Full text of "History of Hillsborough County, New Hampshire"

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HISTORY

HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

C0I*I:PI XiEID TJ1TI3EE, THE S XJ F E I?/ ^A I S I O IT OE

D. HAMILTON HURD.

ILLUSTRATED.

PHILADELPHIA:

J. W. LEWIS & CO.

1885.

COPYKIGHT, 1.SS5, BY J. W. LEWIS & CO.

■T

1 i

PUBLISHERS' PREFACE.

Nearly three years ago the attention ot the publishers, who have long made a specialty
of this class of work, was called to the fact that a history of Hillsborough County was needed.
After mature deliberation the work was planned and its corajiilation commenced. The best
literary talent in this section of the State for this especial work was engaged, whose
names appear at the head of their respective articles, besides many other local writers on
special topics. These gentlemen approached the work in a spirit of impartiality and
thoroughness, and we believe it has been their honest endeavor to trace the history of the
development of the territory embodied herein from that period when it was in the undis-
puted possession of the red man to the present, and to place before the reader an authentic
narrative of its rise and progress. The work has been compiled from authenticated and
original sources, and no effort spared to produce a history which should prove in every

respect worthy of the county represented.

The Publishers.

Philadelphia, August, 1885.

BIOGRAPHICAL.

PAGE

Adams, Phinehas 123

Atherton, Charles G 12

Atherton, Charles H 10

Atherton, Joshua •••. 9

Averill, Clinton S • 579

Ayer, Benjamin F 34

Ayer, Samuel H 13

Balch, Charles E 133

Balch, Mark 300

Baldwin, Samuel 288

Bartlett, Charles H 32

Bell, Samuel D 17

Berry, Augustus 647

Blood, Aretiis 75

Bradford, Ephraim P 606

Bradley, Denis M 104

Briggs, James F 29

Brooks, Isaac 249

Buck, William D 126

BurnUam, Abel C 426

Burnham, Henry E 32

Burns, Charles H 39

Campbell, Charles H 250

Campbell, Daniel 250

Campbell, Daniel, Jr 251

Chamberlain, James L 526

Champney, Ebenezer 9

Cheney, Person C 83

Christie, Morris 262

Claggett, Clifton 10

Claggett, Wiseman 8

Clapp, Allen N 132

Clark, Daniel 17

Clark, Lewis W 26

Clarke, John B 55

Clarke, Joseph B 33

Clarke, William C 20

Clough, Lucien B 32

Cragin, Daniel 725

Crombie, Ninian C 609

Crosby, Josiah 125

Cross, David 31

Cumner, Nathaniel W 129

Currier, Moody 66

Cutler, JohnH .. 665

Dana, Samuel 10

Davis, Joseph 364

Dearborn, Cornelius Van M 207

Dearborn, Samuel G ... 201

Dodge, Perley 35

Dunlap, Arcliibald H 211

Eaton, Harrison 547

Edwards, Supply W 676

Farley, Benjamin M 39

Fellows, Joseph W 39

Ferguson, John 128

PAGE

Fitch, Charles D 348

Forsaith, Samuel C 84

Foster, Herman 26

French, John C 133

Fuller, John G 425

Fulton, James 389

Gilbert, John 431

Gilman, Horace W 209

Oilman, Virgil C 210

Goodale, John H 379

Goodale, Levi 429

Goodale, T. N 429

Goodell, David H 260

Goodale Family 428

Godfrey, Reuben 214

Goffe, John 47

Gove, Charles F 12

Graves, Josiah G 199

Gray, H. N T26

Greeley, Horace 250a

Gregg, James 389

Griffin, George 496

Grimes, Francis 422

Grimes, James F 423

Hall, James H 216

Hall, James Harvey 296

Hamblet, Eli 484

Heald, David 580

Hildreth, Jothani 512

Holman, Charles 201

Hosley, John 135

Howard Family, The 213

Hutchinson, John W 581

Jones Family, The 427

Kimball, Gilman 263

Kingsbury, George 300

Lincoln, Leavitt 630

Livermore, Solomon K.., 573

Lund, Charles 216

Maynard, John H 135

Merrill, James B 483

Moore, Joseph C 60

Moore, Norman J. M 202

Morrison, George W 13

Murray, Orlando D 203

Newell, Joseph '22

Parsons, William M 137

Partridge, S. H 347

Parker, John M 326

Parker, William T 549

Pattee, L. N 330

Pevey, Peter ^^49

Pevey, Zebediah 344

Pierce, Franklin 10

Potter, Chandler E 136

Preston, John *>28

vii

VIU

BIOGRAPHIES.

PAGE

Bamsey, John 347

Bawyer, Auruii F 36

Sawj'er, Aaruu W 36

Sawyer, Most'S 694

Seconib, John 2o0a

Shirley Family, The 327

Simons, llinini 691

Simons, Lewis 692

Smith, George L 608

Smith, Isaac \V 27

Smith, John B 429

Smith, Luke 607

Smyth, Frederick 67

Spalding, Isaac 199

Stanley, Clinton W 22

Stark, John 46

Stevens, Aaron F 37

Stevens, William 743

Stinson, Charles 327

PAGE

Straw, Ezekiel A jjO

SuUoway, Cyrus A 32

Swallow, Stillman 217

Tarbell, Joel H 511

Tuttle, Jacob 261

Upton, Samuel 34

Wallace, Alonzo S 294

Wason, Elbridge 605

Webster, Kimball 482

Wells, Charles 127

Weston, James A 121

AVhite, Jeremiah W' 205

Whitford, Elliott 215

Whiting, David 723

Wilkins, Alexander M 550

Woodbury, John 648

Worcester, Joseph E 455

Worcester, Samuel T 39

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Adams, Phiuehas 124

Averill, Clinton S 578

Balch, Charles E 134

Balch, Mark 300

Baldwin, Samuel 288

Berry, Augustus 047

Blood, Aretas 75

Bradley, Denis M 104

Bradford, Ephraim P 606

Brooks, Isaac 249

Buck, William D 166

Buruham, Abel C 422

Burns, Charles H 40

Campbell, Charles H 250

Campbell, Daniel, Jr 250a

Chamberlain, James L 526

Cheney, Person C 83

Christie, Morris 262

Clapp, Allen N 132

Clark, Daniel 18

Clarke, John B 55

Clark, Lewis W 27

Clougli, Lucieu B., 32

Crosby, Josiah 125

Cross, David 31

Crorabie, Ninian C 609

Cumner, Nathaniel W 129

Currier, Moody 66

Cutler, Jolin H 666

Davis, Joseph 364

Dearborn, Cornelius Van M 206

Dearborn, Samuel G 200

Dodge, Perley 35

Doe, Geo. I. Resof 704

Dunlap, Archibald H 211

Edwards, Supply W 676

Ferguson, John 128

Fitch, Charles D 348

Forsaith, Samuel C 84

Foster, Herman 26

French, John (' 133

Fuller, John G 424

Fulton, James 390

Gilbert, John 431

Oilman, Horace W 208

Oilman, Virgil C 210

Godfrey, Reuben 214

Ooodale, Levi 428

Goodale, Thomas N 429

Goodell, David II 260

Graves, Josiah G 199

Gray, H. N 726

Gregg, James 389

Griffin, George 496

Grimes, Francis .' 422

Grimes, James F 423

Hall, James Harvey 296

Hamblet, Eli 484

Heald, David 580

Hildreth, Jotham 512

PAGE

Holman, Charles 201

Hosley, John 136

Howard, Ezra P 212

Hutchinson, John \V 582

Jones, Parker 427

Kimball, Oilman 263

Kingsbury, George 301

Lincoln, Leavitt 630

Livermore, Solomon K 574

Lund, Charles 216

Map of Hillsborough County 1

Maynard, John H 135

Merrill, James B 483

Moore, Joseph C 60

Moore, Norman J. M 202

Murray, Orlando D 203

Newell, Joseph 722

Parker, John M 326

Parker, William T. . 549

Parsons, William M 137

Partridge, S. H 347

Pattee, L. N 330

Pevey, Peter 349

Pevey, Zebediah 344

Pierce, Franklin 10

Potter, Chandler E 136

Preston, John 628

Ramsey, John 346

Sawyer, Aaron W 36

Sawyer, Moses 694

Shirley, E. C 328

Simons, Hiram 691

Simons, Lewis 692

Smith, George L 608

Smith, Isaac W 28

Smith, John B 430

Smith, Luke 008

Smyth, Frederick 68

Spalding, Isaac 198

Stanley, Clinton W 22

Stark, John 46

Stevens, Aaron F 38

Stevens, William 743

Stinson, Charles 327

Straw, Ezekiel A 80

Sulloway, Cyrus A 33

Swallow, Stillman 217

Tarbell, Joel H 611

Tuttle, Jacob 261

Upton, Samuel 34

Wallace, Alonzo S 249

Wason, Elbridge 605

Webster, Kimball 482

Wells, Charles 127

Weston, James A 121

White, Jeremiah W 204

Whitford, Elliott 215

Whiting, David 724

AVjlkins, Alexander M 550

Woodbury, John 648

•^^:^

HISTORY

HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

— ^ t./Rv-*'"—

CHAPTER I.
EARLY HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION OF COURTS.

BY GEORGE A. KAMSDELL.

For many years previous to 1740 the boundary lines
of the province of New Hampshire were in dispute.

Massachusetts claimed that the division boundary
between that State and New Hampshire was defined
by a line drawn from a point on the Atlantic coast
three miles north of the mouth of the Merrimack
River, and running on the northerly and easterly side
of the river, and at a distance of three miles from it, to
a point three miles beyond the parallel of the junction
of the Winnipiseogee and the Pemigewasset ; thence
due west to the Connecticut. This covered all the
territory included in the present limits of the county
of Hillsborough, excepting the town of Pelham and
such portion of the town of Hudson as lies more than
three miles from the Merrimack River. It also in-
cluded the whole of Cheshire County and the larger
part of the present limits of Merrimack and Sullivan
Counties.

New Hampshire claimed for her southern boundary
a line produced due west from the same point on the
ocean. By this claim the towns of Pelham, Hudson,
Litchfield, Nashua, Merrimack, Hollis, Amherst and
other towns lying within some fourteen miles of
latitude were conceded to be in Massachusetts. The
ancient town of Dunstable, containing more than two
hundred square miles, and including all of the towns
above named and portions of other towns within the
present limits of New Hampshire, made a part of the
county of Middlesex, in Massachusetts, and had not
before 1740 been regarded by any party as in part the
territory of the province of New Hampshire.

Previous to 1740 a board of commissioners, acting
under the royal authority, had established the eastern
1

boundary, but failing to agree upon the southern line
the King himself terminated the controversy in favor
of New Hampshire, fixing the present boundary and
granting the State a much larger territory than had
been claimed. The decision, though somewhat arbi-
trary and not in accordance with the prayer of either
party, was founded upon sound suggestions. By the
letter of the grant to Massachusetts it would seem that
her claim was good, but it was urged by the King's
Council that when the Massachusetts grant was made
the country was unexplored, and the course of the
Merrimack was supposed to be substantially at right
angles with the ocean its entire length, and that it
would be just and equitable between the parties to
follow the river so far as its general course was from
the west to the east and no farther.

This act of the King annexing so much territory,
before that time under the government of Massachu-
setts, to the province of New Hampshire was not
satisfactory to the people of Massachusetts, or to the
inhabitants of the lands so virtually annexed. It was
very naturally urged by the people, who were thus
made to attorn to New Hampshire, that it was unfair
to sever them from a more powerful province against
their remonstrance and annex them to a weaker at a
time when it seemed there would be no end of Indian
wars and depredations. An attempt was made to have
the matter reheard, which failed, as well as a proposi-
tion to re-annex the entire province to Massachusetts.

Upon the settlement of a question which had
troubled the province for half a century, the towns
which had had a corporate existence under Massa-
chusetts were rechartered by the province of New
Hampshire, and new towns were formed from those
portions of existing towns cut off from Massachusetts.

The political history of New Hampshire to the
middle of the eighteenth century is simply the history
of the southeastern portion of the State, Portsmouth,
Exeter and Dover being the towns of consequence at

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

that time. Previous to the year 1770 the entire State,
for all financial and judicial purposes, was a single
count. All Itusiness ol'a j>ublic nature was transacted
at one of the three towns named, and most of it at
Portsmouth. All the royal executive officers resided
there. Portsmouth then had a ])opulation of more than
four thousand, and was practically the capital of the
province.

As the province increased in population the people
deniandetl other and smaller political divisions, in
which ordinary business could be transacted.

In 17(37, John Wentworth, the second of that name,
was appointed Governor of New Hampshire, and one
of tiie measures brought forward at the opening of
his administration comprehended the division of the
province into counties, and the erection of a judicial
system to meet the wants of the entire State. It was
opposed by the residents of Avhat is now Rockingham
County, on the ground that it would increase the ex-
penses of the i)r()vince without corresponding advan-
tages. The Governor favored the measure as one likely
to develop the province, an end to which he devoted
his entire energies; penetrating the wilderness so far
as to lay out an estate and erect an elegant mansion
at Wolfborough, upon the Winnipiseogee.

The matter was debated in several sessions of the
Assembly before all points of difference could be rec-
onciled. The number of counties, and lines of divi-
sion were not easily agreed upon. It was finally
settled that the province should be divided into five
counties, with an ample judiciary system. The act was
finally passed, suspending its operation until such
time as the King's pleasure should be known. The
act took effect in the spring of 1771.

Governor Wentworth named the counties (after his
friends in England) Rockingham, Strafford, Hills-
borough, Cheshire and Grafton. It may be remarked
that by the efforts of parties opjiosed to any division,
the counties of Strafford and Grafton, by an amend-
ment to the act, remained connected to the county of
Rockingham until 1773. Sullivan has since been
taken off" Cheshire, Coos from Grafton, Merrimack
from Rockingham and Hillsborough, Carroll and
Belknaj) from Strafford,

Hillsborough County upon its organization in-
cluded all the territory of the preaent county, except-
ing the town of Pelham, which for a time formed part
of Rockingham County. It also included all of the
present county of Merrimack west of the Merrimack
River, excepting the town of Bow, the city of Concord
and portions of other towns whose lines have been
changed within a few years. The territory thus set
off" for the county of Hillsborough was not all incor-
porated into towns. Some of it was not even settled,
and some lands then settled remained unincorporated
for several years. The population of the county at
the time of its organization was not far from fifteen
thousand. There were eighteen incorporated towns
within the present limits of the county, ranking as

follows in point of population and valuation : Am-
herst, Hollis, New Ipswich, Dunstable, Merrimack,
Nottingham West (now Hudson), Peterborough,
Litchfield, Bedford, Goffstown, Derryfield (now Man-
chester), Wilton, New Boston, Mason, Weare, Lynde-
borough. Temple and Hillsborough. More than half
the pojjulation of the county at this time resided in
the six towns Amherst, Hollis, New Ipswich, Dun-
stable, Merrimack and Nottingham West.

New Hampshire was settled by immigration coming
in through four different channels, the Portsmouth
and Piscataqua colonies, the Londonderry colony,
the settlers coming into the State by way of Dunstable,
and the line of immigration coming up the valley of
the Connecticut River. The county of Hillsborough
was i^eopled from the second and third of these sourcesj
and very largely from the Londonderry settlement.

No sooner was the demand for the division of the
State into counties in a fairway to be answered affir-
matively than the question of the selection of the shire-
town began to be agitated. Three towns were named
in this connection, — Amherst, Hollis and Merrimack.
The attention of the Governor of the province was
called to this matter as early as October, 1767, by the
Rev. Daniel Wilkins, the first minister of the town of
Amherst, in the following letter :

"Hon. and Dear Sir :

" After due salutations I beg leave to inform your Hon"' that the pro-
posal of the general Court, that Merrimack be the shire-town of the
county on the west side of Merrimack river, has caused a general un-
easiness throughout the county, aud many thinking men in Jlerrimack
itself (as I have been credibly informed) are well satisfied that if the pro-
posal be established, it will be greatly to the town damage in general, as
they are small in numbers, consisting of seventy odd families, no more,
and those much scattered, and many of that number are new places and
no ways accommodated to entertain a Court, especially with hay and pas-
turage ; neither do they ever expect to be accommodated within the pre-
mises, as a great part of their land is poor and clothed with shrub. The
uneasiness of the people arises from the said proposal not being for Am-
herst rather than Merrimack, not only as Amherst has been talked as for
a shire-town ever from its infancy, thereby fixing the mind of the
people upon it, being from its situation nearer to the Heart of the county,
so that many towns can come from home in the morning and return
home in the evening. They could not possibly do the like if the Court
be at Merrimack, and thereby save a great deal of charge to poor people.

"And now, honored sir, I beg leave to give a description of Amherst
in a few words : ' Tt is situated about eight miles from Mr. Lutwickes'
Ferry, on Merrimack river, the contents of which is about six miles
square, contiiining about one hundred and sixty families and accommo-
dated, according to men of the best judgment, to settle one hundred fami-
lies more than is already settled, and near a hundred of them are good
country farms, well accommodated with fields and pjistures, and chiefly
all goo<l Husbands.'

"Tlie middle of the town is pleasantly situated, a good coach road
from the eastern and southern parts of the province, and all roads center
there. The people in general, knowing the situation and accommodations
of Amherst to entertain the Court, suppose that the General Court's
proposal foi- Merrimack springs from a misrepresentation. The occa-
sion of these lines to your Hon' was the cries of the people, and I beg
leave to subscribe your humble servant.

"Daniel Wilkins.

"Amherst, Oct. ye 1, 17G7.

" To the Hon. George Jeffrey, Esq., in Poitsniovth."

The arguments of this divine, reinforced by other
expressions of the voice of the people of the county,
prevailed, and Amherst was made the shire-town. It

EARLY HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION OF COURTS.

was a just decision, it being the most populous town,
and located near what was then the centre of popula-
tion and near the present geographical centre of the
county. Amherst then had as large a population as
to-day, but it must be remembered that its territorial
limits have been contracted, the towns of Milford and
Mount Yernon having been taken from it. For a long
time it was a place of business and social consequence ;
many people of culture and distinction have there re-
sided. A lack of water-power and railroad facilities
have cost the town the prominence it once had, and it
has receded from the first to the ninth place in rank
among the towns of the county in the matter of popu-
lation and valuation. It was sole shire-town for the
present county limits until 1846, when a term of court
was established at Manchester, and another term at
Nashua in 1857. In 1865 a jail was legally established
at Manchester, and the old stone building at Amherst
was discontinued. In 1866 the records, for so long a
time at Amherst, by vote of the county, were removed
to Nashua, where they are now kejit in substantial
buildings and vaults. In 1879 the only term of court
then held at Amherst was abolished, and the town,
after an honorable record of one hundred and eight
years, ceased, in the language of Parson Wilkins, to
entertain the courts.

It is not generally known that a town of consider-
able " importance, called Monson, had a chartered
existence in this county previous to the year 1 770,
It lay upon the south of the Souhegan River and
measured upon the river about six miles, extending
from a little above Jones' Corner, in Milford, to a point
a little below Danforth's Corner, in Amherst. The
breadth of the town from the river south was some-
thing more than four miles. The inhabitants of this
town made several attempts to be annexed to Am-
herst. The principal reason given in their jjetition
to the Assembly was the lack of any central place in
the town suitable for a meeting-house. Amherst at
first opposed the annexation, but afterwards voted to
take a part of the town if Monson would be at the
expense of the annexation. Accordingly, an act was
passed annexing to Amherst that part of Monson in-
cluded in these limits : " From Souhegan River,
southerly by the town of Merrimack, two miles ; from
thence west to the west line of Monson ; from thence
northerly to the river, and from this point down
the river to the first place mentioned." The
remainder of the town was annexed to Hollis.
Thus was dismembered a town of the best natural
facilities for no better reason than that the geographical
centre was not smooth and level enough for a meeting-
house common. Amherst held these rich Monson
intervales until 1794, when, on the incorporation of
Milford, she surrendered them, with other choice lands
upon the north side of the river, giving up in 1794
more than she had received in 1770.

The act of the Assembly by which the counties were
organized was entitled " An Act for dividing the

Proviujc into Counties and for the more easy admin-
istration of Justice."

It provided for the erection of three courts of justice
and for necessary county buildings.

The courts were named, — First, the Superior Court
of Judicature, which was to be the supreme tribunal
of the province ; this court existed until 1813, when
the Federalists, having the political power in the State,
abolished it for the purpose of getting rid of politically
obnoxious judges and erected the Superior Judicial
Court, which, in turn, was overturned in 1816 by the
Democratic Republicans, and the Superior Court of
Ju'licature re-erected. The last-named court con-
tinued to be the court of last resort until the year
1855, when the American or Know-Nothing party, com-
ing into power, abolished it and re-established the
Sujtreme Judicial Court, which, in turn, in 1874, was
abolished and the Superior Court of Judicature estab-
lished. This court existed until 1876, when it was
succeeded by the Supreme Court, now in existence.

In 1813 it was claimed that the Legislature could
not, by changing the name and, in some minor partic-
ulars, the functions of a court, get rid of its judges in a
summary manner; that the only way was by address for
cause shown or by impeachment. But however much
politicians and jurists may differ as to the soundness
of the policy of such radical legislation, it seems now
to be well settled that this method of procedure has
been and is constitutional, else the first court erected
under any fundamental law could never be changed,
though time and experience should show it to have
grave defects.

The chief justices of the Supreme Court of the State,
under its various names, have been as follows : Before
the Revolution, Theodore Atkinson and Mesheck
Weare ; since the Revolution, Mesheck Weare,
Samuel Livermore, Josiah Bartlett, John Pickering,
John Dudley, Simeon Olcott, Jeremiah Smith, Arthur
Livermore, William M. Richardson, Joel Parker,
John J. Gilchrist, Andrew S. Woods, Ira Perley,
Samuel D. Bell, Henry A. Bellows, Jonathan E. Sar-
gent, Edmund L. Cushing and Charles Doe. But two
of these distinguished men were born in Hillsborough
County, — Jeremiah Smith, at Peterborough, and
Samuel D. Bell, at Francestown.

But one judge has been removed by address of the
Legislature (and in this case nothing worse was
charged than inability to discharge the duties of the
office by reason of old age), and no judge of our State
courts has been impeached; a judge of the United
States District Court for the district of New Hamp
shire was charged with drunkenness and conduct
unbecoming a judge, and was tried by the Senate of
the United States ; he admitted his irregularities, but
defended upon the ground that he was not intoxicated

as a justice, but as plain Mr. ; the Senate, however,

were of opinion tiiat when Mr. was intoxicated

the court was drunk, and he was removed from office.

The next court in order of jurisdiction was the

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Inferior Court of Common Pleas. While the Superior
Court of Judicature had cognizance of all questions of
law and divorce, and ultimately was clothed with
equity powers, the Inferior Court of Common Pleas
was the tribunal in which all ordinary controversies
were settled; this court, established in 1771, continued
under the name of the Inferior Court of Common
Pleas and the Court of Common Pleas (excepting that
it was discontinued from 1820 to 1825) until 1859,
when it was abolished and all the business of the
court transferred to the Supreme Judicial Court. In
1874 it was revived and continued to exist until 1876
when its business was transferred to the Supreme Court'

The third and last court provided for by the bill to
organize the counties was entitled the Court of Gene-
ral Sessions of the Peace ; this court had for judges or
justices all the justices of the peace in commission for
the county of Hillsborough ; it had a limited juris-
diction in criminal complaints, and was attended by
a grand and petit jury ; it had also the entire control
of all financial affairs of the county ; the number of
justices attending the earlier terms of this court rarely
exceeded ten; some later terms were attended by forty
or more justices, depending upon the number in com-
mission from time to time ; the law did not require
the justice to reside in the county for which he was
commissioned, and some of the most distinguished
men of the State, residing in other counties, were
commissioned for this county and had the right to sit
in this court.

This court continued as at first organized until 1794
it was a cumbersome piece of judicial machinery; it
was a matter of choice with the justices how many
should sit at any particular term, and it was claimed
by Samuel Dana, in the Legislature of the State, at
the time the court was abolished, that parties having
causes to be heard at any particular term were accus-
tomed to stir up the justices and obtain the personal
attendance of their friends at court.

In 1794 the functions of this court were incorporated
into the Court of Common Pleas, some of the judges
of the last court (side judges, as they were called)
attending to financial matters, and special committees
appointed for that j)urpose laying out highways. The
sessions docket, which we now have as a branch of the
business of our general term in the Supreme Court,
but formerly in the Common Pleas, is the remnant of
this Court of General Sessions of the Peace.

In 1855 a board of county commissioners was insti-
tuted to act in conjunction with the court in adminis-
tering the financial affairs of the county and in laying
out highways. With the addition of this auxiliary
tril)unal, the services of side judges, men generally of
sound practical sense, but of no legal learning, were
dispensed with. It is generally supposed that these
judges were but ornamental apjjendages to the learned
judge who actively presided in the court; but, in addi-
tion to the discharge of the duties now substantially
performed by the county commissioners, they often

aided the court by their sterling common sense in
matters requiring not legal learning merely, but an
acquaintance with men and the ordinary concerns of
life, which is not always possessed by learned law-
yers.

There were but three lawyers resident in the county
before the Revolution, — Atherton, at Amherst ;Champ-
ney, at New Ipswich ; and Claggett, at Litchfield, —
but prominent attorneys from other parts of the State
attended all the sessions of the court.

It would be useful, and perhaps not uninteresting,
to examine into the condition of the statute and com-
mon law at the time of the organization of the county.
The limit of this paper will not permit anything like
an exhaustive enumeration of the laws then in force,
and allusion only will be made to some most at
variance with the present code.

In 1771, Lord Mansfield was chief justice of the
Court of King's Bench in England, and for nearly
half a century had devoted his entire energies to per-
fecting the common law of that realm ; neither before
nor since has any one man done so much towards
making secure the reciprocal rights of the govern-
ment and the governed, judged by the standard of the
civilization of that day. The common law of Eng-
land was brought over and became a part of the law
of the colonies by the settlers of this continent ; vari-
ous modifications were made in the statutes to conform
to the necessities of a new country, but in the main
the inhabitants of the State were amenable to the
same legal conditions as the inhabitants of England
one hundred and fourteen years ago. There were
eight capital crimes in the province at that time, now
but one ; severe penalties were meted out for small
offenses; matters which are now left to the tribunal of
the individual conscience were then made subjects of
statute law, the violations of which were punishable
in courts; the whipping-post, the pillory and the
stocks were recognized as suitable appliances to have
a place in the machinery of a Christian government,
and all existed in connection with the jail and court-
house until the commencement of the present century.
In punishment of crime, distinctions were made
founded upon the color or condition of the party to
suffer the penalty.

Benefit of clergy, or the exemption of the clergy
from penalties imposed by the lew for certain crimes
was in existence in England and not abolished
until the reign of George IV. The history of this
exemption is long, and was thoroughly woven into
the texture of English criminal law; its practical
working was to exempt the clergy from the punish-
ment affixed to most crimes; it was no inconvenient
thing to be able to plead benefit of clergy, and at one
time not only those regularly in orders, but all retainers
ofthe church and some others claimed the privilege. To
make certain who were entitled to this plea, before the
time of Henry VII. a statute was passed extending
the exemption to only such as could read.

EARLY HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION OF COURTS.

A single instance is found wliere this plea was
made in this county in colonial times. Israel Wil-
kins, of Hollis, was indicted at the September term,
1773, of the Supreme Court, for the murder of his
father; he was found guilty of manslaughter; he then
prayed the benefit of clergy, which was granted; the
court branded the brawny part of his thumb with the
letter T, confiscated his personal estate and let him

go-

A creditor, until the passage of the revised statutes
in 1842, upon any debt, could seize his debtor, and, in
default of payment, throw the victim into prison and
keep him there until he had paid the last farthing.

One of the chief justices of the Court of King's
Bench was imprisoned early in life for debt, and dur-
ing his confinement of five years entered upon and
completed his legal studies and became one of the
best of English pleaders.

Defendants held for this purpose at first were con-
fined as closely as prisoners awaiting trial or serving
out a sentence, but as the minds of men became lib-
eralized they were allowed some privileges not com-
mon to the average criminal. Jail limits were estab-
lished in time, and the debtor allowed the privilege
of going a certain number of rods from the jail.
Within the present century men have been confined
at Amherst for debt, one, two, three and even four
years, and in several instances carried on extensive
mercantile business while prisoners at the suits of
creditors.

A lawyer by the name of Shattuck, held for debt,
established his family within the jail limits, built a
house and practiced law with considerable success for
several years.

The law is now so lenient that it has become
difficult to collect honest debts. It is not an
uncommon thing to find the wife owning the home-
stead — and a pretty large one sometimes — and the hus-
band owing all the debts.

The organization of the Court of General Sessions
of the Peace was first perfected and was really the act
by which the county was organized.

Its first book of records contains twenty pages, six
inches by nine, and covered with common brown
paper.

The first entry is as follows :

"the PnOVINCE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE."

"At a Court of General Sessions of the Peace, held for the purpose of
preparing a prison, raising money, etc., pursuant to an act of said prov-
ince, entitled an act for dividing the same into Counties and for the more
easy administration of Justice, held in the public meeting-house in Am-
herst, within and for the county of Hillsborough, in said province.'on the
sixth day of May, in the eleventh year of his Majesty's reign, A.r. 1771,
held by adjournment from the first Thursday after the first Tuesday of
April last.

Present,-

' John Goffe,

' E. G. LETjrWYCHE,

' John Hale,
' John Shepherd, Jr.,
' Samuel Hobart,
' Samuel Blodget.

• Esijr's,

"Appointed John Shepherd, Jr., Clerk, pro tempore. Then ac^ourned
to the house of Jonathan Smith, Inn-holder in said Amherst. Instantly
met at the house of said Smith.

" .\ppointed Samuel Hobart, John Shepherd, Jr., and Benjamin Whit-
ing, Ksq'r, a committee to cause said prison to be biiilt.

"Appointed Sanil. Hobart, Esq., Treasurer.

'^Ordered, That the committee aforesaid provide a suitable house in
said Amherst and make it fit to keep 'prisoners in until a prison can b«
built."

In accordance with this vote, temporary accommo-
dations were j^rovided.

John Gofle, whose name is at the head of the jus-
tices of this court and who seems to have taken the
lead in the organization of the county, was one of the
early settlers atGoffe's Falls, on the Merrimack River,
living at 'different times on both sides of the stream.
He commanded the regiment raised in this vicinity in
1760, and was present at the capture of St. John's,
Montreal and Quebec. His regiment mustered at
Litchfield, and on the 25th of May he issued the fol-
lowing unique order:

" Colonel Goffe requires the officers to be answerable that the men's
shirts are changed twice every week at least ; that such as have hair that
will admit of it, must have it constantly tyed ; they must be obliged to
comb their heads and wash their hands every morning ; and as it is ob-
served that numbere of men accustom themselves to wear woolen night-
caps in the day-time, he allows them hats ; they are ordered for the fu-
ture not to be seen in the day-time with anything besides their hats on
their beads, as the above-mentioned custom of wearing night-caps must
be detrimental to their health and cleanliness. The men's hats to be all
cocked or uniform, as Colonel Goffe pleases to direct."

Colonel Goffe marched his regiment across the ferry
at Thornton's, (then Lutwyche's) Ferry, and thence up
the Souhegan River to Amherst ; thence to the ford-
way at Monson (now Milford village); thence on the
south side of the river for the larger part of the way
to Wilton, and thence to Peterborough by way of the
notch in the mountains to the east of Peterborough ;
thence by way of Dublin to Keeue; thence up the
valley of the Connecticut to Charleston. From Honton
to Keene his route lay mostly through a wilderness,
and this distance the regiment cut a road for the
transportation of their baggage and provisions.

Amherst and Peterborough were incorporated the
year of Colonel Goffe's march through the county ;
but there was no sufficient highway from Peterbor-
ough to Amherst, the principal route of travel from
Peterborough to the sea-coast being through the
towns of Mason, and Townsend in Massachusetts.
Wilton was not incorporated until two years later,
and Milford not until the year 1794.

Colonel Goffe, though a man of war, was a thor-
oughly religious man. He often officiated as chaplain
in his regiment, and after his military career was
ended, and he was a resident of Bedford, he sometimes
officiated in the pulpit in the absence of the clergy-
man of the town. He was the first judge of Probate
for this county, and may justly be ranked with the
prominent men of ante-Revolutionary times.

Edward Goldstone Lutwyche, whose name appears
as the second justice upon the roll, was an English
gentleman not long in the country, at this time resid-

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

ing at Thornton's Ferry, then called, from the mime of
its owner, Lutwyche Ferry. He was colonel of the
regiment at the breaking out of the War of the Revo-
lution, but on the Declaration of Independence joined
the English and left the country. His name appears
among the twenty -four whose estates were confiscated
at the close of the war.

Captain John Hale, another of the justices, was a
prominent citizen of Hollis. He held a military
commission and represented his town in the General
Court in 1775 ; was a successful physician, having
practiced his profession many years in Hollis; was
surgeon in the army during the French and Indian
and also the Revolutionary War. After serving his
generation in two wais and in many years of peace,
he died in the summer of 1791.

Sanuiel Hobart, a colleague of Hale, was a resident
of Hollis; was register of deeds for this county irom
its organization to 1776, and its first treasurer. He
frequently served the courts in the capacity of auditor
and upon financial committees, and was the most
practical business member of the court. While regis-
ter of deeds he resided in Hollis, and during a por-
tion of the time kept the registry at that place.
He was also a member of the New Hampshire Com-
mittee of Safety.

Samuel Blodgett, another justice, was a resident
of what is now Manchester, at that time Goffstown ;
was for many years at work upon a plan to put a
canal around Amoskeag Falls. Having spent his
own large fortune in the enterprise and failed, he
subsequently obtained authority from the State to
raise large sums of money by lottery to aid in the
building of his locks and canal, and afterwards
authority for a second lottery was granted, the pro-
ceeds of which were to go towards the same object.
Massachusetts afterwards gave him the same privilege
and repeated the grant in 1806. After a prolonged
struggle his enterprise was completed, and he had
the satisfaction of seeing his work an acknowledged
success. He was an active and useful member of
this court, and a most striking example of untiring
perseverance.

John Shepherd, Jr., was a resident of Amherst at
this time. In addition to many places of trust which
he worthily filled, he is found in the year 1766 pre-
siding at a town-meeting in Derryfield (now Manches-
ter). It happened on this wise : a small minority of
the legal voters had irregularly called a town-meeting
and chosen a full comjdement of officers for the year
in the absence of a large majority of the voters. The
Governor and General Assembly, on petition, annulled
the proceedings of this meeting, and ordered a new
election, and by special act authorized John Shep-
herd, Jr., of Amherst, to call a meeting of tlu' legal
voters of Derryfield, and to preside in the meeting
until a full list of town officers was chosen.

Reuben Kidder, another justice of this court, was

distinguished citizen of the town of New Ipswich,

a large farmer and one of the most influential men of
his neighborhood. He was the only justice in his
town before the Revolution, having settled near the hill
or mountain in New IpsAvich which bears his name.
He maintained a style of living superior to most of
his neighbors ; having held two offices under the
King, the War of the Revolution found him a mod-
erate Tory; but the respectability of his character and
the rectitude of his intentions saved him from arrest
and imprisonment.

Matthew Thornton was a justice of this court five
years before he signed the Declaration of Inde]ien-
dence and before he became a resident of the county,
(the law then not requiring a justice to reside in
the county for which he was commissioned). In
1780 he came to Merrimack ; was a physician in
good standing, and visited professionally most of the
towns in the county. In addition to the many promi-
nent positions he occupied in the province and State,
he was at one time chief justice of the Court of
Common Pleas, and afterwards one of the judges of
the Superior Court of Judicature. He died in the
year 1803, at the age of eighty-eight, having written
political essays for the press after he had completed
his fourscore years.

William Clark, of New Boston, engaged as sur-
veyor of land, and the only man in town commis-
sioned as justice of the peace by royal authority,
was a member of this court. His sympathies at first
were not with the patriots, but after the Revolution
he served his constituents in every position within
their gift.

Moses Nichols, one of the justices, was a native of
Reading, Mass. He was a physician by pro-
fession, and practiced many years at Amherst ;
was appointed colonel of the Sixth Regiment in
December, 1776 ; was at Bennington under Starke.
He was register of deeds for this county from 1776
until his death.

Wiseman Claggett, one of the justices, had been
the King's solicitor-general, and left the office on ac-
count of dissatisfaction with the home government.
He came to Litchfield to reside in December, 1771;
was an efficient prosecuting officer, attaching great
consequence to his position ; was active in the Revo-
lution, ranking among the foremost in zeal for the
success of the colonists. He was made attorney-gene-
ral of the State in 1776, and held the position until
1783.

Joshua Atherton, of Amherst, Mathew Patten, of
Bedford, James Underwood, of Litchfield, Robert
Fletcher, of Dunstable, Noah Worcester, of Hollis,
Francis Blood, of Temple, Zacheas Cutler, of New
Boston, and other prominent citizens of the county
were from time to time justices of this court.

The course of business must have been different
from the order pursued in most judicial tril)unals,
for among the rules promulgated for the government
of the court were the following :

EARLY HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION OF COURTS.

"I. No person shall speak witliout first having obtained leave from
the president.

"II. That all speeches intended for the court be addressed to the
president.

" III. That every member speaking to the president shall do it stand-
ing.

" IV. That no member speak twice upon any motion until every mem-
ber has had an opportunity of speaking once."

At the October term, 1771, the first grand jury ever
empaneled in the county was called. General John
Stark was one of the jury. One indictment made up
the sum total of the findings of the grand jury. The
unfortunate individual by them presented answered
to the name of Jonas Stepleton. He was brought
to the bar, and being arraigned, pleaded guilty and
threw himself upon the mercy of the court. The
mercy of the court was dealt out as follows :

"It is ordered that tlie said Stepleton be wliipped twenty stripes on the
naked back at the public whipping-post, between the hours of one and
two of the iifternoon of this 3d day of October, and that he pay Nalium
Baldwin, the owner of the goods stolen, forty-four pounds lawful money,
being tenfold the value of the goods stolen (the goods stolen being re"
turned) and that in default of the payment of said tenfold damages and
costs of prosecution, the said Nahum Baldwin be authorized to dispose of
the said Jonas in servitude to any of His Majesties" subjects for the space
of seven years, to commence from this day."

In the Superior Court, a little later, one Keef was
convicted of arson, and received the following sen-
tence :

"It is therefore considered by the Court that the said Michael Keef
is guilty, and it is ordered and adjudged that he sit one hour on the gal-
lows with a rope round his neck and be whipped thirty stripes on his
naked back, on Thursday, the tenth day of June next, between the hours
of ten and twelve o'clock in the forenoon ; that he be imprisoned six
months from the said tenth day of June, and give bonds for his good be-
haviour in the sum of one hundred pounds, with two sureties in the sum
of fifty pounds each, for the space of two years from the expiration of
said six months, and pay the costs of prosecution, taxed at nine pounds,
seven shillings and ten pence, and stand committed till sentence be per
formed."

Benjamin Whiting, one of the committee appointed
to look out the place for a jail, was a resident of Hol-
lis, and sheritf of the county at the time of its organi-
zation. He adhered to the King, quitted the country
on the breaking out of hostilities, was proscribed and
forbidden to return and his estate was confiscated.
He was a zealous officer of the King, as will appear
by an account of some of his official doings, and was
a representative man among the Tories of his time.

Most of them were men appointed to office by the
royal authority, and of course were in sympathy with
the general purposes and objects of the government.
In a word, like all honest office-holders, they believed
in the administration, and had taken an oath to sup-
port the laws of their country. May it not be said
that the Tories of the Revolution, with few exceptions,
were right-minded men, fearful of change and con.sti-
tutionally opposed to innovations? It seemed to
them like desertion of a paternal government to
make common cause with those who stood to them as
rebels ; they also doubted the ability of the colonists
to achieve their independence, and were unwilling to
put in jeopardy their fortunes in so hazardous an un-

dertaking. The lapse of a century leaves them in a
somewhat improved condition so far as the morality
of their action is concerned.

Sheriff Whiting had many obnoxious laws to
execute, among others the statute giving every white
pine tree from fifteen to thirty-six inches in diameter
to the King, for the use of his royal navy ; every man
in the province held his land subject to this incum-
brance, and .severe penalties were inflicted upon indi-
viduals who might use a stick of white pine within
the proscribed diameter.

There was a surveyor of the King's woods, with
many deputies, who were naturally obnoxious to the
people. The owner of land, before he commenced
cutting, was by law compelled to employ the surveyor
or deputy to mark the trees upon the premises fit for
masts for the navy, and neglecting to do this, or being
too poor to pay the surveyor his fees, the whole was
forfeited to the King.

Seizures and forfeitures were common wherever the
pine-tree grew and mills had been erected. The
greatest hostility prevailed against the officers execut-
ing the law, and soon extended to the government.
The execution of this law in the interior of the prov-
ince was with the inhabitants of this county an ex-
citing cause of the Revolution.

In the winter of 1771 and 1772 an extensive seizure
was made in the northern portion of the county.
Although the pine is found in most towns in the
southern part of the State, it was more abundant upon
the Piscataquog River than in other places in this
vicinity The great road from Manchester to East
Weare, known even now as the Mast road, was origi-
nally built to facilitate the transportation of masts
from Goffstown, Weare, New Boston, Dunbarton and
other towns to the Merrimack, to be floated down
that stream to the ocean at Newburyport.

A deputy visited this locality in 1771 and 1772 and
condemned a large amount of lumber in the mill-
yards on the Piscataquog. They were libeled in the
Admiralty Court at Portsmouth, and the owners cited
to appear and show cause why they should not be
forfeited. The citation was published in the Nexo
Hampshire Gazette of February 7, 1772, and called
upon all persons claiming property in certain enu-
merated white pine logs seized by order of the sur-
veyor-general in Goffstown and Weare, in the prov-
ince of New Hampshire, to appear at a Court of Vice-
Admiralty to be held at Portsmouth, February 27,
1772, and show cause why the logs should not be
forfeited. The parties interested in the lumber seiz-
ure sent Samuel Blodgett, before spoken of as one of
the justices of the Court of Sessions, to Portsmouth
to effect a compromise. He made an arrangement by
which the informations were to be withdrawn upon
the payment of certain sums of money in each case.
Blodgett was appointed agent to make this settlement,
and was also made a deputy by the surveyor-general.

Blodgett, upon his return, sent the offenders a note

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

saying that at the request of many of their number
he had made a journey to Portsmouth and obtained
leave to settle the complaints in a manner easy to the
trespassers, informing them he was appointed a dep-
uty of the surveyor, and calling upon them to settle
with the King.

A settlement was effected with all the owners of
logs excepting those at Clement's Mills, in Weare ;
they would make no compromise. Accordingly, com-
plaints were made out against them and put into the
hands of Benjamin Whiting, of Hollis, the sherifi" of
the county, for service.

On the 13th of April, 1772, Mr. Whiting and his
deputy, Mr. Quigley, proceeded to serve their warrants.
One of the defendants was a Mr. Mudget, residing in
Weare. Whiting arrested Mudget, who agreed to give
•bail next morning. Mudget, instead of getting bail in the
usual way, collected a company of his friends during
the night, and very early in the morning called upon
the sheriff and told him his bail was ready. Mudget's
friends were disguised. The officer had not dressed
himself for the day when they rushed upon him in
his bed-chamber. He attempted to fire upon them,
but was seized, disarmed and severely beaten.

A more desperate encounter preceded the capture
■of Quigley. The horses of both were disfigured by
the cropping of their ears, manes and tails. For a
time the officers refused to mount these sorry-looking
animals, and were helped into their saddles in no
■ceremonious way.

Whiting and Quigley repaired at once to Colonels
Goffe and Lutwyce, who at their request ordered out
the posse comitatus, and the force thus raised
marched back to Clement's Mills. The rioters had
taken to the woods and not a man of them could be
found. One was afterwards arrested and lodged in
jail ; others gave bail for their appearcnce at court.
Mudget and seven others, all citizens of Weare, were
indicted, pleaded nolo contendere, and were fined by
the court for this assault on Whiting. It was an un-
justifiable resistance to an officer in the discharge of
his duty, and although the action of the government
was oppressive, it was not the proper way in which to
inaugurate a revolution.

I'"rom this time forth the county was in a state of
continual political excitement until the opening of
the Revolutionary War. The last court record, made
upon a half-sheet of crown foolscap, is as follows ;

" Anno Kegni Kegis Georgii Tertii.

".Tuly Bcssion, 1775. Justices present, John Shepaid, Jr., Moses
Nichols, Ksqs.

"Grand Jurornicn present, William Bradford, Samuel IJobey, William
UcQuistin.

"At his Majesty's Court of General Sessions of the Peace, held at Am-
herst, in and for the county of Hillsborough and Province of New
Hani)>shire, on the first Thursday next following the first Tuesday in
July, 177."), said Court elected Moses Nichols, Ksq., Clerk pro tem, and
adjourned sjiid Court of General Sessions of the Peace to the first Thurs-
day next following the firet Tuesday of October next.

"Moses Nichols, Clerk pro tem.^''

Only two justices present, — one presides, the other
is clerk joro tempore. The court is adjourned to meet
upon a certain day in his Majesty's name, but the
coming of that day found the patriotic justices with
business to their hands more congenial than holding
court in the name of George III.

CHAPTER II.

THE BENCH AND BAR.

Pkioe to the War of the Revolution there were
but three members of the legal profession residing
within the present limits of Hillsborough County.
These were Hon. Wiseman Claggett, of Litchfield;
Hon. Ebenezer Champney, of New Ipswich; and
Hon. Joshua Atherton, of Amherst.

Hon. Wiseman Claggett was born at Bristol,
England, in the month of August, 1721, and received
an early and liberal education in that country. Hav-
ing finished his academical studies, he became a stu-
dent at the Inns of Court, qualified himself for the
profession of the law, and after going through a regu-
lar course of preparatory studies, was admitted a bar-
rister in the Court of King's Bench.

A few years after his admission to the bar he
crossed the Atlantic to the West Indies, settled in
Antigua under very flattering circumstances, and was
cordially received by the principal inhabitants of the
island, particularly by a gentleman of fortune, who,
as an inducement for him to remain there, settled on
him a handsome annuity for life. He was appointed
a notary public and secretary of the island. He dis-
charged the duties of these offices with fidelity, and
pursued his professional business there with success
for several years, until the decease of his particular
friend and patron. He then embarked for this coun-
try, and settled in Portsmouth. He was admitted an
attorney of the Superior Court at the next session
after his arrival, and was soon after appointed a jus-
tice of the peace. In the exercise of this office he
was strict, severe and overbearing. For many years
he was the principal acting magistrate in Portsmouth,
and his name became proverbial. When one person
threatened another with a prosecution, it was usual to
say, " I will Claggett you."

He received the appointment of King's attorney-
general for the province in the year 1767. He took
an early and decided part in opposition to the oppress-
ive acts of the British Parliament at a time when a
considerable portion of his property was in the con-
trol of the government. Previous to the Revolution
he removed to Litchfield, Avhere he possessed a large
and valuable estate on the banks of the Merrimack.
He represented that town and Derryfield, classed

THE BENCH AND BAR.

with it, several years in the General Court. Being
omitted one year, the towns of Merrimack and Bedford
elected him for their representative, although not an
inhabitant of either of those places. He always re-
tained a grateful remembrance of this mark of confi-
dence and respect, and frequently spoke of it with
pleasure. He was for some time a member of the
Committee of Safety, and was active, attentive and
useful. He was influential in framing and carrying
into eflect the temporary form of government which
was first adopted in New Hampshire, under which
the office of solicitoi'-general was created, and Mr.
Claggett was the only jierson who ever had that
ajipointment ; the office ceased at the adoption
of the constitution, in 1784, a little previous to his
death.

He possessed a great flow of wit, which, accompa-
nied by his social talents and learning, made him an
agreeable companion. He was also distinguished for
his classical knowledge. He wrote the Latin language
with ease and elegance and sjioke it with fluency.
He had a fine taste for poetry, and many jetix d' esprit,
the productions of his pen, have been preserved by
his friends. He did not possess a perfect equanimity
of temper, but was subject at times to great depres-
sion of spirits. He died at Litchfield the 4th of De-
cember, 1784, in the sixty-fourth year of his age.

Ebenezer Champney ^ was born at Cambridge in
1743, and was educated at Harvard University, re-
ceiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1762. He
was at first designed for the ministry, and to that end
studied divinity and preached two years. He re-
ceived a call to settle in Township No. 1 (now Mason) ;
this was declined, and soon after, he left this profes-
sion for that of the law. He prepared himself for
this vocation in the office of Hon. Samuel Livermore,
and was admitted to the bar at Portsmouth, N. H., in
1768. In June of the same year he removed to New
Ipswich, and entered upon the duties of his profes-
sion. In the spring of 1783, Mr. Champney went to
Groton, where he remained until 1789, was represent-
ative in 1784, when he returned to New Ipswich.
His first commission as justice of the peace was re-
ceived from the celebrated Governor John Hancock,
of Massachusetts.

In 1795 he was appointed judge of Probate for the
county of Hillsborough. The duties of this office
were appropriately discharged until his resignation,
a few months before his death.

Judge Champney married, first, a daughter of Rev.
Caleb Trowbridge, of Groton, in 1764, which con-
nected him with the distinguished families of Cottons
and Mathers. By this marriage he had seven chil-
dren, three of whom died in infancy. He became a
widower in 1775, and was married again, in 1778, to
Abigail Parker, by whom he had four children. She
died in 1790, and he was again married, in March,

1 From " History of New Ipswicli."

1796, to Susan Wyman, who died the September fol-
lowing.

Judge Champney was a man of very respectable
talents, and exercised no inconsiderable influence in
the vicinity. During the earlier years of his practice
he was the only lawyer between Keene and Groton,
and had offices both at New Ipswich and the latter
place, in conjunction with his son. The labor of at-
tending the courts at that period was very great, the
circuit being extensive, and all journeys were neces-
sarily performed on horseback.

During the controversy between the colonies and
the mother-country the sentiments of Mr. Champney
were adverse to those extreme measures that led to
the Revolution. He was a moderate Tory, and dep-
recating a resort to arms, believed that with prudent
and moderate counsels all causes of disaffection might
be satisfactorily adjusted. He wished to preserve
his loyalty and the peace of the country ; but, like
many others who forebore to take part in the contest,
he lived to acknowledge the beneficent effects of that
struggle which gave us our liberties and free institu-
tions.

He died on the 10th of September, 1810, at the age
of sixty-seven.

Hon. Joshua Atherton - was born in Harvard,
Mass., June 20, 1737. He numbered among his class-
mates at Harvard, Elbridge Gerry, Jeremy Belknap
and other distinguished men. While residing in
Litchfield and Merrimack he was intimate with Colo-
nel Lutwyche, a retired colonel of the British army, a
man of means, of refined tastes, acquainted with the
world and used to good society.

Having received the appointment of register of
Probate for Hillsborough County, Mr. Atherton re-
moved from Merrimack to Amherst in the summer of
1773, and was soon busily engaged in the practice of
his profession. In a short time, however, as the dis-
pute between the mother-country and her American
colonies increased in bitterness, as he was an open
and avowed Loyalist, he fell under the popular dis-
pleasure.

In common with many other well-informed men of
his time, he was not insensible of the wrongs inflicted
upon the colonies by the British government, but
saw no prospect of their redress by an appeal to arms.
His profession, too, was an unpopular one, and it was
an easy matter for the leaders in the new movement
to excite the people against him. It is also notice-
able that much of the persecution to which he was
subjected had its origin in towns adjoining Amherst,
rather than among his townsmen.

In 1788 he was chosen a delegate to the convention
to ratify or reject the proposed constitution of the
United States. Acting upon his own convictions of
right and the instructions of his constituents, he op-
posed its ratification.

2 Condensed from Seconili's " History of Amherst.

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

In 1792 he was ai)pointed a delegate to the conven-
tiou called to revise tlie State constitution adopted in
1783. After several sessions the work of this con-
vention resulted in the amended constitution adopted
by the people in 1792, which remained unchanged for
nearly sixty years.

In 1793 and 1794 he served as Senator in the State
Legislature, and in the latter year received the ap-
pointment of attorney -general of the State. At this
time many young men resorted to his office for in-
struction in their chosen profession, William Plumer,
William Coleman (afterward of the New Fork Even-
ing Post) and William Gordon being among the num-
ber.

After the new administration of the affairs of the
country under the Federal government had gone into
operation, and had exhibited proofs of a steady, wise
and firm rule over the whole country, he became one
of its firmest supporters.

In 1798 he was appointed a Commissioner for the
county of Hillsborough, under the act passed by Con-
gress 9th July of that year, providing for the valua-
tion of lands, dwelling-houses, etc., in the United
States, with a view to levying and collecting direct
taxes for the support of government. This act was
an exceedingly unpopular one, and his acceptance of
office under it revived all the old ill-will against him.
He, however, discharged the duties of the office, and
had the honor of being hung in effigy at Deering.
His health and mental vigor becoming impaired, he
resigned the office of attorney-general in 1800, and
thenceforth devoted himself to the pursuits of a pri-
vate citi7.en.

Hon. Clifton Claggett^ studied law under the
direction of his father and commenced practice in
Litchfield in 1787, whence he removed to Amherst in
1811. While residing in Litchfield he represented
the town in the General Court several years. In 1802,
1816 and 1818 he was elected a Representative to
Congress. In 1810 he was appointed judge of Probate
for Hillsborough County, and held the office until
September, 1812, when, having been appointed one of
the judges of the Superior Court, he resigned. From
this last office he was removed, upon the reorganiza-
tion of the court, by the Federal party the following
year.

In 1823 he was appointed judge of Probate for the
county of Hillsborough, and held the office until liis
death.

Dr. John Farmer wrote of him : " Without any com-
manding powers, but with the possession of res])ecla-
ble attainments, Judge Claggett gave his constituents,
and the public generally, that satisfaction which has
not always been imparted by those of higher acquisi-
tions, or by those of the most popular and splendid
talents."

Hon. Samuel Dana was born in what is now

1 By Daniel F. Secoiiili.

Brighton, Mass., January 14, 1739. He graduated
from Harvard, and in 1781 was admitted to the Hills-
borough bar. He resided in Amherst.

In November, 1782, he was chosen a delegate to the
convention which framed the constitution of the
State. Shortly after the adoption of the constitution
he was ajipointed a justice of the Inferior Court of
Common Pleas, but declined to accept the office. In
1785 he was appointed register of Probate for Hills-
borough Count)% and held the office until January 9,
1789, when he was appointed judge of Probate. This
office he resigned December 21, 1792, saying, in the
letter conveying his resignation, that " for the sup-
jjort of my family I am obliged to practice as an
attorney, and there is danger that I may not always
be able to distinguish between a fee to the attorney
and a bribe to the judge."

In 1793 he was chosen to the State Senate to fill a
vacancy caused by the resignation of Hon. Joshua
Atherton. He died April 2, 1798.

Charles Humphrey Atherton, son of Joshua
Atherton, born in Amherst, graduated at Harvard
College in 1794; read law with Joshua Atherton and
William Gordon ; commenced practice in 1797 ; Re-
presentative in Congress 1815-17 ; register of Probate
1798-1837 ; died January 8, 1853.

He occupied a prominent place in the Hillsborough
County bar for nearly fifty years. He was a prudent
and judicious counselor and a faithful advocate. As
a Probate lawyer he had few equals and no superiors
in the State.

He represented the town of Amherst in the General
Court in 1823, 1838 and 1839, and served many years
on the superintending school committee of the town,
ever manifesting a deep interest in the prosperity of
its common schools.

Franklin Pierce^ was born at Hillsborough,
N. H., November 23, 1804. His father. General Ben-
jamin Pierce, served throughout the Revolutionary
War, and in 1827 and 1829 was Governor of New
Hampshire. The early youth of Franklin Pierce ex-
hibited great mental promise, and it was the aim of
his family that his education should be thorough.
His initiatory and academical courses took place at
Hancock, Francestown and Exeter, and in 1820 he
entered college at Bowdoin, Me., where Rev. Dr.
Stone, Nathaniel Hawthorne, John P. Hall, James
Bell and others no less celebrated subsequently, were
his classmates. He took his degree in 1824 and
spent the three following years in the study of law,
at North Hampton, Mass., and Amherst. In 1827
he was admitted to the bar, and opened his office in
his native town, where his success was speedy and
great, largely because his application was equal to his
ability. It was early seen in his career that he
would attain the very highest local celebrity, — a con-
viction that was ultimatelv f'ullv realized. While so

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THE BENCH AND BAR.

earnestly applying himself to his duties as a lawyer
he espoused himself with great zeal to the cause of
Democratic principles, and during the second year of
his legal practice, and for two subsecjuent years, he
was chosen to represent Hillsborough in the State
Legislature. In 1832 and 1833 he was also Representa-
tive and Speaker of the House. This and associate
h(niors were not won by any underhand action, but
by a tirni adherence to political principle, eloquence
in debate, unquestioned capacity for public business,
uniform courtesy and an exhibition of frankness and
manliness of character. In the second year of his
incumbency as speaker, being then in his twenty-
ninth year, he was elected to represent his native
district in the United States Congress, which he did
in that and the succeeding Congress with much
ability and credit.

In 1837 he was chosen by the Legislature to repre-
sent New Hampshire in the United States Senate,
and his statesmanship was such as to be the subject
of universal encomiums among men of all parties.
Though one of the youngest, he was one of the most
influential of that then most distinguished body.
Few public men had such power as he in making
friends, and very few had a wider circle of admirers.
From causes of a purely personal and domestic nature,
Senator Pierce resigned his office in 1842, and came
home to Concord, where he had removed his family
some years previously, and resumed his profession as
a lawyer. In 1845, owing to the vacancy in the
United States Senate caused by the appointment
of Hon. Levi Woodbury to the Superior bench,
the successorship was offered by Governor John
Steele to Mr. Pierce, but was gratefully declined. He
also declined the nomination for Governor of the
State and a seat in the Cabinet of President Polk.
In his declinatory letter to the President he said that
when he left the Senate he did so with the fixed pur-
pose never again to be voluntarily separated from his
family for any considerable time, except at the call of
his country in time of war. When the Mexican War
broke out, in 1847, a battalion of soldiers was called
for from New Hampshire, and Mr. Pierce was among
the very first to enlist as a private soldier, and one of
the most earnest in the ranks at drill. He was com-
missioned March 3, 1847, as brigadier-general, and
sailed with a detachment from Newport, R. I., and
landed at Vera Cruz on the following 28th of June.
He left Vera Cruz with his brigade for the Mexican
interior the succeeding month to reinforce General
Scott. On the way, with his two thousand four hun-
dred men, several severe skirmishes with guerrillas
took place, in all of which the enemy was defeated.
He carried his force, losing very few men, to Pu-
ebla, where they joined the army of the command-
ing general. Contreras, Cherubusco, Molino and
Chapultepec were hard-fought fields, on which
he liberally shared the honors of victory, as the
offifial reports of these actions abundantly and

creditably show. An eminent military officer, in re-
viewing the history of these struggles and the merits
of the leaders therein, says: "I have reason to believe
that every old officer in the army will sustain me
when I say of General Pierce that in his service iu
Mexico he did his duty as a son of the republic, that
he was eminently patriotic and gallant, and that it
has added a laurel to his beautiful civic wreath." It
would be unjust to his memory to neglect mentioning
his remarkable regard for the comfort and health of
the men under his command ; with untiring vigi-
lance and open hand he administered without stint
or measure to the alleviation of their privations and
their sufferings. In 1847, when peace with Mexico
was assured, General Pierce returned home to meet
the welcome of his many friends and to realize the
highest honors they could bestow upon him. Among
them was the presentation of a splendid sword by
the State Legislature, as a token of esteem for him as
a man and of his gallantry as a soldier. From the
period of his return from Mexico up to 1852 he de-
voted himself to his profession, his principal political
action being his j^residing at the Constitutional Con-
vention of the State, which met at Concord in 1850.
Some that are now alive, and were present in court at
Manchester, in May, 1850, will never forget the won-
derful eloquence, the powerful logic and the amazing
legal skill which he exercised preceding the acquittal
of both the Wentworths, of Saco, Me., charged with
the murder of Jonas Parker, in Manchester, in 1845.
As an orator, he presented his thoughts in a style that
would do credit to any age or nation. His remarks
on the death of Daniel Webster are unexcelled in the
English language. In 1852 the New Hampshire
State Democratic Convention recommended him as a
candidate for the Presidency ; but he declined, for
reasons modestly assigned by himself, to allow his
name to be used in that relation. However, the Na-
tional Democratic Convention, which met in Balti-
more in June of 1852, after forty-nine ballots, gave
him the nomination by a vote of two hundred and
eighty-two against eleven. The enthusiasm demon-
strated all over the nation in favor of General Pierce
was unprecedented, and the result of the campaign
was his election over General Scott, the Whig candi-
date, the Pierce electoral vote being two hundred
and fifty-four and that for Scott forty-two.

President Pierce was inaugurated at Washington
March 4, 1853. he being then in his forty-ninth year.
He had called to aid him a Cabinet composed of men
of rare ability. A member of that cabinet has truth-
fully said, —

"The administration of Franklin Pierce presents the only instance in
our history of the continuance of a Cabinet for four years without a single
change in its persointel. When it is remembered tliat there was much
dissimilarity, if not incongruity, of character among the memliers of that
Cabinet, some idea may be formed of the power over men poss-ssed and
exercised by Mr. Pierce. Chivalrous, generous, amiable, true to his
friends and to his faith, frank ami bolil in li is declaration of his opinions,
he never deceived any one. And if treachery had ever come near him,

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

it would have stood abashed in the presence of his truth, his manliness
and his confiding simplicity."

Among the more important events of his adminis-
tration were the dispute respecting the boundary be-
tween the United States and Mexico, resulting in the
acquisition of Arizona; the exploration of the routes
proposed for a railroad from the Mississippi to the
Pacific; the amicable settlement of a serious dispute
with Great Britain about the fisheries ; the affair of
Martin Kozta ; the repeal of the Missouri Compro-
mise; the organization of the Territories of Kansas
and Nebraska; the Ostend conference; the treaty
negotiated at Washington providing for commercial
recii)rocity between this country and the Canadian
provinces; the treaty with Japan negotiated in 1854
by Commodore Perry ; the dismissal of the British
minister at Washington and the British consuls at
New York, Philadelphia and Cincinnati. While
much political agitation marked the term of his of-
fice, still it was a period of remarkable prosperity to
the nation. President Pierce's devotion to his coun-
try and flag was never shaken or impaired by any
misrejjresentation or abuse on the part of his politi-
cal enemies. In public and in private life his speeches
and correspondence evince a sincere sympathy with
the Union and a devotion to the principles of the
Union, to which he had been from childhood a most
earnest and sincere advocate.

On retiring from the Presidential chair, and after a
brief sojourn at home, he visited Europe and trav-
eled extensively over Great Britain and the continent.
Everywhere he was received with marked attention
and respect, although he eschewed all ostentation.
He returned after an absence of about three years and
devoted himself almost entirely to the duties of a
common citizen. Socially, no man had more or
deeper respect than he, during the period spent by
him in political retirement. He was beloved by
young and old, and there was no partisan limit to that
affection.

President Pierce died childless. His wife was
Mary A. Appleton, who gave him two sons, Benjamin
and Frank; the latter died when but a child, and Ben-
jamin was killed in a railroad accident near Andover,
Mass., soon after his father's election as President.
Mrs. Pierce died in 1863, and President Pierce passed
away October 9, 1869. The event was a universal
cause for mourning ; high honors, local and national,
were paid to his memory. The family lie buried in
the beautiful new cemetery at Concord, N. H.

Hon. Charlks Gordon Atherton^ was born at
Amherst, in Hillsborough County, N. H., July 4,
1804. He graduated at Cambridge University, in
1818, with unusual reputation for ability and scholar-
ship at an early age. He studied law in the office of
his distinguished father, Hon. Charles H. Atherton,
was admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-one and

> By Hon. L. B. Cloush.

established himself in business in the town of Dun-
stable (now Nashua), in his native county. In his
profession his success was decided and his rise rapid.
His mind, clear, logical and strong, with the ballast of
excellent common sense, the adornments of a quick,
fancy and a cultivated taste, was admirably adapted
to the studies and the labors of the law. So far as
was permitted by the interruptions of political life,
he continued to the last in the active practice of his
chosen profession. As a lawyer, it is not too much to
say of him that he stood in the front rank of a bar
which has always been fruitful of legal strength and
acumen ; his place was side by side with such com-
peers as Pierce, Woodbury, Parker, Bartlett and Bell
— following, but not unworthily, in the path of those
earlier "giants of the law," Webster, Mason and
Jeremiah Smith.

In 1830 he commenced his public career as a Repre-
sentative from Nashua in the New Hampshire Legis-
lature, and continued in this office for a period of
several years. He was Speaker of the House of Rep-
resentatives for the last three of those years. In
March, 1837, he was chosen one of the Representatives
of New Hampshire in the national Congress, w'here
he remained for three successive terms, At the ex-
piration of that period he was transferred to the
Senate of the United States for the term of six years ;
successor to John P. Hale at being re-elected to the
Senate in March, 1853, occupying a seat in that body
during the executive session succeeding the inaugura-
tion of President Pierce. He was also a member of
the Baltimore Convention which nominated General
Pierce for the Presidency. Mr. Atherton died Novem-
ber 15, 1853.

Hon. Charles Frederick Gove, A.M.,'' the son
of Dr. Jonathan and Polly (Dow) Gove, was born at
Goffstown, May 13, 1793. He graduated at Dartmouth
College in 1817; read law at Harvard Law School,
graduating LL.B. in 1820 ; began practice in Goffs-
town ; was assistant clerk of the New Hampshire
House of Representatives in 1829; represented Goffs-
town there in 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833 and 1834 ; was in
the New Hampshire Senate, and elected its president
in June, 1835 ; solicitor of Hillsborough County from
1834 to 1835, when he was appointed attorney-general
and served until 1842, and circuit judge of the Court
of Common Pleas from 1842 to 1848 ; then became
superintendent of the Nashua and Lowell Railroad.
He removed from Goffstown to Nashua in 1839 ; mar-
ried Mary Kennedy, daughter of Ziba Gay, of Nashua,
September 22, 1844. He died at Nashua, October 21,
1856, aged sixty-three years. He was a man of great
energy of mind and character, but unfortunately pos-
sessed of a feeble constitution. John Gove, D.C., was
his half-brother.

Judge Gove, in private and public life, sustained
the character of an upright, honorable man. Ever of

2 By Hon. L. B. Clough.

THE BENCH AND BAR.

a slender constitution, yet his industry and energy led
him to fill the various public offices with which he
was honored with credit to himself and to the general
acceptation of the public. He was equally firm in
his friendship and in his enmity.

Hon. Samuel H. Ayer/ son of Dr. Ayer, was
born in Eastport, Me., in the year 1819. He gradu-
ated at Bowdoin College in 1839, and afterwards com-
menced the study of law in the office of Messrs. Pierce
& Fowler, at Concord. He was admitted to prac-
tice in Hillsborough County, and opened an office
at Hillsborough in 1842. For five successive years he
represented the town of Hillsborough, from 1845 to
1849, the last two years of this time being Speaker of
the House of Representatives. In 1847 he was ap-
pointed solicitor of the county of Hillsborough, and
successfully performed the duties of said office until
his death.

He removed to Manchester in 1850, and opened an
office in connection with B. F. Ayer. Although of the
same name, he was not related by blood to B. F. Ayer.
In 1852 he was one of the commission for revising the
statutes of the State, and in connection with the late
Governor Metcalf and Calvin Ainsworth, in June,
1853, submitted their compilation to the Legislature,
known as the " Compiled Statutes." He was a pleas-
ing and effective speaker, frank, generous and just,
and won the esteem of all who knew him. Hon. S.-
H. Ayer died October 4, 1853, aged thirty-four years.

Hon. George W. Morrison.^— The family of
Morrison was originally of Scotland, a branch of
which emigrated to the north of Ireland about the
middle of the fifteenth century, and settled in Lon-
donderry.

" Charter " Samuel, so called because he was one of
the grantees of Londonderry, N. H., was among the
first settlers of that town. He was there as early as
1721, and signed the petition for a charter.

James Morrison, father of George W., was born in
Londonderry, N. H., in 1781, and removed with his
father, Samuel, grandson of Charter Samuel, to Fair-
lee, Vt., about the year 1791. When quite young he
was apprenticed to a carpenter and joiner, served his
time faithfully, learned his trade and learned it well,
and after his emancipation, followed the business in-
dustriously for many years.

With the proceeds of his labor he purchased a farm
at Fairlee, to which, during the latter years of his
life, he devoted his principal attention. Physically,
he was a noble specimen of a man ; had a good figure,
very strongly built, and weighed more than two hun-
dred pounds. He possessed a well-balanced mind,
sound judgment and a vigorous understanding. He
died in full strength at sixty, without an infirmity or
even a grey hair upon him. In 1802 he married
Martha Pelton, daughter of John Pelton, of Lyme,
N. H. She was a lady of excellent understanding,

1 By Hon. L. B. Clough.

2 By David P. Perkins.

modest and retiring in her manners, managed her
household with great discretion and good sense, and
bestowed upon her family of nine children all the
wealth of a mother's love. She died at Fairlee, July
14, 1870, aged eighty-seven years.

Hon. George W. Morrison, the second son of James
and Martha, was born in Fairlee, Vt., October 16,
1809, lived with his parents and worked on their
home farm until the fall of 1830, when he entered the
Academy of Thetford, and continued there a little
more than four months, thus completing his academic
course of study. He then entered the office of Judge
Simeon Short, of Thetford, as a student-at-law, and
read with him and Presburg West, Jr., in all about
four years. But while he was pursuing his legal
studies in the offices of Judge Short and Mr. West, he
was accustomed to return to the farm and assist his
father in haying and harvesting. Reaping was his
special delight. No man within the circle of his
acquaintance, either in Vermont or New Hampshire,
could excel him in the use of the sickle. His father
was a man of small means ; he had a large family to
support ; money was scarce, and George, who was his
chief dependence in carrying forward his farm-work,
from a sense of filial duty, rendered him all the assist-
ance in his power. At the same time he supported
himself by teaching school during the winter months,
and by hard labor at night in a saw-mill, in the
spring of the year. Sawing logs commanded better
wages than teaching in the village school.

Mr. Morrison was an ambitious young man, am-
bitious for success in all his laudable undertakings,
and always took the advantage of every means in his
power for improvement. By the laws of Vermont,
when he was a student, a justice court was entitled to
a jury panel of six. Before such a tribunal he often
successfully appeared, even while he was a teacher in
the common schools, in the defense of some unhicky
yeoman. And so, while he was a teacher one winter
in Western New York, he gained quite a reputation
as a successful practitioner in the justice courts.

Such were his preparations for the great duties and
responsibilities of his professional and political life.
His mental endowments were of a high order, among
the most apparent of which were his keen perceptions
and his self-reliance. As a student-at-law, in the
practice of his profession, in his addresses to the jury
or the court, on the hustings, in the State Legislature
and in the halls of Congress his self-reliance never
forsook him.

At the June session of 1835 the Orange County
Court was holden at Chelsea, and Mr. Morrison had
the sole charge of Mr. West's extensive business, and
tried without assistance every case, with one excep-
tion. It was at this term he made application for
examination, pursuant to admission. He had flatter-
ing certificates from both gentlemen with whom he
had read, but on their presentation objections were
made by some of the young gentlemen of the bar, on

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

tlu' uniuiiil that the applicant had not complied with
the rules, having read less than five years. Judge
Nutting, author of Nutting'.s (xranimar, used exten-
sivelv in the schools, an accomplished scholar and
distinguished lawyer, replied that the young man had
not asked for admission to the bar, but for examina-
tion ; and as Mr. Morrison believed he possessed a
suflicicnt knowledge of the law to justify him in sub-
mitting to an examination as to his qualifications, he
thought that so reasonable a request ought to be
granted.

Judge Parker, of Bradford, thereupon moved that a
committee of three be api)oiuted for such examina-
tion. The motion prevailed, and Judge Nutting,
Judge Parker and Mr. Ordway were chosen.

The committee held three sessions, of two hours
each, and gave Mr. Morrison a most thorough and
searching examination, which he passed triumph-
antly, and on submitting their report to the bar, he
was unanimously admitted.

Before entering upon the practice of his profession
he traveled somewhat extensively in New York,
Pennsylvania, New Hamjishire and Maine, and on
his way home from the latter State to Vermont, he
8toi>])ed awhile at Amoskeag Falls, in Manchester.
Its immense water-jjower attracted his attention. In
conversation with some of the leading citizens, he
was informed that a company of Boston capitalists
had recently purchased large tracts of land upon both
sides of the river, with the view of building up ex-
tensive manufacturing interests. He saw clearly a
flourishing manufacturing town springing up in the
immediate future, as by magic, holding out singular
attractions to a young and ambitious lawyer. Acting
upon his own judgment, with reference to its capacity
and business prospects, he decided to make Man-
chester his permanent residence and grow up with
the town. It was in the summer of 1836 that he took
up his residence at Amoskeag, and opened an office
in an old school-house, near the west end of McGreg-
gor's bridge, the only bridge at that time across the
Merrimack River within the present limits of Man-
chester and about half-way between the two villages
of Amoskeag and Piscataquog. At that time there
were four lawyers at Squog(so called) of some distinc-
tion, and two at Goffstown. One of these old lawyers,
who had been in constant practice thirty years, often
met Mr. Morrison in the justice courts, and at first
treated him with contumely and reproach, called him
a l)eardless boy, who had received his education in
the pastures of Vermont, and now presumed to prac-
tice law in the courts of New Hampshire; but a few
lessons of sarcasm, a weapon Mr. Morrison knew well
how to use with terrible effect, silenced his antagonist,
and ever after inspired him with the most profound
respect.

Mr. Morrison did what little business came in his
way during the summer and fall, and in the winter
taught the village school. The next spring people

flocked in from all the surrounding country, the town
was rapidly built up, and he removed his office from
the old school-house to the east side of the river, and
has continued to reside in and make Manchester his
home till the present time. He was a constant at-
tendant when the court was in session, whether he
had business or otherwise; this particularly attracted
the attention of Hon. Mark Farley, who asked, " Why
he was always in court?" "To cure the evils of a
defective education," responded Mr. Morrison.

On the 5th of November, 1838, he married Miss
Maria L. Fitch, of Thetford, Vt., a lady of culture
and refinement, daughter of the Hon. Lyman Fitch,
for many years a county judge in Orange County,
afterwards, and until his death, a prominent citizen
of Lyme, N. H.

Business now poured into his office, and he at once
took a front rank among the ablest lawyers of the
State at the New Hampshire bar. Early in the
practice of his profession he was accustomed to meet
as antagonists .such men as Franklin Pierce, Charles
G. Atherton, Samuel D. Bell, James U. Parker, Mark
Farley, Daniel Clark and many others distinguished
for their character and ability, and it can safely be
said, "It is no disparagement to any of the eminent
men whom he met at the bar in the different counties
of the State, that, as a jury lawyer, he was one of the
most successful practitioners in his time in the courts
of New Hampshire."

Among the distinguished men of New Hampshire,
Charles G. Atherton stood high, both as a lawyer and
statesman. In 1850, at a term of the court for Hillsbor-
ough County, holden at Manchester, an important case
was tried before the jury, in which Mr. Morrison and
Mr. Atherton were engaged as opposing counsel. The
trial lasted several days. At last it was concluded ;
the arguments were made and the case was submitted
to the jury, after which Mr. Atherton invited the
writer of this sketch to accompany him to his rooms.
Now, Mr. Atherton was an exceedingly gifted con-
versationalist. On reaching his chambers at the ho-
tel, he asked, "What will be the verdict in this
case? Which party, in your judgment, will be likely
to win ? " The response was, " I think the chances
are in favor of Mr. Morrison." " I am inclined to the
same opinion," was Mr. Atherton's reply, and then
continued: "When Mr. Morrison commenced prac-
tice at the Hillsborough bar I watched him closely,
and at first entertained strong doubts as to his success
in his profession. He commenced the practice of the
law under three great disadvantages, — ill health, a de-
fective education and poverty; but on my first ac-
quaintance with him I particularly noticed his self-
reliance. Nothing that occurred at the bar escaped
his attention, for he was uniformly in attendance.
Soon he commenced the trial of cases ; his examina-
tion of witnesses was thorough and exhaustive, his
perceptions were clear, his arguments logical and
condensed, and he had the wonderful faculty to seize

THE BENCH AND BAR.

the strong points of his case, and so present them to
the jury that he seldom failed to win the verdict. If
he happened to make a mistake as to the rules of evi-
dence, the law or its application, he was sure not to
repeat it. I soon made up my mind that he was no
eonimou man, that he was bound to rise, and he did
rise rapidly, not alone in my estimation, but in the
estimation of the people of the county and of the
State. And now he stands at the head of the bar.
And I tell you in all sincerity that I have never met
the man in our courts, in the House of Representatives,
or in the Senate of the United States I more fear, or
have greater cause to fear as an antagonist, than as
such I fear to meet George W. Morrison."

In the practice of his profession he was true to his
client; especially was he the friend of the poor man,
and, apparently, would work harder to win the case
for his client when he had no reason to expect ade-
quate compensation than for the rich client who was
abundantly able and willing to pay liberally. Mr.
Morrison, in the best sense, was a man of the people, —
easy in his manners and simple in his tastes; unos-
tentatious in his intercourse with all, looked down
upon no man, but treated every one on terms of equal-
ity ; generous to a fault, ever ready to extend the
helping hand to those who needed help. It is no
wonder that such a man should at once build up and
maintain a lucrative business, and become one of the
most popular men in his profession. He had been
accustomed to athletic sports from his boyhood, and
when a young man took peculiar pleasure in a wrest-
ling match, in which he often participated. To lay
him upon his back required not only well-developed
muscle, but generous practice and scientific knowledge.
Hon. Moses Norris was a man of powerful physique, and
in his prime weighed two hundred and twenty-five
pounds, while Mr. Morrison scarcely ever exceeded one
hundred and fifty. Though comparatively of slight
figure, he was wiry and very elastic. They were warm
personal and political friends, and in familiar conver-
sation often addressed each other respectively by their
given names.

On the 4th of July, 1854, both gentlemen were at
Washington, D. C, — Mr. Norris a United States Sen-
ator and Mr. Morrison a member of the House of
Representatives. The Fourth was a holiday, and
Congress was not in session. The writer was with
them at his rooms on Capitol Hill ; no other person was
present. The Senator, in course of conversation, hap-
pened to speak of a certain occasion upon which he
had exhibited his great strength, to the surprise of
the bystanders. Mr. Morrison playfully reijlied,
" Mose?, I could lay you out so easily that you
wouldn't know how it was done." "Nonsense!"
responded the Senator ; " why, George, I could throw
you over my head without an effort." " More easily
said than done," replied Mr. Morrison. Then, like
two grown-up boys, they took each other at arms-
length, and soon commenced to wrestle in good earn-

est. Mr. Morrison, fully on his guard, waited and
watched the chances for a certain inside lock, the
advantages of which he well understood. By-and-by
he had the Senator in the desired position, and in-
stantly dropping upon the right knee, he laid Mr.
Norris upon his back without any apparent exertion.
The Senator sprang to his feet, and said, " That was
handsomely done, George. How in the world did
you do it? I did not believe there was a man in
Washington who could throw me."

Mr. Morrison was elected to the State Legislature,
and served during the years of 1840, 1841, 1844, 1849
and 1850. He was one of the most active, useful and
eflScient members, and his influence was such the last
years of his service that he usually carried the House
with him on all the more important measures. He
served one year as chairman of the committee on
incorporations, and four years on the judiciary com-
mittee, two of which he Avas chairman. In 1849 a
bill was pending in the House for the incorporation
of the city of Portsmouth. That provision in the
charter which constituted each ward a town, for the
purpose of elections, excited a good degree of interest
and vigorous opposition, on the ground of its sup-
posed unconstitutionality. It was well understood that
this particular and unique clause in the charter was
drafted at the suggestion of Mr. Morrison, and that
he would give it all the supjsort in his power. The
day when he was to speak uj^on the question was
known beforehand, so that all who might take an in-
terest in the measure and desired to hear the discus-
sion could do so. The result was that many of the
leading politicians of the State rej^aired to the capital.
A full delegation from Manchester, including agents
of the corporations and other distinguished citizens,
were present. The galleries were crowded, and many
of the more favored found seats on the floor of the
House.

Mr. Christie, of Dover, one of the ablest lawyers in
the State, having been selected by the opponents of
the measure to reply to Mr. Morrison, took his seat,
pen and paper in hand, near, and at the right of the
Speaker's desk. At length Mr. Morrison arose, look-
ing pale and feeble, for he had been quite ill all the
session, but his mind was never clearer. As he went
on with his argument with reference to the constitu-
tionality of the bill, Mr. Christie at first took a few
notes, tlien dropped his pen and listened attentively
to the close of the argument. Mr. Morrison sat down;
the House was perfectly still ; not a sound was
heard ; all eyes were turned expectantly towards Mr.
Christie. He did not arise. He declined to speak.
The writer was assistant clerk of the House at that
time, and asked another distinguished lawyer, a
personal and political friend of Mr. Christie, why
he declined to answer Mr. Morrison. His reply was,
"Mr. Morrison's argument was unanswerable — he
was clearly right. And Mr. Christie, upon being con-
vinced thitt he was right as to the constitutional

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

question, declined to reply." Though the charters of
the cities of the State have frequently been amended,
particularly the charter of the city of Manchester,
that provision, constituting each ward a town for the
purpose of elections, still remains.

In 1845, Mr. Morrison was appointed solicitor
of Hillsborough County, discharged the duties of
the office nearly four years and resigned. He
was a member of the House of Representative in the
Thirty-first, and was re-elected and served in the
Thirty-third Congress. Mr. Morrison's personal and
political relations with President Pierce had been for
many years of the most intimate and confidential
character, and as he was regarded as one of the ablest
members of the New Hampshire delegation, the Pres-
ident, whose Congressional district he represented,
expressed the desire that he support the Kansas-Ne-
braska Bill, which he had made one of the leading
measures of his administration. He knew very well
he could rely upon Mr. Morrison to support every
measure of his administration which he deemed would
be consistent with his constitutional obligations and
for the promotion of the best interests of his country.
In a i)er3onal interview with the President, Mr. Mor-
rison told him his present convictions were against
the bill, particularly that clause in it repealing the
Missouri Compromise ; that he would make a careful
examination of the measure, and would support it if,
in his judgment, the interests of the country would
demand its becoming a law. He did examine the
bill, and examined it thoroughly, after which he in-
formed the President that he regarded it as a most
dangerous measure, fraught with evils, which, should
it become a law, would lead to the most disastrous re-
sults, and, painful as it was to him to differ with the
administration upon one of its leading measures, still
he must opi)ose it with all the energies of his mind.

Among the reasons assigned at this interview as the
ground of his opposition to the measure were that
the slavery question had but recently been settled by
the compromise measures of 1850, and to reopen the
subject now, would, in his judgment, be a most dan-
gerous experiment, would be disastrous to the Demo-
cratic party and to the best interests of the North,
and, in his belief, would endanger the perpetuity of
the republic itself.

In his speech, made a few weeks after this inter-
view with the President, Mr. Morrison said,—

"On a great question like this— one wliicli will seriously affect the
free laborers of the North, will dotormine the institutions of a vast ter-
ritor}-; one fraught with fearful elonients of .lisconl, which ultimately
may endanger the perpetuity of the Union itself— I can follow but one
guide : the convictions of my own judgment. I regret that the friends of
this bill had not read and well considered the patriotic denunciation by
Jefferson, with reference to sectional parties, before they sprang tliis
questi.pn upon Congress and the country. This is the first attempt in
our political history to repeal a great compromise of conflicting interests
and opinions between the different sections of the country. This meas-
ure contains more elements of danger and sectional discord than any po-
litical question of the age. If this bill should become a law, I fear the
spirit of concession and compromise will have piissed away forever. The

Union has, in the judgment of intelligent and patriotic statesmen, been
twice preserved from dissolution by concession and compromise. Whea
similar questions again arise, as come they may and will, I ask. Can
other compromises be made if this is stricken down ? if this shall not bo
sacredly kept and faithfully abided by ? Sir, any man conversant with
the prejudices which are enlisted and the obstacles to be overcome in tho
accomplishment of such compromises must feel and know the danger •
and here let me say, if this Union shall ever be dissolved, history will
surely point to this as the first stride, the entering wedge which led to
dissolution and all its fearful consequences. I have neither time nor in-
clination to pursue this thought further. All can see the danger, all
must feel it."

In this great speech he took the ground distinctly
that slavery could not for any considerable length of
time be forced upon the people of that Territory ; and
from the above extracts copied from that speech it
appears that he clearly foresaw, should that bill
become a law, all harmony between the different sec-
tions of the Union would be destroyed, and ultimately
result in civil war.

Colonel Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, who had
served thirty consecutive years in the Senate of the
United States, and had been elected to the House
from the St. Louis District to serve as their Rejjre-
sentative in the Thirty-third Congress, was an atten-
tive listener during the delivery of this speech, and
after its close, remarked to a gentleman who sat near
him, "That is a true man sir; a smart man ; a man
of brains, sir." He then went forward, took Mr.
Morrison cordially by the hand, and congratulated
him in the most sincere and friendly manner. Sev-
eral days after, the writer of this sketch, called on
Colonel Benton at his house, and listened to his con-
versation with reference to the excitement over this
question which prevailed throughout the North, when
he said that "Mr. Morrison's speech on the Kansas-
Nebraska Bill was the ablest speech delivered on that
question during this excited and protracted debate."

Years afterwards, when the whole country was con-
vulsed by the great civil war, the Hon. Salmon
P. Chase, Secretary of the United States Treasury
under the lamented President Lincoln, and subse-
quently chief justice of the United States Supreme
Court, speaking of Mr. Morrison, said, " He was a
man of ability and incorruptible honesty. That his
course in Congress on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill had
made a most favorable and lasting impression upon
his mind."

But his crowning success in life was that of an ad-
vocate, and as such he will be chiefly remembered.
In this respect he was endowed with rare gifts, and
has had but few equals and no superiors at the New
Hampshire bar. He prepared his cases with great
care, frequently after the adjournment of the court;
would study the evidence far into the night, prepara-
tory to his argument in the morning, when men of
less nerve would have considered themselves fit sub-
jects for medical treatment. He studied the panel
as though it had been an open book, and acquainted
himself with the peculiarities of each juror. He
was apt to seize the salient points in his cause as they

THE BENCH AND BAR.

presented themselves to the jury, and to study the
effect of the evidence as the cause progressed. He
watched the effect upon each juror with great care as
the argument proceeded, and could tell with singular
accuracy whether he carried his hearer along with
him. When he discovered a leaning against him on
the part of any doubting juror, he adapted himself
to the views of that juror, with arguments so con-
vincing, in a manner of such candor, sincerity and
truthfulness, and with an influence so mesmeric that
he was quite sure to win him over before he closed.

Hon. Lewis W. Clark, associate justice of the
Supreme Court, formerly a law-partner with Mr.
Morrison, said of him, in a recent conversation, —
" He was the coolest man under fire I have ever
seen in court. The most damaging piece of evidence,
so far as the jury could observe, produced no im-
pression on his mind ; and he exercised wonderful
judgment in handling a dangerous witness. He
knew when and where to leave a witness better than
any man I ever saw in the trial of causes before a
jury."

Samuel Dana Bell was born in Francestown,
N. H., October 9, 1798. His father was the Hon.
Samuel Bell, LL.D., a judge of the Supreme Court,
four years Governor of New Hampshire, and twelve
years a Senator of the United States. His mother
was a daughter of the Hon. Samuel Dana, of Antrim,
N. H. He manifested at an early age the love of
study which distinguished him through life. He
entered Harvard College in his fourteenth year, and
was graduated in the class of 1816. He then com-
menced the study of the law in the oflice of the
Hon. George Sullvan, of Exeter, and was admitted
to the bar of the county of Rockingham early
in the year 1820. He commenced practice in Mer-
editli, where he remained a few months, and then
established himself at Chester, then a town of some
note and the home of several gentlemen of cultiva-
tion, taste and distinction. Entering into practice
there, he soon acquired the reputation of being a
sagacious, learned and trustworthy lawyer. In 1823
he was appointed solicitor of Rockingham County ;
in 1825 and 1826 was a member of the Legislature ;
in 1827 and 1828 was clerk of the House of Repre-
sentatives. Mr. Bell remained in Chester ten years,
and then removed to Exeter, and for some years was
cashier of the Exeter Bank. In 1836 he removed to
Concord, and in 1839 to Manchester. In 1846 he
was police judge of Manchester, and two years later
was appointed circuit judge of the Court of Common
Pleas. In 1849 he was appointed a judge of the
Superior Court, and in 1859 was chosen chief justice,
which position he occupied until his resignation, in
1864.

Judge Bell possessed rare personal qualifications for

a position upon the bench. Dignified in appearance

and bearing, he was distinguished for patience and

courtesy. He had all an honorable man's aversion

to meanness and the lower arts of the profession. He
used his position and authority to promote no par-
tisan or partial purposes. The duties of his position
were always properly discharged. He was a man of
very decided opinions.

The purity of Judge Bell's public and private life
deserves to be mentioned to his honor. The ermine
which he wore was unsullied indeed; no shade of
wrong or dishonor ever fell upon his name. When he
came to Manchester, the present metropolis of the State
was a mere village, with its future all undetermined.
Judge Bell entered with interest into every movement
for the prospective welfare of the town. Among the
public enterprises which he was greatly instrumental
in establishing was that of the City Library, which, in
spite of all drawbacks, is to-day extensive, valuable
and incalculably useful to the people. He was also
an early member of the New Hampshire Historical
Society, and for years held its principal ofiices. He
died in Manchester July 21, 1868.

Daniel Clark,^ the third child of Benjamin and
Elizabeth (Wiggin) Clark, was born in Stratham,
Rockingham County, N. H., October 24, 1809. His
father was both farmer and blacksmith. He was re-
spected by all who knew him for his integrity. He
was industrious, frugal, temperate, kind and obliging.
His mother was strong-minded, devoted to her family
and very religious. She was not indifferent to the
good opinion of others, and was ambitious for the
success of her family, and especially of her children.
They lived upon a beautiful farm, in the upper part
of the town, near the historic town of Exeter. The
subject of this sketch remained at home under the
care and nurture of his excellent parents until he was
thirteen years of age, going to the common district
school in summer and winter, or so much of the time
as it w^as kept, and assisting about the ordinary farm-
work in vacation. He learned at school easily, and
was more fond of his books than of work upon the
farm. At the age of thirteen he was sent with his
older brother to the academy in Hampton, N. H., and
put upon the common English studies. He did not
then expect to acquire a more liberal education, al-
though his mother had some undefined notions of a
higher course of studies for her son. He continued
at Hampton at intervals, there a term and at home a
term, helping upon the farm, some four years or more,
when he determined to go to college. He jiursued
his preparatory studies at Hampton, teaching school
two winters, and at twenty was prepared for college.
He entered Dartmouth College, graduating, in 1834,
with the first honors of the institution. Rev. Dr.
Lord, the president of the college, was then in the
prime of his life. Although he had presided over the
college but a few years, he had already secured the
confidence of its friends, so justly merited, as subse-
quently shown by his successful administration of the

1 By Hon. Isaac W. Smith.

IIISTOllY OF HILLSBOKOUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

affairs of the college for more than a third of a century.
Among Mr. Clark's classmates were Albert Baker, who
entered upon the practice of the law at Hillsborough,
N. H., and died at the age of thirty-one, his untimely
death extinguishing hopes which his short but bril-
liant career had caused his many friends to entertain
of liis future usefulness; Hon. Moody Currier, LL.D.,
of Manchester, Governor of New Hampshire; Hon.
Richard B. Kimball, LL.D., of New York City, lawyer,
scholar and author; Rev. Edward A. Lawrence, D.D.,
Marblehcad, Mass.; Rev. Newton E. Marble, D.D.,
Newton, Conn. ; and Professor Alphonso Wood, presi-
dent of Ohio Female College. Mr. Clark taught school
winters during his college course and while pursuing
his professional studies, eight winters in all, including
the two years before entering college, defraying, in
part, the expenses of his education with the funds re-
ceived from teaching. Immediately after graduation
he entered the office of Hon. George Sullivan, then
the attorney-general of the State, sou of General John
Sullivan, of Revolutionary fame, at Exeter, and com-
menced the study of the law, remaining with Mr.
Sullivan a year and a half. He completed his legal
studies in the office of Hon. James Bell, afterwards
United States Senator, at Exeter, and was admitted
to the bar of Rockingham County in 1837. In the
same year he opened an office at Epping, where he
remained some eighteen months, and then, in 1839,
removed to Manchester, N. H. This thriving city
was then just rising from the ground. Not a mill was
running, the canal even being unfinished. The only
railroad then constructed in the State was the Nashua
and Lowell. The telegraph and the telephone had
not then been invented. The lumbering stage was
the only means of public travel. The rates of postage
were high and the mails slow and few. The embryo
city was hardly more than a desolate sand-bank, where
a few hundred people had gathered, allured by the
prospect of business about to spring up with the im-
provement of the Avater-power at Amoskeag Falls.
Mr. Clark was among the first to open a law-office
here. He soon acquired an active practice, which
afterwards grew to large proportions, and for twenty
years he was employed upon one side or the other of
nearly every important trial in the county, attending
the courts also in Merrimack and Rockingham Coun-
ties. He was employed on behalf of the State in
the preliminary examination in the "Parker murder
trial," being occupied almost continuously for a period
of nearly two months. He succeeded in procuring
the extradition from Maine of the supposed murderers
after a lengthy trial in that State, and after a hearing,
lasting nearly a month, before the Police Court of
Manchester, procured their commitment to answer for
the crime of murder. Opposed to him as counsel were
General Franklin Pierce (afterwards President of the
United States), General B. F. Butler, Hon. Josiah G.
Abbott and the late Charles (}. Atherton, — an array of
legal talent seldom seen in this State. Mr. Clark was

employed for the defense in two capital trials in the
fall of 1854,— Curtis' and Marshall's. Marshall was
acquitted, and in the case of Curtis the jury disagreed.
During the period of his active practice the bar of
Hillsborough County was unusually strong. Among
its prominent members were Benjamin M. Farley, of
Hollis; James U. Parker, of Merrimack; George Y.
Sawyer and Charles G. Atherton, of Nashua; Samuel
H. Ayer, of Hillsborough; and Samuel D. Bell and
George W. Morrison, of Manchester. General Pierce,
of the Merrimack bar, also generally attended the
courts in Hillsborough County. Of these eminent
lawyers, Mr. Morrison is the only survivor. General
Pierce, as a jury lawyer, had no superior in the State.
He had a very pleasing address, was dignified without
being reserved, and possessed a magnetic influence
over men, which rendered him a formidable antagonist
before jurors. But, in many respects, Mr. Atherton
stood at the head of the Hillsborough bar as a lawyer
and advocate. He was a man of scholarly attainments,
possessed a graceful diction, had a good command of
language, knew how and when to use sarcasm, could
appeal effectively to the passions and prejudices, was
thoroughly read in the law and was perfectly at home
in the court-room. With these and other able lawyers
Mr. Clark spent the most of his active professional
life, and he was recognized as their peer. His prac-
tice was as varied as it was extensive. Whatever he
undertook was thoroughly done. He was loyal to the
court, faithful to his clients, courteous to opposing
counsel and kind and magnanimous to the younger
members of the profession. In his arguments to the
jury he was never wearisome. He seized upon the
weak points of the other side and the strong jioints of
his own side and made them prominent to the jury.
He wasted no time on immaterial matters. While he
did not possess the personal magnetism of Pierce or
Atherton's power of sarcasm, he could put before a
court or jury his case with convincing power and in
its strongest light, and if success did not always attend
his efforts, it was not because he failed to present all
the favorable views of his case. Legal papers drafted
by him were models of accuracy and clearness. They
were also remarkable for their brevity, all useless
verbiage being avoided. In his writs the cause of
action was briefly and clearly set out, and it was rare
that he had occasion to apply for an amendment. His
clients became his fast friends. His charges were
moderate, and no client went away feeling that undue
advantage had been taken of his position or that his
interests had not been fully protected.

It is unfortunate, perhaps, for his legal reputation
that Mr. Clark was drawn into iJolitics. But it was
his fortune to live in times when questions of great
public interest were being discussed and settled, and
it w^as inevitable that a person of his ability, education
and temperament should not entertain pronounced
views on public questions. In the early part of his
professional life there was a difference of opinion as

--^'T^ ~ by A.Ji.Hlto !",!-''

THE BENCH AND BAR.

to the wisdom of encouraging the extension of manu-
facturing and railroad operations in the State, and
unfortunately the question got into politics, and the
I two parties took opposite sides. With the acquisition
of California came the question of the extension or
restriction of slavery, the repeal of the Missouri Com-
promise, the civil war, the abolition of slavery and
the reconstruction measures after the close of the war.
As a rule, the lawyers of New Hampshire have very
generally taken an active interest in political ques-
tions. Thus circumstanced, it was hardly possible for
Mr. Clark not to have some inclination towards politi-
cal life. In 1842 he was elected one of the repre-
sentatives from the town of Manchester to the Legis-
lature, and was re-elected in 1843, and again elected
in 1846. In 1854, after the adoption of the city
charter, he was elected representative from his ward,
and re-elected in 1865. In 1849, 1850 and 1851 he
■was a candidate for the State Senate, but his party
being in the minority in the district, he failed of an
election. He acted with the Whig party until its
dissolution, when he helped to form the Republican
party, with which he has since been identified. He
was often upon the stump during the campaigns pre-
ceding the elections in 1854 and 1855, speaking in
every portion of the State, from the sea to the moun-
tains. He also took part in the election contests during
the decade which immediately followed. Party feel-
ing ran high, the contests often being exceedingly
bitter. No speaker was received with greater enthu-
siasm or addressed larger audiences. It was largely
owing to his labors at the hustings that a change in
the political sentiment of the State was brought about.
In 1856 he was a member of the National Republican
Convention, and in November of that year Avas elected
one of the Presidential electors in New Hampshire,
and voted for Fremont and Dayton for President and
Vice-President.

In 1855 the Legislature was called upon to elect
two United States Senators. For the first time in a
quarter of a century, with a single exception, the
Democratic party was in a minority. The opposition
was composed of the Whig party, then on the point
of dissolving, the American party, commonly known as
the Know-Nothing party, and the Free-Soil party.
These elements, a year later, were fused in the Repub-
lican party. By common consent, Hon. John P. Hale
was nominated for the short term, and the contest
for the long term was between Mr. Clark and the
Hon. James Bell. In the Senatorial caucus the latter
was nominated and subsequently elected by the Legis-
lature. The contest, although warm, was a friendly
one, so that when, two years later, in 1857, the Legis-
lature was called to fill the vacancy in the office occa-
sioned by the death of Senator Bell, in obedience to
the common wishes of their constituents, the Repub-
lican members nominated and the Legislature elected
Mr. Clark. Upon the expiration of his term he was
re-elected in 1860 with little opposition. The ten

years spent by Senator Clark in Congress constituted
the most eventful period in the history of the repub-
lic. He witnessed the rise, progress and overthrow
of the Rebellion. This is not the time nor place to
review his Congressional life. One will get a glimpse
of his position upon the slavery question on page
'268, volume i., of Mr. Blaine's "Twenty Years of
Congress." He served upon some of the most import-
ant committees, and was chairman of the committee
on claims, and, during portions of two sessions, presi-
dent pro tempore of the Senate in the absence of Vice-
President Hamlin. He was a firm supporter of the
various war measures adopted for the suppression of
the Rebellion, and had the confidence of President
Lincoln and Secretary Stanton. He failed of a re-
election in 1866, as his colleague. Senator Hale, had
done two years before, not from any lack of apprecia-
tion of the invaluable services they had rendered the
country, nor of the honor they had conferred upon
the State by their course in Congress, but because the
rule of rotation in office had become so thoroughly
ingrafted in the practice of the Republican party in
the State that a departure from it was not deemed
wise, even in the persons of these eminent states-
men.

In the summer of 1866 a vacancy occurred in the
office of district judge of the United States District
Court for the district of New Hampshire, and Senator
Clark was nominated for the position by President John-
son, and unanimously confirmed by the Senate. He
thereupon resigned his seat in the Senate and entered
upon the discharge of his judicial duties. The wisdom
of his selection has been justified by his career upon
the bench. The office of the district judge does not
afford such opportunity for public distinction as the
bench of some other courts, the jurisdiction of the court
being limited principally to cases arising under the
constitution and laws of the United States. New
Hampshire, from its size, location and business rela-
tions, furnishes only a small amount of business for
the Federal courts, and not much of that generally of
public interest. In addition to holding his own court,
Judge Clark has frequently been called to hold the
Federal courts in other States in the First Circuit.
He has brought to the discharge of his judicial duties
the same learning, industry and interest that charac-
terized his labors at the bar and in the Senate. His
decisions have commended themselves to the profes-
sion for their soundness and fairness. Judge Clark,
apparently indifferent to tlie preservation of his
opinions, has neglected to put them in shape for
publication in the reports of the First Circuit, to the
regret of his professional friends and admirers. He
has now (1885) been upon the bench nineteen years.
He was entitled, under a law of Congress, to retire in
1879, upon the salary for the rest of his life. But he
has preferred to earn his salary, and "to wear out
rather than rust out." With his physical strength
but slightly impaired, his mind as vigorous as in the

IIISTOIIY OF lULLSBOKOUGH COUNTY, iNEW HAMPSHIRE.

years of his full manhood, he, at the age of seventy-five,
gives promise of many years of future usefulness.

In ISTd he was ameniher anil presiilent of the con-
vention called to revise the constitution of New
Hampshire.

Judjie Clark, in 16^'>U, formed a copartnership with
his brother David in the j)ractiee of the law, which
wsis dissolved by reason of the ill health of the latter, in
185G. In December, 185G, he entered into copartner-
ehij) with Isaac W. Smith, now upon the Supreme
bench of New Hampshire, who read law with him in
IH4S-,>0. Their firm was dissolved in December, 1861,
at which time his practice of the law may be said to
have substantially ceased. So much of his time was
absorbed with Congressional duties, and other public
duties between sessions, growing out of the disturb-
ances caused by the civil war, that he had but little
time or inclination to follow the courts or attend to
the calls of clients in the ollice.

Judge Clark has been fully identified with the
growth and history of Manchester. He has taken
great interest in its material prosperity, and has
merited and received the confidence of its inhabitants.
Besides representing the town and city five years in
the Legislature, he has held various oflices of trust,
viz. : member of the School Board, chief engineer of
the Fire Department, trustee of the City Library, city
solicitor, trustee and president of the Manchester
Savings-Bank, director of the Amoskeag Manufac-
turing Company and trustee of the State Industrial
School. No citizen of Manchester, with possibly the
exception of the late ( Jovernor Straw, has exerted so
much influence for its growth and prosperity as he.
As he looks to-day ui)on this beautiful city of forty
thousand jieople, and their busy mills, well-paved
streets, shady sidewalks, fruitful gardens and peace-
ful homes, he, if any one, may repeat the words of the
Roman poet, " Quorum magna parsfui."

Juilge Clark has not failed to take a deep interest
in his Ahna Mater, which, in 18(j(j, honored herself, as
well as him, by conferring upon him the degree of
LL.D. In lsr,\, upon the invitation of the City
Councils of Manclusler, he delivered a eulogy upon
the life of President Lincoln, and in 1880, upon the
invitation of the alumni of Dartmouth College, a
eulogy upon the life of Judge George F. Shepley,
before that a.Hsociation, l»oth of which were subse-
quently published. In 18GU, on the occasion of the
centennial anniversar)' of the founding of the colleo-e
he delivered an address bef<»re the alumni at the
invitation of the trustees. A copy was requested for
publiriition, wliich, unfortunately, was withheld too
late for it to ajipear with the other i)ul>lislK(l pro-
ceedings of that occasion.

Judge Clark has contributed liberally to the suj)-
port of preaching, worshiping with the Unitarians.
Hia views corrt-sptjnd with those of liev. Dr. A. P. I'ea-
body, of Cambridge, Ma.ss., or with the views of what
may be called the Orthodox Unitarians. He has no

sympathy with the doctrines of the ultra portion of
that denomination. In more recent years he has
worshiped at the Franklin Street Congregational
Church (Orthodox), Rev. Dr. George B. Spaulding,
pastor.

Judge Clark has been twice married, — the first time,
in 1840, to Hannah W. Eobbins, who died in October,
1844, leaving no children ; the second time, to Anne
W. Salter, in 1846, who is still living. He has had
four children, — three sons and one daughter. The two
oldest are living, engaged in the practice of the law
in Manchester. One son died in infancy, and the
daughter when between two and three years of age.

Hon. William C. Clarke.^ — Among the public
men of New Hampshire who have lately passed away,
none was more widely known in the State, or more
sincerely respected, than Hon. William Cogswell
Clarke, of Manchester. He was born in Atkinson,
N. H., December 10, 1810, being the eldest sou of
Greenleaf and Julia (Cogswell) Clarke. His father
was a farmer and master-mason, the constructor of
many fine business buildings in the neighboring town
of Haverhill, Mass., and a highly-esteemed citizen of
Atkinson, Avhere he served as selectman andjusticeof
the peace. He was descended from Nathaniel Clarke,
a merchant of Newbury, Mass., who died in 1690, and
from Captain Edmund Greenleaf, of that place, an
officer of repute in the wars of the early colonists
with the Indians. The wife of Greenleaf Clarke was
a daughter of Dr. William Cogswell, of Atkinson,
who Avas a surgeon in the Revolutionary army, and at
one time chief of the Military Hospital at West
Point.

William C. Clarke pursued his early studies at At-
kinson Academy, of w^hich his maternal grandfather
was one of the founders, and then entered Dart-
mouth College at the age of eighteen years. He was
graduated with high honors in the class of 1832,
which included Professors Noyes and Sanborn, of
Dartmouth, and the late Samuel H. Taylor, LL.D.,
the noted instructor at Andover, Mass. Immediately
becoming principal of Gilmanton Academy, beheld
the position for one year, while beginning the study
of law. He continued his legal studies in the Har-
vard Law School, in the ofiice of Stephen Moody, at
Gilmanton, and in that of Stephen C. Lyford, at
Meredith Bridge (now Laconia), N. H. On his ad-
mission to the bar, in 1836, he began practice in the
latter town, and on the creation of Belknap County,
at the close of 1840, he was appointed county solici-
tor. He held this position until the spring of 1844,
when he removed to Manchester, and continued the
practiceof his profession. Two years later he was
one of a committee of seven chosen by the town to
petition the Legislature for a city charter, and at the
first city election, in August, 1846, was the Democratic
candidate for mayor. There being two other candi-

1 From Clarke's " Successful New Hampshire Men.

THE BENCH AND BAR.

dates, there was no choice, and he withdrew his name
before the second ballot, in September. In the same
year, however, he consented to act as chief engineer
of the Fire Department of the young city, and he re-
tained this position till the close of 1848, having a
number of leading citizens as his assistants.

In 1849 he was elected to the office of city solicitor,
which he held for two years, and in 1850 he served
as a member of the State Constitutional Convention.
Appointed the judge of Probate for Hillsborough
County in 1851, he obtained the judicial title which
clung to him thereafter. In 1854 he was again the
Democratic candidate for mayor, but the Whig ticket
was successful. A year later Judge Clarke was ten-
dered, by Governor Metcalf, an appointment to the
bench of the Supreme Court, but he declined the posi-
tion. As judge of Probate he discharged his duties
with high public approval, but his removal from this
office, in 1856, was included in the sweeping political
changes which began in 1855. In 1858 he served as
a member of the Manchester Board of Aldermen.
Soon after the death of the Hon. John Sullivan he
was appointed, in 1863, to succeed him as attorney-
general of the State, and, receiving a reappointment
in 1868, he continued to fill the office until his death,
in 1872.

From the time of his admission to the bar until he
became the chief prosecuting officer of the State,
Judge Clarke was actively engaged in private legal
practice. He early acquired the reputation of a sound
and able lawyer, and obtained an extensive clientage.
As attorney-general he was highly successful in the
performance of his duties, to which he devoted him-
self with conscientious faithfulness. Recognizing the
semi-judicial character of his office, he did not allow
the zeal of the advocate to outweigh more important
considerations, and, in cases where a minor offense had
been committed for the first time, he frequently caused
indictments to be suspended so as to give the culprit
both a chance and a stimulus to reform. Hardened
or flagrant criminals he pursued with the rigor de-
manded by the interests of justice, leaving no stone
unturned in his efforts to secure their conviction. He
drew all his indictments with the greatest care, and
it is said that no one of the number was ever set aside.
He took equal pains with the preparation of evidence
and of his arguments in all important causes. These
cases include a number of murder trials, which at-
tracted wide attention when in progress, and which
afforded marked proof of his legal skill. Hissenseof
duty being above all other considerations, he was un-
moved by all attempts to affect his official course by
private appeals or by any species of personal influ-
ence.

Judge Clarke had a marked distaste for ordinary
politics and the arts of the politician. On the few
occasions when he consented to be a candidate for an
elective office he did not seek the noniiuiition, but ac-
cepted it at the request of his friends. Firmly believ-

ing, however, in the original principles of the Demo-
cratic party, he often gave his voice and pen lo their
support, and was long a prominent member of that
party in New Hampshire. When the Rebellion broke
out he did not hesitate a moment in regard to his po-
litical course, but was among the foremost of those
who urged all citizens to sink minor party differences
and rally to sustain the imperiled government. Dur-
ing this crisis he was active in calling and addressing
many public meetings, which pledged aid to the most
vigorous measures for the defense of the Union. At
the great war mass-meeting held in Concord, N. H.,
on the 17th of June, 1863, — which was attended by
thirty thousand people, from all parts of the State,
and was addressed by men of national eminence, in-
cluding a member of President Lincoln's Cabinet, —
Judge Clarke called the assembly to order, ami read
the call, after which he was chosen first vice-president.
Being dissatisfied with the attitude toward the war
assumed by many of the leaders of the Democratic
party, he was largely instrumental in organizing the
zealous War Democrats of the State into a third, or
" Union," party, which nominated a separate ticket
for State officers in 1862 and 1863. This organization
was not maintained after the latter year, and Judge
Clarke thenceforward voted with the Republican
]>arty ; but after the eai'ly years of the war he re-
frained from any active participation in politics, which
he regarded as inconsistent with the nature of his du-
ties as attorney-general.

He was one of the original directors of the Man-
chester Bank, serving from 1845 till 1849, and of the
City Bank, with which he was connected from 1853
till 1863. He was also a trustee of the Manchester
Sivings-Bank from 1852 until his death. For many
yenrs he was a trustee of the Manchester Athena'um,
and when this was succeeded by the City Library, in
1854, he was chosen a member and clerk of the board
of trustees of the latter institution, retaining both
positions during the rest of his life. He was the first
treasurer of the Manchester and Lawrence Railroad
C(Mnpany, holding that oflice from July 31, 1847, till
his resignation took effect, February 8, 1849; and he
was the clerk of that company from February 28,
1854, until he died, being also its attorney when en-
gaged in private legal practice. He was a trustee of
Gilmanton Academy, and in 1854 was a member of
the national board of visitors to the United States
Military Academy at West Point.

Judge Clarke was one of the earliest members of the
Franklin Street Congrogational Church in Manches-
ter, and one of the original oflicers of the society, to
both of which he rendered valuable service.

Some mention of his personal appearance should
not be omitted, as he was a man of unusually distin-
guished presence, having a large, finely-proportioned
figure, with a handsome, dignified head and face.
Without undue formality, his manners were iiivaria-
l)lv courteou> :iii<l r.fiurd. With excellent literary

•>•>

HISTORY OF HILLSUOROUGH COUxNTY, NEW HAMPSHIKE.

tastes*, he possessed much general inlnnnalioii, uiid
was very attractive in conversutioii. Thoujrh rigid in
his sense of rijrht and wrong, he was eminently chari-
table in his views of others, having a broad tolerance
of opinions which differed from his own. His dispo-
sition was genial and his kindness of heart unfailing.

He was married, in 1834, to Anna Maria Greeley,
only danght«r tiftlu- late .Stephen L. Greeley. Esq., of
(iilmunton, N. II. His wife survives him, with four
chililren, — Stephen Greeley, Anna Norton, Julia
Cogswell and (ireenleaf.

The death of Judge Clarke occurred at his home in
Manchester on April 2'), 1872, and was the cause of
witlespread sorrow. At his funeral there was a large
atteixlance of prominent citizens from many parts of
the 8tate. Resolutions of regret and eulogy were
adoi>ted by the city bar, the Hillsborough County bar.
the Manchester Common Council and various other
boiiii's with which he hail lieen connected. In the
residutions of the Common Council he was spoken of
as " one who, as a former member of the city govern-
ment, and its legal public adviser, served it with
marked fidelity ami ability, and wlio, by his many
virtues, had won the contidence and esteem of his
fellow-citizens." His associates of the Manchester
bar declared that " he was a faithful officer, a wise
counselor, a respected citizen and a Christian gentle-
man. He was courteous in manner, efficient in duty.
upright in character and an ornament to his profes-
sion." In the resolutions adopted by the bar of Hills-
borough County, and entered upon the records of the
Supreme Court, Judge Clarke was described as "a pub-
lic officer faithful and upright, discharging his official
duties with signal ability ; a lawyer of large expe-
rience in his profession, of well-balanced judgment
and discretion, well read in the principles of the law,
and faithful alike to the court and his client; a citi-
zen patriotic and ()ublic-8pirited ; in his private rela-
tions, a gentleman of unblemished reputation, distin-
guished for bis high-toned character, aflable manners
and uniform rourtesy; and illustrating in his public
and private life thecharacter of a Christian gentleman,
governed bv the principles which he was not ashamed
to profess."

Clinton Wakimnvjton Stani.ky.'— The sulyect
of this sketch was born in Hopkinton, N. H., Decem-
ber 5, 1H30. He was the eldest of four children,
having one sister, Helen Isabel .Scribner (deceased
March, IKf,.')), and two brothers, Edward W. Stanley.
of Hopkinton, and Henton M.Stanley, of New London.

His father, Horace C. Stanley, still living at Hop-
kinton. is a farmer of moderate means, but of frugal
and industrious habits, which are often a surer guar-
anty of the comforts of life than greater riches. He
w a sturdy, honest man, nf well-balanced character
and has always enjoyed the respect and confidence of
his community.

' Hjr Hull. J>«i|i;i W. Follow*.

His mother. Mary Aun (Kimball) Stanley, was a
noble and intelligent woman, highly appreciative of
the value of learning, earnestly and devotedly at-
tached to the interests of her family and friends, and
an ardent worker for the good of society. It was
largely due to her energy and encouragement that
her son was enabled to acquire his collegiate and
professional education.

She commenced his instruction at home, and at the
age of three years placed him in the district school,
where he made good progress and showed signs of
those properties of mind which marked his course in
later life.

When about eleven years old he entered Hopkin-
ton Academy, where he remained until his prepara-
tory education was completed, and at the age of
fourteen was admitted to Dartmouth College.

He was the youngest member of his class, and one
of the youngest who ever completed the course of
study in that institution. He graduated in 1849, and
immediately began the study of law in the office of
Hon. H. E. Perkins, in Ho2>kinton. During the fol-
lowing winter he taught school in that town; and,
although it was a difficult school to manage, and he
young and without experience, still he completed the
term with remarkable success and gave entire satis-
faction.

He continued to study with Judge Perkins until
April, 1851, during which time he had the entire
charge of the post-office at Contoocook and conducted
its business in the name of his instructor, who was
postmaster during the administration of President
Pierce. He then came to Manchester, and entered
the office of Hon. George W. Morrison, where he
continued the study of law until his admission to the
bar in the Supreme Court in Hillsborough County,
August 12, 1852. During this time he taught school
in Acton, Mass., two terms (winter of 1850-51 and
1851-52), where he met with good success.

One of his pupils, now a prominent business man
in that vicinity, says: "Mr. Stanley was the most
successful teacher we ever had during my school-days.
He was able to impart knowledge in a plain, intelli-
gent manner, which even the dullest could under-
stand; and his instruction was impressed upon the
minds of his scholars in a forcible way which enabled
them to remember it with great distinctness. He is
still remembered by the people here with much re-
spect."

While pursuing his legal studies he displayed the
practical ability and industry of his character. Judge
Perkins says: "He was quick to see just what should
be done, and always did it without being told."

.Air. Morrison says: "He was one of the best stu-
dents I ever had. Without interfering with his stu-
dies, he very soon became familiar with the practice
sufficiently to do the ordinary business of our office
with remarkable facility and accuracy."

The office of Mr. Morrison affiDrded a rare oppor-

^ -^:

THE BENCH AND BAR.

tunity for law-students. A great volume of business
was being transacted, and probably no other place in
the State had such advantages for learning the prac-
tice, and few lawyers could have been found as well
qualified to impart instruction or convey to the stu-
dent the subtle and intricate lessons of the advocate
and jurist, and it is easy to see how a man possessed
of the ability and genius of Judge Stanley became so
thorough a practitioner even while a student.

Immediately after being admitted to the bar he
returned to Hopkinton, and remained at his home
until April, 1853. It was during this time that the
decease of his mother occurred. He returned to
Manchester, and became associated with Mr. Morri-
son and John L. Fitch, Esq., under the firm-name
of Morrison, Fitch & Stanley. That copartnership
continued until November, 1857. During its exist-
ence the health of Mr. Fitch gradually became im-
paired. In those days the Hillsborough bar con-
tained some of the ablest lawyers in the State. It
was a period of extensive litigation. Morrison, Fitch
& Stanley were engaged in most of the important
cases, and their practice extended largely into other
counties. The preparation of causes for trial and the
care and burden of the ofiice-work devolved upon the
junior member.

It was a kind of labor which he enjoyed and for
which he was well fitted, and he pursued it with zeal
and assiduity. He was faithful and painstaking in
the extreme in the investigation of complicated mat-
ters of fact, and his judgment in the application of
legal principles was sound and comprehensive. The
close scrutiny with which he examined every cir-
cumstance, and watchful care with which he gathered
up all the details of business, gave him uncommon
readiness and great advantages of an executive char-
acter, and combined to make him one of the most
successful practitioners of his time.

In February, 1856, Patten's Block, where their
office was located, was burned, aiid nearly all of the
library and other books, together with many valuable
papers of the firm, were destroyed. In November,
1857, Mr. Fitch withdrew from the firm and the
business was continued in the name of Morrison &
Stanley, but with no material change in its character.

In 1858, Judge Stanley was appointed by the United
States Circuit Court a commissioner of that court,
which position he held until he was made a member
of the Circuit Court of New Hampshire, In April,
1860, Hon. Lewis W. Clark became associated with
them, under the style of Morrison, Stanley & Clark,
which continued over six years. The prominence of
this firm is widely known. Mr. Clark brought
to it his rare combination of ability as an advocate
and a lawyer, and, although the junior, he fairly
divided the honors with the other members of the
firm. They had the largest docket in the State and
were justly entitled to a front rank in the profession.
The natural result of their situation, however, was to

more than proportionally increase the responsibility
and the labor of Judge Stanley. He carried more
burden of solid professional work during those yeara
than any other man in the State, and, in the belief
of many of his brethren, his work would have com-
pared favorably with that of any member of the
profession in the country.

In December, 1866, Mr. Clark retired, and the
former style of Morrison & Stanley was adopted, which
continued until 1872. Early in that year Mr. Frank
Hiland was associated with them, and they continued
their business in the name of Morrison, Stanley
& Hiland. The firm of Morrison & Stanley was the
oldest law partnership in the State at the time Mr.
Hiland became a member.

They continued together until the Superior and
Circuit Courts were established, and Judge Stanley
was appointed one of the associate justices of the
Circuit Court in September, 1874, a position he held
until that system of judiciary was abolished, in 1876.
When the Supreme Court was established by the
Republican party, the selection of suitable persons to
constitute the court was not entirely without embar-
rassment, but it was universally conceded that Judge
Stanley should be one of the appointees. In the two
years which he had been upon the bench he had
demonstrated his entire fitness and ability for a higher
position, and his selection as one of the associate
justices of the Supreme Court was commended by
the bar and the people of the State with one accord.
This position he held until his decease. Indeed, he
was in the midst of a jury trial when the " poisoned
arrow " fell at his feet.

Notwithstanding the many duties and responsibil-
ities of his professional and ofiicial life, he still had
time and strength for other labors.

In 1865 he was elected president i»f the City
National Bank, which position he held until 1879,
when the bank was changed and became the Mer-
chants' National Bank. He w:is elected a trustee
of the Manchester Savings-Bank iti 1883, which
position he held at his decease. He was a good
financier, and being familiar with the law concern-
ing commercial paper and securities and possessing
superior business ability in a general sense, he was
qualified to discharge the duties of those places of
trust to which he was elected with remarkable ease
and facility.

Judge Stanley was earnestly interested in educa-
tional matters. He was one of the trustees of Dart-
mouth College from 1881 to the time of his death,
and was one of the mostefiicient and active managers
of that institution. He wa-s not wholly in sym-
pathy with the long-established course of study, but
favored the " optional " principle and the introduc-
tion of the modern languages and scientific studies,
to some extent, in place of the classic course of the
early days of the college. But high above all prefer-
ences of this nature with him was the determination

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUxNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

of his cluiraotor to do well and thoroughly whatever
was being done, and if it wi're not the wisest way,
then to ehangc for tiiat which was such speedily. He
realized also that institutions of learning like Dart-
mouth College eouhl not be sucee.-<sfully managed
unless upon tlie same business principles which iu-
8ure<l success elsewhere, and he applied himself to
the duties of the college trustee with the same thor-
oughness and fidelity that characterized his efforts in
otln-r places of public trust. That venerable in.stitu-
tion lost one of its stanchest friends and safest
Advisers in the decease of Judge Stanley.

He was one of the most earnest promoters of the
undertaking to ostal)lish a school under the auspices
of the I'nitarian denomination, and was one of the
•committee of the Unitarian Ivlucational Society to
j»rocure, :is a Unitarian institution, the Proctor Acad-
•emy at Andover, N. H. He was one of the trustees
from the time when the society took control of the
school, and was one of its warmest and most efficient
friemls. He wa.s an earnest advocate of the " country
academy," believing it to be one of those institutions
in our educational system which afforded the priv-
ileges of school to certain classes that would otherwise
be deprived of them, and that it should be fostered
and multiplied until every village and hamlet in the
country had received its advantages.

Judge Stanley attended the Unitarian Church
during mast of his life in Manchester. He was for
many years a trustee, and at the time of his decease
the president of the first Unitarian Society. His
foniiection with tiiat society and liis discharge of the
duties of chief executive officer were characterized by
the same earnest debire to do his whole duty that dis-
tinguished him everywhere.

l'Mliticaliy,.Iudge Stanley was a lite-long Democrat,
although he was in no sense a politician. He had
strong, clear convictions upon the matters of admin-
istering the government, both in the State and the
nation, and was in syini)athy with the principles and
theories of the Democratic party, and never hesitated
to express them whenever occasion required.

His connection with the Masonic fraternity was
B<jniewhat prominent, and his respect and regard for
that in.stitution were pronounced and sincere. He
became a member of the fraternity in January, 1862,
receiving all the degrees of the .American system, in-
cluding the orders of knigiitiiood, during the following
year. He was Worshipful .Master of Washington Lodge
in 18<)7 and subsefjuently held important offices in the
Grand Lodge of the State. He was a good Maaon. We
can express no higher commendation. As a citizen.
Judge Stanley wa.s a model. He was ipiick to respond
with his means and counsel in all wortiiy enterprises
while he wits prudent and sensible in the expend-
iture of public fnu<ls or private contributions. As a
friend and companion, he wjls dear to his chosen circle,
highly respected for his wise admonitions and cherished
for his piea-sant cordiality and entertaining manners.

He married Miss Lydia A. Woodbury, only daughter
of William Woodbury, Esq., of Weare, N. H., Decem-
ber 24, 1857. He resided about two years in the north-
erly part of the city, on Beach Street, but in 1859 he
purchased and remodeled the place on the corner of
Concord and Pine Streets, which he made his resi-
dence, and where he lived until his decease. There,
in one of the happiest of homes, he gathered his law
and miscellaneous libraries and pursued his official
labors and studies in the most agreeable manner
possible, and no matter how humble the petition, how
unreasonable the hour or how unnecessary the intru-
sion, his frank and genial welcome was always ex-
tended to the visitor and his patient and kindly
audience given. His easy and social manner relieved
those with whom he had official relations of every
restraint, and the performance of his duty was always
free from harshness or useless formality. Those who
met Judge Stanley, either officially or socialh% will
always rembember such occasions with feelings of
respect and gratitude.

While Judge Stanley was able to do everything
which came within his sphere of life well, and seemed
to lack for no faculty, he was nevertheless distin-
guished by certain prominent traits of character and
endowed with certain mental qualities in a remark-
able degree. He had great tenacity of purpose — not
the sentiment which sj^rings from personal conflict,
but a strong and abiding principle running through
every fibre of his being and steadily asserting itself
in every action. He was a man of strong, clear con-
victions and was as faithful to the course which they
marked out as the needle to the pole. He disregarded
abstractions in reasoning and despised methods of
sophistry. His logic was remarkable for its directness
and brought him to conclusions with the rapidity
almost of intuition ; and it is not too much to say,
generally with unerring precision. . He was possessed
of a wonderfully strong and comprehensive memory, of
very great industry and remarkable powers of endur-
ance, and, what seemed to be made up from many facul-
ties, a grand general business ability which rendered
him so valuable and efficient in every place where he
was called to act. He loved the practice of the law,
because it afforded a wide field for his intensely active
nature, and an opportunity for the protection of in-
dividual rights.

But it was upon the bench that Judge Stanley was
able to do the best work of his life. He knew well
the value of a fearless and conscientious court. His
discriminating mind, accurate memory, great love for
justice and equity, and quick energetic decision of
character fitted him in a remarkable degree for the
duties of that position. Few men have been able to
transfer their labors from the "heated conflict of active
practice to the unimpassioned and exalted duties of
the bench " with more perfect adaptation or complete
fitness. The universal commendation of his official
life and the profound respect in which he was held

THE BENCH AND BAR.

by the members of the bar are evidence of his great
merit as a judge.

Judge Stanley died December 1, 1884, after a very
brief illness. He was holding the September term at
Nashua, and suspended for a few days on account of
slight indisposition, as was generally understood,
when, suddenly and without warning, the fatal change
came. His death was a painful shock to the whole
State, causing deep and widespread sorrow. The
whole community mourned his decease as a public
loss, and the distinguished concourse which assembled
to pay the last sad rites and show their respect for
him was a more eloquent tribute to his worth than
the profoundest eulogy.

We cannot conclude this imperfect sketch of our
esteemed friend more fittingly than by subjoining the
proceedings of the Supreme Court at the law term
in March, 1885, concerning his decease.

The attorney-general, Hon. Mason W. Tappan,
addressed the court and said, —

" aV<(// il plenne ijoxir hoiors:

"I rise to the performance of a melancholy fluty,— that of presenting
resolutions in reference to the death of your late associate, Judge Stan-
ley. 1 had intended to have presented these resolutions at the session
of this court in December, but it was thought best to postpone it till the
present time, when there would be a more general attendance of the
members of the bar from the various counties in the State.

" The announcement of the death of Judge Stanley in the early days
of winter fell with startling suddenness upon the members of the bar
and the people of the State, and very few knew of his serious illness until
the intelligence was Hashed over the State that he was dead.

"And it is very hard to realize even now that he, who, but a few
weeks ago, seemed in the enjoyment of such perfect health and who gave
promise of so many yeare of future usefulness in the position which he
adorned on the bench of this court, has passed from among us forever.

"The suddenness of Judge Stanley's death cannot help reminding us
of the words of Mr. Burke on a somewhat similar occasion, which are
frequently quoted, b\it so little heeded : 'Snatched from us, as he was, in
the midst of his usefulness, while his desires were as warm and his hopes
as eager as any of ours, has feelingly told us what shadows we are and
what shadows we pui-sue.'

" Ilis funeral was attended by a large concourse of people, not only
from tlie city where he dwelt, but by the members of the bar and others,
coming, I believe, from every county in the State, showing the high
esteem in which he was held by all ranks and classes in the community.

"The friendly and genial relations which existed between Judge
Stanley and the members of the bar generally, and, I may add, of the
bench as well, will cause him to he sincerely mourned and his name and
character to be held in kindly remembrance as long as any of those who
knew him shall live. I move, your honors, the adoption of the following
resolutions :

" liesoJved, That in the death of the Hon. Clinton Warrington Stanley,
one of the associate justices of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, on
the 1st day of December, 1884, we recognize the loss of one of the most
untiring members of the bench, who, by his ability, integrity and faithful
devotion to the duties of his office, had deservedly earned and possessed
the esteem, confidence and respect of his associates ami of the bar and
people of the State.

"We recognize, also, his sterling qualities as a man and a citizen,
which made him honored and respected in all the relations of private
life.

" And we respectfully request the court to direct that these proceedings
be entered upon its records, and that a copy thereof be presented to his
widow, with the assurance of our deep and heartfelt sympathy in her
bereavement."

Mr. Justice Blodget then spoke as follows :

"The estimation in which Judge Stanley was held by tlie profession
has been so fitly expressed in the resolutions which have been presented,
and in the remarks which have been made, that nothing seems to remain

for the court to add but to express briefly its high appreciation of bis
worth and the deep sense of its heartfelt loss.

"To say that our brother was invaluable to his associates upon the
bench is but the feeble utterance of a self-evident truth, well-known to
tlie bar of the State and to all others having business in her courts during
the last decade. And from his very nature it could not be otherwise, for
it was as natural for him to work as to breathe, and he ceased from bis
labors only as he yielded up his life. But he was far more than a mere
Worker ; he was an able, painstaking and an vipright judge. His com-
prehensive mind, sound judgment, retentive memory and unexcelled ex-
ecutive capacity, added to his untiring industry and the abilitj' practically
to apply legal principles, gave him eminent qualifications for the rapid
discharge of his judicial duties, and commended him alike to his associ-
ates, to the bar and to the general public. To say this is not eulogy, but
only the repetition of what has been said by all who knew him upon the
bench. Mistakes he undoubtedly made, and failings he undoubtedly had,
for he was human, but they may lie all covered by a mantle of charity
less broad than he was ever willing to extend over the errors of others ;
and if men are to be judged by the aggregate of good and of evil in their
lives, by the balancing of their virtues and their faults, few, indeed, will
be found to stand better than he, either in the estimation of their fellows
or in the judgment of their Cod.

"But it is not for his judicial life alone that Judge Stanley will long
be affectionately remembered. As a companion and as a friend, as a
man and a citizen, — in short, in all the relations of life, — he merited and
received the confidence and regard of all classes of our people. .\nd as
we recall his simple habits, his cheerful presence, his delightful social
qualities, his true heart, his loyalty to duty, his nice sense of honor, his
love of justice and hatred of wrong, it is not surprising that in this gen-
eration, at least, the death of no other citizen of New Hampshire has
carried more widespread sorrow to the hearts of her people or called
forth more notable tributes of their respect.

"But while, humanly .^ppaking, we mourn his untimely removal in
the prime of bis manhood and in the midst of his usefulness, we cannot
but be grateful that his busy, laborious and faithful life was crowned
with a most fitting close ; for with only a brief illness, and with all his
faculties unimpaired, he was mercifully called away without a struggle,
by a touch as gentle as that which loosens the ripe fruit from its bough.
'God's finger touched him and he slept.' His work was done,— his mis-
sion was accomplished."

Chief Justice Doe spoke as follows :

"Brother Blodget speaks for us all, but my personal relations with
brother Stanley were of such a character and duration that I beg to be
excused for adding a word. As school-mates, brother Clark and I be-
came acquainted with him thirty-eight years ago last August, and we
remained on intimate terms, with some separation of time and space, till
the sudden end last December. For us and many others no death, out-
side the immediate family circle, could come so near home. The melan-
choly feeling of personal loss is witness of the social and moral side of
the man. So many friendly acts without ostentation of favor ; so many
scenes of harmonious counsel ; so long a period of united labor, with some
inevitable and highly useful diversity of view and opinion, but without
a single unpleasant jar or discord left in recollection ; so much constant
attention to the wants of others ; so much assistance rendered so habitu-
ally as to be expected and received as a matter of couree ; so much sacri-
fice of his own time, labor and convenience for our own benefit ; so many
hours and days and years lighted up by his tolerant and cheerful spirit,—
all this and all the pleasures of life that this suggests bring a sense of
personal bereavement seldom experienced by those who are not of near
kindred.

"The untiring energy that rendered the most valuable judicial service
was enlisted in helping his associates, as well as in various enterprises,
public and private. His capacity for continuous labor, for details and
for everything comprised in the successful conduct of business, combined
with equanimity and profouml an<l enthusiastic interest in everything he
undertook, made him an invaluable member of the court and would have
carried him to the highest distinction and success in any department of

active life.

"One instance of his incessant usefulness illustrates the productive
nature of his talents. The present system of examining candidates for
a<lmission to the bar is entirely his work, and the great advantages
derived from it by the profession and the community are a result of the
mission of progress and improvement in which be w.-is always engaged.
Should this system be long continued, it will go far to produce such a bar
and bench as the interests and the credit of the State demand. This one
movement has already done enough for the cause of legal education in

HISTORY OF HILLSBOHOUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

New llkiii|»hlre to Iw » lutiut; nionuniciil to his meinorj'. On eveiy
■i'lf wr l,«v.- ill iiiipruviMl ii.clhodBof aiJiiiiiiiutnttioii iilminliint evidence
ol hm ]>nv li'iil i:vniii«.

..\v Mi lut iin u«B»H-iiito, and his life the

(„,,,,.. - hiN iininTturliiiblr serenity. I linve

■vn biiii ill ilnuniitanwi of annoyance when liu niu8t liiive thouglit
hinucir illiMrtl, Mi<l whrn others in hi« \i\ncv woiil«l liuve made more or
!«■ rxliil)ltlon of unK-r, hut fn.ni all these thirty-eight and a half years
I r»i, t, when he showed any sign of irritatioD.

If ,1, to a memory tliat failed to record some

exprvTwMe iliani;i> "f v. .ice or i olcr, it is, nevertheleSB, true that in kind-
D«a uf natiirr «n.l fr.-o.lom from fretfulness and resentment— qualities
tb« iiK»l drrimhlc in ■ frien<l and of prime necessity in a judge— he was
anmrpaawd.

"The rMolutions of the bar will be entered on the records of the
court and a ropy gent to Mn. Stanley."

Hox. Herm.\n Foster \va« born at Andover,
Mass.. October 31, 1800. He removed to Hudson,
N. H., witli his lather's lainily in 1810. He
prepared for college, but was prevented from pur-
suing a college course by a disease of his eyes. He
first engaged in mercantile business in Boston, and
was married to Harriet ^I. A. Whittemore, of West
Cambridge, Mii5s., in November, 182G. He removed
to Warner in March, 1830. He studied law with the
Hon. Henry B. Chase, of Warner, and was admitted
to practice in December, 1839. He commenced prac-
tice in Manchester, X. H., in 1840.

He wiw town treasurer before the city was char-
tere<l. He was a member of the State Legislature in
1S4>'>— i<;and in 18(!8-6;i; nieml)er of the State Senatein
ISiJo and 18tJl, of which l)ody he was president the
latter year. He was one of the first directors and
clerk of the Manchester and Lawrence Railroad, a
director of the old Amoskeag Bank for many years,
a director of the Amoskeag National Bank, and a
trustee and one of the investigating committee of the
Manchester Savings- Bank from its organization to his
deatli. lie also wa.s one of the founders of the City
Library, treasurer and clerk of the Manchester Gas-
Light Company from its organization to his death.

In hi.s profession, Mr. Foster was a safe and valu-
able counselor. He formed his opinions upon careful
gtudy and examination, and they were generally cor-
rect and reliai)lc. In the prejiaration of a cause he
was thorougli. He neglected nothing and was seldom
caught unprepared. It may safely be said the aflairs
of n<» client sulfered in his hands. Mr. Foster died
Feliruary 17, 187.'>.

LkwihW.Ci.ark.'— .luflge Lewis WhitemoreClark,
son of Jeremiah and Hannah (Wliitemore) Clark, was
born in Barn.stead, N. H., .Vugust iK, 1828.

With most excellent natural mental capacity, he
early showed a iiiinger for knowledge. His education
began in the common schools of hi.s native town, was
purHUed through rittsfield and .Vtkinson Academies,
in which institutions he prepared for college, and
Dartmouth Cfillege. where he was graduate<l with ex-
cellent standing in 1H.')0.

H- immc«liately begun the special prepiuaiiun lor

• By RpT Hiirlon H. KInilwII.

his chosen profession and at the same time was prin-
cipal of Pittsfield Academy. His prineipalship of
this school continued from August, 1850, to December,
1852, with eminent success. He began his law studies
with Hon. Moses Norris, continued them under the
direction of Hon. A. F. L. Norris, and on September
3, 1852, was admitted to the bar of New Hampshire,
to commence a career of professional service that has
been alike honorable to himself and creditable to the
commonwealth of which he is a citizen.

He practiced law for a time in Pittsfield, N. H., but
his abilities were such as to soon call him to the me-
tropolis of the State, where he has since resided, one
of its best-beloved citizens.

He was associated in the practice of his profession
with Hon. George W. Morrison and Hon. Clinton W.
Stanley, late associate justice of the Supreme Court,
and remained in this law firm for six years. After a
time he formed a law partnership with Hon. Henry
H. Huse, under the firm-name of Clark & Huse, and
continued thus until May 24, 1872, when he was ap-
pointed attorney-general of the State by Governor
Weston, an appointment which his learning and ability
justly merited. This position he held, with great credit
to himself and benefit to the State, until August,
1876.

His ability and great learning as a lawyer, his faith-
ful and eminent discharge of the duties of attorney-
general of the State, and his already marked jutlicial
ability pointed to him as the man to fill the vacancy
which had occurred on'the Supreme Bench, and on
August 13, 1877, he was appointed judge of the Su-
preme Court of New Hamjishire, an appointment
highly satisfactory to the able bar of the State.
This position he has filled to the present time with
highest honor to himself and in a manner worthy the
great lawyers who have occupied the Supreme Bench,
of New Hampshire.

In December, 1852, he united in marriage with Miss
Helen M., daughter of Captain William Knowlton, of
Pittsfield, a lady every way qualified for the compan-
ionship of her eminent husband. Two children have
been born to them,— Mary Helen and John Lewis.

Politically, Judge Clark is a Democrat, and while
not a partisan, has been a wise and honored leader in
the Democratic party. In 1855 he was the nominee
of his party for Congress in the Second Congressional

I District and served as a member of the New Hamp-

I shire Legislature from Pittsfield in the vears 1855,

' 1856, 1857.

Since his elevation to the Supreme Bench, in ac-
cordance with his high sense of honor, he has with-
drawn from active participation in politics, while still
I»rofouiidly concerned in M questions relating to his

I country's weal.

The private character of Judge Clark is one of
stainless integrity. His mind is eminently one of
great self-poise and unusually perfect adjustment.
He possesses in an unusual degree the power to grasp

J'- 0-.

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■^ti^iy i^/ cf.

CtV^"»

iXism

i'l'

:a the

ety//z^a^^^

^c^ZeA^

t^^~t^^<-^^^— iz>-^C

'lied Ji.

THE BENCH AND BAR.

all sides of questions that come under his notice, and
with imperturbable calmness deal with them.

He is pre-eminently a lawyer. He loves his profes-
sion, and whether at the bar pleading, or on the
bench deciding, he is always the searching, candid,
judicial-minded lawyer. This word is ennobled and
and dignified by Judge Clark as it is and has been by
the thousands of other great names who have so much
to do in making the great in American history.

Socially, Judge Clark is genial, cordial, of great
amiability, direct, and in all his bearing towards all
marked by a large-hearted kindliness and perfect
simplicity.

His whole character is permeated by profound reli-
gious conviction. Personally he is a Bajitist, in regular
communion and active fellowship with the First Bap-
tist Church of Manchester, but his great catholicity of
character and mind put him in warm fellowship with
all noble lives of every faith.

In the confraternity of his profession he stands
enviably high. In the circle of society in which he
moves he is sincerely respected and loved. In the
community of his residence he is esteemed and
honored ; and as a citizen, his large influence can be
uniformly depended upon in behalf of the public
well-being.

Isaac W. Smith. ^ — The opportunity to attain the
posts of high honor and extensive influence, which
under our free institutions is put within the reach of
all who feel stirring within them the requisite latent
ability, and are willing to submit to the requisite
labor, is illustrated in the life of the subject of the fol-
owing sketch, the Hon. Isaac W. Smith, associate
justice of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire.

Paternal Ancestry. — I. Samuel Smith, supposed to
have emigrated from England and to have been
among the early settlers of Haverhill, Mass.

II. Samuel Smith, died June 2, 1781, in the eighty-
sixth year of his age. Sarah, his wife, died April 5,
1801, aged ninety-two years.

III. Joseph Smith, born January 22, 1740 (O. S.),
died January 28, 1816 ; moved from Plaistow, N. H.,
to Hampstead, N. H., March 4, 1800. He was a sol-
dier in the War of the Revolution. His grandmother
(whether paternal or maternal is not known, nor her
name) died March 5, 1795, at the age of one hundred
and two years. He married (1) Hannah Harriman,
May 6, 1702, who was born March 25, 1744, died
May 6, 1782, and by whom he had eleven children;
(2) Mary Sawyer, December 2, 1784, daughter of Jon-
athan Sawyer, born October 19, 1758, at Atkinson,
N. H., died December 2, 1802, and by whom he had
five children ; (3) Mrs. Phebe Runnels, September 5,
1803, who died in July, 1821, aged seventy-nine years.

IV. Isaac Smith, fourth child of Joseph and Mary
(Sawyer) Smith, born at Plaistow, N. H., May
31, 1793, died at Hampstead, N. H., June 11, 1869;

1 By Rev. KiUvani H. Greeley.

married (1) Mary Chirke, daughter of Nathaniel
and Abigail (Woodman) Clarke, July 18, 1822, who
was born January 21, 1800, died June 6, 1833, and by
whom he had three children ; (2) Sarah Clement, Oc-
tober 23, 1834, daughter of Moses and Mary

Clement, of Salisbury, N. H.,who was born December
9, 1795, died May 2, 1866, and by whom he had two
children ; (3) Abigail Clarke, March 20, 1867, daugh-
ter of Nathaniel and Abigail (Woodman) Clarke^
who was born April 5, 1795, and died August 27, 1879.
She was the widow of David Clarke, of San down,
N. H., who died November 24, 1834, at Lowell, Mass
Isaac Smith was a country merchant, who carried on
an extensive business for nearly half a century in
Hampstead, and was widely and favorably known as.
a public-spirited citizen, strongly identified with the
religious, educational and political interests of the
town. He was charitable in his views and liberal
with his means, and was often called to positions of
public trust and responsibility. His character was
above reproach, and he died honored and lamented
by all who knew him.

Maternal Ancestry. — I. Nathaniel Clarke, born in
1644 and died August 25, 1690; married, November 23,
1663, Elizabeth, born November 1, 1646, daughter of
Henry and Judith Somerly, and died March 15, 1716.
Nathaniel Clarke's name appears among the early set-
tlers of Newbury, Mass., where he resided. He
appears to have been a man of unusually strong qual-
ities, mental, moral and physical, and these qualities
have been transmitted from generation to generation
among his descendants to a quite remarkable extent.

II. Nathaniel Clarke, Newbury, Mass., born March
13, 1666; died October, 1690; married Elizabeth, born
October 16, 1665, daughter of Dr. Peter and Jane
Toppan,and sister of Rev. Christopher Toppan, D.D.
Her father was sixth in descent from Robert, of Linton^
near Pately Bridge, in the West Riding of York,^
where his descendants continue to the present day
among the most respectable families of that country.
Nathaniel went with the expedition to Canada in
1690, and was mortally wounded there on board the
ship "Six Friends," in October of the same year.

III. Nathaniel Chirke, Newbury, Mass., born July
29, 1689 ; died in 1754 ; married, March 7, 1709, Sarah,
born November 3, 1692, daughter of Samuel and Sarah
Kent Greenleaf.

IV. Nathaniel Clarke, Haverhill, Mass., born in
1728; died November 7, 1805; married, February 18,
1753, Mary Hardy, of Bradford, Mass., born October
8, 1733, died June 13, 1817. He was a member of
Captain Richard Saltonstall's (2d) company of foot;
served in 1780 on the committee to collect clothing
for the army, and was active in furthering the cause
of the Revolution.

V. Nathaniel Clarke, Plaistow, N. H., born in 1766,
died March 19, 1846; married Abigail Woodman,
born August, 1765, died April 3, 1844. When fifteen
years old he enlisted for three years as fifer in Cap-

riTSTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

tain Nchemiuh Emerson's Company, Tenth Massa- I
chus.tts Regiment, anil remained till the close of the ,
He wiux woiuuled at tlie l.attle of White '

war.

IMain.s.

\' 1. Mary C'larke, born at Plaistow, N. H., January
21, ISOO; ciied June (I, 1883, at Hampstead, N. H.;
married I.-iuae Smith, July 18, 1822. She was a woman
of great personal beauty and rare sweetness of char-
acter, po.ssessed of gentle ways, dignified manners
and fine womanly sense. She lived an exemplary
Christian life, and her early death was deplored by a
large eirele of friends.

Isaac William Smith, the second child of Isaac and
Mary (Clarke) Smith, was born in IIami)stead, N. H.,
Mav 18, 182.'.. His parents shared fully the honor-
able ambition which has from the beginning charac-
terized our old New England families, and which goes
80 far to account for the moulding and controlling
force of the New England element in the country at
large, — the ambition to secure the best possible advan-
tages of education for their clildren. For an end so
inqiortant in their estimation they were willing to toil
and to make large sacrifices, and for this, in his case
as in so many others, a debt of gratitude not easily to
be repaid is felt to be most justly due.

His early years were passed in the quiet atmosphere
of a country village, under the influences of a pure and
happy home, and in attendance for brief periods at
the academies in Salisbury, Atkinson, Derry and San-
bornton. At the age of fifteen years he was sent to
pursue his studies preparatory for college at Phillips
Acatlemy, Andover, Ma.ss., then under the care of
Samuel H. Taylor, LL.D., one of the most distin-
guished educators that this country has as yet pro-
duci'il Having comjileted these studies, he entered
Dartmouth College in 1842. The president of the
college, Rev. Nathan Lord, D.D., was then in the
full meridian of that remarkable career which secured
for him a place among the foremost college presidents
of tin- country. The cla.ss with which Judge Smith
graduated in 184(i was small in number, but is re-
markable for the proportion who have become distin-
guished in professional life, including llev. Charles A.
Aiken, 1).!)., president of Union College and pro-
fessor in I'rinct'ton Theological Seminary; Hon. Ben-
jamin F. Ayer, iJ..l)., lawyer, Chicago, 111.; Dr.
Josiaii W. Barstow, superintendent of Flushing (N.Y.)
Insane Asylum ; Rev. James J. B'aisdell, D.D.,
professor in Beloit College; Hon. Joseph M. Cavis,
judge of Fifth District Court, California ; Dr. Edward
H. I'arker, professor in New York Medical College;
Rev. Alon/o H. <7nint, D.D., trustee of Dartmouth
College; Hon. Kdw;ird .1. Warren, judge of Superior
Court, North Car<dina; and Rev. Joshua W. Well-
man, D.D., trustee of Andover Theological Sem-
inary.

Soon after his graduation Judge Snjith commenced
his legal .studies in the office of William Smith, Esq.,
at Lowell, Mass. .After s|iending nearly a vear in

this office, he removed to Manchester, and completed
his studies in the office of Hon. Daniel Clark. He
was admitted to the bar July 9, 1850, and soon after
entered into a partnership in legal practice with Hon.
Herman Foster, which continued nearly two years.
Subsequently he was for five years the partner of
Hon. Daniel Clark.

He was early recognized by his fellow-citizens as
taking a lively interest in the welfare of his adopted
city and as qualified to fill positions of trust and re-
si)onsibility in its affairs. He was president of its
Common Council in 1851 and 1852, city solicitor in
1854 and 1855, and mayor of the city in 1869. In 1855
he was appointed judge of the Police Court of Man-
chester, but resigned the office in 1857 to engage more
fully in the practice of his profession. He was
elected in 1859 to represent his ward in the Legislature
of the State, and was re-elected in the following year,
and in the latter year was chairman of the judiciary
committee of the House of Representatives. In 1862
and 1863 he was a member of the State Senate and
chairman of its judiciary committee. In 1863 he was
appointed by President Lincoln assessor of the Second
Internal Revenue District of New Hampshire, and
held the office until 1870. He was appointed associ-
ate justice of the Supreme Judicial Court, February
10, 1874, by Governor Straw. In August of that year
the court was reorganized, and he was appointed by
Governor Weston associate justice of the new court, and
held the office until the court was again reorganized, in

1876. After leaving the bench he resumed the prac-
tice of his profession, and continued it until July,

1877, when a vacancy occurred in the Supreme Court,
and he was, upon the recommendation of almost the
entire bar of the State, appointed by Governor Pres-
cott to fill it, a position which he still occupies.

As a lawyer. Judge Smith has throughout all his
practice been characterized by a clear, penetrating
judgment, unsparing industry, unbending integrity
and fidelity to all trusts. The high reputation which
he early acquired, built on solid foundations, has
never been shaken. Upon the bench his well-known
ability as a lawyer, the conscientious care and thor-
oughness with which every case upon which he is
called to express an opinion is examined, and the
judicial poise and impartiality which he always main-
tains, secure for his rulings and decisions a high
degree of confidence and respect.

Judge Smith's personal interest in the affairs of his
Alma Mater has suffered no abatement as other cares
and interests have multiplied. He was president of
the Dartmouth Alumni Association in 1881-83, and of
the Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1882-84. In college he
was one of the charter members of the Dartmouth
Chapter of the Alpha Delta Phi Society. In 1880 he
delivered before the Alumni Association a eulogy
upon the life and character of Hon. William H.
Bartlett, late associate justice of the Supreme Court
of New Hampshire. In March, 1885, he w:is elected

28 niSTOllY OV HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY. NKW ^^ .

tain Nt'hemial) ''
chusi'tts P-
war

^ng .^byAff.PoJtcfae'

THE BENCH AND BAR.

one of the trustees of the college. He has found
time amid the press of professional duties to indulge
his taste for historical investigation, contributing his
share to the researches of the New Hampshire Histor-
ical Society, of which he has been a member since
1861. As early as 1849 he delivered an address,
which was subsequently published, at the centennial
celebration of the incorporation of his native town.
His tastes in this direction gave a special zest and
value to a visit which he made, in the summer of
1878, to several of the scenes of special historical in-
terest in the Old World.

Politically, the sympathies of Judge Smith have
been with the Republican party since its first organi-
zation. He was an earnest advocate of the great
principles which that party bore inscribed upon its
banners in our terrible civil stri*e and in the period of
reconstruction which followed it, and which are des-
tined to go down to the future as the inspiring and
plastic force in one of the great epochs in human his-
tory. He was, in 1856, a delegate to the National Con-
vention which nominated Fremont and Dayton as
candidates for President and Vice-President.

Religiously, by education and by conviction, his
sympathies are with the Orthodox Congregationalists.
He early identified himself with the Franklin Street
Congregational Society in Manchester, assuming his
fnll share of its burdens and responsibilities, being
called at different times to fill the offices of president,
treasurer and director in it. In 1870 he became a
member in full communion of the church with which
that society is connected, and has always taken a
warm and lively interest in its prosperity and in the
advancement of the cause which it represents.

Judge Smith vvas united in marriage, August 16,
1854, with Amanda W., daughter of Hon. Hiram
Brown, the first mayor of Manchester. Their chil-
dren, eight in number, are Mary Amanda, born June
5, 1855; William Isaac, born February 22, 1857;
Arthur Whitney, born March 9, 1860 ; Julia Brown,
born January 17, 1862; Edward Clark, born October
24, 1864; Daniel Clark, born April 5, 1866; Jennie
Patterson, born September 29, 1868; and Grace Lee,
born Sejitember 10, 1870.

James F. Briggs.' — John and Nancy (Franklin)
Briggs were of that class of working Englishmen who
had the courage to flee from hard surroundings which
no strength could overcome, and seek in a new world,
among strangers, a chance to improve their condition.
They were factory operatives at Bury, Lancashire
County, England, where their son James F. was born,
October 23, 1827. When he was fourteen months old
they took passage on an emigrant ship for America,
and after a rough voyage of more than seven weeks
landed in Boston, March 4, 1829. Going direct to
Andover, Mass., the father found employment in a

iBy Henry M. Putney, from Clark's "Successful New Hampshire
Men."

woolen-factory there. From that place he removed
to Saugus, where he worked a short time, and from
thence to Amesbury, which was the family home
until 1836. In the fall of that year the father, in
company with two brothers, bought a small woolen-
factory at Holderness (now Ashland), N. H., and,
having established his home near by, commenced
business on his own account, in manufacturing
woolen cloths. But few operatives were needed to
run this mill, and they were mainly the three pro-
prietors and their children, among whom was the boy
James, then a lad nine years old, who had begun to
earn his living in a factory before the removal from
Massachusetts, the family circumstances being such
that all had to contribute to its support as soon as
they were able. He was continuously employed iu
the mill for the next five years; but during this time
he had learned enough of books to make him ambi-
tious to know more; and, as the afl'airs of the family
were fairly prosperous, at the age of fourteen he was
sent to the academy at Newbury, Vt., and afterwards
to the one at Tilton. Being an expert operative, able
to take the wool from the fleece and convert it into
cloth, by working in the factory a part of each year
he earned the money to pay his expenses at these
institutions one or more terms every year until 1848,
when he arranged to commence the study of law with
Hon. William C. Thomi)Son, at Plymouth; but in
February of that year his father died, leaving a family
of eight children, six of Avhom were younger than
James, in destitute circumstances. This affliction,
which threw the care of the family largely uj)on the
young man, compelled him to change somewhat his
plans; but he did not for a moment lose sight of the
object he had in view, and, as he could not enter the
law-office at Plymouth, he borrowed books from it
and pursued his studies during such time as he could
get at home, for a year, when he entered the office of
Hon. Joseph Burrows, then a practicing lawyer at
Holderness.

In 1849 the family removed to Fisherville, in order
that the younger children might obtain employment
in the factory there, and he comj^leted his studies in
the office of Judge Butler, from which he was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1851. A few months later he
commenced the practice of law at Hillsborough
Bridge, whither he went a perfect stranger, without
money or reputation. But he had ability and energy,
was willing to work, knew how to live within a small
income until he could make it larger, and little by
little he gained clients and friends, who gave him a
lucrative practice, accepted his counsel, followed his
leadership and established his reputation as the most
popular and influential man of the town. In 1856,
1857 and 1858 he was sent by a nearly unanimous
vote to represent Hillsborough in the Legislature,
where he was at once accorded a prominent position
as a member of the judiciary committee, and the
third year was honored by the nomination of his

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

party for the Speakership. At this time he acted
with the Democratic jiarty, and continued to do so
until the ^Var of the Rebellion, when he felt that all
loyal men should unite to save the Union and main-
tain the national authority, and, having been nomi-
nated by tlie Democracy of his district for councilor
upon a platform which enunciated peace-at-any-price
doctrines, to which he could not assent, he declined
the nomination, and from that day has been an
ardent, active and enthusiastic Republican.

While the Eleventh Regiment was being recruited
he tendered his services to the Governor of the State,
and WHS appointed quartermaster on the staff' of Col-
onel Harriman. In this cai)acity he served through
the battles of Fredericksburg, the military operations
in Kentucky, and the Mississippi River expeditious
which resulted in the capture of Yicksburg and
Jackson, for about a year, when he was jirostrated by
the malaria of the southern swamps, and compelled
to rt-sign and return to his home in Hillsborough.

During his absence in the field and the illness
which succeeded his return his legal business had
become somewhat demoralized, and on the recovery
of his health he concluded to start anew in a wider
field of action in Manchester, to which city he re-
moved in 1871, forming a partnership with Hon.
Henry H. Huse, which still exists. Manchester gave
hira a cordial welcome. Her mill operatives and
other mechanics greeted him as an honored graduate
of their school, who in his after triumphs had never
forgotten the hard road by which he had journeyed
to success; her lawyers and clients were already well
acquainted with his professional abilities; her sol-
diers recognized him as an old companion-in-arms,
and her politicians a.s an earnest Republican who
could and would be a tower of strength in every
campaign. Under these circumstances he did not
have to wait for business or political preferment.
Soon arter opening his office he was appointed city
solicitor, and in 1874 he was elected to the Legislature
from Ward Three. Two years later he was chosen
Senator from the Manchester District, and in the same
year wjis sent to the Constitutional Convention.

In all these positions he won reputation and friends
to such an extent that in 1877 he was nominated for
Congress without substantial opposition, and elected
by a large majority. At the expiration of his first
term he was unanimously renominated, and after an
e.xciting campaign was re-elected by a majority of
eight hundred and forty-nine over the combined
Democratic and Greenback vote. Two years after-
wards it became a <|uestion whether he should be
returned. The traditions and iinjudiccs of the dis-
trict were strongly against a third term. Four other
able and deserving men were ambitious to .succeed
him, and he declined to push for the nomination, but
accc|.ted a call to take the slump in Maine, leaving it
for his friends to determine whether his name should
be used in the convention. To one of these who

wrote him that he ought to return from Maine and
attend to his canvass, he replied: ''I am assured that
I can be of considerable service here, and, as it is of
vastly more importance that the cause shall triumph
in this State next Monday than that I shall be re-
nominated, I must remain and trust to you and others
to decide whether it is best to send me back to Wash-
ington. Whatever that decision may be, I shall be
satisfied." The convention met just after the disas-
trous defeat of the party in Maine, and when it
appeared that there was only a desiderate chance for
its nominee to be elected. It decided that if any
man could succeed he could, and a few days after he
took the stump. Manchester, which was counted a
doubtful city when the convention assembled, gave
him more than eight hundred majority, and the rest
of the district swelled this to fourteen hundred and
eighty.

In Congress, Mr. Briggs was from the first a faithful,
hard-working member, always in his seat, tireless in
serving his constituents, especially the veteran sol-
diers, and conscientiously devoted to the discharge of
all his duties. In the Forty-fifth Congress he was a
member of the committee on patents; in the Forty-
sixth, of the committee on naval affairs ; and in the
Forty-seventh, chairman of the committee on expen-
ditures in the War Department, and a member of the
judiciary and reform in the civil service. No
member of the House commanded a more perfect
confidence in his associates, and few, if any, were
able to accomplish so much. He succeeded at Wash-
ington as he did at home, by quiet, patient, persistent
work, and was satisfied with results rather than with
brilliant outbursts and noisy exhibitions of his rhet-
orical powers.

Mr. Briggs married Roxana Smith, the daughter of
Obadiah and Eliza M. Smith, of New Hampton, and
has had three children, all of whom are living. The
oldest, a son, was educated at West Point, and served
four years in the army, when he resigned, and is now
engaged in the manufacturing business in Trenton,
N. J. Two daughters reside with their parents in
Manchester,

In concluding this brief sketch, written without the
knowledge of its subject, the author feels that it will
fail to satisfy those who have known Mr. Briggs inti-
mately without some direct reference to the qualities
which characterize him in all positions in life. Prom-
inent among these are his perfect fidelity, industry,
steady courage and thoroughness. It is natural for
him to be true, impossible for him to be false. He is
ambitious, and few prize more highly the honors they
win ; but he is incapable of the duplicity, demagogy
and all the cheap artifices by which some men suc-
ceed. His faithfulness to his convictions does not
count cost or query about consequences to himself.
He is as stanch and true a friend as ever lived, and
he never cheats those whom he dislikes or despises.
His generosity and devotion to his family are far-

A'l^'VAHP-'-KWe

^az^^v-c^

THE BENCH AND BAR.

reaching and untiring. He is a public-spirited citi- ]
zen, a kind neighbor and a pleasant companion. He
is always approachable, patient aud considerate. In
every cause in which he enlists he is a hard worker
and a free giver. He knows how to wait and how to
look beyond temporary reverses to the complete tri-
umph which he always believes will crown and estab-
lish the right. He never frets and never rests until
the result is secure. His private life is without a
stain, and the fierce light of the hottest campaign has
disclosed no shadow of a blot upon his public record.
His sympathies are with the people, and his head and
hands are controlled by his heart. These qualities
have made James F. Briggs what he is. They have
supplied the place of early advantages, influential
friends and fortune. They have carried him from
the woolen-mill, working for a few cents a day, to
the national House of Eepresentatives, commissioned
to speak and act for the largest and richest district in
New Hampshire. They made him strong at the bar,
popular at the polls and influential in Congress.

David Cross, one of the leading lawyers at the
Hillsborough County bar, was born, in Weare, N. H.,
July 5, 1817. His father, David Cross, son of Abial
■Cross, was born in Salem, N. H., June 19, 1772, and
died in Weare, March 7, 1856. His father was a
farmer, a man of great energy, remarkably indus-
trious and upright, kind and hospitable, and held in
high esteem by all who knew him.

His mother was Olive Kimball, daughter of Thomas
Kimball and Olive Lovejoy Kimball, of Pembroke ; was
born June 19, 1782, and died April 3, 1871. He fitted for
college at Hopkinton and Phillips Academy, Andover,
Mass., and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1841.
He read law in the office of Willard Raymond, in
Troy, N. Y., at the Harvard Law School, and office of
Hon. Daniel Clark, in Manchester, and was admitted
to the bar in December, 1844, and has continued in
active practice to the present time.

In 1856 he married Anna Quackenbush Eastman,
a daughter of Hon. Ira Allen Eastman, who was
a member of Congress from this State for four
years and one of the judges of the Supreme Court
for fifteen years, and one of the most distinguished
lawyers of the State. He died in Manchester in 1881.
Her mother, a daughter of John N. Quackenbush, of
Albany, N. Y., is living in Manchester.

Of the five children of Mr. and Mrs. Cross, two
died in infancy. Clarence Eastman Cross died Janu-
ary 11, 1881, he being within eleven days of twenty-one
years of age. He was a member of the junior class
in Dartmouth College. The death of Clarence was a
terrible grief to his parents and a disappointment of
many cherished plans. He seemed to have inherited
from his father and grandfather a taste and an ability
for the law, and his character and talent gave high
hopes of success. He seems abundantly qualified to
assist his father in professional labor and to achieve
for himself an honorable position. Of the two sur-

viving children, Allen Eastman Cross, born Decem-
ber 30, 1864, is now a member of the senior class iu
Amherst College ; Edward Wiuslow Cross was born
July 21, 1875.

Judge Cross has always manifested an interest in
all matters tending to advance the moral and mate-
rial interests of his city and the State.

In 1852 and 1853 he was city solicitor. In 1848,
1849, 1856, 1876 and 1877 he was a member of the
Legislature Irom Manchester.

In 1856 he was appointed judge of Probate for
Hillsborough County, which office he held until 1874.
He was United States pension agent from 1865 to
1872. Daring all the time he was judge of Probate
and pension agent he continued in the active practice
of law at Manchester, — the business of the pension
agency being done by clerks under his supervision
and direction. The labor in his profession from 1865
to 1872, with his other business, was severe ; he, how-
ever, always worked with great cheerfulness, and
filled every position creditably and honorably.

Judge Cross was one of the directors, from 1855 to
1865, of the Merrimack River State Bank, and has
been one of the directors and vice-president of the
First National Bank since its organization, in 1865.
He has also, since 1861, been one of the trustees of
the Merrimack River Savings-Bank. He is an active
member of the Franklin Street Congregational Church.
He has been associated as partner in the practice of
law with Elijah Miller Topliff", Henry E. Burnham,
Ira A. Eastman, and at the present time with D.
Arthur Taggart. No office in the State probably for
the last thirty-five years has had so many law students
as that of Judge Cross.

That Judge Cross has been eminently successful in
his chosen profession the records of the courts of New
Hampshire and the testimony of his cotemporaries in
practice abundantly prove. He came to the bar of
Hillsborough County at a time when such men as
Pierce, Parley, Daniel Clark, George Y. Sawyer and
George W.Morrison were in the full tide of successful
practice, constituting a galaxy that for ability and bril-
liancy has seldom been seen at the same time in prac-
tice before the courts of a single county or State.
While not so richly gifted with oratorical powers as
some of these men, he at once took a position, and
has since maintained a reputation not inferior to
theirs as a sound lawyer and a safe and prudent
counselor.

The secret of Judge Cross' success seems to be
largely due to causes over which he had no control ;
he had the rare good fortune to be endowed naturally
with strong and active mental powers, keen moral
percei)tion and a sound constitution. Careful disci-
pline of these gifts and faculties has produced in him
a broad and well-balanced mind, practical good sense
and judgment, an even and cheerful temper, warm
and deep sympathies, a cordial and engaging manner,
a modest and unselfish disposition, a sturdy honesty

HISTUKY OF HlLLSBOllOUGH COUxNTV, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

that tcmptaticn assails in vain, and a capacity and
love for the oltcn hiborious work and duties of his
profession wliiih make all burdens light and kbor
pleasant.

.ludpe Cross enters into the cause of his client with
zeal and prosecutes it with energy, but never forgets
the i»rincipU's of justice, and is never unmindful of
the right.sof others, seeking in all his acts to aid the
court and jury to reach just conclusions upon the law
and evidence. Hy his candor and fairness in con-
ducting the numerous causes before the courts he has
won the confidence alike of court and jury, which
fact has deservedly contributed largely to his success,
and at the same time gained for him the warmest
personal regard of his brethren at the bar. To the
large number of younger men who in forty years have
made Judge Cross's otlice a school in which to pre-
pare tiiemselves for the duties of professional life
he has been more than an instructor. By his uniform
cciurtesy, his upright, honorable conduct, fairness and
unswerving rectitude, he has taught them not only the
principles of law, but the principles that underlie high
and manly character as well.

In the full vigor of his professional life, with a large
and successful business, rich in the confidence and
regard of his professional brethren and fellow-citizens
in every walk of life, he seems to have reached the
full fruition of his labors, and to be in the enjoyment
of the pleasure that an honorable and unselfish career
confers upon any man.

LuciEN B. Clough was graduated at Dartmouth
College with the class of 1S50.

He commenced his legal study with Messrs. Morri-
son & Fitch, of Manchester, in 1850, and afterwards
pursued it with Raymond & King, of Troy, N. Y.,
and was admitted to the bar in Albany, N. Y.,
upon examination, in 1851.

In 1H53 he returned to New Hampshire and, after
being admitted in this State, opened an office in
Manchester.

In 1874 he was appointed judge of Probate for the
cf)unty of Hillsborough, which oflice he held about
two years.

In 1878, David P. LMark, Esq., who studied his
profession with Mr. Clough, became associated with
him as junior jiartner, under the style of Clough &
Clark, which firm is still in [iractice.

C'Yitfs A. SiTLLOWAY, son of Greeley and Betsey
L. Sulloway, was born in Grafton, N. H., June 8,
18.'i9. Hia boyhood was pa-ssed in his native town,
where liis opportunities for securing an education
were very liniite<l. He, however, improved such ad-
vantages as were alfonled by the common schools, and
Bubscijuently attcnde«l the academics at Canaan, Au-
dover, Franklin, and Colbv Academy, at New Lon-
don. N. H.

Having decided upon the legal iirofe.saion as his life-
work, he began the .study of the law, in ISGl, in the
office of Pike & Barnard, at Franklin, N. H. He

was admitted to the bar at Plymouth, in November,
1863, and soon after located in Manchester, forming a
coi)artnership for the practice of law with Samuel D.
Lord, under the firm-name of Lord & Sulloway. This
partnership continued until September, 1873, when
Mr. Sulloway associated with him Elijah M. ToplifF,
the firm being Sulloway & Topliff. Dennis F. O'Con-
nor subsequently became a member of the firm, it
now being Sulloway, ToplifF & O'Connor.
Mr. Sulloway was a member of the Legislature in

1872 and 1873, in the former year being chairman of
the committee on elections, and in the latter chair-
man of the judiciary committee of the House. He
was algo deputy collector of internal revenue from

1873 to 1878. In 1878 he was opposed to the con-
traction of the currency, and in that year was the
Greenback candidate for Congress. He was a mem-
ber of the Republican party down to 1880, In that
year he cast his vote for Hancock, and in 1884 for
President Cleveland.

May 31, 1864, he united in marriage with Helen M.,
daughter of Jonathan W. Fifield and Theodorah
(Dickinson) Fifield, of Franklin, and their family
consists of one daughter, — Belle H., born July 31,
1868.

Mr. Sulloway, upon his admission to the bar, at once
displayed such energy, ability and adaptation to his
])rofession that he soon surrounded himself with a
large clientage, and rapidly rose to prominence.

To great keenness, penetration and power of ana-
lysis he adds fluency, pungency and force in the pres-
entation of a cause to a jury, and as an advocate,
he espouses his causes fearlessly and leaves nothing
undone, in the line of honorable warfare, to win suc-
cess.

His prominence in the trial of the most important
causes in his own county, and his constantly widening
field of practice, now embracing a majoi-ity of the
counties in the State, are conclusive proofs that his
legal fame rests upon a solid and enduring basis.

IIox. IIexry E. Burnham, son of Henry L. and
Maria A. Burnham, was born in Dunbarton, N. H.,
November 8, 1844. He graduated at Dartmouth Col-
lege in 1865, and was admitted to the Merrimack
County bar in 1868. He began the practice of the
law in Manchester, N. H., in September of same year.
He was appointed judge of Probate for Hillsborough
County July 25, 1876, and resigned June 3, 1879.

Charles Henry Bartlett was born in Sunapee,
N. I-L, October 15, 1833. He is the fourth son of
John and Sarah J. (Sanborn) Bartlett, and is a lineal
descendant, in the eighth generation, of Richard Bar-
tlett, who came from England to Newbury, Mass., in
the ship "Mary and John," in 1634.

The original orthography of the name was Bartte-
lot, which is still preserved by the family in Eng-
land, whose ancestral home in Stopham, Sussex
County, has remained in possession of the family for
nearly a thousand years, and the present occupant.

J//^Qy /O/^J//^,

THE BENCH AND BAR.

Hon. Walter B. Barttelot, is the member of Parlia-
ment from that county.

In the same ancestral line is found the name of
Hon. Josiah Bartlett, who, as a delegate in the Con-
tinental Congress from New Hamiishire, was the first
man to vote " yes " on the passage of the Declaration
of Independence, July 4, 1776, and the second to affix
his signature thereto. All the Bartletts whose names
appear in the annals of New Hampshire trace their
lineage to the same ancestry.

IMr. Bartlett has four brothers — Joseph S., who re-
sides inClaremout, and Solomon, John Z. and George
H., who reside in Sunapee — and two sisters, — Mrs.
Thomas P. Smith and Mrs. John Felch. His parents
passed away at the advanced age of eighty-two years,
in the enjoyment of an ample competency, the fruits
of a long life of earnest and cheerful labor, and the
practice of a stern, self-denying economy, a character-
istic of the best type of our New England husbandry.

Mr. Bartlett's early life was mainly spent upon his
father's farm, laboring through the summer season
and attending school during the winter. He early de-
veloped a decided taste for literary pursuits, and from
childhood devoted a liberal share of his leisure mo-
ments to the perusal of such books as were accessible
to him. He also contributed liberally to the current
literature of the day, and showed remarkable facility
in both prose and poetic composition. He received
his education at the academies at Washington and
New London, after which he commenced the study of
law in the office of Metcalf & Barton, at Newport.
He studied subsequently with George & Foster, at
Concord, and with Morrisson & Stanley, at Manches-
ter, being admitted to the bar of Hillsborough County,
from the office of the latter, in 1858. In that year he
began the practice of his profession at Wentworth,
N. H., and in 1863 removed to Manchester, where he
has since resided. For some two years he was law-
partner with the late Hon. James U. Parker, the
partnership terminating with the retirement of the
latter from active business. In June, 1867, he was
appointed, by Judge Clark, clerk of the United States
District Court for the New Hampshire district, since
which time he has not actively practiced his profes-
sion, but has devoted himself to the duties of his
office, which became very onerous and responsible
upon the passage of the Bankrupt Law, about the time
of his appointment. The holding of this office under
the government of the United States has disqualified
him from accepting any office under the State gov-
ernment. He was clerk of the New Hampshire Sen-
ate from 1861 to 1865, Governor Smyth's private secre-
tary in 1865 and 1866, treasurer of the State Reform
School in 1866 and 1867. In the same year he was
unanimously chosen city solicitor, but declined a re-
election, owing to his appointment as clerk of the Dis-
trict Court. In 1872 he was elected, as the nominee
of the Republican party, mayor of the city, and served
till February 18, 1873, when he resigned in accord-
3

ance with the policy of the national government at
that time, which forbade United States officials from
holding State or municipal offices. His cheerful co-
operation with the administration in this matter,
though at a sacrifice of a most conspicuous public
position, was handsomely recognized by President
Grant, through Attorney-General Williams. His last
official act as mayor was to order the city treasurer to
pay the amount due him for salary to the Firemen's
Relief Association. Mr. Bartlett has been a trustee
of the Merrimack River Savings-Bank from 1865 to
the present time, and a trustee of the People's Sav-
ings-Bank from its organization, in 1874. He is also
a director in the Merchants' National Bank. He was
the Master of Washington Lodge of Freemasons from
April, 1872, to April, 1874, and now holds the position
of United States commissioner, to which he was ap-
pointed in 1872. The only positions of trust he has
held since his aijpointment as clerk of the United
States Court are as a member of the last Constitutional
Convention and chairman of the commission ap-
pointed by the Governor and Council to investigate
the affiiirs of the New Hampshire Asylum for the In-
sane.

Mr. Bartlett married, December 8, 1858, Miss Han-
nah M. Eastman, of Croydon, N. H., by whom he had
one son, Charles Leslie, who died at the age of four
years, and one daughter, Carrie Bell.

Clarke's " History of Manchester," from which the
foregoing facts are gathered, closes its biographical
sketch of Mr. Bartlett as follows: "Mr. Bartlett has a
keen, well-balanced mind, whose faculties are always
at his command. He thinks readily, but acts cautiously,
and seldom makes a mistake. Hence he has been
financially successful in almost everything he has un-
dertaken. He is one of the most practical lawyers in
the State, and was for several years in charge of the
law department of the Mirror, giving general satis-
faction, and his withdrawal, when his business com-
pelled it, was a source of much regret to the reader*
of that paper."

In 1881 Dartmouth College conferred upon him
the honorary degree of Master of Arts.

In 1882, Mr. Bartlett was elected to the New Hamp-
shire State Senate, resigning his office as clerk of the
United States District Court. At the assembling of
the Legislature, on account of his eminent fitness, he
was chosen president of the Senate, an office second
in rank to that of Governor of the State.

Joseph B. Clarke was born in Gilford, N. H.,
June 21, 1823. He graduated from Brown Univer-
sity, 1848. He commenced the study of the law
with the late Judge Asa Fowler, of Concord, and
subsequently entered the office of S. C. Lyford,
at Laconia, and was admitted to the bar in 1853.
He commenced the practice of his profession,
in Manchester, in 1855; was city solicitor in 1858
and 1859; representative in the Legislature in
1850; was mayor of the city in 1867; was appointed

HI6T0KV OF UiLLSBOllOUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

county soHritorin ISfil, an<l hoM the office ten years.
Hf is identitied with the banking and other leading
interests of the city, and " has taken part in whatever
niiizht he prominent in society at any time, interest-
inghini.selfiri politics, military atlairs, l^ankiug, rail-
ways, etc., and his election to the mayoralty of the
city testifies to the confidence with which he has been
regarded as a public man. Cautious, prudent and
thoughtful, a hard worker and a true friend, he has
m:ide a goi>d name in the city, and is favorably
known throughout the State. He is a good citizen
anil wiis one of the foremost men and most liberal
givers in the construction of the First Baptist Church."

Hon. lii:N.JA.MiN Franklin Ayer,' the sou of
Robert and Louisa (Sanborn) Ayer, was born at
Kingston, April 22, 1825. He graduated at Dart-
mnuth College in 1846, and read law with George W.
.Morrison, Esq., and at Harvard University Law
School. Went into practice in Manchester in July,
1849 ; was elected clerk of Common Council in the
same year and again in 1850. He was a partner in
the practice of the law with Samuel H. Ayer, Esq.,
from about 1850 until the decease of the latter, then
continued in business alone until June 1, 1854, at
whirb time he became the law-partner of Herman
l-'iistcr, wliich partnership continued until April 10,
18^57. He represented Manchester in the New
Hampshire Legislature in 1853 and was attorney for
Hillsborough County from 1853 to 1856. One year
later he removed to Chicago, HI. He succeeded Sam-
uel H. Ayer, Esq., as solicitor for Hillsborough
County and held the office several years. He has
held the office of city solicitor in Chicago and is the
jtnscnt attorney of the Illinois Central Railroad.

Hon. Samuel Upton, who has spent most of his
active life in the city of Manchester, in this State, has
been long known as an earnest and aggressive worker
in politics and a sincere advocate of the cause of
temperance and of religion. His father, Daniel Up-
ton, a descendant of John Upton, an Englishman of
considcraldi- means, who settled very early in what is
now the town of Danvers, Mass., came to Wilmot,
this State, in 1816, where he lived until his death,
which occurred in 1856. He married, for his second
wife, Asenath Teel, of (ioflstown, N. H., in 1822, and
had a large family of children. Of him it has been
said that he po8.se.ssed little of worldly wealth, but
was rich in Cliristian faith and good works ; that he
possessed sound intelligence and made his influence
felt in mouliling into form the crude elements which
at best enter largely into the composition of all new
settlements.

His eldest son by this marriage, Samuel, the subject
of this sketch, was born Sc|)tember 12, 1824. The
story of his early life diflers little from that of many
others wlio have, unaided by fortune, successfully
Struggled against hardships and privations. Cour-

»>■ Hon. L. B. Clniicli.

ageously, however, he entered the contest, though his
delicate health counted against his success. Exhaust-
ing at an early age the resources of the public schools,
at that time indifferent iu quality, and limited in
quantity, he sought, by such labor in the field and
the workshop as his health would permit, to obtain
means for further education in the academies of
the State. In time he was enabled to attend one
term at the New London Academy, and subse-
quently completed a course at Kimball Union Acad-
emy, Meriden, N. H., in the fall of 1849, defray-
ing, by manual labor during vacations and by teach-
ing winters, the entire expense of his course. He
loved books, and the pleasure derived from their study
was to him ample compensation for the many depri-
vations through which their companionship was pur-
chased. While pursuing his studies and subsequently he
taught in the public schools, — one term in Danbury,
N. H., three in Wilmot, two of which were in his
own district, into which school he introduced modern
methods of teaching, and raised its standard a marked
degree, infusing an ambition and pride among the
pupils which is still felt.

He also taught one term at Meriden immediately
after his graduation and finished one term at Cornish
Flatt, from which school the unruly boys had driven
the former teacher ; then taught four terms in Ash-
land, Mass., five in Manchester, N. H., four of which
were in connection with the High School as assistant
or principal. He also taught in academies one term
each at Ashby, Mass., Corinth, Vt., and Deering,
N. H. As a teacher he was eminently successful, and
though fond of the work, he was looking forward to
the law as a i^rofession. For this purpose he com-
menced reading law in the office of Butterfield &
Hamlin, Andover, N. H., in the spring of 1851 ; re-
mained in that office one year, then completed his
studies in the office of D. & D. J. Clark, in Manches-
ter, N. H., in the fall of 1854. Upon admission to
the bar he opened an office in that city, and soon was
admitted to practice iu the United States Circuit
Court. In 1857 he was appointed justice of the Po-
lice Court in Manchester, which office he held for
seventeen years. During his occupancy of this posi-
tion the powers of the court were extended, and his
administration of the duties of justice received gen-
eral commendation from all parties.

From his boyhood he was active in politics, and in
his school-days showed an aptitude for political dis-
cussion much in advance of his years. On the sla-
very question he had but one opinion,— that if human
slavery was not wrong, nothing was wrong, and he
lost no opportunity to wage warfare upon that
institution. He cast his i)olitical fortunes with the
Liberty party, and his first vote was probably counted
as scattering. In the organization and success of
the Republican party he took an active interest, and
was prominent as a public speaker, making many
canvasses of the State. He represented Manchester

OlyiyULy(.^UJ^

THE BENCH AND BAR.

in the State Legislature in 1855 and 1856, and in
December, 1863, was appointed, by President Lincoln,
commissioner of Board of Enrollment for the Second
Congressional District, which position he held until
the close of the war, in 1865. He Avas also appointed
visitor to the West Point Academy in 1861, but owing
to sickness in his family, was unable to attend the
■examination. He also served three years on the
Public School Board in Manchester, taking an active
interest in the schools, especially in the High School,
the Lincoln Street Grammar School and the Training-
School, the care of which was especially assigned to
him as a sub-committee.

As a temperance worker he was connected with
several organizations and delivered an address before
the State Temperance Convention on " The History
and Workings of the Prohibitory Law," which at-
tracted much attention, and was published by the
convention in pamphlet form for circulation. Early
in life he united with the Congregational Church, and
in some capacity has ever since been connected with
its Sabbath-schools. For eight years he was superin-
tendent of the Franklin Street Sabbath-School, in
Manchester, to the interest of which he devoted much
time and labor, and he now looks upon the time thus
spent as the most pleasant and profitable of his life.

In 1875 he removed to Western Iowa, hoping the
change might benefit the health of his wife, and free-
ing himself from political work, be enabled to de-
vote a few years to a more remunerative occupation.
There he engaged in mercantile business with his
brother-in-law, under the firm-name of Prescott &
Upton, and the firm soon became well known in the
business community for its enterprise and success.
As individuals, they did much to build up the new
town and to establish for it a good reputation. It
was said to be the only town between Dubuque and
Sioux City free from the curse of beer-saloons. To
this new field of labor Mr. Upton carried Avith him
not only his zeal for temperance, but also his love for
Sabbath-school Avork, uniting with the school the first
Sabbath after his arrival, and laboring as teacher of
the class of adult scholars and as superintendent
during his residence there. He also served as a mem-
ber of the Public School Board, and on the incorpora-
tion of the toAvn, refusing to allow his name to be
used for mayor, he served as one of the Council.

In 1883 he returned to New Hampshire, settling in
OoffstOAvn, opening a laAv-oflfice there and in Man-
chester, and also engaging in trade. He is at present
superintendent of the Sabbath-school in the village
where he resides, and a member of the Board of Edu-
cation. In 1857 he married Jennie L. Merriman,
one of the teachers in the High School at Manches-
ter. Their only child died in infancy. Measured by
results, Mr. Upton can look back upon a most suc-
cessful life. Engaging in the liberty cause Avhen to
befriend the negro, even in Ncav England, subjected
•one to vile taunts and social ostracism, he has seen

the cause he knew to be right spread until slavery is
Ibrever dead and a President, elected by its former
supporters, escorted to the Capitol by a battalion of
negro soldiers Avithout exciting comment. Advocating
a prohibitory liquor law when liquor Avas openly sold
in every town in the State, he has lived to see the
liquor tratfic suppressed in all but one or two cities in
the State, and the measures he advocated received
almost the unanimous approval of both political
parties. As a public speaker he possesses in a marked
degree a capacity for marshaling facts and for pre-
senting them to the public in a manner Avhich both
pleases and instructs. For his eiforts in politics and
the cause of temperance he has been both censured
and praised, but no one has doubted for a moment the
integrity of his purpose or the unselfish motives
which have ever prompted him. He is yet in vigor-
ous health, and likely to enjoy for many years the
proud satisfaction of having been an active Avorker
on the successful side in the tA\'o great struggles, one
of Avhich has relieved the country of human slavery,
while the other has well-nigh driA^en from his native
State the liquor saloons Avith their train of evils.

The present members of the Manchester bar are as
foUoAvs :

John H. Andrews, Charles H. Bartlett, John P. Bartlett, Samuel N.
Bell, John C. Bickford, Henry W. Blair, James F. Briggs, Albert 0.
Brown, Henry E. Burnham, Charles A. Carpenter, Bradbury P. Cilley,
Benjamin F. Clark, Daniel Clark, David F. Clark, B. F. Clark, Henry S.
Clark, Joseph B. Clark, Lewis \V. Clark, Lucian B. Clougli, Charles E.
Cochran, David Cross, Josiah G. Dearl)orn, James E. Dodge, Joseph W.
Fellows, John Foster, Christopher A. Gallagher, Michael J. Healy, Isaac
L. Heath, Nathan P. Hunt, Henry H. Huse, Edwin F. Jones, Joseph L
Boeuf, AVilliam Little, George A. Little, Frank C. Livingston, Samuel D.
Lord, Thomas D. Luce, George I. McAllister, John T. Moore, Charles U.
Morrison, George AV. Morrison, Herbert F. Norris, Charles A. O'Connor,
Dennis F. O'Connor, Alpheus C. Osgood, Jesse B. Patten, AVilliam K.
Patten, David L. Perkins, David P. Perkins, George W. Prescott, Albion
K. Simmons, Isaac \V. Smith, James B. Straw, Cyrus A. Sulloway, Ar-
thur D. Taggart, Elijah 51. TuplilT, Newton H. AA'ilson.

Perley DoDGfE was born in New Boston, N. H.,
May 17, 1799. He is the son of William and Rachel
(Poland) Dodge. His father Avas a farmer, and the
boyhood of Mr. Dodge was spent on the farm until
his sixteenth year. He then fitted for college, and
finally graduated at Union College, Schenectady,
N. Y., in the class of 1824. He chose the law as his
profession, and studied Avith Titus BroAvn, of Frances-
town, and Nehemiah Eastman, of Farrington, N. H.
October, 1827, he was admitted to the bar, and began
practice Avith his former instructor, Titus BroAvn, at
FrancestoAvn and New Boston. This copartner.ship
Avas continued until 1832, in March of which year Mr.
Dodge removed to Amherst, N. H., Avhere he now re-
sides at the advanced age of eighty-six years. He
continued the practice of law at Amherst until 1839,
when, in October of that year, he Avas appointed clerk
of the courts of Hillsborough County, the multifdrm
duties of which position he faithfully discharged until
March, 1857. He then returned to the practice of
his profession, which he has continued to the present

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

time, though for the past few years he has practically
retired from the active duties of the profession. Mr.
Dod-rc has hi-en a wise and safe counselor and a suc-
tc^ful practitioner, and is regarded as one of the old-
est and most honored members of the New Hampshire

bar.

In 18;{7 lie was elected as representative from Am-
herst to the General Court, and again in 1853 and 1854
be was re-elected to the same position. Was chairman
of the committee on banks in 1853, and of railroads
in 1854.

It may be stated, as a remarkable fact, that Mr.
Dodge has attended every court of record in Hills-
borough County since his admission to the bar, and
during all the years he was clerk of the court, he took
every verdict from the jury except one (and that
omission was occasioned by his illness). Mr. Dodge
is a calm, dignified, plain-spoken man, of clear judg-
ment and comi)reliensive intelligence ; conservative
in his views, yet in hearty sympathy with whatever in
his judgment tends to the elevation of the mental or
moral tone of the community in which he lives, or of
mankind in general. In politics he has always been
a Democrat.

Hemarried, May 31, 1831, Harriet, daughter of Hon.
Peter Woodbury, of Francestown, and sister of the
Hon. Levi Woodbury. Their children were, —

Perley Woodbury, born March 28, 1839, married
Sophia E. Phelps, August 13, 1863, and resides in
Amherst. They have one child, Charles Perley, born
September 3, 1864, now a *udent at Sherburn Falls,
Mass.

Charles William, born September 4, 1842, married,
first, Rebecca C. Christy, of New Boston, September
4, 1869. She died January 2, 1873. He married,
second, Lelia J. Small, March 11, 1878. She died
April 4, 188"), in Amherst. They have one child liv-
ing, Martha Belle, born July 10, 1882. Maurice
Whipjile, born July 31, 1881, died June 25, 1883.

Martha W., born June 25, 1846, married James B.
Whii)ide, of N'w P.iwton, June 25, 1877, and died July
21, 1881.

Hox. Aaron Flint Sawykh was born April
24, 1780, at Westminster, Mass. He was educated at
Dartmouth, from which college he was graduated in
1804. He practiced law for many years at Mont
Vernon, N. H., and removed to Nashua about 1828,
and there followed his profession until his death, Jan-
uary 4, 1847. An able lawyer, be was longa conspic-
uous man in the community, and re])resented Nashua
in the Lower House of the State Legislature in 1847,
the year of his death. He was a gentleman of the old
school, with some not unpleasant eccentricities arising
from the strong poaitiveness of his nature; a kind-
hearted and cheerful individual, he was a good citizen,
an excellent neighbor and a strong friend. He was an
eminent Christian, an«l for years a zealous worker and
teacher in the Congregational Sabliath-scbool. He
married, August 20, 1811, Hannah Locke, grand-

daughter of Rev. Samuel Locke, D.D., president of
Harvard College from 1770 to 1773. Of their children,
two have attained eminence in the legal profession ;
the oldest, Samuel L., now of Independence, Mo., has
been for a long time a leading member of the bar of
that State and a circuit judge for many years. He
has also been a member of Congress. Aaron W., bis
third child, occupied an equally honorable and dis-
tinguished place at the New Hampshire bar.

Hon. Aaron Worcester Sawyer^ was born in
Mont Vernon, Hillsborough County, N. H., October
11, 1818, and died in Nashua, N. H., August 23, 1882.
He was the son of Hon. Aaron F. and Hannah (Locke)
Sa^vyer. His father was a man of liberal education,
a lawyer by profession, a gentleman of the old school,
a man of warm and generous impulses, a devoted and
active Christian. His mother was Hannah Locke, a
granddaughter of Rev. Samuel Locke, D.D., tbe
president of Harvard College from 1770 to 1773. Mrs.
Sa\\yer was a woman of strong and marked character,
of much refinement and excellent judgment, and tbe
moral and intellectual qualities of Judge Sawyer bore
the strong impress of his mother's character and
training. The first few years of Judge Sawyer's life
were passed in Mont Vernon, from which place his
father removed, about 1828, to Nashua. He wa.s
educated at the public schools of Nashua, and the
academies of Hancock, Derry and Nashua. During
the years which he devoted to the study of the law,.
and, in fact, before he entered upon its study, com-
mencing at an early age, he taught the winter terms
of the district schools in neighboring towns. This was
an occupation in which he took great enjoyment and
in which, pursued for eight or ten years, he acquired
an exceptional and deserved popularity. In this jDur-
suit he exhibited a diligence, patience and thorough-
ness which marked the character of the man, while
he drew to himself the friendship of his j^upils and
their patrons with a strength and warmth which
remained through life.

He was admitted to the bar in 1844, and in 1846
began the practice of the law in Nashua. From that
time until 1872 his professional career was continuous^
uninterrupted and successful. Commencing with a
love of business and fondness for legal lore, his practice
was marked by a wonderful patience of research in its
profound depths, an unfiinching courage in tbe ad-
vancement and presentation of his views, and an un-
swerving fidelity to his client and his cause. He was
no machine lawyer, ready at all times to try, but
indifferent to results; nor did he prostitute his profes-
sion to speculative purposes, unprofessional in char-
acter. His presentation to court and jury w^as earnest,
vigorous, persuasive and convincing, and, on occasions,
eloquent. The natural tendency of his mind was at
once mathematical and logical. His memory was

1 Chiefly condensed from a memorial address by General Aaron F.
Stevens before llillsborougli County liar.

THE BENCH AND BAR.

fresh and retentive, his knowledge of human nature
accurate and profound, and in his appreciation of the
individual man, he was seldom, if ever, deceived.
Those who have been associated with or opposed to
him will agree that when putting forth his whole
strength, — bringing all his resources to bear upon the
contention of the hour, — his power was wondei-ful, and
his success almost certain.

In 1848, Mr. Sawyer formed a copartnership with
Hon. Charles G. Atherton, one of the most eminent
men of New Hampshire, a connection which continued
till the death of the latter, in November, 1853. From
that time he pursued the practice of his profession
alone until April, 1858, when he formed a professional
connectiou with General Aaron F. Stevens, which
continued for more than a quarter of a century.

Mr. Sawyer was a positive man, with tixed and
distinct ideas and opinions. He had, withal, a spirit
of independence, which led him sometimes to grow
impatient of the restraints of organizations and the
behests of party discipline; but in his loyalty of con-
viction of what was demanded for the welfare of his
country he was never known to fail. He was a warm
and ardent patriot, and met with alacrity the call of
the Governor for financial aid, when the first warlike
note of the Rebellion fell upon the ear of New Hamp-
shire. Eminently fitted as he was for public station,
the allurements of ambition never drew him from the
more congenial comforts and joys of home or the ardent
pursuit of professional duty and success. A small
measure of public fame satisfied a mind well fitted to
correct the vagaries of i^olitics, and to test the genu-
ineness and value of human pretension.

Mr. Sawyer held all important local oflices of his
town and city, served as Rej^resentative and Senator
in the State Legislature, and from 1867 until July,
1876, he held the ofiice of register in bankruptcy.
On the 22d of July, 1876, he received from Governor
Cheney his commission as associate justice of the
Sui)reme Court, but failing health obliged him to
resign his ofiice within two years. In all the public
trusts to which he was called, strength of character
and fidelity of purpose marked his administration.

Mr. Sawyer married, first, Mary Frances Ingalls, of
New York City ; second, Fanny, daughter of Francis
and Almira (Stetson) Winch, of Nashua, September
12, 1855. Their children were Fanny Ingalls (de-
ceased), Fanny Locke, Aaron Frank (deceased) and
William Merriam.

Judge Sawyer was not only an eminent lawyer and
jurist, but also a devoted laborer in the vineyard of
Christ. J'or many years he was a member of the First
Congregational Church of Nashua, a teacher in the
Sabbath-school, active in the prayer-meeting and
useful in all Christian work. About eight yeai'S be-
fore his death he received from the Hollis Association
a license to preach the gospel. In his discourses,
which he prepared with great care, he possessed rare
power. His subjects were patiently studied in the

light of Scripture, and, with the aid of the best ex-
positors, thoroughly digested and a.ssimilated in his
own thoughts ; his sermons passed through the glow-
ing furnace of his own experience and came before
the listener rich, full and warm with religious fervor.
Their delivery was marked by a certain tenderness of
tone and manner which led each auditor to feel that
the speaker was seeking the individual good of hia
hearers.

" If to have won for himself a proud position in the ranks of his profes-
sion, the suft'rages and approbation of his fellow-citizens to the full meas-
ure of his opportunities and aspirations ; to have utilized superior intel-
lectual power and endowments to the constant and wise solution of the
abstruse problems and varied atTairs of his profession ; to have gained, with'
out pretension or ostentation, by the strength and force of character, the
abiding confidence of his clients, and to have held that confidence through
all tests and trials to the end ; to have become the favorite advisor of his
younger and trustful brethren of the bar ; if to have constantly clothed
his daily walk with the example of a pure life, whose morality, though
firm and constant, never taught him to be morose or austere ; to have
elevated that life of undeviating morality to itstwinship with a Christian
faith ; if to have adorned his domestic life with the enduring fidelity of
the husband, the deep and constant affection of the father ; to have
so cherished industry, frugality, temperance, that these virtues won for
him, and for those who were his by the sweet and holy ties of nature and
kindi-ed, the boon of independence and fortune, and then to have met
death without fear, and in the calm, triumphant hope of a glory beyond,
• — if these, and such as these, are the true and justly coveted fruits of
human life and human exertion, we have their illustration and example
in the life and death of Aaron W. Sawyer."

General Aaron F. Stevens. — Aaron Fletcher
Stevens was born in Londonderry (now Derry), N. H.,
August 9, 1819. He was the only son of Captain
John F. and Martha Stevens, both of whom were na-
tives of Massachusetts. His father, who for many
years had followed the sea, went to Londonderry a
short time before the birth of his son, where the
family lived till 1828, when they removed to Man-
chester, then a small town in Hillsborough County,
now the largest and most prosperous city in the
State. Here the fiither, then in the prime of man-
hood, tried the experiment of farming, but at the end
of three years abandoned the pursuit, and took up his
residence in Peterborough, the oldest manufacturing
town in the State, attracted thither by the superior
facilities presented for the education and employment
of his children.

At Peterborough young Stevens found work in a fiic-
toryunder the charge of Governor Steele, and for about
four years alternated between that employment and
attendance upon the district school. In the mean
time, however, the united savings of the family en-
abled him to return to his native town and attend,
for a short time, the Pinkerton Academy, The
means to defray the expenses of this schooling were
furnished in part from the earnings of elder sisters,
who still live to witness the fruits of their counsels
and sacrifices for a brother. The parents, careful and
fond of their children, sympathized with their aspira-
tions for improvement, yet the limited means at their
command enabled them to furnish little more
than the facilities of a common-school education.
The early aspirations of the son for liberal education

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY. NEW HAMPSHIRE.

and professional life were thus held in check, but he
aeeej.ted with alacrity the alternative before hiiu.and
at the age of si.\teen was apprenticed to the trade of
a machinist. He worked at his trade several years
as a journeyman, varying his employment, however,
by attendance at the academy at Nashua, as well as
by school-teaching, which occupied his time for
several winters.

In August, 1842. Mr. Stevens, at the invitation of
Hon. Cleorge Y. Sawyer, then a distinguished lawyer,
enti-red upon the study of the law at Nashua, and in
Au-'ust. 184"), was admitted to the bar. The same
kind interest led Mr. Sawyer to propose a partner-
ship with Mr. Stevens, who, in that relation, entered
at once into a prominent practice before the ctmrts.
At tiiat period Hillsborough County was greatly dis-
tinguished for the ability of its bar, numbering on
its roll, besides Mr. Sawyer, Benjamin M. Farley,
Charles G. Atberton, George W. Morrison, Daniel
Clark, Hamucl H. Ayer and othei-s, all of eminence
in the State, and some of wider legal reputation. It
was into such a professional school that Mr. Stevens,
sensible of his deficient early culture, and peculiarly
averse to all presumption, was thus early thrown. The
courage and the thorough preparation with which he
entered upon his work, together with his power in
grasping the substance of a case, and presenting it in
a clear, logical manner, commanded the respect of
both court and bar, and gave him a high professional
reputation.

In the early p;iri of his professional career Mr.
Stevens wa-s for five years solicitor of Hillsborough
County. The absence of the attorney-general ordi-
narily imposed upon Mr. Stevens the duties of prose-
cuting officer for that large county, thus bringing him
into professional conflict with the most adroit and
experienced practitioners, furnishing a rigorous test
of his resources, and contributing essentially to his
early distinction as a lawyer. He subsetjuently en-
tered into a })rofessional jiartuership with Hon. Aaron
W. Sawyer, an old schoolmate and townsman.

Mr. Stevens entered upon active political life as a
Whig, and followed the fortunes of that party with
unswerving fidelity as long as it had an existence.
Hi.s first effort in the political arena was in the mem-
orable campaign of 1840. He was a member of the
last Whig Convention in Baltimore in 1852. In 1840
he was a member of the State Legislature, represent-
ing Nashua, antl again in 1854, when the Democracy,
after an unparalleled contest, was defeated in the
Legislature and overthrown in the State. He was
again a member of the Legislature in 185() and 1857.
His candor, judgment and forecast, united with dig-
nity, dearncHs and condensation as a debater, gave
liim a comnuinding influence in the House, and
justly made him one of the most popular speakers in
the State. in the Wiiig party he liehmged to that
portion who were strong in their anti-slavery convic-
tions, and he carried those ideas with him into the

Republican organization, of which he was an early
and leading member in New Hampshire.

When, at the outbreak of the Rebellion, a call was
made for men to defend the capital, Mr. Stevens was
one of the first to offer his services, and on April 29th
was commissioned by the Governor as major of the First
New Hampshire (three months') Regiment of Infan--
try. The regiment reached Washington, took part in
the movement to Harper's Ferry, but was engaged in
no battle.

Returning home with his regiment, he resumed the
practice of his profession ; but the next year was, by
the unsolicited tender of the Governor, commissioned
as colonel of the Thirteenth Regiment of New
Hampshire Volunteers. He promptly organized his
command and led to the field a superb regiment,
made up of men from seven of the ten counties of the
State. There was probably no regiment in the war of
greater intelligence and high soldierly qualities.

Among the names inscribed on the standard of this
gallant regiment are: Fredericksburg (its first battle),
Suffolk, Swift Creek, Drury's Bluff, Cold Harbor,
Battery Five, Petersburg and Battery Harrison, in all
of which battles their colonel shared the conflict with
them. During the siege of Petersburg, in 1864, Col-
onel Stevens commanded a brigade. In the assault
on Fort Harrison, September 29th, he fell severely
wounded at the head of his regiment and brigade.
He remained upon the spot, close to the fort, till the
colors of his command were planted upon the cap-
tured parapet and the victory won. In December
following he was breveted brigadier-general. The
official records of the war, as well as his companions-
in-arms, bear witness to his courage as a soldier and
his coolness and skill as a commander.

Having closed his military career and re.sumed the
practice of his profession. General Stevens was, in
December, 1866, unanimously nominated for Congress.
In March, 1867, he took his seat as a Representative
in the Fortieth Congress. He served in that Con-
gress on the naval committee, and the "Treatment
of Union Prisoners." Having been re-elected to the
Forty-first Congress, he again served on the naval
committee, and the committee on patents. During
his Congressional service General Stevens did not
often address the House in formal speeches. Hi&
chief efibrts were given to the investigations of the
committee room. But he occasionally spoke on na-
tional subjects. The vital national interests which
were identified with the political struggle in 1868^
called forth from him a well-considered speech in the
House in February of that year, in which he pre-
sented the subject of reconstruction in its essential
features. He also made a short but terse argument
in favor of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, in
which he ])aid a merited tribute to the great war
minister, Edwin M. Stanton. In February, 1870, he
addressed the House on "Grant and the Administra-
tion." in which he fully sustained the policy of the

^a^'r-aved by C-E.?eriTi«-'«S*'^

THE BENCH AND BAR.

President and denounced repudiation and the expan-
sion of the currency.

After the close of the Forty-first Congress, General
Stevens again gave his attention to professional busi-
ness. In June, 1879, he lacked but two votes of being
the Republican candidate for United States Senator
— the nomination being equivalent to an election.

In 1861 he married Miss Adelaide M. Johnson, of
Lynn, Mass., an educated and accomplished woman.
For several years they have passed their winters in
Florida, having an orange grove on the Eiver St.
Johns, three miles north of Palatka. General Stevens'
home, however, is at Nashua.

Aside from his well-known ability as a lawyer, his
graceful manner and fluency of utterance make him
welcome on all public occasions in New Hampshire.

Benjamin M. Farley, son of Benjamin and Lucy
(Fletcher) Farley, and grandson of Lieutenant Sam-
uel Farley, one of the first settlers of Hollis, was born
April 8, 1783, in that part of Hollis afterwards set off
to Brookline. Mr. Farley prepared for college at the
academy in New Ipswich ; graduated at Harvard Col-
lege in 1804; read law with Hon. Abijah Bigelow in
Leominster, Mass. ; admitted to the bar and settled in
his profession in Hollis in 1808, and continued to re-
side in Hollis till 1855, when he removed to Boston.
Upon being established in his profession he soon rose
to a high rank in it, and for many years he had no
superior at the Hillsborough bar, of which he was for
several years president. He died September 16, 1865.

Samuel T. Worcester, son of Jesse and Sarah
(Parker) Worcester, born August 30, 1804, prepared
for college at the academies in Pembroke, N. H., and
Andover, Mass., and graduated at Harvard College in
1830. After leaving college, taught an academy for
one year at Weymouth, Mass., and also for one year
at Cambridge. Read law in the ofiice of Hon. B. M.
Farley, in Hollis, and also at the Law School in Cam-
bridge ; settled in his profession in Norwalk, Ohio, in
1835, and continued in the practice of the law in that
place till the summer of 1867, when he removed to
Nashua, N. H., where he still resides (1879). May
13, 1835, married Mary F. C. Wales, daughter of
Samuel Wales, Esq., of Stoughton, Mass., who de-
ceased at Nashua, April 29, 1874. Was a member of
the Ohio Senate in the years 1849 and 1850; elected
district judge of the Tenth Ohio Judicial District in
October, 1859, and while holding that office was
elected a member of the United States Congress in
the spring of 1861. Publications : 1831, " Sequel to
the Spelling-Book ;" 1833, "American Primary Spell-
ing-Book;" 1871, revised editions of "Worcester's
Comprehensive and Primary Dictionaries;" 1871,
" Old and New ; or, the School Systems of Ohio and
New Hampshire compared." He died Dec. 5, 1882.
Joseph W. Fellows, son of John and Polly
Hilton Fellows, was born at Andover, N. H., January
15, 1835.

He was educated in the district schools of his na-

tive town and at the Andover Academy. He entered
Dartmouth College in July, 1854, and graduated in
1858.

He taught school in Bradford and Concord, N, H.,
and in Upton, Mass., during his college term. He
was also a teacher in the Brownwood Institute, in La
Grange ; also, the Marietta Academy, in Marietta,
Ga., in 1859-60.

He studied law in the office of Hon. John M.
Shirley, of Andover, and of Pike & Barnard, of
Franklin, N. H., and subsequently graduated from
the Albany (N. Y.) University Law Department, class
of 1861.

He was admitted to the bar in August, 1861, and
commenced the practice of the law in Manchester in
1862, where he has since resided.

He was appointed judge of the Police Court of
Manchester in 1874, and resigned the position in
1875. Judge Fellows was elected clerk of the Con-
cord Railroad corporation in 1873, and was re-elected
each year until 1884. He has been one of the trus-
tees of Proctor Academy, at Andover, and of the
Unitarian Educational Society of New Hampshire

since its organization.

Politically, Judge Fellows is a Democrat and an
able and fearless exponent of the principles of that
party.

In religious matters he is a Unitarian of the liberal
class.

Although in the active practice of an arduous pro-
fession. Judge Fellows has found time to indulge his
taste in literary pursuits and has prepared many life
sketches of his neighbors and friends, and in this
branch of literary labor is not easily surpassed. He
has also given much attention to the Masonic history
of Manchester, and the able article which appears in
this work is from his pen. Judge Fellows is a promi-
nent and active member of the Masonic fraternity
and has been through all grades and held many posi-
tions. Judge Fellows has been twice married — first,
to Miss Frances Moore, who died in 1874, and second,
to Mrs. Lizzie B. Davis, October 8, 1878.

Judges of Probate. — The following is a list of
the judges of Probate for the county of Hillsborough
from 1784 to the present time :

Jonathan Blanchard, from 1784 to 1789 ; Samuel Dana, from 1789 to
1792 ; Ebenezer Champney, from Februarj' 13, 1793, to Maj-, 1810 ; Clif-
ton Claggett, from 1811 to 1812 ; John Harris, from August 10, 1812, to
182:3 ; Clifton Claggett, August 5, 1823, to January 29, 1829 ; Edward
Parker, from 1829 to 1835 ; Luke Woodbury, from 1835 to 1851 ;
William C. Clarke, from September 8, 1851, to July 10, 1856; David
Cross, from July 14, 1856, to June 30, 1874; Lucien B. f'lough,
from July 14, 1874, to July 20, 1876 ; Henry E. Burnham, from
July 25, 1876, to June 3, 1879 ; Edward E. Parker, June 3, 1879, pres-
ent incumbent.

Charles Henry Burns' was born in Milford,
N. H., January 19, 1835, of good old New England
stock, which on botli sides had been prominent in
that town from its earliest settlement.

1 Bv R. M. Wallace.

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

On his father's side he descended from that Scotch-
Irish race which has given to New Hampshire and
New England so many ahle men.

His ancestry on his father's side is as follows :

1. .John Burns, of Scotch origin, born in 1700;
came to America from north of Ireland in 1736; set-
tled in Milford, N. H., in 174G; died in Milford,
N. U.. in 1782.

2. Thomas, seventh child and third son of John.
It is not yet known where or when he was born, but
he was probably Ijorn in Milford. The date of his
death, which occurred at Milford, is also unknown to
the writer. He was, however, not far from eighty
years of age when he died. He married Elizabeth
Hartness, of Lunenburg, Mass.

3. Samuel, si.xth child and third son of Thomas
and Elizabeth, born at Milford, September 17, 1779,
died at Miltbrd, September 20, 1817. He was select-
man in Milford from the age of twenty-one for
ten years. He was a strong man and died of
brain fever. His funeral was the largest ever held in
Milford. He married Abigail Jones, February 12,
1801. She was a woman of great strength of mind
and of most excellent character.

4. Charles A., fourth child and second son of Sam-
uel and Abigail Burns, was born at Milford, January
19, 1809, and died of fever at Milford, January 25,
1857. He married, December 31, 1833, Elizabeth
Hutchinson, of Milford. They were both people of
the highest character and well known for their intel-
ligence and worth.

5. Charles H., son of Charles A. and Elizabeth,
born at Milford, January 19, 1835; married Sarah N.
Mills, January 19, 1856, at Milford. They have four
living children, — Charles A. Burns, Bessie Burns
(.Jregg, Blanch Burns and Ben. E. Burns. They have
buried one son, Arthur H. Burns, aged twenty years,
and three infant children. On his mother's side, who
Wits a Hutchinson, he is of English descent, and we
here give a somewhat extended record of that old
family. The antiquity of the Hutchinson family in
England is very great, and was represented by Barnard
Hutchinson, of Cowlan, in the county of York, in
1282. He was denominated esquire, and his wife was
the daughter of John Bagville, one of the oldest fam-
ilies of Yorkshire. They had children, — John, Rob-
ert and Mary.

1. Richard was a direct descendant from John, the
heir of Cowlan ; was born in England, and married,
December 7, 1627, Alice Bosworth. He resided at
North .Markham, and about the year 1635 emigrated,
with his family, to New England. The earliest men-
tion made of him in this country is found in the town
records of Salem, Ma.ss., in 1636, when the town
made him a grant of land. In 1637 the town made
him an additional grant of twenty acres, "provided he
would set uj* a plough." In 1654 and 1660 further
grants were nuide. The land was situated in the
vicinity of Ilathorn's Hill and Beaver ]5rook, which

now runs through the town of Middlesex into the
Ipswich River. He died about 1662.

2. Joseph, son of Richard, was born in England in
1633, and came with his father to New England and
settled upon a portion of his father's estate, which
was conveyed to him in 1666.

3. Benjamin, son of Joseph, died in 1733. He mar-
ried Jane, daughter of Walter and Margaret Phillips.
He married, second, January 26, 1714, Abigail Foster.
Eleven children by Jane.

4. Benjamin, son of Benjamin, born at Salem, Janu-
ary 27, 1693. He w as a man of large wealth. He
married, February 7, 1715, Sarah, daughter of John
and Mary (Nurse) Tarbell. Seven children.

5. Nathan, son of Benjamin, baptized February 10,
1717. He was a farmer, and remained with his
father at Bedford, Mass., until 1734, thence to Amherst
(now Milford), where he died January 12, 1795 ; mar-
ried Rachel Stearns ; six children. He was one of
the first settlers in the territory of Milford.

6. Nathan, son of Nathan, born in Amherst (now
Milford), February, 1752, died December 26, 1831.
He was a farmer. Married, 1778, Rebecca Peabody,
daughter of William and Rebecca (Smith) Peabody.
She was born January 2, 1752, died February 25,
1826; seven children.

7. Abel, son of Nathan and Rebecca, born at Milford,
August 8, 1795, died February 19, 1846; married, Janu-
ary 22, 1816, Betsey, daughter of Isaac and Elizabeth
Bartlett. She was born in Amherst (now Milford),
October 26, 1796, died at Milford, August 23, 1873;
nine children.

8. Elizabeth, daughter of Abel and Betsey, born at
Milford, June 18, 1816, now living; married, Decem-
ber 31, 1833, Charles A. Burns; nine children.

9. Charles H., son of Elizabeth and Charles A., etc.
Betsey Bartlett, wife of Abel, was also a descendant

of the first Richard, through Joseph, third son of
Joseph (first). The three races above named — Burns,
Bartlett and Hutchinson — are of the highest character
and respectability. This is also true of the Peabody s.

Mr. Burns spent his early years upon his father's
farm, and there developed that strength and good
constitution with which he is so admirably equipped
for the battle of life. He early evinced a desire for an
education, and after getting what assistance he could
from the common schools of Milford, which were
always of a high order, he entered the Appleton Acad-
emy, at New Ipswich, N. H., at that time under the
management of Professor Quimby, from which insti-
tute he graduated in 1854.

For some time he had entertained the purpose of
entering the legal profession, for which he had
already exhibited an aptitude. He read law in the
office of Colonel O. W. Lull, in Milford, and subse-
quently attended the Harvard Law School, where he
graduated in the class of 1858. In May of the same
year he was admitted to the Suffolk bar, in Massachu-
setts, and in October following he was admitted to the

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THE BENCH AND BAR.

40 a

New Hampshire bar. In January, 1859, Mr. Burns
commenced the practice of the law at Wilton, N. H.,
where he has since resided, although of late years his
extended practice through Hillsborough County and
the State has necessitated the removal of his office to
Nashua. He commenced his professional labors, as
every young man must who has no one to rely upon but
himself, with the smaller and more ordinary kinds of
legal work ; but by slow degrees he has risen, until to-
day he is one of the most successful lawyers in New
Hampshire, and his practice includes the highest order
of cases. Mr. Burns, although a good lawyer in all
the branches of his profession, especially excels as an
advocate. His advocacy is of a high order. He is
what most of our lawyers, and public speakers even,
are not, a natural orator. The whole bent and incli-
nation of his mind has, from his earliest years, always
been in this direction. He has given himself a thor-
ough training and practice at the bar, on the stump
and on all those varied occasions when a public
speaker is called upon to address the people. This
natural talent, thus trained, has made him a clear-cut,
incisive and polished orator, who never fails to hold
and impress his audience.

It can be said of him, what can be said of very few
men, he excels in advocacy and general oratory.
His arguments before juries best illustrate his power
as a speaker, while his jjublic addresses exhibit his
peculiar charm as an orator. As an advocate he ranks
among the first in the New Hampshire bar. As an ora-
tor he compares favorably with our best public sjjeak-
ers. He has held various important offices in the line of
his profession. In 1876 he was appointed by Governor
Cheney county solicitor for Hillsborough County, and
was subsequently re-elected twice to that office by the
people, the constitution in the mean time having been
changed so as to make the office elective instead of ap-
pointive. He held this office in all seven years, and dis-
charged the difficult and delicate duties of a prosecu-
ting officer in a large county ably and satisfactorily.

In February, 1881, he was appointed United States
district attorney for New Hampshire, and in Febru-
ary, 188r), was reappointed to that office, which he
still holds, bringing to the performance of its duties
the same zeal and fidelity which he does to all his
professional labors.

Mr. Burns has been a life-long Republican. His
father, Charles A. Burns, was an active and prominent
anti-slavery worker in that little band of anti-slavery
agitators which existed in Milford. Young Burns
when a boy was brought in contact with such men as
Parker Pillsbury, Wendell Phillips^ William Lloyd
Garrison and Fred Douglass, and imbibed the senti-
ments with which they were animated, so that by force
of these influences he was naturally a Republican,
welcoming this party as the means to carry out the
principles of emancipation and freedom.

When quite young his interest in the Republican
cause, together with his aptitude for public speaking,
led him to take the stump for his party. For years
he has performed in this way the most efficient ser-
vice for the Republican party, and to-day is one of its
ablest and most eloquent stump-speakers. Mr. Burns

was elected county treasurer of Hillsborough County
in 1864 and 1865. He was also a member of the New
Hampshire State Senate in 1873 and again in 1879, and
in both years was chairman of the judiciary committee
took a prominent part in directing and shaping the
and legislation of those years. He was appointed by
Governor Head, in 1879, on his staff", judge advocate-
general, with the rank of brigadier-general.

He Avas a delegate-at-large to the National Repub-
lican Convention at Cincinnati in 1876, and repre-
sented the New Hampshire delegation on the com-
mittee on resolutions. He was one of the three New
Hampshire delegates who strenuously opposed Mr.
Blaine's nomination for President, at first voting for
Mr. Bristow and finally for Mr. Hayes.

He was selected to preside at the Republican State
Convention, held at Concord September 10, 1878, and
upon assuming the chair made one of his character-
istic speeches. The speech was delivered just after
the Greenback party had won a victory in Maine,
and the public mind was full of false theories, and
the high ground taken by the speaker in favor of
honest money and national faith created a deep im-
pression throughout the State. It was everywhere
commended as a strong, forcible presentation of the
issues of the hour. Mr. Burns is a man of scholarly
tastes and habits ; he has a fine law library, one of
the best in the State, and a choice and valuable col-
lection of miscellaneous books. He is an honorary
member of the New Hampshire Historical Society,
and also of the New England Historical and Geneal-
ogical Society. In 1874, Dartmouth College con-
ferred upon Mr. Burns the honorary degree of A.M.
He is a life-long and prominent Mason, having taken
thirty-two degrees in that order. He has also been
master of the lodge with which he is connected.

Mr. Burns was united in marriage with Sarah N.
Mills, of Milford, N. H., upon his twenty-first birth-
day, January 19, 1856, by whom he has had eight chil-
dren, four of whom are now living, — two sons and two
daughters. His oldest son, Arthur H., a high-minded
young man of fine character and great promise, died
in 1877, when only twenty years of age, a great loss
to his parents and to the community in which he
lived, by whom he was universally loved and respected,

Mr. Burns has a fine homestead in Wilton, in which
and all its surroundings he very properly takes great
pride and pleasure. To his wife, his family and his
home he has ever been loyally and devotedly attached.

On the twenty-fifth anniversary of his wedding his
friends to a large number met at his house to celebratt-
with him that occasion. It was a notable gathering.
Governor Head and many other prominent persons
were present and celebrated with his friends that event
with good cheer, with the giving of many valuable
presents and by appropriate speeches, expressive of
their regard and appreciation of the lives and char-
acter of Mr. Burns and liis wife, and by otlier appro-
priate literary exercises.

The engraving in this "History of Hillsborough
County," which accompanies this sketch of his life,
is from a photograph taken January 19, 1885, the day
he was fifty years of age.

HISTORY OF MANCHESTER.

CHAPTER I.

Settlements— Names of

Geographical— Indian Occupancy— The First
Pioncers-The Fisheries-Biographical Notices of Early Settlers.

Manchester lies in the eastern part of the county,
and is bounded as follows : On the north by Merrimack
County, on the east and south by Rockingham
County, and on the west by Bedford and Goflfstown.

This territory was originally occupied by the Am-
oskeag Indians, a tribe subject to the Penacooks,
who dwelt around Amoskeag Falls. The Indians,
however, did not remain here until the advent of the
white settlers. Probably forty years elapsed after the
red man left his much-loved fisheries at the falls be-
fore the white man became a permanent resident.

The First Settlement.— To John Goffe, Jr., Ed-
ward Lingtield and Benjamin Kidder is ascribed the
honor of having been the first white settlers within
the limits of the present town of Manchester. They
located in 1722 and erected habitations on Cohas
Brook.

The excellent fisheries at this point soon attracted
the attention of other enterprising pioneers, and not
many years elapsed ere the locality witnessed a large
(for that early day) influx of settlers, anxious to rear
their home.s at the " fishing at Ammosceeg." Among
these were John McNeil, Archibald Stark, Benjamin
Hadley, Benjamin Stevens, Nathaniel ^lartin, Eph-
raim Hildreth, Charles Emerson, William Perham,
Benjamin Kidder, Benjamin Blodgett, John Ridell,
Alexander McMurphy, Jr., John Hall, Thomas Hall,
Michat'l McClintock, David Dickey, William Gam-
ble, Robert Anderson, Barber Leslie, William Nutt.

Of thesL- early st.'ttlers nearly all were active, en-
terprising men, while some were possessed of marked
ability, and subsequently became thoroughly identi-
fied with the i)ublic »;nter})ri3es of their day in this
section of the Merrimack Valley. Many of these
early settlers were from Londonderry, and were of
Scotch-Irish extraction.

JiHiN Goffe was an influential man in the new
settlement, and had a son John, who became a distin-
guished officer in the French and Indian War.
Benjamin Kidder doubtless came here about
40 b

1722 with his father-in-law, John GofFe, as he was a
grantee of Londonderry in that year. He probably
was originally of Billerica. He entered in the com-
pany under the famous Captain Lovewell, in the ex-
pedition against Pequauquauke, and while on the
march, and in the neighborhood of Ossipee Lake, was
taken sick. It is probable that he did not long sur-
vive the hardships and exposures of this expedition.
His son, John Kidder, was named as a legatee in
the will of his grandfather, John GofFe, Esq., made
in 1748.

Edward Lingfield. — Of Edward Lingfield very
little is known. He married a daughter of John
Goffe, Esq., and settled here about 1722. He was
a corporal in Lovewell's expedition, was one of the
thirty-four men who marched from Ossipee Lake to
Pequauquauke, and took part in that famous battle,
where he fought with great bravery. He was one of
the nine men in that battle "who received no consid-
erable wounds." After his return from that expedi-
tion he received an ensign's commission as a reward
of his heroic conduct in the battle of Pequauquauke.
Archibald Stark was born at Glasgow, in Scotland,
in 1693. Soon after graduating at the university he
moved to Londonderry, in the north of Ireland, be-
coming what was usually denoted a "Scotch-Irish-
man." There he was married to a poor, but beautiful
Scotch girl, by the name of Eleanor Nichols, and emi-
grated to America. He at first settled in Londonderry,
where he remained uniil some time in 1736, when, hav-
ing his house burned, he removed to that portion of
land upon the Merrimack then known as Harrytowu,
upon a lot that had been granted to Samuel Thaxter
by the government of Massachusetts, and Avhich was
situated upon the hill upon the east bank of the
Merrimack, a short distance above the falls of Na-
maoskeag. Here he resided until his death. An
educated man. Stark must have had a strong desire
that his children should enjoy the advantages of an
education; but in a wilderness surrounded by sav-
ages, and upon a soil not the most inviting, the suste-
nance and protection of his family demanded his
attention rather more than their education. His
children, however, were instructed at the fireside in

MANCHESTER.

the rudiments of an English education, and such
principles were instilled into them as, accompanied
with energy, courage and decision of character, made
them fit actors in the stirring events of that period.
His education fitted him rather for the walks of
civil life ; but yet we find him a volunteer for the
protection of the frontier against the ravages of the
Indians in 1745 ; and for the protection of the people
in this immediate neighborhood, a fort was built at
the outlet of Swager's or Fort Pond, which, out of
compliment to Mr. Stark's enterprise in building
and garrisoning the same, was called Stark's Fort.

Mr. Stark had seven children, — four sons and three
daughters. His four sons — William, John, Archi-
bald and Samuel — were noted soldiers in the Indian
and French wars, and the three oldest had distin-
guished themselves as officers in the notable corps
of Rangers prior to their father's death. The
second son, John, became the famous partisan oflficer
in the Revolution, and as a brigadiei won unfading
laurels at the battle of Bennington. Mr. Stark died
the 25th day of June, 1758, aged sixty-one years.

John Hall came to this country probably after
1730. He tarried some time in Londonderry, and
then moved upon a lot of land near the west line of
Chester, and in that part of the town afterwards set
off to form the town of Derryfield. He was an en-
ergetic business man, and for a series of years trans-
acted much of the public business of this neighbor-
hood and town. He kept a public-house until his
death. The original frame house built by him, but
added to according to business and fashion, until
little of the original could be recognized, was stand-
ing until 1852, when it was destroyed by fire. It had
always been kept as a public-house, and generally
by some one of the name.

Mr. Hall was the agent of the inhabitants for
obtaining the charter of Derryfield in 1751, and was
the first town clerk under that charter. He was
elected to that office fifteen years, and in one and
the same year was moderator, first selectman and
town clerk.

William Gamble and Michael McClintock.
— William Gamble came to this country in 1722, aged
fourteen years. He and two elder brothers, Archi-
bald and Thomas, and a sister, Mary, started to-
gether for America, but the elder brothers were
pressed into the British service upon the point of
sailing, leaving the boy William and his sister to
make the voyage alone. William was saved from
the press-gang alone by the ready exercise of
*' woman's wit." The Gambles had started under the
protection of Mr. and Mrs. Michael McClintock,
who resided in the same neighborhood, and were about
to emigrate to New England. Upon witnessing the
seizure of the elder brothers, Mrs. McClintock called
to William Gamble, "Come here, Billy, quickly,"
and upon Billy approaching her, she continued,
"Snuggle down here, Billy," and she hid him under

the folds of her capacious dress ! There he re-
mained safely until the gang had searched the house
for the boy in vain, and retired in high dudgeon at
their ill success.

Upon coming to this country the McClintocks
came to Londonderry. They were industrious, thriv-
ing people, and Michael and William, his son, built
the first bridge across the Cohoes, and also another
across the Little Cohoes, on the road from Amos-
keag to Derry. These bridges were built in 1738,
and were probably near where bridges are now main-
tained across the same streams on the "old road to
Derry." The McClintocks were voted twenty shil-
lings a year for ten years for the use of these bridges.

William Gamble, upon his arrival in Boston, went
to work on the ferry from Charleston to Boston. Here
he remained two years. During the Indian War of
1745 he joined several "scouts," and upon the com-
mencement of the " Old French War," in 1755, hav-
ing lost his wife, he enlisted in the regular service,
and was in most of the war, being under Wolfe on
the " Plains of Abraham."

John McNeil came to Londonderry with the first
emigrants in 1719. The McNeils of Scotland and in
the north of Ireland were men of known reputation for
bravery, and Daniel McNeil was one of the Council
of the city of Londonderry, and has the honor, with
twenty-one others of that body, of withstanding the
duplicity and treachery of Lundy, the traitorous
Governor, and affixing their signatures to a resolu-
tion to standby each other in defense of the city, which
resolution, placarded upon the market-house and
read at the head of the battalions in the garrison,
led to the successful defense of the city.

John McNeil was a lineal descendant of this
councilor. Becoming involved in a quarrel with a
person of distinction in his neighborhood, who at-
tacked him in the highway, McNeil knocked him from
his horse, and left him to be cared for by his re-
tainers. This encounter, though perfectly justifi-
able on the part of Mr. McNeil, as his antagonist
was the attacking party, made his tarry in Ireland
unpleasant, if not unsafe, and he emigrated to
America, and settled in Londonderry. Here he es-
tablished a reputation not only as a man of courage
but one of great strength, and neither white or red
man upon the borders dared to risk a hand-to-hand
encounter with him. Measuring six feet and a half
in height, with a corresponding frame, and stern, un-
bending will, he was a fit outpost, as it were, of
civilization, and many are the traditions of his per-
sonal encounters during a long and eventful border
life. His wife, Christian, was well mated with him
of strong frame and great energy and courage. It
is related that upon one occasion a stranger came to
the door and inquired for McNeil. Christiana told
him that her " gude mon " was not at home. Upon
w hich the stranger expressed much regret. Christiana
inquired as to the business upon which he came,

HISTOllY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY. NEW HAMPSHIRE.

' "Our fiithers treasured the slimy prize :
Tliey loved the eel as their very eyC3 :
And of one 'tis siiid, with a slander rife,
For a string of eels he sold his wife I

" From the eels they formed their food in chief,
And eels were culled 'Derrijjield beef.' '
And the marks of eels were so plain to trace,
That the children looke<l like eels in the face ;
And hefore they walked, it is well confirmed,
That the children never crept, but tqiiirmed.

"Such a mii^hly power diil the s'linirmers wield
O'er the goodly men of old Derryfield,
It wiui often said that their only care,
And their only wish, ami their only prayer,
For the present world and the w(]rld to come.
Was a »triii;; o/ eeU imil ajiiij uf rum .' "

— r^lr.ic j.nm fo>m by Williim i^turk, reul at Ihe centennial celfbnilio,, of
Haw letter in liS.'il.

a:Kl the stranger toUl her he had heard a great deal
<,f the strength of McNeil and his skill in wrestling,
and he hail come some considerable distance to throw
him. "And troth, mou," said Christiana McNeil.
" Johnny is gone, but I'm not the woman to see ye
tlisappointed, an' I think if ye '11 try mon, I'll throw
ye meself." The stranger, not liking to be thus ban-
tered by a woman, accepted the challenge, and, sure
enough. Christian tripped his heels and threw him
upon the ground. The stranger, upon getting up,
thought he would not wait for " Johnny," but left
witlKUit diiuiiing to leave his name.

The Fisheries at Amoskeag-.— At the time the
white settlers located along the Merrimack the fish-
eries at Amoskeag Falls had became famous through
the adjacent country. Here salmon, shad, the alewife
and lamprey eel ^ were found in great abundance.

In a journal kept by Hon. Matthew Patten, of Bed-
ford, is the following entry :

" IT.'.'J, Juno 8-9.— Fished at NaniosUeag Falls and got 120 shad and I
guve Robert McMni-phy 10 of them, and I got 4 shad and Ismail salmon
for my part from the setting-place. Wm. Peters fished for me by the
halves."

Says Judge Potter, in his "History of Manches-
ter,"—

"The fishing at .\moskcag was of the greatest importance to the peo-
ple. Tradition has it that the Kcv. Mr. McGregore was the first person
of tlie Londonderry settlement to visit the Falls, led thither by curiosity,
and prompted by information obtained at .\ndover as to their grandeur
and the abundance of fish to be found near them at certain seasons of
the year. From this fact originated the custom of presenting Mr. Mc-
Gregore and his successors the firet fruits of the fishing season. The
first fish caught by any man of Londonderry, salmon, shad, alewife or
eel, was reserved as a gift to ' the minister.'

" .\b early as 1720 a road was laid out and built from Xiiiian Cochran"?
house (in Londonderry), ' then keeping by or near tlie old path to Ani-
moeceeg Falls.' .\nd another road was laid out at the same time inter-
secting the ' Ammosceeg road,' for the accommodation of other sections
of the town. This undert^iking of building a road some ten miles
through the wilderness, in the infancy of that colony, shows of how

great importance the 'fishing at Ammosceeg' was considered by the
people of Londonderry ; and it was natural that they should be strenu-
ous in maintaining their claim to the lands adjacent. Accordingly, we
find their claim to the lands and the subject of the fisheries connected
with them matters acted upon in their town-meetings at an early date.
As early as 1729 people had moved upon these lands probably for the-
purpose of liolding them for Massachusetts, she claiming to a line three
miles east of the Merrimack by her charter. This was a serious matter
for the people of Londonderry, and in the warrant for a town-meeting
bearing date January 8, 1730-31, there was the following article :

'"llthly. To see whether they will allow a Lawyer to be consulted
about those persons that are settling at Ammosceeg.' And at the meet-
ing this article was thus disposed of, —

" ' llthly. Voted that tliey are willing to leave the consulting of a law-
yer about the settlement that is carried on at Ammosceeg to the select-
men and committee that is appointed for the defence of the propriety.'

" It is not known what action was taken by the selectmen and committee
upon the matter ; but it is to be inferred, as the records are silent upon
the subject, that no legal action was taken at that time. The people from
Massachusetts continued to occupy the lands in this neighborhood at in-
tervals, and it is probable that some of them had a continuous occupa-
tion from this time under the authority of their government. Under
such circumstances it is probable that after 'consulting a lawyer,' the
people of Londonderry concluded to take quiet possession of the land and
wait the result of the hearing about to be had in England as to the
claims of JIassachusetts. That the people of Londonderry continued in
control of tlie business here is shown by the records of the following
year, wherein is found the warrant, one article of which reads thus,^

" ' 4th ly. To see whether they will beat the expense of two canoos to
be kept at Ammosceeg for the safety of the people at the fishing."

" On the day of the meeting, Aprir22, 1731, the following action was
had on the ith article :

" '4thly. That in order to the safety of our town's people at the fishing
at Ammosceeg the selectmen is empowered to allow and pay out of the
public charge or rates of the town three pounds in Bills of cre<lit to such
person or persons as shall be obliged to make two good sufficient canoos,
the selectmen obliging the aforesaid undertakers to serve the Inhabi-
tants of the town the whole time fishing before any out town's people,
and shall not exceed one shill pr hundred for all the fish that they shall
ferry over from the Islands and the owner of the fish and his attendants
is to be ferried backwards and forwards at free cost."'

The whites took the tish with spears, scoop-nets
and seines, and in large quantities; so that people
coming from the surrounding country with their
wagons and carts could get them tilled sometimes for
the carting the shad away, to make room for the sal-
mon, and always for a mere trifling price. Immense
quantities of shad were taken at one haul or drag of
the seine. The y^eio Hampshire Gazette of May 23,
1760, has the following item under its editorial head :

"One day last week, was drawn by a net at one Draught, Two Thou-
sand Five hundred odd Shad Fish, out of the Kiver Merrimack near Bed-
ford, in this Province. Thought remarkable by some people."

Among the names given to the various fishing-])laces
were the following : Eel Falls. Fire Mill, Todd Gut,
Russ Ray's Hookiug-Place, South Gut, Thompson
Place, Watching Falls, Little Pulpit, Mudget Place,
Slash Hole, Point Rock, Black Rock, Swine's Back,
Snapping-Place, Pulpit, Hacket's Stand, Sullivan's
Point, Crack in tlie Rock, Bat Place, Dalton Place,
Puppy Trap, Pot Place, Patten Rock, Setting Place,
Maple Stump. Yhe Colt, Salmon Rock, Eel Trap,
Salmon Gut, Mast Rock.

MANCHESTER.

■ia

CHAPTER II.

MANCHESTER. {Continued.)

The I'rench and Indian War— A Fort Built— Names of Soldiers from
Derryfield— Captain Goffe and Others— Derr.yfield 3Ien at Crown Point ;
also at Fort William Henry— War of the Revolution— First Action
of the Town- DeiTj'field Men at Lexington— Names of Revolutionary
Soldiers— Major-General John Stark— Sketch of His Life— Burial-
Place.

DuBiNG the French and Indian War, which began
in 1746, the settlers of Amoskeag took an active part
and a fort was erected at the ontlet of what is now
Nntt's Pond. There were soldiers from this town also
in the French war in 1755, this locality sending three
companies. These were commanded by Captains
Goffe and Moor, of Derryfield, and the other by Cap-
tain Rogers, of what is now Dunbarton.

The roll of Captain Goffe was as follows :

John Goffe, captain ; Samuel Moor, lieutenant ; Nathaniel Martain,
ensign ; Jonathan Corlis, sergeant ; Jonas Hastings, sergeant ; John
Goffe, Jr., sergeant ; Thomas Merrill, clerk ; Samuel JIartain, corporal :
John Jloor, corporal ; Joshua Jlartain, corporal ; Benjamin Eastman,
corporal; Benjamin Kidder, drummer; .Joseph George, John Bedell,
Benjamin Hadley, Thomas George, Israel Young, Josiah Rowell, Wil-
liam Kelley, Joseph 3Ierrill, Daniel Corlis, EbenezerCoston, Daniel Mar-
tain, Jacob Silliway, Stephen George, David Nutt, Robert Nutt, Obadiah
Hawes, David Willson, William Ford, Aaron Quinby, Nathan Howard,
Thomas McLaughlin, John Littell, William :McDugal, Robert Holmes,
John Wortl}', Benjamin Vickery, William Barron, Nathaniel Smith,
William Walker, David Welch, Caleb Daulton, James Fetters, Aaron
Copps, Jacob Jewell, Ebenezer Martain, John Harwood, Amaziah Hil-
dreth, John Kidder, John Bowell and Thoniiis Wortly.

Captain Moor's roll was as follows :

John Moor, captain ; Antony Emary, lieutenant ; Alexander Todd,
ensign : Matthew Read, sergeant ; Thomas Read, sergeant ; James
Moor, sergeant ; William Spear, sei-geant ; Ezekiel Steel, corporal ; Sam-
uel McDuffy, corporal ; John Rickey, corporal ; John Spear, corporal ;
Robert Cochran, Theophalas Harvey, Barber Lesly, ■William Campble,
James Onail, Robert Tawddle, John McCordy, Thomas Gregg, Joshua
Bowlings, Thomas Ilutchings, Robert Edwards, Edward Cams, Alexan-
der INIcClary, Robert Smith, David Yance, Robert Kennade, Robert 5Ic-
Keen, James Bean, John Cunningham, Samuel Boyde, John Crage,
James Oughterson, Michael Johnson, John Logan, Robert Jlorrel, John
McNight, John Welch, James Ligget, John Mitchel, Daniel Toword,
Esa Stevens, Mark Care (or Kary,) Samuel Jliller, Edward Bean, Wil-
liam Kenniston, James Baley, Nathaniel McKary.

The following, mostly from this neighborhood, were
at the battle of Lake George, and were subsequently
known as the " Rangers : "

Robert Rogers, captain ; Richard Rogers, lieutenant ; Noah Johnson,
ensign ; James Archibald, sergeant ; John McCurdy, sergeant ; James
McNeal, corporal : Nathaniel Johnson, corporal ; John Michel, Isaac
Colton, James Henry, James Clark, Timothy Hodsdase, John Wadleigh,
Stephen Young, Joshua Titwood, James Adison, Jonathan Silaway,
John Brown, Elisha Bennett, Rowling Foster, James Grise, James 3Ior-
gan, James Welch, Matthew Christopher, James Simonds, Charles Dud-
ley, John Kiser, John Hartman, John Frost, James Mars, Samuel Letch,
David Nutt, William McKeen, Nathaniel Smith, Philip Wills, William
Cunningham, William Aker, John Leiton, William Wheeler, Simon
Toby, Benjamin Squanton, Pileh Simpson, Piller 3Iahanton.

A regiment of New Hampshire men was raised for
the expediti'm to Crown Point in 1756, of which John
GoflFe was ma or. The company from this locality
was as follows :

Nathaniel Martun. lieutenant : Thomas Merrel, second lieutenant ;John
Goffe, Jr., ensign; Samuel JIartain, sergeant; Joseph Eastman, ser-

geant ; Ebenezer Martain, sergeant ; Thomas McLaughlin, sergeant ;
John Wortly, corporal ; John Straw, corporal ; Jacob Jewell, corporal ;
Josiah Canfield, corporal ; Benjamin Kidder, drummer ; Joseph Ordway,
.Foseph George, Benjamin Hadly, Thomas George, William Kencstun,
Ebenezer Coaston, John McClellen, Jonathan Fifield, James Blancliard,
Paul Fowler, Plumer Hadley, John Fowler, Peter Moose, Joel Manuiiel,
George Sheppard, Samuel Sheppard, James McCaughlin, Ebenezer Ord-
way, Isaac Walker, James Petei's, Jacob Sawyer, Daniel Flanders, Daniel
Emerson, William Barron, Timothy Barron, .\iidrew Stone, Caleb Emary,
Zebediah Farnum, Luther Morgan, Joseph Pudney, John McLaughlin,.
John Kedder, Caleb Daulton.

The following company of Derryfiokl men were at
the siege of Fort William Henry :

Richard Emary, captain ; Nathaniel Jlartain, first lieutenant ; PaU
lata Russell, second lieutenant ; John Jloore, ensign ; Darby Kelley,
sergeant; Joseph Pearsons, sergeant; Benjamin Kidder, Sr., sergeant ;
John Little, sergeant ; Caleb Emary, Sr., corporal ; Robert 5Iurdock,
corporal; Micajah Wynn, corporal ; John llutchenson, corporal ; George
Berry, drummer ; Josiah Bean, Jonathan Prescutt, Benjamin Roberts,
John Jloore, Joseph Whicherweed, James Dunlap, Edward Bean, Wil-
liam Batchelder, Edward Critchet, Joseph Hillayerd, Ebenezer Hutchen-
son, Samuel llardie, Henry Hutchenson, Joseph Ekerson, .Jonathan
Melcher, Samuel Ring, Elijah Ring, Hezekiah Swaine, William Towle,
Joseph Webster, John Burnes, Jonathan Corlis, .Ir., Asa Corlis, James
Clough, Caleb Daulton, Caleb Emary, Jr., Daniel Emerson, .John Grif-
fin, John Gorden, Thomas George, Thomas Kennady, Robert Kennady,
Benjamin Ividder, Jr., JohnIvidder,Willi,amMcDugall, (forB. Linkfield),
John Jlerrill, James Patterson, Benjamin Pettingal, Ezekiel Stevens,
James Titcomb, Leonard Blanchard, Timothy Barron, William P.iitter-
field, James McCalley, Samuel Gibson, Thomas Lancey, Josiah Parker,
Simon McQuestin, Peter Bnssell, Samuel Chase, John Davis, Benjamin
Davis,;william Hutchenson, David Parker, Henry Parker, William Sil-
laway, John Webster, (for D. Allen), William Drought, Lazarus Rowe,
Daniel Darling, Stephen Oilman, Tristram Quimby, John Sandburne,
Gideon Young, Samuel Young, Stephen Webster, Solomon Prescutt,
Thomas Parker, Ceasar Nero, John Corlis, David Nutt, Ebenezer Coar-
ston, Moses Chase, John Stell, Jacob Bridgham, Patrick Clark.

The first vote of the town in relation to the "NVar ot
the Revolution was under date of January 2, 1775,
when it was voted to call a meeting on the 16th of
the same month, —

"21y. To see if the town will chose a man or men as Deputies to go to
Exeter the 2oth Day of January Instant, in Behalf of said town in or-
der to meet with the Deputies from the Neighboring Towns in said
Province."

At this meeting it was

"T'oied on the second article, not to send a man to Exeter, but that the
Selectmen send a Letter to said E.xeter, and insert in said Letter that
the said town will bear their Equal proportion of money that shall here-
after arise towards paying the cost of the General Congress, as any
other town in the Province."

There were thirty-four men from Derryfield in the
battle of Lexington, and there were but tliirly-six
men in the entire town capable of bearing arms. The
names of the soldiers have not been procured, but
the subjoined tax-list of Derryfield for 1775 shows
that a large majority of the tax-payers were of the
volunteers :

£ ». d. q.

" Conl. John Goffe « ^^ •* "

John Rand, Esiir "13 S

JIaj. John Moors 3 13 b -

Ensin. Samuel Jloore Jo 11

James mc Night

Capt. Nathaniel Merton

William Nutt ^'

3 6

9 9 2

Timothv Mertion " ^ '* ^

(I 10 5 5

3 fi

John Griffen

John Griffen, Junr ^

Benjamin Baker ^ * ^ -

HISTORY OF IIILLSBOKOUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

James McNight

Col. John tiotfe

Majr. John Moore "

William Nutt . .
John Gi-imn . .
Benjamin Baker
Joseph lleorge .
Thomas Newman

Abraham Merrell -

Joseph Farmer ^

Ensn. Sanuicl Stark "

Levt. John Hall ....
William Gamble . . .

John Diokey

Capt. Alexr. mc murphy
Ensn. Samuel Boyd

Michael McClintock

William mcClintock 1

('apt. Wm. Parham

Charles Emerson

John Hervey . . . .
John Hughs . . .
James Pairce . . . .
Paviii Starret ...
Zaccheus Richison .
Moses Merrill . . .
Capt. Samuel Moor.

Ensn. .\lirahani
Ezekiel Staving . .
Daniel hall ....
Levt. John Parlmiii
James Garinan . . .

Merrill

111

William Parham, Junr 1

Joseph Sanders

Jonathan Merrill

Moses Crombie

Nathaniel MeiTill

Levt. Ebenezer Stavina

£44 19 6"

The following sketches of Revolutionary patriots
are taken from Judge Potter's "History of Man-
chester."

Majok-Gexkual John Stark was the third
son of Archibald Stark, Esq., one of the early settlers
of Derryfield. His father was a man of education,
and imparted to his children such instruction, and
such principles at the fireside as few others ujwn the
frontier were able to confer upon their children. Dur-
ing Stark's boyhood the remnants of the Pennacook
Indians were still in the Merrimack Valley, and made
Amoskcag their annual rendezvous during the fishing
season, and, in fact, in the earlier Indian wars, some
of them were employed as soldiers by our govern-
ment, and were enrolled with other soldiers. In this
manner, young Stark, a hunter from position and
necessity, became well acfjuaintcd with the habits of
the Indians. This knowledge gave him a .superiority
over most of his brother soldiers in the war with the
Indians and French that followed. However, this
knowledge would have been to no great purpose had
it not been united in him with other qualities pecu-
liarly befitting a soldier of those times. He was re-
markable for the vigor and activity of the physical
man, and hence for his capability in sustaining fa-
tigue. Adding to these, quit;k perception, indomit-
able energy and remarkable decision of character, he

was the bokiier for the times in which he lived, and,
in fact, such qualities are the elements of success at any
and all times. His success as an officer in the noted
Rangers of the Seven Years' War gave him a popu-
larity among the people at large, and the soldiers in
particular, that placed him in the front rank as a suc-
cessful soldier upon the breaking out of the Revolution.
It was this popularity among the soldiers that gained
his services to the country, for if his appointment or
promotion had been left to the politicians of the day,
it is doubtful, from the way in which he was treated by
them, whether he could have succeeded to any com-
mand. Once at the head of a regiment, and in ser-
vice, the battle-field told the story of his bravery.
His brilliant achievements at Bunker Hill, Trenton,
Princeton and Bennington are well known.

Early in 1778 he repaired to Albany and assumed
the command of the Northern Department, and re-
mained there until ordered to join General Gates at
Providence.

He passed the winter in New Hampshire, in urging
forward recruits and supplies, but in the spring joined
General Gates at Providence.

In November, by General Washington's orders, he
joined him in New Jersey, and after a short time was
sent by Washington to New England to make requi-
sition for men and provisions.

In 1780 he was with Washington at Morristown, and
took part in the battle of Springfield.

Soon after, he Avas ordered to New England, col-
lected a body of militia, and marched them to West
Point.

General Stark was one of the court martial who
decided the fate of Major Andre, and reluctantly,
though in obedience to his duty, and for his country's
advantage, favored the sentence of death upon that
brave but unfortunate officer.

In 1781 he again took charge of the Northern De-
partment. The country was overrun with robbers
and Tories, and he had but a weak and inefficient
force, but his strict discipline and stern justice dealt
out to spies and Tories soon brought things into better
order.

The capture of Lord Cornwallis brought the war to
a close, but General Stark was ordered to New Hamp-
shire for men and supplies.

The most of 1782 he was afflicted with a rheumatic
complaint, brought on by long exposure, and was not
able to join his command.

In 1783, however, he joined Washington, and soon
after aided by his counsels in allaying those feelings
of disquiet excited by the treacherous Newburg letters
among the officers and soldiers of the army. Upon
news of peace. Stark bore the happy intelligence
to New Hampshire, and forthwith retired to his
farm at Derryfield to enjoy that repose he so much
needed.

But his active mind could not be at rest, and he en-
gaged in all of those plans for the advantage of the

^BF'

^csfi'^j-'

ry^/jri.^ ^' 4

4fi !TTSTOnV OF HILI-SBOROT^OIT COUNTY, NEW HAMPSniRE.

::icii lie iivcd, and,

• ' '■-'■■ ■■*s at any

'■ noted

heSev' V War : 'Pu-

;• the i> large, . .-iuldiers in

' -I laiik as a suc-

h(; Revolution.

;hat gained

Mj)ointment or

- of the day,

.;3 treated by

(1 to any com-

iit, and in ser-

'us bravery.

"'•-^'-•tou,

' and asaumed

. -tment, and re-

neral Gates at

^bire, in urging
•ring joined

- tirders, he

t time was

make reCjui-

Jl.i ' V\ II, tl

,id

nid, col-
ic West

-lartial who
id rehictantly,
or bis country's
•ath upon that

ern De-

ith robbers

ii inefficient

■ tice dealt

;.i(> better

t the war to
New Hamp-

. rheumatic
nd was not

ieeling.'i

i)urg letters

my. Upon

*clligence

i to his

iep<;!»e he so much

•1 ill'' en-
Al'tbp

ey^ayi /i^^ y7c~W^

\4^

MANCHESTER.

town iuid State which were so necessary to be matured
and carried out by clear heads and strong nerves.

The unjust claim of the Masouian proprietors to the
lauds betwixt a straight and a curve line, between the
northeast and the northwest corner bounds of the
JVIasonian grant was first successfully opposed by him,
and to his exertions it was mainly owing that the
Legislature took the matter in hand, and established
the claim of the State to the lands in question, thus
quieting hundreds of small farmers in the possession
of their lands, and in the end adding largely to the
funds of the State.

He was ever found upon the side of his country,
and when, in 1786, discontent had ripened into open
rebellion, and the Legislature had been surrounded
by armed malcontents, the veteran Stark stood ready
for the occasion, and would have volunteered his ser-
vices had not the insurrection been repressed by the
judicious councils and determined action of the gal-
lant Sullivan, who was at thattime, most opportunely,
at the head of our State government.

He refused all civil office that would take him from
his home, but in his native town he was ready to
serve his townsmen in any capacity where he could
be of advantage, and that did not trespass too much
upon his valuable time.

Thus living not for himself alone, but for his country,
the veteran Stark passed into the wane of life, ever
r' taking, as long as life lasted, a lively interest in every
incident in our country's history. At length, suffering
from the effects of a paralytic shock, at the extreme
age of ninety-three years, eight months and twenty-
two days, the old hero departed this life on Wednes-
day, the 8th day of May, 1822.

The Friday following his death his remains were
interred, with military honors, in a cemetery he had
inclosed ujion his own farm, a large concourse of
people being in attendance to witness the imposing
ceremony, and pay their last respects over the body
of the man who had contributed so largely in filling
■"the measure of his country's glory."

The cemetery is situated upon a commanding bluft"
upon the east bank of the Merrimack, and over his
remains his family have jilaced a plain shaft of
granite, indicative alike of his simplicity and hardi-
hood, upon which is inscribed " Maj. -General Stark."

This simple stone jioints to his ashes alone, but his
deeds are traced in deei3-lined characters uj^on the
pages of our country's history, while his memory is
engraven upon the hearts of his countrymen.

Such a name needs no other monument.

Major John Moore. — He had been an oflicer in
the preceding French war, in which he had won the
reputation of a man of courage and energy. After the
conquest of Canada he quietly settled down upon his
farm at Cohoes Brook. Upon the news of the battle of
Lexington he led his neighbors of Amoskeag to the
scene of action, and on the 24th of April was commis-
sioned by the Committee of Safety of Massachusetts

as a captain in Stark's regiment. Thomas McLaughlin,
of Bedford, was commissioned as his lieutenant at the
same time. He forthwith enlisted a company of fifty-
seven men, mainly of Derryfield, Bedford and Gotls-
town. His roll was as follows :

John Moore, captain ; Thomas McLaughlin, lieutenant ; Nathaniel
Boyd, sergeant; John O'Neil, sergeant ; David McQuig, sergeant ; John
Jordan, sergeant ; William Patterson, corporal ; Abraham Johnson, cor-
poral ; Joshua Page, corporal ; Samuel Patten, corporal ; Harry Glover
drummer ; James liuttorliold, filer ; John Alld, Kdward Bicksbey, Samuel
Barron, Benjamin Baker, John Callohau, John Cyphere, Samuel Cald-
well, Jonas C'uttiug, Edmoud Davis, Charles Kmerson, George KnieraoD,
Luke Egan, John Gofie, John Gregg, Benjamin George, James Gledder,
James Gibson, James Hogg, Arthur Iloit, Thomas Huse, Solomon Hutch-
inson, John Hunter, James Houston, George Hogg, Lemuel Harvey, Cal-
vin Johnson, Samuel Martin, Timothy Martin, David JIiKnight, James
JlcPherson, Jolin Caldwell McNi^il, John Mills, .Joseph Jlatthews, John
JlcPherson, Goffe Moore, Thomas McClary, Samuel Moore, David Moore,
John McMurphy, William Newman, Jkmes Orr, Archibald Stark, Caleb
Stark, John Turner, John Wyer, Hugh Campbell, Alexander Hutchin-
son, William McGilway, James Moore.

Three of the men joined the company at a subse-
quent date, viz. : Samuel Fatten, of Bedford, June
17th ; James Gibson, probably of Londonderry and
John McMurphy of Derryfield, July 16th. Samuel
Patten enlisted on the 17th, and, with the fifty-seven
others enlisted on the 24th of April, participated in
the battle of Bunker Hill. In that battle none did
better service than Captain John Moore and his
company of Amoskeag, as related elsewhere.

On the 18th of June, the day following the battle,
Captain Moore was complimented with a major's
commission, to take the place in Stark's regiment of
Major McClary, who had been killed in the battle of
the day preceding. Lieutenant McLaughlin was
promoted to the captaincy thus made vacant, and
Sergeant Nathaniel Boyd, of Derryfield, was made
lieutenant in his place. Major Moore remained with
the army but a few months, when the state of his
health obliged him to retire to his farm. He con-
tinued, however, his active participation in all matters
on foot in the town, county and State, to forward
the patriot cause, until his removal from the State,
in 1778. In that year he moved to Norridgewock, in
Maine, where he ever maintained a most respect-
able position in life. He died in January, 1809.

Major John Goffe was a son of the noted Colo-
nel John Goffe, of Derryfield. He resided in Bedford,
just across the Merrimack from his father. In the
Seven Years' War he was a lieutenant in Captain
Martin's company, in Goffe's regiment. At the
close of the French war he returned to Bedford and
resumed his occupation as a farmer and miller.
He received a captain's commission from Gov-
ernor Wentworth in 1764, and 1768 was pro-
moted to a majority. At the commencement of
hostilities he volunteered, went to Cambridge, en-
listed in Captain Moore's company as a private, and
was in the battle of Bunker Hill. In the summer
after, he left the army and returned home, his business
requiring his presence. Several of his sons served in
the War of the Revolution, and two of them lost their

HISTORY OF lllLLSBOKOUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

lives in that struggle— Stephen being lost at sea, and
William killed in an engagement. But in civil life
Major Gotle was active in the patriot cause, and was
successful in furnishing recruits for the army. When
General Stark called for more troops to assist in con-
quering Burgoyne, Major Gofie at once volunteered
his services as a private, and marched to the conflict,
thus favoring the great cause by precept and exam-
ple. Of a truth, the good that such men do lives after
them. He died at Bedford, aged eighty-five years.

Lieutenant John Okk was of Bedford, where, at
the commencement of the Revolution, he was a suc-
cessful larmer. He volunteered under Stark in his ex-
pedition to Bennington, and was appointed a lieu-
tenant in Captain McConnell's company, in Colonel
Stickney's regiment. This regiment was one of the
two that were sent against the Tory breast-work on
the right of the enemy's works, south of the Hoosac.
Early in the light Lieutenant Orr was wounded in the
knee by a musket-ball. Unable to stand, he lay upon
the ground some time before any one came to his
assistance. Sergeant Griffin then came to him, and
with the assistance of another soldier carried him to
a place of safety, forced to drag him upon his back
through a corn and flax-field to shun the sharpshoot-
ers of the enemy. From want of skill the fracture was
not properly reduced ; but employing a private sur-
geon he began to mend, but was unable to be removed
until February. On the 4th of that month he started
for home, riding upon a bed in a sleigh, and reached
home in ten days, after much suffering. He was una-
ble to step till the October following, with crutches
even. In the end he recovered his health, and though
ever lame, was able to resume the active duties of
life. He was much in public business, and filled the
offices of selectman. Representative and Senator in
the State Legislature with credit to himself in town
and district. Lieutenant Orr died in Bedford in Jan-
uary, 1823, aged sixty-five years.

Sergeant Ephraim Stevens was another true
soldier of Derryfield. He never knew fear. Whether
driving the Hessians from their quarters, or attacking
them without regard to disparity of numbers, as at
Trenton, he was the same dauntless man. He was
one who "snuffed the battle from afar," and was
ready to engage in it. When relating his affair
at Trenton, in beating up the quarters of the Hessians,
he was wont to say that the bayoneted Hessians, as
they lay upon tlie floor, was the prettiest sight he ever
saw. He was of powerful make, and had the reputation
of being the "strongest man in the army." In the
camp at Valley Forge, when, by the recommendation
of the officers, the soldiers engaged in all manner of
athletic sjtorts, Sergeant Stevens was wont to "beat
the ring" wrestling and lifting. The trial of strength
was in shouldering and carrying of "oak buts;" he

could shoulder and carry the biggest " oak but of any
man in the army." Such a man was invaluable as a
soldier. Want of education prevented his promotion.
After the close of the war Sergeant Stevens returned
to Derryfield and became a successful farmer. He
died in 1845, aged eighty-seven years.

Sergeant Theophilus Griffin. — He was an-
other brave soldier of Derryfield. He was with Stark
at the battle of Trenton, and was one of the men
who assisted Stevens in adventure with the Hessians,
before related. The most of the day he went bare-
footed through the snow, throwing oft' his worthless
shoes soon after commencing the pursuit of the re-
treating Hessians, and this without a murmur. No
man fought better than Theophilus Griffin ; but he
must have a leader. He could execute, not direct.
When the news came of the retreat from Ticonderoga
he was one of the first to volunteer his services to meet
the enemy, and was with Stark at Bennington, where,
in addition to fighting bravely, he assisted with the
greatest hazard in carrying Lieutenant Orr from the
field when disabled by a severe wound. After the
close of the war he settled down upon a small farm,
but with indifferent success as a farmer. Habits fos-
tered, if not contracted in the service unfitted him for
steady employment. He preferred the exciting scenes
of the camp to quiet labor, and, used to those, in the
time of peace he sought excitement where it could be
found, and, as was often the case with other soldiers,
passed the last years of his life with little advantage
to himself or society. He, however, fought nobly for
his country, and his name deserves a place among the
patriots of Derryfield. He died at Derryfield at an
advanced age.

Samuel Remick. — He was an apprentice in Bed-
ford at the time of Burgoyne's approach from the
north. He volunteered under Stark and was at the
battle of Bennington. He stood by Lieutenant Orr,
saw him fall and carried from the field. As he
emerged from the corn-field he took a position behind
an oak and commenced fii-ing upon the enemy. He
fired some eight or ten times, when, as he was loading
his gun, an unlucky bullet from the enemy's works
brought him to the ground. In this position he
loaded and fired several times upon the enemy. At
length, giving his gun to a man, the lock of whose
gun had been broken by a ball, he dragged himself to
a fence near by, where he was taken upon a blanket
and carried to the surgeon's quarters, an open field on
the banks of the Hoosac. He soon recovered, and
lived to a good old age, receiving the bounties of his
country for his sufferings in the cause of liberty.

The following were also in the war from this town :
Ephraim Stevens, David Merrill, James Thompson,,
Benjamin George, Isaac George, Ichabod Martin and
Robert McNight.

MANCHESTER.

CHAPTER III.

MAN CB.ESTER— {Continued).

CIVIL HISTORY.

The Cliarter of Derryfield — Original Boimds — Tlie First Town-Meeting —
Otticers Elected — Portion of Harrytown Annexed in 1795 — Town
Named Manchester in 1810 — List of Selectmen, Moderators and Town
Clerks— The Town-Meeting of 1840 — Much Excitement Prevails —
Thirty Constables Oiosen to Keep Order — ^The Waning Power of the
Town— Strength of the "New Village" — ^Firet Town-Meeting in the
"New Village" — Town House Erected — Incorporation of the City
First City Election— Officers Chosen — Organization of First City Gov-
ernment — List of Mayors and Clerks from Organization to 1885.

The town of Manchester, embracing portions of
the towns of Londonderry and Chester, and a tract of
land lying on the Merrimack River, belonging to the
Masonian proprietors, called " Harrytown," was char-
tered September 3, 1751, under the name of "Derry-
field." This name is said to have been derived from
the fact that the people of Londonderry had been ac-
customed to pasture their cattle within its limits.
The charter was as follows :

"Province of New Hampshire.
"LLS.]

"George the second by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and
Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, &c., and to all whom these presents

shall come.

" Greeting :

" Whereas, our loyal subjects, inhabitants of a tract of land within our
provinceof New Hampshire aforesaid, lying partly within that part of our
province of New Hampshire called Londonderry in part, and in part in
Chester, and in part of land not heretofore granted to any town within our
province aforesaid, have humbly petitioned and requested to us that they
may be erected and incorporated into a township, and infranchised with
the same powers and privileges which other towns within our said prov-
ince by law have and enjoy ; and it appearing to us to be conducive to tlie
general good of our said province, as well as of said inhabitants in partic-
ular, by nuiintaining good order, and encouraging tlie cidtivation of the
land, that the same should be done ; Know Ye, therefore, that we, of our
especial grace, certain knowledge and for the encouragement and pro-
moting the good purposes and ends aforesaid, by and with the advice of
our trusty and well-beloved Bennington Wentworth, Esq., our Governor
and Commander in Chief, and of our Council of our Province of New
Hampshire afore"said, have erected and ordained, and by these presents,
for ourselves and successors, do will and ordain, that the inhabitants of a
(the) tract of land aforesaid, shall inhabit and improve thereon hereaftei'
butted and bounded as follows, viz. : Beginning at a pitch pine tree
standing upon the town line, between Chester and Londonderry, marked
one hundred and thirty-four, being the bounds of one of the sixty-acre
lots in said Chester, being the South West corner of said lot ; thence run-
ning south into the township of Londonderry one hundred and sixty
rods to a stake and stones ; thence running west to Londonderry North
and South line ; thence running South upon Londonderry line to the Head
line of Litchfield to a stake and stones ; thence running upon the head
line of Litchfield to the Bank of the Merrinuick river ; thence running
up said river, as the river runs, eight miles to a stake and stones standing
upon the bank of said river ; thence running East South East one mile
and three quarters, through land not granted to any town, until it comes
to Chester line ; thence running two miles and a half and fifty-two rods
on the same course into the township of Chester, to a stake and stones ;
thence running south four miles and a half to the bounds first mentioned,
all which lands within said bounds which lies within the townships of
Londonderry and Chester aforesaid, are not to be liable to pay any taxes
or rates, but as they shall be settled, and by these presents are declared
and ordained to be a town corporated, and are hereby erected and incor-
porated into a body politick, and a corporation to have continuance for-
ever by the name of Derryfield, with all the powers, authorities, privi-
leges, immunities and infranchises to them the said inhabitants and their
successors forever, always reserving to us, our heirs, and successors, all
white pine trees growing and being, or that shall hereafter grow and be

on the said tract of land, fit for the use of our Royal Xavy, reserving
also the power of dividing Siiid town to us, ourhoii-saud successors, when
it shall appear necess;iry and convenient for the benefit of the inhabitants
thereof, and as the several towns within our said province of New lianip-
sliire, are by law thereof entitled and authorized to assemble, and by
the majority of votes to choose all said officers as are mentioned in tho
said laws.

" We do by these presents nominate and appoint John McMurphy to
call the first meeting of the inliabitants to be held within tho said town
at any time within twenty days from the day hereof, giving legal notice
of the time, place and design of holding said meeting in said town, after
which the annual meeting in uaid town shall be held for the choice of
town officers, and forever on the first JIunday in March annually. In
testimony whereof we have caused tho seal of our said Province to bo
hereto affixed.

•' Witness, Benning Wentworth, Esq., our Governor and Commander
in Chief of our said Province, the third day of September, in the year of
our Lord Christ, one thousand seven hundred and fifty-one, and in the
twenty-fifth year of our Keign.
"By His Excellency's Command
with advice of Council,

"B. Wentworth,
" Theodore Atkinson, Sec'y.

" Province of New Hampshire.

"Entered and recorded in the Book of Charter, this third day of Sep-
tember 1756, pages 79 & 80.

"Per Theodore Atkinson, Sec'i/."

This charter covered about eighteen square miles of
the southwest part of Chester, about nine square miles
of the northwest part of Londonderry, including Tiie
Peak, and the strip of land between Londonderry,
Chester and the Merrimack River, called Harrytown,
containing about eight square miles.

This charter did not embrace the whole of what was
known as Harrytown, a nook at the north part, be-
twixt Chester and the Merrimack being left ungranted.
This contained about two square miles, was called
Harrysborough, and was added to Derryfield in 1792.

The act of incorporation empowered John McMur-
phy to call the first town-meeting, which was held at
the house of John Hall, inn-holder, September 23,
1761, as follows :

"Province of New Hampshire.

"At a meeting of the proprietors, freeholders and inhabitants of
Derryfield, assembled at the house of John Hall, in said town. At this
first meeting upon Monday, the twenty-third day of September, Anno
Dom'o, 1751, by His Excellency's direction in tho charter for said town-
ship, dated September the third, 1751, according to the direction in said
charter, by His Excellency's command, 1, the subscriber issued a notiC(.»-
tion for choice of town officers upon the afforesaid day, and the alToresaid
house, and the people being assembled,
" Voted, John Goffe, first Selectman.

William Perliam, Ditto Selectman.
Nathaniel Boyd,
Daniel JIcNeil, "

Elieza Wells, "

"3dly, for town clerk, John Hall.

"4thly, Conmiissioners for .issessmenf, to examine the Selectmen's ac-
count, William .McClintock, William Stark,
"othly, for constable, Robert Anderson.
"Gthly, for tytliing men, John Harvey, William Elliott.
"7thly, for surveyors of highways, Abraham Merrill, John Riddle*

John Hall.
"Sthly, for Invoice men, Charles Emerson, Samuel Martin.
"9thly, for Haywanls, Moses Wells, William Gamble.
" lOthly, Deer-keepers, Charles Emereon, William Stark.
" 11th, for culler of staves, Benjamin Stevens.
"12thly, for surveyor of boards, planks, joists and timber, Abraham

Merrill.

"Recorded by me,

"John Hall, Toum Clerk."

HISTOKY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Thus thu town was organized under the charter.

The next town-meeting was holden the 16th ot
November following, and mainly lor the purpose of
raising money to defray the expenses of obtaining
the c-harter. On the 4th of November the meeting
was called by warrant of the Selectmen, the second
article of which was

•'■1. To nwc inouf.v to .lefray the cbargcs that Mr. John Hull lias been
ut ill obttiiniiig a corpomtion for said town ami to cliuse a committee for I
exaiiiiiiiiig and allowing his accounts."

At the meeting held November 20, 1751, upon the
second article of the warrant, it was

" Voted, that Mr. .lohn Hall be p liil all the money that a committee
u|ion the examination of his accounts shall allow to be his just due for
obtaining an incorpoi-ation for this town, and the committee's names are
a» foUowcth : John Goffe, William JlcClinto, William Perham."

This committee made their report to the selectmen
l)eeenil)er 21, 17')1, as follows:

" Deukvkield, December ye 21, 1751.

•'To the selectmen of Derryfield, Gents, We, the subscribers, being a
coiiiiuitti'o cliosen by the town of Derryfield to examine and allow the
accoiinU of Mr. John Hall, that we should find justly due to him for his
ubtuining a corporation for said town, we have set upon that affair, and
upon a critical examination of the accounts of said John we find that he
has fxi)ended in money and time, at a reasonable, or rather moderate al-
lowance, amounts to the sum of two hundred an<l fifty-one pounds old
tenor, and accordingly wi- judge it highly reasonable that he should
liave the sum with all possible expedition.

" Certified by us the day and year above.

"Wu.I.lAM MoCl.INTO,

"John Goffe,

" William Peuham,

" CommiUce Jllew."

At the same meeting the following votes were
passed :

":!dly, Volefl, to Kase 24 pounds old tenor, to be rased to paye fore
Prichinx for this present year.

" Ithly, Voted, to Kase 12 pounds old tenor to ilefiaj- the charges that
may arise Uie present year."

As originally incorporated, the town was wholly on
the east side of the Merrimack. In 1795, by an act
of the Legislature, a gore of land was annexed to the
north side of the town, being a i)ortion of " Harry-
town,'" and was intended to be included in the original
incorporation. .lune 13, 1810, the name of the town
wjis change(l to Manchester, it is stud, as a compliment
to Hon. Samuel Blodgett, who constructed a canal
around Amoskeag Falls and who had often asserted

1 " It i»ei!iiia that a iKjrtion of this city, next to the Merrimack, consist-
ing of a strip of land three miles in width, extending through its entire
length, wax granted, in Ifti.'), to Kphraim Ilildreth, John Shepley and
others, by the I'rovini-c of Massachusetts, that province claiming that
their north linn extended three miles north and east of the Merri-
ituu-.k. Hildreth and Shepley, for themselves and other soldiers under
Captain William Tyiig, p<>litioned the General Court of Massachusetts
province for the grunt of a tract of land six miles square lying on both
■iditior Merriiiuick Uivor at .Vmoskeag Kails. The petition was presented
iiM the ground of services rendered in an exjiedition against the Indians
on miow-ithoes, in the winter of 170:!.

"This petition was granted and the tract of land included within it
wan known by the name of Tyngslown. Tyngstown extended from
".Suiicook or Lovewell's town" (now I'embrokei to Litchfield, and was
liounded on the west by the Merrimack, and on the oast by a line paral-
lel lo the Merriniark, and at the cli..tiance of three miles from the same.
Thus the town was alMwt twelve miles in length and three miles in

that the place some day would be the Manchester of
America."

The following is a list of the selectmen and town
clerks from the organization of Derryfield, in 1751, to
the incorporation of the city in 1846 :

SELECTMEN.
1761, John Gofl'e, William Perham, Nathaniel Boyd, Daniel McNiel,
Eleazer Wells ; 1752, John Goffe, Archibald Stark, Alexander JIcMur-
phy; 17.')3, William Perham, Alexander McMurphy, John Riddel 1 ;
1754, William McClintock, Alexander McMurpby, John Hall ; 1755,
Daniel McNiel, Kobert Anderson, John Harvey ; 175G, Daniel McNiel,
Robert Anderson, John Harvey ; 1757, Elea/er Bobbins, Pvobert Ander-
son, Daniel McNiel; 175S, William Peiham, William McClintock, Abra-
ham Merrill ; 1759, William Perham, William McClintock, Abraham
Merrill ; 17.60, William McClintock, Hugh Sterling, Abraham Merrill ;
1761, William Perham, John Hall, Thomas Buss ; 1762, William Per-
ham, John Stark, John Moors ; 1763, John Stark, William McClintock,
John Moors ; 1764, William McClintock, John Stark, John floors; 1765,
William Perham, William McClintock, Abraham Merrill ; 1766, Alex-
ander McMurphy,! Ebenezer Stevens, John Hall, David McKnight;^
1767, Eleazer Bobbins, Alexander McClintock, Nathaniel Boyd ; 1768,
John Hall, John Goffe, John Harvey; 1769, William McClintock, Alex-
ander McMurphy, John Moor ; 1770, William McClintock, Alexander
McMurphy, John Moor ; 1771, William McClintock, Alexander Mc-
Murphy; 1772, Alexander McMurphy, John Moor, William Mc-
Clintock ; 1773, John Stark, Samuel Boyd, James McCalley ; 1774,
James McCalley, Samuel Boyd, John Perham ; 1775, John Stark,
John Moor, Joseph George ; 1776, David Starrett, Ezekiel Stevens, John
Perham ; 1777, John Goffe, Ebenezer Stevens, Benjamin Crombie ; 1778,
John Hall, Benjamin Baker, Samuel Boyd ; 1779, David Starrett,^ John
Perham, Samuel Moor, Jonathan Buss ; ■* 1780, Jonathan Buss, John
Sheldon, Samuel Moor ; 1781. John Hall, Samuel Moor, Jonathan Buss ;
1782, Samuel Moor, Jonathan Buss, Joseph Sanders ; 1783, Sanuiel Moor,
Joseph Sanders, Jonathan Buss ; 1784, Joseph Sanders, John Goffe, John
Hall ; 1785, John Goffe, Jr., William Perham, Samuel Stark ; 1786, Jo-
seph Fermor, John Goffe, Jr., Isaac Huse ; 1787, James Thompson, Isaac
Iluse, John Greene ; 1788, John Hall, John Webster, John Perham ;
1789, James Thompson, John Green, John Bay ; 1790, Isaac Huse, Sam-
uel Moor, John Stark, Jr.; 1792, Daniel Davis, Samuel Moor, John
Stark, Jr.; 1793, John Goffe, Isaac Huse, John Webster; 1794, John
Stark, Jr., Daniel Davis, Samuel Moor, Jr.; 1795, Daniel Davis, John
Stark, Jr., Samuel Moor, Jr., John Bay, John Perham ; 1796, Isaac
Huse, John Tufts, John Stark, Jr.; 1797, John Goffe, Samuel Moor, Jr.,
Samuel Blodget ; 1798, John Goffe, Daniel Davis, John Stark ; 1799,
.lohn Bay, Joseph Moore, Daniel Davis ; 1800, Samuel Moor, Jr., John
Ba3', Israel Webster ; 1801, Samuel Jloor, Jr., John Bay, Israel Web-
ster ; 1802, Sanuiel Moore, .Tr., Israel Webster, John Bay ; 1803, Samuel
Moor, Jr., Israel Webster, John Stark (.3d) ; 1804, Samuel Moor, Jr.,
Isaac Huse, John Stark (3d) ; 1805, Samuel Moor, Jr., Edward Bay,
Archibald Gamble ; 1806, Samuel Moor, Jr., Edward Bay, Amos Wes-
ton ; 1807, Samuel Moor, Jr., Amos Weston, Edward Bay ; 18iW, Sam-
uel Moor, Jr., Amos Weston, Samuel Hall; 1809, Samuel Moor, Jr.,
Isaac Huse, John Stark ; 1810, Samuel Moor, Jr., Thomas Stickney,
Isaac Huse ; 1811, John Stark, Jr., Amos Wsston, Israel Webster; 1812,
Samuel Moor, Jr., John Stark, Jr., John Dickey ; 1813, Samuel Moor,
Job Bowell, John Dickey ; 1814, Isaac Huse, Israel Webster, John G.
Moor; 1815, Isaac Huse, Israel Webster, Ephraim Stevens, .Ir. ; 1816,
Isaac Huse, John Frye, John Stark (4th) ; 1817, Isaac Huse, John Stark
(4th), John Dickey ; 1818, Isaac Huse, John Dickey, Nathaniel Moor ;
1819, Samuel Moor, Ephraim Stevens, Jr., John Stark (4th) ; 1820, Joseph
Moor, Ephraim Stevens, Jr., Amos Weston, Jr.; 1821, Amos Weston,
Jr., Ephraim Stevens, Jr., John Proctor; 1822, Amos AVeston, Jr ,
John Proctor, Nathaniel Moor ; 1823, Amos Weston, Jr., Nathaniel
Moor, John Proctor; 1824, Amos Weston, Jr., Nathaniel Moore, Isaac
Huse ; 1825, Amos Weston, Jr., Isaac Huse, Nathaniel Moore ; 1826,
Frederick G. Stark, Israel Merrill, James McQueston ; 1827, Frederick
G. Stark, Amos Weston, Jr., Franklin Moor; 1828, John Gamble, .Tohn
Bay, Nathaniel Moore; 1829, Frederick G. Stark, Archibald Stark,
James McQueston ; 1830, Amos Weston, Jr., John Proctor, Nathaniel
Conant; 1831, Frederick G. Stark, John Proctor, George Clark; 18:i2,
Amos Weston, Jr., Frederick G. Stark, George Clark ; 1833, Amos Wes-
ton, Jr., John Proctor, James McQueston ; 1834, James McQueston, Gil-

' Tntil August 13th.
» To July 16, 1779.

2 From August 13th.
••From July 16th.

MANCHESTER.

fcert Greeley, Frederick G. Stark ; 1S35, Frederick G. Stark, Amos Wes-
ton, Jr., Isaac Huse ; 1836, Frederick G. Stark, Amos Weston, Jr., Gil-
bert Greeley ; 1837, Amos Weston, Jr., Gilbert Greeley, Joseph M. How-
ell ; 1838, Joseph M. Kowell, Archibald Gamble, Jr., Isaac Huse; 1839^
Joseph M. Kowell, Archibald Gamble, Jr., Isaac Huse ; 1840, Amos
Wostou, Jr., J. T. r. Hunt, Hiram Brown; 1841, Amos Weston, Jr.
Isaac C. Flanders, Isaac Huse ; 1842, Moses Fellows, Andrew Bunton^
Jr., Abruni Brigham ; 1843, Moses Fellows, Andi'ew Buntou, Jr., David
Child ; 1844, Nathan Parker, Warren L. Lane, George Clark ; 184.5, Na-
than Parker, George Clark, Charles Chase ; 1846, Moses Fellows, An-
drew Bunton, Jr., Edward McQuesten.

MODERATOBS.

17.^1, John Goffe ; 17o2-.")4, William Perham ; 17.")5-5G, John Goffe ;
1757, Archibald Stark; 17.58-60, William McClintock ; 1761, William Per-
ham ; 1762-63, John G )ffe ; 1764, John Stark ; 1765, Alexander McMur-
phy ; 1766, John Hall ; 1767, David Starrett ; 1768, Thomas Buss; 1769,
William McClintock ; 1770-73, John Stark ; 1774, John Goffe ; 1775, John
Stark ; 1776-77, John Guffe ; 1778, John Hall ; 1779, John Goffe ; 1780,
John Harvey; 1781, John Hall ; 1782, John Little; 1783, John Stark ;
1784, John Hall ; 1785, John Stark ; 1786, John Hall ; 1787, John Lit-
tle ; 1788, James Gorman ; 1789, John Stark ; 1790, Samuel Moor ; 1791-92,
John Stark ; 1793, John Webster ; 1794, John Stark ; 1796-96, Daniel
Davis ; 1797, John Goffe ; 1798, Samuel Blodgot ; 1799, Daniel Davis ;
1800, Sanuiel 1'. Kidder ; 1801, John Stark ; 1802, Joseph Moor ; 1803^
John Stark ; 1804, Joseph Moor ; 1805, Samuel P. Kidder ; 1806, John
Stark ; 1807-8, David Flint ; 1809-11, John G. Moor ; 1812, David Flint ;
1813, William Hall ; 1814, John G. Moor ; 1815-16, John Dwinnells ;
1817-18, John Stark; 1819, Samuel Moor ; 1820, Nathaniel Moor ; 1821,
John G. Moor; 1822, .John Stark ; 1823-25, Nathaniel Moor; 1826,
Ephraim Stevens, Jr.; 1827, John Stark (3d); 1828, Nathaniel Moor;
1829, Ephraim Stevens, Jr.; 1830-32, Frederick G. Stark ; 1833, Epliraim
Stevens, Jr.; 1834, Gilbert Greeley; 1835, Ephraim Stevens, Jr.;
1836, Gilbert Greeley ; 1837, Frederick G. Stark ; 1838, Ephraim Stevens,
Jr.; 1839-40, Charles Stark ; 1841, James McK. Wilkins ; 1842-43, Joseph
•Cochran, Jr.; 1844, George W. Morrison; 1845-46, Herman Foster.

TOWN CLERKS.

1751-.53, John Hall ; 1754, Alexander McMurpliy ; 17.55-56, John
Goffe ; 1757-66, John Hall ; 1767-74, David Starrett ; 1775, John Hall ;
1776-79, David Starrett;! 1779-86, Asael Smith; 2 1787, John Buss;
1788, John Hall; 1789-93, John Goffe; 1794, John Stark, Jr.; 1795,
Isaac Huse; 1796, Samuel P. Kidder; 1797-98; Jolin Tufts; 1799-1810,
Samuel Moor, Jr.; 1811, John Stark, Jr.; 1812-13, Isaac Huse; 1814,
Samuel Moor ; 1815-18, John G. Moor ; 1819-23, Frederick G. Stark ;
1824-25, Amos Weston, Jr.; 1826-28, Franklin Moor: 1829-30, Samuel
Jackson ; 1831-33, Amos Weston, Jr.; 1834-37, John B. Hall ; 1838-40,
Samuel Jackson ; 1841, Walter French ; 1842-46, John M. Noyes.

The town-meetings were held in the town until
1840. The increasing power of the " New Village "
was not looked upon with favor by the old inhabitants,
who regarded these new-comers as interlopers.
Mutual jealousies soon arose, which finally resulted in
a stormy town-meeting in March, 1840, which re-
quired the selection of thirty constables to keep order
before the other town officers were elected.

It had become apjiarent (said Judge Potter, in re-
ferring to this meeting) that the inhabitants of the
" New Village " would soon outnumber those of the
town, if they did not at that time. The people of the
village did not talk or act with much moderation.
They openly told their intention of controlling the
afiairs of the town, and the nominations for town
officers by the two parties seem to have been made
with this idea, as all the candidates for the important
offices in the town lived at the " New Village," or in
its immediate vicinity. At the annual meeting,
the votes of the first dav showed conclusivelv that

1 To July 16, 1779.

2 From July Ifith.

the people of the "New Village" predominated.
Accordingly, when about to adjourn on the evening of
that day, a motion was made to adjourn to meet at
Washington Hall, on Amherst Street, at ten o'clock
A.M. of the next day. This motion at once produced
a most stormy discussion. Upon putting the question,
the utmost confusion prevailed and a poll of the house
was demanded. Finally it was proposed that the two
parties to the question should form in line.s upon the
common, in front of the town-house, and should be
counted by the selectmen, thus taking the vote surely
and in order. This suggestion met the views of all
parties ; the question was put by the moderator and a
large portion of the voters went out and formed lines
as suggested. While most of the voters had thus left
the house, some one made a motion to adjourn the
meeting to the next day, then to meet at the town-
house; the moderator put the vote, it was carried, and
the meeting was declared adjourned. When the
"outsiders" heard of the vote, they rushed into the
house ; but to no purpose, the meeting was adjourned,
and the moderator would hear no motion. After
much confusion the people left the* house and went
home ; but on both sides it was only to rally their
forces for the contest the next day. The voters of the
"New Village" met the same night in Washington
Hall, and laying aside their political preferences,
nominated a union ticket for town officers. The next
day the parties were at the polls at an early hour, all
under much excitement; so much so, that it soon be-
came apparent that they could not proceed with the
meeting without an increase of the constabulary
force ; it was accordingly " Voted to postpone the choice
of selectmen until constables be chosen."

They then made choice of thirty constables, as fol-
lows, viz. : James McQuesten, J. L. Bradford, David
Young, William P. Farmer, Mace IMoulton, Matthew
Kennedy, Walter French, John H. Copp, Levi Sar-
gent, Adam Gilmore, Jonathan R. Cochran, Isaac C.
Flanders, Joseph B. Hall, Jr., Alonzo Boyce, Nehe-
miah Chase, Taylor L. Southwick, Barton Mousey,
George W. Tilden, Josiah Stowell, Thomas Gamble,
Jonathan C. Furbish, E. W. Harrington, Hiram
Brown, Alonzo Smith, Reuben Kimball, John H.
Maynard, Henry S. W'^hitney, Jacob G. Cilley, Joseph
M. Rowell and Ebenezer P.Swain.

They then proceeded to elect the Board of Select-
men, and made choice of the gentlemen nominated in
the caucus at the " New Village," viz. : Amos Weston,
Jr., Jona. T. P. Hunt, Hiram Brown.

After this ballot the business of the meeting pa.ssed
off quietly, the village party having things their own
way. After choosing the usual town officers they
raised a committee, consisting of the selectmen,
George Clark and James Hall, to jjurchase a " Pauj)er
Farm," without limitation as to the price, and author-
ized the selectmen to hire such a sum of money as
might be necessary to pay for said farm. They also
constituted the selectmen a committee to take into

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

consideration the subject of a new divisiou of the
town into districts for school purposes.

The villagers were triumphant ; but they seem to
have been moderate as victors, as the selectmen called
the very next meeting for the choice of electors at the
town-house.

It may well be imagined tliat a people of as strong
prejudices as those of Manchester could not look upon
these "new-comers" overriding them in a town-
meeting with any great degree of complacency, and
many stories are told of their remarks during the ex-
citement. One is told of John Stark, Esq., or " Justice
Stark," as lie was commonly designated. He went into
the moderator's desk and addressed the people thus :

" Who are ye, that are here to act, and to tread
upon us in this manner? I'll tell ye who you are?—
You're a set of interlopers come here to get a living

upon a sand bank, and a d d poor living you will

get, let me tell ye ! "

Upon this the " interlopers " made so much dis-
turbance that the " Justice " could not be heard, and
he lett the desk. The result was decisive. The peo-
ple of the old part of the town saw at once that their
power had departed, and that henceforth Manchester
was to be controlled by the peopleof the " New Village."

The first town-meeting in the new village was held
in Washington Hall, February 1, 1841, and among
other improvements voted was that of building a town-
house. This structure was completed during the
following summer at an expense of seventeen thou-
sand dollars. The building committee consisted of
John D. Kimball, Edward McQuesten and J. T. P.
Hunt. The first meeting in the new house was held
March 8, 1842.

City of Manchester. — So large had the popula-
tion of this town become that at the March meeting:,
in 184G, it was deemed expedient to petition the
Legislature for a city charter, and a committee, com-
posed of David Gillis, Samuel D. Bell, Isaac Riddle,
William C. Clarke, John A. Burnham, Luther Farley
and Walter French, was chosen to take the matter in
charge. Accordingly, a petition was at once pre-
sented ; on June 1, 1846, the city of Manchester was
incorporated. At the August election the act was ac-
cepted, l)y a vote of four hundred and eighty-five to
one iiundred and thirty-four.

The first city election occurred August 19, 1846,
with four candidates for mayor, viz., Hiram Brown,
Whig; William C. Clarke, Democrat ; Thomas Brown^
Abolition; and William Shepherd.

The result was as follows :

If.

Br( ton.

CUtrk,:

T. Brown.

Shepherd,

Wliole No

W.ir.l 1 .

. M

(\:,

111

Ward J .

. 7M

r,r>

169

Wnrd ^ .

. H.'i

1.1

170

Wanl 4 .

. 1(18

2(!

143

Wan! .I .

. 123

!t.'l

•2,'>2

Ward r, .

. '.i.'i

11)

1&5

Ward 7 .

. 4fi

«1

1.17

.'.GO

442

IOC

1171)

Necessary to a choice 586

H. Brown's vote 569

Majority against Brown 17

The following officers were chosen at this election ::

Aldermen. — Andrew Bunton, Jr.; George Porter, William G. Means^
David Gillis, Timothy Bhiisdell, Edward McQuesten, Moses Fellows.

Common Council. — John S. Kidder, George W. Eaton, William Boyd^
Hervey Tufts, Daniel J. Hoyt, James M. Morrill, Israel Endicott, Joeli
Russell, George P. Folsom, David Cross, Abram Brigham, William M^
Parker, Ebenezer Clark, Asa 0. Colby, Nathaniel Herrick, William Pot-
ter, J. G. Cilley, F. A. Hussey, Sewell Leavitt, William W. Baker, Rod-
nia Nutt.

School Committee. — Archibald Stark, Nathaniel Wheet, Joseph KnuwK
ton, Moses Hill, James McCauley, William W. Brown, Amos W'eston.

Overseers of the Poor. — Joseph M. Rowell, B. F. Locke, Francis Reed
Levi Batchelder, Caleb Johnson, Flagg T. Underbill, James Emerson..

Assessors. — Edward Hall, Ira Ballou, James Wallace, Charles Chase,,
Lewis Bartlett, Stilman Fellows, James Hall, .Tr.

The second election for mayor was held September-
1st. There were four candidates, viz. : Hiram Brown,.
Isaac C. Flanders, Thomas Brown and John S. Wig-
gin. The result was as follows :

H. Brown. Flanders. Wiggin. T. Broirn. Whole Xo. rotes^

Ward I . . 41 48 2 i 100

Ward 2 . . 70 47 15 26 175

Ward -.i . . 98 36 17 23 183

Ward 4 . . 112 16 4 9 142

W'ard 5 . . 124 65 9 30 236.

M'ard 6 . . 72 4 14 186.

Ward 7 . . 58 64 4 132

602 347 51 109 1154

Hiram Brown had 602-

Necessary to a choice 578

Brown's majority 24

The city government was organized in the City
Hall, September 8, 1846, Moses Fellows, chairman of
the retiring Board of Selectmen, presiding. Prayer
was offered by Rev. C. W. Wallace, D.D., after which
the oath of office was administered to the mayor by
Hon. Daniel Clark. After the delivery of the-
mayor's address the city government was organized
as follows: President of Common Council, William
M. Parker ; Clerk, David Hill ; City Clerk, J. S. T.
Cushing ; Treasurer, Thomas Hoyt ; Marshal, George-
T. Clark. Hon. Samuel D. Bell was appointed, Sep-
tember 28, 1846, police justice, and Isaac Riddle and
Joseph Cochrane, Jr., special justices.

Mayors and Clerks.— The following is a list of
the mayors and clerks from the incorporation of the^
city to 1885 :

MAYORS.
Hiram Brown, 1846-47 ; Jacob F. James, 1848-49 ; Moses Fellows,,
1850-51 ; Frederick Smyth, 1852-55, 1864 ; Theodore T. Abbot, 1855-
57, 1863 ; Jacob F. James, 1857 ; Alonzo Smith, 1858 ; E. W. Harring-
ton, 18.59-60; David A. Bunton, 1861-62; Darwin J. Daniels,! 1865;-
John Hosley, 2 1865-66 ; Joseph B. Clark, 1867 ; James A. Weston, 1868»
1870-71, 1874-75 ; Isaac W. Smith, 1869 ; Person B. Cheney, 1872 ; Charles-.
H. Bartlett,* 1873 ; John P. Newell,4 1873 ; Alpheus Gay, 1876 ; Ira,
Cross, 1877 ; John L. Ktlly, 1878 ; Horace B. Putnam, 1881 ; Geo. H,
Stearns, 1884.

CLERKS.
John S. T. Cushing, 1840-49 ; Frederick Smyth, 1849-52 ; George A.

'Died August 15, 1865.
^Resigned February 18, 1873.

- Elected to fill vacancy.
* Elected to fill vacancy^

MANCHESTER.

iTrench, 1852-56 ; Joel Taylor.l 1856-57 ; Frank H. Lyford,2 1856-57 ;
Joseph Knowlton,3 1858-65 ; Joseph K. Bennett,^ 1865-76 ; Albert
Jackson, 1876 ; John P. Newell, 1876; Nathan P. Kidder, 1877 to present
time.

The area of the city was enlarged July 1, 1853, by
the annexation of what is now known as Amoskeag
from GofFstown and Piscataquog from Bedford.

CHAPTER IV.

MANCHESTER— (Co»^(-«»erf).
THE PRESS— EDtJCATIONAL — CITY LIBRARY.

The first newspaper published in Manchester was
Amoskeag Representative, established by John Cald-
well, October 18, 1839. Its name was changed to
Manchester Bepresentative January 22, 1841. The
paper was sold, December 7, 1842, to Kimball & Cur-
rier, and merged with the Manchester Democrat.

The second paper was the Amoskeag Memorial, be-
gun January 1, 1840, by Joseph C. Emerson. Jan-
uary 6, 1841, its name was changed to Manchester
Memorial. Joseph Kidder became its editor February
17, 1841, at which time he sold to Mr. Emerson the
People's Herald, which he had published at Pembroke
for two months previous, having issued four numbers.
The Memorial ih.ei\ assumed the double title of Man-
■ch/ster Memorial and People's Herald and kept it till
June 6, 1842, when the latter half was dropped. May
26, 1841, Mr. Emerson associated with himself as
publisher O. D. Murray, and in the succeeding Jan-
tiary, when Mr. Kidder resigned the editorship, the
publishers announced themselves as editors. The
-establishment was bought, September 2, 1842, by
Samuel F. Wetmore and A. A. Wallace, who con-
tinued its publishers till August 21, 1844, when Mr.
Wallace retired and left the paper in the hands of
Mr. Wetmore, the senior partner. Its name was
•changed, September 6, 1844, to that of Manchester
American. In September, 1845, Mr. Wetmore started
the Semi- Weekly American, of which John H. War-
land was editor. April 17, 1846, the establishment
passed into the hands of James O. Adams, who at
■once discontinued the semi-weekly issue. He re-
mained the publisher and editor of the American till
May, 1852, when, having another weekly paper upon
his hands, he sold the American to General Joseph C.
Abbott and Edward A. Jenks. A few weeks later
they bought the Saturday Messenger, Henry A. Gage,
•one of the owners of the latter, being admitted to part-
nership, and they published the American and Messen-
^^'er under the name of Abbott, Jenks & Co., Mr. Abbott
being the editor. A daily had been issued during the
campaign of 1848, and again in 1850 during theprogress
of the Parker murder trial, but the first regular issue of

1 Resigned April 15, 1S5G.
3 Died May 31, 1865.

2 Elected to fill vacancy.
< Elected to fill vacancy.

the Manchester Daily American occurred September 4
1854. Charles G. Warren subsequently bought the in-
terest of the two junior partners, and the publication
was continued by Abbott & Warren. Both the daily
and weekly Avere sold in 1857 to John H. Goodale, of
the Manchester Democrat, and united with that paper.
Upon the appearance of the Memorial, in January,

1840, John Caldwell, of the Representative, began the
publication of a neutral and literary paper of the size
of the new sheet, with the title of the Manchester
Magazine, whose matter was selected from what had
once appeared in his own paper. This was continued
but three months.

July 4, 1840, Jose])h C. Emerson, of the Memorial,

began the publication of the Manchester Workman.

The Star of Bethlehem was established January 2,

1841, and was continued here about one year and
removed to Lowell.

The Literary Souvenir was a weekly pajicr which
was begun in Lowell, in 1838, by A. B. F. Ilildreth,
but in its fourth year was removed to Concord, and
four months later to this city. Emerson & Murray, of
the Memorial, were its publishers, and S. H. Napoleon
Bonaparte Everette was its editor. He was an eccen-
tric man, who styled himself "Rag Emperor," and
his name was printed in the paper with that title.
The Iris and Literary Record w a?, a moiitlily magazine,
which had been published at Hanover by E. A. Allen,
but in the summer of 1842 was bought by Emerson &
Murray and removed to Manchester. Mr. Everette
was the editor of both this and the Souvenir. These
two were united the 1st September and pub-
lished under the name of the Iris and Souvenir. Mr.
Murray soon after retired, and left Mr. Emerson in
S')le possession of the business. The latter, in De-
cember, 1842, began the Semi- Weekly Advertiser, which
was edited by Colonel Isaac Kinsman, of Pembroke,
and was continued but four or five weeks. In January,
1843, Mr. Emerson sold all his newjiaper ])roperty to
Willard N. Haradon, who bought at the same time
the interest of the senior partner in the Manchester
Allodium, whose first number was issued, January 14,
1843, by James Bursiel and a man of the name of
Hamlet, the second number bearing the names of
Hamlet & Haradon. The Allodium was a neutral and
literary paper, ornamented with cheap engravings on
wood. This firm continued its publication till April
8, 1843, when E. D. Boylston, now the editor of the
Farmers' Cabinet at Amherst, purchased it of them,
and also bought the Iris and Souvenir of Mr. Haradon,
continuing both papers under different names and in
a different fashion. The Allodium became the Man-
chester Transcript, which was removed a few months
later to Great Falls and there deceased, and instead of
Iris and Souvenir, he established, in August, 1845, a
religious and temperance journal, under the name of
the New Hampshire Magazine, which was published
for a year and was then discontinued.

In 1857, J. H. Goodale bought the Daily American

FIT8T0RY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

ami American ami Jlesseiu/tr, continued the publica-
tion of the former and united the hUter with the
Democrat, under the name of the Democrat and Ameri-
can. Soon afterwards Simeon D. Farnsworth, then a
school-teacher of Concord, came to this city and
entered into partnei-sliip with Goodalc, and the
firm became Ooodale & Farnsworth. In the fall of
18G1 the latter bought out his partner and continued
the sole proprietor till April, 1863, when, having be-
come a paymaster in the army, he leased the daily and
weekly to Ciage, .Muoro & Co. (Henry A. Gage, Orren
C. Moore, James 0. Adams), and the name Democrat
was dropped from the title. In August, 1863, 0. C.
Moure sold his interest to Sylvester C. Gould. In
December, 1803, Mr. F'arnsworth bought back the lease
and sold both i)apers to John B. Clarke, who united
them with the Mirror. The last issue of the Daily
Atti'rican was dated December. 26, 1863.

The Gleaner was issued Xovember 12, 1842, its pub-
lisher being William A. Hall and its editor John Cald-
well. It was suspended in the latter part of 1845.

The Manchester Palladium, another of Mr. Cald-
well's enterprises, was begun May 21, 1846, and
continued about six months.

The White Mountain Torrent was jmblished here
a few months in 1843.

Tlie Manchester Operative was begun Saturday,
December 30, 1843, by Willard N. Haradon, and
discontinued November 16, 1844.

The Independent Democrat was begun in this city
May 1, 1845, by Robert C. Wetraore. It was re-
moved after a few weeks to Concord, and was subse-
([uently united with the Independent Statesman.

July 3, 1845, wiis issued the first number of the
Manchester Mercantile Advertiser, published by
Charles H. Chase. It was suspended after an ex-
istence of nearly five months, and then Mr. Chase
began the publication of the Manchester Saturday
Messeiif/er, November 29, 1845. The Messenger ap-
j.eared March 28, 1846, with J. E. Davis, Jr., and
Israel P. Chase as publishers. E. D. Davis took
Mr. Chase's place in the firm on the 15th of August
of the same year. They continued its publication
till March 20, 1847, when they disposed of the es-
tablishment to William H. Gilmore and Israel P.
Chase. Joseph Kidder, who had been its editor from
the start, resigned his charge at the close of the
second volume, November 20, 1847. Mr. Chase was
thereafter tiie principal editor till he retired from the
paper, .luti.- 24, 1848. Subsequently, Henry A. Gage
Itought Mr. Gilmore's interest, and May 26, 1849
associated with him Francis F. Forsaith, who then
became the editor. lie withdrew January 25, 1851,
and was succeeded by Ijcnjamin F. Wallace, who
had i)een for several years the principal of Piscata-
r|Uog Village Academy. In 1852 it was sold to
Abltott, Jenks & Co. (Jfiseph C. Abbott, Edward
A. Jenks and Henry A. Gage), the owners of the
American, and united with that paper.

The Netv Hampshire Temperance Banner was es-
tablished in 1847, and in about three years removed
to Concord.

The Old Hero, a short-lived campaign paper, was
issued in 1848 from the office of the Manchester
American, in advocacy of the claims of General
Zachary Taylor for the Presidency.

September 9, 1848, the first number of the Man-
chester Telescope was issued by Haradon & Iviely.
After an existence of about two years its name was
changed by Mr. Haradon, who had become its sole
proprietor February 19, 1849, to that of Haradon's
Weekly Spy. A subsequent change made it the Maii-
chester Spy, and under this title it was published till
the beginning of 1852, when it was sold to the pub-
lishers of the Farmers' Monthly Visitor, and incor-
porated with that paper.

The Merchants' Own Journal was begun in No-
vember, 1848, by Haradon & Storer, and was issued
for a short time.

About 1849 the late Dr. Thonias R. Crosby, then
a jjracticing physician in Manchester, conceived the
idea of publishing an agricultural paper in the city,
and at length having associated with himself James
O. Adams as publisher, issued the first number of
the Granite Farmer February 26, 1850. It was a
weekly of eight pages, and, according to the an-
uoitncement on its first page, was " published under
the patronage of the New Hamphire State Agricul-
tural Society." At the beginning of the fourth
volume, in January, 1853, the Rev. A. G. Comings, of
Mason, became associate editor, but he removed irom
the State about March, 1853, and the twelfth number
was the last which bore his name. The jmper was
sold, October 5, 1853, to the Hon. Chandler E. Potter,
and was united not long afterwards with the Farmers''
Monthh/ Visitor.

The Manchester Daily Mirror was started as a
morning paper, Monday, October 28, 1850, by Joseph C.
Emerson. With the seventh number appeared the
name of F. A. Moore as that of the editor. He was
succeeded as editor, December 16, 1850, by Edward
N. Fuller. Monday, June 23, 1851, it was changed
from a morning to an evening paper. Mr. Emerson
began, Saturday, February 22, 1851, under the name
of the Dollar Weekly Mirror, a weekly paper, made
up from the columns of the daily, of which also Mr.
Fuller was the editor. In February, 1852, he retired
from the editorship, and his place was filled by
John B. Clarke. He held the position till September
1st, when Mr. Emerson, who had been engaged in the
manufacture of fireworks, lost heavily by fire, and
became financially embarrassed. He struggled along
till October 20th, when he sold at auction the daily
and weekly, which were bought by John B. Clarke,
who has owned and edited them ever since. He
bought, in 1863, of S. D. Farnsworth, the Daily and
Weekly American, in which the Manchester Democrat
had been swallowed up, and united the latter with

■ jinppe-

manchestp:r.

5e>

the Dollar Weekly Mirror and the former with the
Daili/ Mirror, which has since been known as the Baili/
Mirror and American. In 1863 he bought of Francis
B. Eaton the New Hampshire Journal of Agriculture,
which had already absorbed the Granite Farmer and
the Farmers' Monthli/ Visitor, and united it with the
weekly, under the name of the Dollar Weekly Mirror
and Neiv Hampshire Journal of Agriculture. July
8, 1865, its name was changed to that of Mirror
and Farmer, and under this it has since been pub-
lished.

Colonel John B. Clarke,^ editor and proprietor
oi the Manchester Mirror. — Among the business en-
terprises in which the men of to-day seek fortune and
reputation, there is scarcely another which, when
tirmly established upon a sound basis, sends its roots
so deep and wide, and is so certain to endure and pros-
per, bearing testimony to the ability of its creators, as
the family newspaper. Indeed, a daily or weekly
paper which has gained by legitimate methods an im-
mense circulation and a profitable advertising patron-
age is immortal. It may change owners and names,
and character even, but it never dies, and if, as is
usually the case, it owes its early reputation and suc-
cess to one man, it not only reflects him while he is
associated with it, but pays a constant tribute to his
memory after he has passed away.

But, while the rewards of eminent success in the
newspaper profession are great and substantial, the
road to them is one which only the strong, sagacious
and active can travel, and this is especially true when
he who strives for them assumes the duties of both
publisher and editor. It requires great ability to
make a great paper every day, and even greater to sell
it extensively and profitably, and to do both is not a
possible task for the weak. To do both in an inland
city, where the competition of metropolitan journals
must 1)6 met and discounted, without any of their ad-
vantages, requires a man of grip, grit and genius.

In 1852 the Manchester Mirror was one of the
smallest and weakest papers in the country. Its
weekly edition had a circulation of about six hundred,
that of its daily was less than five hundred, audits
advertising receipts were extremely small. Alto-
gether, it was a load which its owner could not carry,
and the whole establishment, including subscription
lists, good-will, press, type and material was sold at
auction for less than one thousand dollars.

In 1885 the Weekly Mirror and Farmer has a cir-
culation of more than twenty-three thousand and
every subscriber on its books has paid for it in advance.

The Daily Mirror and American has a correspond-
ingly large and reliable constituency, and neither
paper lacks advertising patronage. Theoflice in which
they are printed is one of the most extensive and best
equipped in the Eastern States out of Boston. In

' From the Bay State Muullibi.

every sense of the word the Mirror is successful, strong
and solid.

The building up of this great and substantial enter-
prise from so small a beginning has been the work of
John B. Clarke, who bought the papers, as stated
above, in 1852, has ever since been their owner, man-
ager and controlling spirit, and in spite of sharp ri-
valry at home and from abroad and the lack of oppor-
tunities which such an undertaking must contend
with in a small city, has kept the Mirror, in hard
times as in good times, steadily growing, enlarg-
ing its scope and influence, and gaining strength
with which to make and maintain new advances ;
and at the same time has made it yield every
year a handsome income. Only a man of
pluck, push and perseverance, of courage, sagacity
and industry could have done this ; and he who has
accomplished it need point to no other achievement
to establish his title to a place among the strong men
of his time.

Mr. Clarke is a native of Atkinson, where he wa.s
born January 30, 1820. His parents were intelligent
and successful farmers, and from them he inherited
the robust constitution, the genial disposition and the
capacity for brain-work which have carried him to the
head of his profession in New Hampshire. They also
furnished him with the small amountof money neces-
sary to give a l)oy an education in those days, and in
due course he graduated with high honors at Dart-
mouth College, in the class of 1843. Then he became
principal of the Meredith Bridge Academy, which
position he held for three years, reading law mean-
while in an ofiice near by. In 1848 he was admitted
to the Hillsborough County bar, from the office of his
brother, at Manchester, the late Hon. William
C. Clarke, attorney-general of New Hampshire, and
the next year went to California. From 1849 until
1851 he was practicing his profession, roughing it in the
mines, and prospecting for a permanent business and
location in California, Central America and Mexico.

In 1851 he returned to Manchester and established
himself as a lawyer, gaining in a few months a prac-
tice which gave him a living, but in October of the
next year the sale of the Mirror afforded an opening
more suited to his talents and ambition, and having
bought the property, he thenceforth devoted himself
to its development.

He had no experience, no capital, but he had con-
fidence in himself, energy, good judgment and a wil-
lingness to work for the success he was determined to
gain. For months and years he was editor, reporter,
business manager, accountant and collector. In tlicse
capacities he did an amount of work that would have
killed an ordinary man, and did it in a way that told ;
for every month added to the number of his patrons,
and slowly but steadily his business increased in
volume and his papers in influence.

He early made it a rule to condense everything that
appeared in the columsofthe Mirror into the smallest

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

possible space, to make what he printed readable as
well as reliable, to make the paper better every year
than it was the preceding year, and to furnish the
weekly edition at a i)rii-e which would give it an im-
mense circulation without the help of traveling
agents or the credit system ; and to this policy he has
adhered. Besides this, he spared no expense which
he judged would add to the value of his publications,
and his judgment has always set the bonds far off on
the very verge of extravagance. Whatever machine
jjromiscd to keep his office abreast of the times, and in-
crease the capacity for good work, he has dared buy.
Whatever man he has thought would brighten and
strengthen hisstatf of assistants he has gone for, and,
if jiDSsible, got, and whatever new departure has seemed
to him likely to win new friends for the Mirror be has
made.

In this way he has gone from the bottom of the ladder
to the top. From time to time rival sheets have sprung
up beside him, but only to maintain an existence for
a brief period or to be consolidated with the Mirror.
All the time there has been sharp competition from
publishers elsewhere, but this has only stimulated him
to make a better paper and push it successfully in
fields which they have regarded as their own.

In connection with the Mirror, a great job-printing
establishment has grown up, which turns out a large
amount of work in all departments, and where the
State printing has been done six years. Mr. Clarke
has also pul)lished several books, including " Sanborn's
History of New Hampshire," "Clarke's History of Man-
chester," " Successful New Hampshire Men," " Man-
chester Directory" and other works. Within a few
years a book -bindery has been added to the establish-
ment.

Mr. Clarke still devotes himself closely to his business
six hours each day, but limits himself to this period,
having been warned by an enforced rest and voyage to
Europe, in 1872, to recover from the strain of over-
work, that even his magnificent i)hysique could not
sustain too great a burden, and he now maintains
robust and vigorous health by a systematic and regular
mode of life, by long rides of from fifteen to twenty-
five miles daily and an annual summer vacation.

In making the Mirror its owner has made a great
deal of money. If be had saved it as some others have
done, he would have more to-day than any other in
Manehester who has done business the same length of
time on the same capital. But if be has gathered
like a man born to be a millionaire, he has scattered
like one wlio would sjiend a millionaire's fortune. He
has been a good liver and a free giver. All bis tastes
incline him to large expenditures. His home abounds
in all the comforts that money will buy. His farm is
a |>laee where costly experiments are tried. He is pas-
sionately fond of fine horses, and his stables are always
full of those that are highly bred, fleet and valuable.
He loves an intelligent dog and a good gun, and is
known far and near as an enthusiastic sportsman.

He believes in being good to himself and generous
to others, values money only for what it will buy, and
every day illustrates the fact that it is easier for him
to earn ten dollars than to save one by being "close."

A business that will enable a man of such tastes and
impulses to gratify all his wants and still accumulate
a competency for his children is a good one, and that is
what the business of the Mirror counting-room has
done.

Nor is this all, nor the most, for the Mirror has made
the name of John B. Clarke a household word in nearly
every school district in Northern New England and
in thousands of families in other sections. It has given
him a great influence in the politics, the agriculture
and the social life of his time, has made him a power
in sbapingthe policy of bis city and State, and one of
the forces that have kept the wheels of progress mov-
ing in both for more than thirty years.

In a word, what one man can do for and with a
newspaper in New Hampshire John B. Clarke has
done for and with the Mirror, and what a great news-
paper can do for a man the Mirror has done for John
B. Clarke.

The Manchester Union. — The first Democratic
newspaper in Manchester was the Amoskeag Repre-
sentative, started in October, 1839, by John Caldwell.
A few months later its name was changed to Man-
chester Representative. In 1842 the course of the
Representative on importantjjarty issues became so dis-
tasteful to a majority of the Democrats in the town
that measures were taken to establish a new organ,
and in April of that year William H. Kimball and
Joseph Kidder started the Manchester Democrat. A
few months later Mr. Kidder sold his interest to
George W. Morrison and Moody Currier, Mr. Mor-
rison subsequently disposing of his share to Mr. Cur-
rier, who became associate editor with Mr. Kimball .
In October, 1843, Mr. Currier's interest was pur-
chased by E. B. Davis, and in the spring of 1844 the
paper passed by purchase into the hands of Chand-
ler E. Potter, a graduate of Dartmouth, and at that
time a practicing attorney. The Representative was
discontinued soon after the Democrat was started, and
Mr. Caldwell established the Gleaner, a scurrilous
sheet, the conduct of which involved the proprietor
in numberless difficulties and lawsuits, and finally
drove him from the town.

In 1848, Judge Potter, who was a forcible writer
and an earnest advocate of Democratic principles,
sold the Democrat to John H. Goodale, a native of
Deering and a graduate of Wesleyan University, at
Middletown, Conn. Mr. Goodale conducted the
paper in full accord with the principles of the Dem-
ocratic party until 1850, when he evinced a decided
tendency to espouse the doctrines of the Free-Soil
party, then becoming a prominent factor in national
politics.

At the Democratic State Convention in December,
1850, John Atwood, of New Boston, who had been a

MANCHESTER.

Baptist iniuister and for several years State treasurer,
was nominated as candidate for Governor. In the
platform adopted by the conventio'n the question of
slavery w^as not specifically mentioned, but the com-
promise measures which had just been passed by Con-
gress were fully indorsed. Soon after the convention
Mr. Atwood, in answer to a letter addressed to him
by John H. White and other Free-Soilers, expressed
sentiments similar to those held by the leaders of the
Free-Soil party. This letter was not immediately
published, but when its contents became known to
some of the Democratic leaders there was great ex-
citement. General Pierce, who believed that Mr. At-
wood had written the White letter without due con-
sideration, endeavored to jiersuade him to retrace his
steps, if he could conscientiously do so. Thereupon
jNIr. Atwood signed a letter in which he substantially
revoked the sentiments contained in his letter to
White. Upon the publication of this letter the Free-
Soilers printed his communication to White, though
Atwood declared he never gave his consent to its
publication. Naturally, Mr. Atwood soon found
himself in a most melancholy predicament through
his attempt to please both j^arties. The Democracy,
finding there was no way of escaping from the di-
lemma in which Atwood had placed them, except by
throwing him overboard altogether, immediately
■called a new convention, repudiated their former can-
didate and renominated Samuel Dinsmore, who was
then serving his second term as Governor.

Mr. Goodale, as editor of the Democrat, had be-
come thoroughly imbued with Free-Soil principles,
and sustained Mr. Atwood in the controversy. In
this state of affairs the leaders of the Democratic
party in Manchester held a meeting on the 28th of
D.'cember, 1860, to consider the question of starting
a new paper which should correctly reflect the prin-
ciples of the party. James McK. Wilkins presided,
and Joseph Kidder was chosen secretary. On motion
of William C. Clarke, it was voted that a committee be
appointed to establish a paper which should advocate
sentiments in harmony with those of the Democratic
party, and the following gentlemen were chosen such
committee: Richard H. Ayer, Walter French, Mace
Moulton, John S. Kidder. Warren L. Lane, William
•C. Clarke, A. G. Gale, Isaac C. Flanders, Charles
Stark, William A. Putney, S. H. Ayer, I. N. Hays,
Silas Tenney, G. P. Prescott, Sanuiel Dame, James
McQueston, William Boyd, E. ^\. Harrington, S. W.
Parsons, D. P. Perkins, John L. Fitch, J. D. Emer-
son, Leonard Lyon, Thomas Rundlett, William B,
Johnson, Edward Hall, Lorenzo Dow, S. W. Jones,
Charles Rundlett, W. S. Morey, James S. Cheeney,
Charles B. Gleason, Sherburne Fogg, Thomas P.
Pierce, Isaac Marshall, J. L. Keniston, C. E. Potter,
J. McK. Wilkins, Moody Currier, Joseph M. Rowell,
Leonard Rundlett, Samuel N. Bell, Robert Ayer,
John Stark, Isaac Currier, Franklin Tenney, Nehe-
miah Chase, A. Hatch, S. P. Greeley, D. F. Straw,

Joseph Kidder, J. S. Elliott, R. D. Mooers, Walter
P. Fogg, Dustin Marshall, W. W. Baker, A. G.Tucker,
John Sargent, S. S. Coffin, A. Kimball.

The committee immediately purchased the neces-
sary material and fitted up an ofiice, and January 24,
1851, the first number of The Union Democrat was
issued. For a few weeks the editorial work was per-
formed by a number of gentlemen who were able and
experienced writers ; but finally the committee made
an engagement with James M. Campbell, by which
he Avas to assume the entire editorial management of
the paper, and he entered upon his new duties with
great zeal and enthusiasm.

In the spring of 1852 it seemed unlikely that any
of the very distinguished Democratic statesmen who
had been named for the Presidency would receive the
nomination at the next national convention of that
party. Under these circumstances Mr. Campbell be-
lieved it possible to bring about the nomination of
General Franklin Pierce. With this view, he wrote
a letter in Mr. Pierce's behalf to his friend. General
Conway, a leading Democrat at Fredericksburg. The
convention met and failed to agree upon a candidate
during twenty-five ballots. After the twenty-fifth ballot
the Virginia delegation retired for consultation, whin
Mr. Campbell's letter to Conway was read, and it was
decided that at the next ballot the vote of Virginia
should be cast for General Pierce. This was done,
and on a subsequent ballot he was nominated. The
letter of Mr. Campbell was afterwards published in
the Richmond Enquirer and in most of the other
Democratic pa^^ers of the South.

In his conduct of the Union Democrat through the
trying times that followed the election of General
Pierce, and continued through his administration and
that of Buchanan, Mr. Campbell displayed the high-
est qualities of statesmanship, maintaining throughout
a steadfast allegiance to the constitution. In State
and local affairs he pursued a wise and conservative
course, building his paper upon a solid foundation.

In February, 1856, the office was destroyed by fire,
but was immediately re-established in Union Build-
ing, corner Elm and Market Streets.

In 1861, Walter Harriman, of Warner, became
joint owner with Mr. Campbell, and assumed charge
of its editorial columns, the name of the jiaper
being changed to the Manchester Union. Colonel
Harriman retained his interest in the paper until
January, 1863, when he disposed of it to Colonel
Thomas P. Pierce, and the old name, Union Democrat,
was restored. The same month Colonel Pierce sold
his interest to Charles Lamson, of Nashua.

March 1, 1863, the first number of the Manchester
Daily Union was issued from the office of the Union
Democrat, and in August following, Mr. Lamson sold
his interest in both papers to Alpheus A. Hanscom,
of Eliot, Me., and the firm became Campbell & Hans-
com. the latter devoting his time chiefly to the busi-
ness management of the office, though a frequent

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUiNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

contributor to the editorial colums. Early in 1864
the ollice was removed to Merchants' Exchange.

In September, 1872, George A. Hanscom, a l.rother
of the junior partner, and James L., the second son
of Mr. C'ampl>ell, were admitted as partners in the
business ol" printing and publisliing, the firm still re-
taining the style of Campbell & Hanscom. Mr.
Campbell, Sr., retained control of the editorial col-
ums, George A. Hanscom took charge of the local
dei>artment and James L. Campbell attended to the
mechanical part of the business. In the winter of
1873-74 the firm erected a brick block on Manchester
Street, near Ehn, twenty feet wide and fifty feet deep,
four stories high, with basement, the office occupying
the greater part of the block. The first paper printed
in the new building bears date February 9, 1874.

Mr. Campbell continued to edit the paper until the
fall of 187G, when, finding his health greatly impaired
by his long-continued and confining labors, he severed
his active connection with the Union Democrat and
Dail;/ Union, and went to Florida, where he purchased
a tract of land and engaged in the occupation of
orange culture. He was succeeded in the editorial
chair by A. A. Hanscom. Mr. Campbell maintained
a lively interest in the paper, and sent an occasional
contribution to its columns from his Southern home.
He died quite suddenly at Sorento, Florida, on the
last day of April, 1883.

November 10, 1879, marked a new era in the history
of the Jfanchester Union. On that date the paper and
material passed by purchase into the hands of Stilson
Hutchins, of Laconia, John H. Riedell, of Boston, and
Joseph C. Moore, of Lake Village. July 27, 1880, a
stock company was formed, of which Mr. Moore
became president, Mr. Hutchins treasurer and Mr.
Kiedell secretary. June 26, 1881, Messrs. Hutchins
and Moore purchased Mr. Riedell's interest, and later,
on the 5th of December, 1882, Mr. Hutchins dis-
posed of his interest in the office to Mr. Moore,
since when no further change in proprietorship has
been made. From the inception of the enterprise, in
July, 1880, Mr. Moore was the leading and active
spirit in the management of the paper, and his addi-
tional interest accpiired in December, 1882, was a
natural and eminently proper sequence.

The new proprietors, realizing fully the task to
which they had put their hands, brought to it the
same enterjjrise, energy and sagacity that would have
been found essential to .success in any other business.
It was their purpose to publish the best newspaper in
the State, and not only that, but one which could
compete succcj^sfuUy with the larger metropolitan
dailies in the publication of news. And they suc-
ceeded. When the paper passed into their hands,
Novendicr, 1879, an evening edition only was issued,
and comparatively little attention was paid to tele-
graphic news. On the morning of the 20th of
November the first issue of the morning edition
appeared. The change from an evening to a morning

paper was looked upon with disfavor by many of the
strongest supporters of the paper, who could see no
possible chance of success in a business rivalry with
the Boston dailies. Time, however, vindicated the
wisdom of the enterprise. Full telegraphic service
was obtained through the National Press Association,,
the editorial and reportorial force was increased and
special arrangements made for early transportation
over the lines of railroad to the north, and as a result
the circulation of the paper throughout the State in-
creased with phenomenal rapidity. In January, 1882,
the national telegraphic service was exchanged for
that of the Associated Press, with its extended facili-
ties for securing news from all parts of the civilized
world. With the increase of circulation naturally
came increased advertising patronage. To meet the-
demand for additional space, the paper was increased
in size at various times, until it had grown from a
twenty-four column to a thirty-six column sheet, and
even then a double edition on Saturdays has been
found necessary to meet the wants of advertisers since
November 10, 1883.

For nearly twenty years after the establishment of
the Weekly Unio^i, and about seven years after the
daily was started, the press-work was done outside of
the office. Until 1866, when Patten's building was
destroyed by fire, the presses upon which all papers
in the city were printed were located in the basement
of that building. These presses consisted of two Adams
bed and platen presses and a Guernsey press, the
latter of a pattern that would scarcely be accepted as-
a gift by any live establishment to-day. They were
destroyed in the conflagration that swept away the
offices of The Union, the Mirror and the American^
After the fire S. C. Merrill, who carried on the coffee
and spice business in a building located on Elm Back
Street, in the rear of Merchants' Exchange, and had
surplus steam-power which he wished to utilize^
bought and put in operation two Adams presses,,
on one of which was printed The Union and
on the other the Mirror. The forms of type were
taken from The Union office, then in Union Building,,
at the corner of Market and Elm Streets, and carried
on a hand-bier to the press-room, a task that was any-
thing but coveted by those upon whom it devolved^
Merrill subsequently built a brick block on the corner
of Manchester Street and Elm Back Street, to Avhich
the press-room was removed. This block, with its-
contents, was destroyed by the fire of July, 1870, again
leaving The Union office without press facilities. The
press-work of the daily edition was then for a time
printed on the press of C. F. Livingston, and the
weekly forms were sent to Concord and printed on
the Patriot press until the proprietors purchased a
Cottrell cylinder press and placed it in Merchants'
Exchange, to which the office had been removed, ob-
taining power from the Mirror engine in the basement.
This press was rated at a speed of fifteen hundred
impressions per hour, though it was seldom speeded

MANCHESTER.

faster than one thousand or eleven hundred. The Cot-
trell was moved into the new building erected by the
proprietors of The Union, in 1874, on Manchester Street,
where it met the requirements of the paper until it
passed into the hands of the new proprietors, in 1879,
when a Hoe two -cylinder replaced it.

Up to this time the old style presses had proved of
ample capacity to print the editions of the daily and
weekly. But with the establishment of a morning
edition of the daily, and the journalistic enterprise
displayed in other directions by the new firm, the cir-
culation of both papers increased so rapidly that be-
fore a year had passed, the capacity of the two-cylinder
press was severely taxed to meet the demands made
upon it. From 1879 to this date the growth in cir-
culation had been steady, far exceeding the most
sanguine expectations of the proprietors, until the two-
cylinder press, printing four thousand papers per hour,
was utterly inadequate. There was no alternative but to
again increase the jsrinting cajjacity, both in size and
speed, and it was determined not only to meet pres-
ent demands, but be prejiared for still further increase
in circulation. An order was placed in the spring of
1883 with R. Hoe & Co., New York, the greatest
press-builders in the world, for a type-revolving, web-
perfecting press, capable of printing thirty-two thou-
sand impressions an hour, or sixteen thousand com-
plete papers, printed on both sides. At the same
time a new folding-machine was purchased, which
cuts, pastes and folds the eight-page editions of the
daily and the weekly edition. With this new
machinery and an entire outfit of type, The Union
ofiice is as finely equipped as any newspaper oflice in
New England.

These improvements, however, necessitated more
commodious quarters, and in February, 1884, a ten-
years' lease of the east half of the Opera-House Block
on Hanover Street, with privilege of purchase, was
obtained. A three-story brick building, thirty -two by
thirty-four, was built in the rear of the oi^era-house,
in which is located the press-room and composing-
rooms, a new engine and boiler being placed in the
basement. This building having been erected es-
pecially for the purpose to which it has been devoted,
is admirably adapted for the different mechanical de-
partments of the paper. The business otHce and
editorial rooms are on the ground-floor of the Opera
Block, and, taken all in all, it is one of the
most complete newspaper establishments in New
England.

The first editor or editorial writer of The Union as
a morning daily was Henry H. Metcalf, who began
his labors with the first number and closed them Oc-
tober 22, 1881. He was followed by B. F. Saurman,
who remained till April 22, 1882. On May 4th, of
the same year, George F. Parker assumed the position,
filling it till December 9tli of the same year. The
editorial work was provided for from several sources
till the first week in January, 1882, at which time the

arrangement now in force went into operation. Im-
portant changes were made. The scope of the edi-
torial work was enlarged, and the labors divided.
John T. Hulme and Edward J. Burnham were as-
signed to duty in this department. On December 22,
1884, ]\Ir. Burnham was transferred to the subscrip-
tion and collection department, filling also the duties
of staff correspondent.

The first city editor was Edgar J. Knowlton, who
remained in the position till June 5, 1880, and was
succeeded by lierbert F. Eastman. Mr, Eastman
fulfilled the duties till January 22, 1881, at which
time John T. Hulme came to the position, holding it
continuously till he was promoted to his present
position. On his promotion, Henry H. Everett came
to the duties of the position. Edgar J. Knowlton re-
turned to the staft' as a local reporter October 20^
1884, and December 29th of the same year succeeded
to his old position as city editor.

Walter E. West was first telegraph editor ol' the
paper, filling the position till October G, 1883, when
he retired, and was followed by the present occupant
of that chair, Willis T. Dodge.

John B, Mills and Herbert N. Davison at present
comprise the staff of local reporters, John B, Mills
was in a similar capacity in the first two years of the
morning paper, but retired and returned in February,
1884. True M. Thompson followed him, and was
succeeded by George F. Richards. C, Fred. Crosby,
was also a local reporter for some two years.

John H. Reidell attended the State news and several
other departments of the paper up to January 6, 1883.
On the formation of the new arrangement that went
into force at that time, Edward J. Burnham assumed
special charge of the State news and agricultural de-
partments, and also took the editorial management of
the weekly edition of the paper. On the retirement
of Mr. Burnham, Henry H. Everett assumed the du-
ties of the position.

John T. Hulme undertook to provide for the " ex-
change " work, both in the line of general and politi-
cal miscellany. He also retained the musical and
dramatical assignment.

Seven gentlemen have sat at the proof-reader's
desk in the following order : E. D. Houston, F, L.
Rowe, E. J. Burnham, David W. Cobb, Henry H.
Everett, W. H. H. H. Snow and Alvin T. Thoits.
The last-named gentleman still fills the position.

The longest incumbent was E. J. Burnham, who
filled the position sixteen months, retiring from it to
his present place.

. April 3, 1883, a special department, "The Vets'
Budget," was added to the paper under the charge of
Henry H. Everett, who still continues the work. A
Grange department was also added in 1884, and came
under the direction of E. J. Burnham. "The Fireside"
was a feature of The Union when the morning daily
was started. It was under the special charge of Mrs.
L. A. Scott, who continued till December 29, 1884,

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

when Mrs. Etta F. Shepard assumed the conduct of
the department.

The agricultural department numbers among its
special c«mtributors the following gentlemen : James

0. Adams, secretary of the State Board of Agriculture ;
James M.Connor, of Hopkinton; George E. Drake, of
Pittsfield ; G. A. Simons, of Weare, and others. The
session of the State Legislature in 1881 was specially
rei)orted for Ttie Union by John T. Hulme. In 1883
and 1885 the same gentleman took charge of the
work.

Regular staff correspondents of The Union are
located at Concord, Nashua and Portsmouth. At
Concord the duty is perlbrmed by True L. Norris, at
Nashua by Charles S. Bussell, and at Portsmouth by
Samuel W. Emery. A large force of correspondents
furnish local news from all the prominent points in
the State. Tlie Granges of the State have by vote ap-
jiointed special correspondents to furnish the news
pertaining to that order.

Since the inauguration of the morning daily, Dana

1. Eastman has taken the press reports and furnished
by far more " copy " than any other single individual.
The mechanical departments of the paper are in
charge of the following gentlemen ; Foreman of the
comjiosing-room, Frank T. Parsons; day foreman, J.
"Wilbur Fife; foreman of the press-room, Edward H.
Murphy ; engineer, James Barry ; mailing and deliv-
■ery clerk, John N. Pearsons.

The counting-room is presided over by Howard L.
Kelley, who, since 1880, has attended to the manifold
duties of the business office.

The growth of the Manchester Union has been mar-
velous. In 1851 an unpretentious weekly sheet,
started for the purpose of educating the people in the
principles of true Democracy, a work in which its
founder spentthe best and most fruitful years of his busy
life ; struggling against the apathy and indifference
-of men who had yet to learn the value of a newspaper
and to estimate its real worth ; slowly thrusting its
roots down deeper and deeper into the public mind,
and getting a firmer grasp upon the public confidence,
from which it drew nourishment, while giving in return
the best results of the facile jtens and fertile brains of
its editors, until to-day, grown strong and self-reliant,
it takes its place among the solid and substantial
institutions of the Granite State. The Union is an
able exponent of the principles of the Democratic
I»arty, fearless and outspoken in its views, and
takes front rank among the leading dailies of New
Eriglan<l.

JosKi'ii (Jmffoui) Mookic— Hon. Joseph Clifford
Moore, editor of the Mnnchester Union and the finan-
cial head of the Union Publishing Company, is a
thornugh representative of that valuable class known
as self-made men. He is the second son of Dr. D. F.
and Frances S. Moore, and was born in Loudon, N. H.,
August 22, 1845. His early education was limited
to thic )mmon schools, and more or less shared with

labor. Later in life, having made the best of such
advantages as came within his reach, he pursued with
success a course of medical training at New York
Medical College. From this training he returned to
Lake Village, the business centre of the town of Gil-
ford, which has been his home since he was ten years
of age, and entered upon the practice of medicine in
partnership with his father. Dr. D. F. Moore. This
was in 1866, and from that time up to his joining in
the newspaper enterprise at Manchester, in November,
1879, he followed his profession with untiring industry
and gratifying success. His practice extended over a
wide section, and involved long hours and much
arduous travel. During this time he was also active
in general business enterprises.

Mr. Moore began his journalistic career without
the benefit of any special training whatever, but
brought to the work a clear, cool head, ripe judg-
ment and honest purpose; but it was early apparent
that he possessed that rare quality, " the newspaper
faculty." Careful, prudent, cautious and conserva-
tive by nature, he applied that faculty with con-
stantly increasing shrewdness and wisdom ; so that
the enterprise not only developed a remarkably rapid,
butasoundand healthy, growth. Exercising good busi-
ness judgment and methods, he successfully main-
tained the financial standing of the paper, notwith-
standing the excessive demands of a rapidly-growing
plant. In shaping the tone and conduct of The Union,
he has uniformly aimed to give it a character for
independence, integrity and respectability, advancing
it on the true line of progressive modern journalism.
He is a ready editorial writer on political and gene-
ral topics, eschews the ornamental and descriptive,
and goes straight at the meat of a matter in a plain
and direct style. His methods are convincing as well
as terse and vigorous.

Mr. Moore has always taken a warm and active
interest in politics, not from the selfish motives of the
ofiice-seeker, but as an ardent believer in and stanch
supporter of a sound, sterling and progressive De-
mocracy. At the State election of 1880 he was
elected a member of the State Senate from the Sixth
Senatorial District, and filled the seat with credit to
himself and his constituency. He introduced and
was chiefly instrumental in securing the passage of
the measure which created the present State Board of
Health. Always under self-command, easy and
agreeable in manner, he proved to be valuable in
legislative work, and was invariably relied upon to
release the Senatorial body when sharp conflict of
opinion led it into a jangle. Since the expiration of
tills official trust his time has been given exclusively
to business matters and the conduct of the Uvion.

In January, 1885, he was unanimously chosen
]iresident of the New Hampshire Club, an organiza-
tion comprising the leading business and professional
men of the State, and shortly after accompanied it on
a successful excursion South. As president of this

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CJ^ CL ?^-i ^ '

MANCHESTER.

body he is broad and liberal, seeking only to develop
its interests and extend its influence.

Dartmouth College, at the June commencement,
1884, conferred upon him the degree of A.M.

Mr. Moore retains his residence at Lake Village,
with his aged parents. He is married, but has no
children. In manner he is easy and agreeable, and is
favored with an excellent address and attractive per-
sonal presence. In business affairs he is careful and
conservative, and at the same time enterprising.
Honorable and just in his transactions, he enjoys the
confidence and respect of business men. At this
writing he is in the full vigor of his powers, with the
promise of a useful and successful future before him.

The Farmers' Monthly Vmtor, which had been pub-
lished at Concord by Governor Isaac Hill since 1838,
was suspended in 1849, but revived in this city in
1852, when Rowell, Prescott & Co. (Joseph M.
Eowell, George P. Prescott, Chandler E. Potter) be-
came its proprietors, and Judge Potter its editor. It
was published as an octavo of thirty-two pages, and
its first number was issued in Manchester, as the first
number of its twelfth volume, in January, 1852.
Judge Potter bought the Granite Farmer of Mr.
Adams, October 5, 1853, and Dr. Crosby retired from
the editorship two weeks later. In 1854 the latter
was united with the Visitor, and published in folio
form under the name of the Granite Farmer and Visi-
tor. Judge Potter, having bought out his partners,
was then the sole jjroprietor and editor. About a
year later Lewis H. Hildreth, of Westford, Mass., a
writer upon agriculture, came to Manchester and
entered into negotations in reference to a paper. As
a result, he and James O. Adams each bought a third
of the Farmer and Visitor, Judge Potter retaining a
third and Mr. Adams' name ap^jearing as that of the
editor. Hildreth, however, remained but a few
months, and about April, 1857, the paper was sold at
auction to John C. Merriam & Co. (Henry C. Adams),
and it was issued, July 18, 1857, as a new paper
under the name of the Granite State Farmer. Subse-
quently Merriam retired, and Henry C. Adams owned
it for a while and then sold it to S. A. Hurlburt, who
was the sole proprietor and editor — James O. Adams
then leaving the editor's chair — till the latter part of
1859, when Gilmore & Martin (William H. Gil-
more, Warren Martin) bought the paper and issued it
in folio form as the New Hampshire Journal of Agri-
culture. Zephaniah Breed and Moses A. Cartland,
both of Weare, became the editors. In 1861 the
paper was sold to Francis B. Eaton, who published it
till January, 1863, when he sold it to John B. Clarke,
who united it with the Dollar Weekly Mirror, of
which he was then the owner, under the name of the
Dollar Weekly Mirror and New Hampshire Journal of
Agriculture.

The Ch-usader ws.?, begun in Concord about 1850. In
December, 1851, it was published simultaneously in
Concord and Manchester, and in February, 1852, was

published altogether in this city. It was not long;
afterwards moved to Concord, united with the Phamix^
of that city and afterwards absorbed by the Nev>
Hampshire Gazette at Portsmouth.

In 1853, Benjamin F.Stanton and William B. Burn-
ham issued, for a short time, a small sheet devoted to
phonography, called the Junto Organ.

A paper called the Ladies' Enterprise was begun
January 1, 1854, and published for a time.

In 1854 the Stars and Stripes, a " Know-Xothing '*
paper, was established, and was removed soon after-
wards to Laconia and absorbed in the Winnipesaukeet
Gazette.

The New Hampshire Journal of Medicine was first
issued at Concord in August, 1850, and was removed
to Manchester in July, 1856, and continued till De-
cember, 1859, when it was suspended.

The New Hampshire Journal of Education was es-
tablished in January, 1857, and soon after removed
to Concord.

The Literary Visitor, begun January 1, 1859, by
George W. Batchelder and Martin A. Haynes, waa
short-lived.

The True Republican was started February 4, 1859>
by Benjamin F. Stanton. With him were afterwards
associated Hector Canfield and Orren C. Moore. The
paper was continued about a year under the titles of
True Republican, City Messenger and Republican and
Manchester Republican.

Moore's Musical Record, John W. Moore, editor, waa
begun in January, 1857, and published monthly, by
John W. Moore & Co., for two years. In Jan-
uary, 1869, John W. Moore, Samuel C. Merrill, Charlea
Clough and Sylvester C. Gould began the publication
of the Manchester Daily News. It was soon discon-
tinued.

La Voix du Peuple, was begun in 1869, but waa
short-lived.

The Labor Journal was started March 24, 1870, by-
Daniel S. Holt, and soon after suspended.

The Public Forum, a weekly paper, was started Sep-
tember 30, 1871, as a Democratic journal, by George
J. Foster & Co., Joshua L. Foster being its edi-
tor. It was soon after removed to Dover, its name
changed to that of Foster's Democrat, and is still ])uL-
lished there.

The New Hampshire Journal of Music was begun
January 1, 1872, by Imri S.Whitney. John W. Moore
was its editor till the close of 1874. Discontinued.

The Saturday Night Dispatch was begun Saturday^
January 24, 1874, by Merritt S. Hunt. James O.
Adams was associated with Mr. Hunt as editor and
proprietor from September 1, to December 1, 1874. It
was subsequently changed to Manchester Times, and
conducted by Henry H. Everett until late in the win-
ter of 1883, when it was discontinued.

The New Hampshire Sunday Globe was begun Feb-
ruary 7, 1875, by Rollins & Kingdon. Discontinued.

The Manchester Weekly Budget was established

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

June U, 1883, by William M. Keudall,Jr., and David
M. Ladd, by whom it is still published. The success
of the Budget has beeu plienomenal, the circulation
liavinjr reached seven thousand five hundred copies
weekly. The size of the paper is twelve pages, seventy-
two columns; subscription price, two dollars a year.
The circulation of the Budget now penetrates nearly
everv village and school district in the State.

The American Young Folks was established in 1875,
and consolidated with the Borjs and Girls of New
Hampshire in March, 1882. Editor, George W. Browne.
Issued semi-monthly by the American Young Folks
Company.

The Ec/io des Canadiens was established July 2, 1880,
with Leander Boudreau editor and Charles L. Fitz-
patrick and Leandre Boudreau proprietors. Discon-
tinued.

J,e Jiatntu v;a>i established November 5, 1881. P.

C. Chatel, editor and proprietor. Discontinued.

Manchester Guardianwas established July 14, 1883.
Charles A. O'Connor, editor-in-chief. Discontinued.

The Semi-WeeMtj Record was started December 1,
1883, Frank H. Challis, editor and publisher. "A
penny newspaper," published on Wednesdays and
Saturdays. Discontinued.

Notes and Queries, a magazine containing miscella-
neous notes and queries, with answers, for professors
and students, teachers and pupils, is published monthly
by S. C. & L. M. Gould.

Mr. S. C. Gould manifests a deep interest in his-
torical matters, and has a collection of books, pam-
phlets and magazines relating to Manchester, number-
ing over sixteen hundred, from 1743-1885.

This collection comprises book and pamphlet lit-
erature, including some of the leading magazine
literature published serially. It contains the published
literary efforts of former and present residents, whether
native or temporary, and whether published prior to
their residence here or subsequent to their departure;
also, all works relating to or published by the city.
The collection also includes more or less of literature
relating to Bedford, together with some relating to
Londonderry and Derry, of which towns Manchester
was formerly a part.

The first published pamphlet in reference to Man-
chester, now known, is the (Rev. Joseph Secombe)
" Discourse uttered in part at Ammauskeeg-Falls, in
the Fishing Season, 1739; 'Business and Diversion in-
offensive to God, and necessary for the comfort and
support of human society ; ' " from the text, " Simon
Peter saith unto them, ' I go a fishing.' " This dis-
course was printed in Boston, in 1743, — one hundred
and forty-two years ago, — and only five copiesare now
known to be extant. The first pamphlets to be im-
firintcd in Manchester, now known, were " An Address
ilolivered at Pembroke, N. H., May 13, 1841," and "A
Historical Sketch of Bedford, N. H., a discourse deliv-
ered July 4, 1841," both by Rev. Thomas Savage,
A. M.. and jirinted at tlie ottice of Emerson & Mur-

ray, in 1841, octavos of sixteen pages each. The first
book now known to have been imprinted in Manches-
ter was "The Life and Adventures of Seth Wyman ;
Written by Himself," and printed by J. H. Cate, in
1843, a duodecimo of three hundred and ten pages,
bound in cloth. This book was suppressed by rela-
tives of the autobiographer, before a hundred coj^ies
were sold, and is now a scarce book.

Educational. — In 1784 the town voted a liberal
expenditure for educational purposes, and in that
year also the town was divided into four school dis-
tricts ; butit was not until 1795 that a school-house was
erected in " Derryfield." This primitive educational
institution was built by private subscription and was
located upon what was then known as the Falls road,
in the rear of the present residence of Hon. David Cross.
This house was purchased by the town in 1798, and it
was also voted that year to erect two additional ones.
In 1809 the town was redistricted and a school-house
Iniilt at the Centre.

The school district system, which was originated in
1773, continued until 1868, when the city assumed
control of the schools. The first teachers were, —
1791, Jonathan Rand; 1792, Edward Blodget, Ste-
phen Potter and Frederick Hastings ; 1793, William
White and Peter Severens ; 1794, John Tufts and
Peter Severens; 1795, John M. Laughlin ; 1796,1797
and 1798, Samuel Moor, Jr. ; 1799, Samuel Moor,
Jr., and Matliew Reed.

Mr. Rand was the first teacher in town of whom
any record can be found. The wages paid were from
eight to twelve dollars a month. The highest sum
paid per month from 1791 to 1801, as aj^pears from
the selectmen's book, was " to Samuel Moor, Jr.,
twelve dollars for keeping school in the lower district
one month."

The school property now owned by the city is val-
ued at over three hundred thousand dollars, and con-
sits of a High School building, on Beech Street,
valued at forty-five thousand dollars, and numerous
others.

High School. — The High School was first kept in
the old building now standing on the corner of Low-
ell and Chestnut Streets. The house was erected in
1841 at a cost of three thousand dollars, and was used
for a district school, with David P. Perkins as the
first master. Some five or six years later it was
changed to a High School, and in 1867 it was moved
to its present location, on Beech Street, the new
building having been erected to meet the demand for
better accommodations for the school.

Franklin Street Schools. — The school formerly
called the South Grammar School w'as originally kept
in a chapel on Concord Street, from which it was
moved, in 1847, to the brick building on Park Street,
built for its use. Ten years later it was transferred to
its present location, on the corner of Franklin and
Pleasant Streets. This building and lot are valued
at eighteen thousand dollars.

MANCHESTER.

Sprinct Street Schools. — A school was begun in
1848 in the brick building on Spring Street, and then
called the North Grammar. Moses T. Brown was its
first principal.

Lincoln Street Schools. — Under the name of
the East Grammar, a school was begun in 1867, in the
new High School house, with two divisions, gathered
from the North and South Grammar Schools. In the
fall of 1868 another division was added, and in the
spring of 1869 it was moved to the old High School
building, where a first division was added and a
master was appointed. In 1871 a new house was
built for its accommodation on the corner of Lincoln
and Merrimack Streets, worth fifty thousand dollars,
where it is now located.

A8H Street Grammar Schools. — In 1874 a fine
building was erected on the corner of Ash and Bridge
Streets to meet the growing demand for school facili-
ties, and a grammar school was established, composed
of pupils residing in the northeastern section of the
city. The building is a fine specimen of school arch-
itecture, and is valued at fifty-eight thousand dollars.
Main Street Schools, West Manchester.—
With the annexation of Piscataquog village, in 1853,
the grammar school came under the care of the city.
It was kept in the Centre Street building until 1874,
when it was removed to its present location, on Main
Street. An addition was made to the building in
1882 for the accommodation of the considerable in-
crease in pu2)ils.

Webster Street Schools, West Manchester.
— During the year 1882 a handsome school building
was erected on Webster Street, between Elm and
Chestnut, at a cost of seventeen thousand dollars. It
is designed for scholars residing at the north end of
the city. Two schools are already located there.

There are other schools located on Blodgett, Bridge,
Lowell, Manchester, Merrimack and Beech Streets ;
also on South Main Street and School Street, West
Manchester. There are a number of suburban
schools. The largest of these is located at Bakers-
ville. The school building was erected in 1883 at a
cost of twelve thousand dollars. Others are: No. 1,
Stark District ; No. 2, Amoskeag ; No. 3, Bakers-
ville ; No. 4, Goffe's Falls ; No. 5, Harvey District ;
No. 6, Webster's Mills; No. 7, Hallsville; No. 8,
Youngsville ; No. 9, Mosquito Pond.

Catholic Educational Establishments. —
Mount St. Mary's Academy, corner Union and Laurel
Streets, is under the control of the Sisters of Mercy.
This is a boarding-school for young ladies. It has
been in existence for twenty-five years, and has an
average attendance of sixty pupils. The course of
studies, embracing five years, includes all the branches
of a useful and Christian education. Young ladies of
all religious denominations are received, and inter-
ference with their religious convictions is scrupulously
avoided. The present superior is Rev. Mother Fran-
ces Leeson.

The school for boys in Park Street, taught by
twelve Sisters of Mercy; Rev. Thos. Corcoran, princi-
pal. Number of scholars, about four hundred.

St. Joseph's School for boys, corner of Lowell and
Beach Streets, taught by six Sisters of Mercy. Num-
ber of pupils, two hundred and fifty.

St. Joseph's School for girls, corner Lowell and Pine
Streets, taught by six Sisters of Mercy. Number of
pupils, two hundred and fifty. The schools of St.
Joseph's parish are under the immediate supervision
of the right reverend bishop.

St. Agnes' School for girls, corner Union and Spruce
Streets, taught by seven Sisters of Mercy. Number of
scholars, three hundred.

St. Augustine's School for boys and girls, Ea.st
Spruce Street, taught by Sisters of Jesus and Mary,
Numl)er of pupils, five hundred.

St. Mary's School for boys and girls, connected with
St. Mary's Church, West Manchester. This school
has just been erected, and will be under the control
of the Sisters of Providence. It will accomodate four
hundred pupils.

Charitable Instifufions. — St. Patrick's Home and
Hospital, Hanover Street, conducted by the Sisters
of Mercy. Number of orphans, sixty ; patients
in hospital, fifteen.

St. Patrick's Home for Aged Women, Hanover
Street, managed by the Sisters of Mercy. Number of
inmates, fifteen.

German School. — The first German School-house
in the State of New Hampshire was dedicated here in
1884. It is located at the corner of Third and Ferry
Streets, and is of brick, thirty-two by forty-eight in
size, and two stories in height, with a flat roof. Over
the main entrance, on Third Street, are two tablets of
polished granite, bearing in gilt letters of German
text the words, " Deutsch Schule " and the year of
erection, "1884." The German School Society, to
which this convenient and comfortable little edifice
owes its existence, was organized August 22, 1875, "
mainly through the efforts of members of theTurn-
verein.

The State Industrial School. — The movement
which resulted in the establishment of this institution
was started in 1855, when the Legislature i)assed aii
act authorizing the Governor and Council to appoint
a board of three commissioners, empowered to buy a
tract of land and erect buildings thereon, to provide a
"house of reformation for juvenile and female offend-
ers against the laws." The commissioners— the Hon.
Frederick Smyth, of Manchester, the Hon. Matthew
Harvey, of Concord, and Hosea Eaton, of New Ips-
^vich — were appointed that year, and selected, as the
site for the house proposed, the farm which was once
the home of General John Stark, two miles north of
the city hall, on the east bank of the ]\Ierrimack
River, containing about one hundred acres. The
price paid was ten thousand dollars, and another
piece of ten acres was bought soon after for a thou-

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

saud dollars more. The building was commenced iu
the spring of 1856, finished in the autumn of 1857
and furnished in the spring of 1858. Its cost was
thirty-four thousand dollars; the total cost of build-
ing and laud was forty-five thousand dollars. The
house was dedicated on the 12th of May, 1858, and
occupied at that time, when the first superintendent,
Brooks Shattuck, was appointed. He was succeeded,
on the 20th of April, 18(jti, by Isaac H. Jones. Upon
his departure Edward Ingham was elected, the 17th
of May, 1870. The present superintendent, John C.
Ray, was appt)inted on the 2d of July, 1874. The
institution is now known as the State Industrial
School, and is under the management of a board of
seven trustees, by whom the superintendent is chosen,
and who are appointed by the Governor and Council.
A fire, on the 20th of December, 1865, nearly destroyed
the building, and the children were temporarily kept
in the buildings known as the "Stark house" and
"Gamble house," which had stood near by since the
early settlement of the town. During their residence
in it the "Stark house" was set on fire and consumed.
As soon as possible after the fire the old school build-
ing was repaired and the inmates returned to it. The
institution is in annual receipt of interest from the
legacies of James McKeen Wilkins, of Manchester,
and bloody Kent, of Pembroke, which amount to eight
thousand and three thousand dollars respectively;
also the income from Miss Louise Penhallow's bequest
of one thousand dollars, to be expended for a library.

The Manchester City Library^ was established
in September, 1854, under the terms of a contract
between the Manchester Athenieum and the city of
Manchester, whereby the library of the Athenseum
was transferred to the city, to be the foundation of a
free public library.

The ^Manchester Athena3um was established in Feb-
ruary, 1844, mainly through the efforts of Hon. Samuel
D. Bell, Hon. Daniel Clark, Hon. Plerman Foster,
Hon. Moody Currier, David Gillit, Esq., John A.
Burnham, Esq., William A. Burke, Esq., and others,
with the design of founding a library, reading-room
and museum. In accordance with the liberal policy
pursued by the manufacturing corporations towards
the i)ublic institutions in the city, the Amoskeag
Manufacturing Company presented to the Athenaeum
the sum of one thousand dollars, and the Stark Mills
and the Manchester Print- Works the sum of five
hundred dolluTs each, for the purchase of books for
its library. Donations and loans of books were also
made to the library by many of the members of the
association, and accessions were made by purchase
from time to time from the money derived from mem-
bership an<l the annual tax. For the following ten
years the library of the Athenteum continued to in-
crease in size and value till, in 1854, it numbered
nearly three thousand voluims.

' By Hon. Niitlmii 1'. Hunt.

In 1854 the subject of the establishment of a free
public library having been brought to the attention
of the City Council by the mayor, Hon. Frederick
Smyth, in his inaugural address, a committee was ap-
pointed to confer with the managers of the Athenaeum
in relation to the transfer of the library of the Athen-
aeum to the city for that purpose. The matter was
favorably considered by the managers of the Athen-
ajum, and a proposition made by them to transfer
gratuitously to the city their library and other prop-
erty, to form the basis of a public library. This propo-
sition was accepted by the city, and authority for the
purpose having been obtained I'rom the Legislature,,
the transfer of the library was made to the city in
accordance with a contract, dated September 6, 1854,.
executed by the Athenseum and the city, and the City
Library established on a permanent basis.

The contract provides that the city shall annually
appropriate and pay to the trustees of the library a.
sum not less than one thousand dollars, to be expended
in the purchase of books and periodicals, and shall,,
by suitable appropriations, provide for the expense of
maintaining the library. The control and manage-
ment of the affairs of the library is vested in a board
of nine trustees, of whom the mayor of the city and
president of the Common Council are members tx
officiis. One trustee is elected annually, by joint ballot
of the board of trustees and of the aldermen of the
city, for the term of seven years.

Thus established, the library progressed successfully
until February 5, 1856, when, by the burning of Pat-
ten's Block, in which the library was located, the
whole library, with the exception of about six hundred
volumes, — the greater part of which were odd vol-
umes, — was destroyed. Immediate measures were
taken by the trustees to reorganize the library and
replace the books destroyed, and it was reopened to-
the public July 22, 1856, in rooms obtained in Mer-
chants' Exchange, but subsequently was again located
in Patten's Block, when it was rebuilt in 1857. In
1871 the city erected a brick building for the use of
the library, upon a lot on Franklin Street, which was
given to the city for this pur})Ose by the Amoskeag
Manufacturing Company, the cost of which was about
thirty thousand dollars. In 1881 the increase of the
library requiring larger accommodation, an addition
was made to the library building, at a cost of nine
thousand dollars. The addition nearly doubled the
capacity of the library building and provided for the
regular increase of the library for many years. At
the date of the last report of the trustees, December
31, 1884, there were in the library about twenty-eight
thousand volumes, including pamphlets, of which
there are about nineteen hundred. Connected with
the library is a reading-room, which is supplied with
sixty-seven periodicals and newspapers, and the library
and reading-room are both open to the public eight
hours each day and evening, except Sundays, through-
out the year.

MANCHESTER.

The late Oliver Deun, who was prominently con-
nected with the manufacturing interests of the city,
bequeathed to the library a legacy of five thousand
dollars, the income of which is expended by the
trustees in the purchase of scientific, mechanical and
technical works, and designated as the "Dean Fund
Purchase."

In 1872 the Hon. Gardner Brewer, of Boston,
Mass., presented to the library a collection of six
hundred and eighty-three volumes of the Tauchnitz
edition, uniformly and handsomely bound, which is
known as the "Brewer Donation." In 1876 Hon.
Moody Currier presented the library with Bohn's
Standard, Classical, Illustrated, Ecclesiastical, Scien-
tific and Antiquarian Libraries, and Harper's Select
Family Library. To these he subsequently added a
number of valuable works on ecclesiastical history,
and a collection of Greek, Latin and foreign authors
in the original text. The number of volumes in this
collection now amounts to eleven hundred and forty -
seven volumes, which are known as the " Currier Dona-
tion."

Under the will of Mary E. Elliot, late of this city,
the sum of two thousand dollars was bequeathed to
the city of Manchester, to be securely invested, and
the annual income thereof to be spent in the purchase
of medical books and periodicals. This amount
became available in the early part of the year 1885,
and the income when suflicient will be devoted to
the class of books indicated, which will be placed in
alcoves by themselves and designated as the "Elliot
Fund Purchase." A large number of other citizens
have also, from time to time, generously aided in the
increase and usefulness of the library by donations of
valuable books and files of newspapers.

The volumes in the library are well selected as to
use and value, and the whole collection contains a
fair representation of every department of English
literature, as well as the sciences and arts. In the
selection of books for the increase of the library it
has always been the policy of the trustees, while pro-
viding a reasonable number of books of a more tem-
porary character as the demand from the patrons of
the library for the same seemed to require, to expend
by far the larger part of the amount appropriated by
the City Council in the purchase of works of perma-
nent value. This course, pursued for so many years,
has made the library one of the most valuable in the
State. The library is particularly valuable in the
number of volumes relating to local history and in its
files of newspapers, many of which, if destroyed,
could not be replaced.

The first Board of Trustees consisted of Samuel D.
Bell, Daniel Clark, Ezekiel A. Straw, Samuel N.
Bell, William C. Clarke, David Gillis and William
P. Newell. In 1862 David Gillis removed from the
city and was succeeded by Samuel Webber. Mr.
Webber served as trustee till September, 1864, when
he resigned, he also having removed from the city.
5

The vacancy thus occasioned was filled by the elec-
tion of Phinehas Adams, who continued in office till
1876, when he was succeeded by Moody Currier.
Upon the death of Samuel D. Bell in 1868, Water-
man Smith was chosen to fill the unexpired term,
and was succeeded in 1873 by Nathan P. Hunt.
Upon the death of William C. Clarke in 1872, Isaac
W. Smith was elected a member of the board. Sam-
uel N. Bell resigned in September, 1879, and Luciaa

B. Clough was elected to fill the vacancy. Ezekiel
A. Straw died in 1882 and was succeeded by Thomas
L. Livermore. The present board therefore consists
of Daniel Clark, William P. Newell, Nathan P.
Hunt, Lucian B. Clough, Thomas L. Livermore,
Moody Currier and Isaac W. Smith, and the mayor
and president of the common council. The first
treasurer of the trustees was Samuel N. Bell, who
held the office till he resigned in September, 1879,
when he was succeeded by Nathan P. Hunt. William

C. Clarke was clerk of the board from its organizaticm
till his death in April, 1872. Isaac W. Smith was
chosen to fill the vacancy in January, 1873. ^Ir.
Smith served as clerk till January, 1876, when he
resigned and Nathan P. Hunt was elected in his
place. At the organization of the library Francis B.
Eaton was chosen librarian and served in that ra-
pacity till September 30, 1863, when he resigned and
Marshall P. Hall was elected to succeed him. Mr.
Hall served till June, 1865, when he also resigned
and Benjamin F. Stanton was appointed to fill the
position. The latter resigned in April, 1866, when
Charles H. Marshall was elected. I\Ir. Marshall held
the office till July 1, 1877, when Mrs. Lizzie B. Davis
was elected, and resigning July 1, 1878, was suc-
ceeded by Mrs. M. J. Buncher, the present incum-
bent.

CHAPTER V.

MANCHESTER— ( Continued).

The Amoskeag National Bank — The Manchester National Bank — The
Merchants' National Hank — The First National Bank — Second National
Bank — The Manchester Savings-Bank — 3Ierrimack Kiver Savinfrs-
Bank — Guaranty Savings-Bank — Tlie Amoskeag Savings-Iiunk — The
People's Savings-Bank. The Maniifactnring Interests: The Amos-
keag Manufacturing Company — Stark Blills — Jlanchester Mills —
Langdon Mills — Amory Manufacturing Company — Namaske Mills —
Deary Mills — P. C. Cheney Paper Company — Amoskeag Paper-Mill —
IManchoster Locomotive-Works— Manchester Gas-Light Company —
Forsaith Manufacturing Company — Other Manufactures.

The Amoskeag National Bank. — The Amoskeag
Bank was incorporated June 24, 1848, and commenced
business, in October of the same year, with a capital
of $100,000. This was increased, August 5, 1850, to
$150,000, and, August 7, 1854, to $200,000.

The first board of directors were elected October 2,
1848, as follows: Richard H. Ayer, Samuel D. Bell,
Mace Moulton, Stephen D. Green, John S. Kidder,
Stephen Manahan and Edson Hill. Richard H. Ayer

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

was cliosen presidint and Moody Currier cashier.
February 14, 1853, Walter French succeeded Mr.
Aver as president and officiated until his death, which
otrurred in a railway accident, at Norwalk, Conn.,
the same year. May 9, 1853, John S. Kidder was
ohosen president and officiated until the bank was
discontinued.

Tiic first and only cashier was Moody Currier.

The Amoskeag National Bank was organized No-
vember 1, 18G4, with a capital of $100,000, which was
increased, June 12, 1865, to 8200,000. The first
board of directors was as follows: Moody Currier,
J-.hn S. Kidder, Stephen D. Green, Edson Hill,
llonry Putney, Adam Chandler, Daniel Clark, Dar-
win J. Daniels and Horace Johnson. Moody Cur-
rier wjis chosen president and G. Byron Chandler
cashier, both of whom still hold their respective
offices.

Hon. Mooi>y Currier, LL.D., the present Gover-
nor of New Hampshire and one of the leading bankers
and capitalists of the State, has been the architect of
his own fortune, and l)y his energy, clear business fore-
sight and indomitable will, has risen from a penniless
laborer on the rocky farms of Merrimack County to
the present exalted and honorable position he oc-
cupies among the citizens of his native State.

The rudiments of his education were acquired at
home, in the evening, after the day's work was
done, and in this manner he fitted himself to enter
Hopkinton Academy. From thence he went to
Dartmouth College, where he graduated with high
honors in the class of 1834. Hon. Daniel Clark, of
this city, also graduated in this class. After leaving
college he taught school one term at Concord and
one year at Hopkinton Academy, and then became
principal of the High School at Lowell, Mass., where
he remained until 1841. In the spring of that year,
having, in the mean time, read law, he came to Man-
chester, was admitted to the bar and formed a part-
nership with Hon. George W. ISIurrison for the practice
of his profession. This partnership continued about
two years when it was dissolved, and Mr. Currier
pursued his profession alone until 1848, acquiring
a large and lucrative practice.

During this time he had developed rare skill as a
financier, and upon the organization of the Amoskeag
Bank, in 1848, was elected its cashier, a position which
lie retained until its reorganization as a National
Bank, in 1864, when he was chosen president of the
bank, and is the present incumbent. Mr. Currier
hiLx led an active life and has been prominently iden-
tified with many of the largest and most successful
nionied institutions in the city and State. He has
been treasurer of the Amoskeag Savings-Bank since its
incorporation in 1852, a director of thePeople's Savings
Bank and of the Manchester Mills since their organ-
ization. He was a director of the Blodgett Edge Tool
Company and a director and treasurer of the Amoske«g
A xe Company. He was also treasurer of the Concord

Railroad in 1871 and 1872 ; has been treasurer of the
Concord and Portsmouth Railroad since 1856; pres-
ident of the Eastern Railroad in New Hampshire
since 1877 ; treasurer of the New England Loan Com-
pany since 1874; director of the Manchester Gas-
Light Company since 1862, besides holding various
other positions of trust and responsibility, in all of
which he has been eminently successful.

Notwithstanding he has been actively engaged in
the management of large financial operations, he has
found time to indulge his taste for literary pursuits,
and is one of the most accomplished scholars in the
State. While a teacher in Concord, he edited a lit-
erary journal and later edited and published a weekly
paper in this city. His tastes have led him into the
realm of poetry, and in 1879 a volume of his poems
was published for private circulation.

Politically, Mr. Currier is a Republican. Prior to
1852, however, he affiliated with the Democratic
party, which elected him clerk of the State Senate
in 1843 and 1844. He subsequently became a Free-
soiler and has been a member of the Republican party
since its organization.

He was a member of the Senate in 1856 and 1857,
and in the latter year president of that body. In
1860 and 1861 he was a member of the Governor's
Council and chairman of the committee for raising
and equiping troops to fill New Hampshire's quota
of men in the War of the Rebellion. In 1876, Mr.
Currier was one of the Presidential electors Avho cast
the vote of New Hampshire for Hayes and Wheeler.
In 1884 he received the nomination of his party for
the gubernatorial office, and was elected by a majority
vote. There were three candidates in the field. He
has been married three times, but has no children
living.

Mr. Currier is one of Manchester's leading and
most honored citizens, and all measures tending to
advance the welfare of the city have found in him an
earnest supporter.

The Manchester National Bank. — The Man-
chester National Bank Avas chartered in December,
1844, and organized in 1845 with the following
directors : Samuel D. Bell, Hiram Brown, Jacob G.
Cilley, Isaac C. Flanders, Walter French, William C.
Clarke and Nathan Parker. At the annual meeting
in July, 1845, the following board of directors was
chosen : James U. Parker, Samuel D. Bell, David A.
Bunton, Hiram Brown, Jonathan T. P. Hunt, Wil-
liam C. Clarke and Isaac Riddle. The bank began
operations September 2, 1845, with a capital of $50,-
000, which was subsequently increased to $125,000.
The first officers were James U. Parker, president,
and Nathan Parker, cashier, both of whom officiated
during the existence of the bank.

It was organized as a national bank in April, 1865,
under the style of the Manchester National Bank,
with the following officers; Nathan Parker, presi-
dent; Charles E. Balch, cashier; Nathan Parker,

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MANCHESTER.

Benjamin F. Martin, Phinehas Adams, Oilman H,
Kimball, John H. Maynard, David A. Run ton and
Horace P. Watts, directors.

The original capital of the bank was $100,000,
which was increased, April 2, 1872, to $150,000.
Nathan Parker, the first president, has continucil as
such to the present time, and Charles E. lialcli, the
first cashier, remained in that position until his
death, October 18, 1884. He was succeeded by Wal-
ter M. Parker. The present board of directors is as
follows: Nathan Parker, Horace P. AVatts, Phinehas
Adams, B. F. Martin, John H. Maynard, N. S. Clark,
William J. Hoyt, Walter M. Parker.

The Merchants' National Bank. — This bank was
organized as a State ]>ank under the name of City
Bank in 1853 with the following directors : Isaac C.
Flanders, William C. Clarke, Oliver W. Bailey,
Samuel W. Parsons, Andrew G. Tucker and William
H. Hill; President, Isaac C. Flanders; Cashier,
Edward W. Harrington.

In 1865 the bank was converted into a national
bank under the name of the City National Bank,
when Hon. Clinton W. Stanley was elected president
to succeed Mr. Flanders, resigned.

In 1876, Daniel W. Lane was elected cashier, to
succeed E. W. Harrington, deceased.

The original capital was $100,000, which has
been increased to $150,000.

January, 1879, Hon. James A. Weston was elected
president, to succeed Hon. Clinton W. Stanley.

In 1880 the name of the bank was changed to the
Merchants' National Bank.

The present board of directors are Hon. James A.
Weston, John C. French, Hon. Nathan P. Hunt,
Bushrod W. Hill, Hon. John M. Parker, Hon.
Charles H. Bartlett and William C. Rogers. Ofiicers :
President, Hon. James A. Weston ; Cashier, Daniel
W. Lane.

The First National Bank was incorporated under
the name of the INIerrimack River Bank, July 14,
1855, Ralph Metcalf being Governor of the State. The
charter was granted for tlie term of twenty years from
July 15th, and was accepted August 1st by the fol-
lowing board of grantees: William Whittle,' William
G. Means, John H. Moore,' Peter P. Woodbury,'
Frederick Smyth, William P. Newell, Timothy W.
Little,' William Patten,' Isaac Tompkins,' Isaac W-
Smith, Frederick G. Stark,' John Ordway,' George
W. Converse,' Josiah C. Eastman, William Shep-
herd,' D. J. Daniels,' C. W. Baldwin,' Jacob G.
Cilley,' Alonzo Smith,' David Cross, Phinehas
Adams,' Francis H. Lyford, B. F. Martin, William
Richardson,' Waterman Smith, Frank A. Brown,'
Alpheus Gay, Jr., Joseph B. Clark, John M. Parker,
Henry T. Mowatt,' George W. Bailey, William Per-
kins and their associates.

The first meeting of the grantees took place at the

1 Deceased.

office of Frederick Smyth, No. 4 Smyth's Block.
Suitable by-laws were adopted, the capital stock,
one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, divided into
fifteen hundred shares, and the requisite machinery
for the successful working of the new institution was
l)rovided.

The first organization was as follows: Directors,
William G. Means, William P. Newell, William
Whittle, Waterman Smith, John H. Moore, B. F.
]\Iartin, David Cross ; President, William Ci. Means;
Cashier, Frederick Smith ; Clerk, John D. Irving.

The Bank of Commerce, in Boston, wiis selected as
a place of deposit. The discount of notes was author-
ized November 1, 1855, ami the first loan was made
to the agent of the Manchester Mills. By Nijveraber
7th the capital stock had all been subscribed and
paid in. In 1856 the board of directors was re-elected
and in November of that year William Whittle re-
signed and Phinehas Adams was chosen in his place,
and there was no further change until 1859, when
Mr. Means resigned as president, and was succeeded
by B. F. Martin, who served one year, and was suc-
ceeded by Waterman Smith, who continued until
1884, when he was succeeded by John Frederick
Smyth, the present incumbent. John Frederick
Smyth was cashier of the bank from its incorporation,
in 1855, to 1884, when he was succeeded by the pres-
sent cashier, Mr. Charles F. Morrill.

On the 22d of March, 1865, the stockholders voted
to reorganize, under United States laws, as the First
National Bank of Manchester, and the old board of
officers continued until the annual meeting in the
following January, when they were re-elected.

The present officers and directors are as follows :
Hon. Frederick Smyth, president; Hon. David
Cross, vice-president ; Charles F. Morrill, cashier ;
John P. Goggin, clerk ; Directors, David Cross,
Joseph B. Clark, Thomas Wheat, Frederick Smyth,
F. B. Eaton, Frank Dowst, Joseph F. Kennard.

The clerks in employ, in the order of time in which
they are named, are as follows :

John D. Irving, now insurance commissioner,
Toledo, Ohio ; Samuel T. Foster, died in Washington,
D. C. ; H. A. Viarly, banker in Boston, Mass. ; George
Gage, now bank commissioner for New Hampshire ;
George B. Lord, now at St. Louis, Mo. ; W. R.
Walker, in savings-bank at Concord, N. H. ; Josiah
Morrill, died while in the employ of the bank; John
Porter, resigned on account of ill-health. The charter
was obtained against the most strenuous opposition
on the part of other resident bankers, and was re-
garded as a personal triumph of Mr. Smyth. The
fact once accomplished, however, all opposition sub-
si<led,and the business relations have ever been liar-
monious with his fellows. His fortunate investments
and always conservative management have gained for
the bank an enviable reputation, second to none in

the State.

Frederick Smyth.— The subject of this sketch was

HISTORY OF HTT.LSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

born March 9, 1819, in Candia, Rockingham County.
His ancestors, as far a.s we have any record, were thrifty
farmers, aixl lu- was early inured to the toils of tarm-
life on the homestead, in the northwest i>art of that
|iifturesi|ue town.

Tile comiuoii scliool and the High School gave him
all they had to give; a single term at the Phillips
Academy, in Andover, IMa.'^s., completed his brief
stndv of text-hooks, and his education thenceforth
continued in the larger school of men and alfairs. For
a short time he was a partner in trade at Candia with
Thomas Wheat, now a distinguished physician of
Manchester. The field, however, was too limited to
satisfy his amhilion, and in 1839 he sought and found
emi)loyment in the establishment of George Porter,
Rsq., wImi did ;i large business in the sale of general
merchandise in Manchester. During the days of his
(derkship he was librarian of a reading club, of which
Samuel D. Hell, John A. Buniham, John Porter and
others were members, when the North American
Bemeiv, the Southern Literary Messenger, the Knicker-
bocker Mar/a:ine, etc., were placed within his reach.
This appears to have been the germ of the Manches-
ter Athena-um.

After about two years he entered into company with
.lohn Porter, Es<|.,and bought out his employer. This
was the beginning of a brief but successful mercantile
career, which terminated with his election as city
clerk in 1849. While in trade he was very scrupu-
lous in regard to his financial ol)ligations. In the
panic of 1847 every firm doing business on the street
went under, except two, and one of those was that
with winch Mr. Smyth was connected. liike others,
he was compelled to trust out large quantities of
poods, and wiis unable to conunand much capital. He
went to his Boston creditors, frankly told them his
situation, said he did not want to fail, and so impressed
them with his evident sincerity of purpose that they
promised him all the goods and time he wanted. The
event justitied their confidence, and to-day no man
who knows him needs to be told that his word is as
good as his bond.

He was elected city clerk by the usual party major-
ity, and did his work so acceptably that he was re-
elected by a City Council two-thirds of whose mem-
bers were politically opposed to him. The American
ami Afr.sxnigrr of that date said: "This is a com-
pliment to Mr. Smyth, whicdi has been well merited
by his faithfulness and courtesy during the la.st year."
His manifest efficiency in city atlairs, and the thor-
ougbiM'ss with which he mastered every detail, sug-
gested his fitiu'ss for mayor, and he was accordingly
nominatcfl and elected to that office in March, 1852.
lie was re-elected for two successive years thereafter,
and again at a time of peculiar importance in munic-
ipal atlairs, in 18<)4. A distinguishing mark of his
first year's adnunistration will ever remain in the
trees which adorn our |)arks and streets. He advo-
cated an act of the City Council, which passed in spite

of considerable opposition, authorizing trees to be set
on all the public streets, parks and lands, and every
year since, with but few exceptions, he has personally
inspected the trees, and notified the proper authori-
ties when any of them needed replacing. With this
good work some, but not all, his successors in office,
have sympathized. In July and October of Mayor
Smyth's first year the Whig party lost its two great
leaders,— Henry Clay and Daniel Webster,— and the
attention of the citizens was called to some fitting
expression of feeling in both cases by a brief message
from the mayor. His first election was by Whig votes
over the opposition of Democrats and Free-Soilers ;
his second by Whig and Free-Soil votes, and an in-
creased majority ; his third with very little opposition,
and his fourth with virtually none at all. During his
second year the Amoskeag Falls bridge was rebuilt,
and parts of Goflstown and Bedford were annexed to
the city. The most honorable monument, however,
which will stand to his name is the part he took in
the foundation of a free public lilirary. In the first
instance, the conception belongs to the late Hon.
Samuel D. Bell, but it is very doubtful if that idea
would ever have been realized without the active and
persistent efibrts of the mayor. The city government
of that day was composed of men mostly practical
in their ideas, with but little faith in the value or
necessity of literary culture. Workingmen were op-
posed to all needless expenditures in city affairs, and
it required tact and wise handling to get a measure
which called for an annual expenditure of two thou-
sand dollars, with a certainty of future increase, framed
into a law, and it was largely due to the confidence
they had in their i-hief executive officer that they
supported the measure. When Mayor Smyth was
about retiring, as he supposed finally, at the end of his
third year, the following resolution, offered by the
Hon. S. D. Bcl^ March 7, 18-34, was unanimously
voted :

" Eesolved, That the thanks of the trustees of the
City Library be presented to the Hon. Frederick Smyth
for the early, decided and successful exertions made
by him, as chief magistrate of the city, for the estab-
lishment of a free pul)lic library."

In 1855 he was appointed by Governor Metcalf and
Council chairman of commissioners to locate and build
a House of Reformation for juvenile offenders, the
late ex-Governor Harvey, of the United States Circuit
Court, and the late Hon. Hosea Eaton, being his asso-
ciates. The signal success of this institution is well
known to every intelligent citizen, but many have
doubtless forgotten the storm of ])artisan obloquy
through which it was piloted to i>opular favor. From
the first Mr. Smyth thoroughly believed in it, and in
his remarks at the dedication, in 1858, he said :

"This institution to-day dedicated supplies a need
of the State, that incipient crime niay not become
confirmed wickedness ; that the jail and the prison may
not forever harden and fix what they were designed

/,••

irees to be set

, lands, and every

iio has personally

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With this

(cessors ih office,

.'oer of" Mayor

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•n A[;ivor Smyth v^ .-
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■alt* and

a OF NEW HAMP.'

MANCHESTER.

to prevent." The importance of this occasion can
hardly be over-estimated, if we look at the sad pro-
portion of young persons on the criminal list in our own
•and other States. If we investigate the results of means
■which it is now proposed to use, that society may be
saved from the curse of their vicious lives, and them-
selves from the greater curse of mental and moral de-
struction, we shall find that the cost in dollars and
cents dwindles in comparison into utter insignificance.
He was able, also, to announce that " the building
had been completed within the amount appropriated,
that no contractor had failed to perform his work, that
not one cent of the amount had been expended except
through legitimate channels and for duly authorized
purposes." Governor Haile, in the course of his re-
ply, complimented the commission upon the fidelity
with which their work was done.

In the years 1857-58, Mr. Smyth was a member of
the House of Representatives in the State Legislature,
and was also made treasurer of the Reform School, in
the good management of which he took great interest.
His executive ability and reputation as a good finan-
cier caused him to be selected as the treasurer of the
New Hampshire Agricultural Society, and the ten
.years during which he held that place were years of
the society's greatest usefulness. He was also a di-
rector in the United States Agricultural Society, and
manager of the three great fairs held at Richmond,
•Chicago and St. Louis by the National Association,
and also vice-president of the American Pomological
Society, which, under the lead of the venerable Mar-
shal P. Wilder, has done so much to improve Ameri-
-can fruits.

Meantime, men were not wanting who believed in
•our mayor's fitness for the highest office in the State,
and in the convention which nominated Ichabod
■Goodwin, in 1859, he stood fourth on the list of candi-
dates. In 1860 he was president of the State Repub-
lican Convention, and was soon after appointed by
■Secretary Chase one of the agents to obtain subscrip-
tions to the national loan. In 1861 he was appointed
as one of the agents on the part of the United States
to the International Exhibition at London, where
Her Majesty's commissioners made him a juror; by
the jury he was made reporter, a position which gave
him some advantages not easily obtained in knowl-
edge of the exhibition. He wrote some private letters
home, and his impressions of matters and things
abroad were published in the New Hampshire
-Journal of Agriculture, then under the editorial man-
■agement of the writer of this sketch.

It was war-time, as we all know, and he wrote : " In
regard to American affairs, I do not think there is a
jjarticle of danger of any interference from England,
or has ever been ; most people sympathize with
Americans and the North, when they understand the
issue." It was found on Mr. Smyth's arrival that only
three of our commissioners were present, and nothing
iiad been done to ]daee our depnrtment in readiness.

Patriotic resident Americans contributed about three
thousand dollars, and work began in earnest. Very
much of the favorable exhibit we made on that occa-
sion is fairly due to a few men who, with Mr. Smyth,
did double duty. His position as juror enal)lcd him
to do much toward securing a recognition of the merits
of goods exhibited by the Langdon Mills, and by the
Manchester Print Works, both of which took a medal.
He was also, by virtue of his place, admitted to many
social entertainments, one of the most interesting of
which was that given by Lord and Lady Salisbury, at
Hatfields, where he met Gladstone and Disraeli, tlie
two foremost men of England.

In company with C. L. Flint, Esq., secretary of the
Massachusetts Board of Agriculture, he visited Fi'ance,
Germany, Switzerland and Italy, and managed to
compass a great deal of sight-seeing into a brief space
of time. While at Rome, tidings from home were far
from assuring, and Mr. Smyth deemed it his duty not
to prolong his tour. He landed at New York in Sep-
tember, when matters had already begun to take on
a more favorable look for the Union. He was then
cashier and princij^al financial manager of the Merri-
mack River Bank, of which he is now president, and
also of the Merrimack River Savings-Bank. His faith
in the government led him to invest largely in bonds
and to accept the charter for the bank of discount,
which thenceforth became the First National Bank of
Manchester. At that time few monied men or banks
in town cared to follow his example, but the event
justified his sagacity. Mr. Smyth's course in finance
has been strictly conservative ; he has never dal>bled
in fancy stocks or in merely speculative matters for
himself or for his bank, and the reputation thus ac-
quired enabled him, as will be seen, to lift the State
irom a condition in which it was compelled to i)ay
exorbitant interest to one not inferior to that of any
in the Union.

In May, 1863, a fair was held at Manchester in aid
of the Sanitary Commission. Mr. Smyth was chair-
man of the committee, and gave the use of his hall
and his zealous personal efforts to promote its success.
The sum raised was about four thousand dollars. In
the years that followed he did his best to keep up the
spiiit and courage of the people. With others, he
went down to the battle-field of Gettysburg, and
labored among wounded and dying soldiers, and, in
consequence of exposure at the time, was confined to
a sick-room all the ensuing fall. In May of the next
year, however, he again went to the front, and after
the battle of the Wilderness rendered efficient aid aa
before. He has since received many testimonials of
gratitude from men who owed, under God, their lives
to him on that occasion.

In this year (1863) he was again elected mayor of
:\Ianchester, under what circumstances and to what
end, let another say. The Daily Mirror and Ameri-
can, of November 28, 1864, in iti leading editorial,
said, —

lilSTOKY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

" A year ago this mouth the Governor and Council
of New Hampshire wisely recommended the towns
and cities of this State to cash tlie Government bounty
of §W2, payable in installments, and fill up their
quotas. The advice was taken. It took between
three and four millions of dollars of ready money to
carry out the idea. It drained every bank, and made,
for the time bcino-, the best securities seem of no
account in raising money. Manchester was in trou-
ble; she needed more funds than could be had, and,
with all her wealth, seemed like a beggar. ... In
this critical condition of rinancial affairs the question
of mayor of tiiis city came up. The field was can-
vassed again and again, and each time the report
would be • Moil. Frederick Smyth is the man, but he
won't take it.' It was a necessity that the chief
executive of the city should have the confidence of
business men and be familiar with financial matters.
Finally, the pressure was so great that some of our
leading citizens went to him and convinced him that
it was hi** duty to accept of the onerous position one
year. He reluctantly assented, with a distinct under-
standing that he should not again be called upon for
that place. Some ten years ago he was three times
elected to fill the office of mayor, each year with
increased majorities, and time had shown that his
municipal record grew higher and brighter as new
opportunities to judge of its merits presented them-
selves, and a year ago he was elected for a fourth term
without show of opposition, an event unprecedented
in our municipal history, or in that of any city in the
State. It was a wise choice. From the moment he
took the mayor's chair harmony prevailed in every
department of the city government. He is a peace-
maker. He believes that a ' house divided against
itself cannot stand,' and has the power of discerning
almost intuitively the average sense of mankind, what
is generally called common sense, and hence is a
natural leader of the people."

Such was the opinion and the feeling concerning
Mayor Smyth at home, where he was best known.
But this feeling, also, had obtained to a considerable ex-
tent throughout the State, and his friends had for some
time determined to present his name as a candidate
for tiie highest office in their immediate gift. In the
Republican Convention, therefore, of January, 1865,
he received two-thirds of an informal ballot, which
was then made unanimous by acclamation. He was
elected by a majority of over six thousand, the largest
majority given to any Governor for twenty-four years.
He entered upon no easy task. The State was begin-
ning to feel severely the stress of the time. Gradually a
great debt had accumulated, regiment after regiment
had been |.ruiiiptly e(iuipped and sent into the field,
the banks had advanced money quite to the extent of
their courage, and nearly to that of their ability. In
the open market we met the gold bonds of the govern-
ment, free from taxe3; the same trouble pulsed through
all the arteries of the body politic, and the people of a

State always careful and conservative in all its
expenditures beheld with something like dismay
this mountain of obligation, swollen into millions. It
was almost impossible to get money for current ex-
penses. A previous Legislature had authorized the
issue of three and one-half millions of six per cent.
State bonds, payable in currency ; only four hundred
and twenty-four thousand dollars had been taken.
Governor Smyth, in his first message, recommended
the issue of bonds better calculated to meet the exi-
gencies of the case, and that current expenses be pro-
vided for by taxation. As a matter of interest to
capitalists, he took care to set forth the resources of
the State, its prudent habit in expenditures and the
hostility to repudiation in every form, which our
people had inherited from a frugal, patriotic and God-
fearing ancestry. " We must," he said, " now observe
the most rigid economy in expenditure, and bring
the expenses to a peace basis as soon as possible. Our
people are naturally economical, and hold sacred all
pecuniary obligations." He compared, in a very
effective manner, the agricultural products of a State
which had hitherto borne the reputation of producing^
only men with those of some of the more fertile mem-
bers of the Union, to our decided advantage. He
called to mind the unrivaled water-power, with its
present and prospective improvement, and urged that
attention to the latent wealth of the State which due
regard to our prosperity demanded.

Besides these matters which had to do with the imme-
diate restoration of State credit, he took advanced Re-
publican ground in regard to our obligations to the
freedmen and to the maintenance of the authority of the
national government. He indicated in a few words
the fact that our indebtedness had its full compensation.

" From the outbreak of the Rebellion New Hamp-
shire has stood firmly by the flag; and knowing what
we do to-day of the scope and aim of the great con-
spiracy and of the infamous means which brought
about its inception and urged on its progress, can any
one regret that the State was so far true to her hon-
ored name and her noble memories as to offer without
stint of her name and means for the re-establishment
of national authority?"

In the first three months of his administration he
raised over one million of dollars on favorable terms,
a large amount of which was obtained in Manchester.
From that time forward the financial afl'airs of the
State received the most scrupulous attention. In the
haste and waste of war unavoidable confusion at
times arose in accounts between the several States
and the general government, and it was not only then
impossible to pay our debts, but equally so to get our
dues. Governor Smyth's large acquaintance with
men gave him influence at headquarters, and he suf-
fered no opportunity to pass to advocate the claims
of his State. As will appear from the following-
extract from the Providence Journal, all States had
not been so fortunate:

MANCHESTER.

"At the close of the war he (Governor Smyth)
found the suspended and disallowed accounts of the
State against the general government of over one
million of dollars. These disallowances and suspen-
sions were mainly in the expenditures growing out ol'
earlier military operations previous to his accession
to office. Governor Smyth did not busy himself to
fix charges of petty larceny against one officer, or of
wholesale robbery against others. He did not assume
that every man who was charged with fitting out the
first regiment sent from the State had stolen all that
he could n't duplicate vouchers for on official paper.
On the contrary, he urged upon the accounting offi-
cers at Washington the impetuous zeal with which
the State had responded to the call of the govern-
ment ; he represented the impossibility of complete
exactness in the accounts. Under such circumstances
he exerted himself to obtain voucher.s where his
predecessor had omitted to secure them, and to ex-
plain their absence when they could not be procured-
... In this way he saved hundreds of thousands of
dollars to the treasury of the State, and put no stain
on its fair fame."

Among other things relating to the prosperity of
the State, the Governor took up and advocated with
zeal the restoration of the fisheries. He quoted the
opinion of Agassiz and others, that our waters could
be restocked at no great expense. In his second
annual message he was able to state that the Legisla-
ture of Massachusetts had been induced to move in
the matter. On our own part, it was provided by law
of June, 1865, that no dam or weir should be erected
on the Connecticut or Merrimack Rivers, or upon the
Pemigewasset, Ammonoosuc,Winnipiseogee or Baker's
Rivers, without suitable fishways below the bounda-
ries of the State. In the following October the Gov-
ernor announced, by proclamation, that the law, by
its terms, was to be enforced. The attorneys of the
several corporations concerned, however, on one pre-
text or another, managed to delay the consummation
of this useful act until a very recent period.

This first year of Governor Smyth's administration
was a busy one. Our soldiers were returning from
the war; it was the Governor's pride to recei\'e them
with something of the enthusiasm and warmth which
he felt was their due. He urged that State aid should
be extended to sick or disabled soldiers, and on this
ground protested against the removal of the Webster
Hospital, then maintained by the general govern-
ment, at Manchester. Something of this effective
service in behalf of the volunteers, no doubt, pointed
him out as one peculiarly fitted to serve on the board
of managers of the National Home for disabled vol-
unteer soldiers, the establishment of which, on so
grand a scale, rendered State aid unnecessary. To
this important place he was appointed by vote of
Congress in 1866. His associates were the President,
Chief Justice and Secretary of War, ex-officio ; Major-
General B. F. Butler; Major-General John H. Mar-

tindale, Rochester, N. Y.; Hon. Louis B. Gunckel,
Dayton, Ohio; General Thomas O. Osborn, Chicat:<),
HI. ; Hon. Hugh L. Bond, Baltimore, Md. ; Dr. Eras-
tus B. Wolcott, Milwaukee, Wis.; Major-General
John S. Cavender, St. Louis, Mo.; Major-General
James S. Negley, Pittsburgh, Pa. Governor Smyth
was one of the vice-presidents of the board. He was
reappointed in 1872 for a second term of six years.
Acting on his often-expressed idea that no nuin ought
to take an ofllce of the kind unless he was willing to
devote to the discharge of his duties all the time and
effort required, he has been a very efficient manager,
traveling many hundred miles annually on visits of
inspection at Dayton, Milwaukee, Plampton and Au-
gusta, and to be present at meetings of the board in
Washington, besides giving his personal attenticm to
the admission of soldiers to the Eastern Branch, all
this without other compensation than that which
arises from a consciousness of duty done.

General B. F. Butler, in a letter written from Boston,
said, not long since: "I know I shall echo the opinion
of all his associates when I say Governor Smyth was
one of the most valuable members of the board. His
accurate business knowledge, the skill and ability
displayed by him in adjusting complicated accounts,
caused the board to put upon him more by far than
his share of such work.

General Gunckel, of Dayton, Ohio, said: "Every
one who visits these Homes recognizes the peculiar
fitness of the selections made, especially for the Cen-
tral and Northwestern Branches; but few people even
in Ohio and Wisconsin knew how largely this result,
as well as the saving of thousands of dollars in the
purchase, was due to the taste and judgment, the
Yankee tact and shrewdness, of New Hami)shire's ex-
Governor. In the management and control of an
institution caring for eight hundred disabled soldiers,
and expending a million and a quarter annually,
there was especial need of just such a man as Governor
Smyth, and I do not exaggerate when I say that
through the watchfulness and care, the courage and
determination, of Governor Smyth, thousands, yes,
tens of thousands, of dollars were saved to the govern-
ment and people."

An extract from an address of Governor Smyth, at
the Dayton Home, in 1868, shows somewhat of tiie
spirit he brought to the discharge of his duties. It
was on the occasion of laying the corner-stone of the
Veteran Soldiers' Chapel, —

"This little church which Ave quarry from this
beautiful stone, and begin to build here to-day, is a
token of allegiance, a signet of loyalty, both to the
rightful authorities of the land and to the Supreme
Ruler over all. The best and truest citizen, the world
over, is he who first discharges his duty to his God,
and under Him to the laws of the land.
A memorial like this holds out no threat and con-
veys no taunt to a vanquished foe; it says as it means,
— peace to all who will have peace, — but as a symbol

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

-of the highest authority, it also proclaims a law to
be obeyed. Liberty without law is worse than worth-
less, for it means the liberty of the mob and of riot,
and by it the weak are oppressed and the poor made
poorer yet. . . . But I hope that this building
also will convey to you the idea that the four cold
bare walls of an asylum is not all that the country
owes or will give to its defenders. She recognizes,
let US all hope and believe, the hand of an all-wise
God in every act of this great drama, while com-
pelled to take the sword to preserve a liberty unsul-
lied by violence and law made with regard to the
rights of every man, she offers to her citizens, every-
where, a fireside safe from intruding wrong, and a
worship and a Bible free to the humblest."

In September, 1865, the New England Agricultu-
ral Society held its annual session in Concord. Gov-
ernor Smyth delivered the address, and among other
distinguished gentlemen present upon the platform
were the late Governors Andrew, of Massachusetts,
and Buckingham, of Connecticut. In his introductory
remarks, Governor Smyth said : " I cannot claim to
teach you as a practical farmer, but I can claim to
have made a constant endeavor, in my humble way,
to keep alive agricultural enterprise and to stimulate
agricultural investigation. It has always been my
firm conviction that the safety of the State and the
prosperity of the people require as a foundation an
intelligent knowledge of agriculture ; and while I
have been obliged to admire the practical oi^erations
of others, and to search in fields not of my own for
the results of well-managed experiments, I have
learned to respect the great art which feeds and
clothes us, and secures for us all the comfort and
beauty of adorned and civilized life upon a subdued
and cultivated earth." The address, as a whole, was
received with very marked favor, and the volume of
the " Society's Transactions " in which it was pub-
lished met with a large sale.

In some remarks following, Governor Andrew
took occasion to thank the speaker for his eloquent
words, and called for cheers, first for " His Excel-
lency, Governor Smyth, and next for Governor
Smith's address." During this and the succeeding
year he gave many brief talks at county and other
fairs, always evincing the liveliest interest in the
welfare of the State. At Milford, in the course of his
rt'inirks, he said: " I know it is often said that 'New
Hampshire is a good State to emigrate from,' and
perhaps it is generally believed that our young
men can better their fortunes by turning their backs
upon their mother State and seeking elsewhere for
larger returns and richer rewards for their labors and
ent.rprise. For one, I do not share in this feeling.
I hclieve that ours is not only a good State to be born
in, t.ut a good State to live in, and to die in, and that
one great concern of the fathers and mothers should
be to awaken in the hearts of their sons and daugh-
ters a feeling of attachment and afft-ction for and

of pride and interest in, the homes of their childhood
and the State of their fathers." In 1876 he deliv-
ered the annual address at the Vermont State Fair,
in St. Albans.

At the end of his first year his nomination for a
second term followed as a matter of course. A Con-
necticut paper, in advocating the election of General
Hawley, said : " New Hampshire, in her State elec-
tion of the 13th inst., has nobly led the way in re-
electing her patriotic chief magistrate by so hand-
some a majority, considerably larger than was given
Mr. Lincoln in 1864 ;" and it also quoted, with marked
approval, that passage in his message beginning
" The question of negro suffrage is one of those de-
fenses behind which slavery will yet entrench itself,
and by which it will seek to regain some fragment
of the power it has jixstly lost. "

The second year of Governor Smyth's administra-
tration was in all respects as satisfactory as the
first. The State debt was funded at a lower rate of
interest than was offered by the general government.
The revision of the statutes, the reorganization of
the militia, measures looking to the restoration of
fish to our waters, and the publication of ancient State
papers are among some of the matters of general
interest. I have before me an autograph letter from
the late Rev. Dr. Bouton, thanking the Governor in
the most complimentary manner for the interest he
had manifested in the preservation of these important
papers.

One very pleasant incident of the year was the
visit of scholars and teachers of the public schools
of Manchester, on the Governor's invitation, to the
State institutions at Concord. On two occasions dur-
ing his occupancy of the Governor's chair he spoke at
the dinner of the New England Society in New York,
in brief but effective efforts, which were received with
emphatic demonstrations of applause.

So successful was the administration that, contrary
to precedent, many of the most influential and re-
spectable journals of tbe State, among which were
the National Eagle, the Concord Statesman, the Dover
Enquirer, the Portsmouth Journal and the Keene Senti-
nel, advocated his nomination for a third term. The
Governor, however, declined to be considered a
candidate, and his letter to that effect was published
in the Statesman in January, 1867. A brief extract
or two from some of the papers of the day Avill serve
to show the assumptions of this sketch, not unwar-
ranted by public opinion :

Said the Boston Journal: "Governor Smyth's ad-
ministration has been highly successful, not only in a
financial point of view, which is demonstrated by
statistics, but in all other respects." The Commercial
Bulletin : " He has been as vigorous and careful of
the interests of the people, as if those concerns were
personal to himself, and successfully sought so to
manage the financial affairs of the State that its
credit stands as well as anv other commonwealth."

MANCHESTER.

The Daily Monitur : "To-day Governor Smyth resigns
his trust with the proud consciousness of leaving
nothing uncertain or unsettled which diligence, busi-
nes i tact and untiring zeal could close up and ar-
range, nor has Governor Smyth's administration been
merely a financial success ; he has neglected no single
public interest ; himself a practical example of all
the virtues which constitute a good citizen, he has
interested himself in every movement which looked
to the welfare of the community and the promotion
of industry, temperance and good morals among the
people."

It is a significant fact that in a time of much party
feeling the Governor was able to say, in his vale-
dictory : " Whatever may have been the difference of
opinion among us, there has been no factious opposi-
tion from any source to measures necessary for the
j)ublic good, but I have uniformly received the
hearty co-operation of all parties in this difficult
work." Only once during his two years' administra-
tion did he consider it necessary to interpose his veto,
and the House sustained him, one hundred and thirty-
two to six. Another fact indicative of confidence in
the executive was the apjiropriation, on motion of a
distinguished political opponent, of fifteen hundred
dollars to defray expenses incurred while on business
for the State, and for which he had refused to take
anything from the contingent fund. The appropria-
tion was advocated by leading men of the opposition
and unanimously voted. It was also declared by one
of the journals " that no hostile criticism had been
made from any source upon the conduct of afl'airs."
It was extensively quoted, and, as far as I am aware,
has never been contradicted.

Mr. Smyth now found it expedient to devote his
time to the interest of the banking institutions of
Avhich mention has been made, and to his personal
business affairs.

In 1876 he was an active member of the Constitu-
tional Convention, when several important amend-
ments were made to the State constitution, including
the removal of the Religious Test Act.

One of his marked characteristics is an unwearied
industry, and it seems to be the opinion that one who
■does much can always find time to do more. Among
the appointments he still holds are the following :
president and director of the Concord Railroad,
trustee and treasurer of the New Hampshire College
of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, director and
treasurer of the Manchester Horse Railroad, direc-
tor of the National Agricultural Society, vice-presi-
dent of the American Pomological Society, president
of the Northern Telegraph Company, jiresident of
the Franklin Street Congi-egational Society, trustee
and treasurer of the Northern Telegraph Company,
president and manager of the First National Bank
of Manchester, trustee and treasurer of the Merrimack
River Savings-Bank. In 186(3 the faculty of Dart-
mouth College conferred upon him the degree of A. B.

In the spring of 1878 he was appointed by Presi-
dent Hayes one of the commissioners on the part of
the United States for New Hampshire to the Inter-
national Exhibition at Paris. He left home, accom-
panied by his wife, in April, and reached Paris, after
a few days in London, early in May. On the 14th of
that month they left Paris for an extended tour,
visiting the principal points of interest in Egypt, the
Holy Land, Turkey and Greece, returning, by way of
Italy, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, Austria and
Germany, to Paris in September. Some interesting
extracts from private correspondence were published
in the Mirror and Farmer, in the course of which the
condition and work of the American ]\rissions was
spoken of. He was much impressed with the value
of this work to the growing civilization of Eastern
nations, and has frequently expressed his opinion to
that effect in various addresses since his return.

Ex-Governor and Mrs. Smyth were the recijiients
of many attentions from ministers and consuls res-
ident abroad, particularly at Constantinople and
Athens. At Paris they were among the few invited
guests at the dinner of the Stanley Club to General
Grant, and were also present at the rece])tion given
by the American Legation to " General and Madam
Grant." With a trio of other ex-Governors, — Haw-
ley, Hoffman and Fen ton, — he was made an honorary
member of the Stanley Club.

Soon after the return of Mr. and Mrs. Smyth from
this foreign tour they visited Cuba and Mexico. The
Mexican trip was exceptionally agreeable from the
fact they were invited to join the party of Major-
General Ord, and so were made guests of the repub-
lic. A banquet was given their party at Vera Cruz,
at which General Previno, son-in-law of General Ord,
and many distinguished officials were present. The
trip to the city of Mexico by rail was accompanied liy
a guard of honor, and they had every facility for see-
ing all that was most desirable in the ancient capital
of the Aztecs. Mrs. Smyth, particularly, was the re-
cipient of many attentions from the courtly Mexican
officers.

As souvenirs of this journey they brought home
quaint specimens of Mexican manufacture, — onyx
tables, feather-work, images of street occui)ations, etc.,
— to add to the interesting collection at the Willows.

In December, 1882, ex-Governor and Mrs. Smytii
sailed again for Eurojie in the royal mail steamship
"Servia," spent Christmas near London and the New
Year's day in Paris. From Paris they journeyed
leisurely through Switzerland in a season memorable
for destructive floods in the valley of the Rhone, antl
went by the Mt. Cenis Tunnel to Turin and Genoa.
From thence to Nice. Marseilles, and by the Gulf of
Lyons across the Pyrenees to Barcelona, in Spain.
In that country they sjient some time, visiting Sara-
gossa, Madrid, Toledo, Cordova, Grenada, Malaga,
Seville and Gibraltar. From Gibraltar they crossed
over to Tangiers, on the African coast, and returning,

HISTOilY OF UILLSBOROUGH COU^sTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

took -xliip lor Malta aiul Alexandria. This latter city
was half in ruins from the recent British bombard-
ment. From Cairo they ascended the Nile to the
first cataract, passing through Lower, Middle and
I'pper Egypt t<» Nubia, visiting on the way the old
temples and tombs of Denderah, Luxor, Karnac,
Thebes, Assouan and other famous places. Then,
after visiting the battle-field at Tel-el-keber, they
passed through the Suez Canal and lauded at Jaffa,
the ancient Joppa. After visiting the principal points
of interest in the Holy Land, — Jerusalem, Jericho,
the Jordan and the Dead Sea, etc., — they went on, via
Tyre and Sidon, to Beirut, Damascus and the
ruins of Baalbec, Cyprus and Antioch. From thence
by steamer along the coast of Asia Minor, touching
at Troas, Smyrna, Ei)hesus and other places, they
reached Constantinople. After an interesting stay
of some days they crossed the Black Sea to Varna, and
went through Bulgaria and Roumania to Bucharest.
From thence, through Hungary, Austria, Bavaria and
Germany, returning to Paris.

During this trip, as on other occasions, they re-
ceived numerous attentions, and Governor Smyth
had an interesting interview with the Khedive.
They brought home many articles of value, curiosi-
ties and special manufactures of the countries visited.
On this occasion, also, the Governor made a successful
ascent of the great pyramid and explored the labyrinth
within. This occurred on the last day of his sixty-
third year.

In February, after their return. Governor Smyth
presided at a very large meeting in Smyth's Hall
which was addressed by Hon. John E. Redmond,
M. 1'. for Wexford, Ireland. He introduced the elo-
<iuent " Home Ruler " in a brief speech, saying that he
believed in " Your purpose to raise up the lowly and
opi)ressed and weaken the bonds of the oppressor,"
and sharply arraigned England for her course in
Ireland as well as in other lands, as he had observed
it when abroad.

In September of the same year Mr. Smyth tend-
ered a rece[)tion to the Hon. James G. Blaine, the
Republican candidate for the Presidency. A dinner
was given at the Willows, on Thursday, September
4th, when Mr. Blaine met some of the most distin-
guished citizens of New Hampshire, and in the even-
ing the house and spacious grounds were brilliantly
illuminated and thrown open to visitors. A fine mil-
itary band occupied a position on the lawn, and it was
estimated tli:it fully ten thousand people passed into
see the candidate.

At this very time, and in the midst of all this joy
and [topular acclaim, a shadow was settling over the
two lives which f<»r forty years had been as one. The
beautiful lady of the house, who that night and day
had entertained her guests with all her old-time in-
terest and vivacity, was within a few days stricken
with a fatal illness. To so large a degree had Mrs.
Smyth been identified with her husband's public

career and success that no sketch of the life of one
of the most eminent citizens of New Hampshire
would be complete without mention of her.

Emily (Lane) Smyth was born in Candia, July 22,
1822, and was the daughter of John Lane and Nabby
(Emerson) Lane and the granddaughter of Colonel
Nathaniel Emerson, who fought under Stark at
Bennington. Her father was a man of prominence
in town. She was a near neighbor to her future
husband, and was a bright and ready scholar in the
schools of the district and in the town High School.
Her school-days were comi^leted at a young ladies'
seminary in Charlestown, Mass., and she taught
school for several terms thereafter in Candia, Chester
and Manchester with marked success. She was mar-
ried December 11, 1844, and brought to her new
position some most admirable qualities. Her excel-
lent good sense, intelligent comprehension of public
affairs, vivacious manner, rare personal beauty and
entire freedom from any aflectation of pride gave her
at once a popularity which, widened and extended
as her husband's success introduced her into other
circles. Receptions given by Governor Smyth at
Concord, in which she was so conspicuously charm-
ing, are still remembered as among the leading social
events of the State, and she has entertained at her
hospitable board some of the most distinguished peo-
ple in the United States, including Chief Justice
Chase, Chief Justice Waite and his family. President
Hayes and wife, the Avife and daughter of General and
President Grant, Vice-Presidents Colfax and Ham-
lin, General Chamberlain, of Maine ; Henry Ward
Beecher and wife, and General Butler has been a fre-
quent guest. At home and at ease in the highest
circles she was nowhere more delightful and more
engaging than in the houses of her old neighbors, to
whom she was a perpetual joy. Industrious and
possessing great ability, she has accomplished mucli
during her life-time that counts for truth and good-
ness. Her ear was ever open to the call of distress,,
and she was one of the most efficient workers in the
various benevolent organizations of our city and State.
That the impression Mrs. Smyth made upon per-
sons of both sexes and of all stations in life was no
passing and ephemeral eifect, is shown by the letters
of a memorial volume printed for private circulation
only, but which contains most remarkable testimony
to her character and worth. Governor Smyth fully
appreciated the worth of his helpful companion, and
for nearly forty years their mutual devotion was a
noble example of the beauty and sacredness of the
marital relation. Her health had for the most part been
so good, and her manner was always so hopeful and
cheery that no immediate alarm was felt at her con-
dition. A few weeks, however, developed fatal
symptoms, and in spite of all that the best medical
science of the country and the care of skillful nurses
could do, Mrs. Smyth died 'January 14, 1885. The
obsequies at the Franklin Street Church called out

^^^^/feJ^

MANCHESTER.

an immense concourse of people eagei" to bring
tributes of affection and to do honor to the lovely
character of the departed.

For many years Mr. Smyth has had an extensive
acquaintance with the i>ublic men of the time. It
will be remembered that six months prior to Mr.
Lincoln's nomination for the Presidency he intro-
duced him from the platform in Smyth's Hall as the
next President, and with Mr. Lincoln, and in after-
days with his great war minister, Stanton, he was on
most friendly terms.

His conservative course in finance, his reputation
as a safe adviser and his general good judgment on
public affairs has caused his counsel to be often
sought in high quarters.

A truth which forms a large part of every man's
experience ought never to lose its freshness. There
is no royal road to success. Ex-Governor Smyth has
had the advantage of good health, a sound constitu-
tion and great power of endurance; but he is one of
the most industrious men in the State, and the means
by which he has achieved his position are open to
every young man of equal energy, self-denial, high
aim and conscious rectitude of purpose. Some of
the results which he set himself to attain were beset
with difficulties; but he was not discouraged by op-
position or disheartened by delay. .

The Second National Bank was chartered in 1877.
The first board of directors, which has not changed
since, was as follows : Aretas Blood, .losiah Carpenter,
Frank P. Carpenter, John Hoyt and N. S. Bean. Mr.
Blood was elected president and Josiah Carpenter
cashier, positions which they still occupy. The bank
has a capital of one hundred thousand dollars.

Aretas Blood, son of Nathaniel and Roxellana
(Proctor) Blood, was born in Weathersfield, Vt., October
8, 1816. W'^hen he was but three years of age his parents
removed to Windsor, Vt., where he remained until sev-
enteen years of age, improving the meagre advantages
afforded by the common schools of those days. He
was then apprenticed to the trade of blacksmith,
which he woiked at about two years and a half and
then becaniL' a machinist. In 1840 he journeyed to
Evansville, Ind., where he worked at his trade until
June 17, 1841, when he started eastward in search of
employment. He stopped at city after city, but each
time was disappointed in his hopes. He traveled on,
however, still in quest of work, and it was not until
he reached North Chelmsford, Mass., that he found
employment for his ready and willing hands. After
remaining here a short time he subsequently went to
Lowell as a machinist in the Lowell Machine-Shop.
Here he remained seven years and then went to Law-
rence, where he commenced the manufacture of ma-
chinists' tools for the large machine-shop then in pro-
cess of erection at that place. Here the character of
the man asserted itself. His ability demanded greater
scope, and soon after he assumed the management of
the establishment there and began the manufacture.

by contract, of tools, turbine-wheels, locomotives,
stationary engines, etc. His untiring energy had at
la-st found its reward. He was master of the business.
September 7, 1853, he came to Manchester and estab-
lished the Vulcan Works, under the name of Bailey,
Blood & Co., for the manufacture of locomotives.
Business was first commenced in Mechanics' Row, but
in the spring of 1854 buildings were erected on the
present location and in the same year the company
was incorjjorated as the Manchester Locomotive-
Works, with Oliver W. Bailey as agent. He was
succeeded in 1857 by Mr. Blood, who has since
resided in Manchester and has given his personal
supervision to the business.

The locomotive-works are located on Canal Street
and cover about six acres. The machine-shop is a
substantial building, parallel with Canal Street, two
stories in height, four hundred and thirty feet in
length and eighty-four in width. The wood-shop is
also a two-story building, one hundred feet long and
forty feet wide; the blacksmith-shop is three hundred
and sixty-five feet long and fifty feet wide; the boiler-
shop, two hundred and five feet long and fifty-two
feet wide.

There is also a large brick building, two hundred
and thirty by thirty-six feet, for making bra.ss cast-
ings and building steam fire-engines. In the spring
of 1872, Mr. Blood purchased the steam fire-engine
business of the Amoskeag Company, good-will, pat-
ents, etc., and now manufactures the "Amoskeag
Engine," which is the old engine in name only, as it
has been entirely remodeled and is now one of the
most complete, jjerfect and etiicient engines manufac-
tured. There are now over six hundred and fifty of
these engines in use. Here are also built all kinds of
hose-carriages, fire a])paratus, etc.

Mr. Blood has proved one of the most successful
locomotive-builders in the country, twelve hundred
and twenty-three having been turned out at these
works. A thorcmgh machinist and a man capable of
handling a large force of men and comlucting large
business operations, he has commanded success, and
the Manchester Locomotive-Works are one of the repre-
sentative institutions of manufacturing Xew England.

Mr. Blood is also a director in the Ames ]\lannfac-
turing Company, of Ohicopee, Ma.ss. ; president of the
Globe Nail Company, of Boston ; and treasurer of the
Nashua Iron and Steel Company, which is doing the
largest business of its kind in New England, lie was
a director in the Merrimack River Bank from IStJO till
its name was changed to First National Bank, in 1865,
and until 1868 a director of the latter ; was a director
in the Manchester National Bank from 1874 till 1877,
and from 1877 to i)resent time lias been jiresident of
the Second National Bank.

September 4, 1845, he united in marriage with
Miss L. K. Kendall, and tlieir family c(»nsists of two
children, — Nora, wife of Frank P. Carpenter, of this
city, and Emma, who resides with her parents.

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Politically, Mr. Blood is a Republican. His first
vote was cast tor (leneral Harrison, but he has been a
member of the Republican party since its organiza-
tion, although never an active politician. He has
been twice elected alderman, and was chairman of the
electors who cast New Hampshire's vote for Garlield
and Arthur.

The Manchester Savings-Bank was chartered
July 8, 1840, and organized with Samuel D. Bell
president and the following board of trustees: John

A. Burnham, Daniel Clark, Herman Foster, Nahum
Balilwin, George Porter, David Gillis, William P.
Newell, Hiram Brown. Nathan Parker was chosen
treasurer and has held the office tt) the present time.
Mr. Bell resigned in 1847, and the succeeding presi-
dents have been as follows: Hiram Brown, William
P. Newell and Hon. Daniel Clark. The present trus-
tees are as follows : Nathan Parker, Charles F. War-
ren, B. F'. Martin, Charles Wells, W. M. Parker,
Charles D. McDuft'ee and Stephen N. Bourne. Present
amount of deposits, four million five hundred thou-
sand dollnrs.

The Merrimack River Savings-Bank was incor-
porated June, 18")8, under the name of the Manches-
ter Five-Cent Savings Institution, and the charter
was issued to the followingboard of grantees : Phineas
Adams, Joseph B. Clark, John (!)rdway, Warren
Paige," Waterman Smith, Jolm L. Kelley, George
Porter, B. F. Martin, Daniel Clark, Harry Leeds,
Frank A. Brown,' Samuel Upton, John B. Chase, C.
Sackrider,' Daniel W. Fling, Brooks Shattuck,i David
Gillis, John H. Goodale, William Crane, Henry T.
Mowatt,' Stephen Palmer, Ezra Huntington, Calvin
Boyd, Josiah S. Shannon, John B. Clarke, David Cross,
John M. Parker, George Thompson, Frederick Smith,
Charles H. Cami)i)ell,' (Jeorge W. Thayer, Charles C.
Parker, F. B. Eaton, James M. Varnum, Thomas G.
Holbrook,' R. N. Batchelder, James S. Cheney,'
Israel Dow, Eltenezer Ferren, Isaac Riddle,' M. G.
Pearson, W. W. Leighton, Thomas Wheat, E. W.
Harrington,' Varnum H. Hill,' AlonzoSmith,' William
Richardson' and I heir iissociates and successors.

In 180.'» the name was changed by act of Legisla-
ture to that which it now bears. The first meetinti-
for thea<lopti((n of by-laws, choice of officers, etc., was
held July 14, 1858, and the following board of officers
chosen : President, Waterman Smith ; Vice-Presi-
dents, E. W. Harrington, George Porter; Treasurer
and Clerk, Frederick Smyth ; Trustees, B. F. Martin,
Joseph B. Clark, Isaac W. Smith, William B. W^eb-
ster, F. A. Brown, <«corgeThompsou, Peter S. Brown,
Fnderick Smith, Josiah S. Shannon, John L. Kelley,
James .M. Varnum, Alonzo Smith, Thomas Wheat,
Warren Paige, Albe C. Heath, E. S. Peabody, John'

B. Clarke, Joseph A. Haines.

The tirst dejiosit was made August 2, 18r)8.

The business has been transacted in the rooms oc-

' Deceased.

cupied by the First National Bank, and its details at-
tended to by the clerks employed in that institution.

Waterman Smith remained president until 1884,
when he was succeeded by Hon. Frederick Smith, the
present incumbent. Hon. Frederick Smyth continued
as treasurer until 1884, when, upon assuming the presi-
dency of the bank, he was succeeded by C. F. Morrill.

The present members of the corporation are as fol-
lows : Jos. B. Clark, Waterman Smith, Jno. L. Kelly,
George Porter, B. F. Martin, Daniel Clark, Henry
Leeds, Samuel Upton, John B. Clarke, Daniel W.
Fling, David Gillis, John H. Goodale, William Crane,
Stephen Palmer, Ezra Huntington, J. S. Shannon,
David Cross, John M. Parker, George Thompson,
Frederick Smyth, F. B. Eaton, James M. Varnum,
Ebenezer Ferren M. O. Pearson, W.W. Leighton, Thos.
\Vheat, Joseph Kennard, Joseph L. Stephens, E. M.
Toplitf, A. J. Lane, Charles Williams, John Porter,
C. F. Morrill, T. L. Livermore, G. P. Whitman, John
H. Andrews, A. W. Quint, John P. Goggin.

President, Frederick Smyth ; Vice-Presidents,
Joseph B. Clark, F. B. Eaton ; Treasurer and Clerk
C. F. Morrill.

The amount of deposits, January 1, 1885, were
$1,882,825.38.

Guaranty Savings-Bank was incorporated in 1879,
with the following incorporators: Nathan P.Hunt,
Robert M. Shirley, William R. Patten, H. K. Slay-
ton, Alonzo Elliott, James A. Weston, Jesse Gault,
J. W. Hiklreth, Horace Pettee, George W. Weeks,
James F. Briggs, George A. Bailey, John C. Ray,
Patrick A. Divine and Rufus H. Pike. The first offi-
cers were as follows : President, John M. Parker ;
Treasurer and Clerk, James A. Weston. The present
amount of deposit is six hundred and twenty-five
thousand dollars. The first board of trustees were
James A. Weston, Alonzo Elliott, Nathan P. Hunt,
John P. Moore, David A. Parker, Patrick A. Devine,
Hiram K. Slayton, John Kennard, Bushrod W. Hill.
Present board of trustees are John M. Parker,
Alonzo Elliott, Nathan P. Hunt, John P. Moore,
David A. Parker, John Kennard, Hiram K. Slayton,
Bushrod ^V. Hill, James A. Weston.

The Mechanics' Savings-Bank was organized in
1877, witii the following trustees: Aretas Blood,
Josiah Carpenter, Frank P. Carpenter, N. S. Bean
and George Dodge. Mr. Blood was the first presi-
dent, and was succeeded by Henry E. Burnham on
October 1, 1880. Mr. Josiah Carpenter has been
treasurer from the beginning.

There are also two saving-banks— the People's
and the Amoskeag— located in the Amoskeag Bank
l)uilding.

The Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, one of
the largest corporations in New England, was incorpo-
rated under its present name iu 1831. Manufactur-
ing, however, had been carried on at this point with
indifferent success since 1809. In that year Benja-
min Pritchard, who had built the first cotton-mill in

MANCHESTER.

New Hampshire, in New Ipswicli, in 1803, came to
Amoskeag Falls, and, in company with Ephraim,
David and Robert Stevens, built a small mill at
Amoskeag village. In the following year these en-
terprising men organized a stock company under the
name of the Amoskeag Cotton and Wool-Factory.
The first move in this direction was as follows :

"We, the Subscribers, Owners & proprietors of a large Tract of Land
in Goffstown, iu tlie county of Hillsborough, Joining on Amoslieag falls,
in the Merrimack river, with the water privilege Suflicient for carrying
on the Manufacturing of cotton & wool at all Seasons of the year, and
having began the works by cutting a Canal for Carrying the water,
erecting Buildings Convenient for Said Factory, & preparing a consider-
able part of the JIachinery, have agreed to form a Company for improv-
ing Said privilege, by dividing the Same into one hundred Shares, by
receiving from Said Company a foir price for the privilege, and the La-
bour Expended, which, if not agreed upon by Said Subscribers & the
Company, to be apprised by men appointed by Said parties, and a Good
Title by the Subscribers.

" Signed by " Ephraim Stevens,

"Benjn. Prichard,
" Robert & David Stevens.

" Goffstown, January 18th, 1810."

To this pajjer was attached a caption of a subscrip-
tion and signatures as follows :

"We, the Subscribers, Agree to take the Several Shares in the above
mentioned privilege & factory annexed to our names, respectively, agree-
able to the above proposals.

Shares.

" Benj'n Prichard, Goffstown 25

James Parker, Bedford 2

William Parker, Bedford 3

Jotham Gillis, Goffstown 1

William Parker, Jr., Bedford 1

William Walker, Goffstown 1

Ephraim Harvill, Bedford 1

Samuel P. Kidder, Goffstown 1

■Robt. McGregore, Goffstown 5

Joseph Richards, Goffstown . . 1

Seth Bartlett, Goff^stown 1

Ephraim Stevens, Goffstown 1

David L. Morrill, Goffstown . . 2

Isaac Hardy, Goffstown « 1

Moses Hall, Goffstown 1

Benjamin Allcock, Bedford 1

Alenson Prichard, Goffstown 3

Elnathan Whitney, Goffstown 2

David Sargent, Goffstown 1

John G. Moor, Manchester 1"

The following notice was then issued:

" Notice is hereby given that a meeting of the proprietors of the
Amoskeag Cotton & wool Factory will be holden at Col. Robert Mc-
Gregore's, on Wednesday, the 31 day of January instant, at one of the
clock, P. 51., for the purpose of taking into consideration the regulation
of Said Factory, & dispose of shares not sold. All persons who wish to
become proprietors are requested to attend, when and where they may
be accommodated with Shares.

" Benj'n Prichard.

"Goffstown, January 25th, 1810."

January 31, 1810, the company organized with
Joseph Richards, of Goffstown, as president, and
Jotham Gillis, of Goffstown, as clerk.

March 2. 1810, Messrs. Ephraim and Robert Ste-
vens executed a bond to this company, agreeing to
keep their dam in repair, and to furnish the " Wool
and Cotton Manufactory " a certain quantity of water
at all seasons of the year.

The first mill was put in operation in 1810, but it
was without pickers or looms. The cotton was picked

and the yarn woven in the neighborht)od. It is said
that a smart weaver might earn thirty-six cents per
day ! This company wa.s not successful, and after
1815 little was done until 1825, when the majority of
the stock was purchased by Dr. Oliver Dean, Lyman
Tiffany and Willard Sayles. Dr. Dean was made
agent and from this time forward manufacturing at
this point has been a continued success.

July, 1831, the present company was incorporated,,
it having up to this time been a private enterprise.
July 13th, the act was accepted, which allowed a capital
of one million dollars, and on the following day the
first oflicers of the new corporation were chosen :.
Lyman Tiffany, president ; Lyman Tiffany, Ira Gray
and Willard Sayles, directors; Ira Gray, clerk ; Oliver
Dean, agent and treasurer. With Earned Pitcher,
these were the five men who accepted the charter on
the evening of July 13, 1831.

The property of the old firm (says Mr. Clarke, in
his excellent "History of Manchester") was ex-
changed for stock in the new company, and the latter
acquired by purchase a title to land on both sides of
the river, mostly, however, on the east side, where
engineers had decided were the best sites for mills,
and the best tracks for canals. In 1835 the new
organization bought the property and interest of the
Bow Canal Company, the Isle of Hooksett Canal
Company, the Amoskeag Locks and Canal Company
and the LTnion Locks and Canal, all of which, as their
names imply, had built canals at different points on
the river. The Hooksett Manufacturing Company
was merged with the Amoskeag in 183(3 and the Con-
cord Manufacturing Company shared the same fate
the next year. The Amoskeag Company thus had
obtained a full title to all the water-power on the
river from Manchester to Concord and all the land
in Manchester on the Merrimack available for mill-
sites. It was also in possession of large tracts of land
adjacent to the river and extending for some distance
from it.

Having thus cleared the way, they soon began
operations in earnest. In 1836 the wooden dam
which had hitherto checked the river's flow at Amos-
keag Falls was thoroughly repaired in order to answer
the purposes of a coffer-dam, and the next year Avas
begun the construction of a wing-dam of stone, with
guard-locks on the east side, which was completed in
1840. At the same time the farther from the river of
the two present canals was built by Lobdell & Rus-
sell. In 1838 a contract was made with Russell, Barr
& Co., (of which firm Isaac C. Flanders, after-
wards president of the City Bank, now Merchants"
Bank, was a member), to construct the "lower canal,"
and the contract was fulfilled. The first building put
up on the east side of the river was what was then
the Stark Mills counting-room, at the foot of Stark
Street, part of which was temporarily used for a
counting-room by the land and water-power depart-
ment of the Amoskeag Company. The next was the

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

one designated as "No. 1, Stark Block," where the
agents and clerks of the mills boarded with S. S.
Muult..n till November, 1839, when the Manchester
House was finished. The first mills built on the east
side were what were then No. 1 and No. 2 Mills of |
the Stark corporation, which were erected for that
company in 1838 and 1839.

At that time a number of men who have since been
well known in Manchester were in the pay of the
Anioskeag Company. Hiram Brown, afterwards mayor
of the city, was employed to oversee the stone-work ;
Phinehas Stevens, was its millwright and wheelwright ;
John D. Kimball was an overseer of carpenter-work ;
T. J. Carter was the resident engineer; Henry S.
Whitney was an overseer of general out-door work ;
Warren Paige had charge of the lumber-yard ; Nahum
Baldwin, Daniel L. Stevens and Charles Hutchinson,
were employed in the planing-mill ; George F. Jud-
kiiis managed the saw-mill, and Samuel Boice was
employed in it ; Samuel B. Kidder had charge of the
locks and canals ; Andrew Bunton and Levi Sargent
were contractors for stone ; John H. Maynard was the
head carpenter ; Jonathan T. P. Hunt and Joseph E.
Bennett were employed as masons in the building
of the mills.

The company laid out the site of a town with a
main street running north and south, parallel with
the river, with other streets running parallel with this
and across it, reserving land for public squares, and
in 1838, having divided part of its lands into lots
suitable for stores and dwellings, sold it, bringing
into the market by this and subsequent sales a large
part of the land on which the city of to-day stands-
In 1838 they sold a site and privileges for mills to a
new company which had been incorporated as the
Stark Mills, and built for them, in this and subse-
quent years, the factories they now occupy. After
the burning of their old mills at Amoskeag they
finished, in 1841, two new ones just below the Stark
Mills for their own use, and added to them in subse-
quent years as their needs required. In 1845 they
sold land and built mills and a printery for a new
corporation which had been organized as the Man-
chester Mills. To meet a demand for machinery for
their own mills and those they erected for others, they
built in 1840 a machine-shop, in 1842 a foundry, and
in 1848 replaced both these by new and larger ones,
beginning at that time the manufacture of locomo-
tives, l)uilding new shops for mechanical purposes
when needed. In 1859 was begun the manufacture of
the famous Amoskeag steam fire-engines. Some time
after they had finished mills for the larger corpora-
tions already mentioned they built, for the convenience
of individual enterprises, a building known as " Me-
chanics' Row," at the northern end of the canals, and
also sold land and erected shops for small corjiora-
tions which were subsequently organized. They
carried out meanwhile their original idea of the city,
building boarding-houses and tenements for their own

operatives and those of the other corporations, giving
away land for churches andpublicbuildings, selling it
to manufacturers and business men, and continuing a
liberal policy to the present time.

The first directors of the company were Lyman
Titlany, Ira Gay and Willard Sayles, elected in 1831.

The following is a list-of ofiicers from 1831 to 1885 :

1831 : Lyman Tiffany (president), Ira Gay, WlUard Sayles, directors ;
Ira Gay, clerk ; Oliver Dean, treasurer and agent. 1833 : George Dan-
iels, clerk. 1834: Harvey Hartshorn, treasurer and agent ; Lyman Tif-
fany, Oliver Dean, Willard Sayles, directors. 1836: P. T. Jackson, Ly-
man Tiffany, William Appleton, George Bond, Samuel FrothingUam,
Daniel D. Broadhead, George Howe, Oliver Dean, directors ; Francis
( '. Lowell, treasurer ; Hiram A. Daniels, clerk. 1837 : Robert Read,
clerk ; William Amory, treasurer ; Oliver Dean, Willard Sayles, George
Howe, Francis C. Lowell, Samuel Frothingham, John A. Lowell, Sam-
uel Hubbard, Daniel D. Broadhead, William Appleton, directors. 1838 :
Francis C. Lowell, president ; William G. Means, clerk ; George W. Ly-
man, Nathan Appleton and James K. Mills succeeded Samuel Frothing-
ham, John A. Lowell and Daniel D. Broadhead as directors. 1840 :
David Sears succeeded Samuel Hubbard as director. 1842: Joseph
Tilden succeeded Francis C. Lowell as president and director. 1847 :
William Amory succeeded Willard Sayles as director. 1851 : Robert
Read succeeded William Amory as director. 1853 : Gardner Brewer suc-
ceeded Joseph Tilden as director ; Oliver Dean succeeded Joseph Tilden
as president ; E. A. Straw succeeded William G. Means as clerk. 1856 :
Jona. T. P. Hunt succeeded Robert Bead as director. 1857 : David Sears
resigned as director. 1861 : Oliver Dean, George Howe, George W. Ly-
man, William Appleton, Gardner Brewer, Jona. T. P. Hunt, directors.
1862 : William Appleton, deceased. 1865: Daniel Clark succeeded Jona.
T. P. Hunt as director. 1866 : T. Jefferson Coolidge and Thomas Wig-
glesmith were added to the directors. 1871 : Oliver Dean and George W.
Lyman having declined re-election, and George Howe having ceased
to be a stockholder, William Amory, John L. Gardner and William P.
JIason succeeded them as directors ; Gardner Brewer succeeded Oliver
Dean as president. 1874 : Charles Amory succeeded Gardner Brewer,
deceased, as director ; Daniel Clark succeeded Gardner Brewer, deceased,
as president. 1875 : William W. Bremer succeeded Charles Amory as
director. 1876 : T. Jeffereon Coolidge siicceeded William Amory as ti-eas-
urer ; William Amory succeeded Daniel Clark as president. 1877 : John
L. Bremer succeeded William M. Bremer as director ; George Dexter and
E. A. Straw were added to the directors. 1879 : Thomas L. Livemiore
succeeded E. A. Straw as clerk and agent. 1880 : Channing Clapp
succeed* T. Jefferson Coolidge as treasurer ; Channing Clapp succeeded
E. A. Straw as director. 1885 : Herman F. Straw succeeded Col. Liver-
more as cleik and agent.

The company once owned fifteen hundred acres of
land on the east side of the river. They own land on
the west side also.

The present dam at Amoskeag Falls was built in
1871 by the company, after Mr. Straw's plans and
under his personal supervision. Its predecessor had
lasted thirty-four years, had become leaky and unsafe,
was built low and in the wrong place. The old one
ran straight across, but the one which took its place
curved around so as to give a wider entrance from the
river, was built two feet higher and farther down the
stream. It is in two parts, the main dam, from the
west side to the bridge, being four hundred and twenty
feet long, and the canal wing, from the bridge to the
gate-house, being two hundred and thirty feet long,
making a total length of six hundred and fifty feet.
It is eight feet wide at the top, averages twelve feet in
height, and cost, all things included, about sixty thou-
sand dollars. The upper canal extends from the basin
at the dam to the weir at the foot of Central Street,
where it empties into the lower, and is five thousand

MANCHESTER.

four hundred and eighty feet long. The lower begins
at about the same place, and extends to the weir below
the Namaske Mills, where it empties into the river.
It is six thousand nine hundred feet long, and runs
a part of the way over the track of the old Blodget
Canal. Till 1855 the canal was connected with the
Merrimack, near the old McGregor bridge, by a set of
locks, the company having been under obligation to
keep the canal open to the public as when it was
owned by the Amoskeag Locks and Canal Company;
but the Legislature of 1855 gave permission to discon-
tinue the locks. The openings of the canals at the
guard-gates are five hundred and ten feet square. The
canals' width at their head is seventy-three feet, and
at the weirs fifty feet, with an average depth of ten
feet. The fall from the upper to the lower canal is
twenty feet, and from the lower canal to the river
thirty-four feet.

No. 1 and No. 2 Mills are northernmost, and are
exact duplicates of each other. They were the first
mills upon the Amoskeag corporation, were built sepa-
rately, one hundred and fifty-seven feet long by forty-
eight wide, and six stories high, in 1841, but in 1859
and 1860 were united by what is called No. 6 Mill,
eighty-eight feet long by sixty wide.

No. 3 Mill, directly to the south of this triple com-
bination, was built in 1834, and thoroughly rebuilt in
1870. It is five stories in height and four hundred
and forty feet long, while its width varies from sixty-
five to seventy-two feet. At its south end is a three-
story picker-house, one hundred and thirty-five feet
long by sixty wide.

At the upper end of the mills, on the lower level,
is a low building, four hundred and seventy-two feet
long and thirty wide, used as a bag-mill, which has
forty bag-looms.

No. 4 Mill was built in 1846 and enlarged in 1872.
The original building was seven stories high, two
hundred and sixty feet in length by sixty in width.
In the fall of 1872 an extension was built in the rear,
one hundred feet long and sixty feet wide. In the
rear, also, are two picker-houses, three stories high,
• fifty-six feet in length by thirty-seven in width.

No. 5 Mill is just north of the one last mentioned.
It is two hundred and fifty-eight feet long by sixty
wide, and has a picker-house, sixty-two feet in length
by forty-four in width, in the rear.

The building at the north of No. 5 Mill, occupied
as a dye-house and gingham-mill, consists of a centre-
piece and two wings. The south wing is the dye-
house, and is two hundred and three feet long, sixty-
seven feet wide and three stories high. The middle
part is one hundred and twenty feet long, sixty -seven
feet wide, three stories high and is occupied by dress-
ing-machinery for ginghams. The north wing is of
the same length and breadth as the dye-house, but
four stories high.

A mill was built in 1874, just at the north of these
buildings and parallel with them. It is two hundred

and sixty feet long, sixty-eight feet wide and four
stories high.

The bleachery and napping-house, lor bleaching
and napping flannels, are in a small building, one
hundred and ten feet in length and thirty-six in width,
in the rear of the old gingham-mill and near the river.

In 1874 the company erected the mill of the Amory
Manufacturing Company . In 1880 they built a large dye-
house, two hundred and eighty by fiily feet, two stories,
and in 1881 a new mill with forty-four thousand spin-
dles. In 1880 the old machine-shop which originally
stood on the bank of the river was taken down and the
new machine-shop erected, one hundred and ninety by
fifty feet, three stories high. The machine-shops up
to 1872 manufactured the celebrated Amoskeag fire-
engine. In that year this business ^^as sold to the
Manchester Locomotive- Works. There are also seven
cotton-houses, one hundred by seventy feet, three
stories high. The mills are driven by seventeen tur-
bine wheels, six and eight feet in diameter, which are
sufiicient to run all machinery in ordinary stages of
water. In addition to this power, there is also
one pair of engines of eight hundred horse-power
in No. 3 Mill ; one pair of two thousand horse-
power for driving machinery in Mills Nos. 4, 5, 7 and
8; also an engine of two hundred and fifty horse
power to drive the machine-shop. There are forty-
eight boilers, one-half for high pressure, to be used
when engines are run and exhaust steam is used for
heating and drying. These engines are only run in
low water. The other twenty-four boilers, of an old
type, are only used when the engines are not run, be-
cause suited to lower pressure. These boilers have
all been placed in a great boiler-house, about two
hundred and fifty by fifty feet, on the west side of
the river, next to the coal shed, which is a new one
built of brick, with a capacity for twenty thousand
tons, having three railroad tracks from which the coal
is unloaded. On this side of the river also a chimney
has been erected two hundred and fifty feet high.
The steam is carried across the river in a pipe twenty
inches in diameter and two thousand five hundred
feet long, which crosses the river on two bridges, dis-
tributing steam to the whole establishment. The
mills are lighted by electricity, the first light (Weston
& Brush,) having been put in February, 1880. The
corporation runs ten mills, including Namask Mill, and
eight hundred tenements. This immense establish-
ment has six thousand looms, uses forty thousand
bales of cotton and twenty thousand tons of coal per
year, and manufactures annually sixty million yards
consisting of ticking, denims, stripes, ginghams, cot-
ton flannels and cheviots. Emi)loys five thcmsand per-
sons, with a monthly pay-roll of one hundred and
sixty thousand dollars.

The present ofiicers are as follows :
William Amory, Daniel Clark, T. Jefferson Coo-
lidge, Thomas Wigglesworth, George A. Gardner,
William P. Mason, John L. Bremer, Channing Clapp,

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

George Dexter, directors; William Amory, president;
T. Jefferson Coulidge, treasurer ; Herman F. Straw,
clerk and agent.

EzEKiEL Albert Straw was born in Salisbury, De-
cember 30, 1819, making his age at the time of his
death sixty-three years. He was the eldest son of
James 13. and Mehitable (Fisk) Straw, and one of a
family of seven children (five sons and two daughters),
and of whom three survive,— Miranda (wife of Benja-
min F. Manning), Abigail and James B. Straw, Esq.,
all residents of Manchester. His father, after a few
years' residence in this State, removed to Lowell,
Mass., where he entered into the service of the Apple-
ton Manufacturing Comjiany. Mr. Straw acquired
his education in the schools of Lowell, and in the
English Department of Phillips Audover Academy,
where he gave especial attention to practical mathe-
matics. Upon leaving this institution, he was, in the
spring of 1838, employed as assistant civil engineer
upon the Nashua and Lowell Railway, then in pro-
cess of construction. In July, 1838, he was sent for
by Mr. Boyden, the consulting engineer of the Amos-
keag jNIanufacturing Company, to take the place of
T. J. Carter, the regular engineer, who was absent
from work on account of illness. He came to the
city of Manchester July 4, 1838, expecting to remain
but a few days, and has ever since made it his home.
This was before a mill had been built upon the
eastern side of the river ; among his first duties
were the laying out of the lots and streets in what is
now the compact part of the city, and assisting in the
construction of the dams and canals. In November,
1844, he was sent by the Amoskeag Company to Eng-
land and Scotland to obtain information and machi-
nery necessary for making and printing muslin de-
laines, and the success of the Manchester Print-
Works, which first introduced this manufacture into
the United States, was due to the knowledge and
skill he then accjuired. He continued in the employ
of the Amoskeag Company as civil engineer until
July, 1851, when he was appointed agent of the land
and water-power department of the company, the
mills and machine-sho|)S then being managed sepa-
rately, under dillerent agents. In July, 1856, the first
two were united and put in charge of Mr. Straw, and
in July, 1858, all three were combined under one
management, and Mr. Straw assumed the entire con-
trol of the company's operations in Manchester.

Mr. Straw was prominent in the early history of
the town's prosperity. He was a member of the com-
mittee to provide i)lans and specifications for the re-
building of the town-house in 1844, and one of the
first committee appointed to devise plans for the in-
tro<luction of water into the town. He was connected
with all the subsequent plans for the same purpose,
and when the board of water commissioners, who
had charge of the construction of the present water-
w-rks. WIS appointed in 1871. ho was made its presi-
dent, and held the office until within a few vears. He

was chosen, in 1854, a member of the first board of
trustees of the public library, and held the office for
twenty-five years. In 1846, Mr. Straw was elected
assistant engineer of the Fire Department, and was.
re-elected several times afterwards. In 1859 he
served as Representative in the State Legislature, and
was re-elected in 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, and during
the last three years was chairman of the committee
on finance. In 1864 he was elected to the State
Senate and was re-elected in 1865, being chosen its
president in the latter year. He was also chosen, on
the part of the Senate, one of the commissioners to-
superintend the rebuilding of the State-House. In
1869 he was appointed by Governor Stearns a mem-
ber of his staff. In 1872 he was elected by the Re-
publicans of New Hampshire Governor of the State,,
and was re-elected the succeeding year. In 1870 he
was aj^pointed by President Grant the member from
New Hampshire of the commission to arrange for the
centennial celebration of the independence of the
United States at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1876.

From the organization of the Namaske Mills, in
1856, till the dissolution, Mr. Straw was the treasurer
and principal owner, and after 1864 until near the
end of his business career the sole proprietor. In
1874 he was chosen a director of the Langdon Mills.
He was the president and one of the directors of the
Blodget Edge-Tool Manufacturing Company from its-
organization, in 1855, till its dissolution, in 1862, and
during the existence of the Amoskeag Axe Company,,
which succeeded it, he was a director. He was one of
the first directors of the Manchester Gas- Light Com-
pany when it was organized, in 1851, and was chosen
its president in 1855, holding the office until January
29, 1881. In 1860 he was elected a director of the
Manchester and Lawrence Railroad, and in 1871 was
elected president of the corporation, resigning in 1879.
Upon the organization of the New England Cotton
Manufacturers' Association he was chosen its pres-
ident, and was also president of the New Hamp-
shire Fire Insurance Company from its organization,
in 1869 to 1880, when he resigned. He was one of
the founders of the First Unitarian Society, in 1842,
its clerk and treasurer from that time till 1844, its
president from 1853 to 1857, and was chairman of
the committee which built its ^iresent house of wor-
ship.

Governor Straw married, April 6, 1842, at Ames-
bury, Mass., Charlotte Smith Webster, who died in
this city March 15, 1852. To them were born four
children, — Albert, who died in infancy; Charlotte
Webster, wife of Mr. William H. Howard, of
Somerville, Mass. ; Herman Foster, agent of the
Amoskeag Mills ; Ellen, the wife of Mr. Henry M.
Thompson, formerly agent of the Manchester Print-
works, and now agent of the Lowell Felting Com-
pany, of Lowell, Mass.

There are now seven living grandchildren, — Albert
Straw, William H. and Sarah Cheney Howard, Par-

Ql)

HISTORY OF HTLLSBOROT^^^^ ^'^^'^ ' ^''^"' " * MPSHIRE

, ^ _ mber oi

ic library, and

In 1846, Mr.

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1861, )

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ufactui

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was one of

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vas chosen

>, holding the otdce until January

^vas^ flei ' 'lirector of the

'■' ^'-'i ..ad ia 1871 was

, resigning in 1879.

the New England Cotton

IS chosen its pres-

the New Hamp-

: '^t% organization.

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time till 1844, its

was chairman of

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Van Slyctt & Co. Boston

^^<f^

MANCHESTER.

ker and Harry Ellis Straw, and Albert W. and Her-
man Ellis Thompson.

His rapidly-failing health and strength obliged Mr.
Straw to retire from the active management of the
Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in 1879, and at
the annual meeting of the proprietors of the company
next following, this resolution was unanimously
adopted, —

"Resolved, That the Hon. E. A. Straw, agent of this company at
Manchester, having since our last annual meeting been compelled by ill
health to resign his office, in which for about forty years, in many difTt-r-
ent capacities, he has served the corporation from its infancy with signal
ability, fidelity and skill, we owe it to him and ourselves to put upon rec-
ord the testimony of our high appreciation of the value of those services,
our sincere regret at his resignation, our deep sorrow for the cause, our
cordial thanks for his long-continued and excellent management of our
affairs in this city, and our earnest wishes that, free from pain or suffer-
ing, he may pass the remaining years of his life improved in health,
prosperous and happy."

The Hon. Daniel Clark, on rising to second the
resolution, said, —

" Mr. Presitlcnt and Gentlemen,— It is with mingled feelings of pleasure
and of pain that I second this resolution. It is now forty years, and
more, since I came to Manchester. I came in a one-horse wagon to a
one-horse town,— to a town, in fact, having no horses at all. As you
know, sir, the canal was not then finished. It was a muddy trench.
They were blasting stone and laying them in the walls and throwing out
the dirt. There was not a mill then finished. The walls of one of the
Stark Mills were up, the roof was covered in ; but there were no windows
in the mill, aud, I think, no machinery. There was not a school-house ;
there was not a church ; there was not a hotel ; there was not a place to
lay my head ; and I went away over into what was then Goftstowu, now
Amoskeag village, to find a place to board. There had been a land sale
the fall before, and the hill yonder was covered over with stakes, denot-
ing the corner-lots and where the streets were to go. There was not a
street well made that I remember of seeing, and a butcher's cart coming
along got stuck in the sand not far from where Elm Street now is, soon
after I came here.

"Soon after I came there appeared upon the scene a young man,
healthful, compactly built, about nineteen or twenty years of age, with
a fresh, ruddy countenance, with an air of assurance, but without arro-
gance, who manifested such industry and energy and pluck as gave
promise of bis future brilliant success. I think, sir [addressing the pres-
ident of the meeting], I think on a former occasion you used the word
' luck ' instead of pluck. I think you must prefix a ' p ' to the word and
make it ' pluck.'

" This gentleman, soon after coming to this city, went into the Amos-
keag Company's emplcy as assistant engineer. I think his chief was a
gentleman distinguished for his scientific attainments. From that time
forth that young man has been in the employ of this company. Under
his industry, skill, direction and perseverance, it has grown from the
beginning that I have indicated to what it is now. I do not mean to say
that he has done this entirely alone, for he has received the aid of others,
aud, fortunately, of yourself Of that I have spoken on a former occa-
sion ; but for forty years he has been steadily engaged in the service of
this company. There is nothing here, sir, which does not bear the im-
press of his hand. Certainly the river has acknowledged his power, for
he has twice dammed it and turned it o>it of its course. There is not a
railroad about us, sir, in which his skill and wise counsel have not been
manifested; there is not here a highway or public building in which
his management has not been discernible. We have our gas-light com-
pany, of which he has been president for many years. I speak of these
as showing the honorable services of this man to the community as well
as to this company. We have the New Hampshire Fire Insurance Com-
pany, the only stock insurance company in the State, of which he has
been the president. We have built here the city water-works, bringing
the sweet waters of the Massabesic to our city, of which he was one of
the chief movers. There is not a school-house here, filled with happy
scholars, that he has not in some way assisted ; there is not a church here
to whose support he hag not given his aid. We have a librarj', a free
library, to which ever)- operative, man, woman or child, who can pro-
cure some one to say that he or she is a fit person to be be intrusted with
6

its books, can go to receive its benefits. I may sjiy here that there it no
man in this city to whom the city owes so much for the lib.-ary, I think
I may say it, sir, as to your late agent.

"I once said, sir, I think, here, that that library seemed to me like
an aviary of sweet singing birds, and at morn and noon and eve they
flit away to the homes of tired labor. They porch upon the window-sills,
upon the table and the chair and the shelf and the mantle and the pil-
low, and sing their sweet songs in the ear of tired labor, and it is be-
guiled of its pain and sinks to rest. In the morning labor rises refreshed ;
it takes up its burden, and thus ever goes on the round ; and at night
labor is again tired, and as it goes to its home the sweet singing birds are
there to welcome it and solace the hours of weariness. None can say
how nmch labor owes to Governor Straw. No one can know, except
those here, how much this company, how much this city, how much we
all, owe to this same man.

"And now, Mr. President, I cannot forbear to say for myself, that,
through all these forty years that I have been beside my friend yonder,
he has never forfeited my esteem, my respect, my affection and my love,
and I think I have always received his ; and you may .judge, Mr. Presi-
dent, how sad it is to me to see biiii now, like some great sliip that hai
buffeted the waves and sailed forth triuniphantlj', laid on the shore. I
am glad to see that she lies so easily and so quietly, and nuiy it be a
great while before her timbers shall be broken up and she disappear in
the sand.

"But, Mr. President, generations pass away, and I see now not ten
men in this city that were here when I came. I stand almost alone. I
stand with you, sir, and with a few othere ; but our friends and we shall
soon pass away, for such is the common lot.

" I do not know that I have anything further to add, but to repeat
what my friend has said in the resolution. Long may it be before the
sun shall finally go down on my friend. May his last days be his best
days ; and when his sun shall finally set, may the rays stream to the
zenith in one bright flame, a fitting emblem of a well-spent life."

After a long and weary sickness, Governor Straw
died October 23, 1882, but his memory is still green
in the State he served, in the city he helped to build
and among the friends he loved.

On the afternoon of his funeral business was
generally suspended throughout the city, the Amos-
keag Mills were closed, and hundreds of his fellow-
citizens visited the Unitarian Church, where the body
lay in state.

Mr. Straw was emphatically a great man, not only
in his profession, in which he towered far above
nearly all others, but in all the various positions to
which he was called. He was not known as a brilliant
or a sharp man. He had little need of the helps
which other men gain by dazzling or outwitting
friends or foes ; for there was a massiveness about
him, a solid strength, which enabled him to carry out
great plans by moving straight on (jver obstacles
which other men would have been compelled to re-
move or go around. His mind was broad, deep and
comprehensive; he had rare good judgment, great self-
reliance and a stability of purpose which seldom
failed. He was peculiarly fitted for the management
of vast enterprises. His plans were far-reaching and
judicious, and his executive ability was equal to the
successful carrying out of whatever his mind pro-
jected and his judgment approved.

For twenty-five years he carried business burdens
which would have crushed almost any half-dozen
strong men. He was agent of the Amoskeag corpora-
tion, having in his charge its millions of dollars, its
thousands of operatives, its acres of streets and build-
ings, its numerous water-powers and all its costly

HISTOKY OF HlLLSBOllOUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

extensions and improvements, besides the daily opera-
tions at its factories. He was Governor of the State,
and answered for two years all the exactions made
upon the occupant of that position. He Avas a rail-
road jircsident, president of an insurance company,
president of the gas company and a director and lead-
ing spirit in several other moneyed institutions. He
was a public-spirited citizen, whose time was always
at the service of the community in which he lived;
but with all these duties, he neglected none, postponed
none, failed in none. He had great opportunities
and he left no one of them unimproved. In the
management of the Amoskeag corporation he found
rooiu for the display of magnificent abilities, and the
uninterrupted success and growth of that corporation,
not only in seasons of general prosperity, but at times
when nearly all others failed, attest how grandly he
])lanned and how well he executed.

As Governor, he entirely justified the confidence
that secured his election, giving to the people the full
benefit of his integrit)', industry, sound sense and
groat business abilities, and leaving a record which j
will always be a credit to the State ; and in the dis-
charge of the numerous other public trusts committed
to liim, he added constantly to his reputation as a man
in whose hands any interest was both safe and for-
tunate. He had great knowledge of men and read
character at a glance, so that in selecting his hun-
dreds of assistants he seldom made a mistake. He
possessed vast stores of information upon a multitude
of subjects, which he had acquired by extensive read-
ing and observation, and was able to use it upon
occasion with great effect. He had decided views
upon all current events and all matters connected
with his l)usiue^s, and could state his opinions most
clearly, compactly and convincingly. He spoke
easily, but without any attempt at rhetorical display,
ami wrote without apparent effort in plain, vigorous
language, which contained no surplusage. He was a
willing and liberal helper to any object which he ap-
proved, and there was nothing narrow or bigoted
about him to confine his benefactions to his own sect,
party or nationality. He was a genial, entertaining
and always instructive companion, a good neighbor
and a true friend. Manchester was proud of E. A.
Straw, and, whenever occasion offered, delighted to
honor him. He has been one of her citizens durinsr
most of her history as a city, and it is safe to say no
other man contributed more to her rapid growth and
progress in all profitable and pleasant directions than
he. He always remembered, too, that he was a
citizen of Manchester, and did not allow any antagon-
ism between her interests and those of the corporation
he represented, but worked constantly and zealously
for the good of both. Her people were not slow to
respond to this feeling, and there has existed from the
Htart the utmost cordiality and unity of purpose,
which have contributed in no small degree to the ad-
vantage of both city and corporation. For his potent

influence in this direction. Governor Straw will long
be gratefully remembered.

Stark Mills. — This corporation was chartered in
1838, with a capital of five hundred thousand dollars,
and commenced operations in the same year. In 1845
the cajjital was increased to seven hundred and fifty
thousand dollars, in 1846 to one million, in 1847 to
one million two hundred and fifty thousand. They
own fifteen acres of land, occupied for mills, boarding-
house and overseers' blocks, etc. The goods manu-
factured are cotton and linen, the latter product being
in the form of crash and toweling, while the cotton
goods are sheetings, drillings, duck and bags, the
latter being known as the " seamless bags," being
woven in one piece.

Phinehas Adams was agent from 1847 to 1881. He
was succeeded by Mr. S. N. Baurne, the present
agent.

President, William Amory ; Clerk, C. A. Hovey ;
Treasurer, Edmund Dwight ; Directors, William
Amory, J. Ingersoll Bowditch, Lewis Downing, Jr.,
T. Jefferson Coolidge, John L. Bremer, J. Lewis Stack-
pole, Roger Wolcott ; Agent, Stephen N. Bourne.

Manchester Mills. — This corporation was organ-
ized in 1839, with a capital of one million dollars, for
the manufacture of dress goods. The Amoskeag Com-
pany had previously made the fabric for delaines in
their mill at Hooksett, but the printing was done else-
where. In 1845 the first mill for the printing of de-
laines was erected, which went into operation the next
year. In 1847 the property' was sold to a corporation
which was chartered the previous year, with a capital
of one and a half million dollars, under the name of
the Merrimack Mills, which was afterwards changed
to the Manchester Print-Works, and its capital in-
creased to eighteen hundred thousand dollars. In
1873 it was reincorporated, under the name of the
Manchester Print-Works and Mills, with a capital of
two million dollars, and in 1874 the name was changed
to the Manchester Mills.

The corporation owns about forty-three acres of
land in all, a part of which is on the west side of the
river. It has six mills, containing two thousand seven
hundred looms, and leases forty mill-powers of the
Amoskeag Company. The goods manufactured are
principally worsted dress goods and prints.

President, Samuel R. Payson ; Clerk, Josiah S. Shan-
non ; Treasurer, John C. Palfrey ; Directors, Samuel
R. Payson, William H. Hill, Moody Currier, Benjamin
P. Cheney, AVilliam O. Grover, Joseph H. White,
Jacob Edwards; Agent, Charles D. McDuffie; Super-
intendent of Printing Department, Benjamin C. Dean.

Lang'don Mills. — This corporation was chartered
in 1857, and organized in 1860. Its capital stock was
two hundred thousand dollars, which was subsequently
increased to five hundred thousand. It has two mills,
one of which was formerly used as a j)aper-mill, the
other having been built in 1868 by the company.
Eight hundred looms and thirty-seven thousand five

MANCHESTER.

AmoT

lie latter d-

I'earin;;

-v^-"» •■.. 'v./ # ■ T ^ ';*.

. o»-.t jvj^a*!' s'-au

MANCHESTER.

hundred s^pindles are operated. They manufacture
shirtings and sheetings.

President, William Amory ; Clerk, William L. Kil-
ley ; Treasurer, Charles W. Amory ; Directors, Wil-
liam Amory, Henry B. Rodgers, John R. Brewer,
John L. Bremer, William P. Mason, C. W. Amory ;
Agent, William L. Killey.

The Amory Manufacturing Company was
chartei'ed July 1, 1879, with a capital of nine hundred
thousand dollars. During that year building opera-
tions were vigorously pushed, and the mill was tinished
and work commenced in the fall of 18S0. The mill
has fifty-six thousand spindles and fourteen hundred
and twenty looms, and employs eiglit hundred o{>er-
atives. The goods manufactured are fine and medium
shirtings, sheetings and jeans.

President, William Amory ; Clerk, Gilbert P. Whit-
man ; Treasurer, C. W. Amory ; Directors, William
Amory, Daniel Clark, T. Jefferson Coolidge, John L.
Bremer, G. A. Gardner, Channing Clapp, F. 1.
Amory ; Agent, G. P. Whitman.

Namaske Mills. — This corporation was organized
as the Amoskeag Duck and Rag-Mills in 1856, and ten
years later the name was changed to Namaske Mills.
In 1875 the property passed into the hands of the
Amoskeag Company, by whom it is now managed.
The goods manufactured are principally ginghams
and shirting flannels. Mr. William B. Webster, the
superintendent for many years, resigned in October,
1883. He was succeeded by Mr. J. Walter Wells.

Derry Mills. — This corporation was organized in
1865, with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars.
Mr. S. R. Paysou is now proprietor, and George F.
Lincoln the agent. The property comprises three
mills on the Cohas Brook, at Gofle's Falls.

The P. C. Cheney Paper Company carries on an
extensive business in the manufacture of manilla and
card-board paper in its mills at Amoskeag. This com-
pany also does a large business in waste of all kinds,
and has a large trade in paper manufactured elsewhere.
It has pulp-mills at Goftstown and Peterborough.

Person C. Cheney.^— The Cheney genealogy is
traced from England to Roxbury (Boston Highlands),
Mass., and from Roxbury to Newburyport, some of
the family being there as early as 1680.

Deacon Elias Cheney, born in Old Newbury, Feb-
ruary 20, 1741, settled quite early in life in Thornton,
N. H., iind died there in 1805, at the age of eighty-six.

Deacon Elias Cheney, son of the above and father of
Deacon Moses Cheney, also lived and died in Thorn-
ton. The latter died in Ashland (formerly Holder-
ness) in 1875.

Person Colby Cheney was the son of Deacon Moses
and Abigail (Morrison) Cheney, who were types of
the God-fearing, God-serving, clear-headed and strong-
bodied men and women of the earlier days.

Their intelligence, industry and integrity won the

1 By Henry M. Putney.

respect of all with whom they ever had acciuaintance.
They taught their children (five sons and six daugh-
ters), by precept and example, how to succeed in
broader fields, and gave them as an inheritance, in the
place of great wealth, good sense, true hearts and will-
ing hands.

Of the sons. Rev. Oren B. Cheney (foUTidcr and
president of Bates College, Lewiston, Me.) is the oklest.
The second son is Moses Cheney, a retired paper manu-
facturer, now living in Henniker, N. H. The third is
the late Charles G. Cheney, a graduate of Dartmouth,
class of '48, who read law with Nesmith & Pike, of
Franklin, and settled in Petcrboroiigh, dying in 1862.
The fifth is P^lias H. Cheney, proprietor of the Lebanon
Free Press, and at the present time a State Senator.

The subject of this paper is the fourth son. He
was born in Holderness (now Ashland), February 25,
1828. In 1835 his father, one of the pioneers in the
paper-making industry of New Hampshire, sold his
mill in Holderness and moved to I'eterborough, where
he, in company with the late A. P. Morrison, his
brother-in-law, purchased a small mill. In this mill,
in the schools of Peterliorough, in Hancock Academy
and in Parsonfield (Me.) Seminary (then taught by
his oldest brother) he received the education and
training which have enabled him to reach the promi-
nent positions he has occupied in business, political
and social life.

Early learning paper -making in all its details, at the
age of seventeen he was placed in charge of the estab-
lishment by those who had ]nirchascd it of his father,
who at this time returned to Holderness. In this posi-
tion he succeeded so well that in eight years, in com-
pany with two other gentlemen, he built another mill,
of which, at a later day, he became sole pro])rietor. He
continued to make paper at Peterborough, gradnallv
enlarging his business and engaging to some extent in
other enterprises, until 1866, when he formed a partner-
ship with Thomas L. Thorpe, of Manchester, for the sale
of paper stock and the manufacture of paper, the mills
of the company being located at Amoskeag, in Man-
chester and at Goifstown. This partnership was suc-
ceeded by one of which Mr. Cheney, Dr. E. M. Tubbs
and Hon. Tra Cross were members, and ui)on the death
of Dr. Tubbs, in 1878, by the P. C. Cheney Company
which now owns and operates the pulp-mills at Peter-
borough and GofFstown, the pulp and paper-mill at
Amoskeag, and extensive timber tracts in the town of
Washington. The mills of the company produce
seven tons of paper dail)", and give employment to one
hundred and fifty operatives.

Of this company Mr. Cheney, who was its creator and
who owns most of its stock, is treasurer and manager.

It is one of the largest, best-known, most reliable
and popular business concerns of the State. Its
name is everywhere synonymous with honesty, honor
and solvency. The qualities which have enabled Mr.
Cheney to buildup this great industry hold it steady
in hand and keep it strong and growing in the worsl

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

of iKinies, as well as in good times, characterize him
iu all the relations of life, and make him a controlling
power wherever good advice is wanted and hard work
is to be done. These same qualities made him a
leader in the Repuldiean party in its early days, and
they have kept him among the few to whom it always
looks for help when wise councils and judicious man-
agement are required to insure success.

In 18.'(.S he re|»resented Peterborough in the Legis-
lature. Li 18(;i-<i2 liis time and his money were freely
and zealously spent to make for New Hampshire the
record which is her greatest glory. In 1862 he offered
his services to the government, and was asMgned to
duty as (|uartermaster of the Tiiirteentli Regiment.

Exposure and overwork in the Fredericksburg
campaign brought on a long and dangerous illness,
from wliieh his friends did not expect him to rally.
The nursing of a devoted wife, liowever, brought him
back to life, and after a long period of suffering, to
health and strength, but not until the cause of the
Union was won and the war was over.

In 1S(J4 he was elected a railroad commissioner and
served three years. When he removed to Manchester,
in 18G7, the people of that city gave him a hearty
welcome. In 1871 the Republicans, being then out of
power in city and State, insisted on his accepting a
mayoralty nomination, and, finally consenting, he was
elected mayor liy a large majority, his election paving
the way for the redemption of the State the next spring.
Mr. Cheney declined a renomination for mayor in 1872.

In 187o the Republican State Convention met under
most discouraging circumstances. Their opponents
liad carried the State the year before, and had in-
trenched themselves in power by every device
known to political cunning, audacity and determi-
nation. Many Republicans were of the opinion
that it was u.seless to try to elect a State ticket, and
all of them felt that it was only with a leader of great
resources and dauntless courage that they had even a
fighting chance. Mr. Cheney being nominated as
such a leader, with great reluctance accepted the
iniMiinatiiin. How wisely the convention judged was
shown by the result, which was the defeat of the
Democratic candidate for Governor and the election
of a Kepublican Senate and House. There being no
electit)n r.f fiovernor by the people, Mr. Cheney was
chosen i»y the Legislature.

The next year he was nominated and re-elected by
a hantlsome nuijority of the popular vote.

In the long line of executives, theStatehas had none
v.ho dischargeil the duties of the office more faith-
fully, with better judgment or more to the satisfaction
of all cla.sses, and he retired universally esteemed.

He lias since devoted himseli' to his private busi-
ness, declining further political preferment. He is
always ready and willing, liowever, to render any
service which may contribute to the success of the
party in whose principles he thoroughly believes.

Mr. Cheney is a Unitarian whose faith is reflected

in his works. He is a Royal Arch Mason and a mem-
ber of the order of Odd-Fellows.

He married, in 1850, MissS. Anna Moore, who died
January 8, 1858, leaving no children.

In June, 1859, he married Mrs. Sarah White Keith,
to whose devotion, grace and accomplishments he owes
much of the success and happiness of his busy life.

He has one child, Agnes Anna Cheney, born Octo-
ber 22, 1869, who is now at school in Washington.

He resides in an elegant home iu Manchester, in
which a hearty and refined hospitality greets every
visitor, and from which there goes out to every good
cause that his neighbors and fellow-townsmen are
engaged in, generous and unostentatious help.

The Amoskeag' Paper-Mill is one of the best in the
State, with the finest machinery and all modern im-
provements. The ]>roprietors are John Hoyt & Co.

Olzendam's Hosiery-Mill is located in Mechanics'
Row.

Manchester Locomotive-Works. — For an account
of this establishment, see biography of Aretas Blood.

Manchester Gas-Light Company was chartered
in 1850. Capital stock, one hundred thousanddollars.
The works are situated in the southern part of the
city, near the Manchester and Lawrence Railroad, on
a lot of land four hundred feet square. The company
has also, at the north end, near the Langdou corpora-
tion, a gas-holder to regulate the supply and pressure.
The annual product of gas is about sixty-five million
cubic feet, together with five thousand chaldrons of
coke and one thousand barrels of coal-tar.

Miscellaneous Manufactures. — Lowell's Iron
Foundry, corner of Auburn and Canal Streets ; Corey's
Needle-Work.s, corner of Concord and Maple Streets;
James Baldwin & Co., West Manchester, bobbins,
spools, shuttles, etc.; Austin, Johnson & Co., door,
blind, sash and bracket-making; A. C. Wallace,
West Manchester, boxes ; Manchester Chair Com-
pany, chairs and tables ; Kimball & Gerrish, corner
Elm and Bridge Streets, roll-skin manufacturers ;
Hutchinson Brothers, iron and wood-working machin-
ery ; George A. Leightou, Forsaith's building, manu-
facturer of knitting-machines ; Sanborn Carriage Com-
pany and J. B. McCrillis & Son, carriages; Bisco &
Denny, card-clothing manufacturers ; Carney &
Co., brewers, at Bakersville ; C. B. Bradley, Me-
chanics' Row, and John T. Woodward, Franklin Street,
roll-covering; S. A. Feltonandthe Manchester Brush
Company, brooms and brushes; the Granite State
Plating Company ; Manchester Pottery- Works; J. A.
V. Smith, manufacturer of fliers; Forsaith Machine
Company, and others.

Sami'el Cai.kwej.l Forsaith. - Robert For-
saith, tiie father of the subject of this sketch,
was a farmer and lived in Goftstowu, N. H. He
married Elizabeth Caldwell, who bore him seven
children. Samuel C. was born iu Goffstown Septem-
ber 29, 1827. His boyhood was passed on the farm,
where he assisted iu the work. His educational ad-

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ntshe

:enis

k.v \ ■ f.

hanich

Er,^ ^iy fi_j-T p^uchie- ■

zr-L^

MANCHESTER.

vantages were those afforded by the common schools
of his native town. At an early age he became inter-
ested in mechanical work, was quick to comprehend
the intricacies of machinery, and at the age of fifteen
had constructed and set up on the bank of the river
near his home a miniature saw-mill, complete in all
its parts and in running order. At the age of seven-
teen he left home and went to Manchester, N. H.,
then a town of about five thousand inhabitants, and
entered the machine-shop of the old Amoskeag Mill
as an apprentice. His close attention to his duties
here showed his fondness for his chosen trade, and
his subsequent success showed the wisdom of his
choice. His frugal habits enabled him to live on a
salary that at the present time would not suffice for
even the most unskilled labor. Thrown out of em-
ployment by a destructive fire, he next worked in the
Stark Mills until September 1, 1850, when he went to
Milford, X. H., to take charge of the machine repair-
shops connected with the cotton-mills of that place,
remaining eight years, when he went to Biddeford,
Me., as foreman of the Saco Water-Power Machine-
Shop, where he stayed for two years. In 1860 he
determined to go into business on his own account,
and with this purpose in view, returned to Manchester
and hired an upper room in the shop of the Manches-
ter Scale- Works. In this room, without other capital
than his determination to succeed, he started. His
first job here was the manufacture of hay-cutters, in
which he was so successful that he resolved to make
a push for business, and sent out a large number of
eards announcing that he was prepared to do all
kinds of job-work. Gradually his business increased,
and at the end of the year he was furnishing employ-
ment for four journeymen. During the second year
he secured a vacant shop adjoining the scale-works,
which he soon found none too large to accommodate
him. Soon after moving into the new quarters he
bought a patent machine for folding newspajjers.
The original owners had been unable to make the
machine work. Mr. Forsaithsaw that the design was
practical, and set about perfecting it, which he did
successfully. In order to make the folder a financial
success it must be put to practical test, and to this
end Mr. Forsaith visited the chief newspaper offices
in the leading cities, representing the merits of the
machine, and succeeded in placing a sufficient num-
ber to warrant a very general test. Perfect satisfaction
was given, and the orders for these machines came in
fast. Besides the manufacture of the folders, the
building of circular saw-mills, shafting, mill-gearings,
water-wheels, etc., gave constant employment to the
regular foi'ce of twelve workmen. That he might
meet the requirements of his job-work, and also to
keep pace with the demand for the folders, in 1863,
Mr. Forsaith took a lease of the entire scale-works

and enlarged his working force. In 1867, becoming
crowded for room, a new shop was built, which is now
the main building of the present set of buildings,
which cover an acre and a half, filled with busy
mechanics and machinery for meeting the multiplying
demands of what has come to be the largest business
of its kind in the State. In 1872, Mr. William E.
Drew (who had been an a])prentice in this shop) was
taken into partnership. The concern does its own
printing, and issues quarterly an edition of some
twelve thousand catalogues, which are mailed to all
parts of the world. The pay-roll of this establish-
ment furnishes an average of four thousand five hun-
dred dollars per month. In May, 1884, the business
had become so extensive and the care and responsi-
bility so great that it was decided to organize this
great industry into a stock company under the general
laws of New Hampshire, capitalizing with two hun-
dred and seventy-five thousand dollars, and the com-
pany is now under the management of officers chosen
by the board of directors, and is in a flourishing con-
dition. The history of this industry, from its small
beginning to its j^resent magnitude, is a fitting and
well-deserved tribute to the energy, thrift and good
judgment of Mr. Forsaith, and shows what a resolute
purpose can accomplish. In i)olitics Mr. Forsaith
was a Democrat, and took an active i>art in the coun-
cils of this party. He was also a prominent member
of the Masonic fraternity, an Odd- Fellow, an officer
of the Amoskeag Veterans and a charitable and kind-
hearted citizen, whose loss will be felt wherever he
was known.

Mr. Forsaith was twice married, — first, to Nancy
W. Pierce, February 20, 1848, from which union
there were three boys, — Frank P., George B. and
William, who are now living. Nancy W. died April
21,1871. His second wife was Clara J., daughter of
Colonel J. C. and Clara J. Smith, to whom he was
married December 23, 1875. From this union there
are also three boys, — Samuel C, Jr., born December
16, 1876; Clarence S., born February 19, 1878; Dar-
win J., born October 19, 1880. In the winter of 1884,
Mr. Forsaith took a trip to the Bermuda Islands,
accompanied by his wife, seeking rest and recre-
ation, and after a short visit returned to his home in
Manchester, and after a short stop he started to visit
the World's Fair at New Orleans, where he had a
large exhibit. On his journey home, while on tlie
cars, he was stricken with apoplexy. On reaching
the city of Philadelphia he was taken to the hosi)ital
of the Jefferson Medical College, where he died
March 23, 1885. His funeral, from his late residence,
in Manchester, was attended by the various civil and
military organizations of which he was a member
and by many of the prominent citizens of Manches-
ter.

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

CHAPTER VL

MANCHESTER— {Continued).
ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY.

Early Church History— Contention and Disford- Keconi History of this
Period— First Congregational Church— Franklin Street Church— First
Riptist Church— Merrimack Street Baptist Chnrcli— Pine Street Free-
will Biiptist Church— Merrimack Street Free-Will Baptist Church-
First Methodist Episcopal Church-St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal
Church— The First Unitarian Society— Univcrsalist Church— Grace
E|iiscopal Church— Roman Catholic Churches: St. Ann's, St. Joseph's,
St. Augustine (French), St. Marie (French). Christian Church— St.
.lames Methodist Episcopal Church— Second Advent Society— City
Missionary Sociuty— Union Congregational Church, West Manchester
—Spiritualist Society— fierman Church of the New Jerusalem-
Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church— First Presbyterian Church
(Gemiaii)— French Protestant Church.

The early ecclesiastical history of this town is a his-
tory of contention and litigation, and to such an ex-
tent was this continual strife carried that at one time
its baneful influence seriously retarded the settlement
of the place.

The following is principally the record history of
this season of unrest and discord. In 1752 a move-
ment was made for the settlement of a minister, and
in the warrant calling the annual town-meeting of
that year was the following :

"To see if the town will Joyn with the town of Bedford In Giving mr.
mcDoel a Call to the worke of the ministry Between the two towns and
to Do and act in that affair that the town shall think proper."

March 5th, it was

" Voted, to give mr. mcDouell a Cauell to the work of the ministry,
Eather to Joyen woth Bedford oi' by our selves.

" Voted, .John Kidill, .Vlexander mcmurphey, John Hall, a Comitey to
prosequi the given of mr. nicDoul a Cauell to the work of the minestery
to Joyn woth the town of Bedford or seprat and Distink by our selves."

April 26, 175.3, it was

"V'lted, tow Houndred poundes old tenor for yearly solery to mr. mc-
Dowall Provied he Excpts of our Call to Joun woth the town of Bed-
ford."

Nothing further appears on the town records rela-
tive to the call to Mr. McDowell.

By the records of Bedford it appears that a call was
given hy Bedford to Mr. McDowell. March 28, 1753,
it was unanimously

" Voted, to present a call for ."*Ir. .Mexander McDowell to the Kevd.
Presbytery for the work of the ministry in this town."

But the records of the town show nothing further
in relation to him.

As early sis 1754 the town voted to build a meeting-
house, and to locate the same on the land near John
Hall's house. This location produced much ill-feel-
ing, and on the 3d of February, 1755, thirty of the
inhabitants petitioned the selectmen to call a meeting,
on the 20th of the same month, to reconsider the vote
locating the meeting-house and raising money to build
the same ; but the majority of the selectmen refused
to call the said meeting, thus denying the aforesaid
inhabitants a plain and legal right. This refusal of
the .selectmen i)roduced great excitement, and the in-
habitants aggrieved petitioned Joseph Blanchard and
Matthew Thornton, two justices of the peace for the
province, to call a meeting of the inhabitants, as pro-
vided bv law.

They complied with the wishes of the petitioners,.
and issued the following warrant to the constable of
Derryfield:

"Province of New H.\mpshiee.

"To Benja. Hadley of Derrj'field in the sd Province, Constable of said
town, — Greeting,

" niiereus it has been mead to appeer to us the Subscribers, two of his
Jlajestesjiistes of the Peace of sd Province, Qnrom I'niiea that Thirty of
the freeholders and Inhabitants of the sd town of Derryfield, by their
Kequest signed by ye sd Inhabitants and freeholders made to the niaj'r
Part of the Selectmen of Den-yfield aforesaid. When together did on ye
third Instant Deliver and present such application in writing for the
Calling a meeting of the Inhabitants of sd town to be held on the 20tli
Day of Feby, Cur't for the following Articles.

"First to see if the town would Reconsider ye Vote Relating to the
choice of a meeting-house place and make the same null and void.

"Also to see if the town would Reconsider that vote for Raising mony
for Building a meeting-house and order that ye Constable Omit bis Col-
lecting the Same and discharge the Severall freeholders and Inhabitents
from such part of the Taxes in some proper method as shall then be thot
Best and that the sd Select'n did on the said 3d day of Feby, Cur'nt Un-
reasonably refuse and deny the Calling a meeting for the Propritors
aforesd and ye sd freeholdera and Inhabitants have applyed unto us for
w^arnt, for the Calling of the freeholders and Inhabitants of Derryfield
aforesd for ye doing of the Busness aforesd to be held on ye first Day of
march next, — at ye house of John Goffe, Esqr.

" These are Therefor in his majyt name to Require and Command you
the sd Constable to Notifie and warn the freeholders and Inhabitants of
sd town of Derryfield, that they assemble at the house of John Goffe
Esqr. in Derryfield, afores'd, on Saterday the first day of March nixt at
ten o'clock forenoon, then and there to act on the following articles.

"First to see if the town will Reconsider the Vote Relating to the
choice of a meeting-house place and make ye same null and void.

" Also to see if the town will Reconsider that Vote for Raisaing money
for Bulding a meeting-house and order the Constable omit his Collecting
the same and discharge ye Severall freeholders and Inhabitants from
such part of the taxes in Some proper method a.s shall then be tlK^t best
here of faile not and make due return. Given Under Our hands and Seal
at Merrymac this six day of Feb. 1755.

"Joseph Blanchard, ] Jusces of ye peace.
"Matthew Thornton, i Qromus Unei>."

The meeting was duly held on the 1st day of
March, 1755, and it was voted to reconsider the vote
" making choice of a meeting-house place," and also
to reconsider the vote raising money for building the
meeting-house.

The following protest was presented and entered
upon the record :

"DEKRYKiELn, March ye 1st 17i5.

"Wee, ye under Subscribers freeholders and Inhabitants of ye town of
Derryfield, for Divers and weighty Reasons do Enter our Desent against
the proceedings of this meeting which wee will make appeear at time
and pleace Convenient.

" Robert Dickey.

"RoBT. Anderson.

" Alexe. McClintock.

" Nethenell Boyd.

"W'lLLM. Elott.

" WiLLM McClintock.

'John Cochran.

"Walter JIacffarlanp.

"Sajil Macffarland.

" WiLLM Gamble.

"James Mac Neall."

It seems that a majority at this meeting were not op-
posed to the erecting of a house of worship, but op-
posed the location.

"Derryfield, Augucst ye 27 1758.

"To the selectmen of the town of Derryfield, Gentlemen, Freeholders
and Inhabitants of said town, We the under Subscribers loking upon our-
selves as under a great Disadvantage for want of a pleace of Public Wor-
ship, as we have rising fameleys which cannot atend at other places and
as it would be enconigement for ministei-s to Com and preach unto us if we
were forward in getting a place for the public worshipe of God ourselves.

MANCHESTER.

"Capt. Alexr. McMurphy.
John Hall.
Robert Anderson.
James Kiddell.
Samuel Boj'd.
John Dickey.
Binjiniiti Stivins.
John Kiddell,
James Hinnijhrey.
Hugh Stirling.

MicUell McClintock.
Robrt Dicky.
John niirrall.
James Piters.
AVilliani Petiers.
William Nutt.
.lames peirse.
John Harvey.
Wm perham, Jr.
Thorns Iliill."

On the 2d of September, 1758, a warrant was issued
for a town-meeting, at the barn of John Hall, on the
21st of the same month :

" To see if the freeholdrs and inhabitants of the town would vote to
build a'meeting-house this present year.

"Tosee what spot of ground the town would vote to build said meeting-
house on.

"To see how much money the town would vote to raise for building
the said meeting-house.

"To sec what dimensions they would vote to liiiild saiil meeting-house.

"To see if the town would vote to choose a committee to carry on the
building of said meeting-house.

"To see if the town would vote to raise any money for iireachitig I his
year and how much."

At the meeting Captain Alexander McMurphy was
moderator, and it was

" Voted to build a meeting-house this present year.

" Voted to build the meeting-house on John Hall's land joining tlie
road leading to Thomas Hall's Ferry and the Amoskeag Falls.

" Voted to raise six hundred pounds to carry on the building the said
meeting-house.

" Voted to raise the said meeting-house forty feet in length, and thirty-
five feet in breadth.

" Voted Capt. "William Perham and Lt. Hugh Sterling and John Hall
the conunittee to carry on the buildingof the abovesaid meeting-house."

A frame was put up, but nothing further was done.
People refused to pay their taxes, and the committee
could make no progress.

At a meeting, July 15, 1759, it was

" Voted to collect five hundred pounds old tenor this present year to be
apiilied towards Boarding and Shingling of our meeting-house, said sum
is to be taken out of the five htindred pounds new tenor that was voted
in the year 1757 for building the above said meeting-house.

" Voted Capt. William Perham, Lieut. Hugh Sterling and John HmII
a committee to spend the five hundred pounds old tenor, towars beading
and shingling the meeting-house.

" Voted that .lolm Hall apply to the Gentlemen that have land not
cultivated or improved in Derryfield, for money to help us in building
our meeting-house in said town.

" Voted that whoever pays any money to the above said meeting-house
shall have their names and sums of money they pay recorded in Derry-
field town book of records."

The building committee was accused of mismanage-
ment, and at a meeting, November 15, 1759, —

" Voted 3 men a committee to examine the accoiints of the committee
that was chosen to build our meeting-house in said town.

" Voted Michael JlcClintock, John Harvey, and David Starrett, the
committee to examine the accounts of the meeting-house so far as they
have proceeded in building of said house.

" Votetl to record The six hundred pounds old tenor that was collected
in 17.')8, and the following sums as they are colb-cted for building the
aforesaid meeting-hoiise and each man's name and sum what he pays to
the aforesaid house.

" Voted to allow all the committee's accounts, as they brought them in
before the town, in time and money spent by them in building our meet-
ing-house in said town, so far as they have proceeded in said building.

" Voted not to underpin our meeting-house at present but tonuike one
door this year."

At a town-meeting, December 3, 1759, it was

" Voted not to collect any more money from the town this year to-
wards the meeting-house.

" Voted to borrow what remains due for the meeting house to clear off
the committee's accounts, and pay the interest for tlu; same.

" Voted that the present Selectmen for the year H.V,) borrow money to
pay off the committee for building the meeting-house so far as they have

proceeded, and the Selectmen in the year 1760, shall be equally bound
to pay the money borrowed as the present Selectmen and shall have full
power in law to collect the said money from the freeholders and inhabi-
tants of the town."

At an adjourned meeting it was

" Voted to reconsider the vote that the Selectmeii borrow the money,
and voted that Capt. William Perham, Levt. Hugh StirlingandLovt. John
Hall are impoweied by the freeholders and inhabitants of the town of
DerryfieM to borrow the sum of four hundred and twenty-fhreo pounds
six shillings old tenor, and to pay interest such as they can hire the
above m<U)ey for, and all their time and expenses paid by the said town
as well as the above sum of four hundred and twenty-three pounds six
shillings old tenor.

"S. IJ. — Till such time as the above sum is paid to them by the af^irc.
said freeholders and inhabitants of said town."

The money was hired and the accounts paid off.

" Agreabcl to a vote of the free boulders and Inhabitantes of Derry-
field at a nieeteing held in flie nieeting-House of Sd town, Novm. ir>,
1759, Voted, one ye third artical of the Warrent to Record the moneay
that was Corlected In the year 1758 and the following Sounies as they
are Corlected for the Bulden the nieeting-houes In Derryfield and eacho
mans name it Some of monay what hie Peayes to the a for Sd meeting-
hones which Kache mans and Soum ishiearSet Downin the foUowe order :

" This first column is
for ye year 1758.

£ .f.

"Coin. John Golfe . . 30 18

Capt. Wm. Perham ... 18 4

Capt. Alex. 31cMurphy . 'i'.t

Capt. John Starks ... 10 l(t

Lieut. Hugh Shirlea . . 10 14

Lieut. John Moorrs . . . 7 4

Ens. Daniel Niell . . . 22

Ens. Robt. Andrson . . . 13

Sergt. Wm. McClintock . 21 12

Sergt. Abraham Miral . 30 10

Sergt. Ebeiu". Stiviiis . . 14 5 .

Sergt. James liidell ... 7 S

Binjmin Stivens .... 22 10

Binjmin hidley 23 10

William Quiuiby . ... 10 2

John Ridell ...... 13 5

Mike! McCl into. ... '.) 8

Chairles Emerson .... 11 12

Thomas Russ i) in

Elizer Robiens '.t li

James McNight .... 23 12

William Tagourt .... 20 15

William C.emble .... 10 !•">

.John Harve 10 2

Neehmie McNill .... 10 15

James I'mphra 10 15

Adam Dickey 10 15

Thomas Gillis 10 5

John Dickey 10 10

James Pirces 7 17

James Piters 10 10

Joseph Gorge '.I 5

David JIcKnight .... 7 10

William Nutte 10 14

Robrt Dicky 8 o

John Cunagham .... '.' 8

Moses Carnerd i' 8

Widow Boyd 3 18

Samuel Boy<l 10 19

Alex McClintock. ... 10 15

William Perham .... In 3

John Secomb 7 8

Levt. John Hall .... 10 2

Thomas Hall Oil

Levt. .Fohn GofTe .... o 13

William Smith .... 9

James Moors Fare {heire) 17

Sizer (Jrifen 8 3

Ezekiel Stevens
James Willson .
David Stiret . .

for ye year

17.59.

£ 8. d.

19 7
15 3

23 IG 4
10 7 1

9 15 4

7 4
13 7

20 2

24 7 4
12 11

9 10

15 9 4

18 10

8 4

9 9 4

10 14 5
8 17 5

8 19

19 2 4
18 16 8

14 1 9

15 15 9

11 2
7 13 4

9 1 4
O
9 17 1

7 14 8

14 18

10 1 4

8 15 5

6 19 1
4 7
17 O

6 8

9 16 5
(I

15 8 10
II 10 8
17 4
16 8
15 8

7 8 9
4
10 8
6 7
•John JliniU

This is for ye

year 170o.

.t t. <l.

21 13 10

21 10 2

23 17

19 3 2
9 o G

8 10 8
13 3 C
18 1 .'>

24 11 lo
18 1 O

12 l; 8

9 1 4

13 1 2
II
n n

7 1.' rt

9 ft r>

11 7 2

11 4 10
10 1^ 10

20 2 2
18 3 10
18 1 1 6
17 .". 10

12 2 8

8 IN 10

9 8
o l>

8 13 10
O

9 li 10

8 14 2
7 8

9 8 8
7 8
II
7 8
2 12
SOS
7 17 2

10 14 4

12 8

12 II 8

11 2

1 4 5
7 8 10
» 2
O
9 l:i .■>

. . r. 8

Samuel yiiimbey. 18 11 11

.lohn Tagourt . . 6 6 8

Obide Huess. . . 19 4

Wm. Willson . . > 17 4

Stifen Gorge ... 6 8

HISTOKY OE HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

£. s. d.

Blr. Thomaa Parker of Litchfield 6

James Willsoii in Lo.Derry, ixi. if South 10

John Stiiard in Lo. Oerry, haf a tliousand of Boards .... 10
" Recorded per nie, John Hall,

•"March ye 2, 1761." " Town Clark.

Still (says Judge Potter, in his excellent " History
of Manchester") the house remained unfinished.
Meanwhile, Mr. Hall was accused of retaining the
money given by the non-resident land-holders, and at
a special meeting, held the loth of December, a com-
mittee was chosen "to call John Hall to account for
the money that he received from gentlemen that has
land not settled in Derryfield."

As this committee made no report, and there was no
further action upon the subject, it is fair to presume
that they found no such money in Mr. Hall's hands.

Thus there was a continual quarrel kept up be-
tween the parties, sometimes one controlling the
affairs of the town, and sometimes the other, as the
partisans happened to be present at the town-meet-
ings, matters pertaining to the meeting-house and to
preaching being the subjects of contention. And at
an adjourned meeting, held April 2, 1764, the opposi-
tion on these subjects wa.s carried so far as to vote
not to raise any money for preaching for the year, and
not content with this vote, at a special meeting on the
29th of October following, they voted to apply the
money already raised for preaching the preceding
year, and in the hands of a committee, to pay the
debts of the town.

Their opposition to the location of the house not
only prevented the finishing it, but they would not
have preaching in it! However, the other party mus-
tered at the annual meeting, March 4, 1765, in full
force, and carried things with a high hand, voting
that the selectmen furnish preaching for the current
year at the cost of the inhabitants. Thus there was
more preaching in the house for 1765 than ever before.

Such continual strife had a most deleterious effect
upon the prospects of the town. Emigrants of re-
spectable character were very careful to avoid a place
of so much contention, and the inhabitants them-
selves had less inducement and less time for indus-
trious pursuits. What with the spring fisheries,
neighborhood canva.ssing, i)ersonal altercations and
town-meetings, there was little attention paid to agri-
cultural pursuits.

The following is the tax-list of this year (1765) the
first one recorded in the ancient town records:

"The copay of tlie Lieste In LawfuU iiiony, 1765.

£ s. d.

".lohii Hull 1 15 8

Widdow Surah .Xiidi-sou 6

Kliiit'/.er Stavena Oil 1

.liwph Mosten 9

I.i'Vt. Daiiiid JlcNieul U 12 1

^^allluul Stark 6 .3

Rnsi|;n James Mc( 'allow 9 2

Capt. .John Stark 1 g 8

l.fvl. .\rchalinld Stark 9 10

Jidin Kiddell fi 9

Janit's Kiddcll 7 8

Thuniafl Rusi 10 8

Johnattian Russ 9 ft

£ ». d.

Para*>li Kichordeson 6 6

Honry Blasdel 7 8

Benjamin Steavieos 9 9

Ezekile Stivens 7

Sergt. Abraham Merrell 10 5

Abrhani Merrell, Junr 7 10

Josephe Gorge 7 7

John Grifeng 7 4

William Nutte 7 7

Capt. John iloors 14 11

Conl. John Goffe 1 6

Samuel Moorrs 7 6

Thomas Newman 6 6

William Tagert 11

James McNight 12 1

David McNight 8 5

William Hall 6 10

Elizer Robens 9 6

William Pirhani 12 11

John Pirham 7 7

Charless Emerson l(i 9

John Harvey 11 2

AVilliani Pirham .Junr 9 5

Michael McClintock 14 5

Samuel Boyd 8 1

Nathaniel Boyd 7 4

Widdow Marget Boyd 6

Isabeld ilcFarlon 5

Capt. Alixander BIcMurphy 19

James Hornor 6 1

Alexander McClintock 7 1

AVilliam Gembel d 13 4

John Heron 9 7

James Perces l) 6 7

David Stiratt 10 6

Sergt. William McClintock 18 9

John McClintock 8 15

William McClintock Jun 6

John Dickey 9 5

Davit Been 6

Davit Been, Junr 6

James Ramiesy, Londonderry 6

En. William Bller 2

William Smith o o 6

John Eacken, Londonderry 5

Robt. McCluer, Londonderry 4

Capt. John Goffe, Jun. Bedford () 6

Edward Barry 6

Johnathan Mirall 7 10

John Crown

John McCallon 6

Joseph Moorrs (i

Ebinezer Noyes 4

James Graves 1 (i

Joseph Quimby 1 fi

Samuel Ciuimby 1 6

Joseiih Joueus 1 6"

But a year of preaching did not produce any better
state of feeling, and both parties prepared for a severe
contest at the annual meeting in March, 1766.

The quarrel had now become almost entirely per-
sonal, and the object of both parties was to elect cer-
tain leading men to oflice. True, these men were in
favor of or against certain measures, but the men of
one party, at least, seem to have been more cared for
than measures. On the 3d of March the annual meet-
ing came off at the meeting-house, and the Hall party?
taking time by the forelock, were present in force at
the time appointed for the meeting, and proceeded to
organize and to choose officers.

The following officers were chosen, viz. : John Hall,
moderator; John Hall, town clerk; Alexander
McMurphy, Ebenezer Stevens, John Hall, selectmen
J:imes McNight, constable.

MANCHESTER.

After this successful manoeuvre in the choice of the
principal town officers, the meeting was adjourned for
a half-hour to John Hall's tavern. The object of the
adjournment is not set forth, but as Mr. Hall kept a
tavern, it may be that they adjourned to enjoy some
element of rejoicing not found in the meeting-house.

Tlie adjournment over, they proceeded to elect

"Mickael McClintock, Hendry Blaisdel, Charless Emersou, Joseph
Gorge, Surviers of Higways ; Joseph Marsten, William Nutt, Taything-
men : The Selectmen, Fence-viewers ; Klizer Bobbins, James Riddel),
Deer-Keepers : Ebinezer Stevens, Survier of Lumber ; Thomas Russ,
Sieler of Leather ; Mickael McClintock, EUiezer Robiis, Committee to
settle with Selectmen of 1756 ; The Selectmen, Takers of Invoice
Joseph Gorge, John Perhara, Samuel Boyd, Hog Reeves ; William Per-
ham. Clerk of the Market."

The meeting then adjourned to the 31st day of
]\Iarch. The business was all transacted before the
arrival of the other party. When they arrived, there
was no little excitement, and they forthwith proceeded
to organize the meeting, and to choose officers. After
the choice of a complete set of town officers, this
meeting was adjourned. Thus there were two sets of
town officers. The last set of officers are now un-
known, as their names were not recorded in the town
records, they being in possession of the opposite party.
Both sets of officers entered upon their duties and with
a will. The utmost confusion was the consequence.
To add to the excitement, a special town-meeting was
held on the 27th day of June, at which it was voted to
finish in part the meeting-house, and fence the grave-
yard near it.

At this time the better part of the community be-
gan to look about them in all seriousness and examine
the state of things ; and well they might. The quar-
rel was fast driving people from the town.

The following is a letter from Colonel John GofFe
to Governor Wentworth relative to this election :

•' Derryfield, September 1«, 1760.

" May it please your Excellency

" I went at the Request of Masons Proprietors to the Society Land be-
tween Pettersborah & Hillsborah to see where the Trespassers had ben at
work tt whose Lots they had Improved upon & found they had cleared,
At least cut a grate deal of Timber down, had built a camp upon Solly &
Blarches ' & on Meservey & Blanchards and your Excellencys Lots on
the west side of Contucook River they have don a great deal of work
fenced it all In with a Considerable Good Runing fence have built a
camp on it & altho' no body was their when we were their yet we are
prity suiethat Doct Perry is the man that has Trespassed upon your lot &
petty it is that he should not be prosecuted as he Is the Ringleader of all
the Rest, the[re], and as son as they Git to work again I have 2 men In-
gaged to see them at work & acquaint me with their names.— The Land
is Exceeding Good but I think your Excellencys is superior to any at
that part of the Society Land and that maid them fellows Covet it it is
certainly worth mony— I intended to have wated upon your Excellency
when the lufe^ Cort set but I hurt my self when up their with heat and
laying out in the Wet so that I have not ben well sence I came from
tlmir.— Your Excellency may Remember that we In Derryfield peti-
tioned the Gen" Cort for an act to call a town meeting for the choice of
town officers which when I cal'd John Hall with Col" Barr who have
strived all that is in their power to Injure me of late & at the meeting
Col" Barr cam on porpos to affront me & Col" Barr Hiered- voters for
John hall with Large promises and Webster a Trader at Chester hall

1 Samuel SoUey and Clement March.

2 1f Colonel Goffe stated the truth in the foregoing, the practice of

hiring voters is not so modern.

Hiered I have by gooil informatiun to come to Threaten his detters in
town, if they did not vote for Hall he could not stay upon them io., so
that upon the whole with their Influence hall obtained eighteen voters
be side him self and there was eighteen voters on the opposite side of the
most substantial men in town so that when they had don all they could
that could not git hall any office without voting for himself nor none
that was chosen that day & several Bee* Deeds from Col» Barr &, others
that day to make them voters which I suppose held them no longer than
that Night for 1 am confident they would not Trust them A sliilling
ever expecting to Git it. — And as soon as the meeting was over John Hall
told Esq'' Sheepard the moderator that he had Beat Goffe now i he
would have a commission of the peace In spite of any body that should
oppose it for Col" Barr & Maj Emerson and 'iU Webster with his friends
at the Bank would procure it for him — now may it please Your Excel-
lency if such an Insulting fellow (for I have heard him Insult the whol
Gover«) many times and a man that has liive 30 or forty yeara upon a
place & could never Raise half his provision, to Git that post would
strive for to make mony by it and put the people into confusion for
work he dont Incline to & is allway contriving unjust ways to maintain
his Luxury & I am very sure your Excellency never will Give a com-
mission to a nuin that wants it for no other end than to Revenge and Git
mony by it. Therefore I Beg your Excellencys favour that John Hall
nor non for him may prevail in that Respect.

"I am your Excellencys most Humble

& Devoted Servant

"John Goffe.

'; His Excellency, Govenor Wintworth."

The following is the tax-list for 1766 :

" The Copy of the List in lawful money for ye year I7G6 of the polls

and Estates.

£ «.

"David McKnight 8

James McKnight 10

John Rand, Esq 5

John Goffe, Esq 15

Samuel Moors " "

Capt. John Moors Oil

William Nutte C

John Grifen o 5

Benjamin Backer o 4

Josephe Gorge o 4

Sergt. Abraham Jlirall . . 6

Johnathan Slirall .')

Ezekiel Stivens • i1

Benjameu Stivens 7

Handrey Bllisdal 7

Thomas Hall

Thomos Russ 6

John Riddell 4

Sergt. James llidell -■ o 7

Capt. John Stark "1'^

Ensign James IMcCawallow 6

Ensign Samuel Stark o 4

John Hutchen o 4

Levt. Daniel McNieall "1'

Sergt. Ebinezer Stivens

Joseph Masten 6

Levt. John Hall ^ ^

Daniel Hall • • • • " •*

Samuel Hall " "

Alix. McClintock 5

James Hornor " ^

David Stirrate ^ ^

William SlcClintoek "^ ^'^

John McClintock "

John Dickey ° *^

\\illiam Gembcal '^2"

Capt. Alexander McMurphy 11

Samuel Boyd ^

Sergt. Nathaniel Boyd 5

Widow Boyd "' '

Mickel McClintock • " ^"

5
James Pirceas

William Hall " *

Capt. William Pirham '^ *

John I'irham " *

oy,
1

3
6
4
6

4
3
5
■J

5J^
1,%
8

'A
51^
11

10
7

7
4
4

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, xNEW HAMPSHIRE.

£. I. d.

Klizer Kobens 7 IJ^

Clirles Emerson 12

Jol.n H.rve 13 3^

William Piiliam, Jvinr 057

James Ramsey, Londonderry 040

Kobcrt BIcClure, Londonderry 3

John Eacken, Londonderry 4,

William Smith 6

Ensign Alex. Bller 9 9

" Recoi-ded Feb. 7, 1707.

"per me John Hall,

" Toivn Clark."

From ;i comparison of the town-lists, it will be seen
that daring the year preceding the making of the tax-
list of 17CG there had been a decrease of twelve ipoWs
in the town. The list of 1765 contained sixty-three,
while that of 1766 contained hwi fifty -one. Eighteen
men had deceased or left town, and six had been
added to the town. But the case was still worse than
this. Two of the men added to the list of 1766,
Daniel and Samuel Hall, were men of the town just
come of age, or never before taxed, so that in reality
there had been a decrease of fourteen polls, or more
than one-fifth of the polls of the town.

In this state of things a petition was forwarded to
the Legislature for redress. The petition was as fol-
lows, viz.:

" To His Excellency Benning Wintworth Esqr &, Commander In Cheitf
of His Mayestye's Trovince of New Uampshier, the Honorable his majes-
tye's Councell And House of Representatives In General Assembly Con-
vened.

" The Pettetion of A number of the freeholders & In Habitants of the
town of Derryfield Humbly Sheweth, that the first nionday of March
annually is appointed by charter to be the Day for chusing of Towne
offecers for the Currant year and the usual Costom of sd town has been
to warn the Town of time and place and Design of holding said meeting
with the Several articles to be acted upon on sd Day, by posting up a
Coppy of .Said warrant at three several places in said Town, (viz.) one at
John Goffe Esqr's, one at John Hall, & one at Lr. Russes at Xanieskeeg,
which was a vote of Said Town, but so it was that neither of the places
had any Notification .Set up, and one of them Particularly Nameskeeg
had no Coppy .Set up in that part of the town, So that they knew not the
time of Day the meeting was to be held ; yet notwithstanding two of
the Selectmen and town Clarke did contrary to former Costom, with
about ten or a Dozen of the Inhabitants and boys and unqualified voters,
did Enter and in about five menuita time Chouse all the principal offecers
fur the town, Notwithstanding one of the Selectmen and the Constable
& Several of the Irdiabitants opposed them and told them it was not fair
to hold the meetin before the Inhabitants came, and that it was not the
usual time of day that the meeting vse to begin & that the inhabitants
that must pay the Greatest part of the Tiixes that shall com upon the
town were not presant & that they would be here presantly, yet
they proceeded as afore Said, and at five minutes after eleven o' the
clock a con:<iderable number Came & in halfe an hour the Inhabitantg
Cheifly Came & uppon hearing that the principal offecers were Chosen by
a Small Number of voters and many of them not Qualified, they Con-
cliide<l as that was the Day by Charter to Chuso town offecers they being
the Larger jiart of the Qualified voters belonging to Said Town, maid
proclanuition that they were going to holil the town meeting & all were
Desired to attend and they went to the meeting house and maid Choise of
a moderator 4 Town Clark k Selectmen A all town offecers, & they were
■worn to the faithful discharge of their Duty as the Law Directs, So that
their is two Setsof offecers in Said town which makes Confusition ; we most
Humbly therefore Pray your Excelency & Ilon'rs to take our Case under
wiw {'ousideratiun and Grant that there may bo a Regular town meeting
in Siiiil town A that wo may have town offerers Choisen as the law directs
and that mir Confusion may be brought into order, and might be Inabled
to Raise the provence taxes, mend high ways * do the nessesery business

of the town and that your Pettioners may bring in a bill for that End —
& your Petten'ors as in duty bound shall Ever Pray.
" Dated at Derryfield first of Maj', 176G.

" John Goffe, James McCalley,

William McClintock, Samuel Stark,

Davin Starrett, Daniel McNe.ile,

Samuel Boyd, Thomas Russ,

Nathaniel Boyd, John Rand,

Charles Emerson, John Hervey,

William Nutt, Samuel Moor,

John Griffin, John Moor."

John Stark,

It will be seen that some of the men who had gen-
erally acted with the Hall party signed this petition.
They were doubtless dissatisfied with the unfair pro-
ceedings of that party at the annual meeting. In fact^
Captain W. McClintock was present at that meeting,
and told them that they were proceeding in an unfair
manner. He was one of the selectmen for 1765,
elected by the Hall party, and had hitherto been with
them.

While the matter of the petition was progressing, a
meeting was called of the town June 27, 1766, at
which it was

" Voted to Kepear the nieeting-House in part thies year.

" Voted to Lay a good fllor in the Meeting-House and make three Good
Dores and Hinge them one said House and shout upe the ouuder windows-
and aCommadate the Meeting-House with forms Suitable for to Sit on."

Meantime the petition came up for consideration
before the House of Representatives on the 3d of
July, and the petitioners had leave to bring in a bilL
On the 8th the bill passed the House and was as
follows :

" An Act for Vacating the meetings of the Town of Derryfield for the
year 176G held there by the Inhabitants for the Choice of town offecers-
and for Deriecting & authorizing a meeting k the Choice of town offecers
for Said year.

" Whtrens Sundry of the Inhabitants of Said Derryfield have Pititioned
the General Assembly Respecting that Some designing men of Said In-
habitants Having Some purpose to effect Relative to the affairs of Said
town which they could not otherwise accomplish, huried on the annual
meeting Sooner in the Day then is usual & before many of the principal
Inhabitants were Come to the place of Sd meeting wbereViy a Set of oflcera
were Chosen who were Disagreabel to the principal Inhabitants that af-
terwards when the said Inhabitants Come they maid Choice of another
Set of town offcers who on bothe Sides were Sworn & have proceeded to
act in their respective offces whereby the greatest Confusion was like to
Ensue in the town i therefore they prayed that both of Said meetings
might be Vacted and maid void and a new meetinge Called for the Choice
of town offcei-s for this year which having been Examined and both partys
heard thereon and it appearinge that the affairs of Sd town are by this
means Invollved in Confusion & perplexitj' which would Isue in Disor-
tion of all the Legal Rights and Privileges of Sd town ;

"For Prevention Whereof; Be it Enacted by the Governer Counseil &
Assembly that both the Said meetings & all the Electiones their m.ade and
the whole proceedings of Each of them be and heareby is declairred null ,
void and of none Effect but are utterly A''acated and Destroyed and that
the persons Chosen to any office at Either and Each of Sd meeting-' are
Hereby Disqualified and Rendered wholly uneable to act in them or any
of them and it is hereby further Enacted that a new meeting of Said In-
habitants shall be Called for the Election of town officers for the Currant
year and all parsons Quallifyed as the Law Directes for the Qualification
of Such as are authorized to vote in the Choies of town offcere in the an-
nual town meetings Shall be permitted Wednesday 13 Day of august at
2 clock in the afternoon if they Shall Se caues to Vote at Sd meeting b\it
all others it all minors are hereby Excluded from Voting at Said meet-
ings as they ought to be in all such Cases and John Sheepard Juner of
amherst Esqr is Hereby appointed to Call and Govern Sd meeting till the
AVliole busness thereof ShiiU be Ended * that no Pareon Concerned may

MANCHESTEK.

Justly Cooiiipliiiii uf waut uf uotices tlie Sd Julin Sheepard is hereby De-
rected to Give a Notification to the Last years Constable of Sd townseting
forthe the time and place Designs of holding of Sd meeting with the pur-
pous thereof and that Sd meeting is Called by the authority of this act
which shall be Delivered to Said Constable at least tifteen Days before the
Day appointed for holding Sd meeting and Sd Constable Shall Give par-
sonal notice to all the Qualfied Voters of Sd Town us has Some Custom-
ary times ben the there or leave a Coppy of the Sd Notitiction at the last
usual place of the abod of such of said persons as he Cannot meet with at
least ten Days before the meeting And all the Town officers which shall
be Chosen pursuant Hereunto Shall have the same Power & Authority as
any other Town officei-s have Relative to the Duty of their Respective off-
ces And the Said Const<abel is hereby subjected to a penalty of three
pounds for Refuseing or Neglecting his Duty herein to be Recovered by
the Selectmen that shall be Chosen by Said town for the use of Said town.

"Province of i In the House of Representatives, July

New Hampshire j 8tli, 17(JG.

" The foregoing Bill having ben three times Read Voted that It pass to

be Enacted.

"Lewis G. Goodwin, Speaker.

"InCouucil July 0th, 1706, The foregoing bill Read a third time &
past to be enacted.

"Consented to

' Theod W. Atkinson, Secretary.
"B. Went WORTH.

"In accordance with this Act, Mr. Shepherd on the 15th of July is.
sued the following Warrant :

"Province of -, To the Constable of Derryfield in Said

New Hampshire. J Province for the year 17(J5.

" Whereas by a Special Act of the General Court for Sd province, passed
at their Session this pris Instant July I am authorized to Call and Govern
a meeting of the Inhabitantes of Derryfield in order to Reform Some dis-
ordei-s that they have lately thi'own themselves into Relative to town
ofiicers :

" Wherefore you are hereby Required in his Majestys Name forwith to
warn the Inhabitants of Said Derryfield Qualified by Law to Vote in
Chusing town officers, to Convene at the meeting-House in Derryfield
Qualified by Law to Vote, on Wednesday the 23d day of August next at
two of the clock in the afternoon, to Chuse Common & ordinary town offi-
cers for the Currant year as the Law Directs, and you are to give ten
days Notices at least to each person Qualified as aforesaid which notice
must be personal or left at the persons Usual place of abode ; hereof you
may not fail & mack Due return. N B by the above Vested Act you are
Subjected to the penalty of three pounds for your Refusal or Neglect.

"John Shepard, June'r.

" Dated July 15th 1766.

" Recorded Feb. 28th 17G7.

"John Hall, Town Clark.

" Upon this Warrant the Constable made the following return :

of > Pu-
lire. J the

" Province of > Pursent to the foregoing precept I have Warned
New Hampshire. / the Inhabitants of Sd Derryfield to Meet at time
and place & for the purpose as mentioned in Sd precipt.

" Charles Emerson,

"Constable for Derryfield 1765.
" Dated August 13th 1766.
"Recorded February 28th 1767.

"per me .Tohn Hall, Town Clark."

August 13th, the following officers were chosen :

"John Hall, Town Clerk; David McNight, Ebenezer Steven.% John
Hall, Selectmen ; James McKnight, Consfc»ble ; Mickael McClintock,
Handry Blaisdel, William perham, Joseph Gorge, Surveirsof Higwayes ;
Joseph Marsten, William Nutte, David McKnight, Taythiugmen ; the
Selectmen, Fence-viewers & praysors of Damige in the town as the Law
Direckes ; Eli/.er Robbins, James Ridall, Deer-Keepers ; Ebenezer Ste-
vens, Survier of Lumber ; Thomas Russ, Sieler of Leather ; Mickel Mc-
Clintock, Ellie/.erRobens, Committee to settle with Selectmen of 1766;
The Selectmen, Take the Invoice of the polls and Estates of the town
of Derryfield for ye year 1766 ; Joseph Gorge, John Perham, Samuel
Boyd, James perces, Hong Reeafes ; William Perham, Clerk of the Mar-
ket.

" Recorded February 28, 1767.

"John Halt,,

"Town Clark."'

The Hull party was triumphant.

At a special meeting called for the 22d of December
following, to vote on the following articles:

" Istly. to Chues a moderator to Reglato Said meeting.

" 2dly. to See if the town will Rease any money for prechin then what
the Select men hies all Ready provided this year.

"3dly. to See how much monay the town will Reaes to Defray the
contingent Charges of the town for the present year.

"4thly. to See if the town will Complay with the Law of the Gover-
ment to provied wightes and mishures or if not to Defend the present
Select men of any Coste or troble for not providing the afore Sd wights
and mishers as the Law hies provided in that Kasse.

"5thly. to heir the Reporte of the Commitey that Wiis Choseen to Ex-
aming Sundry years accounptes in behalfc uf the town, to wite, Conel
John Gofife, Capt. Alex McMurphy, & mr Neatliainel Boyd Commitey
men."

The opposition rallied and voted the four business
articles down. The record stands thus:

" Voted one the 2 artical not to Reaies any monay for Prieching this
year.

" Voted note to Reaise any money for Necrisey Charges In Behaif of
the town for theis year.

" Voted one the fourtli artical in the warrant not to Reaise any monay
to provide wightes & miushers for the town.

" One the fifth artical the accoumptes was Read but now

" Vot was paste one them and they remaien ou Sitled."

The excitement was now greatly increased.
March 2, 1767, the Goffe party carried the day and
elected officers, as follows :

"David Starret, Moderator ; David Starret, Town Clerk : Elizer Rob-
ins, .\lexander McClintock, Nathaniel Boyd, Selectmen ; John Harvey,
Constable ; James McCoIley, James McKnight, Charles Emerson, John
McClientock, Surveyors of Highways; the Selectmen, Fence-Viewers;
Charles Emerson, Ebenezer Stevens, Surveyors of Lumber ; John Moor,
James McColley, Counters of Votes ; John Hall, To tak« Invoice ; Alex-
ander Merrill, James Pierce, William Perham, Jr., Hog Constables;
Thomas Russ, Sieler of Leather."

March 6, 1769, the

" Town voted not to pay Levt. John Hall His Demands Relating to
the Borrowed money without a suit at Law, it being thought an unreas-
onable demand."

Mr. Hall then commenced a suit against the town
for his claim.

In the warrant for the annual town-meeting in
1771 there were the following articles:

' ' Fifthly, to Hear the accompts of Corll. John Goffe, and William
McClintock as Agents for the town to Defend the Town against the ac-
tion Levt. John Hall commenced against the town of Derryfield and to
approve or not approve.

"Sixthly, to See If the Town will Chuse a Comniitte to settle with
Levt. John Hall all the accompts Between said Hall and the Town of
Derryfield."

At a meeting held March 4, 1771, the accounts of
the committee which defended the suit brought by
Lieutenant Hall were read, and are of an interesting
character, showing the expense of litigation, etc., at
that early day. The following is a copy :

" Corll. John Golfe as agent for the Town of Derryfield, Dr.

t «. (t.
"My account of Tinu- and money I Expended in carryng
on the Law Sute for the town of Derryfield against
Levt. John Hall.
1769 Sept to time five Days at the Infereor Cort at 29 per

Day « ^«

To travling feas one hundred miles at two pance per

mile « '« 8

To Halfe a Ginne to mr parker as a fee U O

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUaH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

14
18

24th Xov. to wating. on the Rule of Cort at Samuel Thomp-
sons, one day 28 my Hore Hicr 3s and Esq. underwood

for Summons for Evidences and his attendance 8s. . .

To a Fee to mr autherton half a Giiine

To Charge and Expance at Tomi)8ous

1770, -^7 Feb., to Moses Senters, whan the Rnl for Dcrryfield

Case was to Held their one Day my Serif and Hors . .
to Cash iwid Santer for my own and william mac Clin-

tocks and witnes Expenses

to Esqr. underwood for sununons

For a man and Hors to goe to Esqr. Lovewells

to a Day in Giting paper and preparing for Tryal . . .

to a Fee to one |>arson ^

1779, 3 Sept., to Esqr. underwood for fouer witnesses ...

to a N'otifycation

to Charge and Expenses wliile Swaring Evidence and

the Esqrs. Dinner at my House

to one Days attendance my Salf

17!»o, Sept., at the Inferior Cort twelve Days at 2s per Day .

Traveling fees on Hundred mils at 2p pr mile ....

Extra Charge

to my Expance at Portsmouth

to mr pickren fee 2 Dolrs mr Lowel for 2 Dolars ... 1

1775, Feb. 7, at Siipperior Cort to a Coppy at the Case to mr

King 4

to mr Dowel 1 Doler as a fee

ti> mr pickren 4 Dolers as a fee 1

to twelve 1 )ays at 2s per Day 1

to our Eating and Lodging and Hors Keeping as pr
Hardies Bill for Captn John Stark and David Star-
ret 5

Extra Expenses

to Traveling fees one Hundred miles at 2p per mile . .

the above is the whole of the Coulls account Exceptd . £ 21 19

•Captn .John Stark account as Evidence, attendance at
Samuel Thompsons In Londonderry 5 Da}'S and
Travling fees 24 miles at 2d per mile

to a Day attendance and traveling fees at Moses Stan-
ters Jun., Litchfield I'J miles at 2d pr mile ....

to your attendance at Portsmouth upon Semance at the
Superior Corte and traveling fees loO miles at 3d pr
mile

to 6 Days aitendence at Is 6d per day at Said Cort . .

the above is the total of Capn Stark account, E Expected.

Capt'n John moore attendance first Rule Corte Day Is Gd
to thir Rule at Santers Is 6d

attendance as a an Evedence 1st time Is Gd the second
time for the Supperor Cart Is Gd travling fees 18
miles at 2d per mile

the above is the total of Captn moor account E Expected.

David Staretts account against the Town of DeiTyfield,
Dr. for gowing to Cor'll Goffe's wife upon summons
and Expance

to Santers In Litchfield 1 Day of my Salf and Hors . . .

to Coppeys at Sundrey times Relating the Case ....

til C Days attendance at the Suppcrer Cort upon Som-
ance at 2s per Day

to Hors Iliere to Portsmouth

the above is the total of David Starrets account E Ex-
pected.

06
09

£ «. d.

06 8

£01 15 08

£ s. d.

£01 10 00

The Town of Derryfield to william mac Clintock as agent
Dr. to two jounnies to Londonderry, for to procure
the Oopey of the writ

to i>ay for the Coppy of the write

1769, Septmr. at the Infereor Cort to mr pickren as a fee .

to Hors Jorney to ixirtsmouth, 6s and ottes for .Said Hors
28, to hors keeping 28

to my own time four Days at 28 per Day

to Expanses while Gone to ]x>rtsmouth

«.

1769, 24 Nov., to waiting upon the Rule of Cort the first
time at Samuel Tompsons In Londonderry 1 Day of my
Salf and of my hors

1770, 27 Feb. to moses Senters in Litchfield at the Second
Rule of Cort, For 1 Day of my Salf at Is Gd per Day and
1 day of my hors at Is 6d per Day

1771, Feb. 4, to Expancesses to Portsmouth for my Salf and
Captn John Stark and David Starrett, in the whole at

sundry plasses

to mr Lowel as a fee 3 Dolei-s to phlips at Dwiers 2 mugs
to Cash paid to Corll Goffe In mr marches In ports-
mouth

at Chaster to a mals of otes and a jil of Rum a Coming

hom

to 12 Days of my Salf at 2s per Day 1

to hors hire to Portsmouth

to Capn John Stark and David Starrett accounts for Ex-
pance a Coming hom from Portsmouth which Ex-
pance Said mc Clintock paid at grenlan to 1 Bowl of

Todey and two mess otes

at Exetor as by folsomes Bill for Eiting and Drinks and

otes

at Kings town for Loging and hors Keeping

at Chaster to Eating and Drinks and otes

£07 13 08
the above is the totel of william mc Clintocks account,

E Expected."

At this meeting it was voted that

' A committee of five men be chosen to settle all accounts Between
Levt. John Hall and the town of Derrjfield, and this Committee shall
have full power of substitution in behalf of said town, to make a Com-
plete and final settlement with said Hall and make a report to the Town
as soon as may be convenient."

The settlement was, no doubt, soon after effected.
The expense of this suit to the town had amounted to
£43 17s. 8c?., more than the whole tax of the town.

" 21y, to see if the Inhabitants of Said town will Vote to Give the Revr.
George Gilmore a Call to the Worke of the Menistry in said Derryfield to
be their Menester.

"Sly, to See how much yearly Salary they Will Vote the said Gilmore
if he Except their Call.

"41y, to See how much Setelment Money they Will Vote the said Gil-
more if he Except their Call.

" ."ily, to See if they Will Vote to Sand a man or meen to treet with the
said Gilmore and agree about the mater as the town pleeses to order."

September 6, 1773, it was

" Voted to Dismis the above Warrant but the town thought Best to
sand for the Revr. George Gilmore, and it was put to vote and the Town
voted to sand for the Revr. George Gilmore as sun as possible to com and
preach with us Eighth Days upon Fonder Trill."

December 23d, same year^ it was

" Foto? on the third Articul in the Warrant to Give Revt. George Gil-
more a Call to the W'ork of the Ministry to be our settled Minister in
Said Town.

" Then Voted on the fourth Articul in the AVarraut to Give the Revtl
George Gilmore thirty Pounds La«-full money in Cash, tor his annual
Settled yearly Salary So Long as he the Said Gilmore Contenes to be our
[•ettled minister in said Town.

" Voted on the Said Articul to Give the Revt. George Gilmore for a
Settlement thirty Pounds Lawfull money in Ca^h and Sixty Pounds Law-
fiill money to lie paid in Labour at two shillings Lawfull per Day forman
and the Same for oxen, the Said Labor is to be paid in four yeare Com-
mencing from the time that the Said Gilmore Excepts and settles with us
in Said town fifteen Pounds per year and the Above Cash within one year
of the Said time.

" Voted on the fifth articul in the Warrant to Cliuse a Conmiittee to
treet with the Revt. George Gilmore Relating the above Votes, then
A'oted David Starret, Samuel Boyil, Jolin perham and Levtn. James mac
Calley to be the Committee and make report to the Town.

MANCHESTER.

" Then Voted to adjourn this meeting till the third monday in febru-
ary to the house of Levtn. John halls, at one of the Clock in the after-
noon on the Said Day.

" Derryfield, February the 21th Day, 1774.

"Then meet according to adjournment the moderator and Clerk pres-
ent and the meetin Caled, then Voted to Dismis the Sixth articul in the
Warrant by Keson that the above Committee had not Received uney an-
swer from the Kevt. Gearge Gilmore."

Nothing was done towards repairing the meeting-
house during the Eevolution, and it became much
dilapidated.

On the 22d day of May, 1780, an attempt was made
to sell the "pew ground," for the purpose of raising
money to repair the meeting-house, but the project
was voted down.

June 3, 1783, it was

" Voted to Raisone hundred Dollars and to apply the Same toards Re-
pairing the meetiug-house in Derryfield and that the same Be Raised this
present year the one half in money and the other half in Labour and
suitable meterials sutch as Shall Be Excepted By the Committy that Shall
be Hereafter Choosen for that purpose.

" Voted that Major Webster, Levt. Dan'l hall and Samuel Stark Be a
Committy to provide meterials and Labourers to do the Work and to
Repair the meeting-house So fer as the aforesaid Hundred Dollars will
Do."

But the repairs were not completed, and September
24th, of the following year, it was voted to raise fifty
dollars towards repairing the meeting-house.

In 1790 an effort was made, and with success, to
sell the "pew ground" and finish the house, and
March 1st of that year it was " Voted to sell the Pew
Ground, to finish the Meeting-house."

Major John Webster, John Green and John Hall
were chosen a committee to sell the pew ground.

The committee sold the ground at public auction,
on the 22d of June of that year, upon the following
conditions:

" The Conditions of Sail of the Pew ground in Derryfield meeting-
house agreable to an advertsement published bearing Date June_,the 4th,
1790, by the subscribers is as follows :

" Istly. the ground for each pew to be built on, will be Struck off to
the Highest Bidder, they giving good security to the Committee for the
Sum of money that Sd grounds is sold for the to help to repair tlie meet-
ing-house this year.

" 2dly. He that Purcheseth any of the above pew ground shall have a
bill of Sail from the Committee in their Capassity of the number & price
that it Cost them, to be Recorded in Derryfield Town Book.

" 3dly. The Buyer must pay two-thirds of the purchise in Glass, Nailes,
or marchantable Clabboards or Putty at or before the first day of Sep-
tember Next, & and the Remaindering third in Cash at or before the
first Day of January Next.

"given under our Hand, Dated at Deri-yfield June •22d, 17U0.

"John Webster, John Hall, Commillee Men."

The sales were thus :

" Number.

14 Struck of to .

18
16
30
24
22
29
25
1
17
21

. Maj. John Webster 2

. Daniel Davise 2 1

. Daniel Hall 2

. Capt. John Perliam 1 5

. James Gorman 1 13

. John Green 1 2

. Capt. John Perhani 1 7

. John Hall 1 H

. Levt. David Merrell 1

. John Stark, Jr 1 4

. Jonathan Greely 1 8

. Asa Haseltine ; . . . . 9

" Number.

6".

. . David Webster

. . Joseph Haseltine ....

. . William Nutt

. . Doctr John Duston . . .

. . Abraham .\.mmy ....

. . Isreal Young

. . John Dickey

. . Capt. Samuel Moor . . .

. . Joseph Farmer

. . Peter Emerson

. . Archibald Gamble ....

. . Joshua Perse

. Samuel Moor

. . Thomas Griffon

. . Joseph Farmer

. . John Goffe

. . Maj. John Webster . . .

Total

. . £30

The purchasers built their pews immediately, and
the lower part of the house was of respectable finish.
March 5, 1792, it was

"Voted to raise forty dollars to Repair the Meeting House.
■' Voted that the Selectmen lay out the Money to Build the Gallery
Stares and Lay the Gallery flores."

The stairs were built and the floors laid, and on the
30th day of October following it was

" Voted to sell the Pew Ground in the Gallerys, & the pews to be fiv»
feet in frount from the Wall."
" Voted that the pew ground be sold at Vendue."
" Voted that the Selectmen be acommittt-e to sell the pews."

The sale took place on the 10th day of November,
1792, on the following conditions :

" Derryfield, Nov. 10th, 1793.

"Articles of the Sale of the Pew ground in the Gallerys of the Derry-
field Meeting-Hou.se.

" Artical first, the highest bidder shall be the purchaser.

" 2dly. No bid shall be excepted less then sixpence.

"3dly. the purchesor shall give security to the Exceptance of the Com-
mittee to be paid by the last day of May Next.

" 4thly. the purchesor shall have for his security the plan & the No of
the pew struck off to him Recorded in the Town Book.

"5thly. the committee shall have Equal Liberty to bid with the other

inhabitants.

" John Stark,

" Daxiel Davis,

" Samuel Moob,

" CommUlee."

The account of the sale was as follows :

"No. 2
" 1
" 3
" 4
" 5
" 6
"15
" 14
" 11
" 10

" 9

« 7

" 8
" 12
" 13

Struck off to William Perham 1

" " David Stevens 2

" " John St;irk 3

" " Able Huse 1

" " James Majorey 1

" " Samuel Smith 1

It 11 II " 2

" " Capt John Perham .... 2

" " Capt Samuel Moor . . . . 1

" " William Perham 1

" " Able Huse 1

" " Green Simons 1

" " William Stevens 1

" " Daniel Davis 1

" John Hall Jr 1

£25 12 6*

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUaH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

The house, however, was never finished. Conten-
tion and discord liad borne their fruits. The majority
oftlie people cared but little about the building, and
at no time was it fit for public worship.

The Rev. Mr. Pickels (says Judge Potter, in referring
to this old house), an eccentric clergyman of that
time, preaching in it as late as about 1803, took
his hearers to task for not finishing and repairing the
house.

After telling them of their duty in this matter in a
very forcible strain, as was his wont, he closed by
naming to them the jienalty for not doing their duty
in tiiis particular. " Why," continued he, " if you
don't repair the house of God, the d— 1 will come in
and carry you out at the cracks."

It is said, that for fear of the penalty, the house
was immediately repaired so as to prevent any such
egress for his satanic majesty and the delinquent
hearers.

The Rev. William Pickels was a native of Wales,
where he married Margaret Tregallis. After emigrat-
ing to this country he preached for a time in Phila-
deli)hia. He came into the neighboring town of Bed-
ford somewhere about 1787. He preached in Bedford,
some years, a portion of the time. At first he was
very ])opular as a preacher, and it was proposed to
settle him, but for some reasons, not readily accounted
for, an opposition sprang up against him in Bedford,
and became so violent as to forbid the idea of a settle-
ment. His enemies charged him with dissolute
habits in Philadelphia, but the charge was stoutly ;
denied by his friends. At length the strife waxed so i
warm and became so pointed that Lieutenant John
Orr offered to lay a wager of fifty dollars that the
charge was true. The wager was taken by Mr. Pick-
els' friends, and Mr. William Riddle was agreed upon
as the agent of the parties to proceed to Philadelphia
and inveS^tigate the charge. His report was to be
final. Mr. Riddle went to Philadelphia on horse-
back, investigated the matter, found the charge untrue
in every particular, returned and reported the result.
There was great exultation on the part of the winners
and they met at the store of Isaac Riddle, Esq., to re-
joice over the victory. Mr. Riddle was designated as
their agent to go to Mr. Orr's and get the wager. He
accordingly waited upon Mr. Orr and made known
the result of the investigation. Without making a
remark. Lieutenant Orr went to his desk and paid
over the money. Mr. Riddle took the money back to
the winners, and it was spent at the counter in liquor
for the multitude. But the result did not stay the
opposition against Mr. Pickels, and he was forced to
abandon the idea of a settlement. He, however, con-
tinued to preach in Bedford a portion of the time for
soini- sixteen years. His friends would pay their
money for no other man as long as he was in the
neighborhof)d ; and as th«y constituted near one-half
of the people in Bedford, and among them some of the
most influential, Mr. Pickels continued to "supply the

pulpit " about one-half of the time. The remaining
part of the time he preached in the vicinity, mostly in
Derryfield. At length an opposition sprang up
against him here, probably having its origin in Bed-
ford, and it Avas thought best to settle the question of
his employment in town-meeting. Accordingly, in
the warrant of October 19, 1796, was the following
article:

"4thly. To see if the town will vote to raise money for the purpose
of hiring Mr. Williain Pickels to Preach for them some part of the year
Ensueing, if he can be obtained."

At the meeting November 7, 1796, it was

" Voted to hire Mr. William Pickels one third part of the Year Ensue-
ing to Preach in this town."

From this time he continued to supply the pulpit in
this town till 1804, sometimes hired for a specific num-
ber of Sabbaths, and again to " preach out the money
raised." About 1804 he removed to Maine, where he
continued to reside until his death.

Mr. Pickels was an eloquent preacher and a fine
scholar, but very eccentric in his habits. He finally
announced his belief in the doctrine of universal
salvation.

The First Congregational Church. — This church
was formed by the union of a Presbyterian Church,
which was organized at Manchester Center May 21,
1828, and a Congregational Church, organized at
Amoskeag December 2d of the same year. The
Presbyterian Church never had a house of its own
and a pastor was never settled over it. For a few
months after its ibrmation its puljiit was supplied
by the Rev. William K. Talbot. In 1833, Benjamin
F. Foster was ordained as an evangelist, and he for
some time furnished occasional preaching. Those of
its members who united with the Amoskeag Church
to form another at the new village in Manchester
were Moses Noyes, Lucy Noyes, Robert P. Whitte-
more, Hannah Jane Whittemore, Jennet Dickey,
Elizabeth Hall, Sally Whittemore, Eliza A. Moor,
Jerusha Grifiin, Maria Noyes, Elizabeth Stark, Abby
Stark, Mrs. F. G. Stark.

Like the Presbyterian Church, the Congregational
was without a house or a pastor of its own. Among
those who occupied its pulpit were the Rev. B. F.
Foster (who divided his time between this church
and the one at the Centre), the Rev. Mr. Noble, the
Rev. Mr. French, the Rev. Mr. Stone (afterwards a
missionary in Siani), and Cyrus W. Wallace, who be-
gan his labors with it on the last Sunday in April,
1839, and Avho afterwards became its pastor. About
that time the church began to hold meetings at the
new village in Manchester with the approval of the
church at the Centre, sustaining thus the first regu-
lar Sunday services in what is now the compact part
of the city. At the time when it ceased to exist as
a separate church its members were Daniel Farmer,
George Berry, Samufel Poor, Henry Peacock, Nahum
Baldwin, Betsey Farmer, Mrs. Samuel Poor, Mrs.
Nahum Baldwin, Lattice McQuesten, Betsey Flan-

MANCHESTER.

ders, Mary Rodgers, Lydia Drew, Harriet Jones,
]\Iary C. Perry, Catharine French, Mrs. Polkird.

It had become by this time patent that a union of
these two churches would be a gain to each, and that
the place for the new church was at the village
wliich the manufacturers were building on the east
bank of the Merrimack. The union was effected
August 15, 1839, by a council which met first at the
house of Phinehas French in Amoskeag village, and
then adjourned to Franklin Hall, and the church
thus formed was called the First Congregational
Church in Amoskeag, a house of worship being
built for its use at the new village in 1839. The
name was afterwards changed to that of the First
Congregational Church in Manchester. Cyrus W.
Wallace, then a licentiate of the Londonderry Pres-
bytery, had already, as has been said, commenced
his labors with the Amoskeag Church, but did not
preach as a candidate for settlement. He supplied
the pulpit till November of that year, and then re-
ceived a call to become the pastor of the church
and society. He accepted the invitation and was or-
dained January 8, 1840, being the first minister ever
ordained and installed in the town.

At the time of the union of the two churches Moses
Noyes was the deacon of the Presbyterian Church
and Daniel Farmer of the Congregational Church,
and by mutual agreement they became the deacons
of the new church, continuing in office till death
removed them, the one in October, 1860, and the
other October 30, 1865.

Dr. Wallace, who had been the pastor of the church
since its formation, and whose uninterrupted service
with one church far exceeded in length that of any
other clergyman ever settled in Manchester, sent his
resignation to the church January 11, 1873, and it
was accepted by the latter, to take effect the last of
August. Edward G. Selden accepted a call to
succeed Dr. Wallace, and was ordained Decem-
ber 16, 1873, and dismissed in 1885. By a vote of the
church, " as an expression of their affectionate re-
gard," Dr. Wallace was made " pastor emeritus" of the
church on the 1st of January, 1874. The church has
a membership of about six hundred.

A meeting of persons interested in forming a Con-
gregational society was held at Amoskeag April 4,
1838. These were organized as the First Congrega-
tional Society in Amoskeag Village, and at an ad-
journed meeting on the 27th adopted a consti-
tution and chose Daniel Farmer, president;
George W. Kimball, secretary; Nahum Baldwin,
Samuel Poor and George Perry, directors.

Shortly after the formation of the society a vote
was passed to form the Amoskeag Joint Stock Com-
pany for the purpose of building a church in Amos-
keag village. This vote was rescinded, other plans
and places were discussed and in 1839 it was decided
to build a house of worship on Hanover Street, near
Elm. The Amoskeag Company gave the land and

the Stark Mills gave five hundred dollars to help
build the church. Other means were obtained by
making shares of stock, which were soon taken up.
The house was begun in the spring, finished in the
autumn and dedicated in November of 1839. It then
contained one hundred and twenty-two pews and
would accommodate six hundred and fifty persons.
During the process of building, the society, which
had already left Amoskeag, worshiped in Franklin
Hall, on Amherst Street, nearly in the rear of the
present church. In 1852 the house was enlarged, the
congregation worshiping meanwhile in the city hall.
About 1842 a vestry or chapel was built just back of
the church.

About 1846 the society forsook its original name
and took that of the First Congregational Society in
Manchester. January 9, 1865, it having been twenty-
five years since the settlement of the Rev. Dr. Wal-
lace, the event was celebrated by the society and
other friends by a gathering at Smyth's Hall, Peter K.
Chandler, then president of the society, in the chair.
Dr. Wallace ])reached a commemorative sermon, and
addresses were made by the Rev. Thomas Savage, of
Bedford, a member of the council convened to settle
Mr. Wallace; the Rev. Henry E. Parker, of Concord;
the Rev. Nathaniel Bouton, D.D., of Concord ; the
Rev. Henry M. Dexter, of Boston, and the Rev.
William H. Fenn, of Manchester, former pastors of
the Franklin Street Society; William G. Means, of
Andover, Mass., secretary and treasurer of the first
society from 1842 to 1854; and John B. Clarke, of
Manchester. Dr. Wallace was made the recii)ient
of several articles in testimony of the regard of his
people.

The present church edifice was completed in 1880, at
a cost of about sixty-five thousand dollars. It is a
substantial and commodious brick structure, beauti-
fully located, and has a seating capacity of thirteen
hundred and fifty. It was dedicated May 12, 1880.

The Franklin Street Congregational Church
was organized May 7, 1844, as the Second
Congregational Society, with the following offi-
cers: John Crosby, president; Abram Brigham,
clerk and treasurer; William C. Clarke, Thomas
Carleton, Walter T. Jaquith, directors. On the 27th
of June, of the same year, a church was organized in
connection with the society. The first pastor was
Rev. Henry I\I. Dexter, who was ordained November
6, 1844. They worshiped in the town hall until its
destruction by fire, then in a chapel on Concord
Street and a hall in Patten's block, then in the new
town hall until the completion of their present
houseof worship, on the corner of Market and Frank-
lin Streets. April 25, 1860, the name was changed
from Second Congregational to Franklin Street So-
ciety. The church building was remodeled in 1878
at an expense of about twenty-three thousand dollars,
and the seating capacity increased to fourteen hun-
dred. A tower was added, in which has been placed

HISTORY OF HILLSBOKOUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

a chimo of nine bells, weighing seven thousand five
hundred i)ounds, the gift of ex-Governor Smyth.

Mr. Dexter remained pastor of the church until
March 14, 1849, when he was dismissed. His suc-
cessor was Rev. Henry S. Clarke, who was installed
September 2G, 1849. The latter remained till July 1,
1852, and November 3, 1852, Rev. Samuel C. Bart-
lett was installed. He was dismissed February 18,
1857, and his successor, Rev. Aaron C. Adams, was
settled on the 22d of July, of the same year.
He left September 22, 1858, and Rev. William
H. Fenn became pastor February 10, 1859, remaining
over seven years, being dismissed July 17, 1866. He
was followed by William J. Tucker, who was ordained
January 24, 1867, and continued pastor of the church
until April 21, 1875. The next minister was Rev.
Washington Choate. His installation occurred Sep-
tember 29, 1875, and his dismissal December 26, 1876.
William V. W. Davis was ordained and installed
September 12, 1877, and dismissed September 26,
1882. Rev. George B. Spalding, D.D., having re-
ceived a call from this society, resigned his pastorate
at Dover, and was installed pastor of this church
February 14, 1882, and is the present pastor.

First Baptist Clmrch.'— The first church in this
town was of the Baptist denomination, and was or-
ganized in 1812, under the pastoral care of Rev. David
Abbott. It consisted of fourteen members. It flour-
ished under Mr. Abbott's teaching until 1820. At
that time it numbered twenty-two, when dissensions
among the brethren crept in, and the spirit of religion
went out and the church was broken up. In 1829 a
Methodist Episcopal Church was organized, and in
the following year a house of worship was erected.
This was the first meeting-house finished in Manches-
ter. In 1831-32 the Rev. Matthew Newhall, from the
New Hampshire Conference, was stationed here.
With the above exception, the First Baptist Church of
this city was the first church in town to call and set-
tle a pastor. This church was gatnered by Rev. John
Peacock, who has left on record the initiatory steps
of its organization, as follows :

" LouD's Day, July 20, 1835.
"The Baptist Church in Goffstown voted this day to acknowledge us
whose names are here enrolled — the Amoskeag lii-anch of tlie Guffs-
town Church; authorizing U3 to engage our minister and reward him,
to receive members and dismiss them, and to enjoy the communion, &c.,

' Elder John Peacock,
Mrs. Mary K. Peacock,
Uojioy Tcwkslniry,
Bctaey Towksbiiry,
Zilpah Gould,

Daniel Gooden,
.lohn Stevens,
Mre. Susan M. Stevens,
Elizabeth Jlclntire,
Abigail Rider."

The Branch held its meetings for religious worship
in a hall at Amoskeag village, and under the faithful
services of its pastor accessions to its numbers were
received from Sabltath to Sabbath. At length the
time came when it was deemed that the interests of
religion required a separate organization.

'»y David P. Perkins.

December 1, 1836, at a meeting of the Branch, it
was voted substantially as follows :

"Ist. That it ia now expedient toform an independent church, and for
that purpose to ask dismission from the church at Goffstown.

" 2d. That we adopt as the articles of our faith and practice ' the arti-
cles prepared by the New Hampshire Baptist State Convention.'

"3d. That our pastor be authorized to call an ecclesiastical council for
advice, and to take such action as in their wisdom the best interests of
the church may seem to require."

January 4, 1837, in pursuance of the foregoing ac-
tion, a council consisting of the following brethren
assembled in Roger Williams Hall, at Amoskeag vil-
lage, to wit:

Rev. George Evans, Horace Eaton and others, of
the Goffstown Church; Rev. D. D. Pratt, of Nashua ;
Rev. A. T. Foss, of New Boston ; Rev. Mark Carpen-
ter, of Milford ; Rev. Bartlet Pease, of Hudson ; Rev.
Samuel Abbott, of Bedford ; and Rev. S. C. Pratt, of
New Hampton.

After full deliberation, the council voted unani-
mously to recognize John Peacock, Daniel Gooden,
Andrew J. George, John Washer and their associates
of the Amoskeag Branch as an independent church.

The following are the forty-five original member*
who were thus publicly recognized :

Kev. John Peacock, Deacon Daniel Goodeu, John Stevens, Stephen
Washer, John Washer, Andrew J. George, Hopie Tewksbury, Betsey
Tewksbury, Elizabeth Mclntire, Zilpah Gould, Abigail Rider, Eliza Mc-
Duffie, Mrs. Mary R. Peacock, Mrs. Marinda Gooden, Mrs. Susan M.
Stevens, Mrs. Louisa A. Washer, Mrs. Polly Washer, Emily GeoTge,
Lettice Caldwell, Abigail Caldwell, Dolly Leonard, Mary J. Tewksbury,
Lucy Ann Chellis, Rebecca Dean, Mary Ann Smith, Lucy Reed, Mary
Runno, Emeline Towle, Mrs. Caroline H. Goodwin, Rachel Colby, Mary
Muzzy, Jane McCoy, Maria Davis, Lavina Kimball, Lydia Caldwell,
Sarah Whipple, Lois Smith, Nancy Tewksbury, Rhoda Ann McCoy,
Hannah Lord, Sally FoUensbee, Harriet N. Plumer, Judith H. Plunier,
Sarah Lord, Mai-y Ann Marsh.

Rev. John Peacock continued the pastorate until
the folloAving October, when, at his own request, he
received from the church a letter of dismission and
recommendation to the church in Peterborough.

During these few months, nineteen had been added,
— by baptism, six ; and by letter, thirteen. Removals,
ten, — by letter, seven ; exclusion, three.

July 9, 1838, Rev. EphraimK. Bailey entered upon
the pastorate, and the church, having removed to the
new village, assembled for religious worship in Wash-
ington Hall, on Amherst Street. October 17, 1839, a
contract was made between Daniel Gooden, John B.
Goodwin, Dr. J. H. Morse and J. W. Watkins, on the
I part of the First Baptist Society, and E. Morri-
I rison and William McPherson, on the other part, for
the erection of a church edifice on a lot of land situ-
ated at the corner of Manchester and Chestnut Streets,
given to the society by the Amoskeag Manufacturing
Company.

Agreeably to the contract, a brick building was
erected, seventy-six feet long by fifty-eight feet wide
and twenty-six feet from the principal floor to the
beams.

The enterprise was completed at an expense of

MANCHESTER.

about six thousand dollars, and in the autumn of
1840 the church was dedicated to the service of
God.

" At a church-meeting, September 22, 1840, it was
Voted, That this church shall hereafter be called and
known by the name of ' The First Baptist Church in
Manchester.' "

The pastor. Rev. E. K. Bailey, having served faith-
fully and successfully during the period of three years
and five months, severed his official connection with
the church and society December 19, 1841.

The results of his pastorate in additions to tiic
church were one hundred and twelve, of whom thirty
were by baptism, eighty by letter and two on expe-
rience.

Removals, twenty-one, — by letter, sixteen ; by death,
three; and by exclusion, two.

Rev. James Uphain entered upon the pastorate
January 16, 1842, and resigned January 16, 1843.
There were gathered into the church through the
faithful services of this beloved pastor, one hundred
and thirty, — by baptism, forty-nine ; by letter, seven-
ty-six ; experience, four ; and by restoration, one.

Removals, thirty-two, — by letter, twenty-nine ; by
death, one ; and by exclusion, two.

Rev. Benjamin Brierly served as pastor of the
church from December 10, 1843, to May 24, 1846, in-
clusive, — a period of two years and six months.

It was mainly through his influence that the Sec-
ond Baptist Church in this city was constituted, about
thirty members of the parent church having been
dismissed on the 27th of October, 1845, for that pur-
pose.

During the pastorate of Mr. Brierly one hundred
and forty-one members were admitted to the church,
— by baptism, thirty-seven ; by letter, ninety-nine ;
and on experience, five.

Removals, one hundred and four, — by letter, seventy-
four ; by death, nine ; and by excommunication,
twenty-one.

Rev. Thomas O. Lincoln's pastorate commenced
August 9, 1846, and terminated August 11, 1850. Ht;
served four years, resulting in additions to the church
of one hundred and thirty-nine, — by baptism, fifty ;
letter, eighty-four ; on experience, two ; and by
restoration, three.

Removals, one hundred and forty-five, — by letter,
ninety ; by death, fourteen ; dropped, thirty-six ; and
by exclusion, five.

Rev. Isaac Sawyer's pastoral care of the church
commenced November 3, 1850, and terminated by
his resignation May 28, 1854. During this pastorate
there were received into the church one hundred and
sixty-one members, — by baptism, one hundred ; by
letter, forty-nine ; on experience, nine ; and by resto-
ration, three.

Removals, one hundred and thirty-one, — by letter,
seventy-one; by death, sixteen; dropped, forty; and
by exclusion, four.

Rev. B. F. Hedden served the church as pastor two
years, from September 24, 1854, to September 29, 1856,
inclusive. He received into the church forty-seven
members, — by baptism, twenty-six ; by letter, eigh-
teen ; on experience, one ; and by restoration,
two.

During this pastorate there were seventy removals,
— by letter, fifty-eight ; by death, eleven ; and by ex-
clusion, one.

Rev. George Pierce was the pastor of the chunh
eight years and six months, from March 15, 1857,
to October 1, 1865. During this pastorate there wore
added to the church one hundred and ninety-one
members, — by baptism, one hundred and ten ; by let-
ter, sixty-seven : on experience, thirteen ; and by
restoration, one. Removals, one hundred and sixty-
three, as follows : By letter, eighty-two ; by death,
thirty-four ; dropped from the rolls, forty ; anrl by
exclusion, seven.

Rev. N. C. Mai lory entered upon the jjustorate
December 10, 1865, and resigned July 1, 1870, having
served the church in the pastoral office four years and
seven months. The additions to the church received
by Mr. Mallory were ninety-five, of whom forty-five
were by baptism ; by letter, thirty-five ; on experience,
fourteen ; and by restoration, one. Removals, one
hundred and six, — by letter, fifty-nine; by death,
fourteen ; dropped from the rolls of the church, thirty-
two ; and by excommunication, one.

July 8, 1870, the city of Manchester was vis-
ited by a most destructive fire, consuming a vast
amount of valuable property, and the meeting-house
in which the church had worshiped thirty years be-
came a heap of smoldering ruins.

The pastor had been dismissed but a few days, and
thus the church was left houseless, homeless and with-
out a spiritual guide. After the loss of their house,
among the first things proposed by the church and
society was the erection of a new one.

A lot of land situate on the corner of Concord and
Union Streets was procured and contracts made lor
the construction of a church edifice on a scale the
proportions and expense of which far exceeded the
old building.

In the mean time the church and society extended
a call to the Rev. Alfred C. Graves to become their
pastor. The call was accepted, and January 1, 1871,
Mr. Graves entered upon his work. The church and
congregation held together with constantly in-
creasing interest, working in harmony, shoulder to
shoulder, apparently regarding their great misfortune
a blessing in disguise. At first they worshiped in
Music Hall, then in the old Unitarian house on Mer-
rimack Street, and lastly in Smyth's Opera-House.
The work upon the building went forward with en-
ergy, and on the 14th day of July, 1872, just one year
from the laying of the corner-stone, the church and
congregation held their first meeting for religious
worship in their new vestry. Here they continued

HISTORY OF HILLSBOliOUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

u, >v(.rship until the house was fully prepared for
oc'fupiincy.

April 30, 1873, the house having been completed
in .all its parts, was dedicated to the service of
Alniifihty God. This beautiful structure, occupy-
ing a most eligible and central position, is an orna-
ment to the city, a credit to the church and society by
whose energy, courage and sacrifice it was erected,
and to the denomination which they represent.

3Ir. Graves continued to labor with the church with
marked ability and faithfulness until the 1st of Oc-
tober, 1876, having served a period of five years and
nine months, wlien, by his resignation, his official
connection with the church and society was termi-
nated.

During the pastorate of Dr. Graves 171 members
united with the church,— by baptism, 92; by letter,
50 ; on experience, 27 ; and by restoration, 2. Re-
movals, 74,— by letter, 41 ; by death, 26 ; dropped from
the rolls of the church, 2; and by excommunica-
tion, 5.

William Hayne Leavell was pastor of the church
five years, from May 4, 1877, to May, 1882, resulting
in admissions to the church of 142, — by baptism, 87 ;
by letter, 42 ; on experience, 10 ; and by restoration, 3.
Removals, 72, — by letter, 45; by death, 24; and
dropped from the rolls, 3.

Rev. Clarion H. Kimball, our present pastor, united
with the church August 25, 1882. He entered at
onoo upon the duties and responsibilities of the
pastoral office. He has gone forward in the work of
the ministry with energy and ability, and has been
successful in building up the church. The additions
received by Mr. Kimball are 68, as follows : By bap-
tism, 47; by letter, 20 ; by restoration, 1. Removals,
38, — by letter, 27; by death, 10; and by excommuni-
cation, 1.

It would be an interesting chapter in our history
could we state with accuracy the full contributions to
the various charitable and benevolent objects of the
day. Unfortunately, we have not always kept a
record of our receipts and expenditures. It is
believed, however, that, in this respect, we are not, in
proportion to our means, behind our brethren in other
sister churches.

Many changes have occurred during the fort j'-eight
years of our existence. Not one of the original mem-
bers remains. Through sunshine and shadow a kind
Providence has watched over us; still, we have had
our share of darkness and trial. Some have fallen by
the way; many have passed over the river, and
entHTed the promised land. With weariness and
watching, others are ready and waiting to follow the
loved ones who have gone before.

All hoi)e for a brighter day ; may the Lord pour out
His Spirit upon us, " that we may be as a city set on
a hill that cannot be hid ; that our light may "so shine
before men that they may see our good works and
glorify our Father which is in heaven."

SUMMARY.
January 4, 1837, Original members 45

RECEPTIONS.

Bj baptism 679

By letter 633

I )n experience 88

By restoration 16

141(!

Total membership 1461

REMOV.^LS.

By letter 599

By death 165

Dropped from the rolls 153

By excommunication 52

969

January 4, 1885, whole number on the rolls of the

church 492

Merrimack Street Baptist Church was organized
October 31, 1845. Rev. A. T. Foss was the first
pastor. Meetings were held in Classic Hall and
other places until the completion of the brick church,
corner Elm and Pleasant Streets, which they occupied
February 22, 1849. In 1853 they adopted the name
of Elm Street Baptist Church. Some misunderstand-
ing arose concerning the purchase of the house, and
in 1857 they left, and worshiped in Smyth's Hall until
the completion of their present church, October 27th of
that year. Mr. Foss was dismissed July 11, 1847,
and was succeeded, December 26th, by Rev. J. C. Mor-
rill, who left July 15, 1849. The next minister was
Rev. O. 0. Stearns, who remained not quite a year,
and was followed, in January, 1851, by Rev. Isaac
Woodbury. January, 1853, Rev. John Peacock, form-
erly pastor of the old Amoskeag Baptist Church,
supplied the pulpit till the middle of April. In July,
1853, Rev. J. M. Coburn became pastor. His resig-
nation was accepted October 8, 1855, but seven weeks
later he was invited to again become pastor, and
accepted the invitation. He remained until Decem-
ber 5, 1858, and Rev. King S. Hall was recognized as
pastor March 30, 1859. He left September 4, 1862,
and Rev. A. W. Chaffin succeeded him June 10,
1863. He remained till February 2, 1868, when his
resignation was accepted. Rev. Alden Sherwin was
installed November 8, 1868, and dismissed in April,
1879. Rev. N. L. Colby has officiated since June, 1879.

Pine Street Free-Will Baptist Church.— The
Free-Will Baptists held meetings in Manchester as
early as the year 1838, and a society was formed in
1839. They built a house of worship, in 1842, at the
corner of Merrimack and Chestnut Streets, which
they exchanged in the fall of 1859 for the church, on
the corner of Merrimack and Pine Streets, previously
occupied by the Unitarians. A separation took place
in the society, and a large portion of the members
left, and organized in 1860 as Elm Street Free-Will
Baptist Church. A council was called, and the re-
maining members were reorganized as the Pine
Street Free-Will Baptist Church.

The first pastor was Rev. J. M. Bailey, who was
installed December 21, 1859. He closed his labors in
November, 1861, and September 10, 1862, Rev. Reu-

MANCHESTER.

ben V. Jeuness was ordained. He resigned June 1,
1863, and was succeeded by Rev. Nahuni Brooks.
The latter resigned May 12, 1869, and was succeeded
by Rev. N. L. Rowell,' 1869-73; H. F. Wood, 1874-
76; J.J. Hall, 1876-79; N. L. Rovvell, 1879-81; B.
A. Sherwood, 1881; H. G. Corliss, 1883-84.

Merrimack Street Free- Will Baptist Church.—
Tlie members of the First Free-Will Baptist Church
who left and formed a new church commenced wor-
ship in the old brick church on the corner of Elm J
and Pleasant Streets. After some vicissitudes, they
linally purchased the former house of worship, on the
corner of Merrimack and Chestnut Streets, which
they now occupy.

The pulpit was first occupied by Rev. J. B. Davis,
who preached for a few months only. In March,
1861, Rev. J. A. Knowles Avas installed as pastor,
continuing such till the 1st of March, 1871, from
which date until July 2, 1873, when Rev. Samuel
McKeown was installed, the church was without a
pastor. Mr. McKeown resigned July 1, 1874, and
E.ev. George M. Park became pastor in November of
that year. He resigned December 3, 1879. Rev.
Lewis Malvern became pastor March 3, 1880, resign-
ing his charge in December, 1882. Rev. A. M.
Freeman has occupied the pulpit since March 4,
1883.

The First Methodist Episcopal Church. -As
early as 1820 Methodist services were held in the
town -house at the Centre by one Reuben Peaslee.
Religious services were subsequently held by Rev.
John Broadhead, Caleb Lamb and others, and on
■September 27, J 829, a church was organized in Man-
chester with eighty persons, among whom were
Daniel Webster, John G. Webster, Joseph B. Hall
and Isaac Merrill. The erection of a house of worship
was commenced at the Centre in 1829, and completed
the following year, at a cost of two thousand dollars.

The first pastor was Rev. Matthew Newhall, in
1830. The following is a list of pastors of this church
from its organization to the present:

James G. Smith, 1831 ; Leonard Bennett and Enoch H. Ladd, 1832 ; Silas
<5reene, 1833 ; Caleb Dustiu, 1834 ; William S. Locke, 1S35 ; Converee L.
McCurdy, 183G-37 ; William J. Kidder, 1838 ; Matthew Newhall, a second
time in 1839 ; Joseph Hayes, 1840 ; John S. G. Gridley, 1841 ; William S.
Locke, 1842^4; Charles H. Eastman, 1 845-4 G ; Ezekiel Adams, 1847;
Horatio N. Taplin, 1848 ; Henry Nutter, 1849-50 ; Isaac W. Huntley,
1851 to November 6, 1852 ; 'Elijah R. Wilkins, 1853 ; Robert S. Stubbs,
1854; Harrison N. Hart, 1855; Henry Nutter, 1856 ; Loren H. Gordon,
1857-58 ; Amos B. Russell, 1859-60 ; Josiah P. Stinchfield, 1861. There
was no pastor in 1862 ; E. R. Wilkins preached here a part of the year.
Hezekiah A. Mattescn, 1863-64 ; William Hughes for a part of the fol-
lowing year; Nathaniel L. Chase, 1866-67 ; James Dean, 1868 ; J. Mowry
Bean, 1869-71; Thomas Tyrie, 1872, but left the church; joined tho
Free-Will Baptists ; Charles W. Taylor, 187.3-74 ; Watson W. Smith, 1875-
76; GeorgeC. Noyes, 1877-78; William H. Jones, 1879-81; Joseph H.
Brown, 1882 ; Rev. James W. Presbry, 1883-85 ; J. W. Bean, 1885.

St. Paul's Church.'— The First Methodist Epis-
copal Church in Manchester was organized Septem-

1 By Rev. J. M. Avann.

ber 21, 1829, at the Centre, where it still continues.
The Second Church was organized December 16,

1839, and is now known as St. Paul's Church. Its
first pastor. Rev. John Jones, was appointed in June,

1840. During that Conference year a chapel was
built on the corner of Hanover and Chestnut Streets.
It was subsequently removed to the corner of Pine
and Merrimack Streets, has recently been enlarged
and improved, and is now owned and used by the
Christian Church. Mr. Jones was followed by Rev.
Silas Green, who took charge in 1841, and remained
one year. His successor. Rev. Elihu Scott, found the
chapel too small, and a new building was erected in
1842 on Elm Street, costing with the land and fur-
nishings, sixteen thousand dollars. From that time
until 1862 the church was known as the Elm Street
Methodist Episcopal Church.

In 1856 a third church was organized, called the
North Elm Street Methodist Episcopal Church. Rev.
E. Adams, who had been at Elm Street two years,
was its first pastor. About the middle of the year he
took the agency of the Conference Seminary at
Tilton, N. H., and Rev. C. N. Smith filled out his
year. He was followed by Rev. G. W. H. Clark in
1856-57, and he by Rev. Charles Young in 1858-59.
Rev. G. S. Dearborn was pastor in 1860 and part of
1861. Before the close of 1861 he was transferred to
Lisbon, and his year was filled out by Rev. Mr.
Owens.

In the spring of 1862 the two Elm Street societies
were united. Bishop Baker named the new organi-
zation the St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church,
and appointed Rev. James M. Buckley, now editor of
the Christian Advocate, its first pastor. Rev. D. C.
Babcock was appointed in April, 1868, and continued
with the church two years, during which time some
three thousand five hundred dollars was exjiended in
repairs. Under the labors of Rev. G. W. Norris, in
1878-79, the last dollar of a long-standing and bur-
densome church debt was paid.

The society known as the Tabernacle Methodist
Ei)iscopal Church was organized in the spring of
1875. Its pastors were Rev. J. B. Hamilton, three
years; the late Rev. L. E. Gordon, of precious
memory, one year; and Rev. O. S. Baketel, who
closed his labors with the society in 1879, when, in
view of a new church enterprise previously started,
and designed to provide a more commodious house of
worship, both churches deemed it wise to unite again
their strength.

For about forty years St. Paul's Church had wor-
shiped on Elm Street. As the city grew in size and
business houses multiplied, the noise of trade became
so great that it often di.-turbed the services. The
society also suffered from the want of a suitable place
in which to hold its social meetings, for it owned but
one story of the building, the first floor being occu-
pied by stores that were not under the control of the
church.

100

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

The l)uil(liiig was out otrei)air,and between spend-
ing throe or four thousand dolhirs on it and putting
up a new church there was some hesitancy. When
Rev. A. E. Drew was appointed to the pastorate, in
1880, he at once began to learn the minds of the peo-
ple, and found them quite generally in favor of anew
church. The title by which the property on Elm
Street was held permitted it to be used only for re-
ligi^ius services. This was a serious encumbrance
upon its sale, and nothing could be done until it was
removed. Mr. Drew spent the greater part of a year
in securing its removal, and it was only through his
determined perseverance that the work of disentan-
glement was successfully completed. The old house
wjis sold for twelve thousand dollars, and the parson-
age which the society owned on Laurel Street for
four thousand two hundred dollars, and over nineteen
thousand dollars was raised by subscription.

A building lot on the corner of Union and Amherst
Streets was bought for five thousand seven hundred dol-
lars; the corner-stone was laid June 3, 1882, and the
completed structure was dedicated April 18, 1883. The
church is built of laced brick, with cut-stone window
trimmings, the arches being adorned with bond stones
and the buttresses being capped with stone. The
audience-room is finished in ash, and with its stained
windows and frescoed walls produces a very pleasing
effect. It will seat eight hundred persons. The main
vestry will seat six hundred, besides which there are
class-rooms, parlors, kitchen and dining-room. The
parsonage stands immediately north of the church, and
is in the same style of architecture. It contains eleven
rooms, is heated by furnace, lighted with gas, and has
every arrangement for convenience and comfort, and
is nicely furnished by the society. It is probably
not equaled by any parsonage in the Conference. The
entire cost of lot, church and parsonage, as com-
pleted and furnished, was not far from thirty-six
thousand dollars, and the society believe that a better
church for the money does not stand in New Hamp-
shire. There is no mortgage upon the property, and
the society is free from debt. The plans of the church
edifice were drawn ])y Wm. M. Butterfield, a member
• tfthe church; the building committee consisted of
David H. Young (chairman), Hilas Dickey, Wm. M.
Butterfield, Charles Hutchinson and Clifford M. An-
derson. These gentlemen, especially the first on the
committee, gave a great deal of time and earnest
effort to the enterprise. Under their supervision the
expenditures were made with unusual care, and
great praise is given them for the results, so highly
satisfactory to all. IJut credit is especially due to
Rev. Mr. Drew, who obtained and collected most of
the subscriptions and had a general oversight of the
whole work. He toiled early and late, amid mani-
fold discouragements. He determined to conquer,
and the church stands as a monument to his energy
and persistency. He deserves all the good words that
can be said of him in connection with this enterprise.

A grateful society will ever hold him in remem-
brance.

The pastorate of Mr. Drew having expired. Bishop
Simi)Son, in April, 1888, transferred Rev. J. M.
Avann from the New England Conference (Eastern
Massachusetts), and apjiointed him as the first pastor
of the new church.

St. Paul's Church has always been a revival church.
Scarcely a year has passed without a goodly number
of conversions. Up to December, 1884, twelve hun-
dred and ten had united with the church on proba-
tion, and doubtless five or six hundred other converts
have gone from its altars to swell the membership of
the other Protestant Churches in the city. The church
has never had men of large means among its mem-
bers, and it has suffered many disadvantages, so that
social considerations have drawn many away from it
to other churches in the city ; besides this, the tran-
sient character of a large part of the population has
scattered its former members far and wide over the
country. The records show that three thousand seven
hundred and fifty-one persons have been connected
with this church from first to last in full membership.
Now that the church has better facilities for work^
there is the prospect of increased usefulness, with the
assurance that it will hold and assimilate those Avho are
drawn to it. The first year in the new building has been
one of unusual success. One hundred and twenty-four
have been added to the membership, — sixty-three by
conversion and sixty-one by letter. The receipts from
pew-rents and collections during the year have been
four thousand six hundred and twenty-seven dollars,
one thousand and fifty-two dollars of which has been
for benevolent objects and the remainder for current ex-
penses. The present membership of the church is
five hundred and seventy. The following is a list of
former pastors, with the years of their service :

John Jones, 1840 ; Silas Green, 1841 ; Elihu Scott, 1842 ; James W.
Morey, 1843-44 ; Osman C. Baker, 1845 ; Jolin Jones, 184G-47 ; Samuel
Kelley, 1848 ; Lorenzo D. Barrows, 1849 ; ("harles N. Smith, 1850 ; Silas
Quimby, 1851; John Spaulding, 1852; Elisha Adams, 1853-54; H. H.
Hartwell, 1855-56 ; Richard S. Rust, 1857 ; Henry Hill, 1858-59 ; John
Currier, 1860; James M.Buckley, 1861-62; Jonathan Hall, 1863-64;
William H. Thomas, 1865-66 ; Hiram L. Kelsey, 1867 ; Daniel C. Bab-
cock, 1868-69 ; E. A. Smith, 1870-72 ; James Pike, 1873-74 ; C. B. Pit-
blado, 1875-77 ; George \V. Norris, 1878-79 ; A. E. Drew, 1880-82.

The First Unitarian Society.'— The Unitarian
Church in Manchester did not originate from a change
of base on the part of an orthodox Congregational
Church, as in so many cases in New England, nor yet
in an open and formal secession from any existing
ecclesiastical organization. It appears, rather, to have
been an independent movement, prompted by a desire,
on the part of a few persons, to sustain liberal senti-
ments in religion, and to worship God in a freer and
happier way than seemed possible to them in the
orthodox connection.

In January, 1841, Rev. S. Osgood, a minister then

1 By Rev. E. B. Payne.

MANCHESTER.

101

residing in Nashua, began, by invitation, to preach
the Unitarian faith in Manchester. Sabbath services
were held for four months, when it was thought best
to suspend them until the town hall, then in process
of erection, should be completed, affording a more
suitable place in which to hold the meetings.

In March of the following year, 1842, the town hall
was secured and services were resumed, with a view
to making them permanent. Rev. Charles Briggs,
secretary of the American Unitarian Association, in
Boston, preached on a Sabbath, and Rev. O. H. Wel-
lington was then engaged for the month of April. On
Sunday evening, April 24, 1 842, pursuant to a call for
a meeting of those interested in sustaining Unitarian
preaching in Manchester, the following persons met
for consultation at the house of William Shepherd:
John D. Kimball, William Shepherd, E. A. Straw,
James May, M. G. J. Tewksbury, James McKeen Wil-
kins, H. F. Richardson, B. F. Osgood, Edwin Bodwell,
Herman Foster and J. H. Kimball.

After thorough deliberation the following resolution
was unanimously adopted :

"Resolved, That we %vill form ourselves into a society for tlie more
effectual support of Unitarian preaching in the Town of JIanchester, and
that we will proceed, iis soon as may be, to organize regularly under the
laws of this State."

Messrs. Daniel Clark and E. A. Straw were appointed
a committee to draft and report a constitution for such
a society, and an adjournment was then had until
Wednesday evening of the same week.

At the adjourned meeting (Wednesday evening,
April 27th) the committee, above mentioned, reported
a constitution for the government of a religious soci-
ety, to be distinguished as the First Unitarian Society
in Manchester, N. H. The preamble, as indicating
the spirit and purpose of the organization, is hereby
appended:

" Preamble.

"The object of this Association is to support and enjoy the more effect-
ually the institution of our holy religion. Our belief is in the reality of
Divine Revelation, and in the Bible as the record of that revelation. We
desire to know its truths, and, in all charity and lovo towards our fellow-
men, to maintain them. Such being our purpose, wc unite o\n-selves in
this association, with the love of God, and of his son, .Jesus Christ ; the
love of the Divine truths as taught by Christ during his mission upon the
earth ; and the love of all his children, our fellow-men and brethren,
strong in our hearts, hoping to establish and maintain an altar where
the sons of man may worship their Creator as their consciences shall dic-
tate, unti-ammeled by anj' of these fettering creeds, the offspring of hu-
man ingenuity alone. To do this we pledge our zealous and humble
efforts, and in promoting this object it shall be our endeavor to merge
all local and party feelings and all sectarian prejudices. Praying for Di-
Tine assistance, and hoping for the riches of God's grace and mercy,
conscious of purity of intention, of mutual affection, of a love for truth,
and holy concern forour fellow-men, we unite ourselves, for the further-
ance of our object, into a religious society."

The articles of the constitution are omitted from this
sketch, as being only the business basis of the organ-
ization and of no public interest. Tlie preamble and
constitution were unanimously adopted, and the orig-
inal signers were as follows : E. H. Straw, William
Shepherd, J. D. Kimball, Job Chamberlin, John H.
Kimball. James May, George W. Tilden, George Hall,

M. G. J. Tewksbury, Daniel Clark, Francis L. Clark,
Alfred W. Rhoads, Benjamin F. Osgood, B. F. Man-
ning, Isaiah Winch, J. B. Upham, A. G. Tucker, J. B.
Moore, O. P. Warener, H. S. Reed, Charles F. Warren .

E. A. Straw was chosen clerk and treasurer, and at
a subsequent meeting, May 1, 1842, John D. Kim-
ball was elected president, and Messrs. William Shep-
herd and B. F. Manning directors.

The movement being now well launched upon its
career, the members set hopefully to work to realize
their objects, llev. O. H. AVellington became the
tirst pastor. He was ordained July 19, 1842, Rev.
C. Stetson, of Medford, preaching the ordination
sermon. The attitude of the religious community to-
ward Unitarianism was shown in the fact that, whereas
the pastors of all the churches in the town were invited
to be present at the ordination and assist in the ser-
vices, they all declined except the pastor of the Uni-
versalist Church.

In the afternoon of the same day Rev. William
Channing, of Nashua, preached before an assembly
called to organize a church in connection with the
society. In view of the above-mentioned action on
the part of local ministers, it is curiously suggestive
that the text of Mr. Channing's sermon was the words
attributed to Jesus in John xvii. 22, 23, — " That they
may be one, even as we are one: I in them and thou
in me, that they may be made perfect in one."

The church was duly organized, the following per-
sras being the original members: Benjamin F. Osgood,
S. Manning, Esther Parker, Melinda Osgood, Mehit-
able Eastman, O. H. Wellington, C. A. K. Welling-
ton, Susan Manning, John Cadwell, H. M. A. Foster.

The following statement was adopted as the basis
of their union :

" I. This Society believe that the Bible is an authoritative and suffl-
cient rule of faith and practice, and is the creed, and the only creed, that
should be impose*! upon churches, and the only platform upon which all
churches can be founded.

" II. As God has made no two mindsalike, diversities of opinion, even
among Christians, must be expected to occui-,— divei-sities which no men,
or body of men, have a right to suppress by any measures other than an
appeal ' to the law and the testimony,' by fair argument and persuasion,
and not by expulsion from church membership or by the cry of heresy,
and therefore this society recognizes, as its second leading principle, the
right of private judgement.

" III. As men may believe in correct doctrines and yet have corrupt heart*
—may profess religion without possessing it,— may comply without en-
tering into their spirit and nuiy have excellent feelings and emotions and
yet not be Christians, but cannot live habitually the Christian life and
manifest the Christian temper and .spirit unless they be Christiana, this
society therefore further declare that in their judgment the Christian
life and character are the only true and reliable tests among Christians,
and cheerfully agree to invite and receive to their fellowship all, both
ministers and people, who manifest this character and receive the Scrip-
tures as tlK'ir rule of faith, however much any such may differ from the
majority of the society in respei-t of opinions."

It will be seen from these declarations that the
founders of the church made it their primary end
to emphasize and espouse the practical and vital
interests of religious life and work, and were com-
l):iratively indifferent to theological and ecclesiastical
concerns.

102

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

For nearly a year more the public services of the
new church and society were held in the town hall,
but during the following year a lease was secured of
a small chapel, built by the Methodists in 1841, and
standing on the corner of Hanover and Chestnut
Streets. The first services were held there on July
2, 1843. Some time during the summer this building
was purchased from the Methodists and removed to
a lot, donated by the Amoskeag corporation, on the
corner of Merrimack and Pine Streets.

Mr. Wellington remained as pastor only two years,
when his health necessitated his departure. He was
succeeded by Rev. A. Dumont Jones, who was installed
July 10, 1844. Mr. Jones remained only until the
end of March, 1845. From that time until 1848 the
church was without a settled pastor, the pulpit being
supplied by different ministers, none of whom re-
mained for any great length of time, except Rev. M.
J. Motte, who preached regularly for one year during
1846-47. This was a period of great discouragement
for the friends of the movement. Their numbers
failed to increase, and debts were incurred, and the
prospect generally seemed unpromising. At one time
a motion was made to dissolve the society. This,
however, did not prevail, but seemed to inspire the
faithful with a determination to persevere. Resolu-
tion and zeal brought the enterprise through these
disheartening days.

A fortunate move was made in February, 1848, in
extending a unanimous call to Rev. Arthur B.
Fuller, a brother of the famous Margaret Fuller. The
call was accepted and Mr. Fuller was installed March
29, 1848. The new pastor proved to be a man of
unusual talents, and during the five years of his
pastorate the society was greatly increased and
strengthened. It was found necessary to enlarge the
church, which was done, its seating capacity being
increased to the extent of twenty-four ' pews. The
life and work of the church promised large and liberal
things, but in 1853, Mr. Fuller, whose abilities had
become widely recognized, received a call to the New
North Church in Boston, and resigned his pastoral
office in 1855.

Tlie society was now established and strong, and
since that time has held its ground and steadily
grown until it is now one of the leading religious
organizations of the city and State. The pastors who
have served the church since 1853 have been as fol-
h)ws: Rev. Francis Le Barren, from August, 1853, to
October, 1855; Rev. W. L. Gage, from June, 1856, to
April, 1858; Rev. Sylvan S. Hunting, from Septem-
ber, 1858, to November, 1861; Rev. A. W.Stevens
from Sei)tcmber, 1862, to October, 1865; Rev. Au-
gustus M. Haskell, from September 6, 1866, to March,
1869; Rev. C. B. Ferry, from December, 1869, to the
summer of 1874; Rev. Harvey from November,
1874, to the spring of 1883. The present pastor is
Rev. E. B. Payne, who was installed in February,
1884.

The church worshiped in the building on the cor-
ner of Merrimack and Pine Streets until 1859, when
an exchange was made for a larger building, for-
merly occupied by the Free-Will Baptist Society, and
standing on the corner of Merrimack and Chestnut
Streets. This building, in turn, they sold in 1871,
and erected their present house of worship on the
corner of Beech and Amherst Streets, dedicating the
new church in 1872.

It remains to be said only that the years have wrought
significant changes in the mental and spiritual attitude
of the society. It has gradually departed farther and
farther from the orthodoxy of forty years ago. It
no longer stands, in all respects, indeed, upon the
platform provided by its original founders. It still
emphasizes, as much as the older generation did, the
practical and vital side of religion, rather than the
dogmatic and ecclesiastical interests. It would re-
affirm, upon occasion, the sincerity of its intentions, —
the love of man, the purpose of affording opportu-
nity to worship in the free and untrammeled exercise
of conscience and the desire to do good in the com-
munity where it lives and labors. But it has dropped
out of its thought and sympathy almost entirely the
theological ideas held by the early members, and
expressed or implied in the preamble to the consti-
tution and in the statement of principles on which
the church was founded. Indeed, the church, as a
separate organization, has disappeared, interest in it
and the conscious need of it having ceased. There
remains only the society. The Christian ordinance*
of baptism and the Lord's Supper are no longer ob-
served. The majority consider these as so much,
entangled with the orthodox and historical Christian
faith that they ought to be passed by by those who-
seek the natural foundations, the real essentials and
the sweet simplicities of religion. So, too, the ma-
jority have ceased to trouble themselves with the
vexing question whether or not we are, in the histor-
ical and accepted sense, a Christian Church. They
believe there is something which is indisputably
nobler than to be Christians, — namely, to be sf)uls,
genuine, generous, hale and happy souls, ready to
accept every reality in itself and in its relations, and
holding themselves as servants to the truth, when it
is known. And even these ideas are not formulated
into a church creed to compete polemically with the
definite creeds of other churches, and to constitute a
dividing line between our little communion and an
outside world regarded as hostile and alien. These
sentiments indicate rather a drift of thought and
feeling to which we gladly yield, asto a movement of
the brooding spirit which appears to move on the
waters. The society, in short, is a simjde organiza-
tion, uniting those who realize the moral quality, the
spiritual significance and the impartial justice of
the universe, and to accept it, before all Bibles, as.
the revelation of the true, the beautiful and the
good.

MANCHESTER.

103

The Universalist Church,^ — The germ of what
is now the Universalist Society of Manchester was
started in 1825 at Amoskeag village, by Dr. Oliver
Dean, then agent of the manufacturing company out
of which the Amoskeag Company grew.

Dr. Dean was a man of energy and large business
capacity, and the success of manufacturing in our
city is largely due to his efforts. But he was not only
a man of business capacity, but was a man of strong
religious principles, and even before he settled per-
manently in the community he invited ministers of
his faith to the village and established Universalist
preaching. Services were continued under his direc-
tion until 1833, when we learn from the records these
facts: On the 4th of September, 1833, the following
persons associated themselves together as the First
Universalist Church of Bedford and Goffstown, and
partook of the Lord's Supper :

Frederic A. Hadsdon, John Stark (3d), George
Daniels, Hiram A. Daniels, John Mullett, Edwin
Smith, David Fiske, Nehemiah Preston, Mary Parker,
Mrs. Pattee, Nancy Poor, Moses Gage, John V. Wil-
son and Caleb Johnson. There is now but one of
the original members living, the Rev. J. V. Wilson,
who was ordained to the ministry in 1835. The first
pastor of the church was Rev. Frederic A. Hadsdon.
On the 20th of November, 1833, the church met at
the school-house in Amoskeag, and chose Rev. Frede-
ric A. Hadsdon moderator, and George Daniels
clerk of the meeting. After adopting a declaration
of faith and a constitution, George Daniels was chosen
clerk and treasurer, and Wilbur Gay a deacon. The
meetings thereafter were held in Amoskeag Hall. The
records were kept until November 21, 1833, at which
time Archibald Dow was chosen moderator. The
meeting dissolved and no further records of the
church can be found.

In the following year, 1839, the society removed to
the village of Manchester, on the east side of the
river, and erected the church now occupied by the
society in the same year. The church was dedicated
in 1840. The size of the house originally was fifty
by eighty feet. The land on which the church stands
was given to the society by the Amoskeag Company,
and contains ten thousand square feet.

It appears by the records that on the 12th day of
April, 1842, several members of the society met at
the residence of the jja-stor for the purpose of consult-
ing on the subject of church organization. A com-
mittee was appointed to report on the subject, and on
the 10th of May following, a church was organized.

Thus it appears that a second church was organ-
ized, though there is no record that the first church
was ever disbanded. Thus far we have only a record
of churches. Whether during this j)eriod there had
been a parish organization we know not, but there
probably was. The oldest record is in 1846. The

1 By Rev. L. F. McKinney.

oldest record there is of a legal meeting is Decem-
ber, 1850, at which time S. W. Parsons was elected
president.

The society has had in its history ten settled pas-
tors, — Rev. Frederic A. Hadsdon, whose pastorate
began with the history of the church and closed in
1837. Neither the records nor the history of Man-
chester show that there was any other settled pastor
until 1840, but older members of the society say that
Rev. Hiram Beckwith was settled for two years after
the resignation of Rev. Mr. Hadsdon. Rev. N. Gunni-
son, the next pastor, began his services in May, 1840;
he resigned in October of the same year. Rev.
George W. Gage was ordained as pastor in June,
1841, and was dismissed at his own request in 1843.
In January, 1843, the Rev. B. M. Tillotson was settled
as his successor, and continued in charge until Octol)er,
1859. He was succeeded by Rev. B. F. Bowles in
June, 1860 ; he resigned in 1866. The Rev. S. L.
Rorifaugh was installed June 26, 1867, and resigned
October, 1868. He was succeeded, January 1, 1869, by
Rev. Thomas Berden, who resigned in December,
1871. The Rev. G. L. Demarest began his labors as
pastor September 1, 1872, and closed his labors Feb-
ruary 1, 1875. Rev. L. F. McKinney became pastor
of the society on the 1st of May, 1875, and continues,
as pastor at the present time, or nearly ten years.
After the building of the church the society prospered
beyond expectation, and the house proved too small
for the congregation; accordingly, in 1850 it was en-
larged by an addition of twenty-five feet in width, or
one-half its former size ; it was rededicated the same
year with approj)riate services. In 1855 a vestibule
was added to the front and the organ now in use pur-
chased at an expense of three thousand dollars. In
1878, the church being in need of repairs, it was deter-
mined to raise funds for that purpose. Eight thou-
sand dollars was the estimated cost, which was rea<lily
subscribed, and in June of that year the work was
commenced, and under judicious management was
completed at a cost of seven thousand dollars. The
church was rededicated with approi)riate services in
October of the same year. Rev. A. J. Patterson, D.D.,
preaching the sermon. The one thousand dollars re-
maining was api)lied to the payment of a debt of
fifteen hundred dollars that had long been owed by
the society. The following year the balance of the
debt was paid, and from that time till the present the
entire expenses of the society have been paid from
the pew rentals of the church. The society cele-
brated the fiftieth anniversary of its organization on
the 2d of November, 1883, with appropriate exercises.

Twice in the history of the .society a new .society
has been organized from it, but neither were destined
to live. Nearly every society in Manchester numbers
among its members those who once worshiped with
the Universalists. Almost the entire wealth of one
of the large societies was in time past connected with
this organization. Some of the most influential nun

104

HISTOKY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

ill t lie city and State have been connected with this
church, ami few churches have done more to educate
and liberalize the general public. The church build-
ing is now the oldest in the city. The society is free
from debt and i)r<)sperous. With a faithful member-
ship in the future, as in the past, and the blessing of
God, it will still have a work to do that shall redound
to the good of the community and the praise of Him
who is the source of all truth.

Grace Church.'— The first services of the Episcopal
Church were held in the school-house, on Lowell
Street, on the second Sunday in July, 1840, by the
Eev. P. S. Ton Broeck, of Concord, and were followed
by others, conducted by the Rev. T. Edson, of Lowell,
and other clergymen. A hull in Union Building was
subsequently fitted for services, at which a meeting
for the organization of a church, to be known as St.
Michael's, was held November 28, 1841, and on De-
ceml)er 17th the llev. W. H. Moore was elected rector,
and entered upon his duties on Christmas eve.

A building, previously used by a Baptist Society, on
Concord Street, Wiis hired and occupied in June, 1842,
and until December 28, 1843, when the congregation
removed to a new church, built of wood, on the north-
east corner of Lowell and Pine Streets.

On the .5th of June, 1860, the corner-stone of a new
church, to be built of stone, was laid on the same lot
by Bishop Chase. The name of the church was at
this time changed to Grace Church, The church was
built after designs by Richard A2yohn, and was con-
secrated December 4, 1860.

The church has grown with the growth of the city,
the present number of communicants being over two
hundred. The following is a list of the rectors, with
the duration of their rectorships: the Rev. W. H.
Moore, from December 24, 1841, to April 23, 1848, six
years and four months; the Rev. John Kelly, from
June 18, 1848, to April 1, 1852, three years and ten
months; the Rev. I. G. Hulibard, from May 16, 1852,
to April 1, 1866. thirteen years and eleven months;
the Rev. W. J. Harris, from June 3, 1866, to January
1, 1869, two years and seven months; the Rev. L.
Sears, from November 1, 1869, to the present time,
tiftci'n years and six iiioiiths.

St. Ann's Church (Roman Catholic).— In 1844,
when the Catholic population of the town numbered
about six hundred. Rev. William McDonald was ap-
pointed as their pastor. They commenced worship
the next year in (Jranite Hall, and, four years later,
commenced the erection of a Inick church, on the
southeast corner of Merrimack and Union Streets,
known as St. Ann's. After they had begun to hold
services in it, it was Ibund to be unsafe, and they were
compelled to take it down and rebuild it. The prop-
erty, including a parsonage, is now valued at about
sixty thousand dollars. The venerable Rev. William
McDonald still remains the pastor at St. Ann's,

' lly Rov. I;. Seiirx.

assisted by Rev. John T. Lyons and Rev. John
Griffin.

St. Joseph's Cathedral. — St. Joseph's Church was
built in 1869, on the southeast corner of Low^ell and
Pine Streets, being dedicated April 18, 1869. Rev.
John O'Brien was pastor until 1877, being succeeded
by Rev. Thomas D. Healy, who remained in charge
until June, 1880, when Rev. Denis M. Bradley became
pastor. Rev. James Doherty and Rev. F. X. Burke
have been his assistants. This church, on the occa-
sion of the consecration of its pastor. Rev. Denis M.
Bradley, as first bishop of Manchester, was raised by
the Holy See to the dignity of a cathedral, and is now
known as St. Joseph's Cathedral. The right reverend
bishop is assisted in attending to the spiritual wants
of the people by Rev. Thomas Reilley, Rev. Denis
Hurley and Rev. John Temin. The church property,
including the new episcopal residence, is valued at
about one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars.

Right Rev. Denis M. Bradley, Bishop of Man-
chester — Bishop Bradley was born in Castle Island,
County Kerry, Ireland, February 25, 1846. His father
died in 1853, leaving his widow to care for their family
of six children. In 1854 she came with them to America
and settled in Manchester, N. H., where the boyhood
of Bishoj) Bradley was passed. He attended the
Catholic schools of Manchester, and for a more lib-
eral education entered the College of the Holy Cross,
located at Worcester, Mass., where he was graduated
in 1867. In September of that year he entered St.
Joseph's Provincial Theological Seminary, located at
Troy, N. Y., where, June 3, 1871, he was ordained
priest. Shortly after his ordination he was assigned
to the cathedral at Portland, Me., by Right Rev.
Bishop Bacon, where he remained nine years,
during which time he filled the various positions ot
rector of the cathedral, chancellor of the diocese and
bishop's councilor under Bishop Bacon, and also
under his successor. Bishop Healy. Close applica-
tion and long-continued attention to his various
duties at Portland impaired his health, and in 1879,
with the view of regaining it, he went to Europe,
where he remained six months, and returning but
slightly improved by the change and rest, re-entered
ujion his duties at the cathedral, which had become
even more exacting than when he left. After a short
time, finding that he was unable to discharge the very
laborious duties of his position, he was, on this ac-
count, chosen by Right Rev. Bishop Healy, in June,
1880, pastor of St. Joseph's Church in Manchester,
N. H., which position he held until consecrated to
the high position of bishoi). It having been found
that the diocese of Portland, embracing, as it did, the
States of Maine and New Hampshire, was too large
to be properly cared for by one bishop, the arch-
bishop and bishops of the province of Boston united
in a petition to the Holy See to create New Hamp-
shire a new diocese, with Manchester as the Episcopal
See. The Holy Father, in accordance with the prayer

^^i^

i. ••■

and Rev. Johu

,ih s Churcli was
m' "!, -well and
. : . !l. Rev.
'<eing succeeded
emained in charge
' ' Bradley became
... ..ev. F. X. Burke
This church, on the occa-
! its pastor, Rev. Denis M.
Manchester, was raised by
• ''a cathe ' '1 mkI is now
al. Til reverend

ding to the spiritual wants
liomas Reilley, Rev. Denis
ijmin. The church property,
isiopal residence, is valued at
Hi wen ty-five thousand dollars.
Uradley, Bishop of Man-
ts born in Castle Island,
i,,ry25, 1846. His father
V tu care for their family
me with them to America
, H., where the boyhood
ed. He attended the
c r. and for a more lib-
of the Holv Cross,
;e was graduated
r he entered St.
.. .- : .uinary, located at
1871, he was ordained
iination he was assigned
by Right Rev.
, •» ...fi.iod nine years,
iedthe various positions ot
iianccUorof the diocese and
p Bacon, and also
Close applica-
to his vsirious
ith, and in 1879,
10 went to Europe,
'1 returning but
•i'st, re-entered
, . had become
\ t. After a short
• the very
. v,ii this ac-
>aly, in June,
; Manchester,
nsecrated to
' I'cn found
iL did, the
\a8 too large
the arch-
ill united
Hamp-
.scopal
I>rayer

J***-

MANCHESTER.

105

of the petition, created the See of Manchester, and
appointed Rev. Father Bradley its first bishop. He
was consecrated in his cathedral church, in Man-
chester, June 11, 1884, by the Most Rev. Archbishop
of Boston, at the age of thirty-eight-years, four months
and six days, thus being the youngest person in the
history of the Roman Catholic Church in the United
States to hold so exalted a position. There were
present at the consecration ceremonies the arch-
l)ishop, six bishops and one hundred and eighty-
five priests. Bishop Bradley has under his jurisdic-
tion about eighty thousand Catholics, under the
spiritual care of forty -five priests. There are in the
new diocese forty churches, fifteen parochial schools,
two academies for young ladies, two orphan asylums,
one hospital and one home for aged women.

Bishop Bradley is a gentleman of culture and has
the confidence and respect of a large number of the
citizens of the State, irrespective of denominational
boundaries.

St. Augustine's Catholic Church (French).— To
Rev. J. A. Chevalier's efforts is due the organization
of the parish of St. Augustine. When he came here,
in May, 1871, the French were worshiping at St.
Joseph's and St. Ann's. He immediately took steps
to organize a congregation of the French Canadians
of the city, and soon held services in Smyth's Hall,
which were well attended. Subsequently his followers
worshiped eleven months in a hall at the corner of
Elm and Pleasant Streets, and then for two years in
the church at the corner of Merrimack and Chestnut
Streets. Meanwhile money for a church edifice had
been raised, and one was in the process of erection at
the corner of Beech and Spruce Streets, its dedication
occurring November 27, 1874, which, with the parson-
age, is valued at sixty-five thousand dollars. Rev.
Mr. Chevalier still remains the pastor, and is assisted
by Rev. C. Leafertune.

St. Marie Catholic Church (French).— So largehas
been the increase of Manchester's French population
thiit St. Augustine Church soon became inadequate to
accommodate the worshipers, and in 1880-81 another
church, St. Marie, was erected in West Manchester,
on Beauport Street, nearly opposite the McGregor
bridge. Its dedication occurred in the spring of the
latter year. The first pastor was Rev. Joseph D.
Halde. He remained in charge of the parish until
March, 1882, when Rev. Peter Hevey, the present
pastor, was appointed as his successor. The church
property, which includes a parsonage, is valued at
eight thousand dollars.

Christian Church.— September 21, 1870, in Whit-
ney's Hall, Ferren's building, occurred a meeting
which brought into existence the Christian Church in
this city. A society was organized October 19th of that
year, and the men and women interested in what is
technically known as the Christian belief held meet-
ings in Whitney's Hall for a year. January 15, 1871,
the First Christian Church was organized. The first

settled pastor was Rev. O. J. Hancock, assuming
charge of the church August 6, 1871. The next month
the place of worship was changed to the city hall.
Mr. Hancock left the church August 28, 1872, and
shortly after was appointed superintendent of the
Young Men's Christian Association. January 5, 1873,
Elisha H. Wright became pastor, remaining until Sep-
tember 9, 1876. The other pastors have been E. C.
Abbott, from September 15, 1876, to February 10,
1879 ; D. B. Murray, from April 1, 1879, to April 1,
1880. The present i)astor, Rev. Gideon T. Ridlon, has
had charge of the church since December 18, 1881. The
society owns no real estate, but leases Mirror Hall as
a place of worship, which it has occupied since 1876.
The church membership is one hundred and forty-
one.

St. James' Methodist Episcopal Mission Church.
— This church was organized June 2, 1881, under the
name of the Peo[)le's Methodist Episcopal Mission
Church, with twenty-three names upon the member-
sliip list. Services were held in the city hall for
eighteen months, the church then removing to the
chapel that had been erected on Pennacook Street,
near Pine, and has since worshiped there, but for the
last few months under a new name, — the St. James'
Methodist Episcopal Mission Church. The society
greatly prospered under the ministration of Rev.
William A. Loyne, who acted as pastor from its in-
ception until April, 1885, when he was succeeded by
Rev. Otis S. Danforth.

Second Advent Society. — Believers in the second
advent doctrine held services in Manchester as early as
1843, and have continued them most of the timesince,
worshiping in Granite Hall, Merrimack Hall, in halls
in Museum Building, Merchants' Exchange and Mar-
tin's Block. In 1881 a church was erected between
Pearl and Arlington Streets, near the Ash Street
School-house. Not till 1870 did the Adventists have
any organization, but on the 1st of August in that
year they formed a society on the basis of a belief in
the speedy coming of Christ, and the adoption of the
New Testament as a rule of life, making Christian
character the only test of membership. The present
chapel was dedicated January 2, 1881. The property
owned by the Adventists, which includes a parsonage,
is valued at five thousand dollars. Elder Charles R.
Crossett, who had been pastor of the society since its
reorganization, in May, 1880, having resigned, a call
was extended to Elder B. McLellen, of Lowell, which
was accepted in October, 1883. The Second Advent
Christian Association controls the property.

City Missionary Society.— In the spring of 1847,
J. L. Seymour was employed as a city missionary by
individuals interested in the cause of religion, who
paid his salary and hired a hall, where he opened a
Sunday-school and conducted religious services. In
this way the idea of a free church was suggested, and
the building on the northwest corner of Merrimack
and Beech Streets was built in 1850, and dedicated on

106

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

the 23(1 of October of that year. The land on which
it stands was given by the Amoskeag Company, and
the money which built it was the contributions of in-
dividuals in the city, and of the Congregational and
Presbyterian Churches in the State. The property is
held in trust, on condition that the seats in the church
shall be free, and that public worship shall be main-
tained by the Manchester City Missionary Society,
which was legally organized April 24, 1850. Shortly
after the church was built it seemed desirable that a
church should be regularly organized to worship there,
and December 30, 1852, it was formally organized un-
der the name of the Christian Mission Church, which
has been extinct for many years.

West Manchester Union Congregational Church
wjis organized September 10, 1883, with fifty members.
Ira Barr, George Murdough and Adam Dickey were
elected deacons, and Ira Barr clerk. On Thursday
evening, September 13th, Charles F. Carter, of Chico-
pee, Mass., a graduate of Andover Theological Semi-
nary, was ordained and installed as pastor of the
church.

The building in which the society worships, located
on Main Street, was constructed in 1820 by the resi-
dents of Piscataquog who were of the Presbyterian
faith ; but the occupants of the ten dwellings then
constituting the village were not able to support a
j)astor, and services were not held regularly, and in
1842 the proprietors disposed of it. The purchasers
fitted the upper portion for educational purposes, and
an academy was opened that year. The Wesleyan
Methodists held services in the lower part in 1855.
For ten years, from 1856, the Presbyterians occupied
it, having organized a church in 1859. In 1870 the
church building was given to Mrs. Mary P. Harris,
through whose liberality it was repaired. She placed
it in the hands of the Young Men's Christian Associ-
ation, which leases it to the Union Congregational
Society.

Spiritualist Society. — This society was organized
Decenil)er. IKHO.

German Church of the New Jerusalem. — This
church was regularly organized September 4, 1881, by
Rev. A. (). I'rickman.

Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church.— This
church was organized in June, 1882. Services are
held at the Mission Chapel.

First Presbyterian Church (German).— The church
organ iziiliou was ellected July 2G, 1882, by the Pres-
bytery of Boston. The pastor. Rev. Fred. Erhardt,
was installed October Ifi, 1882.

French Protestant Church.— The organization of
this church was ellected March 24, 1881, when the first
pastor. Rev. Gideon Aubin, was installed.

CHAPTER VII.

MANCHESTER— ( Continued).

Odd-Fellowship— other Lodges and Societies— The Blodget Cunal —
Driving Park— Court-House — Cemeteries— Water- Works— Fire De-
partment—The Amoskeag Veterans— 3Iilitary Record, lS61-Cri— List
of Officei-s and Privates— Soldiers' Monument.

Odd-Fellowship^ as understood and practiced in
this country, though, in a measure, the outcome of an
English order, is emphatically an American institu-
tion, and will ever be so regarded in history. It
claims no great antiquity. Its origin is not clouded
in the misty legends of ages long since written on the
scroll of time. No mysteries surrounded its birth j
no Eleusinian rites attended its baptism ; no Druidic
ceremonies were performed as it entered upon its ca-
reer of usefulness through the instrumentality of men
then only known in the humblest walks of life, seek-
ing to lighten the burdens of a common humanity
and to promote the interests of those banded together
for a common purpose. The leader in this fraternal
and benevolent enterprise, that has now culminated
in one of the grandest charities of this or any other
age, was Thomas Wildey, an Englishman ])y birth,
an American by adoption. A mechanic by trade, of
generous impulses, possessing a sympathetic heart
and an open hand, soon after his arrival in Baltimore,
and while struggling for a livelihood among those of
his own class in a portion of the city visited by want
and pestilence, he conceived a scheme of mutual
assistance and self-help in time of sickness and gen-
eral misfortune. To this, he thought, might be added
the pleasures of a social hour when the toils and bur-
dens of the day were at an end. Full of this idea as he
plodded at his trade or rested his weary body at night
upon a scanty bed, with the encouragement of one
sympathetic soul only, John Welch, he ventured to-
call a meeting at the Seven States Tavern, on Second
Street, for consultation. This meeting occurred on
the 26th day of April, 1819, at which time five per-
sons were present, whose names have become distin-
guished, and one of which, at least, is immortal, lor
the part taken in the organization of a world-wide
charity. We give their names for historic reference r
John Welch, John Duncan, Richard Rushworth,
John Cheathem and Thomas Wildey. These were
the founders of Washington Lodge, No. 1, still ac-
tive, whose humble commencement marks the origin
of American Odd-Fellowship, now grown to be one
of the largest, most successful and eminently popular
fraternities in the world. Thomas Wildey, in a
special sense, was the father and founder of American
Odd-Fellowship, and his great name will ever be as-
sociated with this wonderful mission of humanity in
the world.
Owing to adverse circumstances and the unrelent-

1 By P. G. 51. Joseph Kidder.

MANCHESTER.

107

ing prejudices that existed against all secret societies
in our country, the growth of Odd-Fellowship was
slow and feeble. At the end of two decades there
were only one hundred and thirty lodges, with a
membership of less than ten thousand. The total
revenue fell below sixty thousand dollars, while the
annual relief did not aggregate five thousand dollars.
In 1840 the bulk of the lodges were located in Mary-
land, New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia, while in
thirteen other States and Territories the order had
gained a foothold only. About this time people began
to consider the excellency of its principles, and to ad-
mire its unselfish charity and benevolent works. In
three years it took a rapid stride and more than tri-
pled its lodges, membership, revenues and relief. A
widespread interest was awakened, and its growth
became almost unparalleled in the history of the
organization. Like a huge wave, started at the centre
of the sleeping lake, it widened and broadened its
circles until its influence touched nearly every tState
and Territory in the Union. It was during the latter
part of the year 1843, September 11th, that it gained
a foothold in New Hampshire in the organization of
Granite Lodge, No. 1, at Nashua. At that time Man-
chester, now the queen city of the State, was only a
vigorous little town lying on the east bank of the
Merrimack River. The population was small, but
the people had great expectations. Among those
drawn to the embryo city in the hope of acquiring
wealth and achieving an honorable reputation among
their fellows were men of liberal views, sagacious
instincts and benevolent impulses. Anxious to pro-
mote the material interests of the place and to better
their own condition in legitimate ways, they were
still not unmindful of the claims of society for a higher
civilization and better systems of relief to those in
sickness and in want. In various ways they learned
of the new benevolent and fraternal order, just estab-
lished in a neighboring town. They desired to test
its practical value by personal knowledge. They
would see and know if its pledges and promises were
fulfilled through its daily works, and if the results
would justify the necessary expenditure of time,
money and effort to organize a lodge. Five of this
class applied to Granite Lodge and were admitted to
membership and took their degrees, as the preliminary
steps for a branch of the order at Manchester. Armed
with the necessary papers, they applied to the proper
source for a charter, and on the 21st day of December,
1853, Hillsborough Lodge, No. 2, was duly organized
by grand officers from Massachusetts. The names
of these pioneers, representing different trades and
professions in life, were Dr. Charles Wells, Walter
French, James M. Barnes, Isaiah Winch and Jacob
G. Cilley. These brothers, one after the other^
having fulfilled their mission, dropped out from the
earthly life and entered the lodge of the unknown.
The last to part with his lodge was the venerable Dr.
Wells, who died December 28, 1884. Of those ad-

mitted to the lodge on the night of its institution only
one remains, John S. Kidder, a native of Manchester.
The first Noble Grand of the hnlge was Captain Walter
French, a man of noble presence and generous im-
pulses, who lost his life May 6, 1853, in a terrible rail-
road accident at Norwalk, Conn., while returning from
a business engagement in the South.

Popular from its organization, Hillsborough Lodge,
like the county from which it derived its name, has
ever occupied a proud position among the social and
fraternal societies of the State. In all, there have
been received to membership during the forty-two
years of its existence nearly one thousand brothers,
embracing representative men from all the honorable
walks of life. Deaths, withdrawals and other causes
have reduced the number, so that now the list shows
less than four hundred in good standing, — the fourth
lodge in membership in the jurisdiction. Its total re-
ceipts aggregate sixty thousand dollars, while the dis-
bursements in charity and relief alone have reached
twenty thousand dollars. Its present assets, exclu-
sive of furniture, fixtures and other property, are
$11,046.45. Since its organization it has never
omitted its regular weekly session for the transaction
of business, and the continuous meetings, without in-
terruption, in round numbers, are two thousand two
hundred, — a record, perhaps, which no social, religious
orbenevoleut society in the State can claim. The num-
ber of Past Grands falls a little below one hundred.
For thirty-two years in succession the lodge has cele-
brated its anniversary with appropriate services in the
presence of brothers and tlieir families and invited
guests. This lodge is as permanently established as
any church in the city, and enjoys a high reputation
for works of charity and love.

Odd-Fellowship in Manchester grew up with the
town and city. On the 21st day of November, 1845,
on the petition of Horace Gordon and six other
brothers holding withdrawal cards from Hillsborough
lodge, our late brother, Samuel H. Parker, then
Grand Master, in accordance with the laws of the order,
issued a dispensation for ]\Iechanics' Lodge, No. 13,
and after the institution installed the officers.

It was an event of unusual interest. The new
lodge started with the approbation, prayers and best
wishes of the mother-lodge. Its growth was phenom-
enal. Under the wise administratitm of its charter
members and others attracted to its membership, it
soon became a social and fraternal power, and as-
sumed high rank among its sister organizations.
Three of its members, viz., John C. Lyford, George W.
Weeks and Charles H. Brown, were elected Grand
Masters of the State, and subsequently occupied the
distinguished position of representatives in the Sover-
eign Grand Lodge at Baltimore. Many of its brothers
have filled important places in the city government,
and exerted a large influence in the social and civil
affiiirs of the State. To-day, numerically, Mechanics'
Lodge is the largest in the State, and financially it is

108

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

on a solid basis, havinfr a surplus above its present
needs of twenty thousand dollars or more. Its mem-
bership per last report was four hundred and twenty-
four. Its prospects for the future are of the most
cheering character.

From the returns in the office of the Grand Secre-
tary, it appears that in 1852 there were thirty-nine
subordinate lodges in the jurisdiction, with a total
membership of two thousand five hundred and seventy.
Through various adverse circumstances during a
period of eight years, Odd-Fellowship in New Hamp-
shire experienced a retrograde movement. In 1860
there were only twenty-three lodges, sixteen having
become dormant or extinct, reporting only sixteen
hundred and forty-one members. The outlook was
discouraging, and many brothers dropped out of the
order, with the general impression that it would
soon collapse, and its mission prove a disastrous
failure. In this hour of darkness to the fraternity,
a few noble brothers, with unflinching faith in their
hearts, and willing to make personal sacrifices in
behalf of "Friendship, Love and Truth," re-
doubled their diligence, in the full assurance that
their labors would not be in vain. Brother George
W. Weeks was Grand Master ; and, conscious of the
responsibility placed upon him by the Grand Lodge,
with the encouragement and assistance of a few
whose faith in the institution and its grand princi-
ples never faltered, even in the darkest hour, he gave
his best efforts in behalf of the trust committed to his
charge. The outflow from the order was stopped.
The doubting were con tinned ; the feeble made
strong. The clouds lifted, and again the sun shone
on the enterprise so dear to faithful hearts. The
year closed with the loss of a single lodge, but with
an increase of seventeen members in the State. The
year 1860 was the pivot on which the order turned.
It was under Brother Weeks' administration ; and
from that day forward, now a period of twenty-five
years, there has been an annual increase in our num-
bers, until to-day we report seventy lodges in good
condition, with an honored membership of more than
nine thousand in the Granite State alone. Fidelity
to our princii)les and faithfulness to our brothers
■during the war with the South commanded universal
respect, and brought hundreds knocking to the doors
of the lodges, whf) would scarcely have known of the
•order but lor the protection, assistance and comfort
it brought to the .siddier on the tented field, in the
carap, the hospital and the prison-pen.

In 1866 several young men, members of Hillsbor-
ough and Mechanics' Lodges, petitioned Grand Mas-
ter Doe for a new lodge to be located at Manchester.
The movement was ajiproved by the old lodges and
some of the influential brothers. On the 8th day of
August, Wildey Lodge, No. 4.5, was instituted, with
imposing ceremonies. Henry A. Farrington, since
Grand Master and Grand Representative, for his zeal
and activity in the movement, was elected the first

Noble Grand; and he performed the arduous duties
with much credit. Like its predecessors, Wildey
Lodge has made for itself a history of which the
order may well be proud. Probably no lodge in the
State has upon its rolls so many professional men,
including lawyers, doctors, ministers and teachers, as
AV^ildey Lodge. In point of ability, character and
efficiency, it is the peer of any in the State, and will
ever do its part to bear aloft the banner on whose
folds are inscribed the beautiful emblems of our
order. Its present membership is nearly three hun-
dred. Bearing the honored name of the father of
American Odd-Fellowship, may the members ever
emulate the zeal and persistency of the founder of
the order, who gave his long and useful life to the
dissemination of our principles. So shall Wildey
Lodge be a pillar of cloud by day, and a pillar ot
fire by night, to lead many weary feet into the paths
of virtue, plenty and peace.

Beside the three subordinate lodges here mentioned,
there are other branches of the order in Manchester
of w^hich we would speak. Wonolanset Encampment,
No. 2, has a membership of two hundred and twenty-
five; and Mount Washington, two hundred and eight.
Ridgely Camp, No. 2, of Uniformed Patriarchs, num-
bers about one hundred, composed mostly of young
men who have a taste for military movements and
military display. The rich uniforms and the fine
martial bearing of the Patriarchs constitute a feature
of much attraction when the members are on parade.
During the summer they usually make an excursion
or two out of the State for recreation and amuse-
ment.

Social Rebekah Degree Lodge, No. 10, is said to be
the largest and best organization of the kind in the
world. It numbers nearly five hundred members,
about equally divided between the sexes. It has
been organized more than ten years. With the ex-
ception of Noble Grand, the officers are mostly ladies.
Between the several bodies here named the most
friendly relations have ever existed, and they work
in the utmost harmony to promote the best interests
of the fraternity. They jointly occupy apartments in
Odd-Fellows' Block, a building owned by the order,
and worth fifty thousand dollars. Residing in the
city are seven Past Grand Representatives to the
Sovereign Lodge. The order in the city is a great
power for good, and is so regarded by the people.

In Hillsbt)rough County there are twelve lodges,
equal to one-sixth of the seventy in the State. They
are located as follows, viz.: Granite, No. 1, and Pen-
ni chuck. No. 44, Nashua; Hillsborough, No. 2, Me-
chanics', No. 13, and Wildey, No. 45, Manchester;
Peterborough, No. 15, Peterborough; Webster, No.
24, Goffstown; Mount William, No. 37, North Weare;
Valley, No. 43, Hillsborough Bridge; Aurora, No. 49,
Hollis; Waverly, No. 59, Antrim; Custos Morum, No.
42, Milford. These twelve lodges embrace a member-
ship of two thousand two hundred, or very nearly

MANCHESTER.

109

one-quarter part of all the Odd-Fellows in the State.
From this meagre sketch something may be learned
of the hold the order has on the people of the county,
and the mighty, salutary influence it may exert on
all the institutions within her borders. With seventy
thousand dollars of surplus means, every dollar of
which is sacredly pledged to the relief of its mem-
bers, with the intellectual and moral force represented
by the brotherhood, together with the friendship and
love begotten of the order, there is reason to believe
the institution is permanently located in our midst,
and will prosper for an indefinite period.

Other Societies. — Among other societies, etc., are
the following:

Knights of Honor. — Alpha Lodge, No. 245, instituted
March 11, 1876 ; Temple Lodge, No. 2065, instituted
February 27, 1880; Golden Rule Lodge, No. 2445, in-
stituted April 29, 1881 ; Alpine Lodge, No. 2886, or-
ganized December 28, 1882.

Knights and Ladies of Honor. — Harmony Lodge,
No. 423, instituted April 13, 1881 ; Unity Lodge, No.
642, instituted March 30, 1883.

Knights of Pythias. — Granite Lodge, No. 3, instituted
April 8, 1870; Merrimack Lodge, No. 4, instituted
May 6, 1870 ; Endowment Rank, Section 26, instituted
December 18, 1877 ; Knights of Pythias Mutual Aid
Association, instituted May 23, 1872 ; Knights of Py-
thias Uniformed Battalion, instituted May, 1882.

United Order Golden Cross. — Grand Commandery,
instituted May 1, 1879 ; Manchester Commandery,
No. 89, instituted December 8, 1879 ; Mizpah Com-
mandery, No. 181, instituted February 1, 1882.

Ancient Order of United Workmen. — Pioneer Lodge,
No. 1, instituted August 9, 1878; Security Lodge, No.
8, instituted April 20, 1883.

Eoyal Arcanum. — Delta Council, a mutual benefit
association, instituted May 8, 1878.

Ancient Order of Foresters. — Court Granite State, No.
6790, instituted April 4, 1881.

United Order of Pilgrim Fathers. — Webster Colony,
instituted July 5, 1881.

Improved Order of Bed Men of New Hampshire. —
Passaconnaway Tribe, No. 5, instituted April, 1881.

Provident Mutual Relief Association. — Sub-Associa-
tion No. 38, instituted May 1, 1879.

Order of the Iron ^«7^.— Instituted July 20, 1883.

American Legion of Honor. — Rock Rimmon Council,
No. 40, instituted October 14, 1879.

Patrons of Husbandry. — New Hampshire State
Grange ; Amoskeag Grange, No. 3, instituted August
26, 1873.

Grand Army of the Republic. — Encampment Louis
Bell Post, No. 3, organized 1868 ; Mutual Aid Associ-
ation, instituted March 3, 1876.

Manchester War Veterans. — Organized in 1866.

Sons of Veterans. — Camp W. W. Brown, No. 1, or-
ganized October, 1882.

Sons of St. George.— Ueart of Oak Lodge, No. 91.
German Societies. — Turnverein, organized 1870;

Order of the Harugari, Barbarossa Lodge, No. 329, in-
stituted February 4, 1874.

Boat Clubs. — Cygnet, instituted June 21, 1882 ;
Emerald, organized August 19, 1881; Emmet; Leo;
Longwood; Northern Star, organized August 23,
1879; Shamrock; Star; Trident.

Military. — First Regiment New Hampshire Volun-
teer Militia; Head Guards, organized July 24, 1865 ;
Manchester City Guards, organized March 17, 1873 ;
Sheridan Guards, organized August 1865 ; First New
Hampshire Battery, Platoon A, organized August 31,
1868; Amoskeag Veterans, organized in 1854; Man-
chester Cadets, organized in 1873 ; Amoskeag
Zouaves, organized June 13, 1883.

Independent Order of Good Templars. — Grand Lodge
of New Hampshire, organized October 11, 1865;
Union Degree Temple, No. 20, instituted February 21,
1876 ; Stark Lodge, No. 4, instituted May 31, 1865 ;
Merrimack Lodge, No. 4, instituted December 6, 1866 ;
Harris Lodge, No. 45, instituted May 22, 1878.

Royal Templars of Temperance. — Granite State
Council, No. 1, instituted November 28, 1878.

Hanover Street Temperance Society.

Sons of Temperance. — Instituted March 12, 1883.

Catholic Temperance Societies. — St. Paul's Total Ab-
stinence Mutual Benefit Society ; St. John's Total
Abstinence and Mutual Benefit Society, instituted
February 18, 1875.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union. — Instituted
November, 1874.

Reform 6V«6— Instituted May, 1874.

The Old Ladies' Home, located on Hanover, corner
of Pine Street. A benevolent enterprise, which owes
its existence to the thoughtfulness of Rev. W^illiam
McDonald, is this institution which adjoins the Or-
phans' Asylum. It was established in 1880, and its ob-
ject is to provide a home for aged and indigent women.
The Home is in charge of several Sisters of Mercy.

St. Patrick's Orphan Asylum. — It was instituted in
1870, and was first located on Laurel Street, and in
the same year, upon the purchase by the Roman
Catholics of the Harris estate, at the corner of Han-
over and Pine Streets, for which fifty-five thousand
dollars was paid, it was moved to that place. The
asylum is designed to supply a home for orphans and
sick and needy women, and is under the direction of
Sister Mary Ligouria, assisted by a number of Sisters
of Mercy. Instruction is given in the elementary
branches of education, and the children are also
trained in housework. This worthy benevolent in-
stitution was founded by Rev. William McDonald, and
the funds for its maintenance are contributed by St.
Ann's Church.

Women's Aid and Relief Hospital.— This institution,
located in Bakersville, was established by the Man-
chester Women's Aid and Relief Society in 1878, the
free use of the building, owned by the Amoskeag
corporation, having been tendered for this purpose
by the late ex-Governor E. A. Straw. The building

110

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

has been put in thorough repair, enlarged by the ad-
dition of another story and otherwise adapted to its
purpose. It is supported and controlled by tlie
Women's Aid and Relief Society, and its main pur-
pose is to provide a home and nursing for the indigent
sick, but patients who are able to pay are received
when desired, if there are beds unfilled.

Miscellaneous. — New Hampshire Agricultural So-
ciety ; New Hampshire Poultry Society, organized
1867; New Hami)shire Fish and Game League; New
Hampshire Press Association, organized July 25, 1868;
Manchester Women's Aid and Relief Association, in-
stituted January 21, 1875 ; Manchester Board of
Trade — President, Daniel Clark; Manchester Grocers'
Association, instituted May 16, 1862 ; Manchester
Teachers' Association, organized February 16, 1883 ;
Manchester Scientific Associaticm ; Chautauqua Lit-
erary and Scientific Circle, organized October 1, 1880;
the Grattan Literary and Dramatic Association ;
Dartmouth Alumni Association ; High School Ly-
■ceum ; trustees of the Elliot Hospital, incorporated
in 1881; Electric Light Company, chartered by the
Legislature of 1881, and organized with a cajjital of
twenty-five thousand dollars; New Hampshire Tele-
gragh Company, chartered July 10, 1876 ; Northern
Telegraph Company, organized in 1866; The Granite
State Telephone Company (Bell patents); Opera-
House Company ; Uncanoonuck Road Company,
chartered June 26, 1877 ; Amoskeag Honorary Asso-
ciation, instituted December, 1881 ; Young People's
Working Association, organized November, 1882;
Philharmonic Society, organized October 16, 1883 ;
Ancient Order of Hibernians, No. 1 ; Ancient Order
of Hibernians, No. 2, instituted November 20, 1880 ;
Ancient Order of Hibernians, No. 3, instituted June,
1882; St. Patrick's Mutual Benefit and Protective
Society, organized March, 1868 ; St. Augustine Society,
organized June 16, 1878, incorporated March 7, 1882;
St. Jean Baptiste Society, instituted April, 1871 ;
Ladies' National League, instituted December, 1880;
Irish National League, organized April 13, 1883;
Sodality of the Blessed Virgin Mary, organized April,
1860 ; Young Republicans' League, organized October
4, 1882 ; Young Men's Democratic Club, organized
December, 1882; Franco-Canadien Naturalization
Club, instituted August 11, 1882; Derryfield Club,
organized April 13, 1875; Jackson Literary Club,
instituted December, 1880; Manchester Bicycle Club,
organized March 22, 1882 ; Manchester Rifie Club,
instituted May 7, 1883 ; Manchester Shooting Club^
organiztMl April 2, 1879; Society for Prevention of
Cruelty U) Animals, organized June, 1880; Manches-
ter Horse Railroad, incorporated 1876 ; Mendelssohn
Choral Society, organized October 16, 1883; Thalia
Club, organized August 1, 1883; Harmonic Society,
instituted October 22, 1883 ; Gazaille Transmitter
Company, chartered by the New Hampshire Legisla
ture in 1883.

The Blodget Canal.— The first projector of inter

nal improvements in this section of the State was the
Hon. Samuel Blodget, who was born in Woburn,
Mass., Aj^ril 1, 1724. He was an active and persever-
ing man. He had been a sutler in the colonial wars
and also in the War of the Revolution, a judge of the
Court of Common Pleas, and a merchant with exten-
sive business connections. He located at Amoskeag
in 1793, and soon conceived the idea of building
around the latter a canal, through which might be
carried to market vast quantities of lumber from the
Ibrests which grew on the banks of the river. He be-
gan work upon it May 2, 1794. He lost time and
money in a vain attempt to make practicable a lock of
his own invention, and it was not until May 1, 1807,
having spent all his own fortune and what money he
could raise by lotteries, that he saw his work done.
He died on the 1st day of September of the same year,
and his canal, passing into the hands of the proprietors
of the Middlesex Canal, was of great benefit till the
railroad destroyed its usefulness and it went to decay.

Judge Blodget was a far-sighted man. He invited
Boston capitalists to build in Derryfield the mills
which others erected thirty years after, and, in antici-
pation of their construction, he bought the clay lands
where the well-known Hooksett brick are made to-
day. It is well written on his monument in the Val-
ley Cemetery that he was " the pioneer of internal
improvements in New Hampshire."

The following is a copy of Blodget's charter for the
canal :

" To the honorable the Senate d- Hotise of Representatives of the State of
New Hampshire, the Petition of Samuel Blodget most respectfully sheweth —
"That a spirit of enterprise and exertion has of late been wonderfully
and successfully displayed by the citizens of a neighbouring State in the
erection of bridges and forming of canals, even in places which, not
many years since, were esteemed impracticable— that a canal round
Patucket falls is nearly compleated— that another leading from said falls
to Boston, by a rout not exceeding twenty miles, will be commenced
next spring— that a third carried round the falls at Amoskeag would, in
conjunction with these, open a direct water communication with Boston
& Newburyport to the inhabitants of an extensive country on the banks
of the Merriniac above said falls, the wood and timber of whose forests
are now of inconsiderable value, occasioned principally by the loss of
immense quantities of lumber of the most valuable kind in passing over
the falls ; a melancholy proof of which they at all times exhibit— that
your petitioner is fully convinced that the whole of this loss may be pre"
vented by a canal— that under this conviction he has purchased the only
piece of ground over which one is practicable— & has actually entered
upon the enterprize, with an intention to risque his fortune in accom-
plishing a work of so much public utility.— Your petitioner, therefore,
relying on the public spirit of the honorable Court, requests that your
honors will take the premises into consideration, and grant him a Char-
ter, by which he may be secured in the peaceable enjoyment of the valu-
able property, which he is about to invest in the proposed canal— &
assign him a reasonable toll to compensate him for his services ; & give
him leave to bring in a bill accordingly.
"And as in duty bound shall ever pray

"Sam" Blodcet."

Post-Offices. — The first post-office in this town was
established at the "Center" in 1831, with Samuel
Jackson postmaster, appointed by President Andrew
Jackson. Mr. Jackson held the office until it was dis-
continued in 1840.

The first post-office in what is now the city proper,
then known as " Amoskeag New Village," was estab-

MANCHESTER.

Ill

lished in February, 1840, with Jesse Duncklee as post-
master. The following is a list of the postmasters
from that time to the present : Jesse Duncklee, from
February, 1840, to March, 1840 (deceased) ; Paul Cra-
gin, 1840-45 ; Warren L. Lane, 1845-49 ; James Her-
sey, 1849-53 ; Colonel Thomas P. Pierce, 1853-61 ;
David J. Clark, 1861-65 (deceased) ; Colonel Bradford
B. Cilley, 1865-70 ; Joseph L. Stevens, 1870, present
incumbent.

The Amoskeag post-office was established in 1828,
with Samuel Kimball as postmaster.

The post-office at Goffe's Falls was established in
1872, with Isaac W. Darrah, postmaster.

The Piscataquog post-office was established in 1816,
with James Parker postmaster. He was followed by
Jonas B. Bowman, James McKeen Wilkins, Colonel
John S. Kidder and Leonard Rundlett. The office
was discontinued about 1840.

The Water-Works.^ — So rapid was the early
growth of Manchester that a pressing need for a
public water supply came early in her municipal ex-
istence, and earlier than public opinion was prepared
to indorse the undertaking of an enterprise of such
magnitude. Some bitter experience must needs first
come as an educator, and it did come from time to
time, as in several fires among the mills, the burning
of the town-house, the destruction of the public
library and museum, of several newspaper offices, of
the State Reform School building, of important com-
mercial buildings, and finally of an extended confla-
gration, destroying a whole square in the heart of the
city in 1870.

The construction of a public water supply is, with
rare exceptions, the most important matter which any
municipal organization is forced to consider, inaugu-
rate and push on to completion, or, on the other
hand, to hinder and defer, while the necessity and
devastation continue. After the burning of the
town-house, in 1844, a committee of citizens was
chosen to consider the question of a water supply,
but the citizens were not yet ready for united
action. An aqueduct company was chartered by the
Legislature in 1845, and the city, although invited,
declined to take stock to aid the private enterprise.
Other charters were obtained from the Legislature in
1852, 1857 and 1865, but the city still declined to
foster the enterprise or to agree to pay for public fire
hydrants, but constructed some fire-cisterns in the
streets. In the mean time there was a thirty thou-
sand dollar fire in the Stark Mills, a sixty-five thou-
sand dollar fire in the Print- Works, and the library
was destroyed.

In 1860, Hon. James A. Weston, Jacob F. James
and Rev. William Richardson made an extended re-
connoisance, covering all the sources available to the
city, and presented the information gathered to the
City Councils. Mr. J. B. Sawyer prepared a report in

1 By J. T. Fanning, C. E.

1869. Early in 1881 the City Councils appointed
a committee to consider anew the question of a
public water supply. This committee employed Wil-
liam J. McAlpine, an eminent engineer, to advise
them, and embodied his report with their own for
presentation to the City Councils.

The report of this last committee, following as it
did soon after a disastrous conflagration, led to a peti-
tion to the Legislature for the passage of a water act.

An "Act to enable the City of Manchester to
establish Water- Works " was passed on the 30th of
June, 1871, and " An Ordinance in relation to Water-
Works " was passed by the City Councils on the Ist
day of August in the same year.

This ordinance vested the management of the water-
works in the mayor ex-officio and six other persons,
to be elected by tlie Board of Mayor and Aldermen,
and styled the Board of Water Commissioners.

Immediately after the passage of the ordinance,
Messrs. E. A. Shaw, E. W. Harrington, William P.
Newell, Aretas Blood, Alpheus Jay and A. C. Wallace
were elected water commissioners, and Hon. James
A. Weston, being mayor, became a member of the
board ex-officio.

On the following 7th of August this board per-
fected its organization by the election of Hon. E. A.
Straw as president of the board and Hon. S. N.
Bell as clerk.

The ordinance provided that one of these original
commissioners should go out of office each year, and
that one member should be annually elected in the
month of September, for a six-year term, by the Board
of Mayor and Aldermen.

There had been up to this time, and still continued
to be, much diversity of opinion as to which was the
best source of supply, and conflicting opinions as to the
system of supply and the design of various details of
the proposed work. The earnestness with which these
matters were publicly discussed and diflferent sources
and plans advocated led to the passage of a resolution
by the City Councils instructing the commissioners to
examine different systems of water-works in different
cities, in order that the best, most economical and
advantageous mode of supplying the city with water
might be adopted.

A majority of the board, complying with the
instructions of the Councils, visited several cities in
New England, and also Montreal, and carefully noted
the peculiarities and effectiveness of different systems
of water supply. While at Norwich, Conn., they met
Colonel J. T. Fanning, engineer of the water-works
then recently completed in Norwich, and engineer
also of water-works in several other cities, and invited
him to make for them an examination of the sources
of water supply available to the city of Manchester,
and to report upon the sources and method of supply
which he should deem most advisable for the com-
missioners to adopt.

In the mean time the commissioners obtained per-

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

mission to use temporarily a supply of water from the
Amoskeag Manufacturing Company's reservoir for
fire purposes, and pipes of eight inches diameter were
laid from the company's main, on Broolc Street, along
Chestnut, Pearl, and Pine Streets, to Merrimack
Street. This line of pipe was commenced in the
autumn of 1871, and completed in the following
spring, and immediately filled with water for a fire
protection. It included about one and three-eighths
miles of pipe and seventeen fire hydrants, and cost
$10,141.15.

On completion of the preliminary surveys and re-
port, in the autumn of 1871, Colonel Fanning was
appointed chief engineer to the Board of Water Com-
missioners. The additional surveys, plans and esti-
mates necessary for a detailed comparison of all the
sources were completed in the spring of 1872, and the
results embodied in a report to the commissioners
under date of March 1st, and the report contained a
general map showing all the sources considered.

The nearest and most ample volume of water being
the Merrimack River, early consideration was given
to this source. The Merrimack waters could be
pumped to a reservoir that might be conyeniently lo-
cated on the hill east of the State Reform School
building, but experiments with the water showed that
it must necessarily be filtered when the river was
above the ordinary spring level, and that proper fil-
tration would require a heavy annual expense for
operation, and a considerable expenditure for con-
struction of filter-beds of sufficient capacity. The
Piscataquog River was examined and carefully studied
also. It having been urged by a few of the citizens
that some of the small ponds northeasterly of the city
would furnish supplies of water, Dorr, Chase, Burn-
ham and Stevens' Ponds were thoroughly investigated,
and found, by proper computations, to yield entirely
inadequate supplies for the immediate needs, irrespec-
tive of the future needs of a growing city. At Ma-
ple Falls, in the southeastern part of the town of
Candia (distant about eight miles from the city hall)
were found natural features admitting the construc-
tion of a fine storage reservoir of nearly four hundred
acres area, and of considerable mean depth, and hav-
ing a water-shed of about ten square miles. This
storage reservoir would have been at an elevation of two
hundred and twenty-three feet above Elm Street at
the city hall, and is the only gravitation source near
the city that was found to be worthy of adoption.
Southeasterly of the city lies Lake Massabesic, having
an area of nearly two thousand four hundred acres and
water-shed of about forty-five square miles. The out-
let of the lake is about four miles from the city hall.
Analyses of the Massabesic water showed it to be
of most excellent quality for domestic and industrial
uses. The vegetable organic matter in the water was
found to be 1. GO grains, and mineral matter l.lfigrains,
or a total of 2.82 grains per gallon, equivalent to 4.7
parts in 100,000 parts. The stream flowing from this

lake is known as Cohas Brook, and enters the Merri-
mack River at GofFe's Falls.

On Cohas Brook, about one-quarter of a mile below
the outlet of the brook, near the old McMurphy mill-
site, a dam was located and raised to the level of the
water in the lake. This, with the canal below the
lake, gave a fall of forty-five feet available for power
where the pumping-station was located, near the ter-
mination of the canal. In the pumping-station were
located two pairs of pumps, of the vertical bucket-
plunger class, of combined capacity to pump a m axi-
mum of five million gallons of water in twenty-four
hours. Two Geyeliu-Jouval turbines were placed in
the building to drive the pumps, having a combined
capacity of two hundred horse-power. A pumping-
station was constructed of bricks, with slate roof, to
contain this machinery, and attached to the station
is a commodious tenement for the attendant in charge
of the pumping-station.

A reservoir of about thirteen million gallons ca-
pacity was constructed near the church at Manches-
ter Centre. The water of the lake is lifted by the
pumps one hundred and thirteen feet from the lake to
the reservoir, and as the reservoir is elevated one
hundred and fifty-two feet above Elm Street at the
city hall, the water flows from thence throughout the
city by gravity. This reservoir was filled on its com-
pletion, near the close of September, 1874, but the
pumps had been started early in the previous July,
pumping the water through the distribution pipes,,
with the surplus flowing into the Amoskeag Com-
pany's reservoir. The force main from pumps to res-
ervoir, eight thousand one hundred and seventy-one
feet in length, and supply main, eight thousand four
hundred and ten feet in length, from reservoir to FAm
Street, are twenty inches in diameter. The entire pipe
system contained, at the completion of the original
works, at the close of 1874, one hundred and twenty-
two thousand and seventy-one feet of pipes, one hun-
dred and seventy-two stop valves and two hundred
and fifteen public fire hydrants, and seventeen thou-
sand six hundred and two feet of small service pipes,,
laid by the commissioners from the street mains to
the property lines for the supply of water consumers.

The cost of constructing the works, including cost
of lands, water-rights and preliminary surveys, was
$614,009.83. The cost of service pipes, meters and
operating expenses during construction of the works
was $20,028.75. On the 24th of October, 1874, a
public test was made of the water-w^orks by the city
Fire Department. During the test sixteen hydrants
were brought into simultaneous use, tAvelve of which
were supplying leading hose-streams and four sujDply-
ing steam fire-engines, and thus twenty powerful
streams were arching over Elm Street and its loftiest
buildings at the same time, presenting in the sunshiny
October afternoon a most brilliant and beautiful scene,
and strengthening the confidence of the citizens in
the capacity and efficiency of their public water supply.

MANCHESTER.

113

On completion of the original works, Mr. Charles R.
Walker became their superintendent, and has retained
the office ten years. At the close of 1884 the amount
of pipes laid had increased to 229,916 feet, about 43.5
miles, the stop-valves to 316 and public fire hydrants
to 371 in number, and the service pipes, to a total of
65,766 feet, supply 2476 consumers of water.

In the mean time the total cost of construction, in-
cluding the extensions of the pipe system, had reached
$824,989, and the annual income of the water-works
for water sold had reached $75,580, or nearly ten per
cent, on the cost. During the ten years the works
have been in operation no conflagration has resulted
from the many fires started, and every fire within
reach of the works has been extinguished so promptly
that there has been no material loss at any single fire.
The original cost of the works has undoubtedly been
saved to the citizens in prevention of losses by fires,
while the city now finds that it has been a financial
investment that will, by its income, soon reimburse it
for the original outlay and further an investment that
will return to its citizen proprietors an almost incal-
culable annual interest of safety, comfort, convenience
and health.

The Manchester Driving Park Association was
organized December 1, 1882, and its first ofticers were
as follows : President, John B. Clarke ; Treasurer,
James A. Weston ; Clerk, Samuel F. Curtis ; Direct-
ors, John B. Clarke, A. C. Wallace, C. D. Welch, A.
D. Gooden, Alpheus Bodwell, Samuel F. Curtis and
George W. Riddle. Subsequently John B. Clarke re-
signed the office of president, and George W. Riddle
was elected in his jilace.

The association, after a careful examination of va-
rious sites for a suitable location for a park, decided
to purchase forty-five acres situated in the southeast-
ern section of the city, on the line of the Xutt road
and the Manchester and Lawrence Railroad, one mile
and three-quarters from the post-office. The land was
considered well adapted to the purpose, and though
nothing better than a rough pasture with some wood-
land, it was transformed in four months' time into an
attractive park, and was visited the first week in Sep-
tember by thirty thousand people. This exhibition
of enterprise was but one of the many which have
been characteristic of Manchester people whenever
they have sought to add a new feature conducive to
the interests and pleasures of the city.

The jiark is furnished with all the conveniences of
a first-class driving park and fair-grounds, including
grand stand, press stand, restaurant, judges' stand,
cattle-pens, stables, building for bench shows of dogs,
poultry-house, etc.

The Parker Murder. — The history of Manchester
would be incomplete with no reference to the murder
of Jonas L. Parker. The facts were as follows : On
Wednesday evening, March 26, 1845, a man called at
the bowling saloon, on Manchester Street, belonging
to Mr. Parker, stating that a Mrs. Bean, from Lowell,
8

desired to see the proprietor on important business at
Jancsville. Mr. Parker passed out of his saloon to
accompany the gentleman, first securing a lantern, as
the night was so exceptionally black, that " as dark
as the night of the Parker murder " has since become
a household phrase. On the way to their destination
the two men crossed Pine to Merrimack Street, and
soon took a path that led through a heavy growth of
pine, and from this forest, in the vicinity of what is
now the corner of Beech and Manchester Streets, the
cry of "murder!" was soon heard; but none dreamed
that it heralded the monstrous crime. "Oh, don"t,
don't!" was supposed to be the outcry of some one
being placed under police surveillance. The morning
light disclosed the terrible ghastliness of a murdered
man upon a bed of snow. Mr. Parker lay with
trachea doubly severed and deep gashes about the
hips, and wounds on other parts of the body were
discovered by Coroner Joseph M. Rowell. The
appearance of the ground indicated a mighty struggle
for life against a fiend armed with razor and butcher-
knife, incited by the knowledge that thousands of
dollars were upon the pereon of the victim. About
sixteen hundred dollars escaped the rapacity of the
murderer. Mr. Parker held the oflice of tax collector
the year previous, and the collector's book, then in his
possession, bore the impress of blood-stained fingers.

Several persons were susiiected of the crime, arrested
and tried, but no one was convicted, and the mystery
of the Parker murder, after a lapse of forty years, is a
mystery still.

The County Court-House, located on the corner
of Merrimack and Franklin Streets, was erected in
1868, at the cost of forty thousand dollars. It is a
two-story brick building.

Cemeteries, — The oldest burial-]>lace under the
control of the city is what is known as the Valley
Cemetery, which was given to the town by the Amos-
keag Company in 1840. It contains about twenty
acres. Pine Grove Cemetery contains about fifty-
four acres, and is located about two and a half miles
from the city hall, between the Calef and River roads.
Other cemeteries are the Amoskeag, St. Joseph, St.
Augustine, [Mount Calvary; also the old burying-
ground at the Centre; one at Gotte's Falls; one in
West jManchester ; one near the school-house at
Harvey's Mills, called the Merrill Cemetery; one in
the eastern part of the city, known as Stowell'a
Ground; the Bay Cemetery, on the River road, near
Amoskeag Falls; the Forest Cemetery, on the old
Weston farm, in the southeastern part of the city ; and
a small yard in the north part of the city.

Fire Department, — In 1839 the town voted to buy
a fire-engine and necessary apparatus. To this single
engine others were added from time to time until eight
or ten engine and hose companies were under tlie
city's control, when the first steam fire-engine was
bought in 1859. This was also the first one made by
the Amoskeag Company, whose engines have since

114

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

gained a world-wide celebrity. This invention wrought
a revolution in the Fire Department, and, as more
steamers were added, the hand-machines were with-
drawn and the membership dimiuislied until the de-
partment acquired its present proportions. The fol-
lowing is the organization of the department:

Cliief Engineer, Thomas W. Lane; Clerk, Fred-
erick S. Bean; Assistant Engineers, Orrin E. Kim-
ball, James F. Pherson, Frederick S. Bean, Horatio
Fradd.

The following is a list of the companies, giving the
location and the names of members:

Amo>keag Stkam Fihk-Exgixe Company, No.
1. — House, 30 Vine Street. Foreman, James E. Carr;
Assistant Foreman, Charles F. McCoy ; Clerk, Frank
E. Stearns; Driver, George W. Butterfield.

N. S. Beax Steam Fike-Exgine Compaxy, No.
4. — House, 22 Vine Street. Foreman, Eugene S.Whit-
ney; Assistant Foreman, Edgar G. Abbott; Clerk,
John Martin; Driver, Jeremiah Lane.

Pexxacook Hose Company, No. 1. — House, 24
Vine Street. Foreman, Albert Maxfield ; Assistant
Foreman, Clarence D. Palmer; Clerk, Joseph E.Mer-
rill; Driver, Walter L. Blenus.

Massabesic Hose Company, No. 2. — House, Ma-
ple Street, corner East High. Foreman, John F.
Seaward; Assistant Foreman, Revillo G. Houghton;
Clerk, Parker W. Hannaford; Driver, Walter Sea-
ward.

E. W. Harrington Hose Company, No. 3. —
House, Clinton Street, Piscataquog. Foreman, John
T. G. Dinsmore; Assistant Foreman, William Doran;
Clerk, Joseph Sehofiekl ; Driver, John T. O'Dowd.

Merrimack Hose Company, No. 4. — House, Park
Street, corner Massabesic Street. Foreman, George
B. Forsaith; Assistant Foreman, Louis N. Dufrain;
Clerk, John S. Avery ; Driver, Charles H. Rogers.

Excelsior Hook-and-Ladber Company, No. 1.
— House, 16 Vine Street. Foreman, Milo B. Wilson;
Assistant Foreman, Jerome J. Lovering; Clerk, Oscar
P. Stone; Driver, Charles M. Denyou.

Independent Hose Company, No. 5 (Volunteer
Company). — House, Main Street, corner Old Falls
road (Amoskeag). Foreman, George I. Ayer ; Assist-
ant Foreman, Sherman L. Flanders; Clerk, George
L. Stearns.

Two steamers, Fire King, No. 2, and E. W. Har-
rington, No. 3, also one hook-and-ladder truck, are
"on reserve duty," to be called in ca.se of need, and
manned by members of the department. There is
also a two-wheeled hose-carriage ai Derry Mills,
GofTe's Falls, for use by men employed at mills.
There are three hundred and seventy-one hydrants
(not including those in mill-yards) scattered over the
city, supplied from water-works.

There is in the dei)artment nineteen thousand five
hundred and fifty feet of fire-hose.

Total value of apparatus is fifty-seven thousand
four hundred and thirty-four dollars.

Fire-Alarm Telegraph. — This valuable adjunct
to the Fire Department was constructed in 1872, and
comi^rises about twenty miles of wire, traversing the
compact i)art of the city, and reaching to Amoskeag
and West Mancliester, Hallsville and Bakersville.
There are thirty-six alarm-boxes, whose keys are kept
at adjacent houses or stores, and six strikers, situated
on the city hall, the Lincoln Street, Webster Street
and Ash Street School-houses, the engine-house in
West Manchester and a tower at the north end of the
city. There are also gongs at the engine-houses and
the residences of the engineers and others.

Firemen's Relief Association. — Organized Feb-
ruary 14, 1873. Designed for the relief of any of its
members who may be injured or disabled at a fire.
The following is a list of its ofiicers:

President, Thomas W Lane; Vice-President, James
F. Pherson ; Secretary, Joseph E. Merrill ; Treasurer,
Horatio Fradd ; Executive Committee, — Amoskeag,
No. 1, George R. Simmons; N. S. Bean, No. 4, E. G.
Abbott; Pennacook Hose, No. ],W. L. Blenus; Mas-
sabesic Hose, No. 2, R. G. Houghton ; E. W. War-
rington Hose, No. 3, John Patterson ; Merrimack
Hose, No. 4, George B. Forsaith; Hook-and- Ladder,
No. 1, Jerome J. Lovering.

The Amoskeag Veterans. — This well-known or-
ganization is next to the oldest veteran corps in New
England, the exception being the Ancient and Hon-
orable Artillery Company of Boston. The Amoskeag
Veterans is an independent company, and was organ-
ized November 6, 1854, at a meeting of which Hon.
Hiram Brown was chairman and Hon. C. E. Potter
clerk.

The first officers were as follows :

William P. Riildle, colonel ; William Patten, first lieutenant ; Samuel
Andrews, second lieutenant ; Hiram Brown, first major ; E. T.
Stevens, second major ; Samuel W. Parsons, first sergeant ; Jacob G.
Cilley, second sergeant ; S. M. Dow, third sergeant ; Reuben I>.
Mooers, fourth sergeant ; James Wallace, first corporal ; Phinehas
Adams, second corporal ; E. G. Guilford, third corporal ; Thonia8
Rundlett, fourth corpoi-al ; John S. Elliot, surgeon ; William W
Brown, surgeon's mate ; Benjamin M. Tillotson, chaplain ; James
Hersey, treasurer ; Frederick G. Stark, Daniel C. Gould, John S.
Kidder, George Porter, Theodore T. Abbott, executive committee.

The objects for which it was organized were desig-
nated by the constitution to be military parades, the
^irotection of life and property, the preservation of
the peace and social enjoyments. Its first parade and
ball occurred February 22, 1855.

The following is a list of the commanders of the
veterans from its organization to the present time :

General William P. Riddle, 1854 ; Colonel Chandler E. Potter, 1855 ;
Colonel Theodore T. Abbott, 1857 ; Colonel Thomas Rundlett, 1860;
Colonel Henry T. Mowatt, 1862 ; Colonel Chandler E. Potter, 1864 ;
Colonel Da\'id Cross, 1866 ; General Natt Head, 1868 ; Colonel Martin
v. B. Edgerly, 1873 ; Colonel George C. Gilmore, 1875 ; 31. V. B.
Kdgerly, 1876; A. C. Wallace, 1877; D. A. Simons, 1878; N. W.
Cumner, 1879-80; Henry C. Merrill, 1881; Frank A. McKean,
1882-83 ; Geo. B. Chandler, 1884 ; Henry H. Huse, 1885.

The Amoskeag Veterans include the most promi-
nent and influential citizens of Manchester and ad-

MANCHESTER.

115

joining towns, and is one of the celebrated military
bodies of New England.

Prior to the organization of this corps there had
been several indej^endentconipauies organized in Man-
chester, viz. : Manchester Rifle Company, organized
in 1825, under command of Captain James McQues-
tion ; the Stark Guards, organized August IG, 1840,
Captain Walter French ; the Granite Fusileers,
organized August 10, 1842, Captain Samuel W. Par-
sons ; the National Guards, organized August 17,
18t)-">; and the Smyth Rifles, organized in 1865.

Police-Station. — The present police-station was
erected in 1885. It is located on the corner of Man-
chester and Chestnut Streets. It is a neat and sub-
stantial brick structure, with granite trimmings.

War of 1861-65.— The following list of soldiers
was furnished by Manchester during the late Rebel-
lion :

FIRST REGIMENT.

Kichard X. Batchelder, quartermaster ; Francis H. Pike, life-major.

Company C. — John L. Kelly, Martin V. B. Richardson, Charles 0.
Jennison, Michael O'Flynn, William Mayne, Robert Loyd, Patrick Bo
ban, Chailes J. Andrews, Charles H. Allen, James \V. Athertou, Abra-
ham Brown, Frank Burr, Jerome Blaisdell, William H. H. Black,
Henry Bourrell, Cliarles A. Cressey, Haskell P. Collin, Francis Cahill,
Charles Conner, Thomas F. Cary, Francis H. Conner, John W. Clark,
George H. Champlin, Augustus B. Caswell, Charles H. Ueraerrett, Ed-
ward 0. Dodge, John M. Evans, Page Gould, John Gardner, John Goff,
Daniel Gile, Marshall Hutchins, Frank B. Hackett, William W. Hasel-
ton, Joseph Haselton, Sumner A. Hodgkins, Dennis Hynes, Daniel Kid-
der, Frank L. Kendall, John L. Lear, William Major, Charles Mace, Jr.,
Aldeu E. Metcalf, Charles H. Morrison, Frederick G. Manning, Michael
Marden, William F. Ordway, Samuel W. Pierce, Robert Ricliards, Al-
bert E. Rogers, George F. Kennett, James Kooney, George Vf. Ringlar,
David W. Rollins, Edmund T. Reynolds, Noble Squares, Charles H. San-
born, Addison AV. Tobie, George Weaver, George W. Wells, Thomas
Welch, Robert JIcAnalsey, Peter O'Brien, Edwin F. Baldwin.

Coiiipani/ H. — William H. D. Cochrane, Christian Spicer, Ernest
Weinhold.

Conipaiiii K. — Hollis 0. Dudley.

SECOND REGIMENT.

Thoma-s P. Pierce, colonel ; Samuel G. Langley, adjutant ; Sylvanus
Buntou, surgeon.

Companij A. — Charles G. Tuttle, John C. Benarchad, .\lbert Lovett,
Patrick McGrath, Alexander Bellic, John W. Riley, Julius A. Alexan-
der, Thomas Adams, John Coleman.

Company B. — George Nelson, Thomas Kenney, Charles Donnolly,
George Coyle, Albert Kaison, George BuUen, John Cammel, Michael
Colligan.

Coiupantj C. — Michael MuUins, John Smitli, David Brown, James H.
Piatt, Richard A. Lawrence, Benjamin F. Chase, Alviu L. Wiggin.
Frank 0. Robinson, Alfred W. Berham, Lemuel M. Cox, Abner H,
Clement, David W. Colburn, Frederick R Allen, John A. Barker,
Charles W. Brown, William Calef, Henry F. Carey, John H. Cole, Har-
vey M. Colby, Andrew 31. Connel, George W. Craig, Hazen Davis, Jr.,
John Davis, Frederick W. Dearborn, Thurlow A. Emerson, Henry H.
H. Everett, Bernard J. Farley, William Fitzgerald, Barnett E. Fowler,
Charles L. French, George R. Hanson, Cornelius Hastings, William M.
Holmes, John Adams, William Brown, Daniel Duffee, George Dexter,
James Gritfin, George Gilbert, James Howard, Thomas Jones, William
.Tones, AN'illiam Kelley, Thomas Lockhart, Peter Lawson, Lewis Sever-
ance, Daniel Murry, John Newton, James Peaks, William Davis, Lewis
Fistte, Charles A. McLauflin, Harvey Hill, William Hudson, James J.
Lord, John A. Mason, Elijah Blorse, Charles McGlaughlin, George F.
Perry, George Picliup, Timothy H. Pike, .Jonathan C. Quimb}', .Tohn E.
Richards, George H. Sargent, Alfred I. Sanborn, William Smith, John
51. Stearns, Alvin R. Smith, Horatio N. Stevens, Laroy I). Sherburne,
Charles L. Tabor, William H. Tilton, George B. Tuttle, Franklin R.
Tucker, Franklin F. Wetherbee.

Company D. — James Dalton, William Flynn, George Schultz, Thomas
Smith, John Thompson, .\rthur McGinniss, Earnest W'altham, Samuel

Woods, John McDonald, John Gibson, James Johnson, William Conner,
John Lane.

Compuiiy y;.— Jolm Gartley, James Ti-acey, John Miller, Thomas
Riley, Terrence Riley, Henry Schweuke, Edward Sniitli, John Cos-
telle.

Cotiqiany F. — Joseph Lenunons, John Jarchan, Henry Benton, Henry
Brank, James Cunningham, Jolm Donnolly, George McCormick, Charles
Mason.

Cutnptmij 0. — Andrew Quiun, William Brown, Willi.im S. Bennett,
.\ndrew Christensen, Michael Corcoran, Charles Elliott, William H.
French, Custer Jackson, John Peters, AVilliam Steele, Charles Smith,
John Travis.

Company H.— Thomas Beatry, George P. Williams, Frank \. Eastman,
Abial A. Hannaford, Lucius Farmer, Henry J. Flandei-s, Nathaniel F.
Swett, Joseph Tallen.

Company I. — David M. Perkins, Rodney \. Manning, Thorndike P.
Heath, ^\■illiam H. Griffin, Ha/.en B. Martin, Edward L. Bailey, Joseph
.\. Hubbard, Oscar A. Moar, .Mbion Simonds, .Albert E. Sholes, .\rthur
E. Buckniinster, Perkins C. Lane, Charles Vickery, Charles H. Smiley,
Stephen J. Smiley, Samuel T. Newell, Daniel W. Newell, William H.
Appleton, Lyman M. Aldrich, James 0. Burns, Frank SI. Boutelle,
Nicholas 31. Biglin, .Tames R. Carr, John S. Calley, Leonard B. Corliss,
Jesse E. Dewey, George B. Damon, Lyman A. Dickey, aioses L. East-
man, Orrin S. Gardner, Joseph H. Gleason, Nonnan E. Gunnison, Eu-
gene (i. Hazowell, Martin A. Haynes, Charles T. Hai'dy, Luther P.
Hubbard, James M. House, Bloses A. Hunkins, Edgar D. Kenaston,
George F. Lawrence, John E. Ogden, Samuel H. Oliver, Charles F. Par-
rott, Henry M. Pillsbury, Solon F. Porter, Alliert B. Robinson, Levi
H. Sleeper, Jr., Josiah S. Swain, William W. Wood, Charles B..
Wright.

Company K. — Benjamin F. .\shton, Charles G. Sargent, James
Curley.

Company fHJ:HOic«.— Samuel Kaskie, Charles Wing, .John Williams,
William 6. Stark, James Donnolly.

THIRD REGIMENT.

.\lvin H. Libby, adjutant ; Henry Hill, chaplain ; Harrison B. Wing,
principal musician.

Company A. — Rufus F. Clark, John R. Hynes, Kuthven W. Houghton,
Frank L. Morrill, Charles A. White, Roger W. Woodbury, Thomas
Johnson, John N. Chase, Amos D. Baker, Thonuis T. Jloore, George E.
Johnson, Richard T. Holland, Samuel George, John W. Evans, John M.
Evans, William Haniniett, James Sullivan, George J. Woodman, Al-
bert G. Dane, George H. Webster, Eli E. Bowman, Samuel I). Brels-
fords, David Bryant, James (J. Fernald, Charles 0. Person, Edward
Shehan, John F. Stokes, William E. Hamnett, William L. Bennett, Ira
J. Adams, Haskell W. Banfill, Charles N. Buckman, George W. Bridge-
ham, William 0. D. Brown, Harrison S. Ca.ss, Robert A. Challis, .\lbert
N. Clough, Daniel F. Colby, Harrison J. Copp, Gideon Cofy, H. J. Cum-
mings, Charles 0. R. Davis, Joseph Dupray, Charles 0. Emerj', Charles
0. Ferson, W. W. Flanders, John Flood, George T. Fogg, Thomas F.
Gay, Albert George, Charles 0. Gibson, Charles Gilbert, Walter A.
Green, Cyrus Gorman, John W. Goodwin, Thomas Hanson, Henry T.
Hatch, John Houseman, William S. llodgmau, .Vndrew J. Holmes, Wil-
liam H. Huntress, William 31. Karney, George H. Lawrence, Luke
Leaf, George W. Lee, Samuel H. Little, Nathaniel Marshall, James Mc-
Ewen, David H. Newton, Stephen W. Niles, ,\ustin E. Perry, James
D. Proudman, W^illiam H. Ramsey, John H. Sanders, Geerge H. Web-
ster, Hiram C. Squires, Collins P. Tebbetts, Leander AVhite, John B.
Whitten, William 11. Carter, George S. Thomas, Edward Reynolds.
Alpheus Chickerinj;-.

Company C— John Kerwin, 3Iichael J. Connelly, Thomas Casey,
Hugh Duffey, 3Iatthew Byrns, John Casey, John 3IcClemens, John
Crosbie, Eugene Cadorath, John Eagan, Timothy Healey, Robert O'Con-
nell, Jlichael E. A. Galvin, Thomas 3IcEnry, Michael T. Ponohoe,
Robert H. .\llen, Walter Cody, Joseph J. Donehue, James Wilson, John
Curran, Byron Costello, Patrick Larkin, John 31clntire, Daniel Maho-
ney, David Jloore, Peter Pelkey, James Quinlan, James Smith, Lewis
Potter, Charles Hall, Steplien AVelsh, Dustin 3Iai-shall, William .Mien,
Peter Smith, Joseph Potter, Edwin O'Brien, Francis Sheridan, William
Sprague, Edmund Hackett, George Allen, William Baker, Jolin Barrett,
John Booth, George H. Briggs, David Bryant, Bernard Farrj-, James
Hendei-son, Robert P. Slurry, George A. Woodbum, Samuel WhitUker,
James Welch.

Compant) D.— William U. Maxwell.

Company K— George Stearns, James B. F. Towns.

Company C— Charles Gilbert.

116

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUiNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Compan,, ff-Charles F. Fiencb, Henry B. Eastman, Henry C. Page,
Clmrles Harvrv, Jacob Boutells, Albert Blood, Charles F. Burnhani,
John S. Cole, Kdwanl Cotter, John B. Duvis, William H. Foster, Frank
Ferren, William Graoy, Pavid Gracy, Levi (iardner, Charles E. Hams,
William H Hill, Franklin Hallaikiy, William E. Handy, Isaac H.
Kin-sb,irv, Robert C. Dow. Henry F. Hopkins, IMorris Hennessey,
Bobert Vincent, Walter J. Ki.hards, Eben K. Adams, David A. Page,
Julius Griggs, Lanson Blake, Daniel X. Atwood, Americas Briggs, Al-
bert H. Lockwood, James O'Neil, Alb.srt H. Stevens, Donald Smith,
William Tod.l, James Walsh, George Bailey, John Crowson, Peter Quig-
ley William H. Knox, William H. Knowlton, Daniel Luce, Alexander
Le 'sludge, Alden E. Metcalf, Daniel S. Morrison, Charles Morgan,
Jerome B. JIcQueston, George Slurdougli, Timothy Parker, ^^ alter
J. Richard, James C. Roach, Albert H. Stevens, Volney F. Simmons,
Joseph H. Wallace, Anson T. Williams, Patrick "Woods, Patrick

Welch.
Comimnu /.—William Johnson, David Earles, William G. Nichols.
Omi-aiiy A-.-Ed«in Brackott, James H. A. A. Stead, John Whitney,
Francis Boyutou, Thomas Robinson, Andrew McNeil, Thomas Thomason,
Varnmn H. Hill, Corwin G. Parker.

FOITRTH REGIMENT.
John L. Kelly, quartermaster; Benjamin F. Fogg, coniniis.'iary
sergeant.

Ban.i.— Walter Dignam, Francis H. Pike, Henry Murphy, Lemuel H.
James, John 0'1'rien, Alon/.o Buntin, Frederick T. Page, Samuel A.
Porter, John Harrington, William Dignam. Eugene K. Foss, H. Augus-
tus Simonds, Eliphalet Dustin, John Googin, Orrin N. B. Stokes, Henry
Lewis, James A. Farnham, Reinhold T. Trnmblum.
Oompanij .4.— Patrick JtcGee, .\ugustus Stenger.
Company B.— JIartin J. Staunton, Martin V. B.Richardson.
Comp.niij C— Jackson Dustin, Joseph L. C. Jliller, Perley B. Rand,
George D. Stiles, George S. Tuck, William 0. Woodbridge, George M.
Kidder, Cornelius E. Parker, Robert A. Seaver, Daniel W. Rollins,
Eben H. Nutting, Alanson W. Barney, William G. Burke, Daniel W.
Knox, John Lovett, Byron Putnam, William E. Robinson, Chauncey
Smith.

Company I). — Charles 0. Jennison.

Company £.— Frank B. Hutchinson, Cyrus H. Hubbard, Charles H.
Reed, Stephen Kendrick, Charles Whiting, Edward 0. Hill, Thomas L.
Newell, Fnincis W. Parker, Andrew J. Edgerly, John H. Baker, Alvard
E. Wilson, Charles )L Whiting, Robert Hume, Edwin Weathersfield,
Lyman Wyman, Charles Brackett, John Malune, Jolm L. JIack, James
M. Dickey, John Lynch, Anson E. Hall, Frank A. Allen, Edson Wyman,
Horace G. Heath, Woodbury Wyman, John G. Hutchinson, Horatio X.
Bickford, George F. Davis,' Charles H. Williams, George W. Williams,
Frank >Litthews, f>scar Perkins, Orrin Corrigan, William H. Webster,
Charles A. Newton, Hermann Greager, Thomas S. Burns, Emory Wy-
man, Michael Curdy, Carlcton C. Richardson, William K. Cobb, Henry
C. Osgood, John P. Smith, Charles A. Newton, John G. Hutchinson,
Charles H. .Vlleu, William H. H. Allen, Francis A. Allen, Rufus Bailey,
William Bonner, James M. Cummings, Patrick Castless, Isaac K. Colby,
Charles A. Cressey, Owen Corigen, Joseph P. Cressey, Amos Cressey,
George E. Dunell, James M. Dickey, Jr., Daniel Emery, John Fallon,
Alpheus D. Flag, William Gunneil, James F. Griffiii, George H. Harris,
William Hagerty, John Hobert, John Hackett, William B.Hart, Charles
H. Lee, John Lynch, Charles C. Livingston, Lewis S. Merrill, James
Mockler, Harlan E. Page, Levi Putnam, Thomas P. Philbrook, Ben-
jamin F. tiuimby. Daniel S. Russell, Henry K. Richardson, George W.
Kobinson, Lurkin Sargent, John Stewart, Joseph T. Snow, Benjamin
S|>aulding.

Oniipany F. — William Haskell, Charles L. Brown, James Murphy.
Company <1. — Peter O'Brien, Lyford Hunt, Michael Shannnessey,
Dennis Hincs, William H. Brooks, James M. Fogg, John Gardner, John
E. Gerry, Charles C. Maiish, John Mullen, Slichael Madden, Dana
Rnnels, Dennis Walsh, William Becde, Edward Kield.s, Thomas J. Gal-
vin, Patrick Conway, .Xmos W. Brown, Jlorris Foley, Dennis Gile,
/cbina Annis, John Smith, Stephen •'. Cha)inuin, Frank Bus.s, Elbridge
Geary, Patrick Dowd, Richard Smith, Charles P. Gleason, Peter O'Brien,
Jerome Bhiisdell, Francis Cahill, George .\. Runnels, James M. Allen,
Michael Brosiiuhan, William H. Brooks, James Merrow, Frederick D.
Wood, Jeremiah Spelan, George H. Stewart, Charles T. Jlarden, Pat-
rick Brodcrick, Ti-rreiice Trawley, William Gunston, Jeremiah Kelhther,
John Pickett, Daniel Sullivan, William Sullivan, Cornelius Sullivan,
Owen Tully, Lawrence Hern, Michael JlcUngh, John Smith, Richard
Smith, John Frank, Peter Williamstm, William U. Thompson, Patrick
Broderick, .\lmos Cushing, Patrick Donnelly, James Donovan, Benjamin

F. Fogg, Edward Field, James Ferry, Thomas FoUen, Hiram B. Frost,
Louis J. Gillis, James Garman, Dennis Hoynes, John Howard, Cornelius
Kennedy, Dennis Keefe, James Larkin, John 0. Mason, Charles C.
JIarsh, Patrick McDonald, James Melasky, Charles Marden, Frank
Quinn, John Quinn, James Quinn, Patrick Quinn, William H. Rey-
nolds, Michael Reardon, Timothy Reardon, Martin J. Staunton, Ashel
Stoddard, Abraham S. Sanborn, John Shea, Dennis Tehan, Francis B.
Willey, Dennis Walch, Clark E. Wilson, John W^alch, John Murphy,
Owen TuUey.

Company //.— William Bonner, Orren Bush, Daniel H. May, Charles
H. Bartlett, Samuel D. Marckrey, Bartholomew Maloney, Curtis R.

Hartly.

Company 7.— Geerge W. Stevens, Ephraim F. Brigham, Jonathan
P. Nichols, Jolm H. Powers, Herman Nichols, Benjamin K Quimby,
Benjamin H. Smith, Benjamin W. Smith, Enoch C. Stevens.

Company /C— Job R. Giles, Harvey M. Weed, Charles L. Batchelder,
Charles M. Currier, George W. Hackett, Israel N. Gale, Samuel B. Mace,
James Wyman, Albert G. Ormsby, Clinton Farley, John F. Davis, George
E. Fitch, John Barry, Benjamin Welch, Robert Clayton, George W.
Stevens, Morris C. Wiggin, Samuel M. Dole, William H. Sanborn, Mon-
roe Stevens, Joseph W'allace, Fernando C. Spaulding, Benjamin Harts-
horn, William S. Barker, Joseph W. Bailey, .MbertCass, Edward Dolton,
James Fern, Frank A. Garland, Charles A. Hackett, Frederick W. Lou-
gee, Patrick O'Connell, Nelson J. Pierce, William H. Perkins, Horace J.
Parker, William Shever, Horatio H. Stevens, Henry D. Tompkins,
George Wyman, Joshua B. Webster.

Company Uak no ini.— J nmes H. German, William Hall, William A.

Yiltman.

FIFTH REGIMENT.

Samuel G. Langley, lieutenant-colonel.

Company A. — Thomas Brown, John Evans, Charles Taylor, Alfred
Brown.

Company B.— George Stanton, Frank Howard, Thomas Knight, James
O'Connell, Alexander Ross, William Hickman, John Myers.

Company E. — Walter Summerfield, George H. Houghton, Oscar E. Car-
ter, Cornelius H. Stone.

Company F. — George B. Jenness.

Company G. — Thomas Smith.

Company If.— Warren Clark, Samuel T. Smith, James Stetson, George
Bradley, Abram Cameron, Edward Choppenger.

Company I. — George Nichols.

Company ri(tiiOif».— Walter Barnes, Hila Davis, Thomas Burns,

Thomas B. Langley.

SIXTH REGIMENT.

Company A. — Charles White, Charles B. Seavey.

Company i>'.— Charles J. Gardner, Edward R. Barnett, Charles L.
Daveniwrt, .\llison Towns.
Company D. — John Fitch.
Company K.—li Tison, Owen Kelley.
Company Unknown. — Lafayette Pettingill.

SEVENTH REGIMENT.

Joseph C. Abbott, lieutenant-colonel ; William W. Brown, surgeon ;
Henry Boynton, assistant surgeon.

Cominmy /I.— Nicholas Gill, Granville P. Mason, Edward May, Virgil
H. Gate, William C. Knowlton, James Williams, Oliver P. Hansconi,
James Appleton, Benjamin F. Clark, John S. Merrill, Granville L. Ful-
ler, Henry Burke, John Hobin, Charles H. Hall, William R. Thompson,
Henry S. Benton.

Company Z>.— Charles H. Dwinnels, Alfred B. Shemenway, Henry G.
Lowell.

Company C,— Robert Rochester, Charles F. G. Ames, Patrick Crosby.

Company D. — Frank Moore, James Collins, John Allen.

Company L'.— Henry F. W. Little, George F. Robie, Michael Dean,
Charles G. Pyee, Henry C. Dickey, Joseph Blanchett, Lewis Ash, George
W. Putnam, Louis Seymour, Erlan V. Villinghani, Charles H. .\bbott.

Company F. — Francis M. Kennison, Thomas Gilmore, John Harking.

Company G. — Walter JIc Donald, Patrick p. Day, James Dohorty.

Company I. — James McCarty, Joseph Freschl, W^illiam Smith, Charles
Caine, John 0. Silver, Avery Bixby, John G. Markham, Wesley Glidden,
Edwin B. Hodgeman, Silas L. Darrah, Charles A. Rowell, John Hatch,
Calvin Brown, .\dani Going, William A. Clifford, Frederick G. Merrill,
Edwin Sturtevant, John Hennessey, Newell R. Bixby, Benjamin F.
Clark.

Company K. — Henry Osborn, James A. Hills, Henry T. Bobbins.

Cmnptiny I'nlinoimi. — Warren E. F. I'lown, James Spinnington, William
Hall.

MANCHESTER.

117

EIGHTH REGIMENT.

Hawkes Feariug, Jr., colonel ; Charles A. Putney, riuarterniaster.

Covipani/ A. — Kobei't Jones, James Muiry, James .S. Monroe.

Company B. — Robert Keet'e, Thomas Harrison, Frederick Lunt, Joseph
S. Abbott, Charles Mills, James Wilson, John Lawton, Alouzo W. Flan-
ders, William Wangli.

Company C. — John Bradley, Joseph Collins, George Darling, William
H. Ingraham, William Moore, Thomas Rhodes, John Shairbartt, Henry
J. Warren, Daniel JlcCarty, John Collins, Edward 31. Cobli, Gnstavus
Olson, Thomas Connelly, Cornelius Hcaly, Jr., William J. Gannon,
William Jones, Lawrence Foley, Edward Boyle, Michael Healey, Dennis
O'Brien, Thomas Gannon, Jeremiah DriscoU, Thomas Fitzgerald, John
Harrington, Daniel Haggerty, Patrick Kelley, John Smith, Thomas J.
Fitzgerald, John Jlilan, Howard Judkins, Timothy Breen, Thomas
Blake, Patrick Bohen, Janxes 11. Ballon, James Flynii, Francis Kelley,
John Mnllin, James T. Martin, Peter A. Shedd, Cornelius Crowley, John
Collins, Michael Carney, Patrick Conner, John Delaney, Peter Doherty,
James Daley, John Dowd, Patrick Driscoll, John Fowler, John Flem-
ming, Morrice Fitzgerald, Thomas Flaherty, Thomas Flynn, Michael
Fox, John Gibbons, I'atrick Glcason, John Gallagher, Bernard Gallag-
her, Peter Gaffrey, Michael Gritfin, John Hartnett, Patrick Harrington,
John Howe, Patrick Henlihen, James McNally, Timothy McCarthy,
Hugh JIcDermott, John jMcCarthy, Dennis Murphy, William Mclntire,
Daniel Mclntire, Michael Murry, James Martin, Patrick Crosby, Daniel
McMillen, John Murphy, James H. McDonald, Edward JlcCabe, Timothy
Mahoue.v, Michael 3Iartin, Hugh Mclntire, Daniel McNally, William
O'Donnell, Michael O'Neil, Timothy O'Conner, Felix O'Neil, James
Palmer, Patrick Reagan, AVilliam Shea, Slichael Savage, Martin Shea,
Michael Sullivan, Michael Shea, Patrick Sullivan, Jr., Patrick Sullivan,
Josejjh St. John, Matthew Taft, John Walsh, Stephen Tobin.

Coniponij D. — James Miles, Joseph .1. Ladd, Thomas 31. Leavitt,
William E. Hubbard, Hiram D. Kidder, John H, Austin, Theodore L
Page, John C. Aldrich, Francis Gilbert, John K, Knox, Israel J. Lang-
maid, Barnabas B. Russell, Daniel Stevens, Josiah Limbury, Carl Miller,
Charles Meger, Francis Davenport, 'Richard J. Holmes, Patrick Sullivan,
Watson D. Bean, Charles Conway, John Gora, Rudolph Helfreich, Peter
Miller, Daniel Wyman, William McCann, James Miles, (.'urtis Smith,
Jacob F. Chandler, John B. Willard, John H. Austin, John C. Aldricb,
George Hope, Joseph A. Spear, Samuel AVeston, Thomas M. Leavitt.

Company E. — James Higgins, Benjamin Schuyler, James Bruther,
Charles J. Mace, Charles F. Smith, Walter Veasey, Benjamin F. Phil-
brick, Thomas H. Rogers, James F. W. Fletcher, William E. Brown,
Nathan H, Pierce, Sylvester Clogston, John Dickey, Charles Kershann,
George S. Mclntire, Thomas A. Plunnner, John H. Robinson.

Company F. — Augustus C. Annis, Cyrus S. Burpee, Charles E. Rowe,
George F. Dunbar, John F. P. Bobie, George W. Allen, George G. Blake,
Jerry W. Blye, Elisha T. (iuimby, Charles P. Stevens, Edwin R. Stevens,
Ralph Stone, Daniel Kirby, John Fogg, Enos Shehan, James Linery,
John Smith, Augustus C. Ames, Henry H. Iiunbar, John F. P. Raley,
James Senter, John Burns.

Company G. — Charles Cook, Joseph Crawford, Charles Davis, Edward
B. Leonard, John Milan, Thomas G. Fitzgerald, Henry Thompson, Jehiel
Thompson, Marcus M. Currier, Marcus M. Tuttle, Robert N. CoUey,
Albert A, M. L. Young.

Company H. — George Dunham, Charles Myers, F. IT. Conner, James
Sullivan, James Hazzard, Dennis Lane, John Winahan, Patrick Man-
ning, John O'Brien, Michael Sullivan, James Lane, Charles Meier, John
Willett, John Williams, Daniel Nyhad, Isaac Allen, Augustus BruU,
John H. Campbell, Joseph Campbell, Thomas P. Crowley, John Crowley,
Manuel Floris, Joseph Hamner, James Kelley, Patrick JIcLaughlin,
William Palmer, Philiii Kay, William Strong, William Towle. Solomon
Vradenburgh, Tobias C. Brummer, John Conuell, Frederick Gaitna, Paul
Gray, Samuel Jones, Peter Miller, Harris Stanley, John White, John
Milliams, George M. Gilman.

Company A'.— Dennis F. G. Lyons, Cornelius Jloriarty, Francis H.
Conner, Timothy Rourke, John Kellehir, Robert Swiney, Jlichael
O'Grady, Patrick Dowd, Jonathan Hartshorn, Bartholomew Jloriarty,
James Hazard, Ezra S. Bartlett, Patrick Brosnahan, Patrick Burke,
Michael Broderick, Thomas Brennan, John Casey, Patrick Cuddy, Daniel
Curran, Michael Corcoran, JIaurico Devine, Thomas Doherty, Patrick
Desmond, Samuel E. Emory, Thomas Fox, .Michael Farmington, .Michael
Finncan, Charles H. Gorman, John Griffin, .lames Hennesey, John llar-
riman, .Mfred J, Harriman, Sylvester Harriman, John Harwood, John
Holland, Patrick Hearin, William Kiefe, Thomas Kane, Michael Ken-
ney, Timothy Kearin, John Lattimer, JoseiJh Leafe, James Edwards,
George Husted, George Martin, Thomas Robinson, Rowell T. Libby,

Charles Williams, William Guslie, James Hill, James McCorniick, John
Mullen, Patrick Looney, James Meagher, Thomas JIurphy, Edward
Mettimus, Michael Mahoney, JUchael Mullen, Dennis McCarty, Patrick
Jtanning, Eugene Sloriarty, Patrick McKuaii, Cornelius Moriarty, Den-
nis 3IcCarty, William 1). O'Conner, Dennis O'SuUivan, John O'Brien,
Charles O'Conner, Richard Phelan, John F. Pettingall, Patrick Regan,
William Rourke, Elbridge Reed, William Smyth, James Sullivan, John
Sullivan, Michael Sullivan, John Shea (first), John Shea (second), Patrick
Shea, Philip Shugree, John Thornton.
Company Unknown.— George M. Gilman.

NINTH REGIMENT.

William ,\. Webster, surgeon.

Company ^1.— Ira S. Abbott, James Murry, Lewis Meyers, Joseph T.
Morrill, Henry F. Jefts, William A. JIcGarnet, Lewis T. Mitchell, Na-
thaniel Webster, Drew A. Sanborn, George W. Randall.

Company L'.— Warren H. Edmunds, Josej.h H. Wallace, Joseph K,
Hartshorn, Jeremiah Carroll, Lorenzo B. (iunld, Henry N. Howe, Arthur
W. Caswell, James T. Prescott, Mathew P. Tennant, Henry N. Willey,
Frento T. Eastman, James H. Shanley, William N. Harnden.

Company C. — William Welpley.

Company I) — John E. 3Iasnn, George G. Armstrong.

Company Jv.— Henry 0. Sargent, Cyrus B. Norris, .\sa Brown, .\mos S.
Bean, William C. Flanders, John B. Hoit, F. B. Hackett, Joseph E.
Provencher, Enoch 0. Shepherd.

Company F.— Charles P. Welsh, James Robston, James M. Lathe,
William \. Canfield, Hiram S. Lathe, Oliver Buckminster, Charles A.
Cunnuings, Charles A. Carlton, Freeman L. Lathe, Sylvester J. Hill,
William P. JIason, Augustine JI. Westcott.

Company G. — John Antics, Henry Edwards, John Smith.

Company H. — Mans L. Chase.

(hmjHiny I. — Jacob Krusa.

Company K. — James Gordon.

Company Cnkuonn. — .\lonzo L. Day.

TENTH REGIiMENT.

Michael T. Donohoe, colonel; John Coughlin, lieutenant-colonel;
Jesse F. .\ngell, major.

Company .l.^Ichabod S. Bartlett, .\ndrew W. Doe, John B. Sargent,
Hiram S. Barnes, Alfred G. Simons, William H. Allen, Orrin A. Clough,
James B. T. Baker, Warren A. Burrell, Frazer A. Wasley, Charles

B. Chapman, Isaac Quint, Daniel Atwood, Charles W. Atwood,
Miles Aldrich, Joseph W. Batcheldcr, Warren Batchelder, Josc|ih
Bailey, Henry \. Bailey, Daniel S. Butler, Hiram H. Currier, Hiram
0. Chase, John C. Crowley, Alfred A. Clough, John A. Cochrduo,
George W. Conner, George \. Clark, Ira P. Emery, Nelson C. Fish,
Daniel S. Gilman, Elbridge G. Gammon, Justin Hutchinson, James U.
Harris, George H. Hall, Dexter L. Huntoon, Horace Holcond>, James S.
Hutchinson, Henry Hartlej', Ebenezer X. Johnson, Edwin R. Jones,
Morseley W. Kendricks, Charles L. Morrison, George W. Newell, John
Pondon, Zara Sawyer, Septimus Starks, Daniel F. Stark, Henry M. San-
born, Andrew J. Wentworth, .Alfred Wheeler, John 0. Worster, Charles

C. Webster, Benjamin F. Knowlton, Tristram Cillcy, Royal Cheeley,
Charles W. Smith, Jlichael Honberry, William K. Stevens, .\llirum P.
Colby, Charles C. Balcli, Charles Boinior, Wilson A. Bartlett, Stillinan
P. Cannon, George Carlton, John Crosby, .Teremiah Connor, Israel W.
Chase, Joseph Demarse, Jeremiah C. .\llen, Frank Hutchinson, Thomas
Trumbull, William .\. Barrett.

Company C— Michael Doran, John W. Davis, Charles E. Strain,
William Doran, Orrin F. Emerson, Henry S, 3Ierie, Patrick F. Fox,
George W. Graves, William W. Hazelton, William W. Hersey, William
Hulm, Samuel L. 3litchell, William o. Heath, David Kisby, George B.
Lewis, Charles 11. .'Mayliew, Joseph 0. Jlelie, Delano Prescott, Joseph
Perkins, David A. (iuimby, David L. Ridley, Edwin 0. Smith, Patrick
Shegree, Charles E. Sargent, Owen Sullivan, JIartin Toole, Bernard
Intret, William W. White, Henry Walley, Henry (I. .Merrill, Albert K.
Nelson, Hanson Tiiii)ett, William F. (irdway, John .Murphy, .Alarsluill
Hutchins, Stillman B. Hazelton, .loseph R. Hazelton, Charles Johnson,
Jr., Charles H. Leonard, Cornelius W. Strain.

Company D.—A. 0. Ambody, Daniel B. Abbott, Andrew Dunn, 3IirhaeI
Dalton, Francis Dnbin, Charles W. Foss, RiifusB. Hall, Edward Loverly,
John .\. -Mason, George W. Mailden, Joseidi C. Osgood, Joseph Peno,
Zelotus L. Place, Henry L i^uimby, Bloses E. (iuimby, Thoiniis B. guim-
by, M. E. Raymond, George H. Wyman, i;eorge N. Wheeler, James J.
Baldwin, Isaac JHtchell, James Robinson, John ."»Iurpliy, Alexamler
Campbell, Charles H. Gardner, Michael F. Corcoran, John M. Caswell.

Comvany E. — John Martin.

118

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Ompaiiy K— John Bary, EldaU Butler, Oliver Burns, James Boyle,
Patrick Curnin, Wiggin Connolly, Jeremiah Cochran, Joseph Clayton,
Michael Coclmin, Eilniuna Dugg-.in, Michael Dcnovan, James X. Drew,
Michael Early, Michael P. Flynn, James Flenimings, Thomas Gogin,
Patrick Gurry, John Horngan, Jlichael Handley, Timothy Hedily, Jas.
R. Jenkins, Lawrence Larkin, John Sandere, Hugh McManus, Thomas
Muri>hy, Michael Mara. Patrick Navin, John O'Flynn, David O'Brien,
John (fUriin, William W. Pinkham, John Parker, John Quinn, John
Byerden, John Sullivan, Charles H. Thompson, Russell Town, Bernard
White, William Wall, John Ward, Joshua Powers, Michael L. G.
O'Brien, John L. O'Brien.

O-mjimiij G.— William Higgins, Charles W. Willey, Argus McGinniss,
William Johnson.

Vompiiiaj //.— (Jeorge W. Cliaimiaii, Uriah H. I'oss, Charles H. Hall,
Charles W. Drew. Washington I. Baker, Henry C. Dickey, David H.
Dickey, Charles J. Esty, James P. Gould, David M. Glover, Clinton 0.
Hill, George T. Hastings, Benjamin F. Harrington, Albert Q. Perry,
John Ray, Charles W. Wiley, George H. Hulibard, Foster Kimball, John
Ryan, William P. Williams, Stephen ^l. Baker.

CunijHiuij I. — William Ryan, Thomas Taylor, Charles Ward.

VomiHiny A".— John Ahern, David Allen, John Bryson, Fred Conway,
Cornelius Cary. John Cole, James Conibie, Patrick Devine, William De-
van, John Doherty, Patrick Fowler, Richard Gallagher, John Garvey,
Timothy Harrington, Daniel D. Ueale}'. James Healey, Henry Hayes,
Michael Muliony, John Martin, Patrick O'Brien, Patrick Paine, William
H. Percival, Charles Plunkett, Jeremiah D. Sheehan, Thomas Solon
(second), Dennis Sullivan, Michael Sullivan, Timothy Tehan, James
Thomjison, Patrick Welsh, Roger Sheady, William Hastings, Jeremiah
Deedy, James DutTee, Patrick Earlj', Dennis Fenton, Thomas Jones,
Thomas Kelley, James Kennington, Patrick La van, Peter H. Lee, Daniel
Loftis, Patrick JlcCarty, William Miller, William Mulligan, Thomas
Murry, Hugh Murphj', Charles H. Hodgdon, James Anderson, Francis
Madden, John Driggs, John Kelley, Patrick Doyle, James Madden.

Compainj Viilcnoun. — William F. McPhereon, Sullivan B. Abbott, David
Reed, John Connor, James Burns.

ELEVENTH REGIMENT.

Company C. — Jeremiah D. Lyford, Andrew J. Frye, John F. Clarke,
Edward C. Emerson, Charles F. Johnson, Ezra B. Glines, Enoch T.
Farnham, .Vlbert F. Sargent, George E. Dudley, Loammi Searles, Lncien
S. Buckland, Charles AV. Baker, William W. Fish, True 0. Furnald,
Lyman W. Griffin, Humphrey M. Gjines, Alexander Hutchinson, Israel
Henno, James W. Ressler, Levi B. Lewis, John B. Marsh, Charles Mil-
len, John L. F. Phelps, G. A. W. Barker. Moses Richardson, Benjamin
Stevens, Luther M. Smith, Luther G. A'. Smith, Gilman M. Smith,
Daniel R. Woodbury, Ira Gardner Wilkins, Frank W. Page. Ira E.
Wright, Edward Adams, Joseph B. Clark, HoUis 0. Dudley, Oliver
Williams.

Otmpimij D. — John White John Smith.

Company E.— CaXah 3. Kindiall, William 0. Stevens, Daniel Whitney,
Charies H. Tufts, Joseph Cross, William Dickerman, Amos B. Shattuck.

Company rHtnouiii.— CTiarles LeGranger, William Barton, Joseph Mar-
tin, James Arnold, John White, Joseph Kerr, Michael Quinn, Westley
Chester, Peter Robinson.

TWELFTH REGIMENT.

Comprint, /(.—Martin Davis, Jow^ph Sharp, Charies Bowers, Jacob
MrCormii-k, John McCraw, .\le.\ander (onfhard.

Company B.— Henry J. Lindner, John Smith, Henry Thomas, Albert
Muniford.

Compuny C— James H. Gordon, Nathan E. Hopkins, Philip Levi,
Raphel Reimaun.

f'.mpauy /(.—William Weldon, Robert Hill, Charies Mardinan, Hen-
rick Ki>lier, Jam.-s Agnew, Ira Taylor, Charies A. Heath, .John McCon-
nell, (icorge Alland, Hans Anderson, Solomon Sweeney.

Company F.— Robert Barnard, John Howard, Hibhard Nolan, Lorenzo
D. Watson.

Company «.— Philip Warren, Andrew Floyd, William J. AVallace,
Thomas Dalton, Edward Brown.

fompmiy /.—Charles Lawrence, Henry Killan, Frank Wilson, Joseph
Martin, Martin Oswald, Patrick McCarty, Thomas Hornsby, Charies
Williams.

Company K — Henry Carr.

Company fii/mmrn.— James Cooper, William .^iutton, George Forrest,
Julius Lyford, James C. Dempey, George Parker, James Lane, Victor
Bauman, Hinim C. Hohler.

FOURTEENTH REGIMENT.

Company C. — John R. <;reen.

Company D. — John N. Bruce, Silas R. Wallace, Stephen M. AVilson.

Company Unknown. — Patrick C ark, Alexander, Danvers, Lewis Nor-
rop, Michael O'Brien, John Shibbin, William Warren, James A. Bum-
ford.

FIFTEENTH REGIMENT.

Company E. — Henry S. Perry, Michael Abbotton, George W. Brown,
Joseph K. Hazelton, Charles H. Martin, Ervin D. Tobie.

SIXTEENTH REGIMENT.
Company G. — S. F. McQnestion.

EIGHTEENTH REGIMENT.

Conipauy F. — Solomon Towns, Gustavus B. Wells, Charles Way,
Peter Bully, Benjamin Chandler, Mathew Burns, John Duffy, James
Davis, Henry Morton, William Ferguson, John Garrett, Joseph Jenno,
Joseph Granther, Timoth)' Jacobs, Patrick Keller, John Johnson, Francis
W. Kennison. Joseph Lesherville, Arvil Leinarche, Scott McGuire, John
McCarty, Thomas Reynolds, Patrick Lowery, .Tames Lewis, William
Masterson, Alden Oliver.

Company H. — Jackson C. Bickford, John J. Ryan, Adilon E. Port,
Edwin JluUigan, Michael P. Mulligan, Peter Locke.

Company I. — Thomas H. McGuire, David Magoon, Edward W. Cowan,
Nathaniel A. Tuttle, Albert T. Bowers, Charles W. Bills, .Vugustns B.
Corey, Benjamin C. Cook, George B. Jackson, Thom.is S. Knowles,
Robert J. McFarland, Charles H. Lee, Owen Evans, Barney Flynn,
George H. Howe, John McFee, Patrick Mack, James Smith, William H.
Plummer, John F. Rounds, Zachariah B. Stewart, Amasa J. Pnrvier,
Patrick Sullivan, Charles W'ilson, George T. White.

Company K. — Horace Pickard, Miles J. Colby, Peter Robinson, John
A. Lindsay, Walter A. Green, Patrick Prescott, Edward N. Tuttle, Ed-
ward K. White, John Copp, Jeremiah Sheehan, George C. Moore.

NEW ENGLAND CAVALRY.

David B. Nelson, major ; George T. Cram, adjutant ; .Vrnold Wyman,
first lieutenant.

Troop K. — Joseph Austin, John A. Jones, Henry G. Aver, Thomas
Bouguge, Jonathan B. Chapman, Jason N. Childs, John G. Chubbs,
George E. Clark, Matthew N. Colby, Charles R. Dunham, Emerson A.
Dunham, James D. Gage, George Hanchett, William H. Hart, William
Ilolton, James W. Jennes.?, Philip Jones, Charles S. Kidder, Edward A.
Lawrence, Hugh Mills, Henry E. Newton, Charles L. Prescott, John G.
Page, William H. Palmer, Francis II. Phillips, bloody Qnimby, Hiram
Stearns, Lewis E. Taplin, Charles H. Wilson, David F. Wilson.

TVoop 3f.— George W. Berry, Eugene Bowman, John Francis Colby,
Minor Hawks, Henry P. Hubbard, Nathan P. Kidder, Cyrus Litchfield,
William C. Powers, Arthur W. Russell, Albert P. Tasker, Ebenezer
Wilson.

FIRST NEW HAMPSHIRE CAVALRY.

Troop A. — David A. Connor.

Troop B. — Benjamin F. Philbrick.

Troop C. — John Farrell.

Troop D. — Joshua Voce.

Troop E. — Andrew J. Roberts.

Troop F.— William H. Griffin, .Tames H. Robinson, John C. Colburn,
Charies F. Elliott.

Troop G. — Edward F. Brown, John Baird Emerson .\. Dunham, Henry
H. Aldrich, James N. Bean, Charles .\. Brown.

Troop JT.— William A. Piper, William A. Kellej-, Edwin R. Packard,
.Tewett W. Perry.

Troop I. — W^illiam 11. Palmer.

Troop 7i.— James D. Gage, John G. Page, Charles L. Prescott, Hugh
Mills, Charles M. Jason. James H. French, Jonathan B. Chapman, War-
ren Forsiiith, William H. Hart, .Tason N. Childs, Moody Quimby, D. F.
Wilson.

IVoop .If.— Henry B. Hubbard, Enoch Lovell, Charies S. Kidder,
John K. Colby, .lames H. Parks, Gustavus H. Best, William C. Pow-
ers.

Troop /"nbiOHH.— Andrew Uill, Thomas Daley, Daniel Lannigan,
John o'Hara, Joseph Kandol|ih, George E. Spaulding, Thomas .\. Col-
lins, Hugh R. Richardson, Allen W. Bonney, Henry F. Hopkins, Abbott
N. Clough, Henry J. Webster, Daniel Doyle, Joseph Jackson, Richard
Tohine, Louis Rumann, George Atkins.

HEAVY ARTILLERY.

Company .1.— Jonah S. Kennison, Henry Porquet, Albert P. Young.

MANCHESTER.

119

Company B. — James Collins, Jr., Edward A. Young.
Oonqtatui C. — Charles W. M'ingate, George .1. Hunt, Heber C. Griffin,
Willard Buckniinster, Cluirles P. Green, Levi H. Sleeper, Jr., William

A. Gilmore, Albert F. tjuimby, Alonzo Day, James 5t. Quimby, M'illiam
S. Parsons, Edson Sullivan, John S. Allen, Elbridge G. Baker, James A.
Baker, Andi'ew M. Backer, James O'Brien, Charles D. Buntin, George

B. Boulelle, William E. houtelle, Francis Brown, Mai-ston L. Brown,
Willard S. Baker, Charles Bean, George W. Brown, George Conet,
Charles H. Cole, Stanford H. Chase, John J. Crockett, David B. Dickey,
James M. Dickey, Warren H. Day, John H. Day, Reuben Dodge, Wil-
liam E. Denney, John G. Durant, Charles F. Dockum, Henry T. Foss,
William R. Forsaith, Warren Green, John S. Gamble, Elbridge Gerry,
Madison Gerry, PMwin G. Howe, Sullivan D. Hill, George Howard,
W^illiam Huilin, Micliael Harris, Charles H. Hodgeman, Lowell S.
Hartshorn, Newton Hollis, Ezekiel Hall, Wesley E. Holt, Joshua B.
Hastings, Manley W. Jenkins, Joseph Kelly, George W. Knight, Or-
mond D. Kimball, Oscar E. Leonis, Charles H. Martin, Nathaniel H.
-Metcalf, George E. jNIayhew, William F. Moore, Bradley Merrill, Henry
I'. Morris, George W. Nichols, Hezekiah H. Morse, Benjamin K. Barker,
Christopher Barker, Orrin F. Pillsbury, Henry 31. Pillsbury, Chester L.
Page, Frederick J'ayne, Jloses 0. Pearson, Albert B. Robinson, Horace
L. Richardson, Edwin J. Ross, Dennis W. Reardeau, Noah W. Randall,
Everett Stevens, William W. Sweatt, David A. W^ilson, George W. Saw-
yer, Robert Stewart, Andrew W. Stoton, George W. Taylor, Edward W.
Tillotson, Joseph E. Walker, James M. Wallace, Sullivan B. Wallace,
Nahum A. Webster, Charles F. Whittemore, Nathan B. White, Daniel
A. Wells, John W. Willey, William Q. Young, Francis York, James 0.
Chandler, James B. Carr, James G. Burns.

Company F. — James P. Gallison.

Company K. — David P. Stevens, George C. Houghton, Alfred Howard,
tieorge H. Ames, Franklin A. J5rackett, Herbert W. Churchill, William
Fisk, Albert F. Goodhue, Frank L. Gilman, Charles E. Green, John
Grammo, Leander E. Hall, Charles A. Hall, Charles II. Haddock, George
A. Palmer, Lewis J. Smith, George E. Swain, Sylvester S. Walsh,
Charles L. Bailey, Edward J. Wing, ,Iohn E. .Johnson.

Coiiipauy L. — Walter Smith, Sedley A. Loud, Peter Burns, Pierre
Michoa, Oliver Jepson, .lames Malonoy, Henry W. Twonibly, Horace G.
Kimball.

Company M. — John W. Dickey, George K. Dakin, Ezra D. Cilley,
Elijah E. French, John R. Bean, Ephraim Fisk, John L. Sargent,
Charles W. Boyd, George T. Bean, Philander Hopkins, Alfred R. Crosby,
William G. Cutler, Clark S. George, Albert T. Hamblett, James W.
Learned, George A. Shepard, Gustavus Soule, Nathan B. Tilton, Ira P.
Twitchell, Thomas Welch, Charles E. Young, Henry W. Clark, Horace
H. Bundy, Charles Clark, Charles M. Dinsmore, Washington L. Gray,
Henry R. Noyes, Orrin S. Silloway, Charles L. Taylor, Asa P. Wright,
Henry Bennett, Frank L. Edmunds, Edward 31. Dakin, George Apple-
bee, Joseph Comfort, Alfred Comfort, John 3IcCauley, (Jrlando Proctor,
Ezra N. Norris, James Richards, John Kating, Daniel Davis, Henry
Blair, George .V. Martin, Benjamin B. Bunker.

VETERAN RESERVE I'ORPS.

Albert Blood, James Byles, Jeremiah Connor, James N. Cummingg,
Patrick Dowell, Jerome C. Davis, F. E. Demeritt, Henry B. Eastman,
Davis Emery, Harvey Hill, William H. Knowlton, Andrew Currier,
Michael Powers, John L. Collins, John Brown, William W. J^astman,
Stephen 0. Gould, Thomas G. Gould, Patrick HauUihan, Joseph R.
Marble, William Murry, Henry C. Faye, William E. Robinson, William
Smith, John Smith, Enoch E. Stevens, Charles Stewart, George W. Var-
num, J. A. Sargent, Franklin R. Tucker, Patrick Welsh, Cyrus S. Bur-
pee, Hiram G. Gove.

MARTIN GUARDS.

Edward Wing, Edward 1'. Kimball, John C. Pennock, Sydney F. San-
born, Wiggin T. Abbott, Howard P. Smith, Joseph P. Frye, Charles P.
Gilbert, Lewis J. Smith, George W. Davis, Charles H. Bra<lford, Dennis
.\. Burbank, Frank \. Brackett, Charles W. Dimick, Henry Eaton,
William Fisher, Austin G. French, George W. Farnham, Alfred T.
Goodhue, Charles J. Goodwin, Frank L. Gilman, Horace P. Page,
Charles W. Gardner, Charles E. Green, Alfred Howard, Charles Hadlock,
Charles Hall, L. A. Hyatt, Leander Hall, Martin A. Hoff, Clinton Jones,
Frank C. Jewett, Marshall Keith, John Leighton, Charles H. Jloulton,
Matthew Morrow, Charles E. Morse, Ira S. Osgood, John H. Prescott,
George A. Palmer, David P. Stevens, Myrick E. Smith, George E. Swain,
Benjamin T. Sherburn, Sylvester S. Walsh, Charles Weeman, Elbridge
Wasson.

NATIONAL GUARDS.

Edward A. Hasman, John C. Hardy, George E. Kennison, William 0.

Ladd, William H. Lord, Albert B. Morrison, Henrj- C. Norris, Charles
Putnam, John E. Bicker, Frank H. Redtield, George H. I{jiy, Charles A.
Smith, Charles H. Stevens, George W. Swinborne, Nathaniel A. Tuttlc,
-Monzo F. Warren, Charles F. Whittemore, Frank M. Boutelle, Aldano
Neal, Edward M. Tillotson, William E. Boutelle, Charles C. Hilton,
George F. Kelley, George J. Hunt, William Buckminsler, Charles P.
Green, Orrin N. B. Stokes, Ma<li.son Gerry, George Canticld, Emery W.
Alexander, Andrew Armstrong, Leroy S. Hatchelder, Elihu li. Baker,
(Jeorge W. Ballon, James Buckniinster, Charles B. Bradley, Andrew M.
Bowker, George Boutelle, Albert F. Barr, John S. Corliss, Marcus M.
(furrier, Stanford H. Chase, Charles J. Chase, Alexander Cooper, Benja-
min Keally, John Carney, William E. Dunbar, Levi W. Dodge, Edward
W. Dakin, Frank L. Edwards, Frank W. Favour, Heber C. Grifhn,
George A. Gordon, Daniel W. (Jould, Charles (k-orge, Henry T. Goodhue,
Newton Hollis, Rhodes Hanson.

FIRST LIGHT BATTERY.

George A. GeiTish, John Wadleigh, Henry F. Condict, Lyman W.
Bean, Robert Burns, David Morgan, Joseph 1". Durgin, Ira P. Fellows,
Howard M. Fiirrar, John L. Fish, (jeorge E. Fairbanks, Jerry E. Glad-
den, John H. Goodwin, AVilliam H. Goodwin, George W. Griswold, Clark
S. Gordon, Eben (iove, Adams Gowing, Simon B. Hill, John D. Hall,
Albert T. Hamlett, Wesley E. Holt, Cleaves W. Hopkins, Greely W.
Hastings, James A. Johnston, William B. Kenney, Daniel P. Ladd,
Dudley P. Ladd, Le Roy McQuesten, Thomas W. Morrill, Horace F.
Marshall, Charles W. OtTutt, Christopher C. Perry, Hein-y C. Parker,
Charles Peoples, George W. Parrutt, William Ji. Perkins, Henry C. Pat-
rick, Daniel M. Peavey, Thomas Uandlett, Henry S. Rowell, Francis
Reeves, Charles H. Shephard, Alexander Simpson, Henry A. Sloan, Gus-
tavus Soule, John L. Sargent, Albert C. Stearns, Leander G. Sylvester,
Frank Senter, Edwin R. Sias, Nathan B. Tilton, Frank W. Taber, Wil-
liam B. Underbill, Samuel .1. Whittier, George K. Dakin, Edwin H.
Hobbs, Ephraim Fisk, Gilman Stearns, Ezra I). Cilley, John K. Piper,
Orrin Taber, William W. Roberts, Alonzo M. Caswell, Samuel S. Piper,
William N. Chamberlin, Henry A. Campbell, Samuel Cooper, Irving S.
Palmer, Frank E. Demeritt, Ambrose Ingham, Alexander A. Brown,
Daniel Kelley, Charles E. French, John Carling, George W. Varnum,
HilUard L. Eaton, Philander Hopkins, George E. Glinos, William L.
Babbett, Marcus H. Bundy, Elislia H. Burrill, Charles W. Boyd, Le Roy
T. Bean, Edwin N. Baker, James M. Buswell, William H. Blackburn,
Henry E. Bond, Henry Baker, Robert Crowther, James Carr, William
Carr, William G. Cutler, Henry W. Clarke, Kittridge J. Collins, Homer
Canfield, Thouiiis C. Cheney, Charles P. Cox, James P. Carpenter, Fred-
erick J. Croning, Durrill S. Crockett, Chauncy C. Dickey, John W.
Dickey, John Drown, Charles A. Doe, Martin \. B. Day, Thomas Welch,
Luther E. Wallace, Thomas J. Whittle, Frederick S. Woithen, Morrill
N. Young, Charles E. Young, D. Washington Grey, Albert R. Holbrook,
Charles Pearson, Charles J. Rand, Isaac L. Roberts, Orrin S. Silloway,
Charles L. Taber, Sylvester F. Webster, Charles Wenz, James F. Sar-
gent, William G. Custer, Walter Cutler, Alfred R. Crosby.

FIRST REGIMENT UNITED STATES SHARPSHOOTERS.

Company E. — Levi H. Leet.

SECOND REGIMENT UNITED STATES SHARPSHOOTERS.
Oimpany G.— AbnerD. Colby, Henry A. Colby, Elijah Hanson, Jona-
than S. Johnson, Charles W. Stevens.

NAVY,
.lames Hayes, (Jeorge E. Ashton, John M. Custalow, Peter Dowd,

Walter Lee, James Smith.

MARINES.
Michael Kane.

BATTERY B, UNITED STATES ARMY.

Charles J. Anderson.

FIRST ai;my COKIV.
Dennis F. (J. Lyons.

THIRTEENTH NEW YORK AKTILLKRY.
Henry Boyd.

FIRST REGIMENT I NITED STATES ARMY.
Joseph H. Knowlton.

REGIMENT UNKNOWN.
Albert Miller, John Reilley, Daniel Thornton, Alexander Frazier,
John JefTerman, Joseph Hart, John Kiley, John ThomiKStin, Amos R.
Watham, Emile Keller, James Brown, Timothy Hallisey, .lames Ander-

120

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUOH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Bon, Albert Burns, William R. Clement, Geoige Carpenter, William H.
Goodwin, John McPliei-soii, Thomas Smitli, Thoniiis Wlielston, Alfred
Mixsan, Charles Brockway, Jesse K. Williams, James Wliite, Henry
Wood, William Itomer, William H. Jackson, James Lynch, Thomas
Powell, Jolm Pender, Sumuel Siogel, James Sullivan, James Smith,
James S. Williams, John 5Iur|iliy, James McCanney, William K. Stearns,
James A. H. Grant, James M. JIayhew, John Kerin, John Smith, John
Milauo, John Richards, Jerome Yates, Solomon Leaks, Joseph Bess,
George H. Jndson, Charles Doreey, John H. Johnson, Isaac Williams,
Samuel Irbiiio, Thomas Meade, William H. Daggs, Pruy Gilveatt, Frank
Thompson, James Casley, James Sullivan, James W. Brown, James
Boyles, fJeorge Branson, Pasc|ual Canard, John Brown, David Dudley,
Jaiues Gonlou, Frank L. (iilman, Charles C. Webster, Charles L. Daven-
port.

FIELD, STAFF AND LINE OFFICERS.

lirigadier-Generah.— Joseph C. Abbott, Michael T. Donohue.

CoJotM!^.— Thomas P. Pierce, Edward L. Bailey, James W. Carr,
Hawkes Fearing, Jr., John Coughlin.

l.ieiileiianl-('oloneln.—S&mue\G. Langley, Francis W. Parker.

Majors. — Thomas Connolly, Jesse F. Angell, David B. Nelson.

A<ijnl<mU. — .Mvah H. Libby, Joseph J. Donohue.

Chaplains.— Eemy Hill, Silas F. Jtean.

Surgeons. — William W. Brown, Sylvanus Buutou, William A. Web-
ster, John Ferguson.

.|.«|J»(«H< ikirgeoiu. — George W. Blauter, William G. Stark, James P.
Walker.

Qiiartermaflert. — Richard N. Batchelder, John R. Hynes, Charles A.
Putney, Foster Kimball.

CapUiiiu. — John L. Kelly, Hollis 0. Dudley, Varnum H. Hill, Rufus
F. Clark, Ruthven W. Houghton, John Kirwin, Robert H. Allen,
lioger W. Woodbury, ^\■illiam H. Maxwell, Charles A. White, Robert
C. Dow, James A. Hubhanl, James H. Piatt, George W. Huckins, Thomp-
8<jn S. Newell, William W. JIayne, Granville V. Mason, William C.
KnowltoD, George F. McCabe, Charles Cain, Frank Robie, Joseph
Freschl, Warren E. F. Brown, William J. Gunnon, Cornelius Healey,
Joseph J. Ladd, Nathan H. Pierce, James Kelliher, Asa T. Hutchinson,
John E. Ma-son, John M. Carswell, Laurence F. Larkin, Thomas C.
Trumbull, Michael F. Corcoran, .lohn B. Sargent, Cornelius W. Strain,
John L. O'Brien, George H. Hubbard, Patrick Doyle, James Madden,
Joseph B. Clark, Amos B. Shattuck, Ira G. Wilkins, John N. Bruce,
William E. Stearns, George T. Cram, George A. Gerrish. George K.
Dakin, James 0. Chandler, George C. Houghton, John E. Johnson,
.\l)ner D. Colby.

FirM Lieutenaiits. — Martin V. B. Richardson, Dustin IMarehall, Michael
J. Connolly, Walter Colby, William E. Hamnett, Walter J. Richards,
Frank L. Morrill, Frank C. Wasley, David M. Perkins, Charles A. 3Ic-
Glaughlin, Alvali S. Wiggin, Oscar A. Moar, Patrick K. Dowd, Charles
0. Jenulson, Andrew J. Edgerly, Benjamin F. Fogg, Daniel Gile,
Charles M. Currier, Virgil H. Gate, Clement F. S. Ames, Lawrence
Foley, William E. Hubbard, Henry G. Gushing, James Miles, Robert
Swiney, Michael o'Grady, Willard N. Haradon, Andrew W. Doe, Mich-
ael T. II. Maguire, Charles Johnson, Charles H. Gardner, Alfred G.
Simons, Jeremiah D. Lyford, Ira G. Wilkins, Edwin H. llobbs, Eznv D.
Cilley, James R. Carr, James G. Bums, Charles L. Bailey, Ephraim
Fisk, William N. Chamberlin.

S<'Coii(/ LieutennnlK. — Charles Vickery, Charles L. Brown, Robert A.
Seavoy, Frank B. Hutchinson, William Jones, James F. W. Fletcher,
Cyrus S. Burpee, Cliarles E. Rowe, Henry 0. Sargent, Cornelius Dono-
hue, Alonzo L. Day, Icliabod S. Bartlett, Thorndike \\ Heath, Edward
K. White, John K. Piper, Orrin Taber, John K. Bean, Moses O. Pear-
son, R.uben Dodge, JL A. Lawrence, Edward J. Wing, Thomas J.
Whittle.

Soldiers' Monument. — The soldiers' monument,
wliieh .<t:in(ls on .Merrimack Sijuare, was erected at a
cost of about twenty-two thousand dollars, and was
deilieated September 11, 1879. The corner-stone was
lai"! May 80, 1878, under the auspices of Louis Bell
P()st,G. A. R.

The style of the monument is modern Gothic, and
the materials of which it is composed are New Hamp-
shire granite and bronze. The design embodies the
three-fold idea of a historical and a military monu-

ment and a fountain ; and, in its cruciform base,
includes a basin thirty feet in width, inclosed in a
parapet of ornamental character. In the centre of
each of the four projecting arms of the basin is a
pedestal, on a line with the parapet, supporting each
a bronze statue of heroic size, representing the prin-
cipal divisions of service in the army and navy, name-
ly, the infantry soldier, the cavalryman, artillery-
man and sailor. Alternating in pairs between these
figures are eight bronze posts for gas-lights, sur-
mounted by our national emblem.

The column, fifty feet in height, rising from the
center of the basin, is supported on a circular pedes-
tal four feet in diameter, and is crowned with a capi-
tal richly carved with appropriate Gothic ornament ;
upon this is placed a colossal statue, in granite, eight
feet in lieight, representing Victory with her mural
crown, a shield lying at her feet, and holding a wreath
and recumbent sword, — emblematic of triumph and
peace. This figure, irrespective of the sentiment
which it admirably conveys, is a fine work of art in
its attitude, features and drapery. At the base of the
column is placed a shield with the arms of the city;
while above are disi^layed flags and weapons, the
trophies of war.

Surrounding the circular pedestal is a bronze bas-
relief, four feet in height, representing such inci-
dents of recruiting, arming, parting from friends and
marching, as tell, in a simple and effective manner,
the meaning of the memorial.

The base of the pedestal is octagonal in form, and
on its west or front side, bears a bronze tablet, on
which these words are inscribed, —

" IN HONOR OF

THE MEN OF MANCHESTER

WHO G.WE THEIR SERVICES

IN THE WAR WHICH

PRESERVED THE UNION OF THE STATES

AND

SECURED EQUAL RIGHTS TO ALL UNDER

THE CONSTITUTION

THIS MONUMENT IS BUILT

A GRATEFUL CITY."

This inscription was prepared by Mr. H. W. Her-
rick, and was selected from the large number
contributed by a committee of literary gentlemen
a2>pointcd for that purpose.

Above the bas-relief are twelve gargoyles attached
to the cornice of the circular pedestal, and issuing
from them are jets of water fallng into the baain be-
low.

The four principal figures in bronze are works of
artistic merit, and were modeled and cast expressly for
this structure.

C(yu\nA^

'^■■

ato-i/{^

mn.'^T>M>i. ^^^^^^

The Weston fav-'
i 'Mglaud, and set
- line in 1622, but return,
hrotliers and kinspe
cT.it'^'l to this eouiv
^\ ■ ^t()^, Jr., came ai'

From him the subject of this .'
•*i' r line, and represents tl:

iur^ grandfather, j\mosWoii..!i u iCoad-

iug to Derryfield, N. H., iji l.SO.i, aiiu ■.< <' ■

southeast part of the town, known in i
the Weston farm. He was a man of •
ability, and enjoyed the confidente :
f'v'] low-citizens.

His son, Amos Weston, Jr., was :
in 1791, and came to Derryfield with hi-
early life was passed in school
upon the homi^ fai:-^ ' ■■• -♦ "
for himself, and i'
a competency in early 11.
'r. dispeople and '

in iucal matters, r i ■.• a :
with the business intci
til'' HM-ri. .Mid mav jn;^
the founders of it sd pros;

ried Betsy Wilson, oi i.
She was the daughter (if
granddaughttT of James Wi
and substantial men of
known in the history of '
State.

James Adams Weston was l>oin Vugus!
He was the youngest of five children, and i :'usinei^

surviving member of the family of Amos :.
(Wilson) Weston. Mis earh
p irents, and in the usual [>'
situated, — attending school a; igupontli

at such seasons as circumstani ured. ^h.^^

was not a graduate of ci'' ■

not partake of the charai ;. .

'-:al education," but he w: il de(;i<

educated man. His constiti; mind I-

the direction ^f praetical ai
the first. He was incline' '■ i,j,. ,

matical studies, and distin^ir •nrlv <^ ''cr observ

days for habits of Indus ^
faithful and i)atient in -
V ithin his reach.

After the district school !■
'id Piscataquog Academi
studies with earnest

MANCHESTER.

121

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

HON. JAMES A. WESTOX. ^

Tlie Weston ftimily came from Buckinghamshire,
England, and settled in Massachusetts. John Weston
came in 1622, but returned in a few years. His
brothers and kinspeople soon after his return emi-
grated to this country, and in 164-1: his son, John
Weston, Jr., came and settled in Reading,

From him the subject of this sketch is descended in
direct line, and represents the seventh generation.

His grandfather, Amos Weston, moved from Read-
ing to Derryfield, N. H., in 1803, and settled in the
southeast part of the town, known in later times as
the Weston farm. He was a man of character and
ability, and enjoyed the confidence and respect of his
fellow-citizens.

His son, Amos Weston, Jr., was born in Reading
in 1791, and came to Derryfield with his parents. His
early life was passed in school and with his father
upon the home farm, but at the proper age he began
for himself, and by industry and perseverance gained
a competency in early life. He was highly esteemed
by his people and was frequently called to act for them
in local matters. He was also prominently identified
with the business interests and public affairs of
the town, and may justly be regarded as one of
the founders of its growth and prosperity. He mar-
ried Betsy Wilson, of Londonderry, N. H., in 1814.
She was the daughter of Colonel Robert Wilson and
granddaughter of James Wilson, one of those sturdy
and substantial men of Scotch -Irish descent so well
known in the history of the early settlements of this
State.

James Adams Weston was born August 27, 1827.
He was the youngest of five children, and is the only
surviving member of the family of Amos and Betsy
(Wilson) Weston. His early life was passed with his
pirents, and in the usual pursuits of boys similarly
situated, — attending school and laboring upon the farm
at such seasons as circumstances required. Mr. Weston
was not a graduate of college, and his education did
not partake of the character sometiines termed " lib-
eral education," but he was pre-eminently a well-
educated man. His constitution of mind led him in
the direction of practical and useful pursuits from
the first. He was inclined to scientific and mathe-
matical studies, and distinguished in his early school-
days for habits of industry and perseverance in the
faithful and ])atient investigation of every subject
within his reach.

After the district school he attended the Manches-
ter and Piscataquog Academies, where he pursued his
studies with earnestness and application. Subse-

1 By J. W. Fellows.

quently he studied those branches which were deemed
the most important to fit him for civil engineeriu"
to which he had decided to devote himself as an avo-
cation for life.

He taught school in Londonderry in 1845, and in
Manchester in 1846, with the best of success, and
during the remainder of the time devoted himself to
the study of his chosen profession.

In this labor he proceeded with a well-considered
system, and qualified himself thoroughly for a high
position among the civil engineers of his time.

In 1846 he was appointed assistant engineer of the
Concord Railroad, and entered upon the work of lay-
ing the second track of that corporation.

In 1849 he was appointed to the i>osition of chief
engineer of the cor2)oration, which he held for many
years.

While chief engineer of the Concord Railroad he
was master of transportation and road-master of the
Manchester and Lawrence Railroad about seven years.
In 1861-62 he superintended the construction of the
Manchester and Candia Railroad and the Hooksett
Branch Railroad. In 1869 he superintended the build-
ing of the Suncook Valley Railroad, and, later, made
the surveys of the Manchester and Keene Railroad.
In all these and other business enterprises Mr. Weston
has been the careful and far-seeing manager as well
as the technical engineer, and has done the work with
that well-known characteristic, "without mistake."

During the time he was employed on these i)ublic
works he was frequently engaged in private matters
of importance, both as a practical and advisory en-
gineer, and in cases where controversy had arisen.
Soon after being appointed chief engineer of the
Concord Railroad he moved to Concord to live, on
account of his principal business, l)ut in 18o6 he
returned to JManchester, where he now resides.

Notwithstanding Governor Weston's life has been
full of business interests and duties of an important
character, growing out of his professional employment,
he has been drawn into political and public positions
to a considerable extent.

He has never been a partisan or a politician in the
common acceptation, but he has always. been allied
to the Democratic i)arty and firmly devoted to the
principles of their political creed. He is of conserva-
tive and still decided views, reaching his conclusions
in the same logical manner as in the discharge of any
important trust. He believes the simj)le duties of
citizenship are lull of res|)Oiisibilitie.s, and that their
proper observance refjuircs the same careful study
and faithful action as the highest official position.

In 1862 he was placed iiT nomination for the office
of mayor of Manchester by the Democratic party.
Although very largely in the minority, and at a time
when party strife was very great in this State, so
universally acknowledgetl was Mr. Weston's fitness
for the position, and so generally had he enjoyed the
respect and esteem of his fellow-citizens, that he broke

122

HISTORY OF HILLSBOEOUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

down the party lines, run far ahead of his ticket and
was defeated \>y only a small number of votes.

In 18(53 he was again induced to accept the nomi-
nation for the same othce, and while the same in-
tensely partisan (.'amiiaign was made by his opponents
and party spirit ran higher than before, he gained on
his adversary and lost the election by less than a
score of votes.

In 18(37 he was again brought forward by his party,
and. although their relative strength was about the
same and a determined eiiort was made by the Ee-
publican party to defeat him, he was elected mayor
by a handsome majority, and entered upon his official
duties in January, 18(58. In 18(59 he was the candidate
of the Democrats for the same position, and, although
not successful, it took a carefully revised official count
to determine the result. In 1870 he was re-elected
mayor, and again in 1871.

In 1874 he was a third time chosen mayor by an
overwhelming majority, which ofiice he held when
elected Governor. It must be borne in mind that
Manchester has been a strongly Eepublican city, the
majority of that party often running from six to seven
hundred. Nor have the opponents of Mayor Weston
been unpopular or unfit candidates. On the contrary,
they have been uniformly selected for their great
popular strength and fitness for the position. The
Republican leaders have not been novices, and it has
not been their intention to suffer defeat; but whenever
victory has been wrung from their unwilling grasp,
it has been done against great odds, and because the
Democrats had unusual strength, one of its most
important elements having been the superior qualifi-
cations and fitness for the place which Mr. Weston
was acknowledged on all sides to have possessed.

During the period of his mayoralty a great advance-
ment of the material interests of the city took place,
and marked improvements were inaugurated and suc-
cessfully carried on. An improved system of sewerage
was established and, so far as practicable, completed,
which i)roved of incalculable benefit. A general
plan for establishing the grade of streets and side-
walks was arranged, and steps taken to obviate many
difficulties which had arisen in connection with this
important part of municipal government. Imjirove-
ment in the public commons was commenced and
carried on as far as economy and fair exjjenditures of
each year seemed to warrant, and the foundation was
laid in public policy, adopted under his management,
for permanent and systematic ornamentation of the
l)arks and public grounds. The matter of concrete
walks received its first encouragement from Mayor
Weston. It was a subject about which nuich differ-
ence of opinion existed, and when the mayor author-
ized the covering one of the walks across one of the
commons at the public expense it received much
severe criticism, but the poi)ular view soon changed,
and the experience of the city since that time shows
the wisdom of the first step in that direction.

In the matter of a water supply has Mr. Weston
been of inestimable service to his fellow-citizens.
In this important enterprise he took a leading part.
No one realized more fully the great benefit which
an adequate water sup])ly would be, and few compre-
hended as well the embarrassments connected with
the undertaking. The question had been agitated
considerably and various surveys had been made, and
the people were divided upon different plans and
theories. Popular notions fell far short of the full
comprehension of the subject, and while he was sup-
ported by many of the leading and most influential citi-
zens it was a very difficult matter to accomplish. Mr.
Weston had made his own surveys and was thoroughly
informed upon the whole subject, and engaged in
the work with zeal and determination. The neces-
sary legislation having been obtained, he j^repared
and carried through the city governjnent the appro-
priate ordinances by which the enterprise took sha) e
and the plan for j^lacing the whole matter in the
hands of a board of commissioners.

To his foresight and intelligent view of this subject,
and earnest devotion to carrying out and completing
the scheme, the jjeople of Manchester owe their most
excellent water supply more than to any other influ-
ence, and it is a monument to his good name, more
and more honorable as time proves the inestimable
value of a pure and adequate supply of water to the
people of our city.

Mayor Weston was the first officer of the city to
recommend the erecting of a soldiers' monument,
and, by his earnest advocacy, and finely-educated
taste, was largely instrumental in deciding what style
should be adopted, and bringing that worthy and
patriotic enterprise to a successful completion. The
noble shaft which now and ever will, we trust, com-
memorate the glorious deeds and the fearful sacrifices
of the soldiers from Manchester in the War of the
Eebellion, speaks a word as well for those who at-
tempted, in a small measure, to show the high
appreciation in which their gallant services are held.

Frequent mention of Mr. Weston as a candidate
for Governor had been made, and in 1871 he became
the nominee of the Democratic party for that office.
In the gubernatorial contest he was met by the de-
termined effort of his opponents to defeat his election.
He would have undoubtedly been elected by the peo-
ple but for the strategical movement of his adversary
to have a third candidate in the fight. This scheme
was partly successful, preventing an election by the
people by only one hundred and thirteen votes,
although Mr. Weston had a large plurality. He was
elected Governor by the Legislature, and inaugurated
on the 14th day of June, 1871.

The Governor's administration was characterized by
economy and the most conscientious observance of
official honor and integrity. Even the most zealous
partizan never questioned his faithful discharge of
duty, and his official term closed with the highest

MANCHESTER.

123

respect of the whole people. In 1872 the Republican
party put in nomination their "great man," the Hon.
E. A. Straw, agent of the Amoskeag ]\Ianufactnring
Company, and placed their campaign upon the sup-
posed issue between manufacturing interests and
other branches of business in the country. Mr.
Straw was elected, and again in 1873, but in 1874, Mr.
Weston was the standard-bearer of the Democratic
party and defeated the Republicans. Although he
failed of election by the people, he received a large
plurality, and was elected by the Legislature in June
following.

In every instance where Mr. AVestou has been the
candidate of his party for public ofHce it has been
when his opponent started in the race with a major-
ity and with numerous party advantages. Mr. Wes-
ton has fought his campaigns against numbers and
against prestige. He has contested the ground with
opponents who were no mean adversaries, and his
successes have been alike honorable to him and the
party to which he belongs.

During the years of his public life and since, Gover-
nor Weston has kept apace with the times in the many
enterprises and business projects of his vicinity and
State, and has held many places of trust and impor-
tance. In 1871 he was appointed a member of the
New Hampshire Centennial Commission, of which
body he was chairman, and as such worked with great
zeal and efficiency to promote the success of New
Hampshire's exhibit. He was also made a member
of the Centennial Board of Finance by Congress.
He has been chairman of the Board of Water Com-
missioners from its beginning. For several years he
has been a member of the State Board of Health ;
also treasurer of the Elliot Hospital corporation,
chairman of the "Trustees of the Cemetery Fund,"
treasurer of the Suncook Valley Railroad, treasurer
of the Franklin Street Church Society, one of the
directors and clerk of the Manchester Horse Railroad
corporation, president of the Locke Cattle Company;
but his main business is the management of the Mer-
chants' National Bank, of which he has been the
president since its organization, and the Guaranty
Savings-Bank, of which he has been the treasurer
since its incorporation. These two banks, although
not so old as their neighbors, are, nevertheless, equally
successful, and stand second to none in sound finan-
cial reputation. Governor Weston is the president,
and has actively been concerned in the management,
of the New Hampshire Fire Insurance Company,
devoting a large portion of his time to its affairs.

Governor Weston has been a member of the Ma-
sonic fraternity since 1861, and has taken a deep
interest in its prosperity. He has received all the
grades, including the orders of knighthood, and has
held many places of trust and responsibility, notably
among them that of treasurer of Trinity Comniaiidery
for twenty-two years, — a fact which shows the confi-
dence and esteem which his brethren have for him.

In 1854 he married Miss Anna S. Gilmore, daughter
of Mitchel S. (Jilmore, Esq., of Concord. They have
five surviving children, — the eldest born, Herman,
having deceased at the age of four and a half years ;
Grace Helen, born July 1, 1866; James Henry, July
17, 1868 ; Edwin Bell, March 15, 1871; Annie Mabel,
September 26, 1876 ; and Charles Albert, November
1, 1878.

We find him surrounded by his family, living in his
elegant and tastily-arranged home, blessed with all
that life can afford. So far his journey has been suc-
cessful and hapi)y. Few shadows have crossed the
way, and his course has been one of honor and dis-
tinction.

In the estimate of character the world is often led
astray by looking at results and not observing tlie
conditions under which they are gained. Accident
often determines a whole life, — some unlooked-for and
unmerited fortune builds castles for men, and, in
spite of themselves, makes them noted. Not so with
the subject of this sketch. His good fortune is the
well-deserved result of sound business principles and
their careful and systematic application to every
undertaking.

Governor Weston is not a man of impulse and sud-
den conclusions. He is rather of the deliberate and
cautious habits of thought and action, and inclined
to the analysis and investigation of all matters in
which he may be interested to an unusual degree.
The natural counteri)art of such characteristics — :in
abiding confidence and disposition to adhere tena-
ciously to well-matured plans — is the leading feature
of his mind. His achievements have been true suc-
cesses, and he has never had occasion to take the
"step backward " so common to men in public life.
Better for the world and better for himself is he who
builds slowly, but safely I

PHINEHAS ADAMS.

The first of the name of Adams to come to
this country was Henry, who left Devonshire,
England, about 1630, and settled in Braintree,
Mass. He brought with liiin his eight sons, one
of whom, Joseph, was the ancestor of that branch of
this illustrious family, which has been so promi-
nently connected with the civil and political history
of this country. The line of descent of the subject of
I this sketch was through Edward-, Jo]ur\ Eleazer*,
John\ Phinehas''', riiinehas' to Phinehas-, who was
born in :Medway, Mass., June 20, 1814. His grand-
I father and great-grandfather participated in the
j battle of Bunker Hill, and served through the Rev..-
' lutionary War. He had three brothers and seven
sisters. Three sisters only are now living. — Sarah
Ann (born in 1816, the wife of E. B. Hammond,
M.D., of Nashua), Eliza P. (born in 1820, widow of
the late Ira Stone) and Mary Jane (born in 1822,
widow of the late James Buncher),— the others having
died prior to 1831. Phinehas" married Sarah W.

124

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Barber, of Holliston, Mass., in 1811. Her father was
an I-:iiglislunau, and came to America during the
Revolutionary War, and married a lady who came
from Edinburiih. Phinehas" was a farmer and a
mechanic, and became an extensive manufacturer.
At an early date he manufactured /ianrZ-looms, and at
Waltham, Mass., in 1814, started up successfully the
first power-loom in this county. In 1827 he became
agent of the Xeponset Manufacturing Company, at
AValpole, in which he was also one of the principal
owners.

Phinehas- passed his boyhood in Medway and Wal-
pole and attended the common schools, but showed
little fondness for books. At the earnest request of
his father, however, he applied himself more closely
to his studies, and, attending the academy at Wren-
tham, Mass., for a year and a half, made rapid and
successful i)rogress in his studies. At this time, ow-
ing to the failure of the company of which his father
was agent, he was obliged to leave the academy, re-
lin<iuishing the hope of a thorough education, and
commence work. Circumstances seemed to direct
him to the manufacturing business, and, with the de-
termination to master the business in all its details,
he, at the age of fifteen years, entered the large mills
of the Merrimack Company, at Lowell, Mass., as
bobbin-boy. Mr. Adams was early possessed of an
aml)ition to become an overseer, and to this end
labored hard and faithfully, never thinking, however,
that he would become agent of a large mill. By his
intelligent performance of the duties of his humble
position he drew the attention of his employers, and
was promoted' in a short time to the position of second
overseer in the weaving department, a position he
filled until 1831, when he went to rill a similar posi-
tion at the Methuen Company's mill, of which his
uncle was agent. Here he remained two years, when
he was called to take the position of overseer in the
mills of the Hooksett Manufacturing Company, of
which his father was then the agent. From Hook-
sett he went to Pittsfield as overseer in the mills of
the Pittsfield Manufacturing Company, where he re-
mained until March 7, 1835, when he returned to
Lowell as overseer in the mills where he began his
career as manufacturer, and there remained until
184(3, when he came to Manchester.

In 1841, John Clark, the agent of the Merrimack
Mills, in Lowell, proposed to Mr. Adams that he
should enter the office as a clerk, in order to acquaint
himself with the book-keeping and general business
of the mills preparatory to filling a higher position,
whicli Mr. Clark then predicted he would some day
be called upon to fill. After some hesitation he did
so, and for a period of five years filled this responsi-
ble position, which in those days was equivalent to
the present position of paymaster.

Upon his arrival in Manchester he was given the
position of agent of the Old Amoskeag Mills, then
located on the present site of the P. C. Cheney Paper

Company. The building of the Amoskeag Mills
was the beginning of Manchester's wonderful career
of prosperity. Mr. Adams remained with the Amos-
keag corporation until November 17, 1847, when he
became the agent of the Stark Mills. Of the great
manufactories of Manchester, that of the Stark Mills
Company ranks third in magnitude and second in
age, having been organized September 26, 1838.

Under the management of Mr. Adams, large suc-
cess has been achieved by the Stark Mills, which sac-
cess has been largely due to his sagacity and business
integrity, and while, requiring faithful performance
of duty on the part of each employ^, he also had the
confidence and esteem of each of them in an unusual
degree. Mr. Adams traveled extensively through
England, Scotland, Ireland and France, securing for
the benefit of the Stark Mills information relating to
the manufacture of linen goods and the securing ot
machinery necessary for that manufacture.

In politics Mr. Adams was a Republican, but was
not an active j^articipant in political contests, nor was
he from choice a candidate for political ofl[ice, having
only served as ward clerk, when a young man, in
Lowell, and later as a Presidential elector for General
Grant, and was also chief-of-staflf for Governor E. A.
Straw. He was four years a director in the Concord
Railroad, was chosen one of the assistant engineers
of the Manchester Fire Department, in which capac-
ity he served with peculiar fidelity for twelve years,
invariably acting for the best interests of the city.
Mr. Adams was for many years closely identified with
the financial institutions of Manchester, having
served as a director in the Merrimack River Bank
from 1857 to 1860, and in the Manchester National
Bank from 1865 to 1883, and was also one of the
board of trustees of the Manchester Savings-Bank,
and one of its committee on loans. He was one of
the directors of the Gas-Light Company, a trustee of
the Public Library, and in 1865 was elected one of
the original directors of the New England Cotton
Manufacturers' Association. In numismatics Mr.
Adams was quite an authority, and made a fine and
very complete collection of coins and medals, some of
which are of great value, being very rare. During
the administration of Colonel Adams, which covered
a long series of years, many changes took place. In
what may be called, more particularly, the manufac-
turing world, was this true. Hand-power and crude
methods of business gave place to water and steam-
power and jirogressive, wide-reaching business con-
nections. Colonel Adams was the oldest agent, and
held that position for a longer period than did any
man in the Merrimack Valley, and of those holding
similar positions thirty-five years ago nearly all have
passed away.

September 24, 1839, Colonel Adams married Eliza-
beth, daughter of the late Deacon Samuel Simpson,
of Deerfield, a veteran in the War of 1812. From
this union there were two children, — Elizabeth^, born

-•■^».- " .^

124

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY. NEW HAMPSHIRE.

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MANCHESTER.

125

June 15, 1842, and Phinehas'-', born December 26,
1844, both in Lowell, Mass.

September 10, 1868, Elizabeth" was married to Col-
onel Daniel C. Gould, of Manchester, N. H. Octo-
ber 8, 1873, Phinehas^ married Anna P. Morrison, of
Belfast, Me., and resides in Manchester, N. H.

In religion Colonel Adams was a Congregationalist,
and a member of the First Congregational Church
in Lowell, Mass., as was also his wife. On removing to
Manchester, they transferred their church relations to
the Franklin Street Church of that city. Colonel
Adams received many evidences of afiectionate regard
at the hands of the citizens of the places where he
had lived, and enjoyed the confidence and esteem of
his business associates to an extent rarely attained.
On the thirty-second anniversary of his connection
with the Stark Mills as agent he was presented by
the directors of this corporation with an elegant gold
watch, appropriately engraved, and a chain and seal,
as an expression of great respect for his character
and a high appreciation of the service rendered the
corporation during a third of a century. Colonel
Adams was a total abstinence man ; he could truth-
fully say that never in all his life had he made use
of liquor or tobacco. Of a commanding presence and
dignified bearing, he was at all times a gentleman.
His life was a successful one and his examjile a good
one. He died at his home in Manchester, July 25,

1883, beloved and respected. His wife died June 23,

1884. They had lived together nearly forty-five years.

.TOSIAH CROSBY, M.D.

In April, 1753, from Tewksbury, Mass., there
came with Colonel Fitch a millwright who had
purchased seventy-seven acres of land ui)on the
Souhegan River, in Monson (as then called), and
afterwards Amherst, now Milford, N. H., the grand-
father of Josiah Crosby. These young people took
possession of the lot "to subdue the forest, build a
house and rear a family." They found their way to
their wilderness lot on horseback, guided by "spotted
trees," and there built a rude habitation. At this
place was born, in 1765, Asa Crosby, who for about
fifty years practiced medicine in this State, and to
whom, in Sandwich, where he then resided, was born,
in February, 1794, Josiah Crosby, the subject of this
sketch, also Judge Nathan Crosby, of Lowell, and
Dixie, Thomas and Alpheus Crosby, professors at
Dartmouth College. .Josiah was handsome, genial
and gentlemanly, quick to learn and early graceful in
manners. He was started early for preparation for
his father's profession. From the town school he
was placed under the private instruction of Rev. Mr.
Hidden, of Tamworth, and afterwards sent to Am-
herst Academy. He took lessons in Gilford's system
in penmanship and became an elegant penman, kept
school and taught private classes in penmanship,
studiedhis j ro e.-sii ii with Lis father, attended lec-
tures three terms at Dartmouth College and spent a

year's term of pupilage and riding with the distin-
guished Dr. and Prolessor Nathan Smith, to learn
his practice. He took his medical degree in 1816
and immediately commenced practice in Sandwit h,
but the next year he moved to Meredith Bridge, and
although he made very pleasant acquaintances and
had some practice, he moved to Deertield, and in
December, 1819, he again changed his field to Epsom,
where he remained till 1825, when he established
himself in Concord. After three years of success-
ful practice there, he was induced, upon solicita-
tion of Mr. Batchelder, agent of mills in Lowell,
to remove there.

Here, in 1829, he brought as his bride, Olive Light
Avery, daughter of Daniel Avery, Esq., of Meredith
Bridge (now Laconia, N. H.), who was a wealthy
merchant and manufacturer, a prominent and lead-
ing citizen, unostentatious, but energetic and decisive
in personal character and business habits.

By this marriage were born three sons and two
daughters, the only one now living being Dr. George
A. Crosby, of Manchester. His letters make quite a
history of the trials and disappointments of the
young physician of those days, who was obliged to
present youth and inexperience upon ground pre-
occupied and tenaciously held by those who could
claim possession, if not much else, in the way of title;
but increasing years and experience, accompanied
with efibrts and study, carried the young man to a
leading member of the profession in Lowell, in fifteen
years from his starting-point in Sandwich. He was
honored with public offices in Lowell, and assisted in
devising and organizing the various institutions of
the town for its moral and intellectual prosperity.

After about five years' successful practice in Lowell,
having passed through the land speculations and
becoming somewhat enamored with manufacturing,
he left Lowell to take charge of the Avery cotton-
mill, at Meredith Bridge, Mr. Avery having deceased
and the property of the family seeming to require his
personal supervision. He enlarged the power of the
works, and was just ready to reap his anticipated
reward, when the mercantile and manufacturing dis-
asters of 1836 and 1837 broke down his business and
turned him back to his profession. In 1838 his
brother Dixie, who had been in practice at Meredith
Bridge several years, was appointed a professor in the
medical college at Hanover and removed there, leav-
ing his practice to Josiah, who now devoted himself
to the proi'ession again with his early love, zeal and
labor. In March, 1844, he removed to Manchester,
which had then become an interesting manufacturing

tOW'U.

His professional life-work now assumed great use-
fulness, great skill and inventive progress. Here for
thirty years he was the unrivaled head of the profes-
sion. Here \\fi originated and introduced the method
of making extensions of fractured limbs by the use of
adhesive strips, which gave him a high reputation

126

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

with surgeons in Europe as well as at home, and later
he invented the "invalid l^ed," which has so tenderly
held the patient without a strain or jar while the bed-
clothes could be changed or wounds cared for, or, by
dropping a belt or two, prevent painful local pressure
and irritation. The skillful physician, the Christian
gentleman and sympathizing friend were combina-
tions of character in him rarely excelled. "His
religious life," said Professor Tucker, of Andover,
'•was simple, real, true; with him there was no pre-
tense; he had no beliefs except those which were
thorough; no little questions vexed him; he loved
Cod, trusted his Saviour and worked for the welfare
of his fellow-men. Such was his record from first
to last. He looked with a calm, clear eye into the
future, and, so far as we know, was troubled with no
doubts."

He was one of the founders of the Appleton Street
Church in Lowell in 1830, and of the Franklin Street
Church in Manchester in 1844. He held city offices,
was several times in the Legislature and was a member
of the convention for revision of the constitution.

In early manhood, from cough and feebleness, he
had not much promise of long life, but after a severe
typhoid fever during his residence in Concord, he had
great general good health to the last two years of his
life, when paralytic tendencies appeared. On Satur-
day, the 2d day of January, 1875, after setting a
broken arm in the morning, and after sitting in his
own parlor for the finishing touches of the portrait-
painter in his usual cheerfulness of spirits, in fifteen
minutes after the artist had left him, at three o'clock
J'.M., he was stricken with paralysis, from which he
did not rally, but passed away on the 7th, at four
o'clock in the morning, almost eighty-one years of
age.

WILLIAM D. BUCK, M.D.

William D. Buck was born in Williamstown, Vt.,
March 25, 1812, where his early boyhood was passed.
In 1818 his parents moved to Lebanon, N. H., and he
here enjoyed the advantages of the common schools
of the time, and by the exercise of will-power and
aided by his vigorous intellect he made rapid pro-
gress in his studies. Not being able to take a col-
legiate course, he, at an early period, went to Concord
and engaged in the occupation of carriage-painter
with Downing iS: Sons.

While at work here he became interested in the
science of music, and was for many succeeding years
instructor, conductor and organist in the South
Congregational Church, at Concord, and afterwards at
the Hanover Street Church, at Manchester. He
familiarized himself with standard writers and re-
tained through life his love for Handel, Beethoven
and Mozart. His attention becoming drawn to the
medical profession, he determined to fit himself for its
practice, and by teaching music was enabled to de-
fray the greater part of the expense of the study of

medicine. He went into it with great enthusiasm,
and his subsequent career showed his natural fitness
f( r thi^ profession.

He commenced the study of medicine with Timothy
Haines, M. D., of Concord; attended a course of
lectures at Woodstock, Vt., and also took the course
at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in New
York, where he graduated in 1842. He commenced
the practice of his profession with the late Dr. Chad-
bourne, in Concord, in 1842, and there remained for
four years, when, desiring greater advantages of per-
fecting his medical knowledge, he visited London and
Paris, where he became acquainted with many dis-
tinguished men in the profession and spent much
time in the hospitals of those cities. He also visited
Rome and Itally, gaining much information and
making a favorable impression upon those with whom
he came in contact. After an absence of one year he
returned and made Manchester, N. H., his home, and
here, with the exception of one year spent in Cali-
fornia, he lived until his death.

Dr. Buck sustained an enviable reputation as a
physician and surgeon, and possessed the confidence
of the community in which he lived, and was early
regarded as one of the leading medical men of the
State. He reached this high position in his profes-
sion without the aid of wealth or social position. His
success was due to hard study and close applica-
tion to his business, accompanied by a zeal and devo-
tion rarely surpassed. He was unmindful of riches,
public honor or anything which he thought might
interfere with the one great pursuit of his life. Dr.
Buck possessed an active mind and the rare gift of a
retentive memory, and was a thorough scholar. He
seemed to know his own jiowers, and this gave him
great infiuence over students in medicine. In his in-
tercourse with his professional brethren Dr. Buck was
always courteous and obliging, religiously regarding
the rules of medical etiquette, and in his consultations
he always gave the patient the benefit of his best skill
and extensive practice. He made it a point of honor
to be prompt to his engagements, and never was for
one minute behind the appointed time. In his ex-
ample and practice he honored the profession to which
he had devoted the best years of his life, and did much
to dignify and elevate the standard of medical edu-
cation.

Dr. Buck was a prominent member of the New
Hampshire Medical Society, and was elected its pres-
ident in 1866. His papers read before this society
were always listened to with marked attention.

For twenty years he had a large experience in
teaching medicine, proving himself devoted and faith-
ful as an instructor. His office or the dissecting-
room were uncomfortable places for lazy students, and
he had little patience with a young man who would
not work his brains. During the winter months his
daily recitations were at eight o'clock A.M., and woe
to the young man who was not on time.

4'iy«B1fcjii*rfi

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Tv/r V Mrttni'aTWT?

127

MANCHESTER.

127

Dr. Buck was frequently called as a medical expert
in many of the most important civil and criminal
cases in the State. A distinguished advocate at the
bar in New Hampshire said of Dr. Buck ; " By his
clearness of description of all important facts to which
he was called in legal investigations, he had the con-
fidence of courts, thejury and the legal profession to an
extent equal to, if not above, that of any physician and
.surgeon in New England. He made no display of learn-
ing, but used plain English, so that a jury might com-
prehend."

Bleeding, calomel and antimony, the three most po-
tent remedies of the fathers, he rarely used. An experi-
ence of thirty years only strengthened his convictions
against their use, and he had independence of mind
enough to resist a mode of treatment which the med-
ical world had made fashionable, if not imperative.
In the surgical department of his profession Dr.
Buck excelled in his treatment of fractures, and in it
his mechanical ingenuity was of great service. He
took pride in putting up a fractured limb. The glue
bandage, which he described in an address before the
society in 1866, was original with him, and a favorite
remark of his was that "a man should carry his
splints in his head rather than under his arm."

In his success in medicine and surgery very much
was undoubtedly due to his conservative treatment.
He was never rash or inconsiderate in his practice,
and the community where his busy life was passed
owe him a debt of gratitude, not only for his skill, but
for his careful use of drugs, and his influence in this
particular over his professional brethren will not be
forgotten. He was positive and firm in his judgment,
and was not readily swayed by those holding different
opinions. Yet he was genial, companionable and
very fond of society. To those most intimate with
him Dr. Buck had endeared himself by strong ties of
friendship. In politics he was a Rei)ublican.

Dr. Buck lived a consistent Christian life, and had
that hope of a haj^py immortality and that trust in
his Saviour which served as an anchor to the soul
sure and steadfast. He died January 9, 1872, sud-
denly, and in the midst of an active practice.

Dr. Buck was twice married, — first, to Grace Low, of
Concord, who died in 1856. In 1860 he married, sec-
ond, Mary W. Nichols, of Manchester, who is now
living. He left no children.

DR. CHARLES WELLS.^

The subject of this sketch was born at West-
minster, Vt., on the 22d day of June, 1817. His
father, Horace "Wells, a prosperous, intelligent and
highly respected farmer, was born in Windsor,
Conn., June 22, 1776. After his marriage to Miss
Betsy Heath, of Warehouse Point, Conn., he removed

iBy Hon. Charles H. Bartlett.

to Vermont, and died at Bellows Falls, in that State,
April 5, 1829. His mother afterwards remarried, and
died at Westmoreland, N. H., February 21, 1879.

His grandfiither. Captain Hezekiah Wells, was born
in Windsor, Conn., June 25, 1736. He served with
distinction in the Revolutionary War and was a man
of much influence and widely esteemed. He died
March 8, 1817. The homestead, which he erected
nearly a century and a half ago, is still in the posses-
sion of his descendants.

His grandmother's maiden-name was Sarah Trum-
bull. His more remote ancestors were Lamson Wells,
born November 7, 1706; Joshua Wells, born April 10,
1672 ; and Joshua, 8r., born in 1647. They were
all natives of Windsor, and no temptation could ever
lure them from their ancestral home. It will thus be
seen that Dr. Wells traced his lineage through the best
of New England ancestry, and no purer blood has
descended from the Pilgrim Fathers to ennoble a
people than that Avhich fiowed in his veins.

Different branches of the Wells family, in this
country and in Europe, have varied the orthograi)hy
of the name to suit their individual tastes or circum-
stances, and few of the old colonial family names
show such varied orthography, but the consanguinity
is easily traced, and few men could claim kinship
with a brighter galaxy of names, distinguished in law,
in politics, in science, in theology and in all the fields
of literature and art, than he. Dr. Wells had but one
brother, the late Dr. Horace Wells, of Hartford, Conn.,
widely and justly celebrated as the author of modern
anaesthesia, to whose memory a beautiful statue has
been erected in the public park of that city. He died
in the city of New York, on the 24th day of January,
1848, at the early age of thirty-three, while pros-
ecuting the introduction of his discovery into
general use in surgery, as well as in dentistry,
in which he made its first application. His early
and untimely death, while his wonderful discov-
ery was yet a matter of uncertain and undeter-
mined importance, deprived him and his family of
the fruits which might otherwise have flowed from
what is now universally conceded to be the greatest
boon conferred upon surtering humanity in all the
course of time.

His only sister, Mary E. W. Cole, widow of the
late Captain John Cole, a native of Westmoreland,
N. H., but many years a I'csident of Medway, Mass.,
now resides in Chicago, 111., with her only son, Arthur
W. Cole, a promising young architect of that city.

Dr. Wells received, in his early youth, all the edu-
cational advantages afforded by the public schools at
Bellows Falls, Vt., to which place his father removed
during his infancy, and here he died April 5, 1829.
After his father's death he received not only the ten-
der and watchful care of one of the best of mothers,
but also the liberal and intelligent training of a
woman as remarkable for her intelligence and large-
mindednessas for her domestic and maternal qualities.

128

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

He further prosecuted his studies under the private
tuition of a most excellent teacher, Mr. Ballard, of
Hopkinton, N. H., and at the academies in Walpole,
N. H., and Amherst, Mass.

After the completion of his academic course he en-
tered with enthusiasm upon the study of medicine, a
profession for which by nature he was most admirably
fitted.

He conmienced his professional studies with Dr.
Josiah (iraves, of Nashua, X. H., January 22, 1837, and
graduated at the Jefferson Medical College, in Phila-
delphia, March 6, 1840, at the early age of twenty-one.
He immediately commenced his professional career
at Chili, N. Y., in copartnership with Dr. Lucius
Clark ; but the field of practice proving unsatisfactory
to him, he removed to Manchester, N. H., in 1842,
where he continued his residence till his death.

His professional career was highly honorable and
eminently successful. Never a bold and aggressive
practitioner, but always content with the share of
patronage that fell to his lot, he enjoyed, in a high
degree, the confidence and respect of his professional
brethren, and never had reason to complain of any
want of recognition of his merits by the people among
whom he lived, and who early honored him with their
confidence and their patronage. Such was his pro-
lessioiial success, and such his rare financial skill
and judgment, that while in the prime and vigor of
his manhood he found himself so fortunately circum-
stanced, financially, as to be relieved of the burden of
further professional labor, and several years prior to
his decease he quietly withdrew from active practice,
and devoted the last years of his life to the manage-
ment of his estate, and to those social enjoyments and
domestic duties and responsibilities which to him
were ever the source of his highest enjoyment and
his greatest happiness.

Dr. Wells was married to Miss Mary M. Smith,
December 21, 1847, — a union which proved remarkably
felicitous to both parties. The widow survives her
lamented husband, who made most generous pro-
vision for her future wants. No children blessed
their union.

For more than forty years Dr. Wells was an earnest
and enthusiastic member of the Hillsborough Lodge
of Odd-Fellows, being one of the charter members
of the lodge and the last survivor of that little band
who introduced the order in this State. He received
all the honors the order could bestow upon him,
and ever gave a willing hand and a generous and sym-
pathetic heart to its benevolent and charitable work.
Utterly devoid of all jjolitical ambition, he took
but little part in public alfairs, never seeking, but
always declining, oflicial preferment. His only service
in this direction was as a member of the Common
Council in 1847-48, and as an alderman in 1848—19.
He assisted in making the first city report, and the
plan suggested and matured by him has been in use
ever since. He was a member of Grace Church

(Episcopal), and many years a vestryman and trea-
surer.

Dr. Wells was not an ambitious man. He neither
sought nor desired public applause. Self-glorification
and aggrandizement were utterly abhorrent to every
element of his nature. The ostentatious show of
wealth not only had no attractions for him, but for
it he had the most supreme contempt, and the seeker
after transient notoriety and ephemeral applause
found no favor in his sight. Solid merit and worth
alone weighed with him, and no . man was quicker to
discover the true and the genuine or more prompt
and earnest in his denunciation of the false, the sham
and the counterfeit. As a citizen, no man was esteemed
above him. As a neighbor and friend, he filled the
measure of every expectation, and it is no extrava-
gance to say that no citizen of Manchester ever de-
parted this life more universally esteemed or more
widely and deeply lamented, A man of fine physique,
of strikingly prepossessing personal appearance and
bearing, gentle, courtly, dignified, but afiable in his
demeanor and intercourse with all with whom he
came in contact, he gave offense to none, but won
the afl"ectionate regard, respect and confidence of all.

Dr. Wells died at his family residence in Manchester,
December 28, 1884, very suddenly, of heart-disease.
The first intimation received by his friends and the
public that he was not in his usual apparent health
was the startling announcement of his sudden demise.

JOHN FERGUSOK, M.D.

The ancestors of Dr. Ferguson were Scotch, who
settled in the North of Ireland, and were gener-
ally engaged in the celebrated linen manufacture
of that part of the country. His grandfather, DaA'id,
settled in the South of Ireland, and was a merchant
in the town of Rathkeale, County of Limerick, which
is watered by the "Lordly Shannon," one of the
noblest rivers of the United Kingdom. Here he
was married, and here reared his family of five
sons and two daughters, giving them good educa-
tions. The professions of the law, divinity and medi-
cine claimed one each of the boys, only one of whom
is at this date living, and he is the judge of the Cir-
cuit Court for the Southern District in Ireland. The
remaining son, named for his father, chose also his
father's business, which he carried on in his native
town successfully, and married a daughter of Councilor
Fitz-Gerald, of the city of Limerick, known in history
as the city of the "broken treaty,"

From this union there were eight children, the eldest
of whom was John (the subject of this sketch), who was
born October 28, 1829, in Rathkeale. He was early
placed under the care and instruction of a private tutor,,
where he remained for several years, and completed
his collegiate course with the Jesuits. Immediately
after he was placed under the instructions of his uncle,
Philip O'Hanlon, M.D., of Rathkeale, who had a large
city and country practice. In due time Dr. Fergusou

■rm»

.t?«f^:

128 HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

^^■f'byA h

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M nM 11

'' ri.i'iliciiic siir'MTV, !

merica, and soon

vcltUiiiDetl in its raetropoiit.,

(1 him to America in 1851,

'lactiL-e his profession here he

mination to the faculty of the.

Vt., an ' from

graduii
and Ht
practic... . ,.
and dispenfci!

His uncle eiuigrai
wards becauK
Dr. Ferguson ;, , .
and that hv ni'irlit ;
offered hii'
Medical (
them their

the examii i-

geous of New. Yor uid received their diploma.

At this time he acci-plud ihe position of surgeon on a
line of mail steanishi; ' ' ' ■ .Jcn New York,
Liverpool, Brenien ai , lor a period of

three years he associated with many literary people
among the traveling publ :ade many vahiabl

friends. Leaving the service ■ the steamship :
pany, .Dr. Ferguson was appointed one o?" flu
mortem examining surgeons for tlie eon ■
York City, also assistant anatomical <i
assistant clinical examiner ai "
in Fourteenth Street, a colle^'
the sons of Southern planters
chivalrous class of gentlemen.

After practicing some years in > ;-

moved to Manchester, N. H. r.

Irish physician to settle here,
after, was aippointed by Governor
Tenth Regiment of New Hauip&i
left for the front, with his regi)ucac, iu uie fall of
1862. Dr. Ferguson, during his residence in New-
York, was surgeon on the staff of Colonel Corcorari;
of the famous Sixty-Ninth New York State Militia,
and sa. ' e in the quarantine riots on Staten

Island. . .i. service fitted him all the better to fill
the position of brigade surgeon during the Civil War,
near the close of which he returned to Manchester,
where he has since been successfully engaged in his
private practice, v' ' ■ ' ' large and lucra-
tive. Prior to re); i, Dr. Fermi.son
married Eleanor, only surviving daughter of Michael
and Elenor Hughes, who were of an old and wealthy
family of New York City, where site was born Ju?ie
24, 1838. From this union there have been four
children, — Eleariora, MaryC, John D. and Alfred W.

Among his professional brethren Dr. Ferguson is
known to be a skillful and th' 'luated ;

titiouer, an'1 in siw i:il Hi". ;> ■ .1 ,..,i..

gentleman.

ly
on of the
cera, and

n.uii
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— "inheri^i •
Duriii:- ■'
the Anj^i

banished from coi'
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many an i:
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The famous old
celebrated in roma.
service of a large !*'
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into shapeless ruins, but the hi-
embrace the beautiful villji.

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remarkable directness
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trunk

IKL WK.VIW ' MNEll.'

iue aucesiurh of the Cunit.cr iiKsiiiy were o!
lish origin. The name is first discovered in the pi:.
following the supremacy of ilic Norman rnle, — th.
return from the dynasty of the Conqueror to the ns-

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ill this cm

ircuuiH'

II June, 1774, v

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.ii',- ■-J.'!'-'

PXi.^..

MANCHESTER.

129

graduated at the Hall of Apothecaries, in Dublin,
and still associated with Dr. O'Hanlon, acquired a
practical knowledge of medicine, surgery, pharmacy
and dispensatory practice.

His uncle emigrated to America, and soon after-
wards became justly celebrated in its metropolis.
Dr. Ferguson followed him to America in 1851,
and that he might practice his profession here he
offered himself for examination to the faculty of the
Medical College of Castleton, Vt., and received from
them their diploma. The following spring he passed
the examination of tlie College of Physicians and Sur-
geons of New York City, and received their diploma.
At this time he accepted the position of surgeon on a
line of mail steamships plying between New York,
Liverpool, Bremen and Havre, where for a period of
three years he associated with many literary people
among the traveling public and made many valuable
friends. Leaving the service of the steamship com-
pany. Dr. Ferguson was appointed one of the post-
mortem examining surgeons for the coroners of New
York City, also assistant anatomical demonstrator and
assistant clinical examiner at the Medical University,
in Fourteenth Street, a college chiefly patronized by
the sons of Southern planters, who were a liberal and
chivalrous class of gentlemen.

After practicing some years in New York City, he re-
moved to Manchester, N. H., in 1861, being the first
Irish physician to settle here. Dr. Ferguson, shortly
after, was appointed by Governor Berry surgeon of the
Tenth Regiment of New Hampshire Volunteers, and
left for the front, with his regiment, in the fall of
1862. Dr. Ferguson, during his residence in New
York, was surgeon on the staff of Colonel Corcoran,
of the famous Sixty-Ninth New York State Militia,
and saw service in the quarantine riots on Staten
Island. This service fitted him all the better to fill
the 2:)osition of brigade surgeon during the Civil War,
near the close of which he returned to Manchester,
where he has since been successfully engaged in his
private practice, which has become large and lucra-
tive. Prior to removal to Manchester, Dr. Ferguson
married Eleanor, only surviving daughter of Michael
and Elenor Hughes, who were of an old and wealthy
family of New York City, where she was born June
24, 1838. From this union there have been four
children, — Eleanora, Mary C, John D. and Alfred W.

Among his professional brethren Dr. Ferguson is
known to be a skillful and thoroughly educated prac-
titioner, and in social life is an aflable and courteous
gentleman.

NATHANIEL WENTWORTH CUMNER.'

The ancestors of the Cumncr family were of Eng-
lish origin. The name is first discovered in the period
following the supremacy of the Norman rule, — the
return from the dynasty of the Conqueror to the as-

1 By J. W. FeUows.

ceudeucy of the English-Saxon line. It was first
spelled Comnor, and later Cunuior, meaning "hospi-
tality to strangers," or a " place of hospitality," and
comes through the Saxon branch. To this period may
be referred the formation of many English family
names, — often derived from some unimportant cir-
cumstance, or suggested by personal characteristics.
These became marks of distinction, new.titles to man-
hood, and were proudly bequeathed by father to son,
— "inheri,ted surnames."

During the century following the loss of Normandy,
the Anglo-Saxon, as a written language, having been
banished from courts and sui^erseded in all legal
papers by the Latin, became dearer to the common
jjeople as a spoken language, preserving their cher-
ished objects and transmitting leading sentiments. It
increased its power and volume by building new terms
and means of expression, and particularly by multi-
plying its patronymics. In a comj)aratively short space
of time the language had become vernacular, and
fairly entitled to be styled English, rich in the idioms
and proper names of its own creation and outgrowth.

" The history of words," says Trench, " is the his-
tory of ideas," and he might have said of people and
nations. They are not only the " vehicle of thought,"
but they tell anew the story of their times and enrich
the great body of history with countless incidents of
value and importance. In studying their genealogy,
the English-speaking people find the starting-point of
many an illustrious name in the peculiar circum-
stances of those mediaeval times, — the natural product
of the mingling of different tongues, and the constant
struggle between feudalism and servitude.

The famous old manor-house, Cumnor Castle, so
celebrated in romance, once enjoyed the rent-fee and
service of a large body of retainers, and carried for
many a year, by reason of its feudal allotments, a
numerous vassalage. Its walls have long since fallen
into shapeless ruins, but the lands of its tenantry now
embrace the beautiful village of Cumner. The
families bearing this name have not been numerous
in England, but have maintained their lineage with
remarkable directness The earliest trace of these
people shows that they belonged to the industrial
classes, — the guilds-people, who, in the. latter part of
the seventeenth century, had attained such prominence
as to nearly control the business interests of the great
metropolis, and to whom the Lord Mayor of London
was pleased to say, on a memorable occasion, " While
our gracious nobility are the leaf and flower of the
kingdom, ye are the sturdy trunk and branches."

The subject of this sketch belongs to the third gene-
ration in America. His grandfather, Robert Francis
Cumner, came to this country when about fifteen
years of age, under circumstances of a very interesting
character. In June, 1774, while walking in the streets
of London, he was seized by a " gang of pressmen "
fi-om the ship "Somerset," sent out to recruit his
Majesty's marine. He was carried directly on board,

130

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

forced to become one of the crew, and do the duty of
a common sailor. He was not allowed the privilege
of communicating with his friends, and no tidings
from him or knowledge of his situation were received
iluring the long cruise of the '•Somerset" in distant
waters, until she appeared in Boston Harbor and took
part in the battle of Bunker Hill. Her position and
the service she rendered the British troops on that
nu'inorable day are well-known in history. From her
decks came the first liital shot, and under the fire of her
guns the broken and retreating ranks of Royalists
found protection.

The scenes of that bloody struggle made a deep
impression upon the mind of young Cumner, and
fixed his determination to take no part in the work of
subjugation. Circumstances fortunately soon favored
his settled purpose. The " Somerset" not long after the
battle "got aground," prol)ably somewhere in the
lower part of Massachusetts Bay. During their efforts
to get afloat, some of the crew went ashore, among
them the Cumner boy, who immediately availed him-
self of the opportunity to escape from his unwilling
service. While following the highway into which he
first came, near the shore where lay the stranded
" Somerset," he was overtaken by a Quaker on horse-
back, who, learning his situation and purpose to obtain
his freedom from the " British yoke," invited our young
hero to " get up behind," and, throwing his gray cloak
over the lad, soon carried him beyond the King'spower.

He settled in Warehani, Mass., learned the tailor's
trade and began the permanent business of his life.
October 20, 1785, he married Miss Sylvia Sturtevant,
whose family connections were very worthy and highly
respected. Her father was a soldier in the War of the
Revolution, and fell on the battle-field fighting for
independence. The Sturtevant people have received
honorable mention in the annals of history, and their
name is written among those who deserve well of their
country. Not long after his marriage he moved to
Sandwich, Mass., from that place to Wayne, in the
State of Maine, where he resided during the remainder
of his life. He was successful in business and became
a prominent and highly respected citizen. He was a
man of modest and retiring habits and exemplary
character, but of indomitable will and inflexible ad-
herence to what he believed to be right. If his wife
were the su])ject of our sketch, we could fill it with
incidents showing his remarkable tenacity of purpose.
Robert Francis and Sylvia Cumner had two children,
—John, born .January 19, 1788, and Polly, a few years
younger. He <lied February 5, 1825, and his wife,
March 20, 1826, and their remains were interred in the
Evergreen Cemetery, in Wayne.

John Cumner was but a few months old when the
family moved from Sandwich, Mass., to Wayne. He
was of a sanguine, active nature and early evinced
the character of a sincere and zealous worker in reli-
gious matters. He obtained a fair education, and
although to a certain extent compelled to work on the

farm and devote himself to that kind of employment,
his thoughts ran upon matters more congenial to his
nature. When about eighteen years of age he was
employed by General Landsell to take charge of his
farm in Bridgewater, Mass., where he remained several
summer seasons. During this time he became ac-
quainted with Miss Hannah Thomas Bartlett, of
Bridgewater, whom he married July 11, 1813. He
settled in Wayne, upon the farm which became the
homestead, and was so occupied by the family dur-
ing his many years of labor and life in the ministry.

He was associated with the society of the Metho-
dist Episcopal Church, and interested in theafiairsof
that denomination at the early age of nineteen years,
and soon after appointed a class leader and licensed
to preach. His labors were attended with marked
success, and at the annual meeting of the General Con-
ference for Maine, in 1833, he was admitted to mem-
bership and received his first appointment. He con-
tinued in the active ministry until 1852, when failing
health obliged him to cease labor ; but his love for
the church and his zeal in the cause of its established
creeds continued unabated during his remaining years.
He died February 5, 1861, closing a life of industry
and devotion, in which he had accomplished more
good than usually falls to the lot of man. His wife
died December 5, 1852. She Avas very beautiful when
young, and was much beloved and admired by her
wide circle of friends. Possessed of an earnest and
devotional nature, she entered with ardent sympathy
into the plans and labors of her husband, faithfully
bearing her share of life's varied duties, — firmly in the
hour of trial, and with amiable companionship when
prosperity filled the measureof their ambition. They
had eleven children, two of whom died in infancy.
Three others have deceased, — Maryetta in 1871, and
Francis and James in 1881. The remaining members
of the family are Cathamander, William B., John T.,
Nathaniel W., Charles W. and Benjamin G. Cumner.

Nathaniel Wentworth, the youngest but two of the
children of John and Hannah T. Cumner, was born
at Wayne, November 28, 1829. His early life was
devoted to obtaining an education in the vicinity of
his home, passing from the district to the private
school in the town of Wayne, and to other schools
and seminaries in the circuit where his father's ap-
pointments were made. During some portion of the
sea.son, for a few years, he assisted the older brothers
in cultivating the homestead farm, but at the age of
sixteen he went to Wilton, IMe., and engaged in learn-
ing the tailor's trade. He remained thereabout three
years ; then went to Waltham, Mass., staying there
about one year ami a half; then to Lowell, Mass.,
where he remained until 1851, when he came to Man-
chester, N. H., and entered the employ of B. F. Man-
ning, then doing business in the store occupied in
later years bv the firm of Cumner & (Jo.

In January, 1854, Mr. Cumner became a partner
in the business of merchant tailors and clothiers, the

MANCHESTER.

131

firm-name being Manning &Cumner. This arrange-
ment continued until August, 1857. Mr. Cumncr
then withdrew and went to Washington, D. C, as a
member of the firm of F. Tenney & Co., proprietors
of the National Hotel, In August, 1859, he returned
to Manchester and ])urchased the stock and " good
will " of the Manning store, and entered at once into
business, in which he continued as the sole pro-
prietor until 1865, when his brother, Benjamin G.
Cumner, became associated with him, forming the
copartnership of Cumner & Co. At this time Mr.
Cumner became also a member of the well-known
wholesale house of Sibley, Cumner & Co., in Boston,
having purchased an interest in the old house of
Foster & Sibley, and devoted liis attention largely to
the wholesale trade. In 1868, Lyman E. Sibley re-
tired, and Mr. Cumner became the senior member, the
name of the firm remaining the same.

In the great fire of November 9, 1872, their estab-
lishment was among the first to be burned, and the
firm suffered a total loss of their immense stock ; but
their credit was so strong, and their energy and ability
so widely recognized, that their business received no
check, and the transactions cf the house proceeded
even upon a more extensive scale than before. In
1879 the firm became Cumner, Jones & Co., which is
the present style of the business. In 1881 he sold
his interest in the business of Cumner & Co. in Man-
chester, whicli had enjoyed unvarying success and
great prosperity from the beginning, and from that
time devoted himself entirely to the Boston house.
The business had so largely increased that it became
necessary to give it his constant personal attention.
The reputation of Cumner, Jones & Co. in commer-
cial circles has become widely known, and its
remarkable success an acknowledged fact. He was
one of the founders of the Boston Merchants' Asso-
ciation in 1880, and has for .some time been one of its
board of directors. The importance of this organi-
zation to the great commercial interests of Boston is
widely known.

Mr. Cumner has been eminently successful as a busi-
ness man. Possessing in a large degree self-reliance
and confidence in his own judgment, he selected an
honorable calling and devoted himself to its duties
and demands. He believed that industry and perse-
verance, with well-matured plans, were certain to
I)roduce the most desirable results. He knew the
energy and fidelity of his own character and trusted
to the safety of sound principle, and he has proved
that his plans were wisely laid and his ways well
chosen. At a ccnnparatively early age he has acquired
a competence, and in his position of senior member of
one of the soundest and most prosperous, and at the
same time conservative, wholesale houses in New
England, his influence is always in favor of that
healthy and reliable condition of trade which estab-
lishes public confidence and guarantees general pros-
perity.

And not only in connection \yith his partnership
associations is Mr. Cumner known as a business man.
In the circles where the leading merchants and im-
porters of our New England metropolis are accus-
tomed to meet and discuss the laws of trade and can-
vass the prospects of the future his judgment is greatly
respected, and the intelligence and foresight with
which he is able to advise are highly regarded. He
bears an unblemished reputation as a man of honor
and fairness, in all ways commanding universal re-
spect and esteem, — a gentleman in the true signifi-
cance of the term. In the wide range of personal dis-
tinction, among all the marks of honor and renown
which the world affords, the title of a true gentleman
stands first, and he who bears it worthily need envy
neither prince nor potentate.

As a citizen, Mr. Cumner has taken an earnest and
unvarying interest in public affairs. Politically, his
associations have been with the Democratic i)arty ;
but his views have been conservative, looking to the
real i)urposes of the government rather than the aims
and desires of party politicians. While residing in
Manchester he held important offices in the municii)al
government, was a faithful public servant, working
zealously to promote the general interests and the
common good of his constituents, of whom he deserved
well.

Mr. Cumner became a member of the celebrated
military organization, the Anioskeag Veterans, in the
days of its origin, and has continued to do active
duty through the entire term of its existence. He
held the oflice of captain in 1870, and commander of
the battalion, with the rank of major, in 1879 aiul
1880. During his membership he has served in
countless capacities incident to the general manage-
ment of the organization, and while commander did
very effective service in jjromoting harmony and
unity of purpose and increased in a great degree the
interest and efiiciency of the corps.

Mr. Cumner's connection with the Masonic frater-
nity has been a very prominent feature of his life.
He became a Mason in Lafayette Lodge, Manchester,
May, 1856, and was one of the petitioners and charter
members of Washington Lodge in 1857. He held
many subordinate offices, and was the Worshipful
Master in 1862 and 1863, and has been treasurer
nearly all the time since. His keen scrutiny of its
business affairs and careful management of its
accounts luive done nmch to keep his lodge in sound
financial condition. In 1856 he received the capitu-
lar degrees in Mt. Horeb Royal Arch Cha]»ter, and
after serving at almost every post in that body, be-
came its High Priest from 1862 to 1864. He took the
cryptic degrees in Adoniram Council, in May, 1857,
and soon after the ordei-s of knighthood were con-
ferred upon him in Trinity Commandery, Knights
Templar. In all these sul)ordinate bodies he sus-
tained an ardent and zealous mend)ership, contribut-
ing freely to their support and aiding materially in

132

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

their prosperity. In 1862 he was admitted to the
degree of High Priesthood, and in 1863 received the
degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Rite to the
thirty-second, inclusive, in Boston, and in September,
1881, was elected to the thirty- third and hist grade
in Masonry. In the Grand Masonic bodies of New
Hami)shire he has been equally prominent, and his
earnest labors and sincere devotion to their inter-
ests have been recognized and appreciated. After
holding several offices in the M. E. Grand Royal Arch
Chapter of New Hampshire, he was elected Grand
High Priest in 1867 and 1868, and gave eminent
satisfaction by his management of affairs. In the
Grand Lodge of New Hampshire he held nearly all
the subordinate positions, and was elected Most
Worshipful Grand Master in 1872, 1873 and 1874.
As the presiding officer in these grand bodies, whose
duties are mostly legislative, he commanded the
respect of the fraternity for fairness and impartiality,
and was highly esteemed for his graceful and courte-
ous bearing. His addresses and official papers were
regarded as sound and creditable documents by the
fraternity in other jurisdictions.

If Mr. Cumner has been prosperous and successful
in other departments of life, he has been remarkably
happy and fortunate in his family and social relations.
He married Miss Harriet Elizabeth Wadley, daughter
of Moses D. Wadley, of Bradford, N. H., January 24,
1856. They have two sons, — Harry Wadley Cumner,
born July 18, 1860, and Arthur Bartlett Cumner, born
July 30, 1871. Harry Wadley graduated from the
Manchester High School in 1879, with high standing
in his class and the reputation of a faithful and efficient
student. He entered the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, in Boston, in 1879, as a special student,
remaining two years. In 1881 he engaged in mercan-
tile life, and having integrity and the capacity to
make the best use of his privileges and attainments,
he has certainly the earnest of a i)r()sperous and hon-
orable life. In October, 1884, he married Miss Nellie
B. Pope, daughter of Edwin Pope, Esq., of Boston,
where he has permanently located in business.
Arthur Bartlett, a bright and beautiful boy of uncom-
mon intelligence, ha.s yet to climb the iiathwav of
youth; but if aught can ])e predicted from such tender
years, he is not likely to disappoint the fond hopes of
parents and friends.

In the common judgment of mankind, woman re-
ceives very little credit for the success of man in the
struggles and achievements of this life. The intuitive
judgment and unfaltering support with which the
faithful and devoted wife aids lur husband are unseen
influences, the force and importance of which never
have been and probably never will be understood or
appreciated; and although the remarkable success
which the subject of this sketch ha.s gained may be
attriliuted to his ability and integrity, still the high
social position to which the family have attained and
the important and very creditable purposes which they

have accomplished are equally due to the clear and
well-trained judgment, the watchful care and over-
sight of domestic affairs, and the amiable companion-
ship of his estimable and accomplished wife. While
in their relative spheres, either in the busy marts of
trade or the domestic departments of life, " on 'change "
or in the drawing-room, each, to a certain extent,
must be judged independently, in all the economy of
life her individuality and influence will be seen to
have done their full share in moulding the fortunes
of the family.

The future may not be forecast, but in the early
achievements of men may be discovered the earnest
of still greater success.

In the character and attainments of the subject of
this sketch may be seen the promise of the full
measure of life's joys and the realization of a noble
and worthy ambition.

ALLEN N. CLAPP.

Allen N. Clapp, one of the leading business men
of Manchester, traces his ancestry on the paternal
side to Thomas Clapp, who was born in England
in 1597, and came to this country in 1633. The
line is as follows: Thomas, Thomas, Joshua, Joshua,
Joshua, Asa, Allen, Allen N. His father, Allen
Clapp, was born in Walpole, N. H., April 28, 1794,
and died in Marlborough, N. H., February 9, 1838.
He married, February 10, 1819, Hannah Newcomb,
and their family consisted of seven children, Allen N.
being the youngest.

He traces his ancestry on the maternal side to
Francis Newcomb, who was born in England about
1605, and came to America in April, 1635, and settled
in Boston. The line is as follows : Francis, Peter,
Jonathan, Benjamin, John, Hannah, born February
25, 1793, died February 9, 1838.

Allen N. Clapp was born in Marlborough, N. H.,
January 2, 1837. His father having died soon after,
his mother removed to Nashua, and here young Clapp
received the rudiments of his education. He also
attended the High School, and subsequently passed one
year at the McGaw Institute, in Merrimack. When
about nineteen years of age he came to Manchester
as clerk in the emjjloy of Ira Barr, with whom he re-
mained in that j)osition until 1860. He then formed
a copartnership with Mr. Barr, under the firm-name
of Barr & Clapp, in the mercantile l)usiness. This
business was continued under the same firm-name
until 1881, when Mr. Clapp purchased Mr. Barr's in-
terest, and has since conducted the business as sole pro-
prietor. The large and elegant brick l)lock now owned
and occui)ied by Mr. Clapj), located at the corner of
Granite and Main Streets, was completed in January,
1871. It is the largest block in West Manchester.
In addition to dealing in groceries, flour, grain, etc.,
Mr. Clapp is the New Hampshire agent for the Stand-
ard Oil Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, and his sales
are extensive. Mr. Clapp was elected alderman in

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grandfather being Abram I"

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MANCHESTEK

133

1861 and 1862, and represented Ward Seven in the
Legislature in 1874 and 1875. At his first election an
effort was made to unseat him, but without success.
Politically, he is a Republican, and attends Hanover
Street Congregational Church. Mr. Clapp is one of
Manchester's most active and inttuential business
men, and has done much to advance the interests of
this section (West Manchester) of the city.

May 25, 1863, Mr. Clapp united in marriage with
Josie M. Mason, a native of Sullivan, N. H., and their
family has consisted of two children, Annie M. and
Freddie. The latter died in infancy.

JOHX C. FRENCH.

John C. French, one of the leading business men
of Manchester, was born in Pittsfield, N. H., March
1, 1832. He came of sturdy New England stock, his
grandfather being Abram French, a carpenter and
builder, who completed the interior of the first
meeting-house in Pittsfield, and also the parsonage
building for Rev. Christopher Paige, stepfather of the
"beautiful Grace Fletcher," the first wife of Daniel
Webster. Abram French bought the farm of Rev.
Christopher Paige, known as the French homestead.

Enoch, the eldest son of Abram French, who mar-
ried, in 1823, Eliza Cate, of Epsom, a most estimable
woman, was the father of five children, the subject of
this sketch being the only survivor. His boyhood
was passed upon one of the rocky farms of Pittsfield,
vvhere his opportunities for obtaining an education
were very limited. He attended the common schools
of his native town, and by teaching winters and
working on a farm summers he secured means which
enabled him to attend several terms at the academies
at Pittsfield, Gilmanton and Pembroke. Here he
succeeded in acquiring an education which well
qualified him for his subsequent successful business
career.

At the age of twenty-one he entered the employ of
J. H. Colton & Co., the well-known publishers, as
salesman for their mounted maps. He soon developed
a remarkable ability as a solicitor, and his executive
ability, combined with his rare tact in dealing with
such a variety of persons, attracted the attention of
his employers, who rewarded him by giving him, a
year later, the Boston agency for " Colton's Atlas of
the World." The success which he attained with the
maps followed him in this also, selling, as he did,
more than twelve hundred copies of this expensive
work. In 1855 he was ai)p()inted by this house their
general agent for New England, and subsequently
gave considerable attention to the introduction of
Colton's series of geographies into the public schools.
He was also subsequently associated with Brown,
Taggart & Co. and Charles Scribner & Co. in bring-
ing out their school publications.

In May, 18(55, he was appointed State agent for the
Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company. He
then located in Manchester, where he has since

resided, although he still retains possession of the
deliglitful old homestead in Pittsfield, where he first
saw the light of day.

Three years later, having become interested in the
insurance interests of the State, he lonceived the idea
of establishing a stock fire insurance company, and
by untiring persistency and a zeal characteristic of the
num, he succeeded in overcoming the almost uni-
versal prejudice existing against such an organization,
enlisted in its support some of Manchester's most
prominent citizens, secured a charter and a capital
stock and began the business, which under his ener-
getic and prudent management has since grown to
great proportions, its capital having been increased
from one hundred thousand dollars to five hundred
thousand dollars, and its cash assets to over one
million dollars, while it enjoys a national reputation
for excellent management and financial success.

Notwithstanding he has been engrossed in the
management of a large business in Manchester, he
has ever manifested a lively interest in his native
town, and when the project for building a railroad
which would promote its growth and prosi)erity took
shape, he gave himself heartily to the support of the
enterprise, and it was largely through his efforts that
the three hundred and fifty thousand dollars neces-
sary to build the Suncook Valley road was secured
by subscriptions to the capital stock and gratuities
from the towns along the line. As one method of
helping this work to a successful completion, he estab-
lished the Suncook Valley Times at Pittsfield, and for
two years contributed regularly to its columns a series
of historical and biographical articles which attracted
much attention in the locality and were widely copied
and read elsewhere. He also at one time published
and edited at Manchester a journal devoted to insur-
ance interests, and has established a reputation as a
vigorous, versatile and popular writer. He is deeply
interested in the literature of his native State, and
probably no man has so thorough a knowledge of its
resources, industries and local history. He is a mem-
ber of Trinity Commandery, Knights Templar, and
a director in the Merchants' National Bank. He
attends the Franklin Street Church. In 1858 he
united in marriage with Annie M., daughter of L. B.
Philbrick, Estj., of Deerfield, and their family consists
of three children, — Lizzie A., Susie P. and George
Abram.

Mr. French is a genial comj^anion, a stanch friend
and a man who wins and holds the good opinion of
his fellow-citizens.

CHARLE8 E. UALCII.

There is no 2>i'0uder or more enduring personal
record than the story of a self-reliant, manly and
successful career. It declares that the individual not
only understood his duty and mission, but fulfilled
them. The following memoir is highly suggestive of
these facts :

134

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Charles E. Balch was born in Francestown, N. H.,
March 17, 18:U, and here his boyhood days were
sjieiit. He was a son of well-to-do parents, and was
educated at Francestown Academy, and at the age of
cisrlitccn years began his active business career as book-
keeper in the mercantile establishment of Barton &
Co., in this city. Here he remained about two years,
and then accepted a clerkship in the Manchester
Saviii<rs-Bank. He brought to the discharge of his new
duties a peculiar fitness, which soon attracted the atten-
tion of the officers of the Manchester Bank, and upon
the reorganization of this institution as a national bank,
in ISGa, Mr. Balch was chosen its cashier, a position
which he held until .January, 1884. He was also
trustee of the Manchester Saviugs-Bank, the largest
in the State ; from 18(52 was a member of its invest-
ment committee, and treasurer till within a few
months before his death. He was treasurer of the
Manchester Gas-Light Company, a director and mem-
ber of the finance committee of the New Hampshire
Fire Insurance Company, and a trustee of many large
estates. And in all the various positions of responsibil-
ity and trust which Colonel Balch was called upon to
fill, he discharged his duties with eminent ability, and
proved himself a most sagacious, careful and safe
financier. He was interested in a number of vessels,
one of which, a four-masted schooner, the "C. E.
Balch," of eight hundred and forty-three tons, was
launched at Bath, Me., July 15, 1882. Colonel Balch
was thoroughly alive to all interests looking to the
welfare of his adopted city, and rejoiced to see it pros-
per, always responding to personal calls looking to
this end.

He did not seek political preferment, but was a
stanch supporter of Eepublican principles. In na-
tional, State and municipal atlairs he was deeply in-
terested and had firm convictions in regard to them.
The i)urity and uprightness of his life were con-
spicuous. Not a breath of evil was ever raised against
liiin. His personal bearing to everybody was most
cordial. For each of the vast number of persons who
were brought into business and social relation with him
he had always a pleasant greeting, impressing all with
his affability and marked courtesy. The unflagging
work which he put into his life's calling enal)led him
to become one of Manchester's most successful men,
acquiring a handsome property. Colonel Balch was a
gentleman of refined taste, high ideas of morality, and
devoted to his home-life. During 188.H he completed
one of the most elegant residences in the city, in a de-
lightful location, and having reached that point in
his career where he could sensibly lessen his business
cares, he was in a position to enjoy the fruits of an
honorable and successful life. Although his death
had been in a measure expected, it brought a shock to
his host of friends in the city and State, who mourned
Death's selection of one of the most i)rosperous, re-
spected and best-known individuals in the prime of
manhood. With only one secret organization was he

connected, the Washington Lodge of Masons. Colonel
Balch received his military title by serving two years
on the staff of Governor Head. He was an accom-
plished equestrian. He was a member of the Frank-
lin Street Society and contributed liberally to its
advancement.

Mr. Balch's architectural taste, which was some-
thing unusual in a person not a professional, is shown
in his fitting up of the interior of the Manchester
banking-rooms ; his plan for his own residence, which
is of classical style of architecture, and during the
last year of his life, the building of Cilley Block, one
of the finest business blocks on Elm Street, in Man-
chester. He was one of the building committee of
the Manchester Opera-House.

In July, 1867, he united in marriage with Miss
Emeline R., daughter of Rev. Nahum Brooks, who
survives him. He died October 18, 1884.

At a meeting of the officers of Manchester Bank,
October 20, 1884, the following resolutions were pre-
sented by Hon. Daniel Clark, and adopted :

" Eesolceil, That by the death of Colonel Charles E. Balch we have
lost a pleasant associate, a courteous gentleman, a prudent, skilled and
efficient officer, an able financier, cautious and considerate in his judg-
ment, prompt in action, straightforward and direct in his methods and
faithful to his trusts, a man of great moral worth and Christian virtue,
free from reproach, cjuiet in his deportment, gentle and unassuming in
his manners and exemplary in all the relations of life ; a citizen of large
and healthful influence, respected and beloved.

" Eesolued, That while we deplore his death in the primeof his man-
hood, when, rich in experience he was becoming even more useful, yet
our grief is somewhat moderative, and we are thankful that no shadow
rests upon the record of his life, and that the brightness of his example
shines up from the ' valley ' of his peaceful rest.

" Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be presented to Mrs. Balch
as an expression of our appreciation of her husband's character and of our
heartfelt sympathy in her bereavement, and that they be entered upon the
records of tlie JIanchester Savings Bank, whose treasurer he was."

The funeral services were conducted by Rev. George
B. Spalding, D.D., who spoke with great tenderness
and fine appreciation, as follows :

" In the stir and noise of our great communities death fails to make
its due impression. Day by day one falls out of the ranks, and in the
swift onward march of the living he seems soon to be forgotten. The
surface of the ever-Howing stream is broken only for the moment. The
current of human ambitions and strifes, of fierce competition and activi-
ties, bears no trace of disturbance ;is one disappears beneath the waves
and is lost to view forever, so intense and hurried and irrepressible is this
tide of life which surges as never before in our cities. And yet, now and
then, death comes in such unusual form, or bears away one of such pecu-
liar character, or such marked relations to the community, that all hearts
are arrested and the sense of loss seems deep and universal. It is so to-
day.

'•The announcement of the death of Charles E. Balch brought a pro-
found hush to this comniunity. His sickness has been watched with an
unusual solicitude. Hojies and fears had attended the varying phases of
his disease. Its sudden fatal ending was a shock to very many hearts.
The presence here to-day of so great a n\imberandof such varie<l repre-
sentatives of all classes manifests the depth and tenderness of the sor-
row wliich this deatli has caused. There must have been soinetliing in
this man, in his nature and his ways with his fellow-men, that accounts
for this profound feeling, which, to such an unusual degree has come
to this city. Doubtless there is that in the outward history of this man
which has strongly moved us. Here was one who, as a yoiyig man of
eighti^en years of age, came into this place, putting his best life into the
young, vigorous city, growing up through its successive stages of growth,
sharing at last, as the fruits of his keen foresight and splendid industry,
in its great prosperity,— and yet in the fulness of his matured strength,

'?^««%s

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persistent ronformance t biiaineas '

. IJll U;

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the Amoskpae ( Vmii

anJ will continue to l>e, a tine fxa:
• if in honorable, successful mm.
' ; !>e«B enterprises, and in Ri

otliors, V

i:bar;('"l-'l

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■avity to add to i^
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iuiluatry !■•'•' ' ' '' '
ties are 1
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1800. His

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Mr. Kimball.

ed to Louil'ii>

A'>^r

MANCHESTER.

135

and in tin- fultilleii promise uf his ardent Impes ;ind rareful filanuing,
suddenly taken away from this scene of his laboi"s and successes. Tlie
suddenness and completeness of this work of death startles an<l appalls
all hearts. We can scarce withhold our pity as we look upon his
signal triumphs, as we look around this home into which he bent his
careful thoughts and his refined taste, and think of him as ruthlessly sev-
ered hy death from it all. Only a Christian faitli, only the thouglit.s of
the mansions in tlie Father's house, can turn our feelings of compassion
into lietter ways.

" But something more than pity for one swept thus suddenly away
from his brave activities and keen enjoyments in the very prime of his
life must account for this wide and tender interest which his death has
awakened. There is a respect, an admiration, a strong affection surging
in our hearts, which onlycertiiin most noble ipialities in Mr. Balch could
call out from us. He was a man who, through more than thirty years,
has been conspicuous in the business life of this community. He carried
into all the many activities which had engaged him some quite remarka-
ble powers, which were the conditions of his success. He was industri-
ous, patient, foreseeing, wise in judgement, swift in execution, tireless in
application, faithful in every business service. But, far better than this,
to these splendidly-e<iuipped powers he joined a most sagacious and con-
scientious regard for true principles which underlie all financial success.
He won prosperity for the institutions he served and for himself l)y a
persistent conformance to those ways of doing business which all the ex-
perience of the past and the sadder experience of tlie present show to
be alone sound in principle and truly enduring in results. He has been,
and will continue to be, a fine example, to the young men of this city,
of an honorable, successful man. And in all the prosecution of his
business enterprises, and in all the performance of his private and pub-
lic trusts, he has always shown himself to be honest and truthful in
every respect. No word has ever reached my ear, and T doubt if any
other's, which, even out of malice or uncharitableness, could nuir the
character of this man, as one most just and upright in all his business
life. But the circle of business enterprise, however filled by his time and
energies, did not completely hold him.

"Mr. Balch was a man of public spirit. lie was deeply interested in
all that pertained to the prosperity and well-being of this city. He re-
joiced in its growth and contributed of his refined tastes and his large
sagacity to add to its beauty. He was a man of purest moral tone, free
from every debasing habit, clean in thought and in speecli, far from
every low, mean thing. He was reverent in spirit, respecting with
utmost sincerity the very forms of religion, and sharing, I doubt not, its
hidden life. He was retiring in disposition, not .seeking ofticc or publicity,
loving most his home, and warm and loyal to his cho.sen friends. Beyond
almost any man I have ever known, he was a gentleman, always courteous,
always cheerful, always greeting us and everybody else with a smiling face
and kind word, that made all the world brighter for having met him. No
business care or perplexity, no pain or exhaustion of sickness, seemed to
ruffle the serenity or take from him inspiring cheer. The loss of such a
man's presence among us is very great. How great it is to this house-
hold, where all the dearest qualities which we have recalled found their
fullest expression, no one outside can know. But the loss to this city,
in the splendid business capacities and high, noble career and charac-
ter which have here closed, is very great. A city's real greatness and
finest renown must always be found in its best citizens. Better than
its material prosperity and the multiform prodiicts of its mightiest
industry and the charms of its outward adornment and natural beau-
ties are the high-minded and good men and women who are found
within it."

JOHN H. MAYNARD.

John H. Maynard, son of Asa and Mary (Liiilield)
Maynard, was born in Concord, Mass., January 23,
1805. His father moved to Loudon, N. H., when he
was but five years of age, and remained licre a few
years and moved to East Concord.

Tlie subject of this sketch attended the district
school in winter and worked at carpentering in sum-
mer ; commenced to learn his trade, when eleven
years old, with Moses Kimball, of East Concord, with
whom he remained five years, or until the death of
Mr. Kimball.

He subsequently was in the employ of John
Putney, and, still later, of John Leach, of Concord.
He remained with Mr. J^each about four years, then
started out on his own account, and his career has
been a successful one. He built Nathaniel Upham's
house, now standing north of the State-House, and
afterwards built the Baptist meeting-house in New
Boston. He returned to Concord and built Call's Block,
rear of the State-House. Was in Amoskeag about
the year 1882, and built the old tavern which is now
a tenement block, lie built the Unitarian meeting-
house in Concord, and then returned to Amoskeag
and erected the first tenement-house at Amoskeag
Falls, on the east side of the river. This was built
for the workmen who were to build the guard-gate for
the Amoskeag Company. From this time Mr. May-
nard Avorked continuously for the Amoskeag Company
for thirty years, during which time he did the car-
penter-work on No. 3, 4, 5 and 6 Mills and mo.st of
the large tenement blocks. Mr. Maynard married, for
his first wife, Jane Kimball, of East Concord, N. H.,
March, 23 1832 ; they had no children. He lived
with her about thirty years. He married for his
second wife Apha Kimball, of Hopkinton, N. H.,
about the year 1871. Mr. Maynard was chief of the
old Fire Department, and was connected with it for
twenty-five years. He has been alderman and a mem-
ber of the City Council, and has also been a representa-
tive from Manchester three terms in the Legislature.
He was the first assessor in the city of Manchester.
Mr. Maynard has resided in Manchester since its in-
fancy, and relates that he planted beans and corn in
front of where the Stark Block now stands, on Elm
Street. He is a director in the Manchester Bank,
and has been for thirty-five years. He is in politics
a Republican.

Mr. Maynard is a l)uilder and contractor, and is an
active business men of to-day, although eighty-one
years of age. His father was in the Revolutionary
War, and died at the age of ninety-seven years.

HON. JOHN HOSLEY.

John Hosley was l)orn May 12, 1826, at the old
Hoslcy homestead, in Hancock, N. H., and is the son
of Samuel and Sophia (Wilson) Hosley, being one of
a family of nine, of whom also survive Martha E.,
wife of George G. Wadsworth, of Chelsea, Mass., and
Lucretia J., wife of Oliver Dearborn, of Denver, Col.
Mr. Hosley comes from a hardy, thrifty, intelligent
ancestry, which traces its lineage back through the
centuries to Merrie England, where the family had its
origin. His ancestors were numbered among the
indomital)le Puritans who sought an asylum from
persecution in America, and were of such a heroic
mould that their descendants were found battling for
freedom in the War of the Revolution.

In tracing the genealogy of the family we find that
there was a James Hosley born May 1, 1649, married
Martha Parker, and died July 9, 1677. He was sur-

136

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

vived by a son, James, born September 4, 1675, and
died February 18, 1728, leaving a son also bearing
the name of James, who was born May 10, 1702, and
married Ennie Jervett. A son was l)orn to them at
Townsend, Mass., January 19, 1734, who was called
James, after his father. Tliis son was the great-grand-
father of the subjcet of this sketch, and was a man of
conspicuous ai)ility. From the published history of
Townsend, :\Ia.ss., it is leiirned that he was honored
by being elected to all the offices within the gift of
his fellow-citizens, including an election to the
General Court, but declined the latter distinction.
He wiis neither an office-seeker nor a demagogue, but
a man whose worth everywhere commanded respect.
In 1775 lie was moderator at the annual town-meet-
insr, town clerk, chairman of the Board of Select-
men, and captain of the alarm list, or Minute-Men,
who, lifty-three strong, marched to the defense of
Cambridge. In 1777 the General Court passed a res-
olution calling for volunteers to go to the assistance
of General Gates, who was confronting Burgoyne, at
Saratoga. The call met with an enthusiastic response,
and James Hosley was unanimously elected captain
of a company of seventy men, which included within
its ranks such military men of ability and notoriety
as Colonel William Prescott (the hero of Bunker
Hill), Major Henry Wood, Major Samuel Stone and
others nearly as well-known. These men would
never have been subordinate to any man unless he
honored the office to which he had been elevated.
Atter the close of the Revolutionary War he moved
to Hancock, N. H., where he purchased a farm and
donated a portion of it to the town for public use.
He left a son, Sanuiel, who was born July 8, 1767,
and died December 20, 1826. A merchant and farmer
by occupation, he was noted for his piety and benevo-
lence, leaving a character worthy of lasting and affec-
tionate remembrance. He married Polly Dodge, and
the fruit of their union was a son, Samuel, who was
born on the old homestead in Hancock, September
28, 1802, and this son was the lather of the Hon.
John Hosley, whose name api)ears at the head of
this sketch. He obtained an education in the com-
mon schools and the academy at Hancock, was a
farmer by occupation, and dii'd .January 10, 1871, his
estimal)le wife surviving him but six days. He was
an honorable man and an exemplary Christian.

This brings us down to Mr. Hosley ( f to-day, who
was brouglit uj) on his father's farm, and gained
what education the common .schools of Hancock
afforded until he was twenty years of age. In 1846
he removed to Manchester, which at that time gave
little indication of its coming importance. Mr.
Hosley engaged in manufacturing, and was an over-
seer in the weaving department of the Amoskeag
Manufacturing Company. He also engaged in the
grocery and real estate business, and in farming, and
was succe.ssful in all. He seems to have inherited
the even judgment and pronounced ability of his an-

cestors, and has been called to many important posi-
tions of trust and honor by his fellow-citizens, never
failing to receive more than his jjarty's strength at
the polls whenever a candidate. He represented his
ward in the Legislature, Common Council two years.
Board of Aldermen five years, and on the Board of
Education for two years. He was city tax collector
for two years and has been twice elected mayor, be-
sides holding various minor city offices. He was a
member of the National Union Convention, which
met at Philadelphia in 1865, is a prominent Free-
mason, and has held the highest office in Hillsborough
Lodge of Odd-Fellows. In religion Mr. Hosley is a
Unitarian. He married, in 1854, Miss Dorotha H.
Jones, of Weare, N. H., by whom he has had one
child, who is married to William M. Parsons, M.D.
They have one child, Martha S., born April 30, 1884.
It is readily seen that Mr. Hosley is a man of no
common abilities, and his performance of the duties
of the various offices which he has been called upon
to fill has ever been eminently satisfactory. He has
grown up with Manchester, as town and city, and has
done his full share in moulding its policy in govern-
mental affairs.

COLONEL CHANDLER EASTMAN POTTER,^

Colonel Chandler Eastman Potter was a native
of East Concord, N. H., born March 7, 1807, son of
Joseph and Anna (Drake) Potter. He graduated at
Dartmouth College in 18.S1, taught high schools in
Concord and Portsmouth several years, read law,
and was admitted to the bar and practiced in Con-
cord. In 1844 he moved to Manchester, where he
owned and edited the Manchester Democrat until the
fall of 1848, when he sold the paper. From 1852 to
1856 he was editor of the Monthly Visitor and Gran-
ite Farmer. In June, 1848, he was appointed justice
of the Manchester Police Court, succeeding Hon.
Samuel D. Bell, which office he filled seven years,
with honor and credit to himself. He was an able
and efficient member of the Historical Society in
New Hampshire and other societies, and author of
a very elaborate and correct history of Manchester.
His ennobling views of man and nature, and of
sound, true principles, were always heard with pro-
found attention and delight. He had copiousness of
ideas, and his writings Avere always filled with the
thoughts of a comprehensive mind, instructing all
who read what he wrote with a ready pen. He was
interested in the study of the Indian language, and
has written many sketches of Indian character, and
was a contributor to Schoolcraft's Indian work.
" Colonel Potter was probably the best informed man
and antiquarian in the State on all topics that re-
lated to the early settlement of New Hampshire.''
He was genial and social, with a keen relish for
humor and anecdote, Iriendly with all classes. The

' From Clarke's " Successful New Hampshire Men."

..t " '-^-33^r^^^^

' ■ I - ■ ■"
■mTicil two

-oalltid upou
,,ry. H-. '■• -^
citv, V.

March 7, IJ^'
He gr-

practiced i'

or, Avhere ii

J i- : 1 .1

' anted '

itou.

;iUiiiOl

iiage, and

med min

. The

^>?^^.

Jy{b. cJa^J^i^^

MANCHESTER.

137

of iiiH'd. He waa i--

/.ations of the ;<1 ftecond cotnn

•i- my thata*!

w' iliey \ ' ' '

i^' :i>U of i

('■ Putter, wh

\K ' ■, the McN

aud L iiikliiv Piei'

eiitcrUuiii. ^'•" !ii»'"> •

the groun

Colonel Potters last able work, "The Mi
History of New Hampshire," publislied in 1^
aists of two volumes, from the settleirn"
to the close of the War of 1812, with -
graphical sketches.

Judge Potter married, Novei
A., daughter of John I'nderwoO'
whom he had four children. ^•
1854, and November 11, 1856, he marrie*!
Maria, daughter of Geiifcral John MoN.ei}, oi •.
borough. After this r. ' • he resided i\\
Governor Pierce homet^^i : i 'illsil^nroM ,l, li

the remainder of his life.

Colonel Potter loved the society of intelligont and

ji;-

ren were 1.

lam I'

lue

M-ina:

bildren were Joseph B..
. Lewis N., Dr. Joseph
i^i';., r irah Jane Rogers, Wii'im
nah Cogswell.

Among the auccators '»f D
who were vi.-ry promine

irah B.

her h6 had ! ^on
business, .\ui(ust 3, 1868.

both of

r Harvani (. o'

veiLLIAM MOODY !

An fiariy ancestor of Dr. Parsons was Joseph,
who was born in Englan-l
and came to this country i' vU; , v^-'
in Northampton, Mass., and 'Mod March . ,
Their children were Josep' .John,- Sai

Ebenezer, Jonathan, David, Mi
and Hester.

Joseph Jr., was born in . ■lizaber.

Strong, and died in 1729. • 'n were

Joseph, John, Ebenezer, Elizabeth, David, Josiah,
Daniel, Moses, Abiga'' ' )ah.

Joseph was born ii. .... I'^ved at Tt •■ > -^

College in 1697, entered Iht* , settlou

anon, Conn., and moved l' Mjiss.

married Elizabeth Thor

Their children were Josei

beth aud .iolm, the tb.

clergymen. John died w'

yard C

Rev. vviiiiii.'ii ^v.■t.■5 !,■■.■ ■ iiu-i.:

Sarah Burnham, an 1 mo f.. in

1763, and died Ja: n

ary 28, 1797. Their
Elizabeth, John, .' ■

William was b'
Meserve, and had.

John wa.s boiii

was also the firsts'

•hing

•tion t'

family l^
Hampshire, oi
of Revo^

\ ere noted teachers in
laughters became the " '

Dr. TP"'-- ""^ '-
ton Do'.'

his brothers aud 8tj*tfrs at
lion.al !!•

• ■id tw<'

•, nit,,

of the

it:r Uio lu

■4;» v,'.:?!^ it.;;.

MANCHESTER.

137

rich and the poor found in him a true friend in time
of need. He was a devoted friend of the militia
organizations of the State, and second commander of
the Amoskeag Veterans, a company that adopted the
uniform of the Continentals. They visited Washing-
ton during the administration of President Pierce,
commanded by Colonel Potter, who entertained the
veterans at his home, the McNeil (N. H.) mansion
and birth-place of Franklin Pierce, in 1865. A grand
entertainment was given them in a large tent upon
the grounds.

Colonel Potter's last able work, "The Military
History of New Hampshire," published in 186(3, con-
sists of two volumes, from the settlement in 1623
to the close of the War of 1812, with valuable bio-
graphical sketches.

Judge Potter married, November 1, 1832, Clara
A., daughter of John Underwood, of Portsmouth, by
whom he had four children. She died March 19,
1854, and November 11, 1856, he married Frances
Maria, daughter of General John McNeil, of Hills-
borough. After this marriage he resided at the
Governor Pierce homestead in Hillsborough during
the remainder of his life.

Colonel Potter loved the society of intelligent and
worthy people, and welcomed all without distinction.
His domestic relations gave a great charm to his ex-
istence. He died at Flint, Mich., whither he had
gone with his wife on business, August 3, 1868.

WILLIAM MOODY PARSONS, M.D.

An early ancestor of Dr. Parsons was Joseph,
who was born in England, married Mary Bliss
and came to this country in July, 1626, settling
in Northampton, Mass., and died March 26, 1684.
Their children were Joseph, Jr., John, Samuel,
Ebenezer, Jonathan, David, Mary, Hannah, Abigail
and Hester.

Joseph Jr., was born in 1647, married Elizabeth
Strong, and died in 1729. Their children were
Joseph, John, Ebenezer, Elizabeth, David, Josiah,
Daniel, Moses, Abigail and Noah.

Josejih was born in 1671, graduated at Harvard
College in 1697, entered the ministry, settled in Leb-
anon, Conn., and moved to Salisbury, Mass. He
married Elizabeth Thompson, and died in 1739.
Their children were Joseph, Samuel, William, Eliza-
beth and John, the three elder of whom became
clergymen, John died while a sophomore in Har-
vard College.

Rev. William was born April 21, 1716, married
Sarah Burnham, and moved to Gilmanton, N. H., in
1763, and died January 31, 1796. His wife died Febru-
ary 28, 1797. Their children were Sarah, William,
Elizabeth, John, Joseph and Ebenezer.

William was born April 1, 1745, married Hannah
Meserve, and had William, John, Joseph and Sarah.

John was born November 10, 1751, married Lydie

Folsom, October 16, 1783, and died May 31, 1838.
His wife died March 17, 1828. Their children were
William, Judith, John, Sarah, Hannah, Lydie, Eliza
and Joseph.

Joseph Parsons, Esq., was born August 29, 1753,
married Ruth Pearson, and died August 10, 1806.
Their children were Ruth, Joseph, Sarah, Hannah,
Thomas and Mary.

Ebenezer Parsons was born January 21, 1756, and
married Eunice Potter, November 18, 1784, and had
Ebenezer, Eunice, William, Samuel, Sally and Lucy.

Abraham Parsons, son of Abraham, of New Mar-
ket, and grandson of Josiah, of Cape Ann, was born
November 2, 1754, married Abigail Burleigh, May 30,
1780, and had four children, — Joniah, Sarah, Abra-
ham and James.

Josiah Parsons, Esq., was born September 26, 1781;
married Judith Badger, daughter of Joseph and
Sarah (Weeks) Badger. He died December 9, 1842.
Their children were Josei^h B., Emily P., Sarah B.,
Mary E., Lewis N., Dr. Joseph Badger, Daniel Jacobs,
Esq., Sarah Jane Rogers, William Moody and Han-
nah Cogswell.

Among the ancestors of Dr. Parsons were those
who were very prominent in the religious, educational,
military and civil history of the town wherein they
lived ; notably is this true of Rev. William Parsons,
son of Rev. Joseph Parsons, both of whom were
graduates of Harvard College.

Rev. William became one of the proprietors of
Gilmanton, and was employed by the corporation to
preach to the settlers, which he did for ten years. He
was also the first schoolmaster in the town, and con-
tinued his teaching even after he had closed his
ministry. He was a very useful citizen, an exem-
plary minister of the gospel and did much to give
a right direction to the early movements in regard to
religious institutions in the town.

The mother of Dr. William M. Parsons was Judith
Badger, a superior woman, and a descendant of that
family so illustrious in the early history of New
Hampshire, of whom were General Joseph Badger,
of Revolutionary lame; his son, Hon. .Joseph Badger;
and his grandson, Hon. William Badger, ex-Governor
of New Hampshire. Of the brothers of Dr. Parsons,
Dr. Joseph Badger became a successful physician and
Daniel J., who read law in the office of Hon. Ira A.
Eastman, is a successful practitioner. Each of the
children of this family, except the youngest, Hannah
C, were noted teachers in their time, and two of the
daughters became the wives of clergymen.

Dr. William Moody Parsons was born in (iilman-
ton December 30, 1826; his boyhood was passed with
his brothers and sisters at the old home. His educa
tional advantages were those of the district schools of
the time, supplemented by a classical course at the
celebrated Gilmanton Academy. At the close of the
academic course., having a taste for the study of
medicine, he commenced under the tuition of Dr.

138

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Nahuni Wight, a celebrated practitioner of Gilman-
ton, where he remained three years, during which
time Dr. Parsons attended a course of lectures at
the Dartmouth Medical College, and then went into
the office with his brother, Dr. Joseph B., at Ben-
nington, N. H., where he commenced the practice of
his profession, remaining about one year; he then at-
tended his final course of lectures at the Vermont
Medical College, where he graduated in June, 1851,
and returned to Bennington, practicing in company
with brother imtil 1855, when hia brother sold his
interest to Dr. William M., and moved to Haverhill,
Mass.

Dr. Parsons, with a large practice, desiring a more
favorable location, moved to Antrim, N. H., and
there, for a period of fifteen years, attended faithfully
to the increasing demands made upon him until 1870,
when he returned to Bennington. The practice of
Dr. Parsons had become so extensive and the rides so
long and laborious that he found it necessary in the
interest of his health to make some change, that his
duties might not be so exacting, and to this end, in
April, 1873, he moved to Manchester, N. H., where
he at once established himself in his profession, and
where he has since resided.

During his long practice in the country Dr. Par-
sons had many calls for consultation with his brother
physicians in the adjoining towns, which, together
with his own practice, made the change to an easier
field imperative. As a surgeon. Dr. Parsons early
took prominent place, and he has performed in these
years many capital operations with notable success.

In 1861, Dr. Parsons was appointed by the Gov-
ernor as chairman of a commission for the extirpa-
tion of pleuro-pneumouia among cattle, which was
prevalent at that time, which disease was thoroughly
eradicated in a comparatively short time, and with
small expense to the State in comparison with that

of some neighboring States in which this disease
prevailed.

In 1883, Dr. Parsons was commissioned assistant
surgeon First Regiment New Hampshire National
Guard, and in 1884 was promoted to the office of
surgeon of the same regiment, with rank of major.

Dr. Parsons is a member of the Masonic fraternity,
an Odd-Fellow and Knight of Honor. In religion
Dr. Parsons is a Quaker. In jjolitics he is a Demo-
crat, and in 1871-72 represented the town of Ben-
nington in the General Court.

Dr. Parsons has, by his lively interest in public
schools and educational matters in general, main-
tained the family trait, which, from his first ancestor,
has stood out prominently in each of the generations,
having been superintending school committee sev-
eral years.

In November, 1882, Dr. Parsons married Marion J.,
only daughter of Hon. John and Dorothy (Jones)
Hosley, of Manchester. From this union there was
born Martha S., April 30, 1884.

For a period of about thirty-five years Dr. Parsons
has been in active practice, ever ready to respond to
the calls of suffering humanity, to affiDrd relief;
prompt in his appointments for consultations, cour-
teous and liberal while maintaining professional
etiquette, he has attained a prominent position in the
community where he lives.

Dr. Parsons has taken a warm interest in the wel-
fare and progress of young men who had entered
upon the study of medicine, and his office has ever
been a place where all such could find counsel and
advice, and many have begun their study under his
direction. A good citizen, a genial friend, a kind hus-
band and father, a faithful and trusted family physi-
cian. Dr. Parsons enjoys the confidence and respect of
those he has served so many years, and is a credit to
his native State.

HISTORY OF NASHUA.

BY JOHN H. GOODAliE,

CHAPTER I.

TOPOGRAPHY— NATURAL FEATURES.

Boundaries — Area — Eivers, Brooks and Ponds — Intervales and Plains —
Forest-Trees— Wild Animals — Fish — Climate — Meteorology.

The city of Nashua lies in the southern jjart of
Hillsborough County, on the boundary line of Massa-
chusetts. It is bounded on the north by the town of
Merrimack, on the east by the Merrimack Iliver,\vhich
separates it from Hudson and Litchfield, on the
south by Tyngsborough and Dunstable, Mass., and
on the west by Hollis. Its length is about six and
one-half miles from north to south, and its width a
little more than four and a half miles from east to
west. Its area is about eighteen thousand eight hun-
dred and ninety-eight acres, or nearly thirty square
miles. The surface in the eastern section is generally
level, consisting of plain and intervale ; in the western
it is rolling ; while in the southern section are several
ridges of moderate height. The highest summit in
Nashua is Long Hill, near the Massachusetts line,
which is four hundred and thirty-nine feet above the
ocean level.

The city is well watered. The Merrimack River
flows along its eastern boundary. The Nashua River,
from which the city takes its name, comes from the
southwest, furnishing the water-power for the cotton-
mills and other manufactories of the city, while
Salmon Brook, coming from the south, and the Penni-
chuck, on the north, are attractive and beautiful
streams.

There are three small natural ponds in the township,
Lovewell, in the southwest; Round, in the northwest;
and Sandy, in the southwest marginof the city proper.
Of these, the Sandy is the more noticeable. It lies
in a circular basin of six acres, has no visible inlet or
outlet and is fed by subterranean springs. Its sur-
face height varies about three feet, usually the high-
est in April and the lowest in October. The water is
unusually clear, and furnishes the most of the ice used
in the city.

In agricultural resources Nashua is below the aver-
age of the adjoining towns. The intervale of the
Merrimack and Nashua Rivers, limited in extent, is
10

easily cultivated, and excellent for the growth of corn
and vegetables. The higher lands of the southern
part have fine hay-fields and orchards, but the plain
and the most of the rolling lands which cover the
larger portion of Nashua are comparatively unpro-
ductive. The soil is a deposit of the Glacial Drift
period, — a sandy deposit worn from the northern hills
during that geological epoch, when glaciers or ice-
bergs were drifting across New England. More than
two centuries ago the early explorers named these
plains the "pine barrens."

The bowlders of granite so abundant in the north-
ern and western towns of Hillsborough County are
much fewer and smaller in Nashua. Ledges crop out
about Mine Falls, and one ledge a mile west of the
city proper furnishes a large amount of rough mate-
rial for cellar walls and other stone-work about the
city.

Almost every forest-tree common in Southern New
Hampshire was originally found in this township.
The lofty white-pine grew on the rich alluvial soil of
the two rivers, often having a height of one hundred
feet and a diameter of three feet. There was also, on
some portions of the intervale, and upon the higher
grounds on the north side of the Nashua River, a
heavy growth of sturdy hard pine, which was used by
the early settlers for the manufacture of turpentine.
The thin soil of the plains was covered by a scrub
pine growth. The pine growth has, to some extent,
been superseded by the birch and oak. The i)revail-
ing forest-trees at the present time are the pine, oak
and birch, with a sprinkling of maple, ash, elm, bass-
wood, spruce and walinit. The oak is largely of the
red and the birch of the white species. Very few
trees which had reached the average growth a century
ago are now standing. Very few acres of woodland
have been cleared of late in Nashua, and the percen-
tage of land covered by a natural forest growth is
increasing.

The early settlers of Nashua found fewer wild
animals here than in most other localities. The con-
stant presence of the Indians in the Merrimack
Valley, and the absence of sheltering ravines and
ledges, largely account for this. While in some of

139

140

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

the earliest settlements the pioneers found Avild
meats of great service, the scanty records of " Old
Dunstable" makes little mention of any aid from
this source. The bear and deer, never numerous in
this vicinity, soon disappeared. The moose, panther
and wolf seldom came below Lake Wiunipesaukee.
The beaver, a former occupant of Salmon Brook,
had already disappeared. The raccoon, fox, rabbit,
woodchuck and squirrel were still numerous and
annoying.

But the scarcity of wild animals as a source of
food was compensated by the abundance of fish.
Especially was this true in the spring. The Merri-
mack and its branches were the lavorite resort of the
salmon, shad and alewiie. Migratory in their habits,
they arrived early in May, and not only the larger
streams but the tributary brooks were full of them.
At the foot of every cascade the pools were crowded
with the agile salmon. The pioneers had no need to
resort to the Merrimack, since it was far easier to
catch them in the smaller streams. Salmon Brook
was so named from the multitude of salmon taken
every May between the Main Street bridge and its
entrance into the Merrimack.

The Pennichuck was equally famous for the facility
with which this delicious fish could be taken from its
waters. They varied in weight from three to sixteen
pounds. The early settlers in the adjacent towns re-
lied upon "Pennichuck beef" as the greatest delicacy
of the year. For half a century shad and alewives
were used as dressing for the corn-fields, and were
rarely cooked till salmon became scarce. After the
building of the Pawtucket (Lowell) dam, both salmon
and shad disappeared from the waters of the Merri-
mack and its branches.

From a toj)ographical examination, it is very
evident that Nashua owes its origin and growth as a
city from the river from which it derives its name.
It is a small river, but the water-power it furnishes
has been sutficient to found a city of fifteen thousand
inhabitants. Its sources are in the northern part of
Worcester County. The small streams flowing from
the base of Mount Wachusett unite in the Lancaster
meadows, forming the Nashua River. Thence it
Hows in a northern and northeasterly direction for
thirty miles, entering New Hampshire about seven
miles from its mouth. Its fall of water between Mine
Falls and its mouth is about fifty-four feet.

The climate of Nashua is healthy. It is exempt
from malaria and fogs^ and in the warm season is free
from annoying insects. The average temperature is
forty-eight degrees above zero. Its highest tempera-
ture within the past thirty years was ninety-nine de-
grees above, and its lowest thirty-two degrees below
zero. The degree of temperature varies with ditfer-
ent localities in and about the city. In ordinary
weather the difference is small, but at dawn on
severely cold winter mornings the mercury is usually
six, and sometimes ten, degrees lower at the Concord

Railroad Station than at Mount Pleasant and the
South Common. There is less fall of snow here than
in any other town of New Hampshire not bordering
on the Atlantic Coast. Exceptional winters occur,
but ordinarily the number of weeks of good sleighing
in this city is few, often not exceeding four. The
average rainfall is thirty-nine inches.

Nashua is the third city in the State in population,
the third in valuation and the second in the value of
its manufactures. It is thirty-five miles from Con-
cord, forty miles from Boston, two hundred and sixty-
two from New York and four hundred and ninety-two
from Washington. No extensive view of scenery is
visible from any part of the city ; but from the towers
of the High School and the Mount Pleasant School
buildings there is not only an attractive view of
Nashua itself, but on a fair day there can be clearly
seen the twin summits of Uncanoonuc, in Goflstown,
the precipitous side of Joe English, in New Boston,
the Crotched Mountain, in Francestown, the Grand
Monadnoc, in Jaft'rey, the Pack Monadnoc, in Peter-
borough, and Mount Wachusett, in Central Massa-
chusetts.

CHAPTER II.

l^ASRV A— {Continued.)

THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS.

Indian TribeH— The "Nasliaways" — Corn-Raising — Stone Implements
— Hunting — Modes of Cooking— Salmon and Shad — 'Wigwams —
Treatment of Squaws— Ware— The Birch Canoe— Clothing— Stone
Relics.

Nashua was the first settled of the inland towns
of New Hampshire. It is not certainly known in
wliat year the first white inhabitant built his cabin
within its limits, but it could hardly have been earlier
than 1665 or later than 1670. Fifty years before the
Scotch settlers came to Londonderry, and seventy
years before any other town of Hillsborough County,
outside of "Old Dunstable," had a white resident,
there were log cabins on the banks of Salmon Brook,
a little above its junction with the Merrimack.
Longer than any other towns in the State, except
Dover and Portsmouth, this settlement occupied a
frontier position, exposed to all the perils and terrible
disasters of savage hostility, and none did more heroic
service in rescuing the colonies from the barbarities
of Indian warfare.

It is now more than two-thirds of a century since
the last Indian remaining in the State died in a re-
mote cabin in Coos County. The prophecy of Passa-
conaway has been fulfilled. The race of New
Hampshire Indians is extinct. To the generation of
to-day the Indian is a myth. To our forefathers
they were a terrible reality, — an untiring, ever-present,
merciless foe.

The history of Nashua would be incomplete without
a description of its original inhabitants. Of the

NASHUA.

twenty thousand Indians in New England on the
landing of the Pilgrims, two thousand were in New
Hamijshire. More than three-fourths of these lived
in the Merrimack \'alley. The rapid growth of the
Massachusetts Bay colony led the more adventurous
emigrants to seek for advantageous and fertile lands
on which to iind a home. From the natives they
learned of the attractive valley of the Merrimack
River, and were awaiting a favorable opportunity to
explore it.

In the summer of 1652 the colonial government of
Massachusetts, desirous of ascertaining the northern
extent of their territory, a^jpointed an exploring
commission, consisting of Captain Edward Johnson
and Captain Simon Willard, accompanied by Jona-
than Ince and John Shearman as surveyors. They
were instructed to follow up the Merrimack Eiver to
its head and there establish a " bound.'" At Pawtucket
Falls they secured Indian guides, and, proceeding up
the west bank of the river, were the first white men
known to have crossed Salmon Brook and Nashua
River, and explored the intervale lands of the vicinity.
Having been told by their Indian guides that the
head of the Merrimack River was at the outlet
of the lake, they proceeded to that point, and upon
a rock having a surface just above the water, at the
outlet of the Winnipesaukee, they cut the following
inscription :

"EI sw

W 1' lOHN

ENDICVT

GOV "

which, modernized, and substituting the full names
for the initials, reads, —

"Edward Johnson. Simon Willard.

Worshipful John

Endicut

Governor."

The commissioners made a report to the Massachu-
setts government on their return, and stated that they
were treated kindly, not only by the tribes on the
Nashua and Souhegan Rivers, but by those of the
upper country. From their description it is probable
that about forty Indian families were living near the
mouths of Salmon Brook and the Nashua River, and
as many more at the mouth of the Souhegan and on
the Litchfield intervale, opposite.

The Indians of the Merrinuick Valley were divided
into small tribes, and were designated by the name of
the locality they occupied. The Pawtuckets had
their headquarters at Pawtucket Falls, just above the
present city of Lowell; the Nashaways lived in the
Nashua River valley and about its mouth ; the Souhe-
gans, on the stream of the same name ; the Penacooks
occupied Penacook, (now Concord,) and a part of Bos-
cawen. The last-named tribe was far the most numer-
ous, warlike and powerful, and its sachem, Passacon-
away, was the actual ruler of all the tribes of the
Merrimack Valley. He was the most sagacious and
discreet chieftain of his time.

These tribes, while relying largely on fishing and
hunting for their livelihood, depended to no trifling
extent upon the tillage of the soil to secure them from
starvation during the long winter. In common with
all the North American tribes, these Indian warriors,
when not idle, devoted themselves to war, fishing and
hunting, and imposed upon the women the labor of
tilling the ground, securing the crops, gathering the
firewood, and all the drudgery of the wigwam.

Many of the meadows, or the " intervales," as they
are often called, on the Merrimack and Nashua Rivers
are basins having a surface of alluvial and vegetable
deposits. No doubt they were once covered with
water, which, by the deepening of the channel, has
gradually passed away. In proof of this, we know
that logs, leaves, nuts and other vegetation are often
found buried under the surface at various depths,
sometimes as low as twenty feet. Mr. Fox, in his
" History of Dunstable," relates that when the exca-
vation for the foundation of the locks near the junc-
tion of the Nashua and Merrimack Rivers was made,
in 1825, at a spot about one hundred feet from the
Nashua River, and at a depth of many feet below tlie
surface, the workmen found logs and a quantity of
charred coals, evidently the remains of a fire. Such
discoveries are not infrequent in all alluvial lands.
The time of deposit, geologically considered, was re-
cent; chronologically estimated it was exceedingly
remote. The soil thus formed is free from stone,
easy of cultivation and for a time very productive.

After girdling the trees and piling the brushwood,
the ground was carefully burned over in autumn.
With the coming of spring each squaw began to pre-
pare her patch ibr planting. The Indian apostle,
John Elliot, writing from observation, describes these
patches as usually containing about half an acre
each, though occasionally he saw one of a whole acre.
Often a dozen or more of them were contiguous, thus
insuring a better protection from the coons, crows and
squirrels.

The implements of the Indians were rude and sim-
ple. The student of to-day will bear in mind that
the aboriginal race in North America three centuries
ago were living in primitive barbarism, entirely igno-
rant of the use of the metals, or of any of the arts
and discoveries of civilization. They were " the un-
tutored children of nature." The l)ow and arrow,
spear and club were their warlike weapons ; the birch
canoe was their highest idea of navigation ; the stone
hammer, wedge and gouge, and bone needle made up
their mechanical outfit; the stone pestle, eartlien pot,
flint knife, the ladle and spoon of horn constituted
their cooking utensils ; while the stone axe and hoe
were the implements of tillage.

The impression that the Indian axe was ever used
as a cutting instrument is an error. It was an imple-
ment for pounding rather than for cutting. No vari-
ety of stone, whether granite, greenstone, trap or
jasper can furnish an edge of sufficient firmness and

142

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

tenacity to successfully penetrate wood. The red man
rarely felled a tree, and when he did, it was by the aid of
pitch and tire. He used the axe for splitting wood, peel-
ing bark and pounding the ash for basket materials.
To the squaw it was of service in digging up bushes
and roots, and mellowing the soil ; but after the
ground was ]n-cpared for planting, the hoe was the
main implement used by the women, on whom de-
volved the toil of cultivating the land. It was made
of granite, or oftener of hard slate, having the shape
of the carpenter's adze, and with a deep groove
cut around the head to secure it to the handle. The
handle was a withe, so pliant as to be twisted tightly
in the groove around the head of the hoe; it was then
fastened with a strip of raw-hide. Both the withe
and the raw-hide were made firm by drying before the
handle would be serviceable. Such an implement
would be of little use in hard, stony ground, but in
the mellow loam of the intervale it sufficed to form
the hills and remove the intruding weeds. The corn
was of several colors, smaller of kernel and quicker
in maturing than we are now accustomed to plant.
The tribes of the Merrimack Valley began to plant
" when the leaves of the white oak were as large as
the ear of the mouse." From this habit was derived
the adage of the first white settlers, —

"When the oak trees look gosling gray
Plant then — be it June or May."

The squaws attended diligently to the grooving
corn, planting it in rows and hilling in much the
same way we do. Some of the abandoned corn-fields
on the intervales of Hudson retained for years the
shape of the hills of corn as they were left by the
natives. After several seasons, when the grounds be-
came exhausted, they dressed the soil with shad and
alewives. These fish luckily arrived in immense num-
bers just before planting-time, and were easily caught
in every brook or rivulet tributary to the river. Put-
ting a single fish in each hill was enough to secure a
good yield.

To the red men corn, the especial product of the
western continent, was a rich gift. It springs luxuri-
antly from a rich, fresh soil, and in the warm loam,
with little aid from cultivation, soon outstrips the
weeds. It bears not ten, nor twenty, but three hun-
dred-fold. If once dry, it is hurt neither by heat nor
cold, may be preserved in a pit or cave for years and
even centuries, is gathered from the field by hand
without knife or pruning-hook, and becomes nutri-
tious food by a simple roasting or parching before a
fire.

Besides corn, beans, squashes, pumpkins, melons
and gourds, all of them indigenous, were more or less
grown. Before ripening, the corn was often roasted
for immediate use. When boiled in kernels it was
called samp. When i)ounded in a mortar and boiled
it was called hominy. When boiled with an equal
quantity of beans it was called succotash. The squash

and pumpkin were cooked by boiling or steam-
ing, and used with other food. In summer the rasp-
berry and blackberry were freely eaten, and in
autumn the squaws, aided by the children, searched
the forests for nuts, gathering chestnuts, beech-nuts,
walnuts and acorns for food in winter. The acorns
were jaarched and ground and mixed with corn-meal.

The hunting of wild animals was something more
than an occupation to the red man. It was an amuse-
ment, and sometimes an inspiration. The forests
thickly covering the numerous hills of this county
abounded with foxes, raccoons, rabbits, woodchucks
and squirrels. In the fall the bear was sometimes
caught, and in the early winter venison often hung
from the rafters of the wigwam. These animals were
timid and wary, and could be approached only by
stealth. To get within bow-shot required much skill,
as well as patience, and was often unsuccessful at
last. Hence other contrivances were resorted to.
Traps and snares of various kinds, adapted to the size
and habits of the animal sought after, were extensively
used. For deer a driving-yard was built, forming a
figure like the letter Y, at some place known to be a
resort of this animal. Placing the best marksmen at
the apex, the rest of the party, forming a line, beat
the outlying woods so as to drive the deer within the
inclosure, from which thev could escape only through
the opening at the apex. Here they were usually
snared or shot.

The wild pigeon is said to have been surprisingly
numerous before, and for a time after, the advent of
the white population. Thousands, in August and
September, would at twilight alight upon two or three
adjacent forest-trees, many bushels of them to be
taken before dawn by the natives. The Indians
rarely eat raw meat. Usually it Avas roasted upon
split sticks or wooden forks, or broiled upon live
coals. When meat was boiled, it was with corn or
beans, and if the earthen pot was wanting, a wooden
trough was used to cook the food by throwing heated
stones into the water. In eating, they used neither
knife nor fork, and di'ank from a gourd or birch-bark
cup.

The tribes of the Merrimack Valley were attracted
by the great number and superior quality of the fish
which annually ascended the river in the early part
of May. The announcement of their arrival was re-
ceived with shouts, yells and every evidence of satis-
faction. It was the jubilant event of the year. All
the tribes gathered at the fishing haunts. Canoes,
seines, torches and spears were in demand. There
was usually such an abundance of the'fish that salmon
only were selected as palatable. Many were taken
with the stone-pointed spear. More were caught
with the seines made of wild hemp and the inner
bark of the elm and spruce. But in the height of the
"run," in the small streams the club was often the
more effective, and heaps of salmon were thrown upon
the banks, where the squaws with their fiint knives

NASHUA.

143

stood ready to dress them, splitting them and laying
them ujion the turf to dry. At night they were taken
to the wigwam and hung around the centre-pole to be
cured by the smoke. Each night was passed in danc-
ing and feasting, — a kind of jubilee for the success of
the day.

The wigwams were built by the. squaws. They
were rude structures made of eight or ten poles set
round in the form of a cone, having a stout centre-
pole, to which all the others were bent and fastened
with a strong rope of bark. This rude frame was cov-
ered with bark or mats, leaving an opening at the top
for the smoke to escape. There was rather a low
opening in the side of the wigwam left for the purpose
of a doorway, over which a bear or a deer skin was
suspended to answer the purpose of a door. This was
pushed aside when any one wished to enter or go out.
A large pin was driven into the centre-pole upon
which to hang the kettle. At the base of this pole,
under the pin, was placed edgewise a large flat stone,
against which the fire was made, and which protected
the pole from burning. Rude mats were placed on the
ground, on which they sat, took their meals and slept.

The condition of the wigwam was habitually untidy.
Often in the summer season the contents and sur-
roundings became so offensive as to compel a removal
to a new location. This required but a few hours'
labor, and was wholly done by the women. It is a
trait of savage character to degrade womanhood.
With the red man this was universal. The females
bore the burden of unconditional and unremitting
servitude. Under the most cruel treatment they had
no redress. Their utmost efforts and severest toil had
no other reward than neglect, if not indignity. It is
not strange that mothers of female infants were some-
times driven to infanticide.

The tribes of the Merrimack Valley, though less
ferocious than the Mohawks of New York and the
Tarentines of Maine, were addicted to strife and
bloodshed. Wars were as incessant and relentless
before the advent of Europeans as afterwards. Ex-
tinction had been the lot of many a tribe in the long
period which preceded the discovery of the continent.
It required no tedious effort for a chief to fire the
heart of every warrior in his clan, and once enlisted,
there was no risk of desertion. The red men were not
wanting in courage and persistance. Their wars were
terrible, not from their numbers, for on any one ex-
pedition they rarely exceeded a hundred men ; it was
the parties of six or seven which were most to be
dreaded, especially in a war of retaliation. Skill con-
sisted in surprising the enemy unawares. They fol-
lowed his trail to kill him when he slept, or they laid
in ambush near his wigwam, and watched for an op-

portunity of suddenly attacking and destroying him,
and usually his squaw and children after him, and
taking their scalps, hastened back in triumph to their
tribe with their trophies dangling from their belts.
It was the danger of just such strategy and barbarity
that for two-thirds of a century made every white
family in Dunstable feel insecure.

The earliest explorers spoke of the birch canoe as
the possession of every Indian family. Its construc-
tion required skill rather than strength. A light
frame-work of ash or white-oak was first made, and
this was tightly covered with white birch-bark, care-
fully selected, with the several pieces neatly sewed
together with the sinews of some animal or the twine
of wild hemp. The seams Avere made tight with
pitch. These canoes were from twelve to fifteen feet
in length, were propelled by paddles not unlike thote
now in use, and would carry from three to five persons,
who sat on the bottom ofthe canoe. It floated gracefully,
and both sexes acquired great facility in using it.
The occasions for using the canoe on the Merrimack
were frequent, inasmuch as the land on both sides of
the river was more or less occupied. " At almost any
hour," wrote Captain Willard. " one could see at the
mouths of the Nashua and Souhegan the natives
going to and fro in their canoes."

The clothing of the natives in summer was an apron
made of skin, fastened around the waist ; in winter a
bear-skin, or a jacket made of smaller skins. They
wore skin moccasins on their feet, and to these, when
traveling upon the deep and soft snow, the oval-
shaped show-shoes were bound, on which, though
cumbersome to the novice, the Indian hunter could
well-nigh outstrip the wind.

The natives ofthe eastern continent have enduring
monuments of their ancestors. The savage red men
who for ages occupied the Merrimack Valley left no
obelisk or pyramid, no ruin of walled town or temple.
The stone implements buried in the soil they occujned
are the only visible evidence of their having existed.
These are most abundant around the water-falls at
Amoskeag, the Weirs, Suncook and Pawtucket, but
they have also been found on almost every acre of
intervale between Lake Winnipesaukee and New-
buryport. Around the Amoskeag Falls antiquarians
have picked up thousands of the stone arrow and
spear-heads with which they pointed their weapons.
In excavations at 8anbornton Bay have been found
stone axes, steatite pipes, coarse fragments of pottery
and rude ornaments. On the alluvial plough-lands
of Nashua have been dug up stone pestles, hatchets,
gouges, knives, sinkers and arrow-[)oints, — the sole
relics of a I'ace who were unable to survive the aj)-
proach of civilization.

14-i

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

CHAPTER m.

"SASEV A— {Continued.)

FROM THE FIRST SETTLEMENT TO 1702.
Making i.f LiuKl Grants-Cliarter Granted to Dunstable— Names of
Grantees-Boundaries of the Township-Withdrawal of the Indians-
Laying Hut IIouse-Lots-Uncertain Date of Settlement-King Philip's
War-King William's War-Death of the Ilassell Family-Garrison
Houses — Poverty and Uardships.

"Gone are those great and good
Who here in peril stood,

And raised their hymn.
Peace to the reverend dead !
The light that on their head
Two hundred years have shed

Shall ne'er grow dim." — John liopont.

After the earliest settlements in New Hampshire, at
Dover and Portsmouth, in 1623, the growth of popu-
lation was, for some years, slow. The first settlers of
these two towns were speculators, rather than farmers,
and this circumstance did not strongly attract new-
comers.

Meanwhile, the settlements of the Massachusetts
colony grew rapidly. From 1650 to 1665 was a
period of unwonted activity and prosperity. In 1655
the settlements had extended northward to Chelms-
ford and Groton. The Massachusetts colonial govern-
ment, disregarding the Masonian claim, and consider-
ing all that part of New Hampshire south of Lake
Winnipesaukee within her own limits, began to dis-
tribute grants of land in the Merrimack Valley as
far north as the present towns of Merrimack and
Litchfield. Four hundred acres of land were granted
to John Whiting, lying on the south side of Salmon
Brook and extending up the brook one mile. In 1673
a grant of one thousand acres, on the north side of
Nashua River, was made to the Ancient and Honor-
al>le Artillery Company of Boston. It was bounded
on the east by the Merrimack River and on the
south Ity the Nashua. It included that part of the
j)resent city north of the river, and was called the
"Artillery Farm." From this circumstance the little
pond, which a few years ago occupied the cen-
tral part of North Common, was called Artillery
Pond. After owning this tract for seventy years the
cf)m[)any sold it to Colonel Joseph Blanchard, a man
of note in the early history of Dunstable.

Numerous other grants were made on both sides of
the river until their aggregate was fourteen thousand
acres. It became desirable, therefore, to consolidate
these grants into an incorporation, so as to secure to
the inhabitants all the privileges of an organized
township. Accor<liiigly, in 1673, the proprietors of
the I'arnis already laid out, and others who were dis-
posed to .settle here, presented a petition to the gov-
ernment of Massachusetts, of which the following is
a verbatim copy :

" To the Uonored flovertwr, Depnly Governor, with the Ma(jii<tratei> now as-
lewliled in the General (hurt ut liostim, Septenilier 111, 1073.
"The Petition of the Proprietors of the farms that are laid out upon
the Merrimack Kiver and places adjacent, with others who desire to joyn
with them in the settlement of a plantation there :

"Humbly Sheweth

"That whereas, there is a considerable tract of the Country's land that
is inviroued with the proprieties of particular persons and towns, viz. :
By the line of the town of Chelmsford, and by the Groton line, and by
Mr. Brenton's farm, by Souhegan farms, and beyond Merrimack River
by the outermost line of Henry Kimball's farm, and so to Chelmsford
line again. All is in little capacity of doing the country any service ex-
cept the farms bordering upon it be adjoined to said land, to make a
plantation there ; and there being a considerable number of persons who
are of sober and orderly conversation, who do stand in need of great ac-
commodations, who are willing to make improvement of the said vacant
lands : And the proprietors of the said farms are willing to aid those
that shall improve the said lands : the farms of those that are within
the tract of land before described, being about 14,000 acres at the least :—

' ' Your Petitioners, therefore, humbly request the favor of the Honor-
able Court that they will grant the said tract of land to your Petitioners
and to such as will join with them in the settlement of the lands before
mentioned, so those who have improved their farms, and those who in-
tend to do so, may be in a way to supjjort the ordinances of God, without
which they will be mostly deprived, the farms lying so remote from any
towns : And farther, that the Honorable Court will please grant the like
immunities to this plantation as they have formerly granted to other
plantations : So shall your Petitioners be ever engaged to pray :—

'1. Thomas Brattle,

2. Jonathan Tyng,

3. Joseph Wheeler,

4. James Parkeson,

5. Robert Gibbs,

6. John Turner,

7. Sampson Sheafe,

8. Samuel Scarlet,

9. ■William Lakin,

10. Abraham Parker,

11. James Knapp,

12. Robert Proctor,

13. Simon Willard, Jr.,

14. Thomas Edwards,

15. Thomas Wheeler,

16. Peter Bulkley,

17. Joseph Parker,

18. John Morse,

19. Samuel Combs,

20. James Parker, Jr.,

21. John Parker,

22. Josiah Parker,

23. Nathaniel Blood,

24. Robert Parris,

25. John Joliffe,

26. Zachariah Long."'

On the 26th of October this petition was granted,
and the township of Dunstable chartered. It was
granted with the condition universally required, viz.,
that "at least twenty actual settlers shall be in the
township within three years, that a meeting-house
shall be built and an able and orthodox minister shall
be obtained." These requirements were complied
with by the specified time.

The township of Dunstable, thus organized, was a
tract of about two hundred square miles, or one hun-
dred and twenty-eight thousand acres. It had long
been the favorite home of the savages, though their
number, some years previous, had been greatly
diminished by a raid of their hereditary enemy, the
bloodthirsty Mohawks. It included the present city
of Nashua, the towns of Hudson, Hollis, Dunstable
and Tyngsborough, besides portions of the towns of
Amherst, Milford, Merrimack, Litchfield, London-
derry, Pelham, Dracut, Brookline, Groton and Pep-
perell. It extended ten to twelve miles west of the
Merrimack, and three to five miles east of it, and its
average length, from north to south, was from twelve
to fourteen miles. The present city of Nashua is
very nearly the centre of the original township of
Dunstable,— the name that Nashua continued to bear
till within the recollection of many citizens now liv-
ing. The name Dunstable is said to have been given
in compliment to Mrs. Mary, wife of Edward Tyng
and mother of Jonathan Tyng, one of the grantees
and one of the most prominent of the first settlers.

NASHUA.

145

She was a native of a town of that name in the south
of England.

By the granting of this charter the twenty-six pe-
titioners became the owners of all the ungranted
lands within the boundaries of Dunstable, which, if
equally shared, would have given to each of them not
less than four thousand acres. What recompense
the Indians received for their lands is not known.
Some ten years after the granting of the charter it is
said that seventy dollars in silver was paid to the
Wamesits, of Chelmsford, and the same sum to the
sachem at Souhegan, for their claims ; but there is no
evidence that the Na.-^haways received any considera-
tion. As the most of the tribe and the chief sachem
lived at Lancaster, Mass., it is probable the i'ew
families remaining here went northward with the
majority of their tribe, and received little or no
recompense.

The little Indian settlement at the mouths of
Nashua River and Salmon Brook, when visited by
Captain Simon Willard in 1652, had only forty war-
riors. It is known that, in 1669, they joined the
Penacooks in an expedition against the Mohawks, in
which the most of them perished. The remnant,
dispirited and powerless, are said to have united with
the Wamesits, and soon after migrated with them
northward. Afterwards nothing was distinctively
known of them.

The twenty-six grantees, and the settlers uniting
with them, before taking possession of their ample
domain, made a compact for the equitable division
and disposal of their lands. It was evident that, for
their mutual protection, the occupied lands must be
contiguous. The most desirable locality for safety,
convenience and favorable soil apjieared to be the
land bordering on the Merrimack River, below Salmon
Brook. It was agreed that each actual settler, as a
personal right, should have a " house- lott" of eligible
land, not to exceed thirty acres. Jonathan Danforth,
an experienced surveyor, was employed to establish
boundaries. These house-lots were laid out with a
base on the Merrimack River, and reaching, side by
side, southward as far as the present State line. These
lots, having a narrow base, extended westward toward
Salmon Brook.

It is evident that settlements had been commenced
on some of these lots several years before 1673, as we
find on the town records that at a meeting of the
proprietors and the settlers in the fall of that year it
was voted that "the first meeting-house should be
built between Salmon Brook and the house of Lieut.
Wheeler, as convenient as may be, for the accom-
modation of the settlers." In 1675 orchards are in-
cidentally spoken of as already having some growth.
Therefore, while the exact date of the first settlement
within the present limits of Nashua cannot be defi-
nitely established, it is certain that the first pioneers
built their cabins near Salmon Brook between 1665
and 1670. It was, in truth, a frontier hamlet, having I

no white settlement on the north nearer than Canada,
on the east nearer than Exeter, on the west nearer
than Albany.

Two years later, in the summer of 1675, the bloody
war begun by the crafty and cruel King Philip,
chief of the Wampanoags, burst upon the New Eng-
land colonies. It meant the extermination of tlie
whites.

The new towns of Lancaster and Groton were
burned, the inhabitants killed, carried away captives
or driven from their homes. Chelmsford was at-
tacked, and but for the intervention of Wanolancet,
chief of the Penacooks, Dunstable wonld have been
overwhelmed. So alarming was their situation that,
at the approach of winter, the settlers of Dunstable,
with the exception of Jonathan Tyng, fled to the older
settlements. Tyng had a strongly fortified house, two
miles below the present State line, in what is now
Tyngsborough, Mass., and he resolved to defend it to
the last. A small guard was sent to him from Boston,
and with this little band he held the fort till the end
of the war.

Peace came again in the spring of 1678. The
fugitive settlers at Salmon Brook returned, and it is
said that the first meeting-house was built during
the same year. It was made of logs, with rude ap-
pointments, but well represented the ability of the
congregation. The ensuing year, 1679, the planta-
tion, as it was called, secured and settled Rev. Thomas
Weld, as the first " learned and orthodox minister,"
among them. He settled in the south part of the
town, on land now included in the " Higidaiul Farm,"
and then known as the " ministerial lot." Other events
worthy of note occurred the same year. Among them
was the building of the first saw-mill in Southern New
Hampshire, located on Sahuon Brook, at Alid's bridge,
southeast of the Harbor. There was an old beaver-
dam at that place, and it required little labor to pre-
pare the site for the mill. The first bridge over
Salmon Brook was built this year by John Sollendine,
a carpenter, whose marriage, tlie next year (1680), was
the first which took place in the town.

In 1679, by the royal decree of Charles II., the
"merry monarch" of England, New Hampshire was
erected into a "royal province," independent of Mas-
sachusetts, of which she had been an appendage since
1641. Dunstable, however, still remained under the
jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and contimicd to be
governed by Massachusetts laws till the settlement of
the boundary line, sixty-two years later, in 1741. It
was better for the early settlers of Dunstable that the
authority of the Massachusetts colony should con-
tinue to exist. All of them had been residents of
thatcolony. All of their business interests and social
relations were centred there. An untraversed forest
of forty miles separated them from the nearest New
Hampshire settlement, at Exeter, and in the terrible
exposure of Dunstable to .savage attacks her reliance
for aid was entirely upon Massachusetts. In addition

146

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

to inaccessibility, the population of New Hampshire
in 1678 did not exceed four thousand.

King William's Ten Years' War.— War, in its
best aspects, is a terrible calamity. When a people
few in number, and almost defenseless, are assailed
by a merciless foe, it becomes the most terrible scourge
that can befall a people. After an unquiet peace of
nine years, in 1688 the war known in history as King
William's, one of the tierce contiicts between the
English and French nations, was, in its beginning,
signalized in the New England colonies by the mas-
sacre of ]\Iajor Waldron and twenty others at Dover,
by the Penacook and Eastern Indians, and the carry-
ing off of a larger number as captives to Canada.

The power of the native warriors left to themselves
would have been suppressed after a few skirmishes.
But the French possessions stretching all along the
northern frontier were strongly garrisoned by French
soldiers, and as a fierce war was raging between Eng-
land and France, the Canadian forces of the latter
were commanded to use all direct and indirect means
to assail and weaken the English colonies.

The French government saw the advantage of se-
curing the Indians as allies. All of the New England
as well as the Canadian tribes had been conciliated by
being treated as allies, and not subjected dependants,
by the French officials. They were taught the use of
the musket, and were supplied with an abundance of
firearms, blankets and provisions for border warfare.
They had already been taught by the Jesuit mission-
aries that they were a wronged race, and that English
supremacy meant the extinction of the red man. The
Penacooks, who had now largely removed to Canada,
had felt the truth of this. The desire for vengeance
was intensely stimulated, and they hastened to attack
the frontier New England settlements.

The same party of Indians which had desolated
Dover had planned an attack on Dunstable, but its
execution was prevented by a timely discovery of the
plot. The government sent a mounted patrol to pro-
tect the settlement. For a time it did good service,
but on the evening of September 2, 1691, the savages
suddenly attacked the house of Joseph Hassell, Sr.,
which stood on the north side of Salmon Brook, on a
knoll just in the rear of the brick cottage on the
AUds road, a few rods north of the bridge. The as-
sault was unexpected. Hassell and his wife, Anna, their
son, Benjamin, and Mary Marks, a kinswoman, were
killed. They were all buried on the knoll, near the
house, and for many years a rough stone marked the
spot. The only record of the massacre is the follow-
ing brief note, probably written by Rev. Mr. Weld at
the time :

"Anno Domini 1691,
Joseph Uassel, Senior, -> were slain by our Indian
Anna Hassell, his wife, > enemies on Sept. 2d, in
Benj. Hassell, their son, J the evening.
Mary Marks, the daughter of Patrick Marks, was slain by the In-
dians, also on Sept. 2d, in the evening."

On the morning of September 28th a party of In-
dians attacked and killed, on the south bank of the
Nashua River, Obadiah Perry and Christopher Temple,
two active and useful citizens who were among the
original settlers of the town.

The protracted and incessant peril of the settlers at
Salmon Brook was so great that no new-comers ar-
rived, and in 1696 half of the families had left for the
lower towns. There is no authentic record of any
further attack upon Dunstable after the slaughter of
Perry and Temple, but the growth of the town was
paralyzed, and the seventeenth century closed with a
gloomy prospect for the settlers of Dunstable.

There were at this time at Salmon Brook four gar-
rison-houses, as they were called, and the Massachu-
setts colonial government stationed about twenty sol-
diers at these outposts, as a protection against any
savage or French raids. These fortified houses con-
sisted of a strongly-built log house, about twenty-four
feet square, surrounded by a wooden stockade, built
of timbers standing upright, twelve feet high, with
the gates as well as the house-doors secured by iron
bolts and bars. King William's War lasted ten years.
Cotton Mather wrote of it as " the decade of sorrows."
The number of families in Upper Dunstable (now
Nashua) was reduced to twenty. The following is
the list of the heads of families in 1699. The number
of inhabitants did not jirobably exceed one hundred
and twentv.

Mr. Thomas Weld.
Mr. Samuel Searle.
Ivathaniel Blanchard.
Joseph Blanchard.
Thomas Blanchard.
Thomas Cummings.
Robert Parris.
Samuel French.
Thomas Lunn (Lund).
Isaac Whiting.

John Sollendine.
Mr. Samuel Whiting.
Abraham Cummings.
Robert Usher.
John Cummings.
John Love well.
Joseph Hassell.
William Harwood.
Nathaniel Cummings.
Daniel Galusha.

In 1701 the selectmen of the town petitioned the
General Court for aid in the support of the ministry,
and at some length set forth their condition and suf-
ferings. It appeared that one-half of the residents,
being new settlers, had not raised enough corn and
grain for their own families, and none of the citizens
were much, if any, above need. This petition was
signed by Joseph Farwell, Robert Parris and William
Tyng, as selectmen. In answer to this petition the
sum of twelve i)ounds was allowed the town from the
treasury.

NASHUA.

147

CHAPTER IV.

NASHUA— ( Continued.)
INDIAN WARS FEOM 1702 TO 17-^.

Watanuck Fort — Queen Anne's War — Slaughter of the Parris Family —
Weld's Fort — Careless Scouts — Fate of the Galusha Family — Joe Eng-
lish—Sad Condition of Dunstable— Indian Tactics and Cruelty — A
Brief Peace — Capture of Cross and Blauchard — Fate of Lieutenant
French and Party — Escape of Farwell — Indian Head.

Late in the autumn of 1702 the General Court of
Massachusetts authorized the building of a fort, not
to exceed forty feet square, at " Watanuck," the Indian
name for Salmon Brook. It was fortified with a stock-
ade of hewn timber, and stood about sixty rods north
of Salmon Brook, and about the same distance east of
Main Street, on the premises now owned by Elbridge
G. Reed. The cellar, which was deep, has been
filled, and a thrifty walnut-tree planted by Mr.
Reed now marks the spot. This fort was occupied by
a small garrison, consisting of eleven men, namely:
William Tyng, lieutenant; John Bowers, sergeant;
Joseph Butterfield, drummer; John Spalding, John
Cummings, Joseph Hassell, Ebenezer Cummings,
Daniel Galusha, Paul Fletcher, Samuel French and
Thomas Lund, privates. Most of these men were
residents, and in the day-time the presence of only
four soldiers was required at the fort.

In 1703 war was renewed between England and
France. It lasted ten years, and is known in history
as Queen Ann's War. The Indians, instigated by
Jesuit priests, and equipped by the French Governor,
made a general attack on all the frontier settle-
ments. Within six weeks two hundred whites along
the northern frontier were killed or carried into cap-
tivity. The Massachusetts colonial government,
alarmed by these massacres, ofiered a bounty of forty
pounds (one hundred and forty dollars) for every
Indian scalp.

It was soon after the beginning of this war that the
garrison of Robert Parris was surj^rised, and himself
and family massacred. He lived in the south part of
the town, on the main road to Chelmsford, just south
of the site now occupied by the " Highland Farm "
buildings. He was a large land proprietor, and had
been selectman and representative of the town. Just
at the close of twilight the savages attacked the
house. Unfortunately, the door was unfastened, and,
having gained an entrance, they killed Mr. Parris,
his wife and oldest daughter. Two small girls, who
composed the rest of the family, ran down into the
cellar, and crept under an empty hogshead. The
savages plundered the house, struck with their toma-
hawks ui)on the hogshead, but in the dark failed to
examine closely. They left, leaving the house un-
burned, probably fearing the flames would alarm the
neighbors. The orphan girls were sent to their rela-
tives in Charlestown, Mass., where they were raised
and educated.

In the summer of 1706 a party of Mohawks, two

hundred and seventy in number, came East to attack
the New Hampshire settlements. For centuries they
had been accustomed to make mid-summer raids to the
Merrimack Valley, and sometimes to the sea-coast be-
yond for plunder. Vermont and Western New Hamp-
shire had been depopulated by them, for they spared
none. The red men having departed, they now fell
upon the white settlers. Their first descent was upon
Dunstable, on July 3d, where they entered the " Weld
fort," a garrison-house so named for the Rev. Mr. Weld,
who died in 1702. Strangely, there were twenty
troopers in it. These men, who were mounted scouts,
had been ranging the wood, and toward night reached
the garrison. Aj^prehending no danger, they turned
their horses loose upon the intervale, and without a
sentry began a night carousal. A detachment of ]\Io-
hawks, lurking in the vicinity, had intended to attack
both Weld's and Galusha's garrisons on the same
night. Spies had been set to watch these garrir^ons to
see that no assistance arrived, and no alarm was
given. A short time before the approach of the cav-
alry the spy stationed at Weld's, seeing no move-
ment, retired to his party, and reported that all was
safe.

Just after sunset Mr. John Cummings and his wife
went out to milk the cows, and left the gate open.
The Indians, who had advanced undiscovered, rushing
forward, shot Mrs. Cummings dead upon the spot
and Avounded Mi\ Cummings. They then rushed
through the open gate into the house with the horri-
ble yells of conquering savages, but halted with
amazement on finding the room filled with soldiers
merrily feasting. Both parties were astonished, and
neither showed much self-possession. The soldiers,
suddenly interrupted in their jovial entertainment,
found themselves compelled to fight for life, without
arms, and incapable of obtaining them. Most of them
were panic-struck, and unable to fight or fly. For-
tunately, six or seven courageous souls, with chairs,
benches or whatever else they could seize, furiously
attacked the advancing foe. The savages, surjjrised
and disconcerted, rushed from the house without any
loss, save a few sore heads.

There are conflicting accounts as to the loss of the
troopers. Penhallow, who wrote a history of the
Indian wars, and Avas a contemporary author, says
that about one-half of the troopers were killed by the
Indians, who had loaded guns on entering the fort ;
while another and probably less reliable account
says that no one save the trumpeter, wlio was blow-
ing his horn in the attic when he saw the Indians en-
tering, was shot fatally at the head of the stairway.
The carelessness of the soldiers was very deservedly
censured. Cummings, who was wounded outside,
fled with a broken arm to the woods while the sav-
ages were engaged in the house. Tiiat night lie lay
in a swamp a few rods south of the State line, and the
next morning reached the garrison just above the
present Tyngsborough village.

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

The same nijrht the Indians attacked the fortified
house of Danii 1 Galusha, two miles westward, and
near the present residence of WiUard Cummings.
The inmates were three men, one woman and one boy.
They fought bravely, but finding that the Indians
were kindling a tire outside, endeavored to escape.
One account says that one man and the boy escaped,
but Penhallow writes that'only the woman escaped.
When the assault grew dangerous she sought con-
eealment in the cellar. Hastily i)lun(lering the
house, and thinking they had killed all the inmates,
the savages set fire to the house and immediately
left. The woman, finding the house in flames, tried
to escape by the cellar window, but found it too
small. By ettbrt she removed a stone, forced a pass-
age, and crawling over burning cinders, reached the
nearest bushes, from whence in the morning she fled
to a neighboring garrison.

On the same night of the attack on the Weld and
Galusha garrisons, the Indians, at a later hour, prob-
ably past midnight, assaulted the house of Nathaniel
Blanchard, three miles below Salmon Brook, and near
the old cemetery in the south i)art of the town. It
appears from the ancient town records that Nathaniel
Blanchard, his wife, Susannah, his daughter, Susannah,
and his brother's Avife, Hannah, all four " died " by the
hands of the savages on the night of the 3d of July,
1706. Captain Samuel Whiting was taken prisoner
on Long Hill, and carried to Canada. He returned
after several years of captivity, but for many years
after was an invalid on account of his wounds and
sufferings.

Three weeks later, on the 27th of July, Captain
Butterfield and wife, mounted on the same horse,
started to ride from Dunstable to Chelmsford. They
were accompanied by the well-known friendly Indian,
Joe English, and another soldier as a guard, English
going before and the soldier in the rear of the mounted
couple. They had just crossed the present State line,
and reached Holden's Brook, when a party of Indians
in ambush fired and killed the horse. Captain But-
terfield and the soldier escaped, but his wife was taken
l)risoner. Joe English, however, was the chief object
of pursuit, and they at once ran toward him. With
his loaded musket he made all possible haste to reach
the nearest thicket, when a ball struck the arm hold-
ing the gun, which compelled him to drop it. Just as
he reached the thicket another ball broke his thigh.
Undaunted by tortures, he l)ravely metliis death.

Joe English was an Agawam Indian, born in Ips-
wich, Mass., the son of a noted sachem. He possessed
unusual sagacity and on several occasions had noti-
fied the while settlers of the terrific attacks about to
be made on them. For this the northern savages had
sworn a terrible revenge. Many traditional stories
have been told of his ingenuity and prowess. Of his
Hdility, courage, adventures and hairbreadth escapes
there is no doubt. His death was lamented as a pub-
lic loss. The General Assembly of Massachusetts

made a grant to his widow and two children " because
he died in the service of the country." His memory
was long cherished as one who fell by the hands of
his own race on account of his friendship for the
whites. A noted hill in New Boston, easy of ascent
on the north and terminating in a precipice on the
south side, perpetuates his name.

Queen Anne's War bore heavily on all the New
Hampshire settlements, then numbering only five, —
Portsmouth, Dover, Exeter, Hampton and Dunstable.
The scholarly Penhallow, who was an actor in this
war and wrote a history of it, inscribed the title-page
of his book with these sad words, —

" Xescio tu quibus es, Lector, lecturus oculis

Hoc scio, quod siccis, scribere non potui.
(With what eyes, reader, you will read this tale I know not —

This I do know, mine were not dry when writing it)."'

Feeble and suffering had been the condition of the
settlers of Dunstable from its earliest years. Fear and
desolation reigned everywhere. Compelled to dwell
in garrisons, to labor at the constant peril of life, how
could the settlers thrive? Dunstable was scarcely
more advanced in 1714 than in 1680, so disastrous had
been the eff"ect of the long and bloody wars. Many of
the most useful inhabitants had been slain or taken
captive, especially heads of families. Some had re-
moved to places more secure from Indian depredation.
Very few would emigrate to what might be well termed
"the dark and bloody ground." It was no time for
marriage feasts when the bridal procession might at
every step become a funeral one, and the merry laugh
be drowned by the crack of the rifle and the savage
war-whoop.

The historian Bancroft says: " The war on the part
of the Indians was one of ambushes and surprises."
They were secret as beasts of prey, skillful marksmen,
swift of foot, patient of fatigue, familiar with every
path and nook of the forest, and frantic with the pas-
sion for vengeance and destruction. The laborer in
the field and the woodman felling trees were shot
down by skulking foes who were invisible. The
mother left alone in the house was in constant fear of
the tomahawk for herself and her children. There was
no hour of freedom from peril. The dusky red men
hung upon the skirts of the colonial villages "like the
lightning on the edge of the cloud."

In 1713 the "peace of Utrecht " closed the war be-
tween England and France. The Indians, getting no
supplies from their Canadian allies, were quiet.
There was an increase of emigration from England,
and permanent homes now^ for the first time began
to extend beyond the long-exposed frontier settle-
ment below the junction of the Nashua with the Mer-
rimack River. As early as 1710 settlements were
made in Hudson; Londonderry was settled in 1719,-
Litchfield and Chester in 1720 ; Merrimack and Pel-
ham in 1722. In 1722 the Maine Indians, instigated,
it was said, by the Jesuit missionary. Father Rasle,
began depredations at Portsmouth, Dover and the

NASHUA.

149

farming settlements in the vicinity, the Pequawkets,
under the lead of Paugu.s, joining them in plundering
corn-fields and destroying cattle.

Early in the sjiring of 1724, Lieutenant Jabez Fair-
banks, of Grotou, took command of a scouting-party
organized to protect the frontier settlers. Six of the
scouts — Joseph Blanchard, Thomas Lund, Isaac Far-
well, Ebenezer Cummirigs, John Usher and Jonathan
Combs — belonged to Dunstable. They reported that
no trace of a lurking foe could be discovered in the
forests north and west of Dunstable. This news was
encouraging, and several men at the Harbor went to
work during the day on the north side of the Nashua
River, i)lanting corn and collecting turpentine. Dur-
ing the summer they were not disturbed. This tran-
quillity, however, was brief On the morning of Sep-
tember 4, 1724, Nathan Cross and Thomas Blanchard
started from the Harbor and crossed the Nashua River
to do a day's work in the pine forest growing on the
northern bank, on land not far from the present
Nashua Cemetery. , The day was wet and drizzly.
Reaching their destination, they jilaced their arms
and ammunition, as well as their lunch and accom-
panying jug, in a hollow log to keep them dry. Dur-
ing the day they were surrounded by a party of In-
dians from Canada, who hurried them into captivity.

Their protracted absence aroused the anxiety of
their friends and neighbors, and a relief party of ten
was organized the next morning to make a search for
the absentees. Lieutenant Ebenezer French was
chosen leader. When the party arrived at the spot
where these men had been laboring they found the
hoops of the barrels cut and the turpentine spread
upon the ground. From certain marks upon the
trees they inferred that the two men were captured
and carried off alive.

While examining the premises, Josiah Farwell,
who was an experienced ranger, noticed that the
turpentine had not ceased spreading, and called the
attention of the party to the circumstance. They
decided that the Indians had been gone but a short
time and must be near by. So they determined on
immediate pursuit. Farwell advised the party to
take a circuitous route to avoid an ambush; but,
unfortunately, he and the commander were person-
ally at variance. Lieutenant French imputed this
advice to cowardice, and called out, " I am going to
take the direct path; if any of you are not afraid, let
him follow me." French led the way and the whole
party followed, Farwell taking his jjosition in the
rear.

Their route was up the Merrimack, and at the
brook just above Thornton's Ferry they were waylaid.
The Indians fired and killed the larger part instantly.
The rest fled, but were overtaken. Lieutenant French
was killed under an oak a mile from the ambush.
Farwell in the rear sprang behind a tree, fired and
fled. The Indians pursued him. The chase was
close and doubtful till Farwell reached a thicket,

where, changing his course, he eluded his foes. He
was the only one of the party who escaped. It is
probable that Lieutenant French and his men were
not aware of the strength of the enemy, but supposed
it to be an ordinary foraging-party of eight or ten
warriors, when in reality the Indians numbered
seventy well-armed men. The next day a larger
company was mustered, and proceeding to the fatal
spot, found the dead bodies. Coflins were prepared
for them, and eight were interred in one capacious
grave at the ancient burial-ground near the present
State line. The following epitaph, "siielt by the
unlettered muse," tells the bloody tale. The inscrip-
tion reads thus:

" 3Ieinento Mori.

"Here lies the body of Mr. Thomas Lund,

wlio departed tills life Sept. 5th, 1724, in the

42d year of his age.

" This man with seven more that lies in

this grave was slew all in a day by

Tlie Indians."

Some of the fiiUen were leading and active citizens,
whose loss was deeply felt. Among them were Oliver
Farwell, Thomas Lund, Ebenezer French, Ebenezer
Cummings and Benjamin Carter. The two captives.
Cross and Blanchard, were taken to Canada. After a
year's captivity they obtained a ransom and returned
to Dunstable. The gun, jug and lunch-basket were
found in the hollow log where they had been con-
cealed the year before. The gun hits been carefully
preserved by the descendants of ]\Ir. Cross; and
recently one of them, Mr. Levi S. Cross, of this city,
has presented it to the Nashua Natural History
Society to be kept among their anticjuarian relics.

It is related by Fenhallow that another tight at this
time took place somewhat above the mouth of the
Nashua River, and tliat one white man was killed
and four wounded. Tradition reports that it was the
same Indians who captured Cross and Blanchard,
and who had just vanquished Lieutenant French's
party. They occupied the north and the whites the
south bank of the river. The savages grew weary
and retired. When the white soldiers went over the
next day to the north side, they found conspicuously
carved on the trunk of a pine-tree an Indian head,
from which w^as derived the name afterwards given to
that localitv.

CHAPTER V.

NASHUA— (Coiiliiuied.)

CAPTAIN JOHN LOVEWELL'S CAMPAIGNS.

Tlie Hero of Peqiiawket — Early Training— Petition Granted— Trip to the
Lake— A Successful Raid— 5Iarch to Ossipee— Reach " Lovewell's
Pond" — Fall into an .\nibusli— .\ Bloody Fight — Deaths of Lovewell
and Paugus — Terrible SufTering — Deaths of Farwell and Fryc — Noah
Johnson — Results of the Campaign.

LiNOERlXG among us are a few aged persons who
well remember that in their early childhood, while

150

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

the fomilv were gathered for a winter night around
the ample hearths of that period, some old man told
the story of the brave Captain Lovewell and his com-
pany, tiieir successes and their misfortunes, till an
intense interest was awakened in the breast of every
youthful listener. With the exception of General
John Stark, no other name in the colonial annals of
New England is so well known as that of Captain
John Lovewell. Born and raised within the limits of
Nashua, whatever relates to his history and achieve-
ments deserves the especial attention of the people of

this city.

Captain John Lovewell was born in that part of old
Dunstable which afterward fell within the limits of
Nashua, in a cabin, near Salmon Brook. He was the
oldest son of John Lovewell, who came over from
England about 1670. His grandfather served in the
army of Oliver Cromwell. His father appears to have
fought under the famous Captain Church during King
Philip's War. He was a man of unusual courage and
physical vigor. At the time of his death, in 1752, he
was probably a centenarian, but not, as erroneously
reported, one hundred and twenty years old.

Captain John Lovewell, Jr., was, like his father, a
man of great courage and ready to engage in daring
enterprises. During his boyhood Dunstable was con-
stantly assailed by merciless savages, and at a very
early age he began to engage in scouts, which required
the exercise of the utmost caution, promptitude and
bravery. At eighteen years of age he was actively
engaged in exploring the Avilderness, to find the lurk-
ing-places of the Lidians. Having the qualities of
leadership, his ability was early recognized, and at
the age of twenty-five he ranked as the best-equipped,
most daring and versatile scout in the frontier settle-
ments. This was no trivial compliment, for no town-
ship in New England had, in the first half of the
eighteenth century, a more experienced, adroit and
courageous corps of Lidian fighters than Dunstable.

The fate of Lieutenant French and his party, in
September, 1724, had a dispiriting effect on the in-
habitants of Dunstable. But Captain John Lovewell,
Jr., then thirty years old, was determined to carry the
war t<j the strongholds of the savages and destroy
them, as Captain Church had destroyed the followers
of King Philip. "These barbarous outrages must be
stopped, and I am ready to lead the men who will do
it," was his declaration to his comrades. Joined by
Josiah Farwell and Jonathan Robbins, a petition was
sent to the General Court of Massachusetts for leave
to raise a company to scout against the Indians. The
original petition, signed by them, is on file in the office
of the- Secretary of State in Boston, and is as follows:

" The humble memorial of .)olm Lovewell, Josiah Farwell, Jonathan
Roberts, all of Dunstable, shcwcth :

" That your petitioners, with near forty or fifty others, are inclinable
to range and to keep out in tlie woods for several months together, in
order to kill and destroy their enemy Indians, provided they can meet
with Incouragement suitable. And your Petitioners are Imployed and
desired by many others Humbly to propose and submit to your Honors'
consideration, that if such soldiers may be allowed live shillings per day.

in case they kill any enemy Indian, and possess his scalp, they will Im-
ploy themselves in Indian hunting one whole year ; and if within that
time they do not kill any, they are content to be allowed nothing for

their wages, time and trouble.

"John Lovewell,
"Josiah Farwell,
"Jonathan Kobbins.

"Dunstable, Nov., 1724."

This petition was granted, with the change of the
compensation to a bounty of one hundred pounds per
scalp. Volunteers came forward with alacrity, the
company was organized and the commission of cap-
tain given to Lovewell.

With this picked company Captain Lovewell started
on an excursion northward to Lake Winnipesaukee.
On the 10th of December, 1724, the party came upon
a wigwam, in which were two Indians, — a man and a
boy. They killed and scalped the man and brought
the boy alive to Boston, where they received the prom-
ised bounty and two shillings and sixpence per day.

This success was small, but it gave courage, and
the company grew from thirty to eighty-seven. They
started the second time on January 27, 1725. Cross-
ing the Merrimack at Nashua, they followed the
river route on the east side to the southeast corner of
Lake Winnipesaukee, where they arrived on the
9th of February. Provisions falling short, thirty of
them were dismissed by lot, and returned home. The
company went on to Bear Camp River, in Tam-
worth, where, discovering Indian tracks, they changed
their course and followed them in a southeast direc-
tion till, just before sunset on the 20th, they saw
smoke, by which they judged the enemy were en-
camped for the night. Keeping concealed till after
midnight, they then silently advanced, and discovered
ten Indians asleep round a fire by the side of a frozen
pond. Lovewell now resolved to make sure work,
and placing his men conveniently, ordered them to
fire, five at once, as quickly after each other as pos-
sible, and another part to reserve their fire. He
gave the signal by firing his own gun, which killed
two of them ; the men, firing as directed, killed five
more on the spot ; the other three, starting up from
their sleep, two were shot dead on the spot by the
reserve. The other, wounded, attempted to escape
across the pond, was seized by a dog and held fast
till they killed him. In a few minutes the whole
party was killed, and a raid on some settlement pre-
vented. These Indians were coming from Canada
with new guns and plenty of ammunition. They
had also some spare blankets, moccasins and snow-
shoes for the use of the prisoners they expected to
take. The pond where this success was achieved is
in the town of Wakefield, and has ever since borne
the name of Lovewell's Pond. The company then
went to Boston through Dover, where they displayed
the scalps and guns taken from the savages. In
Boston they received the bounty of one thousand
pounds from the public treasury.

Captain Lovewell now planned the bold design of
attacking the Pequawkets in their chief village, on

NASHUA.

151

the Saco River, in Fryeburg, Maine. This tribe was
powerful and ferocious. Its chief was Paugus, a
noted warrior, whose name inspired terror wlierever
he was known. To reach Pequawket was a task in-
volving hardships and danger. There is no doubt
that Captain Lovewell underestimated the perils of
the march and the risk from ambuscades. One hun-
dred and thirty miles in early spring, through a
wilderness not marked by a trail, to a locality never
visited by the invaders, but every rod familiar to the
wily foe, were serious disadvantages. Besides this,
the company at the start only consisted of forty-six
men. They left Salmon Brook on the 16th of April,
1725. They had traveled but a few miles when
Toby, an Indian, foiling sick, was obliged to return,
which he did with great reluctance.

At Contoocook (now Boscaweu), William Cum-
mings, of Dunstable, became so disabled by a wound
received from the enemy years before that the cap-
tain sent him back with a kinsman to accompany
him. They proceeded on to the west shore of Ossipee
Lake, where Benjamin Kidder, of Nuffield (now Lon-
donderry), falling sick, the captain halted and built
a rude fort, having the lake shore to the east and
Ossipee River on the north side. This was intended
as a refuge in case of disaster. Here Captain Love-
well left with Kidder the surgeon, a sergeant and
seven other men as a guard. He also left a quantity
of provisions to lighten the loads of the men, and
which would be a needed supply on their return.

With only thirty-four men, Captain Lovewell, not
disheartened, i^roeeeded on his march from Ossipee
Lake to Pequawket village, a distance of nearly forty
miles through a rough forest. None of the party
were acquainted with the route. Of the thirty-four
in the company, only eight were from that portion of
Dunstable now included in Nashua. The others were
from neighboring towns, largely from Groton, Bil-
lerica and Woburn. Dunstable furnished the cap-
tain, lieutenants and nearly all the minor officers of
the expedition. The eight men from Dunstable were
Captain John Lovewell, Lieutenant Josiah Farwell,
Lieutenant Jonathan Robbins, Ensign John Har-
wood. Sergeant Noah Johnson, Corporal Benjamin
Hassell, Robert Usher and Samuel Whiting, privates.

On Thursday, two days before the fight, the com-
pany were apprehensive that they were discovered
and watched by the enemy, and on Friday night the
watch heard the Indians rustling in the underbrush,
and alarmed the company, but the darkness was such
they made no discovery. Very early in the morning
of Saturday, May 8th, while they were at prayers,
they heard the report of a gun. Soon after they
discovered an Indian on a point running out into
Saco Pond. The company decided that the purpose
of the Indian was to draw them into an ambush con-
cealed between himself and the soldiers. The infer-
ence was a mistake, and a fatal one to a majority of
the party. Expecting an immediate attack, a con-

sultation was held to determine whether it was better
to venture an engagement with the enemy, or to make
a speedy retreat. The men boldly answered: "We
have prayed all along that we might find the foe;
and we had rather trust Providence with our lives,
yea, die for our country, than try to return without
seeing them, and be called cowards for our con-
duct."

Captain Lovewell readily complied, and led them
on, though not without manifesting some appre-
hensions. Supposing the enemy to be in front,
he ordered the men to lay down their packs, and
march with the greatest caution, and in the utmost
readiness. In this way they advanced a mile and a
half, when Ensign Wyman spied an Indian aj)proach-
ing among the trees. Giving a signal, all the men
concealed themselves, and as the Indian came nearer
several guns were fired at him. He at once fired at
Captain Lovewell with beaver shot, wounding him
severely, though he made little complaint, and was
still able to travel. Ensign Wyman then fired and
killed the Indian, and Chaplain Frye scalped him.
They then returned toward their packs, which had al-
ready been found and seized by the savages, who, in
reality, were lurking in their rear, and who were elated
by discovering from the number of the packs that their
own force was more than double that of the whites.
It was now ten oclock, and just before reaching the
jjlace, on a plain of scattered pines about thirty rods
from the pond, the Indians rose up in front and rear
in two parties, and ran toward the whites with their
guns presented. The whites instantly presented their
guns, and rushed to meet them.

When both parties came within twenty yards of
each other they fired. The Indians suffered far the
more heavily, and hastily retreated a few rods into a
low pine thicket, where it was hardly jjossible to see
one of them. Three or four rounds followed from
each side. The savages had more than twice the
number of our men and greatly the advantage in their
concealed position, and their shots began to tell fear-
fully. Already nine of the whites were killed and
three were fatally wounded. This was more than one-
third of their number. Among the dead were Cap-
tain Lovewell and Ensign Ilarwood, and both Lieu-
tenant Farwell and Lieutenant Robbins were injured
beyond recovery. Ensign Wyman ordered a retreat
to the pond, and jjrobabh' saved the company from
entire destruction, as the pond pn^tected their rear.

The fight continued obstinately till sunset, the
savages howling, yelling and barking and making all
sorts of hideous noises, the whites frequently shout-
ing and huzzaing. Some of the Indians, holding up
ropes, asked the English if they would take quarter,
but were promptly told that they would have no
quarter save at the muzzles of their guns.

About the middle of the afternoon the chaplain,
Jonathan Frye, of Andover, who graduated at Har-
vard in 1723, and who had fought bravely, fell terri-

152

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

bly wounded. When lie could fight no longer he
j)rayed audibly for the preservation of the rest of
the company.

The fight had lasted nearly eight hours, and at
intervals was furious. The reader will uuderstand
that it was very unlike a battle between two parties
of civilized infantry. In fighting these savages, who
concealed themselves behind trees, logs, bushes and
rocks, the whites were compelled to adopt similar
tactics. In such a fight, while obeying general
orders, each soldier fires at the foe when he can dis-
cern an exposed head or body. This Pequawket con-
test lasted from ten in the morning till night, but it
was not continuous. There were intervals of nearly
or (juite half an hour, which were hardly disturbed by
the crack of a single musket. But in these intervals
the savages were skulking and creeping to get a near
view and sure aim at some white soldier, while our
men were desperately on the alert to detect their
approach and slay them. Noticing a lull among the
warriors, Ensign Wyman crept up behind a bush and
discovered a group apparently in council, and bv a
careful shot bi'ought down their leader.

It was in the latter part of the fight that Paugui,
the Indian chief, met his fate. He was well-known
by most of Lovewell's men, and several times he
called aloud to John Chamberlain, a stalwart soldier
from Groton, Meanwhile the guns of both these
combatants became too foul for use, and both went
down to the pond to clean them. Standing but a
few yards apart, with a small brook between them,
both began to load together, and with mutual threats
thrust powder and ball into their weapons. Chamber-
lain primed his gun by striking the breach heavily
on the ground. This enabled him to fire a second
before his Ibe, whose erring aim failed to hit Cham-
berlain.

At twilight the savages withdrew, disheartened by
the loss of their chief. From information afterwards
obtained, it is believed that not more than twenty of
the Indians escaped unhurt, and, thus weakened, they
did not hazard a renewal of the struggle. But our
men, not knowing their condition, expected a speedy
return. About midnight, the moon having arisen,
they collected together, hungry and very faint, all
their food having been snatched by the Indians with
their packs. On examining the situation, they found
Jacol) Farrar just expiring, and Lieutenant Bobbins
and Robert Usher unable to rise; four others — viz.:
Lieutenant Farwell, Frye, Jones and Davis— very
dangerously wounded, seven badly wounded and
nine unhurt.

A si)eedy return to the fort at Ossipee was the only
course left them. Lieutenant Bobbins told his com-
jianions to load his gun and leave it with him, saying:
"As the Lidians will come in the morning to scalp
me, I will kill one more if I can." His home was on
Long Hill, in the south part of Nashua, and he was
a favorite with his comrades. One man, Soloman

Keyes, of Billerica, was missing. When he had
fought till he had received three wounds, and had
become so weak that he could not stand, he crawled
up to Ensign Wyman and said : " I am a dead man,
but if possible I will get out of the way so that the
Indians shall not have my scalp." He then crept
away to some rushes on the beach, where discovering
a canoe, he rolled over into it. There was a gentle
north wind, and drifting southward three miles, he
was landed on the shore nearest the fort. Gaining
strength, he was able to reach the fort and join his
comrades.

Leaving the dead unburied, and faint from hunger
and fatigue, the survivors started before dawn for
Ossipee. A sad prospect was before them. The
Indians, knowing their destitution, were expected at
every moment to fall upon them. Their homes were
a hundred and thirty miles distant, ten of their uuui-
ber had fallen and eight were groaning with the
agony of terrible wounds. After walking a mile
and a half, four of the wounded men — Lieutenant
Farwell, Captain Frye and Privates Davis and
Jones — were unable to go farther, and urged the
others to hasten to the fort and send a fresh re-
cruit to their rescue. The party hurried on as fast
as strength would i>ermit to the Ossipee fort. To
their dismay they found it deserted. One of their
number, in the first hour of the battle, terrified by the
death of the commander and others, sneakiugly had
fled to the fort and gave the men posted there so
frightful an account that they all fled hastily toward
Dunstable. Fortunately, some of the coarse provi-
sions were left, but not a tithe of what were needed.
Resting briefly, they continued their travels in de-
tached parties to Dunstable, the majority reaching
there on the night of the 13th of May, and the others
two days later. They suffered severely from \vant of
food. From Saturday morning till Wednesday —
four days — they were entirely without any kind of
food, when they caught some squirrels and partridges,
which were roasted whole and greatly improved their
strength.

Eleazer Davis and Josiah Jones, two of the wound-
ed, who were left near the battle-ground, survived, and
after great suffering reached Berwick, Me. Finding,
after several days, no aid from the fort, they all went
several miles together. Chaplain Frye laid down
and probably survived only a few hours. Lieutenant
Farwell reached within a few miles of the fort, and
was not heard of afterwards. He was deservedly
lamented as a man in whom was combined unusual
bravery with timely discretion. There is little doubt
but he and several others of the wounded would have
recovered if they could have had food and medical
care. Their sufferings must have been terrible.

The news of this disaster caused deep grief and
consternation at Dunstable. A company, under
Colonel Tyng, went to the place of action and buried
the bodies of Captain Lovewell and ten of his men at

NASHUA.

153

the foot of a tall pine-tree. A monument now marks
the spot. The General Court of Massat'husetts gave
fifteen hundred pounds to the widows and orphans
and a handsome bounty of lands to the survivors.

Of the men from Dunstable who i)articipated in
the " Great Fight," all wore killed or wounded. Only
one, Noah Johnson, survived and returned home.
His farm was on the south side of the Nashua Eiver,
at its mouth, and extended southward a little beyond
the present road leading over the iron bridge to
Hudson. He received a pension and a grant of land
in Pembroke, to which he removed and jiassed his
later years. He was the last survivor of the Pequaw-
ket fight, and died at Pembroke in 1798, in his one
hundredth year. Quite a number of his descendants
reside in this part of the State.

In the fight which resulted so fatally to Captain
Lovewell and a majority of his command the numbers
engaged were inconsideral)le. But while temporarily
disastrous-, the results jiroved of incalculable advan-
tage to the border settlements. From that day the
courage and the power of the red men were destroyed.
They soon withdrew from their ancient haunts and
hunting-grounds in New Hampshire to the French
settlements in Canada. No subsequent attacks by an
organized force of Indians were made upon Dunstable,
and their raids made subsequently at Concord, Hills-
borough and Charlestown were merely spasmodic
eftbrts instigated, and in some instances led, by French
officers. Yet such had been the experience of the
past that for years the pioneer settlers listened in the
still watches of the night for the foot-fall of the
stealtby savage, the musket was the companion of his
pillow and in his sleep he dreamed of the fierce yells
of the merciless foe.

The expedition of Captain Lovewell was no doubt
hazardous in view of the difficulties of the march and
the small number of his men. One-fifth of his force
beside the surgeon, was left at the fort at Ossipee.
Captain Lovewell intended to surprise Paugus by
attacking him in his camp. Unfortunately, the reverse
happened. Paugus and his eighty warriors were re-
turning from a journey down the Saco, when they
discovered the track of the invaders. For forty hours
they stealthily followed and saw the soldiers dispose
of their packs, so that all the provisions and blankets
fell into their own hands, with the knowledge of their
small force. Thus i)repared, they expected from their
chosen ambush to annihilate or to capture the entire
party.

Thus ended the memorable campaign against the
Pequawkets. Deep and universal was the gratitude
of the people of Dunstable at the prospect of jieace.
For fifty years had the war been raging with little ;
cessation and with a series of surprises, devastations
and massacres that seemed to threaten annihilation.
The scene of this desperate and bloody action at Frye-
burg is often visited, and in song and eulogy are
commemorated the heroes of Lovewell's fight.

CHAPTER VI.

NASHUA— {Continued.)

FRONTIER HARDSHIPS AND STRUGGLES.

Dunstable in 17:50— Poverty of the Settlers— Bears and Raccoons— New
Towns Organized— .«;etfleniL'nt of Boundary Line— DunstaMe under
New Iliinipshire Laws— Religious nissen.sions— A Tramp through
the Wilderness— Lost in the Woods- Night on Lovewell's Mountain-
A Safe Return.

The close of the Indian war in 172') found the
people of Dunstable i'ew in number and extremely
poor. War taxes were heavy, ransoms had been
paid for captive relations from dire necessity; the de-
struction of houses, cattle and crops, and the destruc-
tion of all regular employment had l)een ruinous.
The general poverty had been such that from 1693 to
1738 the voters declined to send a representative to
the Massachusetts Assembly. When necessity re-
quired, a special messenger was employed.

Money was so scarce that the Assembly issued bills
of credit to the amount of fifty thousand pounds, to
be distributed among the several towns. Lieutenant
Henry Farwell and Joseph Blanchard were trustees
to distribute among the residents of Dun.stable, in
such sums that " no man should have more than five
or less than three pounds, paying five percent, yearly
for interest." Had the issue been limited to this
amount, it might have been of service; but larger
issues followed, with subsequent depreciation and much
loss and distress.

Voting by ballot became an established rule in all
important matters, and in 1723 jurymen were first
chosen in this manner. Bridges began to be built,
roads extended and better houses built. It was a
favorable event tliat a saw-mill was built soon after
the first settlement on Salmon Brook, at the little
bridge on the road running east from the Harbor, and
which for many years was owned by John Lovewell,
the father of the hero of Pequawket. The first cabins
had tlte ground for a floor and logs chinked with
clay for walls. Plank and boards now came into use,
and framed houses began to be built by the older set-
tlers. The selectmen were allow'ed five shillings per
day for services. There were no lawyers, and the cases
of litigation that occurred were settled by a justice,
who was not governed by rule or precedents, but by a
common-sense view of what was right. If important,
an appeal could be made to the General Assembly.

The amount of taxes from 172(j to 1733 varied from
two hundred and fifty dollars to four hundred dollars,
including the support of the minister. In March, 1727,
the town raised twenty dollars to build a ferry-boat
to cross the Merrimack at Blanchard's farm (near the
old Little stand), as Hudson was then included in
Dunstable, and settlers were locating on that side of
the river. In the fall of that year Joseph Blanchard,
Sr., the only and earliest inn-keeper in the town,
died, and Henry Farwell, Jr., petitioned for and ob-

154

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

tained a license for the same business. During Octo-
ber, 1727, several severe shocks of an eartliquake
occurred, overturning chimneys and attended by
unusual noises. At this time corn was the most im-
portant field product of the farmer. It was the staple
article for food for man, il' not for beast. In early
autumn it was exposed to depredations from raccoons
and bears.

The farmers, aided by their dogs, were able at night
to follow the coons, many of whom were " treed " and
killed, adding largely to the contents of the family
larder. The bears were more wary, and sometimes
were destructive. It is said that a settler by the name
of Whiting, who lived at the base of Long Hill, began
to find his sheep an unprofitable investment, for the
reason that so many of them were killed by some
black-coated visitor. They had to be yarded every
night, and were not entirely safe during the day. One
afternoon he found a half-eaten sheep oh the hill-
side, and, determined on revenge, he placed the re-
mains at the end of a hollow pine log near by. In-
side the log he placed his gun in such a position that
when the bear should disturb the mutton he would
discharge the gun and receive the contents in his own
head. He heard the report of his old Queen's arm in
the night, and rising early the next morning, went to
learn the result. He found a very large bear lying
dead a short distance from a heap of half-roasted
mutton, while the log was a heap of burning coals.
Among these was the gun, minus the entire wooden
fixtures, with the barrel, lock and ramrod essentially
ruined. This was a great loss to him, but he was
often wont to relate with glee the way in which he
swapped his gun for a bear.

According to tradition, which may not very safely
be relied on in matters of im[)ortance, though it may
assist in delineating the usages of daily life, it was
about 1726 that potatoes were first introduced into
Dunstable. A Mr. Cummings obtained two or three,
which he planted. When he dug the crop, some of
them were roasted and eaten merely from curiosity,
and the rest were put into a gourd-shell and hung up
in the cellar. The next year he planted all the seed,
and had enough to fill a two-bushel basket. Think-
ing he had no use for so many, he gave some of them
to his neighbors. Soon after, one of them said to him,
"I have found that potatoes are good for something.
I have boiled some of them, and eat them with meat,
and they relished well." It was some years later,
however, before potatoes came into general use. At
this time tea was rarely used, and tea-kettles were
unknown. The water was boiled in a skillet. When
the women went to an afternoon visiting party each
one carried her tea-cup, saucer and spoon. The tea-
cups were of the best china and very small, containing
about as much as a common wine-glass. Coffee was
unknown till more than half a century later.

Under the colonial laws of Massachusetts the public-
school system was first established with the provision

that " every child should be taught to read and
write." Every town having fifty householders was to
employ a teacher for twenty weeks of the year. But
deeply as the people of Dunstable felt the importance
of education, it was not safe nor practicable in a
frontier town where a fierce Indian war was raging,
when the inhabitants dwelt in garrisons, and were
every day liable to an attack, to establish a common
school. The dense adjacent forest, from whence the
quiet of the school-room might be broken at any hour
by the yell of the savage, was no fitting place for
children. Still, home education was not neglected, as
the ancient records of the town clearly show. There
was no school in the town till 1730. That year, by
reckoning in the settlers within the present limits of
Hudson, Hollis and Tyngsborough, the required "fifty
householders" were obtained, and ten pounds were
granted for the sujjport of a teacher. But the school
was not successful, and after a brief existence was
neglected for some years.

There is no data for ascertaining the number of in-
habitants in " Old Dunstable," or in that part now
included in Nashua, in 1730. In the latter territory
there may have been forty families and two hundred
persons. They were scattered over a wide area, and
the new-comers were largely settling in Hollis, Hud-
son and other outlying localities. Already they were
demanding that, for schools, for convenience to public
worship and local improvements, they should be set
apart from Dunstable, and erected into separate town-
ships. The General Court of Massachusetts was dis-
posed to grant their petitions.

Accordingly, in 1732, the inhabitants on the east
side of the Merrimack River were authorized to es-
tablish a new township, with the name of Nottingham.
When the settlement of the border-line brought it
within New Hampshire, the name was changed to
Nottingham West, as there was already a Notting-
ham ill the eastern part of the State. In 1830, the
town assumed the more appropriate name of Hudson.

In 1733 the inhabitants on the north side of the
Nashua River and west of Merrimack River peti-
tioned for an act of incorporation ; but as nearly all
the petitioners lived on the Souhegan and the inter-
vale at its mouth, the General Court made the Penni-
chuck Brook the southern boundary to the new town-
ship, with the name of Rumford. It was called
Rumford only a short time, for the settlers, annoyed
by the insinuation that the first syllable of the name
indicated the favorite beverage of the inhabitants,
hastened to change it to the name of the beautiful
river that flows along its eastern border — Merrimack.

In 1734 the settlement across the river from Merri-
mack, then known as " Brenton's Farm," was incor-
porated, because, as the petitioners claimed, they
" had supported a minister for some time." It was
called Litclifield.

In 1736 the fertile lands in the west part of Dun-
stable were being rapidly occupied by an enterprising

NASHUA.

155

people, and were incorporated under the name of
West Dunstable. The Indian name was Nissitissit.
After the establishment of the boundary line the
Legislature, by request, gave to the town the name of
Holies. For fifty years the name of the town was
spelled Holies ; but after the colonies became the Amer-
ican Republic the orthography was changed to JiolUs.

In the mean time settlements were extending rap-
idly all around, and the forest was bowing before the
onward march of civilization. Township after town-
ship was parceled out from the original body of
" Old Dunstable," until, in 1740, the broad and
goodly plantation was reduced to that portion which
is now embraced within the limits of Nashua, Tyngs-
borough and Dunstable.

Settlement of Boundary Line. — For many years
prior to 1740 the boundary line between the provinces
of New Hampshire and Massachusetts had been a
subject of bitter controversy. More than seventy
years ago Governor Endicott, of Massachusetts, said
he had caused a monument to be fixed three miles
northward of the junction of the two rivers forming
the Merrimack, in the town of Sanbornton, and
Massachusetts claimed all the territory in the present
State of New Hampshire south of an east and west
line passing through that point, and lying west of the
Merrimack River.

On the other hand. New Hampshire claimed all
the territory lying north of a line running due east
and west through a point three miles north of the
Merrimack River, measured from the north bank of
that river just above its mouth. At length a royal
commission was appointed to settle the controversy.
It met at Hampton Falls, in this State, in 1737, the
General Court of each province attending the sittings
of the commission.

The commission at Hampton Falls did not agree,
and the question was reserved for the King in Coun-
cil. The decision was finally made in 1740, fixing
the province line where the State line now is. This
decision took from Massachusetts her claim, and gave
to New Hampshire not only all that New Hampshire
claimed, but also a tract of territory south of that in
controversy, fourteen miles in width and extending
from the Merrimack to the Connecticut River, to
which New Hampshire had made no pretensions. It
included all that part of " Old Dunstable " north of
the present State line.

This new line, which proved to be the permanent
boundary between the two States, was run in 1741,
leaving in Massachusetts that jnirt of the old town-
ship now in Tyngsborough and in Dunstable, in that
State, and adding to New Hampshire the present
territory of Nashua, Hudson, Hollis and all the other
portions of " Old Dunstable " north of the designated
line. The name Dunstable, however, was still re-
tained by the territory which now constitutes the city
of Nashua till the New Hampshire Legislature of
1836 changed the name to Nashua.
11

This decision can\e upon the settlers in Dunstable
north of the new line with mingled surprise and con-
sternation. Dunstable was eminently and wholly a
Massachusetts settlement. The settlers were nearly
all from the neighboring towns in that province, with
whose people they were connected in sympathy, in
business and by the ties of marriage and blood.
Their town and parish charters and the titles to their
lands and im[)rovements were all Massachusetts'
grants, and their civil and ecclesiastical organizations
were under Massachusetts' laws. This decision of
the King in Council left them wholly out of the juris-
diction of that province, and in legal effect made all
their charters, the titles to their lands and improve-
ments, and all statute laws regulating their civil and
church'polity wholly void. The decision of the King
was final, and there was no appeal. Though dis-
appointed, embarrassed and indignant, there was no
alternative but submission.

Hitherto the history of Nashua has been associated
with that of the extended territory of "Old Dun-
stable," an appendage of Massachusetts, Henceforth
it is to be a distinct, independent town in New
Hampshire, comprised within the same limits as the
Nashua of to-day.

Dunstable under New Hampshire Laws. — For-
tunately for the people of Dunstable, the colonial
government of New Hampshire was not in condition
to extend its authority immediately, and the Dun-
stable people remained substantially under the
Massachusetts charter till April, 1740, when the town
was incorporated by the General Court of New
Hampshire. In the mean time a compromise was
made with the adverse claimants of their lands and
improvements, and their titles to their possessions
being secured, they gradually became reconciled to
their new political status.

In 1746 the main road through Dunstable was
greatly improved. From the surveyor's record there
would seem to have been only a few houses on the
road at that time. The following are all that are
mentioned : Captain Joseph French's house was eight
rods north of the State line; Colonel Joseph Blanch-
ard's house, three hundred rods north of the State
line and twenty-nine rods south of Cummings' Brook ;
Cyrus Baldwin's, near Colonel Blanchard's; John
Searles' house, sixty-six rods north of Cummings'
Brook ; Henry Adams', eighty rods north of Searles'
house (the old ditch which led to the fort was ninety
rods north of Adams' house); Thomas Harwood's
house was ninety rods north of the old ditch; no
other house mentioned between Harwood's and
Nashua River excej)ting Jonathan Lovewell's, which
was two hundred and eighty-three rods south of the
river, or at the Harbor, south of Salmon Brook. Per-
haps the above schedule included only the larger
land-holders and tax-payers.

At this time there were neither schools nor school-
houses in town. On September 29, 1746, it was voted

156

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

that "Jonathan Lovewell be desired to hire a school-
mastur until next Mardi for this town, uiion the cost
and charge of the town." Two dwelling-houses, one
in the northern and one in the southern part of the
town, were designated in which the school should be
kept, if they could be obtained. Only one teacher
was employed, and he was to keep school half of the
time at each place. The number of inhabitants was
probably about three hundred.

During this year (1746) the Indians from Canada
came in small parties to the new settlements in the
western and northern parts of Hillsborough County.
Their defenseless condition compelled the few families
in Peterborough, Lyndeborough, Hillsborough and
New liostou to retire to the older towns, chiefly to
Northern Massachusetts. In their haste they buried
their cooking utensils and farming tools, taking their
cattle and lighter goods with them. The only persons
taken from Dunstable were Jonathan Farwell and a
yir. Taylor, who were taken by surprise while hunt-
ing. They were taken to Canada, sold to the French
and remained in captivity three years, but finally
succeeded in obtaining a release and returned to their
friends. Many of the descendants of Mr. Farwell,
under .several surnames, reside in this vicinity.

For fifty years the meeting-house of Dunsta))le had
been located near the State line. But in Dunstable
reconstructed it was desirable that the house for wor-
ship should be centrally located. There was a divided
opinion as to the new site and a worse dissension as
to the minister. Rev. Samuel Bird, who was installed
August SI, 1747, was an Arniinian, and accused of
being a follower of Whitefield. His friends, at the
head of whom was Jonathan Lovewell, stood by him
and i)uilt a meeting-house, in the autumn of that year,
on a spot of rising ground about six rods west of the
main road, or just south of the old cemetery, opposite
the residence of J. L. H. IMarshall. It was about
twenty-eight feet by forty, had a small gallery and,
like most church edifices of the time, was divided into
the "men's side" and the "women's side." Mean-
while Colonel Joseph Blanchard, the leader of the
opposing faction, continued to hold services in the old
house, near the Tyngsborough line.

Twenty-two years had now passed since the loss by
Dunstable of some of her prominent citizens in Love-
well's fight, at Fryeburg, Me, Since then the popula-
tion had doubled and a new generation were comin"-
into active service. Among the leading families were
the Lovewells, Blanchards, Farwells, Cummingses,
Frenches and Lunds. The number of young persons
between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five had
largely increa.sed, and the young men, after the gath-
ering of the fall crops, made frequent explorations
and hunting-trips. These excursions were still haz-
ardous, for the unbroken forests on the west and north
were occasionally traversed by savages, usually in small
parties of from six to eight, who were stimulated by
the rewards paid in Canada by the French govern-

ment for the delivery of prisoners. Usually their ob-
jective point was to surprise and make prisoners of
the solitary fur-hunters who, late in autumn, found it
profitable to set traps for the beaver, mink, musk-rat
and otter, to be found on the banks of the Souhegan,
Piscataquog, Contoocook or in the more northern
waters of the lakes in Grafton and Belknap Counties.
An illustration of the habits and daring enterprise of
the young men of that time will be seen in the fol-
lowing sketch of

A Tramp through the Wilderness.— In the fall
of 1747 two explorers from Dunstable, Nehemiah
Lovewell and John Gilson, started from the present
site of Nashua for the purpose of examining the slope
of the Merrimack Valley and of crossing the height
of land to Number Four (now Charlestown), which
was then known as the most northern settlement in
the Connecticut Valley. Knowing the difliculties in
traversing hills and valleys covered with underbrush
and rough with fallen timber and huge bowlders, they
carried as light an outfit as i^ossible, — a musket and
camp-blanket each, with five days' provisions. Fol-
lowing the Souhegan through Milford to Wilton, they
then turned northward, and, crossing the height of
land in the limits of the present town of Stoddard,
had, on the afternoon of the third day, their first view
of the broad valley westward, with a dim outline of
the mountains beyond. The weather was clear and
pleasant, the journey laborious, but invigorating. On
their fourth afternoon they reached and camped for
the night on the banks of the Connecticut, some ten
miles below Charlestown. At noon of the next day
they were welcomed at the rude fort, which had
already won renown by the heroic valor of its little
garrison. At this time the fort was commanded by
Captain Phineas Stevens, a man of great energy and
bravery. Lovewell and Gilson were the first visitors
from the valley of the Merrimack, and their arrival
was a novelty. That night — as in later years they
used to relate — they sat up. till midnight, listening to
a recital of the fierce struggles which the inmates of
this rude fortress, far uj) in the woods, had encoun-
tered within the previous eight months.

Tarrying several days at the fort, during which the
weather continued clear and mild, the two explorers
were ready to return homeward. In a direct line
Dunstable was about ninety miles distant. With the
needed supply of salt pork and corn bread, Lovewell
and Gilson left Number Four at sunrise on the 16th of
November. The fallen leaves were crisp with frost as
they entered the deep maple forests which skirt the
hills lying east of the Connecticut intervales. The
days being short, it was necessary to lose no time be-
tween sunrise and sunset. The air was cool and
stimulated them to vigorously hurry forward. Coming
to a clear spring soon after midday, Gilson struck a
fire, and resting for half an hour, they sat down to a
marvelously good feast of boiled salt pork and brown
bread. One who has never eaten a dinner under like

NASHUA.

157

conditious can have no idea of its keen relish and
appreciation.

It was now evident that a change of the weather
was at liand. The air was growing cokler and the sky
was overcast with a thick haze. In returning, it had
been their purpose to cross the water-shed between
the two valleys at a more northern point, so as to
reach the Merrimack near the mouth of the Piscata-
quog. Their course was to be only a few degrees south
of east. Before night the sleet began to fall, which
was soon changed to a cold, cheerless rain. Darkness
came on early, and the two men hurried to secure the
best shelter possible. With an axe this might have
been made comfortable; at least fuel could have been
procured for a comfortable fire. As it was, no retreat
could be found from the chilling rain, which now be-
gan to fall in torrents. It was with dithculty that a
smouldering fire, more prolific of smoke than heat,
could be kindled. India-rubber blankets, such as now
keep the scout and the sentry dry in the fiercest
storm, would have been a rich luxury to these solitary
pioneers. The owls, attracted by the dim light,
perched themselves overhead and hooted incessantly.
Before midnight the fire was extinguished, and the
two men could only keep from a thorough drenching
by sitting upright with their backs against a large
tree, and with their half-saturated blankets drawn
closely around them.

Daylight brought no relief, as the rain and cold
rather increased, and the sleet and ice began to en-
crust the ground. After ineffectual attempts to build
a fire they ate a cold lunch of bread. A dark mist
succeeded the heavy rain and continued through the
day. Both felt uncertain of the direction they were
traveling, and every hour the uncertainty became
more perplexing. All day long they hurried forward
through the dripping underbrush, which was wetting
them to the skin. Night again set in, and although
the rain and wind had somewhat abated, still it was
impossible to build and keep a fire sufficient to dry
their clothing, which was now saturated with water.

The third morning came with a dense fog still
shrouding the hillsides and settling into the valley.
Stiff with the effects of cold and fatigue, Lovewell and
his companion felt that with their scanty supply of
food, now mainly salt pork, they dared not await a
change of weather. Yet there was a vague feeling
that their journeying might be worse than useless.
Deciding on what they believed a course due east,
they again hurried forward over a broken region, — an
alternation of sharp hills, ledges, low valleys and
sometimes swamps, — until a little past midday, when,
descending a hill, they came upon the very brook
where they had camped forty hours before ! One fact
was now established,— they had been traversing in a
circle. Thinking it useless to go further till the sun
and sky should appear, they set to work to build a fire
sufficient to dry their clothing and to cook their raw
pork. By dark they had thrown up a light frame-work.

and by a diligent u.se of their knives had procured a
covering of birch bark. Piling the huge broken
limbs in front, they lay down and fell asleep.

Scouts in the olden time were proverbial for
awakening on the slightest provocation. Lovewell
was aroused by whathethought the rustling of a bear.
Reaching for his gun, he saw the outline of an animal
climbing an oak just across the brook. The first shot
was followed by a tumble from the tree. It proved a
veritable raccoon, which, fattened on beech-nuts, was
" as heavy as a small sheep."

The fourth morning was not unlike that of the day
previous. The fog was still dense, but it soon became
evident that the storm was past and that the sun
would soon disperse the mists. Dressing the raccoon,
whose meat was security against famine, they anx-
iously watched the clearing up of the atmosphere.
Suddenly the mists dissolved and the sunlight
touched the tops of the trees. The pioneers hastened
up a long slope eastward, and toward noon gained the
crest of a high ridge. The sky was now clear, and>
climbing to the top of a tree, Gilson announced that
he could see, some miles to the east, a high and naked
summit which must mark the height of land they
were so anxiously seeking.

With this solution of their difficulties came 'the
sense of hunger. Notwithstanding the hardships of
the three past days they had eaten sjjaringly. The
remnant of their bread had been accidently lost the
day previous, but this was far more than compensated
by the rich, tender meat of the raccoon. Luckily, a
supply of fat spruce knots was near at hand. Gilson
set himself to the work of furnishing fuel and water,
while Lovewell attended to the culinary duties. The
utensils of the modern hunter — frying-pan, coffee-
pot, plate, spoon and fork — were wanting. The only
implement in their outfit which could be of use was
the jack-knife. The meat was cut into j^ieces two-
thirds of an inch thick, and half the size of one's
hand. Cutting several sticks, two feet long, and
sharpening them at each end, a piece of the salt ])ork
and then a piece of the coon's meat were thrust upon
the stick alternately in successive layers, so that in
roasting, the fat of the latter, as it dropped down,
basted and furnished an excellent gravy to the for-
mer. One end of each stick Avas thrust into the
ground so as to lean over the glowing coals. With
occasional turning, the dinner was in half an hour
ready to be served. Seating themselves on the bowlder
by the side of which they had built the fire, they fell
to with sharp appetites. Rarely was a feast more
heartily enjoyed.

Night on Lovewell's Mouxtaix. — It was past
midday when the dinner was finished. Walking with
renewed strength, they reached the base of the moun-
tain. The ground was wet and slippery and the
climbing at times difiicult, but while the sun was yet
an hour above the horizon the two men emerged
from the low thicket which lies above the heavy

158

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

growth, and stood upon the bald summit. Like all
New Hampshire peaks whose altitude approaches
three thousand feet, the crest of the mountain was of
solid granite. The air had now grown quiet, and the
clear sunlight illuminated the landscape. The two
explorers had never looked upon so wide and magnifi-
cent a panorama. Westward was the far-distant out-
line of a range now known as the Green Mountains.
To the northwest were the bald crests of Ascutney
and Cardigan. On the north, Kearsarge was seen
striijrjrlino; to raise its head above the shoulders of an
intervening range, and through the frosty atmosphere
were revealed the sharp, snow-white peaks of Fran-
conia. Eastward, the highlands of Chester and Nott-
ingham bounded the vision, while nearer by reposed
in (piiot beauty the Uncanoonucks, at that time a well-
known landmark to every explorer.

Warned by the frosty atmosphere, they hastened
down to a dense spruce growth on the northeast side
of the mountain, and built their camp for the night.
For some cause, perhaps because it was a sheltered
nook, the tenants of the forest gathered around. The
grove seemed alive with the squirrel, rabbit and part-
ridge. But the hunters were weary, and as their sacks
were still laden with coon's meat, these new visitors
wei-e left unharmed. The curiosity with which these
wild tenants of the mountain lingered around led the
two men to believe that they had never before ap-
proached a camp-fire or seen a human form.

.Just before daybreak Lovewell awoke, and, telling
his companion to prepare for breakfast, returned to I
the summit of the mountain. It was important to
reach the ^lerrimack by the nearest route, and he
could better judge by reviewing the landscape at
early dawn. In after-years he was wont to say that
the stars never seemed so near as when he had gained
the summit. The loneliness of the hour suggested to
him what was probably the truth, that he and his
companion were the first white men who had set foot
on this mountain peak. It is situated in the eastern
part of the present town of Washington, and its sym-
metrical, cone-like form is familiar to the eye of
many a resident of this city. With the exception of
Monadiiock and Kearsarge, it is the highest summit
in Southern New Hampshire, and to-day it bears the
well-known name of Lovewell's Mountain.

Before Lovewell left the summit the adjacent
woodlands became visilde, and, looking eastward
down into the valley, he saw, only a few miles away, a
smoke curling up from the depths of the forest. It
revealed the proximity either of a party of savages or
a stray hunter. Returning to camp, breakfast was
taken hurriedly, and, descending into the valley, they
proceeded with the utmost caution. Reaching the
vicinity of the smoke, they heard voices and soon
after the rustling of footsteps. Both dropped upon
the ground, and fortunately were screened by a thick
underbrush. A party of six Indians passed within a
hundred yards. They were armed, and evidently on

their way to the Connecticut Valley. As soon as they
were beyond hearing the two men proceeded cau-
tiously to the spot where the savages passed the
night. They had breakfasted on parched acorns and
the meat of some small animal, probably the rabbit.

Congratulating themselves on their lucky esca])e
from a winter's captivity in Canada, Lovewell and
his companion continued their route over the rolling
lands now comprised in the towns of Hillsborough,
Deering, Weare and Goflstown to the Merrimack.
From thence they readily reached their home in
Dunstable. It may be well to add that Lovewell was
a son of the famous Captain John Lovewell, whose
history we have narrated in the preceding chapter.

CHAPTER VII.

l^ASRV A— (Continued).

COLONIAL HOMES AND HABITS.

Earliest ScLools in Dunstable — New Meeting-House — Horaeback Riding
— Deep Snows and Snow-Shoes— Longevity— Last French and Indian
War, 1755— Paper Currency— Effects of Kuni-Drinlsing- Era of Peace
and Prosperity — Improved Dwellings— Bannocks and Bean Porridge —
Hard Labor— Fording Streams — Roads and Bi-idges — Growth of Farms
— Scarcity of Books, Newspapers and Luxuries.

In 1750, the middle of the eighteenth century, the
English colonies of North America, unknown to
themselves, were preparing to enter upon a career of
political, intellectual and social development of which
the indications were not as yet apparent. The two
historic events, the discovery of the western conti-
nent and the invention of movable types, which Mr.
Carlyle said would reconstruct human society, had
for two and a half centuries been quietly doing their
work, but had not yet acquired the momentum of
later years. The colonies were still few in numbers,
feeble in resources and mere appendages of the
mother-country. Instead of the fifty-five millions of
to-day, the colonial population at that time was one
million eight hundred thousand. Printing had
achieved much, for almost every man and woman
could read the printed page, but there were few pages
to be read.

Dunstable, where, in our time, more than two thou-
sand daily newspapers are every day circulated, had
at that time only a weekly circulation of three news-
papers. But colonial thought was always in advance
of the printed page. In the fall of 1749 the town
voted to begin the coming year with a school for eight
months ; one teacher only was to be employed, and
the school w^as to be kept in different parts of the town
alternately. The only studies taught w'ere the three
" R's" and spelling. There was very little classifica-
tion. Almost all the instruction was given to each
scholar individually. No arithmetic was used, but
the master wrote all the " sums " on the slate. The
reading-books were the Psalms and the New Testa-

NASHUA.

159

ment, and on Saturday morning the Westminster
Catechism. No spelling-book was used except the
reading-books. The slates were rough, and when
wanting, as they sometimes were, birch bark was used
as a substitute. The remoteness of a part of the
scholars occasioned irregularity of attendance. With
no aids, not even a map or black-board, the improve-
ment was slow and unsatisfactory. Schools existed,
however, till the beginning of the French War, in
1755, when they were discontinued till 1761.

The strife between the old and new schools of reli-
gious thinkers still continued. Rev. Samuel Bird
continued to oppose the doctrine of " foreordination"
and the harsh declarations of the Westminster Cate-
chism. Having a call from Connecticut, he left in
1751 ; but the dissensions in the church continued.
It is creditable to the town that at that early j^eriod
there were those among its citizens who boldly avowed
their disbelief of the absurdities of a traditional creed.
Subsequently milder counsels prevailed, and the bel-
ligerents agreed to disagree. The Bird meeting-
house was taken down and its materials made into a
dwelling-house, long known as the "Bowers place,"
at the Harbor. On December 21, 1753, the town voted
to build a new meeting-house " at the crotch of the
roads, as near as can be with convenience to the
house of Jonathan Lovewell." Mr. Lovewell's house
still exists, and is now the residence of Mrs. Alfred
Crodfrey, two miles south of the city hall. The
meeting-house was built on the little triangular
" green " which is nearly in front of Mi's. Godfrey's
hijuse. It was an improvement upon the previous struc-
tures, having squai'e pews, a spacious sounding-board,
seats for deacons and tythingmen, two jjainted doors
in front, with a suitable number of horse-blocks at
convenient distances for the accommodation of those
women and children of the congregation who rode to
meeting upon a side-saddle or a pillion. This meet-
ing-house had a long occupation, not having been
abandoned till 1812. Several of the older citizens of
Nashua renaember to have attended services within
its walls.

For a century after the first settlement of Dunstable
no carriages were used, and journeys were per-
formed on horseback. The only wheeled vehicles
used were the cumbersome lumber-wagon and the
two-wheeled cart. The good man and his wife were
accustomed to ride to church on the same horse, she
sitting on a pillion behind him, and not unfrequently
carrying a child in her arms, while another and older
child was mounted on the pommel of the saddle be-
fore him. No person thought of buying or exchang-
ing a horse without ascertaining whether the animal
would "carry double," as some otherwise valuable
horses were in the habit of elevating their heels when
" doubly loaded." In winter, when the snow was
deep, a pair of oxen were attached to a sled, and the
whole family rode to meeting on an ox-sled. Some-
times an entire household, seated upon an ox-sled,

would start in the morning to spend the day with a
friend five or six miles distant. In the eighteenth
century greater (juantites of snow fell in winter in
Southern New Hampshire than now, and snow-
shoes were in general use. The invention originated
with the Indians. The snow-shoe was ellii)tical in
shape, with its rim made of ash, and the space within
the rim interwoven with strips of raw-hide, so that the
large breadth of surface resting upon the snow would
sink but slightly below the surface. The feet were
attached to the snow-shoes by fastening a common
shoe at the toe, leaving the heel loose, to the central
part of the snow-shoe. The Indians and early settlers
made constant use of them during the deej) snows of
the long winters. The snowfall usually reached the
dej^th of five feet and continued from ten to twelve
weeks.

In 1752 the elder John Lovewell, father of the
hero of Pequawket, died at an advanced age. The
current rumor of his extreme longevity (one hundred
and twenty years) is a mistake. The error arose from
confounding the events of his life with those of his
father, who was a soldier under Cromwell, and whose
bravery the son inherited. Born in England, and
fighting under Chui'ch, in King Philip's War, he was
among the earliest settlers of Dunstable. During the
Indian attacks, about 1700, he was, on one occasion,
sjiared by them on account of his kindness in time of
peace. In his later years he lived on the north side
of Salmon Brook, just below the Main Street bridge.
He lived to be a centenarian, and was so vigorous at
that age as to be a terror to the boys who att cmpted
to steal his apples. The family name has now disap-
peared from Nashua.

The longevity of many ofthe early settlers is worthy
of notice. In Judge Worcester's " History of Hollis,"
Widow Lydia Ulrich is authentically recorded as
having died in that town in her one hundred and fifth,
and Lieutenant Caleb Farley in his one hundred and
third year. This great longevity and good health of
the early settlers was no doubt due to the regularity
of their habits and the simplicity of their diet.

The Last French War, 1755. — Near the close of
1748 a treaty of peace had been made between Eng-
land and France. By this treaty, no question in
disijute was settled. England yielded up Louisburg,
whose conquest had shed such glory on the colonial
arms, and received in return Madras. The English
government had .shown neither skill nor energy in tiie
management of the war, but had left the colonies to
protect themselves. King George the Third and his
ministry had allowed a dangerous enemy to harass
the colonies, that they might feel more keenly their
dei)endence on the mother-country. They were already
enforcing that restrictive policy in trade which subse-
quently led to the Revolution. The fruit of this war
to the colonies was only debt and disgrace. They felt
that it was an inglorious surrender of their interests.

The peace was only nominal. In tiie spring of

160

HISTORY OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

1755 it wa;> manifest tliat the French were aiming at
the control of the Lakes and the Mississippi Valley, and,
if successful in these designs, of the subjugation of the
colonies. War was openly declared, and New Hamp-
shire raised a regiment of five hundred men to join
an expedition, under Sir William Johnson, for the
capture of Crown Point. The command Avas given to
Colonel Joseph Blanchard, of Dunstable. One of the
companies of this regiment was the famous " Rangers,"
of which Robert Rogers, of Dunbarton, was captain
and John Stark lieutenant. Several members of the
company were from this town.

This regiment was disbanded at the end of the
year. After the failure of the campaign of 1755, and
the death of General Braddock,Lord Loudon was ap-
pointed to the chief command. Another New Hamp-
shire regiment was called for and raised. But the
campaigns of 1756, 1757 and 1758 were disastrous
from the incapacity of the British commanders. No-
thing saved Lord Loudon from an utter defeat but the
brilliant and persistent efforts of the Rangers, under
Rogers and Stark.

The war still continuing. New Hampshire was or-
dered to furnish another regiment of a thousand
soldiers, which, on the death of Colonel Blanchard,
was commanded l;)y Colonel Zaccheus Lovewell,
brother of the famous John Lovewell. It did good
service at the capture of Ticonderaga and Crown Point.
The next year (1760) a regiment of eight hundred
was raised by this State, under the command of Col-
onel John Goffe, of Bedford. Dunstable furnished her
full quota of soldiers, who were at the surrender of
Montreal and Quebec, which wrested all Canada from
France and closed the war.

This result, due to the statesmanship of the new
British premier, William Pitt, decided whether Cath-
olicism or Protestantism should prevail in North
America. A different result would have changed the
whole current of civilization on the western continent.
It was a conflict of ideas, and not the mere encounter
of brute forces. The New England colonies rang
with exultation ; the hills were lighted with bonfires;
Legislatures, the pulpit and the people echoed the
general joy. They felt it to be the triumph of truth
over error. In this last of the French and Indian
colonial wars, the men of Dunstable bore well their
part in field and forest engagements. Besides the two
colonels, Blaneiiard and Lovewell, and the commissary,
Jonathan Lovewell, it is known that the sons of Noah
Johnson, the last survivor of Lovewell's fight, were
in the war, both of whom were killed. In all, about
thirty Dunstable men served in the war, and the sur-
vivors returned at its close to their farms.

War is attended with evils which are often felt long
after its close. The colonies had very little of gold or
silver coin, and issued paper currency to meet the ex-
penses of the protracted struggle. Its deterioration
caused much embarrassment and loss. During
the active operations of the war the harvests were

bountiful, and there was little suffering for food at home
or in the army. But during the years 1761 and 1762
asevere drought cutoff the crops, so that corn was im-
ported from Virginia, and the Dunstable farmers cut
the wild, coarse grass which grew in the swamps to
save their live-stock from starvation. The scarcity of
feed compelled the slaughter of many sheep and
cattle.

Another harmful effect to the colonies was the in-
creasing use of intoxicating drinks. The soldiers,
accustomed to camp-life and the daily use of liquors,
carried their loose habits into rural life, and added to
the growing tendency to drunkenness. Public senti-
ment was not at that time awake to the terrible effects
of the use of intoxicating drinks. Not only did the
town officers of Dunstable, in their charge for services,
make a separate bill for " new rhum " for daily use,
but on all public occasions — all meetings, whether of
joy or sorrow — it was customary for all to drink freely.
No wedding could be appropriately celebrated with-
out a liberal distribution of stimulating drinks. Even
at funerals it was thought necessary "to keep the
spirits up by pouring spirits down." The evils of
poverty, then severely felt, were greatly increased by
the debased appetite for intoxicating liquors.

Two years before the close of the war, on April 7,
1758, Colonel Joseph Blanchard died at the age of
fifty-three. His grandfather, Deacon John Blanchard,
was one of the first settlers of the town. His father
was au active, useful citizen, holding positions of trust
and dying in 1727. On the death of his father, though
young, Josei)li Blanchard succeeded to his father's
business. He became widely known as a surveyor of
land, and in that capacity traversed the almost un-
broken forests which now constitute the western and
northern towns of Hillsborough County. He sketched
the first published maps of New Hampshire, a work
of great labor and much value to new emigrants. He
Avas in command of the first regiment raised for the
campaign of 1755 at the time of his death. His
moss-stained monument in the old cemetery in the
south part of the town reads thus, —

"Tlie Hon. Joseph Blanchard, Esq.,
deceased April 7th, 1758, aged 53."

The capture of Quebec and the surrender of Canada
to the British, in 1760, was followed by a longer inter-
val of peace than Dunstable had ever enjoyed, — fifteen
years. It was a period of needed tranquillity, for on
them,, more than elsewhere, had the Indian wars told
fearfully. For sixty years there had been no season
when danger might not be imminent. There was no
safety for the ordinary dwelling. Every occupied
house was of necessity a garrison. No field labor
could be performed with safety. Harvests were de-
stroyed, dwellings burned, cattle killed and men,
women and children brutally massacred or dragged
through the wilderness to Canada. No man walked
abroad unarmed, and on Sunday even the minister
preached with his musket at his side.

NASHUA.

161

But the entire overthrow of the French dominion
brought safety as well as peace. When, in 1774, the
tyranny of the British government began to pro-
voke l^colonial resistance, Dunstable, with its seven
hundred inhabitants, had become an established, self-
reliant community. It is a fitting opportunity, there-
fore, to briefly glance at the condition, habits, customs
and peculiarities of our forefathers while yet the sub-
jects of a European monarch.

The settlers of Dunstable were of Puritan origin.
The earliest comers were, as a class, distinctly marked
characters, men of intelligence, energy and some prop-
erty. They had two objects in view : to obtain per-
manent homes for themselves and their posterity, and
to acquire wealth by the rise of their lands. They
brought with them domestic animals — cattle, swine
and sheep, — and had they been spared the savage out-
rages, which destroyed their property, and oftentimes
their lives, in a few years they would have had large
and profitable farms and convenient houses. The
constant danger of Indian attacks compelled the
building of timbered dwellings — logs hewn on opposite
sides so that no musket bullet could penetrate, save at
some crevice. There were no windows, except nar-
row openings to admit light and air; while the doors
were built with the most careful regard to resistance
against outward attacks. They were made of white
oak or ash plank, with iron hinges, and with a wooden
latch on the inside, having a raw-hide string to lift
the latch from the outside. When the string was
pulled in and the heavy crossbars put up, it was no
easy matter to force an entrance. Many of the houses
from the first settlement till 1750 had a rude and
strong stockade built around them, consisting of tim-
bers ten inches thick set upright in the ground to the
height often to twelve feet. Such a building, if pro-
tected by several good marksmen, had all the security
of a fort, and was never attacked by the savages unless
they discovered the entrance open and unguarded.
The house itself consisted of a single room, from
sixteen to eighteen feet square, with seats, tal)le and
bedsteads, hewn by the broad axe, constituting the
furniture.

But with the peace which followed the capture of
Quebec came an era of growth and prosperity. The
jjrimitive dark and dingy log house gave way to the
framed house, usually of one story, and consisting of
a sizeable room, which answered the three-fold pur-
pose of kitchen, living-room and i)arlor, with a small
sleeping-room and pantry. A few of the more wealthy
built a " double house," furnishing more abundant ac-
commodations. All of them had in view shelter and
comfort rather than elegance. The windows were
small, without blinds or shutters. The fire-place was
spacious enough to receive " back-logs" of two feet in
diameter and five feet in length, in front of which was
placed the smaller wood, resting on andirons. The
stone hearth had the most liberal dimensions and the
flue of the chimney a diameter of three feet. It was

hardly an exaggeration to say that one could sit in
the chimney corner and study astronomy. All the
cooking was done by this fire, the kettles being sus-
pended from an iron crane over it, while the bannocks
were baked and the meat roasted in front of it. Around
it gathered the family at night, often numbering from
six to twelve children, and the cricket on the hearth
kept company with their i)rattle. Thus with the
hardships came the comforts of pioneer life. Dunsta-
ble had now a local cabinet-maker, whose busy lathe
greatly improved the style of household furniture.

Everything was made of native forest wood — pine,
cherry, birch and birds-eye maple. Now and then a
bureau or a desk was seen which was made in Boston?
and more rarely an article brought across the water
from England. Vessels of iron, copper and tin were
used in cooking. The dressers, extending from floor
to ceiling in the kitchen, contained the mugs, basins
and various-sized plates of pewter, which shone upon
the farmer's board at time of meals. Farmers hired
their help for seven dollars a month. Carpenters had
seventy-five cents a day, or twelve dollars per month.
Apprentices served five years, and for the first two
years were only fed and clothed.

The food in those days was simple and healthy.
There were no dyspeptics. Breakfast generally con-
sisted of potatoes, roasted in the ashes, with a little
cold meat and a hot " bannock," made of meal and
water, and I)aked on a '' ma|)le ehij) " before the fire.
In summer salt pork and greens, with an occasional
strawberry or blackberry pudding, formed the staple
for dinner; in autumn the raccoon, partridge and gray
squirrel furnished wild meat for the same meal, while
late in spring and early summer salmon and shad af-
forded material for a princely re})ast. During the
long winters farm-boys, apprentices and children lived
chiefly on bean porridge. At dinner l)rown bread was
added, or snapped corn was sifted into the boiling
porridge, making the dish called " pop robbin." There
was no tea or coffee, but all drank from a common
mug, which at dinner contained cider. David AUds,
who lived just north of Salmon Brook, near the bridge
which still retains his name, used to say that during
the winter months his family " used up " two hogs-
heads of bean porridge each month.

There were no periods of leisure to the early set-
tlers of any part of New England; least of all was
there to the people of Dunstable. During the win-
ter, when the farmer of to-day does little beside tak-
ing care of his stock, the new-comer to Dunstable,
finding his narrow clearing insufficient to support his
family, set himself to felling trees for a new field. AH
through the early winter he was in the woods from
early dawn till the stars appeared in the sky, and
sometimes by moonlight or firelight in the evening.
But he had a strong frame, and labor was not irk-
some; every blow struck was for himself, his children
and his homestead. Stripping off" his coat, with arms
bare to the elbow, and the perspiration standing in

162

HISTORY OF HILLSBOKOUGH COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

drops on his forehead, the Mows fell fast and heavy
till the huge trunk, tottering for a moment, fell to the
ground, Hinging the broken branches high in the air,
antl with a noise like distant thunder. When the
deep snows came he hired himself till spring to an
older and wealthier settler, to earn the corn and meat
to feed his family. The labors of the housewife were
no less arduous. Aside from the care of her children,
she had sole charge of the dairy and kitchen, besides
spinning and weaving, sewing and knitting, washing
and mending for the " men folks," and in case of sick-
ness, taking care of the suffering. The people were
generally healthy. Consumption, neuralgia and dis-
eases of the heart were rarely known.

Dunstable had less of harmony in church affairs
than most of the early settled towns of New England.
Yet, the people, with rare unanimity, gathered on
Sunday at the " Old South Meeting-House." Sunday
developed the social as well as the religious feelings.
During the hour of intermission the men gathered
around some trader, or person who had just returned
from Boston, whose means of information exceeded
their own, to learn the important news of the week.
Newspapers and letters were seldom seen at any coun-
try fireside. News from England did not reach the
inland towns till four months after the events oc-
curred. Intelligence from New York was traveling
ten to twelve dayd before it reached New Hampshire.
In the means of general information it is difficult to
comprehend the great change which has occurred in
the civilized Avorld l)etween 1750 and the present
time.

Between 1760 and the beginning of the Revolution,
in 1775, the "up-country," above Dunstable, — ^what
now comprises the northern and western towns of
Hillsborough County, — was rapidly settled. Dunstable
had ceased to be a frontier town, and in spring and
autumn the river road from Chelmsford to Nashua
River, and thence to Amherst, became a thoroughfare
for ox-teams, horse-teams and " foot people." Dr.
Whiton, the early historian of Antrim, said that not a
small portion of the immigrants possessed little beside
the axe on their shoulders and the needy children by
their side. The taverns of a few years later were infre-
quent, and the farmers of this town displayed a ready
and generous hospitality in assisting the wayfarers on
their journey.

The building of l)ridges over large streams taxes
severely the pioneers of a new region. The bridge
over the Nashua River was for many years a source of
much expense and trouble to the people of Dunsta-
ble. The first serviceable bridge was built in 1742, not
far from the present one on Main Street, and more
than twenty feet lower. This was carried away by a
freshet in 1753, and rebuilt the same year at an ex-
pense of one hundred and fifty pounds. Before 1759
it was in a ruinous condition, and the town ])etitioned
the General Court for liberty to establish a lottery to
build a new one. The lottery was not granted, but a

new bridge was built a few years later, partly by sub-
scription and partly by the town. It stood a little be-
low the present one. In the spring of 1775 it was
again, and for the last time, carried away by a freshet,
and the new one, built the same year, spanned the
current at a greater elevation.

But the bridge across the Nashua River on the
south road to Hollis was for a time a cause of still
greater trouble. In the first settlement of Hollis, before
the era of bridges, Mrs. Anna, wife of Cajstain Peter
Powers, on a summer day went on horseback to visit
a friend on this side of the river. The Nashua,
at what is now called Runnell's bridge, was easily
forded in the morning, but a sudden shower in the
afternoon had caused it to overflow its banks. Mrs.
Powers must return to her home that night. The
horse entering the stream and losing his foothold,
began to swim. The current was rapid, and the
water flowed above the back of the horse. He was
swept down the river, but still struck out for the op-
posite bank. At one instant his feet rested on a rock
in the stream, and he was lifted above the tide.
Again he plunged forward, and threw his rider from
her seat ; she caught his flowing mane and holding
on for life, was borne by the strong animal safely to
the opposite shore. Similar incidents Avere not in-
frequent in the early occupation of the country.

But the first bridge at Runnell's Mills was built too
low, and was badly injured by the annual spring
freshets. It was very necessary to the people of Hol-
lis, being on their main road to market, but of little
use to Dunstable. The old bridge had been built by
both towns, but in 1772 a new bridge was needed,
and Dunstable was unwilling to pay half of the ex-
pense. There Avere tAvo farmers, Ebenezer Jaquith
and Ensign Daniel Merrill, Avho OAvned the land in
the bend of the river opposite the bridge, who wished
to be annexed to Hollis, a