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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
L16I— O-I096
In Memory of
Gerard C. Berthold
1910-1992
University of Illinois Library at Urbana-Champaign
History
The Great Northwest
HEN OF PROGRESS.
A Select List of Biographical Sketches and Portraits of
The Leaders in Business, Professional, and
Official Life.
Published under the Personal Supervision of
HUGH J. McGRATH and WILLIAM STODDARD.
EDITED BY C. W. G. HYDE AND WM. STODDARD.
minneapolis.
The Minneapolis Journal.
1901.
COPYRIGHTED 1901
NEAPOLIS JOURNAL.
NOTICE
\FTER CAREFUL EXAMINATION OF THE
NNER MARGIN AND TYPE OF MATERIAL
VE HAVE SEWN THIS VOLUME BY HAND
;0 IT CAN BE MORE EASILY OPENED
\ND READ.
HERTZBERG-NEW METCHD.INC.
HISTORY
OF
THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
I 1 49928
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ByC. W.G.HYDE.
THE GREAT NORTHWEST DEFINED.
HE expressions "The North-
west,'" and "The Northwest-
ern States," convey to the
minds of most people an idea
that is vague, undefined, and
therefore unsatisfactory. Be-
fore attempting to enter upon the history
of this region, it will be well to get our bear-
ings and to know delinitely what territory
is included in the great Northwest whose
history is here set forth.
The Northwest Territory, as the term
was understood at the close of the eight-
eenth century, included the northern por-
tion of the territory ceded to the United
States by Great Britain in 1783 not forming
part of the thirteen original states. This
territory was bounded on the north by the
Great Lakes, on the south by the Ohio river,
and on the west by the Mississippi. It em-
braced the present states of Ohio, Michigan,
Indiana, Wisconsin and Illinois, as well as
that part of Minnesota lying east of the Mis-
sissippi river. The Northwest Territory
was at that time an appropriate designation
for the country to which it was applied, for
it was the most northerly and westerly por-
tion of the domain of the United States, and
was, moreover, set off by a natural bound-
ary — the Ohio river — from the eastern and
southern parts of the new nation. The pop-
ular conception of the Northwest was recog-
nized by congress in the enactment of the
famous ordinance of 1787 or — to quote the
text — "Ordinance for the Government of the
Territory of the United States Northwest of
the River Ohio." In this ordinance our fa-
thers struck the keynote of liberty whose vi-
brations awakened a responsive chord in ev-
ery American heart — a chord that was for
seventy years turned into discord by the
hum of the cotton-gin, but which has devel-
oped into a song whose harmonies compel
the world to stop and listen.
It is quite pertinent to our topic to dwell
for a moment upon this remarkable docu-
ment, for it laid down those fundamental
principles on which the government of the
later Northwest has been built. "In truth,"
says Theodore Roosevelt, in "The Winning
of the West," "the ordinance of 1787 was so
wide-reaching in its effects, was drawn in
accordance with so lofty a morality and
such far-seeing statesmanship, and was
fraught with such weal for the nation, that
it will ever rank among the foreAost of
American state papers, coming in that little
group which includes the Declaration of In-
dependence, the Constitution, Washington's
Farewell Address, and Lincoln's Emancipa-
tion Proclamation and Second Inaugural. It
marked out a definite line of orderly free-
dom along which the new states were to ad-
^ ance. It laid deep the foundation for that
system of widespread public education so
characteristic of the republic and so essen-
tial to its healthy growth. It provided that
complete religious freedom and equality
which we now accept as part of the order of
nature, but which were then unknown in
any important European nation. It guar-
anteed the civil liberty of all citizens. It
provided for an indissoluble union, a union
which should grow until it could relentless-
ly crush nullification and secession; for the
states founded under it were the creatures
of the nation, and were by the compact de-
clared forevei- inseparable from it."
The great Northwest, as the phrase is
now understood, comprises the two north-
ernmost tiers of states lying west of lakes
Michigan and Superior. These states are
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota,
South Daliota, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho,
Washington and Oregon.
OUR TITLE TO THE NORTHWEST.
Wisconsin and that part of Minnesota
lying east of the Mississippi were acquired
from Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris,
September 3, 1783. This is the treaty by
which the Revolutionary War was formally
terminated. In 1803, the United States pur-
chased the Province of Louisiana from
France, paying her $15,000,000. The north-
western states since formed from the terri-
tory thus purchased are Minnesota west of
the Mississippi, Iowa, North Dakota, South
Dakota, and the portions of Montana and
Wyoming drained by the Missouri and its
tributaries. Washington, Oregon, Idaho and
the western portions of Montana and Wyo-
ming — the portions lying west of the main
range of the Rocky Mountains — originally
formed part of the vast territory known
as Oregon. The title of the United States
to this territory is seven-fold: First — It was
discovered in 1792 by Robert Gray, captain
of a Boston ship, the Columbia. He sailed
several miles up a magnificent river never
before navigated by white men, and, naming
it after his ship, landed and took possession
of the country it drained, in the name of the
United States; second, the territory of Lou-
isiana, whose boundaries were very loosely
defined in the treaty of 1803, was held by
some to extend to the Pacific. Assuming
this view to be correct, the country became
ours by purchase; third, the exploration of
tlie Columbia river and its tributaries in
1805-6 by Captains Lewis and Clarke;
fourth, the actual settlement of Astoria, at
the mouth of the Columbia river, in 1811, by
the Astor Fur company. The seal of nation-
ality was placed upon this enterprise by the
presence of a I'nited States naval officer who
commanded the leading vessel in the enter-
prise; fifth and sixth, the title of the United
States to the Oregon country was further
strengthened by treaties with Spain (1818)
and Mexico (1828), which were somewhat in
the nature of quit-claim deeds. In these
treaties the two countries expressly relin-
quished their claims to the territory in ques-
tion, leaving Great Britain as the only ad-
verse claimant; seventh, on July 17, 1846, a
treaty was signed by which the parallel of
forty-nine degrees north latitude was fixed
as the boundary between the British posses-
sions on the north and the United States on
the south. It is from the territory thus ac-
quired that the states of Washington, Ore-
gon, and Idaho and portions of Montana and
^Vyoming were formed.
THE ABORIGINES.
V\hen, in 1492, Christopher Columbus
landed on the island of Guanahani, he sup-
posed he had reached the "land where the
spices grow," or the Indies. He therefore,
in all his accounts of his voyages, spoke of
the dusky natives as Indians, that is, na-
1i^■es of the Indies. When the error made
by Columbus was discovered, it was too late
to change the name either of the locality or
of the people. The former was therefore
called the West Indies, a name which ap-
plied collectively to the various islands and
groups of islands which separate the Carib-
bean sea from the Atlantic ocean and the
Gulf of Mexico. This name distinguished it
from the spice regions in southeastern Asia,
the discovery of a western sea-route to
which had been the object of Columbus' voy-
age, and which were thereafter known as
the East Indies.
The investigations of ethnologists point
to an Asiatic origin of the Indians of Amer-
ica. A very high authority reaches the con-
clusion that the aborigines in the extreme
north reached this continent by crossing
Bering strait, while others came to our east-
ern shores by an overland route which ex-
isted in the Pleistocene epoch. The theory of
Asiatic origin is based upon resemblances
of color, skull measurements, and other
physical characteristics which appear to
identify the Indians with the great Mon-
golian division of the human race. On the
other hand, the philological argument leads
to the conclusion that the aboriginal inhabi-
tants of America were of American origin.
••Philologists have agreed," says Terry,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
"that the Aiiierif-an languages are unique
and cannot be traced to an oriental source;
that, further, they bear evidence of aborig-
inal antiquity — are primitive in character
and differ radically from all others."
As to the antiquity of the race to which
the North American Indian belongs, no pre-
cise date can be assigned as that of his first
appearance upon the continent. We are not,
however, left to mere conjecture upon this
point. The investigations of geologists en-
able them to fix upon a minimum period ino
attempt is made to limit the maximum peri-
od) within which our aborigines made their
advent in America. John Fiske gives a
most interesting discussion of this question
in the first chapter of "The Discovery of
America." He says: "It is altogether prob-
able tliat the people whom the Spaniards
found in America came by migration from
the Old ^^'orld. But it is by no means prob-
able that their migration occurred within so
short a period as five or six thousand years.
A series of observations and discoveries
kept up for the last half-century seem to
show that North America has been continu-
ously inhabited by human beings since the
earliest Pleistocene times, if not earlier.
* * * Concerning the antiquity of the
Pleistocene epoch, * * * if -^^^ adopt thf
magnificent argument of Dr. Croll * * *
we obtain a result that is moderate and
probable. The Glacial epoch began about
240,000 years ago and came to an end about
80,000 years ago. » * * Xow the traces
of the existence of man in North America
during the Glacial epoch have in recent
years been discoA'ered in abundance, as, for
example, the palaeolithic quartzite imple-
ments found in the drift near the city of St.
Paul, which date from toward the close of
the Glacial epoch; [and] the fragment of a
human jaw found in the red clay deposited
in ilinnesota during an earlier part of that
epoch. * * * In July, 18S7, * * * in
a deep cut of the Baltimore and Ohio rail-
road, in a stratum of Philadelphia red grav-
el and brick clay, Mr. Cresson obtained an
unquestionable palaeolith. * * * If we
accept Dr. CroH's method of reckoning, we
can hardly assign to it an antiquity less
than 150,000 years."
According to a map published by George
Catlin, in IS'i'.i, the great Northwest was at
that time inhabited by the following tribes
of Indians: In Wisconsin, the Chippeways,
the Menomonies, and the Winnebagoes; in
ilinnesota, the Chippeways and the Sionx;
in Iowa, the Sioux, the Sacs and the Foxes;
in Dakota, the Assinneboins, the Minata-
lees, the Mandans, the Riccarees, and the
Sioux; in Montana, the Blaekfeet and the
('rows; in Wyoming, the Crows and the
( 'heyennes ; in Idaho, the Shoshones and the
Flatheads; in Washington and Oregon, the
('hilts, the Chinooks, the Flatheads, the
Snakes, and the Nez T'erces.
There are at present in the Northwest
some 82,000 Indians, about 70,000 being col-
lected in a hundred different reservations.
The remaining 12,000 are self-supporting
and are taxed like the whites. The distri-
l)utiou of the Indians in the several states is
approximately as follows: In South Dakota,
20.000 Brules, (I'heyennes, Blaekfeet,* Sioux,
etc.; in Washington, 11,000, belonging to
nearly eighty tribes — Cceur d'Alenes, Kute-
uays, Nez Perces, Okanagans, Olympias,
Pend d'Oreilles, Piutes, Puyallups, Spokanes,
etc.; in Montana, 11,000 Assinneboins,
Blaekfeet, C'heyennes, Crows and Flat-
heads; in Wisconsin, 10,000 Menomonies,
Oneidas, etc; in Minnesota, 10,000 Chippe-
ways, etc.; in North Dakota, 8,000 Arikaras,
Assinneboins, Blaekfeet, Sioux, Gros Ven-
tres, ilandans, Unkpapapas, Wahpetons and
Yanktonnai; in Oregon, 5,000 Cayuses, Pi-
utes, Shastis, Snakes, etc.; in Idaho, 4,500
Bannaks, C(r>ur d'Alenes. Nez Perces, Sho-
shones, etc.; in \A'yoming 2,000 Shoshones,
Arapahoes, etc; and in Iowa, 500 Sacs and
Foxes.
As the tide of white exploration and set-
tlement moved westward across the conti-
nent, various types of the Indian were en-
countered. Indians living upon cultivated
maize, small grain and vegetables, wild
grains, fruits and roots; flesh eaters, root
diggers, and fish eaters. Everywhere the
Indian was found conforming through ne-
cessitv to his environment, taking advan-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tage of the situation, and ingenious with the
elements around him. The highest intelli-
gence was found among the Indians of the
Atlantic coast and east of the Ohio river,
this intelligence gradually decreasing, until
the most sciualid Indian was found west of
the Rocky ^Mountains, on the Pacific coast
and northward, and in regions where the
natural resources were limited.
Peaceful at the advent of the whites,
then hostile, the Indians became more wild
and savage as our ancestors proceeded
westward, this fierceness being again aggra-
vated by the advancing lines of Anglo-Sax-
on civilization. In a very instructive mono-
graph on "The Aborigines of the North-
west" (Parkman Club Publications No. 4,
]81>6), Frank Taylor Terry speaks thus of
the change in Indian character in the past
300 years:
"The American Indians were, 300 years
ago, superior to the better known Indians
of our modern frontier. Explorers of the
sixteenth century found them an agricultur-
al race, living in settled villages, planned
often with an eye to comfori and beauty;
the houses interspersed with trees, grass
plats and groves for tame deer; and, in their
proper place, were regularly laid out corn-
fields and gardens of potatoes, beans, mel-
ons and tobacco. Each town had its public
houses, one for worship, one for council, and
one for storing grain.
'•They seem also to have been a hospita-
ble race. When Raleigh's men, in 1584,
landed on Roanoake Island, the native vil
lagers took them into the large five-room
house of their chief's brother, warmed them
before the fire, washed and dried their
clothes, and hastened meanwhile to dress
and cook some meat for them, and the nar-
rative says 'their vessels are earthen pots,
very large, white and sweet; their dishes are
wooden platters of sweet timber.' It is
these and other Indians living in fixed vil-
lages in comfort and peace that in all prob-
ability erected the mounds and made the
mound pottery and implements. Found in
the midst of plenty, a simple and friendly
race living in Arcadian simplicity and rustic
happiness, they were slowly crowded west-
ward by the whites until they became a
ti'eacherous and deadly foe. • ♦ • They
are the last vestiges of a social condition
That may have been happier than civiliza-
tion; and even our nomadic hunting Indians
of Wisconsin, who wept with joy on the ar-
rival of Perrot. Radisson, and Grosseilliers,
might perhaps have wept with grief for the
future of their tribes, had they known that
a foreign and distasteful civilization would
appropriate their hunting grounds and de-
stroy their ancient means of livelihood."
Before the coming of white men, the
principal means of conveyance along the
lakes and rivers of the Northwest was the
dugout canoe. When the Spaniards brought
horses, some of them escaped and in time
bands of wild horses were roaming over the
western plains. The Indians captured and
lamed them, and substituted them for the
canoe. These were the ancestors of the In-
dian ponies variously designated as bron-
c OS, mustangs and cayuses. The plains
where the horse was found running wild be-
came valuable as horse producing grounds,
and almost incessant war was the result;
but, if tradition is to be believed, war was
the normal condition of the Indian tribes of
North America. The horse, enabling the
Indian to follow the buffalo for food and
clothes, and the claiming of the lands by the
tribes, encouraged his nomadic habits and
paved the way for his continued unsettled
life. The buffalo grounds were also battle-
fields where the southern Comanche fought
the northern Sioux, and the Pawnee and the
Cheyenne met in deadly conflict.
The wandering habits of many tribes,
and their varied manners and customs may
account for the great number of tribal Ian-
gauges. The battle for the necessities of
life was not a struggle as now, because
game was abundant, and people were not so
numerous. Skins and furs for clothing and
for making lodges, tents, and tepees, were
plentiful; and the flesh of the fur animals
was used for food. The lakes and streams
abounded in fish and the seasons brought
the unfailing crops of roots and nuts. War,
theft, and indolence were virtues in the men,
and labor was the dutv of the women. The
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
patient squaw was the stay of the family,
being, in fact, a beast of burden and both
camp guard and l^eeper, while the males
loafed, hunted, stole horses, fished, and
made war. Wants were comparatively few
and easily supplied.
Lands were regarded by the Indians as
tribal, not individual, jjroperty. Before the
coming of the whites they had portioned out
the surface of the country fairly well, and
by consent or tacit agreement, separate sec-
tions of the country were occupied by tribes
of the several stocks. For example, the
Sioux occupied the valley of the Mississippi
and stretched far to the southeast; and the
Shoshones roamed through the middle basin
between the Kocky and the Sierra Nevada
mountains in Idaho and farther south.
Indian nomadic life was not favorable to
the growth of large families. The Indians
moved with the seasons, following the game,
or going to corn growing grounds. Those
who depended most upon agriculture were
the most permanent because the climate of
the agricultural sections was agreeable, and
the country abounded in root crops and
birds, and the streams contained fish. These
natural resources made this class of Indi-
Jins less nomadic than those who, being
flesh eaters, depended on game.
Wild and free life made the Indian im-
provident; it gave him no care for the fu-
ture. Even now a week's rations is con-
sumed in two days, for he is a ravenous
eater, and besides he is not certain there
may be any food on the morrow. Nature
has also conspired to make the Indian thrift-
less and unstable. In his free condition, he
was the ideal wild man, pure and simple,
and to this day, many Indians are but little
changed in their wild instincts. Then the
restraint upon his appetite, physical or oth-
erwise, was satiety, and death was met with
nerve, and as a condition of life. Cunning
and ingenious, and with some mechanical
skill, he placed nature under tribute for
arms, weapons, decoys and game traps. Aa
a hunter he was more adroit than the wild-
est game, more fleet of foot than the elk or
deer, and more stealthy than the wolf.
The Indian village was the unit of organ-
isation in nearly all the tribes. The individ-
ual was and is merged in the village. With
the sedentary Indians, the villages were of
a permanent character. With the nomadic
Indians, lodges or tents, with their live
stock and property, composed the village.
In peace, the nomadic village was placed in
a favored retreat, and here the Indians re-
mained until war or the seasons forced them
to remove. By marks or signs, a band could
tell what Indians had preceded it. As a
rule, the bands of a tribe had their well-de-
lined camping grounds, which were sacred
to them. A tribe seldom, if ever, camped or
lived in a compact mass. The villages were
frequently separated by long distances, and
in war were signaled with fires or alarmed
by runners. In war, old men and women
<ared for the camp and protected it. When
a war party returned, one of their number
was selected to bear a pole upon which were
suspended the scalps taken from the enemy.
The Indian village life, the growth of cen-
turies, is now partially perpetuated on large
reservations, and the love of it is one of the
chief causes of the Indian's resistance to the
white man's customs. The Indian does not
like to live isolated. Dances preceded and
followed all their movements, good or bad.
From the camps or villages, the warrior set
out to acquire new honors or to meet death.
This was the life of the ancestors of the In-
dians, and with some tribes it still con-
tinues.
The Latin and Anglo-Saxon life which
poured in upon the Indian was to him inva-
sion. The pale-face was to him a robber,
who desi)oiled him of his lands and game,
and so became for all time his enemy. The
Indian's first impression of the white man
was very unfavorable, and to him the white
man has not changed, except to be looked
upon as more grasping. He found in the
first white man the same instincts of trade
and desire to oppress the lowest orders of
men that he finds now.
The question has sometimes been raised
whether contact with the sublime and the
beautiful in nature exercises, necessarily, a
refining influence upon hnman nature.
While the Indians in past ag(>s had all the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
advautaj^es arising from contact with beau-
tiful scenery — all that bounteous nature
could give to please, ennoble, or entrance, in
an area so great that all climates were with-
in his domain, and all altitudes, from the
towering mountain, sublime in its majesty,
to the low and i>oetic ranges of hills where
Terdure lay the year round and the wild
flower blossomed, — no Indian was ever in-
spired to the softer ways of life by the
grand eflfects of lavish nature. The Indian
is the embodiment of cruelty, and the wom-
en, in this respect, far excel the men. While
the Indians did not learn brutality in war
from the whites, the Europeans taught
them the use of firearms, diplomatic cun-
ning and intoxicating liquors, and also intro-
duced some loathsome diseases among them.
Eight of the northwestern states have In-
dian names, which are here given with their
significations: Wisconsin, wild, rushing
channel; Minnesota, cloudy (or sky-tinted)
Avater; Iowa, drowsy; Dakota, leagued;
Wyoming, the large plains; Idaho, gem of
the mountains; Oregon, great river of the
west.
The Indian is very superstitious and
holds to a mythology similar to that of all
primitive peoples and varying in its details
in different tribes. So far as has been as-
certained, however, he has no well-defined
religious views or beliefs. The Indians of
the Northwest are, in their native state, in-
capable of inventing, constructing, or build-
ing anything that requires the mental
power of combination. They are garrulous
among thejuselves but they become silent at
the approach of white men whom they in-
stinctively regard as their natural enemies.
Among themselves, in camp, the women
chatter as rapidly and loudly as white wom-
en, and the children bubble over with laugh-
ter and fun. The children seldom, if ever,
cry, and a brutal Indian father or mother
is very rare. While on the march, an In-
dian woman will unstring the portable cra-
dle from her back, take the child out, fill
her mouth with water, eject it in a spray
and wash the vermin or dust from the child,
which never even whimpers, replace it on
her back, and hurry along to overtake the
moving band.
All hunters know how the young of most
wild animals conceal themselves when their
privacy is invaded, and give no sign of their
presence by movement or sound, no matter
how near the intruder apjiroaches. It is the
same with Indian children; they seem to
share the secretive instinct with the young
plover, rat and deer.
Being the original occupant of the land,
the Indian cannot understand his being
crowded out or absorbed by the white. It
has been for centuries bred in his bone that
labor is dishonorable. He cannot compre-
hend the Anglo-Saxon moral code. For four
hundred years there has been intermittent
warfare between him and the invader.
"Over the old hunting ground, across the
silvery streams that thread the brown bar-
rens and plains, up the tall mountains,
among the towering pines to the snow-
( api)ed and sun-touched summits, in the
land once the home of his people, the Indian
of to-day can cast only a longing eye and re-
flect. * * * Crooning squaws and tot-
tering old men on reservations, in most
cases in squalor, rags, and hunger, retell
the fierce battles of their people, * * •
every person mentioned a hero; all now
legend and myth. These past Indian glories
and splendors can never come again; but
the Indian does not realize it, and so he in-
vokes their return with his ghost or ilessiah
dance.
"The Pacific coast fish eaters and root
diggers are now peaceable, progressive, and
almost entirely self-supporting. The other
reservation tribes, even if disposed to war,
are so surrounded with white settlements
that a war would be of short duration."
THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN.
It is a notable fact that where lust for
conquest and gold have failed to open up
new territory to higher civilization, this end
has been accomplished through the zeal
of Christian missionaries. Columbus, who
stipulated with the Spanish sovereigns that
he should, if he succeeded, hold high office
and receive a share of all gold, precious
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
stones and merchandise acquired, never
landed on the North American continent.
Ponce de Leon, the discoverer of Florida,
was killed bj the Indians. In 1528 Narvaez
explored the lands bordering the north
shore of the Gulf, endured cold and famine
and perished by shipwreck; De Soto, like
Narvaez, sought for gold; landing in Florida
M'ith a richly appointed company in 1539,
he discovered the Mississippi river in 1541.
Here he was buried. ''He had crossed a
large part of the continent in search of gold,
and found nothing so remarkable as his
burial-place." These expeditions — typical of
all purely self-seeking enterprises — entailed
upon the future colonists a legacy of unend-
ing border warfare.
"It was reserved for religious zeal to ac-
complish that enterprise in which a desire
of conquest and the thirst for gold had
failed; the ^Mississippi valley had yet to be
reached from the northeast, by the route of
the Great Lakes; and all the countless bene-
fits which have flowed from its settlement
and cultivation, in a commercial point of
view, have had their foundation in a promi-
nent degree in the religious zeal of the disci-
ples of Loyola. The discovery of the north-
west region was made, missionary posts es-
tablished, friendship cultivated with the nu-
merous savage tribes, churches erected; the
country was explored, and the upper Missis-
sippi not only discovered, but traced from
the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf of Mex-
ico; and all these through the untiring la-
bors of the French missionaries."
Before 1600, Jesuit missionaries had ex-
plored the St. Lawrence basin as far west as
the present site of Duluth. In 1641, some
Jesuit fathers attended a feast of the dead,
held by two thousand Chippewas at Sault
Ste. Marie (Falls of St. Mary), at the outlet
of Lake Superior. Here they learned of the
Sioux, who lived eighteen days' journey fur-
ther west beyond the great lake (Superior).
In 1854, two French fur traders pene-
trated the Sioux country west of Superior.
In 16G5, Father Claude Allouez embarked
on a mission to the far west. Having heard
of the copper deposits on the south shore, he
sailed in quest of them until he reached
( 'he(iuamegon Bay. Here, at a grand coun-
cil, he heard from the Indians of the vast
prairies covered with buffalo and deer
which stretched to the south and west, and
of the noble river called by them the "Mes-
sippi." The English intruders into America
had ti'ied by both fair and foul means to dis-
possess the natives of theii- land, gaining lit-
tle land and unlimited ill will, with a liberal
expenditure of treasure and blood. The
French missionary and trapper brought to
Ihe Indians a tender of alliance, an offer of
protection and a genial comradeship. The
trappers traveled, ate, drank, slept and in-
termarried with the red men, so that in time
of war, the Indians generally sided with the-
French as against the English.
In 1673, Father Marquette and the Sieur
Joliet started from the fort of Lake Michi-
gan to explore the great west. Passing
through Green Bay, they entered the Fox:
river, made a portage to the Wisconsin, and
soon entered the great ^lississippi. Proceed-
ing down the river, they discovered an In-
dian village upon a tributary floT^g from
the west. They were unquestionably the
first white men who had ever trod the soil'
of what is now Iowa, but the calumet or
pipe of peace was tendered to them and they
were told that the river on which the village
was situated was the Mouin-gouina. We
now call it the Des Moines. They continued
their descent of the Mississippi to a point
below the Arkansas, and on their return,
went up the Illinois and reached Lake Mich-
igan.
In 1682, La Salle descended the Missis-
sippi to the Gulf, and, formally taking pos-
session of the country drained by the Missis-
sippi and its tributaries from its source ta
its mouth, for France, he named it Louisi-
ana, in honor of Louis XIV. The next year
he returned to Quebec. "To La Salle must
be mainly asci-ibed the discovery of the vast
regions of the Mississippi valley, and the
subsequent occupation and settlement of
them by the French."
To Louis H(>nnepin belongs the credit of
having been Ihe first European who ascend-
ed the Mississippi above the mouth of the
Wisconsin. In February, 1680, he sailed up
HISTORY OV THE GREAT NORTIIAVEST.
tlie Mississippi from the Illinois, with in-
structions from La Salle to jjrocecd, if pos-
sible, to its source. At the forty-fifth def;ree
of north latitude, he was stopped by a high
waterfall to which Father Hennepin gave
the name of the Falls of St. Anthony of
I'adua. Thus, at the close of the seventeenth
century, France, in right of occupancy and
discovery, claimed the entire Mississippi ba-
sin, including the present states of Wiscon-
sin, Minnesota, Iowa, the Dakotas, and the
greater i)arts of Montana and Wyoming, be-
longing to the great Northwest.
For a century or more, the French trad-
ers and trappers roamed over the prairies
and through the forests of Louisiana (the
Mississippi basin) in quest of game, furs,
skins, and "the wool of the buffalo." On the
10th of February, 176.3, an event occurred
which made a fundamental change in the
history of this region. On that day the
Treaty of Paris was concluded. This treaty,
which terminated the French and Indian
War, transferred from France to Great Brit-
ain all that portion of Louisiana lying east
of the Mississippi except the town and is-
land of Orleans. The present state of \Yis-
consin and about one-third of Minnesota
thus passed from French to British control.
It was long, however, before the English ob-
tained a fijni foothold. The French traders
had taken wives from among the Indians,
and the great fur dealers in New Orleans
gave more in barter for peltries than the
English could afford to pay so that the In-
dian trade was retained by the French not-
withstanding the transfer of sovereignty.
The English, therefore, established no posts
of trade or defence west of Mackinac at the
foot of Lake Michigan. The country further
west appears to have been trodden by few
British subjects until after the visit made to
it by Jonathan Carver soon after the con-
clusion of the French and Indian War.
•Jonathan Carver, a native of Connecti-
cut, and said to have been a descendant of
John Carver, the first governor of Plymouth
Colony, left Boston in 17(!6 for the purpose
of exploring the Northwest. From the
mouth of the Wisconsin, he ascended the
Mississippi in a canoe, arriving at the Falls
of St. Anthony in November. After this he
ascended the Minnesota to a point two hun-
dred miles above Mendota. He was ac-
companied on his return to the mouth of the
Jlinnesota by nearly three hundred Indians,
who were making their annual journey to
a cave (now known as Carver's cave) in a
bluff just below the present city of St. Paul,
in order to bury there their dead. Carver's
heirs claimed a tract of land lying southeast
of St. Anthony, with an area about twice as
great as that of the state of Rhode Island,
and containing nearly 1,.500,000 acres.
They based this claim on a treaty Carver
was said to have made with the Indians at
the Great Cave. May 1, 1767. The claim
was never allowed.
At the commencement of the American
Revolution, from the first act of hostilities,
the savages of the Northwest had been as-
sociated as allies of Great Britain, and em-
ployed by the British commanders to lay
waste the frontier settlements. In 1778
an Amerian expedition under command of
Col. George R. Clark set out from the Falls
of the Ohio (Louisville) to terminate the In-
dian depredations by reducing the British
jiosts on the Wabash and the T'pper Missis-
sijipi. The story of Col. Clark's success-
ful operations in the Wabash region forms
one of the most brilliant chapters in Ameri-
can military history. We cannot dwell up-
on it. The news of his success alarmed the
British traders in the Minnesot.a and Wis-
consin country, and extraordinary military
precautions were taken to protect the fur
trade of the British. Five years later a
definite treaty of peace closed the Revolu-
tionai-y War and transferred from the do-
minion of (ireat Britain to that of the Unit-
ed States of America that part of the great
Northwest which lies east of the Missis-
sippi. ^^'e are now to trace the early his-
tory of Louisiana — or rather that portion of
it which embraces Montana, Wyoming, the
two Dakotas, Iowa, and western Minne
sota.
We ha\e already related that in 1682 the
French explorer La Salle, having explored
the Mississippi river from the Illinois to
the Gulf, formally took possession, in the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
name of France, of all the country drained
by that river and its tributaries. The cere-
monies by which he declared the sovereign-
ty of his king over this country were elabo-
rate. The Te Deum was given, a Latin
hymn was sung, and a cross was planted
bearing the arms of France. This act is the
basis of the title under which the United
States holds this country to-day, for this
ceremony has ever been respected by all
nations as the official seal placed by France
on the claim she made to the territory by
virtue of discovery, exploration and occupa-
tion. The name chosen by La Salle — Louisi-
ana — applied to the whole Mississippi val-
ley until 180.3. The history of this vast ter-
ritory for the next century and a half is
simply the history of trapping, trading for
furs, and the incidents of life among the
savages which contribute nothing to human
progress. In 1762 France ceded Louisiana
west of the Mississippi to Spain. Eighteen
years later Spain re-ceded it to France.
This last cession was a secret one. As
soon as President Jefferson learned of it he
foresaw trouble with France. It was of the
utmost consequence that the western states
bordering on the Mississippi should have
free access to the gulf by way of the river.
Willi New Orleans in the possession of a
foreign power — our commercial rival — such
access was impossible or would inevitably
be hampered by vexatious and expensive re-
strictions. The danger to free navigation
of the river was imminent, for in November,
1802, word came that a French military
force was on its way to occupy New Orleans.
The Spanish governor of New Orleans at
this time forbade the navigation of the Mis-
sissippi by American citizens, thus violating
the treaty of 1705, by the terms of which the
inhabitants of the states bordering the Ohio
and Mississippi had flat-boated their bacon,
hams, tobacco, and flour to New Orleans
and stored it in warehouses preparatory to
shipi)ing. The president was urged to take
action that might lead to war with Spain.
He determined to wait until France openly
assumed ownership of the province. The
opportunity to reach a peaceful solution of
the difficulty soon came. Napoleon was
first consul of France. He needed money.
He foresaw that it would be impossible for
him to hold a vast transatlantic territory
against England, a power that was mistress
of the seas and the hereditary enemy of
France. -Jett'erson offered to buy the island
of New Orleans and West Florida. Na-
]K)leon wanted to unload all of Louisiana,
and asked for an offer. After much bar-
gaining, the American envoys agreed that
the I'uited States should pay to France
sixty million francs in stocks bearing six
per cent, interest, and should in addition
assume the payment of all debts owed by
France to American merchants, to an
amount not exceeding twenty million francs.
As the value of the American dollar was
then estimated at five and one-third francs,
the new acquisition may be said to have
cost us .^15,000,000. The .senate ratified the
treaty of cession, and on December 20, 1S0.3,
the United States formally took possession
of its magnificent acquisition of nearly a
million square miles — a territory about
twenty times as large as England and
Wales combined, — enough to make over
three and one-half million farms of 160
acres each. From this territory there have
since been formed seven states and two ter-
ritories in addition to the five states form-
ing part of the great Northwest. Our
glance at the early history of the Oregon
country must be very brief.
The term Oregon was in early days ap-
plied to a vast territory west of the Rocky
^Mountains, extending along the forty-second
parallel to the Pacific, thence north up the
coast indefinitely, thence east to the crest
of the Rocky Mountains, thence south on the
crest to the place of beginning. Spain, Rus-
sia. Great Britain, and the Ihiited States
had conflicting claims to this region or parts
of it.
In 1513 the Spanish exjjlorer Balboa
crossed the Isthmus of Panama from north
to south and discovered the Southern Ocean,
(.r, as he named it from its peaceful appear-
ance, the Pacific Ocean, Pope Alexander
\'I. liad. ill 1403, issued a hull in which he
gave S|)ain all lands and waters she should
thereafter discover west of (about) the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT ^•ORTH^YEST.
fiftieth meridian of west longitude. By
virtue of Balboa's discovery, therefore,
Spain asserted her sovereignty over the
western shore of America bordering on the
Pacific, together with all territory drained
by the rivers which flowed into the Pacific,
or their tributaries. "Good old times, those
were." says Barrows, '"when kings thrust
their hands into the New World, as children
do theii's into a grab-bag at a fair, and drew
out a river four thousand miles long, or an
ocean, or a tract of wild land ten or fifteen
times the size of England!" In 1789 the
Spanish authorities captured some English
vessels that were attempting to form settle-
ments on Vancouver Island. Spain was in-
formed by the English ministry that she
could "not accede to the pretensions of abso-
lute sovereignty, commerce, and naviga-
tion" that were claimed. As the protest of
England was backed by a powerful navy,
Sjjain yielded, and in 1894; quietly withdrew
from Nootka Sound (Vancouver Island)
without formally relinquishing her claim.
When, as has been related above, Spain
ceded Louisiana to France, the cession in-
cluded all her territory north of the forty-
second parallel, — that is to say the Oregon
country.
The Hudson Bay company having found
a region in the far northwest that invited
the efforts of capitalists and navigators,
James Cook was commissioned by the
British government in 1776 to explore the
northwest coast, to look for the outlets of
rivers, and to take possession, in the name
of Great Britain, of any territory not al-
ready claimed by any European powers.
Cook was soon after murdered by the na-
tives on the Sandwich Islands, but the ex-
plorations of the agents of the Hudson Bay
company formed a weak thread on which
Great Britain hung her claim to Oregon.
In 179:; Captain Kobert Gray of Rhode
Island discovered the mouth of the Colum-
bia, and explored the river to a considerable
distance from its mouth, fifteen miles. In
1805-6 Captains Lewis and Clarke explored
the Oregon country under the authority of
the United States. In 1811 Astoria, at the
mouth of the Columbia, was settled by
American citizens, and in 18-16 all that part
of Oregon south of the forty-ninth parallel
was relinquished by Great Britain to the
I'nited States by treaty.
TERRITORIAL CHANGES.
1. By an act of congress approved
March 2Q. 1804, the newly ac(iuired domain
of Louisiana was formed into two districts.
The fii-st, designated as the ''Territory of
New Orleans," comprised '"all that portion
of country ceded by France to the United
States, under the name of Louisiana, which
lies south of the Mississippi territory, and
of an east and west line to commence on the
.Mississippi river, at the thirty-third degree
of north latitude, and to extend west to the
western boundary of the said cession."
•The residue of the province of Louisiana,"
was called the "District of Louisiana." The
executive power of the governor of Indiana
Territory was extended over the new dis-
trict, and to the governor and judges of
Indiana Territory was committed the au-
thority "to make all laws which they may
deem conducive to the good government of
the inhabitants" of said district. Freedom
of religion and trial by jury were established
by the same act. In 1805 the name was
changed to "the Territory of Louisiana,"
and a territorial government was organized
consisting of a governor and a legislative
bodj' consisting of "the governor and three-
judges or a majority of them." At this time
Wisconsin and the part of Minnesota lying
east of the Mississippi were part of Indiana
Territory.
2. Under an act of congress passed in
1809 the present Wisconsin and eastern Min-
nesota became part of the newly formed
Illinois Territory.
3. Michigan Territory was formed soon
after, and in 1821 we find that it includes
the present states of Michigan, Wisconsin,
and eastern Minnesota.
-t. Wisconsin Territory was established
in 1836. It embraced the present states of
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and that part
of North and South Dakota lying east or
the White Earth and northeast of the Mis-
souri river — about half of these two states.-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
5. Iowa Territory was organized in 1838
out of the western part of Wisconsin Terri-
tory-, It comprised the present state of
Iowa and those portions of Minnesota and
the Dalcotas that lie between the Mississippi
and the Missouri rivers.
G. Minnesota Territory came into exist-
ence in 1849. Its limits comprehended all
of the present state of that name and the
Uakotas to the Missouri and White Earth.
Iowa was reduced to its present limits.
7. Nebraska Territory was created in
1854. It included all the present Nebraska,
Montana, Wyoming and the Dakotas lying
between the Missouri river and the Rocky
Mountains.
8. In 1860 we find Minnesota with its
boundaries as they now exist, it having
been organized as a state in 1858. The
eastern Dakotas retained the name of ^lin-
nesota Territory.
9. Dakota Territory appears in ISfil.
It was made up of North and South Dakota
as they now are, with ilontana east of the
Rockies, and the north half of Wyoming.
■\^'ashington Territory at that time em-
braced the present states of Washington
and Idaho.
10. Idaho Territory was organized in
186.3, embracing the region now known as
Montana. Idaho, and Washington.
11. Montana Territory was formed in
1864, with the same limits as the present
state.
12. Wyoming Territory was created in
1868, and was given the boundaries of the
state of Wyoming.
The ten states of the Great Northwest
were admitted into the Union on the fol-
lowing dates: Iowa. Dec. 28, 1840: Wiscon-
sin, May 29. 1848; :Minnesota. May 11. 1858;
Oregon, Feb. 14, 18.59; North Dakota, Nov. 2,
1889; South Dakota, Nov. 2. 1889; Montana,
Nov. 8, 1889; Washington. Nov. 11. 1889;
Idaho. .Tilly .3. 1890: Wyoming, July 10.
1890.
PHASES OF FRONTIER LIFE.
To give an exhaustiAe history of the dif-
ferent phases of early life in every section of
the region under considei-ation would not
only transcend the limits which properly be-
long to this general sketch of the history
of the great Northwest; it would prove un-
profitable, wearisome, and unsatisfactory to
the reader. The states comjwsing the great
Northwest, while they have many commer-
cial interests in common, do not form either
a political or a geographical unit. Their
development has been along different lines,
and a series of historical facts closely relat-
ed to one or more of them may have no ap-
plication to the others. The histories of
the individual states found in this volume
give details which cannot with propriety be
included in this general view. In this por-
tion of the history representative phases of
life will be portrayed and will be illustrated
by events which — while they are more or
less local — are typical, to a greater or less
degree, of the entire region.
THE FUR TRADE.
••In 1783 seA-eral of the principal mer-
chants entered into a partnership to prose-
cute the fur trade, and in 1787 united wilh
a rival company, and thus arose the famous
North-West company, which for many years
held lordly sway over the immense region
in Canada and beyond the great western
lakes. Several years later a new associa-
tion of British merchants formed the Macki-
naw company, having their chief factory or
depot at Mackinaw; and their field of opera-
tions was south of their great rivals, —
sending forth their light perogues and bark
canoes by Green Bay and the Fox and Wis-
consin rivers to the Mississippi, and thence
down that stream to all its tributaries. In
1809 John Jacob Astor organized the Ameri-
can Fur company — he alone constituting
the company; and in 1811. in connection
with certain partners in the North-West
company and others, he bought out the
Mackinaw comi)any and merged that and
iiis American Fur company into a new as-
sociation called the South-West company.
By this arrangement Mr. Astor became pro-
prietor of one-half of all the interests which
the Mackinaw company had in the Indian
country within the Tnited States; and it
was understood that the whole, at the ex-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
pii'iitioii of five vears, was to pass into bis
hands, on condition that his company should
not trade within the British dominions."
After the War of 181:2, congress prohibited
British fur traders from prosecuting tlieir
enterprises within the United States.
Prairie du Chieu was, in 1815, a rendez-
vous for the fur traders of the upper Mis-
sissippi. The idea then prevailed in the
ITuited States that the Indians would be sat-
isfied with the most inferior goods in ex-
change for their furs and peltries. This
was an error, and one that brought upon
American traders as well as the govern-
ment the ill-will of the Indians. The blank-
ets furnished by the British traders were of
superior quality, as were also the calicoes
and cloths, while those furnished by the
Americans were inferior. The American
tobacco furnished to the Indians, however,
was better than that procured from the
British. The Sac and Fox Indians brought
from Galena — in addition to their furs —
bars of lead, moulded in the earth and
weighing from thirty to forty pounds each.
It was not an uncommon thing to see a Fox
Indian arrive at Prairie du Chien with a
hand sled loaded with twenty or thirty wild
turkeys for sale.
About this time, through the influence of
John Jacob Astor, the secretary of war
designated certain points throughout the
Indian country as trading points, and li-
censes to trade were confined to these
points. This was done to favor Astor's
company, "for if a license was granted to
some adventurous trader not connected
with that company, he was permitted to
trade only at some designated point already
occupied by that opulent and formidable
corporation; and the cansequence was that
the company would drive away the opposi-
tion trader by selling goods at half their real
value." After the departure of the trader,
who was unable to compete with them, the
old prices were restored, and the company
soon made up the loss incurred in the pro-
cess of stamping out competition. It is
evident that monopolies and trusts were not
invented at the close of the nineteenth cen-
tury.
But the companj' sometimes met its
match in a trader too shrewd to be driven
out of business. An agent of the American
Fur company at one time reported to a
I'nited States military officer that a fur
trader by the name of William Farnsworth
was violating the law by selling whiskj' to
the Indians. The commandant sent an of-
ficer with a file of men to destroy Farns-
worth's whisky and drive him out of the
country. Upon arriving at the place, the
officer informed Farnsworth of the object of
his visit; the latter expressed his astonish-
ment that any one should have made such
complaint against him. He invited the of-
ficer to search thoroughly and see if he could
find any whisky. He freely confessed that
he kept a little good brandy for himself and
his friends, but he declared he never sold
any, and invited the officer to take a little of
his choice liquor. He took some. Farns-
worth then asked if be might offer some to
the soldiers, which request was granted, and
the soldiers were lielped to a bountiful sup-
ply. The officer stood bravely by the bran-
dy bottle and sent his men to search foi the
whisky. They peered about in the vicinity
of the cabin, and after refreshing them-
selves once more with the brandy, reported
that they could find no whisky, and that they
believed it was pure malice that prompted
fhe fur company to cliarge Farnsworth
with selling whisky to the Indians. The re-
port was satisfactory to the officer. Farns-
worth entertained the party with supper,
lodging, breakfast, and an abundance of
brandy, and they parted good friends — the
generous trader not forgetting to supply his
departing guests with several bottles of the
delightful beverage that had added such
pleasure to their visit. During this search
Farnsworth had four or five barrels of whis-
ky buried close by his house.
The fur company now tried another
plan. A large party of Indians was em-
ployed to go to his house and seize his goods
and whisky if he declined to give them up.
In the winter of 1820-21 they made their
appearance and frankly told their business,
adding that they were brave men deter-
mined to accomplish their purpose. Farns-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
woi-th replied that he too was brave and
would put their boasted courage to the test.
He theu produced a keg with the head out
and nearly full of gunpowder. Carefully
inserting the lower end of a lighted candle
in the powder so that the light came within
six inches of the explosive material, he cool-
ly lit his pipe and sat down beside the In-
dians, saying he would soon see who the
brave men were. The Indians soon rushed
from the house in terror, when Farnsworth
cautiously removed the candle, fearing lest
a spark would drop. After this exhibition
of bravery the Indians became very friendly
with Farnsworth and the fur company did
not undertalce to molest him again.
Xo exact statistics are obtainable to
show the magnitude of the fur trade of the
Northwest, ^'ast numbers of buffalo, wolf,
fox, beaver and other fur-bearing animals
roamed over the prairies or were found in
the woods and streams of the vast region
lying between the Great Lakes and the
Bocky ^Mountains. Some concei)tion of the
extent of the trade in furs and peltries com-
ing from the Northwest may be formed from
the following statement, which shows the
weight or number of such articles exported
from Philadelphia alone in the year 1824:
Deer skins, 250,(1(10 ])ounds; beaver fur, 25,-
000 pounds; 17,00(1 buffalo robes; 8,000 bear
skins; 4,500 otter skins; 25,000 raccoon skins;
81,000 muskrat skins; 1,000 mink skins;
1,500 fox and wolf skins; 400 fisher and
marten skinsT At the same time, British
traders were taking annually from our
northern frontier 120,000 beaver; 30.000
marten; 20,000 muskrat; 5.000 fox; 4,000
otter; 2,000 bear; 2,000 mink; 5.000 buffalo;
0,000 lynx; 4.000 wolf; 1.000 elk; and 12,000
deer skins.
To have a clear idea of the fur trade, it
is necessary to know something of the man-
ner in which it was carried on. The great
depot which formed the center of the fur
trade in the Northwest was Mackinac Island
— or Michilimackinac (The Great Turtle) as
it was called by the Indians. This island is
in the strait tliat connects Lake Michigan
with Lake Huron.
The goods destined for the supply of the
northwestern Indians left New York in
May, and reached Mackinac in June. Here
those who procured the goods met those en-
gaged in selling them to the Indians. A
thousand different persons from every part
of the Indian country assembled here. The
most remote outfits, or stocks of goods
bought by the retailers, were destined for
Lake Winnipeg (Manitoba), Big Stone Lake
(Head of Minnesota or St. I'eter's River),
Leech Lake (northern Minnesota), and for
intermediate points. The entire country
between the longitude of Lake Michigan
and that of the Red River of the North and
from the latitude of the mouth of the Illinois
river to the Canadian border drew its sup-
plies from that point. Through all this im-
mense region, trading establishments were
scattered. The traders going to the most
rt-mote points left Mackinac in July and the
others in August. The goods were trans-
ported upon the lakes and rivers in batteaux
and canoes, and reached their destination in
October. The Indians now leave their vil-
lages and scatter throughout the coifhtry in
hunting camps. An industrious hunter
would, under favorable conditions, collect
a pack of peltries worth, at the trading post,
from eighty to one hundred dollars, for
which he was paid in blankets, provisions,
tobacco, guns, ammunition, gaudily-colored
calico and other cloth, etc. The furs and
pelts being collected at the trading posts
were taken to the central depot at Mackinac
in the same manner as the goods were car-
ried in the opposite direction, and were
there disposed of to the large traders.
In addition to the business done by
American fur companies and traders, the
Hudson's Bay company, a British corpora-
tion, carried on an immense trade in the
great Northwest. "A few years since, in
the solitudes of the West, two European
tourists were struck by the frequency with
which they encountered a certain mystic
legend. Eager to solve its meaning, they
addressed a half-breed lounger at a small
station on the Canadian Pacific Railway.
'Tell us, my friend,' they said, 'what those
three letters yonder signify. Wherever we
travel in this country we encounter "H. B.
aiSTORY OF THE GREAT NORTinVKST.
C." We have seen the legend sewn on the
garments of Indians; it has been painted on
canoes; it is inscribed on bales and boxes.
AVhat does "H. B. C." mean?' 'That's the
company,' returned the native grimly, 'Here
Before Christ.' "
The Hudson's Bay company was char-
tered by Charles II. in the year 1670, and it
is still in existence. The king granted to
his cousin. Prince Rupert, and to seventeen
nobles and gentlemen, the exclusive right to
establish settlements and carry on trade in
the vast region called Rupert's Land, which
comprised all the territory whose waters
flowed into Hudson's Bay. It was a coun-
try as large as all of Europe. They were
authorized to maintain ships of war and
forts, and to carry on war with any prince
or people not Christian. The company was
also made absolute proprietor of all lands
and all mines which had not already been
granted to others. The posts of this power-
ful company were established not only in
the region now known as Canada or British
America, — they extended into the Red river
country in Minnesota and North Dakota,
as well as into the Oregon country, where
they formed the basis of the British claim
to sovereignty in the first half of the nine-
teenth century.
It will be instructive here to glance at
the methods employed by the Hudson's Bay
company and other companies and small
traders in dealing with the native hunters
and trappers. Each factory or trading post
was surrounded by a stockade, within which
were warehouses for storing furs and the
goods bartered for them. Traders and their
assistants were heavily armed. The Indians
brought their goods (skins of deer, bison,
beaver, marten, fox, etc., and feathers of
birds) to the post, and delivered them
through a small aperture in the side of the
storehouse, as a. tourist hands his money
through a window at a railway station. The
price (in goods) given for furs was in the
discretion of the trader, and was influenced
by policy and by the rivalry of French and
American traders. When the Indian pre-
sented himself at the trader's window, he
was by no means sure what his furs would
bring. He often journeyed two months in
the depth of winter to bring to the post a
small bundle of peltries, for which he re-
ceived, perhaps, a string of beads, a blanket,
a hatchet, a little tobacco and a pound or
two of powder. If he demurred to the small
price ottered, his furs were passed back to
him through the aperture. This was mere-
ly a form. In theory the Indian was free to
dispose of his goods where he could obtain
the best price for them; practically he
must sell them to the company or starve.
The gross profit to the company on the
goods used in Indian barter was often 300
per cent, or more. At first the Indians were
content with beads and toys, but it became
the policy of the company to render them
more efficient as hunters by supplying them
with the implements of the chase. Six or
seven beaver skins would buy a blanket,
three a shirt, fifteen a gun.
The Northwest was frequented in these
early days by individual French traders
known as coureurs des bois (forest rovers)
whose activitj' in trade tended to injure the
company's business. A tribe would be gath-
ered at a post to sell their furs, when a re-
port would spread like wild-flre among them
that the French coureurs were giving a
pound of powder for a beaver, instead of de-
manding three beavers as the company did.
In an instant there was a stampede, and a
rush was made for the rival trader, who
was perhaps fifty miles distant. To these
Indians fifty miles for a single pound of
powder was nothing.
The Hudson's Bay company had its posts
on the head waters of the Mississippi, the
Red River of the North and the Missouri
river, — in other words they occupied the
country now comprising western Minnesota,
North Dakota and Montana. Not only this,
— their trade extended over the whole of
^^'ashington, Oregon, and California to the
Sacramento river. American enterprise oc-
cupied this region with permanent settle-
ments, and Amei'ican diplomacy secured our
title to it in the treaties of 17S3, 1818, and
1846.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
THK MISSIONARY.
As early as tlie year 1011 tlie French
Fathers of the Society of Jesus — Jesuit
priests — ben;an tlieir missionary work in
New France wliicli soon after extended, in
F'rench geograpliy, up tlie St. Lawrence and
the Great Lakes, down the ilississippi and
indefinitely westward. One of the fathers,
writino- of the missionary work in the year
1608, says: "The fathers of our society
have here expended their labors and their
blood, in their efforts for the conversion of
ihe savages. Father Menard has penetrat-
ed into the interior 500 leagues (about 1,500
miles), carrying the name of Jesus Christ to
places where it had never before been
adored." We are told by their biographer
(delations Jesuites, Quebec, 1858, Notice
Eiographique) that "they found ten years
sufficient time for the evangelization of the
idolatrous people who inhabited the im-
mense forests which extended from the gulf
of St. Lawrence to Lake Superior and from
the New England border to Hudson's bay."
From the same source we learn that the In-
dians "were impressed with the gentleness
and the disinterested spirit as well as with
the zeal of these black-robed ])riests, who
had come such a distance to teach them the
value of their souls, and to show them the
road to a happier life, with no other motive
than that of a superhuman love."
In 184!) and 185L Father P. J. De Smet
made missionary tours to the P>ad Lands,
the country of the Yellowstone and upper
Missouri, the Rocky Mountains, and the re-
gion since formed into the Yellowstone Na-
tional Park. Father De Smet, in a letter
written in 1852 says of the Indians in the
great Northwest: "AVith a few exceptions,
all the half-breeds are baptized, and received
as children of the church. During twenty
years they have petitioned to have Catholic
priests and have manifested their good-will
to meet the wants of Uieir missionaries, and
to maintain them. If ("atholic missionaries
are not soon sent there, it is to be feared
that persons hostile to the true faith may
take possession of the ground. On the Feast
of the Exaltation of the Cross, I had the
happiness of offering the Holv Sacrifice, in
presence of all the gentlemen assisting at
I lie council, of all the half-bloods and whites
and of a great concourse of Indians. After
my instruction, twenty-eight children and
five adults were regenerated in the holy wa-
ters of baptism, with all the ceremonies pre-
scribed by the church. * * » During an
instruction in the camp of the Ogallallahs, a
Sioux tribe, in which I explained to them the
ten commandments, when I arrived at the
sixtli and seventh, a general whispering and
embarrassed laugh took place among my
barbarous auditory. I inquired the reason
of Ihis conduct, and explained that the law I
came to announce was not mine but God's,
and that it was obligatory upon all the chil-
dren of men; that the word of God required
all their attention and respect; that those
who observe his commandments will have
eternal life, while the prevaricators of his
holy law shall receive hell and its torments
as their lot. The great chief at once rose
and replied: 'Father, we hear thee; we knew
not the words of the Great Spirit, and we
acknowledge our ignorance. AVe ar« great
liars and thieves; we have killed; we have
done all the evil that the Great Spirit for-
bids us to do; but we did not know those
beautiful words; in future we will try to live
better, if tlion wilt but stay with us and
teach us.' * * * The next day 239 of
tlieii' children were regenerated in the holy
waters of ba])tisin. Of the Arrapahoes, I
baj)tized 305 little ones; of the Cheyennes,
253; of the Sioux, 280; in the camp of the
Painted Bear, 50; in the forts on the Mis-
sfoiri, 3!t2; total number of baptisms this
season, 1,580.''
In 1852, James Lloyd Breck, who was
then engaged in the Indian mission work of
the Protestant Episcopal church, received a
call from the Indians dwelling in the north-
ern forests of Minnesota to go and teach
them. Obeying this call, he went^ to Gull
Lake, in north central Minnesota, and estab-
lished there a mission station. The Indians
among whom he settled were the same peo-
jile, substantially, with those who greeted
the first settleis in \'irginia and with those
who signed the treaty with William Penu.
Breck erected mission buildings, and a
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
church, where he had dailv service, procured
female helpers, and established schools. He
also taught them to labor. Rising dailv at
4 a. m., he went to the fields with the Indi-
ans, teaching them to plant, sow. hoe, and
raise all kinds of vegetables. The Indians
tell how "once, when there had been a long-
continued drought, and the gardens were
just on the point of being ruined, and the
skv was still brazen and cloudless as it had
been for weeks, that he rang his little bell
for pravers. and summoned them all to pray
for rain; and though there was not a cloud
in the sky when he began, the dropping rain
began to fall as they came out of the church,
and there was a great rain." They also tell
how children who were apparently dying or
dead, revived when he knelt and prayed for
them and baptized them.
Some years later, he left his prosperous
mission at Gull Lake, and established an-
other at Leech Lake — still deeper in the wil-
derness. Here, whisky flowed like water
among the Indians, supplied by the traders
of mixed blood, who were incensed against
the missionaries because the latter, knowing
the extortionate rates charged by these
traders for their goods, let the Indians have
large quantities of mission goods at reason-
able prices, in exchange for fish, maple sug-
ar, etc. The hostility of the traders being
thus excited, they instigated the Indians to
acts of hostility which compelled the mis-
sionaries to leave. One cause of the failure
of this mission — and perhaps of others —
was that the missionaries gave the Indians
too much and thus encouraged habits of in-
dolence and a feeling of dependence, when a
spirit of independence and self-help is essen-
tial to their becoming well-disposed and use-
ful citizens. After the withdrawal of the
missionaries the Indians became the prey of
frontier liquor dealers and were exposed to
contact with all the vices that accompany
the white man on the first wave of civiliza-
tion.
After leaving Leech Lake, Breck estab-
lished a school at Faribault, and here he, in
conjunction with Bishop Whipple, educated
a number of Chippewa and Sioux boys who
became missionaries and were thus the
foundation of the missions to the Sioux and
Chippewa nations. In 1870 or thereabouts,
the Chippewas moved to the White Earth
reservation, where, removed from the cor-
rupting influences of vicious whites, and
guided by the missionaries, they have gone
on from better to better, until they have be-
come one of the most peaceful, well-behaved
and prosperous communities in the country.
The full-blooded Indians are nearly all mem-
bers of the church. "No more striking tes-
timony," says J. A. Gilfillan, "to the power
(if the gospel of Christ to raise the
most hopeless can be found than that com-
munity. They who were once such slaves to
drink, now never touch it; as a community
they never drink; and those who knew them
when they were drunken, starving savages,
<-an scarcely believe when they hear that
Ihey are Christian men and women and re-
spectable farmers."
No more thrilling story is to be found in
the annals of history than that of early mis-
sions in the great Oregon country. The
briefest sketch is all that can be attempted
here. In 18-32, four Flathead Indians ap-
peared in the streets of St. Louis, wearing
the dress and equipment belonging to their
iribe. General Clarke, who understood their
language, learned that they were all chiefs,
that they had spent about six months on
iheir journey from Oregon, and that they
had come in search of ''The White Man's
Book of Life" and to ask that teachers be
sent to their tribe. Why no steps were tak-
en to comply with their request does not sat-
isfactorily appear. Perhaps it was that an
English Bible would have been useless to
Them without an interpreter. Gen. Clarke
treated them hospitably — so hospitably that
two of them died in St. Louis, probably from
over-eating rich food. Having remained in
St. Louis all winter they started on their re-
turn in the spring, but without the book for
the possession of which they had undertak-
en their long journey. One of the two died
on the return trip, and only one of the four
lived to reach home to tell that he had been
unable to obtain the precious book that was
the one object of his journey.
Before the two survivors set out on their
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
return trip, Gen. Clarke gave them a ban-
quet, at which one of them addressed the
guests. No white post-prandial orator ever
made a speech more brimming over with elo-
quence. Like Lincoln's (lettysburg speech,
it cannot be abridged without fatally mar-
ring it. The chief said : "I come to jou over
the trail of many moons from the setting sun.
You were the friends of my fathers, who
have all gone the long way. I came with an
eye partly open for my people, who sit in
darkness. I go back with both eyes closed.
How can I go back blind to my blind people?
I made my way to you with strong arms
through many enemies and strange lands
that I might carry back much to them. I
go back with both arms broken and empty.
Two fathers came with us who were the
braves of many winters and wars. We
leave them asleep here by your great water
and wigwams. They were tired in many
moons and their moccasins wore out. My
people sent me to get the 'White Man's Book
of Heaven." You took me to where you al-
low your women to dance as we do not ours"
(the theatre) "and the Book was not there.
You took me to where they worship the
(ireat Spirit with candles, and the Book was
not there. You showed me images of the
good spirits and pictures of the good land
beyond, but the Book was not among them
to tell us the way. I am going back the
long and sad trail to my 'people in the dark
land. You make my feet heavy with gifts
and my moccasins will grow old in carry-
ing them, yet the Book is not among
ihem. When I tell my poor blind people
after one more snow, in the big council, that
I did not bring the Book, no word will be
spoken by our old men or by our young
braves. One by one they will rise up and go
out in silence. My people will die in dark-
ness, and they will go a long path to other
hunting grounds. No white man will go
with them, and no White Man's Book to
make the way plain. I have no more words."
The speech was published — the church
i-esponded. The ilethodists sent mission-
aries in 1S34, and in 1835, the American Mis-
sionary Board sent Dr. Marcus Whitman
with a companion to explore the Oregon
field. The story of Christian missions can-
not be told by statistics. Wherever the
missionary went — either Catholic or Prot-
estant — the children were educated and the
adults were instructed in sobriety, honesty
iind good citizenship. In the Oregon coun-
try, as everywhere else, the good influences
disseminated by the missionary were large-
ly neutralized by the vices introduced by
v.hite traders. In Oregon, the great ob-
stacle to progress in early days was a great
foreign corporation which claimed exclusive
right to trade with the Indians. The debt
of gratitude this nation owes to early Chris-
tian missionaries has never been fully ap-
preciated.
This brief and inadequate account of
missions in the great Northwest cannot be
r-losed without an allusion to Dr. William-
son, Eev. A. L. Riggs, Rev. Samuel W. Pond
and Rev. (lideon H. Pond, who were pio-
neers in this work among the Dakota Indi-
ans. For the fascinating narratives of their
work, the reader is referred to "Mary and
I," "Gospel Among the Dakotas," and "Two
Volunteer IMissionaries Among the Dako-
las." The work of Christian missions is not
yet finished. The labors of the frontier mis-
sionary — both Catholic and Protestant — are
still being prosecuted in the chapels and
schoolhouses as well as in the homes of
frontier settlements in ^linnesota, the Dako-
tas and Montana.
APMINISTIiATION OF JUSTICE.
In those parts of the great Northwest
which are adapted to agriculture, the char-
acter of the first settlers was such that it
was comparatively easy to secure the ends
of justice by ordinary means, through the
courts established by the state or territorial
government. In an agricultural community,
the pioneer settler labors hard, undergoes
many privations, and belongs, usually, to a
steady, industrious class, whose habits are
simple, and who seldom nwds assistance
from courts of justice because his rights are
seldom assailed. In fact, the differences
that arise among i)eople of this class are
often settled by friendly arbitration, or, if
the affair is too serious to be settled in this
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
way, an appeal to a lawfully constituted
court enables the litigants to reach a deci-
sion which, however unsatisfactory it may
be to the losing party, is generally acqui-
esced in by all concerned as coming from an
authority which all citizens have helped to
establish and all have an interest in main-
taining. In a mining country, the case is
far different. The lust for gold attracts
thither the discontented and restless spirits
who are not satisfied with the slow methods
and the humdrum existence of life on the
farm or in the town. They hope to make
their fortune in a day by striking rich dirt
or by robbing those who work the mines in
a legitimate manner. In the following ac-
count of frontier methods of administering
justice, numerous extracts are taken from
"The Vigilantes of Montana," by Thos. J.
Dimsdale.
"Together with so much that is evil, no-
where is there so much that is sternly op-
posed to dishonesty and violence as in the
mountains. Middling people do not live in
these regions. There is no man more fit to
serve his country in any capacity requiring
courage, integrity, and self-reliance, than an
'honest miner' who has been tried and found
true by a jury of mountaineers." A "power-
ful incentive to wrong-doing" in the early
mining camps was "the absolute nullity of
the civil law." "No matter what may be
the proof, if the criminal is well liked in the
community, 'Not Guilty' is almost certain to
be the verdict of the jury, despite the efforts
of judge and prosecutor. If the offender is
a monied man as well as a popular citizen,
the trial is only a farce, grave and pro-
longed, but capable of only one termination
— a verdict of acquittal. * * * T'nder
these circumstances, it becomes an absolute
necessity that good, law-loving, and order-
sustaining men should unite for mutual pro-
tection. Being united, they must act in har-
mony, repress disorder, punish crime, and
prevent outrage, or their organization
would be a failure from the start, and soci-
ety would collapse in the throes of anarchy.
None but extreme penalties inflicted with
promptitude are of any avail to quell the
spirit of the desperadoes with whom they
have to contend; the gangs of murderers,
desperadoes, and robbers who infest mining
countries, and who, though faithful to no
other bond, yet willingly league against the
law. They must be secret in council and
membership, or they will remain nearly use-
less in a country where equal facilities for
the transmission of intelligence are at the
command of the criminal and the judiciary.
An organization on this footing is a vigi-
lance committee.
"Such was the state of affairs when five
men in Virginia and four in Bannack, Mon-
tana, initiated the movement which resulted
in the formation of a tribunal supported by
an omnipresent executive comjirising within
itself nearly every good man in the territory,
and pledged to render impartial justice to
friend and foe without regard to clime,
creed, race, or politics. In a few short weeks
the face of society was changed as if by
magic. * * * The administration of the
lex taliouis by self-constituted authority is
undoubtedly, in civilized and settled commu-
nities, an outrage on mankind. But the sight
of the mangled corpses of beloved friends
and valued citizens, the whistle of the des-
perado's bullet, and the plunder of the fruits
of the patient toil of years alter the basis
of reasoning, and reverse the conclusion. In
the case of the vigilantes of Montana, it
must also be remembered that the sherifi
himself was the leader of the road agents,
and his deputies were prominent mem-
bers of the gang."
Boone Helm, a desperado who operated
in Montana in "the sixties" was "one of
those hideous monsters whom neither pre-
cept nor example could have saved from a
life of crime." The sketch here given of his
cai'eer is condensed from a very valuable
and intensely interesting work by Hon. N.
P. Langford, entitled "Vigilante Days and
Ways." Mr. Langford was at one time ter-
ritorial governor of Montana. A man known
as "Dutch Fred" enjoyed a local reputation
in Florence as a gambler and a pugilist. He
was. strange to say, also an honest, straight-
forward miner. "He was neither a rowdy
nor desjierado, and in ordinary deal, honest
and generous; but he gambled, drank, and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
when roused, was a perfect Hereules in a
fight. Entering a saloon where Fred was
seated at a faro table, Boone Helm, with
many oaths, epithets, and flourishes of his
revolver, challenged Fred to an immediate
deadl}' combat. Fred sprung up, drew his
knife, and was advancing to close with the
drunken braggart, when the bj-standers in-
terfered, and deprived both of their weap-
ons, which they entrusted to the keeping of
the saloon-keeper, and Fred returned (juiet-
ly to his game.
"Helm apologized, expressed regret foi-
his conduct, and left the saloon. A few
hours afterward he returned. Fred was
still there. Stepping up to the saloon-keep-
er. Helm asked him for his revolver, ])romis-
ing that he would immediately depart and
make no disturbance. Xo sooner was it re-
turned to him than he turned toward Fred,
and uttering a diabolical oath, tired at him
while seated at the table. The ball missed,
and before the second fire, Fred, unarmed,
with his arms folded across his breast, stood
before his antagonist, who, with deadlier
aim, pierced his heart. He fell dead upon
the spot. Helm cocked his pistol, and, look-
ing towards the stupefied crowd, exclaimed:
" "Maybe some more of you w'ant some of
this!'
"As no one deigned a reply, he walked
coolly away.
"If Helm was arrested for this murder,
he escaped, for the next we bear of him he
was captured on Frazer river in the fall of
1862, as will appear from the following ex-
tract from a British Columbia paper:
" 'The man Boone Helm, to whom we re-
ferred some weeks since, has at last been
taken. He was brought into this city last
night strongly ironed. The first clue of the
detectives was the report that two men had
been seen trudging up the Frazer river on
foot, with their blankets and a scanty sup-
ply of provisions on their backs. The de-
scription of one corresponded with the de-
scription given by the American officers of
Boone Helm. \Mien overtaken, he was so
exhausted by fatigue and hunger that it
would have been impossible for him to con-
tinue many hours longer. He made no re-
sistance to the arrest — in fact he was too
weak to do so — ^and acknowledged without
equivocation or attemi)t at evasion that he
was Boone Helm. I'pon being asked what
had become of his comj)anion, he replied
with the utmost sang froid:
^A'lly, do you sn])pose I am a fool
enough to starve to death when I can help
il ? I ate him up, of course."
" 'The man who accompanied him has
not been seen or heard of since, and from
what we have been told of this case-hard-
ened villain's antecedents, we are inclined
to believe he told the truth. It is said this
is not the first time he has been guilty of
cannibalism.' "
Ten years later, a scholarly recluse who
had built himself a cabin and surrounded it
with a stockade in the valley of the Rogue
river, shouldered his rifle one day and
strolled into the forest in quest of a deer.
He says: "A rustle in the underbrush at-
tracted my attention. Supposing it to be
caused by some animal, I peered out cau-
tiously from the shadow of a pine, aftd saw
to my surprise a man half concealed in the
thicket, watching me. It was the work of
an instant to bring uiy rifle to an aim.
" 'Who are you?' I demanded, knowing
if he were a white man he would answer.
"He replied in unmistakable English 'I
am a white man in distress.'
"Dropping my rifle from my shoulder, I
hastened to him and found a shrunken, ema-
ciated form, half naked and nearly fam-
ished. A more pitiable object I never be-
held.
" 'My name,' said he, 'is Boone Helm. I
am the only survivor of a company which,
together with the crew and vessel, were lost
on the coast ten days ago. We were bound
for Portland from San Francisco, and were
driven ashore in a storm. I escaped by a
miracle, and have wandered in the moun-
tains ever since, feeding on berries and
sleeping under the shelter of rocks and
bushes. I came in this direction, hoping to
find the California trail and fall in with a
pack train.' My sympathies were enlisted
and I conducted him (o my home, sharing
bed and board with him for a month or
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
more, long enough to make the prospect of
separation painful, though I felt that I
would be better off without than with him.
When he left, I gave him a good buckskin
suit, a cap, a pair of moccasins, and a gun.
JJe wrung my hand at parting, expressing
the warmest gratitude.
"A year passed, during which I labored
diligently at my books. One day I was
startled by the distant clatter of a rapidly
approaching horse. Seizing my rifle, I
sprang to an opening to reconnoitre for In-
dians. Judge of my astonishment to behold
a woman, well mounted, urging her steed
rapidly toward my stockade. Assisting her
to alight, I sought to discover the import of
her wild errand. She told me that while
staying at a hotel she had heard three men
enter the adjoining room and engage in ear-
nest conversation. She continued: 'I could
hear distinctly every word they uttered —
Ihey were planning a murder and robbery.
One of them, whom they addressed as Boone
Helm, seemed to be their leader. He de-
scribed the home and surroundings of the
intended victim, said he had been there and
shared his hospitality for several weeks;
spoke of the road leading there; the trail
from the road to the house; the location of
the herd of cattle; and the ready sale that
could be found for them. "\Ye cannot," said
he, "make more money in a shorter time,
with greater ease, and less liability to de-
tection, than to go there, kill the nmn and
take his property." They finally agreed that
at a certain time the three should go in com-
pany and execute their murderous design.
I immediately determined to foil them in
their bloody purpose or lose my life in the
attempt. Be on your guard. Make every
preparation to defend j-ourself,- for the men
will be here to take your life. And now,'
she concluded, 'bring my horse and I will
return.' I could not prevail on her to re-
main longer. Springing to her saddle, she
waved me a farewell, and in a few moments
had disappeared.
"The next day I made every needful
preparation for defence and calmly awaited
the arrival of the ruffians. In the afternoon
of the dav mentioned by my informant, I
saw them approaching, with Helm half a
mile or more in advance of the other two.
I stood in the gate of my stockade with my
revolver in my belt, and as he approached
nie greeted him kindly, bade him enter, and
closed and bolted the door behind him. I
saw at once by his churlish manner that he
was bent on mischief. Hardly waiting for
an exchange of common civilities, he said:
" 'Lend me your pistols. I am going on
a perilous expedition.'
" 'I cannot spare them,' I replied.
'■ 'But you must spare them. I want
them.'
" 'I tell you I cannot let you have them.'
"Flying into a passion, he, with bitter
oaths rejoined:
" 'I'll make you give 'em to me or I'll kill
you,' at the same time grasping his re-
volver.
"Before he could pull it from its scab-
bard, I had mine leveled with deadly aim at
his head, and my finger on the trigger.
" 'Make a single motion,' said I, emphat-
ically, 'and I will shoot you.'
"He quailed, for he saw I had the ad-
vantage of him. His comrades now ap-
proached the gate from without.
" 'Break down the door,' he shouted, and
ordered them to kill me.
" 'If they attempt such a movement,' said
I, 'I will kill you instantly.'
''He knew me to be desperately in ear-
nest, and, taking the hint, told them to go
away. They obeyed.
" "Xow, sir,' I persisted, still holding him
under fire, 'unbuckle and drop j'our belt, pis-
tol and knife, and walk away so that I can
get them.'
"He begged, but I was inexorable. He
tried to throw me off my guard by refer-
ring pleasantly to our former acquaintance,
and assuring me he was only jesting, and
would not harm me for the world. I told
him I had been warned of his coming and its
object, and detailed the conversation he had
■\\ ith his companions at the time they agreed
upon the expedition. He stoutly denied it,
and demanded the source of my informa-
tion. Knowing that he was ignorantly su-
perstitious, I gave him to understand that it
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
was entirely providential. He believed it. I
made liim sit down and kept him in range of
my revolver all night, conversing with him
on such subjects as would win his confi-
dence. He told me the story of his life. I
have never heard or read a more horrible
history than that narrated by this man of
blood.
"Morning came. Helm's companions were
still lingering near the stockade. I ordered
them to withdraw to a certain distance,
that I might with safety release my pris-
oner. I then opened the gate and, with my
shot-gun leveled upon him, bade him go, as-
suring him that if we ever met again, 1
would shoot him on sight. He marched out
and away with his comrades. The next in-
telligence I received concerning him was
the announcement of his execution by the
righteous vigilantes of Montana."
The story of Boone Helm has been given
at some length (abridged, however, from the
account in Mr. Langford's book), in order to
give the reader some idea of the desperate,
hardened, ungrateful, unrepentant, and
treacherous nature of the villains whose
presence and whose deeds on the frontier
rendered necessary the organization of a
vigilance committee. The career of George
Ives, epitomized from the same work (Vigi-
lante Days and Ways) illustrates the for-
malities incident to a vigilante trial.
George Ives was regarded as the most
formidable robber of the band with which
he was connected. It was his custom, when
in need of money, to mount his horse, and,
pistol in hand, ride into a store or saloon,
toss his buckskin purse upon the counter,
and request the proprietor or clerk to put
one or more ounces of gold dust into it "as
a loan." The man thus addressed dared not
refuse. Often, whileeliberations of the committee.
Men of all ranks, ages, nationalities, creeds,
and political atliliations worked together in
harmony. A common danger made them
one. In a neighboring territory which had
no committee, sixty homicides were commit-
ted (according to a local paper), without a
single conviction. Another paper declared
that "cemeteries are full of the corpses of
veterans in crime and their victims."
That crime was less rampant in the early
days of the eastern than those of the west-
ern portion of the great Northwest is not
due to any conditions of climate or environ-
ment which in one case tend to develop men
into peaceful citizens and in the other into
criminals. The coiuparatively peaceful char-
acter of the pioneers of ^linnesota and the
Dakotas is to be ascribed in part to the fact
that this region was formed by nature for
agriculture and that it attracted a class of
people who were content to earn their living
by the slow process of agriculture. Such
people seldom have in their possession large
sums of money, and the region in which they
live does not, therefore, form as attractive a
field for the professional robber as do the
gold mining districts. It is possible, in an
agricultural section, to administer justice
approximately according to the forms pre-
scribed by law.
A single incident will illustrate the dif-
ficulty of holding a court on the upper Mis-
sissippi sixty years ago.
In the summer of 1842, the region l.ving
between Taylors Falls and the mouth of the
St. Croix was sparsely settled. In that sum-
mer, Judge Irwin, then living at Madison,
in Wisconsin (which was then a territory
and included Minnesota) was assigned to
hold a term of T'nited States district court
at Stillwater, the county seat of St. Croix
county. He embarked on a steamboat at
Calena and landed at Fort Snelling. He
had learned that the clerk of the court was
a man by the name of Joseph R. Brown,
and that he resided at Stillwater; further
than that he had no knowledge, and was ig-
norant of any route or means of conveyance
from the fort to the place of holding the
court. The commanding officer at the fort
Iirovided him with a horse, and a guide to
pilot him through the unsettled country.
Street cars now make regular trips every
half hour between the same points.
Arriving near the head of Lake St.
Croix, and inquiring for Mr. Brown, he was
directed to go up the lake shore about a
mile to his residence, a log cabin. This was
a short distance above the present site of
the state penitentiary. The judge found
the cabin occupied by an Indian woman and
children, none of whom could either speak
or understand English. Upon inquiry of
some people who were building a saw mill,
he learned that Mr. Brown was at his trad-
ing post on Gray Cloud island, twenty or
more miles distant. He returned *» Fort
Snelling the next day, and took the first
steamboat down the river, disgusted with
his trip, and declared that the next time he
held a court in Stillwater he would provide
himself with moccasins, clout, and blanket.
The first term of territorial court held in
Minnesota was held in Stillwater during the
second week of August, 1849, five months
after ^linnesota was organized as a terri
tory. The second term of court was held by
Judge David Cooper, at Stillwater, in Feb-
ruary, 1850. This term is noted for having
the first criminal trial for murder under
Minnesota laws. It was a case of a boy
about thirteen years old, by the name of
Snow, killed by a companion about the same
age, on Third street, St. Paul. The prose-
cution was conducted by Morton S. Wilkin-
son and Putnam Bishop; the defense by
Michael E. Ames and Henry L. Moss. The
tiring was from the southerly side of the
street, with an ordinary shotgun, directly
across the street, where stood the Snow boy,
—the boys looking at each other. A single
small bird shot penetrated the eye and brain
of the Snow boy. The jury convicted the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
boy of manslaughter, holdlnji; that, even in
the absence of malicious intent, the firing of
a gun across a public highway where people
were passing, was an unlawful act. Judge
Cooper, in pronouncing sentence, there be-
ing no penitentiary in the territory, commit-
ted him to the guard house at Fort Snelling
for ninety days, during the first two and the
last one of which he was to be kept in close
confinement and fed on bread and water.
James M. Goodhue, of the St Paul Pioneer,
commenting on the decision of Judge Coop-
er, said it was a specimen of dispensing jus-
tice in homeopathic doses.
The first term of court in St. Paul was
held by Judge Aaron Goodrich in a public
room adjoining the bar-room in the Amer-
ican Hotel, corner of Third and Exchange
streets, in the spring of 1850.
An interesting case brought before the
first territorial term of court in Minnesota
concerned a prominent member of the bar,
Mr. William D. Phillips. The following
sketch of the case is related by Judge
Charles E. Flandrau.
Mr. Phillips was a native of Maryland,
and came to St. Paul in 1848. He was the
first district attorney of the county of Ram-
sey, elected in 1849. On one occasion, when
discussing in court the construction of a
Minnesota statute with an attorney fresh
from the east, his adversary' made some
classical allusion in which the names of
Cicero and Demosthenes occurred. Mr. Phil-
lips, answering, became very much excited,
aud in a rising flight of eloquence said;
''The gentleman may be a classical scholar;
he may be as eloquent as Demosthenes; he
has probably ripped with old Euripides,
socked with old Socrates, and canted with
old Cantharides; but, gentlemen of the jury,
what does he know about the laws of Min-
nesota?"
The indictment against Mr. Phillips
charged him with an assault with intent to
maim. In an altercation with a man, he had
drawn a pistol on him, and the defense was
that the pistol was not loaded. The witness
for the prosecution swore that it was, and
further, that he could see the load. The
prisoner, as the law then was, could not tes-
tify in his own behalf, and could not di-
rectly dis])rove this fact. He was convict-
ed, and fined $2.5. He was very indignant,
aud gave this explanation of the assertion
of the witness that he saw the load. He
said he had been out electioneering, and
from the uncertainty of getting his meals in
such an unsettled country, he carried crack-
ers and cheese in the same pocket with his
pistol. A crumb of cheese had got into the
muzzle, and the fellow was so scared when
lie looked at the pistol that he thought it
was loaded to the brim.
About the year 1855, says Judge Flan-
drau, Mr. John B. Brisbin arrived in St.
Paul and commenced practice. A great deal
of the business was done in courts of justices
of the peace, and Mr. Brisbin was called to
Mendota to defend a client who was charged
with tresijassing on another's land or, as we
then called it, "jumping his claim." Major
Xoah appeared for the plaintiff, and filed
his comi)laint. Mr. Brisbin demurred to it,
and made a very eloquent and exhaustive ar-
gument in support of his position. The jus-
tice was a very venerable looking old
Frenchman (the greater part of the popula-
tion being French at that time). He lis-
tened very attentively, and occasionally
bowed when Mr. Brisbin became most im-
pressive, leaving the impression upon the
speaker that he comprehended his reasoning
and acquiesced in his conclusions. When
.Mr. Brisbin closed his argument, Major
>soah commenced to address the court in
French. Mr. Brisbin objected; he did not
understand French, and judicial proceed-
ings must be conducted in English. The
major replied that he was interpreting to
the court what Mr. Brisbin had been saying.
"I desire no interpretation; I made myself
clear," said Mr. Brisbin. "Certainly," said
the major, "your argument was excellent,
but the court does not understand any Eng-
lish," which was literally true. It is said that
when the court adjourned, the judge was
heard to ask the major, "Est ce qu'il y a une
femme dans cette cause la?" Whether the
judge decided the case on the theory of there
being a woman in it, history has failed to
record.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
In 1S44, Henry Jackson of ST. Paul was
appoiuted justice of the peace. There was
some delay in the arrival of his commission,
and before it came, a couple came to his
house and asked him to marry them. When
he told theiu he was not yet legally a jus-
tice, and therefore could not lawfully marry
them, they were terribly disappointed. They
assured him that they could not possibly
bear the shock of disappointment, aud beg-
ged of him to devise some way of uniting
them, for their hearts already "beat as one."
''Well," said Jackson finally, "I can nail you
together so that perhaps you'll hold till my
commission comes, but I can't warrant the
job. I'll marry you by bond, if that will be
satisfactory." "How's that done'.'" inquired
the would-be husband. "\\'hy," said Jaik
son, "you can give me a bond that when n)y
commission arrives you will appear and be
legally married. In the meantime, you may
consider yourselves husband and wife, re-
membering that you are only quasi married
[•eople, and if my commission fails to come,
the deal is off."' Both readily assented to
the quasi marriage, and having executed
their bond, went on their way rejoicing. The
commission arrived in due time, but there is
no record accessible to show whether the
quasi union was ever converted into a legal
one.
Four years later, the same justice was
trying some ordinary case. The matter had
been submitted to the jury, and they had re-
tired for consultation, being locked up by
the constable in a small room lighted by one
small window which was at a considerable
distance from the ground. One of the six
jurymen was a skilled violinist who was al-
ways in demand for dancing parties. ( )ii
the day of the trial, a man had come from
Stillwater for the purpose of securing the
services of this musician for a ball that was
to be held in that city that very night. On
finding the violinist in confinement, he be-
came somewhat uneasy lest the wielder of
the bow should be detained so long as to
prevent his reaching the ball-room in time.
Unfortunately, the jury had great difficulty
in agreeing upon a verdict. The discussion
of the case was conducted with considerable
warmth, and several times the jurors nearly
came to blows. The man from Stillwater,
meanwhile, became desperate. He dared not
return without his violinist. He deter-
mined to speak with him at all hazards.
I'rocuring a high box, he placed it under the
window and, mounting it, succeeded in at-
tracting the attention of his man who at
once approached the window and held an ex-
tended ((mference with him. At this point,
one of the jurors who had disagreed with
the violinist accused him of being in surrepti-
tious communication with an outsider and
of being guilty of conduct which exposed
him to a grave suspicion of having received
a bribe. This intimation precipitated a fight.
Chairs, tables, heads, shins, and the window
wi'ii- broken in the melee. Among the in-
jured was the musician, whose right arm
was dislocated. The constable unlocked the
door and rushed in to restore the peace; the
justice and the people followed. The jurors
who had not been placed hors du combat
slipi)ed out of the room in the confusion, and
this ended the case. For the benefit of those
who must always be told how a story ''comes
out," it may be added that the violinist did
not draw the bow that night, and that the
Stillwater ball was postponed.
The scene now shifts to Dakota. Leav-
ing the pastoral region of Minnesota, we
find ourselves once more in a rugged, moun-
tainous, mining country. The following
sketch of the administration of justice in a
court of law is taken, with some changes in
wording, from "Life in the Black Hills," by
Maj. T. M. Newson.
Street scene. Post-office. Men coming
and going; a strange, mysterious man in the
irowd. He is recognized by a passenger,
who exclaims:
"Here's a mail robber!"
Men draw their pistols; the mysterious
man also draws and runs. He is pursued by
the crowd, firing as he runs, but is finally
<aught by the sheriff', who, flinging his arms
about him, holds him fast. He is found to
be severely injured, and the sheriff", with the
assistance of two men, conveys him to jail.
The next day he is brought into court. The
judge is on the bench, lawyers are present,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWESt.
and the court room is filled with people.
The complaint is that the prisoner is guilty
of robbing the stage.
Judge: "What have you to say, — guilty
or not guilty?"
Before the prisoner answers, a man goes
to the judge and speaks a few words to him,
when the judge says:
"The court orders the sheriff to produce
one of the prisoner's boots."
The boot is produced and is examined by
the judge and others. It is a very small
one. The judge now turns to the prisoner
and remarks:
"Suspicions are now conclusive, by the
production of this boot, that you belie your
sex, and are not what you appear to be —
that is, you are a woman! Do you plead
guilty to this charge?"
"May it please your honor, I do, and if
permitted would like to make a few re-
marks. I am a woman ! I mean no wrong.
I did not rob the stage, but was with the
parties who did. Drawn into their cob-web
of villainy, I could not break away from
them without losing my life, and may it
please your honor, every resolution I made
was broken. I plead guilty to the last, but
not to the first charge, and if I may be per-
mitted to skip the town this time, you may
be assured, your honor, that I will never
enter it again."
"Madam," said the judge, "you are in a
very singular predicament, — charged with
robbing the stage and violating all social
and civil law by appearing in the character
of a male. Under ordinary circumstances,
the law would deal harshly with you, but I
take the responsibility of setting you at lib-
erty." With thanks to the judge for his
leniency, the woman walks out of the court
room and disappears.
EDUCATION.
The first annual report of the state super-
intendent of public instruction was made to
the state legislature of Minnesota, January
14, 1861, by Edward D. Neill, the state super-
intendent. For this report, only fourteen
counties frunished data. Eighty-two coun-
ties for the report made forty years later.
A recommendation was made by the state
superintendent in this first report which is
interesting as being the precursor of a se-
ries of recommendations made by his suc-
cessors for the past forty years, a recom-
mendation of a plan of organization that
has been adopted in many states very much
to the advantage of their school system, but
which has failed, thus far, to meet the ap-
proval of the legislature. In the report of
1861, the suj)erintendent says:
"Under the law no pupil can go to school
beyond the boundaries of the district where
his parents or guardian reside. Separated
by a slough or marsh from the school house
of his own district, he cannot, except by
special permission of the trustees, attend
the school of another district, which may be
in sight of his father's house. The conse-
quence is that some families are obliged to
pay a school tax from year to year, while
their children are debarred the privileges of
public instruction. To obviate this it is
recommended that each civil township form
a corporation for school purposes, and that
each family in the state be allowed to send
children to any public school that may be
selected."
The reason given by Dr. Neill for the
adoption of the township system for the
organization of schools was not the strong-
est that might have been given. Hon. W.
W. Pendergast, in his report of Nov. 20,
1804, gives thirt^'-two excellent reasons why
the township unit would be advantageous.
These reasons are based on the experience
of states — some of tliem younger in state-
liood than Minnesota — which are enjoying
the benefits which result from this system.
In 1861, there were no county superin-
tendents of schools. The state superintend-
ent recommended that a uniform series of
text-books be adopted for use in all the
schools of the state. This plan has since
been tried — for fifteen years — and repudiat-
ed by the people. Another recommendation
was that |1,000 be appropriated by the leg-
islature for the purpose of buying library
books which might be sold to school dis-
tricts by the state at low rates. Since 1861,
laws have been passed by which any district
that will purchase a suitable library may
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
receive aid from the state to the amount of
|2() for tlie first year, and |10 for each suc-
ceeding year. The present value of school
district libraries in Minnesota is |!245,0()(>.
A question that has arisen and which
continues to arise in every state of the union
was in 1861 considered such an important
one that Dr. Neill used it for a displayed
caption in his report: — Shall the Bible be
read in public schools? — The opinion of the
attorney general was obtained in order that
the state superintendent might answer with
authority the many letters which came to
him from those who favored or disfavored
the practice. The attorney general in 18(50
said:
"In reply to your communication, I would
call your attention to the fact that in the
first sentence of the constitution of the state
there is a grateful recognition of God, and
also that the school law requires 'that no
teacher shall be employed who shall not be
first examined and found qualified in moral
character.' By common consent the moral-
ity of the Bible is esteemed superior to the
ethics of any other book. * * * Some
profess to be scrupulous in relation to send-
ing children to any public school where mor-
al instruction is given; and others ecjually
honest do not wish to patronize a school
where there is no recognition of God. Now,
it is unfair that either party should deprive
the children of the other of a school support-
ed by common taxation. * » * j there-
fore recommend that the teacher, a few min-
utes before or after the recitations of the
day, reads a portion of the scriptures and
unites with the scholai's in offering the
Lord's prayer, with the express understand-
ing that when the parents or guardians
make the request, the children of such are
not to be compelled to attend the scripture
services."
It will be interesting to compare with
the above the following ruling of another at-
torney general of Minnesota, rendered De-
cember 10, 1895:
"* * * The question involves a con-
struction of section 16 of Article one of the
constitution, wherein it is, among other
things, provided:
" 'Nor shall any man be compelled to at-
tend, erect, or support any place of wor-
ship.' » * «
"In Wisconsin, the supreme court * * *
held that the reading of the scriirtures in a
jiublic school was in violation of the consti-
fntion, in that it compelled one to support
a place of worship. * * *
"No distinction can in principle be drawn
between the opening of a school with prayer
and the reading of the scrij^ture. * * *
If one is unlawful, the other is also. It is
the purpose of the law of this state to per-
mit no intrusion into our public schools of
any religious teachings whatever. They are
lo be kept purely secular in character * * *
where children may assemble for purposes
of instruction in authorized subjects and in-
cidental moral improvement. * * * You
are advised that the practice * * * is
violative of the constitution."
In 1851, the legislature of the Territory
of Minnesota created in the university a de-
partment of the theory and practice of in-
struction, and in 1858, a state normal school
was established at Winona. In the *year
1860-61 the state had between sixty and
seventy normal school pupils; in the year
18!)!»-iy00, it had 2,376. The chairman of the
liormal school prudential committee report-
I'd at that time that to support normal
school instruction for the ensuing year,
there would be required an appropriation of
at least |5,000: The current expenses of
our four normal schools for the year 1899-
]900 amounted to |10S,000. Three normal
school instructors were then employed; now
there are eighty-five.
In 1861, the state university consisted of
;i "costly pile of stone * * * with about
fifty rooms without windows,'' together with
"a debt of about eighty thousand dollars
and no available means for its liquidation."
The next year, State Superintendent B. F.
Crary reported of the state university: "It
is now nothing but a perplexity and a shame
to all who feel any desire to see education
advance. The building is utterly unfit for
educational purposes. * * * The state has
no need for it, and no means to endow it."
The legislature of 1867 appropriated $15,000
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
for repairing and furnishing the university
building "and for the eniploj-ment of a teach-
er or teachers" for the institution. I'rof.
W. W. Washburne was employed as princi-
pal, and before the end of the year two
other teachers were employed. The number
of students enrolled was 44; "31 males and
13 females." In 1900, the number of stu-
dents enrolled was 3,400.
The first apportionment of the current
school fund in February, 1863, amount-
ed to 112,308. The amount apportioned in
the year 1900 was |1,311,000. The per-
manent school fund in 1863 was less than
half a million dollars. In 1901 it was over
112,000,000. In the following pairs of num-
bers, the first number in each pair refers to
the year 1862, and the second, to the year
1900; Number of districts reported, 1,072 —
7,000; number of persons of school age, 50,-
644 — 575,000; number attending public
school, 22,913—390,000; number of teachers^
1,165—12,000. In 1863, Freeborn county had
the largest number of pupils — 5,024 — of any
county in Minnesota; Hennepin county
(the county in which Minneapolis is located)
comes next, with 4,514; Olmsted county fol-
lows with 3,804; and Ramsey county (in-
cluding the city of St. Paul) had 3,679 pupils.
The corresponding numbers in 1900 were:
Freeborn, 9,500; Hennepin, 55,000; Olm-
sted, 6,500; and Ramsey, 37,000. In 1863,
the average monthly compensation of male
teachers was |21, and of female teachers
$13. In 1900, the average monthly wages
were $65 and |40, respectively.
The county superintendency of schools
was created in Minnesota in 1864, for such
counties as chose to have their county com-
missioners appoint superintendents. The
law was amended later so as to provide for
the election of a superintendent by the peo-
ple in each county. The first state educa-
tional journal was established in 1867 and
was called the Minnesota Teacher. It was
founded by William W. Payne, Esq., county
superintendent of schools for Dodge county.
Mr. Payne is now professor of mathematics
and astronomy in Carleton college, in North-
field.
In 1861, the state normal board was di-
rected by law to select a list of text-books
for use in the common schools of the state.
The books selected were to be used in all the
schools for five years. In 1867, the law
having expired, the state superintendent
recommended its renewal. State uniformity
of text-books has been since tried in the
state but has been proved unsatisfactory.
I'nder the present law, the board of educa-
tion in any district may contract with pub-
lishers for text-books of their own selection,
and may furnish them free to the pupils at-
tending the schools. In 1867, the state
superintendent of public instruction asked
the legislature to appropriate the sum of
|3,000 to be used annually for holding teach-
ers' institutes in different parts of the state.
The legislature responded to this call. The
sum now annually appropriated for this pur-
pose is $27,000. These institutes and training
schools are now attended by about 7,000
teachers.
The past thirty years has witnessed a
wonderful development of the state. Min-
nesota now has 115 state high schools, each
receiving |800 annually from the state; 110
state graded schools, each receiving $200
annually from the state; 190 semi-graded
schools, each receiving flOO from the state;
and 660 stiite rural schools, each receiving
|75 from the state.
In Dakota, the first biennial report of
the territorial board of education was made
in 1888. Below will be found in tabular
form some statistics which will indicate the
growth of the educational system of Dakota
in the past sixteen years.
Number of School Districts
Total Value of School
Houses, Sites, and Fur-
niture
Number of Male Teachers
Employed
Number of Female Teach-
ers Employed
Average Montiily Wages of
Male Teachers
Average Monthly Wages of
Female Teachers
Number of Children of
School Age
Number of Children enroll-
ed in the Public Schools . .
Amount paid for Teachers'
Wages
2,04S
$38.43
$31.71
77,499
50,031
$394,785.00
1,434
2,587,865
1,178
2,905
$41.72
$35.81
92,009
77,686
$818,792
3,204
$33.01
$30.25
98,013
77,338
$751,950
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
The following table shows the advance-
ment made in the educational field in Mon-
tana for the past thirty j'ears:
1868
1878
1888
1898
No. of Districts.. .
Enrollment
No. of Teacliers...
25
1,359
27
105
5,315
116
$59.70
$88,284.00
316
27,600
442
$62.50
$646,670.00
669
49,478
1,086
$60.00
Value of School
$1,875,965.00
Apportionment. ..
$12,099.00
$44,478.00
$371,442.00
$575,332.00
Montana has a free text-book law, a
compulsory education law, a good school
library law, a normal school at Dillon, and
an agricultural college at Bozeman.
Of the twenty-four county superintend-
ents of schools in Montana, twenty-one pre-
fix the title Miss, two that of Mrs. and one
that of Mr. to their names.
MILITARY HISTORY.
This section of the history of the grcar
Northwest is treated in five subdivisions:
1. Early Indian Wars; 2. The Black Hawk
War of 1832; 3. The Sioux War, 1862-63;
4. The Civil War, 1861-65; 5. The Spanish-
American War.
EARLY INDIAN WARS.
In the seventeenth century the Ojibway
Indians resided on the shores of Lake Su-
perior. They were then on friendly terms
Mith the Dakotas or Sioux who then occu-
pied the headwaters of the Mississippi and
the country lying between that country and
the Great Lakes. The good feeling between
them was such that intermarriages took
place between them. But ill-will was cre-
ated through a quarrel between an Ojibway
and a Dakota gallant respecting a woman
both were courting. The woman was a Da-
kota, and the affair took place at a village
of her people. She preferred the Ojibway,
and the rejected gallant took the life of his
rival. This affair did not precipitate war, —
it only reminded the warriors of the two
tribes they had once been enemies. Shortly
after this quarrel, four Ojibway braves —
brothers who resided at Fond du Lac, on
Lake Superior — paid a friendly visit to the
Dakotas at Mille Lacs. During this visit
one of the brothers was treacherously mur-
dered. Again the three survivors visited
grille Lacs, and this (ime two of them were
killed, only one returning to his home.
Their aged father blacked his face in mourn-
ing, and his head hung down in sorrow.
Once more his sole surviving son asked
l)erniission to pay the Dakotas a peace visit
that he might look on the graves of his de-
ceased brethren. His sorrow stricken pa-
rent said to him: "Go, my son, for prob-
ably they have struck your brothers through
mistake." A full moon passed and the son
(lid not return. Now, for the first time, the
bereaved father began to weep, and he
mourned bitterly for his lost children.
"An Ojibway warrior never throws away
his tears," and he determined to have re-
venge. For two years he busied himself in
making preparations. With the fruits of
his hunting he procured ammunition and
other materials for a war party. At last
he summoned the warriors of his tribe
from the remotest villages to go with him
and search for his lost children. Nearly
all of them collected at the appointed time
at Fond du Lac, eager to stain their«Bcalp-
ing knives with the blood of their ancient
foes. Having made the customary prepara-
tions, they left Fond du Lac and followed the
ti-ail to Mille Lacs, where the blood of their
fellow braves had been spilt. The vanguard
of the Ojibways fell on the Dakotas at Cor-
morant Point early in the morning, and sucli
was the fury of the attack that before the
lear had arrived the village had been almost
entirely exterminated. The Ojibways then
hastened to the larger Dakota village at the
outlet of the lake.
After a brave defence with their bows
and barbed arrows, the Dakotas took refuge
in their earthen lodges fi'om the more deadly
weapons of their enemy. The Ojibways dis-
lodged them by dropping bags of powder
through the smoke holes in the tops of the
lodges. The Dakotas were not acquainted
w ith the nature of powder, and supposed,
when the powder bags exi)loded, that the
spirits were aiding their foes. They there-
fore gave up the fight in despair and were
easily dispatched. It was thus that the
Ojibways obtained (heir footing in the Mille
Lacs region.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
lu two subsequent wars, the Ojibways
wrested from the Dakotas the valley of the
St. Croix, the upper Mississippi valley, and
the valleys of the Wisconsin and Chippewa
rivers. Many other conflifts occurred be-
tween these tribes before the permanent
coming of the white man.
THE BLACK HAWK WAR.
This brief sketch of the Black Hawk
War follows nminly the account given by
Ueuben Gold Thwaites, secretary of the
State Historical Society of Wisconsin, in
his "Story of the Black Hawk War."
Few events in the early history of the
Northwest were as picturesque, as tragical,
or as fraught with mighty consequence as
this. On November 3, 1804, the United
States government concluded a treaty with
the Sac and Fox Indians, by which, mainly
for the paltry annuity of one thousand dol-
lars, the confederacy ceded to the whites
50,000,000 acres of land, comprising eastern
Missouri, southwestern Wisconsin (then in-
cluded in Michigan Territory), and north-
western Illinois. This would amount to an
annual rental of one cent for each 500 acres.
There was an unfortunate clause in Article
7 of the treaty, which became one of the
chief causes of the Black Hawk War. It
was stipulated that "as long as the lands
which are now ceded to the United States
remain their property" — that is, public
land — "the Indians belonging to the said
tribes shall enjoy the privilege of living or
hunting upon them."
Within the limits of the cession was the
chief seat of the Sac power, — a village beau-
tifully situated on the banks of the Missis-
sippi near Rock Island. The principal char-
acter in this village was Black Hawk, — a
leader by common consent though not a
hereditary or elected chief. He was rest-
less and ambitious, but without great ca-
pacity. He aroused the passions of his peo-
ple by appealing to their prejudices and
superstitions. He was probably honest,
however, in his motives. But he was in-
fluenced by the British agents, who before
1812 continually endeavored to excite the
hostility of the northwestern tribes against
the Americans. ^loreover the conduct of
the Americans, with whom he associated
daily, was such as to shock his high sense
of honor, and contrasted sharply with the
courteous treatment accorded to him by the
British officers.
At the outbreak of the War of 1812,
Black Hawk naturally sided with Tecumseh
and the British, and was present at the
battle of the Thames in 1813, where Tecum-
seh was killed. During his absence with
Ihat chief, he claims that a fatal injury was
inflicted by the Americans upon an aged
friend. It was therefoi-e eighteen months
after the treaty of Ghent before Black Hawk
could be induced to cease his retaliatory
forays. It is not to be wondered at that he
hated the Americans. They brought him
nothing but evil. A personal insult was, in
the winter of 1822-23, added to the national
or tribal injuries received at the hands of
the Americans. Some white settlers at that
time gave him a cruel and unmerited beat-
ing, and he nourished revengeful feelings
which boded no good to the white race.
In the summer of 1823, squatters, covet-
ous of the rich fields cultivated by the Sacs,
began to take possession of them. The
Treaty of 1801 had guaranteed to the In-
dians the use of the ceded territoi'y so long
as the lands remained the propei'ty of the
United States and were not sold to individ-
uals. The Sacs would not have complained
(so they said) if the squatters had settled
in other portions of the tract, and not
sought to steal the village, which was their
birth[ilace, and contained the cemetery of
their tribe. These were outrages of the
most flagrant nature. Indian cornfields
were fenced in by the intruders, squaws and
children were whijiped for venturing beyond
the bounds thus set, lodges were burned
over the heads of the occupants.
The evil grew worse year by year. When
the Indians returned each spring from their
winter's hunt, they found their village more
of a wreck than when they had left it in the
fall. It is surprising that they acted so
peacefully while the victims of such harsh
treatment.
Keokuk (head chief of the Sac and Fox
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
fonfederafv) advised peaceful I'etreat across
ihe Mississippi. But Black Hawlv was stub-
born as well as romantic, and his people
stood by him. He now claimed that the
Indians had not, in the treaty of 1804, agreed
that the land on which Black Hawk's village
stood slionld ever become the property of
the T'nited States. He ignored the fact that
he had subsequently signed three treaties,
each of which had reaffirmed the cession of
1804.
In the winter of 1830 Black Hawk and
his band returned from an unsuccessful
hunt to find their town almost completely
shattered, many of the graves plowed over
and the whites more abusive than ever.
During the winter the squatters, who had
been seven years illegally upon the ground,
had finally jire-empted a few quarter sec-
tions of land at the mouth of Rock River,
so selected as to cover the village site and
the Sac cornfields. This was a trick to ac-
cord with the letter but to violate the treaty
of 1804. There was still a belt fifty miles
wide, of practically unoccupied territory,
from which the selection of lands might
have been made. When Black Hawk re-
turned to his village in the spring of 1831,
he was fiercely warned away by the whites,
upon which he retorted that he should use
force, if necessary, to remove them.
Becoming alarmed, the settlers called
upon the governor of Illinois for military
assistance. He responded by sending into
the disturbed region a force of 1,C00 mount-
ed volunteers. These, with ten companies
of regulars under Gen. Gaines, appeared be-
fore Black Hawk's village on June 25, 1831.
That night the Indians quietly withdrew to
the west bank of the IMississippi. On the
30th they signed an agreement never to re-
turn to the east side without the permission
of the United States government. The
British encouraged the Indians to rise
against the whites, and aid was proffered by
several tribes of Indians from the East.
Many elements in the white population saw
benefits to be derived from it. It would
give occupation to loafers, cause money to
circulate freely, give opportunity for Indian
haters to hunt the red man, present chances
for jxilitical preferment, and afford excite-
ment and adventure for those who craved it.
April 6, 1832, Black Hawk, with 500 war-
riors, crossed to the east side of the ^lissis-
sii)pi, thus invading Illinois, (ieneral At-
kinson ordered him to recross, but he re-
turned a defiant answer. Sixteen hundred
volunteers hurried to the scene of actioa
^Vmong these was Abraham Lincoln, who
served as a captain. Jefferson Davis was at
this time a lieutenant in a regiment of regu-
lars which saw service in the war. In a
preliminary skirmish, a body of irregular
militia was put to fliglit by an inferior force
of Indians, after which Black Hawk's band
ravaged the country, killing settlers, — men,
women, and children. After much desul-
tory marching and fighting, a decisive battle
was fought at the mouth of the Bad Axe
River in Wisconsin, about forty miles above
I'rairie du Chien, the Indians being com-
pletely routed. This was on August 2, 1832.
A few days later Black Hawk was captured.
Out of the band of nearly one thousand In-
dians who had taken part in the beginning
of the war, not more than one hundred and
fifty remained "to tell the tragic story of the
Black Hawk War— a tale fraught with dis-
honor to tlie American name." Black Hawk
was kept a jirisoner in Fortress Monroe
until the summer of 1833. Black Hawk
died at the age of seventy-one, in 1838, on a
small reservation set apart for him and his
personal followers in Davis county. Iowa.
THE SIOUX WAR OF 1862-63.
When Jonathan Carver visited the
Northwest in 1706, the country lying upon
the Mississippi river above the Falls of Sr,
Anthony and below, into what is now north-
ern Iowa, and that included in and adjacent
to the valley of the St. Peters or Minnesota
from its source to its mouth, as well as the
prairie conntry between these rivers was
occupied by the Sioux or Dakota Indians.
They were a powerful and warlike nation,
and might be found west of Minnesota as
far as the base of the Rocky Mountains.
Four tiibes of Sioux resided in Minnesota —
the Medawakonton, ^^'apl'ton. Wapekuta,
and Sisseton tribes.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
The Wapekutas claimed the country on
Cannon river, on the headwaters of the
Blue Earth and that lying immediately
west. The Wapetons occupied the Big
Woods. Their ancient home was the vicin-
ity of the Little Kapids on the Minnesota,
near Henderson. The Medawakontons at
one time lived in the Mille Lacs region. The
Sissetons occupied the Minnesota valley
from St. Peter to Little Rock. These four
tribes comprised what were known as the
Annuity vSioux of Minnesota, and had at
many times received presents from the gov-
ernment of the United States.
In 1816, the United States entered into a
treaty with the Sioux, in which these In-
dians relinquished all claim to lands ceded
to the United States by Great Britain,
Prance, and Spain. In 1830, the govern-
ment entered into a treaty with the four
great tribes above mentioned, by the terms
of which, in consideration of their relin-
quishing all claim to a large tract of land,
the United States agreed to make them
large presents in goods, to furnish a black-
smith to reside among them, to provide an
educational fund for them, and to give them
three thousand dollars annually for ten
years. In a treaty made at Washington, in
1837, and others concluded at Traverse des
Sioux and Mendota, Minn., in 1851, the
Sioux ceded to the United States all their
lands within the present limits of Minne-
sota. At the same time, two reservations
were assigned to the Indians — on the upper
Minnesota. These treaties provided for a
large annuity fund of over three million
dollars. In another treaty negotiated in
1858, a plan was adopted looking toward
the civilization of the Indians. To all who
would abandon their tribal relations and
adopt the customs of the whites, lands were
assigned in severalty — eighty acres to each
head of a family. Farm buildings were
erected for the Indians on these lands, they
were furnished with implements and cattle,
and they were, moreover, paid for the labor
they performed, and were permitted to keep
their crops for their own benefit.
By 1862, there were about one hundred
and sixty such farms, and among the sav-
ages thus civilized were Little Crow — the
leading sjjirit in the following massacres —
and many of his band. This humane scheme
for the benefit of the red men was to a large
extent thwarted by the blanket Indians,
ihat is, those who declined to yield to the
influences of civilization. When the latter
tired of the chase and the war path, they
camped among the farmer Indians, living off
their savings, thus compelling them to aban-
don their civilized mode of life.
The Indians claimed that the govern-
ment had failed to carry out, or, at least,
had very imperfectly fulfilled, its treaty ob-
ligations. This claim had doubtless some
foundation in the dishonesty of traders and
others through whose hands money passed
after having been disbursed by the govern-
ment agent. "The cession of their terri-
tory," says I. V. D. Heard, in his "History
of the Sioux War," "is necessarily enforced
upon the Indians by the advance of the
white race. • * * Were the treaties
fairly obtained, and all their stipulations
fully carried out, regrets for the home they
have lost, and the narrow limits, soon desti-
tute of game, into which they are crowded,
would soon bring repentance of their bar-
gain, and force a bloody termination of the
conflict of the races. But the treaties are
born in fraud, and all their stipulations for
the future are curtailed in iniquity.
"The traders, knowing for years before
that the whites will purchase the lands, sell
the Indians goods on credit, expecting to
realize their pay from the consideration to
be paid by the government. They thus be-
come interested instruments to obtain the'
consent of the Indians to the treaty; and
by reason of their familiarity with their lan-
guage, and the assistance of half-breed rela-
tives, are possessed of great facilities to ac-
complish their object. The persons deput-
ed by the government to efl'ect a treaty are
compelled to procure their co-operation and
this they do by providing that the sums due
them from the Indians shall be paid. The
traders obtain the concurrence of the Indi-
ans by refusing to give thein further credit,
and by representing to them that they will
receive an immense amount of money if
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
they sell their lands, and thenceforth will
live at ease, with plentj- to eat, and plenty
to wear, plenty of powder and lead and of
whatever else they may request. After the
treaty is agreed to, the amount of ready
money 'which the government agrees to
pay them' is absorbed by the exorbitant de-
mands of the traders and the expense of
removing the Indians to their reservations.
After that, the trader no longer looks to the
Indians for his pay; he gets it from their
annuities. Claims for depredations ui)on
white settlers are also deducted out of their
moneys before they leave Washington; and
these are always, when based on fact, dou-
ble the actual loss, for the Indian depart-
ment is notoriously corrupt, and the hand
manipulating the machinery must be
crossed with gold. The demand is not only
generally unjust, but instead of its being
deducted from the moneys of the wrong-
doer, it is taken from the annuities of all.
This course punishes the innocent and re-
wards the guilty, because the property tak-
en by the depredator is of more value than
the slight percentage he loses. About f 400,-
000 of the cash payments due the Sioux un-
der the treaties of iSol and 1S52 were paid
to traders on old indebtedness. So intense
was the indignation of the Indians that
there was serious apprehension that they
would attack the government officials and
traders. The opposition of Bed Iron, the
I»rincipal chief of the Sissetons, became so
boisterous that he was broken of his chief-
tainship by Governor Eamsey, the superin-
tendent of Indian affairs."
From the same work we condense an ac-
count of an interview between Red Iron
and Governor Ramsey in December, 185-.
Red Iron was brought in, guarded by sol-
diers. He was about forty years old, tall
and athletic, six feet high, with a large,
well-developed ht^ad, aijuiline nose, thin,
compressed lips, and physiognomy beaming
with intelligence and resolution. The gov-
ernor, in the midst of a breathless silence,
ojjened the council.
Governor Ramsey asked, "What excuse
have you for not coming to the council when
1 sent for you?"
The Dakota chief rose with native grace
and dignity, his blanket falling from his
shoulders, and ])urposely dropping the pipe
of peace, he stood erect before the governor
with his arms folded and his right hand
pressed upon the sheath of his scalping
knife. With the utmost coolness and a de-
fiant smile playing upon his thin lips and
his eyes sternly fixed upon the governor,
with firm voice he replied:
"I started to come, but your braves
drove me back."
Governor: "I thought you a good man;
but you have since acted badly, and I am
disposed to break j-ou — I do break you."
Red Iron: "You break me! My people
made me a chief; my people love me; I will
still be their chief; I have done no wrong."
Governor: "Red Iron, why did you
march here with your braves to intimidate
other chiefs and prevent their coming to
the council?"
Red Iron: "^\'e have heard how the
chiefs were served at Mendota — by secret
councils ynu got their names on paper and
took away their money. We don't wAt to
be served so. We come to council in the
daytime, when the sun shines, and we want
no councils in the dark. When we signed
the Mendota treaty, the traders threw a
blanket over our faces, and darkened our
eyes, and made us sign papers we did not
understand, and which were not explained
or read to us. We want our Great Father
at Washington to know what has been
done."
Governor: "The Great Father wants
you to leave the money in my hands to pay
the debts your tribe has incurred. If you
refuse, I will take the money back."
Red Iron: "You can take the money
back! AVe sold our land to you, and you
promised to pay us. If you do not give us
the money, I will be glad, and all our people
will be glad, for then we will have our land
back. The treaty was not interpreted or
explained to us. AVe are told that it gives
about .fROO,000 of our money to the traders.
A\'e do not think we owe them so much.
We want to pay our debts. We want our
Great Father to send three good men here
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
to tell US how much we really owe, and
whatever they say, we will i)ay and that is
what all our chiefs and people say."
Governor- "That can't be done. You
owe more than your money will pay. The
agent will pay your annuity — and no more
— when you are ready to receive it."
Red Iron: "We will receive our annu-
ity, but will sign no papers for anything
else. We are poor; you have plenty. Your
fires are warm; your tepees keep out the
cold. We have nothing to eat. We have
been waiting a long time for our moneys.
Our hunting season is past. A great many
of our people are sick with hunger. We
have sold our hunting-grounds and the
graves of our fathers, \^'e have no place to
bury our dead, and jou will not pay us the
money for our lands.'"
The council was broken up, and Red
Iron was sent to the guard-house, where he
was kept till next day. It was for a long
time doubtful whether the Indians at this
council would consent to receive their annu-
ities as a price for abandoning their lands.
They finally concluded to do so, being in-
fluenced by three principal considerations:
First, many of them had come hundreds of
miles in the dead of winter, and were, with
their families, in a starving condition; sec-
ond, several Indians who had been impris-
oned for attacking the Chippewas were to
be released in case the bargain was made;
third, large presents were ottered them, and
certain braves were promised chieftain-
ships if the Indians would sign.
The summer of 1862 seemed to the Sioux
a remarkably favorable time for redressing
their wrongs and sweeping the white invad-
ers from their ancient hunting grounds.
The Federal army had been meeting with
serious reverses in its conflict with the
South; the braves noticed as they passed
through the settlements that the able-bodied
men were absent — they were bearing arms
on southern fields — and the half-breeds
who could read assured the Indians that
soldieis of the Great Father were being
whipped by the southern "niggers." They
believed that the country h.ad nearly ex-
hausted its resources, that it was going to
ruin, and that it would not be able to pay
them any more annuities. In July, 5,000
Sioux assembled at the Upper Agency (at
the mouth of the Yellow Medicine river) to
make inquii'v about the payment of their
annuity. They remained here for some
time, suttering from hunger and sev-
eral dying from starvation. They man-
aged to appease their appetites with
roots which they dug from the ground, and
when corn was dealt out to them they de-
voured it uncooked. On August 4, they
broke into the government warehouse and
seized the provisions stored there, cutting
down the American flag in the presence of
one hundred armed soldiers. Finally they
were induced to return to their reservation
on the issue of a large quantity of provi-
sions. Similar scenes occurred at the
Lower Agency, which was situated on the
Minnesota river, about fourteen miles
above Fort Ridgely.
"Thus," says Heard, "on the 17th day of
August, lSr.2, we find the instinctive hatred
of this savage and ferocious people, who are
able to bring into the field 1,300 well-armed
warriors, the most expert and daring skir-
mishers in the world, fanned to a burning
heat by many years of actual and of fancied
wrong, and intensified by fears of hunger
and cold."
On Sunday, August 17, eight Indians
found some hens' eggs on the prairie, near
Acton (now Grove City), in Meeker county.
When one of them proposed to eat them, an-
other tried to dissuade him, saying that
they were the eggs of a tame fowl and be-
longed to the whites. "You are a coward,"
retorted the first, as he dashed the eggs to
the ground; "I am brave; there is a white
man's ox; see how brave I am," and raising
his gun, he shot and killed the ox. "And
now," he continued, "I am going to kill a
white man." The party then separated in-
to two groujjs of four, each intent on prov-
ing its bravery. One party reached the
house of Mr. Howard Baker, and seeking a
quarrel with him and his family, shot and
killed four persons. The surrounding coun-
try was thrown into the greatest alarm.
When Little Crow heard of this affair,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
hp had some difticulty in deciding how to
act. If he became the friend of the whites
he would incur the undying hatred of his
people, and forfeit his supremacy as a lead-
er among them. If, on the other hand, he
should join in a war upon the whites, which
he now saw was inevitable, he would be in-
volved in the ruin which he foresaw must
result from a conflict with a mighty nation.
He decided to join his own people. "Let us
go to the agency," said he, "kill the traders,
and take their goods."
The war now burst upon the state like a
whirlwind. On August 18, the Lower
Agency was sacked and the inhabitants
murdered: on the same day, the massacres
extended on both sides of the Minnesota to
within six miles of New Ulm, and up the
river to the Yellow Medicine. We quote
again from Heard:
"The naked forms of the savages, hide-
ous with paint, their mad shouts and wild
merriment, increased the horrors of the vic-
tim. Former friendsliip and kindness
availed nothing. On the contrary, the In-
dians started oil' at first to the neighbor-
hood where they had camped on their hunt-
ing excursions, and had been hospitably
treated by those whom they now murdered.
Helplessness, innocence, tender age, pray-
ers, tears — none of these induced mercy.
They sened but to furnish embellish-
ments to the tale to be told for the plaudits
of the camp, where narratives of common
slaughter had become stale, and excess in
cruelty received the palm. * * * Noth-
ing which devilish ingenuity could suggest
in the way of groti'scpie horror was omit-
ted."
On the day of the massacre at Redwood
Agency, Captain Marsh and thirty-nine men
perished near Fort Ridgely; nine survivors
escaped to the fort. Attacks were soon af-
ter made on New Ulm and Fort Ridgely,
but the Indians were repulsed at both
places. To detail the scenes of pillage,
burning, outrage and slaughter that fol-
lowed would be to fill the mind of the read-
er with horror and to repeat a tale with
which many are already familiar. Only the
salient points of the narrative can be no-
ticed.
August 20, Ceiiei'al Sibley started from
Fort Snelling with 1,-100 men, toward the
scene of the trouble. He arrived at Birch
Coolie on September 3, too late to save a
company of soldiers and citizens which had
been surrounded by the Indians in the
coolie the day before and nearly all killed.
In the latter part of September, about two
hundred and fifty captive women and chil-
dren were surrendered to General (then
("olonel) Sibley, at Camp Release, near the
mouth of the ( "hippewa river, and many In-
dians surrendered at the same time. On
the I'Cth of December, 1862, thirty-eight of
the leaders in the massacres were executed
by hanging at Mankato.
After his defeat in Minnesota, Little
Crow, with his followers, fled to Devils
Lake, in North Dakota. Here he vainly
tried to enlist some of the western tribes in
the war against the whites. In June, 1863,
• Jeneral Sibley, with a force of about 2,500
men, started in pursuit of the Sioux <iJiief-
tain. About the same time General Sully,
vvitli a large body of cavalry, passed up the
ilissouri to co-operate with Sibley by cut-
ting olf the retreat of the savages. Mean-
time small squads of Indians straggled
back into the state and renewed the atroci-
ties of the preceding j'ear, camping at one
time with twelve miles of St. Paul. Little
(-"row, himself, with Indian bravado, came
to the very center of the state. Here, near
the village of Hutchinson, he was shot on
the 3d of -July. The leading spirit of the
Sioux war thus i)assed to other scenes. His
skull may be seen in the rooms of the Min-
nesota State Historical Society.
We i-eturn now to the expeditions of
(Jenerals Sibley and Sully.
The object of these exjieditions was to
further chastise the Sioux who had massa-
cred the settlers in Minnesota, and to com-
pel their complete submission. General
Sibley succeeded in driving the hostile In-
dians — all who did not escape to British
territory or retui'u to ^linnesota — across
the Missouri. Lieut. David L. Kingsbury,
illSTOKY OF THE GUKAT NURTHWESt.
of the Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infan-
tiy, who accompanied the expedition of
General Sully the next year, has given a
graphic narrative of the campaign, from
which, by his permission, liberal extracts
are made in the account which follows. The
force under General Sully was composed of
the Eighth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry
mounted, commanded by Lieut. Col. Henry
C. Rogers; six companies of the Second Min-
nesota Volunteer Cavalry, commanded by
Col. Robert N. McLaren; the Third Minne-
sota Battery; forty -five scouts; eleven com-
panies of the Sixth Iowa Cavalry; three
companies of the Seventh Iowa Cavalry;
two companies of Dakota Cavalry; the
Thirtieth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry; Col.
N. Pope's Battery; and Brackett's Minnesota
Battalion of Cavalry.
The command started from the Missouri
river, at the mouth of the Cannon Ball, July
19, 1864. Nine days later, the Indian camp
was discovered at Tahakouty (Killdeer)
mountain, near the headwaters of the
Heart river. So confident were they of
their ability to crush our troops that their
old men, squaws and children assembled in
front of their camp to witness the destruc-
tion of our little army of 2,200 men by their
5,000 braves. The savages were so badly
defeated that they had no opportunity to
move their village or any of their supplies.
The Indian village, consisting of sixteen
hundred rawhide tepees, with many tons of
pemmican, buffalo meat, and other supplies,
were destroyed. About 20,000 buffalo robes
were thrown by the Indians into a deep can-
yon. Many of these were secured by the
traders, llie destruction of this camp and
its supplies was a great loss to the In-
dians. "Indian against Indian, it would
have been impregnable; and it had, no
doubt, been their winter home for genera-
tions."
"To soldiers, or others," says Lieut.
Kingsbury, "who have not seen or heard an
Indian charge, it cannot be described. It is
calculated to strike terror into the hearts
of the bravest. I have not the command of
words to attempt to give any proper de-
scription of it, and can make no better com-
I)arison (imaginary, of course) than with the
imps of hell let loose.''
After passing through the Bad Lands,
the Indians were again encountered. They
attacked our troops with about 7,000 war-
riors, but they were repulsed with a loss of
about three hundred killed — our loss being
nine. "I may venture the opinion here,"
says Lieut. Kingsbury, "that, if the Indians
had been as well armed at this time, or
even at the fight of Killdeer Mountain, as
were those at the Custer fight, the result
would have been as disastrous."
The ^linnesota contingent arrived at
Fort Ridgely on its return, on October 8,
after an absence of four months. "In that
time,'' says Lieut. Kingsbury, "we had
marched sixteen hundred and twenty-five
miles; had wiiipped the savages at an esti-
mated loss to them of four or five hundred
killed and many wounded; and had forever,
settled the Indian question east of the Mis-
souri river. Thus it was made possible for
white immigrants to settle and develop a
territory equal in area to the New England
states. It was believed at that time to be
almost a desert, fit only for Indians and
buffaloes; but now it supports a large and
industrious population, and is one of the
greatest wheat and cattle producing re-
gions in the world."
Two companies of cavalry were organ-
ized in Dakota for service in the Sioux War.
They did valiant service. Company A was
organized at Yankton, in April, 1862, to
serve three years. The commissioned ofii-
cers were : Captain, Nelson Miner ; first li'eu-
tenant, James M. Bacon; second lieutenant,
David Benjamin. Company B was organ-
ized at Sioux City in 1863, to serve three
years. Its commissioned officers were:
Captain, William Tripp; first lieutenant,
John R. Wood; second lieutenant, T. El-
wood Clark. Both regiments were mustered
out in 1865, by reason of expiration of term
of service. The record shows, also, that
First Lieut. John K. Fowler resigned from
Company A on May 1, 1863, and that Second
Lieut. Frederick Ploghatt' resigned from the
siame company on July 20, 1863.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
THE CIVIL WAR.
No narrative, however extended, ran do
full justif-e to the patriotism and the valor
displayed and to the sufferings endured by
ihe citizens of the great Northwest in the
struggle for the Union, which continued
from ISfil to 1805.
Minnesota furnished for service in the
Civil War, one regiment of heavy artillery,
three l)atteries of light artillery, two regi-
ments and two battalions of cavalry, two
companies of sharpshooters, and eleven
regiments of infantry, — in all, 24,203 men.
The causes of the Civil War are well
known, and no attemi)t will be made here
to recapitulate them.
Fort Rumter surrendered to the Confed-
erates April 14, 1801. On the same day, and
the day before President Lincoln issued a
call for Union troops, Alexander Ramsey,
the governor of ilinnesota, addressed a
communication to the secretary of war, in
which he said:
"As the executive of the state of Minne
sota, I hereby tender to the government of
the United States, on the part of that state,
one thousand men to be ready for service as
soon as the necessary information can be
communicated to the people there." This
was the first tender of troops made to the
government for service in the Civil War.
President Lincoln issued a proclamation,
calling for 75,000 volunteers, on April 15.
On the same day, at a meeting of the Pio-
neer Guards of St. Paul, Minn., several
members signed an enlistment roll. The
first name signed was that of Josias E.
King, who claims the honor of being the
senior volunteer in the United States serv-
ice in the Civil War. Mr. King afterward
became first sergeant of Company A, and
finally captain of Company G, of the 1st
-Minnesota. This state, therefore, which
was at that time the last to enter the Union,
was the first to spring to its defense. The
Minnesota First was mustered into the serv-
ice of the United States on April 29, and
was the senior three-years regiment in the
service.
On June 14, the regiment was ordered to
Washington and eight davs later wa$ on its
way down the Mississipjii. The delay was
due to the fact that some of the companies
were, when marching orders came, doing
garrison duty at Forts Ridgely and Ripley.
Just before the battle of Hull Run, an
incident occurred which is typical of one
phase of army life. The men had not yet
ac(]uired that keen relish for the army ra-
tion which is necessary to a condition of
perfect content. Strict orders had been is-
sued against foraging. A squad of Minne-
sotans, bringing the dressed quarters of a
young beef into camp, were met by Col.
Franklin, the brigade commander. Gor-
man, the ^linnesota colonel, rode up while
Franklin was interrogating the delinquents,
and in his stentorian voice, poured upon the
men such a volume of denunciation and in-
vective that Franklin at once assented to
his proposition to leave the men to him —
fJorman — for such punishment as would be
an effective example to the regiment. When
Franklin had ridden away, Gorman turned
to the trembling culprits. "Now, you,''
he shouted, "take up that beef and g!) to
your regiment, and don't disgrace it by ever
getting caught in any such scrape again."
The men enjoyed the fresh beef and profited
by their colonel's advice, for in their subse-
quent foraging they were more wary.
At Bull Run, Ball's Bluff, in McClel-
lan's Peninsular campaign. Pope's battles
around Washington, Antietam, Fredericks-
burg, and Chancellorsville, the Minnesota
First was where the fighting was fiercest.
Space cannot be taken to detail the heroic
deeds performed by otTicers and men in
these battles and campaigns, and only a
bare allusion can be made to the histori<-
charge of the Minnesota First at Gettys-
burg. It is absolutely without parallel in
military history. In this charge, the regi-
ment lost 82 per cent of its number; the
loss of the Light Brigade in the famous
charge at Balaklava was 75 per cent. Gen.
Hancock, who ordered the charge, is quot
ed as saying: "There is no more gallant
deed recorded in hisfor\'; it had to be done,
and I was glad to have a regiment at hand
willing to make the terrible sacrifice that
the occasion demanded." The regiment
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
sei'vt'tl in tlu' Ainiy of the Potomac until
the end of the war.
The Second Rejcinient was orpjanized in
July, 1861, and served in the Army of the
Cumberland, taking part in the battles of
Mill Springs, rerryville. Triune, Tullahoma,
Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Mission Ridge,
tlie Atlanta campaign, Sherman's march to
the sea, and Sherman's northward march
from Savannah to Raleigh. Passing through
Richmond after its capture, the regiment
participated in the grand review in Wash-
ington. May 24, ISfiS, and was disbanded on
the 2(lth of July.
On the morning succeeding the battle of
Chickamauga "a muster and roll call of the
regiment was had, and every man of the
Second Minnesota, of the three hundred and
eighty-four who commenced the battle on
the l!)th was accounted for; thirty-five had
been killed, one hundred and thirteen
wounded, fourteen captured, and two hun-
dred and twenty-two were present for duty,
unhurt. This report attracted the atten-
tion of the brigade commander, who, after
verifying its correctness, said, in his official
report of the battle, 'It is a noticeable fact
that the Second Minnesota Regiment had
not a single man among the missing, or a
straggler, during the two days' engage-
ment.' " The officers who served as colo-
nels of the Second Regiment were H. P.
Van Cleve, James George, and J. W.
Bishop.
The Third Regiment embarked at Fort
Snelling, Nov. 17, 1861. After an honora-
ble service of about a year, in Missouri,
Kentucky and Tennessc-e, it returned to
Minnesota and took part in the campaign of
1862 against the Indians. The next impor-
tant service of this regiment was rendered
at the siege of Vicksburg. After the sur-
render of that stronghold, on July 4, 1863,
the ^Minnesota Third formed part of the ex-
pedition which was commanded by Gen.
Steele in the Arkansas campaign of 1863.
Space cannot be taken to recount the gal-
lant deeds of this regiment in Arkansas, in
the battles of Fitzhugh's Woods, Pine Blutf
and Devall's Bluff.
It was the Third Minnesota and the Ren-
ville Rauirers that did Ihe fighting at the
haltle of Wood Lake — the battle that
marks the collapse of the Sioux War of 1862.
I )n the 28d of September the regiment, with
other troops, was on the east bank of the
Yellow iledicine river, near Wood Lake.
Early in the morning, a few of the men
started with some wagons to find fresh veg-
etables. When about two miles from camp,
on the prairie, a number of Indians sprang
up from the grass and fired, mortally
wounding one of the men. Leaping to the
ground, the men returned the fire. On hear-
ing the firing, the regiment in camp fell in
and was promptly led to the scene of action
by Major Welch. By this time the prairie
seemed to be alive with Indians. Little
Crow, their leader, swinging his blanket
about his head, gave the war whoop and the
Indians, with answering yells, advanced to
overwhelm the little band of soldiers. In
the midst of the fight. Gen. Sibley sent per-
emptory orders for retreat. When our men
began to fall back, the savages thought the
whites were on the run and rushed in
among the soldiers to secure scalps. But
they were routed with fixed bayonets, and
].o(Kl of them surrendered. The colonels of
the Third were Henry C. Lester, Chauncey
W. Griggs, and C. C. Andrews.
The Fourth Minnesota was organized
during the autumn of 1861. Among the cam-
paigns and battles it took part in were the
battles of luka, Corinth, Chattanooga and
Altoona; the siege of Vicksburg, and Sher-
man's final marches through Georgia and
the Carolinas. The regiment was presept
at the surrender of Johnson at Raleigh to
Sherman, April 26, 1865, and received its
final discharge at Fort Snelling on Au-
gust 5.
The Fourth took part in the assault made
on the Confederate works at Vicksburg, on
May 22, 1863. Lieut. Col. Tourtellotte says
in his report: "The regiment pressed for-
ward up to and even on the enemy's works.
In this position, contending for the posses-
sion of the rebel earthworks before us, the
regiment remained for two hours, when it
became dark, and I was ordered by Col.
Sanborn (who then commanded the brig-
HISTORT OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
adpl to withdraw." In this assault, twelve
iiieu of this refrinu'Ut were killed and forty-
two wounded. The colonels of the Fourth
were John B. Sanhorn and John E. Tour-
lellotte.
The or>,'anization of the Fifth Minnesota
was completed ^larch l!0, 1862. It served
in the Indian War of 1802, in Minnesota and
Dakota. It afterward bore an honorable
part in the battle of Farniinn;ton, Tenn.; the
siege of Corinth : the battles of luka and
Corinth; c-anipaifins through central Missis-
sippi and '\^'est Tennessee; the campaign,
siege, and capture of Vicksburg; Banks'
Red River campaign; the battle of Tupelo
and Abbeyville; a campaign through Ar-
kansas and Missouri in pursuit of the Con-
federate Gen. Price; the battle of Nashville
and the subsequent pursuit of Hood's ar-
my; and the campaign against Mobile. The
regiment receivt^l its discharge at Fort
Snelling. September G. 1865.
General W. S. Rosei-rans writes thus of
the deeds of the Fifth Minnesota at the bat-
tle of Corinth, Miss., on Oct. 4, 1862: "When
the enemy from the north assaulted our line
and forced it back a few hundred yards into
the edge of town. Col. Hubbard, moving by
his right flank, faced the coming storm
from that quarter, and by his promptitude
anticipated Gen. Stanley's order from me,
to use the reserves of his division in meet-
ing the enemy's charge. He drove back
the fragments of his columns, overtaking
and bringing back some pieces without
horses of our reserve artillery, which the
enemy had seized, and covering the retiring
of a battery which had gone too far to the
front. Veterans could hardly have acted
more opportunely than did the gallant Fifth
Minnesota on that occasion." The regi-
ment was at first commanded by Col. Ru-
dolph Borgesrode, and subsequently by Col.
Lucius F. Hubbard.
The Sixth Minnesota was organized in
the summer of 1802. Its record of active
service includes the Sioux War of 1862, in-
cluding the engagement and rescue at Birch
Coolie and the battle at Wood Lake; the
Sibley expedition to the Missouri river in
1863; and campaigns in Arkansas, Louisi-
ana, and Alabama. The regiment was mus-
tered out of service, August 19, 1865.
The Sixth Regiment took a prominent
part in the storming of Fort Blakely, one of
the defenses of ifobile, on April 9, 1865. A
member of the regiment says: ''We halted
on the crest of a deep ravine about 4 P. M.
for a few minutes, and amid a shower of
bullets, crossed the creek and dislodged the
enemy. The Sixth Regiment was marched
in just under the brow of the hill, silently
and unobserved by the enemy, and got into
I)osition before dark. We were ordered to
light no fires, and to be ready to move for-
ward by midnight, but we were soon called
on to furnish 125 men for guard. In our
advance as guard, we drove the enemy from
their advance rifle-pits. Following, we
drove them from another line, and advanced
our regimental front about 100 yards. Gen.
("anby's forces captured Spanish Fort
I he evening of April 8, and the long line of
fortifi<ations at Blakely were assaulted and
carried between 5 and 6 P. M., April 9.
Promptly the men sprung to the worln. and
the whole line moved forward over tor-
pedoes, pits, wires, abatis, and ditches, un-
til the forts were reached. The men did
not heed the order to halt at the rifle-pits,
but leaped the works of defense, and the
<^'onfederates threw down their arms. It
was one of the last chapters of conflict of
Ihe war. On the very same day that Lee
surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, our
army in tlie far South had overthrown the
great force massed to make a final stand
for the Confederacy." The colonels of the
Sixth Minnesota were ^^'illia^l Crooks and
John T. Averill.
The Seventh Minnesota was organized
in August, 1802. After particii)ating in the
Sioux War of 1802-63, it departed for the
South. It upheld the honor of Minnesota
at Tupelo, in canii)aigns in Mississijjpi, Ar-
kansas, Tennessee, Louisiana, and Alabama,
including the memorable battle of Nash-
ville. Its service was concluded Aug. 16,
1805.
There is sjiace for only a single episode
in one of the many battles in which the gal-
lant Seventh distinguished itself. The Civil
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Wai- was ended in Tennessee when the
Union army under Thomas annihilated
Hood's armv in the battle of Nashville,
Dee. 15 and 16, 18fi4. The Seventh Minne-
sota was actively engajjed on both days.
Of a jiortion of the second day's fight, one of
its members says: ''Tlie first brigade of our
division, nearly half a mile to our right, was
seen to be moving forward; immediately the
second brigade. Col, ITubbard commanding,
swung forward across the field. Quickly
Col. Marshall had our brigade in motion,
the three brigades moving in echelon. The
enemy opened a terrific fire of musketry and
cannon all along the line; a battery directly
in front of the Seventh throwing canister,
shot, and shell so lively that the air was
darkened; but all moved right along up to
their works and over them, capturing a
large number of prisoners and a Louisiana
battery. This battery of four twelve-pound
Napoleon guns was behind a stone fence
that had gaps broken in it for the guns,
through which our men rushed while the
rebels were loading. Col. Marshall rode
his little chestnut horse Don across the field
with his men, guiding the colors, and was
among the first over the rebel works. He
rode onto a rebel gunner who tried to run
away, and captured him. If the colonel had
not carried his gauntlets doubled up in the
breast of his coat, he would not have rid-
den Don another day, for while we were
waiting before this charge, they received a
Minie-ball and saved his life." The colonels
of the Seventh were Stephen Miller and
William K. ]\[arshall.
The Eighth Minnesota was organized in
August 1862. It served in the Sioux War
of 1862-63, and in the Sully expedition of
1S64. It then went South and had the satis-
faction of defeating the Confederate caval-
ry leader Forrest at Murfreesboro, Dec. 7,
1864, and thus helped Gen. Thomas to win
his great victory at Nashville. It after-
ward had a share in the operations in the
east which resulted in Johnston's surrender
to Sherman. The men of this regiment were
discharged from the service at Fort Snelling
just three years after their enlistment.
The following incident occurred in the
second battle of Murfreesboro, when Hood
was pursuing the retreating forces of Thom-
as, just eight days before the latter inflicted
on him the crushing defeat of Nashville.
Early on Dec, 7, 1864, the Eighth Minnesota
was ordered out with other troops under
(!en. Milroy, Col. Thomas of the Eighth com-
manding a brigade, to find and feel of the
enemy, and the skirmishers were soon ex-
changing shots. As soon as there was
fighting the Eighth was sent to the front,
and seemed to be regarded as the most re-
liable regiment in the command, its experi-
ence in the Indian War giving it prestige
and earning for it the title of the Indian
regiment. Thomas' brigade was ordered
to lie down, and an artillery duel took place
over the heads of the men. The Union
forces shifted position a number of times,
and a rebel prisoner afterward explained it
thus: ''We-uns changed front three times,
and you-uns took us endwise every time."
At length, under a sharp fire from a rebel
battery, Thomas' brigade was formed in
line of battle, and "Forward" was the order.
The rebels had the exact range, and one of
their shells struck Company F of the
Eighth, killing several men. I'nder a heavy
fire of artillery and musketry, the Union line
juoved forward, charging across an open
field upon the rebel position in the woods,
the Eighth Regiment giving an Indian yell,
and as the lines came together, the Confed-
erates broke and left the field, totally rout-
ed, leaving over 200 prisoners, two stand of
colors, two cannons, and several \vagon-
loads of small arms. After Hood's retreat,
the Eighth received the thanks of Gen.
Thomas for its share in securing the victory.
The colonel of the Eighth Minnesota was
Minor T. Thomas.
The Ninth Minnesota was enlisted in
August, 1862. It was at first engaged in
the Sioux War. Its record also includes the
battle of Guntown, Miss.; the battle of
Tupelo; a campaign in Arkansas and Mis-
souri in pursuit of Gen. Price; the battle of
Nashville; and the Mobile campaign. The
regiment was mustered out of the service at
Fort Snelling, Aug. 24, 1865.
The conduct of the Ninth Minnesota in
History of the great northwest.
battle was no less commendable than that
of the other Minnesota troops. We select
for our record, however, an act which while
displaying no little courage, revealed in the
hearts of the men that element of kindness
which makes the whole world kin. Nov. 12,
1863, a negro entered the camp of the regi-
ment near Otterville, Mo,; said that he had
traveled all night; that his wife and family
had been taken from him to be shipped to
Kentucky for sale; that the train bearing
them away would reach Otterville in an
hour; and he piteously begged the men to
save his family. Forty-one men at once
seized their guns; reached the station;
stopped the train; and a sijuad stood guard
over the engineer while others entered the
cars, found the negroes, helped them alight,
and told them to break for the woods. A
Missouri military officer of high rank, re-
volver in hand, tried to interfere, but with-
out success. The same day the forty-one
were arrested and were kept in the guard-
house two months. On Jan. 11, 1S64, Senator
Wilkinson presented a resolution in the
United States senate, asking the secretary
of war why certain Minnesota soldiers were
detained in prison in Missouri, their only of-
fense being the rescue of slaves from rebel
sympathizers. The resolution was unan-
imously adopted, and the next day the sec-
retary telegraphed an order to release the
men.
Alexander Wilkin, the first colonel, was
killed in the battle of Tupelo, July 14, 1864,
The second colonel was Josiah F. Marsh,
The Tenth Minnesota was organized as
a regiment in October, 1S62. Its first serv-
ice was in the Sioux War, and in Gen, Sib-
ley's expedition of 186-3, It subsequently
took jjart in the battle of Tupelo; the raid
after Gen. Price; the battle of Nashville;
and the capture of Spanish Fort near Mo
bile. It was formally mustered out of the
service, Aug, 18, 1865. Its colonel was
James H. P.aker.
We give a partial account of the dis-
tinguished part taken by the Tenth in the
battle of Nashville, Dec. 16, 1864. Gen. Mc-
Arthur ordered the brigade to which the
Tenth belonged to capture a hill occupied
l>y the enemy, which formed the key-point
to his works in front. Quietly and steadily
the men moved down one hill and up the
other to within a few feet of the enemy's
parapet, when they received a volley which
did severe execution in the Tenth. "Noth-
ing daunted," says the brigade commander,
"this gallant regiment, together with the
others composing the front line cleared the
enemy's works with a bound. Lieut. Col.
Jennison, the commanding officer, was con-
spicuous for his high daring. He fell,
severely wounded, on the enemy's works."
The Eleventh Minnesota was organized
in August and September, 1S64, with James
B. Gilfillan as colonel. Its service in the
South consisted in guarding railroad com-
munication between Nashville and Chatta-
nooga. It was mustered out on the 11th of
July, 1865.
The First Regiment of Minnesota Mount-
ed Rangers, under Col. Samuel McPhail did
efficient service in the Sioux War. including
the Sibley campaign of 1863,
Many men of this regiment were promi-
nently connected with the early history of
Minnesota; they have filled various state of-
fices, from governor on down ; they have held
high rank in the state legislature and in the
national congress; and have graced the
bench and bar of Minnesota,
The First Company of Minnesota Sharp-
shooters became a part of the Second Regi-
ment of the United States Sharpshooters;
and the Second Company of Minnesota
Sharpshooters was incorporated with the
First United States Sharpshooters, Both
served in the Army of the Potomac, and
both received high praise for gallant con-
duct.
The Second Regiment of Minnesota Cav-
alry came into existence on Jan, 11, 1864,
It served with Gen, Sully on his expedition
against the Indians. Its last company was
mustered out :May 4, 1S66. Its colonel was
Robert N. McLaren.
Bracketfs Battalion of Cavalry (Major
Alfred B. Brackett. commanding) consisted
of four companies. It was recruited in Sep-
tember, 1861, and was mustered out in June,
1866. The list of its battles and campaigns
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
is a \oii<i one. It iududes Fort Donelson,
Shilob, siege of Corinth, and Hully's cam-
paign against tlie Indians. The saber
charge at Wartrace, Oct. 6, 1863, and the sa-
ber charge on the Fourth Alabama and Fifth
Georgia on the Tennessee river four days
later are mere incidents in the long series
of marches, raids, skirmishes, and battles
in which the battalion engaged.
Hatch's Independent Battalion of Cav-
alry included six companies, with Major E.
A. C. Hatch (afterward, Lieut. Col. C.
Powell Adams) in command. It was raised
in 1863, and served in northern Dakota
against the Indians.
The First Regiment of Minnesota Heavy
Artillery, under command of Col. William
Colvill, commenced its organization in the
summer of 1861. It did garrison duty at
Chattanooga, Tenn.
The First Minnesota Battery of Light
Artillery, commanded by Capt. Emil Munch
(afterward, by Capt. Wm. J. Clayton), en-
tered the service Nov. 21, 1861, and was
mustered out July 1, 1865. Its record of
service includes the names of Shiloh, siege
of Corinth, battle of Corinth, siege of Vicks-
burg, campaign of Atlanta, march to the
sea, and battle of Cheraw, S. C.
The Second Minnesota Battery of Light
Artillery, Capt. Wm. A. Hotchkiss, was
mustered in, March 21, 1862, and mustered
out Aug. 16, 1865. Its principal battles
were Perryville, Stone river, Chickamauga,
and Chattanooga.
The Third Minnesota Battery of Light
Artillery, Capt. John Jones, took part in
Gen. Sibley's campaign against the Indians,
in 1863, and in Gen. Sully's campaign the
next year. In 1865-66, it accompanied an-
other expedition into Dakota and was mus-
tered out Feb. 27, 1866.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.
The ten years' struggle of the Cubans
for independence not only aroused the sym-
pathy of our people, — it caused great mate-
rial loss to us. The national honor was out-
raged, moreover, by the wanton murder of
the Americans in the Mrginius expedition.
The renewal of Spanish oppression, and
< 'uban resistance in 1895 resulted in the de-
struction of our Cuban commerce and of the
property of American citizens resident in
Cuba. In the declaration of war made by
congress in April. 1898, the justification for
the war is set forth in these words: '"The
abhorrent conditions which have existed for
more than three years in the island of Cuba,
so near our own borders, have shocked the
moral sense of the people of the United
States, have been a disgrace to Christian
civilization, culminating, as they have, in
the destruction of a United States battle-
ship with 266 of its officers and crew, while
on a friendly visit in the harbor of Havana,
and cannot longer be endured." The war
lasted three months and twenty-one days.
The following are its principal events: May
1, Commodore Dewey destroyed the Spanish
fleet at Manila; July 3, Admirals Sampson
and Schley destroyed the Spanish fleet near
Santiago, Cuba; July 17, Santiago surren-
dered to the American forces; August 12,
peace protocol signed, and hostilities
ceased; December 10. treaty of peace signed
at Paris. There were about 300,000 Amer-
icans engaged in the war, in both army and
navy. Of these, one out of every thousand
was killed in battle. Forty-three Spanish
vessels were captured or destroyed. The
treaty of peace provided that Spain should
relinquish Cuba aud cede Porto Eico and the
Philippines to the I'nited States, we paying
her §20,000,000.
The following table will show the part
taken by Minnesota, North Dakota, South
Dakota, and Montana, in the war:
s
1
2i
H
c
g
Number of infantry regiments fur-
nished
Number of cavalry troops furnished
Number of men furnished
4
7
74
86
1
2
8.50
14
11
1
93
- 37
1
'i.624'
21
Number wounded in action
120
16
One Minnesota regiment, the Thirteenth
Infantry, and one North Dakota regiment,
the First Infantry, served in the Philippine
islands. The First South Dakota and the
i
k
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
First ^Montana Infantry also served in the
Philippines. The number reported above
as "killed in action" includes those who died
of wounds received in action.
POLITICAL PARTIES.
Every political paiiy is. at its inception,
the outgrowth of some dominant idea. If
the idea in which a party is rooted is one of
permanent signiflcance, the party continues
its existence indefinitely, sometimes with
a change of name; if of temporary sig-
nificance, the party dies when it has served
its purpose. Even when a party degen-
erates into a corporate scheme for promot-
ing the selfish interests of its leaders at the
expense of the people at large — even then,
an idea or a set of related ideas is ostenta-
tiously set forth in order to secure the sup-
port of the conscientious and patriotic
masses.
It is proposed to set forth summarily in
The following paragrajjhs, the ideas or prin-
ciples on which the several national polit-
ical parties of the present day are based,
and to give a concise history of each of these
parties. No mention will be made of the
many ephemeral organizations — some of
ihem serving important ends — which have
sprung up, flourished, and expired since the
establishment of the government. The
parties will be treated in the order indicat-
ed by the relative size of the popular vote
cast for their candidates for the presidency
on Nov. 6, 1900.
THE REPUBLICAN PARTY.
During the American Kevolution, there
were two political parties, the Whig and
the Tory. The former advocated independ-
ence of f Jreat Britain, — the latter, a contin-
uance of allegiance to that power. Two
parties were developed in 1787 and 1788
during the sessions of the convention which
adopted our national constitution and the
discussions in the several states upon its
adoption. One of these parties favored the
conferring of large powers ujjon the central
government — the government of the United
States — and reserving relatively little pow-
er or subordinate powers, to the individual
states. It wished the country to be a unit
40
— one strong federal union. It was claimed
that large sovereign powers for the general
government were implied in the constitu-
tion as it was adopted, and it placed a lib-
eral or loose construction upon such of its
terms as favored its views. This party
was therefore called the loose-construction-
ist or Federalist party. Those who took the
opposite view formed themselves into a
party called the Anti-Federalist party. It
favored a strict construction of the consti-
tution — a construction which vested sov-
ereignty in the individual .states. This par-
ty adopted for itself the name of Republi-
can. This name was soon changed to Dem-
ocratic Republican, and it is now called the
Democratic party. To avoid confusion we
shall speak of it uniformly by that name.
The Federalist party was practically shat-
tered with .Jefferson's election in 1800. Its
fragments reunited under the name Nation-
al Rej.ublican, in lsi>5, securing the election
of .Jolin Quincy Adams in the house of rep-
resentatives. In 1834, its members adopt-
ed the title of the ^^'hig party. The organi-
zation which to-day bears the name of the
Republican party was formed in the year
1856. It is the lineal descendant of the
Federalist party of Washington, the Nation-
al Republican party of John Quincy Adams,
and the \Miig jtarty of Henry Clay.
George Washington was the first Fed-
eralist president. The question of his elec-
tion created no division; the choice was
unanimous,— Federalists and Anti-Federal-
ists alike voted for him. During his
presidency, the French Revolution was
in progress, and Great Britain was at
war with France. It was natural that
Americans should sympathize with the
French people, from whose government
they had received substantial aid in
their struggle for independeme. Jefferson,
the Anti-Federalist leader, was desirous of
having this government give assistance to
its late ally. Washington, however, main-
tained a strict neutrality, and negotiated a
treaty (Jay's treaty) with England, thus
giving great offence to the opposition. In
the administration of John Adams (1797-
180V), the second Federalist president, the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Alien and Sedition laws were jiassed. The
Alien law conferred npon tlie president the
power to send out of the country any for-
eigners who should conspire against the
peace of the United States, and the Sedition
law provided that any one who should
malign the president or congress might be
fined and imprisoned. These laws were
very unjiopular, and having been enacted
by a Federalist congress, led to the defeat of
the party at the next election.
During the administration of John
Quincy Adams (lS25-2!t), the more conserv-
ative elements iu the Democratic Repub-
lican (Democratic) party gradually came to-
gether, and, about 1830, adopted the name
of National Republican, which was, not long
after, changed to WJiig. It favored a na-
tional bank, internal improvements carried
on by the general government, and a pro-
tective tariif. In 1840, the \Miigs elected
William Henry Harrison as president, and
John Tyler as vice president. Harrison
died one month after his inaguration, and
soon after, Tyler broke with his party by
liis veto of the national bank act. Henry
Clay, whom the Whigs nominated in 1844,
-was defeated by the Liberty (Abolition)
party, which was composed of the most rad-
ical elements among the Whigs. In 1846,
the Wilmot Proviso was introduced into
congress. It provided that slavery should
not be permitted in any territory we might
acquire from Mexico. It was supported by
northern, but opposed by southern Whigs.
Zachary Taylor was elected by the Whigs
in 1848, on his military record. The ques-
tion of slavery divided the northern from
the southern Whigs, — the northern wing
opposing the extension of slavery into new
territory. Winfield Scott, the Whig candi-
date in 1852, was comi)letely defeated, and
the party was broken up. A part of it
joined the new American party whose ral-
lying cry was "American-born rulers for
America"; the border state Whigs formed
the Constitutional Union Party — a compro-
mise party devoted to the preservation of
the Union; the southern portion united with
the Democrats; and the northern Whigs
were swallowed up in the Republican party.
The name of the new party was suggest-
ed at a meeting of a number of Whig con-
gressmen, and was first formally adopted
at a convention held in Michigan, in 1854.
The bulk of the Free Soil Party — which had
voted for Van Buren and Adams, in 1848 —
drifted into the Republican party. A na-
tional convention held in 1856 nominated
John C. Fremont on a platform which de-
clared against the repeal of the Missouri
compromise and the extension of slavery,
and in favor of aid to a Pacific railroad, of
the admission of Kansas as a free state,
and of the improvement of certain rivers and
harbors by the general government. Fre-
mont was defeated by a small majority.
The Republican party had its great
strength in the north. It was solidified
and enlarged by the uncompromising at-
titude of the slave power, adding largely
to its numbers from Democrats and others
who, on moral and economic grounds,
were opposed to the extension of slavery.
The platform of 1860 included the planks of
1856 and added two, demanding a protective
tariff and condemning threats of secession.
Abraham Lincoln was nominated and elect-
ed. In view of Republican anti-slavery prin-
ciples, many of the southern states became
alarmed for the existence of slavery and se-
ceded from the Union, thus precipitating
the Civil War. In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant
was elected on a platform which declared
for equal suffrage to all loyal men in the
south, liberal pensions for soldiers and sail-
ors, the encouragement of foreign immigra-
tion, and the removal of the restrictions im-
posed on the late rebels provided they mani-
fested a loyal spirit. The thirteenth, four-
teenth and fifteenth amendments to the con-
stitution, which were Republican measures,
were adopted in 1865, 1868 and 1870, respec-
tively. The thirteenth prohibited slavery
for the future; the fourteenth protected the
rights of freedmen, prohibited office-holding
l>y the late rebels who had held office before
the rebellion, and forbade the payment of
the Confederate debt; and the fifteenth pro-
vided that the right to vote should not be
denied on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Ill 1870, Eutlierford P.. Hayes was the
Republican nominee. The jihitfnrni de-
clared that the T'nited States is a nation
and not a lea<;ue; that i)nblic funds oujiht
not to be used to support scliools under sec-
tarian control; that no furtlier grants of
public lands should be made to corpora-
tions; that the honest demands of women
for additional privileges should he consid-
ered; that polygamy should be extirpated
from the territories; and that T'nited States
notes should be redeemed in coin. When
the returns of the vote for president were
made it was found that four of the states
had sent in two sets each of official returns.
These states were South Carolina, Florida,
Louisiana, and Oregon. If the electoral
votes of all these states were cast for
Hayes, he would have a majority of one in
the electoral college. To pass upon the
conflicting returns, the electoral commis-
sion was created by an act of congress, ap-
jjioved January 29, 1S77. The commission,
composed of five justices of the sui)renie
court, five senators and five representa-
tives, ruled that in the case of each of the
four states, the Hayes electors were the
ones whose \otes should be received. The
house of rei)reseiitatives voted to reject the
report of the commission and the senate to
accept it. As a concurrent vote of the two
houses was necessary to reject, the decision
of the commission was binding and Hayes
became president.
On the 2l2d of June. 1877, Tresident
Hayes issued the following regulation:
"Xo officer should be recjutred or permit-
ted to take part in the management of polit-
ical organizations, caucuses, conventions,
or election cam]>aigns. Their right to vote
and to exjiress their views on public ijues-
tions, either orally or through the yjress, is
not denied, jirovided it does not interfere
with the discharge of their official duties.
No assessment for political purposes on otfi-
lers or subordinates should be allowed."
The national convention of the Kei)ubl le-
an ])arty was held in Chicago, in 1880. The
platfoiui realfirmed the principle that "the
constitution of the United States is a su-
preme law and not a mere contract. Out
of confederate states it made a sovereign
nation." It further declared that revenue
duties "sliould so discriminale as to favor
American labor"; that Chinese immigration
ought to be restricted; and that honest vot-
ers in the south "must be protected agiiinst
terrorism, violence, or fraud." On this i)lat-
forin, James A. (iarfield was nominated and
elected. Four months after his inaugura-
lion, he was shot by an assassin, and the
vice ])resident, Chester A. Arthur, succeetl-
ed him.
James (1. Blaine was noininated in Chi-
cago, in 1884. The platform called for pro-
tective duties on wool, for an international
standard for the relative value of gold and
silver coinage; the regulation of interstate
commerce; civil service reform ; the enlarge-
ment of the navy; and encouragement to
the merchant marine. Blaine was defeated.
In 1888, the Republicans elected their can-
didate, Benjamin Harrison. The ])latform
adopted in Chicago said: ''We are uncom-
promisingly in favor of protection;" "\\'e
declare our opposition to * * * trusts
* * * to control the conditions of trade;"
we arc "in favor of the use of both gold and
silver as money;" "We demand the reduc-
tion of letter postage to one cent i)er ounce."
The Rejiublican convention of 18!)2 met in
Minneai)olis. Harrison was renominated
but was not elected. William McKinley was
elected in 1896, and again in 19(M). Theplat-
foi'iiis reaffirmed Rejiublican ])rinciples as
previously set forth, and added (h^clarations
in favor of a gold standard and in opjKisi
tion to the free and unlimited coinage of
silver; in favor of the construction by the
govei-iiment of an isthmian canal; and ac-
cepting the res])oiisibility of United States
sovereignty in I'orto Kico and the Philip-
pines.
THE DEMOCR.iTIC r'ARTY.
This party, which has been known, at
(litfereiit periods, as the Anti-Federalist, the
Republican, the Democratic Republican,
and, finally, the Democratic party, has as
its fuiKhimental pi'inciple the limitation of
the powers of the federal government to
those granted in the letter of the constitu-
51
U. OF ILL LIB.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tion, and the increase of the direct influence
of the people in the conduct of the govern-
ment.
Thomas Jefferson, the first Democratic
president, deviated from the principle of
strict construction in the purchase of Lou-
isiana, but all parties have since approved
his action. To protect the manufactures
that had grown up during the War of 1812,
and to relieve the financial difficulties
caused by the war, the party adopted a pro-
tective tariff and established a national
bank in Madison's administration. In 1832,
a distinctively southern, and pro-slavery
faction of the party, under the leadership
of John C. Calhoun, threatened nullification
and secession, but Andrew Jackson, a Dem-
ocratic president, saved the Union by the
wise measures he took. The ascendency of
the Calhoun wing committed the party, in
1844, to the annexation of Texas. Calhoun
was a keen logician, strictly consistent,
thoroughly honest, pure in his private char-
acter, and unreservedly committed to the
maintenance of slavery. "Texas must be
acquired," he declared in the senate, "by
purchase, if possible, — by war, if necessary,
in the interest of our peculiar institution."
Under the Democratic president, -James K.
Polk, we acquired California and other ter-
ritory from Mexico, and cleared up our title
to Oregon by treaty with Great Britain. In
1853, Franklin Pierce, a northern Demo-
crat, was elected president. The northern
Democrats did not favor slavery, but for
the sake of party and national union they
refrained from opposition to it.
Under Stephen A. Douglas' Kansas-Ne-
braska bill, in 1854, these states were per-
mitted to enter the Union with constitu-
tions prohibiting or permitting slavery, as
the people should vote. When Kansas was
admitted as a free state, the Calhoun wing
of the party proclaimed the doctrine of the
duty of government to protect slavery. In
the party convention, held in Charleston in
I860, a split occurred. Douglas was nomi-
nated for the presidency on the principle of
"popular sovereignty," but the Calhoun
wing withdrew, and afterward, in a conven-
tion held in Baltimore, nominated John C.
Breckenridge. This division resulted in
tlie election of the Republican nominee,
Abraham Lincoln.
In 1864, the Democrats nominated
(leorge B. McClellan, and in 1868, Horatio
Seymour for the presidency. The platform
adopted in New York in 1868 recognized the
(juestions of slavery and secession as hav-
ing been settled for all time. It d<'manded
The immediate restoration of the seceded
states to the Union; amnesty for political
offenders, abolition of "all political instru-
mentalities designed to secure negro su-
premacy"; and the grateful remembrance of
the soldiers and sailors who "carried the
flag of our country to victory against the
most gallant and determined foe."
Samuel J. Tilden, the nominee of the
party in 1876, had a majority of the popu-
lar vote, but the electoral commission gave
the election to R. B. Hayes, the Republican
candidate. In 1880, Winfield S. Hancock •
was nominated on a platform which pro-
claimed the principles of opposition to cen-
tralization; a tarift' for revenue only; civil
service reform; free ships; and "no more
Chinese immigration." The platform of
1884, on which Grover Cleveland was elect-
ed, modified the tariff plank so as to call for
revenue reform rather than a tariff for rev-
enue only. The platform of 1892 reaffirmed
the historic principles of the party. "We
hold," it added, "to the use of both gold and
silver as the standard money of the coun-
try." Mr. Cleveland was in that year elect-
ed for the second time.
The Democratic national convention of
1896 met in Chicago. July 7. The candidate
nominated for the presidency was William
Jennings Bryan, of Nebraska. The plat-
form announced the adherence of the party
to the principles of "freedom of speech,
freedom of the press, freedom of conscience,
the preservation of personal rights, the
equalitj- of all citizens before the law, and
the faithful observance of constitutional
limitations." The platform further de-
clares: "We demand the free and unlimit-
ed coinage of both silver and gold at the
present legal ratio of 16 to 1, without wait-
ing for the aid or consent of any other na-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tion;" "We denounce the issuance of notes
intended to circulate as money by national
banks;" "We bold that tariff duties should
be levied for purposes of revenue;" "We are
in favor of the arbitration of differences be-
tween employers * * * and employes;"
"we especially object to government by in-
junction." The National Democratic ])arty
(Sound Money Democrats) nominated John
M. Palmer, of Illinois, for the presidency.
The most notable planks in its platform —
those which indicated its diverjience from
the Bryan democracy — declared that gold is
the necessary money of the large affairs of
business and should be the standard of mon-
etary measure; and that the independence
and authority of the supreme court must be
maintained. "We condemn all efforts to
degrade that tribunal, or impair the confi-
dence and respect which it has deservedly
held." The last clause is a reply to that
plank in the Chicago platform which de-
nounced government by injunction.
The Democrats at their convention held
at Kansas City in July, 1900, renominated
Mr. Bryan, who had been defeated in ISOfi.
The platform condemned the policy of the
McKinley administration with reference to
Porto Eico, Cuba, and the Philippines; op-
posed militarism, private monopolies, and
subsidies to American shipping; and reaf-
firmed the doctrine of the free and unlimit-
ed coinage of gold and silver at the ratio
of 16 to 1. In the election that followed,
Mr. Bryan was again defeated. The Anti-
Imperialists, in a convention held at Indian-
apolis, in August, 1!)00, endorsed Mr. Bi-y-
an's candidacy, and adopted a platform in
which President McKinley was denounced
for having undertaken to sulijugate a for-
eign people (the Filipinos) "who are of right
free and independent." The Silver Repub-
licans endorsed, in 1000, Mr. Bryan's nomi-
nation.
THE PROHIBITION PARTY.
The object of the Prohibitionists is to
secure the passage of laws prohibiting the
manufacture and sale of intoxicating li(i-
uors, except for manufacturing industries,
science, and art. Such a law was passed in
Maine in 1840 and has rciiiained on the stat-
ute books ever since. Several other states
have also adopted ])roliibifory legislation.
Most of the states prohibit the sale of
liquor to minors and on Sundays. The first
national convention of the party was held
in 1S72. The names of the presidential can-
didates and the ])Oi)ular vote (in round num-
bers) for each quadrennium is as follows:
1872, James Black, 0,000; 1876, Green Clay
Smith, 10,000; 1880, Neal Dow, 12,000; 1884,
John 1*. St. John, 151,000; 1888, Clinton B.
Fisk, 250,000; 1892, John Bidwell, 270,000;
1896, Joshua Levering, 140,000; 1900, John
(i. Woolley, 197,000. The platform of 1900
arraigns the president for permitting the
sale of liquor in the army exchange or can-
teen.
THE PEOPLE'S PARTY.
The first national convention was held
at Omaha in 1892. The party stands for
the free coinage of silver and gold; a vol-
ume of money equal to not less than |50 per
capita; an income tax; government o^yner-
ship of railroads, and telegraph and tele-
phone lines; an eight-hour law; popular in-
itiative and referendum; the establishment
of postal savings banks; and the election of
president, vice president and senators by di-
rect vote of the people. The candidate for
president in 1892 was James B. Weaver,
who received a popular vote of 1,042,531.
In 1890 and 1898, this party endorsed the
Democratic candidate, Mr. Bryan. A wing
of this party refused to indorse Jlr. Bryan
for the presidency in 1900, and, under the
name of Populist (Jliddle of the Road), held
a convention in Cincinnati, at which Whar-
ton Barker was nominated for president
and Ignatius Donnelly for vice president.
The platform was substantially like that
adopted at Omaha, but with this addition:
an irredeemable, legal tender, paper money
issued by government.
THE SOCIALIST LABOR PARTY.
The first national convention under the
above name was held in New York on Au-
gust 28, 1892, and nominated Simon Wing
lor president. In 1896, the nominee was
UISTORY OF THE (JUEAT XORTIIWEST.
Charles H. Matchett. and in 1000, Joseph F.
Maloney. The popular vote for this party
was 39,000 in 18!t(>. and 32,433 in 1000. This
party demands government ownership, free
use of inventions, income tax, compulsory
education, employment by the government
of the unemployed, equal wages for men
and women, abolition of the veto power,
abolition of the senate and all upper legis-
lative chambers, female suffrage, free ad-
ministration of justice, and abolition of cap-
ital punishment, — also several things in-
cluded in the platform of the People's par-
ty. The ^^ocial Democratic party, in 1896,
nominated Eugene V. Debs for the presi-
dency. It declares the supreme political is-
sue to be "the contest between the working
class and the capitalist." Its demands are
nearly identical with those of the Socialist
Labor party, with the addition of national
insurance of working people against acci-
dents, lack of emi)loyment, and want in old
age.
The I'nion Reform party believes in "di-
rect legislation under the system known as
the initiative and referendum." The presi-
dential candidate in 100(1 was Seth H. Ellis,
of Ohio. Jonah F. R. Leonard was, in the
same year, the candidate of the United
Christian party; the principles contended
for are Christian government, observance
of the Christian Sabbath, the daily reading
of the bible in schools, etc.
POLITICS IN THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Minnesota was admitted into the T'niou
in 1S5S. The first governor, H. H. Sibley,
was a Democrat. Tlie twelve succeeding
governors were Republican. In 1808, John
Liud, a Democrat, was elected, and in 1000,
Samuel R. ^'an Sant, a Republican. In
1896, the popular vote was as follows: For
president, McKinley, 193,503, Bryan, 139,-
735; foi- governor, D. M. Clough (Rep.), 165,-
006, John Lind (Fusion-Dem.-Pop.), 162,254.
In 1808, for governor, Lind (Fusion), 132,-
024; Eustis (Rij).), 111,025. In 1000, for
president, McKinley, 188,015, Bryan, 111,-
400; for governor, Van Sant (Rep.), 152,966,
Liud (Fusion), 150,567.
North Dakota has cast a majority of its
votes for Republican presidents and govern-
ors at every election since its admission as
a state in 1889. In 1806, the popular vote
was, for president, McKinley, 26,335, Bry-
an, 20,586; for governor, Briggs (Rep.), 25,-
018, Richardson (Fusion), 20,600. In 1898,
for governor, Fancher (Rep.), 27,087,
Holmes (Fusion), 10,620. In 1000, for presi-
dent, McKinley, 35,801, Bryan, 20,519; for
governor, Frank White (Rep.), 34,052, M. A.
Whippoimann (Fusion), 22,275.
South Dakota became a state in 1889.
Her popular vote for the past few years has
been as follows: In 1896, for president,
Bryan, 41,225, McKinley, 41,042; for gov-
ernor, Lee (Pop.), 41,187, Ringerud (Rep.),
40,868; in 1898, for governor, Lee (Fusion),
37,319, Phillips (Rep.), 36,949; in 1900, for
president, McKinley, 54,530, Bryan, 39,544;
for governor, C. N. Herried (Rep.), 58,803,
B. H. Lien (Fusion), 40,091.
Montana, since its admission to the Un-
ion in 1889, has elected one governor on the
Democratic ticket, two on the Republican
ticket, and three on a Fusion ticlcet. Since
and including 1806, the popular vote has
been as follows: In 1806, for president,
Bryan, 42,537, ilcKinley, 10,404; for gov-
ernor, Robert B. Smith (Fusion), 36,688,*
Botkin (Rep.), 14,003; in 1808. for governor,
Robert B. Smith re-elected; in 1000, for
]iresident, Bryan. 37,146, McKinley, 25,373;
for governor, Joseph K. Toole (F\ision), 31,-
410, David E. Folsom (Rep.), 22,691.
I
HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.
An early inhabitant of the tounti y lying
between the St. Croix river and the Red
River of the North would need to have been
a well-informed man in order to answer cor-
rectly the question "^Vhere do you live?"
If living in the year 1S60, he might claim
the singular experience of having resided in
seven territories and states without having
changed his location. He might, when our
Civil War broke out, have truthfully made
this statement: "I am sixty years of age.
I have always lived where I do now. My
father announced mj' birth to grandmother
in a letter dated Northwest Territory, July
12, 1801. When I was seven years old, a
trapper who stayed with us over night at
our cabin in Indiana, told us that a Mr. Ful-
ton had, the year before, sailed on some
eastern river in a boat propelled by steam.
We lived in Illinois during the War of 1812,
and the news of the admission of Missouri
reached us at our home in Michigan. We
Wisconsin people were little disturbed by
the fighting at Cerro Gordo and Buena Vis-
ta, but, in common with other dwellers in
the Territory of Minnesota, I was intensely
interested in the compromise measures of
1850. I have all this time been living in St.
Paul, which is now in the State of Minnesota.
^ly friend, who has lived just across the
river, near Fort Snelling, for thirty years,
has in that time resided successively in Loui-
siana, Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota."
LOCATION AND AREA.
The state of Minnesota occupies the ex-
act center of the North American continent,
midway between the Atlantic and Pacific
oceans, and also midway between Hudson's
bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Iowa is on the
south. South Dakota and North Dakota on
ihe west, Manitoba and Ontario on the
north, and Wisconsin on the east. The
state extends from 43 degrees 50 minutes to
■J!< degrees north latitude, and from 89 de-
grees 2!l minutes to 97 degrees 5 minutes
west longitude. It contains 84,287 square
miles, or about 5.3,943,:579 acres. For every
fifteen sections of land in Minnesota there
is a square mile of lake. The name of the
state is therefore a peculiarly appropriate
one, signifying sky-tinted water.
EARLY EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLE-
MENTS.
In 1035, Jean Nicollet, a French youth of
great promise, having wintered on Lake
Michigan, told in Montreal of the Minneso-
ta country then inhabited only by Dakota
and Ojibway (Chippewa) Indians. Several
years before the first settlements were made
in the Carolinas, eastern Minnesota wjjs ex-
plored by two French fur traders who are
distinguished as being the first white men
to visit the country now called Minnesota.
They spent the winter of 1658-59 in the vi-
cinity of Mille Lacs. These men were Pe-
ter Esprit Radisson and his brother-in-law,
Des Groseilliers. A thrilling narrative of
Kadisson's voyages has recently come to
light in the discovery of a set of manu-
scripts written by himself and which, for
two hundred years, escaped the attention of
scholars in the Bodleian Library and the
British Museum. In 1679, Daniel Du Luth
led a party of traders to the western end
of Lake Superior, and held a council with
the Sioux near the site of the city which
bears his name. The next spring, he ex-
plored the St. Croix river, and at its mouth
met the Dutch Franciscan priest, Louis
Hennepin, who had in that same year dis-
covered the Falls of St. Anthony. Eight
years later, Nicholas I'errot built a fort on
Lake I'epin, near the site of Lake City, and
formally claimed the country for France.
Le Sueur fortified an island in the Missis-
sippi, near Hastings, in 1696, and four years
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
later established a fort on the Mahkahto or
Blue Earth river, near the mouth of the Le
Sueur. Here he supplied the Indians with
guns and ammunition in exchange for furs.
In 1763, at the close of the French and
Indian War, France ceded to Spain all her
territory between the Mississippi river and
the Rocky Mountains, and to Great Britain
the country between the Mississippi and
the Alleghanies. Captain Jonathan Carver,
a native of Connecticut, visited the Minne-
sota country in 17G6. He claimed to have
made a treaty with the Indians in Carver's
Cave (St. Paul), in which they ceded him
an immense tract of land. The government
did not recognize his claim. In 1783, Great
Britain relinquished her claim to all terri-
tory south of Canada and east of the Mis-
sissippi to the United States. Eastern
Minnesota formed part of the Northwest
Territory, for the government of which the
famous Ordinance of 1787 was passed. In
1803, the United States acquired western
Minnesota as part of the Louisiana Pur-
chase. In the same year, William Morrison
discovered the source of the Mississippi,
and about thirty years later, Henry R.
Schoolcraft found a name for the lake in
which the river rises, by uniting the middle
portions of the Latin words signifying
truth and source — ver-itas ca-put. Fort
Snelling was established in 1819, and fifteen
years later, Gen. H. H. Sibley made a per-
manent settlement at Mendota.
St. Paul was founded in 1838. In that
year, Pierre Parrant built a trading shanty
on the site of that city, and in 1840, a Cath-
olic chapel was erected, and consecrated to
Saint I'aul, whose name was afterward
adopted for the capital city. Stillwater was
settled in 1843 and a saw mill was imme-
diately erected there. Another saw mill
was commenced in 1847 at the Falls of St.
Anthony.
THE TERRITORY.
On the third of March, 1849, congress
passed a bill organizing the Territory of
Minnesota with its boundaries extending to
the Missouri river, and Alexander Ramsey
was appointed its first governor, serving
four years. The succeeding territorial gov-
ernors were Willis A. Gorman, 1853-57, and
Samuel Medary, 1857-58. When Governor
Ramsey arrived in St. Paul, May 27, 1849,
no suitable accommodations could be found
for himself and family, and he became the
guest of H. H. Sibley, at Mendota. These
two gentlemen were at that time intimately
associated for several weeks with two oth-
ers — Henry M. Rice and Franklin Steele.
"These four men,"' says Judge Flandrau,
"have been more prominent in the develop-
ment of the state than any others. All of
them have been honored by having impor-
tant counties named after them, and by be-
ing chosen to fill high places of honor and
trust." The population of the territory at
this time was 4,764 — about equal to the
l^resent population of St. Peter. In that
year, there were about 500 peojjle in what
is now Minneapolis, 609 in Stillwater, 840
in St. Paul, and 33 in Red Wing. In eight
years, the population of the state had
grown to 150,037 — an increase of about
3,150 per cent.
Judge Charles E. Flandrau, in his "His-
tory of Minnesota," says: "In my opinion,
the first great achievement of the first legis-
lature was the incorporation of the Histor-
ical Society of Minnesota * * » and
now possesses its greatest intellectual and
moral treasure in a library of historical
knowledge of sixty-three thousand volumes,
which is steadily increasing, a valuable mu-
seum of curiosities, and a gallery of histor-
ical paintings." The motto engraved on the
first seal of the supreme court was "Fiat
justitia ruat coelum" — "Let justice be done'
though the heavens fall." It is said that
one of the judges interpreted it thus:
"Those who defy justice will rue it when
we seal 'em."
The Mississippi was, in territorial days,
navigable for steamboats to the Falls of St.
Anthony and for a considerable distance
above. Steamboats ran regularly . up the
river to Mankato, and sometimes reached
the mouth of the Yellow Medicine.
The first Minnesota newspaper was the
Minnesota Register, the first number of
which bears the date of St. Paul, April 27,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
1849. The first number of the Pioneer was
published one day later. The St. Taul
Press was established on the first of Janu-
ary, 1861. The two last-mentioned were
united on April 11, 1875, to form the jour-
nal which has since that date existed under
the name of the St. Paul Pioneer Press. The
iirst daily in Minneapolis was the Tribune,
the initial number being dated May 25,
1867. There are now about 580 newspapers
jtublished in the state.
The railroad system of Minnesota had
its beginning in the Minnesota & Pacific,
which, in the latter part of 1861, operated a
road ten miles long, running from St. Paul
to St. Anthony. This road has grown into
the Great Northern, which now runs its
trains from St. Paul to the Pacific ocean.
There are, in round numbers, about 6,100
miles of railroad now operated in Minneso-
ta,, on a capital stock of about $264,327,000.
THE STATE.
On February 26, 1857, congress passed
an act authorizing the people of Minnesota
to form a state government. On October
13, of the same year, the people adopted a
constitution, and in the act of admission in-
to the Union passed May 11, 1858, Minne-
sota was "declared to be one of the United
States of America." The state at that time
contained a population of 150,037. The
United States censuses since 1858 show the
following totals: 1860, a population of 172,-
023; in 1870, a population of 439,706; in
1880, a population of 780,773; in 1800, a pop-
ulation of 1,301,826; and in 1900, a popula-
tion of 1,751,.3!)4. Minneapolis, which first
appeared in the national census of 1860, bad
at that time 2,564 inhabitants; the city now
numbers 202,718. The census of 1850 gave
St. Paul 1,112; that of 1900 gave her 163,-
065. In 1870, Duluth numbered 3,131; in
1900, her population was 52,969. The pop-
ulation of Winona in 1900 was 19,714; Still-
water, 12,318; and Mankato, 10,599.
The first biennial session of the state
legislature was held in 1881, the sessions
previous to that having been held annually.
The Australian system of voting was intro-
duced at the general election of 1892.
The names of the state governors, with
their terms of service, are as follows:
Henry H. Sibley, 1858-60; Alexander Ram-
sey, 1860-63; Henry A. Swift, 1863-64; Ste-
phen Miller, 1864-06; William R. Marshall,
1866-70; Horace Austin, 1870-74; Oushman
K. Davis, 1874-76; John S. Pillsbury, 1876-
82; Lucius F. Hubbard, 1882-87; A. R. Mc-
Gill, 1887-89; William R. Merriam, 1889-93;
Knute Nelson, 1893-95; David M. Clough,
1895-99; John Lind, 1899-1901; Samuel R.
Van Sant, 1901—.
THE LUMBERING INDDSTEY.
While generally considered a prairie
state, Minnesota is bountifully supplied
with timber, and a large portion of it is cov-
ered with dense forests. A strip of hard
wood timber extending in a general north
and south direction through the middle of
the state contains about 5,000 square miles,
and is called the "Big Woods." That por-
tion of the state between the Mississippi
and St. Croix rivers is well wooded, the
northern portion of it consisting of Aten-
sive jjineries.
In 1847, Mr. Daniel Stanchfield explored
the Rum river and its tributaries. He
says: "The discovery by the exploring
party of the almost inexhaustible pine tim-
ber above the falls of St. Anthony, heralded
throughout all the states and Canada,
brouglit immigration from every state, and
changed this part of the territory from bar-
barism to civilization." Billions of feet of
pine that grew on the shores of Rum river
have since been cut and made into lumber.
The report made by Mr. Stanchfield on his
return from his exploring expedition result-
ed in the construction of a dam, the build-
ing of a saw mill and the manufacture of
lumber in Minneapolis — or St. Anthony, as
it was then called. The first supply of logs
for the new mill to work up was obtained
from the Crow Wing river. A bargain was
made with the Ojibway chief, Hole-in-the-
Day, by which the latter was to receive fifty
cents for each tree (pine) hauled to the riv-
er, and, in addition, five pairs of blankets,
some calico and broadcloth, and a pony.
One and a half million feet of logs were cut
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the first winter, besides timber for a mile
aud a half of boom.
About the same time, the government
erected a saw mill near Long Prairie.
The saw mill at St. Anthony began work
September 1, 1848, and ran night and day
to supply lumber for building the houses of
imnngrants. The next year, a gang saw
mill aud two shingle mills were added. lu
1856, the surveyor general scaled over six
million feet of logs for one St. Paul firm,
and many rafts of logs were floated to St.
Louis in that year. In 1850, over six mil-
lion feet of pine logs were driven to St. An-
thony from the Rum river country. The
St. Anthony mills had at this time two
gangs and three single saws running, be-
sides two shingle mills. Many logs went to
the St. Paul boom for markets farther down
the river. In the year 1857, the cut and
drive of logs on the upper Mississippi and
Rum river exceeded forty-four million feet.
In the winter of 1853-54 the first dam
and saw mill were built at Anoka. In the
same county, mills were built between 1854
and 1857, near Centerville, at St. Francis
and at Columbus.
The manufacture of lumber was extend-
ed by the building of mills at Orono in 1851,
at Princeton in 1856, at Monticello in 1855-
56, at Clearwater in 1856 and 1858, at St.
Cloud in 1855 (by Wilson, Brott, AVelles,
and Stearns), and 1857 (by Raymond and
Owen), at Watab in 1856 (by Place, Hanson,
and Clark), at Little Falls in 1849 (by James
Green), and in 1856-58 (by the Little Falls
Manufacturing company), near the mouth
of Swan river in 1856 (by Anson Northrup),
and on the SkuJik river, Morrison county, in
1858.
Preliminary to the establishment of a
saw mill or the cutting of timber in the pin-
eries of the upper Mississippi came the
work of the "cruiser" whose office was to
Iirospect or cruise in search of the most de-
sirable areas for lumbering, to determine the
areas occui)ied by pine timber available for
logging and to estimate the amounts that
would be yielded from different tracts on
the streams of the region. It was the cus-
tom of the cruiser to supply himself with
some provisions, a blanket, a rifle or shot-
gun, with ammunition, aud matches to start
the nightly campfire, and then to go alone
or with one or two comrades, into the path-
less forests, there to collect the information
and estimates needed, remaining weeks or
sometimes even months in the woods, and
subsisting mostly on game, fish and berries.
"The first great gold mine of the North-
west was its pine timber, which was taken
from the red man almost without compensa-
tion. From the ui)per Mississippi region,
above the falls of St. Anthony, it has (up to
1900) yielded twelve billion feet of lumber,
having a value, at the places where it was
sawn, of not less than |75,000,000. This
great lumber industry, more than all our
other resources, built up the cities and
towns on the upper Mississippi and its trib-
utaries, at these falls and northward."
It will be interesting to compare meth-
ods of lumbering in the fifties with those in
vogue at the beginning of the twentieth cen-
tury. Then, the main logging roads were
cut twelve or more feet wide, straight,
smooth aud level. One end of a tree trunk
was loaded on a bob sled, the other part —
The bark being removed from the under side
so that it would slip easily on the snow —
dragged along, ^^'hen it reached the lake
or river shore, it was rolled off the sled and
the sawyers cut it into logs, cutting an own-
ership mark in each log. In the spring the
diivers rolled the logs into the water and
drove them down the river. Now, two bob
sleds are used, and, by means of a tackle
and fall, the logs are lifted upon them, some-
times to the height of ten feet. To facilitate
the drawing of such heavy loads, the ruts of
the logging roads are iced by drawing water
tanks along the roads, applying a small
stream at each side. The trees, instead of
being clioi)ped down with axes as formerly,
are sawed off at the stump.
The growth of the lumber industry in
Minnesota may be seen from the following
table, which shows the number of feet of
lumber, and the number of shingles and
lath cut in the saw mills of the state. Data
relative to shingles and lath prior to 1900
are not at hand:
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
1848
1880
1890
1900
Lumber
Shingles
2,000,000
2(B,306,000
344,494,000
i.erifi.fi+H.ooo
30X.9t)2,000
379,2,sl.n00
IRON MINING.
When Croesus, the Lydian king, dis-
played his heaps of treasure to Solon, that
wise philosojdier told him that whoever
possesses the iron of the world is able to
control the gold. Nearly twenty-five cen-
turies later, a French economist (Louis
Figuier) asserted that "Le roi des ni^taux
c'est le fer, et non pas I'or," — iron and not
gold is the king of metals. One of the rich-
est provinces of King Iron is to be found
in northwestern ^Minnesota. The first men-
tion of iron ore in northern Minnesota oc-
curs in the report of J. G. Norwood, in 1850.
Mr. Horace V. \Yinchell says: "Minnesota's
iron industry is of recent date but phenome-
nal growth. Though it is only fifteen years
since the first car load of ore was digged
in our northern wild, the industry has
grown with amazing rapidity, until to-day
an almost incessant stream of purest hem-
atite is kept moving toward the furnaces
of the east. * * * In 1880 the popula-
tion of St. Louis county was 4,504. There
was not a settlement north of Duluth." In
1!)00, the population of this county was
81!, 932. In this year the production of iron
ore, which began in 1884, was 5,878,1)08 tons.
Of this, 4,61.*?, 7fiG tons Avere produced on the
Mesalii range, and l,2fi5,142 tons on the
Vermilion range.
The iron mines of Minnesota, so far as
they have been developed, are situated in
St. Louis county, north and northwest of
Lake Superior. The two iron belts lie about
twenty miles apart and extend in an easter-
ly and westerly direction. On the south,
and hence nearer to Lake Superior and the
ore shipping ports, is the Mesabi range,
whose rocks may be traced from Cook coun-
ty on the east, through St. Louis and into
Itasca county on the west, — more than 150
miles. The iron ore of the Vermilion range
is not nearly as regular and well defined,
but the rocks of that general formation al-
so extend from Cook into Itasca through
St. Louis county, — a distance of more than
125 miles. The ore deposits are not con-
tinuous, but are scattered along in groups,
at irregular intervals. On the Vermilion
range, there are two groups of mines, situ-
ated at Ely and Tower, respectively, — these
places being twenty -three miles apart.
The shipi)ing point for these mines is Two
Harbors, in Lake county, 68 to 90 miles
distant from the mines. On the Mesabi
range, the groups of mines are centered
around the cities of Biwabik, McKinley,
Sjiarta, Eveleth, Virginia, Mountain Iron,
and Hibbing. The ore from this range is
hauled by rail about 75 miles to Duluth
and Superior.
The iron ore from the iron mines of Jlin-
nesota is carried by rail and water to ports
on Lakes Michigan and Erie and thence by
rail to fui-naces in Ohio and Pennsylvania.
The amount of cajiital invested in Lake
SuiKM'ior iron mining is estimated at |250,-
000,00(1. This includes the investment in
mines, docks, raili'oad transportation, and
lake fleets.
As methods of handling and mining ore
liave improved, prices have declined; the
margin between the cost of production and
the selling price has grown smaller and
smaller, and earnings have been made on
larger outjiuts and greater economy of oper-
ation. The prices paid for the ore delivered
at Cleveland and other lower lake ports
have fluctuated much — reaching their high-
est point (fl2 per ton) for Bessemer ore, in
1873. From that time, prices have declined.
In 1891, this ore brought |6, and in 1895,
|2.75 to |3.50 per ton. Non-Bessemer ore
brought, in 1895, |1.90 to |2.30 per ton.
Inasmuch as several of the mines on the
Mesabi range are owned by the state of Jlin-
nesota. it is evident that the state has a
l)ecnniary interest in their development.
The royalties paid from such mines into the
state treasury in 1899 and 1900. at the legal
rate of twenty-five cents jier ton. amount to
.f33,(!fi9.91.
QUARRYING.
At Sauk Bajtids and St. Cloud, granite
(|uarrying was begun in 18fi7. Numerous
varieties are quarried and have been much
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
used in the r-onstruction and trimminji of
buildings, bridges ete. Gneiss has been ex-
tensively quarried near Ortonville since
18S7.
Qnartzite — a very hard and crystalline
sandstone — was quarried in the Minnesota
Valley, opposite New Ulm, in 1850. It
forms a great ridge in Cottonwood county
and has plentiful outcrops in Pipestone and
Rock counties. It is used for building stone
under the name of jasper. Near the vil-
lage of Pipestone, the red quartzite encloses
a thin layer of a red and mottled clayey
rock known as pipestone (catlinite). It
covers an area of only a few acres, and is
the only formation of its kind in the world.
It is used by the Indians for making pipes
and ornaments.
Sandstone quarrying was begun at
Hinckley in 1878, and later at Sandstone on
the Kettle river. The red sandstone at
Fond du Lac was first quarried in 1870.
Varieties of sandstone were quarried at
Jordan in 1858, at Mendota in 1869, and at
Dresbach in 1881.
Quarries of valuable limestones were
opened near St. Paul and Minneapolis in
1820, at Stillwater in 1847, at Mankato in
1853, at Winona in 1854, at Mantorville in
1856, and at Kasota in 1868. Stone from
these and many other quarries in the state
are shipped to Chicago, Winnipeg, and
many other cities throughout the North-
west.
AGRICULTURE.
The agricultural history of Minnesota is
practically the history of the state. Of the
four sources from which all the material
wealth of the world is drawn— the field, the
forest, the mine, the sea — Minnesota is
richly endowed with three. The soil is
fruitful, the climate is good, there is an
abundance of rainfall, and all the condi-
tions exist which underlie successful farm-
ing. Minnesota is very near the northern
limit of the best wheat production, and it
is an established fact that the nearer the
northern limit animal or vegetable growth
can be carried on, the better will be the
results. As to quality, Minnesota No. 1
hard is esteemed as the very best in the
markets of the world.
In the year 1860, Minnesota produced
2.186,!)!):{ bushels of wheat; in 1868 the
product was 16,128,875 bushels, — an average
of 17.75 bushels per acre. In the latter year
the average in Illinois was 14.5 bushels, in
Ohio, 11.6 bushels, and in Indiana, 10.5
bushels per acre. The average of corn per
acre in ^Minnesota was 23.32 bushels in 1866,
31.95 in 1867, and 39.93 in 1868. Similar
statistics show a parallel growth in the
production of oats, potatoes, barley, rye,
buckwheat, hay, flax, butter, cheese, and
other farm products, as well as in the stock-
raising industry.
The following table shows the principal
agricultural and live stock resources of the
state from the latest report:
Wheat 58,623,241 bu. Horses 559,060
Oats 53,101,86S " Cows 610,496
Com 37,149,314 " Working Oxen 1,220
Barley 12,510,935 " Other Cattle 451,246
Potatoes 9,284,722 " Sheep 316,965
Flaxseed 3,604,632 " Hogs 401,806
Rye 1,521,819 "
Timothy Seed... 247,348 "
Clover Seed 40,876 "
The butter and cheese industries of the
state have had a remarkable growth in
the past few years. In 1900 there were
641 creameries and cheese factories. Min-
nesota butter to-day commands the highest
price. Its value is recognized not onlj'
throughout the United States, but is in
great demand in the British markets. It
took four of the five prizes offered at the
late Trans-Mississippi Exposition at Omaha.
A similar statement would be true in regard
to ilinnesota honey.
A valuable and interesting account of
the development of agriculture in the Red
River valley of JMinnesota is contained in
Vol. 25 of the United States Geological Sur-
vey, by Warren J. Upham, now secretary
of the Minnesota Historical Society. There
is room here for only a few brief extracts.
Condensation requires some changes in lan-
guage, and quotation marks are therefore
omitted.
In pre-Columbian times, and onward to
the present day, the Indians of the Red
River valley have cultivated fields of maize,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
potato(^s, and s(]naslies. Tlic tirs( iiiiniijii'a-
lion of white men to colonize this fertile
basin was in 1812, when the early pioneers
of the Selkirk settlements established their
homes as far south as Pembina. Small
bands of farmers settled further up the
river in the sixties, but the main tide of im-
migration came after the Northern Pacific
railroad (1870-72) and the Great Northern
(lS7o) had provided means of sending the
staple product to the markets of St. Paul,
^linneapolis and Duluth. All the wheat is
sown in the sprinji;. It is a remarkable fact
that in the year 1890 the Red River valley
])roduced 2S~i busliels of wheat for evei-y
man, woman and child of that ref;ion. The de-
velojiment of that portion of the state will ap-
])ear in the followinp; comparison of acreage
and production of the wheat in 1880 and
]8!)0. The statistics refer to the six most
northerly counties of Minnesota bordering
on the Red River of the North. In 1880:
W.i:My^ acres, 1,092,183 bush.; in 1800, 600,-
000 acres, 8,000,000 bush. In the latter
year, the other leading i)roducts of the same
counties, excluding Kittson, were as fol-
lows: Oats, 102,58-4 acres, 2,784,77.3 bush.;
barley, 35,891 acres, 671,850 bush.; tame
hay, 15,908 acres, 27,182 tons; potatoes,
5,512 acres, 427,413 bush.; flaxeed, 2,494
acres, 20,252 bush.; wild hay, 183,103 tons.
In 1891, the amount of live stock in the
six counties first named was as follows:
Horses, mules, and asses, 36,910; neat cat-
tle, 80,594; sheep, 26,002; swine, 14,473.
The first wheat was shipped from the
state in 1857, from the Le Sueur prairie.
In 1859, a few thousand bushels raised prin-
cipally about Le Sueur and St. Peter were
shipped by boat to St. Louis. This cargo
was supplemented by hickory hoo])-poles
from Chaska. In that day Milwaukee was
the market for most of the grain shipped
out of the state. In 1862, the first flour
was shipped from Minneapolis.
THE STATE AGRICULTDRAL SOCIETY.
This society was incorporated in 1868,
although a similar society had been in ex-
istence as far back as territorial days, and
in 1867, the state had appropriated |1,000
for its encouragement. In 1885, Ramsey
county offered to convey to the state 200
acres of land adjoining the city of St. Paul
for the purpose of holding annual exhibi-
tions, and the state at once appropriated
|100,000 for permanent improvements. In
1887, a further api)ropriation of .|50,000
was made. Previous to this the annual
fairs had been held in various parts of the
state. The state now appropriates $4,000
annually to aid in the payment of premiums
to exhibitors.
The society is prosperous, and holds an-
nual fairs on its grounds in September.
Other societies which have done much to
promote the agricultural interests of the
state are: The Horticultural Society, the
Forestry Association, the Dairymen's As-
sociation, the Butter and Chese Makers' As-
sociation, the Poultry Association, and the
Ree Keepers' Association.
FARMEUS' INSTITUTES.
The chief aim of these institutes is to
disseminate among the farmers information
that will be helpful to them. More than
forty are held every year in the various agri-
cultural centers of the state. Those held
between November and A])ril continue two
days, and the summer institutes — held be-
tween seed time and harvest — last one day.
The work of this institution began in 1887.
As instructors and lecturers in these insti-
tutes, persons are selected who have made
a practical success of agriculture, horticul-
ture, stock-raising etc. Hundreds of ques-
tions are asked of these instructors by the
farmers and their wives who eagerly crowd
to the institutes. Reports of the addresses,
discussions, questions, and answers are pub-
lished in the county papers, and are collect-
ed in an illustrated annual of about 400
pages, twenty thousand copies of which are
jtrinted and distributed among the farmers
of the state. This work has, for several
years, been under the immediate supervision
of O. <". <Jregg of Lynd, Lyon county.
THE SCHOOL OF AGRICDLTDRB.
This school is unique in its plan and
methods. It is not a high school or a school
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
for general culture. It is a farm which has
facilities for instructing both young men
and young women in the science of field
and domestic farming, and for affording
them practice and observation in the best
methods of doing the actual work of farm-
ers. Its success has exceeded all expecta-
tions. It started in 1S88 with forty-seven
students; in 1899-1000, the enrollment was
503, — 423 males and 80 females. Nearly all
its students are the sons and daughters of
farmers, and most of its graduates are en-
gaged in farming. The course of study in-
cludes agriculture, blacksmithing, botany,
carpentry, drawing, study of breeds, lan-
guage, sewing, cooking, chemistry, dairying,
fruit growing, poultry, physics, home econ-
omy, civics, dressing and curing meats, feed-
ing, forestry, machinery, fertilizers, veteri-
nary science, etc. This school is supported
by a liberal annual Appropriation from the
state, and is worth many times its cost in
the increased intelligence it brings to bear
on that industry which is the main eco-
nomic stay of the state.
FLOUR MANUFACTURE.
While the leading industry of Minnesota
is agriculture, the manufacture of flour is
especially worthy of note from the fact that
the output of this commodity in the state is
nearly equal that of all other portions of the
United States.
In the middle of the nineteenth century,
farmers depended on the horse mill for
grinding their wheat and corn. In 1867, a
wind power grist mill was established at
Owatonna, and in 1868 a similar mill at
Mankato ground 160 bushels of wheat daily,
— the equivalent of about 30 barrels of flour.
In 1867, there were in Minnesota seven 60-
foot wind wheel flouring mills. The first
flour mill run by water power in the state
was built in 1822 by the United States gov-
ernment at St. Anthony Falls to supply
flour for the garrison at Fort Snelling. It
was operated by soldiers.
In 1850, Minnesota produced 1,401 bush-
els of wheat, and the flour output was val-
ued at 1500. In 1900, the wheat product
was about 70,000,000 bushels and the value
of flour manufactured was about |100,000,-
000. Froin 1850 to 1855, small grist mills
wei'c built on the streams of Houston, Wi-
nona, ^^'abasha, Dakota, Hennepin, Sher-
burne, Fillmore, and Olmsted counties. In
1851, the flrst grist and merchant mill was
erected at St. Anthony Falls in East Min-
neapolis. "The Minnesota," a five-run mill,
was built in Minneapolis in 1854. It was
situated on Hennepin Island. The mill cost
•fin, 000 and brought its owners a net profit
of .f24,000 the first year. As sufficient Min-
nesota wheat to supply this mill could not
be obtained, wheat was hauled by wagon
100 miles from Wisconsin, or by boat from
Iowa. "The Minnesota" was the first mill
to ship Minnesota flour to eastern markets,
in 1858. It paid f2.25 per barrel freight, —
over five times the present cost.
The Globe Milling com])any of New Ulm
was a corporation to manufacture flour
in Minnesota. The mill had a daily capaci-
ty of 50 barrels, and began operation in
1858. Limitation of space forbids more than
the mere mention of the beginnings of flour
milling at Northfield in 1856, at Dundas in
the sixties, at Hastings before 1859, at Isin-
ours, on the Root river in 1855, and at Min-
netonka Mills in 1853. In 1860, Minnesota
had 85 flouring mills, 63 of which were run
by water and 22 by steam. These mills,
from 1,273,509 bushels of wheat, produced
254,702 barrels of flour, valued at |1,310,431,
— an increase of |1,309,931 in ten years. In
1861, the estimated daily output of the Min-
neapolis mills was 4,000 barrels, — about
one-third of the present output of the "Pills-
bury A" mill.
In the decade of 1860-70, the number of
mills had increased to 216, their output to
about 1,000,000 barrels of flour, and 500,000
bushels of corn meal, all valued at $7,500,-
000.
The manufacture of flour was revolu-
tionized in 1870 by the introduction of the
"new process" of saving the gluten of the
wheat berry by means of the middlings puri-
fier. The value of Minnesota flour was in-
ireased $1 or $2 per barrel by the use of
this, the invention of the brothers Nicholas
and Edmund N. La Croix, who were Minne-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHWEST.
sofa millei'S. In 1874, the roller process
was introduced into tbe "Washburn A"
mill at Minneapolis.
In 11)01, Minnesota had about 400 flour
and grist mills, with an aggregate daily
capacity of about 140,000 barrels. The
manufacture of this flour requires about
115,000,000 bushels of wheat. Fifteen mil-
lion barrels of Minnesota flour go to foreign
countries, and more than one-half of this
to Great Britain and Ireland. Our other
]>rincipal foreign markets are in the follow-
ing order: AX'est Indies, Hong Kong, Brazil,
and Germany.
The ten largest milling centers in the
T'nited States "as measured by their flour
outi)ut in 1S99 are as follows: Detroit, 504,-
700 barrels; Nashville, 680,S0:i; Buffalo,
1,068,044; Kansas City, 1,094,846; Chicago,
1,125,745; Toledo, 1,150,000; St. Louis, 1,166,-
4:>!t; Milwaukee, 1, 7:57,826; Duluth-Superior,
],7(i:!.020; jMinueai)olis, 14,291,780."
OnJan. 21, 1901,Mr. Geo. D. Rogers de-
livered an exceedingly interesting and valu-
able address on the history of flour manu-
facture in Minnesota. At the conclusion of
this address, from which most of the above
data have been drawn, he says: ''At the
World's Exposition at Paris during tbe past
yv.iv. bread made from Minnesota flour car-
ried off the prize medal for the best bread
in the world, and Minnesota flour likewise
took first premium in the contest for the
best flour in the world, showing that Min-
nesota holds the world's sweepstakes for
the quantity and (piality of ])r()duct."
HISTORY OF SOUTH DAKOTA.
C. W. G. HYDE.
The state of South Dakota lies in the
heart of North America. It is north of
Nebraska, east of AA'yoniing and Montana,
south of North Dakota, and west of Min-
nesota and Iowa. Its area is 77,850 sijuare
miles. It is about equal in size to Nebraska
or I'ruguay, one and a half times as large
as New York or England, more than twice
fhe size of Indiana, and nearly seven times
the size of Belgium. It would take nearly
ten states like ^Massachusetts and sixty-two
like Rhode Island to equal South Dakota
in area.
The natural divisions of South Dakota
are the Missouri valley, which has become
noted for a production of corn and hogs
(■(|ual to that of Illinois and Iowa. The Big
Sioux valley, which contains fine quarries
of granite and jasi)er I'ock and a fertile soil;
the James River valley, which produces the
finest wheat grown in the state, and which
is the finest artesian well district in the
world; centrjil Dakota, which includes the
divide and prairies between the Missf)uri
and -Tames rivers, and which is well adapt-
ed to grain and stock farming; the Sioux
reservation in the northwestern part of the
state; the Sisseton reservation in the north-
eastern corner of the state — a rich tract of
agricultural land; and tbe Black Hills in
the southwest, which are chiefly noted for
their abundant deposits of gold, silver, lead,
tin, coi>per, gypsum, niica, cements, clays,
coal, graphite, iron, marble, zinc, etc.
The aboriginal inhabitants of South Da-
kota were the Crow, Cheyenne and Sioux
Indians. A detailed account of these abo-
rigines is given elsewhere in this volume.
TERRITORIAL CIIANOES.
1. South Dakota, in i- inoii with oth-
er parts of the west was a hunting ground
for roving bands of Indians from time im-
memorial.
2. La Salle, a French explorei-. formally
took possession of all the country drained
by the Jlississippi and its tributaries, and
named it for his king — Louis XIV. — Louis-
iana.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
3. In 1762, France ceded the country to
Spain, but it was retroceded to France un-
der the treaty of St. Ildepbonso in 1800. In
1803, Louisiana became the property of the
United States by purchase.
It is now necessary to distinguish the
changes made in the eastern section of the
state from those made in the western sec-
tion, — the Missouri river constituting the
dividing line.
4. The western section of the state be-
came a part of Missouri Territory in 1812,
and afterward of Mandan Territory. In
1854, it was incorporated in the Territory
of Nebraska.
5. The eastern section was a part of
Missouri Territory from 1812 to 1834, of
Michigan Territory from 1834 to 1836, of
Wisconsin Territory from 1836 to 1838, of
Iowa Territory from 1838 to 1849, and of
Minnesota Territory from 1849 to 1858.
From 1858, when the state of Minnesota
was organized, until 1861, it had no legal
name or existence. In the latter year, Da-
kota Territory was organized, including both
of the present Dakotas, together with Mon-
tana, Wyoming, and part of Idaho.
6. In 1873, the boundaries of Dakota
Territory were i-eadjusted so as to include
North and South Dakota as they now are.
7. On Nov. 2, 1889, South Dakota was
organized as a state with its present bound-
aries.
EARLY HISTORY.
The first party of American explorers to
ascend the Missouri river into the land of
the Dakotas was that conducted by Cap-
tains Lewis and Clarke, and was organized
immediately after the consummation of the
Louisiana purchase. The party entered the
Missouri river in boats from the Mississip-
pi, May 4, 1804. Twenty-three days later,
they passed the mouth of the James river,
and near the place where Yankton now
stands, an Indian swam to their boats and
informed them that a large body of Sioux
was near. The party landed and met the
Indians at Calumet Blutf, making speeches
and giving presents. On the 24th of Sep-
tember, they reached the mouth of the Te-
ton, now called the Bad, river. They re-
mained in their canoes in the river, opposite
the site of Pierre, for one day, the Indians
being so hostile that they did not venture to
land. On October 1, they passed the mouth
of the Cheyenne. Here they met Mr. Valle,
a French trader, who informed them that
he had passed the preceding winter in the
mountains (Black Hills) where the river
takes its rise.
Soon after the Lewis and Clarke expedi-
tion, American traders and adventurers be-
gan to push their way into the hitherto un-
known Nor-thwest, establishing posts for fur
trade with the natives. The furs and pel-
tries were taken to St. Louis in the spring,
the journeys down the upper tributaries be-
ing often made in circular boats of skins,
with which the channel could be followed,
regardless of sand-bars, snags, and dark-
ness. The first trading posts were estab-
lished in the country about 1809. It is .
claimed that Pierre Chouteau, of the Amer-
ican Fur company, was the first man to run
a steamboat up the Missouri river into Da-
kota, and with him as pilot the steamer An-
telope passed up the river into the Dakotas
in 1832.
It is said that a stone slab has been
found on the top of Mount Lookout, near
Spearfish, upon which this inscription had
been cut:
"Came to the Hills in 1833, seven of us.
Doctor Lacon, Ezra Kind, G. W. Wood, F.
Brown, R. Kent, William King, Indian
Crow, all dead but me, Ezra Kind. Killed
by Indians beyond the High Hill. They
got all our gold, June, 1834." On the op=
posite side is this inscription:
"Got all the gold we could carry; our
ponies were got by the Indians. I have lost
my gun and have nothing to eat. Indians
are hunting me.''
No permanent settlement was made in
South Dakota until 1856, when Sioux Falls
was settled. The first census of Dakota
was taken in 1861, and showed a popula-
tion of 2,402. In 1868, there were 12,000
whites in the territory. The first telegraph
line was built from Sioux City to Yankton
in 1870, and in 1872, a railroad was finished
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
between the two places. In 1874, pold was
discovered iu the Black Hills, and in 1S77,
the Black Hills region was opened to white
settlement.
The governors of Dakota Territory, from
the date of its organization, March 2, ISfil,
were as follows: William Jaynes, 1861-03;
Newton Edmunds, 18G3-6G; Andrew J.
Faulk, 1866-69; John A. Burbank, 1869-74;
John L. Pennington, 1874-78; William A.
Howard, 1878-80; Xehemiah (j. Ordway,
1880-84; Gilbert A. Pierce, 1884-87; Louis
K. Church, 1887-89; Arthur C. Mellette,
1889.
THE STATE.
On February 22, 1889, I'resident Cleve-
land signed an act empowering the people
of >?outh Dakota to adopt a constitution pre-
paratory to admission into the Union as one
of the United States. A constitutional con-
vention met at Sioux Falls on July 4, 1889.
As the people had voted to endorse a consti-
tution which had been adopted four years
before, the duties of the convention were
limited to making such changes in that c(m-
stitution as related to the name and bound-
ary of the proposed state and to the reap-
portionment of legislative and judicial dis-
tricts, and such amendments as might be
necessary to comply with the admission act.
A provision of the constitution relating to
the ju-ohibition of the liquor traffic was sub-
mitted to the people separately, as follows:
"No person or corporation shall manu-
facture, or aid in the manufacture for sale,
anj' intoxicating liquor. No person shall
sell or keep for sale, as a beverage, any in-
toxicating liquor. The legislature shall by
law prescribe regulations for the enforce-
ment of the provisions of this secti(m and
provide suitable and adecjuate jtenaltics for
the violation thereof."'
The constitution, including the ])roliib-
itory provision, was adopted by po]>ul:ir
vote on October 1, and on November •'', 18S;i,
President Harrison issued his proclanuUion
admitting Houth Dakota to the Union. Ar-
thur C. Mellette was elected governor, and
the first state legislature, on October 17,
chose two United States senators, viz., K. F.
Pettigrew and Gideon C. Moody. The gov-
ernors of the state since that time have
been as follows: Arthur C. Mellette, 1889-
93; Charles H. Sheldon, 1893-97; Andrew E.
Lee, 1897-1901; C. F. Herreid, 1901—. R.
F. Pettigrew rejiresented South Dakota in
the United States senate from 1889 to 1901;
and Gideon (;. Moody, from 1889 to 1891.
James H. Kyle succeeded Senator Moody in
1891, and was re-elected in 1897. In 1901,
Pobert J. Gamble was elected to succeed
Senator Pettigrew.
The population of South Dakota in 1870
was 11,776; in 1880. 98,268; in 1890, 328,808;
and in 1900. 401,.570.
There are twelve cities in South Dakota
having a population greater than 2,000. In
Ihe following list the first number which
comes after the name of each city denotes
Ihe population in 1890, the second number,
the population iu 190(»:
Aberdeen, 3,182—4,087; Brookings, 1,518
— 2,346; Deadwood, 2.366 — 3,498; Huron,
3,038—2,793; Lead, 2,.'581— 6,210; .Madison,
1.736—2,550; Mitchell, 2,217—4,055; Pierre,
3.235—2,306; Sioux Falls, 10,177-1^,266;
N'ermilion, 1,496—2,183; Watertown, 2,672
—3,352; Yankton, 3,070-4,125.
In 1890, about 12,000,000 acres of fine
farming lands embraced in the Sioux reser-
vations were opened to settlement, and the
lands were promptlj' occupied by settlers.
One tract of these lands lay between Ameri-
can and Medicine creeks on the east, and
< "heyenne and White rivers on the west side
of the Missouri, and also included all that
]iortiou of the <ireat Sioux reservation lying
south of the forty-sixth i)arallel and west of
the 103d meridian. Another tract lay north
of the city of Watertown. In the same
year, a stringent law was passed prohibit-
ing the manufacture, sale or giving away of
intoxicating liquors, under heavy penalties.
In 1898, an amendment to the state consti-
(ution was adopted providing that the state
should conti'ol the manufacture and sale of
li(|uors, but this amendment was repealed
in (111- year 190(1.
South Dakota was the tirst state to estab-
lish Ihe initiative and referendum as a part
of the law-making process, an amendment
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
to the constitution enibodvins this principle
having been adoi)ted in 1898.
GOLD MINING.
Gold was first known to exist in the
Black Hills in 1858, having been discovered
by Lieut. Wheeler, a government scientific
explorer, near the Wyoming border. Two
years later gold was again found in small
quantities near the place now known as
Jenny's Stockade, on Beaver creek. In
1861, Gen. Harney's party found fine pros-
pects on French creek.
In the year 1874, Gen. G. A. Custer con-
ducted a military and scientific expedition
from Fort Abraham Lincoln, N. D., to Bear
Butte, in the Black Hills, and explored the
country south, southeast, and southwest of
the latter point. Capt. Ludlow, chief engi-
neer of the expedition, under date of Au-
gust 23, 1874, says:
"Whatever may ultimately be deter-
mined as to the existence of large amounts
of precious metals in the Black Hills, the
evidence gathered on the trip was discour-
aging to that supposition. It is probable
that the best use to be made of the Black
Hills for the next fifty years [up to 1925]
would be as the permanent reservation of
the Sioux." Gen. Custer, in his report of this
expedition, says that while no discoveries
were made of gold deposits in quartz, an
even, if not very rich, distribution of gold is
to be found in the valleys. He was satisfied,
however, that gold in satisfactory quantities
could be obtained in the Hills. A few days
later the general again refers to the discovery
of gold and states that additional evidence of
its existence in paying quantities has been
discovered.
In October of the same year a party of
twenty-five explorers and miners started
for the Black Hills from Sioux City, Iowa.
On the 24th of December they found gold in
Custer's Park, near where Custer City now
stands. This was the first gold produced in
a mining camp in the Black Hills. In the
spring of 1875, these miners were arrested
and conducted out of the Hills by United
States soldiers, as they were trespassing on
an Indian reservation, and their lives were
in danger. Prospectors and miners persist-
ed in carrying on their work in the Hills in
spite of government opposition, and the
president at last, in 1875, began negotiations
with the Indians, looking to a cession of the
Black Hills region.
The discovery of gold in the Black Hills,
in the vicinity of Deadwood, which was the
forerunner of the real gold find in the Black
Hills, was made in the summer of 1875 by
a party of gold seekers from the Cheyenne
River agency, near where Pierre, the capital
of the state, is now located. These men
had been told by the Indians of the exist-
ence of gold in the hills. The party con-
sisted of Dick Lowe, Tom Moore, Frank
Bryant, Sam Blodget, J. B. Pearson, James
Pearman and George Hauser, who came in
with pack animals.
The gold was discovered in Whitewood
Gulch, about 300 yards above the mouth of
Spruce Gulch, at a point which is now with-
in the first ward of the city of Deadwood.
The country on the route between the Chey-
enne river and the point at which they made
their first find was thoroughly prospected
without finding any gold. They remained
in the gulch about six weeks, when their
food gave out, and Lowe, Moore and Pear-
man returned to the Missouri river for pro-
visions. The remainder of the party went
to the Southern Hills and were arrested and
taken out of the country by the military.
Frank Bryant and two others located the
first mining claim taken up in Deadwood
Gulch, November 17, 1875.
A treaty with the Indians was finally
concluded on September 26, 1876, and was-
ratified and approved by the president, Feb-
ruary 28, 1877. The countrj- ceded was all
that region west of the 103d meridian which
is included by the north and south forks of
the Cheyenne river.
In the meantime, the Castle Creek Drain
Ditch company was organized and com-
menced work on September 1, 1876. Al-
though this company abandoned its claim
on Castle creek within a year because of
the impossibility of pumping water for their
ditch, one of their number, Mr. Sidney E.
Cornell, declares that he shall never re-
J
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
gret liavinfi; gone there, "for there I found
the best niififjet of them all — a faithful help-
mate who is with me ret. a true and lovinp;
wife." The total product of frold in South
Dakota for the year l.'^ni was .«;a.ll2.fino ; for
189.3, S«4,n00.nn0; for isno, |;S,2.3.5.0nO; for
1898, ,«!S.nOO.(lOfl; for 1S99, «9.]:?1.4?.fi. and
for 1900 (estimated I. *14,000,000. South Da-
kota ranks tliird among the states of the
Union in the production of gold. It is es-
timated that up to April 1. 1900. the Black
Hills had yielded gold to the value of ^87,-
000.000.
WHEAT RAISING.
During early times in South Dakota,
conditions were so favorable that a very lit-
tle care and work brought an abundant
yield. The immediate result was a heed-
lessness on the part of farmers which
brought temporary disaster. More careful
preparation of the soil and diversified farm-
ing have brought renewed prosperity. The
hard varieties of wheat can be successfully
raised in the northern part of the state.
The raising of blue stem wheat has been
made a success, and it is a valuable wheat
to raise, considering quality and yield. The
losses in quality of wheat by smut, in South
Dakota, in early days, no longer occur to
any considerable extent. The average yield
of wheat is about twelve bushels per acre,
and in an average year, the state produces
from thirty-six to forty-five million bushels.
The average price obtained by the South
Dakota farmer for a period of six years is
fifty-two and three-fourths cents per bushel,
according to the latest obtainable statistics.
THE DAIRY AND CREAMERY INDUSTRY.
"The great siiccess to which dairying in
South Dakota has attained is due mainly to
two potent factors," says Prof. A. H.
Wheaton. These two factors are "the ex-
cellent quality of the native grasses and the
extreme cheapness and wonderful fertility
of the soils. The native grasses of South
Dakota are wonderfully rich in nutrition of
those peculiar qualities which make them a
natural and nearly balanced ration for ani-
mals designed for beef, and for milch cows."
"The butter produced from them is of a
very high order" as to flavor, texture, and
long keeping.
In the early days of South Dakota, the
conditions referred to above were not un-
derstood, but as the state grew older it be-
came apparent to agriculturists that in or-
der to secure themselves against loss in
years that were not favorable to the produc-
tion of good grain crops, they must raise
some kind of stock. "Ex])eriments were in-
augurated by the ExperinuMital Station and
by farmers of all classes along these lines,
which resulted in the almost unanimous
ojtinion that South Dakota was, and is, one
of nature's ideal spots for grazing purposes.
The results, indeed, were far beyond the ex-
jiectations of the tuost sanguine.
"From a very few creameries established
in 189(1, the industry of dairying and espe-
cially buttermaking has rapidly spread un-
til now nearly the whole state east of the
Missouri river is engaged in it. January
1, 1S!)8, there were li5 successful cream-
eries in operation," and it is now estimated
that there are over two hundred. Th%plan
was followed of "establishing creameries in
localities where wheat raising had been es-
pecially disastrous during the driest sea-
sons.
"^\'hile it has now been completely dem-
onstrated that so long as the lands remain
at the present price, dairying can be carried
on in South Dakota with profit, it is as true
that twice as many creameries can be suc-
cessfully operated" and large investments
may profitably be nuide in the erection of
additional creameries and the stocking of
more farms with milch cows. Capitalists
who desire to find a paying and safe invest-
ment are learning that the dairying indus-
try in this state brings them a good rate of
interest and that the milch cow in South
Dakota is never a defaulter. "Gilt-edged
security is no longer considered to be a
mortgage on real estate, but on cows and
steers. Thousands of car loads of each
have been shipped into the state during the
past six months, the cows generally remain-
ing east of the Missouri river, while the
steers are more generally shiiiiicd to owners
who live west of the Great Muddy.'
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
The profits from this industry reach into
the millions, and those engagced in it are on
the hijjh road to wealth. The dairying in-
dustry east of the Missouri and the raising
of beef cattle west of that river are corner
stones in the agricultural prosperity of
South Dakota. At the convention of the
National Creamery Buttermakers' associa-
tion, held in St. Paul, Minn., in February,
1901, South Dakota was awarded a silver
cup — one of five — for best state exhibit.
THE SHEEP INDUSTRY.
It is not known just when the first sheep
were brought to South Dakota, but it is cer-
tain that sheep raising has not until quite
recently assumed large proportions in the
state. At the present time, she occupies a
prominent place among the sheep raising
states of the Fnion, although a small pro-
portion of her natural advantages in that
direction have been utilized. The most
practical evidence of her rank in this indus-
try is to be found in her large shipments of
wool, mutton, and breeders. "Her grass
mutton," says Hon. M. F. Greeley, "fre-
quently tops the eastern markets, her grain
finished lambs seldom fail to do so, and her
wools are now well and favorably known in
all the great wool centers and mills. The
more we see and know of South Dakota's
great natural advantages for the econom-
ical production of wool and mutton, the
more are we convinced that Dakota is and
always will be a great sheep country. Sheep
thrive best in the high, cool altitudes of the
mountains. Dakota is a vast, almost level
mountain."
The sunshine which prevails almost con-
stantly in South Dakota is a source of im-
mense profit to her shepherds. Hygienic
conditions are afforded by dry winters, and
the steadily low temperature of the winter
months favors the growth of a heavy fleece.
There are few localities that afford as great
a variety of sheep foods as South Dakota.
Her sugar beets are unrivalled for sweet-
ness, and her grass, roots, and weeds are
more than usually sweet and nutritious.
"Out of about 600 plants, weeds and grasses
growing wild in the state, a cow will eat
about fifty-seven of them, a horse eighty-
two, and a sheep, 576. Weedy hay is poor-
ly and only partly eaten by cows and
horses, while sheep eat the weedy part first,
and their pasture is as free from weeds as
old cattle and horse pastures are from
grass." Mutton of the very best quality
and fleeces that are unexcelled are to-day
produced from a feed consisting of the
weedy upland hay that covers over half of
South Dakota, and this without the addi-
tion of a single pound of food artificially
prepared. "In the more eastern portions of
the state," says Greeley, "where, owing to
much plowing, the wild grasses are not suf-
ficient for all the winter fodder, corn stalks,
oats in the bundle, millet, hay, and other
lame fodders are also found to be much
richer in sugar and other fiesh forming
I)roperties, than they are when grown far-
ther south and east. All these things tend
lo enable South Dakota to put grass mut-
ton upon the market earlier than any of her
more eastern competitors, frequently doing
this almost as soon as eastern tame pas-
tures are sufficiently formed to receive
stock at all."
The mutton breeds of sheep predominate
east of the Missouri, and grades of the
Shropshire, Oxford, Hampshire and South-
downs are most plentiful. "These are all
dark-faced sheep, and when Dakota grown,
prove to be good muttons." Fine bunches
of Cotswold, Lincoln and other white-faced
mutton breeds are also to be found. West
of the Missouri, the bands of sheep are lar-
ger and most of them are of ^lerino blood.
The outlook for the sheep industry in"
South Dakota is a very bright one, and the
business of wool and mutton production in
the state is certain to be a permanent and
a paying one. "Beef, butter, wool, and
mutton are fast taking their place among
the leading products, and will continue to
do so" until South Dakota shall stand in
the front rank of states engaged in stock
raising.
IRRIGATION IN SOUTH DAKOTA.
While a considerable part of the state is
humid, and has a precipitation of moisture
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
above the averaj>(* absolutely rciiiiircd for
the production of abiiudant crops, a por-
tion of it belongs to the semi-arid region,
and must depend on irrigation for jiroflta-
ble agricultural products.
Three plans or methods of irrigation are
at present employed in South Dakota. One
method is the building of dams on bound-
ary lines and on the dry runs and the cre-
ation, by this means, of bodies of water
which seeps through the ground or is con-
ducted in ditches to the points where it is
most needed. Another plan is to obtain
tlie required water by artesian wells. A
notion more or less prevalent that artesian
well water is injurious to soils and plants
has been proved fallacious. .\ third way is
to irrigate from shallow wells and pumps.
I'rof. Stacy A. Cochran says: "There is
nothing that I more firmly believe than that
the intelligence and energy of the South
Dakota peojile will ultimately solve the irri-
gaticm ])robleiii and our state will become
the veritable garden spot of America."
HISTORY OF NORTH DAKOTA,
C A. LOUNSBERRY.
North Dakota, admitted to the Union in
1880, was originally a jjart of the Louisiana
Purchase, and was claimed by France from
the time La Salle explored the ilississipjii
in 1082, till ceded to Spain in 1762. In lS(tO.
Spain ceded it to France by secret treaty
and in 1803 France ceded it to the United
States for 80.000.000 francs.
Louisiana then extended from the <Julf
of Mexico north to the Lake of the Woods,
and embraced what is now Arkansas. Mis-
souri, Iowa. Nebraska, Oregon, North and
South Dakota, the Indian Country, Mon-
tana, Idaho, Washington, part of Minneso-
ta, part of Kansas, part of Colorado and
part of Wyoming. Though it had not been
in the possession of Sjjain for nearly three
years, when Lewis and Clarke started on
their exi)edition to explore the Missouri riv-
er country in 1803, the Spanish otHcials
were still in charge and would not allow
thoni to winter on the ceded territory. They
wintered near St. Charles, Mo., on the east
side of the river.
In 1805, the Louisiana I'uichase became
Louisiana Territory, and was governed by
the oflicials of Indiana Territory. In 1812 it
became Missouri Territory. In 1831 con-
gress created the Territory of Michigan,
which then included that part of the two
Dakotas east of the ilissouri and White riv-
ers and included also the i)resent states of
Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota.
In 1836 Wisconsin was established and then
that portion of North Dakota east of the
^lissouri became a part of Wisconsi% In
1838 Iowa was organized and included the
present state of North Dakota. In 1849
Minnesota Territory was established and
covered tliat part of North Dakota lying
east of the Missouri river. In ISo-l Nebras-
ka was organized and took the country west
of the ^lissouri and White rivers, which had
previously been known as Mandan Terri-
tory. In 1858, Minnesota became a state
and that portion of North Dakota lying east
of the Missouri river became unorganized
and unattached territory and so remained
until Dakota was organized in ISOl, and
then embraced North and South Dakota, a
pan of Montana, a jiarl of Wyoming and a
jiarr of Idaho.
The bill creating Dakota was signed by
President Buchanan, ilarch 2. 18G1, and on
the 27th day of May thereafter. President
Lincoln ai)pointed his old friend and towns-
man. Dr. W'm. Jayne, of Springfield, 111.,
governoi' of Dakota.
In lS(iO the population of Dakota, includ-
ing all of the states and parts of states
above mentioned, was 4,837.
In 1S81> what was then Dakota was di-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
vided and the present state of North Dakota
was admitted into the Union in connection
with South Dakota, Montana and Washing-
ton. Xorth Dakota, leadino; in the enabling
act, takes rank above the others in the or-
der of admission.
The division of North Dalvota was ac-
complished after many hard struggles and
much bickerings and strife between the two
sections, South Dakota being persistent in
her efforts to take the organization and the
name, which North Dakota had made fa-
mous by its wlieat, leaving North Dakota to
take another. Pembina would have been
acceptable, perhaps, though it was claimed
to be of corrupt origin, meaning little or
nothing. Some claimed that it related to a
berry found growing on the Pembina river,
and others, i)robably better infoi-med, that
the application of the name related to the
Holy Eucharist and meant "blessed bread."
The eastern members of congress offered
Huron, Algonquin and various other names,
and the controversy was continued until
1889, when, on February 22, of that year,
the so-called omnibus bill was approved,
which provided for the admission of the
fo\ir states previously named as a part of
the United States.
The constitutional convention was held
at Bismarck, beginning July 4, 1889. Many
distinguished Americans were present on
the occasion and they were welcomed by
Sitting Bull and a large number of his
braves in full war dress. The constitution
was adopted at an election called for the
purpose October 1, 1889, by a vote of 27,410
for, to 8,107 against the adoption of the con-
stitution. State officers were then elected.
The president's proclamation declaring the
admission of the state was issued Novem-
ber 2, 1889.
Returning again to some facts as to ear-
ly history. The Hudson Bay company, char-
tered by Charles II., in 1070, occupied a con-
siderable portion of North Dakota in early
days and they did not quit doing business at
North Dakota points until sometime after
1870, when their former possessions in Can-
ada became crown colonies. Rival fur com-
panies contested with them for the trade of
this region. They had a post at Pembina as
early as 1800, established by Capt. Alex-
ander Henry, who also located <a post at
Orand Forks in 1801. There was a French
trader at Pembina as early as 1780 and he
was still there when Long established the
boundary line between the I'nited States
and Panada in 1823. Lord Selkirk also had
a post there, supposing it to be within Brit-
ish territory, built in 1812, and destroyed by
Long in 1823. The old Selkirk burying
ground is on the North Dakota side and is
now the property of the state. The Swiss
settlers of the Selkirk colony were driven
out by adversities and became the first set-
tlers in Minnesota.
Nicollet, sent out from Quebec in 1639,
gives some account of the country and the
first known. Hennepin, who accompanied
LaSalle, was captured by the Sioux and is
supposed to have visited North Dakota
about 1682. The first practical results came
from the explorations of Lewis and Clarke,
who wintered in North Dakota, near what
is now Washburn, 1804-5. Jean Nicholas
Nicollet, assisted by John C. Fremont, the
pathfinder of the campaign of 1856, ex-
plored the Devils Lake region in 1838. Cat-
lin visited the country in 1841 and gathered
from North Dakota life many of his famous
Indian paintings, now the property of the
United States. Capt. Pope mapped the
country in 1849, and designated the country
around Devils Lake as a salt water region.
Lieut. Warren explored the country in 1855,
and reported it occupied by powerful tribes
of roving savages and that it was only
adapted to a mode of life like theirs. Fol-*
lowing the Indian outbreak of 1862 the
Sully and Sibley expeditions passed over
North Dakota and on North Dakota soil
was fought the decisive battles of that war.
Military posts were established at Aber-
crombie. Ransom, Totten, Rice, Stevenson,
Kuford and Pembina, following the out-
break of 1862. Before that an occasional
party of butt'alo hunters visited the country,
but it was regarded as dangerous ground,
as it had been overrun for years by con-
tending bands of Indian warriors.
There were trading establishments and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
a custom house at Pembina, where Chas.
Cavileer, the tirst white settler to establish
a permaueut home in the state, still resides,
his good wife being a descendant from the
Selkirk colony, and as early as 1858 a regu-
lar mail route was established to I'embina.,
and the mail was carried in summer in part
by canoe and in winter by dog sledges; but
until 1871 the only certain means of trans-
portation to the country was by means of
the Red river carts. With these in brig-
ades, the traders made two trips a year
from the Ked river country to St. Paul.
In 1870, with traders and military posts,
and trappers and hunters, the population of
North Dakota was but 2,405, and these were
mostly part bloods, descendants of voy-
ageurs, traders and adventurers intermar-
ried with Indian women, and at that time
not an acre of public land had been entered.
In 1871 the first low wash of the coming
wave of immigration, leading to magnifi-
cent development, touched North Dakota
and the Scandinavians were in the lead.
They came from Minnesota and occupied
homes on the Ked, Cheyenne and Goose riv-
ers in Cass and Traill counties. Later in
the season came the town site boomers, fol-
lowed by Jay Cooke's party of newspaper
writers, the Northern Pacific engineers and
the men with the pick and shovel, the rail-
road being completed to the Red river in
the fall of 1871. The Great Northern was
also completed that year to the Red river,
and that season a line of steamboats was
established on the Red river; regular stage
lines having been established, connection
was made with Winnipeg, and thus was
laid the foundation of a new state.
Thirty years thereafter we find a popu-
lation of 319,146, as shown by the census of
I'JOO, 73 incorporated places, 19 of which
have exceeding 1,000 people, eight having
exceeding 2,000, among these Fargo, the
metropolis of the state, 9,589; Grand Forks,
the second city, 7,652, and Bismarck, the
capital, 3,319.
One-eighteenth of the land surface, not
included in reservations, aggregating 2,400,-
000 acres, was granted to the state by con-
gress for public schools, 90,000 acres for the
state university, 90,000 for the agricultural
college, 40,000 for the school of mines, 80,-
000 for normal schools, 40,000 for the school
for the deaf, 20,000 for the manual training
school, 40,000 for the scientific school, 40,-
000 for the school of forestry, 20,000 for the
reform school, 20,000 acres and |30,000 for
the institution for the feeble-minded, 40,000
for the soldiers' home, 30,000 for the asylum
for the blind and 50,000 for buildings at
the state capital, making an aggregate of
3,000,000 acres, laying the foundation for
an enormous permanent fund for education-
al purposes, as none of these lands can be
sold for less than flO per acre and a consid-
erable amount has already been sold for
double that sum and some as high as f40
per acre. The number of children of school
age in the state in 1890 was reported at 92,-
009; the number enrolled in the public
schools, 77,686. The number of school
houses was 3,003, and the school property
was valued at .'S;2,587,865 and the cost of
maintenance for the preceding biennial pe-
riod was 11,583,594. •
The common schools are a branch of the
excellent school system of the state, of
which the university is the head and the
normal schools for the training of teachers,
of which there are two, a part. There is
also the state agricultural college and exper-
iment station, maintained by the national
goverunient in part, with its excellent sys-
tem of farmers' institutes, resulting in a
more intelligent cultivation of the soil and
a general tendency toward diversified farm-
ing.
The taxiible valuation of the state in
1900 was $117,204,877. The number of acres
in farms was 11,297,758, having an estimat-
ed value of .1139,000,000. The number of
acres under cultivation was 6,623,315. The
wheat acreage was placed at 3,686,223 and
Hax at 1,338,244. Flax often yields from 20
to 25 bushels per acre and a bum])er crop of
wheat turns out many yields above 40 bush-
els, sometimes reaching as high as 50 bush-
els per acre.
The state is divided into three natural
divisions: The Red river valley, adapted to
the cereals; the James river valley, em-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NOKTHWEST.
bracing the coteaus, to mixed or diversified
farmiug, and the Missouri river country,
and from there on west to the Montana line,
to stocli growing. Tliroughout this region,
and to a considerable extent in the James
river valley division, the grasses mature
before fi-ost and remain in the condition of
hay during the entire winter, affording win-
ter grazing for stock. Cattle, horses and
sheep will leave the best provision that can
be made for them and turn to the grass on
the range in winter, w^hen the snows are
not too deep.
The snow fall of North Dakota is light,
sleighs are seldom used in winter, the
spring comes on early and the fourth of
July rarely comes without an abundance of
early vegetables in the gardens ready for
use.
Corn is grown successfully in all parts
of the state, but more especially in the Mis-
souri river country. Some of the bonanza
farms in the Red River valley claim corn
is their most profitable crop.
While the Selkirk settlers raised suffi-
cient wheat to meet local demands, and
there were a few considerable sized fields of
wheat grown in Pembina county before the
settlements of 1871, no wheat was attempt-
ed to be grown in North Dakota for market
until 1875, when Dalrymple led the way by
his system of farming on an extensive scale.
It was his success, heralded to the ends of
the earth, and the exceedingly cheap lands,
resulting from the Northern Pacific finan-
cial collapse in 1873, which contributed so
largely to the rapid development of North
Dakota in the early eighties.
The highest altitude in the state is about
2,500 feet., at Belfield. The coteaus are
1,800 to 2,000, Bismarck, 1,873, Fargo, 903
feet. The so-called Pembina and Turtle
Mountains are hills rising from 500 to 700
feet above the level of the prairies. The
country is generally prairie, with a skirting
of timbei- along most of the streams. A
large portion of the western part of the
state is underlaid with lignite coal in beds
from a few inches to upwards of twenty
feet in depth. The leading veins now being
worked are about nine feet in depth. There
is coal enough in North Dakota to supply
the demands of the United States for fuel
for several centuries. It is an excellent and
cheap fuel, but is dirty to handle, and much
of it slacks and crumbles to dust. There
is a process being developed, however, to
press it into brickettes, doing away with the
unfavorable features. In stoves adapted to
it, and where those using it know how to
handle it, it is now preferred to either wood
or hard coal. It is sold at the mines at $1
per ton, at Dickinson, Mandan, Bismarck,
Minot, Williston, Buford, Kenmare, Wash-
burn and other coal points at $2. It is de-
livered at Fargo at $3.25. It is required
by law to be used in all public buildings un-
less wood or other fuel is cheaj^er.
The old definition of the word Minnesota
was muddy water. The true definition is
many waters, the word sota in the Sioux
language meaning many. So the old defini-
tion of the word Dakota was allied tribes.
The true definition, according to the Sioux,
is many heads or many people. They were
the most numerous of the many Indian
tribes and very naturally claimed to be the
people.
The railroad mileage of North Dakota is
3,031. The number of newspapers is 150.
The number of postoffices, 000. Fully two-
thirds of the people, demonstrated by the
religious census recently taken in the lead-
ing towns, are communicants of orthodox
churches, the Lutherans leading, other de-
nominations standing in the order named:
Methodist Episcopal, Catholic, Congrega-
tional, Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian,
Unitarian, Christian and Jew.
The population of the northern counties
in the state is very largely Canadian. There
is a large Scandinavian element throughout
the state, with a heavy sprinkling of Ger-
man, a considerable number of French and
Poles, the usual proportion of Irish and a
strong, hardy, American class from the
northwestern states. The per capita of
wealth is larger than in the older states, ex-
cepting where there are wealthy manufac-
turers, and the general health of the coun-
try is remarkably good.
HISTORY OF MONTANA.
C. A. LOUNSBERRY.
Montana Tei'ritory was created by act of
congi-ess May -6, 1864. In 1873 it received
an addition ot 2,000 sijuare miles from Da-
kota. That I'Oitiou lying east of the Rocky
moimtaius was a part of tlie Louisiana I'ur-
cbase and was claimed by France from 1(>82,
when La Salle exploi-ed the Mississippi, until
1703, when it was ceded by France to Spain.
It was re-ceded to France by secret treaty
in 1800, and by France ceded to the United
States in 1803, but remained in the possession
and occupation of Spain until occupied by
the United States. In 1804 it became the
District of Louisiana, and in 1805 the Terri-
tory of Louisiana, and was governed by the
officers of Indiana Territory. In 1812 it be-
came Missouri Territory, in 1834 it was of-
ticially designated as Indian Country, in 1853
^A'ashiugtou, in 1S03 Idaho, and in 1804 Mon-
tana Territory.
That poi'tion west of the Rocky moun-
tains was claimed by the United States by
right of original discovery and occupation,
and the right of the United States to it was
confirmed by treaty with Spain in 1819 and
by treaty with England in 1846. It was or-
ganized as Oregon Territory, created in 1848,
became Washington in 1S53, Idaho in 1863,
and Montana in 1864.
Montana was admitted as a state by the
act admitting North Dakota, South Dakota,
Montana and Washington, approved Feb-
ruary 22, 1889. This act provided for a con-
stitutional convention, which met at Helena,
July 4, 1889, and the constitution then
framed having been ratified by vote of the
people, admission of the state was duly pro-
claimed by the president November 8, 1889.
The population of Montana, as shown by
the census of 1900, is 243,329, being an in-
crease of 84.1 per cent during the decade.
The population in 1890 was 132,159, in 1880,
39,159, and in 1870, 20,595. The population
is now more than eleven times what it was
at the first census in 1870 aftec its organiza-
tion in 1864.
The area of Montana is approximately
145,310 square miles, exclusive of 770 miles
water area. There are 26 incorporated cities,
towns and villages in Montana. Eutte, the
largest city, has a population of 30,470, in-
creased from 10,723, in 1890; (Ireat Falls,
14,930, increased from 3,979; Helena, the
third city and the capital, 10.770; Anaconda,
9,435, increased from 3,975; Billings, 3,221,
increased from 836; Bozeman, 3,419, in-
creased from 2,143; Kalispel, 2,526, not in
existence in 1890; Livingston, 2,778; Mis-
soula, 4,366, increased from 3,426; Red
Lodge, 2,152, increased from 624; Walker-
ville, 2,621, increased from 743; Miles City,
1,938, increased from 956; Dillon City, 1,530,
increased from 1,012; Deer Lodge, Fort Ben-
ton, Havre, Hamilton and Lewiston have ex-
ceeding 1,000, and I'hillipsburg falls but five
short of 1,000. ♦
The population of Butte was 241 in 1870,
3,363 in 1880, 10,470 in 1890, and 30,470 in
1900. Anaconda, twenty-seven miles dis-
tant, developed by the same wonderful en-
ergy and mining resources, has 9,975 now
against 3,975 in 1880. Butte is connected
with the Northern Pacific railroad by a
branch, with the Great Northern by the Mon-
tana Central, and with the Union Pacific by
a branch to Pocatello. It is in the heart of
an euormouslj- rich mining district which
has added over $300,000,000 to the wealth
of the world.
An act for establishing trading-houses
among the Indians being about to expire,
President JetVei'son, in January, 1803, recom-
mended to congress, in a confidential mes-
sage, an extension of its views to the Indians
on the Mississippi. He also proposed that
a party should be dispatched to trace the
Missouri to its source, cross the Rocky
mountains, and proceed to the Pacific
ocean. Captain Meriwether Lewis, a native
of Virginia, a captain in the regular army,
and private secretary to the president at
that time, was appointed to take charge of
HISTOUY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
this expedition. Later he associated with
liini ^\'illiam Clarlie, a brother of General
George Rogers (L'larlce, and they started on
their expedition that fall, wintering near St.
Charles, Mo., but on the east side of the Mis-
souri, as the Spanish officers, still in charge,
had not heard of the treaty whereby the
country was ceded to the United States.
Their party consisted of nine young men
from Kentucky, fourteen soldiers, two Cana-
dian boatmen, an intei'preter, a hunter and
a negTo servant to Captain Clarke. They
wintered 1804-3 near what is now Wash-
burn iu Korth Dakota, latitude 47° 21' 4".
They left their fort April 7, 1805, and pro-
ceeded on up the river. On June 13 they
came to a beautiful plain, where the buffalo
were in greater numbers than they had seen
before. "To the southwest," says the jour-
nalist of the exijedition, "there arose from
this plain two mountains of a singular ap^
pearance, and more like ramparts of high
fortifications than works of nature. They
are square figures, with sides rising perpen-
dicularly to the height of 250 feet, formed
of yellow clay, and the tops seemed to be
level jjlaius. Finding that the river bore
considerably to the south, and fearful of
passing the falls before reaching the Rocky
mountains, they now changed their course to
the south, and leaving those insulated hills
to the right, proceeded across the plain. In
this direction Captain Lewis proceeded about
two miles, when his ears were saluted with
the agi-eeable sound of a fall of water; and,
as he advanced, a spray, which seemed driv-
en by the southwest wind, arose above the
plain like a column of smoke and vanished
in an instant."' And the Great Falls of the
Missouri was discovered. They explored
and named the Jefferson, Madison and Galla-
tin rivers, followed the Jefferson to its source,
traveled through the mountains in August
and September, and early iu October em-
barked in canoes on a branch of the Colum-
bia, wintering on the Columbia, having
reached the mouth of that stream November
15, 1805. Captain Lewis was appointed gov-
ernor of Louisiana Territory, embracing the
country which he had explored, on his return,
in 1807, and committed suicide in 1801), when
en route to \\'ashington, and Clarke was
made guveruor of the .same territory, then
Missouri, which position he held from 1813
to 1821. I..ewis and Clarke County, Mon-
tana, was named in their honor, and well
they deserved it.
While up to that time there were hunters
and traders in the country, they were of the
Rritish companies, and the counti-y was en-
tirely unoccupied by the Americans. Their
work attracted universal attention. As
early as 1802 John Jacob Astor had under-
laken to establish communication from Hud-
son bay to the Columbia river for the pur-
poses of trade. The Missouri Fur Company,
organized at St. Louis, in 1808, established
posts on the Upper Missouri, and later one
beyond the Rocky mountains on the head-
waters of Lewis river, the south branch of
the Columbia. This, the historian of Lewis
and Clarke's expedition declares, was the
first post established by white men in the
country drained by the Columbia. That was
given up in 1810, and the Astor interest with
headquarters at Astoria was driven out by
the ^^'ar of 1812. While there were other
attempts to establish trade in this region by
.Vmericans it was declared in 1843 that there
was then not an American port or trading
post in that vast region where trade had
nourished for nearly twenty years between
the Northwest Coast and China.
In 1823 the Rocky Mountain Fur Com-
pany commenced regular exj>editions to the
borders of the Columbia. Captain Bonne-
ville spent nearly two yeai-s chiefiy on the
waters of Lewis river, starting in 1832. As
early as 1843 it was said: "The parties ar-_
riving with furs are becoming less in number
from year to year, as well east as west of
the Rocky mountains, below the latitude of
49°, owing to the great destruction of the
fur-bearing animals by the hunters of the
rival fur companies, both British."
Indeed, the country had then been occu-
pied for one hundred years, beginning with
the explorations of Verendrye, the discov-
erer of the Rocky mountains. They ascend-
ed the -Vssiniboin, followed a then existing
tiail to the Mouse river, and touched what is
now Montana, at the mouth of the Yellow
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
stone, and Jannai-.v 1, 1743, came in sij^lit of
the Kockj mountains, and on tlie 12th as-
cended them. They remained in the conntry
until the 12th of May, 1744, and jjhinted on
an eminence the anus of France, engraved
on a leaden plate, and raised a uionument
of stones. Father Conciuard was asscM-iated
with Vereudrye. Jonathan Carver's explo-
rations, or at least his information, extended
to the Montana region in 1708, and his map
of that year shows evidence of this earlier
French occupation. He gained from the In-
dians a very fair idea of the headwaters of
the Missouri, and of the Columbia, so suc-
cessfully explored by Lewis and Clarke in
1805, sixty-two years after the first occupa-
tion of the country by the French explorers,
followed, by the Church. Indeed Lewis and
Clarke carried out the plan of Carver. They
did what he outlined and had hojted to do.
In April, 183!t, Fremont, the Tathtinder
of the Rockies, i)assed up the Missouri, and
though it is doubtful if he reached the Mon-
tana country, his influence did. Ten years
before Fremont, however, development had
commenced. Fort L'nion had been estab-
lished above the mouth of the Yellowstone,
and in 182!) Kenneth McKenzie had estab-
lished a trading post for the American Fur
Company near where Fort Buford now is.
In 1833 Robert Campbell and Hublette estab-
lished a trading post at Buford, and the next
year another up the Missouri sixty miles.
In 1832 the first steamboat reached Fort
Union and after that boats arrived yearly
and trade b.^- modern methods commenced
with Montana. I'rior to that the dog sleds
and carts, and the travois had been the only
means of transportation, aside from the bull-
boat and the canoe, though the Indians
were chary of the Missouri, which below the
Yellowstone, at least, never gives up its
dead. But earlier than Lewis and Clarke
the trappers of Alexander McKenzie had
traversed every stream in Montana.
Pages, yes volumes, of most interesting
matter might be written of the voyages lead-
ing up to the occupation of the Pacific coast,
the discovery of the Columbia, named fin-
the good ship which first touched its watei-s,
of the search and research for the way to
India, out of which the voyages of Columbus
grew, and the efforts to find a northwest
passage. Here let us recall the impassioned
words of Thomas H. Benton, in the United
States senate, when, pointing westward, he
said: "Yonder in the west lies the east;
there lies the path to India."
A new chai)ter opens with the discovery
of gold in Montana, first remarking, how-
ever, that next to Thomas Jefferson Montana
owes her early development more to Thomas
H. Benton than to any other living man.
The name Mfintana is of classic origin,
means a mountain land, and was suggested
by Mrs. Jessie Fremont. The Indian name
was Toza-be-Shock-uj), mountain cf)untry, or,
as Joaquin Miller suggests, Shining Moun-
tains, (lold was discovered in California, in
1848. Explorations continued on the moun-
tain ranges, jnishing gradually westward un-
til the g(dd fields of Montana were opened
in 1862, following the immensely lich placer
diggings on the bars of Salmon river, where
grains of gold were said to lie as thick as
wheat on a threshing floor, and about the
size and color of wheat. The first record of
sluice boxes in operation in Montana Is at
Cold creek, May 9, 1800. Then followed de-
velopment of mines at Bannack, the first
cai)ital of Montana, and other points, but
the richest deposits at Adler, and Last
Chance, now Helena, are what made Mon-
tana famous throughout the world. The
Koolenai disti'ict wasexjdored and the mines
woi'ked to some extent in the late fifties, but
not with success. T\\e first notable work at
mining was by (Iranville and James Stuart
on (Jold creek in the sin-ing of 1802. Mines
were discovered that year at Big Hole. Gold
was also found on Williard's creek. The
Crold creek mines were soon deserted for
Bannack. A party of miners from Bannack
in ISO:', started for the Yellowstone, and were
driven back by the Indians. On their return
ihey discovered the Adler (Julch ])lacers.
fabulously rich, yielding as high as four dol-
lars to the pan. Nearly one hundred million
dollars were taken from this gulch. The
discovery of these mines was by Fairweather,
Juiir- 1. ISO:!, and that was the bcgiuiiing of
fair weather in the develo|)meul of Montana.
Adler was in the very heart of the gold region
of Montana, Ihe richest ever discovered on
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the face of the earth. Other discoveries fol-
lowed, Harris Gulch, California Gulch, Wis-
consin Gulch, Bivens Camp, Silver Bow,
Butte, all rich camps.
There is only room here to speak of the
beginning- and the results. The bullion
product of Montana in 1802 was .f.")(l(l.(l(IO;
in 1863, |8,00n,000; in 1864, $13,00().()()0; in
1865, 114,500,000; in 1866, #16,500,000; in
1867, 112,000,000; in 1868, .|15,000,000.
The first quartz mills erected were in the be-
ginning of 1863, and in 1870 the number of
mines in operation was 683.
Last Chance Gulch, on which Helena was
established, or "just growed," the miners"
cabins having been established on either side
of the pav streak, was "struck" in 1864, and
yielded between foi'ty and fifty million dol-
lars.
Placers were discovered at Butte in 1864,
and were steady producers for a number of
years. Butte"s real development was com-
menced in 1875, when the first mills were
erected. In addition to its great silver
mines there is a copper vein eighty feet in
width extending for a mile and a half just
north of the city limits. It is now worked
to a depth of more than 1,500 feet, showing
better ore the deeper it is worked. The cop-
per product of Butte exceeds 25 per cent of
the copper product of the world. In 1S07
the copper output of Butte was |38,00(l,0()();
gold, 13,500,000; silver, |6,000,000.
Anaconda is twenty-seven miles from
Butte. The works of the Anaconda Copper
Mining Company are the greatest of the kind
in the world. The capacity of the works is
5,000 tons of copjter and 180 tons of silver
ore daily. The graphite deposits and the
sapphires near Anaconda have no superiors.
Bozeman, settled in 1864, has valuable de-
posits of gold, asbestos, and inexhaustible
deposits of coal. Great Falls is the young-
est of Montana cities that have attained
greatness. It is located at the head of the
falls of the IMissonri and has but a trifle be-
low 15.000 population. The Boston & Mon-
tana Co])per Smelting and Keflning i)lant is
located here, also the large silver smelting
plant of the Ignited States Smelting and Re-
fining Company. The pay rolls of these two
companies amount to $3,000,000 per annum.
It is the greatest primary wool market in
the world. Tlie water power of the Missouri
at Great Falls is 350,000 horse power. The
coal fields immediately adjacent cover 4,000
square miles.
The total gold product of Montana, up
to 1802, when the mining interests of the
state reached their flood tide of prosi>erity,
was |137,46!),0()4; silver. $172,071,376; cop-
])er, i>ounds, 868,653,427. The copper prod-
uct increased from 9,058,284 pounds in 1882
to 159.212,203 pounds in 1892. The metal
product of Montana for the year 1892, in-
cluding .f990,035.08 of lead, was $42,565,-
026.06.
In 1892 the number of ranches was
9.330, containing 2,640,056 acres, with an
average of 283 acres in a ranch. The aver-
age product per acre was, wheat, 33.06
bushels; rye, 38.71 ; barley, 34.48; corn, 24.92;
oats, 40.97; potatoes, 72.95. There were
16.393 daily cows and 1,066,393 pounds of
butter were made. The number of sheep
shorn was 1.459,791, the average wool per
head being 6.97 pounds.
The conditions atfording winter grazing
prevail in all of the plains regions of the
state, and millions of cattle and horses graze
upon the hills and in the valleys without
thought of provision for winter food. In
many instances, though, here, as in North
Dakota, it pays to jirovide for contingencies.
The mean average height of Mtmtana is
about 3,000 feet above the sea, while that of
^^'yoming is 6,000, and of Colorado 7,000,
giving Montana a more favorable climate
than either of these states. Because of the
irfluence of the Japan current, the climate is
about the same as Cleveland, Ohio, and any
fruits grown in that region are grown in
Montana. The apples, peaches, pears, plums
and other fruits have the flavor of the moun-
tains and are far superior to the fruits grown
in the lowlands of the Pacific coast. Mon-
tana is well timberetl, well watered; it is a
bind of bright sunshine, a land of health
and of hapi)iness. Tlie death rate does not
exceed 9 jiei- 1,000. Consumption never
originates in such a climate. The Yellow-
stone Park presents the grandest scenery the
eye of man ever rested upon.
NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.
Thf North Itakota Agi-icultiual CoUoj-c
and Experinu'ut Station, located at Farj^o,
are conducted in the interests of industrial
education for the youth of the state and to
aid in the develoijuient of its agricultural
and industrial possibilities.
The pollege cun-iculuni eniliraces such
academic and technical subjects and man-
ual training as are necessary to confer upon
the student the necessary culture to fit him
for his place in the body politic and at the
same time to prepare him to take advantage
of the natural opj)ortunities the state affords
ffir the production of wealth.
Agriculture is the paramount industry of
North Dakota. The state being without
timber or minerals, manufacturing will
never assume large proportions wilhin its
borders. The soil, which is by nature ex-
tremely fertile, will always be the principal
source of wealth. Since the state is located
in the far north, its climatic cfinditions are
Iieculiar, and many varieties of grain and
vegetables must be acclimated before they
can be relied upon for jirotitable crops.
Many problems relating to cnltivation
methods must also be solved tliat the best
results may be obtained. These jiroblems
can only be solved h\ numerous and accurate
experiments continued through many years.
The es])eriment station is suppoi-ted by
the federal government and thoroughly
ecjuipjied for its work, and the data obtained
from exx>erimentation are furnished to the
farmers of the state through the medium of
bulletins and the annual reports of the sta-
tion. By a system of selection and hybrid-
ization many varieties of grain are im-
jirovcd. rendered hardy and more prolific
and better able to withstand the iMgor of
the climate.
The ((uestions of conservation of soil fer-
tility and moisture for the growing crops
are also given large attention. Where a
state has, in the main, but one great source
of wealth — an extremely al)undant and fer-
tile soil — its study should receive every pos-
sible attention. For the sake of future gen-
eiations it should be cultivated, keeping its
continued improvement in view instead of
robbing it of its fertility for the more rapid
and less exjjensive accjuiring of wealth by
the present generation.
The largest variety of wealth-producing
industries within the scope of agi-iculture is
also encouraged. A single crop country is
never more than temporarily jirosperous and
seldom that. Animal husbandry, the manu-
facture of beet sugar and dairy prodin'ts, the
production of wool and the manufacture of
woolen goods, linseed oil, potato starch and
flax fiber are all legitimate industries belong-
ing to an agricultural state, and add to its
we.iltli. furnish variety of emplovment»and
conserve rather than waste its soil fertility.
Large attention is also given to the de-
stiMiction of weeds, to diseases of cereals,
vegetables and live stock, and remedies are
prescribed for their cure or prevention.
The treatment prescribed for the preven-
tion of smut in wheat alone, will, when gen-
erally apjilied, save to the farmers of the
state millions of dollars annually.
Through the agency of farmers" institutes
the work and ideas of the experiment station
are disseminated through lectures and vei--
l)al discussions, a farming spirit is fostered
and better methods of cultivation are em-
phasized. Better ideas also obtain in rela-
tion to the feeding and breeding of live stock,
of diversified income and of rural economy.
The experiment station is without ques-
tion the most important institution of the
state viewed from the standpoint of the
state's material development and future
greatness.
Through the investigations of the depart-
ment of chemistry the feasibility of maun-
facturing sugar from beets grown in the
southern part of the state has been so far
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
deteriiiiiH^d tliat a company has been orfiaii
ized and will in all pi-obahility be<;)n build
ing a sugar manufactory at Oakes, Dickey
county, the present year (1001).
The depai'tment of dairying has also done
much toward the development of butter and
cheese manufactories in those sections of the
state west of the Red River Valley, where
mixed farming is more generally encouraged.
To direct the attention of the youth of the
state to its ojjportunities for making a living
and for the sure production of wealth, and
also to afford the necessary culture to enjoy
the fruits of industry and to discharge intel-
ligently the duties of citizenship, the agri
cultural college stands with door ajar. It
accepts its educational mission fearlessly and
earnestly. To prepare young men and wom-
en for the largest measure of usefulness and
happiness in rural life is the first concern of
a purely agricultui'al commonwealth. To
dignify labor by supplanting soulless drudg-
ery with scientific interest and to eliminate
waste, chance and carelessness by substitut-
ing economy, reasonable certainty and busi-
ness methods through educational training
directed to those ends and for those specific
purposes, is a work worthy of the state's
fostering care.
The adaptation of the energies of an edu
cational institution to si>ecific practical ends
■ — ends which find their answer in the high-
est possible development of a state's natural
resources, and also a refined and cultured
citizenship — may seem to run counter to all
the traditions of education, but it is so much
the worse for the traditions. The closing
years of the nineteenth century have made
havoc of many autiipiated theories — educa-
tional and otherwise. America's high des-
tiny cannot be achieved without an educa-
tional stimulus for her farmers and working
millions, no less direct and helpful than that
afforded professional and ministerial voca-
tions. Not all may avail themselves of edu-
cational facilities to better qualify them for
the humbler, though not less important, voca-
tions of life, but a sufficient number will do
so to save the farmer and the working man
from the conditions of peasantry.
Democratic institutions demand demo-
cratic education and the eradication of every
force that tends to breed and foster caste or
create social strata among the citizens of onr
common country. Patriotism manifests itself
(|uite as generously by develo])ing the re-
sources of a country and safe-guarding its
soil and other wealth-producing agencies
from impaimient or wanton destruction as
it does in protecting the institutions of liber-
ty and justice as a heritage for posterity.
Our flag represents possibilities as well as
freedom — a productive country as well as a
free country.
The colleges of agriculture and mechanic
arts re])resent this modern idea of adapting
educational means to practical ends, without
ini]iairing their cultural (jualities. It unites
both the practical and the cultural in educa-
tion that the coming citizen may /.-/ioic some-
thing and be able to do something, that he
may know how to live and also know how to
make a living.
To meet the demands made upon it the
North Dakota Agricultural College adapts
its work, as far as possible, to actual con-
ditions and arranges its courses of study, in
some instances, to suit the students' conven-
ience and time.
Three regular collegiate courses of study
of four years each are maintained, leading to
the degree of B. S., viz.: Agi'icultural, Me-
chanical and Scientific. In addition to these
gi-aduate courses of study a short course in
agriculture is maintained, requiring two
years for completion. This course deals with
agriculture and other technical subjects hav-
ing a bearing upon it, such as dairying, horti-
culture, shop-work and veterinary. In con-
nection with the technical studies, arith-
metic, grammar, geography, history, book-
keeping and ci\il government are required,
and other elective subjects may be taken.
A two-year course in steam engineering
is also maintained. In this course steam en-
gineering is the major subject and has as-
sociated with it practically the same school
studies as are outlined in the two-year course
in agriculture, with more of mathematics
and physics, however. Long and short
courses are given in the department of dairy-
ing according to the student's desire to fit
HISTORY OF THE (JRKAT NORTHWEST.
himself for farm oi' creamery work. For the
benefit of students unable to attend school
during the working season, two three-month
winter courses are provided — one in agri-
culture and the other in steam engineering.
Arithmetic and English are re(iuired in both
courses, and those desiring to do so take
penmanship. The short course in agriculture
consists of sixty lectures of one hour each
upon agricultural subjects, thirty of horti-
culture, thirty of dairying and sixty of vetei*-
inary. Stock-scoring is given two after-
noons each week, and all the students take
shop-work.
ITiese lectures are delivered in pojiulur
form and the principles rather than scientific
facts are dealt with, care being taken not to
go beyond the student's comprehension.
The three-month course in steam engi-
neering is confined mainly to lectures upon
the construction and operation of the trac-
tion engine. All the separate parts of the
engine are arranged in order in the lecture
room, and during the sixty lectures each part
is fully explained, together with its function
and its relation to other parts of the engine.
Afternoons are devoted to engineer practice,
shoi)-work, etc., while arithmetic, English
and penmanship are required as in the short
course in agriculture.
The very large number of traction en-
gines required in the state every fall to fur-
nish p((vver during the threshing season, and
the scarcity of competent engineers to ope-
rate them, make this department of winter
training at the college exceedingly popular.
Ladies are admitted to the Agricultural
College on equal terms with gentlemen, but
in lieu of the technical studies for young
men, ladies are offered courses of training in
household economics. These courses are
varied according to the length of time the
young lady remains in school. Those taking
a graduate course complete the subject, in-
cluding a thorough course in plain and fancy
needlework. The subjects are taught in a
practical manner, and no pains are spared to
emphasize the importance of good housekeep-
ing as a necessary adjunct to every woman's
education. The shorter courses embrace the
more common operations connected with
cooking, baking, household sanitation and
plain sewing. As far as pos.sible home-mak-
ing is rendered a pleasure and economy a
habit. This dejjartment is quite popular and
but very few lady students nuUriculate with-
out availing themselves of its advantages.
The short courses alluded to are not in-
tended to give more than limited training in
si)ecial subjects and are intended to accom-
modate a class of students not able, for finan-
cial reasons or others, to complete a college
course of study. These short courses, how-
ever, enable such students to do better work,
to become somewhat familiar with the
nomenclature of science and to learif the
sources of information which they may make
use of in after life. Such courses give stu-
dents a better ojiinion of agriculture as a
vocation and a disposition to observe and in-
vestigate on their own account.
The students of the Agricultural College
will exercise a powerful influence upon the
development of North Dakota, shaping its
industrial and political career. Though hard-
ly more than in its infancy, the college has
already demonstrated its usefulness, but as
the years go by the students will, by their
life work, show the value of their college
tri'.ining and silence every opponent of in-
dustrial education.
MACALESTER COLLEGE.
Macalester College is the outgrowth of
the Baldwin School of St. Paul, projected by
Rev. Edward D. Neill as far back as 1853,
and of a similar institution opened in 1873
by the same gentleman in Minneapolis, near
the Falls of St. Anthony. The fonner school
received its name from Matthew W. Baldwin,
of Philadelphia, a liberal contributor to its
founding and sujiport. The latter received
its name from Charles Macalester, also of
Philadelphia, who donated for its use a valu-
able property once known as the Winslow
House, and located near the jiresent Exposi-
tion Building in Minneapolis. The institu-
tion springing from the union of these two
schools was moved to its present site and
opened in 1885.
The men most actively interested in the
establishment of Macalester College ai'e:
William C. Baker, Richard Chute, W. W.
McNair, Judge C. E. Vanderburg, Rev. J. C,
Whitney, Hon. Eugene M. Wilson, Rev.
Robert F. Sample, of Minneapolis; and Hen-
ry J. Horn, Henry M. Knox, H. L. Moss,
ex-Gov. Alexander Ramsey, H. K. Taylor, R.
P. Lewis, Thomas Cochi'an, of St. Paul. To
the efforts of the above named trustees must
be added the splendid services of Rev. Daniel
Rice, D. D., who devoted the later years of
his life wholly and gratuitously to the up-
building of the college.
Drs. Neill and Rice were both graduates
of Amherst College, and a number of the
trustees were honored sons of eastern col-
leges such as Hamilton, Williams and Lafay-
ette. The purpose, therefore, in the minds
of these men was to build up in the north-
west an institution after the noble character
and aims of these colleges whence they had
come. This was their ideal.
Their successors on the Board of Trus-
tees have labored earnestly to realize this
ideal. They seek to make Macalester Col-
lege a center of culture and of warm Chris-
tian intiuence — a school to which parents
may confidently commit their sons and
daughters not only for a thoi-ough education,
but also for the safeguard and development
of their characters.
By a provision of the charter amended in
1885, two-thirds of the trustees are to be
members of the Presbyterian church. But
in its instruction and internal administra-
tion, the college is wholly non-sectarian, and
all its privileges are available to students of
other denominations on equal terms. Stu-
dents preparing for the ministi'y of any
Evangelical church, receive tuition at half
the usual rates.
The college is located in Macalester Park,
a beautiful suburb in the western part of the
city of St. Paul, one-half mile south and a
little east of Merriam Park, and one mile
south of the Inter urban Electric Line on
Snelling avenue.
The college buildings are seven in num-
ber and have been erected at a cost of $120,-
000. The college campus contains thirty
acres, and has a frontage of six hundred and
sixty feet on Summit avenue, a beautiful
boulevard two hundred feet in width and
laid out with parks, drives, etc. The grounds
contain a fine grove and efforts are making
to beautify them in a manner befitting their
suiToundings. Tlie location is almost ideal
for an institution of learning. The college is
away from the distractions and temptations
of the cities. There are no saloons or other
places of temptation in the vicinity. Though
the college is in a quiet and retired place,
the students are brought more or less in con-
tact with the life and culture of the cities.
The large iiublic libraries, churches, lecture
courses and musical entertainments are easi-
ly accessible.
The trustees of the college are W. H. Dun-
woody, J. A. Gordon, Rev. R. N. Adams, D.
D., Rev. John E. Bushjiell, D. D., Rev. J. C.
I
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Faries, of Minneapolis; Thomas H. Dickson,
Pres., Prof. Thomas Shaw, Vice-Pres., R. A.
Kirk, R. C. Jefferson, H. L. Moss, B. F.
Wright, Rev. A. B. Meldrnm, D. D., Rev.
Mnrdock McLeod, of St. Paul; also Rev. P.
H. Cleland, D. D., Duluth; Georfje D. Day-
ton, Worthlngton; B. S. Cook, Owatonna;
Rev. C. T. Burnley, Hudson, Wis.; Judge R.
N. Oaruthers, Grand Forks, N. D.
The faculty of the college numbers six-
teen members, of which the officers are
James ^^'allace, Pres.; George W. Davis,
Dean; Mrs. Julia M. Johnson, Dean of the
^N'oman's Department.
SHATTUCK SCHOOL.
Beginning in 186.5 it has grown into one
of the largest and most prosperous of our
training schools for boys. Its reputation is
almost national, all but ten states having
patronized it. Its present enrollment of
about two hundred includes boys from 2.3
states and Central America, by which its in-
fluence extends over a wider field than a ma-
jority of the colleges. Its past work and the
conditions of its geographical location and
the popular favor assure its success and per-
manence. More than 2,000 have enjoyed its
advantages, in preparing for college or for
an active business life. Its object is to give
boys a thorough education, and to train them
in body, mind and soul to the right way of
thinking and living, and to lead them to a
higher iilane of manhood both by precept
and example. The school points with pride
and confidence to the many it has so trained.
Resources. — In view of its high aims and
the demands upon it, its resources are all too
limited. It began with nothing, either in
buildings or money. It has depended wholly
iiI)on its earnings for its maintenance, care-
ful business management having made it
self-supporting from the beginning. It is not
curried on for any one's profit. Whatever
can be saved is used for the improvement of
the school. Every dollar given it has been
ajiplied to the erection of a building, or been
added to the scholarship endowment. It was
never so pi'osperous, nor so wortliy the con-
fidence and the cooperation of the friends of
education. This condition with the ]n-elimi-
nary work done, and the ac(]uisition of a
beautiful location and property that have
cost more than .|:!.50.0()0, together with a
scholarship endowment of .|10.3,000 for the
partial aid of boys of limited means, are the
guarantee it otters for a wise, economical
and .safe use of gifts and bequests entrusted
to it. The experience of its managers stretch-
ing over more than thirty years has qualified
them to expend money to the best advantage
to secure its permanent usefulness. An in-
spection of the school will convince any one
that there has been a wise, careful use of the
money donated, and the utmost good faith in
carrying out the wishes of the donors.
Needs. — A good boarding school has su-
perior advantages for fitting boys for college,
for business, for life. Amply endowed, it
does it better, and works more independent-
ly, with more confidence in the future, than
the one that has nothing but tuition fees to
sustain its work. It does the foundation
work for the boy who goes to college; it takes
the place of the college with many others.
Its instruction is thorough and advanced,
bnl the best work of a good school, and
which makes it even more valuable to a boy
than the college, is character building. The
imjiressions on the mind and character are
more easily made and are more lasting at the
scliool age than at the college age. The im-
provement of the secondary work is there-
fore of far more benefit to the public than
any increase in the number of the colleges.
Its endowment, and ample means for the em-
jiloyment of the very best teaching ability,
foi' providing every building and facility
necessary for the best work, and for the hap-
])iness and the well-being of boys in this
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
formative period, will c-ontribiite more to-
ward developing the right kind of manhood
than anything that can come later. A good
endowment is for these and other reasons n
supreme need for the best type of training
school that is founded with a view to its be-
coming a permanent institution.
The location, grounds and grouping of
the buildings are strikingly beautiful, and
some of the buildings are among the best in
the country. Three other buildings, and a
Primary Department for very young boys,
are, in addition to the endowment, the press-
ing needs, and plans for these buildings are
now in course of preparation. As stated
under the head of Eesources, the sum applied
from donations and earnings for the upbuild-
ing of the school and the scholarship fund is
nearly |500,000. To erect the additional
buildings, found a Primary Department, and
provide the adequate endowment requires as
much more. It is not too much to say, that
the great endowed school of the West can be
established more successfully and with less
cost on this foundation than in any other
way. Gifts and bequests of money or prop-
erty are sought to help in doing this.
Need I say more to interest those who
can appreciate good management and de-
voted work for the training of the young?
JAMES DOBBIN, Rector.
Faribault, Minn.
MEN OF PROGRESS.
PILLSBURY. JOHN SAKGENT. -The
name of John S. Pillsbury is so interwoven
with the development and growtli of Min-
nesota from its territorial, inchoate condi-
tion, to its present proud and commanding
position as the Empire State of the great
Northwest, that a synopsis of his successful
career would require a large volume, and
then not contain the essential ingredients of
his character which have most contributed
to the result. Integrity, acumen, prescience,
public spirit, sagacity, patriotism, loyalty
and noble aspirations cannot be weighed and
measured in their influence-producing effects.
The most intangible forces seem to be the
most potent, and yet the most elusive when
subject to description. The combination of
forces in a person is conventionally called
"force of character." When this is exhibited
in action some inference may be drawn. But
this must be always inadequate to poi-tray
the real man. In dealing with the life of
John S. Pillsbury. these limitations must be
considered. The influence of his character
could not be confined to his local habitation
any more than could the ai^oma of a flower
garden be fenced in. In public estimation —
and of very great importance — the preserva-
tion of the credit of the .state by liquidating
the old railroad bonds and the rescue of the
State University from collapse, if not from
oblivion, are perhaps the two most distin-
guished public achievements of Mr. Pills-
bury. Mr. Pillsbury was born at Sutton,
Merrimac county, N. H., July 2i), 182S. His
father was John Pillsbury, a manufacturer,
and a man for a long life, prominent in local
and state affairs. He was a desceudant of
Joshua Pillsbury, who came from England
in 1640, and settled at Newburyport,
Mass., where he received a grant of laud,
a portion of which still remains in the pos-
session of his descendants, one of whom,
Micijah Pillsbury, went to New Hampshire
in 171)0 and settled at Sutton. He was the
great-grandfather of John S. Pillsbury,
whose mother likewise was of early Puritan
ancestry. Her maiden name was Susan
Wadleigh. The descendants of the Pills-
burys have been numerous, and many of
them have filled positions of honor and trust
with fidelity and credit. John's early educa-
tion was confined to the common schools of
his native town, which, in those days, were
of limited facilities. When a sturdy lad he
commenced to learn the printer's trade. The
business, however, did not prove congenial,
so he abandoned it, and secured employment
as a clerk in the general country store of his
older brother, George, at Warner, N. H.
After four years George sold his busi-
ness, and John continued to work in the
store under the new proprietor for tw*years
longer. Then, shortly after he became of
age, he went into business for himself, with
^Valter Harriman as partner. It is worthy
of remark that each of these partners was
afterwards governor of a state — Mr. Harri-
man governor of New Hampshire, and Mr.
Pillsbury governor of Minnesota. When
this partnership was dissolved he went to
Concord, in the same state, and engaged in
business as a merchant tailor and cloth deal-
er, which he continued for two years. In the
meantime, becoming satisfied with his apti-
tude for mercantile life, he was on the look-
out for a good place in which to [)ermanent-
ly settle. In 1853 he made a tour of the
West for this purpose. The Falls of St. An-
thony captivated him. He was satisfied that
a metropolis would grow up around them.
Without loss of time he settled on the east
side of the Mississippi river, where the prin-
cipal settlement was made and called St.
Anthony. He engaged in the hardware busi-
ness, and because of the large demand for
such goods in the rapidly developing com-
munity, his enterprise was at once prosper-
JOHN SARGENT PILLSBURT.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ous. The only way for a merchant to obtain
goods in any considerable (luantity. at that
time, was by water transportation up the
river from the railroad's terminal point. It
was therefore necessary to secure in the fall
a stock sufficient to supply the demand until
navigation opened the following sprinii —
that is, for live or six months. In the fall of
1S5C, Mr. Pillsbury had safely housed in his
warehouse a larj-e consignment to sui)ply his
trade. It was difficult to obtain insurance,
there being then only one small Illinois com-
pany represented in the town, and that not
deemed very strong. Mr. Pillsbury's store
was insured for a small amount, but the
warehouse containing the hulk of his stock
was considered as not being in much danger.
But a fire started and a high wind soon de-
stroyed this storehouse with its valuable con-
tents, involving a loss of thirty-six thousand
dollars. The goods had been bought mostly
on the usual credit terms. Then, to make
the matter worse, the panic of 1857 came on.
Those who now know Mr. Pillsbury"s capac-
ity for snatching victory from apparent de-
feat — as in the University muddle, and in
the railroad bonds matter — will not be sur-
prised to know that he, instead of succumb-
ing to the appalling disaster, went to work
to retrieve his misfortune in a manner which
may fairly be called heroic. Of course, he
was compelled to ask an extension from his
creditors. One or two small ones, however,
determined to take advantage of the law
which gave the first attaching creditor all
the i»roperty, without regard to the interests
of other creditors. When their design was
known Mr. Pillsbury made an assignment to
protect all the creditors alike. He then suc-
ceeded in obtaining an extension of time for
the payment of his obligations, giving his
notes for payment. The times continued
fearfully dull, but he worked with desperate
energy. He lived in a house for which he
paid ^150 a year, and he supported his fam-
ily on |400 a year. Neither he nor his wife
had a new suit of clothes for six years. When
his first note for |1,200, given to one of his
largest Boston creditors, became due and was
sent on for collection, the best Mr. Pillsbury
could do was to pay on it the pittance of |25.
He made that payment and jiromised to send
on more as soon as he could get together
$23.00. He kept his promise, and in this way
paid the note a few months before the second
one of like amount became due. When this
was sent on for collection, all the notes c-ame
with it, each endorsed to J. S. Pillsbury "for
collection." He could not understand it at
first. It was a strange proceeding to have
his own notes returned to him in this manner.
However, he finally paid every obligation
and was fairly on his feet again in five years.
He then bought a new suit of clothes and
went on to Boston. His old creditor greeted
him very cordially, saying, "You are the man
who pays a •11,200 note $25 at a time. I'm
glad to see you.'" Then turning to his man-
ager he said, "Whatever Mr. Pillsbury wants
at any time, let him have it, and if you
haven't got it, send out and buy it for him,
and if they want to know anything about Mr.
Pillsbury in Xew York, tell them he's the
best man on earth," or words to that effect.
Mr. Pillsbury was now stronger than ever.
Notwithstanding the precarious condition of
general western credit at that time, Mr. Pills-
iiury could command whatever he needed.
Although he was so absorbed in business
that an ordinary man would deem it work
enough, Mr. Pillsbury did not neglect his
work as a citizen. He was always actively
interested in public affairs. In 185G he was
elected a member of the City Council of St.
Anthony, which was then the center of po-
litical control. By repeated re-elections he
served in this body for six years. He was so
tied up with his business obligations that he
could not honorably abandon them and go
into the army during the war — although that
would have been an easy way to escape from
his burdens. But when the Civil War broke
out he rendered efficient service in organiz-
ing the first three regiments. In 1SG2 he also
assisted in raising and ecpiipping a battalion
of mounted men to serve against the Indians.
In 1851 congress gave Minnesota forty-six
thousand acres of land to build a university.
To raise money the land was mortgaged for
forty thousand dollars. When the first build-
ing was completed it was moi-tgaged for fif-
teen thousand dollars. This was during the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
panic of 1X57. In the tonrst' of two or three
jears tlie creditors became clamorons for
some paj. The legislatnre was not able to
make an appropriation, and the friends of
the enterprise "generally, felt that the prop-
erty must be turned over to the creditors to
let them get what they could out of it. Mr.
Pillsbury, though not a scholar himself, was
keenly interested in the cause of education,
and he determined, if possible, to save the
university to the state, that the youth of the
state might have the best facilities for an
education. It became almost a passion with
him. To show the desperate condition of the
affairs of the university it may be well to say
that the governor of the state in his message
of 1802, only voiced the prevailing opinion
when he was compelled to own that he could
see no other way out of the financial embar-
rassment of the university than to give all
the granted lands to the creditors to extin-
guish the debt. The next year Mr. Pillsbury
was appointed one of the regents of the uni-
versity and began to investigate the affairs,
and finally devised a plan to extricate the in-
stitution from its difficulty. For the time
being he made its affairs his own, and ap-
plied his business sagacity and acumen to its
deliverance. He was also, the same year,
1863, elected to the state senate. Here he
proposed his plan. It was to create a new-
board of regents with plenary power to deal
with all the affairs of the university. He
was ably assisted by Hon. John M. Berry,
later a justice of the supreme court. He
drew up and introduced the bill which be-
came a law March 4, 1864, which provided
that the regents should give bonds each, in
the amount of twenty-five thousand dollars.
They were empowered to "compromise, set-
tle and pay any and all claims" and "to sell
at public or i)rivate sale" the whole or any
part of the land for cash, or on credit. In a
woi"d, the new regents had as full control
over the uni\ersity property as if it had been
their own. The new regents were John S.
Pillsbury, O. C. Merriam, also of St. Anthony,
and John Nicols, of St. Paul. Mr. Pillsbury
took upon himself the untangling of the com-
plicated M'eb of claims — some of long stand-
ing, some items in dispute, some scattered
east and west. This difficult and delicate
task required Mr. Pillsbury to travel to dis-
tant jilaces. and to devote months of time in
adjusting satisfactorily to creditors and to
the friends of the university the jumble
placed in his hands. It was, however, finally
accomplished. He succeeded in discharging
every lien and debt to the satisfaction of all
concerned, and yet saved to the university
thirty thousand acres of land, the campus of
twenty-five acres, and the buildings, which
alone were worth about seventy-five thou-
sand dollars. ITiis was a voluntary work of
his heart, without compensation to himself,
except the joy of a noble duty well done.
Mr. Pillsbury was in the senate neai'ly all the
time from 1863 to 1876, and always managed
to secure a liberal appropriation from the
legislature — even when others deemed it
hopeless. Very naturally his successful deal-
ing with university affairs gave him a wide
reputation throughout the state. He is a
Kejjublican, although in no sense a politician.
In 1875 he was nominated by the Bepub-
licans for governor, and elected. The state
needed the best business ability it could com-
mand, for the panic of 1873 had just left its
devastating trail; the grasshopper scourge
afflicted the farming community, and with it,
every business interest; the long repudiated
railroad bonds were a stain upon the escutch-
eon of the state, which, besides the moral
obloquy, were a source of financial trouble.
The propositions offered for settling these
claims had been so rejected by the people
that most of the prominent public men w^ere
afraid to meddle with the subject. But Mr.
Pillsbury believed that honesty was just as'
obligatory to the state as to an individual.
He became terribly in earnest that the
state should be honest. Here was to be his
home, and he did not want to live in a state
which rejnidiated its debts — no matter' how
they had been contracted. He was almost
alone in these views. There were only seven
other prominent men in his home community
who favored the payment of the repudiated
bonds. He did not hesitate to urge at all
times the liquidation of the debt. His views
were known when he was elected governor.
In five successive messages to the legislature
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
and in every legitimate and honorable way
lie sought to bring about a settlement. The
ojiposition claimed that the bonds were ille-
gally issued. It was diffleult to get a judicial
decision from the supreme court to deter-
mine this question, by reason of technical
difficulties in the way. Although the people
who did not fully understand the matter and
who had been misled by politicians, rejected,
by a vote of about three to one, the proposi-
tion for settlement. Governor Pillsbury suc-
ceeded in inducing the legislature to author-
ize him to U]ipoint seven judges of the dis-
trict court — or if necessary one or more
from the supreme court — to form a commis-
.sion to decide upon the legality of the bonds.
Tlie first judges approached to accept an ap-
pointment on the commission refused to
serve — such was the unpopularity of the gov-
ernor's motive. There was, for a time, dan-
ger that he could not form a commission.
However, when he succeeded, and the com-
mission met to consider the question, they
were confronted by an injunction procured
by the repudiationists to prevent the commis-
sion from acting. This was the best thing
that could happen, for it brought the ques-
tion before the supreme court, which not
only dissolved the injunction, but pro-
nounced the bonds valid, and made the pro-
posed work of the commission useless. But
the work of extinguishing the hateful debt
was not yet done. It was necessary that the
legislature should provide funds. In antici-
pation of a settlement. Governor Pillsbury
had secured the surrender of the old bonds.
Now some of the bondholders wanted to re-
pudiate their agreement and demanded the
surrender of their bonds, which by the decis-
ion were valuable. But the governor would
not give them up. He held them to their con-
tract. When every (juibble against the pay-
ment of the bonds had been demolished. Gov-
ernor Pillsbury made his final appeal to the
legislature. It was a masterly argument,
and won. Even then it required great cir-
cumspection to execute and deliver the new
bonds, for feeling ran high, and the danger
of physical as well as legal interference was
imminent. But even that was successfully
circumvented and the subject has quietly
passed into history which redounds to the
credit of the persistent and courageous gov-
ernor, who declared from the outset that he
would 'go into every school district of the
state, if necessary, to convince the people of
the absolute justice and honesty of paying:
the railroad bonds." The scourge of grass-
hoppers was at its height during a part of his
six years of administration as governor. He
vetoed the first crude bills for ai)propriations
to purchase seed wheat for the sufferers, be-
cause the sowing of wheat was worse than
useless, so long as the pest remained. His
wisdom was fully justified by subsequent ex-
perience. He secured a council of governors
of the affected states to organize a co-opera-
tion for exterminating the grasshoppers. It
met at Omaha, Neb., in October, 1876,
and elected Governor Pillsbury president.
He traveled, incognito, the infested region in
midwinter to ascertain from personal in-
vestigation the true situation and the con-
dition of the peoi)le. He visited thirty-two
counties and met with many pathetic inci-
dents. The willing beggars had been forced
out of the country. Those that remained had
the right stuff in them. To relieve the im-
mediate wants of many, he gave liberally
from his private means. When he returned
with his full personal knowledge, he made
such an appeal to the benevolent that a gen-
erous response was received from all parts
of the country. (Jovernor Pillsbury and his
wife attended personally, with scrupulous
and exacting fidelity, to the distribution of
the supplies. They were generously carried
to their destination by the railroads and ex-
press companies, free of charge. Ministers
and country physicians having no selfish in-
terests to serve, and being familiar with the
conditions, were appointed as distributing
agents. There were over six thousand peo-
ple relieved in this manner, and it is safe to
say that no supplies were ever distributed
more equitably. Later the legislature made
appropriations for supplying seed wheat to
the sufferers. The execution of this law was
put upon the governor, and it involved a
stupendous amount of work. To put the seed
where it was wanted in so many ditferent lo-
cations, in different counties, and in time for
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
early spring planting, was a task of immense
difiioiilty. Early in the spring of 1877, at the
express wish of several religious bodies, and
in accordance with an old New England cus-
tom, Governor Pillsbury issued a proclama-
tion for a day of "fasting and prayer.'" This
attracted attention throughout the country,
and provoked some criticism, but it was
largely observed in the state, and it inspired
many with a new hope. When it was found
that the grasshoppers disappeared, and that
the harvests of the year were unusually
bountiful, especially in the infected districts,
many people believed that the prayers were
truly answered. There has been since no
such affliction in the state. In 1877 Mr.
Pillsbury was again elected governor. Dur
ing his inspection of the region devastated
by the grasshoppers he discovered a number
of county ofQcers who w^re totally incompe-
tent from ignorance, and some who were dis
honest by inclination. He saw that it was
necessary to have some remedy for this state
of aflairs. He therefore drew the bill for the
appointment of a public examiner to investi-
gate all public offices and accounts and to
devise an efficient method of keeping public
records. The bill became a law. It gives the
governor the power to remove n.n objection-
able officer. This has proved to be a valuable
safeguard to the people. By his action the
governor saved one county alone thirty thou
sand dollars. The law has been adopted in
several other states and will no doubt even-
tually become as universal as the "official
ballot." He also secured the passage of the
law creating a high school board to complete
the chain connecting the district school with
the university. Education has always been
a subject close to his heart. He was a stern
defender of the school fund and at one time
set his face so strongly against a proposition
to sell the school lands, that the matter has
been dropped ever since. Mr. Pillsbury also
succeeded in having the session of the legis-
lature made biennial instead of annual, to
the marked improvement of the quality of
the laws, as well as a saving in expense.
When the railroads defaulted ujion their
contracts to build railroads the lands grant-
ed as aid were forfeited and reverted to the
state. These were then sold to settlers.
Afterwards the state gave a new contract
to the railroad companies and returned the
lands to them, except those lands sold to
settlers who had gone on and improved their
claims in good faith. This gave rise to many
contests betewen the settlers and a rail-
road company. One arrangement required
the settlers to go to the capital. 8t. Paul, to
fight for their lands. Governor Pillsbury
took the attorney general and judge and
proper officers to hold a court in the counties
where these lands were in dispute, because
the settlers could not meet the expense of a
journey to St. Paul and maintenance while
there contesting for their fanns. The gover-
nor spent eighteen months in settling these
claims and saved the farms of 400 settlers.
The attempted bank robbery at Xorthfield,
where the brave cashier who foiled the rob-
bers was killed, brought out another praise-
worthy trait of Mr. Pillsbury's character —
that of coolness and judgment in times of
excitement. There was a clamor for calling
out troops to arrest the bandits who were
trying to escape from the state. Believing
that quick action was better than a military
expedition, necessarily slow, he offered on his
own resjjonsibility a reward for the arrest of
the outlaws. His plan was successful, and the
most of them were killed or captured within
less time than it would have taken to get a
military column in motion. When it was de-
cided by the legislature to enlarge the capitol
by the addition of a wing to the old building,
§14,000 was appropriated for the purpose.
Xo one could be found to take the contract
at that price, and it was generally predicted
that it would cost two or three times that
amount. Governor Pillsbury hired men and
supervised the work himself and brought
the wing within the sum mentioned. The
legislature adjourned and by an oversight
neglected to nmke the necessary approi)ria-
tion for paying the current expenses of the
state penitentiary at Stillwater. To prevent
the calling of an extra session of the legisla-
ture, which would cost the state from fifty
to seventy-five thousand dollars, he advanced
$55,00 from his private funds to keep the
prison running and to save the common-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
wealth that extra expense. Subsequently,
when the hospital for the insane at St. Peter
was burned, just before winter set in, he
saved the state the expense of an extra ses-
sion of the legislature, which would have
been necessary to provide for the emergency,
and he prevented the suffering of the in-
mates by advancing from his private ex-
chequer the necessary funds. In 1879, al-
though contrary to jirecedent, and not de-
sired by himself because of the growth and
size of his private business, he was elected
governor for a third term — the only instance
of a third election to the office in the history
of the state. From all indications, from the
urgent solicitations of prominent public men,
and the almost universal approval of his
three administrations, he could have been
elected for a fourth term, but he positively
declined to be considered again. The capitol
was burned March 1, 1881, in the early even-
ing. Before midnight, by telegraph, a tender
of the old market house at St. Paul was
made for the use of the legislature. This
was the first news of the disaster received
by the governor, who was at home in Minne-
apolis. In the morning the offer was accept-
ed, and subsequently by his influence, the
capitol was rebuilt on the old site. Another
evidence of his broadmindeduess was shown
conspicuously in his selection of judges for
the supreme and the district courts, when the
legislature increased the judicial service. Al-
though a staunch Rejmblican, out of three
appointments for the supreme court, he ap-
pointed two Democrats, and for the district
courts he appointed several Democrats.
These selections were approved by the peo-
ple generally, and subsequent experience has
abundantly conflrmd the wisdom of Gover-
nor Pillsbury's choice. His liberality and
munificence have always kept pace with his
prosperity, from the time that he generously
relieved the grasshopper scourge sufferers
from his private purse, up to his princely
gifts for public uses. In 1889 he built and
gave to the University of Minnesota the mag-
nificent structure known as "Science Hall,"
erected at a cost of .1150,000. In 1892 he pre-
sented to his native town, Sutton, N. H.,
a fine town hall, as a memorial of
his father, John Pillsbury, and his mother,
Susan 'Wadleigh Pillsbury. In 1898 Mrs.
Pillsbury, his wife, established an endow-
ment fund of .|1 00,000 for "The Home for
Children and Aged Women," in Minneapolis.
In 1900 he and his wife erected in the same
city a home for working girls, at a cost of
$25,000. Through his business management
the State Agricultural College and Experi-
ment Station farm were secured for the state
without costing it a cent. In 1901 he deter-
mined to give to Minneajtolis as complete a
library building for the "East Side" — which
has always been his home — as could be de-
vised, which will cost .f75,000. This is for
the especial benefit of the families of the six
or seven thousand mill hands working there.
There is no room here for a history of his
successful efforts in building up the flour
mills which have made the name of "Pills-
bury" famous throughout the world, and
made the city of Minneapolis the world's
greatest milling center. It is enough here to
say that this gigantic business is due to the
capital and business sagacity of JoUn S.
Pillsbury. He has always been the founda-
tion and motive power of the enterprise and
has never been out of touch with it. The
greatest merit of all is the fact that by his
firmness and principle, and unswerving loy-
alty to Minneapolis and the Northwest, he
prevented the transfer of the property to a
trust. He resisted the temptation of almost
fabulous sums to yield control, which by the
scratch of a pen he had the i)ower to do, and
thus relieve himself of a vast responsibility
when ease in comfoi'table circumstances is
grateful. For this integrity and steadfast-
ness the whole world owes him honor. Gov-
ernoi' Pillsbury, November i!, 185G, was mar-
ried to Miss Maliala Fisk, the daughter of
("a])tain John Fisk, who came from Suft'olk,
England, in 1837, and settled at Windoui,
Mass. She has been a worthy help-uu'ot.
deeply intei-ested in ln-r Imshaud's j)lans,
and ably assisting \\li('rc Ikm- efforts
would avail. Tlicy have had four children —
Addie, horn October 4, 1859, the deceased
wife of Charles M. Webster; Susan M., born
June 23, 1863, the wife of Fred B. Snyder,
the well known lawver and state senator
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
from Minueapolis; Sarali Belle, born June 30,
1866, and Alfred Fick Pillsbur.T, born Oc-
tober 20, 1868.
MENDENHALL, Richard Junius.— Com-
ing in the early 50's to the then practically
unknown west, and locating at the little set-
tlement by the falls of St. Anthony, Richard
J. Mendenhall has been identified with the
city of Minneapolis from its early growth,
and in his 15 years of residence he has had
a varied business record — that of surveyor,
land agent, banker and florist. In the early
decades of the city's development few were
more actively identified with those interests
which were calculated to advance its wel-
fare. Struggling often with poor health,
his resolution and power of will overcame
every obstacle, and turning by adverse cir-
cumstances from one field of enterprise he
launched boldly and with enthusiasm into
another, finally reaping in later years the
success he so richly merited. Entomology
and botany have been his scientific diver-
sions throughout the whole of his career,
and applying to them his business experi-
ence he has built up a reputation as a florist
which has made his name known through-
out the entire northwest. Mr. Mendenhall
traces his ancestry directly back to the
"Quaker" Mendenhall who came over with
William Penn, and who was the founder of
the American family of that name. Rich-
ard Mendenhall, his great great grandson,
and the father of the subject of this sketch,
was a tanner by profession and carried
on an extensive business at Jamestown,
N. C, from which he realized a comfortable
fortune. He was a member of the North
Carolina legislature for several years, and
an ardent abolitionist. The interest he
took, however, in organizing Sunday schools
among the colored people nearly led to his
being hanged by some of the more rabid
slave-holders. As his ancestors before him,
he was a follower of the Quaker creed and
a prominent member of the Society of
Friends in North Carolina. His wife, Mary
Pegg, was a descendant of an old Welsh
family which settled in Maryland at an ear-
ly period. She was a woman of strong char-
acter and a worthy help-mate. Richard J.
was born at Jamestown, N. C. November
25, 1828. His educataional opportunities
were of a somewhat limited nature. After
a few brief years at the village school, he
spent a year at the Quaker boarding school
at New Garden, N. C. At fourteen, he
went to Greensboro and lived with a
physician, who was also the postmaster, and
assisted in the work of the oflice, but later
returned to his native town, working in his
uncle's store. When twenty years of age he
went to Providence, R. I., and entered
the celebrated Friends' School at that
place. For a short time afterwards he
taught school at North Falmouth, Mass.
During the next few years he followed
the occupation of a civil engineer, travel-
ing through the eastern states, finally
coming west, and had charge of a survey-
ing party in Des iloines, Iowa, during the
winter of 1855-56. The following spring, be-
ing afl'ected by a hemorrhage of the lungs,
he decided to come further north for his
health, reaching ilinneapolis on the twenty-
seventh day of April, 1856. He entered into
partnership here with Mr. Cyrus Beede, un-
der the firm name of Beede & Mendenhall,
carrying on a banking and exchange business.
The following year proved disastrous to the
young firm through extensive loans made on
what proved to be worthless security, but
they held on, preserving their credit, and
doing such business as was possible under
the adverse conditions. In November, 1862,
Mr. Mendenhall became president of the
State Bank of Minnesota, having purchased '
a half interest in the capital stock of that
concern, and continued as such until 1871.
He was also president of the State Savings
Association, which was connected with the
National Bank. When the panic of 1873
came the savings bank was forced to sus-
pend and nearly all his fortune was swept
away by the crash. He then turned his at-
tention to horticulture, a subject in which
he had always taken a great interest. In
prosperous times he had erected near his
family residence a greenhouse, where he de-
voted his leisure moments to the cultivation
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of choice exotics, as -well as the more com-
mon flowers. The o^reenhouses were at
once extended and his business grew in
magnitude until he built up what is probably
the largest cut flower business in the north-
west, and lias in his greenhouses the choicest
plants from all parts of the world. Though
a man of seventy-two years of age he still
takes as much interest in his floral beauties
as he did in his youthful days. Mr. Menden-
hall has always taken an active part in poli-
tics, but never to the extent of seeking office.
He has voted for those candidates whom he
thought would make the best men for the
office to which they aspired, regardless of
their political affiliations; but he never
shirked his own responsibility as a citizen.
He served as treasurer of the town of Min-
neapolis in ISGl*, and as treasurer of the
Minneapolis school board for ten years. He
was also treasurer of the Minnesota Mutual
Insurance Company for the same number of
years. He was a delegate to the national
board of trade for three successive years, a
delegate to the river and harbor improve-
ment convention at St. Louis in 1867, and
was president of the state national park for
twelve years. He has been a member of the
State Horticultural society since its organi-
zation, and was its president for one year.
Kut no sketch of the life of Mr. Mendenhall
would be complete which did not take into
account the share which his wife had in the
molding of his character and the guiding of
his life. Her maiden name was Abby Grant
Swift. She was the youngest of a family of
seven daughters. Her father, Silas Swift,
was a sturdy sea captain. She grew up to
young womanhood in tlie little village of
West Falmouth, Mass., attending the com-
mon schools, but was prevented by ill
health from receiving the advantages of a
seminary or a boarding school education.
This was compensated for in part, however,
by diligent reading and study at home. She
spent a few years at New Bedford, where
she assisted a relative in the conduct of her
business, keeping books and accounts. On
February 11, 185S, she was united in mar-
riage to Mr. Mendenhall, having met him
first when he taught school in West Fal-
laCHAltD J. MENDENHALL.
mouth. She soon became prominent in the
social life of the Society of Friends ia her
new home, and took an active interest in the
missionary work of the church both at home
and abroad. Having no children of her own,
Mrs. Mendenhall became by sympathy and
choice a mother to the unfortunate, and in
every charitable effort she was always a
foremost spirit. Her memory is especially
cherished in connection with her work for
Bethany Home, having been one of the organ-
izers of the society which built this useful
institution, and was the treasurer of that
society during its entire history up to the
time of her death, January 11, 1000.
LYON, Hiram Rogers. — The custody of
other people's money is one of the most re-
sponsible duties that can be assumed, not so
luudi perhaps because of the value of the
trust, but rather by reason of the tempta-
tions which inhere to the control of ready
money. Diamonds of ten times the value of
a sum of money could not attract the temp-
tations which seem to hang around and be-
leaguer ready cash. Brilliant schemes prom-
ising large and (]uick returns seem to crowd
HISTOllY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
HIRAM R. LYON.
around the money safe when any other form
of property would be immune from attack.
Hence a banker, to be successful, must have
a peculiar mental equipment. It is not
enough to be merely honest and to have good
intentions. Such a one may tumble into pit-
falls, as many of them do. He must be well
informed in all matters of finance, stocks,
bonds, mortgages and all sorts of securities.
He must know about the crops, wool, cattle,
commerce, the balance of trade, politics,
"strikes" and a host of other things involv-
ing money. He must be of sound judgment,
conservative, cautious — and yet not too care-
ful; alert, yet not so eager as to be blind to
risk; bold to seize an opportunity, and yet
not rash; kind hearted and jet not maudlin;
generous, though not a spendthrift, and
have many other qualities not essential for
success in other lines of business. There
are bankers who are not so equipped, yet
they manage to get along, but it is more
owing to good fortune than to their own ef-
forts. The crucial test of their fitness may
never have been met, but in the long run it
generally comes. A successful banker of
long standing is therefore a man of more
than common ability.
The First National Bank of Mandan, North
Dakota, is fortunate in having a man at the
head who may fairly be classed with the
ideal portrayed. President Hiram K. Lyon
for nearly twenty years has held a large
share of the i-esponsibility of the bank.
During that time there have been critical
periods in financial circles, as many know
to their sorrow, and Mr. Lyon has faced the
storms like an experienced pilot.
Mr. Lyon was born at Zanesville, Ohio, in
1856. His father was Carlos W. Lyon, who
came to Minnesota in an early day and set-
tled at Wabasha as a grain dealer. He was
also the local agent for the Davidson Line of
steamboats, which at that time was one of
the leading transportation companies and
did a large business. He was a man of in-
fluence, though only in moderate circum-
stances, and was elected mayor of the town.
He was serving in this capacity at the time
of the Indian outbreak. The neighboring
Indians were greatly agitated and the situ-
ation was alarming. Through Mr. Lyon's
influence they were induced to go to Fort
Snelling, where they were kept until the trou-
ble was over. He died in 1865, when Hiram
was only nine years of age. Hiram's moth-
er was born in Philadelphia, her maiden
name being Mary Rogers. She married at
Zanesville, Ohio, where her son was born.
She married for her second husband Capt.
David W. Wellman, a civil engineer, who
was the city engineer of St. Paul. She is
still living, at Los Gatos, California. Hiram
was educated in the public schools and took
a special course in the University of Min- .
nesota. He also attended the Normal school
at Oshkosh, Wis., for two terms. He then
did some work in civil engineering un-
der his step-father. But within one week
after he was of age he secured a position as
messenger in the Second National Bank of
St. Paul. This was really his starting point
in life. He found his sphere, for he proved
so apt and etBcient that he was rapidly pro-
moted to bookkeeper, teller, and cashier
within four years. In 1881 he went to North
Dakota, or Dakota Territory, — as it had not
yet been divided into states, — to look up a
place for a new bank. He selected Mandan,
HISTOKY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ever since his home. The present bank was
organized by him in August, 1881. The next
year, April 1, 1882, Mr. Lyon came and
took charge of the bank as cashier. In 1881
he was elected president of the institution,
grown to be one of the most substantial in
the state. Mr. Lyon has always been a IJe-
publican, as bis forefathers have been, but
has held few public offices. He served on
the governor's staff three terms as a mem-
ber of the Agricultural Board. He is a
member of the Royal Arcanum and of the
Minneapolis Club, which he joined while teni
porarily living in Minneapolis in charge of
the Xorth Dakota Millers' Association prop-
erty. Besides being interested in the bank-
ing business of the country, Mr. Lyon has in-
terests in lumber and in farm machinery
business. He is also president of the Mis-
souri Valley ISIilling Company, and of the
Lyon Elevator Company, with headquarters
at Mandan. Mr. Lyon is a member of the
Episcopal church, and is married and has
one child, Caroline Rogers Lyon, now near-
ly seven years old. He has also a step-son,
Robert Meech — his wife's son by a former
marriage, — now about fifteen years of age,
and a student at Shattuck school, Faribault.
SPALDING, Burleigh Folsom, congress-
man from North Dakota, comes from old
colonial stock. He is a descendant, in the
eighth generation, from Edward Spalding,
who migrated to Virginia from England in
161"J, settling in Massachusetts in l(j:?0, and
on the maternal side, in the eighth genera-
tion, from John Folsom, who came to this
country from England and settled in Massa-
chusetts about 1638. His ancestors on both
sides fought in all the early colonial and
Indian wars, and at least three of his great
grandfathers participated in the Revolu-
tionary' war. Benjamin Spalding, his great
grandfather, was one of the earliest settlers
of Drleans county, Vermont, settling in
Craftsbury, where he died, in 1838. liis
grandfather, Noah Spalding, was a noted
teacher in northern Vermont, and served in
the war of 1812. The father of the subject
of this sketch was Benjamin Pendell Spal-
BUKLEIGH F. SI'ALDING.
ding, who was an itinerant preacher of the
Methodist Episcopal church in Vermont«nd
New Hampshire. Ann Folsom, his wife,
was a daughter of Rev. ^Moses Folsom, a
Free Baptist preacher of the same two
states. She taught school in Vermont for
several years before her marriage, and was
noted in her vocation as among the best.
Their son, Burleigh, was born in Craftsbury,
Orleans county, Vermont, December 3, 1853.
He attended the common schools of Ver-
mont, summer and winter, till he was eleven
years old, then only the winter term till he
was seventeen. This was supplemented by
an attendance at the Lyndon Literary Insti-
tute and the Norwich University, the latter
being the military college of Vermont. He
graduated from this institution in 1877,
with the degree of B. Ph., and was honored
with the degree of M. A. from his alma ma-
ter in 1897. He was compelled to pay his
own way through college, and earned the
funds with which to do so by teaching dur-
ing the winter, and working on the farm or
canvassing for books in the summer. The
winter of 1877-78 he taught in the Albany
Aradriiiy. and then, having a desire to take
up the legal ]irofessi(in as his vocation in
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
life, read law with tlie firm of Gleasou &
Field, in Montpelier. During the session of
1878 he served as a clerk in the Vermont
legislature. He was admitted to the Wash-
ington county bar, March 15, 1880, and im-
mediately came west, settling at Fargo, Da-
kota Territory, March 31. The following
May he entered into a partnership with Hon.
S. G. Roberts, one of the earliest settlers of
Fargo, and at the end of one year purchased
his interest and formed a partnership with
Hon. C. F. Templeton, which continued un-
til 1888. He then practiced alone till 1892,
when he formed a partnership with George
H. Phelps. In 1893, Mr. Seth Newman was
admitted to the partnership. Mr. Phelps
withdrew from the firm in 1896, and, in 1S98,
the firm of Newjnan, vSpalding & Stambaugh
was formed, which still continues, and is
one of the best known law tirms in the state.
Mr. Spalding has always enjoyed a lucrative
practice and has been engaged in many of
the most important cases tried in any of the
courts of his home state. From the begin-
ning of his residence in Dakota he always
took an active interest in politics. His po-
litical affiliations have always been with the
Republican party. In 1883 the legislature
of Dakota Territory elected him as a mem-
ber of a commission of nine to re-locate the
capital and build the capitol buildings, and
he served for several years as secretary of
this commission. He was superintendent
of public instruction for Cass county from
1882 to 1884, and served as a member of the
convention which framed the constitution
of the new state of North Dakota in 1889.
He also served on the joint commission to
divide the archives and property of the terri-
tory between the two new states of North
Dakota and South Dakota. He served as
chairman of the Republican state central
committee from 1892 to 1894; and in 1896,
of Cass County Republican committee. In
1898 he was nominated to congress on the
Republican ticket, and M'as elected by the
handsome majority of 9,938. He declined a
renomination in 1900 by refusing to be a
party to a combination formed in the state
convention of that year to parcel out state
offices. Mr. Spalding made an admirable
record during his two years' term in the
lower house of congress. He was one of the
hard-working men of that body and could
always be depended upon to look out for the
interests of his constituents. He served on
the territorial and war claims' committees,
and was chairman of the subcommittee to
prepare a system of government for Alaska.
He also introduced and secured the passage
of the bill opening Fort Buford military res-
trvation to settlement. This reservation in-
cludes about 517,000 acres. The bill is said
to be the most important passed by any new
member at the first session of this Fifty-
sixth congress. North Dakota lost a valua-
ble man to represent its interests in con-
gress when Mr. Spalding declined to join
the slope forces in their combination to con-
trol state offices, and by so doing practically
declining a renomination. But she will not
be deprived of his services in other ways.
He is a man who will always take a fore-
most position in public affairs, contributing
freely of his time to the best interests of his
adopted state. He did effective work on the
stump in the campaign of 1900, speaking
from one end of the state to the other, and
contributed in no small measure to the large
vote polled for the Republican ticket in that
year. Mr. Spalding is a prominent member
of the JIasonic fraternity. He has taken
the thirty-second degree in the Scottish
Rite, has served as High Priest of Keystone
Chapter, and is one of the trustees of the
Masonic Temple at Fargo. He is also a
Knight Templar. He was married, Novem-
ber 25, 1880, to Alida Baker, daughter of
David and Emily H. (Cutler) Baker, of Glov-
er, Vermont. Their union has been blessed
with five children: Deane Baker, born April
12, 1882; Frances Folsom, born December
20, 1888; Roscoe Conkling, born January 9,
1890; Burleigh Mason, born April 9, 1891,
and Carlton Cutler, born January 21, 1896.
WOOLMAN, Joseph P., is United States
marshal for the district of Montana, to
which position he was appointed in May,
1898. He was born February 5, 1841,
at Woodstown, Salem county, N. J. His
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
father, James Woolman, was a leading- manu-
facturer in that place, and was also en-
gaged in farming. He was a man who took
quite a prominent part in the affairs of his
own community and was regarded as a
shrewd and capable business man. His
wife's maiden name was Mary Ann Pedrick.
She was a worthy woman in every respect,
self-sacrificing where the interests of those
she loved were concerned, and was the moth-
er of eleven children. On his father's side.
Mr. Woolman is descended from ^^■illianl
Woolman, and his son John, who came over
from England in 1678 and settled in New
Jersey. They belonged to that large and
worthy class of Quakers who came to Amei'-
ica to escape persecution in their mother
country, and who took so prominent a part in
the building up of the colonies. John Wool
man, the great great uncle of the subject of
this sketch, was a noted Quaker jtreacher.
The Pedricks were settlers of New Jersey in
the early colonial times, and from this fam-
ily the village of Pedricktown, in Salem
county, derived its name. Joseph received
his early educational training in a private
school conducted by the Society of Friends
and in the public schools of his native town.
Later in life he attended the First Pennsyl-
vania State Normal school at Millersville, in
Lancaster county. He taught school in New
Jersey during the winter of 1861-62, going
from there to Philadelphia, where he
worked as a salesman in a retail and whole-
sale dry goods store for the next two years.
While living in Philadelphia he served as a
member of the Pennsylvania state militia in
1863, which was engaged in repelling the reb-
el invasion of that state, and was under fire
at Carlisle when Gen. Fitz Hugh Lee burned
the government barracks at that place and
shelled the town. The gold fever struck
him in 1864 and he started for Montana. On
his way there he stopped at Centreville,
Utah, near Salt Lake City, and taught
school during the winter of 1864-65. He
reached Montana in April of the following
year. His first employment was in placer
mining in Last Chance gulch. He gave this
work up in a short time, however, and be-
gan clerking and keeping books for a gro-
.iDSEPH r. wooL^rAN.
eery house at Virginia Citj', and later at
Helena. Being industrious and frugal*in
his habits, he was able after a few years to
interest himself financially in a number of
ditferent enterprises. He became interest-
ed early in ranching and stock raising, but
did not give the business his personal atten-
tion. He is at the present time, however,
largely interested in sheep raising. For sev-
eral years he was the owner of the leading
boot and shoe stoi-e in Helena. He is now
a member of the firm of Holme, Miller & Co.,
which does an extensive hardware, mining
machinery and supplies, and tinware busi-
ness in Dawson, Yukon Territory, Canada.
Mr. Woolman has been a life-long Repub-
lican, and taken an active interest in poli-
tics. He represented Montana on the Cen-
tennial commission of the Philadelphia Ex-
position in 1876, by appointment of Presi-
dent Grant. In 1878 he was appointed by
President Hayes an honorary commissioner
to the Paris International Industrial Expo-
sition of that year. He has also served his
state in a number of important positions of
trust. In 1879 he was appointed auditor of
the then Territory of Montana by Gov.
Potts, and made such a capable and efficient
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
oflBcer that he was reappointed to this posi-
tion by Governors Crosby and Carpenter,
serving continuously in this office until 1887.
In 1808 he was appointed to his present po-
sition as United States marshal of Montana.
He served as chairman of the Republican
territorial central committee in 1880 and
1881, and as chairman of the Republican
state central committee in 1898 and 1899.
Mr. Woolman is a member of the Benevolent
and Protective Order of Elks. His church
connections are with the Society of Friends.
In 1880, he was married to Mrs. Sarah Ellen
Glendinen, n6e McGavran, who died in 1890.
In 1893 he was again married, to Mrs. Cor-
nelia Miller Goodwin, n^e Swiggett. He
has no children. Mr. Woolman resides at
Helena.
BRIGGS, Asa Gilbert.— One of the lead-
ing lights in the legal profession in St. Paul,
Minn., is Asa Gilbert Bi-iggs. The success
he has achieved has been due entirely to his
own unaided efforts. From the age of six-
teen he has been dependent on his own exer-
tions for his support, as well as his educa-
tion. When he opened up an office in St.
Paul to commence the practice of his pro-
fession he had less than one hundred dollars
in his pocket. By careful, painstaking work
he has built up, in the thirteen years he has
been in practice, an enviable reputation as a
lawyer and has the respect of the bar in a
high degree, not only of St. Paul, but the
state as well. Mr. Briggs is of Welsh ex-
traction, his ancestors coming to this country
in the early colonial days and settling in
Massachusetts. His father, Isaac A. Briggs,
was, before he retired, a practicing physician,
and, also, owner of a farm, partly within
and partly without the village limits of Ar-
cadia, Wis., where he resided. He was born
in Vermont in ISIG, moving early in life to
Michigan. In 1858 he migrated to Wisconsin
and located at Arcadia. After thirty years
of active practice, he retired in 1881, moving
three years later to St. Paul, where he has
since resided. Aside from his professional
work, he has been interested at different
times in cattle raising and the lumber and
woolen mill business. His wife, Elizabeth,
is also a native of Vermont, where she was
born in 1819, and was married to Mr. Briggs
in Michigan. The doctor and his wife are
both living, he at the age of 84 and she at
that of 82. Their son, Asa, was born De-
cember 20, 1862, at Arcadia, Trempealeau
county, Wis. He attended the district school
until his thirteenth year, then entered the
graded school at Arcadia. Previous to the
construction of the Green Bay & Winona rail-
way through Arcadia in 1873, that place
only consisted of a small settlement, with a
corner store, and no means of communica-
tion with the outside world, except by horse,
within twenty miles. The schools from that
time on began to improve, and when Asa
was thirteen years of age a new graded
school was built. He graduated with the
first graduating class from this school three
years later. The next two years were de-
voted to teaching in the common district
school in the winter, and working on the
farm in the summer. He was also engaged
in the house-moving business, having pur-
chased an outfit for this purpose. In this
way he was enabled to earn enough money to
pay his expenses for a year's attendance at
the University of Wisconsin. He was eight-
een years of age when he went to Madison
and entered the university, taking the gen-
eral science course, with additional studies
in modern classics. He graduated with the
class of 1885, paying his expenses through
the whole course with the money earned by
his own individual effort. Going to St. Paul
from Madison, he devoted the following year
to making money in the real estate business
and the study of law. Returning to the uni-
versity in 1886, he entered the law depart-
ment, and with the knowledge of law already
acquired was able to do two years' work in
one, graduating the following year. While
at college he was a member of Hesperia Lit-
erary Society, Phi Delta Theta fraternity.
The Senate (an organization specially intend-
ed to give experience in parliamentary prac-
tice), the U. W. Athletic Association, The
E. G. Ryan Debating Society and various
other organizations. During his sophomore
vear he was a member of the debating team
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of the sophomore class at its public enter-
tainment, and was also a membei" of the
joint debating team for 1884 repi-esenting
the Hesperia Society. Foi' over a year he
was managing editor of the University Press,
and was business manager of the first "class
annual" published at the university. At the
commencement exercises he was elected by
the faculty a member of the oration class.
In fact, he was one of the most enthusiastic
and active students at the university during
the course. He was a leading spirit in the
efforts to obtain a gymnasium, and was elect-
ed by a college mass meeting as one of two
members of the university to represent it
before the legislative committees of the ses-
sion of 1885 in making arguments for that
purpose. Immediately after graduating he
came to St. Paul and entered the employ of
the legal department of the St. Paul Title
Insurance Company, remaining with that
firm four months. Is'ovember 15, 1887, he
opened a law office, having desk room only,
in the Chamber of Commerce building. Two
years later he secured more- spacious quar-
ters in the Pioneer Press building, and five
years later removed to the New York Life
building, where he is now located. He was
in partnership for a short time with Hon.
George L. Bunn, the firm being known as
Briggs & Bunn. In 1891 he formed a part-
nership with M. L. Countryman, as Briggs
& Countryman, which continued for two
years. The following two years he practiced
alone, and in July, 1S"J8, associated himself
with J. L. D. Morrison, in the present firm
of Brigg-s & Morrison. Mr. Briggs has en-
joyed a lucrative jn-actice from the begin-
ning. He has always had an active court
practice and has been very successful in a
remarkably large number of contested cases,
among which maj' be mentioned: Williams
vs. Great Northern Railway Company, in
which new rules of expert evidence were es-
tablished; McQueen vs. Burhans and others,
involving the fiduciary relation of the defend-
ant to plaintiff', and a large amount of real
estate, and Mowry vs. McQueen et al, all of
which were decided in the supreme court
of Minnesota. He has also served as attor-
ney for Maurice Auerbach, as receiver of
ASA G. BRIGGS.
Allemania Bank, and A. B. Stickney, as as-
signee of William Dawson. He is at present
attorney for a number of large coi"porations
and has an excellent class of clients. Mr.
Briggs has always been a Republican and
taken an active interest in politics, but has
never sought political preferment for himself.
He was president for two j'ears of a young
men's Republican club of Ramsey county.
He is a member of the Minnesota Club and
the Commercial ('lub, of St. Paul, the Ma-
sonic fraternity and the Royal Arcanum.
Though an attendant of the Presbyterian
cliurch, he is not a member. Oct. 21, 1891,
he was married to Jessica E. Pierce. They
have three children, Allan, Paul Austin and
Mary Elizabeth.
TODD, Frank C— To the sturdy and rug-
ged men who came to the Northwest in the
early pioneer days is to be accredited the
firm foundations on which Minneapolis was
erected and which has assured to her the
})rosperity she now enjoys as the metropolis
of this great Northwest. And it is to the
men who came from the state of Maine, who
from their early childhood were trained to
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
FRANK C. TODD.
frugal and industrious lives, that she owes
much of the energy that was spent in the
building up of her natural resources. The
development of the lumber industry, the
chief of her resources, has made her the
largest lumber market in the world. One
of the first pioneers in this industry was S.
D. Todd, the father of the subject of this
sketch. He married Anna Whicher of Ver-
mont in 1855 and came to St. Anthony in
1856. He followed the lumber business
throughout his whole career, and was en-
gaged in the manufacturing branch of that
industry. The subject of this sketch was
born in Minneapolis. His early education
was received in the public schools of Minneap-
olis, which was supplemented by an attend-
ance at the St. liOuis manual training school.
He then attended the University of Minne-
sota for two years, taking the scientific
course. Later, desiring to take up the med-
ical profession, he entered the medical de-
partment of the same university, graduating
in 1892. After a short period in general
practice he decided to take up a special
training in diseases of the eye and ear and
spent some time in study at the eye and ear
hospitals of New York, Philadelphia and
Chicago. Returning to Minneapolis in 1894
he was appointed clinical assistant in dis-
(^ases of the eye and ear at the University
of ^linnesota. In 1896 he was ai)pointed
clinical instructor at this institution, and
was honored, in 1897, by election as clinical
jirofessor of ear and eye diseases. He is
also attending eye and ear surgeon at the
("ity and Asbury Hospitals, Bethany Home,
Old Ladies' and Children's Home, Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry., etc. Dr. Todd,
though comparatively a young man, has
achieved considerable success in his profes-
sion and won the respect of his Minneapolis
brethren as a skillful practitioner, and is re-
garded as among the rising young men of
his profession in that city. He is a member
of the American Medical Association, the
Minnesota Academy of Medicine, and sev-
eral other societies of like character.
MEGAARDEN, Philip Tollef.— As a
youth, Philip T. Megaarden's highest aspira-
tions were that he become a minister of the
gospel of the Lutheran faith. These hopes
were dashed to the ground by the death of
his father, leaving him, when a mere lad of
fifteen, at the head of a family of seven with
little means for support. His struggle for
a livelihood has been beset with many hard-
ships, and Mr. Megaarden can look back
with conscious pride to the fact that what
success he has achieved is due entirely to
his own individual efforts. Mr. Megaarden
is the sheriff of Hennepin county, Minne-
sota. He is of Norwegian descent, both his
parents having been born in Norway. His'
father, Tollef K. Megaarden, was a dealer in
livestock and later a railroad contractor.
He was a resident of Allamakee county,
Iowa, when the Civil war broke out, and en-
listed in the 4th Iowa cavalry. He served
three jears, receiving an honorable dis-
charge. Returning to his home, he re-
moved to Dickinson county, where he lived
until 1877, at which time he removed to Min-
neapolis. Philip was born in Allamakee
County, Iowa, on October 2, 1864. The edu-
cational training of his early years was re-
ceived in the district school near his home in
HISTOUY OV THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Iowa and the Minneaiiolis public schools.
It had been his intention to prepare for the
Lutheran niinistrv, and for this purjjose he
entered the Augsburg Seminary at Min-
neai>oIis in the fall of 1878. He was com-
jM'lIed to ])ut aside this plan, however, In
reason of his father dying the year follow-
ing, leaving the burden of taking care of tin-
family practically to young Philip. He ob-
tained such employment as he could find,
first as a teamster, then clerk in a fuel office.
Ihen as bookkeeper and later as court officer
in the municijial court. He did not drop his
studies, however, while thus endeavoring to
earn a livelihood, but for some time attended
an evening school and later employed a pri-
vate instructor. By diligent efforts he suc-
ceeded in taking a course at a business col-
lege, and finally was able to enter the uni-
versity law school, from which he graduated
in 1802, taking the degree of LL. B. He was
admitted to practice before the bar the same
year. A year later he completed a post-
graduate course in the law school and re-
ceived the degree of LL. M. Mr. Megaarden
practiced his profession alone for about two
years, but discontinued it on January 1,
1895, to accept the position of chief deputy
sheriff of Hennepin County. At the end of
his two years' term he resumed the practice
of his profession, entering into a partner-
ship with Judge John H. Steele. In 1808,
^\v. Megaarden was elected Sheriff of Hen-
nepin County, and again in 1900 after a
very bitter contest. He has made a splen-
did record in that office. He has always
been a staunch Republican and has taken an
active interest in the affairs of his party.
He is a member of the I'nion Club and sev-
eral other political clubs as well. He is al-
so identified with a number of fraternal or-
ganizations, taking a prominent part, espe-
cially, in the Knights of Pythias. He has
at times filled nearly every office in this
lodge. He has repeatedly been elected to
represent his lodge in the Minnesota Grand
Lodge, and being a member of the Grand
Lodge of the Domain of ilinnesota he has
taken a prominent part in the affairs of the
order in the Northwest. lie is a member of
North Star Division, No. 1, T'niform Rank
rillLlr T. MEGAAKDKX.
and of Mahrah Temple No. 77, D. O. K. K.
He holds membership, also, in Khtftum
Lodge, No. 112, A. F. & A. M., Ark Chapter
No. 53; Darius Commandery No. 7, K. T. ;
Zurah Temple of Minneapolis; Ridgley
Lodge No. 85, I. O. O. F.; Minnewa Tribe,
No. 11, Improved Order of Red Men and ^lin-
nea polls Lodge No. 44, B. P. O. E. He is a
member of the Jlinueapolis Commercial
Club.
CONROY, Edward James. — A good ex-
ample of what may be accomplished by en-
ergy and thrift, when reinforced by personal
honesty and integrity, is afforded by the
career of the man whose name stands at the
head of this sketch. In public life his ser-
vice has been confined to that of county com-
missioner, but in that office he has won for
himself an enviable reputation as a man of
sterling honesty, integrity and u])rightness
in handling public affairs. Mr. Conroy is at
present engaged in the fire insurance busi-
ness at Minneapolis. He is of Irish descent.
Thomas and Jlargaret (Moran) Conroy, his
parents, were born in Dublin, and emigrated
to this country in 1852. settling at Osh-
kosli, \Vis. Mr. Conroy was a larpeuter by
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
EDWARD J. COXROX.
trade, and, though in moderate circumstan-
ces, always succeeded in malving a good liv-
ing for his family. He came to Minneapolis
with his wife in 1888, since which time they
have been living with the subject of this
sketch. Edward was born November 15,
1864, at Oshkosh. He attended the com-
mon schools, but later on supplemented this
early education by a term at a commercial
college, working his way through by doing
janitor work at the school. From the time
he was able to work the young lad endeav-
ored to be of assistance to his family. His
first dollar was earned as a lather, at which
he became an expert, and which line of work
he followed throughout his school vaca-
tions. When only seventeen years of age
he removed to Minneapolis and learned the
plasterer's trade. He followed this voca-
tion for the two years following, acquiring
a general knowledge of the business of mas-
ter mason and contractor. In 1883 he com-
menced business on his own account as a
contractor of mason work and from the first
was successful in building up a remunera-
tive business. Aside from his business in-
terests, Mr. Conroy has found time to de-
vote considerable attention to public affairs.
His political affiliations have always been
with the Democratic party, of which he has
liten a constant and active supporter. In
1801 he served as assistant sergeant-at-arms
in the state senate. The following year he
was elected county commissioner from the
First district of Hennepin county, for a
term of four years. Though that district
went Republican in the elections of 1S'M>. Mr.
Conroy was re-elected by a majority of 1,364.
This was an eloquent testimony of the re-
gard in which he was held by the people of
the district he represented. He was elected
chairman of the board of county commis-
sioners in 1892, and served in that capacity
until 1897. The last two years of his chair-
manship a majority of the board was Repub-
liian. but Mr. Conroy was so well liked by
liis associates that they retained him in this
position. Mr. Conroy also served as a mem-
ber of the board of tax levy from 1892 to
1897. In the campaign of 1894 he was chair-
man of the Democratic county committee,
also of the Democratic campaign committee.
He also served as a member of the latter
committee in 1900. In his capacity as a
county commissioner Mr. Conroy won the
complete confidence of the public by the
efficient manner in which he conducted the
affairs of the county. He was one of the
first advocates of the building of bicycle
Iiaths, and introduced a resolution in the
board of county commissioners to construct
a path to Lake Minnetonka. This path was
constructed and was one of the first built in
the state of ilinnesota which really amount-
ed to anything. He was also instrumental
in having the board adopt a resolution al-
lowing all county printing to be done by
union shops. This act was especially pleas-
ing to organized labor. Mr. Conroy was not
a candidate for re-election in 1900. Since
1898, he has been actively engaged in the
fire insurance business, with offices in the
Guaranty Loan building, and is doing an
extensive business in that line.
DROPPERS, Garrett.— The Northwest
has gradually come to the front in educa-
tional as well as business lines. For many
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
jears the only seats of higher education in
this country were the larger colleges of the
East, but of late years the various state
universities have gradually come to assume
an important position in the education of
our youth, and none more so than those lo-
cated in this great Northwest. Their devel-
opment has been rapid, and it may truly be
said that they are now competing strongly
with the older colleges. Necessarily the
men at the head of these institutions must
be broad-minded and liberal in their views,
possessing good administrative ability.
Garrett Droppers, president of the Uni-
versity of South Dakota, takes high rank
among the men who are occupying similar
positions of responsibility. He has only
served in this position since January 4,
181(0, but in this short time his administra-
tion has been marked for the high exec-
utive ability shown in the management of
the affairs of that institution. He brought
to his aid the experience gained while hold-
ing a leading professorship for several years
in the university of Tokyo, Japan, and has
been a leading spirit in everything tending to
the upbuilding of the university of which he
now has charge. Mr. Droppers is of Dutch
descent, and the son of John Dirk and Gert-
rude Droppers. His father was engaged in
business in Milwaukee, from which he earn-
ed a moderate competence, and is now re-
tired. His mother died when he was but
sixteen years old. The family name is de-
rived from a small landed peasant property
of that name in Holland, it being cus-
tomary in that country to give the holder of
such property the name of his property.
The subject of this sketch was born in Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin, April- 12, 1860. His
early education was received in the public
common schools of that city, which was sup
pleniented by an attendance at the High
School in the same city. He qualified him-
self early for the profession of teaching,
and eagerly devoured what books he could
get hold of. From 1879 to 1884 he taught
Latin and History at the High School from
which he had graduated, going from there
to Harvard University. He graduated from
this institution in 1887, with the degree of
GARRETT DROPPERS.
A. 1!., taking double honors in economics,
and honors in philosophy. The follo^ng
year he taught school at Orange, N. J.
Desiring, however, to, pursue the further
study of economics, he went to Germany
in 1888 and entered the University of
Berlin. He took a course in economics and
finance at this institution under the direc-
tion of Professors Wagner and Schnujller,
but did not take any degree. He returned
to America the following year, and in Sep-
tember received an offer of the chair of
Economics in the University of Tokyo, Ja-
pan, which he accepted. On September 4th,
he was married in Cambridge, Massachu-
setts, to Cora Augusta Rand, of that town,
immediately afterwards starting for Japan,
reaching Tokyo iu the latter part of October.
He held the chair of Economics in the Tokyo
University until December, 18'J8, a little
over nine years. While a resident of that
country, Professor Droi)pei's Served as sec-
retary of the Asiatic Society of Japan for
several years, and was a member of the To-
kyo Club. He also contributed a number of
articles on Japan to the magazines of this
country, among which may be mentioned
two for the Quarterly Journal of Economics
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of Harviir(l, and four for the Asiatic Socie-
tj-'s transactions. He furnished, also, a re-
port on the money standard in Japan to the
government at Washington. In 1898 he re-
ceived a call to the presidency of the Uni-
versity of South Dakota. This offer was
accepted, and coming directly to the United
States he arrived at Vermillion, South Da-
kota, January -i, 18!)1), and immediately en-
tered upon the duties of that office. Prof.
Droppers has never been much of a par-
tisan in politics, believing that American
politics are too much concerned with ques-
tions which, at bottom, can have very little
influence on the country. He has an intense
interest in politics, however, in the real
meaning of the word, viz., the relation of
government to social welfare. He believes
that the future progress of the United
States depends, not so much upon individual
initiative, of which we have abundance, at
least in the ordinary acceptance of the term,
as upon the true development of government
functions in relation to the common welfare.
As an illustration of this, he would advocate
the nationalization of the telegraph and the
railways, and the municipalization of munic-
ipal monopolies. He is a member of the
Harvard Club, of New York, and while not
a regular member of the Unitarian church,
he generally attends that church when in
Cambridge. Prof. Dropper's wife died at
Tokyo, in 1896. The following year he made
a flying trip to Cambridge, Massachusetts,
and married her sister, Jean Tewkesbury
Rand. No children resulted from the first
marriage; by the second there are two, Se-
ton Eand Droppers, age two, and Cora Rand
Droppers, born in August, 1900.
BRANTLY, Theodore.— College classes,
families and societies sometimes have a
picture taken by superimposing successive-
ly the likeness of every member of the
group to form one portrait called a com-
posite picture. It is supposed to represent
the aggregate physical characteristics of the
class, family or society. The picture is like no
one in particular, but in theory it represents
all in one. It differs from an ideal picture
in having in it a real part of each face.
Then, in theory it is supposed to show the
physiognomy of the class, just as an indi-
vidual may embody all the traits of his an-
cestors. The idea may be fantastic, but
there is in it enough of the color of science
and of plausibility to make an interesting
subject of study. The great Northwest is
somewhat like this composite picture. It
is a blending of numerous races, whose an-
cestral traits from diverse countries are so
intertwined in warj) as to form one canvas,
with one picture differing from all other
]:oints of the earth. There is only one
northwest, with its energy, enterprise, cour-
age and intelligence.
AA'hile this "composite" character of the
northwest is real, as a whole, a study of the
biographies of the men who are making it —
the dominant spirits who mould affairs —
will reveal a similar composite character in-
dividually. Variegated threads make up
the fibre which springs from roots spread-
ing to ancestral homes, widely separated.
Theodore Brantly. the subject of this sketch,
may be taken as an example. He is of old
American parentage, but there courses in
his veins the blood of the sturdy Scotchman,
the earnest Huguenot, the stolid Hollander^
and the languid southerner. Mr. Brantly
was born in Wilson county, Tennessee, in
1851. His father is Rev. Edwin Theodore
Brantly, a Presbyterian minister of Nash-
ville, Tenn. He was born in Conecuh
county, Ala., where his father, Edwin
Brantly, was a cotton planter. The family
l)roperty, largely in slaves, was of course
swei)t away during the Civil war. After
graduating at the University of Tennessee,
he studied theology at Union Theological
seminary. New York. The Brantlys came
from Holland to America before the Revo-
lutionary war. On the female side they
were French Huguenot and English descent
named Reding. They settled in North Car-
olina, whence Edwin Brantly, already men-
tioned, after his marriage, emigrated to
southern Alabama. Theodore Brantly's
mother was Eliza Brown, daughter of Dun-
can Brown, of Giles county, Tenn. He
was a grandson of Duncan Little, and his
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
wife, i\[ar<iai'et, who came from Scotland
before the Revolution, and settled in North
Carolina. Duncan Brown was married to
Margaret Smith, in 1805 and moved to Ten-
nessee, where Eliza, mother of Theodore
Brantly, was born, as stated. This was
rather a I'emarkable family. Duncan Brown
had four daughters and two sons. Each
daughter married a minister. Both sons
were lawyers and became distinguished
men, Neil S. and John C. Brown. Each was
twice governor of the state of Tennessee.
John C. Brown was a major general in the
Confederate army, and Neil S. Brown was
minister to Russia, under the administra-
tion of President Polk. It is easy to see the
source of Theodore Brantly's aptitude for
learning. He received his early education
in the common schools of the state. He
then entered the Southwestern Presbyterian
university at Clarksville, Tenn., for his col-
lege education, and graduated as valedic-
torian of his class in 1875. Choosing law
for his profession, he entered Cumberland
university, at Lebannon, Tenn., and grad
uated in 1881, with the degree of Bache-
lor of Laws. He immediately associated
himself with Hon. J. S. Gribble, now chan-
cellor of the judicial division to which Wil-
son county belongs, and began the practice
of law at Lebanon. He continued this prac-
tice for two years, then accepted the posi-
tion of professor of Ancient Languages in
Lincoln university, Lincoln, 111. In 1887
he resigned this chair and at the solicita-
tion of President I). J. McMillan, his cousin,
now of New York City, he accepted the pro-
fessorship of Ancient Languages in the
College of Montana, at Deer Lodge, Mont..
which is now his legal residence, although
on duty at Helena. After teaching two
years in this institution he resumed the
practice of law at Deer Lodge, and con-
tinued until 18!)2, when he was elected judge
of the Third Judicial District of Montana.
He was re-elected in 1896 to the same posi-
tion. At the general election in 1898 he was
chosen to the supreme court, the position
which he still holds.
Mr. Brantly's father and the family were
"Whigs," and most of them favored, either
THEO. BIt.4^NTLY.
actively or passively, the abolition of
slavery. They became Democrats at J.]ie
close of the war and most of them still ad-
here to that party, but Judge Brantly voted
for I'resident Garfield, and has since been
a Republican. He is a Knight of Pythias,
and a member of the Masonic order. He
has held the various offlces in the subordi-
nate lodges and is now grand master of
Masons for the state of Montana. In re-
ligion he is a Presbyterian. In 1891 he
was married to Lois Reat, at Tuscola, 111.
She is of Scotch descent. Her ancestors
coming to America before the Revolution,
settled in Virginia and Kentucky, whence
her people emigrated to Illinois before the
Civil war. They have three children, Theo-
dore Lee, Lois Brown, and Neil Duncan
Brantly.
SHEVLIN, Thomas Henry.— The white
pine forests of Minnesota have furnished un-
limited opportunities to men of spirit and
enterprise who have recognized in them a
safe investment from which to realize a com-
fortable fortune. The subject of this sketch
was trained from early youth in the lumber-
ing business, and appreciating the opportu-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
THOMAS H. SHEVLIN.
nitj afforded in these extensive pine woods
of the North Star state, some sixteen years
ago he removed his operations to this center.
Mr. Shevlin is now one of the largest white
pine operators in Minnesota. He was born
January 3, 1852, at Albany, New York. His
father, John Shevlin, was engaged in mer-
cantile pursuits in that city. His mother's
maiden name was Matilda Leonard. Both
his parents were of Irish descent. Thomas
H. attended the public schools of his native
town until he was fifteen years of age, at
which time he entered the employ of John
McGraw & Company, a lumber finn of that
city. He began here the education that to-
day has made him an authority on the manu-
facture and sale of lumber, and all that per-
tains to it. That he took a deep interest
in his work is shown by the fact that
he remained ten years in the employ of
this firm, taking charge of important inter-
ests of the company at Albany, Tonawanda
and Bay City. In 1879 he severed his busi-
ness relations with that firm and went to
Chicago. Here he was employed by T.
W. Harvey, a prominent Chicago lumber-
man, to look after his interests in Muskegon,
Mich. A year later, Mr. Shevlin trans-
ferred his business connections and became
associated with Stephen C. Hall, of Mus-
kegon, and began, as a side issue, the pur-
chase of logs, timber and timber lands. In
1882 he was appointed treasurer and general
manager of the Stephen C. Hall Lumber
Company, of Muskegon. It was at this time
Mr. Shevlin began to look beyond the timber
supply of Michigan for sources upon which
to draw in later activities. He began mak-
ing timber investments for his company in
the white pine woods of Minnesota, and in
1884 organized a branch company in Min-
neapolis for the manufacture of lumber.
This was known as the North Star Lumber
Company. Mr. Shevlin removed to Min-
neapolis in 188G and assisted in organizing
the Hall & Ducey Lumber Company, the
firm being composed of Mr. Shevlin, P. A.
Ducey and S. C. Hall. In 1887 Mr. Ducey
sold his interests in the company to the
other partners, the firm then being known
as the Hall & Shevlin Lumber Company.
This company built the Minneapolis mill
now owned by the Shevlin-Carpenter Com-
pany. Mr. Hall died in 1889. In 1892 El-
bert L. Carpenter, a member of the lumber
firm of Carpenter Bros., bought an interest
in the business, forming with the varied
lumber interests in which Mr. Shevlin was
identified the Shevlin-Carpenter Company,
with Mr. Shevlin as its president. This
company has continued to this time with a
thriving and steadily growing business.
But Mr. Shevlin has not confined his ener-
gies to this one firm. In 1895 he formed a
partnership with J. Neils, of Sauk Centre,
this firm being known as the J. Neils Lum-
ber Company, its mill sawing 15,000,000 feet
of lumber annually. In 1S9C, in connection
with Mr. Hixon, of La Crosse, and the Ar-
pins of Grand Rapids, Wisconsin, Mr. Shev-
lin bought extensive tracts of pine on the
Red Lake reservation, the St. Hilaire Lum-
ber Company, located at St. Hilaire, a few
miles above Crookston, being organized.
This company now owns a mill at Crook-
ston, one at Cass Lake, and another at Little
Falls, in all of which enterprises Mr. Shevlin
is financially interested. These various
companies have secured the control of over
I
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
600,000,000 feet of standing pine. It is es-
timated that the annual cut of the various
lumber companies in which Mr. Shevlin is
interested as whole, chief or half owner, will
run up to the enormous amount of 150,000,-
000 feet. But it is impossible in such a
brief sketch to give full justice to the activ-
ities of the business life of Thomas H. S^hev-
lin. It is due chiefly to the good judgment,
(|uick action and bold spirit of this one man
that the great lumber industry of which he
is at the head has become great. He has
received the reward comparatively early in
life that comes to the man who recognizes
the opportunity when it presents Itself and
is quick to seize it. In politics Mr. Shevlin
is a Kepublican. He has always been will-
ing to contribute of his time and money to
the cause of the party of which he is a mem-
ber, without seeking political preferment for
himself. It was this unselfish spirit on his
part which led to his being chosen as one of
the delegates from the fifth congressional
district to the Republican national conven-
tion at Philadelphia in 1000, and later to be
selected as Minnesota's member of the Re-
publican national committee. His services in
that position during the campaign of 1900
were of inestimable value to his party. Mr.
Shevlin is a member of the Minneapolis Club.
February 8, 1882, he was married to Alice
A. Hall. They have three children: Thomas
Leonard, Florence and Helen.
McGARRY, P. H.— In the rapid develop-
ment of the Northwest new words have been
added to the English language and old
words have been given a new meaning, mak-
ing them practically new. As a rule they
express tersely characteristics, conditions,
and results peculiar to the region, and have
become current among the people because
the ideas could not be expressed so forcibly
by any other terms. At first these words
were regarded as "slang." Common use,
however, compelled their recognition as
something necessary, and they gradually
lost the opprobrium of "slang" and gained a
foothold in the dictionary as "colloquial."
Some have finally been admitted into the so-
P. H. McGARRY.
ciety ot respectable words without being
tagged in any doubtful manner, and they will
remain to do a service which no other term
could perform. One of these words is "hus-
tler," meaning a person of intense energy,
enterprise and industry. The Northwest
needed just such men, and ''hustler" was
needed to describe them, for there was no
other word which combined tin? characteris-
tics peculiar to the class. Hustlers are ven-
turesome, sometimes to rashness ; hopeful to
a degree bordering on the visionary, and
courageous to the point of foolhardiness, at
times, but without them the progressive,
bustling, thriving Northwest could not have
been. All honor to the "hustlers." If there
were more of them the world would be bet-
ter.
The subject of this sketch, P. H. Mc-
Garry, of Walker, Cass county, Minn.,
is fairly typical of this western ozone of
energy. He was born at Grand Rapids,
Mich., in 1860. He received an academic
education and developed literary and even
poetic gifts which might have made their
mark in the field of letters, had not almost
abnormal activity given a trend in other di-
rections. Instead of going through the ten-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tative process, common to young men search-
ing for a business, be leaped at once, by one
bound, as it were, into active business life,
for at eighteen years of age he took charge
of a hotel at Stanton, Mich. That he was
successful is evident from the fact that
he was appointed jiostniaster of the town
in 1884, although only twenty-four years
old. He also built two hotels in Stanton.
One, the "Grand Central," was of brick, with
the woodwork finished in hard wood. It
cost $20,000. He finally resigned his posi-
tion as postmaster and moved to Chicago.
It seemed as if that city was too nearly
finished to suit him, for he moved to Rhine-
lander, Wis., and again back to Michigan
and settled in the new town of Ewen, where
he erected a number of substantial buildings
which are even yet the pride of the town.
From Ewen he went to Ironwood, Mich.,
and there built four brick stores. He next
went to Grand Rapids, Minn., where he
erected a brick block and managed the old
hotel Pokegama. When the wonderful iron
ore banks of the Mesaba range were discov-
ered and public interest rose to a high pitch,
Mr. McGarry was attracted thither. He
went to the town of Merritt, and with his
usual dash he built the Merritt hotel. Then
he went to the town of Virginia, and in
thirty-one days put up the Virginia hotel, a
hostelry large enough to accommodate one
hundred and fifty guests. F.rom there he
went to Biwabik and built the Edna hotel.
Returning to Virginia, he erected a large
business block, which, however, was de-
stroyed by the great forest fire which raged
so furiously there a few years ago. The
hotel was also swept away. His indomitable
spirit is shown by the fact that before the
ashes were fairly cooled he had a force at
work on a new structure. Nothing seems
to discourage or daunt him; no obstacle can
thwart him; his dictionary does not contain
the word "fail." In fact it seems to have
but one word, and that is "Hustle."
While conducting the Virginia hotel he
visited Minneapolis, and formed what is
now the Leech Lake Land companj'. Mr.
McGarry was appointed general manager,
and went to Walker, where he still resides.
to take charge of the enterprise. When the
village was organized the jjeople elected Mr.
Mc( Tarry president. He has been at work
with his characteristic "push," to use one of
the new western words. He erected a hand-
some brick block, which is now used as the
court house, for the town was made the
county seat. He also built a fine hotel, the
"Pameda," which is a model of convenience
and one of the best appointed houses in the
northern part of the state. When the or-
ganization of Cass county was pending in
the legislature the bill was defeated in the
senate. Mr. McGarry "snatched it from
oblivion," it may be said, and finally suc-
ceeded in having it made a law. Mr. Mc-
Crarry's migrations, so numerous that the
record reads almost like an itinerary, were
not due to mere inane restlessness. There
were in them purpose and method which
brought forth such substantial results that
the towns favored by his operations will
long have cause to rejoice in the visit of the
"hustler," P. H. McGarry, whose name must
ever be identified with their growth and
prosperity, and whose architectural me-
mentoes will long continue to be an inspira-
tion to the faint-hearted.
GREELY, Otto Ethan, a prominent fire
insurance man of the citj', was born at Ban-
gor, Elaine, in 1853, and when two years of
age his parents came to Minneapolis, or to
St. Anthony, which has become part of the
city. His father, William Q. Greely, was
one of the first blacksmiths in this part of
the state. He did the work required by the
sawmills, which in that early day were
small, crude affairs in comparison with the
wonderful mechanism and huge plants now
engaged in the business of making lumber.
He also fitted out lumbermen with their
tools and implements for the pineries. He
retired from business about ten years ago.
His wife was Miss Amanda F. Gowan.
Mr. Otto E. Greely was educated in the
public schools and in the university of Min-
nesota, where he studied during the fi-esh-
man and sophomore years. But he was am-
bitious to engage in active business, and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
therefore entered the office of JudRe Isaac
Atwater, one of the most distinguished jur-
ists in the state, and became clerk and stud-
ied law with him and with H. B. Hancock.
Being offered a position in the office of
Messrs. Gale & Co., the leading insurance
firm in the citj, he entered as a clerk in 1873,
and later was given a working interest in
the firm. His success in fire insurance was
so pronounced that, in 1879, he was ap-
pointed a si)ecial agent for the Phenix In-
surance Company of Brooklyn, N. Y.,
in connection with the local agency. In
1884 he sold his interest in the partnership
and became exclusively employed witli the
Phenix Insurance Company. In 1888 he
^as promoted also to the position of adjust-
er for the company, the office which he has
since held.
He was elected, in 1898, president of the
Minnesota and Dakota Fire Underwriters,
and In 1899 he was re-elected president of
the association. The honors seemed to come
in showers, for at its thirtieth annual meet-
ing in Chicago, in September, the same j'ear,
1899, the Fire Underwriters' Association of
the Northwest elected Mr. Greely its presi-
dent. This is the highest honor that can be
paid to an insurance man in the west. The
Fire Underwriters' Association is composed
of officers, managers, special agents and ad-
justers, living west of Pennsylvania and
north of Kentucky, and has a membership
of six hundred. It will be seen from this
that the distinction bestowed upon Mr.
Greely is no mean honor, and his friends
will endorse it, as a well-merited tribute to
ability and sterling worth.
Mr. Greely has always been a Republic-
an, and although prominent in local polit-
ical affairs, he never held office. He is a
member of the Republican Executive Com-
mittee of Hennepin County, and was mana-
ger of the campaign of John A. Schlener, for
nomination for mayor of the city of Minne-
apolis. He is likewise a member of the Min-
neapolis Club. He is equally prominent in
social circles. Mr. Greely was one of the
charter members of the Minneapolis Mount-
ed Commandery, Knights Templar, one of
the most noted organizations in the Xorth-
OTTO GREELY.
west, eliciting universal admiration wher-
ever it appears.
This outline of Mr. Greely's activity «.nd
achievements, necessarily brief in a volumi-
nous work like this, gives indication of his
usefulness, and shows to some extent the
characteristics which have brought success
and contributed to the welfare of the com-
munity in which he has cast his lot. He is
a man of integrity and morality.
RAKD, Lars M., has been a member of
the city council of Minneapolis for the past
len years. He is one of the strongest men
in that body and has served his constituents
faithfully in every respect. It is an apt and
truthful description of him to say that he is
a self-made man. Neither has he, in his days
of success and prosperity, forgotten that
station from which he began tlie struggle
of life and for which he still retains a large
sympathy. He was born January lit, 1857,
in Bergen, Norwav. He is the son of Mathi-
as O. Rand, who belonged to the laboring
classes of Bergen. His ancestors were a
long-lived family, his four grandparents hav-
ing lived to be over ninety years of age. His
early educational training was received in
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTH\A'EST.
LARS M. EAND.
the common schools of his native town. This
was supplemented later bv an attendance in
the common schools of Minnesota after his
emigration here in 1875, and a literary
course in the state normal school at Winona.
His inclinations being toward the legal pro-
fession he took up the study of law in the
office of Hon. William H. Yale, of Winona.
He was admitted to the bar in 1884, and in
the same year was elected judge of criminal
court in that city. Possessed of an ambi-
tious temperament, however, he resigned
lliis office in the fall of the following year
and removed to Minneapolis, believing that
in the young metropolis he would find a lar-
ger field for the employment of his talents
in the practice of his profession. Two years
later he was appoijited assistant city attor-
ney by Mr. Seagrave Wmith, then city attor-
ney of Minneapolis, and served two years in
that capacity. He then formed his present
law partnership with ilr. H. J. Gjertsen, the
firm being known as Gjertsen & Rand. This
firm has enjoyed an extensive and lucrative
law practice. Mr. Rand is an active mem-
ber of the Democratic party. He is recog-
nized as one of the most influential members
of that party in the state, and has served for
several years as a member of the state cen-
tral committee. In 1890 he was elected to
the city council from the Sixth ward, and
has served continuously in that capacity
ever since. Mr. Rand holds a warm place
in the hearts of his constituents by his
championship of the interests of the com-
mon people. His voice has always been
raised in opposition against the granting of
franchises and special privileges. In the
long controversy over the question of street
railway transfers, Judge Rand was one of
the staunchest opponents in the council of the
Street Railway company, finally achieving
the end for which he strived — a system of
transfers which is probably as nearly per-
fect as it could be, and one that satisfac-
torily serves the interests of the general
public. Mr. Rand has regarded as unfavor-
able to the interests of the city the present
garbage and gas and electric contracts, and
has done everything he can, during his mem-
bership in the council, to improve the exist-
ing conditions. He is a warm advocate in
favor of the city owning its own lighting
plants, and has been an earnest champion of
the eight-hour day and its adoption in the
public work of the city. ili'. Rand is a mem-
ber of the Masonic lodge. Knights of Pyth-
ias, Turners and the Elks. In 1884 he was
married to Miss Jennie M. Beebe, of Wino-
na. They have three children: Lars, aged
12; Florence, aged 9, and Clyde Milton,
aged 2.
FORCE. Jacob Francis, the president of
the great Northwestern Life Association, is'
a native of New York, having been born at
Stillwater, Saratoga county, of that state, in
1843. His father was John C. Force, a mer-
chant, who died in 1885. His mother's name
was Hannah Adams, of the Adams family
of Connecticut. She died in 1859. Both
parents were of New England ancestry.
Henry Force, the grandfather, was a soldier
in the Revolutionary war and belonged to
<"ol. Hazen's Congress regiment, so named
to distinguish it from the militia. He par-
ticii)ated in the battles of Monmouth,
Springfield, Cherry Valley and Yorktown,
II1ST()I{Y OV THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
where the British coniiuaiuler, Cornwallis,
siiri'enflered — tlie battle which established
the independent-e of the nation. He was
borne iii)on the rolls as a pensioner until his
death in 1820.
Jacob F. Force was educated in the dis-
trict school, and at the academy. He then
followed his father's example and enffajied
in the mercantile business, but on the break
inji- out of the Civil war he showed his pub-
lic si)irit and patriotism by enlisting; in Com-
jiany K. of llie 12.")th rci;iment. New Yoi-k
voluntiMM- infantry, when only nineteen
years of age. He served as private and was
promoted to corjjoral sergeant and first
sergeaiit or orderly sergeant and was then
commissioned as an officer in the 22d regi-
ment of I'nited States colored troops, in
which he was promoted to captain in 1864.
He took part in the battles of Harper's Fer-
ry, Gettysburg, two days, Bristow Station,
Mine Run, Fort Powhattan, Petersburg, Au-
burn Ford, Dutch Gai), Deep Bottom and
Fort Harrison, near Richmond, where he
was severely wounded, Septem'ber 30, 1804.
He was discharged on account of his
wounds. When he returned to civil life he
resumed for a time his mercantile business
and, while so engaged, took a course in
Bryan and Stratton's celebrated business
college at Newark, X. J. He then be-
gan to study medicine and entered the Al-
bany Medical College — now the T'niversity
of Albany — where, on the final examination
at graduation In 1871, he took a prize for
his itroflciency.
The next year Dr. Force came west and
settled to practice bis profession at Heron
Lake, Jackson county, Minn. The im-
mediate interest which he took in every-
thing pertaining to the welfai-e of the com-
munity soon made liini one of the most
lironiinent men in the county. He was a
Ikcpublican. His tirst vote was cast for Lin-
coln, in ISfil, while lying in the hospital, his
vote being sent home to be counted. At
Heron Lake he was i)ostniaster for eight
years and was twice elected county super-
intendent of schools of Jackson county. In
search of a larger and more remunerative
field for his practice, in 1885 be came to
,IA(;(II1 F. FOKCK.
Minneapolis. After practicing medicine in
the city for two years he became medical
director of the Northwestern Life Assoria-
tion. In 1888 he became secretary of the in-
stitution, and in 1895 he was made presi-
dent, the position which he now holds. The
steady progress of the association is a
strong testimony to his energy, business
capacity and versatile resources.
Notwithstanding Dr. Force's business
acti\ ity in the management of so large a
concern, he has not neglected liis duty as a
man and a citizen. He is ju-esident of the
Minneapolis Co-operative Company; vice
president of the Asbury hospital; director
of the Jlinnesota state Y. M. C. A., and also
of the local Y. M. C. A.; treasurer of the
Methodist Ei)iscopal Missionary and Church
Extension Society and member of the official
board of the Hennepin Avenue M. E. church.
He was a delegate to the great Methodist
Episcojjal general convention held in Cleve-
land, Ohio, in 1896, and to the conference at
Chicago in 11)00. What, perhaps, may be
regarded as a still greater honor, he has
been chosen delegate to the Ecumenical con-
ference — comprising the whole Methodist
world— to be held at London, England, in
1901. He is also intlueutial in the Masonic
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
fraternity, belonging to the riymouth third
degree lodge; Columbia Royal Arch chap-
ter; Zion Coraniandery and Zurah Temple,
all of the city of Minneapolis. He is med-
ical director of Minnesota Department, G.
A. R., and also member of the Minne-
apolis Board of Education. In 1867 he
was married to Sarah F. Mesick, of Kin-
derhook, N. Y. They have three children
living, Dr. Prank Wilson, now in Manila;
Charles E., associated, as secretary, with his
father in the management of the Northwest-
ern Life Association, and Miss Mayward
Force. Mr. Force is also a member of the
Grand Army of the Republic and of the Loy-
al Legion and in November, 1900, was elect-
ed a member of the school board of Jlinne-
apolis.
OLSON, Seaver E. — There is no mer-
chant in the northwest who is more familiar
to the people than Seaver E. Olson, the head
of what is popularly called the '"Big Store,"
because of its size and its completeness as a
department store. The manner in which
the people are attracted to this great empo-
rium shows absolute genius in the manage-
ment, not only in the vast aggregate of mer-
chandise provided to meet every variety of
taste and purse, but in the frank and home-
like methods of dealing with the people and
in the conveniences arranged for the com-
fort of customers and visitors of all social
grades. Mr. Olson is the inspiration of all
this organization, which has made the estab-
lishment such a success that it is a matter
of public pride as it must be of gratification
to the capable executive head of the concern.
Mr. Olson is a native of Norway, having
been born in the parish of Ringsaker, near
Hamar, in 1846. His father was a con-
tractor and builder in easy circumstances.
His uncle. Prof. Tollef Olson, was a profes-
sor in the seminary and held the position for
fifty years. For this long and useful serv-
ice the king, as a mark of distinction, pre-
sented Prof. Olson a gold medal. The Olson
family were devoted Christians and be-
longed to the Baptist denomination, and
young Olson was brought up under strong
religious influences. For his early educa-
tion he was put in charge of his uncle, the
noted professor. So apt was the pupil and
so thorough was the master that the boy,
when only ten years of age, was put in
charge of a district school which he taught
for two years. In 1858 the family moved
to America, landing at Montreal, and thence
came to the United States, taking govern-
ment land within seventeen miles of La
Crosse, Wis. When about twelve years
of age he procured employment in a gener-
al store at La Crosse. Having worked
here for two years, he became imbued with
the idea of getting a college education like
his distinguished uncle, and with a prompt-
ness characteristic of him when he has come
to a decision he set out for Beloit, the seat of
a small college which has since grown to be
an institution of great importance and of
high standing among the colleges of the
AVest. He entered the school and struggled
for nearly a year to maintain himself while
jtursuing his studies. He finally concluded
that he would forego the advantages for
himself, and give the college education to
his brother. This unselfish purpose he ful-
ly carried out, furnishing means to support
and educate his brother in the most thor-
ough manner, supplementing the college
course with a post-graduate course in Eu-
rope. Beaver's efl'orts were well rewarded,
for his brother became a distinguished
scholar and proved his ability by his admin-
istration of the South Dakota State Univer-
sity, of which he was elected president. He
achieved remarkable results in this capacity
and had a promising future, but his brillianf
career came to an untimely end. He per-
ished in the disastrous fire of the Tribune
building, in 1889, where he happened to be
attending to some literary matters pertain-
ing to the university.
After giving up his college idea so gen-
erously, Seaver procured employment in a
store at Beloit. The proprietor soon after-
wards opened a store at Cambridge, Wis.,
and put Olson, though yet a mere boy,
in charge of it. He held this position,
wliich he must have filled with exceptional
abilitj', until January, 1864, when the man
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
by whom he was first emplo^yed as a lad, at
La Crosse, oti'urt'd him the position of head
bookkeeper and general manager of the very
establishment in which Olson had worked
as a boy. He served there until 1867, when
he launched out for himself, opening a store
at Eushford, Minn., under the style of
S. E. Olson & Company. This was a suc-
cess from the oulset and secured a very
large trade. But Mr. Olson, after three
years, sold out his interest and- went into
partnership with his old employer at La
Crosse, a fact which is a strong testimony
to the recognized superior ability of the ris-
ing 3'oung merchant. Three years later he
organized the wholesale and retail house of
Olson, i^mith & Company. On the dissolu-
tion of this firm, in 1S7C, Mr. Olson retained
the wholesale or jobbing interest of the
house. In ISTS he removed his stock to Min-
neapolis and became connected with the
house of N. B. Harwood & Company. Two
years later this firm failed, leaving Mr. Ol-
son badly in the lurch. But his energy and
indonntable courage did not desert him.
He united with M. 1). Ingram and bought at
sheriff sale, with money borrowed for the
purpose, the remnant of the stock of the old
concern and began business again under the
style of Ingram, Olson & Company. The
business prospered so rapidly that in 1887
Mr. Olson was able to buy the interest of his
partner and thus became the sole owner.
Under his spirited management the business
grew to such extent as to demand better
facilities. To secure these he built the great
block on the corner of First avenue and
Fifth street, arranged expressly for the busi-
ness. He has also an extension through to
Kicollet avenue with a magnificent entrance
and attractive display counters on that pop-
ular thoroughfare.
The mammoth establishment thus creat-
ed is one of the largest in the Northwest.
In 181)4 he organized a complete department
store, known as the S. E. Olson Company,
whose acres of store rooms are worthy of
the name, "Big Store," given it by the peo-
ple.
Besides being an enterprising and pro-
gressive merchant Mr. Olson is a public spir-
SEAVER E. OLSON.
ited man, second to none in his activity for
the welfare of the city where he has been so
bountifully blessed. He was among the first
to advocate the great Exposition and con-
tributed largely in time and money to make
it a success. In political matters also he
is active, and so prominent as to be regarded
as a leader in the Republican party. While
he refused to accept ottice he served as a
delegate to the national Republican conven-
tion in 1900. In social affairs he is no less
interested. He still retains his religious
connection with the Baptist denomination
of his parents and family. lie was married
in 1889 to Miss Ida Hawley, of Minneapolis.
HElvKEID, Charles N. — If some philos-
opher like Herbert Spencer would write a
treatise on the "I'hilosophy of Popularity,"
it might be of vast service to the army of
ambitious statesmen struggling for public
favors. I'oi)ularity is the one thing most
desired by this class of men. They pursue
it as ardently as the old alchemist sought
the philosoi)her's stone which would trans-
mute all things into gold, and with the same
success. The elements of one are as elusive
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
CHARLES N. HERREID.
as those of the other. The Scriptural in-
junction, "Seek and ye shall find," seems to
be inapplicable to the search for popularity,
for the more it is sought after the less it is
realized. The qualities which win it cannot
be acquired. They must be spontaneous in
the soul. The personal magnetism — what-
ever that may be — which produces popular-
ity, is like genius. It refuses to be weighed,
measured or analyzed. It is an endowment,
and blessed is the man who possesses the
gracious gift.
Charles N. Herreid, the present governor
of South Dakota, is one of these favored
sons. If any demonstration of the fact
were needed, the state Rei)ublican conven-
tion of South Dakota, in 1900, would be am-
jjle proof, for he was nominated for govern-
or unanimously in the convention of 1,052
delegates, without even the suggestion of
opposition. This is a characteristic exam-
ple.
He was born In Wisconsin, in 1857. His
father was a farmer and one of the pioneers
of the state. Young Herreid, after receiv-
ing a common school education, attended
the Galesville University and took a three
years' course. Determining to be a lawyer,
he read law one year before entering the
law department of the Wisconsin state uni-
'i'ersity, from which, after a two years'
course, he graduated in 1882. The same
year he was married to Miss Jeannette Slye,
and in 1888 went to establish his home in
the territory of Dakota, which then em-
braced the states of both North and South
Dakota. He settled at Eureka, McPherson
countj', where he has since lived. Eureka
has earned the reputation of being the lar-
gest primary wheat market in the world,
and Mr. Herreid's law practice partook of
the prosperity of the town. He also held
successively the offices of judge and state's
attorney. He was made a trustee of the
state university, and, later, a member of the
board of regents, having charge of all the
educational institutions of the state. The
duties on these boards, although not par-
ticularly ostentatious, made Mr. Herreid
known throughout the commonwealth, and
through them he became distinguished for
his sound judgment, strict impartiality, and
discretion. Though factional strifes concern-
ing the institutions were rife at times, Mr.
Herreid's character of fairness and honesty
of purpose shielded him from the taint of
partisanship and injustice.
In 1892 he was elected lieutenant govern-
or of the state, and was re-elected to the
same position in 1894. This office is fre-
quently regarded as a political tomb, or a
sort of retiring room for the politician. But
Mr. Herreid so discharged the duties as to
increase his reputation and enhance his pop-
ularity. During the two terms that he was
president of the senate he more fully dem'-
oustrated his capacity for public affairs; he
showed thorough knowledge of parliament-
ary practice; displayed remarkable tact in
forming the committees of the senate — a
duty which is often a stumbling-block to
presiding officers; he exhibited patience and
skill in unraveling the intricacies of debate
and decided points of order with such a
clear comprehension of questions involved
and with such fairness as to win, not only
the respect, but the admiration of opponents
as well as friends. It is well worthy of re-
mark that during the whole of his adminis-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tration no apjjeal from his ruling was ever
taken. It is said that no similar reoord was
ever made by the president of the senate of
any other state. Therefore the unanimous
vote of thanks at the close of the term was
not a mere perfunctory matter of form, but
a genuine expression of sincere regard.
Mr. Herreid has always been a Republic-
an. He was chairman of the state Repub-
lican committee in the campaign of 189S and
acted as a member of the national Republic-
an committee and has exhibited a more than
common executive ability in every position
occupied. His activity, however, has not
been confined to politics. He is a Knight
of Pythias and has been grand chancellor of
the domain of South Dakota. He is a mem-
ber of the A. O. r. W., and was chairman
of the committee to revise the constitution
and statutes of the grand lodge of that or-
der, and has held other important and i)rom-
inent positions in the organization. He is
also a thirty-second degree Mason and a dep-
uty inspector general for South Dakota, and
has held high offices in the consistory.
In manners, Mr. Herreid is modest and
unassuming almost to the verge of timidity,
being also rather reticent and not given to
flattery. Although firm in his opinions, he
does not assert them with arrogance. He
conveys the impression of being sincere and
straightforward, and, even when in opposi-
tion, his manner of putting his side of the
question inspires confidence rather than an-
tagonism. His home life at Eureka is al-
most ideal. He has two children, a girl just
budding into womanhood, and a boy twelve
years old. He attends the Presbyterian
church, of which his family are members.
Xo man in the state is held in higher re-
spect, and it is doubtful if another e(iuals
him in popularity in public and private life.
MERRILL, George Costin. — George C.
Merrill, the well known title expert, has been
an active citizen of Minneapolis for nearly
twenty years, coming to the city in 1882.
His father was Joseph Winthrop Jlerrill, a
distinguished horticulturist of Illinois, and
his mother was Anna E. Costin, both of Eng-
GI'^ORGE C. MERRILL.
lish antecedents, and, as the name would in-
dicate, of early American ancestry. Ge^pge
( ". Merrill is a native of Manchester, Scott
county, 111., but when two years old his pa-
rents moved to Cook county. 111., in the vicin-
ity of (-'hicago, where the family lived, in
the city and suburbs, until George came to
Minneapolis, as stated. He had the advan-
tages of the graded schools of Chicago and
then attended a private academy at Hyde
Park — one of the suburbs of Chicago — and
Chicago University. He eventually chose
law as his profession, and took his profes-
sional course at the University of Minnesota.
— the largest law college in the world, —
where he graduated in 1895, as Bachelor of
Law. He was the same year admitted to
practice at the bar of the state of Minne-
sota. In 1896 he took the degree of Master
of Law.
Mr. Merrill early made a specialty of ab-
stracting real estate titles, a business re-
(piiring careful research, absolute accuracy
and a competent knowledge of the legal
bearing of every conveyance. He formed a
]iartnership in 1882 under the style of Mer-
rill & Albee, of which he was the senior
member. This was continued until 1886,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
when Mr. Merrill assumed sole charge and
conducted the business in his own name.
The business grew to such proportions un-
der his prudent management that in 18!>l'
it was organized into the Merrill Abstract
Company, of which Mr. Merrill was made
president and manager, which offices he has
filled continuously since the organization of
the company, which has become one of the
leading establishments engaged in the busi-
ness, recognized in all business circles as
one of the very highest authorities in all mat-
ters pertaining to real estate titles.
Mr. Merrill has always been a Republican,
and cast his first vote for Gen. Grant. He
has been so absorbed in business that he
has never held or sought a political office.
His popularity, however, was such, especial-
ly in business circles, that he was nom-
inated under the new primary law for reg-
ister of deeds of Hennepin county on the Re-
publican ticket in I'JOO, over eight compet-
itors, where, owing to the unusual number
of candidates, the contest was more than
commonly warm. This is an office for which
Mr. Merrill is peculiarly fitted by training
and experience. It is so closely in line with
his life business that it may be said to be
really a part of it. His great strength in
the canvass was his public spirit as a citizen,
as well as his technical skill and experience
with title records. The judgment of his
friends at the primaries was fully sustained
by his election in November by a large ma-
jority. He is a member of the Business
Union, Board of Trade, and kindred organ-
izations, and has always been active in
promoting the interests of the city. His
nomination was a tribute to his activity.
In 1875, Mr. Merrill was married to Mary
Alice Swindler, and has two children, Alice
Reba Merrill, and Fred Raymond Merrill.
He enjoys the esteem of a wide circle of busi-
ness and social friends who show him in
many ways the highest regard a man can
win for sterling qualities of character.
COMSTOCK, Solomon Gilman.— Much
of the work which men do, especially in pub-
lic service, is paid for only in the satisfac-
tion found in the doing. It is its own re-
ward. If busy and useful men received the
Aalue of their labor at its true worth, they
would have more of the good things of life
than they could use, and would be overload-
ed by the weight of their honors. Yet some
of them cannot complain of meager rewards
in ])ublic appreciation, at least. This is en-
couragement for others. Solomon G. Corn-
stock, of Moorhead, Minn., so long iden-
tified with the interests of the great North-
west, is one of the busiest of men in the mak-
ing of it. While his recompense has in no
wise been commensurate with his abundant
labors, his usefulness and fidelity to the in-
terests of the people have been recognized
and they have accorded to him distinguished
honors. Mr. Comstock was born at Argyle,
Maine, in 1842. His father, James M. Com-
stock, was a lumberman and farmer in com-
fortable circumstances and of Scottish de-
scent. His ancestors came from Edinburg
about 164(1 and settled in Rhode Island and
Massachusetts. Mr. S. G. Comstock's moth-
er was of English descent, her people com-
ing to New England in 1834, settling in
Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He
was educated in the public schools and acad-
emies of Elaine. When he decided to be a
lawyer he began to read law in the office of
Judge S. F. Humphrey, at Bangor, Maine.
He then came west and attended the Law
School of the University of Michigan in 1868
and 1869. Coming to Minnesota in 1879 he
pursued his studies in Minneapolis, in the
law school, and with D. A. Secombe. He
was admitted to the bar at Omaha, Neb.,
in 1869, and was subsequently admitted
to practice in the courts of Minnesota and
Dakota. In 1871 he was made county at-
torney of Clay county, Minn., which of-
fice he held for six years. He continued to
practice his profession until 1888, when he
engaged in locating town sites on the Great
Northern railroad. He was interested in
locating and promoting the towns of Hills-
boro, Grafton, Bathgate, Rolla, Bottineau,
Rugby, Towner, Minto, and other North Da-
kota towns, and the town of Kalispell,
Mont. Mr. Comstock has always been a Re-
publican, and one of the active leaders of
HISTORY 1)1" THE (JUEAT NORTHWEST.
tlii^ party. He was elected to the lower
house of the lenrislature in 1876, and served
six years, beinj; twice re-elected. He was
then jii-onioted to the state senate, and
served there for six years, closing his legis-
lative career by resigning from the senate
To accept a nomination for the Fifty-flrst
(■oiigr(^ss. to which he was duly elected.
During Mr. Comstock's service of twelve
A ears in the legislature, he participated in
all the settlements of what were then ques-
tions of absorbing interest. They are now
forgotten to a large extent, it is trne, but
not because they were unimportant; rather
for the reason that wise legislation settled
them on sound principles, so that they re-
main settled. He served on the Judiciary
committee in both branches of the legisla-
ture. This is the most important committee
in legislation, for nearly all proposed laws
must be submitted to this committee. Here
Mr. Comstock's legal attainments and acu-
men were almost invaluable. He was chair-
man of the Judiciary committee of the sen-
ate. He took part in settling the trouble-
some state railroad bond matter. He also
secured the State Normal School, located at
^loorhead, and the appropriiition to build it,
Mr. ( "omstock made a gift to the state of the
ground on which the school stands. He
served as resident director of the institution
and member of tlie State Normal Board for
four years. While in congress, owing to
his legal talents, he was made a mem-
ber of two imjwrtant conmiittees of the
house, "Privileges and Elections," "Coinage.
AVeights and Measures." He assisted in the
I)assage of the Sherman silver purchasing
bill, to forestall the i)assage of a free silver
bill. He also assisted in the passage of the
McKinley tariff bill, so much discussed, the
Iias.><age of which, undoubtedly, made Mc-
Kinley president. He was likewise a sup
porter of the federal election bill which was
jiassed at that session. His committee also
disposed of about twenty contested election
cases. Very few single terms of congress
have been equal to that in which 5Ir. C(nn-
stock served, in ctfecting legislation of such
vital importance to ilic welfare of the nation.
His experience in congiess and in the twelve
years of his state legislative career, where
many measures of local importance were
passed, has scarcely been paralleled in the
lives of the public men of the state. He has
shown sound judgment and solid statesman-
ship to a remarkable degree. \Aith such a
record it is only natural that he was strongly
suj)ported in lS'.)i for the I'nited States sen-
ate as a fitting climax to his successful ca-
reer. In 1802 he was a delegate to the na-
tional convention.
Mr. ('omstock was married at Fargo in
1874, to Sarah A. Ball. They have three
children, Ada Louise, Jessie May. and
(Jeorjie M.. all born at iloorhead.
PINEO, ^\•illa^(l P.yllier.— The high
standing which Dr. W. P.. Piueo, of Minne-
ajiolis, has attained in his i)rofession is en-
tirely due to his own unaided efforts. He is
a si)ecialist in diseases of the eye, ear, nose
and throat, and his skill in these lines has
won for him not only the respect of his pro-
fessional brethren, but a large clientele as
well. Dr. Pineo traces his ancestry back to
.la<(iues Pineau, the French Huguenot, who
landed at Plymouth in 17()(». His grand un-
cle. Dr. Timothy Stone Pinueo, was a re-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
WILLARD B. PINEO.
nowned man of letters. He was a graduate
of the classical and medical departments of
Yale college, and was, also, professor of
belles lettres at Marietta college, Ohio.
Later, he had charge of a school in Green-
wich, Conn. He was the author of Pin-
eo's Grammars, and was the rerisor of
the McGuffey readers. Another grand un-
cle. Dr. Peter Pineo, of Boston, had a dis-
tinguished war record. On his mother's
side. Dr. Pineo is a descendant of the Rams-
dells and Leightons of England. He is the
son of Benjamin C. and Cordelia W. (Bams-
dell) Pineo. His father was a stone con-
tractor of Columbia, Maine, in moderate cir-
cumstances. It was here that Willard was
born, April 22, 1858. His early education
was received at Oak Hill Seminary, at
Bucksport, Maine, and Kent's Hill Semi-
nary, at Redfleld, ^Maine. His tastes being
inclined toward the medical profession, he
began its study in the office of Dr. Charles
Milliken, of Cherrifield, Maine. In Septem-
ber, 1882, he came to Minnesota. Being
comjjelled to rely upon his own resources to
obtain tlie money necessary to pursue his
medical studies, he taught in the public
schools for a short time. In 1885 he gradu-
ated from the medical de])artment of the
University of Minnesota, receiving at the
same time a medical diploma from the Min-
nesota Hospital College, also. He was val-
edictorian of his class and president of the
alumni association. After his graduation.
Dr. Pineo was associated with Dr. Duns-
moor, the well-known general practitioner
of Jlinneapolis. He was very successful in
his practice, but decided to take up the spe-
cialty of ear, eye, nose and throat diseases,
and for this purpose entered the Polyclinic
and Manhattan Eye and Ear Infirmary of
Xew York city in 1889. He remained in
this institution for a year, receiving instruc-
tion in these special lines. Returning to
Minneapolis, he commenced practice as a
specialist, and has confined himself to that
line of practice since that date. In 1895 he
took a trip to Europe, visiting the eye and
ear hospitals of Berlin, Vienna, Paris and
Loudon, devoting himself to further studies'
along these special lines. In 1901 Dr. and
Mrs. Pineo made an extended tour of Europe,
visiting all the principal places of interest —
the doctor devoting a great deal of time in
study and investigation into new methods
and latest developments in his special branch
of the medical profession. In politics Dr.
Pineo is a consistent supporter of Repub-
lican principles, though never taking a
very active part in political campaigns.
He is prominent in Masonic circles, and
has received his thirty-third degree in
that order. He is past master of Hen-
nepin Lodge, No. 4, and Minneapolis Coun-
cil, No. 2; past junior warden of Zion
Commandery, No. 2; past wise master of
St. Vincent de Paul Chapter, No. 5; past
right worshipful district deputy grandmas
ter of the state of Minnesota, and past prior
of Minneapolis Consistory, No. 2. He is al-
so vice president of the Masons' Fraternal
Accident Association of Minneapolis. Oth-
er social bodies of which he is a member are
the ^linneapolis Commercial Club, the Min-
neapolis Whist Club, and the Benevolent
and I'rotective Order of Elks. He was mar-
ried November 28, 1881, to Saidie Kendal
Cobb, of Boston, granddaughter of Nathan-
iel Cobb, the noted philanthropist.
116
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
LANDER, Edward J., is prominently
identified with the investment and real estate
business at Grand Forks, N. D., and is
one of the substantial residents of that
thriving Tounff city. He was born Septem-
ber 12, 1860, at Rockford, 111. His pa-
rents, Ohristopher and Jane Brown Lander,
came to this country from England in 1848,
and settled at Rockford. Edward received
his education in the public schools of his na-
ti\ e town, and graduated from the Rockford
high school in the class of 1878. He moved
to North Dakota in 188:1 and settled at
Grand Forks, where he started the business
now being conducted by E. J. Lander & Go.
He opened up a real estate office and suc-
ceeded in building up a lucrative business in
farm loans, abstracts of title, etc. These
operations became so extensive that, in
1897, it was found necessary to widen the
scope of his business and the present corpo-
ration of E. J. Lander & Co. was organized.
Mr. Lander has had the active management
of this concern ever since its organization.
It is one of the most substantial of its kind
in the Flickertail state, and its operations in
real estate and farm loans are carried out
on an extensive scale. Mr. Lander has tak-
en a prominent part in the upbuilding of the
city of Grand Forks, and is recognized as a
sound, conservative business man. He gave
his active assistance to the organization of
the company which built the present Metro-
politan Theater of Grand Forks, has served
as treasurer of the company since it was
first organized, and was its manager for sev-
eral years. He was also one of the organ-
izers of the Grand Forks Building and Loan
Association. This association has had a
prosperous career under the direct manage-
ment of Mr. Lander, who has served as its
secretary and as member of the board of di-
rectors for the past ten years. But the in-
terest he has taken in the development of
Grand Forks has not been confined entirely
to those business institutions already men-
tioned, and of which he has had the active
management. Every enterprise caloilated
to strengthen and build uiJ that city has had
his active aid and support, and he has been
prodigal of his time and services on everj'
EDWARD J. LAXDEIt.
occasion calling for the exercise of public
spirit. It is to such men as Mr. Lander fliat
North Dakota owes the great prosperity she
enjoys. It is only a few years since the
Flickertail state was admitted to statehood,
but the development has been a remarkable
one. The credit for this is to be given to the
energetic, wide-awake, progressive young
men who came from the eastern states to
build homes in the new one. The subject of
this sketch was one of the moving spirits in
that development; not from the standpoint
of a high, political i)osition, but rather as a
quiet and effective worker in the ranks, and
here his infiuence has always been directed
toward that which was best for the commu-
nity and the welfare of his adopted state,
in his political affiliations he has always
been a consistent snpjjoi'ter of the Republic-
an party. He served as a county commis-
sioner for three terms, from 181)0 to 18!)!),
representing the (Jrand Forks city distriit.
Aside from this, however, he has held no
jtolitical office and has no ambitions in that
direction whatever. He is a member of tlie
Pioneer Club, an old-time social club of
Grand Forks, which is in a very fiourishing
condition, having a membership of 140, and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
occujiyinn; luxurious quarters. At various
times he has served as president and secre-
tary of this club. He is also a member of
Acacia Lodge, A. F. and A. M.; the Knight
Templars; (hand Forks Commandery, No. 3,
and Carmel Lodge. No. R, Scottish Rite. He
was married at ^Montreal, Canada, February
27, 1884, to Jessie King Krause. Their un-
ion has been blessed with one child, ililes
Krause Lander, now five vears of age.
ARMSTRONG, Moses K.— The pioneers
of the territorial days of Minnesota and the
Dakotas are now few in number. The
idaces that they filled are now filled by oth-
ers. The work that they so bravely started
is now being carried on by their grandchil-
dren. Their faces are fast vanishing from
our view; but their deeds shall not be for-
gotten, for the work that they undertook
will be their monument. The name of
Moses K. Armstrong, of St. James, ^linn.,
is inseparably connected with the early his-
tory of ilinnesota and the Uakotas. He
was born at Milan, in Erie county, Ohio,
September 10, 1832, a son of pioneers of
Ohio. Phoebe Armstrong, the mother of
the subject of this sketch, was a native of
the state of Ohio, and Augustus Armstrong,
his father, was an early settler from Con-
necticut. He was a farmer and took a
prominent part in the frontier troubles of
the day, serving as captain of the militia.
Moses K. Armstrong received the splendid
education that was accorded the youth of
early Ohio and was graduated from Hu-
ron institute, and from Western Reserve
college, then, as now, a superior college.
He excelled as a mathematician and natur-
ally followed the work of a surveyor. When
but eighteen years of age he drifted into
northern Iowa on a surveying trip, and. in
18.56, came to the then territory of Minne-
sota. During the same year he was elected
surveyor of Mower county, and while trav-
eling on foot between the frontier settle-
ments, gathered up material from which he
afterwards wrote an early history of the
county. Mr. Armstrong is a follower of
the Democracy and was one of the delegates
to the first Democratic state convention,
and helped to nominate General Sibley as
Minnesota's first state governor. He was
ajtpointed a deputy by the first surveyor
general of Minnesota and surveyed tlie gov-
ernment land in the southwestern part of
the state. He went on into Dakota terri-
tory at the time that country was an unor-
ganized territory, and surveyed some of the
first claims and town sites for the new set-
tlers on the lands then ceded by the Yank-
ton Indians. Dakota was organized into a
separate territory in 1861 and Mr. Arm-
strong was elected a member of the first
territorial legislature. He was elected for
a succeeding term and was chosen speaker
of the house, when North and South Dako-
ta, Montana, Idaho and Wyoming were all
a part of the great territory. During the
war he was an editor of a Democratic pajjer,
the Dakota Union. In 1864 he was ap-
pointed clerk of the supreme court of Da-
kota, and in the same year was one of the
original incorporators of the Northern Pa-
cific railroad, as chartered by congress. In
1865 he was elected territorial treasurer,
and then a member of the territorial senate,
and in 1867 became presiding officer of that
body. In 1867 he also acted as secretary
for the Indian peace committee, and while
in that position visited every tribe of Sionx
Indians on the Missouri river as far north
as the Yellowstone country. In 1870, while
a member of the territorial senate, he was
elected by the Democrats as a delegate to
congress, and gave his first year's salarj- for
the purchase of a new printing press, with
which was founded the oldest party organ
in Dakota, and the first permanent Demo-
cratic newspaper in the territory, the Dako-
ta Herald. He was a successful and popu-
lar member of congress and was re-elected
a second term in 1872, and declined a third
term, preferring to attend to other busi-
ness, and re-entered upon his surveying
work, taking charge of the survey of the
Cut-head Indian reservation, near Devils
J>ake. He had engaged in much of the gov-
ernment surveying of the territory up to
1870, and had established most of the me-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ridians and standard lines in southern Da-
kota and along the Red River of the North.
He also was selected to execute for the gov-
crumeut the re-survey of the state bound-
ary of Nebraska, near Sioux City, Iowa,
where the treacherous river had cut a large
island into the state from the Dakota
boundary. Jlr. Armstrong received from
Ihe gdverinuent a charter for the first iia-
lional bank established in Dakota territory
and located at Yankton, he serving for
some time as president. Mr. Armstrong
has a deep interest in historical matters,
and his life has been such as to give oi)p()r-
tnnity to accjuire invaluable knowledge of
matters concerning the early history of Da-
kota. He served as secretary of the Dakota
Historical Society for ten years. In ISfifi
he prepared and published the "Early His-
tory of Dakota," and the book contained
much matter that could not be found in tlie
lecords, but which he knew from his own
observation and notes. In 187G the govern-
or of the territory delegated him to jire-
pare and deliver a centennial address at
Philadelphia on the resources of the terri-
tory. This address was afterwards repro-
duced in the leading magazines of the day.
Mr. Armstrong decided in 1877 to return to
ilinnesota and accordingly ('oncentrated his
business affairs, and in 187S located at St.
■James, filling the position of railroad land
agent. In 1878 he organized the Old Bank
of St. James and has since remained in that
business, and is known as one of the most
prominent business men in southern Minne-
sota. He is a writer of known ability, and
is the author of a recent historical work of
400 pages, entitled "The Early Empire
Builders of the Great West." He is a life
member of the Dakota Historical Society
and of the Minnesota Historical Society.
The prominence of the Armstrong family
has not been confined to one member, as
Thomas H. Armstrong, a brother, has
served as lieutenant governor of Minnesota,
and another brother, Augustus Armstrong,
served four years as United States marshal
for Minnesota, and his youngest brother,
Edward (\. Armstrong, the only one now
living, is a well known lawyer of Olmsted
\UMSTl:0.\G.
county, Minn. He was married in 1872 to
JIartha Bordens, of Detroit, Mich. He has
no children living. ^
BARTHOLOMEW, Joseph Milton, of
the supreme court of North Dakota, is one of
the first selections by the people of that
state for that position. This fact will al-
ways be an honorable distinction. He was
born in McLean count}-. 111., in I84;i, and
conu's of old American historical lineage.
His grandfather was General Joseph Bar-
tliolomew, an associate and warm personal
friend of President William Henry Harri-
son, being second in command under Gen.
Harrison at the celebrated battle of Tippe-
canoe. Judge Bartholomew's father was a
farmer and civil engineer in moderate cir-
<nmstances. He was an early pioneer of
Wisconsin, settling in Columbia county.
Territory of Wisconsin — as the region was
then called — in 1845. He was a member of
the legislature of the young state and held
various county offices and pf)sitions of honor
and trust. He was first a Whig and then a
Republican in politics, and died at Lodi,
Wisconsin, in 1886. His mother's maiden
name was Catherine Hefl'uer, a native of
JOSEPH MILTOX BARTHOLOMEW.
I
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Virginia. She was married in Illinois, and
died in Wisconsin in 1890. His grandfather,
Gen. Joseph Bartholomew, already men-
tioned, had a career as illustrious in mili-
tarj' affairs as that which his worthy grand-
son has won in civil life. He was born in
New Jersey, in 1766, and although only a
lad, carried a musket in the last years of the
Kevolutionary war. He was by nature and
training an Indian fighter and served as a
soldier under Gen. Anthony Wayne in the
Indian wars sub.sequent to the Revolution.
He settled in Indiana in ISOO, and served un-
der General Harrison. At the battle of Tip-
pecanoe his sword arm was shattered by a
bullet. For his intrepid conduct on that
critical occasion he was promoted to briga-
dier general. He was also prominent in civ-
il life and held various minor offices. He
was one of the commissioners who located
the capital of Indiana where it now stands.
He always retained his warm friendship for
Gen. Harrison. During the campaign of
1810, although ' seventy-five years old, he
rode on horseback over two hundred miles
to be present and to preside at the great
Harrison mass meeting held on the Tippe-
canoe battlefield. This effort was too much
for him. He became broken in health and
died on the day Harrison was elected presi-
dent.
Judge Bartholomew was educated in the
public schools and prepared for college un-
der a private tutor. But military blood
coursed in his veins and when the Civil War
broke out he entered the army. He enlist-
ed as a private soldier at Lodi, Wis., in
July, 1862. He was first under fire in the
attack on Vicksburg, by the way of Chicka-
saw Bluffs, in the hist week of December,
1862. He was in all the battles of the Vicks-
burg campaign, including the capture of the
city. He participated in the siege and cap-
ture of Jackson, Mississippi, and in several
minor engagements in western Louisiana, in
1863, where at one time he was one of seven
in his company who remained for duty at
the end of the fight. He also took part in
all the battles of the disastrous Red River
campaign. He likewise participated in the
operations against the forts at the mouth of
Mobile Bay, and was finally mustered out of
service November 14, 1865, with the rank of
captain.
After the war he took up the study of
law, concluding with two years of office
study and a course of lectures. He was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1869 and immediately
commenced practice in the courts of Wis-
consin and Iowa until he went to Dakota, in
1883, where he continued in his profession,
settling at La Moure, La Moure county. His
practice covered all branches of law, and in
several states, thus giving him a very thor-
ough preparation for the duties devolving
upon him in his present position of Judge
of the supreme court, to which he was first
elected in 1889, when the state was organ-
ized and admitted into the Union. This was
twenty years after his admission to the bar.
Judge Bartholomew cast his first vote
for the IJncoln electors at Helena, Ark.,
in 1864. By a law of Wisconsin, the sol-
diers in the army were allowed to vote on
the field. Gn this occasion, very appropri-
ately, the ballot box was the bullet box* or
ordinary cartridge box. He has been a Re-
publican ever since, but has never held any
civil office, aside from the one he now holds,
except that of state attorney. His present
residence is Bismarck, North Dakota, the
capital of the state and the seat of the court.
He is a member of the Grand Army of the
Republic, and of the Masonic order, being a
thirty-second degree Scottish Rite Mason.
He was mari'ied, in 1878, to Mary C. Harring-
ton. Judge Bartholomew passed away on
March 24, 1901.
BAKER, Thomas, Jr.— To be a leading
representative in any important line of busi-
ness in these days when competition is so
strenuous, may be deemed justly a mark of
some special ability above the common.
Thomas Baker, Jr., holds that rank in the
important business of fire insurance at
Fargo, N. D., his present place of resi-
dence. He was born at Barton, Vt., in
1859. His father, Thomas Baker, is a
farmer in northern Vermont and has long
been a man of influence in that community
and in the state, being prominent in politic-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
THOMAS BAKER, JK.
ill affairs. He has also served his constit-
uents as a member of the legislature of
Vermont. His wife was Sarah B. Eliot,
of Concord, N. H., a member of the dis-
tinguished family of that name, dating from
the early settlement of the country. Her
father was a substantial, wealthy citizen,
and an old school Puritan. Thomas Baker,
Jr., began his education in an old-fashioned
district school at West Glover, where there
was only one department, ranging from the
alphabet to astronomy, or from addition to
geometry, all taught by one teacher, the pu-
pils being both boys and girls — a primitive
co-educational institution. The puzzle of
modern times is how such an establishment
could turn out such competent men and
women. That they did have some effective
way of imparting instruction is unques-
tioned and abundantly proven by examples
of the success of their pupils. He attended
this school until he was fourteen years of
age and then began a course of study at the
old and highly esteemed Barton academy.
On graduating from this school, he entered
the well known St. Johnsbury academy
whose curriculum might with propriety be
called collegiate, and graduated in 1876.
He then chose law for his profession, and
came to Fargo, 2s. D., in 1880, and was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1881. He immediately
secured a good practice and formed a part-
nership under the firm name of Boyesen &
Baker. There was, however, a good open-
ing for an insurance business. It was at-
tractive, for it was akin to law. It might
almost be called a branch of the law busi-
ness because of the legal technicalities in-
volved in it. The field was tempting; be-
sides, it need not preclude the practice of his
profession. He decided to undertake it.
The splendid result justifies the decision.
He has now the leading business in this line
northwest of Chicago. He has so devoted
his attention to the subject of insurance
that he has become an authority. His ad-
vice is often sought by the highest officials.
In the national conventions of the guild, he
has read original papers esteemed of great
value, and occupies an influential position
in the highest councils of this important
branch of business. He has also taken ac-
tive interest in all educational matters, hav-
ing been a member of the board of educa-
tion of the city of Fargo for twelve years,
a large share of this time being its presi-
dent. He is now president of the library
board of that city. He has done this work
while representing as general and special
agent several of the leading insurance com-
panies of the country. In 1898 he was elect-
ed to the lower house of the legislature of
the state, and was accorded by that body
the distinguished honor of being unani-
mously chosen for speaker of the house.
That he discharged the important duties of
this position impartially and with credita-
ble ability is shown by the fact that not a
single appeal from his decision or ruling
\yas taken during the entire session. This
record, and the unanimous election, when
parties are so numerous and partisanship is
so rampant, are very rare occurrences in a
legislative career. Mr. Baker is a member
of all the York Rite bodies of the Masonic
order, and was for two years the com-
mander of Auvergn Commandery, Knights
Templars, and is now grand captain general
of the Grand Commandery of Knights for
HISTORY OF TUE GREAT NORTHWEST.
North Dakota. He was married in 1S82 to
Julia M. Root, of Fox Lake, Wis., be-
longing to an old family of note and of high
respect in both New York and Wisconsin.
Thej rejoice in two pi'omising sons — Koy
and Julius Baker.
DODGE, John Sylvester.— The flour
mills of Minneapolis are world-renowned,
not only for the immense (juantity of wheat
turned into flour, but for the superior qual-
ity of the product. Both in quantity and
quality they are unrivalled in this country
or anywhere on the globe. They have giviMi
Minneapolis the cognomen of "Flour City,"
a name which is regarded with pride by the
citizens of the whole state, because the dis-
tinction is so unquestionably earned by the
entei'pi-ise, energy, business capacity and
skill of the luen who have made such honor
possible.
Among those who have contributed in
making the milling business of ilinneapolis
so famous, the name of John S. Dodge, so
long the head miller of the celebrated ^^■ash-
burn mills, is one of the most ])rominent.
His father, Charles Clark Dodge, was a far-
mer of Oswego county. New York. His
mother's maiden name was Betsy Goit.
They were of New England, Puritan de-
scent. Mr. Dodge's great grandfather, on
his father's side, was an officer in the Revo-
lutionary War. John S. Dodge was born
at Pulaski, Oswego county, N. Y. After
completing his common school education in
the district school, he was sent to Pulaski
Academy, a school of high standing in north-
ern New York, and graduated in the class
of 1871. He then came to Minnesota and
settled at Beaver, a small village in Winona
county and near Winona, where he found
emidoyment in a flour mill and learned the
milling business. That he became very pro-
ficient in his calling is very evident, for in
1878 he became the head miller in the great
mills whose ojjerations he yet successfully
directs.
Mr. Dodge is a resident of the Fifth ward
of the city of Minneapolis, and has taken a
great interest in public aflairs. His activ-
JOHN S. DODGE.
ily has made liiiii |ii(iiiiiiieiil both in politics
and in s<Mial matters, while his sound judg-
ment lias been called into requisition in
many important subjects of public intei-est.
He was elected in 187S a member of the
Jlinneapolis park board, for a term of six
years, on the Republican ticket. He has al-
ways been a Republican, in fact, he came
from Whig and Republican ancestry. His
jjopulaiity as a man is shown by the vote he
secured at his election, it being the largest
cast for any candidate on the ticket. At the
state Republican convention in 1900 he was
unanimously nominated for presidential
elector, another remarkable tribute to his
standing in the community, the more noted
as he has been a resident of the Fifth ward
since 1873 and so active that most men
would have provoked jealousies and antag-
onisms in that (iiiie, making such a record
imi)ossible.
In Masonic circles Mr. Dodge is no less
favored. He was made a thirty-second de-
gree Mason in 1892. Hi October, 18i)9, at
the meeting of fhe supreme council, he was
accorded the distinction of being created
•knight commander" of the Court of Honor
of the ,\ncienl and Accepted Scottish Rite
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of the Southern Jurisdiction for the United
States. In June, 1900, he was also elected
commander of Alfred Elisha Arms Council
of Kadosh, Minneapolis. Such honors
among his social equals are strong testi-
mony to Mr. Dodge's qualities of mind and
heart. He wears all his honors meekly.
There is no arrogance in his nature. While
his supervising position in business puts
him in charge of men and the tendency of
such contact is to make one arbitrary, and
perhaps domineering, he has retained his
genial manners. His success has not
"turned his head" — to use a common expres-
sion — nor encroached upon the characteris-
tics which have made him popular as a citi-
zen and valued as a friend.
SEARLE, Dolson T5. — To over-estimate
the value of the services of Dolson Bush
Searle, of St. Cloud, on the bench of the
state of Minnesota, would be well-nigh im-
possible. His record has been replete
with honorable achievements, his character
irreproachable, and in his judicial capacity
he is acknowledged to have no superior in
the state. Judge Searle comes from Revo-
lutionary stock, his two grandfathers, both
of whom were pioneer settlers in Whitehall,
N. Y., having fought in the War of 1812,
while his great-grandfathers participated in
the Revolutionary and Colonial wars. His
father, Almond D. Searle, was a prosper-
ous farmer living near the village of Frank-
linville, Cattaraugus county, N. Y. The
Searle family is of English descent and was
prominent in the early history of England,
the first mayor of London having been a
Searle. The mother of our subject, Jane
Ann Searle, is of Scottish extraction and a
lineal descendant of Sir Walter Scott. She
was a highly cultured woman, and recently
died at the advanced age of over four score
years. Dolson was born June 4, 1846, on
the family homestead near Franklinville.
His boyhood was passed on his father's
farm and in attendance at the district
school, going from there to the academy of
his native town, from which he graduated.
He was one of the first to respond to the
call for men when the Civil War broke out,
and enlisted as a private in Company I, 64th
Regiment, New York Volunteers. During
his tern\ of service, which continued for
about two years, he was engaged in the fol-
lowing battles: Fair Oaks, Seven Pines,
Oaines Mills, Savage Station, White Oak
Swamp, Malvern Hill, the second battle of
Bull Run, and the battle of Antietam, be-
sides other minor engagements. Soon af-
ter his discharge from field service, which
was granted by reason of disability, he re-
enlisted in the regular army, and was de-
tailed for clerical duty in the war depart-
ment at Washington. Shortly afterwards
he was discharged from the military serv-
ice, by President Lincoln, to accept a civil
position in the war department, which he
held until 1871. In his clerical capacity.
Judge Searle had charge of an important
bureau in the adjutant general's office, and
the performance of his duties brought him
into confidential relations with President
Lincoln and Secretary Stanton, for whom
he came to feel a warm affection. He was
one of the audience in Ford's theater the
niglit of the president's assassination, and
perhaps no one in the whole assemblj* was
more deeply impressed by that sad fatality
than the young department clerk. During
the period of his service in the war depart-
ment, Mr. Searle attended the Columbia
Law College of Washington, graduating
with high honors in 1868. He came direct-
ly to Minnesota after severing his connec-
tion with the federal government, and lo-
cated at St. Cloud, where he began tlie
practice of his profession, associating him-
self with Hon. E. O. Hamlin, as a partner in
the firm of Hamlin & Searle. This partner-
ship was dissolved a year later by Judge
Hamlin's removal to Pennsylvania, after
which Mr. Searle practiced by himself, at-
taining a prominent position in legal cir-
cles. He served as city attorney of St.
Cloud for six years, and, in 1880, as Repub-
lican candidate for the office of attorney' for
Stearns county, was elected by a large ma-
jority, in spite of the fact that the county
was strongly Democratic. In April, 1882,
he was appointed United States district at-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
torney for the district of Minnesota, by
President Arthur, and served with eonspio-
iious ability until December, 1885, resigning
in order to give President Cleveland a
diance to appoint his successor. In Octo-
ber, 1887, he was appointed to the bench of
the Seventh judicial district of Minnesota.
He has sened continuously in that office
since that time, and has just been re-elected
for another six-year term, with no opx>osi-
tion. He has made an enviable record on
the bench, and has won special credit by
his decisions in the notorious "pine land
ring" case and the '"Avon school'' case. His
declaration in the latter case was the most
direct and emphatic ever issued by any
court in the country, prohibiting sectarian
jirayers and religious instruction in the
public schools. The same qualities which
united to make Judge Searle a good lawyer
serve him equ.ally well in discharging the
duties of judge. He is honest, painstaking
and trustworthy. In the investigations es-
sential to a correct decision, lie is just as
patient and just as thorough as if conduct-
ing a case in court for his client. There is
perhaps no judge in the state more indus-
trious in the examination of authorities,
and none more desirous of reaching a right
conclusion. During his years of general
practice. Judge Searle was attorney succes-
sively for the Northern Pacific, the IMinne-
apolis & Manitoba, the Great Northern and
the "Soo" roads. In politics, he has always
been a Republican, and previous to taking
the bench figured iii-ominently in state poli-
tics. He served as a member of the Repub-
lican state central committee in 1880 and
1887, and took an active part in the national
campaign of 1884. He was nominated for
congress from the Sixth district in 1892, and
made a brilliant campaign, being defeated,
however, by a very small majority. Judge
Searle has always been liberal of his time
in support of public enterprises and given
his best judgment in the proper conduct of
the municipal affairs of his own city. He is
a prominent member of the Grand Army of
the Republic, and on October 24, 1896, was
appointed aide-de-camp, with the rank of
colonel, on the staff of the commander-in-
chief. He was department commander of
the Department of Minnesota for the year
1899, and served as senior vice commander
the year prior thereto. He is also a Knight
Templar, of the Columbia Commandery of
Washington, D. C, a Knight of Pythias,
and a member of the Elks. He was united
in marriage, February Id, 1875, to Elizabeth
Clarke, of Worcester, Mass. The only child
boi-n to Iheiii died at the age of five years.
WERNER, Nils O., the president of the
Swedish American National Bank of Min-
neapolis, is a splendid representative of that
class of American citizens who, coming to
this country from the ice-bound shores of
the Scandinavian peninsula, have contribut-
ed so large a share to the upbuilding of this
great northwest. He is recognized as one
of Minneapolis' most substantial business
men, and his careful and conservative busi-
ness methods have won for him the con-
fidence of the public in a high degree. His
ancestors for many generations were tillers
of the soil in Sweden and representative of
that sturdy class which has been the back-
hiinc of the nation and i)reserved it intact
from the grasping hands of other European
HISTORY OF THE GUEAT NORTHWEST.
NILS O. WERNER.
countries. He is the son of Ola Werner and
Cherstin (Swenson) Werner. His paternal
grandfather was a soldier and non-commis-
sioned officer in the regular army of Sweden,
and fought in the wars against Napoleon in
1813-14. At the close of the war he re-
turned to his farm. Nils was born on the
old ancestral homestead near Christianstad,
Sweden, January 19, 1848. He attended the
common schools of the parish until he was
thirteen years old, when he entered the
Christianstad college, taking the full classi-
cal course, and graduated in June, 1868.
In September of the same year he emigrated
to the United States. His parents and
brother and sister had preceded him a few
months, locating at Princeton, 111. Shortly
after his arrival at this place, Mr. Werner
took up the study of law in the office of Hon.
James S. Eckles, remaining there for nearly
two years, when he removed to Red Wing.
Minn. Here he resumed his law studies in
the oflice of Hon. Wm. W. Phelps, one of the
first congressmen from the state of Minne-
sota. He was admitted to the bar in the
spring of 1871, and commenced practice at
once in Red Wing. He continued in the
practice of law until 1888. From the first
he won the respect of the bar and succeeded
ill building up a lucrative law practice with-
in a comparatively short time. In 1874 he
was elected to the office of Judge of Probate
foi (Joodhue county, which office he held
continuously for the next ten years without
(i]iposition from either of the political par-
lies. Mr. Werner, while a resident of Red
^^'ing, always found time to take some in-
terest in the public affairs of the town, and
for many years served as a member of the
board of education and the city council,
holding all of these positions at the same
time. His political affiliations have always
lieen with the Republican party, of which he
has been an active member ever since his
residence in the state. He represented his
district in both state and congressional con-
ventions for many years, and was a member
of the Republican state central committee
twice, from 1886 to 1888, and from 1898 to
1900. In 1888 he removed to Minneapolis
and assisted in organizing the Swedish
American bank, becoming its cashier. In
January. 1S!)4, he was elected president of
the bank. This bank was organized as a
state bank with a capital of flOO.OOO, which,
however, was increased in 1890 to |1250,000.
In April, 1894, this institution was made a
national bank, and given the title of the
Swedish American National Bank of Minne-
apolis. It has carried on a very successful
business from the start under the careful
and conservative business management of
Mr. Werner. Mr. Werner is also connected
with a number of other successful business
enterprises. He is a member of the Minne-.
apolis club. His church connections are
with the St. John's English Lutheran
church of Minneapolis, of which he is a
member, as well as his family. He was
married August 17, 1872, to Miss Eva C. An-
derson, at Red Wing. Mrs. Werner is also
a native of Sweden. They have three chil-
dren: Carl Alexis, Anna Olivia and Nils
Olof.
HI'LBERT, Charles Smith.— Charles
Smith Hulbert is city treasurer of Minneap-
olis, to which office he was elected in March,
HISTORT OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ISnT, by the t-ity council of Minneapolis, to
fill the vacancy caused by the resij;nation of
A. C. Haujran. Mr. Hulbert took hold of
this office at a time when it seemed almost
impossible to induce any man to take it and
furnish the large bond required. Such a
jteculiar situation was due to the determina-
tion of the city council not to accej)t any-
Ihinji but gilt-edged securities in the shape
of bonds. The treasurer-elect had failed to
c|ualify, and after repeated failures to se-
cure a successor, Mr. Hulbert stepped in to
till the breach. He is a native of New York
state, and was born ^larch 7, 1832, in Fay-
etteville, Onondaga county. His parents,
Stephen and Anna \Yright Hulbert, were
both natives of the Emj)ire state. The fa-
ther was a mechanic and acquired a moder-
ate competence by working at his trade.
Charles attended the common schools until
he was fourteen years of age, when he began
working on a farm. Not being strong phys-
ii-ally, he was compelled to give up this kind
of work, and coming west secured a posi-
tion as clerk in a store at B'elvidere, 111.
Having been frugal and industrious in his
habits, he was able, at the age of 22, to em-
bark in the hardware business at Lyons,
Iowa. This business proved successful un-
til the winter of "oG-'oT, when he suffered
heavy losses by fire, which, followed by the
hard times of the latter year, drove him to
the wall. He settled up all his indebted-
ness, however, and, with a very limited capi-
tal, moved to Minnesota and located at
Xorthfield in the spring of ISOO, where he
lipened up a general merchandise store. In
1862, Mr. Hulbert moved to Chicago iind ac-
cepted a position with the wholesale firm of
Wm. Blair & Co. His health failing a year
later, he returned to Xorthfield and again
engaged in the genei'al merchandise busi-
ness. On the opening up of the Iowa and
.Minnesota division of the Chicago, Milwau-
kee & St. Paul railway in the fall of 1865,
he accepted the position of local agent of
the company at Xorthfield. In connection
with this, he built up a good business in
grain, lumber, agricultural implements, etc.
He also had charge, on this division, of the
wheat buying for the Millers' Association
CHARLES S. HUI.IiKKT.
of Minneapolis. In the spring of 187G, Mr.
Hulbert moved to Minneapolis and took a
position as traveling agent for this associa-
tion. In October. 1878, he organized the
rillsbury & Hulbert Elevator Company for
the building and operating of grain eleva-
tors in the northwest. At this time, what
is now the Great Xorthern railway was rap-
idly constructing its line, and the new firm
followed closely in its wake and soon had
1600,000 invested in elevators along this
line. The venture proved a very successful
one. The last year Mr. Hulbert managed
the attairs of this company it received from
fai'uiers' wagons more than 10,000,000 bush-
els of grain, which is believed to be the lar-
gest amount of grain handled by a like num-
ber of houses in one year. Breaking down
from over-work, Mr. Hulbert closed out his
interest in the firm to C. A. Pillsbury & Co.,
and with his wife and daughter spent sev-
eral years abroad. \Miile absent, the Inter-
State Grain Company and the Swedish
American National Bank were organized.
.Mr. Hulbert was largely interested in both
(if these institutions. He served as presi
(lent of the Inter-State company until it sold
out to Van Dusen & Co., after having en-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
joyed several years of successful business.
lie has also served as vice-president of the
Swedish American National bank ever since
its organization. In ]\Iarch, 1897, he was
elected city treasurer of Minneapolis by the
city council. It was only, however, at the
solicitation of the substantial business men
of the city that Mr. Hulbert was induced to
accept this position. He was persuaded, al-
so, to take the nomination for this office in
1898, and received a handsome endorsement
at the polls in the election of that year. He
was re-elected to the office in 1900. He has
made an admirable record in that office, and
is the best treasurer the city ever had. His
administration of the office has been on thor-
ough business principles and he has the con-
fidence of the business community in a high
degree. Mr. Hulbert is a Republican in pol-
itics, but he has never taken a very active
part in political affairs. He is a member of
the Plymouth Congregational church. In
September, 1856, he was married to Julia
Jennings Goodsell, a daughter of Charles
Morehouse Goodsell, the founder of Carle-
ton College, at Northfield. Mr. and Mrs.
Hulbert have one child, a daughter, now
Mrs. Willard Jerome Kling, of Minneapolis.
VAN TUYL, Charles White.— After six-
teen years in railroad business, in which he
had achieved a fair amount of success, the
subject of this sketch entered the insurance
business. He is now the general agent of
the State Mutual Life Assurance Company,
of Worcester, Mass., at Minneapolis, and
is regarded as one of the leading under-
writers of that city. He was born Decem-
ber 17, 1859, in Addison, Steuben county,
N. Y. As his name would indicate, he
is of Dutch descent. His ancestors were
originally natives of Holland, and the full
family name there at present is van Tuyl
van Serooskerken. The family is of Frisian
origin, and Tuyl was the name of a small
town in that province. The American
branch is descended from several brothers
who came to this country about 1720. Mr.
Van Tuyl's direct ancestor located in the
Mohawk Valley, New York. It was here
that Ebenezer Van Tuyl, the father of the
subject of this sketch, was born, who died
in October, 1900. He was for many years
engaged in railroad business, and until re-
cently was manager of the Western Car
Service Association of Omaha, Neb., re-
signing on account of advanced age and
poor health. Mr. Van Tuyl had an honor-
able war record. He was captain of Co. G,
of the 1st New York volunteers, remaining in
the service about two years. He was in the
army of the Potomac during McClellan's
peninsular campaign, and the events follow-
ing, until the battle of Chancellorsville,
when he was wounded and taken prisoner.
He was so badly wounded that he could not
be moved from the battle field, and this was
all that saved him, probably, from death in
a Confederate prison. He was exchanged a
few days after this battle, which ended his
military career. Since the war he has been
engaged almost continuously in railroad
business. The maiden name of the mother
of the subject of this sketch was Sarah A.
McNeil. She was the daughter of a well-to-
do farmer living in Tioga county. New York,
and of Scotch-Irish descent, her ancestors
having settled in Central New York in the
early days of that colony. The first school
Charles attended was the primary depart-
ment of the village school in Hornellsville,
N. Y. His family removed from Hornells-
ville to a farm in Tioga county, about six
and one half miles from Owego village, when
he was six years of age. From his sixth to
tenth year his only schooling consisted of a
few months each je&v in the district school.
He then spent one year in a first class
graded school in Binghamton, N. Y. The
next three years his educational facil-
ities were limited to the attendance of only
a few months each year in the district
school. When he was fourteen his family
moved to Binghamton, where he enjoyed the
advantages of the Binghamton graded
school and high school for the next three
years. He commenced his business career
in the employment of the United States ex-
press company at Binghamton, serving in
the position of a driver for a few months.
This was in 1875. He was then given
u[s-i'<>i:y oi' TiiK (;ki;a'I' n(ii:tii\vest
;i i-Ici-Usliip in till' t'i('i';lit <ittii-c of the V.v'u'
railway al tlii'.t pDiiit. where he remained.
tiliin<.^ variims ]ii>siiii>iis iu the office, for
about six veaiis. He removed to Onialia.
Neb., in Man-h, 18S2, joining his father and
family who had ])i-efeded liiui tlieie six
montlis. In September of that year he ob
tuiiied :i rlerkslii]! in the freij;ht auditor's
oflice of tile I'nion I'aritii- railway. He was
promoted throuiih various <;radations in the
freifiht auditor's oHice until he was appoint-
ed i-hii'f rlerk (if rhe freijiht claiiu de])art-
nicut. wliii-li was a snlidi-parlnieiit of the
former oflice. In October, ls<s4, he was ap-
])oiuted assistant freijjht claim ajijent, with
headi|narlers al Salt Lake I'ity. In Di^ceiu
bi'I-. of Ihe ye.ir folliiwill.U. there oi-c\irred one
of the periodiral clian^i's in the nianaj;e-
meiil ot the I'nion I'arilir. and his pcisition.
to<;(*tlier with a host of othei-s of {jreater or
less importance, was abolished and the work
consolidated with other departments. He
leturned to Omaha and was fjiven a clerk-
shijj in the freij;ht claim department aj;ain.
but subsequently was re-appointed to his old
]iosition of chief clerk in that department.
He held this position until Novemlier 30,
1S!I2, when he resijined to f;o into the insur-
ance business. His first en<iat;enient in this
line was with the Xorthwesterii Mutual Life
afiency at Omaha. He gave this uji to ar
ce])t the Minneapolis agency of the State
Mutual Life Assurance ( V)m])any, of Worces-
ter, romiiig to Minneapolis in November,
iS'.t.".. He has been highly successful in this
]iosition, and the agency under his charge
has gi'own quite prosfierous. .Mr. \',in Tuyl
has always taken a j)roniinent part in the af-
fairs of the Life I'nderwriters" Association.
At the National T'nderwriters" convention
held in Chiiago in June, 181)4, he was the
first winner of the Calef loving cuj), offered
annually as a prize for the best essay on a
selected life insurance topic. Again at the
national convention held in Minneajtolis in
August. 1S!)S, he made an address w liich has
attracted considerable attention from the in
surance press all o\er the country. He
.served as president of tlii' Minnesota asso-
ciati{Mi in 1S!».5, and in like capacity for the
^linneapolis ass(jciation the following \ear.
in.\i;i.i;s w. v.\N •ft "VI..
.Mr. \'an Tuyl is a Hejuililican in iniuciple.
but does not take an active ]iarl in politics.
lie is a meiiil)er of tlic Coiuinercial Club and
of Westminster Presbyterian <hurcl^ In
September, ISCO, he was nnirried to Kathe-
rine, J. Bingham, at Northfield. .Minn. Five
children have been born to them. Kuth.
Olive. Hugh Oliver, Kiiy Whittier and Kath
eiiiie. Hugh and Olive are deceased.
FORT, Greeubury L., was born in Mar-
shall county, 111., June !l. is.->(i, on his
father's farm near Lacoi;. the county seat.
Ilis father. Washington l». Fort, was born
iu Scioto county, Ohio, and moved with hia
parents in an early day to Illinois. Chicago,
one hundred and twenty miles from the
farm that he selected, though only a small
village, was the nearest trading point. He
w.is a man of great energy and industry, and
]pros]iered. He became one of the leading
men in the townshij), ever ready with a help-
ing h.iiid to the needy, and highly resiiected
tor his siiotless integrity, being frequently
|ilaccd by the jieople in jiositions of trust.
His wife, who was married to him when only
seventeen years old. was a native of Keii-
liickv. born near Frankfoii. and came to Illi-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
GKEEXBURY L. FORT.
nois with her parents when in her teens.
Her maiden name was Sarali S. Fostei'.
Her father was John Cracraft Foster, a
noted woodsman and hunter, who, without
the advantages of a school, became, by his
own exertions, a well-informed man of good
general information.
The Fort famil}- is of French extraction,
its progenitors settling first in Maryland.
The original name was De la Fuert, which
in English was pronounced "Fort." The
descendants, beginning with Mr. G. L. Fort's
father, uncle, and aunt, adopted the simpler
English s[)elling of the name. His grand-
father, lienjamin, and grandmother, Mary,
born in Maryland, retained the old spelling
"Feurt."
The early education of the subject of this
sketch was, like that of most farmer boys,
in the old-fashioned district school, where,
perhaps because of the few studies pursued,
pupils learned most thoroughly the funda-
mentals of education. Many believe that
the methods of modern schools, with their
multitude of subjects, do not produce results
equal to those of schools limited strictly to
the primary branches of reading, spelling,
arithmetic, geography and grammar, with
the continuous and strenuous drill of the
olden time. When young Fort was "well
grounded" in the studies taught at the old
"Rosemont" district school he went to the
Illinois Wesleyan University, at Blooming-
ton. To obtain means to pursue his studies
he taught school in Marshall and Woodford
counties. But, like many other young men,
having reached the sophomore year of his
college course he concluded to take a short
cut to his profession, and entered the law
department of the Northwestern University
and graduated in the class of 1882, being
also a member of the college fraternity Phi
Gamma Delta. He immediately pushed out
to Bismarck, X. D., and entered into
partnership with his brother, now Judge
John F. Fort, who is still on the bench as
county judge of the county of Burleigh,
serving his second term. In January, 1886.
Mr. Fort came to Minneapolis and entered
upon practice with the result that he soon
took influential rank in his profession. In
1S04 he was elected to the city council from
the Tliirteenth ward by a large majority, re-
ceiving sixty per cent of the popular vote
against the opposition of both the Democrat-
ic and Populist parties. In council he was
chosen chainnan of committee on ordinances,
where his legal talents were called in requisi-
tion to the advantage of that body. Owing
to the high estimate of his character the
coiincil, on the expiration of his term, elected
him, in 1809, city assessor.
Mr. Fort is a staunch Republican and has
always taken an interest in public affairs.
He assisted in the organization of the First
Regiment of the Dakota National Guard,
the first miltary organization in that ter--
ritory. He held successively the three com-
missioned ofTices of Company "A," the first
company formed, O. W. Bennett being the
first captain. On the organization of the
brigade he was appointed judge advocate
with rank of major.
In 1887 Major Fort was nuirried to Miss
Clara Fortier, of Granite Falls, the daughter
of Joseph and Sarah E. Fortier, early set-
tlers in Yellow Medicine county. Joseph
Fortier was one of the very first men in that
region, being a post trader. He was a mem-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
bei- of the Benville Rangers and fought in
the Indian war of the frontier from ISOl to
lS(i5, receiving a severe wound. He then be-
came a merchant, and was for many years
the sheritT of the county. The union was a
liappy one, and they are parents of one chihl.
now eleven years old, named Arthur Fort.
Mr. Fort is one of the most influential
men in the ward and his position as city as
sessor gave him a prestige throughout the
whole city. He has a bright future, which
his many friends will be glad to assist in
making hapjiy and useful.
RUNCE. August Henry. — Coolness,
courage and (juick judgment are essential in
the equipment of brave men who daily risk
their lives in the hazardous occupation of
protecting life and projterty from tii-e in our
large cities. No man ])ossesses these (juali-
flcations in a higher degree than August
Henry Runge, first assistant chief of the
Minneapolis fire department. !Mr. Runge
has been connected with the lire department
of that city for the past twenty-six years,
and takes high rank among the fiieflghters
of the country as a brave and efficient ol!i-
cer. He was born in New York City Felnni-
ard 12, isr)2, of Oermau descent, both his
l)arents having been born in Germany. His
father, Henry August Runge, was engaged
in the grocery business in the city of New
York. He died when the subject of this
sketch was but four years of age. His wife's
maiden name was Marie Christina Sophia
Kracke. She survived her husband for many
years, passing away at her son's home in
Minneajmlis in 18S5. August attended the
public schools of New York until he was
twelve years of age, at which time his ad-
venturous spirit led him to follow life on the
high seas. He enlisted in the navy Sejitem-
ber 22, 1864, as an apprentice bity of the
third class. His good behavior and close at-
tention to his duties won for him in a short
time promotion to the second class, and
from there, by successive stei)S, to first class
landsman, ordinaiy seaman and seaman.
He was discharged from the navy, March 1,
1870, in the latler class. Duriu'; his term of
service, Mr. Runge served in the Cnited
States ships, "Savannah," "Fah Kee," "Sa-
bine," "Colorado," "Newburu," "rensacola,"
"Independence" and "Vermont," %hich
were attached to the North Atlantic, Euro-
pean and I'acifie squadrons, under Admirals
Farragut, I'orter, (ioldsborough, Thatcher
and Craven. After leaving the navy, he
went to the oil regions in Tennsylvania. He
here learned all there was to know about
the drilling of wells, from running an en-
gine to dressing tools. He was unfortunate
enough, however, to sink all his sui-jjIus
cash in a "dry hole. This discouraging
him, he decided to seek his fortune in the
west. He arrived in Jlinueapolis October
28, 1873, and was immediately engaged as
an engineer with the Tribune company,
which at that time had its offices in the old
city liall. He renutined with this concern
nufil May, iss;^,, when he resigned to accept
the appointment of first assistant chief en-
gineer of the fire department. When Mr.
Runge came to ^Minneajiolis the city was
protected by only a volunteer fire depart-
iiHiii. He joined this force October ."5, 1874,
Willi truck No. 1. I'pon the dispersement
of the VKliinlccrs. and the orgaiiizaticm of
HISTORY OF THE (iUlOAl' NOHTHWEST.
the regular depai-tineiil in IST'.I, he was aji-
pointed captain of Tru(k >«o. 1. lu Decem-
ber, ISSl, he was appointed second assistant
chief engineer, and in May of the following
year tii-st assistant chief engineer "at call.""
This (ittice was made permanent in May,
lS8i{, and from that time on Mr. Kunge de-
voted all his time to the duties of this posi-
tion. He was appointed chief engineer in
January, 1S!>0, and held this position until
January, 1895, when he resigned. In Janu-
ary of the following year he was apjiointed
to his present position of first assistant
chief of the fire department. Mr. Kunge
has made an admirable record in this capac-
ity. His judgment has been quick and ac-
curate in the handling of large tires, and he
has won for himself the complete contidence
of the business community. He is a promi-
nent member of the G. A. R. and Jsaral Vet-
erans. He is present commander of Jacob
Schaefer Post, No. 1G3, G. A. R.; past colo-
nel and adjutant of Gettysburg Regiment,
No. 8, Union Veterans' Union; general of
the Army of Minnesota, Naval Veterans'
Union; ex-captain of Minnesota Naval Vet-
erans' Association, and lieutenant-command-
er of the National Association of Naval Vet-
erans. Mr. Runge is also prominent in
Masonic circles and a thirty-second degree
Mason. He is identified with the Episcopal
church, and is a member of St. Andrews.
February 12, 187(i, he was married to Miss
Louisa von Ende, eldest daughter of the Hon.
August von Ende. They have two daugh-
ters, Mabel Sophia, born March 22, 1878,
and Anna Louisa Hazel, born September
4, 1885. Both the girls are musically in-
clined, ^label sings soprano at the Church
of the Redeemer, and Hazel, who is in the
eighth grade at the Blaine school, has exhib-
ited considerable talent in songs and dan-
cing.
BARRET, Anthony Hundley.— The ca-
reer of the present state treasurer of Mon-
tana, the subject of this sketch, pre.sents a
series of striking vicissitudes. It is typical,
however, of the life of many of the men who
have succeeded in winning fortune and fame
in I Ills far western state. The hardships of
frontier life only strengthened their moral
fibre, and no matter how many .set-backs they
met wilh in their struggle for a competence,
they commenced the battle anew with in-
creased energy and dererniinatiou. Mr. Bar-
ret's unique exjierienrc in falling back on a
legislative clerkship at earli succeeding ses-
sion for many years, after a strenuous con-
test with opposing elements wliich held him
down, makes very interesting reading. Tlie
story will be told in its proper plai-e in this
sketch. Mv. Barret is a native of Kentucky,
as were his parents. His grandparents were
Virginians. He was born in Leitchfield,
(Jrayson county, January 25, 1834. His
father, Augustus Melville Barret, for thirty
years served his home county (Edmondson)
in the capacity of county clerk and circuit
court clerk. The maiden name of the mother
of our subject was Mary Jane Cunningham.
She died at about the age of 28 years. The
paternal grandfather of Mr. Barret served as
a private in the Revolutionary War, becoming
aftemvards a missionary Baptist preacher.
His father was a colonel in that great strug-
gle for America's independence. Tlie mater-
nal grandfather of Mr. Barret was a noted
politician in the Blue Grass state. He served
in botli houses of the Kentucky legislature
for several terms. His father was a Gen.
Smith of Revolutionary fame, and a resident
of \'irginia. The educational privileges en-
joyed by the subject of this sketch were of a
somewhat meagre character. They were lim
ited to the log school houses of the early
days of Kentucky, in which the insti'uction
afforded was very crude in its nature.
When twelve years of age he went to Texas
with an elder brother and learned the har-
ness and saddlery trade. He did not follow
this occupation very long, however, but be-
gan clerking in a country store. He was en-
gaged in this line of work until 1858, at
which time he removed to Missouri, where
his father had preceded him, and assisted in
the winding up of his father's estate. Dur-
ing the session of the Missouri legislature
in 'G0-"61, he served as a clerk in the house
of representatives. He then went to St.
Louis and secured a position with A. W.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Sproiile & Co., a leading clothing' house in
that city. He reuiaiiied with this firm until
ISO;"), coiiiiiig to Montana in the spring of
lliat yeai-. His tirst eniiiloynient was cbo])-
jiing wo(j(l at the liead of Alder Gulcli, in
whiili work he was engaged during the fol
lowing winter. In the early jiart nf ISlifl
he worked at jtlacer mining. In March, he
was elected ilerk of the legislative council
of Montana, and later was ajjpointed (iov
ernor Aleagliei-'s pi-ivate secretary, also
clerk of Indian affairs ((ien. Meaghei- being
ex-olHcio superintendent of Indian affairs),
and assistant territorial auditor. In Feb-
ruary, 18()7, he was apjioiuted S])ecial In-
dian agent for the Joco, or Flathead, Indian
reservation, and remained in this position
until an agent was appointed and arrived at
the agency. For some time after this he
worked at placer mining, and then engaged
in the grocery business at Springville and
Kadei-sburg, Jefferson county, but failed.
lie was elected to the house of representa-
tives for the session of 1869, and after the
legislature adjourned returned to Kaders-
burg and chopped wood in the mountains
for a year. He clerked in a grocery store
the following year, and served as chief clerk
in the house of representatives at the next
session of the legislature. The winter of
1873 he was again engaged in the laborious
work of chopping wood near ^'^irginia City.
He then built a shop at Adobetown, in Al-
der Gulch, to take up the trade he had
learned as a youth in Texas, that of saddle
and hainess making. A short time later he
moved to Madison county, and opened a
shop at Pony. In the legislative sessions
of '75-'7(i and '76-77 he also served as chief
clerk in the house. In 1878, he removed to
IJutte, and succeeded in building up here
the largest business, as a dealer in saddles
and harness, wagons, carriages and farm-
ing implements, of any of the kind in the
state. Mr. Barret retired from active busi
ness three years ago, but still has an inter-
est in stores at Butte and Dillon, .Mont. He
is held in high esteem in business circles
for his strict business integrity, and greatly
admired for his public spirit as well as his
jiersonal character. He has always taken
AN'-niOW II. IlAltUET.
an acti\e interest iu public affairs, and his
service in the legislature is quite uiiiciue,
having served as chief clerk of the lower
house and the territorial council |pr ten
sessions, and as a member of the house for
one session. He was a member of the
Butte city council for two years, and justice
if peace for eight years. He is a Democrat
in politics, and as a reward for his long
services iu behalf of his party was elected
state treasurer, in TJOO, by a large major-
ity. Mr. Barret is quite prominent in Ma-
sonic circles. His record in that lodge is
summed up briefly, as follows: Wiis made
a Master Mason in George Washington
Lodge, No. 9, St. Louis, Mo., February U,
1805; a Royal Arch Mason in Deer Lodge
Chapter, No. 3, Butte, Mont., May 23, 1879;
(Council degrees in Helena Council, No. 9,
Koyal and Select Masters, October 9, 189r);
was created Knights Templar in Montana
Commandery, No. 3, Knights Temjilar, at
Butte, Nov. 3, 1882; the Degrees of the
Scottish Rite, in<-luding the thirty-second,
were communicated by Harry K. Comley,
acting inspector general Thirty-third De-
gree for ^Montana, .lanuary 31, 1882; was
elected K. C. of the Court of Honor, October
HISTORY OF THE (JREAT NORTHWEST.
L'(i, l,sS(i: was ((iroiR'ltcd IldiiinahU' Insjiec-
lor (iciicral of the Soiitlicrii .Iiirisdiction.
A. and A. IJilc .Maicli U, I'.lOd, a) Little
Hock, Ai-k., l)y Cluiflcs K. Koscnliauiii, Act-
inji' Iusi)ectoi' (ieiieral Tliirty-tliii'd Dejjjree;
was W. M. of P.ulte Lodge. No. Ii2, in 1887;
Ilisili Priest of Deer Lodge ("liapter. No. :i.
in 1S82, and Eminent Coinniander of Mon-
tana Coniniandei y. No. :', in 188G. AVas
elected Junior (Jraud Warden of the Grand
]^odge in 18!t(i, and by regular advancement
became (Jrand blaster, September 21, 189!).
\^'as chosen R. E. (Jrand King at the organi-
zation of the (Jrand Chapter in 1891, and
^lost Eminent (Jrand High Priest in 1893.
^A'as first V. E. (Jrand ('ommander of the
(Jrand Commandery of ilontana in 1888, and
K. E. Grand Commander in 1889. Mr. Barret
enjoys the unifjue distinction of being the
only person who has ever been called upon
to serve at the head of the three Masonic
Grand bodie.s. It was upon his motion that
the (Jrand (I'hapter set apart !|!500 from its
general fund, and ten per cent of its reve-
nues, for the Masonic home endowment
fund. November 9, ISSO, ^Mr. Barret was
married to Miss Lizzie A. Brooke, at Hel-
ena, Mont., by the late Bishop Gilbert.
Mrs. Barret is a native of Morgantown, Va.
No cliildren have been born to them. They
liavc. however, raised two adopted children,
both happily married now, and one who
died at the age of fourteen. The oldest, a
boy, was sent to college and is now a prac-
ticing lawyer in Louisville, Ky. The younger,
a daughter, is living with her husband in
Kansas City, Mo.
RUSSELL, Benjamin Stillman. — Among
the men of New England lineage who have
exerted a powerful intiueuce in moulding the
institutions of the great Northwest, Benja-
min S. Russell stands almost without a peer.
(Joniing to the Territory of Dakota in 1879,
ten years before it was a state; controlling a
large body of land; having a wide experience
in a multii)licity of atlairs; well informed in
history; thoroughly imbued with religious
and educational instincts; generous almost
to a fault, and abounding in energy, he could
not fail to be an animating foice in any in-
choate community. -Mr. Russell's ancestors
were very early emigi'ants to New England
from (Jreat ]?ritain. The first settler of the
family was AVilliam Russell, who landed at
Quinebaug, now New Haven, Conn., August
2o, 1(!?>S. His son, Noadiah, was a ministei'
of the Congregational church. In his house
the first steps were taken towards founding
Yale College, and the first gift toward tin'
institution was his donation of books. Both
he and his son, William Rus.sell, were pas-
tors of what is now the Fii-st (Congregational
church of ]Middletown, Conn., the father serv-
ing tifty-five j'ears, and the son twenty-five.
Benjamin's father, Hamlin Russell, was a
farmer, bom in (Jonuecticut in 1781, and
moved to Erie county. Pa., in 1802. He
settled on a farm on which he lived until he
died in 1852. It is now in possession of his
grandson. He was a man of great influence
in his day. He served as quartermaster to
the trooi>s during the building of Commodore
Perry's fleet on Lake Erie, during the war
of 1812. His wife, Benjamin's mother, was
Sarah Norcross, of Scotch-Irish descent. She
was maiTied to Hamlin Russell in 1810 and
died in 1831. She was a woman of strong
character, an excellent wife and mother, and
left an abiding influence on her children.
Benjamin S. Russell was born in Erie coun-
ty. Pa., in 1822. His early education was ob-
tained in a priniative school organized by the
neighborhood before the Pennsylvania "Com-
mon School Law" was passed. The books
were few and there were no paraphernalia
common to modern schools. But that the in-
structions were thorough and efficient is
evident from the scholarship and literary
ability shown by Mr. Russell, who completed
his course when only fourteen j'ears of age,
and has had no other scholastic training. In
183C he left home, went to Philadelphia and
secured employment in a wholesale hard-
ware store. The '"hard times'' following
the panic of 1837 cut short his term of
office after four years. He then obtained
emjiloyment as a clerk in various occu-
pations until 1813, when he secured a
position as teller and liookkeejier in a Har-
risburg bank, holding this place until Sep-
HISTORY OF THE GREiAT NOUnn\KST.
tcmber, 1850, when he moved to Towanda,
Pa., and formed a partnership for a bank
of his own. When the war brolce ont in
18G1, although i)revented from enlistment by
crippled arms, Mr. Russell t(M)l< an active
part in every movement for tiic s\iii|iorl of
the government. He was a]ii)ointed a tiscal
agent for the government under Salmon 1'.
C^hase, the secretary of the treasury, and sold
the securities issued to support (he bonds,
selling many hundreds of thousands of dol
lars worth where government securitii's had
never before been bought. Failing health
compelled him to make a change. In 18()^
he sold out his business and moved to I'hila-
deljihia, taking a general agency of a life in
surance company with the banking house of
E. W. Clark & Company, where he remained
until 1871, when he removed to Dubitli,
Minn., as a partner of a branch house of that
firm, and a director of the Lake 8ui>erior \-
Mississippi — now St. Paul & Duluth — rail-
load. The business was continued with suc-
cess until the great i)anic of 187;{ shook the
financial world. Mr. Russell struggled with
his affairs for two years longer, then suc-
cumbed with the rest.
In 187:{ Mr. Russell was appointed one of
the commissioners, by Governor Austin, of
Minnesota, under an act of the legislature, to
settle the controversy existing between the
states of Wisconsin and Minnesota concern-
ing the entrance of the Bay of Superior, the
jurisdiction of which had been in dispute,
and litigation in the United States court for
five years, at a cost of more than one hunderd
thousand dollars to the city of Duluth, one
of the parties to the controversy. The com-
mission met at Washington. There were nine
men present at the meeting, including the
commissioners: Governor Wa.shburn, Tinio
thy O. Howe, Senator Philetus Sawyer — then
member of the lowei' house and on the com-
mittee of commerce having in charge the
rivers and harbors — Jerry Rusk, member of
congress; Senators Alexander Ramsey and
William Windom, and the commissioners.
Sidney Lnce, mayor of Duluth, Ex-mayor
Joshua B. Culver, and B. S. Ru.ssell. This
aiTay of noted men indicates the importance
of the subject under consideration, and the
HION.IAMIN S. IM'SSKLL.
public interest in the result of the delibera-
tions of the conference. Of the nine men
present only two survive — Alexander Ram-
sey and Mr. Russell. The commissicth was
successful in devising a jilan of set I lenient.
It was, to stop all controversy over the en-
trances by making them all eciually avail-
able for commercial jiurjMjses. Tliis could
b( done by an ajtjjropriation from the gov-
ernment to imjjrove I hem. The modest sum
of one hundred thousand dollars was asked
for this i)uri)ose, and it was granted. Gov-
ernor Washburn then predicted that (he har-
bor of Duluth would be "the best on the
lakes." This has come to pass through the
muniflcience of (lie geneial government,
which has already expended (wo million of
dollars in improving the harbor, and has ap-
jiropriated two millions more for contracts
extending over five years. It is just ly a inal
tei- of pride to Mr. Russell that he was iden
tified with this magnificent enteqirise and
contributed to bring about the result.
The reverse at Dululh would have o\-er
whelmed most men of .Mi'. Russell's years.
r.ne he, buoyant by nalure, and with courage
undaunted, again resumed his business activ-
i(\-. After skirmishing some time in Phila-
IIISTOUY OF TIIH i;i!EAT XOUTIIWEST.
(li'lltliia, be secured control of a large body of
laud in Dakotii — now the state of North Da-
kota — and in 1S7!) went there to dispose of
if. He settled fii-st at Spiritwood. He sold
the land within two rears and removed to
Jamestown, wliere he now resides. Mr. Rus-
sell in politics was a Whig until 1854, a suj)-
jtorter of David AVilmot, of "Wilmot I'ro-
vise'' fame, and one of the promoters of the
Kepublican party. He voted for John C. Fre-
mont, in lS,")(i and has voted for every llepuh-
lican i)residential nominee since. He has
never sought oftice nor accepted a nomination
when offered, but he has chosen to be identi-
fied with the educational institutions of the
state, and with the advancement of religious
interests. He is a trustee of the normal
schools of Xorth Dakota, and a member of
the board of management of the school at
Mayville. He is an active Ejjiscopalian and
the beautiful, noble church at Jamestown is
one of the evidences of his zeal. Mr. Russell
was married to Mary Gaskill at Philadelphia
in 1847. She died in 1891. Five children
survive her, four sons and one daughter, and
four preceded their mother to the grave.
The sons are well settled in business. The
daughter was married to Samuel Bucknell,
in 1882 ,and resides at East St. Louis.
Notwithstanding his business activity, Mr.
Russell has found time to cultivate his men-
tal powers. He has a remarkable memory
and has made good use of it. He is a man of
scholarly attainments and among his friends
is regarded as an authority in hi.story, sacred
and profane, ancient and modern. The im-
]»ress of his forceful character will be re-
tained in that growing state for generations
to come, and men will bless the day when the
panic of 1873 sent him to live among them.
HUNTER, (Miarles Henry.— To nii-et a
man who has attained eminence as a physi-
cian and surgeon, inspires one's admiration;
but to know one, who has not only accom-
I)lished this, but who is also widely known
because of his active interest in all that
tends to the advancement of mankind, is as
unusual as it is jileasing. To be a judge of
what is best in literature, to be familiar
with the books of the day, to be able to dis-
cuss intelligently the <-omplex political prob-
lems of the nation, to keep abreast of all
scientific advancement, to be actively inter-
ested in athletics, to be in demand as an after-
dinner speaker, to appreciate a joke, as well
as know how to tell one, in addition to sus-
taining an eiivialde rejiutation in a ])rofes-
sion which ordinarily demands all of one's
time and energy, entitles one, surely, to be
known as a many-sided man. Such a man is
Charles Henry Hunter.
Rorn February (5, 18o:}. at ('linton. Me., his
early youth was spent in the home of his fa-
ther, (Jeorge H. Huntei-, now a meri-hant of
the neighboring town of I'ittstield. Here
he received his elementary education, after
which he attended the Maine Central in-
stitute, located in this village. In the fall
of 1870 he entered Rowdoin ("ollege, from
which he graduated with honor in 1874, re-
ceiving the degree of A. M. in 1886. The fol-
lowing two years he served as principal of
the Limerick academy, after which he began
the study of his chosen profession, attending
first the I'ortland School of Medical Instruc-
tion, then the Medical School of Maine, and
afterward the College of Physicians and
Surgeons in New York City, from wliich he
received the degree of doi-tor of medicine in
1878.
On February 9 of the same year he was
married to Miss ilargaret Orr Stone, daugh-
ter of Col. Alfred J. Stone, of Brunswick,
Me., who points with just pride to a noble
line (if ancestry, and whose cultured mind
and charm of manner have won friends for
her everywhere.
Dr. Hunter settled for the jiractice of
his profession at Newport, Me., but his
sjihere of usefulness was to be a broader
one than this, and after one year had
I)assed, in company with his wife, he went to
Europe, for the j)urpose of extending his
knowledge of medicine and surgery. Three
years he remained abroad, di\iding his time
among the most celebrated schools of Eng-
land and the continent. He heard the most
noted lecturers in the universities of Berlin,
Vienna, Strassburg, Paris and London, and
attended the clinics where surgical science
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHWKSP.
was demoustrated by the most euiiiifMit sur-
geous of the world.
Ou his retui'u to America, in 1882, he set-
tled iu Minneapolis, which city has since
claimed him as a resident. Although com-
ing here a stranger, his splendid prepara-
tion, his tireless energy, and his pleasing
personality (jnickly won for him a host of
friends, and the confidence of the comniii
nity.
He has adhered to a general practice,
both in medicine and surgery, and his repu
tation has extended over the entire North-
west.
Dr. Hunter was one of the founders of the
Minnesota Hos])ital college, and upon its
identification with the University of Min-
nesota, which was accomplished largely
through his efforts, became and is now i)ro
fessor of theory and practice of medicine in
the College of Medicine and Surgery.
He is one of the visiting physicians of
St. Barnabas hosjjital and is on the attend-
ing staff of the University of Minnesota free
dispensary.
He has long been a member of the Hen-
nepin County Medical society, and is activt
in promoting its interests. With him ori-
ginated the idea of founding the Academy
of Medicine, a society composed of a limited
number of medical men from the twin cities.
It has existed since 1887, is the only organ-
ization of its kind in the Northwest, and has
met with marked success. It is founded on
such broad scientific and social lines, that
its influence is continuous and progressive.
Dr. Hunter enjoys the social side of life
and is a member of the Masonic fraternity
and the Elks. In college he affiliated with
the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and en-
joys an occasional evening with the chapter
here. He was instrumental in founding the
Western Alumni Association of Bowdoin Col-
lege, in 1S84, and its annual meetings are to
him a source of rare pleasure.
He has always been an enthusiastic
wheelman. Ho was for some time state
centurion and is at present chairman of the
National Sidejiath committee of the L. A. W.
All out of door sports have for him a
CHAitLKs II. iir\Ti:i;
particular fascination. He is a member of
the Bryn Mawr Golf club, Minnetonka Ice
and Yachting club and Long Meadow Gun
club, and when he is able to steal a few
hours from his professional duties, delights
in the recreation and sport to be attained
through these mediums.
The pleasant home of Dr. and Mrs. Hun-
ter is at Second avenue south and Ninth
street. In it the son and daughter just grow-
ing to young manhood and womanhood find
everything conducive to their happiness and
advancement, and here their hosts of friends
delight to call upon them, assured always of
a hearty welcome and royal entertainment.
SHOEMAKER. Waite Almon, is known
as one of the leading educators in Minnesota
and has been for many years a resident of St.
Cloud where he has been engaged in educa-
tional work for nearly twenty years. He is
a son of Aehsa Waite Shoemaker, grand-
daughter of one of the early settlers on the
western reserve, and Abraham Shoemaker,
a descendant from the Pennsylvania family
of that name. Abraham Shoemaker was for
over fifty years a minister of the Disciples of
UISTOKY OF TlIK GUEAT NOltlllWKST.
WAITE A. SHOEMAKER.
Christ. \V. A. ^>li()Lniuikei- was boru iu 1800,
on a farm at Meutor riain near Willoughby,
Ohio. When he was but three years of age
his parents came to Minnesota, settling near
Plainview, but in 1S70 removed to Steai'ns
cotmty. He received his early education in
the country schools. In 1S72 he first attend-
ed the normal school at St. Cloud, enrolling
in the model school. He had a hard struggle
to secure his education and was obliged to
do manual labor at times to earn the money
necessary for his expenses. He taught his
first school when but fifteen, and earned
enough to spend a year in the normal school.
He then taught for several years in the coun-
try districts. He re-entered the normal
school in 1878 and was graduated, in 1880,
from the elementary course, and was valedic-
torian of the class, and also class orator. He
then entered the advanced course and was
graduated in 1881. While a student he
taught some of the classes in mathematics
and upon graduation received a place on the
faculty of the school, serving as principal of
the grammar grade in the model school, and
was also a critic teacher. The second year
he became principal of the preparatory de-
partment and again served as critic teacher.
The following year saw him advancing in
his work. He filled the position for several
years of general assistant, but finally settled
upon mathematics and methods as his favor-
ites. Mr. Shoemaker decided that a course
iu graduate work would be of benefit and
secured leave of absence and entered New
York university; in 181)7 he received the de-
gree of master of pedagogy, and in 1898 that
of doctor of pedagogy. Dr. Shoemaker then
resumed his work at the normal school, but
in 1900 he was elected superintendent of city
schools at St. Cloud, which position he now
fills. He has been engaged in furthering the
higher education of teachei-s for a number of
yeai's. He has taken special interest in sum-
mer school work, and has been conductor of
over a dozen summer schools in this and
neighboring states, and has also conducted
classes at numerous "teachers' institutes."
He has been a deep student of psychology,
metaphysics, and methodology; and with
Miss Isabel Lawrence, also a worker along
educational lines, published a text book
known as "The New Practical Arithmetic."
Dr. Shoemaker is a member of the Minnesota
Educational Association and served as presi-
dent of that body during 1899. He was mar-
reid in 1881 to Miss Louise Polley and they
have two children, Isabel and John.
TUFTS, DeWitt Clinton, receiver of the
land office at Fargo, N. D., is a native of
Maine, and was born August 9, 1851, in Farm-
ing-ton, Franklin county, on the old home-
stead where his grandfather settled, on his
removal from Massachusetts, over a century
ago. This farm is still in possession of the
Tufts family. His father, J. Warren Tufts,
followed the occupation of farming the
same as his ancestors before him. He was,
however, of a speculative disposition, and,
getting the gold fever in 18.51, went to
r'alifornia by the way of the Isthmus. Not
finding there, like thousands of others, the
fortune he sought, he returned in a short
time to his native state and resumed farm-
ing. He was a life-long Republican and
held various offices of trust in his township
at Waterford in 18.5."i. His father was I^evi
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
and home county. He also served in the
Maine lejjislature for two terms. He was a
great admirer of Horace (ireeley, and weni
with the Greeley party during the hitter's
j)i-esidential campaign. The maiden name
of the motlier of the subject of this skctili
was 5Iartha A. Tarbox. She vas born in
Oldtown, Me., and was a member of a nii
merous and prosperous family wlio were
early settlers in New England. DcWilf re
ceived his early education in llic common
schools, and later the free high schools of
his native county. When twenty-one years
of age he entered the Western State Normal
at Farmington, Me., graduating from this
institution in 1874. After leaving the state
normal, he taught for the next three years
in both the common and high schools of
Maine. He came west in the spring of 1877,
and spent a little time in the Black Hills
mining country in South Dakota. In June,
however, he left Deadwood for Fargo, going
over all the railroad lines then constructed
in the two Dakotas — 35 miles from Vermil-
lion to Yankton, and 196 miles from Bis-
marck to Fargo. He settled on a home-
stead, four miles north of Fargo, and com-
menced farming. He has been very suc-
cessful in his farming operations since that
time, and attained a prominent position in
his own community. Shortly after remov-
ing to North Dakota he taught school for
one year. He has always been a Republic-
an in politics and has taken an active inter-
est in political affairs. He was elected to
represent his district in the second session
of the state legislature, held the winter of
1890 and '91, after North Dakota was ad-
mitted to statehood, and was one of the orig-
inal supporters of Senator Hansbrough,
remaining with him till the unexpected hap-
pened, as it frequently does in North 1 )akota
politics, and he was elected to the United
States senate. Mr. Tufts served for eight
years in the state legislature, two terms in
the house and two terms in the senate. In
recognition of his eminent services 1o the
party, he was appointed receiver of the Far-
go land office by President McKinley, in Jan-
uary, 1898. Mr. Tufts is an attendant of the
Congregational church, though not a mem-
DE Wri'T C. TUFTS.
ber of that body. He was married in the
fall of 1881* to Miss Mary I. Campbell. Mr.
and Mrs. Tufts have eight children^ four
boys and four girls.
BROWN, Calvin Luther.— Interest will
so often warp calm judgment that it has
come to be regarded as almost impossible
for an ordinary man to hold the scales of
justice without prejudice. There is, how-
ever, a cast of mind — sometimes called "ju-
(lifiar'—which can easily lay aside all bias
and then penetrate to the marrow of a sub-
ject. It would seem that the subject of this
sketch belongs to a family distinguished for
this characteristic. His father, John H.
Brown, was esteemed such an efficient
judge that he was elected and re-elected
judge of the Twelfth judicial district of Min-
nesota until he sei-\ed for fifteen years.
Judge Brown was a descendant of John
r.rown, who <ame from England in 1632
and settled in Massachuseils; also of Wil-
liam Brown, who s(>rved in the Revolution-
;iry war; he was the brother of the late L.
M. Brown, of Shakopee. Calvin L. Brown's
mother's maiden name was Orrisa Maxfield.
HISTOKY OF JIIE GREAT NORTHWEST.
CALVIX L. BKOWX.
He was born at Goshen, N. H., April 26,
1854. His father, after the fifteen years of
his judgeship, was only in moderate finan-
cial circumstanfes. Young Brown came to
Minnesota territory as an infant, with his
parents, in 1855. The family settled at
8hakopee. In 1871 the home was changed
to Willmar, Minn. He received his educa-
tion in the district and higher schools of the
state. AMien of proper age he very natur-
ally took up the study of law, which seemed
almost hereditary to him, both by direct
and collateral descent. He was admitted
to the bar at Willmar, in 1876. Two years
later he opened a law office at Morris, Minn.
From the outset he showed aptitude and spe-
cial ability in his profession, as might have
been expected from his ancestors. So marked
was his proficiency that in four years,
or in 1882, he was elected county attorney
of Stevens county, and discharged the du-
ties so satisfactorily that he was kept in
office until 1887, when he was appointed by
Gov. McGill judge of the Sixteenth judicial
district, embracing the counties of Big
Stone, Grant, Stevens, Pope, Traverse and
Wilkin. He was then elected by the peo-
ple, and held the office for two terms, or un-
til 1899. During this time he had so estab-
lished his character as a jurist that he was
elected, in 1898, as judge of the supreme
court of the state, and. of course, resigned
the office of district judge, and took his seat
on the supreme bench in 1899, which posi-
tion he now holds. In the meantime he had
not ignored his duties as a citizen. He held
numerous minor positions of honor and
trust, aside from his judgeships. The fidel-
ity and integrity shown in what may be
called obscure offices were no small factors
in securing for him the confidence of the
community. He was also an enterprising,
])nblic-spirited private citizen, taking his
full share of the responsibilities naturally
falling to a prominent man. He attends
tlie Congregational church and contributes
to its various departments of work, al-
tliough not an enrolled member. He is a
prominent member of the Masonic frater-
nity, and was the Grand Master of the state
of ^Minnesota in 1895 and 1896. He was
married September 1, 1879, to Miss Annette
Marlow, at Willmar, and they have been
blessed with five children. Olive, the first-
born, died. The others are Alice A., Mon-
treville J., Edna M., and Margaret E. Brown.
The judge is yet a comparatively young
man and has a bright future. Taking the
brief outline given as a true indication of
his sterling character, it is a safe assurance
that the supreme bench will be honored by
his service, and that a brilliant career
awaits him.
STBLETTE, George Washington.— This
is pre-eminently an engineering age. The
services of the civil engineer contribute
more to the health, comfort and convenience
of the people than does the work of all the
other learned professions combined. Yet
how few value these services at their true
worth. A doctor who saves one life is given
full credit for his work, and is very proper-
ly honored. But the civil engineer of a city
may save hundreds of lives by his skill, and
yet passed unnoticed. Minneapolis is for-
tunate in having a competent and efficient
engineer, in the person of George Washing-
HISTORY (IF THK (JKKAT NORTHWKST.
ton Sublette, the distinguished chief of the
city engineering department, president of
the Minneapolis Engineers' Club, and uicni-
ber of the Texas Academy of Science.
Mr. Sublette is of French Huguenot de-
scent. His forefathers left France to escape
religious persecution, and settled in Vir-
ginia. They afterward became prominent
in the fur trade and in the explorations of
the far west. Capt. Wm. Sublette, one of
the brothers of the family, was general man-
ager of the American Fur Company. He ex-
j)lored the Rocky Mountains and determined
the shor-test route to California. It was
from Capt. Sublette that Sublette Lake of
the old geographies was named. It is now
the Yellowstone Lake.
Peter Jackson Sublette was nianicd to
Sarah Russell Warfield. of a well kndwn
Maryland family, and emigrated to Missouri,
where he became a prosperous farmer in St.
Louis county. He was a soldier of the Mex-
ican war and a member of the Missouri mili-
tia during the Civil war. It was here that
Geo. \A'. Sublette, the city engineer, was
born.
Young Sublette was educated in ilif pub-
lic and private — or '"select"" — school, as it is
called sometimes, and prepared for college
at the academy, graduating at the State
Normal at Kirksville, Mo. Later he took
a post-gi"aduate course in mathematics
and engineeiing in the University of Min-
nesota, under Professors Downey and Pike.
Mr. Sublette had a natural aptitude for the
profession he has chosen. He may fairly be
said to have been born to it, for having
taught school at the age of fifteen years, he
surveyed land at sixteen, joined a surveying
party at eighteen, and at twenty-one be-
came the county surveyor of Adair county.
Mo. Such precocious ability was sure to
find abundant employment, ilr. Sublette's
subsecjuent career has fully carried out his
early promise of usefulness. He was en-
gaged in railroad construction — only a part
of which can be mentioned — the Wabash,
the Chicago & Northwestera and the Union
Dejjot at Minneapolis. Under city engineer
Andrew Rinker he was placed in charge of
the North Minneapolis tunnel. He was also
GEORGK W. sriiLETTE.
engineer of construction for the city of Aus-
tin, Tex., completing the power house and
dam. He also held the same official position
for Helena, Mont., while constructing the
light and power house at Canon Ferry.
His election as city engineer of Minneap-
olis in l>S!t9 was a well merited recognition
of his practical experience and rich profes-
sional acquirements.
Mr. Sublette is an active Odd Fellow,
holding the highest office in the subordinate
lodge. He is also a member of the Knights
of Pythias, and has his church relations
with the Church of Christ. In politics he
has always been a Republican.
He was married to Miss Anna B. Baldwin
in 1S70. and is the hapjiy father of two chil-
dren, lo and Marguerite.
So long as the att'airs of the city are in
the hands of such a man, Minneapolis may
rest assured that its physical welfare will
be efficientlv conserved.
BERii. Otto C.. secretary of state of
South Dakota, is a resident of Redfield,
Spink .-onnty. He was born September 10,
1S4!). ai Bn'Miuiii. Ringsager, Norway, and
HISTORY OF THE GKKAT NORTHWEST.
OTTO C. BERG.
is the son of Cbristence Berg, nee ovre
Rudd, and Cliiistian T. Berg. His father
was a government employe and was over-
seer of government roads, and other im-
j)rovements. He received a common school
education in his native village and at the
age of sixteen started on a business career
and was employed as a clerk in a general
store at Lillehammer, and then for several
years was bookkeeper in a wholesale estab-
lishment at Drammen. He became dissat-
isfied with conditions in Norway and deter-
mined to come to America, and came to this
country in 1873, locating at Norwalk, Mon-
roe county, Wis., engaging in the mercan-
tile business. He came to South Dakota in
1883 and settled at Northville and started a
general mercantile business. He after-
wards located at Redfield, his present home.
Mr. Berg is one of the best known men in
the Republican party in the state. He ear-
ly affiliated with the party and has always
been a hard and enthusiastic party worker,
and his recent election to the responsible
position of secretary of state is a just re-
ward, not only for his party work, but for
merit. He served as postmaster at Nor-
walk, Wis., and also as county clerk of
.Monroe county, ^Vis. He has served for six
years as clerk of the circuit and county
courts of Spink county and goes from the
office of clerk to that of secretary of state.
Mr. Berg is a prominent member of the Ma-
sonic bodies at Redfield. He is a member
of Redfield Lodge, No. 34, A. F. & A. M.,
and has twice served as master of the lodge.
He is a member of Redfield Chapter, No. 20,
R. A. M., and has served as High Priest.
Me is also a member of the Ancient Order
of United Workmen. He was married
May 1, 187D, to Miss Edith Rowe, daughter
of the late David B. Rowe, of Whitewater,
Wis. He has two children, Edna M. Berg,
a young lady of twenty, and Paul B. Berg,
a boy of thirteen.
HOFOHTON, James Gilbert.— One of
the most important functions of a city gov-
ernment is that of safeguarding the people
against their own folly, ignorance and par-
simony in building their houses. If left
unrestrained by laM% the perils of the city
from fires, from insanitary homes and facto-
ries, from flimsy tenements for rent, and
from encroachments on the rights of the
public would be greatly increased. Hence
it is necessary to have a thorough supervi-
sion of all the building operations in the
city. This is an immense work in a rapidly
growing community. To accomplish this
properly requires system, combining ac-
curacy, care and impartiality with a clear
method of registry. It can be readily seen
that although the duties are not showy, they
are of great importance. A regular depart-
ment is organized for the work, the officers
of which are known as building inspectors.
To be competent for the office they must
have both thorough building knowledge and
experience, together with mechanical skill
to decide what is feasible and what should
be prohibited. In this exacting duty James
G. Houghton has made a record for the city
of Minneapolis worthy of the highest credit.
Mr. Houghton is from Maine, a state con-
tributing many sons noted in the develop-
ment of Minnesota, and especially in the
building up of Minneapolis. He was born
142
HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST.
Howard Houghton, a farmer and a mason
in moderate circumstances. His mother's
maiden name was Elizabeth T. Robbius.
Both were of Englisli descent. Mr. Hougli-
ton liad the advantages of a district school
education and worked on his father's farm
at W'aterford during school age. He then
learned the carjienter ti-ade in the good old
way. Like most of the energetic men in
that region, where the towns are to a large
degree finished, young Houghton took Hor
ace (ireeley's famous advice to "go West."
He landed in Minneapolis June 25, 1880, a
date which is a mile stone in liis career never
to be forgotten. He immediately went to
work at his trade and for several years
served as foreman to one of the contractors
in the city. He then established himself in
business on his own account, and conducted
it until 1894, when he was appointed first
assistant building inspector for the city of
Minneapolis. He was elected to the of-
fice of building inspector January 1, 1899,
which put him in full charge of the depart-
ment. His superior fitness for the place
was soon demonstrated by the improve-
ments he made in the administration of af-
fairs. In the first place he very materially
reduced the expenses of the ofiSce. Al-
though there was more work than in any
other year subsequent to 1894, Mr. Hough-
ton managed the business with two less men.
His thorough knowledge and practical com-
mon sense enabled him to simplify the sys-
tem of keeping the records so as to keep them
in better form with less labor. He also insti
tuted sevei"al new records, greatly needed
and which will be of great value in the work
of the department. Therefore the whole
labor is better done and with less expen.se
than ever before since the office was estab-
lished. In addition to this Mr. Houghton
makes a jiractice of personally inspecting
buildings in the course of erection.
Mr. Houghton is a Republican in politics,
and was a ward committeeman in 1898. He
is a member of Hennepin Masonic Lodge,
No. 4 of which he is also a P. M.; a
member of Ark Lodge, R. A. M., and Past
High Priest; member of the Minneajiolis
Mounted Commandery, IS'o. li:{, of Knights
Templar; member of Minneapolis Camp,
No. 445, Modern Woodmen, and member of
Modin Tent. No. '2'\, order of the Maccfflbbees.
He was married in 1882 to Susan C. Drew,
and has three children, Harry D., Lucy M.,
and Robert J. Houghton. He is likewise a
member of the Simj)Son Methodist Episcopal
church, so that his social and religious as-
sociations give him a very extended fellow-
ship with a host of desirable friends by
whom he is highly esteemed and universally
respected as a husband, father, and citizen
without reproach.
FTTNK, William Albert, is a prominent
lawyer, politician and real estate owner of
Mankato, Minn. He is a native of Illinois,
and was born in La Salle county, February
25, 1854. His father, Abraham Funk, was
born in Virginia, but moved to Ohio with
his i)arents when he was but a mere child.
He grew up to manhood in the Buckeye
state, and for several years taught school.
Later he engaged in the occupation of farm-
ing in this state, and afterwards in Illinois,
where he removed in 1852. For the last fif-
HISTOKY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
WILLIAM A. ITNK.
teeu years Le has lived in the vilhige of
Odell, 111. He was married in 1840 to Mar-
garet Jane Hutchinson, the mother of the
subject of this sketch. She was born in
Fairfield county, Ohio, and was of English
descent. The ancestors of Abraham Funk
were Swiss-Germans. The American branch
of the family is descended from three broth-
ers who came to this country from Switzer
laud about 176.5, aud settled in Virginia and
Pennsylvania. The subject of this sketch
received his early education in the public
schools of La Salle county. 111., which was
supplemented by an attendance at an acad-
emy. Desiring to take up the legal profes-
sion as his vocation in life, he entered upon
the study of law and was admitted to the
bar by the supreme court of Illinois in Sep-
tember, 1875, when 21 years of age. He be-
gan the practice of his profession in Odell,
HI., forming a partnership with J. H. Funk,
lately speaker of the Iowa house of repre-
sentatives. This partnership continued until
1878, when the subject of this sketch remov-
ed to Streator. 111. He formed a partnership
there, in 1880, with Joel T. Buckley, the firm
being known as Buckley & Funk. This part-
nership continued until 1882, when he associ-
ated himself with (Jeorge E. (Jlass, the pres-
ent mayor of Streator, under the firm name
of Funk & (jlass. In 1885, this partnership
was dissolved and Jlr. Funk practiced his
lirofession alone. In March, 1887, he remov-
ed to Minnesota and located at Lakefield, in
Jackson county, where he practiced law until
November, 1895, when he removed to Man-
kato, where he now resides. From the first,
Mr. Funk enjoyed a lucrative practice, and
assumed a prominent position in legal cir-
cles. He has held many jwsitions of public
trust, and has always taken an active inter-
est in political affairs. He has been a life-
long Republican, and has done effective
work for his party on the stump. He
stumped the state of Illinois during the
campaign of 187G, and has contributed like
service to his party in every campaign since
that time, both in Illinois and in Minnesota.
He ser\-ed as an alderman in Streator, 111.,
for two years, also three years as chairman
of the Rex)ublican city committee of Strea-
tor. In 1890 he was elected county attor-
ney of Jackson county, Minn., and was re-
elected in 1892 and 1894, making an enviable
record in that office. He resigned this posi-
tion in 1895 on his removal to Mankato.
In 1896 he served as chainuan of the execu-
tive committee of the Mankato McKinley
club, and was on the stump for forty-seven
nights during that exciting campaign. In
1898 he served as a member of the executive
committee of the Republican state central
committee. He was a candidate for the
congressional nomination from his district
in 1900, but withdrew after the result of the
first caucuses was announced, it being ad-
verse to his candidacy. During the cam-
paign of this year Mr. Funk served as presi-
dent of the McKinley and Roosevelt club of
Mankato. He has always been a prominent
worker in his party's interests, and is recog-
nized as one of the leading political speak-
ers in the North Star state. Mr. Funk has
also interesed himself largely in real estate
and is the owner of the unsold portion of the
town-site of Lakefield, Minn., as well as
several hundred acres of land adjacent to
that town. He also owns rich farming
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHAVEST.
lands in several oilier sections of Minne-
sota, as well as in Wisconsin. Mr. Funk
has been an Odd Fellow for many years,
and is a member of the grand lodge, both in
Illinois and ^[innesota. He also served as
consul of Camp No. 4, M. W. A., when that
order was organized in Illinois. He also
held this position later at Lakefield, Minn.
He is also a member of the Knights of
Pythias. He is identified with the Presby-
terian body, and is a member, trustee and
elder of the First Presbyterian church of
Mankato. He has been the superintendent
of Hope Mission Ir^unday school, of Mankato.
for three and one-half years, and is a trustee
of Alb(n't Lea college. He was married in
October, 1879, to Nellie Douglass, at Strea-
tor, 111. They have four children: William
D., aged 20; Nettie M., aged IS; Leslie A.,
aged 14, and Edgar N., born in September,
I'JOO.
HKNUY It. PORTER.
PORTER, Henry Rinaldo.— The duties of
an ordinary busy physician are said to be
exceedingly depressing. Some go as far as
to say that the drain of vitality is greater in
the work of a medical man than in that of any
other occupation, however laborious. Cou-
tinually in contact with suffering — for when
absent from the patient his case, if critical,
is ever in the mind of a faithful doctor;
pouring out sympathy on friend and stranger
day by day; listening to complaints of all
sorts of ailments; called up at all hours of
the night, sometimes on frivolous pretexts,
and, the worst of all, constantly reminded
of his utter impotence where he most desires
to be of help, it is not strange that with
the weight of these anxieties he should be
borne down with weariness of mind and
body. His sympathies, his emotions and his
intellectual powers are on the rack with but
little relief. If a doctor in ci^^l life, pro-
fessionally associated with whom he may
consult, with friends who may atlord him
some cheer, and with social amenities to re-
lieve the monotony and perhaps furnish some
recreation, must undergo the anxieties and
anguish of spirit portrayed, what must be
the condition of the anny surgeon subject to
the same or greater strain, and yet, not only
deprived of these alleviating items, but re-
stricted intheappliancesof his profess^pu and
curtailed in his medicinal supplies? Can his
situation be less than positive torture? Yet
how little consideration is given to the army
surgeon. The public is prone to find fault
with the hospital service on the slightest
pretext, while the extraordinary achieve-
ments of the medical staff have only meager
mention. Dr. Henry R. Porter, the eminent
surgeon and medical practitioner of Bis-
marck, N. D., has had the chastening experi-
ence of both civil and military life, so that if
ihe adage be true that "practice makes per-
fect" he ought to be well nigh the goal. Be-
sides, with him the profession may be called
hereditary, for his father, Henry N. Porter,
M. D., was a distinguished physician in the
state of New York, having practiced in
Oneida county of that state for thirty-live
years. He then retired and moved to the
less rigorous climate of Washington, D. C,
where he died in 189!). His wife was of
Scottish birth and came to this country when
seven years of age. Her maiden name was
Helen Poison. Dr. Henry R. Porter, the son,
was born at Lee Center, Oneida county, N.
HISTORY OF THE CRKAT NORTHWEST.
Y., in 1848. He was, of couisp, surrounded
with the atmosphere of his profession.
When he had completed his literary prepara-
tion, he went to the Mic-hi<?an university at
Ann Arbor, the medical department of the
school having a high rank. He finished his
professional course at Georgetown, District
of Columbia, graduating in 1872. He then
served as resident physician of the Columbia
Lying-in Hospital at Washington, D. C, un-
til appointed acting assistant surgeon of the
United States army. He was assigned to
duty with the troops in the field against the
Apache Indians under (ien. Crook, command-
ing the department of Arizona. During the
arduous service in this Indian war campaign.
Surgeon Porter won the encomiums of his
commanding ofiicers and secured public
recognition in an unusual degree for a medi-
cal staff officer. In the battle of vSupersti-
tion Mountains Dr. Porter's gallantry and
services were so conspicuous that he was
commended by Gen. Crook in general order
Xo. 14, of date April !), 1873. He was like-
wise distinguished for gallantry and con-
spicuous service in the campaign which
closed the war against the Tonto Apaches in
February and March, 1873. Dr. Porter was
the only surviving surgeon of the Custer-
Reno fight at Little Big Horn on the 2oth day
of June, 1870, when Gen. Custer and his
entire force were slaughtered. Dr. Porter
was with Gen. Eeno and had charge of all
the wounded, about fifty in number. He had
also about fifty dead to take care of to pre-
vent the enemy from outraging them. For
his bravery and for the character of the work
performed under — as the commendatory or-
dei's recite — 'most trying circumstances,'" he
received great praise from both Gen. Terry,
the military commander, and from Medical
Director Sloan, in charge of the medical staff.
Dr. Porter is married and has one son, Hal,
now attending Oberlin College. Mrs. Por-
ter's maiden name was Lotta Viets, and her
home was at Oberlin, Ohio. Dr. Porter en-
joys the respect and confidence of all who
know him. That his skill is recognized is
evident from the large general practice which
he has secured at home and in the surround-
ing districts.
MOORE, Joseph Boone. — In September,
1880, a young man or boy, rather, seventeen
years of age, might have been seen tramp-
ing into the village — now city — of Lead, Da-
kota Territory. He had only twenty-five
cents in his pocket, and that he soon paid to
a barber for a shave. The next morning he
went to work with a pick and shovel, dig-
ging a ditch for a water pipe, for which labor
he was paid two dollai's and a half per day.
Ill a few days he got a job as a common labor-
er at three dollare a day with the Homestake
Mining Company. That lad was Joseph B.
31oore, the present judge of the Eighth ju-
dicial circuit of the state of South Dakota.
Mr. Moore v>as born at Nashville. Tenu., Oc-
tober 13, 1802. His father, James G. Moore,
was of Scotch-Irish descent, and was born
in Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland. He
learned the saddler's trade. When he came
to Nashville he engaged as a merchant in
the harness and saddlery business, and be-
came well-to-do. During the Civil war he
lost a large amount of cotton, and by the
emancipation x>roclaniation of course lost all
his slaves. Mr. Joseph B. Moore's mother
belonged to the Hiter family, of Virginia.
They were of Irish extraction. Her name
was Mary Ewing Hiter. The middle name
indicates a connection with that well known
family. Young Moore «as educated in the
schools of his native city, Nashville, and was
what is sometimes called "city-bred." Un-
der such circumstances his first entrance into
the field of Lead, as a day laborer, was not
far from the heroic. From that time on he
worked as a laborer in the saw-mill, in the
mine as a shoveller, then as tool-packer,
miner, and timekeeper for the Deadwood-
Terra Mining Comjiany, one of the group be-
longing to the Homestake Mining Company.
In the spring of 1883 he began work on the
Homestake railroad, known as the Black
Hills & Fort Pierre railroad, as brakeman,
and continued to work for this company as
brakeman, fireman, and conductor until
April 5, 1884, when in attempting to get on
a moving train he fell under the cars and
lost his left leg just below the knee and the
four smallest toes on his right foot. In-
capacitated for manual labor by this terrible
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NOUTHWEST.
accident lie left Lead for his did liniiic at
Nashville, Tenn. In the fall of 1884 he en-
tered the law department of the Vanderbilt
University. He doubled his studies, taking'
a two years" course in one year, and gradu-
ated with honors the followinjj; spiinji', bcinu
one of the iloot Court coiuniencenient day
orators, winning the Moot Court case on the
trial. He then returned to Lead and began
to practice his profession with inuuediate
success. In 1889 he was made city attorney
of Lead. He held this office until May 1.
lSlt2. He was then ai)])ointed state's attor-
ney for Lawrence county, and served during
1893 and 1S94. In 1S97 he was elected judge
of the Eighth judicial circuit of South Da-
kota, which position he now holds, and the
term of which will not expire until Decem-
ber, 1901. In the campaign of 1900 he was
one of the candidates for congress on the
"fusion" ticket, a union of Democrats and
Populists, but was defeated, although run-
ning ahead of his ticket several hundred
votes. Mr. Moore was a South Dakota mem-
ber of the National Populist convention
which met at Sioux Falls, in 1900, and se-
cured the insertion of a resolution in the
platform denouncing the incarceration of
miners in the Cneur d"Alene bull pen as an
outrage. He had also represented South Da-
kota in the National Populist convention
held at St. Louis in 1890. He has always
been a constant, consistent fnend of the la-
boring men, being himself one for years. It
is said of him that he never refused to take
a law case for a poor man or woman, for
lack of fees. ITnable to go to the Spanish
war, he had, nevertheless, a warm interest
in it. When troop "A" of the Cowboy regi-
ment United States Volunteer Cavalry of
South Dakota perfected a permanent organi-
zation, Mr. Moore was made an honorary
member, then the list of honorary members
was closed. The troop presented him with
a button badge, which he takes pride in
wearing on the right lapel of his coat, in-
tending, he avers, to so wear it as long as
he lives. June 2, 188G, he was married to
Susie B. Jordan, born near Franklin, Wil-
liamson county, Tenn. Her father was one
of the great landed proprietors of middle
Tennessee, owning a large number of slaves.
There is a coincidence between his marriage
and that of Grover Cleveland, which was on
the same day. This, however, was unpre-
meditated on the part of Mr. :Moore,<or his
coming wedding was aniiounced to his
friends several weeks before it took place,
while the i)residenfs was announced only a
few days before his marriage; therefore Mr.
Moore is accustomed to say jocularly, "Grov-
er Cleveland married the same day I did."
They have three children — Rupert E., twelve
years of age, ilary Alice, nine years old, and
Norma Elizabeth Moore, born March 15,
1899. Judge Moore holds the office of Lead-
ing Knight in Deadwood Lodge No. .508 of
the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.
In religion he is a liberal, not belonging to
any denomination or church, while a firm be-
liever in the Supreme Being. The golden rule,
— "Do unto others as you would they should
do unto you," is his creed that governs every
act of his life, and has given him success as
a lawyer and distinction as a jurist. He be-
lieves in the broadest religious liberty and
accords to every man the right to worship
God and to vote as he pleases, claiming for
himself the same right. He is one of South
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Dakota's best known men, and has made a
reeord since going upon the bench as being
one of the fairest, most courteous and abh'
of trial judges, whose decisions are seldom
reversed by the supreme court. In the cam-
paign of 1900 he gained a national reputa-
tion by reason of his pronounced views and
utterances in opposition to the Philii)pine
war. Judge Moore still resides at Lead. S.
D., among the friends of his early manhood,
and is a prominent figure in South Dakota
politics, whose friends predict for him a bril-
liant future.
KELLAE, Andrew Jackson. — The lapse
of time and the dissipation of the prejudices
that swayed men's judgment for a number
of years after the close of the War of the
Eebellion have caused us to view in a new
light the sacrifices of the men who wore the
Confederate uniform, and we have come to
admire their devotion to the principles for
which they fought. The bitter feelings en-
gendered by that fierce internecine strife
two score years ago have passed; we are
now a united nation and proud of the flag
which commands respect the world over.
We have learned to love those true gentle-
men of the South who represent all that is
noble and inspiring in man, and have come
to appreciate the unselfish motives which
prompted the men who, accepting the out-
come as final, bowed gracefully to defeat,
and strove to unite the former opposing ele-
ments. Such a man was Col. Andrew J.
Kellar, now a resident of Hot Springs, S.
I). After giving four years of early youth
to the Confederate service, he returned
home imbued with the desire of uniting
North and South. His soldierly heart was
won by Grant's magnanimity at the surren-
der of the Confederate armies; his admira-
tion was open and enthusiastic. He wel-
comed northern men and capital to the
South when it was not the popular thing to
do. His stand antagonized the secession
politicians who opposed his efforts with all
the bitterness of the period. His fighting,
however, had ended with Lee's surrender.
Col. Kellar is a native of Tennessee, and a
scion of heroes of Revolutionary days. His
paternal grandfather was born in France,
came to this country in the early days,
fought as a volunteer soldier in the Revolu-
tionary War, was captured by the British
near Newport, R. I., and was sent to
England a prisonei*, where he remained
until peace was made between the United
States, England and France. He returned
to this country from France in 1800 and
settled in Maryland, and was a soldier in
the War of 1812, serving in the army that
defended Kaltimore against the British.
Col. Kellar's maternal grandfather was an
Irishman, and served as a corporal in the
E'irst Kentucky riflemen under Gen. Jack-
son, in the war with England in 1812-1815.
He came to the L'nited States from Ireland
in 179G, under charge of the father of Gov.
Wise, of Virginia, and was a member of the
Society of United Irishmen. He died after
the battle of New Orleans while on his way
to his home in Kentucky. The subject of
this sketch is a son of George Philip Kellar
and Sarah Conley Kellar, and was born in
1838. When fourteen years of age he en-
tered the state university at Columbus,
Tenn., remaining in this institution for two
years. Afterwards he pursued his studies
in New Orleans with Professors Lanier and
Dimitry. He began the study of law under
the direction of Mr. Miles Taylor, a distin-
guished member of the bar of New Orleans,
and who was then a member of the lower
house of congress. Later he went to Som-
erville, Tenn., and prepared himself for ad-
mission to the bar in the office of Gen.
Thomas Rives. He was admitted to prac-
tice law in the circuit courts in 18.50, and ad-
mitted to the bar of the supreme court of
Tennessee in 1860. The following year, on
the outbreak of the war, he enlisted in the
Confederate ai-my at Memphis, Tenn., and
was mustered in as captain of Company D,
Fourth Tennessee Regiment of Infantry.
In July, 1862, he was commissioned lieuten-
ant-colonel of the same I'egiment, and in
July of the following year, colonel. He was
paroled May 1, 1865. The regiment served
in Cheatham's division in the army com-
manded by Generals Albert Sidney John-
HISTORY OF THE GKKAT NOUTinVEST.
son, Beauregard, Bragg, Hood and Joseph
E. Johnson. After the war he returned
home and resumed the practice of his pro-
fession. He took a prominent part in polit-
ical affairs, ever having the highest inter-
ests of his country at heart. This spirit
dominated him to the exclusion of personal
ambition. In the stormy days at Wash-
ington, in the contest of Tilden against
Hayes, he was a quiet factor in "stilling the
ugly temper of the nation"; but he accepted
no favors for his conscientious work. It
was done for the republic, not for himself.
Not without laudable ambition, he yet de-
clined honors lest his motives be misunder-
stood. He had an intimate acquaintance
with distinguished men and was a i)ersonal
friend of Andrew Johnson, Hayes and (Jar-
field. An incident at a dinner at Delmoni-
co's, where Whitelaw Reid, Blaine and oth-
er distinguished men were guests, shows the
impression Col. Kellar made on older men.
When the feast ended and the party was
discussing the situation of the day, Blaine
laid his hand kindly on Col. Kellar's shoul-
der and exclaimed: "You are a very auda-
cious young man." That Col. Kellar's able,
unselfish course made him honored by his
peers is evidenced by the following extract
from the Memphis Scimiter, of January 8,
1889, when his friends in Kentucky and
Tennessee wanted him in Harrison's cabi-
net:
"More than any other man in the South,
perhaps, did he contribute to that pacifica-
tion of our section with Haj'es' administra-
tion which enabled it to secui-e the victory
that the South achieved over the carpet-bag
government. Of Col. Kellar's equipment for
any service under the new administration,
which he would accept, none can doubt.
He is a very able man, whether at the bar,
in the military field, in the editorial room,
or in business life, with all of which he has
enlarged and successful experience. He
could have had anything for the asking un-
der Hayes, but he was not in politics for
revenue, nor for the other delights of offi-
cial power and place. He held a very
unique post in the work he had undertaken,
and felt, no doubt, that he would forfeit
ANDREW J. KELLAR.
what induence he hoped to exert on either
side if there should be a suspicion that he
was engaged in the advocacy of his schemes
of pacification for the selfish ends to^be at-
tained by accepting office, and so he de-
clined."
Col. Kellar came to South Dakota from
Kentucky in 1893 and located at Hot
Springs, where he is engaged in the prac-
tice of law. In politics, he was a Douglas
Union Democrat in 1800, voted for Grant in
1868, for Greeley in 1872, Peter Cooper in
18T(), Garfield in 1880, Blaine in 1884, Har
rison in 1888 and 1892, Bryan in 180(1 and
1900. The only office held by Col. Kellar
was that of member of the state senate of
South Dakota, elected on the Silver Repub-
lican ticket in 1896. He served as chair-
man of the judiciary committee. In 1874,
he was an earnest supporter of Andrew
Johnson for the United States senate and
contributed in no small degree to the lat-
ter's success in securing his election. In
1S77, he was tendered the governorship of
Washington territory, by President Hayes,
which he declined. November 28, 1865, he
was married to Miss Margaret Agnes
Chambers, of Mississippi, a cousin of Hon.
HISTORY OF TIIK GREAT ^■ORTII^YEST.
rTn<rh Lawson White. She is descended
from the Kevolntionarv {generals, William
Davidson and Griflith Rutherford. Five
children were born: Chambers, who grad-
nated with first honors at Vanderbilt uni-
versity, and is now a leading attorney of
Dead wood, S. D.; Andrew Conley, connect-
ed with a Sioux City commission house;
Werdna, graduated with first honors in mu-
sic at Hellmuth college, Canada; Philip
TJutherford, admitted to the bar of South
Dakota by the supreme court of the state,
but, preferring literature and journalism to
the law, is now in Chicago, engaged in news-
I)ayer work.
WIXSHIP, George Bailey. — For more
than twenty years George B. Winship, the
founder and pre.sent publisher of the Her-
ald, Grand Forks, N. D., has been one
of the leading forces in shaping the develop-
ment of the Northwest. He was born in
Saco, Me., in 1847. His father, George
D. Winship, was a native of New Hamp-
shire, his ancestors being early settlers of
English descent who were principally farm-
ers, stock raisers and fruit growers, in mod-
erate financial circumstances. George D.
Winship was a carpenter by trade. He was
married in 1840 to Abigail Bailey, also New
Hampshire boin and reared. She died at
Pine Island, Minn., in 1880. They moved
to Dodge county. Wis., in 1850, and the next
year moved to La Crosse, in the same state,
where he worked at his trade. Six years
later, in 1857, he crossed the Mississippi with
his family and settled at La Crescent, Minn.
On the breaking out of the Civil W'm\ at the
fii-st call for troops in 1861, he enlisted in the
First Minnesota Rangers, and on the expira
tion of his term of service in 186.3, entered
tlie Second Minnesota cavalry and served
until the close of the war, making a service
of four years. He died in 1899.
Young George, when the family moved
to La Crescent attended the district school
until he was thirteen years of age, when he
was so proficient in his studies that he was
apprenticed as a printer in the office of the
La Crescent Plaindealer, a weekly paper,
with a job printing outfit such as will gen-
erally be found in a country newspaper of-
fice. Such establishments are the true
])rinting schools of the nation. There the
typo learns all the fundamentals of the art,
from the casting of the roller to the making
ready of the forms, and generally, under cir-
cumstances which test the fertility of his re-
resources and ingenuity to the limit of his
capacity. It is doubtful if a person can be
a thorough newspaper man without graduat-
ing from one of the primitive institutions.
After two jears' work he quit and offered to
enlist for the war, although only fifteen
years old. He was rejected because of his
age. He then went to work in the brick
yard of William E. Potter, "sanding
moulds."' At the end of the year he offered
himself again for a soldier and was accept-
ed, enlisting as a member of Company "A"
of the 2d Minnesota Cavalry, with which he
served two years and thi>ee months, until
the end of the war. When mustered out of
service he picked up whatever job he could
find, among other things chopping cord
wood for Luke Blair, a Winona county farm-
er. In 1867 he started for the Idaho gold
fields with Captain Davy's expedition,
which was to leave Fort Abercrombie on the
first of June, that year. Part of the outfit
failed to arrive and Mr. Winship declined
to go. The few who determined to proceed
reorganized and started late in the summer,
but on reaching the Missouri river late in
the fall they were massacred by the Indians.
Mr. Winship engaged to drive a freight
team hauling goods from St. Cloud, the rail-
road terminus, to the various military posts
in the west. The next year, 18G8, he re-
sumed his old business of printing, in the
Winnipeg, Man., "Northwestern,'" under the
charge of Dr. Schultz, afterwards lieutenant
governor of the province. This was the only
paper north of St. Cloud. Mr. Winship
remained there about two years, during
which the Riel rebellion broke out. In 1870
he went to Pembina, and was employed as
clerk in a post trader's establishment.
When the Blakeley-Carpenter lines of stages
were put on between Breckenridge and
\Vinnipeg, Mr. ^^'insllip formed a partner-
GEOKGE BAILEY WINSHIP.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ship with William TSudsp and established
a stage station at Turtle River— now Man-
vel — fourteen miles north of Grand Forks.
In 1873 he sold out his interest in this en-
terprise and went to St. Paul, where he re-
sumed his trade as printer, being employed
on all the papers, at times. He was em-
ployed on the Pioneer as compositor when
it was consolidated with the Press, and af-
terwards on the Pioneer Press until 1877,
when he started a weekly paper named
the "Courier," at Caledonia, Minn., inde-
pendent in politics. In 187U the plant was
transferred to Grand Forks, Dakota Terri-
tory, where the weekly Grand Forks Herald
was established. In November, 1881, the
Daily Herald was launched as an evening
paper. In the meantime the facilities of
the office were continually increased to
meet the wants of the growing business,
which required not only new material, but
more house room. In 1891 the full Asso-
ciated Press franchise was secured and the
paper entered upon its career as a metro-
politan morning daily paper. It has now
all the most modern appliances — Mergen-
thaler typesetting machines, rapid Miehle
presses, together with a complete modern
bindery from which is turned out every
form of blank books for state, county, and
minor officials, and blank forms carefully
prepared for every use in the state. These
are kept in stock for immediate delivery.
Mr. Winship has been the animating spirit
of the vast enterprise from its inception, the
Herald being in his control ever since its
establishment. The energy, perseverance
and business sagacity required to overcome
obstacles, harmonize interests and to un-
tangle the complications involved in the
development of such an enterprise and in
bringing it to its present commanding posi-
tion, is an achievement worthy of the high-
est honor. Mr. Winship, in addition to
this immense labor, has not neglected his
duties as a plain citizen. While his great-
est inlluence has, perhaps, been exerted
through the Herald, his strong personality
has been a large factor in directing public
affairs. In early life he was a Democrat.
In the Hayes campaign he was an enthusi-
astic supporter of the Republican party and
voted for its nominees. He has since been
a consistent Republican. He was the first
state senator from the Seventh legislative
district of the state. He championed the
])rnhibition law and has always advocated
its rigid enforcement. He led the forces
opposed to the Louisiana lottery when an
effort was made to establish it in the state.
He served one term as oil inspector under
Governor Allen, and was strongly sup-
ported in the state Republican conventions
of 1898 and 1900 as a candidate for gover-
nor; in the latter convention a large ma-
jority of the delegates were favorable to
him, but through deft maneuvering the
nomination went elsewhere. Mr. Winship
was appointed and served as provisional
department commander when the Grand
Army of the Republic department was in-
stituted in the state. He was subsequently
first department commander of North Da-
kota, and had previously served as senior
vice commander of the Dakota Territorial
department, besides being a post command-
er, having been a member of the Grand
Army of the Republic sixteen years. He
has been active also in the Masonic order,
being a member of the Blue Lodge, Chapter,
Commaudery, Lodge of Perfection, and
El Zagel Temple. He is one of the charter
members of Acacia Lodge of Grand Forks,
and has served as senior warden. He was
married to Josephine Minshall, at La Cres-
cent, in 1874, but they have no children ex-
cept an adopted daughter, Barbara, mar-
ried to Francis W. Weego, Dec. 27, 1899.
Mr. Winship, although not enrolled as a
member, is a regular attendant and sup-
porter of the Methodist Episcopal church at
Grand Forks.
HEINRICH, Julius J., the efficient head
of the department of oil inspection of the
state of Minnesota, under Gov. Lind's ad-
ministration, came to the state with his pa-
rents, John Heinrich and ^Minnie Heinrich,
when a mere lad, in 18G5. His father en-
gaged in brewing, an industry then in its
infancy in the state. He was an energetic,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
practkal man, and determined to train his
sou, Julius, to be a like character. Accord-
iufily, after Julius had completed his educa-
tion in the public schools, he went to the
business college, where he was duly indoc-
trinated in the intricacies of accounts and
in business routine. He then went in busi-
ness with his father, continuing in that pur-
suit until 1S90. He had, in the meantime,
taken an active interest in politics, and had
become a recognized leader in the Demo-
cratic party. Being a man of genial man-
ners, attractive personality, and of a gener-
ous disposition, he was very XJopul'U' with
all who knew him. A natural result fol-
lowed. He was nominated to one of the
most important oflBces in the city, that of
register of deeds, on the Democratic ticket,
and triumphantly elected. Upon entering
upon the duties of the office, he sold his in-
terest in the brewing business, and, with
characteristic fidelity, devoted his whole at-
tention to the public service. The city of
-Minneapolis has never had a more satisfac-
tory discharge of those duties than during
the administration of Julius J. Heinrich.
The whirligig of politics let Mr. Hein-
rich out of office at the close of his term.
But a man of his activity, fertile in re-
sources, could not remain idle. He engaged
in various pursuits, among them the laun-
dry enterprise. He is still president and
treasurer of the Phoenix Laundry company,
the well known establishment at 315 Third
avenue south. Yet his interest in public
affairs did not abate. His practical com-
mon sense made him one of the leaders in
the broader field of state politics.
A proof that his sterling qualities were
fully ajtpreciated is shown by the fact that
he has been twice nominated by his party
for secretary of state. When Gov. Lind
was elected lie appointed Mr. Heinrich to
the important position of state oil inspector.
Mr. Heinrich is no less popular in the
social sphere than he is in business life and
in political circles. This is evident from
his fr.aternal associations. He is a member
of the Elks, Modern Woodmen, Druids,
Knights of Honor, besides being an Odd
Fellow and a Mason. He was happily mar-
JULIUS J. HEIMtlCH.
ried in 18S2 to Hattie A. Stremel, and re-
joices in a daughter and son, Minnie A.
Heinrich, 16 years of age, and Gustaf A.
Heinrich, 12 years of age. His hoifte is
1115 Sixth street north, where he has lived
twenty-five years, honored as a citizen and
respected as a man, in every relation of life.
As if to emphasize this high regard, his
friends determined to confer other honors
upon him. In the campaign of 1900 they
made him the nominee of the Democratic
party for the responsible office of city treas-
ui-er of the city of Minneapolis, a position of
trust of the very highest character. A man
wlio can inspire such confidence may well
feel that he has not lived in vain.
WILSDN, Samuel Bailey, county attor-
ney of Blue Earth county, is a resident of
Mankato. His career can but show the
possibilities awaiting a young man who has
iduck and energy supplemented by an edu-
cation. Samuel B. Wilson was born May
12, 1873, at Price's Branch, Montgomery
county. Mo., and is a son of Rebecca (Suth-
erland) Wilson and Charles Wilson. His
father was at one time a prosperous farmer
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
SAMUEL B. WILSON.
owning a large farm on the Missouri river,
but a sudden change in the current of that
treacherous river washed it all awaj', leav-
ing him with what little personal property
be could save. He died in 1878 and, while
fairly well situated, left but a small amount
for his large family. Mrs. Wilson died
soon after and Samuel, at an early age, was
obliged to hire out to a farmer for his board
and clothes. He was thus employed for
several years and received but scanty
schooling during this time, as he was only
able to attend school during the winter
mouths, and then had no time for outside
study. For the next five years young Wil-
son was emi)loyed as farm hand, day labor-
er, section hand and railroad brakeman;
any employment that was honest being
gladly accepted. In 1889 he rented a farm
in Montgomery county, Mo., and after a
year of fairly successful farming, sold the
proceeds and decided to attend school, and
entered the high school at Mexico, Mo., but,
for financial reasons, had to leave before
the year was finished. He then came to
Minnesota and entered the state normal
school at JIankato, working on a neighbor-
ing farm for his board. The next few years
saw a struggle for means to complete his
normal course. He was employed as farm
hand, carpenter, bookkeeper, salesman, etc.
Perseverance won and he was graduated
from the normal school in 1894 with special
mention from the faculty. Mr. ^^'ilson now
determined to become a lawyer and went to
Miuneajjolis to attend the law department
of the state university. In connection with
his college work he was employed by a col-
lection agency, but before the year was over
was appointed assistant librarian and later
librarian of the library at the law school,
which position he filled until graduation.
While in college he was very prominent in
college affairs and was law editor of the
college paper. He was a delegate from the
TTniversity of Minnesota Eepublican club to
the national convention of the American
College Eepublican League, and as such
took a prominent part in the proceedings
and secured the following convention for
the University of Minnesota. He was also
appointed chairman of the Ninth district,
comprising Minnesota, Iowa and Wiscon-
sin. He is a member of the legal fraternity
of Phi Delta Phi. Mr. Wilson was gradu-
ated in the class of 1896 and located in Man-
kato, where he has built up a steadily grow-
ing practice. In 1896 Governor Clough ap-
pointed him judge of probate, to fill an un-
expired term, and he was at the time the
youngest judge of probate in the history of
the state. He did not seek a re-election as
the position interfered with his private
practice. Judge Wilson is an enthusiastic
Republican and has been rewarded in sev-
eral ways for his faithful work. In 1897
and again in 1899 he was elected a member •
of the board of education of Mankato. In
1900 he was elected county attorney of Blue
Earth county. The judge is a member of
several secret societies, among them the
Royal Arcanum, Modern Woodmen of
America, Eastern Star, Masonic Order and
the Elks. He has filled several chairs in
the blue lodge of the Masons, and has
served in like capacities for the Elks, in-
cluding two years as Exalted Ruler, and as
delegate to the grand lodge at Atlantic City,
X. J., in July, 1900. He was married on
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
June 21, 1899, to Miss Daisy Sheehau, a
critic teacher in the Mankato state normal
school. Judge and Mrs. Wilson attend the
Presbyterian church, the latter being a mem-
ber of the same.
KENT, Ernest Howard.— North Dakota
has become known throughout the country
for the prominence of its young men in pub-
lic affairs, and its remarkable growth is in
no small way indebted to the push and vig-
or of this young blood. Ernest Howard
Kent, of Lakota, was appointed register of
the TJnlted (States land office at (Jraud
Forks in 1898, when he was barely thirty,
and his career previous to that time shows
that the people of his state had long known
his abilities. He was born February 10,
1868, at Osceola, Wis., where his father,
John folk Kent, born and raised in Maine,
followed the business of boat builder; in
fact, most of the upper Mississippi and St.
Croix boats of that time were built by him.
The mother of the subject of this sketch,
Mary Jane Wilson, was born in Pennsyl-
vania, and is a direct descendant of John
Alden, the pilgrim. Young Kent spent his
boyhood days on the pictures(iue banks of
the St. Croix, near Osceola, and when eight
years old the family removed to Ashland,
Wis., where he received most of his early
education. In 1880, James P. Kent first
heard of the then newly opened Red River
valley country and made his plans to move
there with his family, but died before ma-
turing his arrangements. However, Mrs.
Kent, too, had become enthused with the fu-
ture of the new country and located at
Crookston, Minn. In 1883, Ernest followed
the extension of the then St. P., M. & M.
railway, and located at Bartlett, N. D., at
that time the end of the line. He had a
varied experience, as the only boy in a new
western town. He clerked in various
stores and gained valuable business experi-
ence. In company with other residents of
Bartlett, he removed to Lakota, as the old
town, ruined by a disastrous fire and the at-
titude of the railroad company, praclicall.y
went out of existence. In 1885 young Kent
KUNKST H. KENT.
formed a partnership under the name of
Kent & Brown, and carried on an extensive
mercantile business. Ernest Kent has al-
ways been an ardent supporter of Ifte Re-
publican party and in 1888, before he was of
age, was sent as a delegate to the last ter-
ritorial convention, held at Watertown, and
has since attended several conventions, both
state and national. The first public office
held by Mr. Kent was that of postmaster at
Lakota, which position he filled for about
five years. He was not of age at the time
he received his appointment and, in 1889,
when he was sworn in, was the youngest
postmaster in the United States. In 1891
Mr. Kent retired from business to become a
newspaper man, he having purchased the
Xelson County Herald, a Democratic paper
struggling for an existence. He changed
the politics of the paper and has made it a
success, and to-day, known as the Lakota
Herald, it is regarded as one of the leading
])aj»ers in the state. Mr. Kent was the orig-
inal McKinley man in North Dakota, and
in 1893 wired Wm. McKinley congratula-
tions on being elected governor of Ohio, and
pledged North Dakota for him in 189(5. He
was the only North Dakotau in attendance
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
at the banquet of the Marquette club in Chi-
cago, February, 1806, when the formal can-
didacj of Wm. McKinley for the nomina-
tion of president was announced. He was
an alternate to the St. Louis convention
when McKinley was first nominated. March
2, 1898, President McKinley ajtpointed him
register of the United States land office at
Grand Forks, and he is now filling that ])()-
sition. Mr. Kent served and is now secre-
tary of the North Dakota State Business
Men's Union. He is also president of the
North Dakota State Press association. As
a true Dakotan, he is much interested in the
Chautauqua movement and is a member of
the board of trustees of the organization at
Devils Lake. While acting in his present
position, Mr. Kent is putting in his spare
time by taking a course at the law school
connected with the state university at
Grand Forks. He is a thirty-second degree
Scottish Rite Mason and belongs to the
lodge at Lakota and the consistory at Far-
go. He is also a member of El Zagel Tem-
ple of the Shrine.
KOEHLER, Robert.— One of the promi-
nent members of his profession in the United
States is Robert Koehler, director of the
Minneapolis School of Fine Arts. He is rec-
ognized as one of the leading instructors in
art, and the Northwest is proud of the dis-
tinction of having such a talented artist in
its midst. Mr. Koehler is a native of Ger-
many. His father, Theodore Alexander
Ernst Koehler, was a resident of Berlin,
where he was born in 1816. His ancestors,
as far back as 1690, were weavers. He was
a mechanic, possessed of unusual skill. As
was the custom in Germany, Mr. Koehler
entei-ed upon his ''wanderjahre'' after leaving
school, visiting various foreign countries.
Returning, he established himself in business
in Hamburg. He was married in 1846 to
Louise Charlotte Christiane Bueter, who was
the eldest child of Nicolas Basilius Bueter, a
master-builder in Hamburg. She was a lady
of artistic tastes and attainments, especially
in the line of fine needlework, to the teach-
ing of which she devoted many years of her
life, both before and after marriage. In
Mai'ch. 18.54, Mr. Koehler came with his fam-
ily to New York, subsequently locating in
Milwaukee, which he made his permanent
home. Mr. Koehler (^tablished here a little
machine shop of his own which enabled him
to give a good private school education to his
cliildren, the public schools at that time not
offering such advantages as he was anxious
to provide them. This appeal's to have been
his chief, if not his sole, ambition. He was
not aggressive, and did not care for public
distinction of any kind, but in private organi-
zations of an educational character he was a
wise counsellor and an active worker. He
died in his eightieth year, after a short ill-
ness, in the fullest posse,ssion of his mental
powers, though failing strength had for some
time prevented his continuing his wonted
work. His faithful wife did not long survive
him, dying, at the age of 81, the following
year (1897). Three children, two boys and
one girl, were born to them. The subject of
this sketch, who was the second born, first
saw the light of day November 28, 1850, at
Hamburg. He received his early education
at the "AVest Side German and English High
School" in Milwaukee, where all the regular
branches of study were gone through in both
the English and (ierman languages. Besides
the regular courses in languages and the
higher mathematics, considerable attention
was given to chemistry, physiology, literat-
ure, and drawing, free hand and mechanical.
In the latter branches Robert easily excelled,
so that some career in which he could apply
his skill in these directions was decided upon,
and he was apprenticed to a lithographer on
quitting school. His dislike for the purely
uu'clianical part of the profession grew apace
with his more artistic leanings, and he re-
solved to devote himself for some time ex-
clusively to the study of drawing, finally
choosing this more congenial and artistic
branch of lithography as his future occu-
pation. After having served his appren-
ticeship in Milwaukee, he accepted a posi-
tion in a lithographic establishment at Pitts-
burg in 1871, removing to New York the
same year in order to have his eyes treated.
Having undergone a successful operation he
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
decided to remain tliere, but suffered a short
jieriod of disajnioiutment before be was able
to secure a paying- situation. This he finally
did in a lithographic establishment, where
he continued to ply his vocation for the next
year and a half, in the the meantime attend-
ing night classes at the National Academy
of Design. Having now saved enough mon-
ey for the purpose, he went to Europe,
where he took up the study of art in Munich
in 187:3. His funds giving out at the expira-
tion of two years he returned to New Yoik
and began the struggle for existence anew.
For four years he had a hard contest with ad-
versity; but, finally, through the munificence
of George Ehret, the wealthy New York
brewer, he was enabled to resume his studies
abroad. The next dozen years he sjjent
chiefly in Europe, coni])leting his course at
the Royal Academy at Munich, under Profes-
sors LoelTtz and Defregger, finishing with his
laVge painting "Tlie Strike"' (now on exhibi-
tion in the Minneapolis Public Library), for
which he received a silver medal at Munich,
and a Mention Honorable at the World's Fair
in Paris in 1889. After leaving the academy
he assumed charge of a private art school
in Munich, which he conducted for several
years until he decided on his return to Amer-
ica in the fall of 1892. He took up his abode
in New York, where he occupied one of the
Van Dyke studios for the next nine months,
when he received and accepted the offer of
the directorship of the Minneapolis School of
Fine Arts, which he has filled ever since,
coming to Minneapolis in September, 1893.
While in Munich he was twice delegated to
America by the Munich Artists' Association
for the purpose of organizing an American
department at the International Art Exhibi-
tion of 1883 and 1888, the successful accom-
plishment of which, in the face of very dis-
couraging conditions, gave proof of energy
and executive ability of no mean order, and
earned him official recognition by the Bavari-
an government in the bestowal of the cross of
the order of St. Michael. During his sojourn
in Munich he took a prominent part in all af-
fairs of the American colony there, being
four times elected president of the American
Artists' club. The experience thus gained,
OniOUT KOEHLER.
while holding various oflices and as a teacher
of ai-t, tended to qualify him exceptionally
for the position he now holds. When the
history of the art development in the North-
west will be written, Mr. Koehler's earnest
and conscientious work will appear as of the
greatest importance. His faith in the future
of art in the great Northwest keeps his en-
thusiasm fresh and finds him ever ready to
sui)j(()rt with advi(e and assistance every
artistic enterprise, ^^'ith pen and pencil, on
the lecture platform and in the class rooms,
he works indefatigably and unselfishly for
the cause of art. In September. 1895, Mr.
Koehler married Marie Fischer, born in
Rochester, N. Y., of German parents, her
father being a civil engineer of great ability.
Mr. Koehler met his wife some years previ-
ously on the beautiful shores of Lake Con-
stance, in Germany. Mr. Koehler has built
himself a handsome residence on Portland
avenue, within two blocks of lovely Min-
nehaha creek. The house is of striking ap-
]iearance, being modelled after the old Ger-
man houses of Nuremburg. Tlie second floor
is mainly occupied by the artist's studio, and
in this ideal sanctum Mr. Koehler spends
what time is left from his vocation of teach-
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ing — considerably less than he could wish.
Among the pictures Mr. Koehler has painted,
aside from the aforementioned "Strike"' are
"A Holiday Occupation" (owned by the Penn
sylvania Academy of Fine Arts); "Her Only
Support," "Love's Secret," "The Socialist,"
"In the Cafe," "The Carpenter's Family,"'
"Bainy Evening in Munich," "Evening, I'l'om-
enade I'latz, Munich," (referred to by Pi'o-
fessor Muther in his "History of Modern
Painting""); "The First Guests," "Violet,"'
"Judgment of Paris," "Spanish Nobleman,"
"Listening to the Sermon,"' "Lunch Time,"
"In Summer," "The Sower," "Homeward
Bound," and "At Lake Minnetonka"; also a
num])er of portraits.
WULLING, Frederick John. — Pharmacy
as an art is as old as history, but phamiacy
as a science, like chemistry, is of compara-
tively recent development. The old-time
doctors' materia medica M'as limited to the
few organic drugs they collected themselves
and carried about with them. The advance
of the profession of medicine compelled ex-
pert knowledge to such an extent that the
compounding of drugs gradually developed
from a mere adjunct to a doctor's qualifica-
tions into a separate and true profession.
I'harmacy is now recognized as one of the
most important arts and sciences in the cir-
cle of the professions, and takes rank with
and includes chemistry. When the LTniver-
sity of Minnesota was expanding its curricu-
lum to more fully embrace the field which
its name implies — university — a college of
pharmacy was included and a young man of
superior attainments and practical expei>i-
ence was secured to organize it. Tliat man
was the present dean of the college, Frede-
rick J. Wulling. He was born at Brooklyn,
N. Y., December 24, 1866. His father was
John J. Wulling. an architect by profession.
He was also a manufacturer of artistic in-
terior woodwork. During one of the almost
periodical depressions of the country he
became so involved that he closed out
this business, stripping himself and fam-
ily of all but the necessaries of life to
meet his obligations, which he paid to
the last dollar, sacrificing even his home-
stead for this purpose. The family is
of German descent and can be traced back
to the fourteenth century. It held a landed
estate in Germany up to about the middle
of the last century, when so many changes
took place. The name was originally Von
Wullingen. This was changed by Mr. Wul-
ling's great-grandfather to its present fonn.
In 1870 John J. Wulling moved from Brook-
lyn to his summer home at Carlstadt. N. J.,
eight miles from Xew York. Here Frederick
received his earh' education and spent his
boyhood days. He passed through tlie gram-
mar and high s<-hools, graduating from the
latter at the head of his class. Besides this,
during the last two years of his high school
course, he attended Bryant & Stratton's busi-
ness college at night, and was emjdoyed on
Saturdays in the office of a wholesale import-
ing house in New York city. This shows the
indomitable energy of the boy and his capac-
ity for work. His father's reverses came
at about the close of Frederick"s high school
course. After graduating he took up the
univei'sity studies under tutors, and then be-
gan the study of medicine and phanuacy.
His father was so broken down by his busi-
ness troubles that the support of the family,
grown to be a large one, devolved upon Fred-
erick, who was the oldest, although scarcely
more than a boy, but the responsibility in
stead of discouraging him stimulated him to
increa.sed energy. He took a position with
college privileges with Dr. C. W. Braeutigan,
of Brooklyn. A part of his time was given
to the Columbia University, and to translat-
ing articles on chemistry, pharmacy and
medicine from French. Gemian, Italian and
Spanish journals. He did this so rapidly
and well that he earned enough to support
his father's family and to provide for his own
college course. In 1885 he passed the senior
examination in pharmacy and allied branch-
es before the boards of New York and Brook-
lyn, and of New Jersey. He had matricu-
lated at the College of Pharmacy of the city
of New York in 1884. After the final junior
examination of the college in 1886 it was
made known to him that his rating was the
highest of the class, and that he was entitled
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
to enter the competitor's examination for the
free scholarship of the senior year. He won
the scholarship — the first that had been won
for several years, because of the failure of
candidates to reach the required percentage.
lu 1887 he graduated at the head of a class
of one hundred and six, taking as prizes the
gold medal, one hundred dollars in gold, a
microscope, and an analytical balance — all
the prizes possible for one person to take.
His general average in marking was 98f.
This has not since been equalled in the col-
lege. During the three years at the College
of Pharmacy and after — as time permitted,
while keeping up with his class — he attend-
ed the College of I'hysicians and Surgeons
in the Columbian University. In the spring
of 188G he resigned the position with Dr.
Braeutigan to accept one in Dr. S. Fleet
Speir's laboratories on Brooklyn Heights,
where he was promoted so rapidly that he
became managing chemist before he had
graduated from college, and when he had
just turned twenty years of age. In 1880 he
was appointed lecture assistant to I'rofessor
Bedford, the foremost pharmacist of the pro-
fession. In 1887 he was promoted to the in-
structorship, and in 1890 to the assistant
professorship of phannacy in the New York
College of I'harmacy. From 1889 to 1891
he was associate editor with Editoi-in-Chief
Professor Bedford on the Pharmaceutical
Record of Xew York. During the early
spring and summer of 1S87 he visited the
chief universities of Eurojje, studying for
brief periods at Munich, Berlin, (joettingen
and Paris. Before he returned home he vis-
ited every country in Europe except Eng-
land. The versatility and activity shown by
Mr. Wulling during the yeai-s from 1887 to
1891 exhibit his ability and capacity for
work. He was managing chemist in a large
laboratoiy, teacher at the New York College,
doing post-graduate and original research
work with Professor Charles F. Chandler,
and later with Professor Parsons, attending
the College of Physicians and Surgeons
three times a week, ti'anslating, doing edi-
torial work, and writing of articles on chem-
ical, pharmaceutical, medical and allied sub-
jects, attending the Hoagland Laboratory of
FItEDEiaCK J. WULLING.
Bacteriology at Long Island College, lectur-
ing before the Brooklyn Institute, and be-
fore the Brooklyn Ethical Association, be-
sides doing work for physicians in clinical
microscopy, and instructing private c*asses
in chemistry. During this time he recovered
his father's old home and added surrounding
ground to it and acquired other real estate.
He also entered into partnership in drug
stares with some of his most successful stu-
dents. In 1889, as might have been expect-
ed from this multifarious activity, his health
began to fail and he took another trip to
Europe for a rest, but did some advanced
work in chemistry at Munich. He, however,
returned fully recovered. In 1891 Professor
AVulling was called to the chair of Inorganic
I'harmaco-Diagnosis at the Brooklyn College
of Pharmacy. He resigned from the New
York College to devote his attention to his
new duties and to a larger business venture
with his uncle, which, not proving i)rorttable,
was disposed of. In 1892 he published his
work "Phannaceutical and Medical Chem-
istry" which lias now reached its third edi-
tion. A brief history of botany, which he
wrote in 1891, has passed through ten edi-
tions of a thousand each. In the spring of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
1892 Professor Wulling was called to the
University of Minnesota to organize a de-
partment of pharmacy. This work he did,
surmounting many obstacles. The depart-
ment took high rank from the start, and it
is now one of the leading colleges of the
United States. He was at once given the
title of dean of the faculty and made an ex-
ecutive officer of the university. He has giv-
en his time and energy exclusively to the
college and higher pharmacy since his ap-
pointment as dean. In 1894 Dean Wulling
made a trip to England, Scotland, France
and Belgium. He there enlarged his ac-
quaintance with men i^rominent in his own
field and in other sciences. He has been in
all the states of the Union, and has visited
Canada. Soon after his return from Eng-
land he was elected Fellow of the Society of
Science at London. To sum up his literary
work it may be mentioned that besides being
the author of the two standard books men-
tioned he is the author of more than four
hundred original essays, papei's and lectures
outside of college work, and of a work pub-
lished serially in "Merck's Report" on the
subject of "Carbon Compounds." This work
is now complete and will shortly appear in
book form. His writings are widely copied
in journals in the United States and in the
leading countries of Europe. In 1897 Dean
Wulling was married to Miss Lucile T. Gis-
sel, daughter of Henry Gissel, a pi'ominent
citizen of Brooklyn, N. Y., and a well-to-do
merchant. He has four sisters and three
brothers, for whom he has provided a liberal
education, besides contributing liberally
every month to his parents. In 1896 he
graduated from the law school of the Uni-
versity of Minnesota with the degree of
Bachelor of Laws, and in 1898 took the de-
gree of Master of Laws. He has therefore
earned the degrees of Ph. G., Ph. C, Phm.
D., LL. B., F. S. C, and LL. M. He is also
affiliated with the following organizations:
Honorary member of the Brooklyn College
of Pharmacy and of Alumni associations of
the College of I'harmacy of the city of New
York and of the Minnesota University Col-
lege of Pharmacy. He is a member of
the American Pharmaceutical Association,
American Chemical Society, Chemists' Club,
New York; New York State Pharmaceuticjil
Association, Minnesota Pharmaceutical State
Association, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and
Letters, Brooklyn Ethical Association, Min-
nesota Bar, and of other minor associations.
TUENBLAD, Swan Johan, is owner and
publisher of the Svenska Amerikanska Pos-
ten, published at Minneapolis. This publica-
tion is the most influential Scandinavian
weekly issued from the presses of this coun-
try, it has a circulation of over 50,000
copies, exceeding by a good many thousand
that of any other paper of its nationality, and
is the largest in point of size, running usually
from sixteen to twenty pages. Mr. Turn-
hlad is in every sense of the world a self-
made man. He is a prominent representa-
tive of that class of American citizens who
make up such a large portioni of the popula-
tion of this great Northwest. What success
he has achieved is due entirely to his own
unaided efforts. Taking hold of the Svenska
Amerikanska Posten in the second year of
its existence, when it had only 1,400 sub-
scribers and an indebtedness of $5,000
weighing it down, his business sagacity has
succeeded in thirteen years in making it one
of the best paying newspaper properties in
the Northwest. Mr. Turnblad was born Oc-
tober 7, 1860, in Tubbemala, Sweden. He is
the son of Olof Monson and Ingjard Turn-
blad, who came to this country when he was
but nine years of age. His father had pos-
sessed a considerable fortune in the old coun-
try, but he lost it all through the unfortunate
endorsement of worthless notes. On his ar-
rival in America, he came directly to Minne-
sota and located at Vasa, in Goodhue county,
where he engaged in farming. The subject
of this sketch attended the Vasa public
schools and P. T. Lindholm's high school in
that place. He taught school for two terms
after leaving the high school. Quite early
in life Mr. Turnblad exhibited a strong pre-
dilection for the art of printing. While at-
tending school he sent away for a set of t3'pes
and a small hand press. Up to this time he
had never seen a printer's case, but through
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
a small instruction book he obtained he
quickly learned how to use the small printin}^
equipment he had ordered. That he was
ambitious may be judged by the fact that he
attempted' to publish ;iu arithmetic compiled
by Professor P. T. Liudholm. He had to
distribute his type after setting and printing
each page, but in six months' time he suc-
ceeded in getting out a book of 120 pages.
He was but seventeen years old when he com-
pleted this pretentious task. In 1S79 he re-
moved to Minneapolis and worked as a type-
setter on the Minnesota Stats Tidning and
Svenska Folkets Tidning. He followed this
line of work for the next eight years, part of
the time soliciting in the insurance business.
In 18S7 he took charge of the management
of the Svenska Amerikanska Posten, which
at that time was in a bad financial condition,
but under his able management it was soon
put on a solid footing. The paper is inde-
pendent in politics, and is an advocate of
temperance principles. It may be men-
tioned in this connection that at one time
Mr. Turnblad took a prominent part in tem-
perance work. He assisted in organizing the
first Scandinavian temperance society in Min-
neapolis, meetings being held at the old Har-
rison hall every Sunday afternoon to crowd-
ed houses. He was also a Good Templar and
helped to organize several lodges throughout
the state of Minnesota. When 3Ir. Turnblad
first came to Minneapolis he did not have
over |5 to his name, but by industry and fru-
gal habits ho has now amassed a comfortable
fortune. In the days when he worked at the
printer's case, his inventive mind evolved a
secret letter writer, which is now extensively
used. He sold the sole right to its patent to
an eastern party at a handsome figure, thus
first securing his start in life. He owns the
Cecil flats at 1511 Stevens avenue, one of the
handsomest and best paying apartment build-
ings in Minneapolis, and also possesses con
siderable other real estate property. He is
now erecting a handsome grey-stone resi-
dence on some property he owns, on Central
Park and Oak Grove street, at a cost of
1100,000. Mr. Turnblad is independent in
his political affiliations, but has always re-
fused to accejit [tolitical jirefciuicut for him-
SWAN J. TUUM'.LAl).
self, with the exception of his appoiutment
as a member of the board of umuagers of the
state reformatory at St. Cloud, which he
was ottered by (iovernor Lind in 1899^ He
is a projuinent nu'mher of the Masonic lodge,
having taken all the degrees up to the thirty-
second in the York and Scottish Rites. He
is also a Shriner. He is identified with the
Presbyterian church, and is a member of
Westminster. In 18S;! he was married to
Christina Nelson, of Worthing-ton, Minn.
They have one child, Lillian Zeuobia. Mr.
Turnblad and his family, in the last few
years, have enjoyed considerable traveling,
and in 1895, 1897 and 1S99 they made ex-
tensive Eiuoiiean tours.
MARSHALL, Cla ranee Alden, came to
Minneapolis in 1891 from Boston, to take the
directorship of the Northwestern ('ouserva-
tory of Music.
His father was Alden B. Marshall, a con-
tractor and builder of Newton, Mass., a vete-
ran of the Civil war, and a man of sterling
character, universally resix'cted in the com-
munity. His nu)tlier was Clarissa Hemeu-
way, a member of a prominent family in
HISTORY OF THE OREAT XORTHAVEST.
CLARAXCE A. MAltSHALL.
Fi-auiingliam, Mass. Both families came
from the oldest Puritan stock.
Clarance A. Mai-sliall was born at Marl-
boro, Mass., March 15, 1859. His education
was obtained in the public schools of New-
ton, Mass., where his parents removed in
his ninth year, attracted by the i-eputation of
the public school sj'stem of the city. He
graduated from Newton High School at the
age of eighteen, and entered Harvard Col-
lege a year later as special student in art and
music. Here, for a period of six years, he
pursued his studies in music and art under
John Knowles Paine and others.
His musical education was continued un-
der some of Boston's most famous instru-
mental and vocal artists, with a large num-
ber of whom he was associated as pupil or
in some higher capacity until he became asso-
ciate conductor with Carl Zerrahn, the well-
known director of the famous Handel and
Haydn Oratorio society. Positions as church
organist and choir director were held in Wa-
tertown, Eoxbury and Boston, and as direc-
tor of choral societies in Watertown, Dor-
chester and other Massachusetts cities, also
in Bangor, Waterville, Augusta and other
Maine and New England towns.
In the fall of 1887, a choir and three
choral societies in Saginaw, Mich., held out
inducements which were accepted, and a sea-
son was spent in that state. The next au-
tumn, poor health making a southern climate
preferable, he went to Nashville. Tenn., as
leader of a surpliced choir and vocal instruc-
tor in a large young ladies' seminary. In
the spring of 18S9 he organized and made
a success of the first great musical festival
ever held in the city. In the fall of that
year he accepted an offer from the Mozart
Society, of Richmond, Va., where two years
were spent as director of the chorus and or-
chestra of the society, and booking ai'tists
for the semi monthly concei'ts. Here two
large and successful festivals were organized
and a great stimulus given musical matters.
In the summer of 1891 he purchased the
Northwestern Conservator}' of Music at Min-
neapolis, immediately assuming active direc-
tion. The institution had been in operation
for six years, and his first year showed an
attendance of about 130. During the nine
years following, energy and ability in man-
agement has increased the annual attendance
to nearly 500, the last graduating class num-
bering 24. Over 3,500 students have been
connected with the school, and an alumni
association of over 100 organized, the quar-
ters occupied have been enlarged, and a great
school, exerting a wide influence over the
Northwest, has been firmly established.
Mr. Marshall became a member of the
Immanuel Baptist church of Newton, Mass.,
when a lad, and still retains the membership,
his professional connection with churches of
various denominations making a transfer im-
{tracticable. During his residence in Minne-
apolis he has been organist and choir direc-
tor of Westminster Presbyterian, Gethsem-'
ane Episcopal, and the First Congregational
churches.
He was married in 1891 to Miss Marion
Howard, of Waterville, Me., and has one
child, a daughter.
HUGHES, Thomas, is one of the leading
lawyers of Southern Minnesota, and has been
practicing his profession in Mankato since
1882. He is a native of Ohio, and was born
in Miuersville, Meigs county, September 23,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
1854. His father, Henry Huolies, was bora
in Monnioutlisliii-e, Soutli Wales, in lS:?;i,
and came to this country in 1851, settling at
Minersyille, where, two years later, he was
married to Eliza Davis, a native of Cardi-
ganshire, Wales, who had emigrated to this
country the same year as her husband. Mv.
Hughes moved with his family to Minnesota
in October, 1855, and settled on a farm in
the present town of Cambria, Blue Earth
county, and was one of the first settlers in
that section of the state. He retired from
his farm in 1880, removing to Mankato,
where he now resides in fairly good circum-
stances. He always took an active interest
in all matters of a public nature, has been
a leader in local affairs, and held a number
of town and school offices. The subject of
our sketch enjoyed the best educational ad-
vantages the country schools afforded, and
when twenty years of age went to Northfleld
and entered the preparatory department of
Carleton College, graduating in the regular
classical course in 1880, with first honors.
He then took up the study of law in the of-
fice of the late Judge F. H. Waite, of Man-
kato, Minn., and was admitted to the bar in
1882. He formed a partnership with Mr. M.
Z. Willard in 1884 under the firm name of
Willard & Hughes, which continued until
1887. For the past ten years his brother,
Evan Hughes, has been associated with him,
but the finn name has been "Thomas
Hughes." Ho enjoys an extensive practice
and has the respect of his clients and fellow-
members of the bar in a high degree. Ik-
has been attorney for the First National
IJank of Mankato, the Mankato Mutual
Building and Loan Association, and several
other corpoi'ations, for a number of yeare.
During his practice he has handled a large
number of important cases, and with very
good success. In 189C he was elected coun-
ty attorney of Blue Earth county and was
re-elected by a large majority in ISflS. His
record in that office is acknowledged to have
been second to none in the state. In politics
he has always been a Eepublicau and a con
sistent supporter of Kepublican ])rinciples,
taking an active interest in the party's wel-
fare. He has been identified with evei'y piib-
TIIO.MAS HUGHES.
lie enterprise tending to build uji and pro-
mote the best interests of his adopted city,
and has been a director of the Mankato
Mutual Building and Loan Association for
a number of years. He is also a member of
and on the board of directors of the Man-
kato Board of Trade, is a director of the Y.
M. C. A. of that city, and is connected with
a number of other associations. The only
fraternal organization with which he is con-
nected is the Knights of I'ythias. He is a
member of the Congregational Church of
Mankato, a trustee and deacon, and superin-
tendent of the Sunday school. November
25, 1885, he was married to Miss Alice O.
Hills, daughter of Amos B. and Sybil Hills,
of Faribault, Minn. Tlieir union has been
blessi^i with two children, Burton E. and
Evan Raymond. Mrs. Hughes is a graduate
of Cai-leton College in the class of 1881.
WINTEKEK, Herman.— North Dalvota
has allorded boundless ojiportunities to the
young man of pluck and determination.
Success, however, was not to be achieved
without a struggle, and the ambitious youth
who took lip his residence in the Territory
HISTOUY OK THE GREAT ^•OUTH^A•EST.
HERMAN WIXTEUEIl.
of Dakota in the early clays liad his share of
adversity and misfortune. When the sub-
ject of this sketch first settled in the Flicker-
tail state and hung out his shingle he had
neither money nor books nor experience as
a lawyer. He did, however, jjossess a facul-
ty for persevering and the prominence he
has attained in the legal profession is due
largely to this particular part of his make-up.
Mr. Winterer was born in Philadelphia, Pa.,
January 1, 18.57. His father was a native
of Gennany, and was born and reared in Et-
tenheim. Grand Duchy of Baden, and here
he learned the trade of a locksmith. He
came to the United States when a young
man and located in Philadelphia, where he
secured employment in a locomotive shop.
He was married here to Francisca Kohlif-
rath, who was also a native of Ettenheim.
In 1858 they migrated west and settled in
Sibley county, Minn. The Sioux uprising in
the early sixties compelled the family to
move away for a time from the claim on
which they had settled, and in 1867 Mr. Win-
terer purchased another farm at Lake I»rai-
rie, in Nicollet county. He died in 1889, his
wife's death preceding his about seven years,
leaving a large family sui'viviiig them. Her-
man's early education was received in the
district schools, but the instruction afforded
was crude in its character. The desire of
the parents to give their children the best
education at their command inspired the lad
to make diligent use of his time after the
evening chores were done. He taught school
and later he attended the high school at Le
Sueur, Minn. lu 1877 he entered the State
Tni versify, and after comjileting the four
year's work at this institution, took up the
law course in the University of Iowa, gradu-
ating in the class of 1882. The following
spring he went to Dakota and located at
^'alley City, where he began the i)ractice of
his profession. A few months later he
formed a partnership with Judge Seth Mills.
^Mr. Mills died shor-tly afterwards, however,
and Mr. Winterer continued his practice
alone until his younger brother, Edward, be-
came a partner and the law firm of Winterer
& Winterer was established. Ever since his
residence in Dakota Mr. Winterer has taken
an active interest in politics. Although
not a partisan, he has generally asso-
ciated himself with the Democratic party.
He was first an applicant for political hon-
ors in 1800, when he aspired to the office of
state's attorney for Barnes county, and was
elected by a two-thii-ds vote of the county
against strong opposition. He was i-e-elect-
ed in 1892, and again in 1891, without oppo-
sition. His brother succeeded him in this
office at the close of his third term. While
serving as state's attorney he successfully
conducted a number of important tax cases
growing out of the Northern Pacific land
grant. Both in 189G and in 1900 Mr. Win-
terer was solicited to become a candidate
for district judge of his home district, but
in each instance declined, feeling that he
could not aftord to give up his practice for a
judgeship). In 1890 he was elected vice
president of the First National Bank of Val-
ley City, which position he still holds. He
has also served for a number of years on
the board of education of that city and is
president of the board at the present time.
Since his graduation from the Iowa law
school Mr. Winterer has been admitted to
practice in the state and federal courts of
HISTORY OF TUE (JUEAT NORTHWEST.
Iowa, Minnesota, North and Soutli Dakota,
and, on March 28, 1898, was granted the priv-
ilege to practice before the snpreme court of
the United States. He is prominent in ^Ma-
sonic circles, is Eminent Commander of St.
Elmo Commandery, No. 5, Valley City, and
Warden of the Grand Commandery of the
state of North Dakota. He is also a. mem-
ber of El Zagal Temple of the Mystic Shrine
of Fargo, also a member of the A. O. U. "W.
January 1, 1887, he was married to Emma
A., daughter of Cyrus (1. Myrick, of Le
Sueur, Minn. Mr. Myrick is a Vermonter
and a graduate of the Norwich ^Military
School and Middlebury Colk^ge. Althougli
84 years of age he is able to read Creek and
Latin and handle the higher branches of
mathematics as easily as though he had just
graduated. Mrs. Winterer is a graduate of
the Le Sueur High School, and, thereafter,
the recipient of special instruction. Three
children have been born to them: Florence
Nightingale, Francisca Eloise and Hermione
Winterer.
MARTIN, Eben W.— The congressman-
elect from South Dakota, Eben W. Martin,
might be said to be indigenous to the soil,
for he is by birth, training, education and
exi)erience a product of the Northwest and
a fair example of what its institutions can do
for its citizens. Mr. Martin was born in
Maquoketa, — a name suggestive of westeni
ozone, — ^lowa, in 185.5. On his father's side
the ancestry is Scotch-Irish, while his mother
is of English descent, from a family which
settled at Stonington, Conn., in the seven-
teenth century. Her maiden name was Lois
Hyde Wever, and she was the youngest
child of Rev. John M. Wever, a Methodist
Episcopal minister of the Troy (N. Y.) con-
ference. Mr. Martin's father, James W.
Martin, was a traveling salesman in modest
iinancial circumstances, who served in the
war of the Rebellion as captain of Company
I, Twenty-fourth Iowa Volunteers. Eben
\V. Martin's great-great-grandfather was a
soldier of the Revolutionary war, and served
under General Washington. By reaso7i of
this military lineage Mr. Martin is a member
of the Loyal Legion through his father's
EI'.KN W. 1I.\UTIN.
service, and a member of the South Dakota
Chapter of the Sons of the American Revolu-
tion by virtue of his great-great-grandfa-
ther's record in the struggle for indepen-
dence. Mr. Mai'tin's early education 1<ras ob-
tained in the district school of Ma(]Uoketa,
Jackson county, Iowa, and in the grammar
and high school of Mount Pleasant, Iowa,
where he prepared for college. He entered
Cornell College, Mount Vernon, Iowa, and
took the classical course, graduating with
the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the class
of 1S70, and three years later received from
the institution the degree of Master of Arts.
^^'llile in college he was, in 1877, president
of tlie Interstate Oratorical Association — a
fact which speaks well for his oratorical
stan<ling at college. Having chosen law as
his jirofession, he commenced his legal stud-
ies in the office of George B. Young, Clinton,
Iowa, and then entered the law department
of the University of Michigan, and was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1880. He was i)r('sid»'nt
of the law class of the university while he
was a student. In August. 18S0, he came
to South Dakota and settled at Deadwood
when the region was known as the •'Black
Hills," where he has ever since lived. Here
he devoted himself to his profession with
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
great assiduity and soon had a lucrative
practice in all the courts accessible. In 1887
he formed a partnership with ISTorman T.
Mason, Esq.. under the style of Martin &
Alasou. The firm at once took a leading po-
sition at the bar and has since had a large
share of the important litigation in all the
higher courts of the state. Some of the
cases conducted by the finu have been noted
for the abstruse law points involved, and for
the array of legal talent employed. One of
the more recent cases is that of the Buxton
Mining Company vs. Golden Reward Com-
pany, in the Circuit Court of the United
States at Deadwood, and in the United
States Circuit Court of Appeals at St. Paul,
^lartin & Mason were attorneys for the
plaintiff. This was a jury case. The trial
consumed five weeks, resulting in a verdict
for about seventy thousand dollars for the
plaintiff. Mr. Martin has always been a
Republican, and has generally taken part in
all campaigns so far as his business would
permit, but not in a personal way, except
when he was elected to the territorial legisla-
ture in 1884—85, until the recent campaign.
In 1900 he was elected to congress as a mem-
ber at large from South Dakota. He has
always taken an interest in educational mat-
ters, as might be expected from his own
thorough equipment. He was for several
years president of the board of education of
the city of Deadwood. and has served at dif-
ferent times as a member of the board of
trustees of the State Normal School at Spear-
fish, S. D., and of other educational institu-
tions. He is a member of the Methodist
Episcopal church and in May, 1900. was a
lay delegate to the quadrennial general con-
ference of the denomination, held at Chicago.
In 1883 he was married to Jessie Arvilla
Miner, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. George N.
Miner, formerly of Cedar Falls, Iowa, now
of Hot Springs, S. D. They have five chil-
dren: George M., IG years old; Lois W., 14;
Paul E.. 11; Charles E., 8, and Jessie A.
Martin, 4 vears old.
YOUNG, Newton Clarence. — Judge N.
C. Young, who is now serving as one of the
three justices of the supreme court of North
Dakota, was born at Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, on
January 128, 1802. His parents are natives
of Oliio and are farmers. In 1850 and
shorfly after their marriage, they emigrat-
ed to Iowa, where they still reside. Their
family consisted of ten children, six of
whom are living. Newton, who is the
fourth, received his entire education in the
schools of his native state. Until he was
eleven years of age he attended a countrv
school. Later he attended the preparatory
department of Tabor college. Following
this he was compelled to remain out of
school for four years and assist his father
on the farm. In 1879 he entered the Iowa
City academy, from which he graduated in
1882. In the same year he entered the
state universit.v, taking the classical course,
and graduated in 1880 with the degree of
B. A. and on the honor list. In his second
year in the university he was elected to the
editorial staff of the Yidette Reporter, the
then official newspaper of the university,
and later became its managing editor. He
was a member and one of the presidents of
the Letagathian Literary Society and later
became a member of the Phi Delta Theta
fraternity. In the annual university ora-
torical contest of 1880 he was awarded
second honors. In 1890 his Alma Mater
conferred upon him the degree of Master of
Arts. In the year of his graduation from
the collegiate department of the university
he entered the law department of the same
institution and graduated therefrom in
1887. On June 2.3, 1887, two days after his
graduation, he was married to Miss Ida B.
Clarke, who had just graduated from the
philosophical course of the same university.
They immediately moved to Bathgate, in
Pembina county, in the then territory of
Dakota, where ^Ir. Young entered upon the
practice of his profession. He soon became
a useful member of the community in which
he had taken up his residence and, in addi
tion to enjoying a lucrative practice, he was
called to fill a number of local offices. In
1892, at the instance of those of his fellow
citizens favoring a better enforcement of
the law, he became a candidate for state's
attornev and was elected. In 1894 he was
NEWTON CLARENCE YOUNO.
HISTORY OF THE (HiEAT NORTHWEST.
re-elected to the same position without op-
position. In 1896 he was one of three nomi-
nees for district judye of the Seventh ju-
dicial district, and was defeated. His suc-
cessful administration of the state's attor.
ney's office had, however, established his
reputation from one end of the state to the
other, as a conscientious and fearless at-
torney, so that, two years later, notwith-
standing his defeat, the Republicans of
Pembina county presented his name to the
state convention as their choice for the su-
I)reme bench of the state, to succeed Judf^e
("orliss, and he was nominated by acclama-
tion. Shortly after the convention Judge
('orliss resigned and Mr. Young was ap-
l)ointed by Gov. Devine to fill out the un-
expired term. The ensuing election result-
ed in his election by a large majority, the
endorsement from his home county being
particularly complimentary and largely
non-partisan. Judge Young is making an
honorable record on the supreme bench and
is a striking example of what may be ac-
complished by a young man of energy and
fidelity to principle and purpose. In 1898,
after his election to the supreme bench.
Judge Young moved his family to Fargo,
because of the greater convenience in his
work, and the excellent educational advan-
tages of that city. Their family consists of
three children, Laura B., aged 12; Horace
Clarke, aged 10, and Dorothea P., aged 8.
HARVEY, Thomas Edmond, was born in
New York City, November 23, 1844, and is
the oldest of seven children of Michael L.
and Ellen Harvey, both of whom were na-
tives of the north of Ireland, but of English
and Scotch ancestry, — the maiden name of
Mrs. Harvey being McGill. In May, 1850,
the family emigrated to the state of Illinois
and settled on a farm near Dixon, the county
seat of Lee county, where Thomas E. re-
ceived his early education, attending the com-
mon schools in the winter months and work-
ing on the farm during the summer. He was
a studious reader of biography and history,
in which he was greatly assisted and directed
by his father, who was a graduate of the Uni-
A'ersity of Dublin. In 1861 he entered Bry-
ant & Stratton's Commercial College in Chi-
cago, but before graduating he enlisted in
the 65th Illinois Infantry, and went to the
front, participating in the battle of Harper's
Ferry in September, 1862, where General
Miles surrendered to Stonewall Jackson.
From a private soldier Mr. Harvey rose to
the rank of second lieutenant, and in June,
1865, when peace was declared, the spirit of
adventure still strong in him, he started west
and crossed the plains, arriving in Denver on
the 6th of August, and returned to Omaha,
Xeb., in December of the same year. Here
he first began the study of the law under the
tuition of Hon. Charles H. Brown, then the
leading criminal lawyer of the state. In Feb-
ruary, 1868, he left the office of Mr. Brown
and removed to North Platte, Neb., where
he enteied the law office of Hon. Beach I.
Hinman. afterwards taking a course in a law
school of one year, in Chicago, and returning
to his old preceptor at North Platte, where
he was admitted to the bar, September 23,
1873, remaining with Mr. Hinman until the
fall of 1875. About this time reports of the
discovery- of gold in the Black Hills of Da-
kota attracted the attention of Mr. Harvey,
and he resolved to set out for that Eldorado.
Leaving Chejenne on the 12th day of Janu-
ary, 1876, after many hardships, and their
horses having been stolen by the hostile In-
dians, Mr. Harvey and his brother James ar-
rived in Custer City, February 14, 1876. At
that time the Black Hills was a part of the
Indian reservation, and the territorial laws
were not in force, but the people at once
organized a provisional goverament, and al
the election on the 25th of March, 1876, a
code of laws was adopted and a full set of
oflicers elected, Mr. Harvey being elected the
first judge of the superior court, having ap-
pellate jurisdiction from the justices of the
peace. This office he resigned to engage in
the practice of law, and he was the first law-
yer to practice in the Black Hills, and was
engaged in every case tried in the courts
there until he removed to Deadwood in July,
1877. While at Custer he was appointed
the first United States postmaster, his
168
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
commission bearing date March 14, 1877.
In July of that year Mr. Harvey removed
to Deadwood, where lie had a lucrative law
practice until 1889, when he was apijoiuted
the first district attorney of Meade county.
After a year and eight months in this office
he resigned, on account of his growing prac-
tice, and the large fees olTered him in the
defense of crininial cases; his success in this
line was so great that there was not one
conviction for felony for two years and four
months, although over fifty parties were in-
dicted tor ditTerent crimes, including seven
murder indictments. The citizens becoming
alarmed at the condition of ali'airs in their
county, requested him to accept the nomina-
tion for state's attorney on the Democratic
ticket in the fall of 1892, and feeling that he
should resjKind to the wishes of the best ele-
ments of all political parties, he accepted the
nomination and was elected bj' a large ma-
jority over both the Republican and Populist
candidates. Mr. Harvey justified the hopes
of his friends and supporters by succeeding
in convicting, and sending to the state peni-
tentiary, sixteen persons for different crimes
including murder and manslaughter, and an-
other (Jay Hicks) was executed at Sturgis,
November 1.5, 1894, for the robbery and mur-
der of a stockman, committed in November,
1893, thus, in two years' time, effectually put-
ting an end to the reign of terror in that
county, and making it one of the most peace-
able and law-abiding counties in the state.
Mr. Harvey's reputation as a criminal
lawyer is not confined to his own state. He
is frequently employed to try important crim-
inal cases in Montana, Wyoming, Utah and
Nebraska. In politics he is a Republican,
having renounced the Democratic party in
189.5 during Cleveland's last administration;
he is valued very highly as a campaign or-
ator and is engaged by the Republican state
and county coituiiittees in every ])olitical con-
test.
In 1885 Mr. Harvey was mai-ried to Miss
Lizzie J. Martin, of Houghton. Mich. Four
children were born to them, two only of
whom are now living, Vivian Clarence, aged
ten years, and James Edward, aged eight
years. He is not a church member, but en-
tertains the highest respect for religion and
its good infiuence in society and the home,
and donates liberally to the different churfties.
In the month of April, 1897, Mr. Harvey,
with his wife and two boys, located in the city
of liead, S. D., the richest town in the state,
having a population of over (i.OOO people.
Here the great Homestake mines and mills
are located, where the mines and mills em-
ploy over two thousand men, and the output
of the Homestake mines alone exceed ,1f:!,0()(),-
0(1 a year in gold. Lead City is situated about
three miles southwest of Deadwood, the
county seat of Lawrence county, and is des-
tined to become the most populous, as it now
is the richest, city, in the state of South Da-
kota.
In a country like ours with the great op-
l)ortunities which are constantly arising,
those who have the requisite amount of
stamina, haye a field before them of almost
unlimited space in w-hich to become a great
personal power from the results of their
strenuous work and great prestige they are
sure to gain. The subject nf this sketch is
surelv in this class.
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
THOMAS (fUUUMA.X.
O'GORMAN, Thomas.— It is with pleas-
ure that the biographer turns to a contem-
plation of the life of a spiritual teacher, no
matter what creed or faith he professes.
He has no evidence before him that speaks
of victories won in a contest for worldly hon-
ors. He sees only the self-effacing, modest
hero who has devoted his life to the uplifting
of humanity. His own heart is refreshed
and comforted by the mental vision called
forth by the self-sacriliciug, noble life of one
of these humble, never-tiring agents for good.
In the early days of this great Northwest,
the forerunners of civilization were the mis-
sionaries of the Catholic church. A true
history cannot leave out the important part
taken by these men in the work of upbuild-
ing. The priest of today has not the difficul-
ties to contend with that his early brethren
had. His work, however, is none the less
trying, and he is just as much the spiritual
father of his people as were his predecessors.
A good and true priest is a burden bearer.
His motto is alter alterius onera portate;
bear ye one another's burdens. The cast-otf
sorrows of those he has comforted enrich his
soul and bring happiness and spiritual con-
tentment to his heart. We now take up a
brief re\iew of the life work of Thomas
O'Ciorman, bishop of Sioux Falls. This
good man has served his church for nearly
thirty years in the Northwestern Held, and
was consecrated bishop of the Sioux Falls
diocese after long and faithful labors as a
minister of the gospel. Bishop O'Gorman
was born May 1, 1843, at Boston, Mass., the
son of John 0"Gornian and Margaret Keefe.
His father came west and settled in St. Paul,
Minn., in 1852, when Thomas was but a mere
boy. He took an active interest in public
affairs and served as chief of police and in
other important municipal offices in the
period between 1852 and 1870. The fore-
bears of our subject came to this country
from County Kilkenny, Ireland. Thomas
attended the Catholic and public schools of
Chicago and St. Paul between his seventh
and tenth year. In 1853 he was sent to
France to receive a thorough educational
training, with the purpose in view of later
entering the priesthood. He was placed in
the Petit Seminaire at Meximieux, in the
Department of the Ain, where he remained
until his graduation in 18G0, making a bril-
liant record as a student and generally car-
rying oft' the class honors. He then entered
the Theological Scholasticate at Montbel, De-
jjartment of the ^'ar, and prepared for the
ministry. He returned to America in 1864,
and was oi-dained a priest in St. Paul by the
late Bishop Grace, second Roman Catholic
bishop of St. Paul, Nov. 5, 1865. In Janu-
ary, 1866, he was sent to Rochester, Minn.,
by Bishop Grace, and here entered upon his
ministry. He remained in this field until
July, 1878, when he became attached to the
Church of the Paulist Fathers of New York.
He was identified with the work of this com- '
munity until 1882, when he returned to Min-
nesota and was assigned to the pastorate at
Faribault. He remained here for two years,
removing in 1885 to Merriam Park, where he
became attached to the College of St. Thomas
as first president and professor of dogmatic
theology. He severed his connection with
St. Thomas College in 1891 to accept the
chair of professor of church history in the
Catholic University at Washington, D. C,
which he held for five years. While at this
HISTORY OP THE GKB^AT NORTHWEST.
institution, in 1893, he was honored with the
bestowal of the title of D. D. by Pope Leo
XIII. April 19. 1S9(;, he was consecrated
bishop of Sioux Falls in St. Patrick's church,
\A'asliington. by Cardinal Satolli, Archbishop
Ireland preaching the ciinsecration sermon.
Bishop O'Gorman is greatly loved and es-
teemed in this diocese. He is staunch and
unswerving in his devotion to the church;
yet, while strict in his adherence to her rites
and doctrines, he never hesitates to join
heartily in all movements tending to uplift
and benefit society. He is a man of rare
scholarly attainments, and is greatly ad-
mired by all with whom he comes in contact,
not only for his intellectual accomplishments,
but his endearing personal qualities as well.
The bishop was a contributor to Charles
Scribner's Sons American Chui'ch series, and
wrote the volume entitled "The Histoi-y of
the Roman Catholic Church in the United
States." His residence is at Sioux Falls,
S. D.
PINE, Oran Steadman. — The surgeon of
the Minnesota Soldiers' Home, O. S. Pine —
as he usually writes his name — is a "Green
Mountain Boy'' worthy of the lineage by his
own personal experience and war service.
He was born in the town of Underbill, Vt.,
October 13, 1845. His father, Joseph Pine,
still living in 1900, at the age of eighty years,
was a farmer in moderate circumstances.
The family dates from pre-revolutionary
times. Joseph Pine's grandfather served in
the Revolutionary War under the noted
Ethan Allen. His mother was sister to
Judge Randall, of New York, the father of
Alexander W. Randall, one-time governor of
Wisconsin and postmaster general under
President Johnson. Dr. O. S. Pine's moth-
er's maiden name was Perlina Dike, the
daughter of Rev. Orange Dike, a Free Will
Baptist minister of the Vermont conference.
She died in 1894, after more than fifty years
of married life, having had five children,
three sons and two daughters, of whom two
sons and one daughter survive. She was of
Scotch-Irish extraction, while the I'ines were
refugees from Naples, Italy, who fled from
ORAN S. PINE.
persecution in the early part of the eight-
eenth century. Dr. Pine received his early
education in one of Vermont's "little red
schoolhouses." This literary education ^vas
supplemented by two fall terms at the Willis-
ton (Vt.) Academy, which prepared him for
teaching a district school, although only six-
teen years of age. He, however, jiromptly
began the work and continued teaching dur-
ing the following winter. In the spring he
went to New York and secured a position in
a drug store, whcih probably determined his
future career. But it was for a time inter
ru])ted. In 1S63 he enlisted in a company
which went to fill up the thinned ranks of
the somewhat famous Fourteenth Brooklyn
regiment, after the battle of Gettysburg.
This regiment went with the rest of the army,
young I'ine serving in the ranks, sharing in
the hardships of the battles of the Wilder-
ness, Spottsylvauia, and Cold Harbor, at the
last of which he was taken ])risoner with
fourteen others, at the charge made by the
regiment on the second day of June, ]S(i4.
He was confined in Libby prison until the
sixteenth of June, when he was started with
other prisoners in a train for the infamous
prison pen at Andersonville. During a halt
HISTORY OF THE GItEAT XOUTHWEST.
at Charlotte, N. C, while awaiting transpor-
tation, although surrounded hj a strong
guard, he made his esrape, going westward
through Lincolnton and Morgantown, cross
ing the great Catawba river near the latter
place. He found two colored boys at a i>lan-
tation near the foothills leading to the Iron
Range dividing North Carolina and Tennes-
see, who volunteered, with the consent of
their slave parents, to pilot him over the
mountains, and, it was hoped, to liberty.
After many hardships and nights of travel
they came to a detachment of one hundred
Union soldiers belonging to the Third North
Carolina Mounted Infantry, commanded by
Colonel George W. Kirk. The detachment
was under orders from (Jeneral Schofield to
cross tlie mountains into North Carolina, to
destroy some railroad bridges. When I'ine
informed them of a rebel camp of instruc-
tion, called Camp Vance, near Morgantown,
N. C, they determined to attempt its cap-
ture. Dr. Pine and his two colored guides
volunteered to go with the command. The
command was surprised on the 28th of June.
Under a flag of truce borne by Dr. Pine and
Oscar M. Coburn, who had been discharged
from the First Ohio Heavy Artillery to re-
ceive a first lieutenant's commission in
Colonel Kirk's regiment. Lieutenant Bullock
and about three hundred men under his com
mand surrendered without firing a shot.
The camp of supj)lies, railroad station and
other property were destroyed. On the se-
vei'e march out of the country, some of the
more delicate prisonei-s were paroled.
About two hundred were safely landed at
Knoxville. In an action with a force which
had been sent to rescue the prisoners, one
man was killed, and five wounded. Dr. Pine
received a flesh wound, near Piedmont
Springs. This has been regarded as one of
the daring and successful of the minor ejii-
sodes of the war. Dr. Pine rested at Knox-
ville, and assisted in recruiting Cokmel Kirk's
regiment. He then received a furlough of
sixty days as an escai)ed jirisouer, so that he
did not join his regiment until November,
and then only to be captured again before
Petersburg, while trying to take from the
field the wounded adjutant of his regiment.
He was, however, liberated after two days
in Ri<hmond and thereafter served without
incident until mustered out at the close of
the war, at Camp Parole, Md. He then took
up again the study of medicine. He entered
Pellevue Hospital and College, New York
("ity, and graduated in 1870. He soon went
to Kansas, remaining two yeai-s, when he
returned to Brooklyn, N. Y, where he prac-
liced four years. In 1870 he removed to
Chicago. In 1880 he was married to Irene
E. Duncan, of Lafayette, Iowa, and removed
to Milbank, Teiritory of Dakota, and built
up a large jiractice there and at Aberdeen.
v here he was surgeon of the Chicago. Mil-
waukee & St. Paul railway. His wife died
at Aberdeen in 1885. He was married to
Dr. Alrinda Auten, of St. Paul, in 1888. since
which time he has practiced his profession in
that city. In February. 1800, he was ap-
I)ointed trustee of the Minnesota Soldiers'
Home, by Governor Lind, in place of H. A.
Castle, whose tenn expired. At the annual
meeting of the board of trustees in the fol-
lowing August, Dr. Pine was elected surgeon
of the Home, which position he now fills.
He has been very enei'getic in improving the
administration of his dejiartment, both in
methods and in service. He has introduced
trained women nurses, which secures much
better care of his invalid comrades, with
whom he is in hear-ty sympathy. His aim
has been to make the Soldiers' Home hospital
perfect in all its appointments, and an insti-
tution of which the state may be justly
jirond. Dr. IMne is a member of the Ameri-
can Medical Association. He was the first
delegiite to the association from Dakota Ter-
ritory. He also organized the Dakota State
Medical Society. He is, besides, a member
of both the ^Minnesota State and the Ramsey
County Medical societies. He is also a mem-
ber of Summit Lodge of Masons, St. Paul,
of the Ex-Prisoners of War Association — of
which in 1800 he was commander — a mem-
ber of (Jarfield i)Ost, G. A. R., of which he is
a past commander. Dr. Pine came from New
England anti-slavein* and Republican stock.
He has always been allied with the party of
Lincoln, until 1800. when, believing Cleve-
land demoi-racv and the reiinl)licanism of the
HISTORY OF THE GUIOAT NOKTHWEST.
St. Louis convoutioii to hv identical in prin-
ciples, he supported Hi'ViUi. In 1S!18 he was
the candidate of tlie fusion parl.v for coroner
of Ramsey count \.
EUSTIS, William Henrv.— Anions the
many successful men who have contributed
in a marked degree to the development of
the Northwest there is occasionally one, here
and there, whose achievements border on the
marvellous. liefjinninji jierhaps under cir-
cumstances exceedinjily unitro](i(ions; im-
peded by conditions thai clogged every stej)
in advancement; confronted with ol)stacles
seemingly unsurmountable, yet in S])ite of
all difficulties such signal success has been
won as to make the career an inspiration to
all who struggle against adverse environ-
ments. William H. Eustis is a conspicuous
exami)le of this number, far too snmll to be
called a "class'" of 7nen. He is of English
ancestry. His father, Tobias Eustis, came
from Cornwall, England, when a young man
and learned the trade of wheelwright, which
he followed, although his forefathers had
been Cornish miners. He was married to
^lary Markwick, who, like himself, was of
English lineage. They finally settled at the
village of Oxbow, Jefferson county, N. Y.,
where, in 1,S4;"), AA'illiam H. Eustis was born,
the second of a family of eleven children.
As soon as able he was obliged to assist in
the support of the fiimily. For this purpose
he was taken from school al an early age.
The diminutive size of the \illage made op-
portunities for work not over-abundant. One
of the chief industries of the neighborhood
was a tan yard. In this young Eustis ob-
tained intermittent employmc-nt, tending a
mill for grinding tan bark. When about fif-
teen years of age he mel wilh an accident,
which caused such an injniy that his life
was for a long time in peril ,ind was barely
saved by a naturally vigorous constitution
assisted by an indomitable will, by his own
careful study of his condition and by perse-
vering attention to the treatment which he
himself devised. His coni])lete recovery was
hopeless, but he did not let that discourage
him. Being incajiacitaled for maniial labor.
WII.LIA.M II. ins'i'it^
which, had not what was deemed a great
calamity o\ertaken him, he woiild in all
probability have followed, he prepared him-
self for a teacher. .Vfter teaching dj^trict
schools for several winters he aimed at
something better adapted to his physical con-
ditiiin. He was compelled, however, to de-
pend upon his own exertions for a higher
education. His courage under the ciniim-
stances may be deemed heroic He deter-
mined to .secure a college educatien. .\s a
stej) towards it he leai'ned telegra|ihy and
bookkeeping and taught them to select
classes. This service, supplemented by what
he earned in soliciting life insurance, enabled
him to take a preparatory college coiii-se at
the seminary at (Jouverneur, St. Lawrence
( ounty. N. V. He pre])ared so thoroughly at
this institution that he was able to enter the
\Vesleyan I'ni versify at Middletown, Conn.,
as a sophomore in 1S71, and graduated in
the class of IS":',. The Xew England colleges
of that era had long vacati(ms in winter,
which gave students an opjiortunity to teach.
Leave of absence was also granted for a lew-
weeks before and after this vacation to such
as wished to teach. ^Ir. Eustis ai)iiropriated
these advantaucs and keiit nii with the class
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
while teaching. He chose as his life work
tlie profession of law. His next step was
perhaps the hardest pull of all. He went to
New York City and entered the Columbia
Law School. By doing two years' work in
one he finished the course in 1874, but was
a thousand dollars in debt. The quickest
way to discharge this seemed to be to resort
to his old occupation of teaching, for it often
happens that a young lawyer must grow a
beard before he secures paying clients. The
course adopted proved to be wise, for the
end of the year made him a free man. He
bought a new suit of clothes, paid his fare to
Saratoga Springs, and had fifteen dollars left
as a nest egg for a fortune. He had previ-
ously formed the acquaintance of Mr. John
R. Putnam, a member of the Saratoga bar,
who offered Mr. Eustis a partnership. It
proved to be a fortunate event for both men,
for the ]n*actice of the firm became large and
remunerative. The partnership was contin-
ued for six years, and was dissolved in 1881,
when Mr. Eustis detennined to visit Europe.
He had taken an active part in public alfairs
and had gained celebrity as a public speaker,
traveling over the state in political cam-
paigns. He had but few equals, and none
superior in this field, being not only an elo-
quent advocate, but a singularly entertaining-
speaker, judiciously interspersing his argu-
ments with apt historical allusions, poetry
and anecdote in illustration. He has the fac-
ulty of holding his audience apparently up
to any pitch of enthusiasm desired. Al-
though Mr. Eustis planned to be gone two
years when he left for Europe in the spring
of 1881, political events drew him home in
a few months. He then set out in search of
a new home, and being satisfied that the
progressive west oilered better opportunities
than the eastern states, he made a very thor-
ough examination of the condition of the
principal cities west of the Mississippi, finally
concluding that Minneapolis was the most
promising and attractive. The twenty-third
day of October, 1881, is the date which marks
his fortunate settlement in the city of his
choice, and with the growth and prosperity
of which he has been ever since so closely
related. With the same self-reliance and
courage which had made him a victor in his
early struggles he began immediately to
practice his jirofession without the advan-
tage of an established partner. He had faith
in the future of the city, and while pursuing
his law business, which gave promise of
meeting his most sanguine expectations, he
boldly invested in real estate his compara-
tively small savings of previous years, and
contributed with enthusiasm to the extent
of his ability in purse and brain to commer-
cial and industrial enterprises designed to
build up the material interest of the com-
munity. The wide range of his public spirit
can be judged by the character of a few ex-
amples. He erected the building at Henne-
pin and Sixth street, so long occujtied as the
Republican Union League headquarters and
now known as Elks hall ; the Flour Exchange
and the Corn Exchange, besides other busi-
ness edifices less known. He was a director
of the building committee in charge of the
erection of the Masonic Temple. He was
one of the projectors of the North American
Telegraph Company, designed to secure com-
petitive telegraph service for the Northwest,
serving both as director and secretary of the
enterprise. He was one of the incorporators
of the "Soo" railroad, built to furnish cheap
transportation by a new route to the east,
and he was one of its board of directors. Mr.
Eustis was in 1892 elected mayor of Minne-
apolis. His administration was one of the
most careful and economical in the history
of the city, for Mr. Eustis brought to his
public duties all the ability which had made
his private affairs such a success. He was
also as conscientious in the discharge of
these public duties as if they pertained to
his religion. No obligation could have been
given a more thoughtful consideration and a
more scrupulous observance than Mr. Eustis
lavished upon his office of mayor. His term
stands as a landmark in the progress of the
city. Its many excellencies are unquestioned,
nor are the absolute honesty, fidelity and
sincerity of Mr. Eustis ever doubted. In
dealing with the liquor tratfic, however, he
was in advance of his age. Although he put
into operation in dealing with licensed sa-
loons a system which has proved by the rec-
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
ords more effective in restricting the evils
of the Irafflc than liatl been the method here-
tofore tried, he met with serious objections
in his plans, and that, too, in circles where
he expected to receive support, when the
efficiency of the method had been fully
demonstrated. But he was disappointed
and made no effort for a reelection. He was
subsequently nominated by the Republican
party as a candidate for governor of the
state. His defeat was not personal to him,
but entirely due to the nationality of his op-
jjonent. It was generally acknowh'dged,
however, that eminent ability and valual)le
services to the city, state, and party were
unfortunately ignored in the heated contest
of the campaign. Mr. Eustis was not soured
by his defeat. He has continued in his ac-
tive support of the party as of old. No one
is in greater demand for service as a public
speaker. His versatility is also as great as
his ability. His gift for speaking acceptably
on almost any subject at the shortest notice
has often been compared to that of Henator
Chauncey M. Depew of New York — the
highest compliment that could be paid. Mr.
Eustis is a man of scholarly habits and has
a fine library, which is one of his chief
pleasures. He is a bachelor and a member
of the Methodist Episcopal church. He
contributes liberally to benevolent objects,
while his private assistance in a (piiel man-
ner makes manv a heart glad.
LINDWAV, William.— In politics, the un-
deviatiug path of duty is a difficult way to
follow. Treacherous are the by-ways to en-
tice the wayfarer, and he is a brave man who
walks a highway of his own in company with
his self-respect. ^Villiam Lindsay, ex-mem-
ber of the Montana legislature, is an ideal
representative of the people who hold honor
dear at heart. He achieved a reputation in
the exciting days at the capitol in Helena, in
the winter of 1899, which is not confined ex-
clusively to the state lines of Montana. In
the midst of corruption and treachery he
stood out firmly against the attempts made
to bribe his vote, his reputation for integrity
remaining unsullied. The conspicuous posi-
AMI,I,I.\^r LINDSAY.
tion which he assumed in that famous sena-
torial contest contributed in no small meas-
ure to make the light more bitter and pro-
longed. But Mr. Lindsay's promin^ce in
public life does not rest solely upon the
stand he took in the legislature two years
ago. He has taken an active part in Mon-
tana politics for several years past, and as a
business man is highly esteemed for his
strict integrity and business enterprise. He
is extensively engaged in the sheep business
and has shown an exceptional ability in the
carrying on of that enterprise. Mr. Lindsay
was born April 20, 1852, in Poland, Mahon-
ing county, Ohio. His father, James M.
Lindsay, was a mechanic by trade, in mod-
erate circumstances. He was of Scotch de-
scent, and his ancestors were among the
early settlers of the state of New Jeraey.
His wife, Elizabeth J. Bebout, was a member
of a well-to-do family living in Beaver
county, Pa. William did not enjoy the
advantages of a liberal education, being
thrown upon his own resources at the
age of fifteen and compelled to leave
school. He learned the tinsmith trade,
but did not follow this vocation very
long, the work being obnoxious to him. In
HISTORY OF THE GIJEAT NORTHWEST.
ISTO, hf \v<-nt to Micbigau and was employed
in tlie lumber business for a number of
jears. By his industry and frugal habits
he was able to lay up sufficient money to set
himself up in the hardware business in
Beaver Falls, I'a., where he removed in 18T(>.
Tliis venture proved very suctessful; but
believing that the west attorded wider op-
portunities and would give better returns for
the money invested, he sold out in 1883, com-
ing to Montana the year following. He lo-
cated on the Missouri river, near Gleudive,
and engaged in the wool-growing industry,
in which he has been highly successful. In
politics he is a staunch Republican and an
earnest supporter of party interests. He
was elected a member of the board of county
commissioners of Dawson county in 1892
and served as a member of that board for
four years. It was largely due to his influ-
ence, and as a result of his activity in that
office, that the magnificent steel arch bridge
over the Yellowstone at Glendive was built.
In 1890 he was elected to the lower house
of the legislature, and was re-elected in 1898.
His record in the house has been one of which
his friends feel proud. His devotion to the
best interests of the state in standing out
uncompromisingly against legislative cor-
ruption won for him many warm friends, but
made luany bitter enemies. He was a can-
didate for the state senate in 1900, but was
defeated, the opposition putting up a fierce
fight against his election. Mr. Lindsay en-
joys the confidence of the public in a high
degree. He has faced the contumely which
was heaped on him by his political enemies
with a brave, untiinching spirit, secure in the
knowledge that he has always acted for the
welfare of party interests and the interests of
his constituents. His career is not yet end-
ed; so far, however, it is a shining example
for younger men to pattern after. Mr. Lind-
say is a member of the L O. O. F. and A. F.
& A. M. His religious connections are with
the Methodist Episcopal church, of which
he is a staunch member and an active church
worker. He served as a lay delegate from
IMontana to the general conference of that
body held at Chicago in May, 1900. He was
married August 7, 1886, to Miss Alice M.
Reehl, of Beaver Falls, Pa. Their union has
Ik en blessed with two children: Grace M.
;iii(i \\illiaiii Lc I\ov Liudsav.
FORD, James William.— The educati(mal
institution at Owatonna, Minn., founded in
1877, enlarged and endowed by Hon. Geo.
A. Pillsbury, and known as the I'illsbury
.Vcademy, is so rapidly outgrowing the char-
acter of a mere preparatory school that i>eo-
l>le are ready to call it the Pillsbury College.
In the year 19(10, less than twenty-five years
after its foundation, it had six buildings
worth |12o,(IOO, and an endowment fund of
^225, (100 hearing interest. It is only fair to
say that very much of this prosperity is due
to the combined qualities — scholarship,
financial skill, and executive ability — of Pro-
fessor James \A'. Ford, A. M., Ph. D., the
present principal, who has been in charge
of the institution for eleven years, or since
^'ovember, 1889. He was one of the faculty
of the well known Colgate Academy, Hamil-
ton, ;N'. Y., for twelve years, being principal
for the last six years. He is not only a
scholar and teacher of experience, but he is
a "man of affairs,"' made so by early training
and jiractice, which capacity is of even more
value sometimes than are mere literary qual-
ifications. Mr. Foi'd was bom at Lowell,
Mass., December 20, 1846. His father was
David P. Ford, a native of Deerfield, N. H.,
born in 1821. He and Benjamin F. Butler
attended the same district school. He was
a man of sound judgment and marked abil-
ity, and was overaeer in the Boott Cotton
Mills when he died, at the age of twenty-
seven, of typhoid fever, leaving two children,
James "\Y., two years old, and a brother still
younger. He was of English descent from
progenitors who came to this counti'y before
1700. James W. Ford's mother's name was
Lydia Iseal, born in South Bei-wnck, Me., in
182-1, and of the same descent as her hus-
band, but her people were Friends, or
Quakers, in religion. Her father and grand-
father were farmers and made a good farm
out of the wilderness. They were sturdy,
industrious, courageous. Godfearing men.
Thev were of the same stock as Neal Dow,
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
She was likewise courageous, liopeful, self-
reliaut aud bad a woudei-ful trust in God.
Mr. Ford attributes to liis mother whatever
success he has obtained. She brought up
her cliildreu to self-support, aecumulatiug
considerable property, and inculcated hon-
esty and faithfulness in the discharge of
every trust. She still lives ou the ancestral
farm, where Mr. Ford usually spends his
summer vacation, and which he now owns.
Mr. Ford was educated in the public schools
of Lowell, and there entered the high school
at the age of thirteen. At the end of the
first year he became a messenger of the Boott
Cotton Mills counting room. His duties
wei'e to distribute and charge all supplies to
six large mills, and to find and bring to
the office any employe wanted. Here he
learned promptness, accuracy and quick-
ness of observation and apprehension. He
studied double entry bookkeeping evenings
with Charles Farnsworth. From 1862 to
ISOT he was bookkeeper and general sales-
man for H. W. Hilton & Co., of Lowell,
Mass., and became so expert in his various
duties that in four years he was offered a
partnership in the concern. He, however,_
declined. His ideals of life changed about
that time because he had become a Christian.
He now wanted to have a college education.
At the end of five years' service he returned
to Lowell High School, where his old teacher
still remained, very ready to aid Mr. Ford
in his new resolve. He took the Latin and
Creek of a four yeai"s" course in two years,
with double honors; the Carney silver medal
for scholarship, aud the valedictoi'y honor,
the highest that could be given. He had,
when prepared for college, |1,200 which he
had earned. This, with a little aid from
friends, enabled him to go through the col-
lege course free from debt. He entered the
Madison University, at Hamilton, N. Y., in
18C9, and graduated in 1873, with the saluta-
tory, or second honor of the class. He was
a member of the Madison Chapter of the
Delta Upsilon fraternity. Mr. Ford's high
scholarship gave him a place also in the
graduate fraternity of Thi Beta Kappa. Ex-
pecting to go into the ministry, in 1873 he
entered the Hamilton Theological Seminary.
J.XJIKS W. FOltU.
lie left after a year's study on account of an
affection of the throat, which turned him from
preaching to the work of education. In 187-1
he was appointed professor of Latin aud
science in Colby Academy, New Loudon, N.
H. The next year he held the same chair
iu Cook Academy, Havana, N. Y. In 1876
he was appointed professor of Latin in Col-
gate Academy, Hamilton, N. Y., and re-
mained with this institution twelve years, as
previously mentioned, during the last six of
which he was principal. He left this thriv-
ing school in 1888, bringing with him the
vigor which had made Colgate such a suc-
cess, to accept the position of treasurer of
all the institutions under the control of the
hoard of trustees of Madison University.
Although he was successful and gave satis-
faction to the board, at whose urgent solicita-
tion he undertook the duties, the work was
not as congenial as that of teaching, nad
when the urgent request of Mr. Tillsbury,
seconded by the board of trustees of Pills-
bury Academy, came to him, he regarded it
as an opening for larger woi-k along lines
both jileasing and familiar. Since engaging iu
this work Mr. Ford has been offered several
attra'tive positions iu both Eastern and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHA^EST.
Western institutions, among them at differ-
ent times tlie presidencies of three colleges;
but he is greatly attached to academic work,
and his nati^'e qualities, early training and
mature experience lit him peculiarly for his
present responsible position. The Baptists
of Minnesota own Pillsbury Academy. Mr.
Ford was licensed to preach by the First
Baptist church of Lowell, in 1869, and in
1898 he was ordained, but never was the pas-
tor of a church. He has, however, preached
a great deal, and has always been in demand
for addresses on special occasions both
among Baptists and elsewhere. During the
Civil war Mr. Ford proved his patriotism by
enlisting a&a soldier, but he was rejected be-
cause of physical disability. In politics he
has always been a Republican, and while in
New York served for two years on the state
Republican committee. He has been repeat-
edly solicited to accept office at Owatonna,
but has always declined because his work
seems to be along lines taking him away
from political office. He has been a mem-
ber of the Baptist church since 1SC6,
and of the board of trustees of the
Baptist state convention since 1890. He
was upon the building committee, erecting
the Owatonna Baptist church, when about
$20,000 was raised by public and private
solicitation. He was first president of the
Owatonna Public Library, and spent much
time in selecting plans, erecting the building
and organizing the library. In 1876 Mr.
Ford was married to Katie E. Jones, at
Cazenovia, N. Y. They have six children —
Mrs. Elizabeth Ford Shedd, wife of Professor
t>hedd of Pillsbury Academy; James W., now
at Nome, Alaska; Grace Brett, Paul Boyn-
ton, Hugh Pillsbury, and Neal Kelly Ford.
Besides his degree of A. B. on graduating,
Mr. Ford has received from Madison Univer-
sity the degrees of A. M. and of Ph. D. A
more useful man in the field he has chosen
would be difficult to find.
FARMER, John Quincy. — To condense
into an epitome the life and experience,
the public sei-vice and useful work of a
man of such varied attainments and ability
as those demonstrated by Judge John Quin-
cy Farmer, of Spring Valley, Minn., is not un-
like trying to compress the statutes of a
state into a small pamphlet. The limits of
''Tlie History of the Northwest" compel such
an attempt which must of necessity be a
meagi'e outline. He was born in a log
house at Burke, Caledonia county, Vt., in
1823. The Farmers were of English descent.
John Quincy Farmer's grandfather, who
filled him with patriotism by rehearsing to
him many a tale of Revolutionary times, was
a hero of that war. His father's name was
Hiram; his mother's, Salina Snow (Farmer).
She was of Scotch descent. Her people
were merchants. Until seventeen years old
he had only the limited resources of the
winter district school to give him schooling.
Then, by permission of his father and by
paying his own way, he attended several
academies in Ohio. He attributes his most
important training to the Summit county
institute, under the Rev. Samuel Bissel, of
Twinsburg, Summit county, Ohio. He then
taught school and "boarded around," earn-
ing about |14 a month. He began to study
law M'ith Perkins & Osborn, at Parrisville,
Ohio, and completed his course at the Bals-
ton Springs law school. New York. He be
gan to practice at Omro, Wis., in 1850. On
returning home with the intention of getting
married and coming back to Omro, he was
persuaded by Brewster Randall to go to
Conneaut, Ohio, and take up the law prac-
tice which ilr. Randall wished to give up.
It proved to be a fortunate step. He re-
mained there six years, then formed a part-
nership with Hon. L. S. Sherman at Ashta-
bula, Ohio, where he continued also six
years, serving in the meantime as county at-
torney. In 1852 he was married to Maria
N., the daughter of Dr. Jos. R. Carpender,
of Painsville, Ohio. His wife's health fail-
ing, he determined to try a change of cli-
mate for her and moved to Spring Valley,
Minn., where he had relatives who had set-
tled at an earlier day. His wife, however,
did not entirely recover, and died in 1866,
after a residence of about two years, leaving
two sons and a daughter, who died when five
years old. Mr. Farmer at first engaged in
farming, but later resumed his profession.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
His abilities very soon marlved liim as a
leader in tlie state. In 1S65 he was elected
to tlie legislatnre to represent Fillmore
county, and was reelected in 1SG6 and
chosen speaker of the house. The next
year he had the same honors, beino; ajjain
si)eaker, a fact which sjjeaks well for his
ability and capa<'ity for administration. In
1S7() he was promoted to the senate for a
term of two years, but a new apportionment
comi)elled a new election the next year, at
which he was again honored by the people.
He was chairman of the judiciary commit-
tee of the senate for both terms. This is
the highest honor as well as the most in-
fluential position in the senate. In 1871) he
was elected judge of the Tenth judicial dis-
trict, and at the expiration of the term was
re-elected for another term, making thirteen
years of service on the district bench. Al-
though renominated for a third term against
his earnest i)rotest, he was firm in his re-
fusal of the protfered honor, and has since
stayed by his profession and simply busied
himself with his own affairs and in looking
after the interests of his numerous sons, the
most of whom are in business for them-
selves, practicing their professions of law
and of medicine. He gave each of them a
university education. The youngest, about
nineteen, James D., is in the State Bank of
Spring ^'alley; George and Charles arc
piacticing law at Howard and Madison, S.
1).; J. Frederick is practicing osteopathy at
S])ring Valley; John ('. is i)racticing medi-
cine* at McKinley, Minn.; Dan E. is at Des
Moines, Iowa; Ernest M. is practicing law at
Detroit, Minn.; Frank O. is ])racticing oste-
opathy at Kankakee, 111. In 1S(J0 Judge
Farmer was married to Susan C. Sharp, who
became the mother of six more sons, making
in all eight in Mr. Farmer's family, still
alive, an unusual experience in these days.
Mr. Farmer was a Henry (May Whig, and
helped such men as Joshua R. (iiddings,
Henj. F. Wade and President (larfield, with
whom he was familiarly acquainted, to or-
ganize the Kepublican party, to which he
has always been loyal, being especially firm
on the question of jtrotection to American
industi'y and sound money. He was presi-
.70HN Q. FARMER.
(lent of the ^Minnesota Farmers' Insurance
company for twelve years. This was an
organization to furnish farmers safe in-
surance at cost. In religion Judge FiWint'r
holds broad views. He assisted in Ih" or-
ganization of a church which attiliated with
the Fnitarian body. He is a niembei- of the
hoard of trustees of the church at Spring
N'alley. Judge Farmer has a very wide ac-
(|aaintance, and no man in the stale com-
mends higher respect among all classes.
START, Charles M., chief justice of the
supreme court of the state of Minnesota, has
had an enviable judicial career. He was
appointed judge of the Third Judicial dis-
trict of the state by Governor Pillsbury, in
ISSl, and was elected as district judge with-
out opposition for three successive terms.
He then resigned to accept the position of
chief justice of the suiireme court, to which
he was elected in 1894. At the election of
1900 he was re-elected without o|)position.
Charles M. Start — as the judge usually
writes his name — was born in Bakersfield,
Franklin county, Vt., Octobei' 4. 1S3!). His
father, Simeon (Jould Slail, was a farmer.
HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST.
CHARLES M. START.
and the judge was boru on the farm. His
mother's maiden name was Mary Sophia
Barnes. He is of English extraction, and
traces his ancestry to progenitors who came
to America in 16.52. His common school
education was obtained in the district school
of his native town. His academic training
was received at the noted Barre academy in
Vermont. Having chosen as his life work
the profession of law, he "read law" — as the
preparation for the bar was then called —
with Judge William C. Wilson, of Bakers-
field, and was admitted to practice in 1860,
at St. Albans, Vt. He came to Rochester,
Minn., in 186.3, and began his professional
career. That place has since been his home,
although his elevation to the supreme bench
requires an oflicial residence at St. Paul.
He was county attorney of Olmsted county
for eight years. In 1879 he was elected
attorney general of the state and sensed in
this office from January, 1880, until Mai'ch
12, 1881, when he resigned to accept the po-
sition of judge of the Third judicial district,
tendered to him by Governor Pillsbury.
This was strong testimony to Judge Start's
ability, for the governor was noted for the
scrupulous care which he always exercised
in making his appointments, fre(inently go-
ing outside of his party to select the proper
man. He enlisted July, 1862, in the Tenth
Regiment Vermont Volunteers. August 11
he was commissioned first lieutenant of Com-
jiany "I" of the same regiment, and Decem-
ber following he resigned on a surgeon's cer-
tificate of disability. In i)olitics he has al-
ways been a Republican. In religion, by
birth and jtractice, he is a Congregationalist,
although not. enrolled as a member of the
church. In 1865 he was married to Clara
A. Wilson, daughter of William C. Wilson,
one time judge of the supreme court of Ver-
mont, and with whom Judge Start studied
law. They have one child, Clara L. Start.
TO5ILINS0N, Harry Ashton.— This is an
age of specialism — if such a word may be
used to denote a concentration of energies
on a single division of a subject. It has
been conceded in all departments of human
activity that life is not long enough for any
man to master more than a fraction of any
of the great divisions of knowledge. The
'■good all round" man is therefore falling to
the rear in the rapid progress characteristic
of the times. The specialist is in demand,
and rightly so too, for only by making use of
thorough knowledge at every step can the
best results be obtained. Thus in the col-
leges the sciences are subdivided into small
sections, where once the whole field was
covered by one or two professors. In law
there are recognized divisions, as criminal
law, commercial law, corporation law, real
estate law, even probate law, and the best
result is obtained by employing an expert
in the law governing the case. In manu-
faclures, where the best mechanical skill is
required, the same principle prevails. The
greatest success is achieved by men who do
only one thing. Experience has thoroughly
demonstrated the correctness of this prin-
ciple. But in the learned professions, the
true specialist — ^the man who excels nearly
all others in a certain field of the profession
— is rare. Hence he is more valuable. An
ordinary surgeon is common, but here and
there may be found one whose superiority
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
is beyoud question. He is a specialist wlio
can command wliatever fee he may demand.
The same is true also in other de])ai'tments
of the medical profession, one of which is
now especially under consideration because
the subject of this sketch — Dr. Harry Ash-
ton Tomlinson — is a noted specialist in the
treatment of nervous diseases. Dr. Tomlin-
son is the son of George Washin<jton Tom-
linson, whose original ancestor in America
was John Tomlinson, a member of the So-
ciety of Friends, who emigrated to America
from Ireland in 17.5!t and hmded at Lewes,
Del., settling finally at Philadelphia. Al-
though the family were Quakers, and did
not believe in shedding blood in war, the
spirit of liberty was so strong that George
Washington Tomlinson, Harry's father, en-
listed in 18G1 for the war of the Rebellion,
and rose to the rank of major, serving until
1864, when he was fatally wounded. Har-
ry's mother's maiden name was Sarah Dun-
lap McGahon. She was descended from a
long line of I'resbyteriau ministers. Her
great-grandfather. Rev. James Dunlap, D.
D., was tlie third of the presidents of Jeffer-
son college, at Cannonsburg, Pa. During
the Civil War Mrs. Tomlinson lived at Car-
lisle. When the rebels attacked the city on
the night of July 1, 186.3, the college build-
ing was used at a hospit.al. While the shells
of the enemy were screaming through the
city Mrs. Tomlinson went to the temporary
hosi)ital and assisted the surgeons in the
care of the wounded. Subsequently when
her husband was wounded, she went to the
hospital to nurse him in Washington, where
he was lying. Finding the food and care of
the wounded officers not what they should
have been, she secured, through the surgeon
in charge and with the sanction of Miss Dix,
of the sanitary commission, sole charge of
the domestic service of the hospital — includ-
ing the discipline of the nurses — and dis-
charged the heavy duties with such success
as to satisfy everj' requirement.
Harry Ashton Tomlinson was born at
Philadelphia in 1855. He obtained his lit-
erary education in the public schools of the
city. Choosing medicine as his profession,
he entered the medical department of the
HARRY A, TOMLINSOX.
T'niversity of Pennsylvania in 1877 and
graduated in ISSO with the degree of M. D.
He immediately began the practice of his
profession in central Pennsylvania, ©where
he continued for eight years, devoting the
last three to the special study of nervous
diseases and their treatment. He then gave
up his general practice and went to Phila-
delphia to make a special study of his chosen
subject, spending the winter of 1888 and
1S89 in this pursuit. He became so well
(jualified in this department of diseases that
in June, ISS!), he was engaged as resident
physician in the Friends' Asylum for the in-
sane, at Frankford, a suburban part of the
city of Philadelj)hia. His success in this in-
stitution was so pronounced as to make him
somewhat noted in his specialty. It led to
an invitation from the board of trustees of
the state of Minnesota hospitals to become
first assistant ])liysician of the St. Peter in-
stitution, which he accepted in 1801. On the
retirement of the superintendent, Dr. C. K.
Rartlett, in 180:5, Dr. Tomlinson was put at
the head of the hosi)ital. His eastern repu-
tation and his admirable work in this state
induced the board of trustees of the new
Kjdleptic Colony of Massachusetts to make
HISTORY OF THE OKEAT NORTHWEST.
an attempt to sccnrc Dr. Tonilinson for the
chief physician and superintendent at that
enterprise. Although the offer was flatter-
ing, it was declined, as Dr. Tomlinson
wished especially to carry out a line of treat-
ment which he had begun at St. Peter. The
doctor is a member of the American Con-
gress of Physicians and Surgeons, Ameri-
can Medical association, New York Medico-
Legal society, American Neurological so-
ciety, American Medico-Psychological asso-
ciation, Philadelphia Neurological society,
Minnesota Academy of Medicine, State Med-
ical society. Southwestern Minnesota Medi-
cal association, and of the State Conference
of Charities and Corrections, to all of which
he has contributed papers relating to his line
of work. He is a Knight Templar and a
member of the Loyal Legion, Minnesota
commandery. In 1884 he was married to
Mary Vandever, daughter of Peter Bishop
Vandever, of Delaware. They have one
child living, Nancv Elicott Tomlinson.
WORST, John H.— North Dakota, though
a young state, has at Fargo an educational
institution abreast of any establishment of
its kind in the United States. It is known as
the North Dakota Agricultural College, with
which is connected an experiment station,
I)artly supported by the United States, as are
all similar euteiiirises in all the states con-
ducting them. The present high standing of
this modern school is largely due to the effi-
cient management of President John H.
Worst, a practical farmer, as well as a man
of education.
Mr. A\''orst was born in the northern part
of Ashland county, Ohio. His father was
Rev. George Worst, a preacher and farmer
in moderate financial circumstances, who
was a pioneer of the Western Resen-e of
northern Ohio, and cleared up a farm from
the virgin forest. His grandfather', when
twelve years old, ran away from his home
in Holland and came to Pennsylvania, where
he settled, finally married and reared a family
of two sons and several daughters. The old-
est son, Jacob, the grandfather of the sub-
ject of this sketch, moved westward, and
after clearing up several small farms in
I'erks and Mercer counties, Pa., reached Ohio
with his family and bought a quarter sec-
tion of go\ernment land in what is now Ash-
land county. His son, George, was the fann-
er preacher, the father of President John H.
^^'orts, whose mother was Margaret ^Martin.
She also came as a little girl with her parents
from I'ennsylvania to Ohio. Indians were
then lining in that region. Professor Worst's
great-grandfather lived to be 100 yeai-s old.
His grandfather died at the age of 95, while
Ills grandmother lived to the age of 104. His
father died in August, 1808, at the age of
seventy-three. John attended the rural
schools of Ohio until fifteen years of age,
when he entered the Smithville Academy,
Ohio, for several terms, and until prepared
to teach school, after which he worked on
the farm during summer and taught during
the winter for several years. He also attend-
ed Salem College, Indiana, one year, and final-
ly entered Ashland LTnivei-sity, Ohio. Al-
though he did not complete the full course to
graduation, the institution in 1S99 conferred
on him the degree of LL. D. In working on
the farm summers and teaching in winter he
lost his health. For this reason he spent the
summer of 1870 on the shore of Chesapeake
15ay. When he returned to Ohio he engaged
in the newspaper business, editing the Fair-
field County Republican, at Lancaster, Ohio.
He was a delegate to the state convention
which nominated Hayes for governor the
third time, and took an active part in that
campaign. In 1883 he came to Dakota Ter-
ritory, and took up a homestead forty miles
southeast of Bismarck, near Williamsjiort,
Emmons county. Here he opened up a farm
and later engaged somewhat extensively in
sheep and cattle raising. In the fall of 1883,
when Emmons county was organized, the
county commissioners ajyfiointed him super-
intendent of schools. He was duly chosen
by the people at the next election, and he
continued to be re-elected until 1889, when he
resigned to take the office of state senator for
the Twenty-sixth legislative district, for the
short tenn. He was re-elected for the full
term of four years. He was chairman of the
committee on education, where his school ex-
JOHN H. WORST.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
perience as teacher and superintendent en-
abled him to assist in formulating and pass-
ing bills which have given North Dakota its
unexcelled educational sj'stem. In ISOJ: he
was elected lieutenant governor, and jn-oved
to be an excellent presiding officer during
the session of 18'J5. He was appointed presi-
dent of the North Dakota Agi-icultural Col-
lege and director of the experiment station
for the school year beginning July 1, 1895.
and has held the office ever since. He is as-
sisted by a corps of nearly twenty professors,
the most of whom are experts in their sev-
eral departments. Under his management
the institution has come into prominence as
one of the most thorough and practical edu-
cational institutions in the Northwest. Presi-
dent Worst is aggressive in his views, and
has done much to break down the prejudice
against a high class industrial education.
He also combats the frequently expressed be-
lief that education and physical labor are in-
compatible, and he contends that an agri-
cultural .state is not justified in expending
nearly all the school taxes for the purpose of
fitting students for professional life, espe-
cially when the professions are overcrowded.
The money thus expended, he contends, sel-
dom brings substantial returns to the state,
but instead, is used for selfish personal enjoy-
ment. He has delivered many addresses and
written many papers in defense of industrial
education, and in showing how the state
should encourage it. Under his labors in this
direction the patronage of the institution has
grown so that this college is the leading edu-
cational institution of the state. President
Worst is a life-long Kepublican, and has
probably done more field campaign work
than any other man in the commonwealth.
He is in frequent demand for a wide range
of public addresses, before farmer's insti-
tutes, at Fourth of July celebrations, and
memorial exercises. These demands show
that he is a versatile, attractive and efficient
public speaker. He is a member of the
Knights of Pythias, and Past Chancellor
Commander of the order. He is also a Mason
of the highest degrees. He holds the office
of Wise Master of the Rose Croix Chapter of
the Scottish Kite, and is Prelate of the Com-
mandery of the York Rite. In 1872 he was
married to Susan Wohlgamuth. They have
a girl and two boys — Olive J., Clayi:on
LeRoy, and Lloyd Warner Worst. Clayton
was sergeant of Troop G, Third U. S. Volun-
teer Cavalry, during the Spanish War. Lloyd
Warner is a student at the Agricultural Col-
lege.
STEWART, J. Clark.— An interesting
event in the life of Dr. Stewart is that he
was the first freshman pupil to enter the
University of Minnesota. To be one at the
beginning of a successful enterprise is al-
ways a pleasant remembrance, and, gener-
ally, a stimulus in all future efforts. When
this association has been a matter of public
concern it arises above the merely personal,
and becomes of historic importance. J.
Clark Stewart was born in Camden, N. J.,
October 21, ISSi. His father was Daniel
Stewart, D. D. His mother's maiden name
was Eliza Mann, and she was reared and
educated in New York City. Dr. Stewart,
as his name would indicate, was of Scotch
ancestry, his father coming from Scotland.
The maternal ancestry runs back to early
colonial times in Rhode Island. Dr. Stew-
art's grandfather on his mother's side was
an alderman in New York City, and has a
place in history as the chairman of the com-
mittee appointed to receive Lafayette on his
visit to this country after the Revolutionary
War. By virtue of the services of his ma-
ternal ancestors, J. Clark Stewart is a mem-
ber of the Society of Colonial Wars of Rhode
Island. Dr. Stewart, his father, was a grad-
uate of Union College, at Schenectady, N.
Y., about 1832. Having chosen the minis-
try as his life work, he entered the theologi-
cal department of I'rinceton college, New
Jersey, and graduated in 1837. From this
time until 1881 he was active in the minis-
try, but served about four years, 1849-1853,
as a professor in the New Albany Theologi-
cal seminary. He was pastor of the An-
drew and the First Presbyterian churches,
Minneapolis, Minn. Dr. J. Clark Stewart
was educated at a private school and in an
academy. When prepared for college he en-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
tered the recently establislied University of
Minnesota, and, as stated, he has the distinc-
tion of being the first fresliniau to enter the
university. He graduated in 1875, standing
number one in liis class, and he took two de-
grees, B. S. and (\ E. He then taught in
the institution during the class year 1ST.5-
1871). At the close of this service in 187<i,
he entered business in a manufacturing con-
cern, and remained there until 1881, when he
went to New York to stud}' medicine. There
he entered the ofhce of the celebrated Wil-
liard Parker, and enrolled in the College of
I'hysicians and Surgeons, from which he
graduated in 1883 with honorary diphjina.
Iniiuediately following, on a competitive ex-
amination, he secured a position in the
Mount Sinai hospital. He served in the
surgical division under Doctors Stimson,
Gerster, Wyeth, Fluhrer, Munde, Gruening,
— names well known in their special field.
In the fall of 1886 he i-eturned to Minneap-
olis and became one of the teaching force of
the Minnesota Hospital college and re-
mained there until the absor^jtion of the in-
stitution by the University of Minnesota,
when he was appointed professor of Histol-
ogy, and later professor of Pathology in the
medical department. As this department
developed he gradually withdrew from labo-
ratory work, and he is at present the profes-
sor of Surgical Pathology. In politics Dr.
Stewart has always been a Republican, but
always too busy to seek office. He is a
nieniber of a long line of medical and
surgical societies, among them the Amer-
ican Medical society, Minnesota Acad-
emy of Medicine, Hennepin County Med-
ical society, and Western Surgical and
Gynecological association. He is also a
member of the Minneapolis club and of the
Colonial Wars society. In religion he is a
Presbyterian — the church of his ancestry —
and a member of the First Presbyterian
church of Minneapolis. It must be to him a
gratifying reflection that having entered the
University of Minnesota when the institu-
tion was obscure and in fact only in embryo,
to find it now one of the leading educational
forces of the nation, and himself one of the
prominent factors in the important work
J. CLARK STEWART.
which it is so successfully performing.
I'rofessor Stewart's unique relations with
his Alma Mater is an object lesson, an in-
spiration to all who are struggling for rec-
ognition in the higher walks of life.
MOLANDEK, Swan B.— One of the prom-
inent names as candidate for the important
position of secretary of state before the state
KeiHiblican convention in I'JOU, was that of
Swan B. Molander. His scholarship and pub-
lic experience secured for him a strong sup-
port for the office, although he had been in
the field but a short time. He was county
auditor of Kanabec county, Minn., for ten
consecutive years, and was engrossing clerk
of the House of Kepresentatives of the state
in the session of 18!);5. Mr. Molander was
born in Sweden, February 27, 1855. His
father was a large landholder, and a nurn of
prominence and influence. He had ])lanned
to educate his oldest son. Swan, for the min-
isti'y, and the boy had received a consider-
able stai't in school towards the cherished
design, but financial reverses overtook the
father, and as calamities rarely come singly,
his wife died. The scenes of his home con-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
SWAX B. MOLANDER.
tinually recalled his changed circumstances,
so he determined to leave these constant
reminders and make a new start. In IStiO
he emigrated to the United States with his
two sons. ^Vhen they reached Minnesota,
the oldest son, Swan, was allowed to remain
in the state, while the father continued his
journey and settled in South Dakota. Swan
B. Molander has continued to live in Min-
nesota. He went to public and private
schools to supplement the education which
he received in Sweden, and still continues
his studies. He has always taken an active
interest in political affairs since he was old
enough to cast his ballot, having a natural
ajititude and taste for public matters. In
addition to the positions already mentioned
he has held a number of minor offices, and
has been a member of the Republican con-
gressional committee of the Fourth distiict
ever since its organization. He is at pres-
ent "stumpage clerk" in the state auditor's
office, a position which he has held since
Auditor R. C. Dunn assumed his duties as
state auditor. In ISTO Mr. Molander was
married to Miss Nellie Anderson. The union
has been a happy one, and has been blessed
with four promising children, three of whom
aie now living. Mr. Molander has proved
his integrity by long public service, and has
developed into an upright, intelligent citizen,
whose future is bright with promise. The
church may have lost a valuable minister,
but the state has gained a public-spirited
man worthy of her institutions.
ROBINSON, Edward Van Dyke.— The
responsibility resting upon the executive
head of our high schools demands that these
offices shall be tilled by men possessing a
high order of educational equipment. Eligi-
bility to the position should necessarily be
contined to teachers of wide experience, who
have demonstrated their fitness as educators.
This experience and adaptability we find in
a study of the life of Edward Van Dyke
Robinson, principal of the Central High
School of St. Paul, Minn. Mr. Robinson was
born in Bloomington, 111., December 20,
1867, the son of Charles Stanley and Wil-
helmina Krummel Robinson, His father was
an arcliitect and contractor. Family history,
(til the paternal side, is traced back to one of
the English Puritans who came to this coun-
try with the "great emigration," about 1635.
The grandmother of our subject was the
daughter of Governor "\'an Dyke, of Dela-
ware, who served in that office from 1776 to
1783. lliis family was of the "Sea Beggar"
stock, who fought Spain throughout the
great rebellion of the Dutch, and afterwards
came to New Amsterdam, thence to Dela-
ware, when this province was conquered
from the Swedes. During the Revolution a
member of the Robinson family was a com-
modore in the Pennsylvania navy, and an-
other a quartermaster-general in the Penn-
sylvania army. Maternal ancestry is traced
back to the ancient baronial family of Von
Schwaneflugel, in Hanover. The estates of
this family, which should have gone to the
mother of Mr. Robinson, on the failure of
male heirs, were otherwise disposed of on
account of her fathers political defection and
emigration. Edward received his early edu-
cation in the public schools of Bloomington,
Hoopeston and Paxton, 111. These schools
were exceedingly poor, measured by the
HISTORY OF THE GHKAT NOUTHWKST
standards of today, but the boy had inherit-
ed, in a measure, a love of schohirly pursuits,
which was enlianced by a diligent attendance
at the public library. He graduated from
the Bloomington high school in June, 1867,
and in October of the same year entered the
Tniversity of Michigan. By means of ad-
\anced standings and extra work, he gradu-
ated with the degree of A. B., in the classical
course, in June, 1S90. The succeeding year
he served as an assistant in the University
libran', as substitute for the professor of
economics and politics, in the meantime
studying for the degree of A. M., which was
gi'anted in June, 1891. The major branch of
his studies was political science; the minors,
economics and English literature. He se-
cured the ai>iiointuu'nt of superintendent of
schools in Schoolcraft, Mich., and served in
this position from 1891 to 1894, resigning to
go abroad in the summer of the latter year.
He spent a little over a year in travel and
study, the latter chiefly at the University of
Leipzig, where, in July, 1895, he was given
the degree of I'h. D. — summa cum laude for
the examination, and egregia for the thesis.
This combination, of first rank in both, ap-
pears not to have occuri'ed, so far as could
be ascertained, more than three times in four
centuries. The subjects for examination
were political science, economics and medi-
eval history. The thesis was entitled "The
Nature of the Federal State." Professor
Carl Victor Fricker, Ph. D., of the Leipzig
University, in commenting on Jlr. Eobinson's
successful examination, spoke very highly of
him and the excellent manner in which he
had handled the subject of his thesis. Re-
turning to America in 1895, Mr. Robinson
was appointed jtrincipal of the high school
at Muskegon, Mich. He held this position
until 1897, when he removed to Rock Island,
111., to accept the position of principal of
the high school of that city. In Scptembei',
1899, he came to St. Paul to accejit the po-
sition he now tills. Mr. Robinson has
achieved considerable reputation as an au-
thority on political science and economics,
and has contributed a numlier of articles to
leading educational and jiolitical science pub
lications, among which may be mentioned:
EDWARD VAX DYKE KOBINSON.
"The Nature of the Federal State," (re-
jirinted from the Annals of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science, No.
92); "Topics for Supplementary Reading and
Discussion in United States History,"
(School Review, May, 1897); "The Caroline
Islands and the Terms of Peace," (Indepen-
dent, October, 1898); "An Ideal Course in
History for Secondary Schools" — a paper
read before the National Educatitmal Asso-
ciation at Milwaukee — (School Review, No-
vember, 1898); "Review of J. Novicow: La
(pierre et ses prt^tendus bienfaits," Ameri-
can Journal of Sociology, November, 1898);
"Review of G. de Molinari: Gi-andeur et A{>-
cadence de la guerre," (Political Science
(Quarterly, December, 1898); "Germany and
till' Caroline Islands," (Independent, Janu-
ary 2(i. 1899); "History in Relation to the For
mation of Character," (Chicago Teacher,
Jlay 1, 1899); "Review of A. C. McLaughlin:
A History of the American Nation," (School
Review, June, 1899); "Review of Ch. V. Laug
lois and Ch. Seiguoi)es: Introduction to the
Study of History," (School Review, Septem-
IxM-, 1S99); conimunicatiou in re "Kh'clivc
Studies in Iligli School." iSrliool Kcvicw.
October, 1899); ronniiunication rclaliiig In lln-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
"Review of Laiifj;lois and Seignobes," (School
Review, January, 1900; "TheAVest Indian and
Paiifio Islands in Relation to the Isthmian
Canal," (Independent, March 1, 1900); "Re-
view of F. M. Colby: Outlines of General
History," (School Review. March, I'.tOO);
"Medieval and Modern History in the High
School," a discussion before the National
Herbart Society, (School Review, May, 1900);
"Review of H. H. I'.ancroft: The New Pa-
cific," (Political Science Quarterly, June,
1900); "Waste in High School Education,"
a discussion before the Minnesota Education-
al Association, (School Review, September,
1900); "Review of Katherine Koman and
Elizabeth Kimball Kendall: A History of
England," (School Review, November, 1900);
"What Should the High School Alumni Ac-
complisli?" (reprinted from the forty-second
annual rejjort of the board of school insjiec-
tors of the city of St. Paul; December, 1900);
"War and Economics, in History and in The-
ory," (Political Science Quarterly, December,
1900); "Review of Trueblood, the Federation
of the World: McCabe, Can We Disarm?
Richet, Les guerres et la paix; Von Stengel.
Der ewige P'riede," (Political Science Quar-
terly, December, 1900). He also published
a catalogue of the Schoolcraft Public
Schools, in April, 1S92, and a catalogue and
manual of the Rock Island High School, in
April, 1898. Mr. Robinson is usually a Re-
publican in national i>olitics, though indepen-
dent in state and local affairs. He is a mem-
ber of the St. Paul Commercial Club, the St.
Paul Informal Club, Ancient Landmark
Lodge F. & A. 51.; Prairie Ronde Chapter,
Royal Arch, and the American Historical
Association. His religious connections are
with the Presbyterian clwirch. He was mar-
ried June 30, 1897, at St. Paul's rectory. Mus-
kegon, to Miss Clare Howard. Their union
has been blessed with one child : Helen How-
ard Van Dyke, born June 2G, 1900, in St.
Paul.
LEWIS, Robert Steele.— The develop-
ment of the Northwest has afforded bound-
less opportunities to the young man of pluck
and energy, and success lay within easy
grasp of the man who possessed self-confi-
dence and was willing to do his share in the
work of upbuilding. No matter what form
his activities took, if he possessed those dom-
inating traits that count for so much in a
successful career, he ultimately reaped his
reward. The credit for the rapid develop-
ment of this large section of our country is
to be accorded in large measure to the men
of this generation. This is particularly true
in the case of North Dakota. Her citizens
of prominence, in public as well as business
life, were, as a rule, young men without
capital when they entered her bordere.
Their success has been due to the untiring
energy and perseverance with which they
have devoted themselves to their special lines
or callings. Robert S. Lewis, vice president
of the Red River Valley National Bank of
Fargo, is a splendid type of the self-made
man. In his eighteen years of residence in
the Flickertail state he has built up an en-
viable reputation as a reliable business man
and attained a position of prominence in
financial circles. He is a native of Tennes-
see, and was born at luka August 15, 1856.
His father. Josiah F. Lewis, was for a num
ber of years a professor in one of the leading
colleges of the South. Having acquired
some means in this way, he came north with
his family in 180.3 and located at Monticello,
5Iinn., where he engaged in farming. He
was dcejjly interested in everything pertain-
ing to educational matters and took a promi-
nent position in local affairs. He was elect-
ed county superintendent of schools for
Wright county, and held this office for seven
years, filling it very creditably. He took an
active interest, also, in state grange matters.
His wife's maiden name was Mary Steele.
She was a native of North Carolina, and was
connected with the wealthy Steele families
of the South. She was a woman who pos-
sessed many excellent traits of character, had
received a college education, and was an un-
selfish, devoted mother, impressing strongly
upon her children her personal characteris-
tics. Robert received his early education in
till' common schools of Minnesota. This was
supplemented, however, by the wider knowl-
edge of his parents and their careful guid-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
,'ince of liis stmlies. lie Wdi-kctl on tlio farm
until liis niuetcenth year, when he he);an
teaching in tlie conuti-y schools. Me was
very .snceessfnl in this vocation, and taughl
foui* tei-ms in one district and three in an-
other. In the fall of 18S0 he moved to ^lin-
neapolis and secured employment as a clerk,
remaining; here until his removal to Farjio,
July 8, 1882, to accept a clerkship in the Red
River Valley National Bank. He has been
connected with this institution ever since,
winnintf jiromolion <;radnally in recognition
of his faithful, conscientious service, lie
served for the first year and a half as a col-
lectoi-, from which he was advanced to the
jiosition of teller. This i)osition he held for
two years, when he was promoted to assist
ant cashier, at the same time being eleited
to a position on the board of dii-ectors. In
18!)1 he was again promoted, to the position
of cashier. He remained in this office until
1897, at which time he resigned in order to
devote his i)ersonal attention to the various
outside Interests with which he was identi-
fied. On his resignation he was elected vice
president of the bank, which position he still
holds. In 1892 Mr. Lewis invested in a tract
of land known as the Gardner farm, owned
by (leorge M'. (Jardner, of Hastings. This
proved to be a very fortunate investment
and he has been unusually successful in his
farming operations. He ke])t adding to the
original purchase fi-om time to time until
now he owns and operates over 5,000 acres
of fanning land. It is well stocked and is
probably the best equipped farm in the
Northwest. He is also interested in the
Fargo Cold Storage and Packing ComiJany,
a thriving business institution of that city,
and is secretary of the company. Mr. Lewis
is held in high regard in financial circles for
his strict business integrity. He has exhibit-
ed a high order of business capacity and has
won foi- himself the esteem of all who know
him. Aside from the various business inter-
ests with which he is identified, Mr. Lewis
has also found time to take an active interest
in municipal and county politics. Although
coining from a Democratic family he has al-
ways voted and worked for the success of the
Republican i><'>rty, before and since his resi-
189
ItOBEUT S. LEWIS.
dence in North Dakota. He served as secre-
tary of the Kejiublican state convention, held
at F'argo, in 181)8, and was elected in 1900 to
the state senate, for a term of four years, by
a handsome majority against one^^f the
strongest combinations ever put up in the
state in a legislative contest. He has also
taken an active interest in educational mat-
ters, is president of the school board of the
city of Fargo, and a member of the board
of trustees of th(> North Dakota Agricultural
College. He is a brother of J. H. Lewis,
superintendent of public instiiiction for the
state of Minnesota. Mr. Lewis is also prom-
inently identified with a number of fraternal
organizations, is a thirty-.second degree Scot-
tish Rite 5Iason, a Shriuer, a member of the
Knights of Pythias, the A. O. U. W. and the
Elks. He was married December 25, 1870,
to Alice M. Cari)enter, daughter of Judge
Carpenter, of Mt)nticello, Minn. Their union
has been blessed with three children, Robert
C, Olive M., and Alice.
DEARTH. Elmer H., was born in Sanger-
\ille, Piscatacpiis county. Me., June 0. 1859.
He icceived a high school and acad<'mic edu-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ELMER H. DEARTH.
cation, gniduating in 1878, and from that
date until 1880 taught school in his native
state. In 1880 he entered the office of the
Bangor (Me.) Daily Whig and Courier, where
he remained until the latter part of 1883,
thoroughly mastering the business of news-
paper work. He came to Minnesota in the
fall of 1883, first locating in St. Paul. From
1881 to the latter part of 1886 he was editor
and manager of "The Independent" at Hen-
derson, and from 188C to 1890 he owned and
edited the "News"' at Le Sueur, disposing of
his interest in the latter year and returaing
to St. Paul. Through his newspaper affilia-
tions, and personally, he always took an ac-
tive interest in the i)olitics of this state, his
jiapers being at all times vigorous advocates
of Republican ])rinciples. His efforts for the
party did not remain unnoticed by the lead-
ers, and Mr. Dearth received, in 1889, from
Governor Merriam, the appointment of Depu-
ty Insurance Commissioner of the state. In
this new post he soon developed a large
amount of executive ability and he filled it
with credit to himself and the state, and hon-
or to the insurance depai'tment. After re-
maining in this position for three years he
voluntarily resigned to accept a iiosition with
the Equitable Life of New York. In Janu-
;iry, 1897, Mr. Dearth received from Gover-
n<u- Clough the appointment of insurance
commissioner of Minnesota and entered the
jiosition with a full knowledge of the details
of the office, eminently qualified to pursue its
duties. He retired from this office in 1899,
tJie state administration having passed into
the hands of a Demo-Pop governor. Upon
Ills retirement he held the position of presi-
dent of the National Association of Insur-
ance Commissioners, and for the next suc-
ceeding two years was engaged in the gen-
eral and local fire insurance business. In
January, 1901, he was again appointed by
Covernor Van Sant to the position of insur-
ance commissioner of Minnesota, which office
he now holds.
He is a prominent Mason, Elk, Knight of
Pythias, and a charter member of the Com-
mercial Club, the leading business organiza-
tion of St. Paul. He has had a deal of ex-
perience in journalism and commercial busi-
ness, and during the last twelve years in that
of insurance. In 1889 he was married to
Miss Nellie G., daughter of Hon. M. Doran,
of St. Paul.
NORDIN, Axel Frithiof, judge of pro-
bate of Kandiyohi county, Minn., is an excel-
lent type of the self-made man. He is a native
of Sweden, and was born at Stockholm, No-
vember 16, 18-19, the son of Peter E. and
Maria Helena Nordin. His parents emigrated
to America when he was four years of age,
but did not come to Minnesota until 1855,
first settling at Hastings. Two years later
they i"emoved to Nininger, and then, in 1859,
to Eureka, in Dakota county, where the
father engaged in farming. The fann was
sold a year or so later and the family moved
to Greenvale, Rice county, locating on an-
other farm. In 1863, this farm was also sold,
the Nordin family removing back to Hast-
ings. From there they went to Northfield,
where Mr. Nordin started a general store,
but was burned out in 1865. He then moved
to Norway Lake, in Kandiyohi county, and
again settled on a farm, and until 1882 re-
mained there, then sold out and moved to
HISTORY OF THE GIIEAT XOUTHWEST.
Leeds, N. D., where he now resides iu fairly
comfortable circumstances. Mrs. Nordin
died in 1880. The early life of the subject
of this sketch was not an enviable one. In
common with the children of our early pio-
neers he suffered the hardships and priva-
tions of life on the frontier. He assisted his
father in the opening up of four farms, and
this meant incessant toil. His op[)ortunitics
for acquiring an education were, therefore,
somewhat limited. He attended the common
schools, such as they were, and later was
able to supplement this early training in the
Seabury Mission School at Faribault, and
Carleton College, at Northtield, though he
did not remain long enough in either institu
ti,)n to graduate. He left the farm shortly
after reaching his twenty-first year and com
menced clerking in a store at New London.
A few months later he removed to AA'illmar.
and after a year's service as a clerk, opened
a butcher shop. This he soon disposed of,
however, and began the study of law in the
office of Samuel Dunham, at Willmar. Short-
ly afterwards he was appointed deputy regis-
ter of deeds for Kandiyohi county, and held
this office for a year and a half, when he was
elected register of deeds and seiwed one
term in that office. He was clerk of the court
for two terms, and was then appointed de])u-
ty collector of internal revenue by the late
William Bickel. March 1, 18S4, he was ap-
pointed assistant secretary of state and com-
missioner of statistics under Secretary of
State Baumbach, and' held this position un-
til October 1, 1886. The following year he
moved to Cokato, and shortly afterwards
was admitted to the bar, returning to Will-
mar to begin the practice of law. In 1801 he
was elected county attorney of Kandiyohi
county, served two terms, and was then elect-
ed probate judge, which office he now holds.
Judge Nordin has achieved distinction solely
on merit, and as a reward for public service
faithfully performed. He is highly esteemed
by all who know him, not only for his emi-
nent legal ability, but for his admirable per-
sonal qualities as w^ell. He is a staunch Re-
publican and has stumped the state in sev-
eral campaigns. He is a member of the K.
of P., A. O. U. W., M. W. A., Degree of Hon-
or, Royal Neighbors, and Territorial I'io
neers. He is a Protestant Episcopalian, and
is junior warden, la}' reader and superin-
endent of the Sunday school iu St.»Luke's
church, at Willmar. June 7, 1875, he was
nuirried to Anna T. Anderson; six children
were born, only one of whom is now living —
Agues E.
HANSON, Peter E.— That the great
Northwest is a "land of promise" to those
who have the right qualities, or, as the com-
mon saying is, have the right stuff' in them,
is well illustrated in the career of Mr. I'eter
E. Hanson, the well known president of the
ilceker County Bank. Born at X'oldsjo,
Sweden, in 1845, he came to Minnesota and
settled in Swede Grove Township, Meeker
county, in 1857. His father, Hans Peterson,
was a farmer, who thoroughly understood
his business, for he prospered and accumu-
lated a large estate. His son, Peter E., was
brought up as a farmer's boy, receiving sim-
ply a coniuKui school education, but early
develojjed a superior business capacity. He
began to deal in real estate, and in 1879 he
opened an office in Lifchficld, the county
seat of Meeker coimiIv. wlieir, hv his nn-
HISTORY OP TUE GREAT NORTHWEST.
PETER E. HANSON.
(jiiestioned integrity and fair dealing, he built
up a lai'ge business, securing the largest cli-
entele in the city and disposing of a very
large amount of land. To this business he
added that of banking, and in 1891 was made
president of the Meeker County Bank, a po-
sition which he yet holds, and where his
high character for uprightness, sound judg-
ment and uswerving probity is a tower of
strength to the institution.
As a young man — too young to enlist —
Mr. Hanson took part in the Indian war of
1802. He helped to guard the homes and
to defend the fort at Forest City, Minn. He
had the reputation of being the best shot in
the country and took part in two battles.
He has always been a patriotic, public-spirited
citizen, taking an active interest in public
affairs, sei'ving as a member of the town
board and as chaimian of the county board.
He was elected also to the state senate, where
his solid qualities found due recognition.
His able services as senator undoubtedly pre-
pared the way for higher honors which await
him at the hands of the Republican party,
of which he has always been an active mem-
ber, supporting its measures and nomina-
tions with ardent zeal. In one of the larg-
est state conventions ever held in the state,
Mr. Hanson was nominated by the Repub-
lican party in 1!)0(), for the high office of
secretary of state over several very able com-
jietitors, and was duly elected at the polls in
November by a handsome majority. This
was an honor of which any man ought justly
to feel proud, for it is a distinction which
only few can hope to attain in a great com-
monwealth, and it is the more notable, in
this instance, that it conies to a farmer boy
while still comparatively young.
]Mr. Hanson was married in 18G7 to Ra-
chel N. Halverson, and is the happy father
of four children — Xellie O., Harry A., Jennie
F., and May L. Hanson, a joy to their par-
ents and full of promise to the state.
MERRIAM, William Rush.— The North-
west has a distinguished representative in
the employ of the federal government at
Washington in the person of William Rush
Merriam, director of the census. Mr. Mer-
riam is a resident! of the state of Minnesota,
and for two teniis filled the office of chief
executive of that state with conspicuous
ability. In recognition of his eminent serv-
ices to the Republican party he was awarded
the appointment at the head of the census
bureau. The marked executive talent he has
exhibited in that office has won for him
many encomiums. Governor Merriam conies
from good old colonial stock. His paternal
ancestors came to this country from England
in the early part of the seventeenth century
and settled at Concord, Mass. William
Merriam, his grandfather, was born at Bed-
ford, Mass., in 1750, and served as a private
in Captain Jonathan Wilson's company of
minute men in that town. He participated
in the fight at Concord Bridge, April 19,
1775, and in the pursuit of the British forces
on their retreat from Concord to Charleston.
Two years later he served as chainnan of the
board of selectmen of Bedford and rendered
important service in procuring enlistments
to the American army. His son, Hon. John
L. Merriam, the father of our subject, was for
many years engaged as a merohant at W^ad-
liam's Mills, Essex county, N. Y. It was
HISTORY UF TIIIO GREAT NORTHWEST.
Lei-e tliat ^^■illiiUll Hush Moiriam was boru,
July 2(j, 1841). His mother was of Frencli
descent, her maiden name being Maliahi De-
lano. In 1861 the family came west and
settled at St. I'aul, Minn., John L. Merriam
engaging in the stage and transfjortation
business, in partnership with J. C. Burbank.
Their business became quite an extensive
one, as those were days before railroads had
made their entry into the North Star state.
Mr. Merriam also became identified with a
number of other entei^jrises, and taking an
active interest in politics was elected a mem-
ber of the state legislature, and served as
speaker of the lower house in 1870 and 1871.
William Rush Merriam was of a naturally
studious disposition and took a keen interest
in his studies. When fifteen years of age he
entered the Racine Academy, at Racine,
Wis., and, having graduated from this pre-
paratory school, entered Racine College,
where he acquitted himself with honors, be-
ing chosen valedictorian of his class at com-
mencement. He returned to his home in St.
I'aul after graduation and secured a position
as a clerk in the First National Bank. He
devoted himself diligently to the work in
hand, developing an unusual order of busi-
ness ability, and when only twenty-three
years of age was elected cashier of the Mer-
chants' National Bank. Seven years later,
in 1880, he was chosen vice president, and in
1884: made president of the bank. Aside
from his business interests, Mr. Merriam
early took an intei*est in public affairs and
became an active worker for the Republican
party in every campaign. In 1882 he was
chosen to represent his district in the lower
house of the legislature, at once assuming a
conspicuous place in that body. He was
again elected in 1880, and was chosen speak-
er, serving in the same position occupied by
his father sixteen years before. He made an
admirable presiding officer, winning the re-
spect and esteem of the members for his fair
and impartial rulings, and the geniality of
his manner. The same year he was chosen
vice-president of the State Agricultural so-
ciety, and a year later was made president
of that organization, and contributed in no
small measure to the s\iccess of the state
WILLIAAl K. All':i;i!l.\.\l.
fair held under its auspices during those
years. In 1888 Mr. Merriam received the
nomination for governor on the Repwblican
ticket, against Hon. Eugene M. Wilson, of
.Minneapolis, the Democratic nominee, and
was (fleeted. He was honored with a re-
uoniination in 18t)0, and was again elected
(o the gubernatorial chair. He made an ex-
ceptionally good record in that oflice, his ad-
ministration being marked for the practical
business methods adopted in the conduct of
state affairs. At the close of his term of
ottice in January, 18ii3, Mr. Merriam re-
sumi'd active charge of the various banking
interests with which he was connected. He
was always an earnest student of public af-
fairs, and became recognized as au au-
thority on financial questions in the memor-
able campaign of 18U0. He contributed nu-
merous articles on the subject of national
finances to leading financial papers of the
country, which had considerable iutiueuce
in shaping opinion in favor of sound finance.
In Alarch, 181)0, he was chosen by the Repub-
lican state convention one of the delegates
from Minnesota to the national convention,
lie was appointed director of the census of
HISTORY OF TUE GREAT NORTHWEST.
1900 bj Pi-esideut McKiuley, and tlie wis-
dom of the selection lias been endorsed
everywhere by the splendid record he has
made in that office. His remarkable execu-
tive talent and skill in orji;anization and in
readily handling- and dispatching the im-
mense amount of business in that office with
accuracy and lightning speed, has stamped
him as one of the most efficient census di-
rectors the country ever had. There is little
doubt entertained but that the complete re-
turns of the 1900 census will be compiled
and published long in advance of the time
that has generally been alloted to this
work. One other commendatory feature of
his superintendence of the census bureau is
the fact that practically little complaint is
heard as to the accuracy of the count made.
Governor Merriam is a member of the Uni-
versity club of New York, the Metropolitan
club at Washington, and the Minnesota club
at St. Paul. He was one of the first presi-
dents of the Minnesota Boat club. He also
served for three years as treasurer of the
St. Paul Board of Education. He is a mem-
ber of St. Paul's Episcopal church of St.
Paul. In 1872 he was married to Laura
Hancock, a daughter of John Hancock, and
a niece of the late Gen. Winfleld Scott Han-
cock. Mrs. Merriam is a lady of rare ac-
complishments and gracious manners. The
future holds out brilliant prospects for her
distinguished husband. He has not yet
reached the high water mark of success.
His many warm friends in the Northwest
wish him greater honors than those he has
already received.
EDWARDS, Alanson William.— Colonel
Cadle, adjutant-general of the Seventeenth
Corps, commanded by the brave, popular and
genial General Prank Blair, in the following
letter to "The Forum,"" has some words for
an old comrade and explains how he comes
to write:
"Society of the Army of the Tennessee,
Recording Secretary's Office, P. O. Box 35,
Cincinnati, Ohio, March 31, 1898.— To 'The
Forum': The Society of the Army of the
Tennessee desires to keep in its records mem-
oranda showing the services of its members.
Some time ago I wrote Major Edwards and
asked him to send me a sketch that would
enable us, when he died, to print his obituai"}'.
He sent me a \ery brief statement, but, know-
ing as much or more of his record than he
modestly stated to me, I have written the
enclosed, and if you think it worth while it
might be printed, because it shows a great
deal of his experience in the Army of the
Tennessee in the war of the Rebellion.
"He was certainly a gallant soldier in our
army, and credit should be given to living
men as well as dead. Therefore I send this
to you with the hope that it may be used,
and that, as an obituary of our society, it
may be long before it will be required. Ma-
jor Edwards does not know of this communi-
cation. Yours very truly,
■•CORNELIUS OADLE."
"Major Alanson William Edwards was
born in Lorain county, Ohio, August 27, 1840.
His father removed to Macoupin county. 111.,
in 1848. Major Edwards attended the coun-
ty schools and was afterward, in 1856-57, a
student at McKendree College, Illinois. He
was a railroad express agent and telegi-aph
operator at Gillespie, 111., when the war
broke out.
"He enlisted at once for the tliree months'
service, but the quota of Illinois was then
tilled, as was the first call for three years
Aolunteers. He enlisted and was mustered
in as a private of Company I, One hundred
and twentj'-second Illinois Infantry, at Camp
■ Palmer, Carlinville, 111., August 4, 1802. He
served in the Western ai-my, beginning at
Columbus, Ky. He was a clerk in the office
of the adjutant-general, district of Jackson
war department. General Grenville M.
Dodge, of Corinth, Miss.
"In April, 1863, by authority from the
war department. General Grenville M.
Dodge, at Corinth, Miss., organized the first
Alabama Union ( "avalry from loyal refugees,
driven from their homes in the mountains in
North Alabama by Confederate conscripting
(ifficers. Major Edwards was appointed
first lieutenant and adjutant, with George
E. Spencer as colonel, and was afterward
promoted to captain L troop of this regiment.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
"He served with General Van Derveei
as actino- assistant adjutant-general, district
of Rome and of Marieeta. Oa. and was near
Kenesaw mountain with General Sherman
when Sherman sip;nalled Corse at AUatoona
to 'hold the fort.' at the same time that Gap-
tain Flint, of Gomjiany E, First Alabama
Garali-y, was aide to General Corse, and
wrote at Corse's dictation the answer about
iosiu}!- liis cheek, but was able to whip all
hell yet.'
''Major Edwards commanded Company ^I
of his regiment on the'JIarcli to the Sea,' and
in the <'lose ajij)roach to Savannah he rode
with the First Alabama Cavalry over the
torpedoes planted in the road Ity the enemy.
Lieutenant F. W. Tupper, his successor and
adjutant of the regiment, having his leg
blown off, and many of the regiment being
severely wounded.
"Colonel Cornelius Cadle, the adjutant-
general of the Seventeentll Army Corps, be-
ing at that moment in advance with the First
Alabama Cavalry, directed the provost mar-
shal of the corps. Major John C. Marvin, to
bring to the front all the jn-isonerS of war,
and they, upon their hands and knees, dug
into the ground and took out the toi-jiedoes —
the unexploded ones — that several of these
prisoners had assisted in planting a few
days before. It hap])ened that the Confede-
rate sergeant who had supervision of the
placing of these torpedoes was one of the
prisoners, and he readily found them and
carefully aided in clearing our way to Sa-
vannah, the city that was a Christmas pres-
ent from Sherman to our president. Lincoln.
"At Savannah ISlajor Edwards was de-
tached from his regiment by order of General
Sherman, and assigned to duly as acting
assistant adjutant-general. Fourth Division,
Fifteenth Army Cori)s. and served with Gen-
eral Corse, the division commander, until
after the grand i-eview of the armies at
Washington, May 1'4 and 2.5, ISG.j, and was
mustei-ed out July 11, 1S(;.5. He was l)revet-
ed major March i:?. ISG.j, for 'gallant and
meritorious .service in the field.'
"Major Edwards was j)reseut al the meet-
ing of the officers of the Armv of the Ten-
ALAXSOX W. EnWAKDS.
nessee. called to organize our society, at Ka-
leigh, N. C, April 2,5, 1805.
"The first post of the Grand Army of the
Republic was organized by Dr. B. F. flfeven-
son, at Decatur, HI., and several members
were sent over the state to institute other
jiosts. A dozen or more were mustered at
the same time. Major Edwards, after his
war service, was mustered in Post No. G, at
I?unker Hill, 111., which was one of the ear-
liest organized posts of the Grand Army of
the Republic.
"Returning to his home in lS(i."). he resus-
citated the 'Union Gazette,' at Bunker Hill,
111., a paper he published before going to the
war, and which was suspended during the
war. Ill 18(iS Major Edwards secured an in.
(erest in the Carlinville Free Democrat, a
Republican paper started by Senator John
M. Palmer in 185G.
"Major Edwards was warden of the Illi-
nois state penitentiary at Joliet in 1871-72.
After the great Chicago fire he went into
business in Chicago, and was a member of
the board of trade in 1875-78. He went to
the Black Hills in 187G. located at Fargo in
1878, as editor of the 'Fai-go Reimblican.'
He established the 'Daily Argus' in 1879.
195
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
(Tovernor G. A. Pierce, of our society, ap-
pointed Major Edwards superintendent of
Ihe semi-decennial census of Dakota Terri-
tory in 1885. Major Edwards was elected
mayor of Fargo in 1886; was a member of
the legislature 1895-96. He lost the Argus
in 1890, started the 'Daily Forum' in 1891,
purchased the 'Republican,' the first paper
he started, and consolidated the two, and it
is now issued by Edward & Plumley.
"Major Edwards was married to Eliza-
beth Robertson at Carlinville, 111., in ISTO.
They have six sons and one daughter, all liv-
ing in Fargo, N. D. The sons are Harry
Goodell, 26 years; William Robertson, 23;
Allanson Charles, 19; John Palmer, 17;
George Washington, 13; Richford Roberts,
9, and the daughter, Marie R., 24 years.
"Cincinnati, Ohio, March 31, 1898."
LIND, John. — To be elected governor of
the state of Minnesota at any time is not a
small honor; to be the first man elected to
the place in opposition to the Republican
party organization is even a more signal vic-
tory; to be chosen above and beyond partisan
lines by the discriminating judgment of his
fellow-citizens, at a time when all the other
nominees of the opposing party, save the
gubernatoi-ial, were elected by more or less
handsome majorities, is a distinction such as
has been accorded to few men in any state.
It was under such circumstances that John
Lind was inaugurated governor of Minne-
sota in January, 1899.
Governor Lind was born at Kanna, Prov-
ince of Smaiand, Sweden, March 25, 1854.
His parents were Gustav and Catherine
(Johnson) Lind. Gustav Lind, like his an-
cestors for several generations, was a farm-
er, and also filled local offices in the com
munity where he lived, being a deputy sheriff
of the borough for several years. The fam-
ily emigrated to America in 1867, when John
was thirteen years of age, and settled in
Goodhue county, Minn. Here young John,
laboring to assist in the support of the fam-
ily, lost his left hand by an accident which,
perhaps, turned the current of his career, as
now, illy fitted to compete with his fellows
in the material world, he was urged to more
assiduity in the pursuit of his studies. He
s])ent as much of his time at school as pos-
sible, and at sixteen he was gi-anted a cer-
tificate entitling him to teach in the public
schools. He taught one year in Sibley
county, but not being satisfied with the com-
pensation in a new country at that time, be,
in 1873, took up his residence in New Ulm,
where he has since resided, respected and
honored among men. By the dint of hard
study, industry and strict economy, he was
able to attend the State I'niversity in 1875
and 1876, having in mind then the jn-actice
of the law. Utilizing all his opportunities
for private study and privileged as he was
to work in the office of a Kew I^lm practi-
tioner, he was admitted to the bar immedi-
ately upon leaving the university at the age
of twenty-one. In 1877 he began the prac-
tice of law, and, taking an active interest in
public life, was chosen superintendent of
schools of Brown county. This position he
held for two years, declining a renomination
in order that he might devote himself entire-
ly to the profession upon the adoption of
which he had now fully detennined, namely,
the law. In 1881, under the administration
of Garfield and Arthur, he was made re-
ceiver of the land office at Tracy, Lyon coun-
ty, which position he held until the election
of Grover Cleveland, still being able, how-
ever, to care for his private practice at New
Ulm. The country was filling up rapidly
and the work of the courts incidentally in-
creased. Mr. Lind's natural talent and dili-
gence made him a name more than local, and
his i)rosecution of several suits, notably
those against railroad companies, won him
not a little renown. He was also active in
the councils of the Republican party, and in
1886 he was nominated to represent the Sec-
ond district in the federal congress. The
Second district then comprised twenty coun-
ties — practically all of Southwestern Minne-
sota. That was a hard fought campaign.
Dr. A. A. Ames, of Minneapolis, coming
within a very small margin of defeating A.
R. McGill for governor, but Mr. Lind was
elected by a splendid jtlurality. Two years
later he was renominated and again elected,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
his adversary this time being Colonel Morton
S. Wilkinson, a veteran leader, who had been
one of Minnesota's three representatives in
the federal house from 18G9 to 1871, and
United States senator during the War. He
took an active interest in the affaii's of the
Indians and secured the passage of a bill
establishing seven Indian schools in various
jiarts of the country, one of them being lo-
cated at Pipestone, in this state. Another
sphere of work of local importance was the
pushing of some old claims for the depreda-
tions of the Indians during the outbreak of
1862. He secured the payment of many of
these for the people of the Second district,
who had suffered during that uprising. One
of the greatest economies which he secured
to the people of the state, however, was the
passage of the bill for the reorganization of
the federal courts of the District of Minne-
sota, which is commonly known to this day
as the "Lind Bill." I'revious to its passage
all sessions of the United States courts in
this state had been held at St. Paul, entail-
ing long sitting-s, delays in trials and long
journeys, increasing the cost to litigants \\\-
ing remote from the capital. Mr. Lind's
bill provided for terms as now held at Min-
neapolis, JIankato, Winona and Fergus
Falls, as well as in St. Paul. Mr. Lind was
a strenuous fighter for the integrity and en-
forcement of the Interstate Commerce Act in
its efforts to prevent discriminations in favor
of persons or places. He had added to it
amendments which made it possible for the
commission to procure evidence more effi-
ciently, and also made several battles in the
courts to secure for the millers in the smaller
centers of the state rates more fair when com-
jiared with the millers of Minneapolis, who
had been granted ccT-tain special privileges.
Mr. Lind was also instrumental in securing
a great reform. in railroad management and
equipment, which ia saving human lif(> and
limb hourly. That is, the automatic coupler
and jiower-brake bill, so called, which was
l)assed, and directed all railroads to provide
their cars with automatic couiders of uni-
form type, and to have at least a certain
number of cars of each train equipjjed with
ail', or rather power, brakes, so as to obviate
JOHN LIND.
the use of hand brakes, which were very dan-
gerous in icy or sleety weather. Tliisbill
was opposed by a strong and insistent lobby,
led by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company,
but after a hard contest the lobby was beaten
and Mr. Lind's bill became a law. Another
bill of commercial value to the Northwest
niad(- Minneapolis a port of entry. Mr. Lind
was a conceded authority in the House on
the subjects concerned with public lands —
Congressman Payson, of Illinois, being the
only man on the floor considered his peer in
this special branch of so much importance
to the West. In the contest over the tariff
Mr. Lind was a hard fighter, and showed his
indejiendence by declining to be bound by
the declarations of the Republican caucus.
He fought the tariff on lumber because, as
he said, it committed the nation to the idiocy
of destroying its own forests rather than
those of other people. He fought for free
sugar, for free materials for making liindiiig
twine and for free twine. In IX'M) Mr. Lind
was elected a thii-d time, defeating General
James H. Baker, of C.arden City. In 1802
he declined to become a candidate again, for
])ei'Sonal reasons, and the ]irescnt congress-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
man, James T. Mt-Cleary, then professor of
political economy in the State Normal School
at Mankato, was nominated and elected to
succeed Mr. Lind. The i)latform adopted at
Mankato accorded the retiring conf;ressman
this (ompliment: "We recognize in Hon.
John Lind, our present member of congress.
an able and efficient representative, and trust
that his voluntary retirement from the field
of active legislative duty will be only tem-
porary." In 1803 Governor Nelson appoint-
ed Mr. Lind, who had returned to the prac-
tice of law at New LTlm, a regent of the T'ni-
vei-sity of Minnesota. Mr. Lind was an early
recruit to the financial policy espoused by
Senator Teller and other Silver Eepublicans.
In 189C the Democratic and People's party
nominated him for governor, and he made a
sjjlendid run, David M. Clough defeating him
by only a small majority of about three thou-
sand votes. In the spring of 1898, when
President McKinley called for volunteers to
defend the national honor and avenge the
destruction of the Maine, John Lind, at the
sacrifice of his law practice, tendered his
services to Governor Clough in any capacity
in which he might be available. Governor
Clough, at the request of Colonel Bobleter,
in command of the Twelfth Minnesota, made
Mr. liind regimental quartermaster with the
rank of first lieutenant. His record as quar-
termaster was attested by Lis popularity
with the regiment, which had a chance at
Chattanooga to compare with other stand-
ards the efficiency of Mr. Lind's arduous la-
bors in keeping the men well equipjied and
well provisioned. It M'as while the Twelfth
Kegiment was encamped at Camp Thomas,
Chickamauga National Park, that the Demo-
cratic, People's and Silver Republican par
ties, in state convention, unanimously nomi-
nated Mr. Lind for governor. It was his
desire, after the defeat of 1800, not to again
enter the field of politics, but so unanimous
was the call, and so insistent were the friends
who had sui)ported him so warmly in previ-
ous campaigns, that Mr. Lind at last put
aside his desire for political retirement and
consented to make the race, subject to the
necessary limitations of his military service.
With the surrender of Santiago and the sub-
sequent return of the Minnesota troops from
the South, Mr. Lind was enabled to make
two short series of speeches in a few of the
citit^ and towns of the state. There has
rarely been such a series of popular demon-
strations of personal admiration and sym-
]iatliy. These tours, brief as they were, were
splendid auguries of the magnificent vote
which the men of Minnesota gave him on
election day. This is the public and politi-
cal career, epitomized, of the man who has
fought his way, despite rebuffs and tempo-
rary revei-ses, to attain success at last and
a full realization of the fact that "he cannot
appreciate victory who has not suffered de-
feat." Governor Lind's energies have not
been spent alone in politics and public af-
fairs. He has had a lucrative practice at the
bar and has not sacrificed it in the public
service. New Ulm is the center of a thriv-
ing farming community, prettily situated in
the picturesque valley of the Minnesota, and
is such a town as might well be selected for*
ihe home of a man of Governor Lind's char-
acter, earnest, faithful and unaffected. Gov-
ernor Lind has been identified with some of
the best institutions of New Ulm. He has
served as director in the Brown County
Bank, and was one of the committee of five
New I'lni men who had charge of the con-
struction of the Minneapolis, New I'lni &
Southwestern railroad and other enterprises
that have materially benefited his home
town.
Governor Lind was married in 1879 to
Jliss Alice A. Shepard, the daughter of a
then prominent citizen of Blue Earth county,
since removed to California. He, Kichard
Shepard, was a soldier of the Union army in
the Civil War. His father also fought for
the young republic in the War of 1812, while
his grandfather was a soldier in the Revolu-
tionary War.
To Governor and Mrs. Lind have been
born four children, Norman, Jenny, Winni-
fred and John Shepard. The first named is
now a student at the State Uuivei-sity, and
with four generations of soldiers before him,
might be looked for to enter a military career
rather than that of politics, in which his fa-
ther has attained his greatest fame.
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
CRITCHETT, Eruest Thomas, superin-
tendent of public scliools, Kew Ulni, Minn.,
comes fi'om old New England stock. On
both sides of the house he is descended fioui
the early settlers of Massachusetts and New
Hampshiie; his paternal ancestors, for many
f>enerations, having lived on the shores of
Massachusetts Bay, settling there in 1630.
He was born July 30, 1803, at Concord, N.
H., the son of M. B. Critchett, a merchant of
that city from 185G to 1883, and Emily J.
(Yeaton) Critchett. He attended the public
schools of hs native place and graduated from
the Concord high school. He then entered
Dartmouth College, at Hanover, N. H., grad-
uating from this institution in 1885, with the
degree of A. B. Three years later he was
honored with the degree of A. M. by his
alma mater. While at Dartmouth he was a
member of Kappa Kappa Kappa fraternity,
and at graduation became a member of Phi
Beta Kappa. Immediately after graduating
he came west and located at Mankato, Minn.,
where he began teaching as the principal of
the Pleasant Grove grammar school in that
city. Later, he was appointed principal of
the Mankato high school and held this posi-
tion for two years. In 188U he was offered
the position of principal of the Duluth high
school, which he accejjted, and was at the
head of this institution for four years, during
which time a new high school, one of the
finest in the country, was erected. He was
appointed to his present position in 18i)4.
The enrollment of the New Ulm city schools
has increased more than one-third in that
time, and one of the best high school build-
ings in the state has been built. Mr. Critch-
ett is an earnest student of educational mat-
ters and his administration has been efficient
in every respect. He has aimed to introduce
the most advanced methods into the school
work and has brought the New Ulm schools
up to a high standard of excellence. He is
an active member of the National Education-
al association, and for the past fifteen years
has been a member of the Minnesota Educa-
tional association. In politics, Mr. Critchett
is a Republican, but has never taken an ac-
tive part in political affairs, or held office.
He is a member of Charitv Lodge, A. F. &
ERNEST T. CUrrCIIETT.
A. il., of New Ulm; of New Ulm Chapter,
R. A. M., and of DeMolay Commandery, K.
T., of New Ulm. He is active in church work,
is a member of the First Congregational
church of New Ulm, a member and secretary
of the board of trustees, and superintendent
of the Sunday school. June 15, 1887, he was
married, in Minneapolis, to Helen M. Crook-
er, whose father was one of the old residents
of Minnesota, having settled in Owatonna in
1857. Two children have been born to them,
Francis Eruest, in 1888, and Edward Fowler,
in 1892.
JONES, David Newton., is a native of
Ohio. He was born at Gomer, in that state,
September 1, 1850. His father was Maurice
F. Jones, the son of Richard Jones. His
mother's maiden name was Mary Evans. His
early education was obtained in the public
schools of Gomer, and at the high school of
Lima, Ohio. He then entered the Northwest-
ei'u Ohio Normal School at Ada, until he
was pre[)ared to teach school. He then
taught for three years at Veuedocia. Jones-
town, and Gomer, his native town. He was
now twentv-one vears old, and chose for his
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
AVID N. JOXES.
life work Iht- piofessiou of medicine. He be-
gan his study uuder the direction of Profess-
or W. A. Yohn, M. D., and attended the med-
ical department of the jS'orthern Indiana
Normal School at Valparaiso for two and a
half years. In 187'J-S0 he took a course of
lectures at the Medical College of Ohio, Cin-
cinnati, and another at the Kentucky School
of Medicine, Louisville, Ky., and one at the
Kush Medical College, Chicago, 1880-81. Ee-
turniug later, he graduated from this insti-
tution with the degree of M. D. He began to
practice at Lima, Ohio. After one year, he
moved to Gaylord, Minn., in August, 1882,
and established his practice there, where he
has since lived. He is the medical examiner
for the New York Life Insurance Company,
the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New
York, the Equitable Life Assurance Com-
pany of the United States, the National Life
Insurance Company, Montpelier, Vt., and
the ^tna Life Insurance Company of Hart-
ford, Conn. Dr. Jones is a member of the
Amei'ican Medical association. International
^Association of Hallway Surgeons, Minnesota
State Medical society, of which he was vice
])iesident in 1801 and 1802; Minnesota Val-
ley Medical association, Minnesota State
Koard of Medical Examiners, 1806-8; Board
of Trustees of the Minnesota State Hosjiitals
for the Insane, appointed in 1808, and still a
member, serving as president since 1800. He
has been surgeon of the Minneapolis & St.
Louis Railway since 1883. He is also secre-
tary of the United States Board of I'ension
Examining Surgeons, located at Gayloi-d.
Dr. Jones has also presented several papers
to the Minnesota State Medical society,
which were well received, having been pub-
lished in 1801, in the "Northwestern Lancet,"
as well as in the proceedings of the society.
The principal subject was"Phlegmonous Ery-
sipelas.'" The doctor devotes his attention,
however, largely to surgery But while so
active and prominent in his profession, he
does not neglect the amenities of life nor
public affairs. Politically he affiliates with
the Democratic party, in which he is promi-
nent and active, having been chairman of its
county committee for ten consecutive years,
but guards against all partizan bias in pub-
lic matters. He was a member of the board
of examiners for teachers, 1883 to 1806, and
he served as mayor of Gaylord in 1888-89.
In social matters he is likewise interested.
He is a Mason and an Odd Fellow, being the
first noble grand of his lodge, in 1888. He
has passed all the chairs of the encampment
branch, and is a major of the Fourth Battal-
ion, Division of the Lakes. He is also a mem-
ber of the Modern Woodmen of America.
July 18, 1882, he was married to Miss Mary
Foley, of Lima, Ohio. They have one daugh-
ter, Florence, bom November 5, 1886 .
WHITE, Frank T., county attorney of
Sherburne countj', Minn., is a young man
who has shown more than the usual amount
of pluck and energy required in the struggle
for success. He has worked against disad-
vantages that would have discouraged most
young men, but these obstacles only spurred
him on to renewed labors. Mr. White was
born April 0, 1866, on a farm near East Bur-
lington, Kane county. 111., and is a son of
Edgar White and Emma C. (Thurston) White.
His father, now a merchant and postmaster
at Clear Lake, was for many yeai-s a farmer,
and much of the success attained by Frank
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
T. is due to the earlj' traiiiiug secured ou the
iarm. He is a desueudaut, ou his father's
side, from good >;ew Euglaud stock, the
early members of the family beiug resideuts
of Vermont. James White, the great grami-
father, served as a (ireeu Mouutaiu Boy lu
the Coutiueutal army during the Kevolutiou,
aud held the positiou of orderly sergeant.
Mr. White came to Miunesota in 1872, with
his people, they coming overland in au emi-
grant wagon, and settled upon a farm near
Clear Lake. He led the customary life of a
farmer's boy of that period, attending school
whenever he could be spared from the farm.
He earned his hrst money by selling furs,
which he obtained by trapping, game being
plentiful near his home. He attended the
public schools at Clear Lake and also at
Clearwater, and the high school at Creston,
111. His high school course was interrupted
frequently in order to earn the money neces-
sary to pay his expenses. He taught school
for a number of years, starting iu his home
district when but seventeen years of age. He
then taught at Monticello I'rairie. Mr.
^^'hite had now decided that he would be a
lawyer and he came to Minneapolis and en-
tered a law office as clerk, and began his
studies, besides working in the law library
located in the same building. He earned his
meals by working in a restaurant dui'ing the
noon hour; he also carried papers for one of
the morning newspapers. He then taught
the village school at Clear Lake the winter
of 1888 and 1889, and early in the latter year
went to California, where he remained for a
couple of years, working at various places.
He returned to Minneapolis in 18!J1 and en-
tered the night law class at the State Univer-
sity. His course was interrupted again, how-
ever, and for the better part of a year he
taught school at Clear Lake and managed
his father's farm. In 1S93 he returned to the
university, and by taking both day aud night
lectures, was able to be graduated with the
class of 1894. Mr. White then went to his
home at Clear Lake to rest up before begin-
ning practice. He was unexpectedly nomi-
nated for the position of county attorney of
Sherburne county, his home county, and in
spite of the oppositon of the bosses in his
FK.VNK T. WHITE.
(jwn party aud the ettorts of the other cuiidi
date, was elected by the narrow margin of
seven votes. He has filled the office in so
creditable a manner that he has been re-
elected at each succeeding election. Mr.
\Vhite was married December 29, 1897, to
Miss Daly, of Elk Kiver, and has a family of
two children, Kuth Mary and Lavina Esther.
Mr. White has made his home at Elk Kiver
since his first election as county attorney,
and carries on a very successful, law, real.
estate aud insurance business, in connection
with his work as county attorney. Mr. ^^■hite
belongs to several fraternal and beneficiary
orders, including the Modei-n Woodmen of
America, the Ancient Order of United \\'ork-
men, the Odd Fellows, the Maccabees and
the Elks.
DOBBIN, James.— The Shattuck School
at Faribault, Minn., is one of the great suc-
cesses of the iS'orthwest in the educational
field. Beginning in 18(J5, with neither money
nor buildings, it has trained more than 2,000
boys, from nearly all parts of the Union — the
attendants for the year 1900 representing
Iwentv-four states. It now has fine build-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JAMES DOBBIN.
iiig.s and a propei-ty worth uearly a half mil-
lion dollars, including a scholarship endow-
ment of more than one hundred thousand
dollars, all in the custody of a strong cor-
poration which gives a sense of permanence
and of a faithful administration of the whole
establishment. This remarkable achieve-
ment is lai-gely the work of James Dobbin,
D. D., rector of the school, who has had en-
tire charge and responsiblity for the care,
maintenance and growth of the institution
since 1SG7 — ^more than a generation. He was
born at Salem, jS'. Y., June 29, 1833. His
father, Josej^h Dobbin, w'as a farmer in mod-
erate circumstances, who came from the
north of Ireland when a lad, at the begin-
ning of the last century. The Dobbins are
of Huguenot extraction, which is shown by
historical records I'eaching back to William
the Conqueror, with whom Peter Dobbin,
afterwards high sheriff of Dublin, came to
England. James Dobbin began his educa-
tion in the common country school. When
seventeen years old he entered the Washing-
ton Academy at Salem for a few mouths,
walking daily to and from home, each way,
three and a half miles. Here he was instilled
with the desire for a college course, and was
jirepared there and at tlie academy in Argyle.
He entered the Union <"ollege, and gradu-ated
in the class of 18i5n, with a standing among
the ten highest in a class numbering eighty-
three. AMiile in college he was a member of
the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and for
his scholarship he was made an honorary
member of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity.
He was principal of the Argyle Academy for
two years before entering college, and after
he graduated, served two years as the prin-
cipal of the Greenwich Academy, both in the
state of Xew York. In 1864 he took up theo-
logical studies for orders in the Episcopal
church, and was ordained on Trinity Sunday,
1807. He had, however, been appointed, in
April preceding, rector of the Shattuck
School, then in its infancy, and wholly with-
out means for its future growth. While thus
empty-handed and without buildings, the
school has been self-supporting from the first,
has contributed a large amount from its earn-
ing-s toward its imin'ovements and equip-
ments, and has become one of the foremost
and largest schools of its Idnd in the country.
The result of his work, his ability, sagacity,
and management will be proclaimed to fu-
ture generations more effectively by the Shat-
tuck School than could words however elo-
quent proclaim his merit. He first came to
Faribault in 1859, remaining one year. He
returned in 1801, and has resided there ever
since. In 1801 he was married to Fannie I.
Leigh, of Argyle, N. Y., who died in 1865,
leaving one daughter, Jessie Leigh, now the
wife of G. Carl Davis, of Red Wing. In 1874
Mr. Dobbin was married to Elizabeth L.
Ames, of Niles, Mich. They have two sons,
John Edgar and Edward Savage Dobbin.
HEINTZEMAN, Christian Carl, is one of
the leading teachers of music in Minneapolis,
Minn. He is a native of Gennany. His
father, Heinrich Heintzeman, was for fifty-
lour years a teacher in the Kormal school of
Bad Wildungen, a summer resort in the prin-
cipality of Waldeck. He held the position of
"Cantor," musical director of the school, and
was the organist of the Lutheran church of
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTinA'EST.
(hat place for fifty years. In recognition of
his \(mg and faithful service he was deco-
rated by the prince with the gold medal of
merit. He then retired, and is still living at
the ripe old age of eighty years, in the enjoy-
ment of his pension. He was a very con-
scientious teacher, and a strict disciplinarian,
and it was under his guidance that the sub-
ject of this sketch began the study of the
pianoforte, organ and harmony. Afterward,
he studied with Karl Stracke, then with
Tewes, and later under Kuehne, all noted in-
structors. After coming to America, Pro-
fessor Ileiutzeman began to study instru-
mentation, and, to thoroughly equij) himself
as a composer and teacher, he worked hard
learning to understand the whole string fam-
ily of instruments, as well as those of brass
and wood. This developed an especial liking
for the military band, henceforth much of
his time has been devoted to that particular
line of work. After playing for a consider-
able time with flrst-class eastern organiza-
tions, his services as a teacher became so
much in demand that Professor Heintzeman
abandoned his jirofessonal playing and has
since devoted all his time to the teaching of
bands and orchestras, although not neglect-
ing his earliest choice, the i)iano, having con-
stantly a large class of piano pupils. Profess-
or Heintzeman came to Minnesota from
I'rovidence, E. I., in September, 1887. He
enjoys the reputation of being one of the
best band instructors in the United States.
This has been borne out by his services in con-
nection with The Minneapolis Journal News-
boys' Band, one of the most unique musical
organizations in the country. It is a full mili-
tary band of fifty pieces, and is composed of
genuine newsboys, every one of whom was
taken from the streets when the band was
organized. Professor Heintzeman was en-
gaged as the instructor of the boys in 1807,
and the band made its first public api)ear-
ance on Memorial Day the following year.
Since then it has been in great demand for all
sorts of public engagements. It has played
over sixty engagements, including concerts
at the Lyceum Theater and T'entury Hall,
music for baseball and football games, place
of honor in Memorial and Labor Day parades,
CI1KI8TIAN C. HIOIXTZEMAN.
and the iKinic-roiiiing of the Thirteenth Min-
nesota Volunteers, in Minneapolis, besides
numerous concert engagements throughout
the Northwest at street fairs and (^unty
fairs, also at the Minnesota State Fair. Early
in 1!(()0 the band played a concert tour
through Southern Minnesota, meeting with
great success. It has a large repertoire, and
after their long practice together the boys
can jilay the most difficult music with the
confidence of old-time musicians. Iii 1879,
Professor Heintzeman was married to Miss
Matti(» Pheljis, at Bridgewater, Mass. No
children \\er<' born. ilrs. Heintzeman died
in l.S!)2.
ALLEN. William Duncan, one of (he
most prominent and successful business men
of Faigo, N. D., was born at Fpper Darby,
Delaware county. Pa., August 1, 1858. His
father, -Jose])h Allen, was a fanner of Irish
extraction. His mother's maiden name was
Mary Duncan. Slie was of Scotch descent.
Her Scotch father was a sea ca])tain. Will-
iam recei\-ed his early education in tlie dis-
li-ict schools of liie counliy. and Iheii tooli a
coiii-seat l]ie K|iisco]ial .\cadeniy, a scliool of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
WILLIAM D. ALLEN.
liigli grade in Philadelijliia. He then took a
business course, graduating at the Philadel-
phia Business College. Thus equipped with
a good practical education, he learned the
plumber's trade in I'hiladeljjhia, and came to
what was then Dakota Territory, now North
Dakota, settling at Fargo, in May, 1882, where
he established himself in business on his own
account, and yet carries it on. By his su-
perior skill and upright dealing he has made
it one of the leading and most successful
business enterprises iu the state. He has
also been an active and prominent man in
public affairs, as well as in business circles.
He has been a member of the cit^- council for
three tenus, and in 1900 was elected presi-
dent of the council. He is now acting mayor
of the city. In 1S!)8 he was elected to repre-
sent his district and citj' in the lower branch
of the legislature. He has always filled every
position to which he has been elected with
credit to himself, and to the advantage and
honor of his constituents. In church rela-
tions he is an Episcopalian, being thus loyal
to the traditions of his people and to his
early training. His interest in social life and
fraternity mattei-s are shown by his standing
in Masonic circles. He has received all the
degrees of the Masonic order up to the Thir-
ty-third degree. He was married March 12,
1SS4, to Annie C. Jones. They have three
children: Martha R. Allen, 15 yeai-s of age;
Harry C. Allen, 11 years of age, and Eliza-
beth ('. Allen, 8 years of age. Mr. Allen is
niic of those solid men who make no preten-
tions. His ])ractical sense, sound judgment
.uid iiiitlinching integrity have won the confi-
(li'iuc of all who know him. His election as
jiresident of the city council shows the esti-
mate in which he is held by his associates.
He is a kind and indulgent father, and good
neighbor, and a successful, public-spirited
citizen.
LUtiGER, Otto, professor of entomology
at the I'niversity of Minnesota, and State
Entomologist, is a native of Germany, and
was born in Hagen, Westphalia, September
1.J, 1S14. His ancestors on both sides of the
house were mostly officers in the Prussian
army, and members of old Prussian families
whose records are traced back to the four-
teenth century. His father, Fritz Lugger von
Hagen, was a professor of chemistry, an orig-
inal investigator in that and allied sciences,
and a man of great prominence in scientific
and educational circles. His mother's maid-
en name was Lina von Fischer. He was edu-
cated at the Gymnasium at Hagen, and later
at the universiities at Munster. Bonn and Ber-
lin. He then joined a cavalry regiment sta-
tioned at Munster, and was commissioned a
lieutenant in 1804. He left the army shortly
after to enter the Polytechnicum at Berlin,
and later at Heidelberg. In 1805 he came to
the United States, and almost immediately
entered the United States engineer sei-vice
in the lake survey at Detroit, Mich. He re-
mained in that service for three jeara, when
he became assistant to Prof. C. V. Riley,
state entomologist of Missouri. He held this
position until 1875, when he was appointed
curator of the Maryland Academy of Science
at Baltimore. Shortly afterwards he entered
the Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore,
at the same time serving as naturalist of the
public parks in that city. Later he went to
Washington and spent three years in the di-
OTTO LI-GGICU,
$05
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
vision of entomology of the Department of
Afiricultiire. He was appointed professor of
entomology and botany at the Minnesota Ex-
periment Station, at St. Anthony Park, in
1880. Professor Lugger is a high authority
on the subject of entomology, particularly
with reference to the Northwest. He is a
noted experimenter, and his discoveries have
been of the greatest value to the agricultur-
ist. He has also written a large number of
books and bulletins which are of great im-
portance to the farmer and fruit grower. He
was appointed state entomologist in 1800.
February 5, 1850, he was married to Lena
Eosewald, a native of Iserlohn, Westphalia,
Germany. To them have been born two chil-
dren : Linnea and Humboldt.
ELLIOTT, Charles B.— Fearless and cour-
ageous in the discharge of his duties, Charles
B. Elliott has made a record on the district
bench of Hennepin county which has won for
him the respect of every right-thinking citi-
zen of Minneapolis. He is a man of strict
fidelity to principle, of calm temperament,
and clear and impartial judgTuent. His just
administration of the law has made him
feared by those who would seek to pervert
it to their own base purposes, and has given
him the complete confidence of that element
of the community which stands for what is
best in society. Judge Elliott is a product
of the farm, from which have sprung the
men who have been the most prominent in
the history of these United States. His
father was an Ohio farmer, who spent the
larger share of his life scratching a poor liv-
ing out of even a poorer farm. It needed but
the stimulus of an ambitious temperament
to make the young farmer boy break away
from his environment and seek in the world
beyond the reward awaiting patient and per-
severing effort. Charles was born in Morgan
county, Ohio, .January 0, 1801. He is the son
of Edward and Anjaline (Kinseyi Elliott.
The Elliott family came to Ohio shortly after
the Eevolutionary War, and were among the
early settlers of Morgan county. The father
of Charles" mother was also an early pioneer
in Ohio. The ancestors of these two families
emigrated to this country from England in
the early days and settled in New England.
The common schools of southeastern Ohio, in
which the subject of this sketch received his
early education, were just one step removed
from the old log school house. But they
were good schools of their type, and the
sturdy and ambitious country lads who at-
tended them were duly impressed with the
idea that they should get in training for the
presidency. At the early age of sixteen
Charles had sufficiently qualified him.self to
begin teaching. He spent all his spare time
in hard study and in a short time was able
to enter the preparatory department of Mari-
etta College. Being compelled to work his
own way, he was only able to attend inter-
mittently. He taught country schools in the
winter, worked on the farm in the summer,
and while in college taught night school and
did janitor work. In fact the young student
worked so hard that he temy>orarily ruined
his health. His father having moved to Iowa,
Charles followed him and entered the Iowa
State University, graduating from the law
department in June. 1881, with the degree of
L.T-. B. The following winter was spent in
the law office of Brannan & Jayne, at Musca-
tine, Iowa. In 1882 he moved to St. Louis,
'Slo., where he suj)ported himself by writing
for the legal magazines and reviews, but his
health breaking down the year following, he
was obliged to give up this work and went
to Aberdeen, S. D. He remained here for a
little over a year, engaged in outside work,
until he had regained his health. Going to
Boston, he spent some time studying, but
came west and located at Minneapolis in
1884. He o])ened uj) an office and began the
practice of his profession, but the first three
years were a hard struggle with adversity.
He was unremitting in his studies, however,
taking a post-graduate coui-se in history and
international law for three years at the Uni-
versity of Minnesota, graduating in 1887,
with the degree of Ph. D., the first granted
by that university. He continued the prac-
tice of law until January, 1801, when he was
ap])ointed, by Governor Merriam, judge of
the municipal court of Minneapolis. The fol-
lowing November he was elected to this office
HISTORY OF THE GItKAT NORTHWEST.
for a term of six veal's. In Januarj-, 18U4, he
was appointed jiuljie of the district court by
Governor Xelson, to till an unexjtired tenii.
In the November elections of that year he
was elected to the full term of six years on
the district bench, and has served in that
capacity up to this time. He was renomi-
nated to the same office in the primary elec-
tions of 19(10 after a hard and bitter fight.
His fearless conduct of the cases against
what was known as the "city hall gang"' had
incurred for him the ill-will of the friends
of the convicted man, as well as the element
they represented, but he won out "hands
down"' against their open, undisguised and
revengeful opi>osition to his renomination,
and received a handsome endorsement at the
polls in November. Judge Elliott is a stu-
dent and a man of high attainments, and has
come to be recognized as an authority on in-
ternational law. From 1890 to 1898 he was
a member of the faculty of the law depart-
ment of the University of Minnesota, lectur-
ing on corporation law, insurance and inter-
national law. He is still engaged as a lec-
turer on the latter suliject. He has written
extensively on these subjects, and among his
most noted books may be mentioned '"Law
of Private Coii>orations,'" now in its third
edition; "Law of Insurance," in its second
edition; "Law of Public Corijorations,"" "Min-
nesota Trial Practice,"" recently pul)lished,
and a historical volume entitled "The United
8tates and the Northwestern Fisheries"'
(1887), which is regarded as the highest au-
thority on that subject. Judge Elliott has
also contributed many articles to the maga-
zines and reviews, such as the Atlantic
Monthly, the Forum, the American Law Re-
view, and numerous French, German and
Russian reviews, devoted to public and in-
ternational law. The active duties of his of-
fice, and his prodigious activity as an author
have not, however, kept Judge Elliott from
mingling among liis fellow-men in a social
way, by whom he is highly esteemed, not
alone for his intellectual ability, but for his
social qualities as well. He is a Republican
in politics, and a member of the Masons,
Knights Templar and the I. O. O. F. In 189.1
he was complimented by the State University
CHAIILKS l:. ELLIOTT.
of Iowa with the honorary degree of LL. I).
He is also a member of the Phi Beta Kappa
fraternity, and is president of the Minnesota
chapter. A\'hile not a member of any (Aurch,
he is. with his family, an attendant at St.
Mark's Episcopal church. He was married.
May 13, 1883, to Edith Winslow, at Musca-
tine, Iowa. Their union has been blessed
with four children, Charles Winslow, Edwin
I]ugene. Ethel and Walter A.
I'ERKINS, George Albion. — Thorough
Iirejiaratory training is more essential in the
medical profession, jirobably, than in any
other. The practitioner in that profession
can achieve prominence only through demon-
strated skill, and the wider his experience in
ronnecfion with the various hospitals during
his ((lur^c iif studies the better he is equip-
jjed to take upon liimself the responsibilities
of a general practice. If he wins the confi-
dence of his patients early in his career it is
a strong indication that he has acquired con-
siderable skill and will later take high rank
in his profession. Dr. George A. Perkins, of
Dickinson, N. D., is a good example of the
young, successful practitioner. He is a na-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHV\EST.
GEORGE A. PERKINS.
tive of the [Norlb Star state. His father, T.
E. Perkins, was one of the earlj' and well-to-
do settlers of Goodhue county, Minn., having
located on a farm near Red Wing, in 1865,
where he has resided continuously ever since.
His mother's maiden name was Ehoda A.
Boston. In common with other heroic wom-
en of those days, she suffered the hardships
of a pioneer life, but now enjoys the comforts
to be obtained by a prosperous farmer. The
paternal ancestry of our subject was Scotch,
and was fli-st represented in America by
three brothers, who came here about the time
of the first settlement in Maine. The one
from whom Di-. Perkins is directly descended
settled in Maine, the others in Xew Hamp-
shire and Massachusetts. On his mother's
side, he is of English descent, her ancestors
hanng settled in New England in early
colonial days. He was born on his fathers
farm, near Ked \Ying, July 17, 1S71. His
early education was received in the public
schools. AYhen twenty years of age he en-
tered the State University of Minnesota and
took two years in the scientific course. De-
siring to take up the profession of medicine
as his vociition in life, he entered the medical
department of the same institution in Oc-
tober, 189-1, and graduated in June, 1897. He
was president of his class in the freshman
year, and in the junior year, iu a comijetitive
e.'v'amination. he won the position of house
jiliysician and surgeon at St. Luke's Hospital.
St. Paul, which he held from June, 1S9G, to
-iinic. 1>-'.I7. In the senior year he was again
suicessful in the competitive examination
and secured the position of house physician,
and suiegon in the City and County Hospital
of St. Paul, which position he held until
Ajiril, 1898, when he removed to North Da-
kota and located at Dickinson, where he be-
gan the active practice of his profession.
Shortly afterwards he formed a partnenship
w ith Dr. n. A. Davis, under the firm name of
l>rs. Davis & Perkins. This partnership was
dissolved Jan. 1, 1901, since which time he
lias i)racticed alone. In his short temi of
practice. Dr. Perkins has acquired a reputa-
tion for being a thoroughly comi>etent and
skillful practitioner, and if his present suc-
cess is a safe criterion he is bound to rise in
his profession. Dr. Perkins is a Republican
iu politics, but has never taken an active part
in political affairs. He is a member of the
North Dakota State Medical association and
the American Medical association. In his
junior year at college he was elected to mem-
bership in the N. E. N. Medical fraternity.
He is also a Mason. June 28, 1899, he was
married to Miss Minnie F. McDowell, of
Minneapolis.
THOMAS, David Owen, was born in 1852.
He is the youngest son of Thomas and Mar-
garet Thomas, of Penybenglog Mill, Nevern
parish, Pembrokeshire, Wales. He is of an-
cient Welsh lineage, being on the i>aternal
side of the well known Lloyd family of Car-
diganshire, and on the maternal side of the
Owen family of Pembrokeshire, whose rec-
ords are connected with the history of the
principality since the fourteenth century.
Several men of this branch were distinguish-
ed as well in the literary annals of Wales.
In his nineteenth year David Owen Thom-
as came to this country and made his home at
Youngstown, Ohio. .In 1873, in order to con-
tinue his education, the foundation of whioh
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
was well laid in Wales, he entered Bethany
(,'ollege, ^^■est Virginia, where, in ISTS, he
{iraduated with the degree of B. A. After
some indecision with regard to liis future
plans, he decided upon the practice of medi-
cine as his life work, and accordingly enter-
ed the Medical College of Indiana, at Indian-
aj)olis. Here, in 1884, he graduated, receiving,
with the degree of M. D., the Mears gold med
al for the best thesis on "Caesarean Section."'
In 18S5 he was married to Miss Anne E.
Butler, youngest daughter of the late Ovid
Butler, founder of Butler College. I'liivei-
sity of Indianapolis.
After his marriage Dr. and 'Siva. Thomas
went at once to Minneapolis, where they
established their home. Three years later,
desiring a more extended clinical experience,
he left there. He went first to the College of
I'hysicians and Surgeons of New York, where
he again graduated; crowding two years"
work into one. He then went abi'oad, and,
after some travel in Europe, returned to Lon-
don and continued his clinical work for two
years at St. Bartholomew's Hosjiital. He
successfully passed the examinations of the
Conjoint Board of the Royal College of I'hy-
sicians of London and the Royal College of
Surgeons of England. Dr. Thomas is the
only physician in Minneapolis who holds Lon-
don d<'grees of L. R. C. P. and M. R. C. S.
In 18t)l he returned to Minneapolis and
resumed the practice of his profession, and is
well esteemed by his fellow practitioners as
a safe and experienced man. He has filled
for many years the chair of Dermatology and
Genito-Urinary Diseases in the medical de-
partment of Hamline University, Minneapo-
lis; and holds appointments of visiting phy-
sician to both the Asbury Methodist Hospital
and the City Hosijital.
He is an active worker in both the Henne-
pin County Medical Society and the Minne-
sota State Medical Society, and is a frequent
contributor to the medical journals. Politi-
cally he adheres to Republican principles, but
in local politics favors right men and meas-
ures rather than a party label. He became
a member of the Christian church while a
student at Bethany College, which was found-
ed by Alexander Campbell, and is the oldest
scliool of the Disciples of Christ. He is a
iiK'inher of the I'ortland Avenue Church of
Christ, and has served as elder for a number
of years. It was largely through hi»iuflu-
ence that the annual missionary convention
of the Christian church was held in Minne-
ai)olis in 1!)01, for the preparation of which
he acted as chainiian of the executive coni-
uuttee.
His literary taste has made him conver-
sant with the best thought and latest discov-
eries, not only in his own jtrofession, but also
in the principal fields of learning and re-
search. He is a man of broad sympathies,
quiet and thoughtful disposition, and while
excluding violent measures, advocates moral
reform and religious liberty and progress.
MITCHELL, Charles Luther. — Over-
crowded farming communities and unremun-
erative occupations in the humbler walks of
life, in the eastern and middle states, have
furnished their quota of men — a large per-
centage, too — to the development of the
Northwest, especially the Dakotas. These
were young men who sought in newer fields
of activitv oiieuings \vlii<-li were denied them
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
mines he received a certifleate from the board
<if examiners as a mine boss. In 1884, he
came west and located at Jamestown, X. D.
lie has been eminently successful and is
(|uite extensively engafj;ed in farminff at the
present time. He is also serving as postmas-
ter at Jamestown, to which office he was ap-
pointed Aug. 29, 1800. He has also served
as aldennan for two terms, and was president
of the citj' council. In politics he is a Re-
publican, and has served as chairman of the
Kepublican county committee. He is also
prominently identified with a number of fra-
ternal organizations, and is a member of the
Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, the A.
O. U. W., the Maccabees, the Knights of La-
bor, and the Patriotic Sons of America. His
church connections are with the Episcopal
church. In 1884, he was man'ied to Miss
Jane Hysong. One child has been born : Cleo
Mitchell.
CHAKLES L. MITCHELL.
in the older states. They were willing to
turn their hands to anything which prom-
ised adequate returns for their labors, and in
most instances their efforts were crowned
with success. The subject of our sketch, com-
ing to the Dakotas a poor man, has built up
a moderate competence, and has the respect
and esteem of the community in which he
lives, in a high degree. Mr. Mitchell was born
March 20, 1858, at Blairsville, Pa. His father,
Solomon F. Mitchell, ws a coal miner by oc-
cupation; an industrious and frugal man in
his habits, who succeeded in placing himself
in fairly moderate circumstances, and was
the owner of a small fai-m. He was a veteran
of both the Mexican and Civil wai's. His
wife's maiden name was Mary Magdalene
Bates. He was of English descent; her an-
cestry was English. Charles did not enjoy
the advantages of a very liberal education.
The lad began working in the mines when
only nine years of age, and continued in this
employment until he was twenty-one. At
different periods, however, he attended the
common schools of Pittsburg, and later,
through his own exertions, was able to take a
course in Duff's College, in that city, from
which he graduated. While working in the
EODDLE, William Henry.— The present
secretary of state of South Dakota, William
H. Roddle, although a young man, may be
regarded as one of the fathers of the city of
Brookings, S. D., the seat of the State
Agricultural College, and one of the most
prosperous towns of the state. In the
summer of 1879, when the first railroad was
building through Brookings county, Mr. Rod-
die was an old settler in the county, so to
speak, or at least was so regarded for he
came to it in February, 1870, that is a few
months ahead of the road, which in those
rushing days seemed a long time. He was
active in securing the location of the city
where it now stands. His name will always
be connected with that thrifty community,
where he has resided up to the present time.
Mr. Roddle is of English descent. His fa-
ther, William Roddle, came to America when
a young man, from the southern part of Eng-
land, near London, where his ancestors had
been sturdy farmers for many generations.
He was also a farmer, but settled for a time
in New York. He then went west succes-
sively to Ohio, Wisconsin, and Minnesota,
settling finally in Waseca county, where he
reared and educated a large family and ac-
HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST.
quired a competency for his old ajjc, dying
in peace where lie had made his home. His
wife was Mary Smith, born and icared in
New York city, the home of her ancestors
from the early settlement of the country.
William H. Koddle was bom September
;2S, tsno, in Kenosha county, \\'is., on
his father's farm, lie was educated in I lie
common schools in the country and in (lie
towns, lie worked on the farm and attend-
ed school in winter and at such otliei- limes
as he could be spared. When he was a yoiim;
man he secured employment in a hardware
store at Waseca, where he thoroujilily learn-
ed the business, and finally hecaiiie a partner
in the firm of J. M. Koberlson i.K: Company,
of Waseca. This firm continued until !Mr.
Koddle went to Dakota and engaged in the
hardware business in IJrookings county, later
forming a ])artnership with ^V. (1. Lockhart,
under the firm name of Lockhart & Koddle,
in 1882. The firm was dissolved in ISS.-), Mr.
Lockhart retiring. The business was contin-
ued by Mr. Koddle until lS9(i, when the press
of other business led him to retire.
Mr. Koddle has always been an active Ke-
publican, and has filled many positions in
local matters. In 1SII2 he was elected treas-
urer of the county, and was re-elected in 18!)-1.
He was elected secretary of state of South
Dakota in 18!t(;, and re-elected in 1S9S. He
has been a member of the Odd Fellows since
early manhood. He is also a Mason, and for
many years has been an active worker, being
honored by tlie fraternity with many posi-
tions of honor and trust. At the annual
meeting in 180!), at Yankton, S. D., lie
was elected Grand Master of Masons of
the state. He is also a past High I'riest of
the Koyal Arch degree, and a Knight Tem-
jdar, as well as a Shriner of El Raid Tem-
ple, Sioux Falls, S. D. It is therefore ap-
I)arent that his social relations are of wide
extent. The energy which prompted INlr.
Koddle to struggle with the railroad to se-
cure the location of Brookings seems to be
characteristic of him in every enterprise un-
dertaken. His re-election to every political
position he has held, is testimony of strong
character to his efficiency and versatile abil-
ity. His evident popularity among his frater-
2H
JAM II. Itl)Ill>Li;.
iial associates is no less ci-edilable to his so-
cial (jualities. Mr. Koddle was married Jan-
uary 1, 187<!, to Fannie R. Stevens. TTiey
have one child, Mary E. Koddle. •
A comparatively young man, with such a
career behind him he may reasonably look
forward to even bighei' achievements and a
still moi-e brilliant future.
KIESSBECK, John.— The office of county
aiidiloi- is one which dii-ectly interests the
jieople. They seek lo place in this office only
men of demonstrated fitness for the jiosifion
and who are thoroughly rc^liable and trust
worthy. The disposition made of the finan
ces of llie coinily is a matter of vital inter
est, and they look to the man whom they
lun'e placed in the auditor's office to see that
they are protected and their confidence not
abused by other servants of the public. Po-
litical expediency, however, often places men
in office who are not deserving of public con-
fidence. II .iugiirs well, therefore, when
faithful service is recognized by continuing
in odices of trust those who have proven their
ability and their honesty. Such has bwn
done in the case of the subject of this sketch.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JOHN RIESSBECK.
who is county auditor of Stark couuty, N. D.
Mr. Eiessbeck is a native of Germany, and
was born near Nuremberg, September 5,
1861. His father, Thomas Riessbeck, was a
blacksmith by trade, but also followed the
occupation of a farmer. His mother's maid-
en name was Barbara Kamm. The educa-
tional training of our subject was limited to
an attendance at the common school until his
twelfth year. He emigrated to the United
States in 18G4, and located in Pittsburg, Pa.
Moved to Newark, Ohio, in 18C9; and to
Marathon county, Wis., in 1871. Located in
Dakota March 17, 1883 — engaged in farming
and stock raising until 1891, when he took
hold of a restaurant at Dickinson. In 1886,
he was elected county assessor and held that
office for two years. He was elected county
treasurer in 1894, and served in this office for
four years. In 1898 he was elected county
auditor, and was re-elected in 1900. Mr.
Riessbeck has made an admirable record in
both offices, and has the confidence of the
public in a high degree. In politics he is a
Republican, and an active supporter of the in-
terests of his i)arty. He is a Mason, both
Chapter and Commandery, and is Past Mas-
ter of Dickinson Lodge, No. 32, and High
I'riest of Columbian Chapter, No. 11, of Dick-
inson. His religious connections are with the
( 'ougregational church, of which he is a mem-
ber. October 7, 1888, he was married to La-
toiia Brown. They have four children: John,
Oliver Victor, Annis Lucile, and Everett
(Veil.
OLSON, Carl Oscar Alexius, is one of the
rising young men of the Hennepin county
bar, Minnesota. He is a native of Sweden,
and was born April 5, 1872, at Kaasentorp,
in Long parish, Skaraborgs laen, the old
lionic of his paternal ancestors. His father,
Anders Olsson, was a farmer in moderate
( ircumstances. He died June 13, 1872,
from the result of sickness contracted
while serving in the Swedish army. Maja
Slina Persdotter, the mother of the sub-
ject of this sketch, was born January 23,
1850, on her father's homestead, where is
now located the business portion of the pros-
perous village of Wara. She was married to
Mr. Olsson in 1869. In the spring of 1874
she emigrated to America, locating at Wa-
conia, Minn., where she was married the fol-
lowing year to John Swenson, from Skarstad,
Vestergotland, Sweden. Alexius came with
his mother to this country and lived for a
short time on a farm near Waconia, then
moved to Minneapolis, where he has re-
mained ever since, with the exception of a
couple of years spent on a farm at Swede
Lake, near Watertown, Minn. He attended
first the country school at Swede Lake, then
the Franklin, Sumner and North Side High
schools of Minneapolis, graduating in 1891,
as class president in the pioneer class of the
latter institution, receiving at commencement
the German-American Bank prize for oi'a-
tory. He employed his out-of-school hours
as a carrier on the daily papers, and also
clerked in various stores and offices. In 1892
he w'ent to Europe and traveled through
Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Noi'way and
England. He returned to America the fol-
lowing year, and during the summer was em-
ployed at the World's Fair in Chicago.
Coming back to Minneapolis in the fall he
entered the University of Minnesota, taking
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the soientific ronrse in the academic depart-
ment, and graduated with the degree of B. S.
in 3 895. He then entered tlie law depart-
ment and graduated with the degree of LL.
B. the following j-ear. In 1897 he received
the degree of LL. M. from the same institu-
tion. While at the university he was active
ly interested in student affairs and served
successively as class president, editor of The
Ariel, the leading college paper, and as cadet
major of the University Battalion. At com-
mencement he was recommended by the fac-
ulty to the adjutant general's office as avail-
able for military duty in case the govern
ment should wish to organize troops. He
was also one of the originators and charter
members of a local Greek letter society,
which secured the establishment at the uni-
versity of a chapter of the Zeta I'si frater-
nity, and is a member of the Delta Chi law
fraternity. He was admitted to the bar by
the Minnesota supreme court, June 5, 1896,
and has since that time been engaged in the
general jtractice of law at Minneapolis, with
offices in the Temple Court. During the
first year of his practice he was associated
with the firm of Dobbin & Bond, since which
time he has maintained an office of his own.
In politics he has always been an ardent
Kepublcan, and as a member of ward and
city campaign committees has actively par-
ticipated in the elections, and has devoted
considerable time to the promotion of politi-
cal organization in Hennepin county. In
1898 he was elected a member of the house
of representatives of the Minnesota state leg-
islature, and in 1900 was prominently men-
tioned as a candidate for the office of secre-
tary of state. As secretary of the John
Ericsson Memorial Association he has been
enthusiastic in the cause of raising funds for
the erection of a monument in memory of
the great inventor of the Monitor. From
1892 to 1898 he served as president of the
North Side High School Alumni Association.
He is actively interested in sports and is a
member of the Minnetonka Ice Yacht Club,
the Odin Club, and the Bryn Mawr Golf
Club. His religious connections are with the
Lutheran body. He is a member of Augns-
tana churcli and has been prominently idt'ii-
CAKL O. A. OL^
lifted with the young people's society of that
denomination, having served as president of
the Bethlehem and Augustana societies, re-
spectively. •
BLOCK. Julius IL, is a stalwart type of
the true German-American. His parents
emigrated from Germany early in the '50s,
coming to America and locating in Texas,
where they remained several yeare, later re-
moving to Gallon, Ohio, where Julius was
born, March 30. 1800. In 1870 they came
to Minnesota, and settled on a farm in Le
Sueur county, afterwards removing across
the river to Nicollet county.
•lulius spent the early years of his life on
his father's farm and attended school, obtain-
ing a common school education, both English
and (Jernum. He early became accustomed
to hard work and was i)ossessed of a physical
strength far beyond his years. It is told of
him that while a mere boy, he took a con-
tract for grubbing a jiiecc of timber land in
order to ])rovide himself with means to at
tend school during the winter, and he labor-
ed untlaggingly and iierseveringly through
the hot summer davs niili! Die job was fin-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JULIUS H. BLOCK.
isbed. This same rugj;ecl spirit of determiua
tiou and eiiei-g;y has marked his subsequent
career, and is one of his most prominent
characteristics.
At the age of 19 Mr. Block went to St.
Peter, the county seat of Nicollet county,
where he has since made his home. He was
engaged as supervisor and storekeeper at the
state hospital, and afterwards gradually
drifted into politics, and was elected sheriff
of the county, which office he held for sev-
eral successive terms, until his election as
state treasurer in 1900. He was also engaged
in the fire insurance business, and until re-
cently was at the head of one of the largest
agencies in southern Minnesota. His nomi-
nation for state treasurer at the Republican
state convention in June was unanimous and
by acclamation, one of the most enthusiastic
and spontaneous nominations ever witnessed ;
his election the following November, by a
majority of over 50,000, was a splendid testi-
monial to the esteem in which he is held, as
well as to his wide acquaintance throughout
the state. Mr. Block was maiTied at St.
Peter, Feb. 12, 1885, to Miss Sarah West,
Two sons have blessed the union, Robert,
born March 16, 1886, and Budd, born in
April, 1888.
Mr. Block's career is a striking example
of the possibilities of "the boy from the
faruL" By his own efforts he has won a high
and honored position, one of the highest in
the gift of the people of the state. The same
sterling qualities that he displayed in his
youth and in his business life, enhance his
usefulness in a public capacity.
PRESTON, Harrison C— The memorable
senatorial contest of the South Dakota legis-
lature in 1891 resulted in the election of Rev.
James H. Kyle, a Congregational minister of
the church of Aberdeen. He had been elect-
ed to the state senate as a Populist and was
the determining factor in the struggle. Ma-
ny Republican names were presented as can-
didates upon whom the uitMubers of the party
tried to unite, among them that of H. C.
Preston, then in the state senate, who took
a conspicious part in the contest. He was
jirominent in the state as a lawyer, a good
platform speaker, and a man of recognized
ability in evers' sphere. He was the choice
of a large number of Republicans for United
States senator. It seemed at one time that
he would be elected, but a "fusion" finally
won the prize. Mr. Preston is of New Eng-
land lineage, from English ancestry. Levi
Preston, his great-grandfather, was born in
England, September 6, 1736. He was mar-
ried to Deliverance Mosher, a direct descend-
ant of Hugh Mosher, who came from Eng-
land on the ship "Jane" and landed on the
coast of Massachusetts, June 12, 1632. The
fourth child in a family of seven children,
Ephraim Preston, born March 10, 1764, was
H. C. Preston's grandfather. He was mar-
ried to Sarah Maxwell, of Rhode Island, for
his second wife. The youngest of her six
children, Murray Preston, born in 1815 and
now living, is the father of H. C. Preston.
His mother, Mary A. Foster, who died in
1875, was a direct descendant of Reginald
Foster of Essex county, England, who land-
ed at Ipswich, Mass., in 1638. Her par-
ents removed to the "Holland Purchase," in
western New York, when she was about ten
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
years of age, where she resided for fifty
years.
H. C. Preston was born in 1852 on a farm
in Bethany, (lenesee county, N. Y. His
early life was much like that of any thrifty
farmer's boy, and had in it more work than
j)lay. When young, he helped on the farm in
summer and went to school during the winter
until he was qualitied to teach a district
school, ^^'hen older he hired out as a farm
hand for the summer and taught school dur-
ing the winter, "boarding round"" among the
families having children in school. This
sort of life opens up the vista of human na-
ture into a panorama never to be forgotten.
Hut he was ambitious for something more
than farm life, and chose law for his profes-
sion. He went to Marion, Iowa, where he
had an uncle, Hon. Isaac M. Preston, who
was a lawyer of large practice. He entered
his ottice and began the study of law. Soon
after his admission to the bar he went to
Dakota territory, settling at Mitchell in 1881,
where he now lives. Here he began the prac-
tice of law in partnership with C. H. Dillon,
under the firm name of Dillon & Preston.
This partnership continued for more than ten
years, and acquired for the firm a large prac-
tice. During this time they prosecuted and
defended some of the most important civil
and criminal cases in the territory and state,
which extended their practice and added
greatly to the reputation of the partners.
Mr. Preston east his tirst presidential vote
for James A. Garfield, and has always been
a Republican, giving liberally in service and
means to advance the principles of his party.
He is an effective speaker and makes a good
impression by his manners and personal ap-
pearance, therefore he is in great demand for
political campaign work, and is probably
second to none in the state of South Dakota
in general esteem. He was elected to the
state senate in 1891, and, as already referred
to, in the campaign which consumed a very
large portion of the session, Mr. Preston was
a leading man of his party, and made a name
for himself throughout the state, as a man
of superior ability, sound judgment and po-
litical sagacity, which will undoubtedly re-
dound to his future success. He is now in
HAUinsilN V. PUKSTON.
his prime and no politiial honor is beyond
his reach, and no position of honor or trust
would be regarded as beyond his merit and
worth. He has done much for the city in
which he lives, and the people would d^ight
to repay, in some measure, the interest he has
taken in all matters designed to promote the
growth of the city and the prosperity of the
community. Mr. Preston was married in
1875 to Eva E. Burroughs, of Mari(m, Iowa.
The union has been crowned with the joy of
an interesting family of four children: Mary
E., Clarence M., Ella K., and Harrison C.
I'reston, Jr.
WHIPPLE, Abram Olin.— The indebted-
ness of the Northwest to the sons of New
England has been frequently the theme of
remark and essay, if not of song. But the
debt of the obligation can never be fathomed.
For, as the histoi-ian delves into the records
and examines the landmarks of the North-
west, surprise at the iuHuence of that rugged
corner of the republic increases. There is
no nook or corner of the vast Northwest
which is settled that does not bear traces
of New England blood in some degree. It
may be only in the names of the people.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ABKAM O. WHIPPLE.
Then again, when these perhaps have been
obliterated by intermarriage, some cnstom,
mode of procedure, or organization of insti-
tutions will show the impress. More com-
monly the pioneers yet remain to give im-
pulse, tone, and direction to the community.
North Dakota has its share of this leaven.
There is scarcely a town without more or
less of this permeating, uplifting influence.
These reflections are suggested by the career
of the subject of this sketch, A. O. Whipple.
He was born at Shaftsbury, Bennington
county, Vt., a region noted as the scene of
one of the most brilliant achievements of
the Revolutionary war. His father, Asa H.
Whipple, was a manufacturer. His mother's
maiden name was Esther Olin. She was the
daughter of Gideon Olin — these Bible names
are indicative — who was an associate of
Ethan Allen in the New Hampshire Grant
troubles, which were at one time perilously
near bringing on a civil war. He was other-
wise, also, a prominent and influential man,
being chairman of the "Committee of Safety"
and one of the first men to represent the state
in congress. After liis common school edu-
cation Abram O. Whipple prepared for col-
lege at Fairfield Seminary, Fairfield, N. Y.
He entered Williams College, at Williams-
town, Mass., and graduated in the class of
ISfJG. He then took the celebrated advice
of Horace Greeley, and went west to Fari-
bault, Rice county, Minn., and took up the
study of law. He was admitted to the bar
in 18(59, and immediately began practice in
that county. He became so well known and
was lield in such esteem that he was chosen
delegate at large from the state of Minnesota
to the national Republican convention held
at Chicago in 1880. He continued the prac-
tice of his profession in Minnesota until 1883,
when he was appointed a receiver in the
United States land office at Devils Lake, N.
D., where he has since lived.
In 1885 he resigned the office of receiver
and organized the First National Bank of
Devils Lake, of which he is now president.
He is also president of the National Bank of
Lakota, at Lakota, N. D., both well known
institutions which have secured the confi-
dence of the business men of the state. Mr.
\Miipple is a man of energy and sound judg-
ment, as proved by his success. He has al-
ways been a Republican in politics, and one
of the leaders of his party. He was a mem-
ber of the constitutional convention which
framed the constitution under which the
state was admitted into the Union. By rea-
son of his scholarly attainments and knowl-
edge of law, he exercised no small influence
in shaping that important instrument. He
lias been an active promoter of all measures
devised for the welfare and improvement of
the town. He has been twice chosen as
mayor of the little city, which is one of the
most influential in that part of the state, if
it does not even dominate in most public
matters. In 1877 Mr. Whipple was married .
to Miss Mary J. Ten Broeck. They have an
interesting family of four children, two boys
and two girls: Ten Broeck, Howard, Esther
Olin and Josephine Whipple. The success
of Mr. Whipple, the Green Mountain boy of
\'ermont, demonstrates that the sterling
(jualities of New England's sons do not
terminate, however radical the change of
environment, for there could scarcely be a
greater contrast than that between the
prairies of the north and the picturesque
mountains of his native state.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
GETTY, George Frankliu. — The teudeucy
of modern times toward specialty in all lines
of business, as well as the professions, led
the subject of this sketeli to lake up that
branch of the law relating to insurance as
his particular line of study, and since his lo-
cation in Minneapolis in 1S.S4 he has succeed-
ed in building up a lucrative practice. Mr.
(Jetty was born October 17, 1S55, in Allegha-
ny county, Md. He comes of old colonial
stock, his ancestors having settled in Ma-
ryland and Pennsylvania in the early days.
His father, John Getty, was engaged in farm
ing in western Maryland and eastern Oliin.
He died, however, when George was but si.\
yeai-s old. Two of his brothers were men of
i;rominence in Maryland and Ohio. \Yilliam
R. Getty is a prominent public man and pol-
itician in Maryland, and has occupied offices
of public trust throughout the whole of his
career. The other brother, Joseph Getty,
who is now dead, was well known through-
out eastern Ohio as a merchant, railroad
promoter, minister and temperance lecturer.
The maiden name of George's mother was
Martha Ann Wiley. She was a worthy wom-
an in every respect and a helpful companion
to her husband in the hard tasks of agricult-
ural pursuits. Her father, John Wiley, was
a prominent school teacher and preacher in
western Maryland for forty yeara He was
born in IJSOO and died in 1870, after a long
and useful life. George F. enjoyed the ad-
vantages of a liberal education. He attend-
ed the common country schools of eastern
Ohio, in Tuscarawas and Stark counties,
which early training was supplenu'uted by a
course at the Smithville academy, of Smith-
ville, Wayne county, Ohio. After graduat-
ing from the academy, he entered the Ohio
normal university, of Ada, Ohio, from which
he graduated in 1879. The Ohio nonnal uni-
versity is one of the best schools of Ohio and
for several years has had the largest enroll-
ment of students of any school of its kind in
the state. It is a progressive institution in
every way, giving full scope to the individual
characteristics of the scholar. Its literary
societies are among its most prominent fea-
tures. Mr. (Jetty taught school during his
last year at the university, returning at the
UKOUGK F. GKTTY.
end of the school term to graduate. He was
salutatorian of his class. \\'hile at the
Ohio normal he was a member of the Phil-
omathean literary society, one of the ^wo,
now three, prominent societies of that in-
stitution. He took an active interest in
the work of the society and represented it
at the close of every term of school, while
in attendance, either in oratorical or joint
debate, with the members of the other
society. These debates were always of
great jjublic interest and took place before
large and appreciative audiences. Since
leaving the university he has twice been in-
vited to debate at alnnmi reunions, and ac-
cepted the invitation in 1890. After leaving
the Ohio normal he entered the law depart-
ment of the university of Michigan, at Ann
Arbor, from which he graduated in 1882, and
was admitted to practice on March 13 of the
same year. In a class of seventeen taking
the examination only four ]>assed. Mr. Getty
began the i)ractice of his i)rofession at Caro,
Mich., the same year, entering into a part-
nership with Mr. John Huist. He won rec-
ognition for his legal ability early in his
practi(« and was quite successful for a young
man. In the fall of 1882, tlie first year of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
his practice, lie was elected circuit court
commissioner for Tuscola county, of which
Caro is the county seat. Among the im-
portant law cases which Mr. Getty has con-
ducted may be mentioned: State of Wiscon-
sin vs. Whitmore, in which new principles of
law were enunciated and the insurance de-
partment of Wisconsin compelled to change
its ruling affecting a lai'ge number of insur-
ance companies. Mr. Getty moved to Min-
neapolis in 1884. He has practiced alone
most of the time, giving the larger share
of his attention to life insurance law, and
is recognized as an authority in that par-
ticular branch of the legal profession. He is
at present secretary and treasurer of the
National Mutual Life Association, of Minne-
apolis. Mr. Getty's political affiliations are
with the Kepublican party, but his interest
in that direction has not been to the extent
of seeking personal preferment, aside from
the office he held while at Caro, Mich. He
is a member of the Commercial Club of Min-
neapolis, Board of Trade, Minnesota Lodge
A. F. & A. M., St. John's Chapter, Zion Com-
mandei-y, Zurah Temple, and the Minnesota
State Bar Association. His religious con-
nections are with the Methodist Episcopal
church, and he is a member of the Wesley
church of Minneapolis. He was married Oc-
tober 30, 1879, to Sarah Catharine McPher-
son Risher. Two children have resulted
from this union: Gertrude Lois, born Novem-
ber 24, 1880, died October 9, 1890, and Jay
Paul, born December 15, 1892.
STAR, Sol. — Some men have a genius
for poijularity. With no effort on their
part they become a sort of social or political
center from which there seems to radiate
an aroma of good fellowship, permeating the
entire community. Frank and generous;
genial in disposition; ever ready with a help-
ing hand for a fellow in distress; jovial and
social, yet, in serious matters keen and pen-
etrating; sound in judgment; full of i"e-
sources in emergency; energy unbounded,
and a public spirit ready for war in the in-
terests of his town, country, or state. These
are some of the characteristics of a natural-
ly popular man. The combination is not
common, it is true, but it exists now and
then, as if to demonstrate the possibilities of
human nature. Solomon Star, of Dead-
wood. S. D., comes very near to this
ideal, if his fellow-citizens who know him
best are fair in their estimate of him. He
writes his name "Sol," and is known every-
where as "Sol" Star. He came to the Black
Hills in 1870 with a stock of goods and set-
tled in Deadwood as a merchant. From the
very outset, with no desire on his part, he
became a leader. Xo public gathering was
complete without his presence; no enter-
prise began without his active influence; no
delegation left the "Hills" to a convention
but Sol. Star was the animating spirit and
"set the pace." Without assuming superior
wisdom or ability, he was spontaneously
accorded a leadership, if not even a guiding
hand. He never sought to use his popular-
ity for his personal advantage, but for his
friends he was a great power. His peculiar
influence in the Black Hills spread his name
throughout the territory of Dakota, from
Bismarck to Yankton. Solomon Star was
born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1840. He
came to this country when young and re-
ceived a good acadamic education, although
he is not "college bred." He is a stalwart
Republican. He has filled numerous posi-
tions of honor and trust with fidelity and
credit. He was appointed by President
(Jrant receiver of the LTnited States land
office in Montana territory. He was also
auditor of the same territory. He was post-
master of Deadwood under President Gar-
field. He was mayor of the city of Dead-
wood for thirteen years — a very remarkable _
career in a western city. It is doubtful if a
parallel can be found in the history of the
Northwest. It is likewise strong testimony
to his executive ability and integrity. He
was chairman of the first state Republican
convention, when the state of South Dakota
was admitted into the I'nion. He was also
state auditor of South Dakota. In 1898
he was elected clerk of the circuit and
county courts of Lawrence county, S. D.,
and was re-elected in 1900, receiving the
highest vote and largest majority. Mr.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Star is uumai'ried. Althougli his intorest
in public affairs lias been so eonspifuous,
his activity in fraternal affairs has been
scarcely less marked. He is a member of
the popular Olympic club of Deadwood. He
is a member of the Masonic order in which
he has reached the thirty-second dejj,ree.
He is also a Knight of Pythias and a
member of the order of Red Men, as well
as a member of the Ancient Order of
United Workmen. This brief epitome of
Mr. Star's career gives only a meager idea
of his strong personality, which has drawn
to him in close friendship more associates
than it is the good fortune of many men to
enjoy. He is just in the prime of life, and
whatever good fortune the future has in
store for him, there are but few, if any, of
whatever social or political position, high or
low degree, but will rejoice in his success.
BRAS, Harry Leonard. — The work of an
educator, or teacher, is less appreciated than
any other labor requiring years of prepara-
tion and considerable natural aptitude to in-
sure success. In a new state the vocation is
especially thankless, for the labor of laying
the foundation for a system of education is
necessarily obscure and of a character to pro-
voke opposition by reason of the heterogene-
ous material which must be welded into
some sort of unity. The people from all
parts of the world have different ideas, and
these must be harmonized to a certain extent,
before anything can be accomplished. The
man who can do this successfully must have
gifts which may fairly be called genius.
Among those who have done noble work of
this kind in the new state of South Dakota,
no one stands higher or is entitled to more
credit for substantial, permanent results
than Harry Leonard Bras, of Mitchell, S.
I). His activity was not confined to im-
parting instruction, although this is a very
important function. But, out of chaos, he
organized a system for others to follow. He
established landmarks which serve as guides
to the hosts of teachers coming after him.
Mr. Bras' father was C. W. Bras, a lawyer in
good practice and fair circumstances. He
was married to Hannah Mary I)e Motte, of
South Bend, Ind. She was a neighbor of
Schuyler Colfax, with whom she was per-
sonally acquainted as a social friend. In
1S4() the young husband and wife moved to
Iowa and became pioneers in the settlement
of Louisa county. On the breaking out of
the California gold fever in 184!), the young
lawyer went to California, and in three years
amassed a fortune of |l>o,(l(M», but lost the
most of it subsequently by bad investments,
after his return.
Harry L. Bras was born at Toolsboro,
Iowa, in 1862. When Harry was five years
old his parents moved to New Boston, 111.,
where he received a public school education,
going through the grades and finally gradu-
ating from the high school in 1880. He then
attended the state normal university, and
later the LTniversity of South Dakota, from
which he received his diploma. After a
service of three years as a teacher in the .
state of Illinois, he came to South Dakota to
take up land, and became a farmer. He set-
tled at Mt. Vernon, Davison county. Here
he engaged in his old occupation of teaching
for three years, and was then elected county
superintendent of schools in Davison county,
serving the people in this capacity for three
terms and declining the election for the
fourth term, to accept the editorship of the
South Dakota Educator, the official organ of
the State Educational Association. In the
meantime he had become a partner in the
mercantile firm of Betts, Bras «fe Co., though
not employed in the store. This establish-
ment was destroyed in the fire of April 2,
"1889, which also burned up the whole town.
A detailed history of the early struggles of
Mr. Bras with the crude conditions of school
matters would make an interesting volume.
When he entered upon his duty as county
superintendent of schools, there was no uni-
formity of method, nor anything which could
be called a system. During his first term the
schools were graded, and the people were in-
duced to adopt a uniform course of study,
with a system of free text book«. The peo-
ple in their laudable desire to have schools
had heavilv bonded their districts to build
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
schoolhouses. Much of the money obtained
was at a high rate of interest. Mr. Bras i"e-
duced the bonded indebtedness more than
one half, and refunded the bahmce at a much
lower rate of interest. He took also an ac-
tive interest in state educational work. He
was chairman of the committee which jire-
pared a state course of study for the district
schools of South Dakota. This was adopted
and is now in use in every county in the state,
and has done more, probably, than any other
agency to improve the schools of the state.
Mr. Bras was for two years secretary, and for
four years treasurer of the State Educational
Association. For twelve years he has been
one of the managers of the State Teachers'
Reading Circle, and for eight years secretary
of the I'ujiils" Heading Circle. He became
editor of the South Dakota Educator in 1892,
a i)osition whch he still holds. From 1800
till 189G, when the body was abolished by
law, Mr. Bras was a member, and, at the
second session was made president of the
board of trustees of the state normal school
at Madison, S. D. In 1892 he was very
strongly supportc^d at the state Repub-
lican convention for the nomination of state
superintendent of public instruction, being
beaten by only ten votes. He is a Repub-
lican, and has been one of the leaders of his
party. He was chairman of the Republican
county central committee for four years.
He was elected to the legislature to represent
the Thirteenth district in 1898, although the
county was carried by the opposition. He
was made chairman of the committee on
education, and succeeded in having passed
several important bills among them the Pure
Food P>ill. At the recent election Mr. Bras
was re-elected. Mr. Bras is at present vice-
president of the Mitchell Building and Loan
Association, also treasurer of the Commer-
cial Fire Association of Mitchell. Although
not a member, he attends the Methodist
Episcopal church. He was married 1o Miss
Hattie E. Betts at Mt. Vernon, in 1885. and
has four children: Elsie Louise, Lilian, Flor-
ence, and Sara Bras. His has been a very
busy life, but nothing has suffei"ed from his
neglect. He has tilled all the numerous po-
sitions which fell to him in a manner credit-
H.\l:l!V L. IlKAS.
able to himself and profitable to those who
put their trust in him. No higher honor
can be achieved.
DUNN, James Henry.— The achievements
of the surgeon and physician, for some rea-
son unnecessary now to discuss, are not her-
alded like the doings of men in the other
learned i)rofessions. One case at court, in
which there is public interest, may make the
lawyer noted throughout a wide region. The
utterances of a preacher, published from week
tf> week in the press, may make his name a
household word. The statesman may, in
championing one cause, leave an imperish-
able name in history. But the surgeon, how-
ever skillful, and the physician, however
learned, though dealing with human life, of
;ill things most i)recious. may live in com-
parative obscurity and die unheralded by
fame. The chief recompense of a life in this
profession is the consciousness of doing good
work for fellow Tuen. Like ^'irtue, the pro-
fession is largely ils own reward. Yet, in
spite of the etiquette which represses pub-
licity, and notwithstanding the private char-
acter of much of the best work, many sur-
HISTORY OF TflE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JAMES H. DUXX.
geons a;id pbysicians win satisfactory houors
and renown. They are not, it is true, spec-
tacular like those of heroes in battle, but
substantial and permanent in the annals of
progress.
One of the men who has won distinction
in his profession among his compeers — and
this seems to be the only eminence coveted
by the guild — is James Henry Dunn, who
occupies the chair of Professor of the Prac-
tice of Surgery in the College of Medicine
and Surgery of the University of Minnesota.
Only a brief outline of his career, taken
largely from Wilson's "Physicians and Sur-
geons of America,'' can be given. He was
born in 1853 at Fort Wayne, Ind., son of
James and Mary (O'Hair) Dunn, and grand-
son of James H. Dunn. He completed his
literary course in the public and high schools
and at the First State Normal School at
Winona, graduating in 1872. He was a lec-
turer in the Minnesota State Teachers' Insti-
tute from 1871 to 1876. He then determined
to pursue the study of medicine and surgery,
and entered the University Medical College
in New York city, and graduated in 1878.
For still further equiinnent he went to Ger-
many and took two years of post-graduate
work at the universities of Heidelburg and
\'ienna In 1885 he settled at Minneapolis,
where he has since pursued a busy practice,
chiefly surgical. He was city physician of
Minneapolis in 1886 and served in that capac-
ity for three years. He was professor of
skin and venereal diseases in the Minneapolis
Hosi)ital Medical College from 1885 to 1889;
professor of genito-urinary diseases in the
College of Medicine and Surgery of the State
University from 1889 to 1891, when he was
elected professor of clinical surgery in the
Univeisity of Minnesota. When Professor
^^'heaton resigned in 1899, Dr. Dunn was
elected to fill the chair, a position which he
now holds. In the meantime Dr. Dunn has
been surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital since
1886, surgeon to Asbury Hospital since 1892,
and to the City Hospital since 1893. He is
a fellow of the American Surgical Associa-
tion, member of the American Medical Asso-
ciation and of the Minneapolis Academy of
Medicine, and of many other local, state, and
national medical societies. He was president
of the Minnesota State Medical Association
in 1888, and of the Minne.sota State Medical
] >efense Union in 1900. He is also a contrib-
utor to various surgical and medical jour-
nals. He was married in 1885 to Miss Ag-
nes, daughter of Hon. J. L. Macdonald, of
Kansas City. They have one son, born in
1887.
ARCHIBALD, Alexander Russell.— Edu
cational institutions founded for instruction
in sijecial lines have enjoyed great popular-
ity during the past two decades, but none
have attracted more students or contributed
more invaluable service to the business com-
munity than those established to instruct
young men and women in the rudiments and
principles of commercial business. One of
these institutions is the Archibald Business
College, of Minneapolis, conducted by Alex-
ander Russell Archibald. Mr. Archibald is
a native of Nova Scotia, and was born in
Musquodoboit, Halifax county, July 27,
1847. His father, Matthew Archibald, was
a farmer in moderate circumstances. The
Archibald family is of English descent.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
They located originally in Londonderry,
Kew Hampshire, and afterwards removed to
Nova Scotia. Many members of this family
attained to positions of prominence in Nova
Scotia, such as the governorship, member-
ship in the people's parliament, etc. A
brother of the subject of this sketch was a
member of the people's parliament for the
city of Halifax for several terms, and has
now a life position as sheriff in that city.
The maiden name of the mother of Alexan-
der was Jane Grant. Her father was a na-
tive of Scotland. Alexander received his
early education in the common schools,
where only the rudimentary branches were
taught. Later he attended the Kimball Un-
ion Academy in New Hampshire, and gradu-
ated with high honors. He was president
of his class and was selected to give the
parting address. From the academy he
went to Dartmouth College. Being com-
pelled to work his own way through college,
he earned the money necessarj- to pay his
expenses by teacliing school. Yet his rank
in his class was among the first third during
the whole course. He also competed for
and secured the prize for oratory. While
in college he was a member of the Theta
Delta Chi fraternity and represented that
society as a delegate to its national conven-
tion in New York in 1873. He graduated
from Dartmouth College in 1874, with the de-
gree of M. A. In September of the same
year he came west and located at Glencoe,
Minnesota, where he was engaged as princi-
pal of Stevens' Seminary. He remained
there through the school year of 187(> and
'77, but in the latter year came to Minneap-
olis and founded the Archibald Business
C'Ollege. This school has taken a high rank
among institutions of its class, and its grad-
uates occupy nmny positions of trust in the
northwest. It has been successful from the
start and the pupils in attendance come
from all parts of the great territory con-
tiguous to Minneapolis. Mr. Archibald i)os-
sesses a thorough and practical knowledge
of the principles of commercial business,
and has the complete confidence of the busi-
ness community, which recognizes his fit-
ness for the task he performs in educating
ALEXANDER ]i. AUL'UIDALI i.
young men and women to assume the prac-
tical duties of life. Mr. Archibald recalls
with pleasure and pride, in the success of
liis after life, that he earned his first dollar
while working in a hay field on a Nova Sco-
tia farm. He is a Republican in jOlitics.
He has always voted that ticket, and is a
substantial supi)orter of the Republican
party. He never sought political honors for
himself, but as a delegate to local and state
conventions has rendered Invaluable assist-
ance in securing political honors for his
friends, many of whom have reason to re-
member his aid with gratitude. He was
married in August, 1877, at Glencoe, to Miss
Sarah Jane Appleton. They have one child,
George S., now in his nineteenth year.
HICKS, Henry George.— The early ca-
reer of the major proiiortion of the men who
have achieved prominence in the legal pro-
fession has been nuirked by a hard struggle
with adversity. Ardent study and persever-
ance have been the foundation stones on
which their future success was built. Such,
in brief, is typical of the early life of the sub-
ject of this sketch. Henry G. Hicks is one
of the leading members of the Minneajjolis
bar, and an ex-judge of the district court of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
HENKY G. HICKS.
Hennepin county. He was born January 26,
1S38, at Varysburg, Genesee (now Wyoming)
county, N. Y. His father, George A. Hicks,
a harness maker by trade, was born at Castle-
ton, N. Y. He died at Freeport, 111., in 1881.
His mother, whose maiden name was Han-
nah Edwards, was a cousin of Jonathan Ed-
wards. Sophia Hall, his wife, was a native
of Rutland, Vt. Her father, Asa Hall, was
a soldier in the War of 1812, and was wound-
ed in a skirmish with the British forces at
the battle of Lake Champlain. Mrs. George
A. Hicks died in 1855, at the age of seventy,
at the home of her son. Judge Hicks, in Min-
neapolis. The subject of this sketch received
his early education in the common schools
of New York and Pennsylvania. During the
winter of 1851-52 he attended the academy
at Arcade, N. Y. At the age of fifteen he
commenced teaching school, but was enabled
four yeai's later to enter the preparatory de-
partment of Oberlin College, where he re-
mained for three years, supporting himself
in the meantime by teaching and work of
other kinds. In August, 1860, he entered
the freshman class of Oberlin College, but
his enlistment in the ai'my in 1861 prevented
further college study. He enlisted as a pri-
vate in Company A of the Second Illinois
Cavalry, July 21, 1801. August 10 be was
a])]>ointed sergeant major, and Octijber 10
was commissioned adjutant of his regiment.
He was mustered out of this regiment on
June 6, 1802. Shortly afterwards he was
a]ii)ointed adjutant of the Seventy-first Illi-
nois Infantry, a three months' regiment, and
was mustered out of this regiment on No-
vember 1. On November 15 following he
«as appointed adjutant of the Ninety-third
Illinois Infantry, and was honorably dis-
charged therefrom, as adjutant, February 27,
1801, on account of disability resulting from
wounds received in battle. On February 13,
11 and 15, 1862, as adjutant of the Second
Illinois Cavalry, he was present at the battle
of Fort Donelson. As adjutant of the Nine-
ty-third Infantry he was present at the battle
of Jackson, on May 14, 1863, the battle of
Champion Hills on May 16, the charges upon
Vicksburg on May 19 and 22, and in the
siege thereof from May 22 to July 4; also at
the battle of Mission Ridge, November 24,
1863, where he was wounded, receiving a
minie ball through the face. At the close of
the war he came to Minneapolis, arriving
there in April, 1865. His first visit to Min-
nesota, however, was in 1857, when he came
as an agent for a dealer in lightning rods.
At that time he only remained here two
months. During the winters of 1865 and
1866 he taught school at Hopkins, in Henne-
pin county, and in the summer was engaged
in selling lightning rods and farm machinery
and operating threshing machines Decem-
ber 2, 1867, he was appointed sheritf of Hen-
nepin county to fill the vacancy caused by
the death of Sheriff Byrnes, In the fall of
the following year he was elected to this
office for the next ensuing term, serving until
Januai'y 1, 1871. In April of that year he
was elected city justice of Minneapolis, and
was re-elected in 1872, serving until April,
1874. He then began the practice of law,
forming a partnership with Hon. E. A. Gove,
which was continued until October 14, 1875,
at which time the partnership was dissolved.
He then entered into a partnership with Jud-
son N. Cross, under the finn name of Cross
& Hicks. Subsequently, in 1881, Frank H.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Carleton was admitted to the firm, and the
name of the firm changed to Cross, Hicks &;
Carleton. This partnership continued until
March 15, 1887, when Mr. Hicks received the
appointment of judge of the district court
of the Fourth Judicial District of Minnesota.
He held that oi3ace until January 5, 1895.
The larger portion of the latter year was
spent in travel abroad. On October 14, 1805,
just twenty years from the date of forming
the partnership with Capt. Cross, Judge
Hicks again resumed the practice of law with
Capt. Cross, Mr. Carleton and Norton M.
Cross, son of Capt. Cross, under the firm
name of Cross, Hicks, Carleton & Cross,
which firm continues to the present time.
This firm is considered one of the strongest
in Minneapolis and conducts a large and suc-
cessful law practice. From early manhood
Judge Hicks has always affiliated with the
Republican party, and has served it in a num-
ber of important positions of trust He was
elected and served as a member of the house
of representatives in the Minnesota state
legislature during the sessions of 1878, 1871),
1881, 1883 and 1897, and was chairman of
the judiciary committee in 1881 and 1883.
He was president of the board of managers
on the part of the house that, in 1882, suc-
cessfully conducted the impeachment trial of
E. St. Julien Cox, a judge of the district
court of the Seventh Judicial District of Min-
nesota. In 1809 he was appointed by Gov.
Marshall a member of the board of trustees
for the sildiers' orphans in Minnesota, serv-
ing continuously on that board during its en-
tire existence. He was annually elected
president of the board from 1872 to 1883,
when the board, having finished its work,
was dissolved. Judge Hicks became a mem-
ber of the Grand Army of the Republic in
April, 1867, joining the Geo. N. Morgan Post,
No. 3, at Minneapolis, and was several times
commander and quartenuaster of that post.
In January, 1868, he was elected department
commander of Minnesota, the honors of which
were lost by the surrender of the department
charter some time in 1871 or 1875, but to
which he was reinstated by the National En-
campment in August, 1883, at Denver, Colo.
He became a member of the Loyal Legion in
1888, and has since held subordinate offices
in that order. He was elected commander
of the Loyal Legion of Minnesota in May,
] 9()U. He was married May 3, 1864, to Mary
Adelaid Beede, of Freeport, 111., who died in
July, 1870, and to whom were born four
children, all of whom have since died. No-
vember 5, 1873, he married Susanna R. Fox,
his present wife. There have been no chil-
dren of this marriage.
COBURN, George W., is overseer of
Hennepin County Poor Farm, located at
Hopkins, Minn., to which position he was
appointed in 1895. On his father's side, Mr.
Coburn is of English descent. His grand-
father, Joseph Coburn, one of a family of
eleven children, came to this country from
England shortly after the War of 1812, lo-
cating at East Constable, Franklin county,
N. Y., where he built in 1816 the first flour
mill erected in that section. Here he lived
until his death in 1840, at the age of sixty-
six. Alexander Coburn, his son, and the
father of the subject of this sketch, learned
the flour milling trade, taking charge of the
mill erected by his father and conducting it
throughout the larger share of his life. He
came to Minneapolis when the weight of
years rendered it necessary for him to cease
active work, and here he died in 1889. His
wife, I'hidelia Chamberlain, and the mother
of ( Jeorge W., died in 1842, a few years after
her marriage, at the age of twenty-three.
She was a direct lineal descendant of Sir
John Lawrence and Mary Townley, of Eng-
land, who were married at The Hague, Hol-
land, in 1093. The subject of this sketch
was born October 11, 1838, in East Con-
stable, N. Y. He attended the common
schools of his native town, and later, the
Fi'ankliu academy at Malone, N. Y. He
learned the trade of a mechanic and for a
short time followed this line of work.
When the war broke out he enlisted for
three years as a musician in the 60th Regi-
ment New York Volunteers, serving until
lie was discharged by act of congress Sep-
tember 0, 1862. He re-enlisted as a mu-
sician in General John P. Slough's brigade
HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHWEST.
GEORGE W. COBURN.
band on Julj' 13, of the following year, serv-
ing until the end of the war, receiving an
honorable discharge June 24, 1865. During
his service he served under Generals
Slough, Greene, Sigel, Pope and others, and
was in the battle of Harper's Ferry, Win-
chester, Front Royal, Bealeton, Catlett's
Station, and second Bull Run. On his re-
turn from the war he located at Lawrence,
St. Lawrence county, N. Y., and engaged in
the sash and door and pail and tub business.
lie came west, however, in 1SC7, and located
on a farm in Richland county. Wis. He re-
mained here until 1S70, at which time he re-
moved to Minnesota, settling at St. Anthony
Falls, which at that time had not been in-
corporated in the city of Minneapolis. He
entered the employ of Wheaton, Reynolds &
Co., sash and door manufacturers in Minne-
apolis, retaining his connection with this
firm for eighteen years. In 1881) he was
elected county commissioner of Hennepin
county, and served for four years in this
position, acting as chairman of the board
in 1893. In February, 1895, he was ap-
pointed to his present position of overseer
of the Hennepin County Poor Farm. In
politics Mr. Coburn is a staunch Republi-
can. He was a member of the Lincoln Wide
Awake club in Lawrence, St. Lawrence
county, N. Y., in 18G0, and cast his first vote
for Lincoln and Hamlin in the election of
that year. He is a member of Dudley P.
Chase post, Xo. 22, (J. A. R., in which he has
held at various times the offices of surgeon,
adjutant and commander. He is also an
active member of the Masons, Odd Fellowa
and A. O. U. W., having held offices in each
order. He was married December 31, 1862,
to Mary E. Smith, of Brasher, N. Y. They
have two children: Fred Elmer, born May
21, 1807, at Lawrence, N. Y., and Ida Lillian,
born January 2i, 1876, at Minneapolis.
BAXTER, Luther Loren. — Governor
Hubbard, of Minnesota, elected as a Repub-
lican, and a staunch and even stalwart mem-
ber of his party, appointed in 1885 Luther
L. Baxter, a staunch Democrat, judge of the
district court of the Seventh Judicial dis-
trict of Minnesota. While such a non-
jjartisan executive act is not without prec-
edent, yet it is uncommon. What is still
more uncommon is what may be called the
remarkable ratification which the act re-
ceived, for at the next election, in 1886,
Judge Baxter was chosen for the same
office by the people when the Republican
majority in the district was 3,500, arid a
candidate was nominated by the party for
the position. The term of the judgeship is six
years. At the next election, in 1892, and
again in 1S98, Judge Baxter was elected
without opposition. It must be a strong
personality which can achieve such honor in
a community of adverse politics. Judge
Baxter's residence is Fergus Falls, Otter
Tail county, Minn. He was born in Corn-
wall, Vt., in 1832. His father was Chaun-
cey Baxter. His mother's maiden name
was Philena Peet. They are both old New
England names of English lineage. Judge
Baxter received his early education in the
district school of his native town. This was
supplemented by private tuition, a year at
Castleton semiuarj', and a two years' course
at Norwich university. He began his study
of law when nineteen years of age with
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Lindslpy & Beokwitli at Miadl(4imy, Vt.,
and continned the study witli Jiidsc Horatio
Seymour. In the fall of 1.S53 he moved to
Illinois, and was admitted to the bar in that
state in 1S.54, and hcjian his jiracticc at
Geneva, Wis. Here he riMcivt'd a j^ood
elientajie. Hut a strong tide of emigration
set towards the territory of Minnesota, and
young Baxter was eaught in its eddies. He
moved to Carver county and resumed the
jiraetice of his jirofession, wliicli lie con-
tinued, except while in the army, until 1SS5,
when he was aj)])ointed judge, as stated.
From INTO until ISSl!, however, he jtracticed
at Jlinneapolis, then at Fergus Falls, where
be now lives. During this time lie held many
positions of honor and trusl. He was judge
of probate of Carver county in 1858; prose-
cuting attorney for the Fourth Judicial Dis-
trict in 1850; county attorney of Scott county,
18(53; senator from Scott county for the term
1865 to 1868; representative from Carver
county, 1869; senator from that county from
1869 to 1876; county attorney of Carver
county from 1876 to 1878, and member of
the legislature from 1877 to 188L'. He filled
all these various positions with exceptional
ability, fidelity and efficiency. His brilliant
career has been singularly free from those
errors of judgment and mistakes which
sometimes mar the j)iiblic life of the best
men.
Judge Baxter's army service was scarcely
less felicitous. He entered the war as cap-
tain of Company "A" Fourth Minnesota Vol-
unteer Infantry in September, 1861. He was
assigned with two companies to the com-
mand of Fort Ridgeley. In March, 1862, he
rejoined his regiment, which was at Fort
Snelling, and was promoted to the rank of
major. The next month his regiment was
ordered south. In October, Major Baxter,
owing to sickness, was compelled to resign.
Regaining his health he again entered the
service, in November, 1861, as major of the
First Minnesota Heavy Artillery. In Feb-
ruary, 1865, he was promoted to the rank of
lieutenant colonel of the regiment, and com-
missioned colonel the same year. He was
elected to the senate of the state of Minne-
sota in the fall of 1864, while serving in the
LUTHER L. U.\XTKK.
army, lie obtained a leave of absence to
attend the session of the legislature. On
returning to the army, in February, 1865. he
was assigned to duty as chief of artillfry at
Chattanooga, and remained there with his
regiment until mustered out of service in
October, 1865.
QUINN, Gliomas H.— Among the self-
made men in the southern part of Minnesota,
who have become conspicuous in their field
of endeavor, Thomas H. Quinn, the city at-
torney of Faribault, Rice county, Minn., is
justly entitled to a place in the front rank.
He is a native son of the great Northwest,
having been born at Berlin, Wis., November
6, 1854. He came to Minnesota with his pa-
rents and .eight brothers and sisters in 1865,
and settled at Faribault. Thomas obtained
his early education in the common schools
of Wisconsin and ]\Iinnesota. His father was
I'atrick Quinn. The maiden name of the
mother was Catherine Brady. They were
pioneers in the settlement of Hie west, al-
ways keeping well to the frontier of civiliza-
tion during the second quarter of the nine-
teenth century. They were blessed with a
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
THOMAS H. QDINN.
large family, tlie exigencies of which com-
pelled Thomas to leave school when thirteen
years of age to contribute to the family fund.
But this did not stop his progress in educa-
tion. Although doing the hardest kind of
labor during his "teens," he persistently kept
at his studies nights and holidays, with an
endurance and fortitude which only a rug-
ged physical constitution could have made
possible. In this laborious manner he mas-
tered the elementary studies and took up the
study of law. With the same energy and in-
dustry he fitted himself for the profession,
and was admitted to the bar in 1877, at Fari-
bault, where he had struggled all these years
of toil. He then commenced practice at once
in the same place where he was brought up
and best known. The next year he formed
a partnership with G. N. Baxter under the
firm name of Baxter & Quinn. This was
terminated in 1880, when he went into part-
nership with John B. Quinn, under the style
of J. B. & T. H. Quinn, which terminated in
1883, since which time Mr. Quinn has been
m practice alone. His business has been a
general prac^tice, and he has met with his
full share of success. Mr. Quinn, as he ex-
presses it, was bom into the Democratic
party, and has always affiliated with it, ex-
cept in 1890 and in 1900, when he was op-
posed to its platform, and could not support
its candidates. Notwithstanding the gen-
eral adverse majorities in his county, he was
twice elected county attorney of Rice coun-
ty, serving from 1884 to 1887, and again
from 1891 to 1893. He has also been city at-
torney of the city of Faribault for the last
five years successively — a position which he
still holds. Since it is said that a "prophet
is not without honor save in his own coun-
try," this compliment to Mr. Quinn's ability
and character is no small honor. In religion
he is a Roman Catholic. He was mari'ied.
May 1.5. 1893, to Elizabeth Nolan, of Rich-
land. Rice county, Minn. They have two chil-
dren, Thomas H. and Beati'ice.
OARLBLOM, Albert Nathaniel.— Honesty
and integrity in public life are as essential to
success as in private life. It is true that dis-
honesty and trickery have succeeded in plac-
ing some men in positions of prominence in
the public eye, but sooner or later they have
fallen into the abyss of obliAion. Not so,
however, with the honest and conscientious
official. The public is quick to recognize
faithful service and show its appreciation by
bestowing higher honors upon the object of
its favor. Albert N. Carlblom is State Au-
ditor of North Dakota. He was selected to
this office in 1898 after a long and efficient
service in positions of a similar character in
his home county. Mr. Carlblom was bom
on a farm near Cokato, Minn.. December
17, 1865. His father, John C. Carlblom, was
a farmer, in moderate circumstances. He
emigrated to this country from Sweden in
the early 60's, locating in Wright county,
!Minn. He removed to North Dakota in
1881, settling on a farm at White Stone Hill,
in Sargent county, where he resided until his
death in 1899, at the age of 74. His wife's
maiden name was Elizabeth Anderson, to
whom he was married in the old country.
She crossed death's portals a year earlier
than her husband, at the age of 73. The
subject of this sketch received his early edu-
cational training in the common schools of
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Wright county. This was supplemented by
a course in Gustavus Adolphus College, at
St. Peter. Directly upon leaving school he
commenced his business career by clerking in
a store. Later, he was employed as a book-
keeper. He was also for some time engaged
in teaching school. Having actively interest-
ed himself in politics, he was appointed in
1890 deputy county treasurer of Sargent
county. He served in this office for one year,
at the expiration of which time he was aji
pointed deputy in the county auditor's office.
He acquired such a familiar knowledge ot
the business affairs of his home county that
his services were recognized by his party and
rewarded in 1892 by nomination and election
to the office of county auditor. This position
he held for three consecutive terms, up to
and including 1808. In the fall of that year
he received the nomination for the office of
state auditor of North Dakota, and was elect-
ed. He was re-elected to the same office in
1900. In every instance Mr. Carlblom has
been nominated by his party without oppo-
sition, and in each elected by large major-
ities. He has always had the confidence of
his constituents as a faithful, conscientious
and capable officer, his integrity being con-
ceded even by his political opponents. Upon
all important questions of the day he has al-
ways been found on the side of the people. In
politics, Mr. Carlblom is a consistent and
conservative Eejjublican. He has been presi-
dent and secretary at dilferent times of the
various Republican leagues and clubs of
Sargent county and Forman, where he has
resided for the past eighteen years, and has
always taken an active part in the interests
of his party. Aside from the interests of his
public office Mr. Carlblom has also found
time to engage in a number of business enter-
prises. He has extensive farming interests,
and a paying real estate and loan business,
and is connected, also, as an officer or stock-
holder, with several other enter])rises of a
business character. Mr. Carlblom is active-
ly identified with the Augustana Lutheran
church, of which he is a member, and con-
tributes freely to the support of the work
of that church. He was married March '2t',.
1898, to iliss -Josephine A. Peterson, of Cot-
ALIiERT N. C.\1!LBLUM.
ton wood county, Minn. They have one
cliild, a daughter named \'era Lenore.
PHELAN, Francis Norton, is one of the
leading physicians of Duluth, Minn. He was
born May 16, 18G1, at Fond du Lac, Wis.
His father, William M. Phelan, came to this
country from Ireland at a very early age and
settled in Albany, N. Y. He was mari'ied
here to Miss Mary Norton, the mother of the
subject of this sketch, who was also a native
of Ireland, and shortly afterwards moved
west, locating at Fond du Lac. He was en-
gaged in the business of contracting for many
years and acquired a comfortable fortune.
He became prominently identified with the
business interests of his adopted city, and for
a period of over thii-ty years held many im-
l>ortant offices of public trust. He died at
the ripe old age of seventy-four years. Mrs.
Phelan passed away in her fifty-fourth year.
Francis received his education in the public
schools, and graduated from the high school
at the age of seventeen. He then entered
the office of Doctors Cray & Wyatt. at Fond
du Lac, for the pui-pose of taking up the
studv of medicine. A vear later he entered
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
1SS,3 he was married to Lela Ann Evans, a
(luugliter of Rk'hard C. Evans, a wealthy
lumberman, and owner of the townsite of
biirchester, ^Yis. Two children have been
Ixirii to them, ("leoj)atra and Francis Evans.
FltAXCIS X. PHELAN.
Rush Medical College, remaining in this in-
stitution for two years. He then entered
Wooster University, at Cleveland, Ohio, and
graduated with the class of 1884. Returning
to Wisconsin he located at Colby and began
the practice of his profession. In 1885 he
formed a partnership with Singleton B. Hub-
ble for the practice of medicine at Medford,
in the same state. On account of failing
health, however, he was comj)elled to leave
here a few months later, and moved to South
Dakota, locating at Watertown. This field
did not prove a very lucrative one, and, hav-
ing regained his health, he decided to make
another change, going from here to Duluth,
where he located in June, 1886. Dr. Phelan
soon established a reputation for being a thor-
oughly competent practitioner, and has suc-
ceeded in building uj) an extensive practice.
He wasi attending physician and surgeon to
St. Mary's Hospital for a number of years,
was a member of the board of health for
three years, and is examining physician for
fifteen different lodges. Dr. Phelan takes an
active interest in all public matters, and has
been identified with every enterprise tending
to build up the Zenith TMiy. He is a member
of the Cathedral Parish Catholic church. In
DT'NX, Robert Campbell.- -There is no
oftice in the state government more impor-
tant than that of state auditor. One of the
])rinci]»al duties of that office in ^Minnesota
is the administration of the large land inter-
ests of the state, the honest discharge of
wliich is of incalculable value to the com-
monwealth and the people as a whole. The
man whose name stands at the head of this
sketch, was elected to the office of state audi-
tor of Minnesota because he represented a
]'iin<-iple in state government. He had been
at the head of a refonn movement for the
more careful administration of the land in-
terests of the state, and had so completely
demonstrated the necessity of reform in that
]iarticular, and was so successful in protect-
ing the state through his work in the legis-
lature, that the people elected him to this
office in 1894 and committed those interests
to his charge. He has fully justified the con-
fidence which was reposed in him, and has
administered the office to which he was elect-
ed with distinguished ability. "Bob" Dunn,
as he is familiarly known, is a native of Ire-
land, and was born at Plumb Bridge, County
Tyrone, February 11, 1855. His father, Rob-
ert Dunn, was a comparatively rich man,
viewed from the standpoint of business
affairs as conducted in that country. He
owned about 250 acres of land, and aside
from his agricultural interests, was also a
storekeeper. Though a liberal Protestant,
and a member of the Episcopal body, he
never affiliated with the Orangemen. His
wife, Jane Campbell, was descended from an
old Scotch family of strict Presbyterians.
Two of her uncles. Col. Robert Campbell and
Hugh Campbell, were among the best-known
citizens of St. Louis, the fonner settling there
in the early days, when there were only 200
jieople in the village. Andrew and Samuel
Dunn, brothers of Robert Dunn, were
among the first settlers of Columbia county,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Wis. The eldest brother of the subject of
this slvctch has for many years been a
magistrate in Irehind. William, his young-
est brother, is a graduate of the (llasgow
Medical College, and a successful physician
in London. Robert C. Dunn's early educa-
tion was received in the common national
school near his home in Ireland. This school
was conducted t'ontinuously throughout the
year, with the exception of one month. He
attended it until he was 14 years of age, when
he was apprenticed for five years to a dry
goods merchant at Londonderry, about 20
miles from Plumb Bridge. The man to whom
he was apprenticed proved a hard task-mas-
ter and the young lad found his situation a
very uncomfortable one. Six months later,
by the aid of a brother at home, he succeeded
in raising enough money to pay for a second-
cabin passage to America. On arrival here
he immediately came west, and was with
bis uncle, Samuel Dunn, in Wisconsin, before
his parents knew he had left Londonderry.
After remaining with his uncle for nearly a
year, assisting in the work on the farm, he
removed to St. Louis, hoping to better his
condition. From there he went to Missis-
sippi and was employed in a store in the
Yazoo Valley for six or eight months. Ke
turning to St. Louis, he learned the printer's
trade and followed this occupation up to
1876, when he came to Minnesota and located
at Princeton. In the fall of that year he
commenced the publication of the Princeton
Union, and has been the editor and ])ublisher
of that paper ever since. The venture proved
a successful one, and the Union is one of the
most flourishing weeklies in the state. Two
years after settling at Princeton he was
elected town clerk, and served in that office
for eleven years. The fees of the office were
not large, amounting to only |:iOO a year, but
this sum was a valuable addition to the
finances of the country editor. In 1884, he
was elected county attorney of Mille Lacs
county, and re-elected in 1880. In 1888, he
was elected to the house of representatives
on the Republican ticket from the district
composed of the counties of Todd, Crow
Wing, Morrison, Benton and Mille Lacs. He
was re-elected in 1890, but was on the losing
KOIiEUT C. UUNN.
side in a contest for the seat. He was re-
nominated two years later, and elected, and
was one of the most ett'ective members of
the lower house in the session of 1893> He
represented the Sixth district of Minnesota
in the Republican national convention held
at Minneapolis in 18i)2, was a member of
the committee on credentials, and was one
of the most enthusiastic of the Blaine sup-
porters. In 1894, he was elected to the office
of state auditor, and was re-elected in 1898.
Jlr. Dunn devotes all his energies to the best
interests of the state and is one of the most
popular men at the Minnesota capitol. Feb-
ruary 14, 1887, he was married to Lydia Mc-
Kenzie, of Spencer Brook, Isanti county.
They have two children, George R. and
Grace. Mr. and Mrs. Dunn reside at Ham-
line.
KUNTZ, Philip J., is the city superin-
tendent of schools at Owatonna, Minn. He
is a practical educator and has had a long
experience in his chosen profession. He is
of foreign parentage as both his parents
were natives of Alsace Lori'aine. Their pa-
rents came to this country when they were
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
PHILIP J. KUNTZ.
both young, ami settled in Indiana. Here
on the farm in Dearborn county, in 1844,
Milton Kuntz was married to Magdalena
Haclauer, and for forty years they lived on
the same place and reared their children.
Philip J. Kuntz was born on their fann,
March 17, 1857. His parents were only in
moderate ciix-umstances, but they were de-
termined that their children should have a
good education, and Philip attended the
country schools near his home and enjoyed
the experience of having several typical
"Hoosier Schoolmasters'" as instructors at
various times. He entered Hedding College,
at Abingdon, 111., and was graduated with
the degree of Ph. B. Mr. Kuntz, liow'ever, has
not been satisfied to let his education di"op
behind in any waj', and has done much grad-
uate study, and has received certificates from
the University of Chicago Extension as-
sociation, one in Universal History and
one in Universal Literature. He decided
upon educational work as his career and be-
gan his work as a country school teacher,
and has steadily w'orked up. In 1881 he be-
came principal of the school at Arlington,
Ind.; in 1885 he went to Sheldon. 111., to as-
sume a similar position. In 1888 he became
superintendent of schools at Centerville, Ind.,
where he remained until 1892, when he was
elected for the same position at Aledo, 111.
In 1899 he was elected city superintendent
of schools at Owatonna, Minn., which posi-
tion he now occupies. He has made a spe-
cialty of history, and also of reading, writing
and spelling. Mr. Kuntz has prepared a text
in spelling — now in manuscript — the funda-
mental idea being words in genei'al use and
a division into words adapted to the work in
each grade of the schools, and such words
as are used in these grades. Mr. Kuntz is a
supporter of the Republican party, but does
not allow his politics to interfere with his
school work. He is a Mason and a member
of the Knights of Pythias, and has held vari-
ous positions in both orders. Mr. Kuntz is
an active member of the Methodist Episcopal
church and is an earnest supporter of all
forms of Christian work. He was married,
April 8, 1880, to Miss Effle Smith, of Newton
county, Ind. She died in 1890, leaving three
children, Magdalena, Ada and Irene. His
second mara-iage was to Miss Anna M.
Wright, of Cambridge, Ind., and there is one
child by this union, Frances Lucille, bom in
1894.
FREEMAN, John William.— The hospi-
tal is comparatively a modern institution.
It was generated and developed by the kind-
ly humanitarian influences of Christianity
and is now one of the permanent requisites
of every civilized country. The necessity of
the hospital is so undeniable that it is a
reproach to a city of any size to be without
one or more. These conditions have created
a demand for a class of professional men
who combine medical and surgical skill with
trained administrative ability, to take charge
of the institution. A man may be compe-
tent as a surgeon and skillful as a physician,
and yet be inefficient, and even worse, as a
manager of this benign provision for the
unfortunate. Therefore hospital manage-
ment has come to be almost a profession by
itself. Besides, the establishment being
generally educational — not as a trainer of
nurses but as a branch of some medical col-
JOHN WILLIAM FKEEMAX.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
lege, it is desirable that the responsible
heads should have a still further iiualifica-
tio — ability to teach. Hence it is that the
men selected for this service take high rank
in the field of medicine and surgery and be-
come conspicuous in their profession.
The northwest is not yet endowed with
numerous hospitals, but a good beginning
has been made. The grade of the institu-
tions existing is, however, in every respect
praiseworthy. They are strong, especially
in the progressive character of the profes-
sional staff.
The subject of this sketch, John W.
Freeman, M. D., of Lead, S. D., one of
the useful men described, is connected with
the Homestake Hospital at Lead, S. D., in
the region popularly known as the "Black
Hills," where gold mining is a leading
industry. This business is of a hazard-
ous nature and surgical aid is in frequent
demand. Dr. Freeman was boi'n at Vir-
deu, Macoupin county. 111., in 1853. His
father, Feter S. Freeman, was a native of
New Jersey. He was born and reared on a
farm, and was a thorough farmer by occupa-
tion. He came to Illinois in an early day —
about 1840 — and bought a large farm in
Macoupin county in that state, on which he
lived until his death in 1874. He was mar-
ried to Elizabeth Fierce Warriner, who was
born in Kentucky and came to Illinois in
1841). She died on the farm in 1886.
Dr. Freeman received his early education
in the common district country schools and
then graduated in the high school at Virden,
supplementing this literary training by a
year's study at the Blackburn University at
Carlinville, 111. When he chose the medical
profession for his life work he began the
study of medicine and surgery under the di-
rection of Dr. David Frince, at the Sanitari-
um in Jacksonville, 111. — which was practical-
ly a hospital — and in the meantime attended
for two years the lectures of the Miami Medi-
cal College of Cincinnati, Ohio. He then went
to New York city and entered the medical col-
lege of the New York university and gradu-
ated in the class of 1879. Returning to
Jacksonville, he accepted a position in the
Sanitarium with Dr. Prince, his old tutor,
and remained with him two years. In 1881
he was appointed acting assistant surgeon
of the Ignited States army, and reported to
Fort Snelling, Minn., for duty. He was
assigned to Fort Meade, Dakota territory,
now South Dakota, where he served until
June, 1883. In 1884 he was appointed sur-
geon of the Homesteak Mining company at
Lead, and entered into partnership with Dr.
D. K. Dickinson in the Homestake hospital,
where he has since remained. He has, how-
ever, several times during this period, visit-
ed New York and Chicago to be abreast of
the progress made in his profession and to
keep in touch with the various organizations
to promote its interests. In 1887 he was
elected president of the Black Hills Medical
society. In 1889 he was made first vice-
president of the South Dakota State Medical
society, and in 1890 was elected president
of the organization. He is a member of the
American Medical association, also of the
International Association of Railway Sur-
geons. Dr. Freeman was married in 1885
to Hattie V. Dickinson. They have four
children, Carrie E., Marion E., John D., and
Howard Freeman. He is a Republican in
politics, and is a member of the Masonic
order. He is past master of Central City
Lodge No. 22, F. & A. M., past high priest of
Dakota Chapter No. 3, past eminent com-
mander of Dakota Commandery No. 1, and
past potentate of Naj'a Temple, Deadwood,
S. D. He has taken an active interest in
educational affaii*s, and has been a member
of the board of education of Lead for the past
six vears.
STRICKLER, O. C, is one of the foremost
physicians and surgeons of Southern Minne-
sota. He has been practicing his profession
at New Ulm for the past sixteen years, mov-
ing there from Michigan. He is a Canadian
by birth and first saw the light of day in
York county, Ont., January 7, 1863. He
conies of old Pennsylvania Dutch stock.
Daniel Strickler, his father, migrated to On-
tario from his birthplace in Bucks county.
Fa. He still remained an American citizen,
however, and after a few years' residence in
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Canada moved with his family to Michigan,
where his wife, whose maiden name was
Elizabeth Henderson, has relatives. The snb-
ject of this sketch was afforded the advan-
tages of a liberal education. His early train-
ing was i-eceived in the famous Markham
(CInt.) high school. This was suppleuiented
with studies in mathematics at the British-
American College at Toronto. He then en-
tered the Ann Arbor Medical College and
graduated with the class of 1885. Immedi-
ately after graduating he came west and lo-
cated at New lllm. Dr. Strickler's profes-
sional career has been eminently successful.
His native talent, indomitable perseverance
and courteous demeanor have plnced him in
the first rank and won for him a large and
lucrative practice. He belongs pre-eminent
ly to that class of ])hysicians who are in their
profession because they love it. The practice
of medicine and the study of the ever-varying
forms of disease are to him at once a recrea-
tion and a delight. He is an earnest student
of the advances made in surgery, and devotes
his practice largely to that important branch
of the profession, as well as that of gynecol-
ogy. Dr. Strickler is surgeon for the Chicago
& Northwestern and the Minneapolis & St.
Louis Railways, and is a member of the
American Medical association, the Minne-
sota State Medical society, the Academy of
Kailroad Surgeons, the International Asso-
ciation of Kailroad Surgeons, and the Minne-
sota Academy of Medicine, besides several
local societies. He has also ser\'ed as presi-
dent of the Minnesota Valley Medical socie-
ty. He has been a member of the State Med-
ical Examining Board and served as its presi-
dent in 1808. Up to 1806. Dr. Strickler was
a Democrat. He supported the Republican
ticket that year, however, and since then has
affiliated with the Republican party. He is
now a member of the board of regents of the
University of Minnesota, having been ap-
pointed by Governor Van Sant. Tliis ap-
pointment was all the more gratifying as it
is the fir-st instance in the history of that in-
stitution that a i)hysician has been a mem-
ber of this board. Dr. Strickler is prominent
in Masonic circles, and has taken the thirty-
third degree. He is also a Knight Templar.
O. C. STUICKLEK.
While of strong religious convictions, be is
a liberal in his beliefs and is not a member
of any church. In 1887 he was married to
Emilie Doehne, of New Ulm. To them have
been born two daughters, Vera Eleanora and
Leola May. A brother of Dr. Strickler (A.
F. Strickler) is also a medical practitioner,
practicing his profession at Sleepy Eye,
Minn.
SWIFT, Lee, the superintendent of the
city schools of Tracy, Minn., is a college bred
production of the great Northwest, which,
ill the minds of many men of keen observa-
tion, is the best possible foundation for a sue-
ce.ssful career in any field. He was born,
December 5, 1850, at Cazenovia, W^s. His
father, Charles Byron Swift, was a farmer.
He came from Ohio to Wisconsin in 1856,
thus constituting himself one of the pioneers
of the state. He was a member of Company
F, Third Wisconsin cavalry during the Civil
War, and was in fair financial circumstances.
The maiden name of Lee Swift's mother was
Caroline A. Huntly. Mr. Swift modestly
savs that his earlv education was obtained
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
LEE SWIFT.
in a "small \illaj;e stliool." His success as
a teacher makes it evident that it must have
been one of good quality, however small.
He then took a college course at Eipon Col-
It ge, Wisconsin, and graduated in the class
of 1886. He chose teaching for his life work.
He began in Wisconsin and taught three years
in that state. The next four years were spent
in the schools of South Dakota, and he has
been in school work in Minnesota nine yeai's,
coming to Tracy, where he is now engaged,
in 1892. This succinct record, however, does
not show his real preparation for practical
work in a position which requires a knowl-
edge of men and things, as well as a knowl-
edge of books, and a literary training, so to
speak. Before entering college — an event so
curtly noticed — Mr. Swift clerked in a gen-
eral store i]i Wisconsin, where, if anywhere,
a man can gain a knowledge of human na-
ture, so essential to school discipline. While
teaching in the same state, he was elected
county surveyor of Sauk county, and served
one tenii. In 1886 he was married to Carrie
May Blanchard. They have three children —
Carrie May, Vera Blanchard, and Ernest
Fremont Swift. ^Ii-. Swift is a member of
the Presbyterian church.
LEWIS, Charles Lundy. — A position on
the supreme bench is one of the highest hon-
ors in the power of the commonwealth to
bestow. The universal wish of the people,
regardless of party, is to have a supreme
judiciary made up of men of acknowledged
ability and stainless character. It is a seri-
ous fault of our judicial system that the
bench should be brought into the arena of
jiolitics. Though mistakes are sometimes
made, yet it is to the credit of the voter that
it is the man, not the party, that he looks to
in exercising his privilege at the polls. One
of the most capable men on the supreme
bench of Minnesota is Charles Lundy Lewis.
He is a man of sterling integrity and posses-
ses in high degree those qualities which go
to make up the best equipment of a consci-
entious and able jurist. Judge Lewis was
born on a farm (in the house in which his
parents still live), near Ottawa, La Salle
county, 111., March 8, 1852, His father,
Samuel R. Lewis, followed the occuijation of
farming since boyhood. He has always oc-
cupied a prominent position in the commu-
nity in which he lives, filling various posi-
tions of trust, and representing his home
county in the state legislature. He was an
active member of the original Abolition
party, and took a prominent part in connec-
tion with the well-known ■"underground rail-
way" in the exciting days before the outbreak
of the Civil war. His political affiliations
have always been with the Rei)ublican party.
He is still living at the ripe old age of 82
years. His wife, Ann E. Harley, was of
Dutch descent, and the daughter of a sub-
stantial fanner of Central Illinois, who was
one of the pioneers of that state. She was .
born in Pennsylvania, but came with her
parents to Illinois when quite young. Self-
sacrifice in the interest of others, particular-
ly her husband and children, has been a dom-
inant characteristic of her life. She has al-
ways shown great affection for her family
and wonderful perseverance in promoting
the welfare of those she loved. Though sim-
]>le and quiet in her habits of life she has
been a most positive force in the character
building of her children. She is still living
at the age of 80. Judge Lewis' ancestors on
HISTORY OF THIO GREAT NORTHWEST.
his father's side were Qualvers. The original
Lewis, knowD in family history as Henry
II., was of mixed Scotch and Welsh blood,
and came from Wales about the time of
William Peun and settled in Eastern Penn-
sylvania, near l'hiladi'lj)hia. As a rule the
members of the family have all been agri-
culturists, with the exception of one who
was noted in Eastern Pennsylvania as a
mathematician. They did not attain ])rom-
inence in the public eye but were honorable
and worthy members of that class of men
who contributed so largely to the upbuild-
ing of this country. The subject of this
sketch enjoyed the advantages of a liberal
education. He attended the coinmou school
of his district until he was sixteen years
of age, and then spent two years in the
high school at Ottawa, HI. He went from
here to Chicago, taking a two years" course
in the academic department of the Chicago
University. He entered the freshman class
of this institution in 1872, and completed
the classical course in this and the sopho-
more class, but the university falling into
financial trouble he was compelled to leave.
He complett'd the course in Oberlin College,
graduating in the class of 187fi, and tak-
ing his share of the jjrizes in literature,
oratory and debates. While in attendance at
college, Mr. Lewis came in contact with two
different phases of religious thought and
methods of teaching. The University of Chi-
cago, in those days a very strict Baptist in-
stitution, was liberal in its teaching, devel-
oping independence in study and self-govern-
ment on the part of its pupils. Oberlin Col-
lege, on the other hand, while also under
strict sectarian influence, interfered with the
individual development of the student by
rules and regulations more adapted to schol-
ars of a tender age. This wide contrast in
method could not fail to impress the receptive
mind of the subject of this sketch. He was
able to perceive the grievous tendency in the
educational system of those days to contine
the student to routine and tixed standards,
and its logical result in hindering his de-
velopment through original processes of
thought. This served as an incentive in his
own study and in the development of latent
CH,\I!LES L. LKWIS.
resources within himself. He realized early
that the student's natural trend of thought
should be given a practical turn in his educa-
tion, and this no doubt was of great influence
in shaping his after career. He did not en-
joy, on leaving college, the advantages of
a training in a law school, but gained his
knowledge of the legal profession by a three
years" clerkship in a law office and private
reading. He was admitted to the bar in
1879, coming to Minnesota in September of
that year, settling at Fergus Falls. He be-
gan here the practice of his profession, and
succeeded in winning for himself a fairly
successful law practice. He was elected
county attorney of Otter Tail county in 1884,
and was re-elected to the same position in
1886, serving to the end of his second term.
Believing that Duluth afforded wider oppor-
tunities for the successful practice of his
profession, he moved there in 1891. In 1893,
he was appointed judge of the Eleventh Ju-
dicial District by Gov. Nelson to fill the po-
sition provided by the legislature of that
year. In the November elections of the year
following he was elected to this office for the
next ensuing term of six years. In Septem-
ber, 1895, he resigned his judicial ofiQce to
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
resume general practice. This was contin-
ued until his election as associate justice in
November, 1898. Judge Lewis has dis-
charged the duties of his office with great
ability and has won the confidence of the
people as well as that of members of the
legal profession. He is a quiet and unas-
suming man, reserved in his habits and a
lover of home life. His natural inclinations
are toward what is most beautiful in life,
and in the loving influence of his home he
finds the greatest hapjjiness. When in need
of recreation nothing gives him more pleas-
ure than to piclc up the rod or gun and take
a tramp in the woods. Judge Lewis is a
member of the Masonic fraternity. While
not a member of any church, he belongs to
the liberal class of thinkers along religious
lines, and generally attends service where he
can have the advantage of listening to the
most intelligent discourse from the pulpit.
He was married, in 1880, to Janet D. Moore,
of Minneapolis. They have four children:
Laurel, aged 17; Murray, aged 14; Charles
L., aged 11, and Margaret, aged 9.
ANKENY, Alexander Thompson, of
Minneapolis, is of German and French de-
scent on his father's side and of English
and Scotch on his mother's. His paternal
ancestors were Huguenots, in the border-
land of Germany and France. The founder
of the family in America was De Walt
Ankeny, the great grandfather of the sub-
ject of this sketch. He was born in Wur-
temburg, Germany, in 1728, came to Phila-
delphia in 1745 and the following year made
a settlement on lands in Washington coun-
ty, Md., naming his farm "Well Pleased."
He was twice married, first to Mary Jane
Uomer and at her death to Margaret Fred-
erick. Peter Ankeny, the grandfather, was
the second son of the first marriage and was
born in 1751. He was married in 1773 to
Rosina Bonnet, who was a daughter of John
Bonnet and Mary Bickley, also from the
same part of the old country. The new
couple at once set out with pack horses and
crossed the Alleghenies, settling at what
afterwards came to be Somerset, Pa, He
also served as a captain in the Revolution-
ary War. Isaac Ankeny, the fourth son,
and the father, was born in 1792 and in 1820
was married to Eleanor Parker. She was
a daughter of John Parker and Agnes
< Jraham. John Parker was a son of Thomas
Parker and Eleanor Ferguson, born in the
north of Ireland in 1720 and 1727. respec-
tively. Agnes Graham was a daughter of
Judge John Graham, of Bedford county,
Pa., and was born in 1770 and died in 1852.
The family of Grahams traces its connec-
tion back to the Grahams of Scotland.
Isaac Ankeny was a man of prominence,
holding several important public positions
of honor and trust. He died at Somerset in
1853, his wife surviving until 1879. They
had a family of four boys and six girls, four
of the family still living. William P. An-
keny, of Minneapolis, was the oldest, and
was an early settler and an honored citizen.
He died in 1877. John J. Ankeny, an older
brother, was postmaster of Minneapolis
under President Cleveland.
Alexander Thompson Ankeny, named
after a distinguished judge of Pennsylvania,
w^as born at Somerset, Pa., December 27,
1837. His early education was in the home
schools. At the age of fifteen he was sent
to the Disciples' college at Hiram, Ohio, at
which time President Garfield was an instruc-
tor. Two years later he attended an acad-
emy at Morgantown, W. Va., then under
Rev. J. R. Moore, and at which time Judge
William Mitchell of Minnesota was an in-
structor. The acquaintance thus formed
with these men, who afterwards became so
distinguished, ended only with their death,
and was in several instances helpful to all
concerned. In 1857 Mr. Ankeny entered
Jefferson college at Canonsburg, Pa., where
he remained until the spring of 1859, when
he received an appointment at Washington,
D. C, in the office of Hon. Jeremiah S.
Black, attorney general. At this time Hon.
Edwin M. Stanton was also connected with
the office. Here he read law, and at the
close of the administration returned to
Somerset and entered upon the practice of
his profession. He tried and won his first
case on the day Fort Sumter was fired
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
upon. Upon the appointment, by President
Lincoln, of Mr. Stanton as secretary of war,
in 18C2, Mr. Anlceny accepted a position in
the war department, where he remained to
the close of the war. He returned to Som-
erset, engaging in the practice of law, and
was also connected with a private bank.
In 1872 Mr. Ankeny removed to Minne-
apolis and engaged in the lumber business
with his brother, William P. Ankeny. On
the death of the latter he devoted himself to
closing up the affairs of the large estate,
and ill 187!) resumed the practice of law,
in which he has ever since engaged, main
taining a high position at the bar. Puring
his life in Minneapolis few citizens have
rendered more or more valuable services to
the public, and almost uniformly without
compensation. In 1S77 he served as a mem-
ber of the board of education of the west
division of the city. He was then one of a
committee of ten which formulated the plan
for the complete union of the east and west
divisions of the city. In 18SG he was elected
a member of the board of education, re-
elected in 1889, and up to January, 1895,
served as president of the board, being also
ex-officio a member of the library board.
He had much to do with securing the pas-
sage by the legislature of our present free
text book law, and aided materially in plac-
ing the system in successful operation in
Minneapolis. In 1899 he was appointed by
Governor Lind a member of the board of
directors of the State Normal schools, and
was at once elected as its president. On
the subject of public education Mr. Ankeny
has justly been regarded as an authority, as
his many public addresses on that subject
amplj' testify.
By birth and conviction Mr. Ankeny has
always been a Democrat. He believed that
its principles were such only as could bring
to the people the fullest development and
the greatest happiness. He therefore clung
to it in good as well as evil report. If it
erred he did not forsake it, but simply
waited until it should resume its rightful
position on public questions. He frequent-
ly stood as the candidate of his party al-
though, as a rule, living in a minority dis-
ALEXANDER T. ANKENY.
Irict. In 1885 he was the candidate for
municipal judge, in 1890 one of the four
candidates for district judge, and in 1896
for mayor of Minneapolis. From IgiSS to
1894 he was a member of the executive com-
mittee of the National Association of Dem-
ocratic clubs. From 1886 to 1888 he was a
member of the Democratic state central
committee. In the state campaign of 1886
he was chairman of the committee on plat-
foi'm, and for the first time in this country
a recommendation was made for the adop-
tion of the Australian system of voting,
now in almost general use. In the state
campaign of 1898 he practically outlined
the poli(-y of the party in its platform, and
largely through that policy a Democratic
governor was elected. In the campaign of
1900 Mr. Ankeny did not actively partici-
pate, though honorably supporting the par-
ty candidates. He then firmly believed in
maintaining control of all the territory ac-
quired through the treaty with Spain, and
could foresee nothing but defeat in any at-
tempt to thwart what he believed was our
manifest destiny.
In his profession as well as in other
business enterprises Mr. Ankeny has al-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ways been regarded a man of cool and de-
liberate judgment. Ue was one of the in-
corporators of the Masonic Temple associa-
tion, of Minneapolis, and has ever since been
first the vice-president, then president of
its board of directors. In January, 1900,
he was appointed by the judges of the dis-
trict court one of the fifteen charter com-
missioners, and in the revision of that year
rendered valuable and conspicuous services.
Mr. Ankeny was married at Wheeling,
W. Va,, in 1801 to Miss :Martha V. Moore,
daughter of John Moore. They had one
son and four daughters, all residing in Min-
neajwlis, except the oldest, Mrs. Florence
McKusick, who died at Duluth, Minn., in
February, 1900. The family are connected
with the I'ortland Avenue Church of Christ
of this city.
FARNS WORTH, Sumner Amasa, princi-
pal of the Cleveland High School, of St. Paul,
Minn., is a native of Wisconsin, and was
bom at Bristol, Kenosha county, November
26, 1852. He is descended from Puritan
stock. His paternal great great grandfather,
Matthias Farnsworth, was one of the original
settlers of Groton, Mass., about 1664.
Simeon, his tenth son, moved to Washing-
ton, N. H., in 1781. His son, Daniel, was
born at Goshen, in that state, April 9, of the
following year. Joel Farnsworth, the son of
Daniel, and the father of the subject of this
sketch, was born March 15, 1818, at Wash-
ington, N. H. He was married June 18,
1840, in Stoddard, N. H., to Mary B. Fair-
banks, who was a native of that town, born
March 20, 1820. Her grandfather, Aaron
Fairbanks, was an early settler of Dedham,
Mass., where his son, Amasa, the father of
Mary, was born. Joel Farnsworth moved
with his family to Bristol, Wis., in April,
1852. His wife died June 10 of the follow-
ing year. He is still living at the advanced
age of eighty-three years, and is retired from
active work. While a resident of New
Hampshire he served as a captain of the state
militia. Sumner received his early educa-
tion in the country schools, and later in the
village schools of River Falls, Wis. After
finishing the course ollered therein, he taught
five years in the country schools. In the fall
of 1875 he entered the advanced class in the
State Normal School at River Falls. He was
compelled to give up his studies, however,
after a year of hard work. In September,
1876, he was elected superintendent of the
public schools of River Falls. He gave this
jiosition up the following spring and came to
Minnesota, locating on a homestead at Ada,
Norman county, and proceeded to open up a
farm. He gave up agricultural pursuits,
however, the following fall, having been
elected superintendent of schools at Brainerd.
He served in this position for three yeai-s,
resigning to take a position as cashier and
bookkeeper for L. L. Ramstad & Co., a large
general merchandise firm at Ada. He re-
mained with this concern for two j-ears, at
the same time serving as deputy postmaster.
He was also chairman of the town board of
supervisors for one year. He was one of the
pioneers of the Red River Valley and a dele-
gate from Norman county to the Red River
Valley drainage convention and was elected
secretary of the commission that so suc-
cessfully conducted the topographical survey
of the valley, which survey has been the
basis of all drainage work done in that sec-
tion. In 1882, he was elected superintendent
of the schools at Crookston and served in
this oltice for two years, resigning to accept
a similar position at Ada. In 1886 he was
offered the i^osition of principal of the Cleve-
land High School at St. Paul, which he ac-
cepted, taking charge of the school in Sep-
tember. He has held this position ever since.
The enrollment has gradually increased to
its present figure, 1,300, which makes it the
largest graded school in the North Star state.
The enrollment includes 200 high school pu-
pils, and the curriculum covers a period of
twelve years' work. Mr. Farnsworth is a
firm believer in the power and influence of
good men and women in the educational field,
and the thirty-two teachers on his staff are
thoroughly competent in their particular
lines. In 1896, he took the examination of
the board of regents and graduated in the
advanced course of the River Falls, Wis.,
State Normal School. In the fall of the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
same year, upou the uuanimous recoiumen-
datioii of the presidents of the four uornial
schools, he was granted a life professional
certificate for Minnesota. Mr. Farnsvvorth
has alwa.ys taken a deep interest in educa-
tional matters. He has taught in the state
summer schools at different times, and was
the first president of the Twin City School-
masters" Club. For six years he was gen-
eral secretary and financial manager of the
State Teachers' Association, and was presi-
dent of the associarion for one year. He was
Instrumental in having the proceedings of its
annual meetings put in printed form for the
first time, and later succeeded in gefting the
legislature to pass a law which provided for
the printing of the proceedings by the state.
He was chairman of the committee on legis-
lation of this association for twelve years
and aided in the securing of much needed
legislation. He has been an active mem-
ber of the jN'ational Educational Associa-
tion since 1891, holding at one time the
position of state manager. For three con-
secutive terms he has been elected presi-
dent of the St. Paul City Teachers' As-
sociation. He has always been active in pro-
moting the welfare of the teachers of his
home city, and instrumental in having many
points in question decided for the board and
teachers. He is a strong advocate in favor
of perfect freedom of action on the part of
employes of boards of education. He was
editor and proprietor of the "Twin City
Teacher" for one year. He is also a member
of the National Geographic Association.
Mr. Farnsworth's position as a teacher has
in a certain sense kept him out of active poli-
ties, but he has always felt free to express
himself and been independent enough to vote
for men as well as principles. Mr. Farns-
worth is prominently identified with a num-
ber of fraternal oi'ders. He has been a mem
ber of the I. O. O. F. since 1873, has held all
the offices in the subordinate lodge, is present
deputy grand master of Minnesota, and is a
member of the encampment branch. He is
also a member of the A. F. and A. M., and
has held the ofiices of senior deacon and
senior warden in St. Paul Lodge No. 3. He
has been a member of the Masonic Union of
SUMNER A. FAUNSWORTH.
St. Paul, the Order of the Eastern Star, St.
Paul Chapter No. 24, and is a past worthy^
patron in the same, and has taken th^ four-
teenth degree in the Scottish Rite. He is
president of the East Side Business Men"s
Club of St. Paul. Every enterprise tending
to promote the business interests of his sec-
tion of the city has always received his ear-
nest and heartj' support. While not a mem-
ber of any church, Mr. Farnsworth has been
an attendant and a supporter of the Pres-
byterian church since his residence in the
Saintly City. He was married October 21,
187!), at Glyndou, Minn., to Eliza L. Gross.
One child, a boy, died in infancy at Crooks-
ton, Minn.
NYE, Carroll Anderson, who has the
noted record of being county attorney of
Clay county for eight years — a county which
embraces Moorhead, with its State Normal
School and a population not surpassed in pro-
gressive ideas and intelligence in the state —
was born in St. Croix county, Wis. His father
was a native of Maine, and a farmer. He
was of mixed descent, French and Welsh.
His wife was also a native of the same state,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
CARROLL A. NVE.
and Freucli and English. In 1S52 lie came
to St. Oroix L'ouuty, Wis., and took up a farm.
Carroll was brougbt up on a farm, going to
dstrict school winters and working on the
farm in summer, until he was seventeen years
of age, when he went to the State Nonnal
School at River Palls, Wis., for several tenus,
paying his way by teaching schools at inter-
vals. The first money he earned, however,
was by working on a farm in the neighboi"-
hood by the month. His brother, Frank M.
Nye, the well known attorney of Minnesota,
and formerly county attorney of Hennepin
county, Minn., was then pi-acticing law in a
small town in Wisconsin. Carroll began to
study law in his ofBce. After a preparatory
course there he entered the law department
of the State Univei'sity, and graduated in
the class of 1886. A few months afterwards,
January, 1887, he went to Moorhead, Clay
county, Minn., and began to practice his pro-
fession. Previous to this, December 30, 18S6,
he was married to Miss Mary A. Gordon, of
Madison, Wis. They have a boy, James Gor-
don Nye, nine years old. Mr. Nye met with
almost instant success at Moorhead. His fine
natural abilities supplemented the thorough
training he received, and he only needed an
ojiportunity for exercise to demonstrate his
capacity for taking a high rank in his pro-
fession. Within two years he had establish-
ed a reputation which secured for him the
{)osition of city attorney of Moorhead. So
well did he discharge the duties of the ofiBce
that he was continued in it for four tenns.
In 1893 he was elected county attorney of
Clay count}', and was re-elected again and
again, until, as already mentioned, he was
elected for the fourth temi. No comment on
such a career need be made, when the char-
acter of the service required and the intelli-
gence of the community are considered. This
is also more remarkable when it is known
that he is absolutely independent in politics.
In January, 1899, Goveraor Lind appointed
him resident director of the State Nonnal
School of Moorhead for the term of four
years. He has built up a large and lucrative
practice, outside of his official sphere, em-
bracing neai"ly all branches of his profession.
In religion he affiliates with the Congrega-
tional church, of which he is a liberal sup-
porter, although not enrolled as a member.
He is a member of the Masonic fraternity,
the Knights of Pythias, and the Ancient
Order of United Workmen.
BUDD, Joseph Danly, is one of the lead-
ing surgeons in northern Minnesota and is
regarded as one of the best railroad surgeons
in the state. He is chief surgeon of the Du-
luth & Iron Range Railway Company and re-
sides at Two Harbors. The Budd family can
be traced back to an early French family of
that name. The members of the family resid-
ing in this country held a reunion at Budd's
Lake, Morris county, N. J., in 1878, and Col-
onel Enos G. Budd, a prominent member of
the family, read a paper tracing the name
back to the period before William of Nor
mandy came to England. From this address
it is learned that in the early days of Nor-
mandy and the French Empire one Jean
Budd was a bai'on of influence and took an
active part in the stirring events of that time.
His descendants naturally followed in his
footsteps and one branch of the family, after
taking the side of the people against a tyran-
HISTORY OF THE OIJKAT XOir|-II\VKST.
nical ruler, were obliged to flee with their
families. They joined the following of Will-
iam the Conqueror and with him landed in
England when thev took rank with the
others of the invading force. The family has
always been among the leadere in publi'-
matters and one member became a minister
of high rank in the English church. The
first of the family to come to America were
three brothers. John, Joseph and Thomas,
who. in 16.3.3, located at various places in
yew England, and from these three are de-
scended nearly all of the Hudd family resid-
ing in America. I). H. liudd. the father of
the subject of this sketch, came west in 1847
and located at Lancaster, Wis., and carried
on a manufacturing business, dealing in
wagons, carriages and sleighs. He was an
active Hepublican and held numerous ]»ublic
offices, including that of judge of i)robate for
four years. Tlie mother of .Joseph J). IJudd
was formerly a Miss Eliza M. Rich, and she
is a direct descendant of John ,\ldeu and
Priscilla, of Puritan fame. Dr. Hudd was
born. ^Nfay ."j. 1"*48. at Lancaster. \\'is., and
was attending the village high school when,
in ISO."), at the age of sixteen, he enlisted in
f'omjiany H. of the .50th Wisconsin Volun-
teer Infantry. He saw service in ^lissouri.
and in Dakota on frontier duty. He entered
Lawrence T'ni versify at Appleton, Wis., and
was gi-aduated in 1872 with the degree of
M. S. He taught school for several yeai-s and
then decided to study medicine and is a grad-
uate of the St. Paul :Medical Colh-ge. then
otfering instruction at St. I'aul. but discon-
tinued at the time the State T'niversity Med-
ical College was organized. Dr. Budd jirac-
ticed for a numV>er of years at Fayette, ^fich..
but came to Minnr'sota in 1887. In 1880 he
was appointed chief surgeon of the Duluth
& Iron Range Railroad and removed to Two
Haibors. his jiresent home. He is deeply in-
terested in his profession and has taken jiost
graduate courses at the Chicago Policlinic
during the years ISOO. 1808 and 1000. He is
a member of the International .\ssor-iation
of Railroad Surgeons. Dr. P.udd is a follower
of Republicanism and has taken an active
part in local jiolitics, and has served as cor-
oner and as county physician. For ten years
.iiisi:iMi h. r.i i/ii.
he has also Im-i-m IiimIIJi uHicer ;il Two ll;ir
bors. He is a member of ihe <i. A. R., affili-
ating with Culver Post at Duluth. Dr. liudd
\\as iiian-ied in 1882 to Miss Margaret»Car-
eiici-. He has a daughter. Leila !M. I>udd,
born in 180r{.
S.M'TER. Otto Edward. — Judge (). E.
Sauter. of Crafton. >.'. D.. has shown unusual
stability of character in the fact that having
ciutie to Craftcm immediately after gradua-
tion from the law dejiartment of the ^Miclii-
gan I'niversity, with the degree of P.achejoi-
of Laws, in 1882, he has ever since made that
cily his home. He was also a memf)er of the
Phi Delta I'hi law fraternity. He was born
ai Chicago. 111., Sei.tember 17, 18.10. He was
tin- son of Jacob Sauter, who removed from
Connecticut in 1837. He was in moderate
financial circumstances, and served the city
of Chicago as a lieutenant of the police. He
died of pneumonia in 180.5. He was married
in L'<42 to Anna M. Schmidt. vvhos<' parents
came from France in 1818 and settled in New
York, where they remained until 1840, when
they came to Chicago. Otto was only six
vears old when his father died. Much of his
HISTORY OF TPIE GREAT NORTHWEST.
OTTO E. SAUTER.
success must therefore be attributed to his
mother, who lived until October 13, 1893.
Judge Sauter obtained his early education
in the public schools of Chicago. That he
was a good scholar is shown by his taking
the "Foster Medal" for scholarship on gradu-
ating from the grammar school to the high
school in 1876. Afterwards he entered the
University of Michigan. When he chose the
profession of law he did not confine himself
to the mere school studies. He read law in
Iowa in 1881, and in 1882, previous to his
graduation, he took the bar examination in
Michigan and was admitted to practice in
Januai-y of that year. He came to Grafton,
May 28, 1882, and opened an oflSce on the
first of June, in partnership with C. A. Cle-
land, under the firm name of Cleland & Sau-
ter. This partnership was continued until
1890, when Mr. Sauter practiced alone until
1893. January 1, 1893, he formed a partner-
ship with J. H. Fraine. This firm was dis-
solved by the appointment of Mr. Sauter to a
seat on the bench as judge of the Seventh
judicial district of North Dakota, April 15,
1895. In November, 1896. Judge Sauter M'as
elected for four years to succeed himself, his
term of office expiring January 1, 1901. He
had as competitors in this election C. A. M.
Spencer, and N. C. Young, afterwards judge
of the supreme court of the state. Judge
Sauter was not a candidate for re-election,
and retired from the bench on the expiration
(if his term. On the eighth of January fol-
lowing, he opened an ofiice in Grafton to re-
smiie his practice. In 1881 he was married
Id Mamie M. McCarthy, the daughter of Col.
I>. F. McCarthy, formerly of Faribault, :Minn..
hilt now of Ansgar, Iowa, where the marriage
took place. They have two children, Marie
Sauter, born in 1889, and Jean Sauter, bom
in 1891. The judge is not enrolled as the
meiuber of any church. In politics he is a
Republican. He was active in the Garfield
campaign of 1880 and made political ad-
dresses in Iowa. He then cast his first vote,
and has at all times affiliated with the Re-
publican party. With the exception of the
judgeship, which was in the line of his pro-
fession, he has never held office.
KNOWLES, Hiram.— A seat on the
bench of the United States court is one of the
highest honors of the legal profession. It is
a dignity of which any man might feel proud.
It carries with it prima facie evidence of at-
tainments and character which cost some-
thing to acquire, and which secure the re-
spect of the community. The people of the
United States have been fortunate in the na-
tional judiciary, the high character of which
has never been impeached, and it is natural
that the lives of the men who have worn the
ermine with such honor, should be of inter-
est to the public. Among those of the North-
west who have served in this cai>acity with
credit, the name of Judge Hiram Knowles,
of Helena, Mont., could not be omitted. He
is of New England lineage, to which the
Northwest is so greatly indebted. He was
born at Hampden, Maine, in 1834. His father
was Dr. Freeman Knowles, a descendant of
Richard Knowles, a sea captain, who settled
in eastern Massachusetts between 1640 and
1650. Freeman Knowles was also a sea cap-
tain in early life, but afterwards studied med-
icine and become a physician, and was in fair
material circumstances. His wife, Hiram's
mother, was Emily Smith, bom in Maine.
HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHAVEST.
Her father was a land surveyor, born in New
Hampshire, at or near Concord. Judge
Knowles received his early education in the
public schools of Iowa, and prepared for col-
lege at the Denmark Academy. He attend-
ed Antioch College, Ohio, when Horace Man
— one of the most distinguished teachers the
country has produced — was president. His
professional education was begun in 18.58 and
18.59, in the office with Hon. Samuel F. Mill-
er, late a justice of the sujjreme court of the
T'nited States. He then entered the Harvard
Law School, one of the most eminent law
colleges in the United States, and graduated
in the class of 1860. He selected the Terri-
tory of Nevada as his field of practice, and
in 186.S was appointed prosecuting attorney
of Humboldt county. The same year he was
elected probate judge of the county. After
serving his term until 1865, he went to Idaho
and practiced law there one year, in partner-
ship witli Frank Ganahl. In 1866 he settled
in Montana, then a territory. Two years later
he was appointed as associate justice of the
supreme cour-t of the territory of Montana.
He filled this resjjonsible position for eleven
years, and finally resigned in 187i1, to re
sume the practice of law at Butte, Mont. In
February, 1890. he was appointed United
States district judge for the state of Mon-
tana, the office which he still holds. Judge
Knowles has had a professional experience
almost unique. Few men have been so close-
ly connected with the novel conditions of
communites in formation. While the prin-
ciples of law may be well established in old
settled countries, circumstances in a new one
may compel such application of legal deci-
sions as will be tantamount to a new depar-
ture, upsetting many preconceived notions.
Questions arise which have never been ad-
judicated because similar conditions have
never before existed. Statutes are called into
being to meet emergencies that could not be
anticipated; thus a body of laws, dithering
in many respects from that ever before
known, was developed in the new mountain
states. A man schooled for more than thirty
years in such a curriculum should become
fitted to occupy a seat on the bench of the
very highest courts. Judge Knowles has al-
HIItAM KNOWI.KS.
ways acted with the Kepuhlirau party. Hold-
ing most of the time a positicm incompatible
with active political work, he has held but
few political offices. In 1884 he was tfie Re-
jiublican candidate for congress, but was de-
feated by Joseph K. Toole. He was a mem-
lier of the constitutional convention, under
which the state was admitted to the Union,
in 1889. He is a member of the Masonic fra-
ternity and was the Grand Master of the order
of Montana in 1880. He is also a member of
the Ancient Order of United ^Yorkmen. lu
religion he is a Unitarian, being a member
of the church of that denomination at Hel-
ena, Mont. He was married to Mary L. Cur-
tis at Athens, Mo., in 1871, and they have
had seven children, three of whom are now
living.
CRIER, Thomas Johnston.— Cold mining
in the "Black Hills" of South Dakota has
made the region noted far and wide. The
foundation of its reputation is the success of
the operations of the Homestake Mining
Company, which, for a generation, has pour-
ed foith its stream of gold with the regularity
of a never-failing sjuing. When it is con-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
THOMAS J. GIUER.
sidered that the ore from which this wealth
is drawn is called of such low grade that it
would be spurned by many prospectors and
mining experts, the business management
which has never skipped a good dividend for
a generation creates admiration. The man
who has been for many years largely respon-
sible for this uniform success is Thomas J.
Grier, the present superintendent, who has
been at the helm, boy and man, for twenty-
three years. The details of the work have
been enormous, involving the employment
and management of several thousand men,
and, it may be said, the business life of the
community is involved, for without the
Homestake Mining Company in successful
operation, there would be stagnation. Mr.
Grier was born. May 18, 1850, at Pakenham,
Can. His father was James Grier, a car-
riage manufacturer by occupation. He was
a man of strong character and of moi'e than
common ability, as shown by the fact that
he was postmaster of Iroquois, Ontario, Can.,
for twenty-six years. The maiden name of
his wife, the mother of Thomas, was Eliza
A. Patterson. The boy was reared and edu-
cated at Iroquois, finishing in the high school.
He then went to work as a clerk in the post-
office, under his father, and while there learn-
ed telegraphy. The next step was to Mon-
treal, Can., where he became an operator in
the office of the Montreal Telegraph Com-
])any. He then secured a position in the of-
tice of the Western Union Telegraph Com-
jiany at Corinne, Utah, from which he was
transferred to be chief operator of the same
company at Salt Lake City. In 1878, when
twenty-eight years old, he was engaged as
bookkeeper by the Homestake Mining Com-
pany, and put in charge of the principal of-
tice at Lead City, Dakota Territoi-y, now
South Dakota. In 1884 he had made him-
self so efficient and so demonstrated his abil-
ity, that he was appointed superintendent of
the company, the position which he now
holds and has held ever since. His interests,
liowever, have not been confined to that duty
exclusively. He is president of the First Na-
tional Bank at Lead, and vice president of
the First National Bank of Deadwood. He
is also a member of the Masonic fraternity,
and is active in every public movement of in-
terest to a good private citizen, contributing
with purse and personal influence. In re-
ligion he is an Episcopalian. August 8, 1896,
he was man-ied to Miss Mary Jane Pale-
thorpe, of Glasgow, Scotland. They have
two children, a boy and girl. The boy has
been named Thomas Johnston Grier, Jr.
The girl's name is Evangeline Victoria (trier.
STT'ART, Wesley A., ofSturgis, S. D.,
is prominent throughout the western coun-
tr\- for the interest he has shown in the irri-
gation movement. He was born, April 13,
18.19, at Ottumwa, Iowa, of New England
jiarentage. His mother, Fannie A. Stuart,
nee Riley, was one of the Riley family of
musicians known throughout New England
and the South during the period just before
the Civil War. Addison A. Stuart, the
father of Wesley A., came from Massachu-
setts and settled at Ottumwa, Iowa, and en-
gaged in the practice of law. He entered the
Union army in 1801 and served as a captain
in the 17th Iowa Infantry for nearly the
whole period of the war. He came out from
service disabled for life by wounds and loss
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of hearing, resulting from the explosion of
a bomb. He afterwards was the author of
a book entitled "Iowa Colonels and Regi-
ments." We.sley A. Stuart received onlv a
common school education, and at seventeen
was api»renticed to a blacksmith. He fol-
lowed this work and that of carriage ironing
until 1884, when he entered an office for final
preparation for admission to the practice of
law. Mr. Stuart had early decided that he
should be a lawyer, and while working at
his trade had started on his studies with that
end in view. He entered the oflice of one of
the oldest firms in the state. Mills & Keeler,
of Cedar Rapids. His studies were followed
with success in June of 1887, when he was
admitted to practice before the supreme
court. He started in practice at Williams-
burg, where he remained until 1800, when
he decided to locate in the Black Hills, and
accordingly settled at Sturgis, S. D. He has
had more than the average success at the
bar, and has become known as an active and
aggressive lawyer, faithful to his clients, ex-
celling in the trial of cases, and has been con-
nected with nearly all of the important liti-
gation in his county for the past ten years.
He is conceded to be the leader of the Meade
county bar and in the front rank of Black
Hills practitionei's. He represents the prin-
cipal mercantile agencies in his county, has
been twice appointed city attorney, and is
local attorney for the Fremont, Elkhorn &
Missouri Valley Railroad. He has also been
an active member of the executive commit-
tee of the Commercial Club of his city for
several years. Mr. Stuart has always been
a Democrat and takes an active part in po-
litical matters, but has never sought or de-
.sired public office. He is deeply interested
in irrigation matters, and is a member of the
National Irrigation Association, and is now
the South Dakota member of the National
Executive Committee. At the Irrigation
Congress, held November 21 to 24, 1900, in
Chicago, he delivered one of the principal
adresses, his topic being '"What the National
Irrigation Congress Stands For," and the
same was very favorably mentioned in the
Associated Press accounts of the meeting.
He represented South Dakota at the Trans
WESLEY A. STUART.
^lississippi Congress, held at Wichita, Kan.,
and at the meeting held at Houston, Texas.
He was also one of the state commissioners
for South Dakota of the Trans-Missftsippi
Exposition at Omaha. He was married at
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in July, 188'J, to Minnie
E. Durham. She is a leading worker of the
Black Hills Federation of Women's Clubs.
Their only living child is Karl K. Stuart,
born in 1890.
KILGORE, Wallace Warren.— The super-
intendent of public schools at Willmar,
Minn., Wallace W. Kilgore, was born March
10, 1862, at North Neury, Maine — a state
which has furnished more enterprising men,
in propoiiJon to its population, to develop
the great Northwest, than any other state in
the Union. His father, Isaac T. Kilgore, was
a carpenter and farmer — occupations which,
in the early days of Maine, a great lumber-
ing state, were very frequently combined.
Wallace obtained his early education in the
common schools. He then attended Bridgton
Academy, the Mecca of all wide-awake New
England boys, where he prepared for college.
He entered, in 1882, Bowdoin College, the
HISTORY OF THE GUEAT NORTHWEST.
WALLACE! W. KILGORE.
well known jS'ew England institution which
has always stood high for scholarship, and
which has tui-ned out many brilliant and use-
ful men. While at college Mr. Kilgore was
a member of the Theta Delta Chi Greek let-
ter fraternity. He won the oratorical prize
in the junior year, and at the same time was
prominent in athleticism, being the manager
of the Bowdoin College baseball team in
1886. That same year he graduated with the
degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1889 he took
the degree of Master of Arts. His active
work of teaching was begun in the country
schools of Franklin county, in that state. In
winter, especially, when many young men
taking college courses engaged in teaching
to pay their way, these schools are of a high
grade. After he graduated Mr. Kilgore came
to Wisconsin, as superintendent of the public
schools at Mazomanie, which position he held
until he resigned to accept the appointment
of superintendent of schools at Mar.shall,
Minn. He was also principal of the Red
Wing high school for six years. He then ac-
cepted the superintendency of the Spring
\'alley schools, where he remained for two
years, and then resigned to take the position
which he now holds at Willmar, Minn. In
the meantime, for the last eight years, he has
been emjiloyed as a conductor of slate sum-
mer training schools for teachers. In poli-
tics Mr. Kilgore has always been a Repub-
lics u, but from the nature of his business has
ne\er taken a very active part. He is inter-
ested in fraternal society matters, and is both
a Mason and an ( )dd Fellow. He is also, by
virtue of the services of his early ancestors
in the Revolutionary War, a member of the
Sons of the American Revolution. He was
married, June IT, 1889, to Emma A. Ward,
of Mazomanie, Wis.
WOODARD, Francis R., the well known
physician and surgeon of Minneapolis, was
born in Madison, Lake county, Ohio, July 15,
1848. His father is Joseph S. Woodard, and
his mother's maiden name was Frelove M.
Baker, a descendant of Francis Baker, who
settled at Yarmouth, Mass. They were mar-
ried in Ohio in 1847. When Francis was ten
years old, the family moved to Rochester,
Olmsted county, Minn., then a village about
two years old. The mother and children
cauie by rail to La Crosse — there was no rail-
• road beyond that point — and from there by
sleigh, seventy-five miles, to Rochester. Mr.
>\oodard drove his team, with a top buggy,
in December, 1S5S, all the way from Chicago,
and opened the first drug store in Rochester.
In winter his goods were hauled by team
from La Crosse, and in summer, from Wi-
nona. Mr. Woodard on one occasion accom-
panied the team himself, and had some amus-
ing and thrilling experiences. Indians were
common, and their disposition was uncer-
tain, resulting sometimes in disquieting con-
ditions. On one trip from La Crosse Mr.
Woodard met on the road far from any
house, a band of fifteen, in feathers and paint.
He was glad to give them the whole road,
as they were determined to take it, anyway.
He had in his load several barrels. After
passing some distance the band returned and
demanded '"whisky,'" repeating the word over
and over — probably the only English they
knew. He told them he had none, but they
compelled him to wait until they had care-
fully overhauled the whole load, when they
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
went away with a dissatisfied grunt. In iy59
he bought from a Chicago agent five gallons
of kerosene oil and six marble-foot lamps,
which were sent to him from Chicago by ex-
press. This was the first kerosene ever
brought to the state. He sold the oil for
$1.40 a gallon and the lamps for .f 1.25 apiece.
The first gallon and lamp were sold to Judge
Barbour, of Rochester. Mr. Woodard also
kept a news dejiot and sold the daily Chicago
papers, which came by stage from La (Jrosse,
and he disposed of from 130 to 1.50 a day, at
ten cents ajnece. This was the only way to
get news from the Civil War, as there was
not a telegraph or daily paper in the state.
Francis began to go to school at I'ainesville,
Ohio. He continued to attend school at
Rochester until he could be trusted to put
up prescriptions and then was for some time
the prescription clerk in his father's store,
and thus very naturally turned to the pro-
fesson of medicine and began to study for
it. In 1869 he entered the Michigan State
University and took a literary course for two
years, and then a year in the law department
of the same institution. In 1S75 he returned
and took one coui'se of lectures in the med-
ical department. The following year, 187C,
he entered the Rush Medical College at Chi-
cago, at the same time doing service in the
Cook County Hospital. He graduated in the
class of 1879 and came to Minnesota and
went into practice at Claremont, where he
remained until 1881, when he came to Min-
neapolis, where he has since lived. His pres-
ent home is 2104 Park avenue. Dr. Woodard
soon built up a large practice. He was ap-
pointed by JIayor Winston one of the com-
missioners of the City Board of Charities and
Corrections, and he has been i-e-appointed to
the position by each mayor of the city up to
the present time, serving in all ten years,
during six of which he has been president of
the board, and during nearly all this time
he has been chairman of the City Hospital
Committee. He is attending physician of the
Asbury Hospital, consulting physician at St.
Mary's Hospital, and Lutheran Deaconess,
and Gynecolgist of the City Hospital. He
is a member of the American Medical Asso-
ciation, the Minnesota Academy of Medicine,
FRANCIS R. WOODARD.
the Minnesota State Medical Society, and of
the Hennepin County Medical Society. In
1870 he was married to Miss Helen C. Nich-
ols, of Wells, Minn., a woman of culture and
refinement. They have had five children —
Frances Helen, Harry Smith, Joseph Nich-
ols, Luella, and Lawrence Baker Woodard.
The doctor is an attendant and supporter of
the Park Avenue Congregational church,
with which his family is identified. In poli-
tics, although too busy to take an active part,
he is a Republican, having cast his first vote
for President Grant.
JONES, William Alexander, specialist in
nervous and mental diseases. Dr. Jones is
a native of Minnesota, and was born at St.
Peter, May 24, 1859. His ancestors were
^^'elsh on his father's side, and Scotch on his
mother's. Both of his grandfathers were
American jjatriots, and fought in the War
of the Revolution. Dr. Jones' father was
born in Vermont in 1832, and when four
years of age went with his parents to New
York City, where he grew to manhood. He
came to Minnesota in "54, and located at St.
Peter, where he kept a drug store, returning
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
WILLIAM A. JOXES.
to New York in "58, in which city he was
married to M. A. Virginia Christian, who
was born and reared in that citj'. The young
couple returned at once to their western
liome, to witness and share in the most stir-
ring scenes of frontier life. While watching
a scalp-dance of the Sioux, Mrs. Jones was
forced to join in the circle; and a few years
later they saw the terrible Indian outbreak,
and they sheltered many refugees in their
home. Dr. Jones was then a mere baby. His
education was gained in the common schools
of St. Peter, and at the end of his course in
the high school, he spent six years as a clerk
in his father's drug store, where he gained
a thorough and practical knowledge of drugs.
After graduating from the medical depart-
ment of the University of the City of New
York, in the class of "81, he became assist-
ant phy.sician in the State Hospital for the
Insane at St. I'eter.
Dr. Jones came to Minneapolis in Octo-
ber, 1883, and spent three years in general
practice. He was married at Denver, Colo..
in 1880, to Annie R. Johnson, and, accom-
]ianied by his bride, went abroad for special
study in the schools and hospitals of Berlin
and Vienna. Since his return from Europe
his practice has been limited to nervous and
mental diseases, and very extensively to con-
sultation work, for he enjoys the confidence
and resjject of the medical profession in a
high degree.
Dr. Jones has taken an active part in the
advancement of the medical department of
the State University, and for a number of
years has been clinical professor of nervous
and mental diseases in this institution. He
is also attending neurologist for St. Mary's,
Asbury ^lethodist, the City and Northwest-
ern hospitals, besides being chief of staff of
the Northwestern. He is an active member
of many local, state and national medical so-
cieties, including the American Medical As-
sociation, and the American Neurological As-
sociation, and has been president of the Min-
nesota Academy of Medicine and the Henne-
pin County Medical Society. He seized two
years on the board of tinistees of the State
Hospital for the Insane, to which position he
was appointed by Governor Nelson.
Dr. Jones is editor of the Northwestern
Lancet, whch is one of the oldest and most
influential medical journals in the west.
Dr. Jones" political affiliations are with
the Democratic party. He is a member of
Westminster Presbyterian church of Minne-
apolis. He has offices in the Pillsbury Build-
ing, Nicollet avenue and Sixth street.
ZOCH, Herman. — During the past de-
cade Minneapolis has rapidly come to the
front as a musical center. The remarkable
growth of the previous decade had left her
in a somewhat chaotic condition, but as busi-
ness institutions became more substantial
her citizens grew more responsive to the
refining influences of the higher arts. No
man contributed more to that development
along musical lines than Herman Zoch. He
is a pianist of rare skill, and his concerts
have come to be a leading feature in musical
circles each season. Since his location in
Minneapolis in 1884, Mr. Zoch has given
about sixty recitals, without any assistance,
in that city, besides many others in which
he has assisted other musicians. This is a
remarkable record, as few pianists can hold
HERMAN ZOCH.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
and chain an audience an entire evening un-
aided and unrelieved bj vocal or other in-
strumental music. Mr. Zoch is a native of
Prussia. His father, Carl Friedrich Zoch,
was director of the estates of the Polish
Count Dziedusziclvi, and it was on one of
these estates in Theerkeute, in the province of
Posen, Prussia, that Herman was born. His
{grandfather was an officer of the army and
especially distinguished himself in the war
against Napoleon in 1813. His mother's
maiden name was Augusta Kunau. The
educational facilities he enjoyed were of
a most liberal character. He was provided,
as a child, with a private tutor at home, but
afterwards entered the state gymnasium in
Halle, Saxony. He went from there to Leip-
sic and continued his studies in the Thomas
Gymnasium, from which he graduated in
the classical course. His musical talent
had developed itself at an early age and his
parents afforded him every opportunity to
improve it. After his graduation from the
gymnasium he secured admission to the
Royal Conservatory of Music at Leipsic,
where at the end of the third year he gradu-
ated with students who had been there five
or six years, and took the first prize in piano
playing. His instructors in piano were
Carl Reinecke, Jadassohn and Coccius, the
first two being his teachers in counterpoint
and composition. The next few months Mr.
Zoch spent in Paris, making the most of the
opportunities there afforded for advance-
ment in his art. He attended the recitals
given by the players of note in that city of
culture and studied their methods of execu-
tion. From there he went to Munich, where
he formed the acquaintance of the best musi-
cians of that city. He lived there for two
years and enjoyed the friendship of Joseph
IJheinberger, the great composer, for whom
he performed the latter's piano concerto, op.
94. This selection Mr. Zoch subsequently
introduced for the first time at concerts in
Berlin and Leipsic, with orchestral accom-
paniment. He had at this time come to be
recognized as an artist of great merit, and
a series of recitals that he gave in Leipsic,
Berlin, Munich, Vienna, Gotha and other
large musical centers in Germany proved
very successful. He had decided, however,
to seek a newer and more promising field
where his skill as a pianist would not only
be appreciated but would yield larger finan-
cial returns, and so came to America in 1883.
A year later he came to Minneapolis and be-
gan teaching. In this he has been very suc-
cessful, and is an artist whom Minneapolis
is proud to number among its citizens. Mr.
Zoch is a player of great power and brilliant
technique. Since 188!) he has made several
concert tours and has given jiiano recitals
in all the large cities of the country. His
programs indicate a remarkable versatility
and no composition seems too difficult for
him to perform. Mr. Zoch is devoted to his
art and finds in it all the pleasures that one
seeks in this life. For this reason he has
not cared to ally himself with any orders or
societies. Neither has he married.
THOMPSON, Frank Jared, came to the
state of North Dakota in the spring of 1878.
He had just been admitted to the bar and
was looking for a location. His father had
previously come to the state and was run-
ning a locomotive engine on the Minnesota
Division of the Northern Pacific Railway be-
tween P.rainerd. Minn., and Fargo, N. D.
His father's name is Jared Childs Thomp-
son, and he is a locomotive engineer. Prior to
coming to take a position on the Northern
Pacific railway, he had been employed in
that capacity on the Michigan Central for
about thirty years.
His mother's maiden name was Sarah
Jane Mason.
The Thompson family moved into Maine
some time in the early part of 1700, and the
descendants scattered to the southwest i)or-
tion of that state, and also into the northern
portion of Massachusetts. Benjamin Thomp-
son, direct lineal ancestor, participated in
the battle of Lexington and also served dur-
ing the Revolutionary War.
His mother's family is descended from
Hugh Mason, who was a brother of Captain
John Mason, well known to colonial fame.
Captain Hugh Mason came to this country
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
in 1634 and settled in Watertown, Mass. His
first son was named Joliu. aftei- liis brotlier.
His second son, Huuli, after liiniself. His
mother's family is descended from the second
son, Hugh. The Mason family is a A^ery ex-
tensive on(\ and has numbered among their
members some of the brightest minds in the
country. — not only in politics, but esjjecially
in the professions. Mr. Thompson's direct
lineal ancestor on his mother's side, Joseph
Mason, was also a minute man of colonial
times, and participated in the battle of Lex-
ington.
Mr. Thompson was horn at Uockford. 111.,
August 2?>, lSi)ij, where his mother wa« visit-
ing tempfu-ai-ily. His grandfathers moved
into Jlichigan during the thirtii^s of the nine-
teenth century. He spent his childhood days,
until about seventeen or eighteen years old,
at Marshall, Mich., attending the j)ublio
schools of that city. When only a lad he en-
tered the Michigan Central Eailway shops,
located at that place, and served his time as
machinist apprentice.
Mr. Thompson, being of a musical turn of
mind, began to study music while working
at his trade, and after finishing the same,
devoted his time largely to musical studies,
and, subsequently, for a time, made the
teaching of music his profession. Not being
satisfied with that kind of life, he entered
the Jackson College and took up the same
course by sjjecial studies as was taught at
the Michigan University, after which he
studied law and was admitted to practice in
the courts at Jackson, Mich.
He was, by birth, a Republican in poli-
tics and remained so until 1804. In 1889 he
was elected a member to the first legislature
of North Dakota and was chairman of the
judiciary committee of the house. While
serving as such member, he introduced, in a
spirit of fun, a resolution naming the chil-
dren born in the state of North Dakota
"Flickertails." The resolution was ado])ted,
and ever since then North Dakotans have
been known as "Flickertails." On his own
motion the following morning, after the reso-
lution was adopted, he asked to have it ex-
punged from the records of the house, but
the name stuck nevertheless.
FRANK J. THIlMl'SO.N.
In 1S!)1, during the second session of the
legislature, he was appointed assistant attor-
ney general of the state. Becoming dissatis-
fied with the a})parent political conations,
and not being satisfied with the Cleveland
policy, he joined the Independent movement
of the state, which affiliated with the Popu-
lists. He stumped the state for that party,
and has ever since remained with it and has
served as chairman of the state central com-
mittee since 18!t(i. At the session of the legis-
lature in ISO!) he received the full vote of the
Populists and Democrats for United States
senator.
He has always been active in fraternal
societies. He was Master of Shlloh TiOdge,
No. 1, A. F. & A. M., Fargo. N. D., for six
years; Potentate of El Zagal Temple (the
Shrine), of the same place, for six years, and
the head of some of the Scottish Rite bodies.
In June, 1890, he was elected Grand Mas-
ter of ]\ra'<ons for the state. In June, 1892,
was elected the Grand Secretary of the
Grand Lodge of Masons. Also Grand Re-
corder of the Knights Templar of the Grand
Commandery. In 1894 was elected Grand
Secretarv of the Grand Chai)ter, R. A. M., of
the state, all of whidi jiositions he now holds-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
He is also librarian of the library of the
Grand Masonic Lodge, and is at present the
librarian of the city library. For nine years
he served as a member of the school board.
He is also a member of the Knights of
Pythias, the Elks, the United Commercial
Travelers, and the Ancient Order of United
Workmen.
Mr. Thompson is also the author of the
Ritual of the Zodiac, Ancient Assyrian Mys-
teries, and is now the Most Sovereign Grand
Aries of the Grand Zodiac. The Zodiac is a
new order which is rapidly coming into
prominence.
He belongs to no church, but is a member
of the Unitarian Society.
In 1882 Mr. Thompson was married to
Elmadine Bissonette, then of Minneapolis,
by whom he has two children, the elder, a
girl, named Jaredine; the younger, a boy,
named Jack Dacotah,
PATTEE, William Sullivan, Dean of the
College of Law of the University of Minne-
sota, was born in the town of Jackson, coun-
ty of 'U'aldo, in the state of Maine, September
19, 1846, His father was Daniel Pattee,
whose ancestors were among the early set-
tlers of Maine. His mother, Mary Ann Bix-
by, was born in Maine, her father. Willard
Bixby, having emigrated there from Wood-
stock, Conn., while Maine was still a part of
the state of Massachusetts. Daniel Pattee
died at the age of thirty, leaving his wife and
two children, Helen and William. His moth-
er "was a woman of great strength of char-
acter and for several years supported herself
and children. She afterwards married Isaac
Gates, a farmer living in the town of Jack-
son. Her son William grew up on the farm,
remaining at home summers, until he was
twenty-one years of age. He attended the
common schools of the vicinity during the
winter months, and before he reached his ma-
jority, he had spent three terms in the East
Maine Seminary at Bucksport, in that state.
The winter after he was eighteen years of
age he commenced teaching in the country
schools dui'ing the winter months.
.\t the age of twenty-one he was ready
to enter the sophomore class of Bowdoin Col-
lege, having done the larger part of bis pre-
paratory work during the fall and spring
terms of the three preceding years at the
Maine Wesleyan Seminary at Kent's Hill.
Through this period of jireparation for col-
lege, like most young men from the country
districts, he was obliged to support himself
by teaching and doing such manual labor as
it was possible for him to procure in the
vicinity of the school. Entering college as a
s()i)l!omore at the age of twenty -one, he grad-
uated from Bowdoin in June, 1S71.
While at college he taught a portion of
each day in the public schools of Brunswick,
and by that means was enabled to meet his
expenses. Though his college course was
made extremely difficult by the outside work
he was compelled to do in order to maintain
himself, he nevertheless took a good I'ank as
a student, and was the orator of his class at
its graduation exercises. His education, up
to the time of his graduation from Bowdoin,
was acquired by continuous hard work, great
jserseverance, and under the inspiration of a
settled purpose to acquire the best education
it was possible for him to attain under his
impecunious conditions of life.
Tliree months before graduating from
Bowdoin College. Mr. Pattee was elected as
superintendent of the public schools in the
city of Brunswick, Maine, and performed the
duties of that office while at the same time
he carried all the work of the senior class.
He continued as su]ierintendent until April,
1872, when he resigned this position and ac-
cepted another as teacher of Greek in the
T^niversity of Lake Forrest, 111., which he
held until June, 1874, meanwhile lecturing
at times upon botany and other branches of
natural science. He then resigned to accept
the office tendered him of superintendent of
public schools in the city of Northfield, Minn,
On August 31 of that year Mr. Pattee
commenced his work in the state of Minne-
sota, largely reorganizing the Northfield
schools, where he continued his labors for
four years. The Northfield schools under his
administration were thoroughly organized.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
and became anioug- the most efficient in the
state.
During his college course, and his years
of subsequent teaching, he had puisued a
most systematic and thorough course of
study of jurisprudence. His vacations, and
all the time which he could properly use out-
side the work of the schools in which he was
employed, were devoted to the standard
works upon the various branches of law, and
on the first day of June, 1878, after having
been admitted to the bar of Rice county,
^Minn., he commenced the practice of his pro
fession in the city of Northfleld, where he
was then still residing. He entered at once
upon a successful practice and continued the
same for ten years. During this time he con-
tinued to be a systematic student of law, and
devoted himself exclusively to the demands
of his pi'ofession, excepting the winter of
1 884-5, when he was a member of the house
of representatives in the legislature of Min-
nesota. In this session of the legislature Mr.
Pattee was recognized as one of its ablest
debaters, and held a commanding place dur-
ing the entire session.
In the spring of 1888 he was asked by the
regents of the University of Minnesota to
organize and establish in that institution a
department or college of law. He accepted
the position and commenced his labors there
on the eleventh day of September of that
year, when he gave the opening address be-
fore the students, the faculty and the regents
of the university. That was the beginning of
what has now become, at the close of eleven
years, one of the most thoroughly organized
and efficient colleges of law in America, there
being but three, or possibly four, larger ones
in point of numbers in the United States.
Of Mr. Pattee's sound judgment, untiring
energy and wise administration in the organ-
ization, management and development of
this department of the university, too much
cannot be said, and to him must be attributed
a very large measure of its success. His
wide legal learning, his studious habits, his
executive ability, his tact and agreeable per-
sonality all have contributed to make him
the ideal founder and head of a college of
law. Starting without a building devoted
WILLIAM S. PATTEE.
to its purpose, without a library tor its use
and without any trained assistants for its
instruction, he has at the end of eleven years
secured through the substantial aid of the
regents, the erection and equipment of a fine
building, a library consisting of nearly all
the English Reports and repoi-ts of the vari-
ous supreme courts of the Union, including
those of the United States, with a fair col-
lection of text-books, and has gathered
around him an able faculty of efficient and
conscientious instructors and lecturers, num-
bering fifteen in all, upon whose instruction
there was in attendance at the close of the
eleventh year, four hundred and fifty stu-
dents.
Mr. Pattee has devoted to the upbuilding
of this college his entire time since its organ-
ization. Inspired by a desire to make the de-
partment an efficient promoter of higher
k^arning in the law, he early in its history
organized a graduate course leading to the
Master's degree, and later aonther leading to
the degree of Doctor of Civil Law. In these
classes Mr. Pattee has had an oi)i)ortunity
to show, and has shown, his broad and thor-
ough scholarshi]) in the realms of philosophy
and political science. The study of philos-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
opliy has been for liim for more than a quar-
ter of a century a rest and a recreation, and
one for which he has ever had an especial
fondness. It is the testimony of his students,
in these higher courses of study, that the
deep and perplexing problems of philosophy
are presented and discussed by him with a
force and clearness that make his lectures at
once a delight and an inspiration. To this
clearness of thought, aptness of illustration
and vigor of expression is largely due, un-
doubtedly, the high reputation Mr. Pattee
has won wherever he has taught as an able
and inspiring teacher, and to his clearness of
perception, his accuracy in detail and state-
ment, his strength of diction, his intuitive
sense of justice and his knowledge of law is
due his reputation as a leading member of
his profession.
Besides his public service in connection
with the university and his legislative ex-
perience, Mr. Pattee was for twelve years
the president of the State Board of Normal
Directors in Minnesota, and devoted much
time and thought to the ujjbuilding of the
normal schools in the state.
At the present time, in addition to the
executive duties imposed upon him as Dean
of the Faculty of Law, he teaches regularly
in both the undergraduate courses the sub-
jects of Contracts and Equity.
DEVINE, Joseph McMurray.— The North-
west has been fortunate in attracting to its
educational field men of culture and high
ideals. Generally, it is difiScult to draw from
educational centers those who are competent
to direct affairs in a new country, for the con-
ditions repel. The social elements are com-
paratively few; genial associates are widely
scattered; books are not so readily procured;
libraries are in the future, and the equip-
ments of the schools, high and common, are
necessarily scant. Then the work of organ-
ization is prodigious. But in spite of all
these hindrances and largely because of the
promise of great things sure to come, men
of the very highest educational rank and abil-
ities have turned their energies to building
up the school systems of the Northwest. The
common schools of this region cannot be sur-
passed by those of any section of the United
States. The magnificent school funds of the
new states have made this progress possible,
for with the best of ability, without means,
the results would be far from satisfacton-.
Among those who left a strong impress in
this field Governor J. M. Devine of La Moure,
La Moure county, N. D., must always be
prominent. He was bom at Wheeling, W.
^'a., in 1861. His father, Hugh C. Devine,
was born in Ireland. At the age of eighteen
he emigrated to the L'nited States, settled
at Wheeling, \\'. Va., and there engaged in
his favorite pursuit of horticulture and land-
scape gardening. He was married to Jane
McMurray of Wheeling. He was a man of
excellent education and of great personal
force. Jane (McMurray) Devine was of
Scotch-Irish descent, with all the excellence
of character which that term implies; strong,
loyal, self-sacrificing. Her whole life was
an everyday inspiration and benediction to
her children. Young Devine received his
env\y education in the common and high
schools of A^'heeling, after which he entered
the University of West Virginia, choos-
ing the classical course. He proved to be
a good student and stood high in scholar-
ship, winning distinction for its ex-
cellence. He was especially strong in pub-
lic speaking and in debate, in which de-
partment he carried off several oratorical
prizes. He graduated in the class of 1884.
The same year he went with an older brother,
J. C. Devine, to Dakota Territory, La Moure
county, now in the state of North Dakota,
and opened up a large farm. Here his schol-
arly attainments were soon discovered and
he was elected in 1886 Superintendent of
Schools of La Moure county. His efHciency
was so recognized that he was re-elected
again and again, and kept in the position
for ten years. To his progressive adminis-
tration the country is chiefly indebted for
the admirable system of schools now main-
tained. In 18D0 the oflBce of State Educa-
tional Lecturer was created, and Mr. Devine
was selected to fill the position. This gave
him the opportunity to exert a marked edu-
cational influence throughout the whole
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST.
State. In 1891, he was iiuaniiiHiusly elected
I'resideut of the State Ediu-atioual Associa-
tion. In llStti, he was nominated, b.y the
State Republican Convention, for State
Sniierinteudeut of I'ublic Instrnction, but the
whole ticket was overwhelmed by the fusion
opposition, and Mr. Devine went down with
the rest of the Kepublican nominees. In
LSili), thouf;h not a candidate, nor in any
way soliciting the office, he was uuamiuously
elected Chief Clerk of the House in the
Fourth Legislative Assembly. He was nonii
nated in IS'JG for the office of Lieutenant
Governor, and was elected with Frank A.
Hriggs as Governor. During the illness and
absence of the Governor Mr. Devine dis-
charged the duties of chief executive when
they were unusiuilly exacting by reason of
the numerous details connected with the
mustering in of troops for the Spanish war.
On the death of Governor IJriggs, the duties
of the chief executive of course devolved
upon Mr. Devine. So thoroughly and to the
satisfaction of the people did he discharge
the duty, that he was re-elected in IS'jy
Lieutenant Governor by the phenomenal ma-
jority of eleven thousand four hundred and
seventy votes. In IS'JG he was elected as a
delegate to the Kepublican National Con-
vention at St. Louis. He was also made one
of the vice presidents of that convention, and
still further honored by being made one of
the committee to notify Mr. McKinley of
bis nomination. On the organization of the
great National Sound Monej' League in ISitT,
Mr. Devine was made vice president, a posi-
tion which he still holds. In discharging
his duties iu this organization he has writ-
ten several articles on the money question
and on finance, which on being published
were extensively copied throughout the
country. His activity in political atVairs be-
gan when he was very young, for the work
was thrust uj)on him. He cast his first vote
for James G. Blaine, in 1884. In that
memorable campaign Mr. Devine, on the re-
quest of the state executive committee went
from North Dakota to "stump" the state
of ^^■est Virginia — his native state and
thought to be at most hopelessly Democra-
tic — for the "Great ("ommoner." His zeal
Ki'ii M. iii;vi.\i;
tor the principles of the party have never
riagged from that day. He is an eloquent,
persuasive speaker and is always in demand
for cauipaigu services. In I'JUO his sewices
and his ability as a scholar were again rec-
ognized in his nomination and election as
State Superintendent of Tublic Instruction.
Mr. Devine is an acti\e member of the pres-
byterian Church. On July 18th, I'JOO, he
was married to Miss Mary Bernadine Haus-
com. He takes an active interest in fraternal
societies, and is a member of the Odd Fel-
lows, Knights of I'ythias and of the Masonic
Order, in which he has taken the thirty-sec-
ond degree.
LONfiSTAFF, John. — The proprietcu' and
manager of the lluronite Publishing Com-
pany, of Huron, S. D., one of the largest
jtrinting establishments in the state, John
Longstaff, is a native of New York. He was
born at Newport, Herkimer county, of that
state. May 2l', 180:?. His father, a man of
strong native ability, was a blacksmith and
wagonmaker in well-to-do circumstances.
The maiden name of John's mother was Man-
Bradbury. They were both of English birth.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JOHN LONGSTAFF
John had the advautagL's of a good common
school education under the guidance of sen-
sible parents. He then took a course at the
noted Eastman's College, at roughkeepsie,
N. Y., and graduated in March, 1883, when
he was only twenty years old. He immedi-
ately set out for the west, and secured em-
ployment with the Times Publishing Com-
pany, at Huron, Dakota Territory— now
South Dakota. In 1885 he accepted a posi-
tion in Davenport, Iowa, with the Davenport
Gazette, then the leading Kepublican paper
of Scott county, in that state. He was soon
promoted to business manager of the estab-
lishment, where he remained for two years.
He then returned to Huron, his first love, so
to speak, and bought a working interest in
the Dakota Huronite. One year later he pur-
chased the interests of the other partners,
and formed a co-partnership with J. W.
Shannon, which continued until June, 1890,
when Mr. Shannon retired, disposing of his
interest to Mr. Longstaff, who has since con
ducted the business. Under his management
the business has grown yearly, until it has
become, as mentioned, one of the largest i)ub-
lishing houses iii the state. It is thoroughly
equipped with all modern machinery, and it
gives employment to nearly a score of people.
Mr. Longstaff i.s not only a thorough business
man, but he wields a facile pen as a forcible
writer, and he is an effective jmblic speaker.
In ]io]itics he is an active Republican, promi-
nent and influeutial in his party in addition
to the powCT- which he exerts through his
I>aper, The Huronite, one of the strongest in
the state. In 1SS!» President Harrison ap-
]>ointed Mr. Longstaff' jiostmaster of Huron.
He has been a member of llie Ke])nblican
State Central Committee since lS!((i, and is
one of the five members of the executive com-
mittee. He has always taken an active in-
terest in the affairs of the South Dakota
Press Association, and was elected president
of the association at the midsummer meet-
ing at Madison in 1892. In 1897, when the
legislature api>ointed a commission to inves-
tigate the state institutions and state otfi-
cers. Governor Lee, of the opposite party
from Mr. Longstatf, appointed him as a fair-
minded man, a member of the commission,.
as a Republican. He also takes an interest
in social affairs, being a member of the Syra-
cuse Lodge, No. 16, of the Knights of
Pythias, of which he has been an officer up
to the highest rank. He is a member of the
Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, Huron
Lodge, No. 444. He is second to none as a
public-spirited citizen, being always ready
with purse, pen, and personal effort, in every
movement for the general welfare of city,
county and state. He was married to Miss
Rose Schichtl, of Racine, Wis., in 1887. They
have three children, all boys: Ralph S.,
Cjeorge E. and J. Walter Longstaff'.
MARQUIS, William James.— I'ride of oc-
cupation is an essential element of success
in any calling. Where this prevails, accom-
panied with natural aptitude, the result is
not doubtful. The secret of the marked im-
provement in the Sauk Rapids schools under
the superintendency of William J. Marquis
may be atributed to this happy combination
in his character. He was born at Pickering,
Ontario, Can., August 25, 1871. He is of
Scotch-English extraction. His father,
lliomas B. Marquis, came from England with
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
his parents when a child, and is now a fann-
er in comfortable circumstances. The maiden
name of William's mother was Anne Dickie.
She came from Scotland with her parents
when only five yeare of age. Both are still
living to rejoice in the success of their son,
who when only ten years old determined to
be a teacher. His early education was ob-
tained in the country schools, where he was
fortunate in having good men teachers.
AMien prepared for high school his school
training was interrupted by five years' work
on his father's farm, but the germ of a teach-
er was in him. In ISSS he entered the noted
Collegiate Institute of Whitby, Ont., where
the instructors are held to be si)ecialists in
their departments, and where the i)ersonal
infiuence of the pi'ofessors is deemed a factor
in the training received. Here Mr. Marquis
took a foui- years' classical course with train-
ing in commercial details. He immediately
took a teach(M-'s ti'aining course in the Whit-
by Model School, and then began to teach
in country and village schools. The pay was
too low for a life work, so, after two years of
this teaching, Mr. Marquis determined to try
something else. In February, 1895, he went
into a general store business with his broth-
er. This did not jtrove congenial to him. He
could not be contented in following it, and
had a desire to return to his first love — teach-
ing — where the circumstances were more
favorable than at home. Concluding to try
the T'nited States — the Mecca of so many
young men of the Dominion — he came to
Jlinnesota. Although already well equipped
for teaching, and having had considerable
experience, he entered the State Normal
School at St. Cloud. Here he carried off a
large share of the honors. He was, in May,
180S. awarded a diploma from the advanced
Latin class. In 1S97 he was elected presi-
dent of the junioi' class, and in 1898 he was
elected president of the graduating class.
In the same year he Avas editor-in-chief of the
school paper, "The Normalia," and during
his course was frequently selected to repre-
sent the students in i)ublic exercises and
meetings. In September, 1898. he was en-
gaged as sujierintendent of the city schools
of Sauk Rapids, Benton county, Minn., the
WII.I,IA>1 .1. MAItlillS.
jiosititm which lie now holds. The schools
are already nearing a complete orticial high
school standing. He also takes an aitive
interest in general educational mattery be-
ing an active member of the Minnesota Edu-
cational Association, and is secretary and
treasurer of the Northern Minnesota Educa-
tional Association. Mr. Marquis is a mem-
ber of the Methodist Episcopal church, an
Odd Fellow, and belongs to the Council of
Jlodern Samaritans. He was married, Au-
gust 24, 1898, to Miss Lilian B. Holliday, of
Brooklin, Ont. They have one son, Harold
Holliday Manjuis, born IMarch fi, 1900.
DUNN, John Benjamin, surgeon to St.
Raphael's Hospital, St. Cloud, Minn., was
born at Winona, Minn., Nevember 27, 1859.
Is the son of James and Mary O'Hare Dunn,
natives of Dul)lin, Ireland, who emigrated to
America in 1845. His father served as a vol-
unteer in the Mexican War, and subsequent-
ly, in 185fi, took up land in Winona county
and engaged in farming.
Dr. Dunn's early education was in the
common schools of Winona. In 1877 he en-
tered the Second State Normal School grad-
HISTORY OF THE GRKAT N( »KT1J\VKST.
JOHN B. DUNN.
uatiuo ill 1880. He tlieu began the study of
medicine, graduating from Rush Medical
College in 1884. He at once located at
Shakopee, Minn., taking a large general prac-
tice established by his brother. Dr. J. H.
Dunn, in Scott and adjoining counties. De-
siring to especially qualify himself for sur-
gical practice, after nine years of active gen-
eral experience, in 1891 he went to Chicago
and New York for about two years of post-
graduate study under Drs. Senn, Murphy and
other prominent surgical teachers.
In 1893 he located in St. Cloud, Minn., as-
sociating himself with Dr. N. J. Pinault, who
had a very large general practice in the
northern part of the state tributary to St.
Cloud. It was the intention of Dr. Pinault,
whose taste and learning leaned towards in-
ternal medicine, to associate with himself an
expert surgeon and the firm thus formed was
a very strong one. The following year Dr.
Pinault unexpectedly retired, and for a time
Dr. Dunn continued the very heavy practice
of the firm, both medical and surgical.
Since the rebuilding of St. Raphael's Hos-
I)ital, which gives St. Cloud modern hospital
facilities equal to the best in the Northwest,
he has limited his practice largely to sur-
goiv and consultaiioii \\oik. Here be has
Ills own jirivate oiicialing room, fitted with
all tlie modern conveniences and ajipliances.
He is a member of the State Medical Associa-
tion, the American Medical Association and
other medical societies.
In 1SS4 Dr. Dunn was married to Miss
yiMy OT.rien, of Minneapolis. They have
Iliici' daughters, Irene, aged Ki. Adelaide.
ai;c(l 11, and Margai-et. aged 5.
CANTERBURY. James Rudolph.— Pro
tection against fire is one of the prime neces
sities of a modei-n city. The appliances de-
\ised to fight fire are mai-vels of ingenuity
and mechanical skill. It follows, of course,
that the men in charge of them must be skill-
ful and well trained in their calling, to be
efficient. This requires time; therefore a
modern fireman is an expert. He has a pro-
fession akin to that of a soldier, and like
him, risks life and limb in the battle, and-
although with the elements, it is scarcely
less hazardous. When the fireman, by his
knowledge, skill and intrepidity attains dis-
tinction he is as fully entitled to the honors
of his rank as is the perhaps more ostenta-
tious military officer. The fire chief, who
may be called the general, earns credit for
the efficiency of his force as does the com-
manding officer in an army. Tlie rush of
an engine to battle with fire is scarcely less
thrilling than a charge of soldiers. The
value of the two services can hardly be com-
jiared, for the fireman's duty is to defend and
save, while that of the soldier is to attack
and destroy.
Among the names of the men in the
Northwest distinguished for their fire serv-
ice, that of J. R. Canterbury, the Chief En-
gineer of the Fire Department of the city
of Minneapolis, will always be prominent.
He attained this distinction by a course of
training which peculiarly fitted him for his
career. It may with truth he said that he
lias also a hereditary aptitude for his profes-
sion, as his fathei', John David Canterbury,
was a stationarv engineer. He is still liv-
ing at Pomeroy, Ohio, surviving a service of
three years and a half in the army during
HI.STORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
the Eeliellion. He is of English parentage,
wliile his wife, who was Harriet Stanley, was
of early Ameriean descent on both her fa-
ther's and mother's side. John David Can-
terbury's mother was of (ierman birth. Thus
Chief Engineer Canterbury can boast of hav-
ing in his veins three strains of sturdy
Anglo-Saxon blood — English, Aniei'ican and
German. He was born at I'oiiieroy, Ohio.
March 15, 185S. Having rcccixcd a com
nion school education lie began his active
life when fifteen years of age, in the employ
of the New Cumberland Towboat Company
of New Cumberland, \V. Va., where he re-
mained for five years. He then werjt into
service on a line of steamers as lamp trim-
mer, watchman and mate, plying between
Pittsburg, St. Louis and New Orleans. He
left the river in ISIS and was engaged in
the Belcher Sugar Refinery at St. Louis. In
1882 he came to Minneapolis and bought
shares of stock in the Co-operative Barrel
Manufacturing Company. He was appoint-
ed to the jjosition of pipeman in the fire de-
partment of Minneapolis, May 1, 1883, and
assigned to duty with chemical engine No. 1
where he remained for a year, and was then
transferred in the same cai)acity to hose No.
5, February 26, 1886. Ho was then promot-
ed to the lieutenancy of engine No. 5,
and again to the captaincy of engine No. 6,
December 8, 1887. He was appointed second
assistant chief engineer June 0, 1801, where
he seiTed until he resigned from the de-
partment, February 1, 1895.
He was appointed assistant boiler inspect-
or June 20, 1895, and held the position until
he was elected to his present office of chief
engineer of the tire department. Tlie whole
secret of his successive promotions lays in
the fact that he filled every place with ex-
ceptional ability and fidelity. He was al-
ways equal to any duty placed upon him.
Mr. Canterbury has always atTiliated with
the Eepublican party, and has identified
himself with the organizations which were
designed to promote the interest of the cily.
He is a member of tlie board of trade, and
of the Commercial club. He is an active
member of the iLasonic order, Minneai)olis
No. 11), Blue Lodge; St. John Cliapler, Royal
JAMES U. CAN'TEIUSUUY.
Arch; Zion Comniandcry, l\iiights T(MMplar;
Minneapolis Council No. 2. He is connected
also with other associations of social and
ci\ic interest, among them Nicollet Codge
No. 1(>. A. O. U. W., Minnehaha Council 1160,
R. A. He is likewise president of tlie Fire-
men's Relief association, and vice-president
of the international association of chief en-
gineers of lire departments. In church rela-
tions he is a Methodist. He was married in
1SS:{ to Lizzie IMunier Hanscom, of Minne-
apolis, and has two children, Ethel May, 15
years of age, and James Raljih, two years
younger.
Mr. Canterbury is a genial companion and
an ui)right. public spirited citizen, reflectiug
upon the community the honor which he so
abundant! V earned.
HEALY, Frank.— The law department of
a large city is its citadel of defense against
assaults on the city treasury. The city at
torney is the general in command. WOc be
to the taxjiayers if this otticcr be iiicomiicteiil
or inetticient to i(']iel raids on the city's
•'strong box." I'eople are })rone, on the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
FItAXK IIEALY.
slightest pretext, to sue the city, as if it weie
everybody's legitimate plunder. The num-
ber and frivolous character of the claims
made upon the public treasurj'; the ingenuity
with which they are concocted; and the cun-
ning displayed in prosecuting them, are won-
derful. To successfully cope with these
multifarious attacks, more especially as they
are very frequently conducted by legal talent
of a high order, requires much more than
ordinary ability.
Mr. Frank Healy, the city attorney of Min-
neapolis, has made an enviable record in this
important work during the nearly four years
that he has been in charge of the office. In
this time, there have been made attempts to
collect from the city claims which in the
aggregate amounted to hundreds of thou-
sands of dollars, and yet but two small ver-
dicts have been secured against the city.
This result is certainly very remarkable. In
not a few of these cases Mr. Healy opposed
distinguished members of the bar who had
the so-called "prestige of never losing a case."
What the result )night have been had the
office of city attorney been in the hands of a
less competent lawyer, it is easy to imagine.
Defending suits is only part of the duty de-
volving upon the incumbent of this office.
He must prosecute in behalf of the city, he
must give advice to the city council and al-
dermen and to the other departments of the
municipality, and decide questions of law
submitted to him by any of the city author-
ities. All this requires sound judgment, as
well as a wide range of legal knowledge. Jlr.
llealy has been as successful in this depart-
ment as in the defendant position.
Mr. Healy barely escaped the honor of be-
ing a native of the state. He was born near
the city of Syracuse. N. Y., in 1854. In 1850
his parents moved to Minnesota, and took up
a homestead near Preston, Fillmore county,
w here his father still lives. His mother died
in 1873. In that picturesque Boot river re-
gion, Mr. Healy spent his boyhood, beginning
his education in a log school house. His
next step, in 1874, was attendance at the
Preston graded school for two years. In
187(j he entered the preparatory department
of the state university, and began his college
course in the institution in 1878, graduating
with the degree of A. B. in the class of '82.
He chose law as his profession and entered
Ihe law department of the state university
of Michigan, graduating in 1884, with the de-
gree of LL. B. Beturning to Minneapolis
he began his law career as clerk in the office
of Col. C. H. Benton, who was then city at-
torney. Soon after he became a partner of
his employer with S. A. Plumley, the firm
being under the style of Benton, Plumley &
Healy. Later Mr. Plumley retired, and the
firm became Benton & Healy, so remaining
until the death of the senior partner in 1890.
Mr. Healy then practiced alone until 18!»3.
when, with Judge John P. Eea and Frank R.
Ilubachek, the firm of Bea, Huba<'hek &
Healy was formed, which continued until
1897, when Mr. Healy was chosen city at-
torney by the city council — the position
which he now holds so creditably to him-
self and profitably to the city.
Mr. Healy was married in 1889 to Miss
Louise Henry, who graduated from the state
university in the class with him. They are
blessed with a bov and a girl.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
PETERSON, John.— No class of emi-
grants have contributed more to the upbuild-
ing of this great Northwest than those who
came here from the Scandinavian peninsula.
A typical repre.sentative of that sturdy and
thrifty class of citizens is the subject of this
sketch. Mr. Peterson earned his firsi dollai-
in Minnesota, working as a grader on a new
railroad in course of construction. Since
that day he has taken a proniineni jiarl in
the construction of the railway systems of
the Northwest, and has been identified willi
many other important business interests.
He is at present Collector of Customs for
the District of Minnesota. Mr. I'elerson
was born July 6, 1841, in tlie province of
Vermland, Sweden. His parents, I'eter and
Carrie Johnson, belonged to the agricultural
classes and were in but moderate cix-cum-
stances. They were people, however, of
strong character and earnest Christians, and
spared no efforts to give their son John a
fairly good education. Their self-sacritices
in his interest taught him early in life the
value of an upright, honest character. The
lesson he thus learned exerted a deep influ-
ence on his after career. From his sixth
to eighth year he attended a small children's
school near his home. His later educational
training was received in the public schools.
Upon his graduation from them he learned
the trade of a mechanic and builder and for
several years followed this line of work. His
skill and conscientious attention to his du-
ties soon earned for him promotion to the po-
sition of superintendent of the construction
of railroad bridges on the governmental rail-
roads of Sweden. But his ambitious tem-
perament was not satisfied with the pros-
pects held out for him in the old country and
he decided to seek his fortune in America.
He emigrated to the United States in the
spring of 1869, coming directly to Minnesota
and locating at St. Peter. He sought the
first work at hand, and that was helping to
grade on the new railroad line being built
from St. Paul to Sioux City, and which is
now a part of the Northwestern system.
During the following summer he also worked
in the harvest fields in the vicinity of
Rochester. His experience in railroad con-
JOHN PETERSON.
struction work came in good stead about
this time. Many different railroad lines
were then being constructed, and Mr. Peter-
sou commenced operations as a sifb-con-
tractor on the Winona & St. Peter railroad.
In 1871 he became a member of the firm
of C. J. Larson & Company, which, until
its dissolution in 188, took a most active
part in the building of the great railroad
systems of this northwestern country. In
1886, Mr. Peterson also entered into part-
nership with Fred Widell, of Mankato, and
was for several years engaged in stone
quarrying and building. But Mr. Peter-
son's business activities have not been di-
rected along these lines alone. He has also
been identified with a great number of
other business interests and his whole ca-
reer has been one of unceasing activity. He
has conducted extensive farming operations
in Northwestern Nebraska and has been
largely interested in the iron industry in
northern Minnesota. For several years
he has been a director of (he Nicollet
National Bank of St. I'eter, :Minn., and
[iresident of the Northwestern publishing
company, of St. Paul. He is also vice-presi-
dent of the Svenska Folkes Tidning, of Min-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
nea polls, oue of the leading Scandinavian
papers published in this country. Mr. Peter-
son has also held many positions of public
trust. He is actively identified with the Re-
publican party and has served as a delegate
to numerous congressional and state conven-
tions. For several years he was a member
of the central committee of the Second con-
gressional district. He was elected to the
state senate from St. Peter in 1894, and was
three times appointed a member of the board
of trustees of the State Hospitals for the In-
sane, twice by Gov. Merriam and once by
Gov. Nelson. From 1881 to 1896 he served
as a member of the city council of St. Peter,
and for two years was its president. He was
appointed collector of customs for the Dis-
trict of Minnesota in 1897. Mr. Peterson has
also taken a special interest in educational
matters and has served as a director of Gus-
tavus Adolphus College of St. Peter for over
twenty years, and its treasurer for many
years. He is connected with the Swedish
Lutheran church, of which he has been a
member since 1871, and for many years
served as a member of the church council.
He was married in 1873 to Frederica Eliza-
beth Lundberg. They have seven children,
Agnes L., Adolph C, Bernard R., Hjalmar
N., Mabel F. C, Vernan J. (\ and L. Russell
F.
MORRIS, William Richard.— The disad-
vantages of birth present an almost insur-
mountable obstacle to members of the Afro-
American race, but there are a few notable
instances in this country affording a shining
example of the ability to rise above race
prejudice to positions of standing and influ-
ence. William R. Morris, a lawyer prac-
ticing his profession in Minneapolis, is a mag-
nificent type of that manhood which is dis-
couraged at no taslv, and finally, through
dint of persevering work, achieves a success
which makes him marked among his fellows.
Mr. Morris has a mixture of wliite blood in
his veins. On the paternal side of the house,
his great grandmother was born in Eng-
land and was a member of the English
nobilitv, while his irreat grandfather was
a negro and a slave, as was also his grand-
mother. His paternal grandfather, half
English, half negro, was a preacher learn-
ed in the Scriptures, and noted for his
great physical strength and powers of
endurance. His great grandmother, on
ihe maternal side, was an English wo-
man, and a slaveholder, as was also his
maternal grandmother. His father, Heze-
kiah, was a slave in Kentucky, but bought
his freedom, and was a mattress-maker by
trade. His mother's maiden name was Eliza-
beth Hopkins, who was born free. William
R. was born in Fleming county, near Flem-
ingsburg. Ivy., February 22, 1859. His fa-
ther having died when he was two years of
age, his mother moved, after the war, to
Ohio. He attended the public schools in
New Richmond, and also a private school in
the same place; later, the public schools of
Cincinnati as well as a private Catholic
school in that city. This was supplemented
by a term in a Catholic school in Chicago,
111. When seventeen years of age he en-
tered Fisk University at Nashville, Tenn.,
graduating from the classical department of
that institution in 1881, with high honors.
He was recognized by his instructors as oue
of their brightest scholars. He was apt in
his studies, a logical debater, and his exami-
nation papers revealed a vigor of thought
and an accuracj' of expression that proved
the thoroughness of his investigations and
the possession of high legal attainments.
After his graduation he was made a member
of the faculty, and for more than four years
was the only Afro-American member of that
body of twenty-five professors and teachers,
teaching classes in mathematics, languages
and the sciences. Mr. Morris regards the in-
fluence exerted on his after career hj Fisk
University as broad and deep. While a stu-
dent at the university, he taught in the pub-
lic schools of Mississippi and Arkansas dur-
ing his vacations. In 1885 he represented
the Afro-Americans of the South at the an-
nual meeting of the A. M. A. at Madison,
Wis., delivering an address entitled "The Ne-
gro at Present," which won for him a wide
reputation. In 1886 he was employed by the
superintendent of education of Tennessee to
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
hold institutes for Afro-Aineripan teachers
of that state, lie has also at different times
contributed articles for the press which have
been highly commended. He completed a
course in law in 1887, and in the same .year
was admitted to the bar by the supreme
court of Illinois, in a class of twenty-seven,
being one out of three to receive the same
and highest mark. He was also admitted
to the bar by the sujjreme court of Tenessee,
and practiced some at both Chicago, 111., and
Nashville, Tenu. In June, 1889, he resigned
his position at Fisk University and came to
Minneajtolis. He was the first Afro-Ameri-
can lawyer to appear before the courts of
Hennepin county. He enjoys an extensive
practice, and has handled a number of im-
portant cases, winning for himself an envi-
able reputation as a lawyer, both in civil
and criminal practice. One of his most im-
portant cases was the defense of Thomas
Lyons, in the famous Harris murder trial,
in which he succeeded in having Lyons dis-
charged. Mr. Morris is an active member
of the Republican party, and has served it
on several local committees. Notwith-
standing the active duties of his profession,
Mr. Morris has also found time to take the
lead in everything tending to the upbuilding
of his race. He was elected president of the
Afro-American State League in 1801, and
is the acting general attorney of the National
Federation of Labor of Colored Men of the
United States and Canada. Mr. Morris is
also prominent in Masonic circles, and has
taken the thirty-third degree in the Scottish
Rite. He is grand secretary of the Minne-
sota Grand Lodge, scribe of Royal Arch
Chapter, thrice illustrious master of the
Council of Royal and Select Masters, general-
issimo of the commandery, potentate of Fez
zan Temple, treasurer general of Imperial
council, and second vice president of the
Masonic Veterans' Associatnon of the United
States. He is also deputy supreme chan-
cellor and brigadier general of the Knights
of Pythias, and P. N. F. and P. G. M. of the
Odd Fellows. Other social organizations
with which he is identified are the Clio Club,
the Business Men's Club, and the English
and Ancient Literature Club. He is a mem-
WILLIAM K. MORUIS.
ber of the Plymouth Congregational church.
July 14:, 1S1)(J, he was married to Anna M.
La Force, of Pullman, 111., a young woman
possessed of considerable literary ability and
refinement. Their union has been blessed
with one child — Richard Edward.
IVERSON, Samuel Gilbert. — Any one
having public business to transact at the
cai>it()l building in St. I'aul will find many
genial and obliging officials, but none more
popular than Samuel <,i. Iverson, deputy in
the state auditor's office. Mr. Iverson has
been associated with the oflicial life of the
offices of the state treasurer and the state
auditor for the past thirteen years, and hav-
ing become thoroughly informed with all the
details of the conduct of those offices, has
made himself indispensable to those who,
seeking his aid, have been spared a great
deal of time and trouble in the transaction
of their business with the different depart-
ments of state govenimeut. Mr. Iverson is
of Norwegian descent, his i)arents having
both been born in Norway. His father, John
Ivei'son, was iiorn in Sogn, near Bergen, and
his mother, (iuuhild Ciundersou, in Thele-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
SAMUEL G. IVEKSOX.
mai-keu. They were among the earliest set-
tlers in Fillmore county, Minn., and were
married at Rushford, Minn., in 185G, where
they have resided ever since. Mr. Iverson
was a merchant in this place for manj* years,
but is now engaged in farming. Samuel G.
was born in Rushford, April 21, 1859. His
early educational training was received in
the common schools, and later the high
school of Rushford. This was supplemented
by a course at the Shattuck School, in Fai"i-
bault, one of the best schools of its kind in
the North Star state. Later in life he at-
tended the law department of the State Uni-
versity, from which he graduated, and was
admitted to the bar in 1SD3. Mr. Iverson ob-
tained his first business experience by clerk-
ing in one of the stores of his native city
when seventeen years of age. In 1881 he was
ajipointed postmaster at Rushford by Presi-
dent Hayes, and that he served the public
satisfactorily is attested by the fact that he
held that position until October, 1886. He
was elected in the November election of that
year a member of the state legislature and
served through the legislative session of
1887. At its close he was ai)pointed an ac-
countant in the state auditor's otHce by Capt.
A\'. \V. Braden, remaining in that position
until Mr. Braden's retirement in January,
181)1. Joseph Bobleter, then state treasurer,
recognized Mr. Iverson"s capacity and im-
mediately ottered him the position of deputy
in his office. Mr. Iversou's long experience
in the two principal financial offices of the
state has made him perfectly familiar with
the state's business affairs, e.specially of the
lare and management of the large area of
school and other public lands. The tax and
revenue laws of the state have been subjects
to which he has given especial study, so that
he has made himself invaluable to his prin-
cipal in the auditor's office, and secured for
himself a position of high standing in official
life and a leading position in the Republican
party of the state. Mr. Iverson always took
an active interest in political affairs, even
before lie became a voter. His first ballot
was cast for President CJarfield. He has also
been much interested in the national guard
of the state and served six years in the First
regiment, two years of the time as first lieu-
tenant of Company C, at St. Paul. He is
also an active member of several societies
and fraternal organizations. He was mar-
ried, April 21, 1900, at Rushford, Minn., to
Mrs. Calista Bentlev Retel.
HALLAM. Oscar, bears the surname of
one of the most distinguished writers of his-
tory. He does not, however, depend upon
the fame of the illustrious author of the
"History of the Middle Ages," for the posi-
tion Avon at the bar and in forum of the
states of Wisconsin and Minnesota. Oscar
Hallam's father was a farmer at Linden,
AYis. He married Miss Mary Wood. The
name indicates English ancestry. Oscar
was born at Linden, Wis., in 1865. Here he
received his start in climbing the ladder;
the district school furnished the means.
Having mastered the primary branches of
education, he entered the Dodgeville High
School and prepared for college, and for
his higher education he chose the Wis-
consin University at Madison. Here he
immediately showed more than common
OSCAR HALLAM.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ability. He became active in the various
organizations of the university designed
for literary culture, joining the Athenian
Literary Society and the Phi Delta Theta
college fraternity. In the great "joint de-
bate" in 1886 between the literary societies,
an event always of great interest and
importance, and one of the established pub-
lic contests, Mr. Hallam was elected as
one of the best speakers, to represent his so-
ciety. It proved to be a good choice, for his
side was successful. He appeared on various
other public occasions, and always acquitted
himself with such credit as to give promise
of a successful professional cai^eer. He grad-
uated in 1887, as one of the honor men of the
class. He then chose law as his profession
and entered the law department of the uni-
versity, and graduated in 1889. With char-
acteristic promptness he at once selected St.
Paul as his home and began to practice his
profession. He has recently tilled the re-
sponsible position of treasurer of the Ramsey
County Bar Association, which testifies to
the appreciation he has won by his ability
and integrity, as well as his genial personal-
ity. Mr. Hallam has always been a Repub-
lican, with a keen interest in the current po-
litical questions of the day. The college
training which he received as a forcible pub-
lic speaker has been of great service to his
party. He is always in demand as a popular
orator in campaigns, and i)resided over the
last Republican county convention of Ram-
sey county, yet he has never held a political
office. He has identified himself as a public-
spirited citizen with every movement for the
welfare of the community, and especially in
matters intended to promote the business in-
terests of the city. For this purpose he is a
member of the Commercial Club and the
Chamber of Commerce, and is a member of
the board of directors of both bodies. He is
also a member of several of the most promi-
nent fraternal societies, among them the
Masonic Order, the Ancient Order of United
AYorkmen, the I. O. O. F., the U. O. F., and
others, in which he has filled various official
positions. He is a man of high moral char-
acter, and in religion associates with the
organization known as the People's church,
one of the most progressive religious organi-
zations in the Northwest. Mr. Hallam was
married to Miss Edith L. Lott in 1892, and
has two children, Cornelia Mary and Rus-
sell Hallam.
JORGENS, Joseph.-- ^Mr. Jorgeus" first
home was a log house in the pioneer settle-
ment of Frankford township, Mower county,
Minn. When a year old the family moved
in a prairie schooner drawn by a yoke of
oxen to Otter Tail county. — a territory which
was then the hunting ground for a band of
Chippewa Indians, very few pioneers as yet
having found their way thither.
The family settled on a homestead claim
on the north shore of Wall lake four miles
east of the present city of Fergus Falls. The
natural resources of the county in soil, tim-
ber, numerous beautiful lakes and streams —
in fact a veritable park region — soon attract-
ed homeseekers and with the increasing pop- -
ulation came the organization of the county.
The father of the subject of this sketch, O.
Jorgens, was chosen by the people the first
county auditor, was re-elected and served in
all three terms. He took the leading part in
the early development of the county, in the
organization of townships, school districts,
the establishment of post offices, mail routes,
the final establishment of the county bound-
ary lines, and in locating the county seat at
Fergus Falls which was then the settlement
center. After several years' residence in the
county the family removed to Grand Mead-
ow, Minn., and engaged in general merchan-
dising. They have many relatives in this
community and the father is highly respected
for his probity and estimable character.
There are two children, a married daugh-
ter — a former teacher in the public schools
— and the son whose full name is Joseph
Oscar Jorgens.
Mr. Jorgens, Jr., after finishing the com-
mon school branches at Grand Meadow was'
induced by a former teacher of his who had
great interest in him to go to Lanesboro.
Finding work with W. W. Wall, the present
editor of the Lanesboro Journal, thus pay-
ing in part his expenses, he attended the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
high school which was then pi'esided ovei"
by Snpt. K. W. Budl, of Fillmore, as prin-
cipal. He next taught country school a term,
having received his first teachers certificate
at the age of thirteen. Later he went to
Carleton college; taught another term of
school and worked each year in the interim
of summer on the farm. At Carleton he
wrote a history of his class which jiroved a
praisworthy piece of work.
In 18SC he went to ilinneapolis to attend
the State university, entering the sub-fresh-
man class. Shortly after beginning his stu-
dies he obtained employment with the IMin-
neapolis Tribune, first as a paper (;-arrier,
then a manager of .several newspaper routes,
and later as a reporter on the Pioneer Press,
beginning liis ap])renticeship with that re-
markable staff composed of Chapin, Jones,
Mannix, Barnes, Mart Williams and Pickett.
By this method, earning from thirty to forty
dollars per month, he worked his way
through the university, keeping up and grad-
uating with his class in 1891.
At the university he was known as a good
student, bright and faithful in his studies,
yet developing along all lines that pertain to
a well rounded college life. In athletics he
was captain and manager of the winning
base ball team in '88. In literary society and
college organizations he was an enthusiastic
worker and made a finn and efficient presid-
ing ofTficer. His college fraternity, T'hi Kap-
pa Psi, did much at this time to promote
scholarship, literary work, and oratory.
Fi'om '87 to '03 this society took each year
the first place in the oratorical contests and
in "01 had both the Valedictorian and Saluta-
torian of the class. The stimulus and in-
fluence of such an order on its members were
inestimable. Though Mr. Jorgens makes no
pretense at oratory now, if is interesting to
note that during commencement of '01 he
gave three orations in one week — every one
seemingly gems. For his speech "Political
Parties" he received one of the prizes in the
Pillsbury contest. His oration on the "Col-
lege Graduate" received a place on com-
mencement day in the old coliseum, and as
memorial orator on class day he presented
the bust of Dr. W. W. Folwell to the uni-
JOSEI'H J(JRt;KXS.
versify, fhe response being by (Jov. J. S.
I'illsbury. The memorial oration was
spoken of by the press as an exceptional-
ly elocjuent ett'ort and one of th% best
ever delivered by an undergraduate. Upon
leaving college, affer several months' out-
ing on a survey on the "Soo" in Noi'th
Dakota, he took up teaching again, spend-
ing a year in tlie country, then two years
at Lyle as principal. In educational mat-
ters at this place, his enthusiasm brought
new interest in the work; the enrollment was
enlarged and the building capacity doubled.
In order to retain him for a third year to ex-
tend the high school work, several of the
parents, owing to the inadequacy of the sala-
ry, offered to assist the school board by per-
sonal contributions; but this was deemed im-
practicable by the state officials and he ac-
cepted the ])osition as superintendent and
principal at Clear Water. Besides the edu-
cational work at Lyle, as a hit in the literary
line, an old file of the local ])ai)er mentions
in a very flattering manner a Masonic ad-
dress delivered by Mr. Jorgens at that place.
The work at Clear Water brought him to the
attention of the Minneajiolis schools, his
work receiving espi'cial mention by the stale
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
inspector of schools in liis annual report.
The Clear Water school board strove to re-
tain him by holding out as an inducement
the highest salary ever offered at that place,
but a Minneapolis ai)pointnient with its fu-
ture proved more tempting and he accepted
a position in the south side high school with
civics, history and political economy as his
specialty. After two years' service, his nat-
ural executive abilities promoted him to the
princi])alship of the Jackson school, which in
point of number is the second or third largest
in the city, if not in the state, with an enroll-
ment of 1,202 pupils and 23 teachers.
Though successful in the class room, to use
an expression of a co-worker he is "extreme-
ly practical and a genius at management"
and would succeed in any active vocation.
He is, however, much interested in the teach-
ing occupation as a profession, being an ac-
tive worker for the teachers of the city, and
is at present a member of the executive com-
mittee and secretai-y of the Minneapolis
Teachers' club — an organization potent in
promoting culture in the community and the
professional and advanced interests of the
teaching body.
Mr. Jorgens' life is interesting because it
is a typical one of many ^Minnesota boys who
have with grim determination strenuously
battled their way to obtain an education,
■winning, as he has done, an early success.
He is still a young man employing his
spare moments in advance study, and with
his well rounded abilities, experience, schol-
arship, it is safe to predict for him one of the
brightest futures in the state.
VON BAUMBAOH, Frederick.— Men of
German ancestry have always been promi-
nent in American affairs since the days of
the Re^•olution. Citizens of this nationality
are recognized among the most sturdy, in-
telligent and patriotic citizens of the repub-
lic, and many of them have become distin-
guished in literature, art, commerce, and
politics, or, perhaps, more properly, states-
manship. The Northwest has been especial-
ly indebted to the virile, enterprising and
scholarly characteristics of the German race.
Frederick von Baumbach is a scion of this
lineage. His father, Louis von Baumbach,
was an officer in the Prussian array and
served against the first Napoleon. He was
very prominent and influential in German
public affairs, being president of the diet of
Ilcssc-Cassel and a member of the German
parliament of 1848, celebrated as one of the
most important ever held, being, in fact,
ei)ochal. In the crisis which arose Mr. von
Baumbach was on the progressive side with
the plain people. In the upheaval which
took place when the cause of the people
failed, he, with other distinguished men, emi-
grated to the United States, coming in 1849
first to Ohio, near Elyria, where he settled
on a farm. After a time he removed to Mil-
waukee with his large family and became
the German consul, a position which he held
until in 1883. His wife was Mina von
Schenk, of a family noted, like that of von
Baumbach in the history of Hesse-Cassel,
where they figure as soldiers and statesmen
of the highest rank. She died in 1809. The
old Baumbach estate, Kirchheim, in Hesse-
Cassel, founded in the year 1300, is still in
possession of the family. On this estate
Frederick von Baumbach was born, August
30, 1838. His education was begun under
the private tutor always resident with the
family. When the family emigrated to the
United States, Frederick was ten years old,
and one of the youngest of the family. He
was sent to the public schools of Elyria,
Ohio, near his home. On the removal of the
familj' to Milwaukee, he went to a business
college, and was also employed in a bank
until 1860, when he went to San Antonio,
Texas, and was there when the war excite-
ment was intense. His sympathies, of
course, were with the north, and after some
exciting adventures in escaping from the
south, he reached home, and on June 1, 1861,
enlisted as a private soldier in Company C,
Fifth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer In-
fantry. His efficiency as a soldier and his
scholarly qualifications secured for him rapid
pi-omotions as soon as the fighting begfln in
earnest. He was made successively corpo-
ral, sergeant, and sergeant-major, and on
June 13, 1862 — a little over a year from the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
time of his enlistment — he was commissioned
a second lieutenant. He then soon rose to
first lieutenant. On December 11, 18G8, he
was appointed captain of Company 15, Thirty-
tiftli Kegiment \Yisconsin Volunteers, and
October 24, 1805, he was promoted to major,
in which rank he was mustered out at
lirownsville, Texas, March 15, ISGO, having
served nearly live years, and terrible years
they were, for he participated in many of the
most important battles of the war, besides
laking part in almost innumerable skirmish
es. Among the battles may be mentioned
the following: Yorktown, Williamsburg,
seven days" battle before Richmond, second
battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericks-
burg, Mobile, and Spanish Fort.
After the war, in looking around for a
home, for he was married in 1803 to Sarah
J. Decker, of Milwaukee, he visited Douglas
county, Minn., and, although pleased with
the prospect, he returned to Wisconsin and
opened a drug store at Fond du Lac. With-
in a year his establishment was burned. He
Ihen turned to his first love, Douglas coun-
ty, Minn., where, on the shore of Lake
Agues, near Alexandria, he has one of the
most lovely homes in the state. He has al-
ways been a Republican and active in the
campaigns of the party. He was very soon
elected to minor ofBces in the gift of the
people. In 1872 he was elected county audi-
tor of Douglas county. He was re-elected
again and again until he was chosen for the
high office of secretary of state in 187"J. lie
filled this position so well, also, that he was
twice re-elected. When he again returned
to Douglas county the people once more
elected him county auditor, and put him in
charge of the construction of the new court
house. On the passage of the new internal
revenue law in 1898, to provide funds for the
Spanish war, Mr. von Baumbach was ap-
pointed by President McKinU\v a collector,
with an office at St. Paul. Mr. von Baum-
bach, as stated, was married in 1803, to Saiah
J. Decker, but they have no children excc]it
tho.se adopted, Jacob and Julia. The family
attend (he t'ongregutional church, of which
the husband and wife are members. He is
a member of the veteran soldier organiza-
FUEliEUlCK VCliN BAUMBACH.
tions, the Orand Army of the Republic and
the Loyal Legion, the latter composed ex-
clusively of those who were commissioned
officers in the war of the Rebellion. Be is
also an Odd Fellow and a Mason.
PETERSON, James A., is a lawyer and
prominent member of the Minneapolis bar.
He was born on his father's farm near the
village of Alderly, Dodge county. Wis., Jan-
uary IS, 1859. He is of Norwegian descent,
both his parents having been born in Thele-
marken, Norway. His father Aslak Peter-
sou, is a farmer and lives in the town of Ash-
ippuu. Dodge county. Wis., where he has
lived since 1849, at which time he came as an
emigrant from Norway and took the farm he
is now living on as a homestead from the
United States government His mother's
maiden name was Karen Marie Ostenson.
She was married to Mv. I'eterson in the old
country. The subject of this sketch attended
I he country school near his home until he
was fourteen years of age, leaving it to at-
tend school in the neighboring villages of
Hartford and Oconomowoc. James was of
iiiubitious temperament and was anxious to
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
JAJIES A. PETERSON.
receive the benefit of a college education.
His parents, however,were unable to provide
him with the means to accomplish this, so he
was compelled to rely upon his own re-
sources. He taught school for a part of the
time to pay his expenses while attending col-
lege, and with the exception of the last year,
when he had some help from his father, earn
ed the money to pay for his own education
through the entire course. This education
was received in the university' of Wisconsin.
He entered the freshman class in the fall of
1880, taking the ancient classical course, and
graduated in the fall of 1884, with the de-
gree of A. B. While at the university he
was a member of the Hesperian debating
societ}' and was the leader of the debate for
his society in 1881. He was also a mem-
ber of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity.
Having the legal profession in view as his
ultimate career he continued his studies in
the law department of the same university,
from which he graduated in 1887. Mr. Pe-
terson had commenced the study of law in
1885, after graduation from the classical de-
partment of the university, with W. S. Field,
of Yiroqua, and while in the law school stud-
ied in the office of J. L. Connor, of Madison.
He came to Minneapolis August 18, 1887, and
began the practice of his profession. In 1893
he was appointed assistant county attorney
of Heunei)in county under Frank M. Nye,
and was re-ai)i)ointed to the same office in
1895. In 189(j he was elected to the office of
(oiiuty attorney of Hennepin county, and
served one term. At the expiration of his
term of office as county attorney, he resumed
the active practice of his profession in part-
nership with Eobert S. Kolliner, under the
firm name of Peterson & Kolliner, until July,
1900, at which time the partnershij) was dis-
solved. Since then Mr. Peterson has prac-
ticed alone, his offices being located at GIO
Boston block, and enjoys a large and success-
ful practice. During his term of service as
county attorney Mr. Peterson's ettorts in the
direction of breaking up the old "city hall
gang"' resulted in the conviction of the presi-
dent of the State Bank of Minneapolis for ir-
regular banking, as well as the city treasurer
of Minneapolis and two aldermen, one for ir-
regular conduct in his office and the other for
perjury. He has always been a Eepublican
and taken an active part in campaign work.
In 1881 he stumped northern Wisconsin for
Blaine, and has done a like service in Minne-
sota at other general elections. He is at
present a member of that body of freeholders
who framed and presented a new charter to
the mayor of Minneapolis in 1900. Mr. Pe-
terson is a member of the Masonic lodge, the
Knights of Pythias, and the Elks. He has
always been identified with the Episcopalian
church, and is a member of Gethsemane. He
was married Nov. 19, 1889, to Marie Emilie
Dahle, of Dane county. Wis., who graduated
in the same class with him at the university
of Wisconsin. They have two children liv-
ing, Amy Belle and James Dahle. One
daughter, Olge Dorethea, died in 1895.
TRYOX, Charles John. — It is always a
pleasure to trace the pedigree of a successful
man back to a worthy ancestry, no matter
what may be the estimate placed upon hered-
ity. Those who value it are encouraged to
tontinue the family name with honor, and
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
those who give "blood"' no value iu the race
of life are t-oustrained to prove it by their
own exertions iu outstripping the aehieve-
nients of those who have gone before them.
It is worthy of note, however, that very many
of the men who have made the Northwest
famous are lineal descendants of the people
who made New England what it is in history.
Charles J. Trvon is a fair example of this
truth.
He was born in Batavia, Genesee county.
N. Y., a region once as famous for its wheat
product as the most favored section of the
Northwest. His father, Anderson D. Tryon,
was for thirty-five j'ears the leading druggist
and bookseller in the place. His mother,
whose maiden name was Amanda Hatch
Shepard, was born in the first log house
built in her town in Genesee county, N. Y.,
moving to Batavia after her marriage. Al
though both the parents were born in New
York they were of Connecticut lineage, dat-
ing from 1040, when William Tryon came
from England and settled near Wetherstteld,
and from a Huguenot family.on the mother's
side, dating from the Revolutionary war.
The maternal ancestors first went to Ver-
mont, and from there to New York state.
The family had emigrated from Scotland,
whence they were refugees to America. The
great grandfather of Charles J. was a soldier
in the Revolutionary war, and was in the
force which brought about the surrender of
Burgoyne. Tliis battle of Saratoga, as it is
called, it put down in history as one of the
decisive battles of the world because of the
influence it had on the Revolutionary con-
test. It secured the aid of the French gov-
ernment and enabled the struggling colonies
to obtain a loan of money from the Dutch,
two things which made independence more
l)robable, if not absolutely certain.
John Tryon, the grandfather of Charles J.,
fought in the war of 1S12. This honorable
and patriotic parentage is done no discredit
by the success of Charles J. Tryon. He was
school of Batavia, an institution of high
grade, under the supervision of the state
board of regents, with an academic depart-
ment leading to the university. He was
compelled, howevci', to leave school when
CHAIfLES J. TRYON.
fifteen years of age and assist his father
ill the store, as clerk. After four years of
lliis service he procured a clerkship in the
treasury dei)artment, at ^Vashillgton^ hold-
ing the position from 1S7S until 1SS(;. In the
meantime he had taken up the study of law.
He entered the National University Law
school at Washington and graduated as
bachelor of laws in ISSO, when he was admit-
ted to the bar. He took the higher degree
of master of laws, LL. M., at the Columbian
university, in 1882. He finally in 1886 se-
lected the city of Minneapolis as his home,
and resumed his practice by entering the of-
fice of Messrs Kitchell, Cohen & Shaw.
Within a year he became the examiner of
titles for the Minnesota Title Insurance X-
Trust company, and was soon made assistant
counsel of the company. He was promoted
to counsel in 1802 and in 1895 he entered up-
on a general practice, making a specialty of
real estate, corporation and insurance law.
Mr. Tryon is a Re]>ublican in i)olitics and
takes an interest in all public affairs, and is
active in social and religious circles. He is
a member of riymouth Congregational
church, the Miuneaj)olis club, the Minikada
club and the ;Miinii'toiika Ice Yadil clnb, the
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
leading religious and social organizations of
the city.
He was mai-ried June 10, 1891, to Miss
Isabel Gale, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs.
Harlow A. Gale. He lias an interesting fam-
ily of four children— Fredericli (i., Elizabeth
G., Philip D., and Kichard M., Tryou. Cer-
tainly his ways are pleasant and his paths
are peace.
KNOX, Thomas J. — Eminence in the le-
gal profession is only attained by merit.
The successful advocate does not win his
laurels without a severe struggle. He must
commence at the very beginning, must plead
and win his first case and work his way up-
ward by ability and integrity. It requires
perseverance, close application and hard
study. He wins only because he has led in
the race. He obtains clients because the
public has confidence in his ability and in-
tegrity. He is successful as an advocate be-
cause every fact is carefully studied, the law
applicable thoroughly investigated, and with
his well-trained mind a clear, logical and for-
cible argument is presented to the jury.
Minnesota has many eminent men practicing
before her bar. One of the foremost is
Thomas J. Knox, of Jackson. Mr. Knox has
been engaged in the practice of law iu Minne-
sota since 1872. The years immediately fol-
lowing his location in Jackson county were
not favorable to the development of south-
eastern Minnesota and the young lawyer had
a hard struggle to maintain his position dur-
ing the early years of his practice; but by
perseverance and close attention to business
he eventually succeeded in building up a
large and lucrative clientage, his reputation
extending beyond his home county. Mr.
Knox was born at Covington, Tioga county,
Pa., February 16, 1846, descending from
Revolutionary stock. His grandfather, Geo.
Knox, who was born September 27, 1757,
was a member of the Colonial anny dur-
ing the greater part of the struggle for
independence. By trade he was a tanner,
following that pursuit after the close of the
war until the time of his death. He erected
the first tannery built at Covington, Pa., and
owned and operated the same during his life-
time. His wife, Ann Knox, was born No-
vember 2a, 1761, and died June 21, 1808. He
survived her for a number of years, passing
away March 10, 1831. Their children were:
Thomas, who was born April 28, 1785, and
died August 7, 1795; Jean, who became the
wife of William Kirk; Betsey, who was born
October 31, 1787, and married James Crown-
over; James Knox, born December 21, 1789,
who in 1845 removed to Oregon, where most
of his descendants still reside; Nancy, who
was born March 31, 1792, and married Rob-
ert Montgomery; Bell, who was born No-
vember 22, 1794, and married John Bennett,
and, after his death, became the wife of
John Jenkiuson; Hannah, born August 8,
1797, and married Jesse Minshall; Ann, who
was born September 1, 1802, and became the
wife of William Annstrong: George, the fa-
ther of our subject, and Samuel Bell, who
was born January 14, 1808, and died in 1875.
The maternal grandfather of T. J. Knox, .
Royal Cole, was also a Revolutionary hero,
and a soldier in the war with England in
1812. He made his home in Wellsboro, Pa.,
and some of his descendants are still resi-
dents of that locality. His children were:
Gideon, who was killed in the war of 1812;
Rachel, who married Daniel Odell of Duchess
county, N. Y.; Betsey, who first married Mo-
ses Johnson, and after his death wedded
Erastus Fellows; Deborah, who married Ly-
man Wetmore; Jerusha, who was born No-
vember 25, 1812, and became the wife of
Alanson Andrews; Ruth, twin sister of Je-
rusha and the mother of our subject; and
Lewis, the youngest
George Knox, the father of Thomas J.,
was born December 22, 1805. He followed
in the footsteps of his father and became an
expert worker in the tanner's trade, pursuing
this vocation during the greater part of his
life in the east. He came west in the spring
of 1854 and located on a farm near Geneva,
Wis., removing to Minnesota in the fall of
the following year and pre-empting a claim
in Fillmore county. Later he purchased a
farm in Racine township, Mower county,
where he passed his remaining years. He
was a man of considerable strength of char-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
acter and occupied an influential position in
his own community. lie served in many i)o-
sitions of public trust, from that of justice
of the peace to member of the state legisla-
ture, and discharficd with marked fidelity llie
duties devolvinj;: ujion him. He died Novem-
bep 11, 1867. Tliomas" early school privi-
leges were limited, but he was of a naturally
studious disposition and had access to a
fiood library in his own home, for his jiarents
were possessed of cultured and literary
tastes. This home training was su]>])le-
mented by a year's attendam-c at a jirivale
academy. In 1SG8, he secured a lopy of
Rlackstone, and undirected began reading
law, but the following year entered the
law office of (". T. licnedict. then of Roches-
ter, IMinn., but now of .Milwaukee, "Wis.
The succeeding year he became a student
in the law office of Stearns & Start, who
have become prominent in the affairs of
the nation, the former as a judge and
Ignited States senator and the latter as
chief justice of the sujireme court of Minne-
sota. Mr. Knox was admitted to practice
before the courts of the state Octobei- 14,
1871, and before the United States courts
December 12, lS7t!. Though he had original-
ly intended to locate in Dakota, he was i)er-
suaded by some friends to open an office in
Jackson, which he did November 17, 1872.
He has always been an earnest student, and
the high rejuitation he has achieved as .a
lawyer is due to his tireless energy and close
application to his jirofession. He has never
been associated with a partner, but has been
the preceptor of several young men who have
assisted him in his professional transactions.
Mr. Knox's political affiliations are with the
Democratic party. lie served as probate
Judge for a short time l)y a])pointment, and
in December, 1870, was elected superintend-
ent of the public schools of Jackson county
on an independent ticket, and for two suc-
ceeding terms was elected on the Re])ub]ican
ticket. He served as county attorney from
1887 to Ism, and in May of the latter year
was a])i)ointed a member of the state board
of examiners in law to represent the Second
Congressional District, serving in this posi-
tion till the summer of 1000, when he re
TUOJIAS J. KNOX.
signed. Jn January, 10(10, he was appointed
a member of tlie state railroad and ware-
house commission by Gov. Lind, and was a
candidate for election to that office in No-
vember of that year, but was defeated. Mr.
Knox is ca charter member of Des ISloines
Valley Lodge, No. 15G, I. <>. O. F., and Jack-
son Lodge, No. 40, A. (). IT. W. He was
married September :'., 1877, to Miss Jane
Cowing, daughter of John and Elizabeth
("owing. Four children have been born to
(hem: Elizabeth, John Cowing, Kuth and
Thomas Start. Elizalieth died in inlanev.
KOfJEKS, Arthur Curtis.— Care of feeble
minded and epileptic children is a compara-
tively modern philanthropic work. This be-
nevolence was left at first to private en-
deavor. The method of treatment — if meth-
od it could be called — was naturally hap-
hazard, depending upon the vagaries of the
]>erson in charge. The subject had not been
studied. There was no scientific basis on
which to iiroceed. ^\'llen the importance
of the work was in some degree recognized
the state, very properly, took hold of the
matter with the result that it induced study
and investigation, which have evolved a
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ARTHUR C. ROGERS.
rational course of treatment and has de-
veloped a cori^s of educated and trained
professional men, devoted to this neglected
tield of humanitarian effort, and who have
attained a degree of success heretofore
deemed impossible. The Jlinnesota school
for feeble minded at Faribault is one of
the most noted in the United States, if
not in the world. The institution, al-
though at times a sufferer from parsimony,
is well appointed and equipped and is a credit
to the state. The high rank of the school
is largely due to the j)rofessional and admin-
istrative ability of Dr. Arthur Curtis Rogers,
who has been in charge of the institution
since 1885. He was born in Iowa, near
Decorah, July 17, 185G. His father, Ansel
Rogers, was a minister in the society of
Friends, or Quakers. As the ministers of
this church are not paid salaries, they gen-
erally follow some secular occupation for a
livelihood. Ansel Rogers engaged in the
mercantile and milling business. He was of
English descent. His grandfather came
from England during the revolutionary
period, and settled at Greenfield, Mass. In
the decade of 1840-50 he removed to Mich-
igan and was one of the ])ioneers of I^enawee
county. In 1853 he went to Springwater,
^^'inneslliek county, Iowa. Here he was post-
master as well as miller, and his establish-
ment was a popular center for a large region.
He kept an open house for many a traveler
in those early times. He was very devoted
to Friends' principles, and to the interests of
the society. He moved to a new state two
different times, sacrificing a good business
and a prospect of certain competency for
what he believed to be his religious duty.
He moved from Springwater to Leavenworth
county, Kan. Here he was the agent, and
his mill was made the depot for the distribu-
tion of supplies sent from the eastern states
to the sufferers from the severe drought of
ISGO. Young Arthur began his schooling in
the common schools of Crawford and Dela-
ware counties, Ohio, and continued his stud-
ies in the common schools of Lenawee coun-
ty, Mich. He then took a two years course — it
might well be called a preparatory course for
college — at the Raisin Valley seminary, near
Adrian, Mich. His next step was to Earl- .
ham college, at Richmond, Ind., where he
look the scientific course. All this training
fl as secured only by the most persistent and
indefatigable labor, for he was obliged to
pay his own way through the schools. This
he did by working during vacations, by the
month, day, or hour, as he could get a job.
Nearly all the time in college he taught clas-
ses in general or analytical chemistry to as-
sist in paying his tuition. Besides this, he
taught a village school; took charge of a
small country store for the owner; and was
bookkeeper, clerk and steward for a state
institution. Having chosen the profession
of medicine he took the medical course at
the state university of Iowa. He was then
made assistant physician of the same state
institution in which he had served as book-
keeper, clerk and steward. His next service
was that of physician and clerk to the Hai'ri-
son institute, a training school for Indians
at Chemawa, Or. He was then appointed to
the position he has now held for more than
fifteen years. Dr. Rogers is singularly mod-
est in speaking of his valuable work for the
feeble minded; he claims no original dis-
coveries. But he has stood for principles,
especially for the generous and humane care
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
of all iiieiitally defective children, aud for
their training, when possible, to a condition
of usefulness. He was probably the first in
his profession to insist on cond)ining indus-
trial and manual training with school work.
He was also the first to organize training-
classes for attendants to feeble minded chil-
dren. He has also the distinction of being the
editor of the only perif)dical in the English
language devoted to the interests of the fee-
ble minded, the journal of "Psycho Asthen-
ics," publised (juarterly. He believes thor-
oughly in the retention of defectives in vil-
lage communities, by the state, where they
have a variety of occupations, under restric-
tions to protect society from increase of the
class, and to protect such unfortunates from
the misunderstandings and tlie mistreatment
of society. Dr. Rogers is a member of sev-
eral medical societies — the American Acad-
emy of Medicine; The Association of Medical
Officers of the American Institutions for
Feeble Minded Persons, of which he was
president in ISOO, and of which he has been
permanent treasurer and secretary since
1804; The Minnesota State Medical Society;
Tlie American Medical Association; The
American Medico-Psychological Association ;
The National Conference of Charities & Cor-
rection, being also chairman of the Section
of Feeble Minded in 18S9 and again in 1894;
president ]\Iinnesota State Conference Chari-
ties and Correction in 1899; The National
Educational Association, being in 1900 vice-
president of the department of the society
devoted to the interests of the feeble mind-
ed. In religion Dr. Rogers belongs to the
Society of Friends, but affiliates with the
Congregational church. His liberality is
shown by the fact that notwithstanding his
ti-aining he lield the rank of first lieutenant
of com])any "C," Iowa National (luard,
and was sergeant major of the .^th I'cgi-
nient, to which the company belonged. In
|ioIitics he has always affiliated with the
Ixepublican party, though independent in
all local issues. In 1882 he was married
In Phoebe A. Coltiii. of Columbus, Kan.
riiey have thi'ce children, Eloise Hazel, age
i'-i; Helen Lola, age 11, and Aitliiir Williain
Rogers, six years old.
AAKER, Hans H., mayor of Moorhead,
Minn., M'as born on a farm near Ridgeway,
Iowa, on the IGth day of April. 18f)2. His
father, Hans O. Aaker, was born in Sauland,
Telemarken. Norway, in 1825. He emigral-
ed to America in 1848, settling first in Wis-
consin and in 18.51 removed to Winneshiek
county, Iowa, where he was one of the early
settlers and for fifty years a prominent and
well lo do farmer. Ragnild Aaker (n^e
Cutehus), llie mother of H. 11. Aaker, was
born in Hjerldal, Telemarken, Norway, and
was married to Hans O. Aaker just l)efore
his emigration to this country. 'S'oiing
Aaker received a good ])rimary education
and entered Luther college at Decorali,
Iowa, where he remained nearly four years,
when coming to the conclusion that a busi-
ness course would be better than prepara-
tion for the ministry, which at that time
seemed to be the chief aim of the college,
entered a business college at Decorah, grad-
uating in 1882, and from the commercial
department of the northern Indiana Normal
school and business institute in 188?.. Mr.
Aaker then assumed charge of the com-
mercial department of the Willmar semina-
ry, a new scho(d started at Willmar. ^inn.,
by Prof. A. M. Hove, now a teacher at Augs-
burg seminary, ^Minnesota, I'rof. H. S. Hille-
boe, now principal of the schools at Benson,
Minn., and Mr. Aaker. The Willmar semi-
nary was one of the first schools of the kind
in the Northwest and starting in 188.3 with
twelve students gi-ew in five years to a school
with an attendance of over two hundred and
fifty. In 1888 Prof. Aaker decided to engage
in business and resigned his school position
and in partnershij) with a brother oi)ened a
mercantile house in Twin Valley, where a
[irofitable business was carried on. In 1891
the Northwestern Lutheran College Associa-
tion was incorporated and a school styled
Concordia College was started at Moorliead.
The record made by Prof. Aaker at the AN'ill-
mar sensinary was well known and the of-
ficers of the new school were very anxious to
secure liis services. Finally, after repeated
icfnsals to consider the matter, he was in-
(liircd lo accejil a ]pusili(iM willi this insli-
(Ml ion. In -Tanuaiv, 1S92, he assniiied
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
HANS H. AAKEU.
cliai'ge of the commercial departmeut and
two years later he was elected principal
of the school. Concordia College is one
of the most prosperous i)rivate schools in
the Northwest and much of the success
of the school is due to the system in-
augurated by Professor Aaker. In political
matters he is known as a Prohibitionist and
he has taken an active part in the work of
the party. While located at Twin Valley lie
was the party nominee for county superin-
tendent of schools and lost by a narrow mar-
gin in a county where his party had but a
small jiart of the vote. In 1893 he was the
Prohibition candidate for secretary of state.
In the spring of 1900 the business men of
Moorhead requested Prof. Aaker to become
a candidate for mayor. The city had been
for many years the dumping ground of the
di"inking element of Fargo, N. D., a city
across the state line, and undei- prohibition
laws. The resorts barred from Fargo
found a place in Moorehead, and, as no re-
lief could be obtained from the regular nom-
inees, the business men decided upon Prof.
Aaker as the man to redeem the fair name
of the city. He was elected by a plurality
of eight votes over the opposing candidates.
The city of Moorhead has undergone a
change under his guidance, and would not
be recognized as the lawless place of a few
years ago. Prof. Aaker was nominated
for congress by the Prohibitionists of the
Seventh congressional district, in the spring
of 1!MM). He was also a candidate for the
nomination of the People's party and had
the support of the leading men of the party,
but owing to saloon influence he was de-
feated for this nomination. Prof. Aaker,
though defeated, ran ahead of his ticket,
receiving more than double the votes cast
for the nominee for governor. He is a
young man yet and will be heard from
in the future, not alone in politics but
along educational lines. Prof. Aaker is a
member of the United Norwegian Luthcn'an
church of America. He was married Sep-
tember 5, 1900, to Miss Annette Peterson, for
several years a teacher at Concordia College.
CAIRNS, Charles Sumner. — How what is
deemed at the time an unimportant, or even
a trivial, incident of life may determine a
career, is illustrated almost daily. This
small, potent factor, though so common, is
never without interest. It is frecpiently re-
called with pleasure, or regret, as it is re-
lated to subsequent events.
Charles Sumner Cairns, the brilliant at-
torney who was so conspicuous as the effi-
cient supervisor of the twelfth United States
census of the fifth congressional district of
the state of Minnesota, may well have pleas-
ant memories of the episode which estab-
lished him in Minneajiolis.
When a young man just entering upon his
professional career, he selected the staid old
city of Decatur, 111., as a suitable place and
formed an advantageous partnership with
Judge Wm. E. Nelson. Mr. Cairns had
friends in Minnesota. After a year's hard
work he concluded to spend his short vaca-
tion with them. He was so delighted with
the city of Minneapolis and its environments
and prospects that what was meant for a
casual visit, terminated in a permanent resi-
dence. This was in 1883. His marked pro-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
fessional success is evidence that he has nev-
er had cause to regret the incident.
Mr. Cairns traces his American descent,
on his father's side, to William Cairues — or
Careins, the archaic form of the name hav-
in;; an '"e" in it — a Scotch-Irish Preshv-
terian who came to Maryland in 1774,
and settled north of Baltimore, in what
is now Jarrettsville. His son, also named
"William" was born, grew up and married
there. He was a soldier of the war of 1812.
This son, about 1830, with a young boy, Rob-
ert, emigrated to Ohio and took a farm in
Muskingum county. Robert grew up and
received a better than common education, his
district school studies being supplemented
by some college training. He taught district
school in Ohio, when a young man, and set-
tled down to become a prosperous farmer.
He was the father of Charles Summer
Cairns, Charles' mother's maiden name be-
ing Mary A. Haynes.
On his mother's side Mr. Cairns is of Pu-
ritan stock. She descended from Samuel
Haynes (or Haines), who came over in the
ship "Angel Gabriel,'' which was wrecked on
I he coast of Maine in 1035. He, with eight
others, founded the city of Portsmouth, jS\
H., and was a "selectman" of the town. One
of his descendants (a lineal ancestor of
Mr. Cairns) served under Washington four
years in the Revolutionary War. Mary
A. Haynes — aftei-wards Mrs. Robert Cairns
— the mother of Charles, was a remarkable
woman, distinguished for mental endow-
ments and literary attainments. She was
the author of a volume of poems of some
note. Although for many years a great suf-
ferer from rheumatism, she never lost in-
terest in public affairs. Her memory was
very tenacious, and she read with avidity
everything accessible pertaining to the im-
portant questions of the day, and formed
conclusions worthy of a seer. Judge John
Haynes of the supreme court of California
was her brother.
From these facts it is easy to discover how
Charles S. Cairns came by his superior nat-
ural talents and intellectual trend. He w;is
born on the home farm near Duncan's Falls,
Muskingum county, Ohio, July i, 1856. The
CHAULES S. CAIKNS.
district school which he first attended was a
mile away. One of the established practices
of the school was "speaking pieces" every
Friday afternoon. His interest in the^ ex-
ercises first prompted in young Cairns the
ambition to become a lawyer. He entered
Muskingum College at New Concord, Ohio, in
1872, and received his A. B. degree in 1876,
taking also in due course the master of arts
degree. Having read law one year in the
office of Roby, Outten & Vail at Decatur,
111., he entered the law department of Michi-
gan university, graduating as LL. B. in 1882.
He began to practice at Decatur, as already
stated. When he came to Minneapolis, in
1883, the year of the fateful visit, he formed
a partnership with David S. Frackelton but
soon, however, struck for himself and has
conducted his practice most of the time
alone. It is of a general character, covei-ing
civil, mercantile, and patent law; his patent
cases leading him to practice in the Federal
circuit courts in several states and in the
I'nited States supreme court.
jNIr. Cairns has taken an active interest in
political affairs, as a stalwart Republican.
He was elected to the legislature of 1893,
where he was recognized as one of the ablest
HISTORY OF THE GKKAT NORTHWEST.
of his party. He made his mark as a pro-
gressive legishvtor by introducing a bill to
provide for the nomination of candidates by
a direct vote of the people, dispensing with
delegate conventions. This principle was af-
terwards embodied in the "primary election
law" passed by the Minnesota legislature of
1899. Mr. Cairns being one of the authors
of this law, he took great pains, — in pub-
lic meetings called for the purpose — to ex-
plain its various provisions to the electors.
His name will always be connected with this
great reform which dethrones the political
"boss" who had come to be regarded as the
"sum of all villianies" in politics. His ap-
pointment as supervisor of the census men-
tioned, was made by the president on the rec-
ommendation of the business men of Min-
neapolis. Although the items of the sched-
ule were more numerous than ever before re-
quired, the general results, under Mr. Caii'us"
direction, were the most accurate and satis-
factory ever obtained, showing that his
appointment was no mistake. He is a di-
rector of the Board of Trade, and a member
of the Commercial club, the tw'o organiza-
tions which represent the business interests'
of the city. He is a member and elder of the
Westminster Presbyterian church, is married
and has two sons, Millard S. and Cai"l A.
Cairns. His wife's maiden name was Frances
V. Shellabarger, daughter of one of the old-
est families of Illinois, and a cousin of the
late Judge Samuel Shellabarger, of Wash-
ington, D. C.
WHIPPLE, The Et. Rev. Henry Benja-
min, Bishop of Minnesota. — It is no exaggera-
tion to say that Bishop Whipple, the subject
of this sketch, has no compeer in the North-
west, if indeed in the world. Future genei'a-
tions may be pardoned for regarding the
words of sober truth used by contemporaries
in trying to dejjict his unique pei-sonality, as
extravagant hyperbole, but the naked facts
alone, without embellishment, cannot be ex-
pressed in the boldest jnanner without seem-
ing, to those beyond his generation, as mere-
ly fulsome eulogy. Exaggeration, however.
is scarcely possible when dealing with his
life and services in the Northwest. Henry
Benjamin Whipple, who has been bishop of
the Episcopal Church of Minnesota since
ISoit. was born at Adams, Jefferson county,
N. Y., in 1823. His father, Hon. John
AVhipple, was a merchant of New York, and
a staunch supporter of the old Whig party.
The maiden name of his mother was Eliza-
beth ^^'ager. She was the daughter of Hon.
Henry Wager, one of the electors who chose
Jefferson pi-esident of the United States. Of
the ancestors on both the father's and moth-
er's side, sixteen were officers in the Revolu-
tionary and Colonial wars. Many of the
family were noted for usefulness in church,
state and countiT, one a signer of the Decla-
ration of Independence. By virtue of the
services of these ancestors Bishop Whipple is
a member of both the Sons of the Revolution
and of the Society of Colonial Wars of the
United States, and is also the chaplain-gen-
eral of both organizations. He was educat-
ed in the private schools of New York state,
and holds the college degree of D. D. from
Hobart and Racine colleges, and degrees of
D. D. and LL. D. from the English universi-
ties of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham.
When Bishop Whipple chose the ministry
as his profession he took his theological
coui'se under the direction of Rev. Dr. Wil-
liam D. Wilson, afterward professor in Cor-
nell University, Ithica, N. Y. He was or-
dained deacon in 1849 in Trinity church,
Geneva, N. Y., by Bishop De Lancey, and
ordained priest by the same bishop a year
later in Christ's church, Sackett's Harbor,
in the same state. In 1850 he was called to
Zion church, Rome, N. Y. Under his rec-
torship the parish increased and grew so that
he soon built a beautiful and substantial
stone church. Here his power and influence
over men was so recognized that he received
calls from a number of wealthy parishes.
But he refused them all. His unselfish de-
votion was conspicuously shown when he ac-
cepted an urgent call to go, at a smaller
salary, to Chicago, where the field offered
such a chance for work among a hetero-
geneous mass of men of all conditions
of life that it seemed like a Macedonian cry.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
Here his rare eloquenue, persuasive power,
courtesy, kiuduess uud euergy served to wiu
all hearts. He seemed to neglect no class.
He labored with prisoners and men of all na-
tionalities. Among the Swedes he had great
influence, devoting to them much time and
labor. He established the free church sys-
tem at Chicago. His efficiency, sound judg
ment, and judicial temper, together with his
successful administration as a rector pointed
him out as a natural bishop. A year after
the organization of the state of Minnesota,
he was bj* a unanimous vote elected first
bishop of Minnesota, in 1S59, and consecrated
in St. James' church, Richmond, Va., Bishop
Kemper being one of the cousecrators. There
probably never was a choice more thorough-
ly justified by results. It was in this posi-
tion, by his devotion, sacrifices, courage, en-
durance, manliness, keen sense of justice, ut-
ter self-abnegation, and stainless integrity,
that he rose to the spiritual grandeur he has
attained. Every injustice found in him an
instant antagonist. But it was more espe-
cially as the valiant champion of the Indians
of the Northwest that he exercised his won-
derful power against wrong. Like a true
Knight of the Cross, he fought iniquity wher-
ever found, but his almost single handed
combat, by masterly pleas, addresses, and
every personal influence he could bring to
bear against the rascalities carried on under
the system of Indian agencies, rises to the
majesty of the heroic. His woi'k of evan-
gelizing the Sioux and Chippewa Indians, in
which he was very successful, was greatly
aided by the friendship he showed for their
material interests. He secured their confi-
dence so thoroughly that he was named
''Straight Tongue," because he never lied to
a red man. He became an authority on
every jdiase of the Indian question, and he
has been appointed by different presidents of
the United States on important commissions,
and has proved himself to be not only a spir-
itual guide of the first order, but a philan-
thropist of the practical sort, a statesman of
sagacity, and a successful advocate and dij)-
lomat. As successful and as notable as his
work has been among and for "Red men" —
and which has been to him trulv a '-White
HKNKY I!. WHIPPLE.
Man's Burden"' — his labors for the people of
his own race have been greater, and the
fruits of them will continue to grow when
1 he Indians have disappeared as a race. His
great school at Faribault will remain* mon-
ument of which not only any man, but a
state, might feel proud. He laid the walls
of the beautiful stone buildings of St. Mary's
hall for girls, which he first opened in his
own home; Shattuck Military school for boys;
Seabury Divinity School, and the Cathedral
of the Merciful Savior, the first Protestant
cathedral erected in the United States. He
has also largely directed the management of
the schools to their present thriving condi-
tion. In 1871 the archbishop of Canterbury
offered him the bishopric of the Sandwich
Islands, but he declined it in the interest of
these diocesiau schools and his Indian work.
He has been a trustee of the great I'eabody
fund for educational work in the South since
1873, being one of the vice presidents. He
has received many honors in England, where
he is not only esteemed, but revered. The
ojM'ning sermon of the Lambeth Conference
at Lambeth Palace, London, in 1888, was
I>reached by Bishoj) Whipi)le. He has
preached on special occasions at almost every
cathedral of England. Queen Victoria in-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
vited him as a guest to \A'indsor Castle, and
afterwards she presented biiu with a jwr-
trait of herself and with a copy of her book,
"Highland Journal."' He was presiding
bishop of the American church at the Lam-
beth Conference in 1897, and has so served
several yeai-s at the church functions in the .
Fnited .States. He preached the sermon at
the centennial of the Protestant Episcopal
Church, in Xew York, in 1889. In 1899, on
invitation to be present as the representative
of the I'rotestant Episcopal Church in Amer-
ica, he delivered an address at the centenary
of the Church Missionary Society of Eng-
land. At the request of the i)residing bishop
he visited Porto Kico in 1900 to examine the
field for church work. He held the fii-st
protestant public service ever known in Cuba.
When Bishop ^Vhipl)le began his work in
Minnesota in 1859, there were about 20,000
Indians in the state, his diocese spreading
over an area of 81,259 square miles. For
twenty-seven years, during the most rapid
period of growth. Bishop Whipple did the
work of this vast diocese alone, and did it
efticieutly. At the beginning there wei"e no
railroads. The immense amount of travel-
ing necessary where every town in the
state needed attention, can scarcely be
imagined, — the hardships involved in the
methods of travel — on horseback, in rude
wheeled vehicles, in canoes — the rough ac
commodations for sleeping, often on the
ground in the forest, and the exposure
to summer heat on the prairies, and
the snows and blizzards of winter. There
was in fact no physical hardship that
he did not cheerfully undergo to accomplish
any mission which he felt was in the line of
his duty. After years of this heavy burden-
bearing, in wliich the conditions of life and
travel had greatly changed for the better,
he asked for an assistant. Mahlon N. Gil-
bert was ajjpoiuted as his coadjutor in 1886.
He was a bright, vigorous young man, but
he died in 1899. Bishop Whipple is still
hale and ready to undertake with energy any
duty which falls to him. In addition to his
labors in the episcopate, he has written much
on the Indian question, and on miscellaneous
subjects. His latest work is "The Lights and
Shadows of a Long Episcopate,'" which is
full of the spirit of the venerable bishop.
He was twice married, and has four children,
three married daughters and one son, Major
C. H. Whipple, V. S. A. The bishop himself
would, no doubt, have made an ideal soldier
and general. He was, before he chose the
ministry, interested in military affairs. He
has been a general of the highest rank —
when labors and achievements are consid-
ered — in the church militant, and deserves
the highest rewards. His relations to the
patriotic societies have already been men-
tioned. He is a member of the Victoria In-
stitute of Great Britain.
COOPER, Walter.— The last thirty-five
years have witnessed a marvelous transfor-
mation in the great Xorlhwest, for during
this short period the almost limitless region,
for years known as the American desert, has
been wrested from hostile tribes, and its vast
area converted into rich, prosperous and pro-
ductive states. The men who have accom-
* plished these wondei-f ul results, now present-
ed to the view of those who roll across the
boundless west in a luxuriant palace car,
were, it is needless to say, men of iron, of
restless activity, of more than ordinary en-
durance and persistency of purpose; for their
achievements outrank the efforts perhaps of
any previous generation since the first set-
tlement of North America, when religion was
the mainsjjring of their actions.
As a faithful private in the ranks of the
early pioneers, ^^■alter Cooper now deserves
to rank as an officer in the army of those
hardy veterans who with gallant hardihood
hewed the way for "millions yet to be." He
was but sixteen years of age when, in 1859,
he reached the Rocky Mountain region. He
was without the benefits of an education
when he was first thrown amid the wild
scenes and rugged men of Colorado, where
he grew to manhood unfettei-ed by class-
room, but schooled for life's battle by the un-
couth usages of the wildest and roughest of
frontiers, where one"s native ability is
brought to a keen edge, and mere book learn-
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
ing does not add :m iota to the scale of merit,
as weijffhed by tlie discriniiiiating bands of
the pioneers. Worth it is that makes the
man, wliere people are forced to estimate him
in times of peril, and eA'ery hour is fraught
with danger and imperiled life. Such was
Mr. Cooper's school. Little time had he had
to seek the polish of a higher education, but
it would be erroneous to assume that he is
lacking in this particular, for, with an un-
usually well-equipped mental reservoir, and
expanded by his eai'ly training, Mr. Cooper's
relentlessly active mind has gathered to it the
attributes of the thinker and student, well
able to present his views in the jiublic prints
and upon the rostrum.
Mr. Cooper was born in the town of Ster-
ling, Csiyuga county, state of New York, July
4, 1843, and was the third son of Andrew H.
and Sarah E. Cooper. His jtaternal grand-
father was of Irish descent, and his grand-
father on the mother's side was of Scotch
descent. Both father and mother were from
the town of Argyle, Washington county, N.
y. Argyle was founded by Donald McGill-
vra, great-grandfather of Mr. Cooper, and
was by him named for his birthplace, Argyle
county. Isle of Mull, Scotland, where he was
bora in 1723, and whence he came to Amer-
ica, — first to Canada, as a private soldier in
the British anny. In 1752 he served with
General Wolfe during the latter's camjiaign
against the French, and fought under Wolfe
on the plains of Abraham, September 13,
1759. This sturdy Scotch soldier gained an
enviable i-eputation for courage and stability,
and was honorably discharged, in the year
1759, after seven years' service. The orig-
inal discharge is now in the possession of the
Cooper family. After his discharge Donald
McGilhTa went directly to New York City,
where he remained three years, and then lo-
cated at the town of Hebron, in Washington
county, N. Y. There he remained a number
of years. Having cast his lot with the Amer-
ican party, he was set upon by Indians and
Tories to such a degree that he was forced
to abandon his home, and he finally joined
the American army and entered the Revo-
lutionary struggle. In 17S9 he settled again
in Washington county and founded the town
wAi/ri:u ('(((ji'i:!!.
of Argyle, where he died in 1812, aged eigh-
ty-nine years. George Cooper, grandfather
of Mr. Cooper on the father's side, and Dan-
iel McGillvra, son of Donald McGillvra,
grandfather on the mothei''s side, emiffrated
from Washington county, N. Y., to the town
of Sterling, Cayuga county, N. Y., arriving
April 27, 1827, and being among the early
settlers in that section. George Cooper was
of Irish parentage and served in the war of
1812, being stationed at Fort Oswego, where
he was taken prisoner by the British squad-
ron under Sir James Yeo, who bombarded
and captured the fortress in 1814.
Andrew H. Cooper, father of Walter
Cooper, was bora at Argyle, Washington
county, N. Y., in 1813, and married Sarah E.
McGillvra, daughter of Daniel McGillvra, at
the town of Sterling, Cayuga county, N. Y.,
October 30, 1832.
Sarah E. McGillvra was born in A\'asli-
ing-ton county, N. Y., November 29, 1S14.
Mr. Coojier lived in the near vicinity of Ster-
ling until 1845, when he emigrated with his
family, consisting of wife and foui- sous, to
Shiawassee county, Mich., where he died,
June 24, 1851, leaving a wife and six sons.
Tlie oldest son was but sixteen years of age,
HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST.
and upon Iiim the care of this young family
largely devolved. Shortly after the death of
his father, at the age of eight years, Walter
was sent to Lansing. Mieh., to live with a
naternal aunt, who promised to educate and
care for him as her own. For three years the
boy lived with this aunt, not having seen the
inside of a school house. Becoming dissatis-
fied, he ran away from his aunt, and hence
we find him, at the early age of twelve, work-
ing as a farm hand in summer and in the
lumber camps in northern Michigan in win-
ter, — depending entirely upon his own re-
soui'ces. Mrs. Cooper had in the meantime
returned to New York, takng her second and
three younger sons.
In the fall of ISoS Walter started west,
reaching Leavenworth, Kan., in the month of
November, where he passed the winter, driv-
ing team for the government and doing such
work as he could find to do until Febmai'y,
1859, when he engaged to drive a team across
the plains to Pike's Peak, where he worked
as a herder on a ranch. In the spring of
1860 he joined a prospecting expedition to
the San Juan mountains. The party left
Denver, Colo., early in May, and visited old
Mexico. Returning to Colorado in the win-
ter of 1861, our subject spent the summer
and fall of 1862 near Colorado Springs, act-
ing at times as scout for the First Colorado
regiment. In November, 1863, he started for
Montana (then Idaho), arriving at Virginia
City in February, 1804, and engaging at once
in mining in Alder Gulch. In May he became
interested with Charles Cooper in a freight
train, with which he started for Fort Benton
to meet the steamboats, — expecting to return
to Virginia City with freight. During 1864
the water was so low in the Missouri river
that little freight reached Fort Benton, and
he was forced to return with his teams
empty. Arriving at Virginia City in August,
he disposed of his train, fitted out a team
with supplies for winter, and located and
passed the winter of 1864-5 in the Missouri
River valley, near Round Grove, spending
the winter in hunting. In the spring of 1865
he engaged in mining at Nelson Gulch and
other points, which occupation he followed
with varying success until the fall of 1869,
when he settled in Bozeman, Gallatin county,
Mont.
On the 10th of April, 1870, Mr. Cooper
marr 
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