
swept over the City of Minneapolis. Tlie
Health dei)artment seemed unable to cope
with the epidemic. At the instance of many
of the leading jjhysiciaus of the city, and at
the unanimons request of the Board of
Health and without solicitation on his part.
Dr. Norred was tendered the jiosition of spe-
cial (]uaraiitine officer of the city, which he
acceiited. After serving in this capacity for
a little over six months and having quaran-
tined ab'out four hundred cases, he jiresented
the city with a clean bill of health, and at
his suggestion and earnest solicitation the
jMiblic-siiirited citizens of Minneajuilis con-
tributed funds for construction of three fine
(|uarantine hospitals in the city. Dr. Norred
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
as special quarantine officer prosecuted his
work witli so niudi zeal and skill that he
compelled the admiration and approval of all
classes of citizens. The result of his work
at this time and in this line is one of the
many testimonials of his faithful, sterling
life work.
WHITE, Frank. — The soldier-governor of
North Dakota, Frank White, elected in 1900
by a phenomenal vote, was born at Stillman
Valley, 111., December 12, 1856. His father,
Joshua White, was an early pioneer in the
region north of the Ohio river, and finally
settled in northern Illinois, taking up a farai
on which the city of Stillman Valley now
stands. He came from the original home of
the Whites in Virginia. The family is of
early Scotch-Irish descent, and Joshua White
had a large share of the sturdy characteris-
tics of his race. He was a member of the
constitutional convention of Wisconsin, and
a member of the Illinois state senate for a
number of years. His wife. Governor Frank
White's mother, was a Brown, descended
from the Browns, of Brimfield, Mass., who
were also largely of Scotch-Irish descent.
Both the Whites and Browns were forceful
people and both fought in the Revolutionary
War, so that it is evident that Major White,
the governor, came naturally by the traits
which have made him the idol and the ideal
ofticer of those who served with him in the
late Spanish War. His early education was
obtained in the district school near his home
in Illinois. At seventeen years of age he
was sent to a boarding school at Mt. Morris,
of that state, to prepare for college. In 1876
he entered the University of Illinois, taking
the four years' course in civil engineering,
graduating in that course in 1880. He was
a member of the Delta Tan Delta college
fraternity, and a member of the college mili-
tary organization. There he received his
first military training, passing through all
grades from high private to captain, com-
manding one of the companies of the Univer-
sity Battalion of Illinois National Guard.
Immediately after graduating he was en-
gaged in the engineering department of the,
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway,
where he remained for several years. In
1882 he resigned this position to take charge
of a large farming property in Barnes county,
N. D., in which he became interested. His
success in this great enter]irise, and the ac-
tivity he exhibited in advancing agricultural
interests and in the im])rovement of the so-
( ial conditions in town, county and state,
wher-e he showed so much judgment and
practical wisdom, made him a man of such
influence that he was thrust forward as a
leader in whom the people could have con-
fidence. Although he never sought political
preferment his neighbors brought him out as
a candidate for the lower house of the as-
sembly in ISm, the very day on which he
returned from his fathei'"s funeral. Here he
served so efficiently that he was promoted to
the senate at the next election, where he
seiTed until he resigned to go to the Philip-
pines. Barnes county was a strong center
of Populism, which was at its height in 1803
and 1895, sweeping almost everything politi-
cal before it; yet Mr. White, though an
ai'dent Republican, was* successively elected,
showing remarkable triumjih of sterling char-
acter. In 1891 he joined the National Guard,
and for several years served as ca[)tain of
Company G. In 1894 he was commissioned
major of the North Dakota National Guard,
and has held the position ever since. On the
first call for trooj>s in the Spanish War he
^'oluntecn•ed and was mustered into the
United States service as major early in 1898,
leaving Fargo with his regiment May 26,
1898, and returning September 28, 1899, dur-
ing which time he was constantly in actual
command of his battalion. He was in the
first battle of Manila, August 13, 1898, where
his courage and coolness won the confidence
and devotion of every man in the battalion.
He was also in the first battle with the Fili-
pinos, February 4 and 5, 1899, and was after-
wards in more than twenty engagements, in
all of which he proA'ed his qualities as an
intrepid soldier. He was the same trust-
worthy leader in every emergency, always
resourceful, daring, yet careful of his men,
FRANK WHITE.
HISTORY OK TIIK (iUBAT NORTIIWKST.
whetlun- iiiai'diin};- by uif^lit throuffh the jun-
jrlos jinil iiiii-c. Ill- nisliiufi to the attack t(i
surprise tlie enemy. With sueh leaders it
is uo wonder that Ihe Xortli Dakota rejri-
meut was ■;:iveii such liij^li rauk by Generals
Ovenshine. Kinj;' and Lawton. Since his re-
turn Major AVhite has made Valley City his
home, formiu}:: a law ])artnership under the
tirni name of Lockerby & White. In 1894 he
was married to Miss Elsie Hadley, of Indian-
apolis, who was then a teacher of mathemat-
ics in the State Normal School at Valley
City, N. D. She is a jjraduate of Earlham
College, and took hei- Master degree at the
Michigan University at Ann Arbor. She is
of Quaker extraction on both sides of her
parentage and is still a member of the
Friends' church at Indianapolis. Both hus-
band and wife now attiliate with the Congre-
gational church at A'alley City, though nei-
ther is enrolled as a member. They have
one child, Edwin Lee White, born in l.Sflfi.
Mr. White is a member of the Masonic frater-
nity, having passed through degrees to that
of Knight Tem])lar and Xoble of the Mystic
Shrine. His official residence as governor
will be at Bismarck. What the future mav
bring of course is hidden, but those who
know Governor White and his capable wife
look forward with great confidence. The
governor is in close touch with educational
interests of the state, and is regarded as the
father of the state normal school system.
KEYES, Adson Dean.— While litigation
to equalize transportation rates has consider-
ably abated, and the people have forgotten,
to a great extent, the general public intei-est
in the cases which largely settled the prin-
ciples underlying the controversy, the men
prominent in c(mducting the suits have left
pemianent records of their acumen and legal
lore. Intei-woven with these is the name of
A. D. Keyes. of Faribault. Minn., the learned
attorney in some of the earliest and most im-
jiortant cases. He was bora at Acworth, N.
H., October 22, 1842. His father, Adna
Keyes, was a fai-mer and caqienter in mod-
erate circiinistances. That he was a man of
mure than the average force in the communi-
ty, is shown by his sei-A'ices. He was a jus-
tice of the jieace, a selectman, or town officer,
and a representative in the legislature. His
wife was Betsey Hilliard. Both names sug-
gest early New England ancestry. Young
Adson. after being old enough, was sent to
school, summer and winter, until ten j'ears
old, when his labor became of some value on
tlie farm. He then attended school for eight
weeks in winter, and worked on the farm the
other forty-four weeks of the year. It is not
strange that he should forget in so long a
time each year what he learned at the short
term of school, and thus be obliged to begin
at the same place iii his studies every year.
This continued until a college student be-
came a teacher one winter. He stimulated
the boy to learn and induced him to pursue,
evenings, a course marked out for him, and
lent him some second-hand text books. After
an examination in these night studies, the
boy, at the solicitation of the inspiring teach-
er, determined to undertake a college course.
He then attended two or three terms of "high
school" taught elsewhere — "select schools"
conducted by college students for a tuition
charge, to raise means to pay their college
expenses. At the age of twenty-three Mr.
Keyes entered Kimball Union Academy at
Meriden. N. H.. boarding himself at first,
then paying his board by taking the manage-
ment of a boarding club. During recreation
hours, he earned monej- by working at any-
thing he could find to do. Thus he graduated
in 1808 as the best scholar in the class, and
took the ^ aledictory. The same year he en-
tered Dartmouth College and joined the Tri
Kap])a Society. He was also a commissary of
a boarding club there. During winter vaca-
tions he taught school, and in summer vaca-
tions worked on farms, except one season,
when he served as a waiter at the Crawford
House — a large hotel at the AVhite Moun-
tains. Of course, he kept up with his class
in studies all this time. He graduated in
1S72, when twenty-nine years of age, with
the degi-ee of Bachelor of Arts. This hard
work to pay his expenses from the time he
was twenty-one, — without recreation or ces-
sation.— was not particularly conducive to
HISTORY OF THE GUEAT XOUTHWEST.
jjood health. As ilr. Keves himself has said,
"f?uch a course is an effective remedy fur any
surplus health, or hilaritv, with which a stu
dent may be afflicted." Because of failinj;
health he came to the Northwest the year he
graduated — l!-t72--and .settled at Faribault.
Minn., where he has since lived. He then
took ui) the study of law with Gordon E.
Cole, and, to pay exj)enses, engajied to teach
mathematics in the hifjh school, two hours a
day. In 1873 lie was admitted to the bar and
for six years practiced under and with Mr.
Cole. The subsecpicnt progress of Mr. Keyes
has proved that he built upon a substantial
foundation. He has been city attorney and
county attorney, and has lectured in the law
department of the Minnesota State Univer-
sity. Among the important cases tried by
Mr. Keyes were "the milk rate"" case — State
of Minnesota ex rel. Railroad & Warehouse
Commissioners vs. Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railway Company in the state and
United States courts; and the "long and
short haul'" case — The Boards of Trade I'nion
of Fariuington, Northtield, Faribault and
Owatonna against the same company — both
suits to ei|ualizi' ti-ansjtortation. Of .jury
trials, eliciting public interest, the most i)rom-
iuent perhaps are: A prosecution for killing
a police officer, and an action for libeling a
public schoolteacher. He is now counsel foi'
the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern
Railway Company; Security Bank; Theopold
Mercantile Company; Sheffield Milling Com
pany, Wisconsin Lumber Company, and
Standard Oil Company. As he expresses it,
he was a "Democrat when a boy; Republican
whenaman.'' Asa memberof the legislature,
he was a member of the judiciary committee.
He was the author of the Act of 1887 to ap-
point commissioners to prejiare a jirobate
code. He was also prominent in railroad
and high license legislation. As mayor of
Faribault, he will always be associated with
thel'ublic Library, established, and the City
Hall, camiilete<l. during his administration,
in 1897. He was also a member of the Fari-
bault Board of F]duc<ition for several years,
during which the high school building was
erected. He is now a member of the Board
of Directors of the Public Librarv. Mr.
ADSOX n. KEVES.
Keyes is likewi.se interested in social and lite-
rary affairs, being a Knights Templar, and
formerly president of the Dartmouth Alumni
Association of the Northwest, and for #\-eral
years a member of the Travelers" Club — a
local literary society. He belongs to the
Congregational church, joining by letter
from his college church. In 1872 he was
mairied to Mary E. Weston of Ascutneyville,
\'t., a gi-adiiatc of Kimball Kuion Academy
of till' class of lS(i!). Mr. Keyes modestly
sums up his successful career by saying
that he has taken "some interest and an av-
erage part in a common advancement along
the lines of education, good government, and
general ju-ospei'lty.
\\I],LIS. John Willey.— While the devel-
opment of the Northwest is indebted largely
to men of other states and countries who
have come to take advantage of the better
opjiortunities offered — which are of compar-
atively I'ecent growth — the institutions of
this region are producing men, who, by any
test, are not surpassed in ability, scholar-
slii]i, enter])rise, or any other quality desir-
able in a citizen. They are not yet very nu-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JOHN W. WILLIS.
merous because the Northwest is new, and it
requires time for such products. Some of
the native born, have, however, made splen-
did records in high positions. The subject
of this sketch. Judge John W. Willis, is con-
spicuous among the number. He was born
in St. Paul, Minn., July 12, 1854. His father
was Charles L. A\'illis, a lawyer by profes-
sion, and in good fluancial circumstances.
He came to Minnesota in 1851, from Ohio
where he stood high at the bar, being for a
time at Cleveland the partner of Ex-Gover-
nor Benjamin Wood, of that state. The
Willis family are of English descent, com-
ing to this country in 1640. They settled
in Connecticut and furnished one colonial
governor and many colonial and state of-
ficials. The mother of Judge Willis was the
daughter of one of the most prominent far-
mers in Cuyahoga county, Ohio. Her maid-
en name was Anna Marie Gleeson, and she
was married to Mr. Charles L. Willis in 1852,
at Bedford, Ohio. The early education of
John was obtained in the public schools of
his native city. He graduated at the St.
Paul high school at the head of his class.
To obtain his collegiate education he first
entcfcd the university of Minnesota, but re-
mained there only until the middle of the
Freshman year, when he attended Macal-
ester College, where he qualified himself to
enter the Sophomore class at Dartmouth
(J'ollege, New Hampshire, where he gradu-
ated and took the degree of A. B. in 1877.
While there he was a member of Psi Upsilon
(•ollege fraternity, and, being within the "first
third" of the class, he was made a member of
the Phi Beta Kappa society. In 1880 he
received the degree of A. M. from his Alma
Mater. Having chosen the profession of his
father, he studied law with Oilman & Clough
of St. Paul. Being a superior Greek and
Latin scholar, he was engaged as instructor
of those languages in the St. Paul High
School, while pursuing his law studies. He
was examined before the Supreme Court,
and admitted to practice October 19, 1879.
The next year he opened an office for prac-
tice. His success was almost immediate.
In 1883 he was the Democratic candidate
for Attorney General of the state of
Minnesota. In 1892 he was elected one
of the judges of the Second judicial
district, and sensed six years. In 1894
he was a candidate for associate justice
of the Supreme court, and received 113,-
000 votes. In 189S he was a candidate for
representative in congress and reduced the
previous majority of the opposite party from
10,000 to only 4,000. During all this time
of activity in his profession, as it may be
called, he delivered many addresses on mis-
cellaneous subjects, as well as political
speeches in support of the Democratic party.
He was a member of the St. Paul Board of
Education from 1881 to 1884. He served
as member of the State Board of Charities
and Corrections from 1888 to 1892, and from
1899 to the present time. During his service
on the bench he showed independence, re-
search, and thorough knowledge of the fun-
damental principles of law. Some of his
decisions produced wide-spread discussions,
not only in his own state, but abroad.
Among these may be mentioned his decision
upholding the constitutionality of the "State
Elevator" law; also the one declaring the
"Ticket Scalper" law unconstitutional on
the ground that it created a privileged class.
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NOUTHWEiST.
As a lawyer, he has made a distinguished
record in criminal law, having charge of
some noted cases, while in general practice
he has his full share of important litigation.
In 18JS2 he was married to .Miss Eleanor
R. Forsyth, who died in is;(4. Hi- was
married June 30, 18!)7, to Margaret Wharton
Fitzgerald. In religion he is a member of
the Komau Catholic church. By virtue of
the service of his ancestors, he is a member
of the Sons of the iievolution, and the Sons
of the American Kevolution. He is also a
member of the lienevolent Protective (Jrder
of Elks; Ancient Order of United Workmen;
Ancient Order of Hibernians; Knights of
Columbus, and of tlie Junior Pioneers.
BENTUN, Arthur Hotchkiss.— Among the
successful men still engaged in the active
development of the A'orthwest, and who is
proving the sincerity of his professions of
confidence in the stability of its progress by
practical deeds, A. H. Benton, of Madelia,
Minn., must be given a high place. This
thriving town is noted as the place where the
notorious Northfield robbers were captured,
a generation ago. Mr. Benton is the owner
and manaj-er of the old ^Vatonwan County
Bank, the senior banking institution in the
county. He is one of the early pioneers of the
state, engaging in business in 1871. Arthur
H. Benton was born at Guilford, Conn., May
2t), 1846. His father was Raphael ^Vard Ben-
ton, a native of North Guilford, Conn. He
was a thrifty farmei' in comfortable circum-
stances, and a man of considerable promi-
nence in his native town. His public spirit
and patriotism were demonstrated at the first
call for troops at the breaking out of the
Civil War, in 18G1. He gave up his life for
his country at the battle of Antietam. He
was a descendant of Edward Benton, who
came from the vicinity of London, England,
in 1039, and settled at Guilford, Conn.,—
named from Guilford, a borough town, the
capital of Surry, England. A picture of the
old Benton home is ])nblished in the "Biogra-
phy of Dr. Lyman Beecher," who was adopt
ed and bi'onght uji in this house by Lott Ben-
ton. It was here that Raphael Ward Benton
.vuriiri; ii. iikntdn.
was born, March IS, l,s21. The mother of
A. H. Benton was Mary A. Hotchkiss, the
refined, amiable and kind daughter of Eber
S. Hotchkiss, a we.ilthy shipbuilder»and a
man of influence. He was a descendant of
Samuel Hotchkiss, one of the early settlers
of New England, who could trace his lineage
back to John Roger, the English mai-tyr.
His posterity ha\e been true to the godly
heritage he bestowed, maintaining with un-
tarnished luster the good name be(|ueathed.
Arthur was brought up as the sous of thrifty
New England farmers generally were trained
— working on the farm summers and going
to school winters. His common school edu-
calion was, however, supplemented by an
academic course at the Guilford Institute,
and still further by a thorough coui-se of
business education at the noted Eastern Com-
mercial College at I'oughkeepsie, N. Y., from
which he graduat(Ml in 18G6. He was de-
prived of a mothers care in early childhood.
.\i the loss of his father, in the war, young
i '.en ton, then sixte-n years old, became the
ward of his giandfather. who decided on
farming as tlie boy's future occupation, and
determined that he should renjain on the
lioniestead fai-in. I'lit disliking farming un-
HISTOUY OF TUE GKEAT NORTHWEST.
(Jul the disad vantages attending it in New
England be chose a business career; bence
took the business c-ourse. After bis gradua-
tion he accepted a position in the (Juilford
postottice, in connection with a general store.
The next year, 1807, he was ottered a position
in one of the largest commercial bouses of
liridgeport, Conn., where bis energy and apt-
itude for business soon placed him high on
the roll of salesmen. In 1809 be engaged with
one of tbe largest jobbing and importing
houses ot New York City. Full of energy,
enterprise, and ambition, he determined in
1871 to try his fortune in the Northwest.
Within a week after he came to Minneapolis
he secured employment with the Pillsbury
^lining company — ofiice work and traveling.
He soon became well known in the Nortb-
west. In 1872 be entered into partnership
with C. \V. Foss, under the style of Foss &
Beuton, the business of which developed to
such an extent that another partner was re-
quired, when the firm became Foss, Benton
& Co. It was the only exclusively queens-
ware establishment in Minneapolis, and for
years it was one of tbe leading firms in tbe
Northwest in this line of business, and al-
ways maintained a high position in business
circles. In 1879 Mr. Benton I'etired and
went to Chicago, where be was vei*y success-
ful in business speculation. He returned to
-Minnesota tbe next year, and, in looking
over tbe state, with which he was very fa-
miliar, be decided to settle at Madelia, his
present home. Having capital be engaged
in mercantile business, lands and loans, and
a variety of enterprises. Finally, in 1866,
he purchased the old established Watonwan
County Bank, with which he has ever since
been identified. His business sagacity and
sound judgment of land values and oppor-
tunities have been abundantly confirmed.
The county has developed into one of the
garden spots of the Northwest and Madelia
is the junction of the Watonwan Valley Rail-
road. His business ventures and investments
have realized all his anticipations. When he
stai'ted in the banking business he was asso-
ciated with an attorney, and for two years
apjilied himself to !he study of law. He is
]inhlic spii-ited and lakes ]iride in the welfare
of the city of which he is mayor. His fine
residence is one Of the social centers of the
town, while his coiirtesy, conservative pru-
dence in business, maintaining the position of
tbe bank in all crises, when many others
failed, and bis unquestioned integrity, have
made Mr. Benton strong in tbe confidence of
the people. He was married in 1872 to an
estimable woman, Isabel A. Craik, the daugh-
ter of Andrew Craik, of Minneapolis, an in-
teresting biography of whom is published in
tbe "History of Hennepin ('ounty, Minne-
sota.'" They have two sons, both graduates
of the University of .Minnesota, and admitted
to the practice of law, though now connected
with the banking business of Minneapolis.
Ill politics Mr. Benton has always been a
strong Kepublican, but has many times re-
fused political preferment. His church afBli-
ations in Minneapolis were with the Ply-
mouth Congregational church. Since then,
for twenty years, he has been a liberal sup-
porter, member and trustee of the First Pres-
bvterian church of ^ladelia.
PFAENDER, William, was one of the
first settlers in Minnesota. He came to the
North Star state in the spring of 1855, and
was one of a committee appointed by a Cin-
cinnati colonization society to choose a site
for the headquarters of the German Land
Association, which consisted mostly of mem-
bers of the Nor-th American Turnerbund.
The present site of New Ulm was selected
and the colony settled there in September,
1856. Mr. Pfaender has made New Ulm his
home ever since. He is a native of the city
of Heilbronn, in Germany, where he was
born July 6, 1826. His father was Jacob
Pfaender, a cooper by trade. He served in
the Light Artillery from 1806 to 1812, dur-
ing the Napoleonic Wars. The maiden name
of the mother of our subject was Johanna
Kuentzel. William attended the common
schools of his native town until bis four-
teenth year, when he was apprenticed to, a
mercantile house, where he spent four years
and served as a salaried clerk in the city of
Ulm. Having been suspected of revolu-
HISTORY OF THE OUEAT NOKTHWEiST.
tioncTrr connections, he was compelled to
leave for America in 1848, sacrificing; his
savings to secure release from military scrx
ice. He located at Cincinnati. Ohio, and
secured employment in a fartory at a salary
of |2 a week and hoard. Afterwards he
served as a hotel waiter, and in 184fl was
employed as booklceeper for the (Jerman Kc
publican, where he remained, with few in
terruptions, until he removed to Minnesota.
Jlr. Pfaender was made the manager of tin-
(Jerman Land Assoriation at New T'lm. ami
afterwai'ds was president of the same foi
several years. He also served as ])ostmast(M-
and as register of deeds until Septemhi'i'.
1S61, when he enlisted as a private in the
First Minnesota Battery. He was electi-il
first lieutenant at its organization, and, due
ing the battle of Shiloh. the cai)tain having
been seriously wounded, assumed command.
He was also in command at the siege of
Corinth. Receiving news of the destruction
of New T^lm by the Siou.x Indians on August
20. 1802, he obtained an order from General
Grant to proceed to St. Paul on the recruit-
ing service. On arrival he was placed on
detached .service at St. Peter and Fort
Ridgely, and served as quartermaster
and commissary until tlie First Regi-
ment, Minnesota Mounted Rangers, was
organized, when he was commissioned
lieutenant colonel of the regiment, and
during the summer of 1803 remained in
command of the cavalry serving on the fron-
tier. When the rangers were disbanded, he
went into the Second Regiment Minnesota
Cavalry, with the same rank, assuming com-
mand of the second sub-district of Minne-
sota, occui)ying all the frontier posts from
Alexandria to the Iowa state line, with head-
quarters at Fort Ridgely, and was mustered
out with the regiment on December 7, 1805.
Colonel Pfaender returned to New Ulm, and
in 1870 established a lumber yard; also, in
company with other parties, built a planing
mill and sash factory. He sold out his in-
terests in this business in 187o. In 1880 he
engaged in the real estate and insurance busi-
ness, in which he is still interested, at the
same time running his farm. Mr. Pfaender
WIIvLI,\iM PKAEMlEK.
is a H('|)ublican. lie was a nicmhcr of llie
legislature of ISf)'.) and ISOO; register of
deeds of lirown county, also one of Minne-
sota's presidential electors in 1800; member
of the state senate in 1870, 1871 affd 1872,
and, in 1875, was elected state treasurer,
ser\ing two terms. He was twice ma.vor of
New Ulm and served several times as member
of the city council. He is a member of the
Board of Trade and the Commercial Union
of lliat ci(y. He is also jiresident of the
North American Turnerbund for the district
of Minnesota. December 7, 1851, he was
married to Catherine Pfau, at Cincinnati,
Ohio. Fifteen children wei'e born, of whom
ten are living: William, Jr., Kate (Mrs. Al-
brecht. St. Paul); Loui.se. wife of Dr. G.
Stamni: Jose]ihine, Frederick, Amelia, wife
of Dr. Fritsche; Emma, wife of Charles Han
ser, St. Paul; Alinnic. Herman and .Mbert.
HESTON, John William, president of the
South Dakota Agricultural College, is a na
five of Pennsylvania. His ancestors were
early settlers of that state, the little village
of Hestonvill, a suburb of Philadelphia, hav-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
.mux \V. HKSTON.
ing- received its name from this family, and
it was here that Elisha B. Heston, the father
of our subject, was born. Later he engaged
in business as a coach manufacturer at Belle-
fonte. Centre county. He died in 1890, at
Plainville, Kan., as a result of injuries re-
ceived in a runaway. He was a man who
took a deep interest in educational matters
and served on the school board of Bellefonte
for many years. His wife, Catherine, was a
daughter of Daniel Eckel, a resident of Cen-
tre county. Pa. 8he died the same year as
her husband, at the age of 67. John W. was
born February 1, 1854, near Bellefonte. His
educational advantages were limited to the
attendance of the public schools in the vicin-
ity of his home up to his twentieth year,
when he entered the State College near his
native town. Having no means of his own
to defray the expenses of a college education,
he taught in the preparatory department,
keej)ing up his studies the best he could in
the meantime. He was a diligent student,
however, and was able to complete the class-
ical coui-ise in 1879, graduating with the de-
gree of A. B. Immediately afterwards he
was appointed principal of the preparatory
dejiartment. He remained with this institu-
tion for twelve years, having been advanced
to the position of assistant professor of agri-
culture, and, later, professor of the science
and art of teaching. In 1800, he resigned on
account of his health and came west, locat-
ing at Seattle, Wash. He recovered his
stiength in a few months and was given
charge of the work of organizing a high
school in that city, later becoming its prin-
cil)al. He introduced manual training and
many other valuable features into the school
work, making the high school a model insti
tution of its kind. He remained at its head
for two years and a half, when he was called
to the presidency of the State Agricultural
College at Pullman and for two years was
engaged in organizing the work of that in-
stitution. Having acquired some mining in-
terests near Seattle he spent the following
two years looking after that property. In
181>C, he received the otter of director of the
rtah State Agricultural College, but was
[lersuaded to decline it and go to Brookings,
S. D., where he was honored with the elec-
•tion of president of the South Dakota Agri-
cultural College located at that place. He
took charge in May of that year, and under
his cai)able and elflcient management that
college has assumed high rank among similar
institutions. He has raised the standard of
admission and considerably revised the
course of study, making the work much
more practical than formerly. In recogni
tion of his work as an educator, Mr. Heston
was honored with the degree of LL.D. by the
Seattle University in 1894. Mr. Heston is a
member of the Knights of Pythias and of the
Phi Gamma Deltas, a Greek letter fraternity.
He takes an active part in religious work and
is a member of the Baptist church. He was
married in 1881 to Miss Mary Ellen Calder.
daughter of Dr. James Calder. of Harrisburg.
Pa., who was for ten years president of the
Agricultural College of Pennsylvania. Two
sons have been born: Charles Elisha and
Edward Calder.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JIOTT, Kodney A., was born in ^Varsaw,
(icune.ssee mow ^^'yl)nliul^•) foiiutv, X. Y., Dc-
t-embei- (!, 1825, of i)aterual Scotch and ma-
ternal Dutch ancestry. His father, Daniel
Mott. died before his recollection, leavinji; his
mother and infant sister, now Mrs. J. 1*.
(''ani]>bell. of Sleeker county, ^linn., without
a home or means of support. So the yoinii;
lad was put out from place to j)lace until
about eleven years of age, after which he
maintained and educated liiniself fnmi tlic
income of his own labor. He says he never
became really ac(iuainted with his mother oi-
realized her nobility until during the last
eighteen years of her life, which she s])ent
with him at his Ixuae in Failbault. In May.
1S3.5, the widow ]Molt, with, that sturdy en-
terprise which characterized the self-reliant
mother pioneers of the century, took passage
with her two children on the schooner Aus-
terlitz and sailed around the lakes to Chi-
cago, then a little village of less than eight
hundred white inhabitants. The vessel.
drawing over seven feet, was unable to enter
the Chicago river, and the passengers were
landed by lighters, which were rowed across
the present site of the Illinois Central dejiot
to the sand bank, and marched into old Foit
Dearborn. May l!l, 1S35. At this time :Miclii-
gan was under a territorial government, Wis-
consin not yet nanu^d. The ])oi)ulation of
Illinois consisted of settlers on the Missis-
sippi, Illinois and Ohio rivers, and the north
ern jiortion was largely a wilderness, but
rapidly settled after the great land sale of
June, 1S35. Westward over a great continent
of mountain and {)lain not a state or terri
torial organization existed this side of the
Pacific shore. The young Rodney S])ent his
summers working on fanns, his autumns in
himting bees, deer, raccoons in the big woods
southwest of Chicago, and .spearing musk-
rats and trapping for otter and mink
in the Calumet swamps, on and around the
site of the Columbian Exposition, and at-
tending the public schools during the winters
until his eighteenth year, when he started
south to keep sc-hnol. walking all the way
down eastern Illinois until he reached Terre
PTaute, Ind., a distance of two hundred miles,
and taught his first school at Clinton, on the
Illll'Xin A MOTT.
Waliasli. In tlu- sju-ing. returning to Chi-
cago on foot, lie entered I'.aker's A<adeiuy,
and spent the next year in i)reparation for
college. In 1S4(), with his pack on l|(s back
and ten dollars in his jiocket. he started out
for (Jalesburg. 111., the seat of the newly
established Knox <'o]lcge. He worked his
way for two years, building picket fences,
lathing houses, etc.. and left with a little
iiioic money than he started with. In 184S
he entered the law office of .lames II. Collins,
of Clricago, and sjienf two years reading law
and teaching school. March 11, 1S.")0. he
joined file Chicago Company and crossed on
the overland route to California. They took
the North Platte rfuite, the Sweet Water.
South Pass, Sublette cut off, over the ^^■ind
River mountains, Beai- river. Fort Ilall.
Headspeths cut off, N(n-fh Humltoldt. Caison
river routes, and were the fii-st tiain o\'ei' the
Sierra Nevada by Lake Tahoe (MitdtV, arriv-
ing at Oeorgetown, Eldorado county. July
10, after a four months" ti-iji, and two months
Itefore California, which never had a. terri-
torial organization, was admitted as a state.
In June. 1S."2. :Mi'. :Motl returned to Chicago
by the Panani.i route. aii<l his first sight of
and I'ide on a railroad was on the Panama
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHAVEST.
road, tlieii Iniilt west twelve miles from
Cbajfues. lu Auyiist, l^oli, he married Marv
Kipley, the daughter of the Rev. David Kip
ley and Bt tsey I'aysou, who belonged to two
notable families of New England, still dis
tinguished among cultured Americans. Mrs.
Mott still presides over the happy home at
Faribault, in which were born their five
daughters and seven grandchildren. Only
the eldest married, the late Mrs. William
AA'est, whose husband holds the chair of his-
tory in our state university. Only two of
these daughters survive. ]Miss Alice J., and
Miss Louise. In the spnng of 1856 Mr. Mott
and wife, Mr. and Mrs. Campbell, his sister,
came with teams from Chicago directly to
Faribault, arriving in May, and where the
Motts have ever since lived. Mi-. Mott
opened the first public school in Faribault,
but soon I'Ctired. to take charge of the Fari-
bault Hei'ald. of which he was the editor un-
til the summer of 185fl, when he sold out the
paper and plant, which is still running,
staunch and vigorous, as the Faribault Re-
publican, under the management and owner-
ship of A. W. McKinstry. During the last
forty years and over Mr. Mott has practiced
law in Faribault and held minor offices in his
county as follows: Justice of the peace sev-
eral years, county attorney two terms, mem-
ber and clerk of the school board, county
school superintendent for about six years, a
member of the legislature during two ses-
sions, being chairman of the committee on
education, and of the conmiittee on the insti-
tute for defectives, and member of the ju
diciary committee. In 1888 he was elected
judge of probate of Rice county, and held the
office continuously ten years; mayor of Fari-
bault in 1899-1000; has been president of the
State S. R. Association and the State Asso-
ciation of Charities and Corrections, and the
National Convention of Instructors and Prin-
cipals of Institutions for the Deaf. In 186.S
Mr. Mott was appointed one of the three
commissioners to stai-t a school for the deaf,
which was opened in September, 186.3. and
has grown into the Institute for Defectives
at Faribault, embracing the schools for the
deaf, the blind, and the feebleminded, and
the departments for idiots and the epileptics.
ilr. Mott's eighth term will expire in 1903,
making forty years from his first appoint-
ment. During the most of the time he Las
been and still is secretarj- of the board of
directors. He is vigorous and active, and
may be found regularly at his desk in his old
law office on Main street.
COWAN, John F.— John F. Cowan, judge
of the Second judicial district of North Da-
kota, came to Dakota Territory — now North
Dakota — from Port Huron, Mich., in 1881.
He first settled on Stump Lake, then in
Ramsey county, but now in Nelson county.
The following year he changed his residence
to Grand Harbor, and. in 1885. finally set
tied at Devils Lake, his present residence.
He was born at Moffat. Dumfriesshire, Scot-
land, December 29, 1858. Nearly all his
progenitors were farmers of the old Cove-
nanter stock. His father was Alexander
Cowan, a farmer, born in Wigtonshire, Scot-
land. His mother was Nicolas Montgomery,
bom in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, of the same
Covenanter blood. Judge Cowan came as a
boy to Huron county, Ontario, Can., and re-
ceived his early education in the schools of
that country — the Goderich Central, the
Manchestor Common, and the school on sec-
tion No. 9. East Wawanosh. This training
was supplemented by a course at the Gode-
rich High School, and at the Ottawa Normal
School, Ottawa, Ont. He then came to the
United States and secured employment at
Port Huron, Mich., with the Chicago and
Grand Trunk Railway Company. While
working for this company, in 1880, he began
the study of law, for which he had a taste,
but with no intention of making law a pro-
fession. He came to Dakota, as before men-
tioned, in 1881. and during several winters,
while "holding down a claim." he continued
his law studies with the friendly assistance
of the law finn of McGee & Morgan, now
Judge John F. McGee, of Minneapolis,
5Iinn.. and Judge D. E. Morgan, of the
supreme court of North Dakota. In August.
1885. ill'. Cowan passed an examination be-
fore Judge William B. McConnell, at Devils
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Lake, and was admitted to the bar. A short
time aftei-wards he beyau to pi-actice, and
continued it until he was elected judge. He
had previously, in 18Si, been elected justice
of the peace for Kamsej county. In 1886
he was elected county superintendent of
schools of Ramsey county. He was re-elect-
ed in 1888. At the request of the board of
county commissioners, he was appointed in
1889, by Judge D. E. Morgan, states attorney
for Rolette county. In 1890 he was elected
to the same office in Ramsey county, X. D.,
and was re-elected in 1892. Such was his
success in all these positions that, in 1894,
he was elected attorney general of North Da-
kota. He was re-elected in 1890, and again
in 1898. During service as states attorue\
and as attorney general he conducted man\
important cases on behalf of the state, and
was very successful. Among these may be
mentioned the homocide cases: State vs.
Baldwin; State vs. Spencer; State vs. Scott;
State vs. Belyea. The attorney for the de
fence was the Hon. John M. Cochrane ol
Grand Forks, and every case was ver-y close-
ly contested, yet Mr. Cowan secured a verdict
in all the cases, although the supreme court,
on appeal, reversed the verdict in the last
case. Dui-ing 1897 and 1898, Mr. Cowan,
as attorney general, conducted the litigation
in the celebrated "North Dakota Railroad
Rates Cases,'' against the Great Northern
Railway Company, the Northern Pacific
Railway Company, and the Chicago, Mil-
waukee & St. Paul Railway Company, en
tailing a vast amount of work. Mr. Cowau
was opposed by a most fonnidable array of
eminent counsel, comprising all the general
solicitors of the roads involved, assisted by
Ball, Watson, & Maclay, of Fargo, and a host
of trained experts upon every feature of the
cases under investigation. Although Mr.
Cowan did not succeed in getting a technical
judgement against the companies, yet his
able and honest fight on behalf of the peo-
ple of his state, secured almost equivalent
results in the reduction of freight rates on
the commodities of most interest. These
cases, together with the firm stand, as a
member of the state board of equalization,
for a higher assessment of railroad property.
in order to place it (jii the same basis for tax
ation as the property of private citizens of
the state, have made him particularly strong
with the people. L!y reason of this i)q|»ular-
ity and of his thorough knowledge of the
political situation, he was one of the lead-
ing factors in the Republican .state conven-
tion at Grand Forks, in 1900. The same
year he was elected judge of the Second
judicial district of the state, succeeding in
that position his old time friend, Hon. D.
E. Morgan, who at the same election was
promoted to the bench of the supreme court.
Judge Cowan is a member of the York and
of the Scottish Rites of Masonry, being a
Templar and Shriner. He is also an Elk, a
Knight of Pythias and a member of the A. O.
U. W. December 29, 1885, he was married
to Mary Flynn, of Henderson. Minn. They
have four children: Lyle A., Frances W.,
John A., and Kathleen N. Cowan.
BRYANT, Benjamin French.— The break-
ing out of the Civil War interrujited the
studies and modified the lives of most of the
young men who took part in that terrible
struggle. At the close of the war some
HISTORY OF THE OREAT XORTH\A'EST.
DKNJAMIX F. BRYANT.
drifted about as waifs aud made but little
attempt to pursue a career to a definite end.
Those wlio had the stability to resume the
preparations so suddenly broken otf, have,
as a rule, proved to be the successful and
prominent men of their generation. Benja-
min F. Bryant, of La Crosse, Wis., is typical
of this class. He was born in Rockland, Me.,
September 3, 1837. In early life he was
favored by the influence of cultivated and
refined parents. His father, Benjamin
Bryant, was a physician, and belonged to the
original Bryant family which settled in Mass-
achusetts early in the seventeenth century.
They were of Scotch-English extraction.
The mother also was from a family of schol-
arly antecedents. Her maiden name was
Lucy F. French. The progenitor of her race
in the United States was Edward French,
who came from England and settled in Mass-
achuseti:s in 183G. Ezra B. French, the
distinguished member of congress from
Maine, and second auditor of the United
States treasury from 1861 to 1879 — the most
eventful period in the historj' of the nation,
was a scion of the stock, being a cousin of
Mrs. Bryant. Her father and her husband's
father both moved to Maine when it was a
wilderness and established comfoi-table
homes, where they spent the remainder of
their lives. Benjamin F. obtained his ear-
ly education in the common school. When
seventeen years of age he was sent to the
same school his parents had attended — the
Maine Wesleyan Seminary, at Kent's Hill,
Readfield, Me. He pursued his studies
here for four j-ears, attending six months
each year, when he was prepared to enter
college and to teach school. He had, how-
ever, instead of taking up his father's pro-
fession, chosen that of law. He entered
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., in 1859,
and at the same time began the study of
law. The issues of the coming political
storm were disconcerting. He left college in
the second year and went to Ohio, where his
parents had gone to live. His patriotism
and public spirit carried him away from his
studies, so that, in 1862, he enlisted, and was
mustered into the United States service as
fifth sergeant of Company A, 101st Ohio In-
fantry. The regiment was ordered south in
September, 1862, to join General Buel's ar-
my. By a forced march it reached Perry-
ville in time to participate in the shai'p bat-
tle at that point where young Bryant re-
ceived his "baptism of fire.'" Then followed
• the bloody encounters at Stone River, Liber-
ty Gap, Chickamauga, and many others less
noted, but sharp battles, in all of which he
participated. After the battle of Stone
River, in 1863, he was promoted to first lieu-
tenant, remaining in this grade from Janu-
ary, 1863, till March, 1864, when he was pro-
moted to captain. He commanded the com-
pany, which could muster only fifteen enlist
ed men, at the battle of Chickamauga. He
was the only officer in the company. Of the
fifteen men that he lead into the battle,
four were killed and eight wounded. He
had also two brothers in the war, John E.
Bryant, captain and Brevet Lieut. Col. in the
Eighth Maine Infantry, and Thomas C. Bry-
ant, Sergt. in the Third Ohio Cavalry. On
the 20th of June, 1S05, Mr. Bryant was mus-
tered out. He then resumed his law studies
at Norwalk. Ohio, where, the next year, lie
was admitted to the bar and began his
practice. After two years, in 1868, he moved
to La Crosse, Wis., reaching there in
HISTORY OF TIIK (JURAT XOItTIIWIvS T.
May of that year. Since tliat time he has
made that city his home. He has identified
himself with all its interests. He soon es-
tablished a lucrative practice, and took an
active pai-t, as an ardent Rej>iiblican, in po-
litical affairs. Beiiiji- a man of scholarly
habits and literary fasti', a superior i)nblic
speaker, whether before a jury oi' a mis-
cellaneous audience, and of j;reat versatility,
he has been always in demand for sjieeclies.
addresses and pajiei-s on multifarious sub-
jects. While averse to lioldinji i)oliti<al of-
fices, he has served in those akin to his
jtrofession for considerable time. He was
county judge of La ("rosse county from ISTd
to 1S74, four years. He served three terms,
six years, as District Attorney. He was
United States Pension Agent for two yeai-s,
and postmaster of La Crosse from 1882 to
1885. He was a member of the staff of Gov-
ernor C. C. ^^'ashburn, with the rank of
Colonel, and served in the same capacity
and rank with Governor \\'m. E. Smith.
July 12, 1804 he was married to Miss Au-
gusta A. Stevens, of North Fayette, Me.
She died in 18!)(). In religion Colonel Bryant
is an Episcopalian, and for many years a
member of the vestry of Christ Church, La
Crosse. He is a charter member of Wilson
Colwell Post, No. 38, Grand Army of the
Republic, and past post-commander. He has
been senior vice-commander and department
commander of the department of Wisconsin
G. A. R., and became a member of the Loyal
Legion in 1890, at the Milwaukee Com-
mandery. In 18f)lt he was married to Mrs.
Adaline M. Pierce.
PURVIS, George. — A wide-spread imjires
sion prevails that the rapid and abuost mar
velous development of the Northwest is due
to a .spontaneous uprising of a tide of im-
migration attracted to the region by its great
natural advantages. Tlie princijial influence,
however, should be credited to a class of far-
sighted, enterprising and energetic exi)erfs,
known as land agents — men trained to th(>
business of ])roinoting eTuigration and lo tlie
K(il{(JK I'UUVIS.
numaging of vast tracts of land for settle
meut. They have been the public benefac-
tors of the Northwest, and their lab<j|if*, in
\ie\v of the benefits confei-red, deserve the
highest appreciation.
George Purvis, general land agent of the
(ireat Northei-n Railway, with his main of-
fice at Crookston, ilinn., by reason of his
success and extended operations, stands in
the foremost rank of these benefactors. He
was born in Jedburg, Scotland, iu 1818. He
secured his literary education at the Ro^'al
Granunar School, Hexham, England, and at
the private academy of Professor Porteous,
East Linton, Haddingtonshire, Scotland. On
leaving school he entered the law and land
office of a firm at Haxham and Loudon, which
had wide connections at home and in the
colonies, where he rose to be managing clerk
of the concern. Being, however, of an ad-
venturous disi)ositiou he enlisted in the Sec-
ond Northumberland English RegimenI, in
which he became distinguished fur rille
shooting, securing a first-class cerlilical<' tor
gunnery under the "Hythe" regulations. ll<'
was subse(|uenfly transferred to the Foui'th
( "iniibcrlaii.i Ixcgiiiient, serving on the staff of
HISTOUY OK TIIK IJKKAT NOItTllWEST.
tile loiiiiiiandci', Colonel Wade. At twenty-
three years of ajje, wlien lie returned to civil
life, he was ajipointed manager of the great
Usborne Estate in Canada, comprising four
hundred and eighty s(jiiare miles of timber
r.ud farming lands, and having among the
appurtenances large lumber and tlonr mills.
Immediately on his arrival in Canada, the
Governor General, Ivord Lisgar, appointed
him captain commandant of the district of
Ottawa, so that ^Mr. I'urvis was again in mil-
itary service, although burdened with the
heavy responsibility of a vast estate. That
it prospered under his administration, and
that he discharged his duties a» manager in
a manner satisfactory to both settlers and
proprietors, are shown by the honors con-
ferred upon him when he resigned his charge
in 1880. The proprietors made him a hand-
some gift in money, and the merchants and
settlers on the tracts presented him with a
silver dinner and tea service. He then came
10 the I'nitetl States, living a short time in
Illinois, and finally settled in the HeA river
valley, opening one of the best farms in the
state of Minnesota. With this as his home,
he has been continually engaged in promot-
ing the settlement of the country, most of the
time in an official capacity, as general land
agent of the Great Northern railway. His
work in this iield has been very successful,
both in extent and in permanent results. Hi.s
example as a successful farmer on a large
scale has likewise had a wide influence in
promoting settlement and in bringing him
into prominence. By reason of his experi-
ence and fitness he was elected by the Min-
nesota World's Fair Commission to design
the plan and to place on exhibition the prod-
ucts of the state at the great World's Fair at
Chicago in 18!)8. He was also chairman of
the Agricultural committee of the commis-
sion, appointed by Governor Clough to make
the exhibit of the resources of the state at
Omaha, Neb., in 1898. So strongly has he
imjiressed the Northwest with the force of
his individuality that no history of the Great
Northwest and its jirogTess during the last
twenty years, would be complete without his
name.
ROWE, Alexander .Moiitravillc. siiiierin-
tendent of schools at Little Falls, Minn., is a
native of Ohio, and was born at Jliddlelniry.
now a part of the city of Akron, December
24, 1812. His father was Theophilus Howe,
a mechanic by trade, in moderate ciniim
stances. His mother's maiden name was
I'hilena Johnson. She was a woman of in
domitable energy and perseverance, and to
her the subject of this sketch owes much of
the energy and push he has exhibited during
his carrer. She had a beautiful Christian
character, and gave her whole life to the
rearing of a family of eight children, five
boys and three girls. Their names were Wil-
liam Franklin, John, Oscar, Alexander Mont-
raville, Darius, Mary Jane, Amanda and
Louisa. Those living, besides our subject,
are William Franklin, Darius, Mary Jane
and Louksa. Both parentswere nativesof Ver-
mont. Alexander's early educational ti'ain-
ing was of a somewhat meagre character,
the lad being compelled to content himself
with two or three months" attendance at the
district school each year. This was supple-
mented by a term of three months at what
was called a "select school," previous to his
responding to Lincoln's first call for men in
1861. April 25, of that year, he enlisted,
from Randolph, Ohio, in Company G, Seventh
Regiment Ohio Volunteers; but the enlist-
ment only calling for a three month's service,
he was mustered out on August 18. Seven
days later he enlisted in Company A, First
Regiment Ohio Light Artillery, and seiTed
until December 31, 1863, securing a discharge
at Cincinnati in order to re-enlist as a veteran
volunteer. January 1,1861, he was enrolled,
in the same company and regiment, to serve
three years more, or until the close of the
war. He was totally disabled at the battle
of Resaca, Ga., May 15, 1864, and was dis-
charged at Cleveland, Ohio, October 24 of
the same year. Mr. Rowe participated in the
following battles: Shiloh, Perryville, Law-
renceburg. Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chicka-
luiiuga, Chattanooga, Rocky Face Ridge and
Resaca. Being young, and not thinking it
would make any difference, Mr. Rowe wrote
his nanii' when he enlisted as "'Alexander
HISTOKV OF THE UUEAT NOKTTIWEiST.
Roo," and as such is known in tlu* war rcc
ords. Keturninj;' honic, with his rif;lit hand
and arm itei-niancntly disabled from a slicll
wound, lie decided to exjiend whal litlle mo
ney he had saved from a salary of .fl(> a
month ])aid him in I he serxice, in aciinirin;^
an education, and attended scIkio! at .Marl
borough, Ohio, foi- two terms. The leacher
of this village school was Harvey Smalley,
an uncle of the late \'irgil Smalley, of SI.
Paul. He inspired in the youthful veteran
a desire to reach out for the higher and bet-
ter things of this life, and created an im|mlse
which bore fruit in later years. Mi-. Uowe
entered the preparatoiy department of Ober
lin (Vdlege, Ohio, in the sjiring of IStiti. At
ter finishing the iirejiaratory course, he took
up the regular classical course and graduated
with the class of 187-. The two years jire-
vious to his graduation he was princi])al of
the high schcxd at Steubeuville, Ohio. Tlius.
in four years he completed two years' prepai-
atory Greek, three years" i)rei)aratory Latin,
and a four-years college course. This meant
hard work and close application to his stud-
ies. Mr. Rowe continued as principal of the
Steubeuville high school after graduation
and held this jiosition for eighteen years, all
told. He n^igned in ISSS to accejit the sup-
erintendency of schools at Huron. S. I). At
the close of his third term here, he acce])ted
the su])erintendency of schools at Sioux
Falls. Looking forward to Xormal school
work, Mr. Rowe resigned after five years'
service at the head of the schools of that city.
and traveled for nearlv a year. ins])ecting the
best schools of the country. He accejited his
I)resent ap])ointinent in Jidy, 1S!)7. .Mr.
Rowc's resignation in each instance meant
the gi\ing u]) of a contract whi(di had an ad
ditional year to run. ^^'hi!e a resident of
South Dakota he was olferi'd the chaii- of
mathematics in Yankton College. He was
chairman, also, of the Dejiartment of <iraded
Schools and Academies of South Dakota's
educational exhibit at tlu' \\'orld's Fair, and
was stale conductor of Nonnal institutes for
eight years. He is a member of the Minne
sota Educational Association and the Nation-
al Teachers' Association. He has always been
a Republican, but has never taken any active
ALIOX.WIiIOK M. ItnWi;.
jiarl in j)olitics. Ht- was one of the charter
members of p]dwin M. Stanton Post, O. A. R.,
located at Steubeuville, Ohio, and was com-
mander of it at one time. He is now* mem-
ber of 'Workman Post, at Little Falls. His
religious connections are with the Congrega-
tional clini-cli. Se])t(Mnbei' II?, IStiS he was
iii.irried (o .Mary Caioline Oakley, of Raven-
na. Ohio. They ha\'e one child, .Vlexander
Oakley Rowe, who married. October L'l, 1S!»T,
I>ela Barnes, of (Jarner, Iowa.
TT'RNER. Rollin James, Commissioner of
.Agriculture and Labor for North Dakota,
was born .Inly IC. 1S50, at Fond du Lac,
Wis. His father. John D. Turner, was a
native of Ohio. lb- came to Fond du Lac
while still a young man and engaged in farm-
ing, following this jiursuit until his death, in
lS!)rt. His wife. Matilda ILarpham. is still
living at the venerable age of St. She was
,1 native of Pennsylvania. To them were
boin nine children, six boys and three girls,
of \\hom only three sons and two daughters
survive. Two sons sacrificed their lives for
their country in the War of the Rebellion.
Rollin J. resided undei- the parental roof
aiSTOUY OK 'J'HK CKKA'I' X( •KTinVKST.
KOI.LIX .). TfKXEK.
until lu' had passed liis cij;liteenlli year. He
attended the public schools of his native
town, and upon reaching the age of eighteen
became an apprentice at the trade of joiner
and builder. This was his occupation for
the next ten years, most of the time in Wis-
consin. During the latter part of this period
he was principally engaged in contracting
and building. In the spring of 1882 he re-
moved to North Dakota, and located at Glad-
stone, in Stark county. The following year
he erected a store building and engaged in
business, handling general merchandise,
farm machinery, etc. The same spring he
brought his family west and settled on a
homestead one mile south of Gladstone. He
has materially increased his holdings since
that time and owns 400 acres of land, 160
of which are under cultivation, the balance
being used as pasture for a herd of horses.
He also continues the business he first en-
gaged in. Aside from his extensive business
interests, Mr. Turner has always found time
to take an active interest in public affairs.
His political affiliations are with the Repub-
lican party. He served as chairman of the
county central committee from 1886 to 189-4.
In 1894 and 1895 he was a member of the
slate centi-al committee, and in that connec-
tion became known throughout the Flicker-
tail state as an active and reliable workei-
in i)arty interests. He was the first assessor
(if Stark county, having been elected in 1S84.
In 1SS7 he was appointed postmaster of
(Hadstoiie by President Harrison, and has
held the position ever since with the excep-
tion of a year and a half. He also served as
a member of the state penitentiary board,
having been appointed by Governor Fancher
in 1898. He was elected to his present of-
tice in 1900. Mr. Turner's fraternal connec-
tions are with the Independent Order of For-
esters. He is an attendant of the Ei)iscoi>al
church, of which his family are membei-s.
I )ecember 20, 1871, he was married to Mary
II. Heathcote, at Fond du Lac, Wis. Mrs.
Turner is a native of New York, and was
brought to AMsconsiu at an early age by her
jiarents, William A. and Jane M. (Wherry)
Heathcote. Her father was an architect and
builder, and is still lining; her mother is
dead. Mr. and Mrs. Turner are the parents
of three children, two of whom, Claude C, a
deputy in his father's office, and Vivian, are
now living. Guy, the first born, died at the
age of two yeare. The family residence is
■ nicely situated in a nook between the hills
and Heart river, on land adjoining the town-
site of (Jladstone. It is a handsome and
commodious dwelling, surrounded by trees
jilanted by Mr. Turner, and with outbuildings
sufficiently ample to meet all demands of
rural life in the Northwest. Several fine
springs of good water rush out from the hill-
sides, which furnish an abundant supply for
all purposes, including the irrigation of the
garden and grove.
NOYES, Arthur H.— The judiciary of the
federal government has been for years re-
garded as the goal of the highest ambitions
of the attorneys of the United States. An
appointment to serve as judge in one of these
courts has always been looked upon as a
compliment of no small moment. Such a
position, especially in the larger districts
and the unsettled parts of the country, re-
(piires an official with a varied experience in
order that he may cope with the peculiar
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
conditions that are bound to arise. The re-
cent develoi>nient of the fjokl fields of Alaslva
and the conse(iuent rapid settlement and re
sultinj;- litif;ation necessitated tlie appoint-
ment of an additional T'nited States federal
judge in District of Alaska. The attorney
selected for this important apjmintment was
Arthur H. Noyes. at the time a in'ominent
member t)f the Minnt^ajiolis bar. He was
born April 15. 1S5:^, at Raraboo. >\'is., and
is a son of D. K. Noyes and Clara Lucinda
(Barnes) Noyes. Colonel 1). K. Noyes. the
father of the subject of this sketch, was for
many years a prominent citizen of the state
of Wisconsin, residinji at BaraV)oo. where he
had an extensive law practice. He came to
Wisconsin in 1S44 and, shortly after being
admitted to the bar, located at Baraboo. He
served throughout the Civil Wav, entering
service as cai>tain of Company A, Ninth
Wisconsin Volunteers. He lost his right
foot at Antietam, and while recuperating
was sent home on recruiting work. He was
able to again enter active service the follow-
ing year and became a major in the Forty-
ninth Wisconsin Volunteers, and was mus-
tered out as colonel of the regiment. He
was a member of the famous Iron Brigade
and also of the Loyal Legion. The mother
of Arthur H. Noyes was a granddaughter of
Major Daniel Barnes, an oflficer of the Conti-
nental amiy in a Massachusetts regiment;
through him Judge Noyes is entitled to his
membership in Sons of the American Revolu-
tion. He was educated in the schools of his
native state. He received his preparatory
course in the high school at Baraboo and en
tered the state university with the class of
1876. After graduation from college young
Noyes entered the law department of the
same institution and was graduated in 1S7S.
He immediately entered upon the jtractice
of law at Baraboo in partnershij) with his
brother and classmate, R. E. Noyes. In 1S82
the brothers decided to locate in Dakota and
started practice at Orand Forks, remaining
there until 1887, when the partnership was
dissolved and the brothers came to iliiine
sota, R. E. Noyes locating in St. Paul, and
A, H. Noyes at Minneajjolis. forming a ])art-
AliTHtl! H. iNOYKS.
uershii* with .1. F. .McGee, now judge of the
district court at Minneapolis. In 1S!I;^> he
formed a partnership with A. M. Harrison,
now, also, a judge of the district fhurt at
Minneapolis. In 181)8, shortly after Judge
Harrison's retirement from the firm, E. A.
Prendergast became associated with Mr.
Xoyes under the name of Noyes & Prender-
gast, which firm continued until Mr. Noyes
leceived his appointment as United States
judge for the Second Division, District of
Alaska, with headquarters at St. Michaels,
Alaska Territory. Judge Noyes had an ex
tensive practice, including that of attorney
for several large corjiorations and also that
of local attornt'y for the Wisconsin Central
railroad. Judge Noyes is of a social nature
and has many friends among the members of
the several societies of which he is a mem-
bei-, ini-luding the Elks and tlie \arious
branches of the Jlasonic order. He is a
Knights Templar and also a Shriiier. He was
married in 18tl4 to Mrs. Nancy Hawthorn.
■ludge Xoyes coiii(»s from a family of lawyers
and it is not sui-prising llial his natui-al ten
dencies have worked to secure liiiii liis high
reward.
HISTORY OF THE CUKAT XoKTUWIvST.
LiJCNJAMIN I!. SHEFFIELD.
SHEFFIELD, Benjaiuiu B.— Untiiiug
energy, invmi'ible determination, close appli-
cation to the matters in hand, are the essen
tials that make for success. The successful
man reaps his reward in applying to his busi-
ness these important principles. If misfor-
tune conies he commences the battle anew
with increased energy and determination.
His courage never deserts him, and the stren-
uousness of his character leaves its impress
on the community in which he lives. The
Northwest owes its present commercial im-
portance to men possessing just such ag-
gressive characteristics. One of these men
is Benjamin B. Sheffield, president of the
Slieffield Milling company, of Faribault,
Minn. :Mr. Slieffield was born at Aylesford,
Nova Scotia. December 2.3, 1860. His father,
M. B. Sheffield, first engaged in the retail
merchandise business when he located at
Faribault in 180.5. Later he became a miller.
He was a native of Nova Scotia, and of
Scotch-English ancestry. He died, at Fari-
bault, in 18nn. He was a good business man,
and was noted for his high standard of in-
tegrity and morality. His wife, Rachel Tuj)
l>er, belonged to one of the first families of
Nova Scotia. She died in 1868. The sub-
ject of our sketch received his early educa-
lion ill the jtublic schools of Faribault.
I.alcr he attended the Shattuck Military
School and spent five years of study in that
institution, graduating in 1S8(), with honors.
He jiassed the examination for Yale College,
but did not enter owing to financial reasons.
Instead he assumed the management of the
Walcott flour mills for his father when
scarcely nineteen years of age. The busi-
ness developed rapidly under his aggi-essive
management, the property was placed on a
sound financial basis, and the capacity of the
plant was increased to 1,000 barrels daily.
The mills burned down in 18!).5, and as an
instance of his business cajjacity it may be
mentioned that before the fire had been
(liicnched, Mr. Sheffield had already tele-
graphed to Milwaukee for a milling engineer
to prepare plans for a new mill. The new
mill was completed and running within four
months, Mr. Sheffield in the meantime having
organized a new company — the Sheffield
Milling company — with a paid-up capital of
.f20n,000. The business since that time has
steadily increased, and it controls and ope-
rates elevators throughout Minnesota and
the Dakotas. The capacity of the plant at
the present time is 2,000 barrels daily. Mr.
Sheffield is also actively identified with other
companies. He is president of the Crown
Milling company, which operates a large mill
at Morristown, Minn., and of the Crown Ele-
vator company, with headquarters at Minne-
apolis, which owns and operates a line of
fifty elevators in Minnesota and South Da-
kota. He is also president of the Security
Bank at Faribault. Mr. Sheffield is highly
esteemed for his business integrity, and for
the interest he takes in all efforts to pro-
mote the welfare of the community in which
he lives. His political afliliations are with
the Republican party. He was mayor of
Faribault for two terms, and was the choice
of both political i^arties for his second tenn.
He is a member of the board of trustees for
the state institute for the blind, deaf and
the feeble-minded, located at Faribault, and
is treasurer of the different boards. He is
also a trustee of the Shattuck Military School
and the Seabury Divinity School. He is a
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Kui^lits Temi)lai' and a tliirtv-second degree
Mason. His c-linrch conuections arc with the
Episcopalian denomination, and lie is a
vestryman in Bishop Whipple's cathedral
parish. July 11, 18S9, he was married to
Miss Carrie A. Crosseth. Their union has
been blessed with two children: islanchc
and Amy.
RAMSEY, Alexander. — There is a pecu-
liar honor in being a potent factor in the be-
jiinuing of a successful enterprise — an honor
all recognized, shedding a lustre a little
brighter, i)erhaps, than subsetpient achieve
ments, however nieritorous. Alexander Ram-
sey will always occupy that place of honor
in the history of the state of Minnesota, and
therefore in that of the "Great Northwest."
When President Taylor was inaugurated, in
1849, the Territory of Minnesota had just
been established — March 3, 1849 — on paper,
but had not yet been organized. Mr. Ram-
sey, having served two terais in Congress —
refusing a third election — and showing un-
usual sagacity and practical knowledge of
affairs, was chosen by the President as a
suitable man to put the public machinery in
motion as the Governor of the Territory.
May 27, 1849, Governor Ramsey began his
work. The tirst ten-itorial legislature was
convened in September, and met in a little
hotel on the bank of the Mississippi. There
were present, comprising the legislative body,
just twenty-seven members. Governor Ram-
sey was also the "War Governor," with all
the responsibility which that implies. Be-
fore the president had called for troojis Gov-
ernor Ramsey tendered him a regiment of a
thousand men to maintain the integrity of
the nation. The first year of the war he oi--
ganized live regiments and sent them otf.
The following year he organized five more,
in addition to the battalions raised to quell
the Indians in the southwestern pai-t of the
state. The labor involved in this work was
even greater than that required in the organi-
zation of the territory. Another luminous
star in his crown of honor as trijile gover-
nor, is the school fund of the state, which is
Al.lOXAMlKl; ItAMSKV.
Ini-geiy due to his prescience and prudence
when persistent and organized efforts were
made to deplete it. Congress very generous-
ly voted to Minnesota double the atoount of
ijublic lands previously given to new states
for public school purposes. While heretofore
only one section — the sixteenth in each town-
ship— had been allotted for schools, Minne-
sota and Oregon for the first time received an
additional section — ^the thirty-sixth in each
township. Minnesota had practically no set-
tlement except in the southern part. The
lands donated were deemed of little value,
outside of that region. The state was in
need of money. A powerful syndicate was
formed to buy up the school lands at .11.25
an acre. A bill was pushed through the leg-
islature favoring this sale. Governor R^uu-
sey, warned by the experience of other states
which had frittered away their school lands,
determined to save the immense fund fiu'
Minnesota, so he vetoed the bill. Repeated
attempts were made by combinations of in-
lluential politicians to alienate these lands,
but Governor Ramsey was infiexible. He in-
sisted that the minimum jirice, if sold at all.
should be at least three times the jirice then
Ijut on them, and thus prevented the heritage
HISaX)KY (>!• THE GllEAT NOKTHAXEST.
from beiny sqiiaudert'd. He is therefore just-
ly entitled lo be tailed the "father of the
school fuud," which iu the year 11)00 yielded
a revenue from $lL',o4U,5!Jy, and which is
destined to greatly increase, for there are
still 401,048 acres not yet under lease. Gover-
nor Kamsey was born near Harrisburg. Pa.,
September 8, 1815. He is of Scotch-German
descent. His father, Tliomas Ramsey, had
Scotch progenitors, as the name indicates.
His mother was of the sturdy German race,
who were among the earliest settlers of the
state, and who contributed so largely to its
stability. His father died when Alexander
\\as ten years old, and he found a home with
his grand uncle, Frederick Kelker, a well-to-
do merchant, in whose store he got a first
glimpse of practical business. He was fortu-
nate in one of his early teachers, Isaac D.
Kupp, — afterwards known as the author of
a staudai-d history of I'enusylvania, — who
stimulated the boy"s taste for study. He en-
tered ].,afayette College at Easton when eigh-
teen years of age, and was twenty-two years
old when he began the study of law with
Hon. Hamilton Alricks, of Harrisburg. Two
yeai-s later, in 183!), he was admitted to the
bar, and very soon after opened an office at
Harrisburg. During the presidential cam-
paign of 1840, he took such an active part
that he was elected chief clerk of the Penn-
sylvania House of Representatives. In 1843,
when but little beyond constitutional age
limit of twenty-five years, he was elected to
Congress, and he was re-elected for the fol-
lowing term, but refused a third election. He
then resumed his professional practice. In
184!) he was appointed governor of Minne-
sota Territoi";\', as mentioned. Beside the
signal ser\'ice to the state, to which allusion
has been made, Governor Ramsey added to
the public domain of the commonwealth
available for settlement, l)y treaties with the
Sioux Indians at Mendota and at Traverse
de Sioux, forty million acres of the best
lands of the state, besides an immense tract
acijuired from the Chippewas of Red Lake at
the treaty of 1803. As territorial governor
his service ended in 18."):',. In 1855 he was
elected mayor of St. Paul. ^Mr. Ramsey was
elected Governor of the new state in 1859,
beginning his administration January 2,
1800, and was re-elected at the expiration of
his term. In 18G3 lie was elected United
States senator, and at the end of the six-
yeare term he was re-elected. He was em-
phatically an active member. He won the
respect and confidence of the members of
both houses of congress by his sound judge-
ment and practical wisdom. In 1875 he re-
tired from the senate and had a short re-
spite from official duties. In 1879 he was
called to the cabinet of President Hayes, as
secretarj- of war. In 1882 he was appointed
one of the commissioners under the "Ed-
munds law,'" to control polygamy in Utah,
and was elected chairman. In 188G he re-
signed his position, having served four year-s.
In 1845 he was married to Miss Anna Earl
Jenks, a daughter of Hon. Michael H. Jenks,
a judge and congressman of Bucks county.
Pa, Mrs, Ramsey was a cultured, refined
and estimable woman, conspicuous in social
circles, both in Washington and St, Paul for
nearly forty years. She died in 1884 at the
age of fifty-eight years.
WELCH, Victor John, was boni at Madi-
son, Wis., October 8, 1860, His father, Wil-
liam Welch, is a native of Jettei-son county,
X. Y., and a lawyer by profession. He was
bora November 12, 1821, In 1844 he moved
to \A'isconsin, and began the practice of his
profession, which was continued in that state
until 1882, when he removed to Minneapolis,
Minn., where he has since lived. He became
one of the best known lawyers in Wisconsin,
and conducted a litigation in many important
cases. He was likewise prominent in Wis-
consin political attairs and was originally a
\\'hig. He was the firet chainuan of the first
Whig Central ( 'ommittee of Wisconsin. Vic-
tor's mother's maiden name was Jane W.
Pethei-ick. She was the daughter of Wil-
liam J. Petherick, an English lawyer of note,
who came from London in an early day and
settled in Dane county, Wis. Victor's grand-
father, on his father's side, was Samuel
Welch, a sailor — ship carpenter — in the
American navy, in the war of 1812, and died
of disease contracted in the service. The
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
public schools of Wisconsin gave the boy
Victoi- his literary education. AMien he
adopted, very naturally, the profession of his
lather, and that of his grandfather, he en
tered the law department of the Wisconsin
State University, where he graduated, and
was admitted to practice in ISSl. He, how
ever, had begun his law studies in his father's
otKce at Madison, Wis., sijending three jears,
1878 to 1881, at the university. The next
yeai', 1882, he moved from Madison to Min-
neapolis, where he immediately went into
pi'actice as a member of the law Arm of
Welch, Botkin & Welch. This Ann c-ontin-
ued about eleven j-ears, being dissolved in
1893. He then continued the practice for
two years with his father, under the style of
Welch & Welch. In 1895 his father retired
from active practice, and the junior member
formed a partnership with Robert L. I'euney
and Marcus P. Hayne, under the firm name
of Penney, Welch & Hayne, and continued
under this name until the summer of 1890,
when Frank K. Hubachek and Henry Con-
lin were admitted as members, and the style
was changed to \\'elch, Hayne, Hubachek &
Conlin. The junior member retired after a
short time,and the firm since has been Welch,
Hayne & Hubachek. Although Mr. Hayne
died recently, the old name has been retained.
The practice of this firm has been extensive,
covering all branches of law, and it is one of
the highest standing at the bar. It has been
especially strong in jury cases. Mr. Welch,
aside from his profession, has been interested
and active in military mattei-s. In 1879 he
enlisted in Company C, 4th Battalion of Wis-
consin Kational Guard, and had a taste of
real service during the "lumber riots' ' in
W^isconsin, where he was on duty. When
he came to Minnesota in 1882, he enlisted in
Company C of the First Regiment of Minne-
sota National Guard. In 1883 he was com-
missioned Captain of the company, and held
the commission and commanded the company
until 1887, when he resigned to accept com
mission of judge advocate general of tin-
state, tendered him by Governor A. K. Mc-
Gill, and which he filled until the expiration
of his term of oftice. While captain of Com-
pany B he served at Stillwater, guarding
vk-thii .1. \vi;i.(;h.
jirisoners, when the state prison was de-
stroyed by fire. He also took an active part
in securing legislation providing f«r the
building of armories for the ^■ational Guard,
at public expense. In politics Mr. Welch has
always been a Republican, but has never
sought nor held any political oUice. He is
a member of the Masonic fraternity; of the
Elks; of the Minneapolis Club, and the La
Fayette Club. In religion he affiliates with
the Episcopalians, although he is not enrol-
led as a member of the church. He was mar
ried November 10, 1887, to Miss Elizabeth
Jones, of Detroit, Mich. They have two chil-
dren living: Elizabeth Jeanette, 8 years old,
and Victor Stuart, two years old. A daugh-
ter, Dorothy, died in infancy.
ATWATER. Isaac, of .MiiiiicaiPdlis. was
one of the first settlers at St. Anthcmy, the
editor of the first paper published in that lit-
tle hamlet, one of the foremost lawyers in the
state of Minnesota, an occupant of a seat on
the supreme bench of that state for several
years, and has been connected with the Hen
nepiu county bar longer than any man now
living. He is a native of New York state.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ISAAC AT WATER.
and was born at Homer, Cortland county,
A[ay 3, 1818. His father was Ezra Atwater,
a farmer, a native of Connecticut, of English
extraction, whose ancestors settled in New
Haven about the year 1718. His mother was
Esther Learning, also a native of Connect-
icut, of English descent. Up to his sixteenth
year he was employed on the farm and then
entered Cazenovia Seminary, afterwai-ds
Homer Academy, where he prejiared for
college. He entered Yale University in
1840, and graduated in the cla.ssical course.
He then took up the study of law in the
law dei)artment of that institution, gradu-
ating in 1847, and was admitted to the bar
the same jear. He commenced the prac-
tice of his profession in New York City, but
on account of ill health was compelled to
seek a change in climate. In 1850 he came
west and located at St. Anthony, fonning
a law ])artnershi]) with .John \V. North,
which continued for about a year. The
St. Anthony Express first appeared in
1851. Mr. Atwater's able pen made that
paper second in influence to no paper west
of Chicago. It was through his earnest ad-
vocacy that the first large flour mill was lo-
cated at the Falls. In 1852. Governor Ram-
sey ajipointed him to the position of reporter
of the supreme court of the territory. The
following year he was elected district attor-
ney of Hennepin county. In 1857, at the
first election, he was elected, on the Demo-
cratic ticket, one of the associate justices of
the supreme court of the state. He held this
position until 18tJ4, when he resigned, having
received a lucrative offer to resume practice
in Carson City, Nev. Here he formed a
partnership with Judge C. E. Flandrau, who
went west about the same time, and upon
their return to Minneapolis in the latter part
of 186C, this jjartnership was resumed, only
to be dissolved in 1871, when Judge Flandrau
removed to St. Paul. For a considerable
time thereafter Judge Atwater was the sen-
ior member of the law finu of Atwater &
Babcock. Judge Babcock was a laborious
practitioner at the law, and while on the
bench conducted himself with so much digni-
ty, impartiality and industry as to win the
esteem and admiration of the legal profes-
sion in general. In. 1851, he was elected
a member of the first board of regents of the
University of Minnesota, and as its secretary
labored long and earnestly in its interests.
He has served his city as alderman, and was
a member and president of the Board of
Trade for several years; was also a trustee
of the Seabury Seminary at Faribault, and
was nuuiy years a member of the school board
and president of the board of education. In
1892 Mr. Atwater edited "The History of Min-
neapolis," the most complete I'eview of the
early history of that city which has been pub-
lished. He is a member of the Masonic Or-
der, and was one of the original members of
Cataract Lodge of St. Anthony. In 1849
Judge Atwater was married to Permelia A.
Sanborn, of Geddes, N. Y. Four children
were born to them, only one of whom, a son,
is now living — John B. Atwater — who is one
of the prominent and successful lawyers of
Minneaijolis.
BOWLER, James Madison.— Owing prob-
ably to the similarity of climate, Minnesota
seems to be peculiarly attractive to natives
of Maine. A very large percentage of the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
men prominent in the business and public
life of tlio Xortli Star State were born in the
pine dad state of Slaine. Tbey have been
noted for their iiitcllifience, euerfiy and en-
tei-prise, eontributing iu no small dej^ree to
the development of their new home. Al
thoujih jiroud of their nativity, they are
ardently loyal to the state of their adoption.
Among many who have made their mark
in the new field and earned an honored name
for themselves and for their posterity may
be numbered Jlajor James M. Bowler, the
ettieient head of the state dairy and food
dejiartment of Minnesota. He was born in
1838, at Lee, Me. His father, Edward How-
ler, was born at Palenuo, in the same state,
in 1811, and was mai-ried to <"lara August
Smith of Litchfield. Me. Hoth i)arents were
of English ancestry and of early I'liritaii
stock. Several of the family served iu the
Revolutionary War and in the war of 1812.
The majoi*'s father, Edward Bowler, was an
active, influential, well-to-do merchant, com-
bining with trade the business of fanning
and lumbering, and was for a time a member
of the legislature. He moved to Minnesota
and took a homestead farm in Renville coun-
ty, near Bird Island, where he died in 1878.
Mrs. Edward Bowler was a relative to John
Day Smith, the well-known lawyer of Miu
neapolis. She died when only thirty three
years old.
Young Bowler began his education iu the
traditional district school. He then attend-
ed the Normal Academy in his native town,
after which he pursued the higher studies in
Westbrook Seminary at Stevens I'lains, Me.
This literary course was liberally inter-
spersed with manual training in various
forms, ranging from work in the woods at
lumbering, to bookkeeping and clerking in
his father's store. He commenced teaching
school when yet in his teens. In 1S5T he
struck out for the west, landing at Hale's
Corners, Milwaukee county. Wis., and taught
school again for a year there and in Wal
worth county. He then pushed on to Min
nesota, coming to St. Anthony Falls, where
he secured work in the printing office of ("rof
fut & Clark. The next year, 185'), he was
beguiled to his old vocation, and took a
.lA.MKs .M. ]iii\\i,i:k.
school at Xiniiiger, Dakota county. Al the
firing on Fort Sumter, in April, 1861, he en-
listed for three months in Company E, of
the First Minnesota Reg-imenl. 0#the ex-
piration of his tenii he enlisted in Company
F, Third Minnesota. His patriotic zeal, ap-
titude for service, and his superior educa-
tion, secured him rapid promotion to corpo-
ral, sergeant, second lieutenant and captain
within ii little over a year, the date of his
captain's commission being December 1, 18G2,
when only twenty-three years of age. He
was on the staff of General C. C. Andrews
from Septend)er, LSfi;?, until February, ISG4,
when he Mas assigned to the duty of i-aising
a rcgimcni of colored troops at Little Rock.
Ark. He was so successful, that, young as
he was, he was made major of the regiment,
numbered 113 JL S. Colored Troops, April 1,
iSd;"), and served until A|iril !), ISC.Ii. He
was at (litt'eT-cnt times a member of courts
martial and of a military comiuission. He
parlii i]iatcd iu several iuii)ortant battles,
among them the seige of ^'icksburg, capture
of Little Rock, battle of Mui'freesboro, July
l.".. 1S02, and the Indian battle of \\'ood
Lake. Jliini., Seplember li:!.1S(iii. where he
commanded a companv. The Third Ue"i-
HISTORY OF THE CHEAT NOUTinX EST.
iiiciil and the Renville Rangers bore the
1)111111 i)f this tij>lit. which broke the back-
bone of the Indian iijirising. It affected the
release of about three hundred captive whites
of whom one hundred and fifty were women
and children, among whom were many teach-
ers, and refined, educated women. It also
secured the surrender of 1.500 Indians, four
hundred of whom were warriors, includinn
those afterwards convicted of perpetrating
the massacres.
When mustered out of service Major Bow-
ler returned to Nininger and engaged in
teaching school and farming until 1871, when
he took up a homestead at Bird Island, and
established a residence in May, 1872. Tlie
development of the country made a demand
for men of education and competent execu-
ti\c ability. Major Bowler was pressed into
the ser\ice. He was, at intervals, justice of
the peace, town supervisor, town treasurer,
town assessor, and town clerk. He was also
led to accept the position of traveling col-
lector for the Minneapolis Hai'vester Com-
pany, and the right of way agent for the M.
& N. W. railway. These duties made him
widely known, and naturally led into the
broader field of state activity. In 1887 he
opened an office at Bird Island to engage in
real estate, insurance and loan business, be-
sides farming. While busy with his own af-
fairs he identified himself with every move-
iiieiil of progress, giving liberally of his
tiiiH' and means to any enterprise which
promised to benefit the community. In con-
seciuence of this public spirit and his recog-
nized ability he was frequently nominated
for office. He ca.st his first vote as a Repub-
lican, in Minnesota, in 185!), and subsequently
he voted for Lincoln both terms and for
(irant the first term. He was nominated on
the Republican ticket for register of deeds
in Dakota county, in 1866 and in 1868. He
became a Democrat in 1871. He was elected
as a Democrat to i-epre.sent Renville county
in the legislature in 1878. He was speaker's
clerk in the legislature in 1891 and ran for
<-ongress in the third district on the IVoples'
party ticket in 1894. He was nominated
candidate for lieutenant governor on the Fu-
sion ticket in 1896 and in 1898. In Januarv,
1899, he was ajjpointed state dairy and food
commissioner, the {losition which he now
holds, and for which his experience and prac-
tical knowledge admirably fit him.
lie is a member of the^Iasonic order. East-
ern Star, and of the Loyal Legion and Grand
Army of the Republic, in the affairs of which
he has taken part with his characteristic
energy. Major Bowler is a man (tf strict
morality, and although not a church member
he leans, as he says, towards the Baptist de-
nomination, of which his family are mem-
bers.
He was married, in ISfiJ, to Lizzie S. ('al-
ert', of New Brunswick, a descendant from
Dr. Caleff", a noted snrgeon of the British
army, and is bountifully blessed with chil-
dren, having had ten, eight of whom are liv-
ing. Mrs. W. T. Law, of Northfield, Minn.;
Burton H., a lawyer at Bird Island; Kate C,
Madison C, and Frank L., students at the
Minnesota University, Josephine A., at
home, and Edna B., now at school at Olivet,
Mich. He is a model husband, an aft'ec-
tionate father, and a citizen without re-
proach, honored and resjiected for his integ-
rity, versatile ability and pure life, where-
ever known.
WELD, Frank Augustine, president of the
State Normal School at Moorhead, Jlinn., is
one of the foremost educators of the Koi-th-
■west. His career in the educational field
has been one of unbroken success, extending
over a period of more than twenty years.
He was liorn in Skowhegan, Me., Decem-
ber 10, 1858. His father, George Weld, is
a native of that state, as was his mother,
whose maiden name was Lucy A. Bobbins.
She w;is born and reared in the town of
Rome, and died at Skowhegan in 1898. On
his father's side, both his great grandfathers
were identified with the early struggles of
the American colonies. His great grand-
father Ridgeway was a member of the "Bos-
ton Tea Party," which destroyed the cargo
of tea in Boston Harbor, December 16, 177.3,
and as a member of the Massachusetts militia
he was detailed as a builder for the construc-
tion of fortifications at Bunker Hill and
III8T(tItV OF THE (iUlOAT XOUI'IIW KWW
otliM' i)laces ill and ahont Hostoii. Later he
8aw iiiiich service diiriuf;- the Kevohitionary
War. His j;reat graiidfatlier Weld and his
son were soldiers in the War of 1812, the
former dyinj;' in the service. Frank A. at
tended the jmhlic scIkjoIs of his native town.
and prejjared for c<)lie<;i' in the Skowiicnan
hii;h school and liloonitield Academy. IIi'
entered Colby Tniversity in I he fall of 1877.
During;' vacations flic yoimj; collcjic stndeiit
tanjiht in llic cdiiiilry schools. In the fall
of 18S1 he was apiiointcd jirincipal of
the grammar school at .Machias, .Me. Later
he went to ( "herryfield, in the same stale.
and was jirincijiai of the hifih school in that
city, lie caoLc lo Jliniiesota in the spring;
of 1SS2. and was snperintendent of schools
at Farminjiton for one and a half years. The
five years following he served as siijierin
teiident of schools at Zunibrota. In the fall
of 188!) he went to Fergus Falls, and was
snperintendent of schools in that city until
December 23, 1894, when he resigned to be-
come general agent in the Northwest for D.
(". Heath & ("onipaiiy's jjublishing business,
and moved to Minneajiolis. In the fall of
1895 be was elected superintendent of the
city schools at Stillwater. While holding
this position Jlr. Weld had charge of the
educational work done among the convicts
in the state i)rison, which gave him an excel-
lent ojijiortunity to further his studies along
sociological lines of thought. In the spring
of 18!)8 he was elected to the presidency of
the State Normal School at ^^■in()na. but de-
clined the appointment, remaining at the
head of the Stillwater schools until the sum-
mer of 1899, when he accepted his present
position. His administration of the affairs
of the Moorhead Normal has been highly
satisfactory, and has more than met the ex-
pectations of his many friends. He is a
cl<)se student of ediicalional problems, and
what changes he has clfected in the cur
riculum have been along the lines of the
ino.st advanced methods, but only such as
have been jn-oven of value. Mr. Weld jvos-
sesses marked executive ability, and is un-
usually successful as an organi/.cr. winning
the sympathy, respect and contidencc of the
managing board by his candid, uuswer\ing
FKA.XK A. Win.l
and gendenianly bearing. In politics, Mr.
Weld is a Kepublican. He is a Mason, a
Knight of Pythias and an Elk. He also be-
longs to the Delta Kai)pa Ej)silon *college
fraternity. His church connections are with
the ("ongregational denomination. In 1880,
he was married to Miss Hattie E. Elwell,
daughter of James Elwell, of Zunibrota,
Minn. Their union has been blessed with
three children: .Moselle Edna, aged 12 years;
Lucy Alice, aged 10 years; and Frank El-
well, aged two and a half years.
DO^VLIN(i, Michael John.— Misfortune
is sonielinu's a benefactor; yet few men, ex-
periencing anything like the calamity which
befell the subject of I his sketch when a
youth, would have had the courage and de-
lerniination lo overcome the ai)i)areii(ly iu-
surmounlable obstacles which beset his path
and attained the measure of success he has
achieved. His cai-eiM- furnishes an object
lesson that all young men should lake to
heart. Mr. Dowling was liorii at llunliug-
ton, Haniiiden county. .Mass.. February 17,
18(;(;. He attended the imblic schools of that
slate, also those in Wisconsin and .Miuui-sota.
HISTORY OF Tim GKEAT NUKT11\\1«T.
MICHAIOL J. HOWLING.
His parents were in poor circumstances, and
from his eleventh to his fourteenth year
the lad was employed in farm work and herd-
ing cattle in Lyon and Yellow Medicine coun-
ties, Minn. The night of December 4, 1880,
he was overtaken by a blizzard on the prairie
near Canby, Minn., and lost his bearings.
The only shelter he could find was that of a
straw stack. As a result of that exposure
to the elements both legs were amputated
six inches below the knees, the left arm four
inches below the elbow, and all of his fingers
and half of the thumb of the right hand.
Until April 1, 1883, he remained as a charge
upon the county of Yellow Medicine, when,
having obtained some artificial limbs through
the assistance of friends, he began, without
a cent, to carve out his fortune. His first
venture was at odd jobs of painting. He
then secured sufficient funds to establish a
roller skating rink, which proved very suc-
cessful. He followed this up by teaching in
the public schools, and served as principal
of the school at East Granite Falls, Minn.,
in 1886. and of the Renville, Minn., schools
from 1887 to 1890. He had by this time
earned enough money to give him a fair start
in life, and he declined reappointment to the
latter position in order to engage in the pub-
lication and editorshij) of the Renville Star,
which he had already established. He sold
111!' Star a few months later, however, and
for the next three years traveled extensively
throughout the United States and Canada
as a special insurance agent. In 18!I2 he
re-]iui-chased the Star, and, also, accpiired its
contemporary, the Fanner. He still contin-
ues the publication of the consolidated paper,
and. though identified with a number of other
Inisiness enterprises, regards newspaper
wiirk as his ])rofession. ilr. Bowling's jnom-
inence in public life has been brought about
largely through his participation in political
affairs in the ranks of the Republican party.
He was village recorder of Renville for one
term; justice of the peace four years; secre-
tary of Renville county Republican commit-
tee, and delegate to various district and state
conventions. He was the first assistant
clerk of the house of representatives of Min-
nesota in 1893, and chief clerk of that body
at the two following sessions. He was elect-
ed a member of the lower house in 1900. and
when that body organized was its unanimous
choice for speaker. He made an admirable
executive officer, increasing the respect and
•esteem of the members by his fair and im-
partial rulings. Mr. Bowling was secretary
of the National Republican League from
1895 to 1898, and proved himself a most effi-
cient organizer, rendering valuable services
to his party. In 1899 he was sent on a spe-
cial commission to the Philippines by Presi-
dent McKinley, and it is much to his credit
that many of the recommendations he made
in that connection have since been acted
upon. He was secretary of the Minnesota
Editorial Association for two years, has rep-
resented it in the National Editorial Associa-
tion three different times, and was sent to the
first national good roads convention at As-
bury Park, in 1894, as the representative of
the St. Paul Commercial club. He is a mem-
ber of the K. P., the I. O. O. F. and the A. O,
U. W., the St. Paul Press club, and the Mar-
quette club, of Chicago. October 2, 1895, he
was married to Miss Jennie L. Bordewich.
at Atlanta. Ga. Mrs. Bowling is a daughter
of Henry Bordewich, consul-general at
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Chi'istiania, Norway. Two children are liv-
ing, Dorothy E.. aged two years and five
months, and jMaggie J., aged one month.
JOYCE, Frank Melville.— Scotuh-lrish an-
cestors have furnished many distinguished
descendants to the United States. The race
is numerous and widely spread. But Dutch
Irish is a rare combination. Yet Ool. Frank
M. Joyce can boast of this almost unique line-
age. He was born at Covington, Ind., in 1802.
His father is Eishop Isaac W. Joyce, the
eminent divine of the Methodist Episcopal
church. His ancestors came from Dublin,
Ireland. He for many years was a noted
preacher and a successful pastor of the larg-
est chuches of the denomination in Cincin-
nati, and was elected to the Bishopric by the
General Conference of the church, which met
in New Y'ork City in 1888. Frank M. Joyce's
mother was Carrie VY. Bosserman, whose an-
cestors were Dutch, and who settled in Penn-
sylvania in an earl^' day. She was born,
however, in Indiana, and was educated in
Baltimore, Md. Y'oung Joyce received his
primary' education in the public schools of
Lafayette, Ind., and subsequently took a
special course of study at Baltimore. He
then entei'ed the Indiana Asbury University
— now better known as De Pauw University
— at Green Castle, Ind., in 1877, graduat-
ing in 1882 with the degree of Bachelor of
Arts. He afterward took the degree of Mas-
ter of Arts. In college he was especially
distinguished for his mathematical profi-
ciency, taking the class gold medal in mathe-
matics. The students of the university re-
ceived military training under an officer of
the United States Army, detailed for the pur-
pose. Y^oung Joyce, although his father was
a noted man of peace, showed great aptitude
for military science, and reached the rank of
Cadet Major for the military department in
the University, at the time of his graduation.
He organized and drilled the far famed
''Asbui^- Cadets," a company which won
all the first prizes in the state local
drill contests, and which won the first
l)rize in the great Interstate Artillery
I'rize Drill Contest, held in 1882 at In-
Fit a xk M. JOYCH.
dianapolis, where eight competing batteries
from various sections of the United States
took part. His cadets at the same time also
won the third prize in infantry drilf out of
fourteen competing companies present from
abroad. On Mr. Joyce's removal to Cincin-
nati immediately after graduation, he was
made captain of the Cincinnati Light Artil-
lery and served with his battery during the
famous Court House riots. For his efficien-
cy in that emergency he received special tele-
graphic commendation from Governor Hoad-
ley, then chief Executive of Ohio. In 1892,
Col. Joyce was appointed a member of Gov-
ernor McKinley's military staff, and served
as colonel thereon for three years, or until
his removal to Minnesota. When in college
Mr. Joyce was a member of the college (ireek
letter society, Beta Theta I'i, and took such
an active interest in it that it has never
abated. For several years he published the
Fraternity Magazine. Afterwards he com-
piled and edited the Fraternity song book,
which is still in use. He is president of the
Northwestern Beta Theta Pi Alumni Asso-
ciation, as well as president of the Club
House of the society. He is likewise active in
other fraternal associations, being a Knighl
HISTORY OF THE GUEAT NORTHWEST.
of Pj"thi:is and a member of the Masonic
Order, in all the various degrees of the York
Rite, and is a thirty-second degree Mason
of the Scottish Kite. He is identified active-
ly with the Apollo Club, of Minneapolis, hav-
ing served for sevei'al years as vice president,
and as secretary. He is also a member of the
Board of Trade, Commercial Club, Minne-,
kada Club, and the Minneapolis Club. On
leaving college he went into the service of
the Queen City National Bank at Cincinnati,
Ohio, as teller, a position which he held until
1888, when he resigned to become the general
agent of the Provident Life and Trust Com-
pany of Philadelphia, having for his field
eastern Ohio. After two years in this sei-v-
ice, he resigned to accept an agency, with
headquarters at Cincinnati, for the Mutual
Benefit Life Insurance Company, of Newark,
N. J., one of the old substantial companies
of the East. In 1894 he was promoted to
take charge of the interests of the company
in the Northwest, covering the states of Min-
nesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and
northwestern Wisconsin, with offices at Min-
neapolis, where he now resides. In 1883 he
was married to Miss Jessie Birch of Bloom-
ington, 111. They have four children: Arthur
Reamy, Carolyn, Wilbur Birch, and Helen
Joyce. Col. Joyce is a member of the Meth-
odist Episcopal church and is secretary of
the board of trustees of the Hennepin Ave-
nue church.
TATE, James N., M. A., superintendent.
Minnesota School for the Deaf, Faribault.
During the past quarter of a century. Prof.
James Nolley Tate has devoted his undivided
time and best energies to the education of the
deaf, the object of his work being develop-
ment of the minds, hearts, and bodies of
untaught and consequently ignorant deaf
children, gradually transforming them into
intelligent, self-supporting, law abiding citi-
zens, of whom their state may rightly feel
proud.
Before coming to Minnesota, in July, 1890,
he gave more than twentv vears of his life to
his chosen work in the Missouri school for the
deaf, as instructor, assistant superintendent,
and superintendent. To tell the story of his
life during the period of his connection with
that institution, would be to write the histo-
ry of the school while under his management.
He underwent a thorough practical course in
every grade of institution work.
Under his charge, the Missouri school
arose to sixth place in point of attend-
ance among schools of its kind in the
countrj-, and in the scope and character
of its work it progressed in keeping with
its size; and though once almost totally
destroyed by tire, its work was not in-
terrupted; its growth was not checked. Its
magnificent buildings of the present day
stand, in great measure, a uionuuu^ut to his
successful management.
So highly was he esteemed on account of
his work in Missouri that, when in 189(5 the
venerable Dr. Noyes, of whom there appears
a sketch in this work, retired from the super-
intendency of the Minnesota school, the
board of managers, after looking over the
available men in similar positions through-
out the country, decided to in\-ite Mr. Tate
to leave his Southern home to accept the
g\iperintendency of a Northern school.
In carrying forward the work of the Min-
nesota school, Mr. Tate has been eminently
successful, all departments of the work mov-
ing on hai-moniously. If one department is
more his favorite than another, it is the man-
ual trades that might claim his preference,
he being a firm believer in the importance
of manual training for the deaf. He would
educate the hands as well as the minds and
hearts of his pupils. The marked advances
of the school in the various trades during his
superintendency give the best evidence of his
zeal.
Concerning his family history, Mr. Tate is
the third son of Col. Isaac Tate, who came to
Missouri from Kentucky with his father, who
was one of the pioneer settlers of Callaway
county.
The family is of Scotch descent and settled
in Pennsylvania at an early date; the branch
from which Mr. Tate is descended moved to
HISTORY OF THE (JREAT NOHTHWr'TST.
Virginia, and took an active part in the Rev-
olutionary struggle. An uncle on tbc fath-
er's side lost his life in the battle of (iuilford
Court House. He was the captain of a com-
pany no member of which was less than six
feet tall.
llr. Tate's mother was Miss Henderson,
who came to Missouri from Virgina with her
father's family when she was onlj* twelve
years of age.
Mr. Tate was born on the 15th of October,
1851. His boyhood dajs were passed on his
father's large farm in Callaway. He attend-
ed a district school, until he entered West-
minster, a well known Presbyterian college
in Missouri, from which he graduated with
the degree of B. S. During the next two
years he took a post-graduate course, upon
the completion of which the degree of M. A.
was conferred. He next taught in a district
school for a short time.
In 1S70 he began his life work, accepting
a position as instructor in the Missouri
School for the Deaf. Though twice during
his career there as teacher and assistant sup-
erintendent, he was ottered the position of
superintendent of similar schools in other
states, he remained in the Missouri school,
until, upon the retirement of its founder, lie
was appointed superintendent.
\\'hile a teacher in Missouri, Mr. Tate mar-
ried Miss Mary McClelland, at that time oui'
of the most highly valued instructors of the
school. Of this union have been born three
children, two of whom are living.
In personal appearance Mr. Tate is a fine
specimen of physical manhood. Socially he
is one who makes many friends and keeps
them. He is a Knight of Pythias and a thir-
ty-second degree Mason. He takes great in
terest in his lodge work, believing that, in so
doing, man can learn to know the best im
pulses of his fellow-men.
Owing to his position as the head of a state
institution, he does not take ah active in-
terest in politics, and, though a member of
the Congregational church, he is especially
liberal to all of other denominations. The
moral instruction daily <?iven in the chajjol
of the school to the i)U])ils by the snjierintend-
•lAMKS X. T.VTE.
ent and instructors is entirely non-sectarian
in character.
What Mr. Tate would have accomplished,
had he devoted his talents as earuestlylo one
of the better known professions, is a query
that often suggests itself to some of his
friends who best appreciate his innate abil-
ities. But since it is the amount of good that
a man accomplishes that is the true measure
of his worth, Mr. Tate has surely established
in the hearts of his foi-mer and present pupils,
a reputation and a memory that must long
endure.
May the sjiirit of sectionalism and politics
ever remain as foreign to future Boards of
Managers of the Minnesota school, as it was
when Mr. Tate was brought from his native
state to the Star of the North.
BOl'TELLE, Clarence Miles.— The biogra-
phy of Clarence M. Boutelle has been pub-
lished in considerable detail in several works,
readily accessible; in the Voice of Masonry;
the Iowa School Journal ; History of Antrim,
N. H. ; History of Hancock, N. H., and in the
twelve- volume edition of the National Cvclo-
HISTORY OK THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
CLAUE^X'E M. HOUTELLE.
pedia of American Biography, therefore a
brief outliue only is necessary for "The Great
Northwest.'"
Dr. Boutelle was born in Antrim, N.
H., July 23, 1.S51. His father, Charles
Morrill Boutelle, was a cabinet maker by
trade. He came fi'om New Hampshire in
1858 and took up a farm in Bear Valley, Wa-
basha county. He was very successful and
soon became a prominent leader in the com-
munity, being postmaster at Bear Valley for
about ten years. He held many responsible
positions in the town and school district.
He was a charter member of Grange No. 50,
Patrons of Husbandry, and filled many of its
official positions. The maiden name oi Dr.
Boutelle's mother was ISarah Louisa Buck-
minster; her family was well known and
prominent in early New England history.
The Boutelles are of French extraction. It is
supjiosed that they went from Normandy to
England with William the Conqueror, and
came to this country about 1632, when two
brothers settled in Massachusetts, from one
of whom Dr. Boutelle is a direct descendant
in the ninth generation. At least three of
his ancestors fought in the Revolutionary
War. He came to Minnesota with his par-
ents and his early education was mainly ob-
tained in the country schools of that state.
He entered the state NoiTual School at Wino-
na in February, 1871, and graduated May 30,
1872. He then took a special course at the
Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass., after
which he returned to Minnesota and was
made professor in the state Normal School
at Winona, a position which he held until
1SS3, and during the last two years of his
service there he was one of the three State
Teachers' Institute conductors. In 1885 he
wiis elected I'rofessor of Mathematics in the
New York state Noi'mal School at Oswego,
but declined to take charge of the public
schools of Decorah, Iowa, where he remained
until 1802, when he engaged to take charge
of the schools of Chippewa Falls, Wis. He
accepted the position of professor of Mathe-
matics at the state Normal school at East
Stroudsburg, Pa., in 1805, which he resigned
to accejit the superintendency of the Mar-
shall schools, in 1805, a position which he
now holds. In the meantime he has been in
demand as an instructor of teachers at state
institutes, having conducted about fifty of
them. He was an instructor in the Minne-
sota State University Summer Schools from
"1807 to 1000. In 1806 he received the degree
of LL. D. from St. Stephen's College, An-
nandale N. Y. Dr. Boutelle is a voluminous
M-riter in science, education, poetry, fiction
and Masonry, contributing*^ numerous pub-
lications of high class, such as the Scientific
American, P^ducational Notes and Queries.
Frank Leslie's publications and others.
Among his books, "The Man of Mt. Moriah"
has been called the greatest Masonic ro-
mance ever written. In politics he is a Re-
publican— ^an expansionist of the most pro-
nounced type, and not — as he expresses it —
afraid of "imperialism." He takes kindly
to fraternities. He was a charter member of
Bear Valley Grange ; in Masonry he has been
Master, High Priest and Commander. He al-
so belongs to the Eastern Star, and is an
Odd Fellow of high degree. He is a member
of the state and National educational organi-
zations. In religion he is an Episcopalian,
and is senior warden of St. James church,
Marshall, Minn. He was married July 22,
HISTOKY OF TIIK CUKAT N(JK'rU\VKST.
1S80, to Fannio Oaid Kiniber, at Newtown.
Long Island, N. Y. They have two cliildren
— Anna Kimbei- Boutelle, born June 5, 1881
and Louisa Elizabeth Boutelle, born Janu-
ary 14. 1S8G.
LITTLE. Clarence P.elden.—Wlien the
state of North Dakota was admitted into the
Union, in 188!), Clarence B. Little, of Bis-
marck, was elected state senator. In 1!)()()
he was nominated and elected for the fifth
time and term. He has represented Bur-
leigh county in the senate continuously since
that state was organized. Wliat is. perliaps.
more remarkable, lie has served all the time
as chairman of the judiciary committee, al-
ways one of the most impiutant committees
of a legislature, but in a new state, where all
the laws must be built up from the founda-
tion, such a committee is of transcendent im-
portance. But few men anywhere have been
called to such a career. That he has dis-
charged the duties of this responsible })osi-
tion to the satisfaction of his immediate
constituents and to the people of the state at
large, is proved by his numerous re-elections
and continuous service in that chairmanship.
Senator Little was born at Pembroke. N.
H., in 1857, son of (Jeorge Peabody and Eliz-
abeth Ann (Knox) Little. His father was a
farmer, eminent for his wealth, social posi-
tion and public services. He was twice elect-
ed treasurc^r of ilerrimac county, N. H., and
three times elected to the legislature of that
state, and was elected state senator Novem-
ber G, IDOO. He was of English and early
New England ancestry, descended fi-om
George T. Little, who came from England in
1640, and settled at Newberry, Mass. Clar-
ence B. Little, the son. jirepared for college
at the Pembroke Academy and entered Dart-
moutli College in 1877, in the class of 1881,
as freshnuin. At the end of the first year
was elected class historian of fresliman
year. He continued through tlie sophomore
year, but did not retui-n to the junior class.
as he had determined to begin the study of
law. He entei'ed the law oitice of Chase and
Streeter at Concoi'd, N. 11. . and then tinislicd
his legal course at the Harvard law school.
In 1882 he went to Bismarck, Dakota Terri-
tory, and began his practice of law, in part-
nership with James A. Haight, which con-
tinued until 1884, when Mv. Little was elect-
ed judge of probate for Burleigh county. In
1880 he was re-elected to the office. He was
a}i])<)inted inspector general of the Dakota
militia by Governor Pierce, with the rank
of colonel, and served in this ca])acity for
three years, ^^■hen the Territory of Dakota
was divided and the state of North Dakota
was admitted to tlie rnion. Colonel Little
was elected state senator, as stated. In this
s('r\ ice he formulated as much legislation as
any man in the Northwest. He has always
been the chainiian of the "steering commit-
t(v"' of the senate, also. This comnuttee, usu-
ally appointed during the last two weeks of
tile session, has the general direction of the
order in which legislation shall be jiresented.
Hei'e. too, his influence has had much to do
with moulding the affairs of the state. He
was president pro tern of the senate during
the session of 18!)()-7. He was chairnum of
the Republican convention, which nominated
the state ticket in 1898. He has se^ed on
the Kepublican state central committee for
seven years. Colonel Little has always taken
a deep interest in educational nuitters, and
has served two terms as president of the
school board of the city of Bismarck, using
all liis inlluence to secure a high standard of
education.
He was president of the Cajiital National
Bank of Bismarck from ISSfi to IS'.!."), when
he brought about the consolidation of the
two National Banks in the city — the First
National Bank absorbing the Capital Na-
tional Bank — and continued in charge, under
the new managenuMit, which made the amal-
gamated institution one of the stnmgest in
the .state. He is one of the incoriiorators of
two state banks established in neighboring
counties. When the Bismar<'k water works
comiiany became involved, lie was ajiiwinted
receiver, and had cliai-ge of its affairs for
Ihree ye.us. He is active in social nuitters.
and in c\i'ry moviMuenI which makes for
|irogi-ess in city and stale, lie is a nu'iulier
CLARENCE B. LITTLE.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of the Masonic order, aud a Knights Tcniplai-,
having' served as eminent coinniander of Tan-
ered cornmandery of Bismarck, and was dej)-
uty grand commander of Dalvota Tt^-ritor.v
grand cornmandery. He is married and lias
one daughter and one son. He is a laigv
property owner in botli city and country.
Colonel Little's long public scr\icc, diversi
fled business interests, extensixi- acqnaini
ance, and recognized ability, made liini in the
last senatorial contest the choice of the lar
gest number supi)orting any one man, in op
position to the leading candidate; and had
the colonel been selfish enough to jinsh his
own interest, regardless of the result to his
supporters in case of failure, lie miglii ha\e
secured the prize for himself, instead of
practically naming the nuiu who was tinally
elected senator. His course met with the
approval of the i)eoi)le of the state, who
wanted the senatoi-ial muddle ended, aud it
is commonly believed that his action will be
a future advantage.
GJERTSEK, Henry J., one of the best
known lawyers in Minneapolis and the state
of Minnesota, was bora at Kvafjoi'd, Trom-
soe county, Norway, October 8, 18(il. He is
one of nine children, the family consisting
of six boys and three girls. His father, Her-
man J. Gjertsen, now retired from active
business and living on his farm on the east-
ern shore of Lake Amelia, Hennepin county,
Minn., was born in Bergen, Norway, and be-
longed to a well known Gjertsen family of
that jdace. The history of Norway states
that the family was founded about the six-
teenth century by the King of Mandahl.
They have for several centuries been known
as energetic, progressive men in all the ac-
tivities of life, commercial, educational, and
professional. In early life Herman J. Gjert
sen moved to Kvafjord, in the northern i)art
of Norway, and engaged in farming and the
fishing industry, which is a very important
commercial interest in that region. He suc-
ceeded in business, and married into the
]>rominent M'ulff family, his wife's name be
ing Albertine B. Wulff. Her people were
IlKXHY .1. (J.nOKTSKN.
noted as teachers, lawyers and merchants.
Nicolay Wulff, the distinguished attorney at
Tromsoe, Norway, is her nephew. .\s stated,
she had nine children, and has begp a de-
voted mother, requiring all the strength and
energy of her strong race to bring up such
a family in the nuinner in which it has been
accoinplished.
For the benefit of the children the parents
determined to break uji their establishment
in Norway and come to the Tnited States.
They reached Minneai)olis in lS(i7 and set-
tled on a farm out on Chicago avenue, near
what has become Thirty-eighth street.
While living on this farm. Henry J. (Jjertsen
attended the country school in district No.
S. in winter, and worked on the farm in sum
mer. This school house stood on the corner
of Chicago avenue and the city limits, and
has but recently been removed. He also at-
tended the Central High School of the city.
His parents designed him tor the ministry,
as he showed great ajititude for learning, and
Hnally sent him to the Red Wing Seminary,
a theological collegiate institution ada](led
to prepare farmers" sons for the ministry
and for teaching and general business. Here
he graduated at the end of a six years'
HISTtHtY OF THE GItE.VT NORTHWEST.
coiii-sc. I!ut (luiiufi the last year in college
he chauged his mind iu regard to a profes-
siou and (]iiietly conunenced the study of
law. After graduation, instead of taking up
theology as his parents intended, he resumed
his study of law at Minneapolis. Law ca.ses
rame to him before he was admitted to the
bar. One ease in which he was successful
was appealed to thesui)reme court, and be en-
joys the unique distinction of being an "at-
torney of record"" iu that august tiibunal,
before he had been admitted to pi'actice. At
the age of twenty-three, after an examina-
tion before Judge Lochren, he was admitted
to practice in the district court of Hennepin
county. In 1S92 he was admitted to pi'ac-
tice in the supreme court of the United
States. Hince he was admitted he has had
a very extensive and lucrative practice, not
only in Minneapolis and the state of Minne-
sota, but throughout the Northwest. He
lias also been remarkably successful in win-
ning the suits he has conducted, especially
in the courts of last resort, a fact which
proves his profound knowledge of law and
the intricacies of his ju-ofession. During the
panic of 189.3, and subsequently, he was re-
tained in many heavy insolvency cases in
the courts of Hennepin county, and is now in
demand for cases involving coi-poration law.
Mr. (Jjertsen has always been a Repub-
lican, and has taken a very active interest
in public affairs. Speaking fluently the
Scandinavian language and the fxerman, his
aid has been almost invaluable in political
campaigns. For twelve years he has been
one of the most effective speakers in the
state. He was apjxjinted a member of the
Minneapolis charter commission by the dis-
trict court of Hennepin county in 1898. Al-
though a Republican, (rovernor Lind, as a
j)ersonal compliment, appointed Mr. Gjert-
sen insjiector general of the Minnesota Na-
tional Guards, a position which he still holds.
He is a Mason, Knight of Tythias, an Elk,
member of the Odin Club, Viking League,
Hennepin Association, and several others.
In religion he was brought up a Lutheran,
but mari-A-ing a wife who was an Episcopal-
ian, he has in recent years attended her
church.
In 188.3 he was married to (Iretchel Goe-
bel, of Red Wing, a daughter of a i)rominent
German family from flannan, near Frank-
foit-on-the-JIain, Germany. They have one
(laughter living, and just budding into wom-
anhood. Alvine Beatrice. Their home has
been in Minneapolis ever since they were
married. No more public spirited and loyal
citizen lives in the comiftr)nwealth.
WEBSTER, William Franklin.— When
men at the head of affairs are natives of a
state which is growing like Minnesota, it is
no mean tribute to its institutions, for the
attractive opportunities of a new field draw
to it the alert in all professions. The native
born must compete with the best that can
be selected from abroad. The choice is made
from a very wide range of the oldest com-
munities. Again the prevailing prejudice is
strongly in favor of the foreign product and
against the "'home-made.'" This is especially
true in the profession of teaching. Tlie im-
ported professor is generally supposed to be
better qualified than the one educated at
home. When the test of experience is ap-
plied, and it is found that the home product
ranks with the best, of whatever training, it
must be taken as a proof of the efficiency of
the state provisions for education, and it is
cause for congratulation. William F. Web-
ster, the principal of the East Side High
School, Minneapolis, is a Minnesota boy. His
success in his chosen field may be regarded
as a practical illustration in ju-int. He was
born in Clearwater. Minn.. .May l':'.. IStiii.
His father, William A^'allace Webster, was
a merchant in Clearwater, living in comfort,
though not in affluence. He was of English
extraction and New England ancestry, but
was born in Canada. In 1857 he removed to
Minnesota, remaining for a time in St. An-
thony, and finally settled at Clearwater. At
1854. His father, William C. Bracken, was
among the first to respond to Lincoln's call
for troojis. Having enlisted he was chosen
first lieutenant of Company A, Third regi-
ment Minnesota Volunteers. Soon after the
organization of the regiment he was pro-
moted to captain. In 1864 he was advanced
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
to the rank of major. Then, owing to a long
period of illness, be resigned on a surgeon's
certificate of disability, and was honorably
mustered out of service. He returned to
Clearwater, where he made his home until
he died, in 181)5. His wife's maiden name
was Melvina Woodworth, a name showing
English ancestry. Mr. William F. Webster
gained his early schooling in the graded vil
lage school. After completing the courses
of study there offered he went to work in his
father's general store, where he remained
four or five years. When nineteen years ot
age he came to Minneapolis and attended the
Minneapolis Academy until prepared for col-
lege. In 1882 he entered the university to
Ijursne the classical course, and graduated in
lS,S(i, as the valedictorian of the class, the
highest honor that could be won. While in
college he became a member of the Delta
Tau Delta. His first work after leaving col-
lege was that of teaching at Buffalo, Minn.
He had not yet fully determined the choice
of a profession, but was inclined to medicine.
With this in view he attended a medical
school in Minneapolis the next year, at the
end of which he came to the conclusion that
he preferred the schoolroom to the sickroom,
and accejited a position as teacher at Rush-
ford, Minn., and found it so congenial that
he remained there three years. From Rush-
ford he went to Moorhead, where he also
remained three years. In ISJC? he be
came princi])al of the East Side High
School in Minneapolis, the position which he
now occupies. For the purpose of visiting
Europe he was granted a leave of absence for
the school year 1899-1900. He spent the
time abroad with an eye to i>roflciency in his
profession, and visited Holland, Belgium,
France, Switzerland, Italy, England and
Germany, spending the longest time in the
last. Mr. Webster has in the meantime writ-
ten on educational topics a number of arti-
cles, which have been published with ap
proval in the leading journals of the coun-
try. He has addressed several times both
the State and National Educational Associa-
tions. In September, 1900, he published a
school text book — "English: Composition
WILLIAM V. WKBSTEU.
and Literature" — which has been received
with marked favor by educational people of
all sections. In 1890 he was married to
Mary Alden Towell, daughter of Charles F.
Powell, of Minneapolis. They have three
children: Ruth, Juliet, and Marion. Mr.
Webster is a member of the Congregational
churcli. His success as a teacher places him
in the highest rank of the professit)n, and jus-
tifies the conclusion that a training abroad
is not an absolute necessity to the highest
elBciency.
BKACKEN, Henry Martyn, is secretary
of the Minnesota state board of health, and a
medical practitioner at Minneapolis. He is a
native of I'ennsylvauia, and was born at
Noblestown, near Pittsburg, February 27,
1854. His father, William C. Bracken, was
a physician and practiced his profession in
that state. For many generations back his
ancestors had followed agricultural pursuits.
William Bracken, a true type of the English
yeoman, settled near Wilmington, Del., in
1702, and he is credited with being the
founder of the Bracken family in this coun
HISTORY OF THE GUBAT NORTHWKST.
HKNKV M. lUtACKEN.
try. The iiiaideii name of the mother of the
subject of this sketch was Electa Alvord.
The Alvords were amoug- the early settlers
of Massachusetts, dating back to about IGoO.
They, too, were faiouers. Henry received
his early education in the common schools of
his native town. When thirteen years of
age he entered Elders' Eidge Academy in
Western Pennsylvania. This institution
was for many \ears a prominent preparatory
school for Jefferson College. It was a de-
nominational academy, and was conducted
by Kev. Alexander Donaldson, a Presbyter-
ian clergyman, an uncle, by marriage, of Dr.
Bracken. At the time of his father's death,
in 187li, he was preparing to enter the sopho-
more class at I'rinceton, but was compelled
to give ujj this plan. He taught in the pub-
lic schools the following winter, and then, in
1873, took up the study of medicine, enter-
ing the College of I'hysicians and Surgeons,
in New Yoi'k, which is known as the medical
department of Columbia University, and
graduated in 1S77. He also became licenti-
ate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edin-
burgh, in 1879. Between the time of gradua-
tion at New York and receiving a licentiate
qualification from Edinburgh, he spent a few
months in ^'enezuela. After leaving Edin-
burgh, Dr. Bracken served as a surgeon in
the Royal Mail service of England for three
years. He returned to the United States in
the fall of 1882, and settled as a physician
in eastern Connecticut. Two years later he
removed to Mexico and spent a year and a
half in that country. Returning to the
I'nited States in the fall of 1885, he spent
a few months in New York, then came West
and settled in Minneapolis in December of
that year, beginning at once the practice of
his profession. In 188(1, he was appointed
a teacher in the Minnesota hospital college,
and later on, the same year, was made pro-
fessor of Materia Medica and Tlierapeutics
in this college. He continued to hold this
position until the medical department of the
University of Minnesota was created, when
he assumed the same position in that school,
and has held it ever since. In 181)5, he was
appointed a member of the Minneapolis state
Ixiard of health, and in 1897 became the
secretary and executive officer of the board,
which position he still holds. Dr. Bracken
has been a faithful and efficient health of-
ficer and has the complete confidence of the
public. He has an extensive practice in Min-
neapolis, and has been visiting physician to
the Asbury and St. Barnabas hospitals in
that citj' for several year's. He is a member
of the Minnesota State Medical Society, Min-
nesota Academy of Medicine, American
Medical Association and American Public
Health Association, and was vice-president
of the latter association in 1900. His ijolit-
ical afltiliations have always been with the
Republican party. His religious connec-
tions are with the Presbyterian body, with
which his family has been connected for four
generations back. He was married in Febru-
ary, 188-1, to Emily Robinson, of Morristown,
N. .J. She was the daughter of Lucius Rob-
inson, a civil engineer of Orange, N. Y., who
died about 18G2.
HYDE, C. W. G.— Mr. Hyde is of English
stock. One of his ancestors on his mother's
side. Sir Ralph de Toney, was one of the
chief generals of William the Conqueror at
Hastings, Another ancestor, Sir Randul-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
phus Lambert, also fought at Hastings by
the side of his kinsman, William the Con-
queror. His maternal gi-andfather, Rev.
William Lj-man, D. D., lived at Millington,
Conn., and was sixth in descent from the
English ancestor who settled at Charlestown.
Mass., in 1G31.
Hyde is the family name of the eails of
Clai'endon and Rochester, ^^■illiaul Hyde,
who came fi'om England to America about
1630, and settled at Norwich, Conn., is the
earliest American ancestor of the subject of
this sketch. Mr. Hyde"s great grandfather,
Major Elijah Hyde, commanded a regiment
of Connecticut horse during the Revolution.
C. ^A'. G. Hyde was born at Franklinville,
X. Y., on July 13, 1838. He received a com-
mon school and high school education, hav-
ing been a student in the academies of I'eter-
boro and Fayetteville, N. Y. He has ac-
quired the elements of a classical education
hy wide reading, persistent study, and schol-
arly associations. In 1855 he removed from
central New York *to New York City, where,
for six years, he was engaged in the jobbing
dry goods business. During this time he
made a short trip to Europe. The outbreak
of the Civil War found him living near Ot-
tawa, 111., and in the winter of 1801-62 he
enlisted as a private in the Fifty-third regi-
ment of Illinois Volunteer Infanti"j'. He
was honorably discharged at the close of the
war, having served successively as private,
sergeant, first sergeant, quartermaster ser-
geant, sergeant major, second lieutenant, ad-
jutant, and first lieutenant of Company F.
His ser\'ice included Shiloh, Corinth, siege
of Vicksburg, Jackson, Meridian, etc. He
served for some time as mustering officer of
the Fourth Division, Seventeenth Army
Corps, and as an aide on the staffs of Gen-
eral Laumann and General Crocker.
Mr. Hyde became a resident of Minnesota
in 1867, and since that time has been identi-
fied with the educational work of that state.
But few men by conscientious work have
become better known and more highly ap-
preciated as an educator than has the sub-
ject of this sketch.
It was not until he was thirty years of
C. W. G. HYIIE.
age that he settled down to definite and suc-
cessful work educationally. He was super-
intendent of Le Sueur schools from^868 to
1869. He then accepted the position of su-
perintendent of schools at Shakopee, which
position he held until 1873. So faithfully
and well did he perform his duties here that
a broader and more responsible field pre-
sented itself to him and he became assistant
principal of the Mankato Normal School.
For three years he labored in this field.
About this time educational interests in Min-
nesota began to grow and new fields of labor
to open up. Ever anxious to avail himself
of the best and to improve present condi-
tions, he severed his connection with the
Mankato Normal and became one of the
proprietors of the Minneapolis Business Col-
lege. For three years he devoted his time
and interests to this institution. Many and
varied were the lines of his instruction.
Early his interests lay along the line of
mathematics, then penmanship and book-
keeping claimed his atteiitiou. Yet these
did not satisfy.
During all this time I'rofessor Hyde had
been an omnivorous reader and student of
HISTORY OV THE (iUEAT NORTHWEST.
Iiistory. Of him it my ho said that a his-
toric fact oine o-rasjipd never escaped him.
^>o when the chair of history in the St. Cloud
Normal School was offered him he accepted
it. He remained in this school until 1893.
In January, 1893, the department of pub-
lic instruction needed a capable, earnest, and
fiiithful assistant and the position was of-
fered Mr. Hyde. His work in history at the
St. Cloud Normal was very dear to him;
yet he reluctantly gave it up for tbe broader
and more extensive field. He served as
assistant state superintendent from January
3, 1893, to June 30, 1899, a period of six
years and six months. It is in this field of
labor that Mr. Hyde is most extensi\ely
known.
It is safe to say that his work as a historic
writer has brought him into a much wider
field of usefulness than it was possible for
him to attain as an educator. He has writ-
ten a History of the Northwest that in care-
ful research and judicious handling will
surely recommend it to all careful readers.
He is also engaged in writing a general his-
tory of the world that will be a welcome ac-
quisition to every library.
Professor Hyde is a genial, though some
what retiring, perjiou and commands the con-
fidence and respect of all who know him.
He is now connected with a School of
(Correspondence and Teachers" Agency in
Minneapolis.
BABCOOK, Albert Lawrence.— A dictum
as old as the classics says "A poet is born,
not made." This is (mly saying that a man,
to succeed in his calling, must have a natural
ajttitude for it. This is true in every field
of labor, from the "man with the hoe," to
the "man on horseback," but it is not recog-
nized. It is regarded rather as a fine spun,
academic theory, not applicable to common,
every day affairs. Yet it underlies nearly
always the difference between success and
failure. It is esi)ecially true that natural
ajititude is necessary in commercial life,
where statistics show that only one in a hnn-
(li'cd escape faihiri'. A town may be "beau-
tiful for situation" and be surrounded by
all the advantages required to make a thriv-
ing city, yet it may shrivel into a fossil for
the lack of the "right kind of men." An-
other town may be squatted upon by ac-
cident and lack all natural advantages,
and yet become a thriving center of business,
because the men in it have the right spirit.
A successful business man is a boon to any
community, though rarely appreciated at
his true worth. He has about him an at-
mosphere of self-reliance, courage and help-
fulness which are contagious. They inspire
others. He jjlans and brings to fruition en-
tei-prises, while others ponder in hopeless
indecision. Thus progress is made. Blessed
is the town which abounds in natural busi-
ness men.
Albert L. Babcock, of Billings, Mont., is
a fair type of such men, who are making
the Northwest. He was born at Albany, N.
Y., in l.Sol. His parents moved to the state
of Illinois when he was five years old, and
settled on a farm near Pontiac, in Living-
ston county. His father, ^^'illiam O. Bab-
cock, made a success of his farm, but after
seven j-ears moved to Pontiac and engaged
in mercantile business. His wife's maiden
name was Julia M. Lawrence. Albert, while
living on the farm, attended the district
school in winter, after he became old enough,
and when the family moved to Pontiac he
had the advantages of the public schools,
but soon he became restless to do something
for himself. His first fancy was the print-
ing office, where he secured employment as
an apprentice. This was not a very entic-
ing occupation, so after about a year he gave
it up and went to clerking in a country
store when he was about fifteen years of age.
When eighteen years old he went to Chicago
and entered the wholesale hardware house
of Miller Bros. & Keep, and stayed with
them about four yeare. These were really
the formative years of his life, although he
was not then conscious of it. In 1873, hav-
ing by economy saved up about three hun-
dred dollars, he formed a partnership with
a young friend and engaged in the grocery
business at Pontiac. Tliis business was con-
HISTORY OF THE (JKICAT XOKTIIWKSr.
tinued with success until 1882, when lie
made a trip to Uilliuj^s, Mont., and was cap-
tivated by the ()p])()i-tnnities ort'ered. He de-
termined to enj;aj;e in business tliere, and
fortliwith secured a location, and, in a rude
building and a tent, opened a hardware store
and tin shop, stocked with a meajjcr siijijilv
of goods, such as his limited capital would
jiermit, spending evei-y leisure moment and
his evenings at the tinner's bench, making
stove pipe and tinware for llie next day's
business. He had now fiuind his i>i()]i('r
"sphei'e'' — to use the correct phrase — and
from that moment he has prosjjered. He is
not only successful in business, but lie lias
contributed very largely to building up and
beautifying the city, and to the prosperity of
the state. His hardware store has develoj)ed
into a very large establishment known as
the A. L. Babcock Hardware ('omi)any, of
which he is jiresident. He is one of the
original incorjiorators and president of the
Yellowstone National Bank, president of the
Billings Telephone fompany, president of
the Babcock & Miles Hardware Company, of
Harlow, Mont., president of the Billings Re-
alty Company, jiroprietor of the Yellowstone
Valley Flouring Jlills, and for a nundier of
years has been piesident of the Yellowstone
Fair Association. He is also a heavy stock-
holder, lessee and manager of the Billings
Opera House. He is always one of the fore-
most in every movement to promote the wel-
fare of the city and state. Through his ex-
tensive acquaintance and integrity of char-
acter he exerts a wide influence throughout
the state. Xo man is more resjieded or held
in higher esteem. He is a member of llie
Masonic fraternity. Knights of Pythias and
the Elks, and was, in 189:i-!U, eminent grand
commander of the Grand Commandery of
Knights Templar of Montana. He is a
staunch Republican in ]iolitics, and has al
ways taken an active interest in public- af
fairs. He was appointed county conimis
sioner to fill vacancy in 1885 and then in
1886 was elected for a term of foni- years.
serving the last year as chairman of llie
board. When the state was admitted into
the TTnion, in ISSO, he was elected state sen
ator for Yellowstone county, receiving a
Ai.r.ioirr l. kahi'im-k.
large majority. In 18112 he was eleded rep
resentative I'oi- llie county, and in lSil4 was
a second lime elected senator, lie has
served on llie military staff of (rffvernors
White, Toole, and Rickards, and has been a
member of various state boards.
Colonel Babcock was married to Miss An
toinette l';icker in 1S77 al I'onliac. III., his
old home, and I hey ha\e a son, Lewis ('..
twenty-(me years of age, who graduated with
honors in the class of ]8!tS at the Shattuck
.Military University, Faribault, Minn., aiul
finished a course al the Univeisity of Chi
(■ago in (he class of liKIO. The ])eoi)le give
Col. Itabcock greal credit for his coolness
and sound judgment in the ]>anic of 18it:{,
wiieu his word of honor was I'eceived with
such contidence, thai a niii on llie two liauks
was stopped and a (iuaiirial disaster, which
would have been a serious drawback to i'.il-
lings and all llial pari of .Montana, was
averted.
STEVENS, Ceorge Frederic— The siir
\('yor general of logs and lumlier of the I''iflli
District of .Minnesota, with lie,'idi|iiarlers at
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
iEOUGE FKEUEIUC STEVENS.
Duluth, (t. Fred Stevens, is of Green Moun-
tain ("N'eniionl) jmrentage. His father,
(leorge "SA'. Stevens, was a native of Ver-
mont. He was for years connet-ted with the
lumber business at Saginaw. Mich., and is
now in the luuiber manufacturing business
at Rose City, Mich. His father tooli a con-
tract to build a section of the Reido canal,
Canada. This brought the family into close
relations with Canada. His son, G. Fred's
father, went there in the early sixties, and
remained until 1SG8, when he came back to
the "states" and settled at Saginaw, Mich.
While in the Dominion he was married to
Sarah E. Whitmarsh, a woman remarkable
for her comliness and kindness of heart. She
was all her life an active worker in chari-
table movements. She died in 1877. Young
Fi-ed was an infant about a year old when
his parents settled at Saginaw, having been
born JanuaiT 15. 1S(;7, at Newboro, Can.
The distinguished young lumbeniian receiv-
ed his education in the common schools of
Saginaw. I'assing through "grades" he
graduated at the high school. At the early
age of nineteen he engaged in the lumber
liusiness at Saginaw. He mav be said to
have been in it always, for he took in the
aroma of the i)ineries and mills with the tirst
breath he drew, and as a boy was as familiar
with lumber ])ile!^ as a fanner boy is with
the soil. In 1890, with the falling off of the
lumber business at home, he went to Duluth.
Minn., as assistant manager for the Cranber-
ry Lumber < "ompany. Limited. He remained
in that j)6sition until 1897, when he, with his
uncle, J. ii. Stevens, leased the Gray saw
mill at Duluth. The following summer the
mill burned. Mr. Stevens was so thoroughly
conversant with every j^hase of the lumber
business that he concluded to take up the
sliii)ping branch. He began against heavy
odds, for there were already in the same line
eleven finns doing business. His knowledge
and experience, coupled wih hard work and
close attention, brought success. Mr. Stev-
ens, while not posing as a literary man, has
a high order of native ability for letters. He
has been vei'y successful as a writer of Swed-
ish dialect prose and verse. Some of his pro-
ductions have been widely published. Among
them one called "Crissie" had great popu-
larity. His nom de plume, "Ole Olson.
Xumar 297," is well known. He has been
offered positions on the Chicago papers to
write in this line. He is also a wide-awake
citizen, taking active part in all public af-
fairs. In politics he is a stalwart, unflinch-
ing Republican. He has been a vigorous
committee man and worker for his party.
When many of the active young Republicans
switched off to the silver side, he stood firm
and refused to follow the vagary, as he deem-
ed it. He has never sought political office,
and, although frequently solicited to accept
nominations for local offices, he has steadily
refused. But the j>osition of surveyor gen-
ei"al of logs and lumber for the Fifth district,
to which he was appointed over live other
strenuous applicants, being in the line of his
life business, he sought and obtained fi-oni
Governor Van Sant, January 12, 1901, tak-
ing charge of the office April 15, 1901. In
religion Mr. Stevens is a Methodist. He is of
clean personal character, and without re-
pi-oach as a business man, citizen and neigh-
bor. He was married, October 3, 1897, to
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Koxaiiiia M. Todd, dauj^htci- of Saimu'l Todd,
a ■•bonanza fainicr" of the Kcd livci- vallt\v.
livini' at Hendi-tini. ^Miun.
L()KENS(;AAR1), Ole Olson.— The pie.si-
dt'nt of tlu' tlirivinf;: Lutheran Nonnal school
for the training- of teachers, at JIadison,
Minn., Professor Lokensjjaard, was born at
Aal, Hallingdal, Norway, Novendier 2:5, lSo4.
His father was a farmer, and had the same
name. His mother was Heljia il. ^'esle-
jiaard. Tlie family was of <-onsi(ierabl(' prom-
inence. His grandfather and two iukics
took part in the war with Sweden, one of
tliem lieing an otticcr. .Mi-. Liikensgaard
( anie to this country as a child, with his
jiarents, who settled near Northtield, Kice
county, in 1857, In IStil they moved to Da-
kota Territory, and settled about ten miles
west of ^'ennillion, near the ilissouri river,
with a family of four children. They lived
in a wagon for eighteen weeks, and otherwise
endured the liardsliip of pioneer life. In l.'-!n2
the ^lissouri overflowed the bottom lands
where they had .settled, and completely sur-
rounded the homestead. As soon as the sub-
siding- water would jiennit, they returned to
Jlinnesota, and started anew in Nicollet coun-
ty, where the father died in 1871, at forty-tive
years of age. Young Lokensgaard learned
to read his native langirage at home when
five years old. Then he attended the district
school for three terms, but his parents were
his best teachers. They trained him accord-
ing to their pious faith and had him con-
firmed in the Lutheran church. In 1872 he
entered Luther Tollege at Decorah, Iowa,
and graduated June 28, 1878, having taken
the full regular classical couree. He was ac-
counted one of the best scholars, being a mem-
ber of the "Yggdi-asil," and one year presi-
dent of the Students' libran', September 25.
1878, he entered the Lutheran Theolog-ical
Seminary at iladison. Wis., and graduated
in May, 188L The .same year he accejvted a
call to the Oranite Falls, Minn., Norwegian
I.uthemn church. He was ordained July 21,
and entered ujjou his duty as ])astor July 25,
having- also a congregation t<*n miles west at
Bergens. While serving these charges Mr.
OLE O. LOKK.\S(;A.\ia>.
Lokensgaard ministered also at surrounding
town.s — ^among them Montevideo, Clarkfield,
^A'ang, and Palmer Creek, serving ^t one
time five congregations. His original church-
es, (Iranite Falls and Bergens, erected large
and commodious buildings for worship. He
was secretary of the Minnesota A'^alley sj)e-
lial conference, and secretary of the Yellow
Medicine county Bible society, and visitor of
the Montevideo circuit. In 1892 the LTnited
ihurch which hiid just erected a building and
established a normal school at Madison,
Minn., tendered Jlr. Lokensgaard the posi
tion of professor and president of the new in-
stitution, which he accepted. The school
ojiened November 10, 1892, with thirty-three
jinpils and three teachei-s. The main build-
ing costing 126,000 was presented to the
T'nited church by the city of Madison. It is
75 by 50 in size, three stories in height, with
a basement and a steam heating plant. Un-
der the management of President Lokens-
gaard the school has grown so as to require
another building. The United church erect-
ed this, 75 by 40, with three flooi-s and a base-
ment. This edifice furnishes a doi-mitory for
sixty-live pupils. This enterjirise, and get-
ting the money for it, devolved largely upon
HISTORY OF THE GUEAT NOllTUWEST.
the presideut. The institution has now six
tiachi'is with ovi-r one Inuidred and sixty
pupils. President Lolvensgaard was a Re-
publican in politics, but his zeal for prohibi-
tion lead hint into that party of which he is
one of the leaders, being chairman of the
county prohibition committee and generally
a delegate to the party conventions. In reli-
gion he belonged to the old Norwegian Syn-
od, but joined in organizing the United Nor-
wegian Lutheran church in 1890. He was a
member of the bcwird of education five years
—most of the time i)resident— at Granite
Falls. He is very prominent in musical cir-
cles, both as a teacher and as president and
officer of musical societies. He was first mar-
ried July 7, 1881, to Miss Ellen Ki*a-\ik, of
Wisconsin, who died in 1892, leaving two sur-
viving children. In 1894 he was married to
:\riss Anna S. Romtvedt. They have four
children.
SMEAD, Walter Everett.— The Black
Hills region of South Dakota has always
been noted for the energy and enterprise of
its leading men. No difficulty seems to stag-
ger them, and no failui-e ever casts them
down. In the fore front of the band which
has made the "Hills" famous, always has
been found Walter E. Sniead. He came to
Dakota Territory — now South Dakota — in
1878, and has ever since been one of the
leading spirits in all jirogress. He was born
in Milford, Mass., March 31, 1855. His fath-
er was Darwin D. Smead, a native of Law-
renceville, N. Y. He was' a hotel keeper, in
moderate financial circumstances. He came
to Lead in 1886 and was the first police jus-
tice of Lead, and was a county and city jus-
tice of the peace, serving in the latter office
until his death, December 27, 1899, nearly
seventy years of age. The maiden name of
Walter's mother was (Cynthia Cheney. She
was born at Milford, Mass., in 1833, and is
still living. She is a descendant of New
England progenitors who settled there be-
fore the Revolutionary War. Walter ob-
tained his early education in the j)ublic
schools of Massachusetts and New York.
Pie came to Deadwood in 1878, and the next
year moved to Central City, and commenced
work as a miner in the Father DeSmet mine,
now owned and operated by the Homestake
Mining Company. He continued working in
this mine for five years, when he entered the
office of the Father DeSmet Mining Coni])a-
ny. In 188fi he was placed in charge of the
office of the Homestake Mining Company at
Lead, in which position he has remained ever
since. The same year he was elected auditor
of the Black Hills & Fort Pierre Railroad
Company, and has since served continuously
in that cajiacity. Following the big tire,
March S, 19(10, he organized a company with
a capital of .fl 00,000 to erect the finest hotel
in South Dakota. This enterprise is now al-
most completed. Mr. Smead has been a Re-
publican from the time he cast his first vote,
and since he came to the "Hills," he has been
active and prominent in Republican affairs,
having served as secretary, treasurer and
chairman of political organizations. At dif-
ferent times he has been chairman of the
county central committee. He has also been
a member of the State Republican Central
Committee for several years. In 1890. he
was a delegate to the National Republican
Convention which met at St. Louis, where he
was honored by being placed on the Notifica-
tion Committee to officially inform Mr. Mc-
Kinley that he had been duly nominated.
In 1900, he was chosen a delegate to the
State Republican Convention of South Da-
kota, where his associates elected him chair-
man of the Lawrence county delegation. Mr.
Smead, in that convention, was an ardent
supporter of Hon. Chas. H. Burke and E. W.
Martin for congress, and Hon. Robert Gam-
ble for .senator. He has the satisfaction of
seeing all three candidates successful, and
may congratulate himself on being largely
instrumental in bringing about the result.
Mr. Smead has always been a strong advocate
of temperance legislation, and is especially
interested in educational matters. He has
always been a member of the Board of Edu-
cation wherever he has lived. He was the
fii'st jiresident of the Board of Education of
the city of Lead, and has been jiresident of
■\valti:k e. smead.
IIISTOKY OF THE (JKEAT NOKTHWF.ST.
llic liii:n-(l for six vciirs ainl fvi-r since its or-
{iauizatioii. Ue is also active in social af-
fairs, being a member of the local Golden
Star Club, and a member of the Masonic-
Blue Lodge. He is not enrolled as a mem-
ber of a church, but contributes liberally to
the support of all Ux-al denominations. No-
vember 17, 187!t, he was married to Miss Eliz-
beth McIS'anuay, a native of New York. They
have three children : Walter A. Now a cadet
at the U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis;
Howard K., and Harold B. Smead.
HEDGES, Cornelius. — The Order of Free
Masonry is unique in the history of fraternal
societies. It traces its origin back for sev-
eral centuries, and no other secret order has
so many members scattered all over the
globe. It is thus worthy of note that the sub-
ject of this sketch was the tirst Worshipful
Master of the Masonic Lodge of Helena,
Mont., which was organized in 1865; first
Grand Senior Warden of the Grand Lodge
of Montana, organized in 18G6; Grand Mas-
ter of the Grand Lodge in 1870 and 1871,
and Grand Secretary of the (irand Lodge, by
appointment, since 18G;», and by election
since October 8, 1872. Cornelius Hedges is
of English descent. His ancestors, on both
sides of the house, came from the British
Isle and settled in New England in the early
days of the settlement of that colony. He
was born, October 28, 1881, at Westfield,
Hampden county, Mass. His father, Dennis
Hedges, was a fanner, in comfortable cir-
cumstances. He was a native of Connecticut,
and was born in the town of Middletowu.
His family settled first on Long Island on
their arrival in America. His wife, Alvena
Noble, was the daughter of a Revolutionary
soldier. She was born in Westfield, Mass.
Cornelius received his education in the pub-
lic schools and an academy of his native
town. Later, he entered Yale College, from
which he graduated in 1853, receiving the de-
gree of A. ^I. from his Alma Mater in 1855.
During his freshman year he was comj^elled
to remain out one term on account of sick-
ness resulting from the drinking of poisoned
milk. He did not recover from its effects until
he crossed the jilains a few years later, walk-
ing the whole distance from Independence,
Iowa, to N'irginia City. Mont. He was a mem-
ber of the D. K. and D. K. E. societies while
at Yale. Tlie year following his graduation
Mr. Hedges taught an academy at Easton.
Conn. In 1855 he returned to his native town
and entcrwi the law ottice of Hon. Edward
B. Gillette for the purpose of taking uji the
study of law. The next year he entered the
law department of Harvard Cniversity, and
was admitted to the bar, on examination be-
fore the supreme court of Massachusetts, the
same year. AMiile studying law he also
taught in the academies at Berlin and South
ington. Conn. In 1856, he came west and
located at Independence, Iowa, where he be
gan the practice of his profession. Mr.
Hedges did not at that time, however, nor
has he since, devoted all his energies to the
legal profession. While at Independence he
secured an interest in the Independence
Civilian and published that pajjer for several
years. In 1861 he decided to go farther
west, and made the journey on foot to Vir-
ginia City, Mont. He went from there to
Helena, where he has resided ever since. In
1865 he fonned a law partnership with Col.
Robert Lawrence, which continued for two
years. In October, 1866, be returned east
for his family, coming down the Missouri
and going back the following spring by
steamboat. Mr. Hedges" career, since his lo-
cation in Montana, has been an active and
busy one. He took a prominent part in the
early history of that state, his activities be-
ing directed in many different lines. He was
appointed I'nited States District Attorney
in 1865, and served one term in that oftice.
Afterward he was elected probate judge of
Lewis and Clark county, and served in this
position for five years. In 1872, after the
adoption of the territorial school law, he was
appointed superintendent of public instruc-
tion, serving six years. He was also for sev-
eral years engaged as an editorial writer on
the Helena Herald. He represented Lewis
and Clark county, as state .senator, in the
first legislative session of Montana, which
was held in 1889, sening four years. He
was one of the original founders of the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Helena pnblic library in 18(iS, is at tbe pres-
ent time its president, and has been such the
greater pai-t of the time since its existence.
In 1870. he was one of the Washburn party
that visited the gevser region on the Yellow
stone, and made the first suggestion as to
making a national park out of this beautiful
section of country. On that occasion he was
forty days in the saddle. He has also, for a
long time, been connected with the Montana
Historical Society. Mr. Hedges" most promi
nent work, however, has been in connection
with Masonry, of which mention is made at
the beginning of this sketch. His record is
somewhat unusual in ilasonic circles. He
has been writing correspondence rejxirts for
the Grand Lodge of ^[outana almost ever
since its organization in 1S(;(), and has also
written the reports for the (Jrand Chapter
and (rrand Commandery since their organi-
zation. Mr. Hedges was a Democrat until
the (_'ivil W'iw. Since then he has allied him
self with the Republican party, and is a
stronger adherent of its principles now than
ever before. He has always been an expan-
sionist, believing that the United States
would some day become the leading power in
the world, and he thinks that the possession
of the I'hilippines will aid in accomplishing
that result. He believes the more thorough-
ly in exjjansion because of the prominent
part lie took, during his long and useful
career, in the building up of the Pacific west,
and he has lived to see the day when the
I'nited States has finally broken out of its
boundaries and secured a foothold in the
Orient — the first step in the direction of mak-
ing this nation a power to be considered in
the future destiny of the world. In the legis-
lative session of 1899, noted for the long-
drawn out contest between the Clark and
Daly factions, Mr. Hedges' name was placed
in nomination for the office of United States
senator, and he received the hearty support
of the representatives of his own party. His
own son, Wyllys A. Hedges, feeling a little
delicate about it, refrained from voting at
first, but later acceeded to the wishes of his
associates and made it a unanimous party
vote. He was one of the four Republicans
that did not vote for Mr. Clark, and was re-
riiUXKLli'S IIKDCES.
elected in lyod. lleforc beccjming a resident
of Montana, Mr. Hedges" church connections
were with the Congregational body, but for
want of such an organization in Helina he
united with the Presbyterian church, of
which he is an elder. He was married, July
7, 1856, to Edna Layette Smith, of South-
ington. Conn. They have had eight children;
two boys and one girl died in early youth.
The children living are: Wyllys Anderson,
a sheep grower in Fergus county, Mont.;
Henry Highland, a stockman in Valley coun-
ty, Mont.; Cornelius, Jr., living at home and
em])loyed in the internal revenue office;
Edna Cornelia, living at home, and Emma
(now Mrs. John Woodbridgej, living in Bos-
ton.
McCILLIVRAY, Alexander C, the reg-
ister of tlie United States laud office at Bis-
marck, came to the Territory of Dakota in
1882. He was born at Toronto, Canada. Jan.
24,1859. His father, Neil McC.illivray, is a
native of the Highlands of Scotland. He
came to Canada in an early day and engaged
in business as a carpenter, builder, and con-
tractor. Alexandei's mother was also a na-
HISTORY OF THE (iUEAT X(»KTn\VEST.
ALEXAMlICIt ('. MfOILI.IVRAY.
tive of the Highlands, aud, like her hus-
band, came to Canada with her parents, as
a child. Her maiden name was Sarah Mc-
Colhim. Mr. McGillivray obtained his early
education in the public schools of Toronto,
which are of a superior grade, ^^'hen eigh-
teen jears old he came to Chicago, and se-
cured employment as a traveling salesman
for a Xew York dry goods firm, coyerlng
the states of Hlinois, Indiana and Michigan.
After five yeai-s in this service he came to
Bismarck, Dakota Territory, and for one
year served as clerk. He then went into the
general mercantile business for himself at
Dickinson, N. D., and remained in it ten
years, selling in that time about |600,000
worth of merchandise, almost an unprece-
dented large amount for such a compara-
tively small city, and where he was also for-
warding agent of the Black Hills Freight
Line, and the president of the Lehigh Coal
Mining Company, and later branched out in-
to the stock business, which he now carries
on at Indian Si)riugs, where he makes a
specialty of breeding full blooded, registered
Aberdeen Angus cattle, having probably the
largest herds of these breeds in the state.
He is also engaged in raising horses of high
grade, both draft and driving breeds. He
seems to have the faculty of making any
business he touches a success. He has, since
coming west, taken a very active interest in
public affairs, and has always affiliated with
the Republican party. He served for three
years as county commissioner of Stark coun-
ty. N. D. He was also elected and re-elected
for tliree terms as state senator from the
thirty-first district, making a tenn of twelve
ycais. He has been a member of the state
Kei)ublican central committee for ten conse-
cutive years, and a member of its executive
for four years. His keen sagacity, sound
judgment, and untiring energy have made
him a tower of strength to his party. There
is no man in the western part of the state of
more prominence and influence. His genial
manners and frank, honest and pleasant
treatment of all classes, make him a favorite
in all circles, and a potent fact(u- in politics,
as well as in business. He was appointed
register, April 1, 1899, the position which he
now holds. In 1888, he was married to
Miss Mary J. Montague, of Caro, Mich., a
daughter of the late Horace N. Montague
and Mary Jane (Smith) Montague, of Lon-
don, Ont. He is a member of the St. An-
drews society, and although of the Pres-
byterian faith, he is not enrolled as a mem-
ber.
HANNAFORD, Jule Murat.— Railways
have made the Northwest what it is in de-
velopmentand'wealth. In early days railways,
when perhaps capital was more timid and ex-
pei-ience was more limited, were built only
to those regions where business was ready
made, and waiting for the i-oad. They follow-
ed, sometimes at a snail's pace, a civilization
already established. But the modern meth-
od is to i>ush on in advance of settlement,
and to create a condition which invites the
settler. The Northern Pacific railway was
the j)ioneer of the new policy, and the men
who had the sagacity to foresee the results
and the enterprise and courage to put the
theory into practice, are justly entitled to a
large share of the credit for the vast strides
HISTOUY OF THE (iUKAT NOUTIIWEST.
whii-li I lie .i;rc;it Xcirl liwcst li;is lalicii in re-
cent years. ^Ir. Ilaniiafdrd, the snltject "f
this sketcli, is one of tliese men. liavin;;' been
for nearly thirty years enj;a^cd witli the
Northern I'acifie laiJway. He \\as horn at
CMareniont. X. II.. Nov. lil. 1S.-)(I. His fa
ther, Eli K. Hannaford. was an eniiineer in
{i;ood linanrial ririiinistanees, support inj^ his
family in comfort and schooling his children
in a liberal manner. He was from early
Xew B^ngland ancestry, sj)rinf;ing from the
tii-st settlers. His wife's maiden name was
Paulina A. Jewett. She was also of thi'
same slock. IJotli were born in New Hamp-
shire. Younji J. ^I. Hannaford was edu-
cated in the jniblic schools of New Enj;land.
After obtaininji' a common school trainin;^- at
Xorthfield, he took his colle,!;iate course at
St. Alban's Academy, A'ermont, and <;rad-
uated when only sixteen years of afic. As
he was reared in the atmosphere of the rail-
road, he very naturally went into the busi-
ness, enteriuj;- into the service of the ^'ennont
Central railway in June, 1880. With a
steadiness very unusual in these days of
rai)id mutations, Mr. Hannaford has contin-
ued in the railway service ever since. It has
been his life work. May 17. ISTi!, he ac-
cejited the position of cleik in the frcij;ht of-
fice of the Northein I'acitic railway, and set-
tled in P.rainerd. Minn. In 187!) he was
made chief clerk, and then jn-omoted to as-
sistant jieneral freif-ht and passenger agent.
From issi to is.v;', he was general freight
agent of the Eastern (li\ision, and was pro-
moted step by step to his present position of
third vice-president, in full charge of the
tiaftic dejiartment of the gigantic enterprise,
including all branches and leased lines of the
Northern Pacific. While the Wisconsin
Ci'ntral railway was under lease to the North-
ern Pacific from 180(1 to 1803, :Mr. Hannaford
had the management of the traftic of that
road also. In iSOy he was made vi<'e pi-esi
dent and general su])erintendent of the
Northern Pacific Express ('omi)any, which
[lositicm he still holds. While Mr. Ilanna
ford is so absorbed in i-ailway matters, to
\\hich he has so assiduously devoted his life
to the exclusion of all ot her Inisini-ss and pro
JI'1,10 M. H.WNA
fessions, he has taken an .ictive interest as
a citizen in the societies, clubs and organi-
zations to jiromote social and commensal en-
terprises and the ]iublic welfare, being a
nu-niber of several. He is also a director of
the Capital Bank of St. Paul. In religion he
atliliatcs with the Ei)iscopalians, and at-
tends the St. .lohn's EiMscoi)al church, St.
I'aul. He was mairied in 1SS2 to Miss Cor-
delia L. Foster, of St. Alban's, Vt. They
ha\e two sons, .lule M.. and I'^ister Hanna-
ford.
COMSTOCK, Oliver Darling.— The at-
torney general of North Dakota, Oliver D.
Comstock, came to North Dakota — then a
part of the Territory of Dakota— with his
father, when a boy (mly seventeen years old.
His father, Anva Comstock, was a native of
New York, and was one of the earliest set-
tlers in central Minnesota, going to Mankato
about isns. In 1S7() he moved to Sauk
("enter. His wife, ()li\er's mother, was a
.Massachusetts woman. Her maiden name
was Susan J. Wood. Kolh were of early
Knglisli and Scotch .-inceslrv. ()li\er was
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
OLIVER D. COMSTOCK.
born at Mankato, Minn., Feb. 5, 1866, and ob-
tained his early education in the public
schools of Mankato and Sauk Center. His
academic education was secured at the Sauk
Center Academy. When he and his mother
went to North Dakota in 1883, they took up
a claim and engaged in farming. Oliver,
when not working on the farm, taught
school, and thus struggled to win the prize
that he early set before himself — that of be-
coming a lawyer. It was no easy task for
one in his circumstances, but by persistent
energy, industry and perseverance he pre-
pared and entered the law department of the
University of Michigan, and graduated as a
Bachelor of Laws in the class of 1890, and
at once engaged in practice at Minnewaukon,
N. D., and at the same time operated a farm.
He had so commended himself to the people
by his sterling character and abilities, that
he was elected that same year states attorney
of Benson county, N. D. This was a very
remarkable compliment to Mr. Comstock,
and one almost unprecedented in the history
of the state. That he was capable and ef-
ficient in more than one degree, is shown by
the fact that he held the position by con-
tinued re-elections for ten successive years,
and until he was promoted to a larger field
by being elected attorney general of North
Dakota in 1000, a position which he now
holds. Under his administration of this im
jKntant office he has relaxed none of the vig-
or which distinguished him in the smaller
field. The laws — particularly the prohibito-
ry law about which there has been much
contention — are rigidly and strictly enforced.
In politics he is a staunch Rei)ublican, ac-
tive, influential and very prominent in the
councils of his party. He was elected a dele-
gate to the state convention in 1S04, and has
attended every subsequent state convention
in that capacity. He ranks high as a pub-
]ir speaker and is an excellent campaigner,
always in demand. He is interested in frater-
nal societies, and was the first master of the
Masonic lodge at Minnewaukon. He is a
^Mason of high position, including the chap-
ter, commandery and shriner degrees. He
is also an Odd Fellow, and belongs to the
Ancient Order of United Workmen, being
also master of the lodge. He was married
Aug. 21, 1890, to Miss Agnes Denoyer, daugh-
ter of David Deiioyer, a soldier of the Civil
JVar, a member of the Grand Army of the
Republic, and a former county commissioner
of Benson county.
JONES, Ray Williams.— Northern New
York has contributed very materially to the
development of the Northwest in sending to
it many able and energetic men — of whom
the late Senator Davis may be cited as an
example — who haxe stamped the impress of
their intellectual and organizing powers on
its institutions and material prosperity. The
subject of this sketch. Col. Ray W. Jones,
president of the Commonwealth Lumber
Company, Frazee, Minn., is one of the natives
of that region, having been born at Remsen
Oneida county, N. Y. That rugged climate
seems to impart vigor peculiarly adapted to
the rushing enterprise called into requisition
to bring success. He was very early thrown
upon his own resources, and so thoroughly
that it may be said that he never had a dol-
HISTORY OF TUE GREAT NORTHWEST.
lar given to him that he did uot earn with
his own hands. He attended public schools
at Renisen and at Utica, N. Y.. until he was
fourteen years of age, when he entered a
wholesale jobbing house at Utica. He re-
mained in that position for two years and
then moved to Jlnskegon, llich., where he
entered the employ of the old ^luskegon Na
tional lianli. adding constantly to his litcra
ry attainments and business education diii'
ing the ten years that he served in the insti-
tution in various positions, from the lowest
to the most responsible. Here he also ob-
tained an insight of the lumber business in
its commercial phases. In 18S2 he left the
bank and engaged in the Inmbei- business at
the same place. This lie conriniicd miiil
1886, when he took up his residence in Min-
neapolis, and became one of the jn-omoters
and organizers of the well known H. ('. Ake-
ley Lumber romj)any, with which he was
identified for five years. He was made the
first vice-president and general manager of
the Brainerd and Northern Minnesota rail-
way, twenty-five miles of which was built
and operated under Col. Jones' supervision.
But he has been continuously in the lumbir
business since 1882, and is regarded as one
of the most thoroughly informed and expe-
rienced men in the trade, in both the com-
mercial and manufacturing branches. In
1897 he organized the Commonwealth Lum-
ber Company at Frazee, Minn., of which he
is now president, and which is doing a pros-
perous manufacturing business at that point.
Col. Jones has been a large employer, and
has always shown warm sympathy with the
laboring men, by whom he is especially re-
.spected and esteemed. In politics he has al
ways affiliated and worked with the Repub-
lican party, in which he is prominent and in-
rtuential. He was a delegate to the National
Kepulilican convention held in Philadelphia
in 1900, and was honored by that body by
being selected as the member from Minneso-
ta on the Notification committee to officially
inform President McKinley of his uomina
tion, which duty Col. Jones had the pleasure
of sharing. He was a member, with the rank
of Colonel, of (iovernor Clough's staff, and is
l!.\Y W. JO.NES
at present on (Jorernor 'S'an Sant's staff with
the same rank. He is also interested and
active in Masonry, liaving passed all degrees
ii|i to .ind including the thirty-secOTid. He
\v;'s uiairied Sept. 12, 1888, to Miss Pauline
B., the daughter of Henry Spitzley, of De-
troit, Mich., one of the oldest and most ex-
tensive building contractors in that city.
The happy union has been blessed with two
bright boys — one now ten years and the other
six years old. Col. Jones may .iustly be ac-
corded the honor of being a truly self-made
man. He is a kind neighbor, indulgent fa-
tlicr, and an all round ])ublic spirited and
liatriofii- citi.'.cn whom his friends delight to
honor.
MEKRILL, Harry Leonanl, tlic suiienn
tendent of the public schools of Iliitrliinson.
Jlinii.. was left an orphan al an early age.
His father, Albert L. .Mciiill. M. !)., died
when only thirty-one years of age, and his
niollc'i-. whose maiden name was Esther J,
Littleiield, died when only twentycight years
old, both at Auburn. Mr. The family was
originally of French cxtiaclioii, and in
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
HAUItY L. MERlilLL.
Prance was known as De Merle. After the
massacre of St. Bartholomews day in 1572,
they fled to England, and the name took the
form which it now l)ears. There are many
similar instances of change of family names
recorded in history, and many more in which
the spelling of the old names has been so
altered that the originals can with difficulty
be recognized. In l()3o Nathaniel Merrill
and a brother sailed from England to Amer-
ica, and settled at Newbury, Mass. Mr. Mer-
rill of Hutchinson is a descendant of this
Nathaniel Merrill in the eight generation. He
was born at Auburn, Me., Oct. 27, 1857. He
obtained his early education in the graded
schools at Auburn, and prepared for college
in the classical course in the Auburn High
school, and later at the Nichols Latin school
of Lewiston, Me., — an institution of high re-
pute for thoroughness in training for col-
lege. In 1S7G he entered Bates college and
graduated in ISSO. He intended to make
law his profession and coiumenced the study,
but was induced to take the position of teach-
er of the high school of Lisbon Falls, Me. In
February, 1882, he moved to ^Minnesota, and
was made superintendent of the public
schools of Hutchinson, a position which he
has since continuously held. This is a re-
markable record in the west, where there
are so many cliange.s. He was married June
:i(l, ISSli, to ^Martha A. Harringrton, daughter
of Lewis Harrington, one of the founders of
the town of Hutchinson, and a descendant of
the early Harringtons of Massachusetts.
Mrs. ilerrill is also a direct descendant of
\Villiam Bradford, who succeeded John Car-
ver, the first governor of the Pilgrim colony
of JIassachnsetts, in 1621. They have one
child, Lewis H. Merrill. In politics Mr. Mer-
rill is a Republican, active and influential in
local atfairs. He is also prominent in the
Masonic order. He was worshipful master
of Temple Lodge, No. 59, Hutchinson, for the
three years, and junior warden for five years.
He is also a member of the Koyal Arch Chap-
ter.
HALL, Christopher Webber. — Professor
Hall, of the University of Minnesota, is a
Green Mountain farmer boy, having been
born February 28, 1845, at Wardsboro, Wind-
ham county, Vt. His father, Lewis Hall,
was a well-to-do farmer, whose wife — the
professor's mother — was Louisa Wilder.
8he was a daughter of a tanner, Calvin
Wilder, somewhat noted as a militia captain.
Young Hall's early education was obtained
in the district school, after which he attend-
ed the academies at Townshend and Chester,
until prepared for college, paying his way by
teaching penmanship. He then entered
Middlebury College, Vermont, and gradu-
ated in 1871. Here he won the botanical
prize, and was on the "Waldo Foundation"
for two years. He was elected to the Phi
Beta Kappa for scholarship, and was a mem-
ber of the Delta Upsilon fraternity. After
gi-aduating he accepted the position of jirin-
cipal at (Jlens Falls Academy, New York,
for one year, and then came to Minnesota as
principal of the Mankato High School and
later as superintendent of the Owatonna
schools, where ho remained until 1875, re- ■
signing to take up scientific studies. He
went to Leipsic, Gemiany, and devoted there
two years and a half to the study of geology
and allied subjects. On his return he gave
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XOIiTIIWEST.
a course of lectures at Middlebury College,
and in April, 1878, came to Minnesota and
entered upon his work at tbe state university,
where he has ever since been engaged.
The development of the scientific technical
work of the institution to the present bioad
and conii)rehensive features of the "long
course"' has lieen largely due to Professoi-
Hall's active and persistent efforts. He
also foresaw the value of a school of mines
of the highest rank, and earnestly recom
mended its establishment to meet the de
mands of the discoveries of iron mines and
of the clay and quarry industries. From 1S!)2
until 1807 he was dean of the College of
Engineering, Metallurgy' and Mechanic Arts.
and directed the courses to their present
effective status. He secured from the busi-
ness men of Minneapolis $5,000 to construct
an ore-testing plant on a commercial scale.
He was instrumental, also, in securing an an-
nual appropriation for maintaining and de-
veloping the school of mines, and in urging
the ai)propriation of funds for the complete
laboratory for testing structural materials
now being developed by the department of
structural engineering. During his leave of
absence in Europe in 1897-98 he was busily
engaged in scientific work. During his early
years with the university he was assistant
geologist on the Geological and Natural
History Survey of the state. From 1883 to
the i)resent time he has been assistant geol-
ogist of the United States Geological Sur-
vey. Before 1884 he had taught all the natu
ral and physical sciences of the curriculum
of the university excei)t chemistry. He has
traversed during summer months nearly ev-
ery portion of the state — many of the
counties in great detail. He has written
much on the geological features of the state,
and on scientific and educational subjects, a
catalogue published in 1899 showing eighty-
nine titles. Among them is an historical
sketch of the university, the most compre-
hensive yet written. Professor Hall takes
high rank in scientific circles. He is a fel-
low of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science; fellow of the Geologi-
cal Society of America; member of the Nu-
CHIUSTOI'HICU W. HALL.
tional (ieographic Society; of the Society for
the I'romotion of Engineering Educaticm,
and of the Minnesota Academy of^'alnral
Sciences, having been secretary and adminis-
trative officer of the last named society for
thirteen years, and for many years has been
editor of its bulletins. He was honored by
being elected its president at its last session.
Professor Hall is a Congregationalist. In
politics he is a broad-gauged Kepublican, but
has never sought nor held office. In 1876
he was married to Ellen A., the daughter of
Hon. and Mrs. Mark H. Dunnell, but she
lived only seven months. In 1883 he was
married to Sophia Seely Haight, who died
in 1891, leaving one daughter, named after
her mother, Sojdiia.
JACKSON, Roscoe Neely.— The subject
of this sketch. Dr. Roscoe N. Jackson, of
Faribault, Minn., is singularly associated by
birth and experience with several of the
most prominent events of .\merican history.
His father, John Jackson, a farmer by occu-
pation, was born and reared in Oneida coun-
ty, N. v., the home of Roscoe Coukling, the
HISTORY OF THE (JREAT NORTHWEST.
liOSCOE N. JACK.SOX.
(listiiiKuished statesman. Thev were warai
per.s()iia] frieud.s and associated in the organ-
ization of the Reiiublican party, and Roscoe,
born the yiar of its birth, was named after
New York's greatest senator. Dr. Jaclison's
mother was Harriet Pitcher, whose ances-
tors were so thoroughly American that they
even denied a Mayflower origin.
His grandfather, (ieneral John Jackson,
of tile ^Mexican \\'ar. was a cousin of Presi-
(h-ut Andrew Jackson, and Imilt of the same
"Old Hickory" timber. The doctors ances-
toi-s on both sides have been identified with
the early Colonial and Revolutionary War
events. Representatives of his family have
fought in every war in which this nation has
been engaged.
Dr. Jackson was born in Boouville, N.
Y., July 7, 1856. His early education was
obtained in the district and high schools.
This was supplemented by a course at Hun-
gerford Collegiate Institute, of Adams, N.
Y., from which he graduated in 1877. He
immediately commenced the study of medi-
cine in the oflice of Dr. Walter Booth, a
cousin of Edwin Booth, the celebrated actor,
and of J. Wilkes Booth, of more infamous
memory. He pursued a full medical course
at the (,'ollege of Physicians and Surgeons,
New York, and further attended the Long
Island Hospital College, from which he grad-
uated in June, 1880, and recently he has
taken a post-graduate course in New York.
In July. 1880. he began the i)ractice of medi-
cine in Camden, N. Y., removing from there
to Faribault, Minn., in ilay, 1883. where he
formed a jiartnership with Dr. N. M. Bemis,
which continued two years, since when he
has been alone. He is a member of numer-
ous medical societies, including the Amer-
ican Medical Association, American Public
Health Association, Minnesota State Associ-
ation, etc.. and has acquired a wide reputa-
tion, especially as an advocate of the "Medi-
cal Treatment of Appendicitis." having read
several papers on the subject before medical
societies. In politics Dr. Jackson is a Re-
publican. In the campaign for Hayes and
Wheeler he led the "Republican Glee Club,""
of northern New York. He has, however,
never held or sought a political office, but
has served for several years as U. S. Pension
Surgeon, as surgeon of the Chicago, Milwau-
kee & St. Paul railroad, and as health officer
of his city. He was the first physician in the
state to use an automobile in his business.
His wife was Minnie E. Withington, daugh-
ter of William H. Withington, of Adams,
N. Y. In religion he is a Congregationalist.
and is a member of the leading fraternal
orders. The doctor is a man of strong con-
victions, and, as is characteristic of his stock,
is thorough in all he does. He is of genial
disposition, has a large practice, and enjoys
the confidence and respect of all who know
him.
FERRIS, Allen Frank, is president of
the First National Bank of Brainerd. Minn.
He is a native of the state of New York, and
was born at Perrysburgh, Cattaragus coun-
ty, July 22, 1805. His father, William Fer-
ris, was also a native of the Empire state,
born at Otto, August 1, 1826. When fifteen
years of age he beg-an clerking in a store at
Gowanda, N. Y. Later he engaged in the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
railroad business, and for fiftoen years was
agent of the Erie road at Perryshinnli. In
1872 he came west and becaiin' cimnccied
with the Northern Pacific railway, as ajivnt,
at IJrainerd, 3Iinn. In ISSl, he organized
the First National Bank of Erainerd, and
was its president at the time of his deatli in
18S2. His wife was Benlah A. Allen, a na
five of (iowanda, N. Y., and danghter of
Judge Daniel Allen, of the district coint.
Judge Allen achieved considerable prunii
nence in the Empire state, and was once
nominated to the gubernatorial ettice, but de
clined to run. He was a native of ,ilassa-
chusetts. His wife was Esther Manley, a
daughter of Captain John JIanley, of Con-
necticut. The subject of this sketch was
only seven years of age when his parents set-
tled in the North Star state. His eai-ly edu-
cation was received in the common schools
of Krainerd, which was supplemented by a
two y(^ars" course at Carleton College, North-
lield. In 1885, when twenty years of age, he
entered the First National liauk as a teller,
and the following year was promoted to the
position of cashier. He was made president
of that institution in 1892. Mr. Ferris is
held in high esteem in his own community
<TS a man whose business probity is unijues-
tioned. He has always taken an active in-
terest in public affairs, and has been promi-
nent in every movement tending to upbuild
the business interests of Brainerd. He was
elected an alderman in 1891, and was nuide
vice president of the city council. He was
re-elected in 1891 and 1893. In 1891 he was
elected a member of the lower house of the
state legislature on the Republican ticket,
and has been re-elected at each succeeding
election. He has made an excellent record
as a legislator, and has taken a prominent
position in that body. He has served as
chairman of the railroad connnittee at every
session, and, as such, has been influential in
shaping much important legislation. In the
session of 1895 he succeeded in getting
through the legislature an important seed
bill, which was designed to aid the farmers
who had lost everything by the forest fires
of the previous year, and who were in great
AI,Ll:X F. FEKUIS.
need of seed to nuike a fresh start. In the
session of 1S99 he served as chairman of the
joint rea])])ortioniiieni i-onnnittee #f the
house and senate. In is'.H, Mr. Ferris was
apjiointed a member of the game and fish
comniissi(ui by (lovernor Merriam, and when
that body was organized was made its sec-
retary, serving in that capacity for five years.
Mr. Ferris is chairnian of the ( 'hein|iiatana
Club of Brainerd, vice president of the
Board of Trade, captain of the Brainerd Di-
vision, No. 7, U. K. K. I*., a member of the
Masonic body, of the Knights of Pythias, and
(•f the Improved Order of Bed Men. He was
married, June 8, 1888, to Miss Annie M. Ste-
gee. One child has been born to them, Frank
W'.. now twelve vears old.
PAINTEB, David Hugh.— The graded
schools of our larger cities otter problems to
the educator that prove very perplexing in
their solution. The complaint is often heard
that they fail to .secure adequate results, but,
doubtless, much of this criticism is unjust
and based on ignorance of the true condi-
tions. To secure the highest results attain-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
DAVID. H. PAINTEU.
able, however, it is very essential that their
admiuistratiou be in the bauds of men or
women who are thoroughly equipped as
teachers. This implies a thorough prepara-
tory training in the humbler branches of
our educational system, and a knowledge of
the most improved methods adopted from
time to time. One of the best administra-
tors of graded schools in Minneapolis, Minn.,
is Mr. David H. Painter, principal of the
Adams school. His work stamps him as a
thoroughly competent educator. Mr. i'ainter
is a native of Ohio. He was born near jS'ew-
ai'k, Licking county, November 11, 18GU. His
father, William Painter, is a successful farm-
er in tlie Buckeye state. During the latter
part of the Civil War he served his country
in Comjjany F, 135th Kegiment, Ohio Volun-
teer Infantry. Early in his life he followed
the occupation of a teacher, and in his later
years he is an earnest advocate of all mat-
ters tending to promote the educational in-
terests of the community. A man of sturdy
Christian chai-acter, he is held in high re-
gard and greatly esteemed by all who know
him. His wife, Julina Latta Robinson, was
;ils() a teacher in the public schools before
her marriage. She possesses much sweetness
and strength of cliaracter, and her motherly
inlluence has been dii-ected in the guidance
of her children in paths of truth and virtue.
Mr. and Jlrs. Paintei- are natives of Ohio,
their parents having coiiie to that state from
^'irginia. Their remote ancestry was Scotch-
Irish. Mr. Painter's early life was sjjent on
tlic fann. His early training was received
in the country school ; later he attended the
village high school. He is a graduate of the
Normal University at Ada, Ohio. For a
number of jears he taught in the country
schools, and later served six years as super-
intendent of the ^^llage schools of Martins-
burg, Ohio. He came to Minneapolis in Au-
gust, 1895, to take charge of the Adams
school. In jiolitics, Mr. I'ainter is a Repub-
lican. His church connections are with the
Raptist denomination. He was married, De-
cember 24, 1891, to Carrie J. Young, of Mt.
Vernon, Ohio. Two children were born:
Carle W. and M. Louise. Mrs. Painter died
January 8, 1901.
BROWN, Edward O.— While sartorial
art may not be so influential on character as
Carlisle would have the world believe, it is
of great importance in a very practical way.
How a man dresses, the outside appearance,
makes the first impression. This is the most
durable, and, if favorable, a good beginning
is assured. Hence from time immemorial
the office of a competent tailor has been of
great value, aside from the comfort and dur-
ability of the garments made. ITie art of
dressing well required an educated director,
like every other excellence. The expe-
rience, taste and skill necessary to succeed
are as rarely combined in this art as in any
other, and when long continued success has
been won, it proves that there is some one
or more inherent qualities in the fortunate
worker, not common to others. Mr. Edward
O. Brown, the well known importer of wool-
ens, and the popular merchant tailor of Min-
neapolis, Minn., the subject of this sketch;
is one of the oldest and most extensive
operators in this line of business in the
Northwest. He has erected the first build-
ing in the Twin cities for the exclusive busi-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ness of merchant tailoring, and he employs
seventy hands to meet the wants of his cus-
tomers. The firm is known as Brown Bro-
there. A few details will show the reasons
for the success of the establishment. Mv.
Brown was born on a farm near (luldbninds
dalen, near Hammer, Norway. He was edn
cated in the common schools of that conntiy
until of suitable age for work, and tluii
served an aitprenticeshi]) of fi\e years in Tin-
good old fashioned way. \\'lu'n he secured
his certificate of competency — or it may be
called a diploma of graduation, for that is
what it was — he came to the United States
and began work as a journeyman. After
four and a half years of this service, paying
special attention to cutting and fitting, he
was engaged to ojjen a tailoring department
for the popular Big Boston Clothing Store.
in 1876, and continued with this firm for
eleven years, when it retired from business.
Then Mr. Bn)wn purchased the most desir-
able part of the merchant tailoring stock and
went into business on his own account at 242
Second avenue south, in 1887, soon aftei
moving to Nicollet avenue and Fourth street.
These premises ])roved to be too small to ac-
commodate his growing trade, and he
changed his location to Tem])le Court, where
he renmined for eight years, doing a large
and successful business. In 1000. to find
still larger accommodations, he erected his
own building at 21 South Sixth street, in the
very center of trade. This the Brown Bros,
now occupy with increasing success. ^Ir.
Brown is also extensively interested, with
his brother, in gold mining at Nome, and on
the Bluestone in Alaska. He has also taken
an interest in military matters, having be-
longed to the National Ouard of the state of
Wisconsin for three years. In religion he is
a Lutheran, while in politics he affiliates
with the Democratic party. He is also
prominent in social and fraternal affairs, be
ing a member of the Odin Club, the Elks,
and the Knights of Pythias. He was mar
ried in 1877 to Annie Syverson, daughter ot
one of the oldest settlers in Dane county.
Wis. They have had six children, only two
of whom survive: Cora C. Brown. 21 years
of age, a gra<liiate of the Minneaiiolis High
icnwAun o. HRowx.
school, and of tlie WUa ilaria school, and
a boy ten years old. Mr. Brown's father
was Ole Brown, a farmer Ity occupation,
born in 1810. He came from Noi^vay in
187(1. and settled in 'S'^ernon county, ^Vis. His
wife, Edward's mother, was Mary Haesten-
stad. They were of an honest, hardy and
I'ciiginiis i-acc, faillifiil to their oliligalions
and a i-i-edit to their nationalitv.
CHA5IBERLIN, Jehiel Weston.— Dr. J.
^^'. Chamberlin. physician, of St. Paul, Minn.,
was born at Rock Falls, Wis., October 28,
lS.'i7. His father, Oeorge Harris Chamber-
lin, was a merchant in good financial circum-
stances. Beginning life in New England, he
started out for himself when only fourteen
years of age. He worked his way through
school and in early manhood became a teach-
er. In the eaily Hflies he moved to the west
ami began his ujcrcantile career. He is a
(lii-ect descendant of Kichard ("hanihei-lin, of
Biaintree, Jlass. — the first of Hie name in
this count i-y. His wife was Antiaiiette Wes-
ton, from wlioni l)i'. Chandjerlin gets his
middle name. She is a descendant of an old
\'ermont famil\, which numbered among its
HISTOUY OF THE GREAT XOKTIiWEST.
.ii;iiii:i. w. cua.mheki.in.
prosfiiitois uiaiiv nf the prominent and even
disthifiuislied characters of early Colonial
and Revolntionary War days — among whom
were Eichard Warren and George Soule,
])assengers in the Mayflower and signers of
the famoii-; ■'ilaytid^Ncr ("onijtact'" made in
the cabin of that vessel.
Dr. Chamberlin is the seventh in descent
from Joseph Chamberlin, a .soldier in King
l'hili])'s War, particijiating in the "Great
Swamp Fight" of December, l(i7.5. Nathaniel
Chamberlin, a hero in the French and Indian
Wars, who was captured and held a prison-
er for two years, was also of the kin whom
the doctor represents in his membership in
the Society of Colonial Wars and in the Sons
of the American Revolution. After his ele-
mentary education in the district schools. Dr.
("hamlierlin entered the University at Gales-
viile, NVis., where he attended until the end
of the junior year, when he returned home
and entered his father's store. This was not
time entirely lost, for it gave him a diversi-
fled knowledge of merchandise, bookkeeping
and general business, as well as a knowledge
of human nature, and thus broadened the
foundation on which his subsequent profes-
sional career was built.
In 1S7S he began his study of medicine,
and in 187!) was matriculated at Hush Med-
ical ("ollfge, at Chicago, from which institu-
tion he was graduated in 1SS2. He then took
a ]Mist-graduate course in diseases of the eye,
and supplemented that special preparation
hy study in the best schools of Europe. On
his return, in 1884. he settled in St. Paul,
and began jmictice in diseases of the eye and
ear exclusively, in which he has since con-
tinued.
He is a member of the start' of the City
and County Hospital and of St. Luke's Hos-
]iital. and is chit-f oculist of the Great Xorth-
eiii Railway Company. He has been twice
s( lected to act on committees chosen by the
Stall iledical Society to promote medical
legislation. He is likewise a member of the
Minnesota Club, Ramsey County Medical So-
ciety, ^linnesota Academy of Medicine, Min-
nesota State Medical Society, American Med-
ical Association, and of the Chamberlin As-
sociation, of Boston, Mass. He is present
Grand Commander of Knights Templar of
the State of Minnesota, and a thirty-third
degree ifason. He was married, October 18,
1887, at Eau Claire, Wis., to Clara Augusta,
daughter of Martin and Elmina Smithe.
They have two sons: Rafph Weston and
Harold Smithe Chamberlin.
TAUBMAN. Edward T.. was born near
Cleveland, Ohio, December 18, 1853. When
an infant in arms he was taken by his pa-
rents to Clinton county, Iowa, where his boy-
hood was spent. His father was Edward
Taubman, now a retired farmer, living at
Maquoketa, Iowa. He was born and reared
in the Isle of Man, where his progenitors
have lived and occupied the homestead from
time immemorial. One of his mother's fam-
ily was Deamster of the island, and is said to
be the original character of Hall Caine's
thrilling story of "The Deamster." He was
the Deamster, great grandfather of the sub-
ject of this sketch, whose mother, Margaret
Teare, also a native of the Isle of Man. is
second cousin to the great novelist, ^^'hen
Edward Taubman settled in Iowa he took up
iiisToKV (IF Till-: (;i;i:.\'i' xoktiiwkst.
('i>,^lity ai-i-i's of unvciiiiiifiit hind, lli- \v;is a
successful man and added to liis Inddinj:
until file fai-ni was 4S() acres in exient. which
he still owns. The hoy Kdward ohiained his
early educalion in ihe ilistcicl scliool hy al
fendinjr winters, when he conid — Ihe sidionl
house bein^ nearly three miles away. In
summer he worked on Ihe farm, lie ihen
attended the Clinlon business College and
f;radiialed in the i-ourse ni hookkeejiin^. ]ien
nianshiii and aiilhmelic afli-i- which lie
taufjht i»ennianship one year in the Cedar
Falls. Iowa. Iiijili scliocd. and tai!i;hi a conn
try district school. lie then eiiien-d the of-
fice (;f Colton \- Wolf, al DeWiii. Iowa, to
study law. He l)Ursiied his coiirsi' for three
years. t«icliin<i- at the same time a district
school and re.-idinj;- outside of srl I time.
He was admitted to practice and opened his
lir.st office at Delmar. Iowa, and siilisei|iii'nt 1\
jiracticed at Sjiencer. Iowa, from which
place, in iss:'., after about fifteen months, he
removed to Aberdeen, in Dakota Territory.
now Soutli Dakota, where he has ever since
resided. In ISSS. after the adojificm of the
"prohibition law," Mr. Taubman was ele( led
states attorney for Hrown county, incliidinu
Aberdeen, S. D., and althoufih not a ]ir(diilii
tionist, durinj; his two years" service he ]iro
cured more convictions for the \iolarion of
the liquor law than has been si-ciired by any
other attorney in the state. Mr. Taubman
has also been \i-vy successful in j;i'neral crim-
inal cases, frequently securiu}; acquittals in
apparently hojieless cases. He lias likewise
Iiro\ed efficient in coi-jioratioii machinery
cases. One of his more note(l cases is that
of the whole.sale brewers" licenses, prosecut-
ed ill the T'liited States Circuit Court, which
held the act iiiiconstiiiil ional. He also prose-
cuted a writ of error in the stale supreme
court with like effect. He was also city al
loriiey of Aberdeen, and in a case which i-v-
ated local excitenieuf, he coiniielled the rail
road to ojien the crossinjr of ^lain sli-eet and
place a tlajiiiian there. .Mr. Tanliman was
married, in isTl). to .Margaret Kennedy, a
fanner's dauj;liter. of Hamilton county. Ohio.
They have three children: ( lenev ie\ c a j:iad
uate of the hifili school and now librarian of
i;llWAl;l) T. T.MIl.M.V.W
the city library of .Mi<-rdeen; Olive, and Mor-
ton .McKinley. botli attending; sclioid. .Mr.
Taubman is not only a promiiieiii lawyer,
but a public-spirited cilizen. interested in all
matters pertaiiiinj;' to city, county, and state.
He is a stalwart. tlioiij;li independent, Ke-
piibli<aii. attiliatinii with no factions. lie is
also one of the most distinji'uished Masons of
the order. He joined the ilasonic fraternity
as soon as he was ohl enoii<;h. ;it Cedar Falls,
Iowa, and has always taken an active inter-
est in the work, hohliii;; many ollices. He is
a Kni.uhts Temjilar and a Sliriner. and the
Sover<-imi (iiand Insiiector (leiieial of the
Scottish Rite for the state of South Dakota.
He was 'i-owned an honorary thirty-third de-
uree at Washinjiton. D. <'.. in October, IS'.IT.
and coronetied an active member for life of
the Sii|ireiiie Council, iliirtx -Ihii-d decree, of
the .\iicient and Accejited Scoltish Kite of
Free .Masonry (;Motlier Sujireuie Council of
the World) for the S(.iilliern jurisdiction of
the Ciiited States of America. October. ISit'l.
hy the colincil at the lloll.se of the Temple,
in Washington. D. C., the said council beinji
the ;;(i\einiiij; body of all Scottish Kite Ma-
sons in the Fnited States, exciqit for those
states east of the .Mississipjii and iiorlli of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the Ohio river. Mr. Taiibman has had con-
ferred upon him all the degree-s of both the
York and Scottish Rite, as well as the Adop-
tive Rite of the Order of the Eastern Star.
He was chiefly instrumental in the building
of the Masonic Temple, of Aberdeen — a
noble structure — used exclusivelj' by Ma-
sons. It is out of debt and so devised that
it can never be mortgaged nor be liable for
any debt, nor subject to taxes. He is also a
Knight of Pythias, and has been Chancellor
of the local lodge. He is a member of the
Modern Woodmen, and was for four years
Consol of the local camp, and for two years
State Consol. He is also a member of the
subordinate lodge of Odd Fellows. He was
brought up as an Episcopalian, but is not en-
rolled as a member. Mr. Taubman is a forci-
ble speaker and is always in demand for
campaign work.
SCHADLE, Jacob Evans.— Dr. Schadle,
of St. Paul, Minn., the noted specialist in
diseases of the nose, throat and ear, was
early a very successful physician in general
practice after a thorough preparation for the
profession of medicine. After years of ex-
perience he concluded to limit his practice
to the field mentioned. Many of the best
physicians adopt a similar coui'se. This is
only following out the tendency in all other
pursuits which keep pace with the needs of
society — the tendency towards specializa-
tion. It has come to be recognized that no
man, whatever may be his abilities, can cov-
er so efficiently the whole of any science or
profession as to compare with one who de-
votes his energies and skill in mastering
some division of the subject. Hence, the
marked success of men like Dr. Schadle.
They know well nigh all about some special
things instead of having merely a smatter-
ing of things in general, which is all the best
men can accomplish, when their efforts are
spread over a large field. Therefore, the spe-
cialist is in demand. He is the highest evo-
lution of the day. Dr. Schadle was born neai-
Williamsport, Clinton county. Pa., June 23,
1849. His father, Michael Schadle, was of
(icrniiiii descent, his ancestors being natives
of the Rhine jiroviuces. He was a well-to-do
Pennsylvania farmer. His wife was Phcebe
Sallade, of (lerman-Swiss extraction, w'hose
ancestors came originally from Strausberg,
Germany, and Basel, Switzerland. Dr. Scha-
dle obtainwl his early education in the com-
mon schools, working summers and going to
school winters. He then entered the State
Normal School, at Millersville, Pa., to pre-
pare himself for a teacher. He was a mem-
ber of the Page Society of the institution,
and graduated in 1871, having, however,
begun to teach as early as 1869 — before he
graduated. He taught in public and private
schools until 1870, when he was made super-
intendent of the public schools of MifBns-
burg, Pa. The same year he took up the
study of medicine in the office of Dr. Shep-
[lard Van Valzah, of that city, where he con-
tinued for five months. He then entered the
office of Dr. John S. Crawford, of Williams-
port, Pa., under whose direction he studied
for two years, and to whom Dr. Schadle at-
tributes much of the success of his early ca-
reer. In the autumn of 1877 he entered the
Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, an
institution of the highest grade in the pro-
fession, and graduated in 1881. He imme-
diately went into practice in the city of Shen-
andoah, Pa. In 1883 an epidemic of small-
pox broke out in the Schuylkill district of
the anthi-acite coal region, in which Shenan-
doah was situated. The city authorities ap-
pointed Dr. Schadle "Lozaretto Physician."
It was a trying position for a young man,
but he heroically succeeded in the work. He
induced the city to build a i>est house on the
mountain side. To this, as fast as the small-
pox cases arose, the patients wei-e taken,
made comfortable, and treated. Through a
rigid quarantine on the pest house on the
part of Dr. Schadle, aided by the hearty co-
operation of the authorities, the disease was
exterminated in three months. There were
forty-nine cases of the disease in his juris-
diction in which ten deaths occurred. His
success in this work was so recognized and
ajjpreciated that he at once established a
large and lucrative practice, which seems to
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST,
have followed him in ;ill subsequent years.
In 1885 the doctor toolc a post-graduate
course at Jefferson Medical ('ollege. to pre-
pare himself for his chosen specialty, laryn-
gology and rliinology. The noted Dr. Charles
E. Sajons, of I'hiladelphia, was his special
preceptor in this department. On returning
to Shenandoah he could not well shake oil
his general practice, but he commenced his
si>ecialty, and met with such immediate suc-
cess that he began to consider a jilau to limit
his practice exclusively to this departmeni.
He finally settled in St. Paul, Minn., as a
suitable place, and January 1, 188S, opened
his ottice for the practice of his chosen
branch of the profession. In 18S() he at-
tended five cases of toadstool, or mush
room, poisoning. In studying and experi
menting on this subject he discovered an
antidote for this class of poisoning. The
remedy is sulphate of atropine. An account
of the cases and the treatment was publish-
ed in the Surgical Reporter, Philadelphia, in
188U, and also in the works of Gibson &
Mcllvaine, on "Toadstools." The doctors
discovery has since become recognized as the
onlj' antidote for such poisoning. He has
been an extensive contributor to the litera-
ture of the medical profession, which has not
only been well recei\ed in this country, but
some of the articles have been translated
and published in foreign journals — one, an
illustrated article on Leprosy iu Palestine
from the standard of a personal experience,
having attracted universal attention. In
1897-8 he spent a year abroad studying, in
the medical centers of Europe, his special
branch of medicine. He made a second visit
in 1899-1900, traveling iu the Orient, Kussia
and Europe generally, evidently with his eyes
open. He has invented a number of surgical
instruments for work in nose and throat
treatment. Besides being a member of the
Minnesota Club and of the Town and Coun-
try Club, he is an active member of several
leading ijrofessional associations — among
them the American Medical Association;
American Khinological, Laryugological and
Otological Association, and Ramsey ('oiinlx
-Medical Society. He is also Chemical Pro
.lACoi! i:. sriiAiij.E.
fessor of Laryngology and Rhinology in the
University of Minnesota; member of the stall
of St. Luke's Hospital, St. Paul ; chief of the
staff of the St. Paul Medical Free Dispfensary,
and was president of the Western Section of
the American Rhinological, Laryugological
and Otological Association in 1898. The doc-
tor was brought up iu the Lutheran church.
He was married, October 15, 1888, to Miss
Jennie Ra\ Miller, daughter of Dr. David II.
Miller, of Miliinsburg, Pa.
NOYES, Jonathan Lovejoy. — No Chris-
tian duty is more imperative than the cai-e
of the unfortunate of the race. The glory of
modern civilization rests largely on the hu-
mane treatment of those who are maimed
in their physical or mental jwwers. Yet the
labor involved in this beneficent work is so
obscure or so far removed from the dramatic
and spectacular, that it is but little appre-
ciated by the general public. The men and
women devoted to this work — if service were '
rewarded according to its worth — would be
plac'd among the foremost in the ranks of
bouor. The Northwest is fully abreast in
Ibis matter with the most progressive com-
JONATHAN L. NOYES.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
munities. This is largely due to the ability,
activity and long service of J. L. ^"oyes, L.
L. H. D., superiutendent of the Minnesota
School for the Deaf and Dumb at Faribault,
for thirty years, and whose fitness, training,
and success have raised him to the very high-
est position in this exacting service. He was
born at Windham, ^'. H., June 13, 1827.
His father was James Noyis, a farmer, own-
ing one hundred acres in rhe southwest pari
of Windham, where he lived all his life, clear-
ing tlie homestead of debt, and caring for his
parents. His wife's maiden name was Abi-
gal Reed Lovejoy, born at Amherat. She
was a woman of cultivated tastes and strong
character, physically and mentally; the
mother of eight children, she left an endur-
ing impression on their lives and characters.
She was born in a home near to that in which
Horace (Ireely lived, and, all her days, she
held him in great admiration. The Xoyes
family is of Normau descent. The name was
fornu^rly "Noye.'" The New England branch
came from England, and are descendants
from James and ]S'icholas Noyes, sons of a
Wiltshire, England, clergyman. They came
to America in 1G34, and Nicholas was the
first of the shipload of emigi'ants to leap
upon the shore. The elder brother, James,
was educated at Oxford, and was a teacher
in England, and later in New England.
Moses Noyes, his descendant and the ances-
tor of the Windham family, fought in the
French Wars and in the Revolutionary War,
where he .served as an orderly sergeant. He
figures in the published "History of Wind-
ham as one of the heroes of the battles of
Lexington and Concord. Dr. Noyes received
his early education in the common school at
home. When fourteen years of age his
father sent him to the Phillips Academy at
Andover, Mass., for one year, an institution
then already famous. Desiring to complete
the course and go to Yale College, young
Noj'es, by working summers and teaching
winters continued his studies there three
years longer, and graduated. He taught
school the next year, and entered Yale in 1848
and graduated in 1852. Dr. Woolsey was
president of the institution, and greatly in-
fluenced the young graduate. In the fall of
1852 he accepted a position as teacher in the
Philadelphia Inslitution for the Deaf and
Dumb, to obtain means to pay off debts ac-
cumulated while in college, and to prep;ire
the way for taking a theological course for
the ministry. However, while there he be
came so impressed with the work that he
concluded to make it a life profession. He
remained at Philadelphia six yeas, and then
went to a siunlar institution at Baton Rouge,
La., where he spent two years and was of-
fered the superinteudency. The Civil War
was about to begin, so he left on the last
steamer ix-rmitted to go up the river. He
did not engage in the war, but he supplied a
man in his place, and paid him during ttie
whole four years, although the state of Con-
necticut exempted from service all attached
to i)ublic institutions. He was then employed
at the Hatford school, where he remained
six years, resigning to accept charge of the
institution at Faribault, September 3, 1806.
The school was then in its infancy, having
only 27 deaf pupils and four blind, housed
in a temporary building that was a mere
makeshift. The institution ha.< now an en-
rollment of 242, while the buildings and ac-
commodations are as good as any school need
have. Dr. Noyes has had (iOO boys and girls
as pupils for a longer or sb.orter time under
his charge. The best commendation of his
services comes from those who know him
most thoroughly — the pupils. Pages of their
testimony to the efficiency of the school and
the excellence of Dr. Noyes' administration
could be published. In 1S(;2 he was married
to Eliza Hall 'Wadsworth, of Hartford, Conn.,
a descendant of the Colonel Joseph \\'ads-
worth, who hid the Connecticut charter in
what for two centuries was Ivuown from the
dramatic incident as the "Charter Oak."' She
has been a true helpmeet, and to her Dr.
Noyes attibrutes much of his success in his
I)r('fession. They have one daughter, Alice
Wadsworth Nojes. Outside of his special
duties Dr. Noyes has been a very useful citi-
zen wherever he has lived. The Nort Invest
particularly has been greatly benefited by
his services. In 18(i8 he was elected a mem-
ber of the board of trustees of Carleton ( "ol-
lege, at Northfield, and was continuously in
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
such serviee for tliiity-two years, beiug for
tweuty-oue years president of the board. His
iiaiue will always be gratefully remembered
in the history of this thriving college. On
retiring, because of broken health, the board
spread upon its minutes a very appreciative
recognition of his valuable services. ^Vhile
in Andover Dr. Xoyes joined the Congrega-
tional church; in Philadelphia he was con-
nected with the "New School" Presbyterian
chui'ch; in Baton Rouge with the "Old
School" Presbyterian; in Hartford with the
Congregational church, and in Faribault
with the same church, in which he was a
deacon for many years and is now deacon
emeritus. While compelled by broken health
to retire from many activities, the high es-
teem in which he is held will be an inspira-
tion to others who have work to do, and his
lifeand example is a legacy which will bring
returns for manv years.
PICKLER, John A. — Among the men
who have contributed to the organization
and development of South Dakota, the name
of Major John A. Pickler, of Faulkton, Faulk
county, must always be placed in the front
rank. Coming to the great Territory of Da-
kota in 1882, when it was inchoate, his un-
bounded energy, scholarship and experience
in public affairs made him at once an ac-
cepted leader. He was born in Indiana near
Salem, Washington county, in 1844. His fa-
ther was George Pickler, a native of Indiana,
a fanner and merchant, and a prominent
man in the community, especially interested
in educational matters. He was president of
the school board of the city of Kirkville, Mo.,
when he died. Major Pickler's mother was
Emily Martin, as a maiden, and she was a
native of Kentucky, born near Shelbyville,
in that state. She came, at an early day, to
^^■ashing•ton county-, Ind. The family moved
to Davis county, Iowa, when John was nine
years old, and settled on a farm near Bloom-
field. He had the usual training of a young
farmer boy, going to district school in the
winter and working on the farm during the
summer. When he became old enough he
was sent to the high school at Bloomfield,
and was attending that institution when sev-
enteen years old and the War of the Rebel-
lion broke out. When the news of the at-
tack on Sumter thrilled the country, John
was filled with patriotism, and in August,
18C1, enlisted. His father, however, inter-
fered and brought him back home. John
would not give up easily — he never does —
but continued his solicitation until the year
following, when his father pennitted him to
go to the war. He enlisted as a private in
Company D, Third Iowa Cavalry Regiment,
of which General John W. Noble, former sec-
retary of the interior, was adjutant. Gen-
eral Cyrus Bussey was colonel. John was
rapidly promoted and at the expiration or
his three years' term of service was muster-
ed out as captain. He immediately accepted
the commission of major in the 1.3Sth U. S.
C. T., raised by General James F. Wilson,
and served six months longer, or until the
close of the war. He then bought an interest
in the Kirkville Journal, Adair county. Mo.,
but feeling the need of a better educational
equipment, he closed it out and entered the
Iowa State University in 1866, and gradu-
ated in 1870, with the degree of B. Ph. Hav-
ing decided on law for a profession, he at-
tended the Chicago Law School in 1871, and
completed the course at the law department
of the University of Michigan, graduating at
Ann Arbor in 1872. He began practice at
Kirkville, Mo., and was soon elected states
attorney for Adair county. But in 1874 he
changed his residence to Muscatine, Iowa,
where he formed a partnership with former
college chums, AMlliam Hoffman and Thomas
Brown, under the firm name of Hott'man, Pick-
ler & Brown. They built up a good practice,
extending to all the courts of the state. In
1880 he was nominated one of the Repub-
lican presidential electors for Garfield. He
protested against the nomination and made
a speech before the Republican state conven-
tion declining it, but the short address made
the convention more determined than ever
to have him .serve. Colonel D. B. Henderson,
present speaker of the house of representa-
tives, insisted on his acceptance. He finally
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
consented and snbseqnently stnniped the dis-
trict. He resigned the iK)sition of T'. S. (Mr
cnit f'onrt Commissioner to accept this place.
The folh)wing year he was, without solicita-
tion, nominated for the legislature from
Muscatine county, and was elected. At the
close of the session of 1882, he came to Da-
kota Territory, as stated, and has since been
ji resident of Faulkton, Faulk county, set-
tling- on a pre-emption adjoining Faulkton,
where he still lives and where lie has been
one of the most energetic and j)roniinent citi
zeus. He was instrumental in jjrocuring both
the Northwestern and the Milwaukee lines of
railroad to that place. In 1884 he was elect-
ed to the territorial legislature, where he
served as chairman of the committee on ap-
propriations. He advocated woman suffrage,
and the bill to lemove the cajjital from Bis-
marck to I'ierre, and succeeded in getting
both bills through the legislature, but both
were vetoed by the governor. He was ap-
pointed by Secretary Noble inspector in the
public land service in the spring of 1889, and
represented the territory in opening Okla-
homa Territory during the great rush of that
year. At the first Kepublican state conven-
tion of South Dakota he was nominated for
congress by acclamation, and was elected by
31,t)()() majority. He was elected to the Fif-
ty-first, Fifty-second, Fifty-third and Fifty-
fourth congresses. He served on the com-
mittees on I'ublic Lands, Indian Affairs,
I'rivate Claims, Enrolled Bills, and as chair-
man of the Committee on Invalid Pensions in
the Fifty-fourth congress, and has been one
of the most successful and active representa-
tives from thai state. He is an earnest, forci-
ble sjjeaker, and rarely fails to carry his
])<)int before a large assembly. He was not a
candidate for the Fifty-fourth congress, elect-
ing to stand for the senate. The Kei)ublicans
lost the legislature, but Major Pickler re
ceived the caucus nomination and for more
than thirty days received the vole of his
party. He finally, upon the advice of the
National administration, released the caucus,
advising the election of J. P. H. Kyle, an in-
dependent.
In 1870, he was married to Alice M. Ault,
of Johnson county, Iowa, an educated and
retiiicd \\'oiiian of ahilily, .iiid one who lias
proved to be a true hel])-iii(M'l. They lunc
four children — Lulu A., a (earlier at Faulk-
ton; Madge, Alfred A., and Dale X. In re
ligion the major and his wife are Metlujdists.
He is a Mason, a member of the Knights of
Pythias, A. (). V . W., and (Jrand Army of
the Kcpuhlic.
Since retiring from congress he has bi'en
engaged in I lie praclicc of law at Faulkton,
and looking after his land and slock inter
esis ill that lo<-alitA'.
HAECKKH, Theophilus L.— No man has
done more to promote the interests of the
dair.nneu in America than Tlieophilus L.
Haecker, chief of the dairy divisi(m of the
University of Minnesota. He has been en-
gaged in the scientific investigation of dairy
problems for the past ten years, and during
that lime has earned a wide repulatioii for
his work on "dairy type,"' and for his publi-
cations on "Feeding Dairy ('ows." Mr.
Haecker was born at Liverpool, Medicine
county, Ohio, May 4, 1840, of German des-
cent. His parents removed lo Wisconsin and
settled on a fanii near Cottage Grove when
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
THEOPIIILT'S L. HAECKEH.
he was hut seven yciu-s old. His educational
facilities were limited to an attendance at the
district school in the winter until he was
sixteen years of ap:e, his summers being spent
on the farm. In 1803, he entered the state
university at Madison, Wis., but was compel-
led to give up his studies the following spring
on account of sickness. He then enlisted in
Company A, Thii'tv-seventh Wisconsin In-
fantry, and was detailed to clerical work at
headquarters. Tliis did not prevent him from
seeing active service, however, and during
the siege of Vicksburg he distinguished him-
self for bravery. After the siege he was
placed on detached service in the medical
department at City Point, where he was rap-
idly promoted until he had charge of all the
quartei-master's supi)lies of the Ninth Coi-ps
hosiiital department. He re-joined his regi-
ment at the close of the war, and was placed
in charge of the drum corps, participating
in the great review at Washington. He was
discharged with his regiment at Madison in
August, 1865. His i)arents had in the mean-
time removed to Hampton, Franklin county,
Iowa, and here the lad went after being mus-
tered out, and spent two years working on
his father's farm. In the spring of 1867 he
re-entered the University of Wisconsin and
resumed his studies. His health failing in
Ills third year he was compelled to leave col-
lege, and returned home. Later he secured
a position as a teacher in the public schools,
remaining in this vocation until 1870, when
lie engaged in newspaper business, establish-
ing the Ackley Independent in Hardin coun-
ty, Iowa. This venture proved very success-
ful. In 1873, he disposed of the paper, and
the following February settled on a fai-m
near Cottage Crave, Wis., with the intention
of going extensively into stock raising and
dairying. Shortly afterwards, however,
without any solicitation on his part, he was
offered a position in the executive office of
William R. Taylor, then governor of Wiscon-
sin. This position he accepted and held for
five succeeding administrations, covering a
period of seventeen years. During his ten-
ure of office. Mr. Haecker had many respon-
sible duties placed upon him, the most ini-
j)ortant (at least for ten years of the time)
being the review of all pardon cases coming
before the govei-nor. He also had charge of
the adjustment of the noted St. Croix land
grant case. His public duties, however, did
not cause him to lose interest in stockraising.
He usually spent each evening on the farm,
personally inspecting every animal on the
place, and drove a distance of ten miles to
the office in the morning. Mr. Haecker be-
came an intimate friend of Professor Henry,
who was placed in charge of the Wisconsin
experiment station when established in 1880,
and in this way first acquired a practical
knowledge of agricultural education work.
This led to his being commissioned by the
board of regents, in 1882, to make a tour of
the East to select prize stock for the experi-
ment station. The animals he selected
proved of excellent merit, and upon the or-
ganization of the Farmers' Institute, he was
chosen to discuss the subjects of breeding
and handling of dairy stock. In the fall of
ISIIO, Mr. Haecker moved with his family to
Madison in order to afford his children the
advantages of the better educational facili-.
ties nt that jilace. Having been unexjiect-
edly relieved of his official duties the follow-
ing January, he joined the first class in the
Wisconsin Dairv School. The second week he
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
was appointed assistant to the instructor in
butter-making- in the Minnesota Dairy school,
and on the resignation of Professor Hays, a
short time hiter, he was appointed instructor
in breedins in the school of agriculture, in
June, 1803, he was ap])ointed full ])rofessoi-
in the college of agriculture and ])laced in
charge of the dairy school. Professor Hacck
er has contributed invaluable services to the
farming and dairy interests of the state in
this position. I'erhaiis his most importanl
and successful work at the exi)eriment sta
tion has been along the line of feeding and
the adopting of certain tyj)es of stock for
special pui"})0ses. He is doing xcry excelleiif
work in this field, has held meetings and
made addresses all over the North Star state.
and in portions of other states, arousing
great enthusiasm. He has served as secre-
tary of the State Dairymen's Association for
many years. Professor Haeckcr has only
the good opinions of the farmers for his ef-
ficient work at the experiment station, and
has made many warm friends among the
agricultural classes who appreciate his ef-
forts in their behalf.
DOUGLAS, Wallace TJarton.— Some men
have a combination of qualities making uji
what is called "force of character,'" which ini
pells them towards success with a momen-
tum that seems irresistible. Wallace Bar-
ton Douglas, the brilliant attorney general
of the great state of Minnesota, is a tyj)ical
instance in point. Born as an ordinary far-
mer boy, September 21, 1852, in Leyden,
liBwis county, northern New Yoi-k, he has
risen, while comjiaratively young, to a com-
manding position in his chosen profession.
Phenomenal as this achievement seems, every
step in the development of his career is so
natural that wonder ceases when the ster-
ling character of the man becomes known.
The Scotch descent of Mr. Douglas is
clearly indicated by his name, which runs as
a conspicuous thread through the liistoi'y of
Scotland. It began in America in 1040 when
William Douglas, a distinguished son of that
lineage, came here to settle. Hence sin-iiig
WALLACK 1!. DOriJLAS.
the subject of (his sketch. His father was
Asahel M. Douglas, and his mother's maiden
name was Alma E. Miller. The home was a
small farm, as were all the famis of tliat 7'e-
gion because of the difflculty of clearing off
the timber. The chief industry was dairying,
for it was necessary to kee]) cows in order to
iiiainfaiii the fertility of the soil. The win-
ters were severe, the snow being for weeks
together several feet deep, covering the
fences and making the roads alinost impass-
able. It can readily be imagined that a boy's
life under such conditions was well adajited
to make him rugged and vigorous if he sur-
vived the ordeal. To go to school in siirh
winlecs — when most of the teaching was
done — recjuircd no small amount of courage
and "grit."
Tt was in (he district scliool of those days
that Mi-. Douglas laid the foundation of
his career. S]ic]liiig, arithmetic and geog-
raphy were liberally sandwiched with
"chores" morning and excning, and with
manual labor al odd times. The first shilling
lie earned was by milking c<i\vs.
There are iiiniiv who tliiiik that such a
(lislricl. or common, school ruriiislies the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
must solid fDiiiiflation for an educatiou, in
addition to the boolv learning imbibed, for
the school is a real world in miniature, con-
taining all the diversities of character and
social conditions that will be met with in
after life — selfish and generous, rich and
poor, A'arious nationalities and creeds. Such
a commingling of interests, it is said, must of
necessity tend to broaden the mind and to
promote charity towards others. Tlie public
school is the only institution adapted to
make a homogeneous people, which is the
first requisite of a solid patriotic nation.
Certain it is that our best public men are the
products of this training.
After obtaining his common school train-
ing JJr. Douglas worked in various callings,
lirst as clerk to a railroad agent, then as a
lather, and then as a bank teller in Momence,
111. He finished his literary education at Caz-
enovia Seminary, one of the oldest and best
schools for a higher education in the state
of New York, and of which for a while the
distinguished Bishop Andrews was president.
The next step in his progress was the choice
of a profession. Mr. Douglas determined to
be a lawyer, and entered the law department
of Michigan University. After taking his
degree as a graduate he was admitted to the
bar in 1875, and began to practice in Chi-
cago, the best possible field for a varied ex-
perience in the profession. In 1881 he was
married to Ella M. Smith, and two years
later set out to make a permanent home in
the growing state of Minnesota. He settled
at Moorhead, Clay county, in the rich Red
river valley, famous for its wheat, where he
has since lived. His eight years' practice at
Chicago and his early business experience
had thoroughly equii)pcd him for his profes-
sion, to which he was ardently devoted. But
he was no recluse, for he identified himself
with all the interests of the people, city,
county, and state.
A man of his ability could not be over-
looked. For his genial qualities he was
sought for socially, becoming a member of
the fraternal societies of the Masons, Odd
Fellows, and Knights of Pythias, as well as
an active member of several game protective
associations, due to his expert marksman-
shi]) and passion for hunting. Hcuioi's came
thick and fast upon him, he being elected city
attoraey of Moorhead, serving five years,
then county attorney of Clay county six
years, besides being a member of the board
of education of the city of Moorhead for
twelve years. These multifarious duties were
discharged with such fidelity and <'Xception-
al efficiency that it is not surprising that he
should be selected for attorney general, the
highest law office in the state. He was first
elected in 1898 and again in 1000. His able
administration of this department has given
the highest satisfaction, and so added to his
professional reputation, that no public honor
is l)eyond his reach, should he desire it. His
home life has also contributed to his success.
He has two children, Harold B. Douglas and
Lelia Louise Douglas. The successful law-
yer in no wise overshadows the aff'ectionate
father. Another element of success is his
stalwart Republicanism. While others were
driven by winds of political doctrines hither
and thither in search of popularity, Mr.
Douglas, with the sturdiness of his race, was
loyal to principles. To the eloquence of the
forum his added steadfastness was a tower
of strength, and it nuide him a champion of
resi.stless might.
BRYANT, Professor J. C, of the Madi-
son School, St. Paul, Minn., is recognized
as one of the best qualified and most success-
ful of the highest grade teachers in the state.
His father, Charles Stout Bryant, was a law-
yer of note in Cincinnati, Ohio, and later at
St. Peter and St. Paul, Minn. His practice
was general, and he conducted many impor-
tant cases in the higher state and in the
United States courts, following his profes-
sion assiduously for fifty years. He was
county attorney of Nicollet county, Minn.,
for three terms. He was a man of fine liter-
ary taste and ability, which he exercised
freely in both prose and poetry, contributing
chiefly to papers and. magazines. "The Sioux
Massacre in Minnesota" was the largest of
his publications. He was also actively inter-
ested in educational nmtters, and did much
valuable work, serving on boards of educa-
HISTOUY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tiou iu Ciucinnati and St. Peter. While liv
ing in the former place he was instrumental
iu securiug the fund for establishing the
Hughes High School. His activity in this
field continued after he came to Minnesota
in 1851). He drew up the "Independent
School Law," and the "Law for the Encour
agementof Higher Education," which at once
brought forward the state high schools as
feeders to the State University' of Minnesota,
and he served as first secretary of the high
school board, through which he inaugurated
the system now in force. His sou, Julian,
has inherited much of his father's euthusi
asm and practical intuition. Julian's moth
er's maiden name was Catherine Brewer, a
recorded heir of the noted Aneka Jans estate
of Manhattan Island, N. Y. Mrs. Bryant had
nine children. Three sons graduated at the
University of Minnesota; two took a theo-
logical course for the ministry, one of whom
is in active woi'k; one son is a physician, and
one, Julian, is a teacher. Of the daughters,
Lida E. Bryant married Hon. A. R. McGill.
She died in 1877. Another daughter becanu^
the wife of a successful merchant. Only four
of the children now survive. Julian C. Bry-
ant was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, February
9, 1852. His early education was obtained
in the public schools of Ciucinnati, Wabaslia,
to which the family moved in 1859, and St.
Peter. He then entered the University of
Minnesota, took the full classical course, and
graduated in 1878, with the degree of A. B.
He was prominent in his class for ability,
serving as its vice president, and being chos-
en to pronouuce the "Tree Oration" on "class
day." He was also one of the editors of the
"Ariel," the college paper, which lived for
twenty-one years. He was at first inclined
to take up his father^s profession, that of
law, and was admitted to the bar, but was
soon drawn to public school work, iu the
atmosphere of which he had so long lived,
and with which he was in close touch, be-
ginniug as a teacher as early as 1870. He
found this to be his vocation, and he has
taught almost continuously since his gradua-
tion, taking also post-graduate courses at the
university for higher degrees. During his
I'ltOKKSSnit .]
three years of service as superintendeut of
the Owatonna schools he built up the high
school to the state grade. When he came to
St. Paul he inaugurated the system of sepa-
rate high schools, and thereby more than
doubled the high school attendance, and at
the same time brought the city high schools
more completely in harmony with the State
University. He served for many years as
the principal of the Humboldt High School;
he graduated two classes from the Central
High School, and declined the offer of assist-
ant superintendent of the St. Paul schools,
preferring to be in the immediate work. He
has served as conductor for eight different
State Summer Schools for Teachers. His
heart is iu the work of improving the schools
of the city and state, and it may be said that
he devotes his whole time, ability, and ener-
gy to educational matters bearing upon this
point. He is identified actively with teach-
ers' associations. He has served for several
terms as president of the St. Paul Teachers'
Association, collecting during the time a
pedagogical library of considerable size, now
deposited iu an alcove of the city library; he
has served several times as treasurer of the
HISTOUY OF THE GItKAT NORTHWEST.
31innesota Ediuatioual Association; lie has
been secretary and treasurer of the Dechima-
tory Association, and president of the high
school section of the state educational organ-
ization; he has been called into council upon
educational questions many times by those
directly at work upon educational legislation,
and has delivered almost innumerable short
and long speeches and addresses on various
occasions, relating to educational affairs.
His jjublished address, delivered in the housi;
of representatives at St. Paul, before the
High School Council, of which he was presi-
dent, on the subject, "The Complete High
School," elicited great praise for its able and
comprehensive treatment of the subject. Mr.
Bryant is a Mason of high degree, and has
been honored by the order in offices many
times, including those of Prelate and Gen-
eralissimo. His gift of public speaking and
impromptu address is highly appreciated in
all the branches of the order. He joined the
First Baptist church, of St. Paul, in 1ST3.
His wife, to whom he was married December
28, iyS2, was Maria Burlingame, a descend-
ant of the Burlingames of modern political
history, and of the \^'arrens of Revolutionary
War fame. She was valedictorian of her col-
lege class, and for three years instructor of
Greek, Latin, French and Khetoric at the
PilLsbury Academy.
^^'EBSTER, Charles M., was the first
white child born at Zumbrota, Goodhue
countj', Minn. He is of Vermont parentage
and of early colonial New England ancestry.
The family in America sprang from John
Webster, who came from Suffolk county,
England, and settled at Ipswich. Mass., in
1634. His Grandfather, Hon. Alpha Web-
ster, was in his day one of the leading citi-
zens of Vermont. Hon. Charles Carroll
Webster, born in Vermont in 1824, was the
father of Charles M. Webster, and Elizabeth
Drew, also a native of Vermont, was his
mother. She was a woman of refinement
and culture — a true help-meet to her hus-
band. She was born in 1831. and died in
.Montana, at tlie home of her sou, in 18!tT,
surviving her husband, who died at Minne-
apolis in 1893. They reared and liberally
educated five children, whom they lived to
see well established in life as useful and
influential members of society: Mrs. Spring,
wife of W. P. Spring, physician and surgeon,
of Minneapolis; Mrs. Fairchild, wife of E.
Iv. Fairchild, member of the law firm of
Keith, Evans, Thompson & Fairchild, of
Minneapolis; Mrs. Ware, wife of J. E. Ware,
cashier of the St. Anthony Falls Bank, Min-
neapolis; W. A. Webster, auditor of the
Boston & Montana Copper Smelting and
ilining (Company, Great Falls, Mont., and
(.'harles M. AVebster, the subject of this
sketch. The father, Hon. Charles Carroll
^\'ebster, was a man of rare intellectual
attainments, a thorough scholar of fine lit-
erary tastes, and of versatile ability, being
as a lawyer, distinguished for his integrity
and capacity. In 1897, with his wife and
little family, he moved to Minnesota, and
first settled at Zumbrota. Later he moved
to Ked Wing, where he soon obtained a posi-
tion of high rank in his profession, and was
2>rominent and influential in his county and
state for more than twenty-five years. In
1885, to be near his children, who had sought
a wider field at Minneapolis, he left his
beautiful home at Red Wing, to be with
ihem. Charles M. Webster was born at
Zumbrota, April 12, 1858, in the first Min-
nesota home. His school days began at Red
Wing in the public schools. His collegiate
studies were commenced in the preparatory
department of Oberlin College, and complet-
ed in the University of Minnesota, from
which he graduated in the classical course in
the class of 1882. While in the university
he was business manager of the university
paper. He also won the medal for oratory
and was elected to deliver the class day ora-
tion. To help pay his way through his
studies he taught school and worked as a
reporter for the daily papers. He had his
eye all the time on the profession of his fa-
ther, and took up the study of law. He was
admitted to the Hennepin county bar in De-
cember, 1883, and became a member of the
law firm of Keith, Thompson & Webster. In
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
October, 1884, he was married to his ilass-
inate and friend of his youth, Miss Addie
I'illsbury, daughter of Hon. John S. Pills-
bury. She died before slie was six months
a bride. In April, 188G, Mr. Webster with-
drew from the law partnership and went to
Montana, settling at Great Falls, where he
became one of the most enei-getic and promi-
nent men in building up that promising
young city, which may be regarded as the
coming metropolis of the central 2S'orthwest.
In 1880 he edited the Great Falls Tribune.
From 18^7 to 1890 he was secretary of the
Great Falls Water I'ower and Towusite Com-
pany. The city grew rapidly and Mr. \\'el)-
ster made an ample fortune by his business
peorations, principally in real estate. He
erected the first stone building at (Jreat
Falls; he was one of the builders of the beau-
tiful opera house aud of numerous other sub-
stantial structures; he was one of the found-
ers of the public library; he established the
extensive tire brick plant near the city, and
was one of the organizers of the Security
Uank of Great F'alls, of which he was made
president in 18'J0. During the financial
stringency, following the election of I'resi
dent Cleveland, known in history as the
"panic of 1893," when over three hundred
banks failed or suspended, and almost in-
numerable factories, industrial and commer-
cial establishments were ruined, the Security
Bank became involved, but never closed its
doors until every obligation was paid in full
and the institution went into voluntary liqui
dation in November, 1895. The bank was
enabled to secure this honorable record by
Mr. Webster's sacrifice of his private fortune,
even to the very home in which he lived.
Mr. Webster has always been a staunch Re-
publican, as were his progenitors. In 1888
he was chairman of the first county Kepub-
lican committee organized in Cascade coun-
ty, Mont. In 1S89 he was a member of the
state constitutional convention, where his
scholarship and legal training were of spe-
cial value. From 1889 to 1891 he was presi-
dent of the Great Falls city council. From
1891 to 1892 school trusts'. 1892-'9:{ mayor
of the city and again from 189o-"97. In 1S9(;
rirAULES M. WECSTKI?.
lit- was nominated for state treasurer on the
IJe[iubli(an ticket, but failed of an election,
although he ran 7,000 votes ahead of his
associates on the ticket. In 1897-fl)01 he
was United States collector of internal reve-
nue for Montana. Idaho and Utah. In 1900
he was made chairman of the state Kepubli-
can committee, which position he still holds.
In June, 1901, he resigned the collector-
ship of internal revenue, to accept the cus-
toms coUectorship for Montana and Idaho,
with headquarters at Great Falls. Mr.
Welistei- was married in May, 1892, to Miss
Helen Eloise Pettitt, daughter of S. I. Pet-
titt. of Faribault, Minn. They have two chil-
dren, a daughter of seven, and a son of tluiM'
years of age.
FULLERTON, Samuel Fergu.son, so well
known in connection with the Game and Fish
Commission of the state of Minnesota, is of
the sturdy Scotch-Irish race, that has been
so prominent in the develojiment of the I'nit-
ed States. His father. Robert Fullerton,
was a farmer aud nu^rchant in the village of
Charleniont, Armagh county, Ireland, where
many of his Scotch countrymen had settled.
The town will be recalled as the last place
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
SAMUEL F. FULLERTON.
where King James" forces made a stand
against William of Orange. His wife was
Kate Anna Cullen, also of Scotch descent.
The family was in comfortable financial cir-
cumstances. Samuel was born at Uharle-
mont, Feb. 2, 1858. He obtained some school-
ing there as a child, and, after coming to this
country with his parents, he attended Bryant
and Stratton's noted business college at Bal-
timore, Md. He came to Duluth, Minn., in
1879. He learned the carriage building
trade, and followed it with the industry and
success characteristic of his lineage, for eigh-
teen years. But he did not' neglect his du-
ties as a citizen. He was both interested and
active in public affairs. Although a man of
decided convictions and aggressive in sup-
porting them, he made many friends, and
wielded a strong influence. He has always
been a stalwart Kepublican. In recognition
of his valuable services to the party, he was
appointed a member of the Board of Game
Hi Fish Commission in 1895, and served four
years, being then removed by an adverse ad-
ministration, without regard for his expe-
rience and emciency. In 1!)()1 he was again
a|i|ii)iiilcd Id his did iiKsitioii. which lie now
holds. This was a deserved compliment for
his former service. Mr. Fullei-ton is also
interested in social and fraternal matters.
He is a Mason of the highest degrees, includ-
ing the tliirtj--second i-ites. Knights Templar,
and the Shrine.
He was married to Jane Ross, of Inver-
nay, Can., who died in 1887, leaving three
children: May, now eighteen years of age;
Katie, sixteen, and Willie, thirteen yeai's old.
In 18!t() he was married to Emily C. Jones,
the daughter of Thomas and Mary Jones, of
St. Cloud, Minn. His home is in Uuluth,
while his ollicial residence is at St. Paul,
Minn.
LAYBOUEN, Charles Guy. — Few men in
professional circles have had more experi-
ence touching various walks of life in a prac-
tical way than has Charles G. Laybourn, the
well known attorney of Minneapolis, Minn.,
prominently supported at the primaries of
I'JOU for judge of the district court. He was
a farmer boy, born at his father's farm near
Springfield, Clark county, Ohio, March 23,
1851. His father, Joseph Laybourn, was
also born on a farm in the same neighbor-
hood and si)ent his life within six miles of
his birthplace, dying at the age of sixty-three
on his homestead in 1883, having one of the
best improved farms in central Ohio. The
Laybourns were anciently New Yorkers.
Great-grandfather Christopher Laybourn
was one of the early mayors of New York
<'ity. He was noted for his scholarly attain-
ments, particularly in mathematics. At one
time he was the owner of a large portion of
the land now covered by the city of Roches-
ter, N. Y. He was one of the most promi-
nent men of his time. Charles G. Laybourn's
mother's maiden name was Ann Kirkley.
Her parents were natives of England. They
settled in central Ohio when Ann was a
( hild, and died shortly after, leaving the
little girl to be adopted by one of the most
respected families of the country, where she
was properly reared and educated. Young
Laybourn received his earliest school train-
ing in the "little red brick school house on
HISTORY OF THE GUKAT NdRTlIWKST,
the hill'" near his father's fanri — a school
noted for having capable teachers, as well
as for strict discipline. At fourteen, havin<i
completed the district school course, he was
sent to a select school of hi<;h reputation.
His advancement was such that at sixteen
years of aj;e he passed an (examination be-
fore the county superintendent of schools
and obtained a "first grade" certificate to
teach. He then enga^''^! '" teaching in his
native county. After some exjierience in
this work he learned the trade of carriage
making, and followed it until he met with
an accident, which disabled him from pni-
suing his trade. He then took uj) teaching
again. To fit himself for a higher grade of
work he entered the Illinois State Normal
University at Normal, HI., in the spring of
1S74, and four years later graduated with
honor in both the normal and classical
courses of that institution. He then accept-
ed a position as teacher in Markham's
Academy at Milwaukee, preparing young
men for Eastern colleges. After two years
of this service he took up the study of law
and entered the law department of the Uni-
versity of Michigan at Ann Arbor, finishing
his course in the spring of 1881, when he
immediately began practice at Creston,
Iowa. His thorough literary education and
his studious habits enabled him to pass a
phenomenally creditable examination for
his admission to the bar. In proof of his
thorough equipment for his chosen profes-
sion it may be mentioned that within a
month of his leaving school he was engaged
in the trial of cases at the bar and soon had
a practice which was as lucrative and as
extensive as that of most of the oldest law-
yers at the bar. He however desired a
larger field. After four years' practice at
Preston he set out in search of a suitable
I)lace, visiting Kansas City, Omaha, and
Minneapolis. He finally chose the latter as
the most promising and settled there in June,
1885. His success was almost immediate.
Mr. Layboum's practice has been general in
its scope, but the most extensive in comnicr
cial and insurance law. He is at present
legal adviser and attorney for some of the
H.Mil.KS O. I,.\VB(H;i!N.
oldest and most i»roniiuent firms in the city,
and has a large practice. Fraternal benefit
associations frequently call upon him*to rep-
resent them in contested claims, because of
his success in this department of law. The
Modern Woodmen of America, probably the
largest of these associations, has frequently
retained him and has honored him still fur-
tliei' by making him chairman of the law
committee of the order. His experience as a
skilled accountant, which among other ac-
complishments he has acquired, has no
doubt been of great service in many cases
where he has won suits. He is a member of
the leading societies and fraternities and of
the Commercial Club, and takes such an ac
tive interest in jjublic affairs that he lias
literally a "host"' of friends who are wanii
advocates in urging him for a position on
the bench, for whii'h he is so well (pialilied
by learning, ability, and wide ex]ierience out
side of his profession. In 1888 he was mar-
ried to Blanche Gove, daughter of Cajitain
Cove, of Cres1(ni, Iowa. They have four
children, two boys .-nul two girls. Their
youngest, twelve years of age. are twins -
a boy and a girl.
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
r. M. HALL.
HALL, P. M.— Dr. Hall, so well known in
connpftion with the Health Department of
Minneapolis, was born at West Jefferson,
Ohio, October 1!), 18G0. His father. Dr. Levi
Hall, was also a practicinf;- physician, of Eng-
lish extraction from early New England an-
cestry. His wife's maiden name was Lucinda
Mitchell, of Scotch-Irish ancestors. The an-
cestors on both sides were participants in
the Revolntionary War. The yonng doctor
obtained his early education in the public
schools of Ohio and Minnesota, removing to
Austin, in the latter state, in 187?.. In L875
he removed to Minneapolis, as a student.
Having prepared for college he attended the
University of Minnesota, and remained until
the end of the sophomore year. In 1880 he
entei-ed the Hahnemann Medical College, at
Chicago, and graduated in 1S82, when he re-
turned and immediately began jiracticing his
profession in Minneapolis, where lie has since
been in continuous general practice. In 1884
he became attending physician to the Shel-
tering Anns, which position he still holds.
In 1895 he became attached to the City Hos-
pital staff. From 1887 to 1803, he was a
member of the State Board of Medical Ex-
aminers. For the years 1897 and 1898 he
was a member of the Minneapolis Hoard of
Health. The Cit.y Council of MinneajKdis
elected Dr. Hall commissioner of health, Jan-
uary 7, 1901, where he is still serving. He
is active in the fraternal orders, being a Ma-
son of high degi'ee, including the Commaud-
cry and Shrine; a member of the Royal Ar-
canum, and of the Ancient Order of United
^^■orkmen. He was married. May 25, 1882,
to Anna C. Depew, the daughter of John C.
Dejiew. They have three children : Francis,
aged fifteen; Jessie, aged thirteen, and Levi
Hall, eleven vears of age.
GODFREY, Percy Downing, of St.
Paul, Minn., has been a resident of
the North Star state for thirteen years,
coming from his native state. New Hamp-
shire, in 1888, the year following his
graduation in the literary course. He is
of English extraction, from early colonial
New England ancestry. The progenitors
of the Godfrey family settled at New
IIami)ton, N. H., in 1(538, since which their
descendants have been prominent in New
England affairs, being represented in civil
jtublic life as well as in the various military
struggles of the nation — the Colonial Wars,
the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812
and the War of the Rebellion. The pub-
lished record may be found in the "History
of Hampton.'' Percy's father, Jacob T.
(iodfrey, was brought up a farmer, but later
became a practical engineer and settled at
Hampton Beach, N. H. True to the martial
and jiatriotic spirit of his family, he volun-
teered at the first call for troops in the Civil
War, and served throughout the Rebellion,
winning an honorable i-ecord as a soldier.
The maiden name of Percy's mother was
Nettie H. Downing. From her he got his
middle name. She was a woman of more
than ordinary ability, well educated and re-
fined. She was also of early New England
ancestry, born at Rye Beach, N. H. She
had fine literary taste and was gifted as a
writer, securing distinction as an author of
both prose and poetry. Young Percy was
HISTUKV OF THE (JUEAT NUKTHWIOST.
born at Haiiiitlon, ^■. H.. .Mar.li IL'. ISTl.
His education licj;aii in tlic |inlili<' scliools
of his nali\(' town and was continued
throuii'h the Hampton Academy and Hij^h
School. He was an apt student, and <;i'adu-
ated with honors in 1S87, achievin}i' tlie fnr
tlier distinction of i)ein,u- chosen class poet, his
sujierior literary <;ifts undoubtedly sprinj;-
inf^i; from his mother. He, iiovvever, early
chose the profession of law for his life work,
for which he had a natural taste, due in some
defirecr", no doubt, to his fjift of public address,
wliich has i)i'(ned of j^reat value to him, mak-
ing him distiufiiiished at the bar asan advo
cate and creatin<;' a demand for his services
as a political camiiaij'n speakei'. In ISSS he
moved to St. Paul. Minn., and took up the
study of law in the office of Judfje A. ('.
Hickman, of St. Tanl. He then entered the
law department of the T^niversity of Minne
sola and Hn'<liii'l<'d with the degree of
Haclielor of Law in the class of l.'-!!(2, when
only twenty-one years old. He received his
di]iloma through the supreme court and the
state board of examinei'S. was iidmitted to
the bar and formed a partnershij) on the
same day, :Nrarch 12, isn2— his twenty-first
birthday. His iiartner was Arthui' (!. Otis,
of St. I'anl. and the style of the firm was
Otis & (iodfi-ey, which succeeded the fliin of
('. E. i^ .\. (i. Otis, dissolved by the elevation
of the seiiioi- ])artner to the bench of the
district court. ^Ir. (Jodfrey's success was al-
most immediate. He carried into his ])ro-
f(ssion the same diligent, studious habits
which had gained foi- him a high standing
at school, and he soon secured a ])osition at
the bar which brought a large and lucrative
practice, including litigation of many im-
portant ones. He refused the offer of an a]>-
])ointment of assistant city attorney to de-
velo]) his ])rivate ])ractice. To carry out
fully his ideas of devotion to his jirofession,
he went into jiractice alone, and has
ailiieved a success wliicli would be flattering
to one of the oldest members of the bar. In
])olitics Mr. (Jodfrey is an ardeiit T{e])nblican.
active in every movement to forward the
jirincijiles of his jiarty and liberal with his
.services in every campaign, though j)ersisl
ently too busy in his [irofession to accei)t a
nomination for office. Yet he has seived for
several years as commissioner of the United
States court of claims at St. I'aul, this being
in the line of his i)rofession. In 1S1I2 he
was secretary of the Kam.sey county congres-
sional convention, and in 18'JG he was chosen
secretary of the Fourth congressional dis-
trict <on vent ion to select delegates to the Na-
tional lie|Miblican convention, lie is also in-
terested in fraternal societies, having served
as vice-cliancellor of St. I'aul Lodge, Knights
of I'ythias, and being a mend)er of the Odd
Fellows, Elks, and the ilasonic Order. In
religion he is a Congregationalist, a mem-
ber of the Bethany church, and aclixc in
church work, ser\'ing for several years as
secretary of the board of trustees. Mr. (iod
trey was married June ;!(!, IS!I2, to .Minnie
K. La\\ton, of St. I'aul. Tlie\' have two chil
di-en: Otis Kickman and Oladys Elizabeth
(iodfrev.
J )!'>.'>.', Howard Harrison, mayor of Al-
bert Lea, Minn., and one of the leaning law-
yers of that city, is an excellent ty](e of the
self-made man. A ])rodm-t of a .Minnesota
fai-ni, he stands as a shining example of
what can hv accomplished by the young
man of eiiei'gy and jierseverance. He was
born at .lacl;son. in .Iacl<son county, .Minn..
Oct. 2!), 1S(;7. His father was .lames \V.
Dunn, a farmer by occn|iation, and who for
nian.v yeai-s followed the \-ocation of a school-
teacher. His mollier's maiden name was
Klizabi'th M. Seeley. The father was a na-
ti\-e of the state of Maine; llie mollier a na
ti\'e of \'irginia. M. I>. Dunn, a brother of
the snliject of this sketch, is the jiresent
shei-itf of .)acl<son county, .Minn, .\nother
brother. .\. W. Dunn, is connecled wilh the
Associat^ed I'lcss at \\ashington, D. C
Howai'd's early training was received in the
common schools of his native count.\'. This
was snpiileinented by a course at the La
Crosse r.usiness College, at La Crosse. Wis.
The yonngmau was desirousof making Ihe le-
gal profession his vocation in life, but was not
atforded the privilege of taking up a course
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
HOWARD H. DUNN.
of Study ill f()lle<ie. He entered the law of-
fice of Hon. T. J. Knox, of Jackson, Minn.,
with that purpose in view, and applying him-
self industriously to his studies was admit-
ted to the bar in June, 1890. He then formed
a partnership with Mr. Knox, which lasted,
however, only a short time. In 1892 he re-
moved to Fairmont, Minn., and opened a law
ofBce, practicing his profession alone for
three years. He then formed a partnership
with Albert L. Ward and De Forrest Ward,
under the firm name of Ward, Dunn & ^^'ard,
which continued until 1898. During this
time he served as city attorney of Fairmont
for a period of three years. In Januarj-.
1899, he removed to Albert Lea, succeeding
to the law practice of Hon. John A. Lovely,
who was elected a justice of the supreme
court in the fall of the previous year. Mr.
Dunn has been quite successful in his profes-
sion, and has succeeded in building up an ex-
tensive and lucrative practice, and enjoys
the respect and esteem of his fellow-mem-
bers of the bar in a high degree. He has al-
ways taken an active interest in public af-
fairs, and in 189G was elected on the Kepub-
lican ticket a member of the upper house of
the state legislature, re])resenting the i-oun-
ties of Watonwan and Martin. His seat in
the senate was contested Ity Hon. Frank A.
Day, of Fairmont, but after a somewhat pro-
tracted contest he was seated by a vote of 30
to 24. In April, 1900, he was elected mayor
of Albert Lea, after a spirited contest, and in
1901 was re-elected without opposition. Mr.
Dunn belongs to the Masonic order and is a
incmher of Ajtollo Commandery, No. 22,
Knights Templar, of Albert Lea. Oct. 4.
1894, he was married to Miss Eva Nirholas.
Two children have been born to Mr. and
.Mrs. Dunn — both girls, one aged five years,
the other six months.
HAYS. Theodore Lambert, of Minneapo-
lis, is one of the most popular and successful
theatrical managers of the Northwest. He
was born in that city, March 29. 1867. ffis
father, Lambert Hays, one of Minnesota's
pioneers, having located at St. Anthony in
1855, was a native of Germany, born on
riiristmas Day, 1842, and came to America
when but eight years old. He lived for a
short time at Albany, X. Y., and then at
K'enosha, Wis. He was apprenticed to the
first baker doing business at St. Anthony
and soon learned the trade, embarking in
business for himself in 1865. He built the
first bakery on the west side of the Missis-
sippi river, the Old Cataract, on the site of
the old Central market house. In 1886, he
built the People's Theater, the first popular-
priced theater in the west, and rebuilt it
after it was burned in 3890, at which time it
was rechristened the Bijou Opera House, and
opened under the management of Mr. Jacob
Litt. Lambert Hays was engaged in active
business until 1887. He was a public-spir-
ited man and took a deep interest in every
enterprise calculated to be of benefit to his
adopted city. He was a member of the early
volunteer fire department of the early 60's,
and was for a term elected the first assistant
chief engineer of the same. He was one of
the charter members of the first Turnverein
Society in Minneapolis and assisted in the
building of the West Side Turner Hall, and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
throughout his entire career contributed iu
a large measure to the uiaiutenauce of the
Turner societies. He died in 181)3. His wife,
Mary (iertrude Rauen, came to this country
from Germany witli her parents, who were
among the early settlers of Minnesota. Theo.
L. Hays received his education in the loni-
mou schools of ^Minneapolis and was a pupil
iu the high school up to the ninth grade.
This was supplemented by a complete course
in the ("urtiss Business College, from which
institute he graduated with si)ecial honors.
For a short time he was employed in the
abstract business by the Minnesota Title In-
surance and Trust Company, at the Court
House of Hennepin county.
Iu September, 1887, Theo. L. Hays be-
came interested, with W. E. Sterling, in the
management of the then newly built Peo-
ple's Theater. Iu 1890 the People's Theater
was burned, and, when rebuilt, was leased
by Mr. Jacob Litt, of Milwaukee, the well-
known theatrical mauager, and changed
from a stock theater to a combination house.
Mr. Hays served as treasurer for Mr. Litt
with such success, that when the Bijou uuin
ager, frank L. Bixby, was transferred to the
Grand Opera House, St. I'aul, Mr. Hays was
promoted to the position of resident mau-
ager. Under his aggressive direction this
jday house, now known as the Bijou Opera
House, became one of the most popular and
best paying theatrical properties in the
Northwest. In 189G Mr. Hays also took
charge of the Grand Opera House, St. I'aul,
and now enjoys the prestige and resijonsibil-
ity of managing two theaters and of being the
accredited personal representative in the
Northwest for Mr. Jacob Litt. From a busi-
ness point of vievs', Mr. Hays possesses un-
usual abilit}' as an amusement caterer, and
enjoys the confidence of the ])ublic in a high
degree. He not only exercises rare discrimi-
nation in booking companies to appear at
these two houses, but his theaters are fre-
quently praised for their cleanliness, the dis-
cipline of their employes and the thorough
application iu his management of up-to-date,
progressive business methods. Mr. Hays not
only directs the business interests of Mr.
Litt's Twin City theaters, Init does, as well,
TIIEIIIillKK L. HAYS.
all the uewspapci- work f(U- these houses, in
which branch of work he has been reuuirk-
ahly successful.
During the summers <if 18'Jtt, ftlOO and
I'.iOl Mr. Hays has acted as the amusement
manager for the Twin City Kapid Transit
(_"onii)any, having under his direction the
management of the amusement featuivs at
the resorts of this company at Harriet, Como
Park and Wildwood, and it is largely due to
his etticient direction and the provision of
excellent attractions, that they have attain-
ed the great poj)ularity they now enjoy. A
man of admirable social qualities, he has
many friends both in the profession and out
of it. ilr. Hays is independent iu politics.
He is a life member, by honor, of the lodge of
B. P. <>. E., No. 4-1, and has been the recipi-
ent of other marked courtesies at the hands
of his brother Elks. He is a member of the
Koyal Arcanum, the Knights of I'ythias and
Odd Fellows. He is a member of the Com-
mercial Club of liidh Miuueapoiis and St.
Paul, and also of the Theatrical Men's Busi-
ness Club of New York City. He is also an
honorary member of the Minneapolis I'ress
Club. 5Ir. Hays is an ex-member of the Na-
ational Guard of the State of Minnesota.
HISTORY OF THE GllEAT NORTHWEST.
was a inenibor of ("oiiii)any A, First Regi-
ment, N. (i. S. Jl., and is now the vice presi-
dent of tlie (^aptain Aniory Oompanj' A As-
sociation, a social orjianization of the men
who served in Company A nnder Captain
John Amory. In relif^ion Mr. Hays is a
Catholic. He was married in January, 18!):i,
1o JIary Ellen KoIkmIs, of Chicago. Their
union has been blessed with one child, Theo-
dore AHiMt Edward Hays.
TITCOMB, Charles Craves. — If the devel-
opment of a region meant simply the opening
of farms and the building of houses, the
work would be quickly done, and at a frac-
tion of the time and cost really found neces-
sary to establishing a civilized community
with interweaving interests, comforts, and
pleasures. The first essentials are, of course,
the necessities for existence. Because of
this many underrate the value of music,
painting, literature, and architecture in con-
tributing to the general welfare. Therefore
those who follow artistic pursuits are apt
to be passed over lightly when the honors for
achievement are distnbuted by the historian.
The influence of music, of all these arts, re-
ceives perhaps the greatest recognition. But
this, too, though complimented by such say-
ings as "Let me wi'ite the songs of a people,
and I care not who writes the laws," does
not share its due proportion of the credit for
its civilizing power. Charles G. Titcomb,
the well known professor of music at St.
Paul, :Minn., for nearly twenty years, is en-
titled to a fair share of honor for the progress
of music in the Northwest. He Mas born in
Nashua, N. H., March 20, 1844. His father,
John rierson Titcomb, alive at the age of
eighty-three years, is a native of Maine. He
removed to the west and settled at Harvard,
HI., in 18(J2. He sympathized ardently with
Texas in its struggle for independence and
joined the Texas navy early in the contest,
before the state was annexed to the Union.
Pierson Titcomb, the grandfather of the sub-
ject of this sketch, was a graduate of West
Point. He was a man of fine literary taste
with a gift for writing with some success in
belles lettres and poetry. Thr maiden name
of I'rof. Titcomb's mother, alive at the age
of seventy-six, was Livinia A. Smith. The
young professor early showed natural gifts
for music and his training took that direc-
tion. After receiving a good common school
education, he chose music for his profession,
and received a musical education at Boston,
Mass., which he utilized as a teacher of the
piano and organ — except during the Civil
AVar, when he enlisted in the Forty-seventh
Massachusetts Volunteers, and served in
the Southwest, participating, among other
events, in the Bed river expedition under
General Banks. He is now engaged in his
profession in St. Paul, and commands a large
and lucrative patronage. He made an ex-
tended tour of p]urope during the summer ot
1894, in company with Lucian Swift, of the
Minneapolis Journal, from which he gained
great ])lcasure and much needed rest.
WUBST, Maximilian. — The subject of
this sketch, Rev. Max Wurst, who has done
such excellent work for the Roman Catholic
parish at Wabasha, Minn., and left the im-
press of his character at Le Sueur and vicin-
ity, is of German parentage. He was born
at Wilflingen, Wurtemberg, October 12,
1855. His father, Gabriel Wurst, was born
March 17, 1825, and died May 4, 1870, at the
old home in Wilflingen. His mother's maid-
en name was Agnes Breimayer. She lives
with her son at Wabasha, having left Ger-
many in 1887. Young Maximilian was early
designed for the ministry. His parents
were able to give him superior educational
advantages. He attended the public schools
until his ninth year and was then sent to
the gymnasium, or high school, at Riedlingen.
Wurtemberg, where he remained six years
— from 1864 to 1870 — when he came to
this country and entered St. John's College.
His advanced standing enabled him to finish
the classical course of the institution in 1872.
He then began the study of philosophy, and
taught at the same time Latin in the college.
After one j'ear of this service he was sent
by Bishop Grace to St. Francis' Seminary,
HISTOUY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
at Milwaukee, to study theology, lu Sep
tembei", iy74, Bishop Grace trausfeired liiiu
to the Grand tsemiuary, Moutieal, to rou-
tinue his theological studies. He tiually
graduated from this iustitutiou iu Juue,
1877, when he returned to tit. I'aul, Miun.,
and was ordained, ^Vpril 20, 1878, by Bisliop
Grace in the tit. i'aul Cathedral. He was
then assigned to duty as assistant to Kev. M.
A. Bruton, at Rochester, Minn. — the date nt
assignment being May 15, 1878. He contin-
ued in this service until March iiU, 1880,
when he was appointed pastor of St. Ann's
church, at Le tiueur, Minn. His admiuistra
tion of this parish was noted for its efficiency
and left pei-maneut results of an iniporiani
character. He established a parocliial
school, with the Sisters of Notre Dauie as
teachers; he enlarged tlie present church and
built the pai'ochial residence. But his en
ergy and labors were not confined to Li-
tiueur. From this place he attended or ad-
ministered the affairs of Henderson parisli
for five years, and in September, 188C, was
also appointed by Archbishop Ireland dean
of Sibley and Le Sueur counties. In 1887
he was transferred to \\'abasha as successor
to Bishop Trobec, where his enterprise and
executive ability were again brought into
requisition with a success which has won
great commendation. Under his direction a
new parsonage was built. In 1893 St. Felix
church was destroyed by fire. This com-
pelled the rebuilding of the church with its
accompanying labors. In 1898 he estab-
lished the St. Elizabeth Hospital in a beauti-
ful situation on the bank of the Mississippi
river. The institution is in charge of the
Sisters of the Sorrowful Mother. The latest
improvement under the indefatigable pastor
is a new parochial school, now progressing —
June, 1901— at an estimated cost of |1.5.000.
In addition to his strictly pastoral woik,
-Rev. Wurst is active in manj' other affairs
contributing to the welfare of the peojilc.
He is a member of the fraternal order of
Catholic Foresters and of the St. Josejth's
Society. He is also a member of the Bish-
op's Council; memhor of the school board;
cxaminei- of ciergv, and defensor of matri-
M.\XI.M1LIA.N WUKS'
monial bond, and dean of Wabasha county.
His scholarship and personal attributes make
him a man highly esteemed by all passes,
as a citizen as well as pastor.
LEE, William E., was born at Alton, 111.,
-January 8, 1852. His father, Samuel Lee,
was of English birth, and l)y occupation a
millwright and contractor. He settled at
Alton, 111., in 1851. During the financial
disturbance which began in 1856 he suf-
fered considerable loss, and removed to
Little Falls, Minn. At the breaking out of
tlie Rebellion he enlisted in Hatch's Battal-
ion of Minnesota Volunteers. Young Will-
iam was educated in the public schools.
^\'llen his labor became of value he worked
with his father on the farm and in the mill-
wright business, and, later, supplemented his
public school training by a course of iustruc-
liiin under a private tutor. While at work
at his trade of millwright he in\ented a
wheat and cockle separatoi' for use in mills
grinding s])ring wlicat. After he had ob-
tained a patent for his invent i((n he allowed
it to reiiiain dorni;inl for a wliile, for want
HISTORY UF THK GREAT NORTHWEST.
WILLIAM E. LEE.
of means to luainifactuiL' the maihiue. It
was taken up by a couL-eiu without author-
ity, which placed the inyention in near!;\^
every mill in the world grinding spring
wheat. Mr. Lee was unable to prevent this
and sought to obtain redress from the usurp-
ing manufacturers, but without avail. He
then began suits against the users of the
machine. The contest became famous in pat-
ent litigation. Mr. Lee was successful in his
prosecution. In early life he was associated
with Mr. R. H. Ilarkens in the mercantile
business, lirst at Uurnhamville, Todd coun-
ty. The business was subsequently removed
to Long Prairie, and the establishment be-
came one of the leading enterprises in the
country. Mr. Lee. in 1S82, organized the
Bank of Long Prairie, the first in Todd coun-
ty. When, in IS'JfJ, the stockholders elected
Mr. Lee i)i"esident, although he was then
superintendent of the State Reformatory at
St. Cloud, he resigned his position and re-
turned to Long I'rairie to take charge of the
bank. Mr. Lee began his public career at
the age of twenty-three, when he was elected
justice of the jteace. He is an ardent Repub-
lican in jjolitics. In 1877 he became register
of deeds of Todd rounly, and held the ofTice
by a re-election four years. In 188.5 he was
elected to the legislature from Todd county
and took an active part in the railroad and
warelKJUse legislation, which became promi-
nent for the first time in Minnesota. So well
did he serve the people tliat they re-elected
him in 18S7 and again in 18!»:{, when he was
made sjieaker of the house. In 1804, greatly
to his surprise, he was aiijiointed to the re-
sponsilile jiosition of superintendent of the
State Reformatory at St. Cloud, which he re-
signed after nearly two years of exception-
ally efticient administration, to accept the
presidency of the Bank of Long Prairie,
Minn., as mentioned. In the meantime he
served six years on the State Normal School
Board. In every position in which Mr. Lee
has been placed, he has shown a high orde.
of ability, and — which is harder still — given
thorough satisfaction to his constituents. In
1901, because of his experience and proved
efficiency, he was. appointed by Governor
^'an Sant as a member of the Board of Con-
trol, a body of three members, to supervise
the public institutions of the state — estab-
lished by the legislature of 1901. Mr. Lee
was married, in 1875, to Miss Eva A. Gibson,
daughter of Ambrose K. and Margaret A.
Gibson. They have three sons — Rudolph A.
Lee, a graduate of the University of Minne-
sota, and now cashier of the Bank of Long
Prairie; Harry W. Lee, now cashier of the
Bank of Browerville, Minn., and Raymond A.
Lee, a student at Hamline University.
DAVIS, Cushman Kellogg. — Since the
days of Daniel Webster no orator of the
United States has left so deep an impress
of personal intellectual strength on the pub
lie as that made by the subject of this
sketch, familiarly known at home and abroad
as "Senator" Davis. Nor has the state of
Minnesota, which he represented continuous-
ly for thirteen years, ever had a more effi-
cient servant. These are two strong state-
ments, but the facts fully sustain them.
Some men achieve fame through their single
gift of public address, without stamping
IIISTOKV UF THE CHEAT M )l;TH\VEST.
Upon pnlilif att'aii-s nuy iirimiiilc or ])i>licv
or artion oi-i};iiiatiiif; within Tliciiisclvcs.
Tlic.v i-isi' to jmhlic distiiicl ioii as advocates
t)f ideas conceived hy otlieis. Seiiatoi- Davis
was distiufi;iiislH'<l hi>\\\ as an adxocaie and
as a statesnnui fi-erniinatinji' fundamental
biises ajton wliicli jjernianent jxilicies of ad-
ministration could be founded foi- llie|nililic
welfare. Only an instance or two need he
cited in demonstration. The policy of the
jji'overnment in conductinji' internal imjirove-
nients has been to limit api)ropiiations for
lonj; continued ojierations. to a sinjile year
or season, with tlii- resiili that all jpnlilii
work was intermitteiit. and therefoic i nsily
ami of slow pi-oiires-;. When the inijirovennnit
of the ■■Soo" canal was urojerted Senator
Davis, realizing' the iniperlai^ce ol' a clianni'l
havinji' more commerce than the Sm-/. canal
and the whole Mediterranean Sea. ad\anc(nl
the idea of makiiifi' contracts for such work
on the pledjie of payments as the work pro-
gressed. His plan was adoi)ted. The deni
onstratiou of its utility to the great benefit
of the Northwest has. probalily. niaih' it a
fixed policy of the goveniment. He may be
regarded also as the father of the ]irinciple
that the state has a right to ii'gulate railroad
rates for freight and jiassengers. That issiu'
was first brought forward in Minnesota, dur
ing Mr. Davis" camjiaign for governor. It
was incoriiorated in the laws of the stati- by
bis aid during his administration. Senator
Davis' speeches on Hawaii, and the Vene
zuela question, on the power of the ])resident
to maintain order, and on the (juestions aris-
ing in connection with our insular j)osses-
sions are treasures of his originality and
are pregnant with seed-tiaitlis from his dee|i
thinking and masi<'iiy command of law
principh^s. These ha\'e been iiM-orjiorated as
a code of action by congress and the execu-
tive de]iartments and will grow in apprecia
tion as their full scojie is recognized in the
making of ireatii-s and in the administration
of complex domestic atlaii-s. He saved to
the I'nited Stales a large amount of land in
the Canadian bonmlary quest ion by reason
of his profound legal knowledge. Hence
Senator Davis" greatness, for which he was
CISH.M.W K. D.WIS.
singled out by the people as the one master-
ful man on whom they could depend, and
for whom, no doubt, they held in»reser\'e
the highest regard. He stands out lumin-
ously in the front ranks of the foremost men
of his generation in breadth of view and
dce]( insight of ])rini-i]iles underlying true
siatesnianshij). He had als<i scholarly at-
tainments of no nieai\ ordei-. aiijiareut in his
jiublished works — outside of his numerous
addresses and sjieeches. reciigni/,e<l as mod-
t Is of their kind — "Lectures on International
Law."" -The Law of Shakesjieare,"" -Madam
Uolaiid" and "Hamlet." It is natni-al that
suih a man should be in many things in ad-
\ani-e of his tinii'. .\n instance of this is
shown where he advocated ami chjimi)ioned
ardenlly in a published essay early in his
I aieer the ojieiiing of a dee]( water-way from
Hie head of Lake Su]ierior to the ocean.
Senatm- Davis w.is born at the village of
Hendei-son. on till' shnri-s of Lake Dniario. in
.lellerson connly. N. Y.. .lune Hi. 1S3S. His
father. Iloiatio Nelson Davis, was one of
the early selthi'sof northern New ^■ork. .ind
soon after Senator Da\is" birth moved to
Wisconsin. His molhei's name was Clarissa
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Cushmau, from whom the senator received
his first uame. Slic was a direct descendant
of Thomas Cushman and Mary Allerton, who
lived to be the last of the Mayflower pil-
<j;rims. Robert Cushman, the father of
Thomas Cushman, was the financial agent
who fitted out the Mayflower and Speedwell
and otherwise aided in starting the pilgrims
on their momentous journey. A log school
house at Waukesha, Wis., had the honor of
starting the senator up the ladder of fame.
His next step was to enter Carroll College,
at Waukesha, where remained until the end
of the junior year. Here he had for class-
mates the noted agnostis-. Robert IngersoU ;
Jeremiah Curtin, widely known as the trans-
lator of the great popular novel "Quo Vadis,"
and ex-Senator Clayton, now United States
minister to the Republic of Mexico. It may
be mentioned also that Senator Davis' moth-
er attended the church of which Robert
Ingersoll's father was pastor. He then went
to the University of Michigan, became a
Delta Phi, and graduated first in the classical
course of 1857, and afterwards took up the
study of law. On the breaking out of the
War of the Rebellion, his father, who was a
state senator from Rock county. Wis., sever-
al years, went into the army and served near-
ly four years as captain. The son followed
his example in 1862 and entered the service
as first lieutenant of Company B, Twenty-
eighth Wisconsin Infantry, and served near-
ly three years, participating in the capture
of Little Rock, and in other events, among
them the Vicksburg campaign. In 1864,
utterly broken in health, he resigned and
went to Minnesota to recuperate, settling at
St. Paul to practice his profession. He soon
regained his strength and began his success-
ful career, the steps of which it is hardly
necessary to detail. He was elected to the
legislature in 1867; made United States dis-
trict attorney in 1868 and served until 1873;
governor in 1874 and United States senator
in 1887, serving by re-elections until his
death, November 27, 1900. His crowning
act was the Spanish treaty at Paris. The
world mourned his loss. Senator Davis was
fortunate in his law partnership with Messrs.
Kellogg and Severance, who were able coad-
jutors and contributed in no small degree in
various ways to assist their chief. In 1880
he was married to Anna Malcolm Agnew, of
St. Paul, who for the last twenty years of
his life was conspicuous for her services in
his behalf in ways which only a loving
woman could devise.
REED, Louis A. — In a county embracing
a large city the office of county attorney is
the most important legal position in the
jurisdiction, not only because of the numer-
ous and complex criminal cases arising, but
from the vast business interests involved in
the litigation which he must conduct and
because of the large pecuniary sums at stake
in many of the cases. To be elected to such
a position and to discharge the duties in a
satisfactory and creditable manner, is an
honor of very high rank. Mr. Louis A. Reed,
the subject of this sketch, is, perhaps, best
known by his high service for Hennepin
county, Minn. He is a farmer boy, whose
hands were inured to toil on the farm during
the intervals of his district school days. His
father, Adam Reed, was a farmer and en-
gaged in milling in Mason county. 111. His
mother's maiden name was Julia A. Allen.
The family was of early German-English ex-
traction. Louis was born on his father's
farm, January 23, 1855. He was a studious
boy, and having obtained an education, such
as a common school affords, he entered the
Illinois State Normal LTniversity to qualify
himself for teaching. After a course in this
institution, he entered the State Industrial
University at Champaign, 111., teaching in
the meantime, but attracted towards law as
a profession. He finally entered upon the
study in the office of George W. Ellsben^,
of Mason City, 111. After searching for a
suitable place in which to practice, he se-
lected Minneapolis, Minn., and settled there
in July, 1880. He first entered the office of
Rea, Wolley <& Kitchel, where he remained
until April 1, 1883, when he went into prac- '
tice alone. When Mr. John G. Woolley was
elected county attorney, he selected Mr. Reed
as assistant county attorney, but without
HISTORY OF THE GREA'L' NORTHWEST.
compensation fi-oni the county. Di'ceniber 1.
1883, Air. Reed entered into a partneisliii)
with Mr. WooUev and Charles 1'. I?iddh^
under the style of Woolley, Biddle & Reed.
Od the dissolution of this firm, Mr. Reed,
January 1, 1880, formed a partnership with
Robert D. Russell, late district judge of Hen-
nepin county, and George L). Emery, former
judge of the llinneapolis municipal court.
The style of the flrm ^^■as Russell, Emery &
Reed, and later went into partnership with
William A. Kerr, under the flrm name of
Reed & Kerr. This connection was con-
tinued until Mr. Kerr was elected judge of
the municipal court. January 1, IS!)!), Mi-.
Reed associated himself with F. \'. I>ro\vn,
A. Y. Merrill and G. AY. Buftington, under
the flrm name of Brown, Reed, Merrill &
BulHngton, which ])artnership was termi-
nated January 1, 1901. In 1898 Mr. Reed
was elected county attorney of Hennepin
county, Minn., and served two years. What
is known as ''the primary election law" was
then put into operation. Among the peculiar
operations of that law was the defeat of Mr.
Reed for renomination by 275 votes. The
administration of Mr. Reed was one of the
most important and busiest of record. Aside
from the ordinary duties of the office, which
are onerous and beyond public conce]ition,
Mr. Reed had .special cases in civil matters
which will not occur again. In one .series of
tax cases the county auditor estimated that
Mr. Reed saved the county |100,000. The
Minnetonka dam cases required an immense
amount of work. From April, 1899, to April,
1900, there were — as an example of the labor
done — 570 civil cases. In criminal cases the
labor was also arduous. For example, from
January', 1899, to June 1, 1900, there were
402 cases considered by the grand jury, and
;!12 indictments drawn, some indictments in-
cluding two or three persons. The grand
jury was always attended personally by Mr.
Reed. When it is considered that ejich grand
jury is composed of the best and leading busi
ness men and that each jury during his term
voted its thanks to Mr. Reed for his care in
preparing and jiresenting the matters consid-
ered, the high chai-acter of the compliment
LOITIS A. KKKI>.
can be estimated. Perhaps the most noted
criminal case which came under Mr. Reed's
administration was the "Hamilton murder
case.'' Mr. Reed conducted the examination
before the grand jury, drew the indictment
and prepared the case for trial, but went our
of office before the trial. Mr. Reed was mar-
ried, July 8, 1880, to Isabelle Trent, the
daughter of Mr. and Mrs. James P. Trent, of
Manito, 111. They have two children — Al-
bert Pi'eston, seventeen years old, and Rus-
sell Claude Reed, ten years old. Previous to
his election as county attorney Mr. Reed had
never held otflce, but he was active as a Re-
publican, and was very influential in his
jiarty. In 1890 he was made chairman of the
County Republican Committee of Hennejiin
County, and in 1804 was chosen chairman of
the .ludiciary Rei>ublican Committee. He is
regarded as one of the best organiz.ers and
directors of a cami)aign in the party. He is
a member of the Commercial Club, the Elks,
the Knights of Pythias, the Modern Wood-
men, and the Masonic ordei'. In religion he
affiliates with and supports the Congrega-
tional church, and is held socially, as well as
professionally, in the highest esteem.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
LYLE C. BACON.
BACOX, Dr. Lyle Cholwell, of St. Paul,
clinical professoi- of obstetrics lu the medi-
cal department of Hamline University, and
obstetrician to the City and County Hospital,
St. Paul, was born at Niles, Mich., February
26, 1860. His father — also a distinguished
member of the medical profession — was
Cyrus Bacon, Jr., assistant surgeon and
brevet major TTnited States army, l.oin
at Edwardsburg, Mich. He died in the
service in 1868. The maiden name of the
doctoi-'s mother was Arabella Knox. She.
was the daughter of Colonel and Mrs. A. P.
Knox, of Niles, Mich. The family on both
the father and mother's sides is of early New
England colonial ancestry, many members
being cons])icuous for their services iu the
colonial wars and in the Revolutionary strug-
gle. Among them may be mentioned Col-
onel Stephen Bacon, Captain Moses Lyle,
Captain John Crane, Solomon Tarbox. Jr.,
and Abram Knox— father of Colonel A. P.
Knox — a Revolutionary soldier at the age
of eighteen wlio had the misfortune of being
captured and confined in the infamous Brit-
ish pris(m shij) at New York harbor. Dr.
L. C. Bacon was educated in the public
schools at Xilcs. (•om])leting his course there
as a graduate of the High School. He then
came to St. I'aul and secured work on the
Pioneer Press. AX'hile thus employed, true
to the tradition of his family, he took up
the study of medicine, and for several years
jiut in all his .spare time at the old St. Paul
^fi'dical College. But he had an ambition
to secure a more thorough ecjuipment for his
profession before he began jiractice. There-
fore, in 18S7, he returned to Michigan and
entered the medical department of the T'ni-
versity of Jlichigan at Ann Arbor, and took
the full medic-al course at that noted institu-
tion. AA'hile there he was senior president
of his class and was engaged for one year as
assistant to the professor of obsteti'ics and
gynaecology. In 181(0 he returned to St.
Paul and commenced practice, achieving a
snc(-ess which has given him the prominence
which he now holds. Since 189G he has
been associated with his brother, Dr. Knox
Bacon, chief surgeon of the Chicago, St.
Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway com-
pany. He has a large private practice and
stands among the leading physicians and
surgeons of the state. He is a member of .
the Ramsey County Medical Society; Minne-
sota State Medical Association; Minnesota
Academy of Medicine, and the American
Medical Association. The doctor is a mem-
ber of the Masonic order, and of several of
the benevolent associations, and takes an in-
terest in charitable work. He was married
in 1891 to Miss Alice Kay. daughter of Mr.
and Mrs. Robert Wardlaw Kay, of Niles,
Mich. They have three children: Elizabeth
Lyle Bacon, born September 22, 1892; Don-
ald Kay Bacon, born July 18, 1894, and Lyle
Cholwell Bacon, Jr., born Mav 20, 1897.
SHUTTER, Rev. Marion D., D. D., the
pastor of the First Universallst church, of
Minneapolis, Minn., known as the Church of
the Redeemer, and, without question, the
most i)owerful and influential "liberal
church" in the west and Northwest, and one
of the mightiest in the country, was born
between forty-six and forty-seven years ago.
HISTORY OF TIIIO (lUEAT N(»RTII\VEST.
at New rhiladclphia, Oliii). His father, Kev.
Peter K. SluitfcT-, a minister of the liaptist
clnn-cli. lias held various diaries in Oliio and
-Miclii^an, and lie is still lixinji at seveiil.v-
Ihree years of age at (Jrand Rajiids, ilich.
His ])astorates wei-i' always successful, f<n-
he is a man of yrcat natural ability an<l a
very effective speaker. His father was of
English extraction, while his mother was of
French descent, a condiination well ada]t1cd
to |iroduci' a sncccssfnl orator. His wife.
1)1-. Sliutter's iiiotlier, was of early Dutch
descent. Her name was Alcthia ^I. llaag.
Her father was :i tine scholar, I hough
deemed impriictical. lie had charge of the
young doctor's eaily education, who was
twelve years of age before he was allowed
to go to the jiublic schools. In the mean-
time he had learned, in the village priut^ing
oftice, to set type, and with tliis craft he
had acquired in a practical way a knowledge
of spelling, punctuation, grammar and the
use of capital letters. When sixteen years of
age he entered the preparatory department
of the Denison University at Granville, Ohio,
and attended the institution until the dose
of the soi)honiore year. As he was thrown
largely on his own resources he was fre-
quently obliged to teach school to earn
money to go on with his studies. His father
and mother made many sacrifices for him,
but as his father never had a salary of more
than foOO a year, they could assist but little.
For the most part the plucky student board-
ed himself at college, living upon less than
a dollar a week, and not infrequently sawing
wood to get the dollar. Mr. Shutter's junior
and senior years of tlie college course were
taken at the University of Wooster, Ohio,
where he graduated in 1876. Without funds
to go further, the young divine begau to
preach at a cioss-roads in the Western Re-
.serve, Ohio, at the rale of |200 a year. Soon
he added another jtreaching station, twelve
miles distant, and used to drive twenty four
miles, ])i-each three times, attend a Sunday
school, teach a class, and eat his lunch as he
drove across the country. Although hard
work, he enjoyed ii. .\t the end of two
years he left two liourishinji count rv chui'ch-
M.\1U(1.N L). SHUTTER, D. D.
OS. each supplied with a pastor, and went to
Oherlin to take his theological course. He
remained there neai-ly two yeai-s, suj^iorting
himself by preaching as he had ojiportunity.
He then entered the Baptist Seminary at
.Morgan I'ark. Chicago, and graduated in
ISSl. In a humorous sketch of his career,
published in the Lombard College paper, Dr.
Shutter presents his educational equipment
as follows: "My classical education — if 1
have one — was obtainetl in orthodox schools.
However, there is something of a variety in
my educational experience. I started in at
a Baptist college ((iranville, Ohio), and fin-
ished at a I'resbyterian one (Wooster, Ohio).
U'hile attending tlie Presbyterian college I
li\-ed in a Ponniu Catholic family. After-
wards I took two years in the Congrega-
ti(Mial Seminary at Oberlin, and finished in
the J{a])tist Seminary at ("hicago." On grad-
uation day theie was present a member of
a )iuli)it conmiittee for the Olivet Haiitist
church, of Jlinneapolis, .Minn., who wanted
to secure a young graduate as a pasloi- of
that church. He fixed upon Dr. Shutter,
and invited him to supply that pulpit for a
few Sundays. This was the beginning of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
what the doctor consideis his regular min-
istry. He accepted the tendered invitation,
with the result that he was duly called to
the pastorate of Olivet church. The organi-
zation was small and discouraged. The
meeting-house was a one-story frame struc-
ture, 32 by 50 feet in size, and plainly
equipped. The work, however, prospered.
The membership increased. ^Yithiu less
than five years the congregation erected and
paid for the finest church building on the
east side of the river up to that time. In
the meantime Dr. Shutter's theological views
had been changing. The church was in a
flourishing condition, and practically out of
debt. But he felt that he could no longer
occupy a Baptist pulpit. He notified his
church of the fact, and withdrew from the
church and the denomination, having noth-
ing definite in view as to his future course,
and not even as to the classification of his
views in the religious field — whether he was
to be another "independent" like Roger Wil-
liams, or be able to work with an organiza-
tion. Immediately after the publication of
his letter of resignation, the young pastor
received a kind note from Dr. James H. Tut-
tle, pastor of the Church of the Redeemer,
whom he knew only by reputation, inviting
him to call and confer. Dr. Shutter did so
and set forth fully and frankly the conclu-
sions to which he had arrived. Dr. Tuttle
expressed a belief that Mr. Shutter could
work with the Universalists, and asked him
to preach in the pulpit of the Church of the
Redeemer. He spoke several times, with the
result that he became Dr. Tuttle's assistant,
with the understanding that either party
might, at the end of six months, withdraw
from the arrangement. The six months have
now lengthened to fifteen years. For five
years Dr. Shutter was Dr. Tuttle's assistant.
On the completion of the old pastor's twenty-
fifth year of service, in 1891, he was made
I'astor Emeritus for life and Dr. Shutter was
made pastor, a position which he still holds
with great acceptance to the people and with
distinguished success, not only as a pastor,
liut as a public-spirited citizen who is in the
forefront of every movement promising the
■"betterment" of the people individually, or
as a body politic, lie has always tried to be
connected with movements for the general
good, the practical side of religious life. The
Minneapolis Kindergarten Association was
organized in his study. Dr. Shutter drafted
its constitution. In 1897 he founded the
Unity House Social Settlement and is at
present chairman of the board managing the
work. He was one of a committee with Su-
perintendent Jordan and ex-Mayor Gray to
establish public play-grounds in the city. He
is intimately connected with the Consumers'
League, and is a director in the Board of As-
sociated Charities. He believes that it is
better to be with the constructive forces in
a city than to indulge in denunciations of
evil from the pulpit. The estimate in which
he is held in the city was voiced by one of
the leading dailies editorially when it was
known that Dr. Shutter had declined a call
to Chicago. It said: "The decision of Dr.
Shutter to remain in Minneapolis is a source
of congratulation to the people of this city
at large, as well as to his congregation, for
the doctor, in addition to being an excellent
clergyman, is a wide-awake and public-spir-
ited citizen whose voice and influence touch-
es so many various interests that it is about
as diflicult to separate it into a synopsis of
ingredients, as it would be to analyze the
aroma of a flower gai'den. It may justly be
said that his influence has been the means of
bringing the liberal churches of Minneapolis
and St. Paul into closer fellowship and co-
operation, which have resulted in the or-
ganization of the Liberal Union of Minnesota
^yomen; the Liberal Sunday School Union
of the Twin Cities; the Liberal Ministers'
Club, and the co-operation of the liberal
churches in support of Unity Settlement.
He has been influential and very successful
in promoting a better understanding among
the various denominations through a series
of interdenominational lectures which he in-
stituted in the fall of 1900— the first attempt
of the kind in this country to bring to a com-
mon platform the representatives of all
schools of religious thought. In addition to
his large and increasing church work, he is
HlSTOUi" OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the author of four books which sell well aud
steadily. Their titles are: "Wit and Humoi-
of the Bible." "Justice and Mercy," "A Child
of Nature," and "Applied Evolution."" He
is also the author of a fifth book, which, for
some reasons, the publishers thouj^ht best
should appear anonymously. His work on
"Applied Evolution" attempts to interitret
modern thought in terms of religion, aud has
won the praises of such scientific authorities
as John Fiske and Da\id Starr Jordan.
McCLOKY. Peter J. — Among the young-
er professional men of the state of North
Dakota, Peter J. McClory, of Devils Lake,
must be placed among the most promising.
as his services in various positions have al
ready made him prominent and influential.
He is a Canadian by birth, having been born
at Quebec, Can., September 15, 1859. He
came to the United States when a small boy.
with his parents, who settled at Erie. Pa.
He obtained his early education in the pub-
lic schools of that city. His academic train-
ing was received at the well-known St. Jos-
eph's Academy in the same city. Having
chosen the profession of law as his life work,
he entered the law office of McGee & Mor-
gan. He came to the Territory of Dakota,
now North Dakota, in 1882, and first settled
at Grand Harbor, six miles west of Devils
Lake, and subsequently at Devils Lake.
When the county of Ramsey was organized.
January 1, 188;?, Mr. McClory was appointed
first justice of the peace in the county. In
1884 he was elected clerk of the district court
aud judge of probate. In 1886 he was regu-
larly admitted to the bar, and the same year
he was re-elected as clerk of the district
court and judge of probate, and in 1888 he
was elected to the same position, for the third
term. This was a compliment of which any
young man might be proud. He then accept-
ed a position at Fort Totten, in the Indian
agency service, as deputy clerk, where he re-
mained for several years. This duty was
outside of his professional career, and in that
respect was no doubt a hindrance to his ad-
vancement, although he gained a knowledge
of huuian nature, aud acquired a b\isiuess ex-
l)erience of value when he resumed his pro-
fession, which he did in 1894, when he was
elected states attorney for Ramsey county.
He was re-elected to this position in 189G.
and again in 1898, making three terms also
in this position. In the meantime he was
associated in law with John F. Cowan, for-
mei- attorney general of North Dakota, and
now judge of the Second judicial district of
the state. The style of the firm was Cowan
ifc McClory. During the session of the leg-
islature of 1889-'90, Mr. McClory served as
assistant clerk of the house. All these posi-
tions he filled with fidelity and ability, show-
ing a versatility and an aptness not often so
happily conjoined. He is a prominent mem-
ber of the Masonic order, having passed all
the degrees, including the thirty-second. He
is a member of the North Dakota Consistory,
No. 1, of El Zagel Shrine and the Cyrene
Commandery. He was married Dec. 27,
188G, to Anna M. Adamson, of Kenosha,
Wis. They have two children, a boy and a
girl — Sherman and Margaret.
WILLIS, Henry B., was born at Milan,
Kipley county, hid., February 5, 1851. His
father, Robert S. Willis, who died May 23,
1901, at the age of eighty-two, was a native
of Kentucky, born May 4, 1819. He is a de-
scendant of the ^^'allace and the McHenry
families of that state, who subsequently went
to Tennessee and were long known as
wealthy stock raisers aud breeders of fine
horses. Grandfather John L. Willis, in an
early day, moved to Indiana, near Versailles,
and was one of the organizers of Kipley coun-
ty, and for a long time, one of the most promi-
nent men in that part of the state. He was
born in "Virginia, in 1794, and went with his
parents to Kentucky in 1808, and thence to
Indiana. He was a soldier of the War of
1812, and participated in the battle of New
Orleans, under General Jackson. When he
and his Kentucky comrades were discharged
at the close of the war, at New Orleans, they
returned to their homes in Kentucky on foot,
a distance of more than a thousand miles.
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
What would a modern soldier say if treated
in this manner? He died at Caledonia,
Minn., January 30, 1872, in the home of his
son, surrounded by his six sons and daugh-
ters. He was a man remarkably intelligent,
well read, and highly esteemed. His son,
Robert, the father of the subject of this
sketch, operated saw mills at an early day
in Ripley county, Ind. To find a market for
his lumbej" he hauled it twenty-five or thirty
miles, to Aurora, or to Lawrenceburg, on the
Ohio river, but later shipped it to Cincin-
nati, Ohio, by rail. When the Civil War
broke out he enlisted in the Eighty-third In-
diana Regiment, and participated in all the
battles fought by that organization — among
them the battles of Lookout Mountain, Mis-
sionary Ridge, and the siege of Vicksburg,
under Grant. At the latter place he was an
orderly of Colonel t^pooner, and was among
the first to enter the captured city. He was
discharged for disability after two years and
seven months' service. Henry's mother's
maiden name was Eliza Richardson. She
was a native of New York, born in 1821.
She went w\t]\ her jiaicnts at an early day
to Indiana, llcr lirnllier, IJcv. Merman Rich-
ardson, was one of the pioneer Methodist
ministers of the state, and a man of consid-
erable wealth. He was known far and wide
for his benev(tlence. His sister was a woman
of culture and refinement, of high Christian
character, and an ardent church worker.
Young Henry had early school advaiitages in
Die district and select schools of Indiana and
.Minnesota, to which state his parents moved
in ls(i7. His father rented a farm in Eyota
townshij), Olmsted county, and Henry lived
at home most of the time until his majority.
He attended the Rochester high school for a
time, and had in different schools some of
the best teachers in service in that part of
the state. When qualified, he himself be-
gan to teach, and was engaged in district
school work for four terms. Such was his
success that the state superintendent of pub-
lic instruction, H. B. Wilson, engaged him
for principal of the graded school at Alex-
andria, Minn., the first graded school in the
city. Mr. Willis was very successful in this
work, and his management thoroughly estab-
lished the system. He then associated with
Mr. A. C. Smith, of Rochester, in the insur-
ance business for a time, but returned to
farming in 1876, and continued it in Olmsted
county for ten years. In 188G, in connection
with Mr. A. Whiting, he went into the grain
and elevator business, which he continued
until his engagement, in 1890, with the
Northwestern Life Association, which later
was consolidated with the National Mutual
Life Association, and is now known as the
Northwestern National Life Insurance Com-
pany. In 18!)1 he came to Minneapolis, and
was vice president of the Northwestern Life
Association.' He terminated this engage-
ment in 1890, to take a position with the
Omaha Life Association at Minneapolis.
Soon after he was elected secretary and
treasurer of the company. In the fall of the
same year he was elected to the same posi-
tion in the National Mutual Life Association,
which entered the consolidation mentioned
in 1901. He voluntarily resigned his old po-
sition in 1900 to take charge of agency work
in the Twin Cities, and, on the consolidation,
was elected third vice president of the new
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
orjianizalioii, iiiul wiis assijiiicd tlic duty of
uiaimger of aj;i'nl,s for tlic Twin ("itics, wliich
office be now holds, ilr. Willis is a Kepiib-
lii-an in polifics and avers that he never
knew a i-elative that was not also of (he same
IKilitii'al faith, lie has lu'en moderately ac-
li\e, hoidinj;' se\i'ral loral oltices where he
has live(l. lie is inlerested in an.\ oi-jianiy,a-
tion lo |ir(iiii(ile the jicnerai wclfai'e. He he-
lonji'S to the Coiimiercial ("inli, and is one of
the directors of the .\shnry Hosjjital. lie is
also a Mason and a niend)er of the ^lodein
Woodman. In clniich relations he is .Meth-
odist Elpiscojial and a meniher of the W'es-
]('}■ M. E. church. .Mi-. \\'iHis was mari-ied in
1S7() to Alva K., eldest danj^hter of Samnel
Hall, of Kork connty, Wis. They had two
children: Cail S. \\"il!is, now twenty years
old and a student in the second year of the
mining engineer course at the I^niversity of
Minnesota; Mary E. Willis, three years
younger, a pujjil of the Central High School
of Minneapolis. TLe mother died in 18!)4.
He was again married in October, lS!)o, to
Miss Annie E. Allen, of Minneapolis, whose
father was for many years connected with
the Esterlv FIai-\ ester Works.
STOWE, Emory C. — The president of the
Ward & Cadwell Company department store
at Fairmont, Minn., Emory C. Stowe, was
born at Sycamore, 111., in 1857. His family
is of English extraction. William H. Stowe,
his father, was a New Yorker, who moved
to Illinois in 1847. He was a farmer in good
financial circumstances. In 1872 he re-
moved to Minnesota, and settled on a farm.
His wife's maiden name was Electa Ward,
and of the same lineage as her husband. He
died at Fairmont in 1899, after a prosi)eious
and successful career. He was a man of in-
fluence and highly esteemed, having been
mayor of Fairmont, and having served for
several years as county commissioner. '\'oung
William obtaiiied his literary education in
the common schools. He remained on the
farm for several years, and then started on
his business career as a clerk, in 1882. In
1884 he became a member of the firm, carry-
ing on a general store under the name of
the Ward i^ Cadwell Company, at Fairmont.
In 1S92 ]\lr. Stowe was made president of
the company, which does a very lai-ge and
varied business, comprising nearly all the
branches of trade. It is also the jiroprietor
of the Faii-mont Opera House, and it has
grain elevatoi'S on the Chicago. Milwaukee &
St. Paul, and on the Chicago, St. I'aul, Min-
neapolis & Omaha railways. Notwithstand-
ing his large business interests, Mr. Stowe is
an acli\(' <-itizen in |)ublic affairs, and a
IM-oniinenl member of the Rejiublican jiarty.
lie has ser\-e(l several years in the village
roiniiil, and is now — 1901 — discharging his
duties as niaytn- of Fairmont for tlie third
term, which speaks well of his administra-
tion, lie is also chairman of the senatorial
district Kepublican committee. In religious
inatters lie affiliates with the Methodist
church, of which his wife is a jirominent and
active membi-r. In the fraternities, he is an
Odd Fellow of liigh degree, being a member
of Fairmont Lodge, and of the Encami)ment,
through the chairs of which he has passed.
In November, 1879, he was mari-ied t(*Cora
A. Snow. They have four children: Maurice
E., Lloyd II., C.enevieve K.. and Leola E.
Stowe.
TAWNEV, James Albertus, rei)resents
the First District of Minnesota in the Na-
tional house of representatives. His career
furnishes a forcible illustration of the value
of diligence and jierseverance in the acquire-
ment of an eilucation, when combined with a
tireless energy and an untlinching determina-
tion to succeed. He is a native of Pennsyl-
vania, and was born near Cettysburg, in
Mount I'leasanl townshiii. .\(lams county,
January :'., IS.'i.'i. Jolm Tawiiey, his great-
grainlfafher, moved oxer fioni .Maryland and
settled on a farm in the vicinity of (iettys-
hurg in the latter half of the eighteenth <-en-
tury. Abraham, one of his youngest sons,
leai-ned th(> trade of a blacksinith and locat-
ed on a farm near by. when' he established
a blai-ksmilh shop, which was a feature of
the neijiliborhood for half a century. His
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JAMES A. TAWNEY.
oldest sou, John E., followed in the footsteps
of his father. He was a well-informed man,
however, and took an active interest in all
public questions, was a fluent writer and a
forcible speaker. His wife, Sarah Boblitz,
was an excellent woman of a positive and
forcible character. James A., their son, also
learned the blacksmith's trade, and later that
of a machinist. In the summer of 1877 he
came West and located at Winona, Minn.,
and worked at his trade. The young ma-
chinist was an indefatigable student; he
studied into late hours of the night, as well
as a short time in the morning before going
to the shop. Januai'v 1, 1881, he entered the
office of Bentley & Vance for the purpose of
reading law, though for two j'eare previous
he had read law at home. Devoting his
whole time to study, he made rapid progress,
and was admitted to practice July 10, 1882.
He then attended the law school of the Uni-
vei-sity of Wisconsin. The death of Mr.
Bentley, in March of the following year, left
him in possession of a large business. But
Mr. Tawney rose to the opportunity. Care-
ful and painstaking, his progress was rapid.
He soon won for himself an enviable repu-
tation, and along with it a higher and more
lucrative grade of practice. Meanwhile, in
1883, he was elected judge advocate of the
Second Alinnesota National Guard, and
served in that capacity until Janiiary, 1892,
when be was made judge advocate general
on the staff of Governor Merriam. From
1888 to 1801 he was vice president of the.
State Republican League, and later served
for several years on the state central com-
mittee. In 18!)0 he was elected a state sen-
ator from "\^'inona county and served with
great credit to himself in the sessions of
ISUl and 180.3. He was elected to the Fifty-
third Congress in the fall of 1802, and has
been returned to that body at each succeed-
ing election with largely increased majori-
ties. Mr. Tawney's congressional recoixl has
been a particularly bright one. His maiden
speech was against the repeal of the federal
elections law in the Fifty -third Congress. In
the Fifty-fourth, he was a member of the
ways and means committee, which prepared
the Dingley tariff bill. He made a masterly
argument in the Fifty-fifth in favor of the
treaty annexing Hawaii, and was influential
ip securing favorable consideration of the
resolution. In the oi'ganization of the Fifty-
sixth he took a more conspicuous part, and
was a tireless worker in the campaign to se-
cure the election of speaker from the west.
He was elected by the Republicans of the
caucus of the house of representatives as
the party "whip," and was appointed a mem-
ber of the committee on ways and means,
and of the committee on insular affairs and
chairman of the committee on the Centen-
nial of the Louisiana Purchase. He was a
strong advocate for the creation of the com-
mittee on insular affairs previous to the or-
ganization of the house. These committee
appointments evidence the confidence and
esteem which Mr. Tawney has won in such
large measure from his associates. Decem-
ber 10, 1883, Mr. Tawney was married to
Miss Emma B. Newell, of Winona. Five chil-
dren have been born: Everett Franklin,
James Millard, John Ephraim, Maud Jos-
ephine and William Mitchell.
CONTENTS.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Page
Page
The Great Northwest Defined ^
Our Title to the Northwest (i
The Aborigines <>
The Coming of tlie White Man 10
Territorial Changes 14
I'hases of Frontier Life 15
The Fur Trade 15
The Missionary 1!)
Administration of Justice 21
Education 32
Military History 35
Political I'arties 49
I'olitics in the Great Northwest 54
HISTORY OF MIXXESOT.V
HISTORY OF SOUTH U.VKOT.V .
HISTORY OF NORTH I).\KOT.V .
HISTORY OF MONTAN.l
63
69
N. DAKOTA AGRICULTITRAL COLLEGE. 7(
JMACALESTER COLLEGE SO
SHATTUCK SCHOOI 81
INDEX TO
Aaker. H. H 277
Allien, W. I) 203
Ames, Dr. A. A 310
Anderson, Dr. J. I) 3S5
Andrews, Dr. J. W 348
Ankeny, A. T 238
Archibald, A. R 222
Armstrong, JI. K 118
Atwater, Isaac 521
Austin, Z. H 438
Babcock, A. L 538
Bacon, Dr. L. C 582
Baker, T.,Jr 121
Barrett, A. II 132
Bartholomew, J. M 119
Baxter, L. L 226
Beadle, W. H. H 366
Belden, H. C 493
Benton, A. H 505
Berg, O. C 141
Black, J. D 410
Blanch, H. G 381
Block. J. H 213
Boutelle, C. M 529
Bowler, J. M 522
Brantly, T 102
Brass, H. L 220
Bracken, Di-. H. M 535
Briggs, A. H 96
Brown, J. W 321
Bi-own, C. L 139
Brown, E. 0 554
Brophy. P. J :',49
Bryant, B. F 511
BIOGRAPHIES.
Bryant, J. C 566
Budd, J. D 242
Burnett, W.J 311
Byrnes, Dr. ^Y. .^ 473
Cairus, C. S 278
Campbell, J. Vr 296
Campbell, Wallace 426
Cantei-bury, J. R ? • • 260
Carlblom, A. N 228
Ciirleton, F. H 323
Challman, S. A 445
Chamberlin, Dr. J. W 555
Choate, A. B 383
Coburn, G. W^ 225
Collins, L. W ..478
Comstock, W. L 449
Comstock, O. D 547
CouLstock, S. G 114
Compton, James 288
< 'onroy, E.J «9
Cooley, G. W 312
Cooley. C. R 336
Cooper, John 489
Cooper, Walter 282
Cotter, Rt. Rev. J. B 454
Cotton, J. B 399
(^owan, J. F 510
Crawford, C. 1 308
Cntchetl, E. T 15>9
Cross, J. N 332
Dare, A. N 295
Davis, C. K 578
Dean, F. E ....■■ 427
INDEX— Continued.
Dean, W. B 370
Dean, W. J 350
Dearth, E. H 189
Devine, J. M 25(5
Dobbin, James -01
Dodge, J. S 123
Donahoe, M 441
Donaldson, L. S 440
Douglass, W. K 505
Dow, J. J 402
Dowling, M.J 525
Driver, Eev. J. M 470
Droppers, Garrett 100
Dunsmoor, Dr. F. A 424
Dunn, H. H 573
Dunn, Dr. J. H 221
Dunn, R. C 2.30
Dunn, Dr. J. B 259
Dutton, Dr. ( ". E 455
Edwards, A. W 194
Eddy, F. M 291
Elliott, C. B 200
Eseb, J. J 347
Estes, W. R 402
Eustis, W. H 173
Evans, E. G 496
Fanner, .J. Q 178
Farnsworth, S. A 240
Ferris, A. F 552
Fletcher, Loren 304
Force, Dr. J. F 108
Ford, J. W 170
Fort, G. L 129
Frankforter, G. B 455
Franklin, Geo. A 423
Freeman. Dr. J. W 232
Fritsche, Dr. L. A 453
Fullei-ton, S. F 569
Funk, W. A 143
Gates, J. A 419
Gaughn, Rev. J. H 327
Getty, G. F 217
Gjertsen, H. J 533
Gjertsen, Rev. M. F 437
Godfrey, I'. D 577
Grant, Donald 408
(Jreely, O. E 106
Greer, J. N 340
Grier, T. J 245
Gregory, C. E 469
Page
Haecker, T. L 563
Hall, Dr. P. M 572
Hall, C. W 550
Hall. Dr. W. A 297
Hallam, Oscar 266
Hallock, Rev. L. H 458
liahoi-son, Marcellus 378
Hanua, L. B 294
Itannaford, J. M 546
Hanson, P. E 191
Hare, Rt. Rev. \\'. H 286
Harvey, T. E 168
Hay<raft. J. E 291
Hays, W. M 464
Hays, Tlieo. L 474
Healy, Frank 261
Heatwole, J. P 322
Hedges, Cornelius 544
Heinrich, J. J 152
Heintzeman, C. C 202
Herreid, C. N Ill
Heston, J. W 507
Hicks, H. G 223
Higgins, Dr. C. W 430
Hoag, W. R 318
Houghton. J. G 142
Hubbard, L. F 434
Hughes, Thomas 162
Hnlbert, C. M 126
Hunter, Dr. C. H 136
Hvde, O. W. G 536
Irwin, Dr. \. F.
Iverson, S. (r. . . .
363
265
Jackson, Dr. R. N 551
Johnson, E. M 328
Johnson, W. H 413
Johnson, G 382
Jones, Dr. D. N 199
Jones, Dr. W. A 249
-Tones, Ray W 548
Jordan, C. M 300
Jorgens, Jos 268
Jovce, F. M 527
Kellar, A. J. .
Kellogg. F. B .
Kent. E. H . . .
Keyes, A. D. .
148
442
155
502
Kilgore, W. W 247
King-sburry, G. W 487
Knox, T. J 274
INDEX— Cdiiliinicd.
Page
Kuowlcs, Hiram 244
Koehlei", H 15(!
Kosnieil, Kt'v. F. S 415
Kuntz, P. J -J:?!
l/iiuder, E. J 117
Laybourn, (_". ( i 570
Lee, W. E 577
Leutz, F '.>S1
I.eviston, Irwen 41'J
Lewis, C. L 230
r,ewis, R. S 188
Libbey, E. D 351
Liggett, W. M 422
Lind, John liKJ
Lindsay, Wni 175
Linn, Arthur 402
Little, C. B o;U
Loftheld, G 428
Lokensgaard, Kev. (). () 541
I.on^istatt', John 257
I^ounsbei-ry, C A 372
Lugger, Otto 204
Lyon, IL R 1)1
McCieai-y, J. T 208
MiClenon, R. li 432
McClory, P. J 585
McUarry, 1'. 11 105
Mc(iill, A. K 300
McGillivray, A. C 545
MfKinnon, A 441
Jhirshail, C. A 101
Ahirshall, John 470
Martin, E. W 105
Marquis, \V. J 258
Masterman, W. C 430
Mathews, M.E 338
Megaanlen, P. T 08
Meier, Rev. J 483
Meudeuhall, R. J 00
Merrill, H. L 540
Merrill, (i. C 113
Merrill, (}. A 40U
Merriani, W. R 102
Miller, J. G 344
Mitchell, r. L 20!)
Molander, H. B 185
Moore, J. B 140
Moore, Dr. J. E 400
Morgan, H. A 431
Morris, Page 420
Pago
204
290
Morris, W. R
Morrison, R. ( i
.Morey, C. A .335
Alott, R. A 509
Nelson, S. A 401
Nelson, E. A 403
Nelson, R. R 405
Nordin, A. F 100
Norred, Dr. < '. II 408
Norton, Dr. .\. K :'.(i:!
Northrop, ( "yrus 340
Xoyes, A. H 510
Noyes, J. L .550
Nye, C. A 241
0"Donnell. John 400
O'Gonnan, Rt. Rev. 'I'lioinas 170
Olsen, J. ^^' :'.75
Olson, S. E 110
Olson, C. O. A 212
Painter, J. E 377
Painter, D. II 553
Pattee, W. 8 254
Peake, A. P 4.50
Peterson, John ^ . 203
Peterson, J. A 271
Perkins, Dr. < i. A 207
I'faender, ^^'nl 500
Pickler, J. A 502
I'helau, Dr. F. N 220
Pillsbuy, J. S 83
Pine, Dr. O. S 171
Pineo, Dr. W. 1! 115
Porter, Dr. IL R 145
I'owers, F. M ;'>-5
Preston, H. O 214
Purvis, Geo r)13>
Quinn, Z. II --7
Quist, P. P 405
Ramsey, Alexander 510
Rand, L. M 107
Randall, E. \V 302
Reed, L. A 580
Reynolds, Dr. M. 11 481
Reynolds, G. H 380
Reissbefk, John 211
Rhodes, J. M •■!37
Richards, W. 1> :500
Robinson, E. N'an D 180
Kolicrls, W. I' 342
INDEX-
Page
IJobbius, A. 13 406
Koddle, W. H 210
Kodgers, W . B 317
Rogers, Dr. A. C 275
Bohlinger, Rev. J. P. N 4G5
Rourke, P. H 452
Rowe, A. M 514
Runge, A. H 1.31
Russell, B. S 134
Russell, Hem-.v 397
Russell, John 398
Sargent, G. B 305
Sargent, ^>'. C 343
Satterlund, John 447
Sauter, O. E 243
Schlener, J. A 440
Schadle, Dr. J. E 558
Schmahl, J. A 328
Schultz, C. G 415
Scott, H. R 352
Searle, D. B 124
Shaw, Thomas 376
Sheffield, M. B 421
Sheffield, B. B 518
Shevlin, T. H 103
Sheehan, T. J 353
Shoemaker, W. A 137
Shutter, M. D 582
Smead, W. E 542
Smith, W 384
Smith, C. A 320
Smith, A. M 404
Smith, L. A 386
Snyder, Harry 313
Spalding, B. F 93
Spooner, L. C 416
Stanton, Geo. A 445
Starr, Sol 218
Start, 0. M 179
Sterling, Thomas 294
Stevens, G. Fred 539
Stewart, Dr. J. C 184
Stockton, A. W 474
Stowe, E. C 587
Strickler, Dr. O. C 234
Stuart, W. A 246
Sublette, G. W 140
Swift, Lee 325
Tate, J. A 528
Taubman, E. T gsfj
■Continued.
Page
Ta wney, J . A 588
Thomas, Dr. D. 0 208
Thompson, F. J 252
Titus, S. S 425
Titcomb, 0. B 576
Todd, Dr. F. C 97
Tomlinson, Dr. H. A 180
Towler, S. H 330
Trobec, Rt. Rev. James 304
Tryon, C. J 272
Tufts, DeW. C 138
Turnblad, S. J 160
Turner, R. J 515
Van Sant, S. R 315
Van Tuyl, C. W 128
Vander Horck, Dr. M. P 456
Von Baumbach, F 270
Wallace, James 477
Walker, T. B 484
Washburn, W. D 388
Webster, CM 568
Webster, W. F 534
Weiser, Dr. G. B 292
Welch, V. J 520
Weld, F. A 524
Werner, N. O 125
White, Frank 500
White, F. T 200
Whipple, Rt. Rev. H. B 280
"SATiipple, A. 0 215
Whitney, CO 468
Wilcox, Dr. H. H 476
Willis, J. W 503
Willis, H. B.... 585
Williams, E. A 379
Wilson, S. B 153
Winship, G. B 150
Winterer, Herman 163
Winterer, Edward 325
Wirth, Dr. Carl 375
Woodard, Dr. F. R 248
W^oolman, J. P 94
Woody, F. H 472
Worst, J. H 182
Wright, F. B... 345
Wulling, F. J 158
Wni-st, Rev. Max 576
Young, N. G 166
Zoch. Herman 250