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ISTORY OF THE
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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
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ATURBANA-CHAMPAIGN
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A HISTORY OF THE
ILLINOIS TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES
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COPYRIGHT, 1930, BY
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
OF THE ILLINOIS TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR NURSES
DEDICATED
TO
THE SUPERINTENDENTS
THE FACULTIES
AND
THE GRADUATES OF THE SCHOOL
FOREWORD
IN publishing this brief history, the Directors of the Illinois
Training School for Nurses feel their obligation to he many
fold:
To honor the memory of that group of far-seeing icomen who
in the face of opposition and untold difficidties founded the
School in 1880.
To bring to the graduates an intimate record of the growth and
achievements of the School in which they have had so large a
share.
To acquaint the many friends of the School with its work and
value to the community^ showing, we trust, that the School has
been worthy of their support.
To express appreciation to that large group of medical men
who have been staunch friends of the School, helping to fight its
battles as ivell as giving of their valuable time for lectures to the
students; not forgetting that smaller group irhofor so many years
gave gratuitous service in the care of sick student nurses.
To recognize gratefully the indimited opportunity for public
service and the invaluable laboratory for study afforded by our
contracts with the successive Boards of Cook County Commis-
sioners.
In the gathering of material, the sources have been used as ex-
tensively as possible: minutes of Board and committee meetings,
reports, letters, press articles. Reports of the Alumnae Associa-
tion, records deposited by Mrs. Lawrence with the Chicago His-
torical Society; for the earlier years an especially interesting
source is the notes from Mrs. Lawrence's diary compiled by
Mrs. Henry L. Frank in 1920, when she was planning to write
vii
Vlll FOREWORD
the history of the School — an achievement that was unfortunately
'precluded by her death.
The writer wishes to acknowledge her indebtedness to Helen
Scott Hay for her co-operation in supplying material on the
period of her superintendency, and to Rachel C. Torrance and
Lyda Anderson for their interesting notes on Miss Hay's war
ivork. Much of the material of the chapter on the years 192Jt.-1929,
the time of the superintendency of Laura R. Logan, has been
prepared by Miss Logan, and is acknowledged ivith appreci-
ation.
To Jessie Breeze, for many helpful suggestions made possible
by her years of close association with the School and her sympa-
thetic understanding of its problems, the icriter expresses her
gratitude. To Florence Schryver, her daughter, the writer also
expresses gratitude for invaluable assistance in preparing the
manuscript.
GRACE FAY SCHRYVER.
April, 1930
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I, PRELIMINARY PLANS 1
II. PIONEER WORK 18
III. STEADY GROWTH 42
IV. NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENTS 61
V. INCREASING DEMANDS ON THE NURSING SERVICE . . 77
VI. A CRITICAL PERIOD 93
VII. THE ILLINOIS TRAINING SCHOOL IN WAR WORK . .119
VIII. SOCIAL SERVICE 142
IX. FINAL YEARS OF THE SCHOOL 152
X. THE ALUMNAE ASSOCIATION 177
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS .... 197
GRADUATES OF THE SCHOOL 203
INDEX 229
IX
ILLUSTRATIONS
Margaret Lawrence (Mrs. Charles B.)
Frontispiece
Faring page
8
16
16
16
24
36
44
54
58
58
64
Mrs. Edward L. Wright (Sarah Peck)
Isabel Hampton (Mrs. Hunter Robb)
Mary E. Brown (Mrs. Richard Dewey)
Isabel Lauver
Group of graduates of the first class, spring and fall, 1883 .
Mrs. James M. Flower (Lucy L.)
The old Cook County Hospital
Original building when School entered May 1, 1881
Administration building finished in 1882
Faculty, graduate and pupil head nurses, 1892-1893
First year demonstration class, 1896, Amphitheatre, Cook
County Hospital
Ward 6, Cook County Hospital, 1880-1914 ....
Isabel Mclsaac
Idora Rose (Mrs. J. W. Scroggs) 64
Nurses' home 74
1. Original building of 1883, with front and fourth story
added in 1887
2. Crerar addition, 1907
3. MacDonald properties purchased 1910
Tablets in memory of benefactors of the School: Phebe L
Smith; John Crerar
Presbyterian Hospital in 1888: Original building of 1883:
Jones addition 1888; Hamill wing
Helen Scott Hay
Mary C. Wheeler
Mrs. Orson Smith (Anna Rice)
Mrs. Henry L. Frank (Henriette Greenbaum)
Mrs. Ira Couch Wood (Alice Holabird) .
Mrs. Harry F. Williams (Emma Magnus)
Laura R. Logan
Present Cook County Hospital, erected in 1914
Living Room in the Home ....
Spreading cheer throughout the Hospital with
84
92
96
96
100
130
152
152
152
160
168
their
Christmas carols 176
XI
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY PLANS
1880-1881
Purpose and founders — First meetings — Charter — Approach-
ing the County Commissioners — Organization — Interest on
the part of the Medical Association — Miss Broion chosen
Superintendent — Two wards secured — Raising funds —
Winning publicity.
"The history of the Illinois Training School for Nurses is the history
of nursing in the West; the progress of the school is the progress of nursing
throughout the world, ^^'hen another quarter of a century is passed and
the events of Chicago's history are sifted to record their true value, none
will stand out greater as a factor in the welfare of the community than
the foundation and work of this school.
"Its founders 'builded better than they knew,' none of them realizing
how far-reaching an influence they were creating. Their first few years
were a constant battle against prejudice, p>olitical antagonism, and pov-
erty. I have heard Mrs. Lawrence say that the one thing to which they
pinned their faith, was the idea that if their work was for the good of
all, it would stand. "^
THE purpose of the founders was twofold: first, to
train young women to care scientifically for the sick,
so establishing a new and dignified profession for
women and at the same time making available to the public a
valuable service; second, to give the patients in the Cook
County Hospital care far better than that rendered by the
untrained and politicall}' chosen attendants then employed.
The plan originated with a small group of public-spirited
women, prominent among whom were Mrs. Edward Wright
(Sarah Peck), Mrs. Charles B. LawTence (Margaret Marsden),
Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson, Mrs. J. M. (Lucy L.) Flower,
Mrs. Thomas Burrows, Mrs. A. A. Carpenter, and Mrs.
Orson Smith.
^Miss Isabel Mclsaac, graduate and later superintendent of the School, na-
tionally known for her extensive work in nursing education.
1
2 Illinois Training School fob Nurses
Mrs. Flower was well known philanthropically, especially
for her work in the interests of children and young people —
it is for her that the one girls' high school in Chicago is named.
Dr. Stevenson was one of the few recognized women physi-
cians of the day, and took an important part in the charitable
work of Chicago, to which the Sarah Hackett Stevenson
Memorial Lodging House is one testimonial. Mrs. La\\Tence,
wife of Judge Lawrence, at one time chief justice of the
Supreme Court of Illinois, served as first president of the
Board of the Training School, and to her efforts more than
to those of any other one person was due the successful ac-
complishment of their plans; in Judge Lawrence the School
had at all times a sympathetic and able friend. But it is to
Mrs. Wright that we owe credit for taking the first steps to-
ward making a nurses' training school in Chicago a fact. In
the resolutions taken by the Board of Directors at the time
of her death twenty years later, they speak of her as "the
founder and originator of the School; the first one to propose
starting a training school for nurses; the one who inspired
others to work with her for its estal)lishment." Sometime
before the summer of 1880, she had visited hospitals and
training schools in the East, and had returned much im-
pressed by what she had seen and heard of their nursing
service. Dr. Stevenson had studied the methods of the Flor-
ence Nightingale Training School in London, and had en-
deavored to interest her fellow citizens in a like institution
for Chicago. In a paper read before the Fortnightly Society,
Mrs. Lawrence says,
"As yet we have no such school west of Buffalo. That we shall have
them in the future is a certaintj-. They are too important an element in
the civilization of today to be long ignored in any large city, ^^^ly should
not Chicago take the lead in this humane direction? ^Miy should she not
add to her many noble institutions for the relief of suffering humanity
a training school for nurses? The County has already built and furnished
a first class hospital, of which every resident in Cook County may well
be proud. That hospital is in such admirable order that it needs but the
school in connection with it to be perfect. It would give us the field of
study which we require, and work in it could be made most eflficient."
Preliminary Plans 3
The first meeting looking toward organization was held at
the home of Mrs. Lucretia J. Tilton, August 3, 1880. It was
followed by manv others, for as Mrs. Lawrence remarks in a
diary which she kept of that period, "It vdW take many more
such meetings before we get started." Mrs. Flower mentions
one of these early gatherings in an article which she wrote
later on the history of the Training School :
"In the fall of 1880 a party of ladies met at the Palmer House in this
city, for the purpose of organizing a training school for nurses. These
ladies were thoroughly in earnest, believing that such a school was sadly
needed and having had the subject under consideration for some time."
Mrs. Flower could not speak too highly of the earnestness
of the women who initiated the project; their courage never
faltered, and they handed on to other women as public-
spirited as themselves, a task which has been unceasingly
carried on for nearlv fiftv vears, often in the face of almost
overwhelming problems and discouragements.
On September 4 a meeting was held at Judge Lawrence's,
at which fifteen women were present : Mesdames Lawrence,
Wright, Burrows, Scammon, Prentiss, Brooke, Huford,
Stanley, Isham, Flower, Churchill, Bourland, Hibbard,
Brown, and Dr. Stevenson. Mrs. Wright presided, and, on
the motion of Mrs. Lawrence, Mrs. C. M. Brown acted as
secretarj^ pro tern. A committee was appointed to select
twenty-five names for a Board of Managers, not less than
seven from each of the three sides of the city. It was further
decided that the managers be chosen without denomina-
tional or sectional bias, a policy which has always been fol-
lowed. A list drawn up by Mrs. Lawrence includes Episcopa-
lian, Roman Catholic, Unitarian, Baptist, Methodist, Pres-
byterian, Congregational, Swedenborgian, L^niversalist, Jew-
ish, German Lutheran, Christian, healthy infidels, and mis-
cellaneous. Though several members were named under
"miscellaneous," there seems to have been no "healthy
infidel."
4 Illinois Training School for Nurses
On August 30, Judge Lawrence had applied for a charter,
which was duly formulated, agreed to, and signed on Septem-
ber 15.
STATE OF ILLINOIS,
COOK COUNTY
To Honorable George H. Harlow, Secretary of State, we the under-
signed
{Signed) Sarah L. Wright
Sarah Hackett Stevenson
Margaret Lawrence
Lucy L. Flower
Citizens of the United States, propose to form a corporation not for
pecuniary profit but for benevolent purposes under an act of the General
Assembly of the State of Illinois entitled "An Act concerning Corpora-
tions" approved April 18, 187'-2, and that for the purpose of such organi-
zation we hereby state as follows, to wit:
(1) The name or title of such corporation is to be the "Illinois Training
School for Nurses."
(2) The particular business and object of said corporation will be to
train skilled nurses and furnish them to the sick or wounded.
(3) There will be twenty-five directors for the first year of the existence
of said corporation whose names are as follows:
Mrs. Sarah L. Wright Mrs. Henriette G. Frank
Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson Mrs. Frank Hall
Mrs. J. M. Flower Mrs. Thomas Wilce
Mrs. J. Y. Scammon Mrs. W. C. Hibbard
Mrs. C. B. Lawrence Mrs. Frank Douglas
Mrs. J. V. Clarke Mrs. Geo. W. Smith
Mrs. Wm. Penn Nixon Mrs. John H. Prentiss
Mrs. Frank B. Wilkie Mrs. Godfrey Snydacker
Miss Emma Kellogg Mrs. Edwin Blackman
Mrs. A. A. Carpenter Mrs. Dr. Clinton Locke
Mrs. Caroline Brown Mrs. Albert Keep
Mrs. Perry H. Smith Mrs. Thomas A. Burrows
Mrs. J. C. Hilton
(4) The location is in Chicago or Suburbs in the County of Cook, State
of Illinois.
In witness whereof the persons first above named subscribed their
names this fifteenth day of September A. D. 1880.
(Signed) Sarah L. AVright
Sarah Hackett Stevenson
Margaret Lawrence
Lucy L. Flower
Elizabeth B. Carpenter
Preliminary Plans 5
STATE OF ILLINOIS
[seal]
Department of State
Geo. H. Harlow, Secretary of State
To All Who^i These Presents Shall Come: Greeting.
^^^lereas, a certificate, duly signed and acknowledged, having been
filed in the office of the Secretary of State on the Twenty-first day of
September A. D. 1880, for the organization of the Illinois Training School
for Nurses under and in accordance with the provisions of "An Act con-
cerning Corporations" approved April 18, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872,
a copy of which certificate is hereto attached;
Now therefore, I, George H. Harlow, Secretarj^ of State of the State
of Illinois, by virtue of the powers and duties vested in me by law, do
hereby certify that the said Training School for Nurses is a legally organ-
ized corporation under the laws of this State.
In testimony whereof, I hereto set my
hand, cause to be affixed the Great
Seal of the State. Done at the City
of Springfield this twenty-first day of
September in the year of our Lord
one thousand eight hundred and eighty
and of the independence of the United
States the one hundred and fifth.
(Signed) Geo. H. HL'^rlow,
Secretary of State.
On September 15 also was made the first proposition to the
Board of Countv Commissioners that the students of the
proposed School be allowed to take over some of the nursing
in the County Hospital.
To the Honorable Board of Commissioners of Cook County
Gentlemen:
We the undersigned have imited in the formation of a charitable in-
stitution which has for its object the training of nurses after the "Bellevue
Training School" as explained in the accompanying charter. We there-
fore most respectfully and earnestly request the co-operation of your
Honorable Body. To that end we ask that you send a delegation from
your number to meet a Committee of the Ladies' Board at room 117,
Palmer House, Saturday, September 25 at 3 p.m.
The object of the meeting is to consider the feasibility of establishing
said Training School in connection with Cook County Hospital under
the supervision of your Honorable Board.
Respectfully signed,
Mrs. Charles B. LawTence Mrs. Edward L. Wright
Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson INIrs. James M. Flower
Mrs. J. Y. Scammon Mrs. A, A. Carpenter
6 Illinois Training School for Nurses
To enter the student nurses in the County Hospital had
been part of the plan from the beginning, both because the
nursing conditions in the Hospital were known to be bad and
the humanitarian impulse of the founders was strong, and
because that great institution furnished opportunities for
study and practical experience hardly to be equaled. The
building was a fine spacious one, but recently completed; a
large number of patients were cared for daily, and presented
the greatest possible variety of diseases and surgical cases;
the staff was of the finest, including such well-known physi-
cians and surgeons as Dr. Charles Adams, Dr. Ralph N.
Isham, Dr. S. D. Jacobson, Dr. Moses Gunn, Dr. D. A. K.
Steele, and Dr. Christian Fenger; the Hospital, indeed, was
already nationally known as a center for study, experiment
and achievement. In contrast with the material equipment
and fine medical and surgical work being done, the nursing
was of the poorest; convalescents, utterly inexperienced,
cared for those too sick to care for themselves, while those
holding more permanent positions were political dependents
of the County Commissioners, mostly of the Sairy Gamp
type, and, by common report, frequently of low moral char-
acter.
That a great service would be rendered the community by
placing in the Hospital a group of earnest, trained women of
high moral character, seemed too evident for argument.
On October 2, at a meeting held at the Palmer House, Mrs.
Lawrence, chairman of the Nominating Committee chosen
September 4, presented the following names as managers:
IMrs. C. B. Lawrence Mrs. W. G. Hibbard
Mrs. J. C. Hilton Mrs. Thomas Burrows
Mrs. Edward Wright Mrs. Henry L. Frank
Mrs. Clinton Locke Mrs. J. M. Flower
Mrs. J. Y. Scammon Mrs. Wm. Penn Nixon
Mrs. Wirt Dexter Mrs. Fred M. Hall
Mrs. J. M. Walker Mrs. Thomas Wilce
Mrs. Frank Douglas Mrs. Geo. W. Smith
Preliminary Plans 7
Mrs. John H. Prentiss Mrs. A. A. Carpenter
Mrs. Perry H. Smith Mrs. Godfrey Snydacker
Mrs. Orson Smith Miss Emma Kellogg
Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson
At this meeting also the permanent officers were elected:
President, Mrs. Charles B. LawTcnce; Vice-Presidents, Mrs.
W. G. Hibbard and Mrs. J. C. Hilton; Secretaries, Mrs.
Thomas Burrows, Recording, and Mrs. Edward Wright,
Corresponding; Treasurer, Mrs. J. M. Flower. Mrs. Flower,
however, resigned her office without acting, and Mrs. Henry
L. Frank was elected to fill that place.
Committees were named at the October 5 meeting: Hos-
pital — Dr. Stevenson, Mrs. Locke, Mrs. Hilton, Mrs. Wright
Household — Mrs. Douglas, Mrs. Carpenter, Mrs. Wilce
Publication — Mrs. Nixon, Mrs. Hall, Mrs. Orson Smith
Executive — Mrs. La^Tcnce, Mrs. Flower, Mrs. Wright
Nominations — Mrs. Lawrence, Dr. Stevenson, Mrs. Wright,
Mrs. George W. Smith. About this time a draft of the Con-
stitution and By-laws was made by Mrs. La\\Tence, Mrs.
Flower, and Mrs. A. A. Carpenter, and adopted by the
Board.
A Finance Committee of four men was chosen, and agreed
to serve: N. K. Fairbank, Burton C. Cook, D. V. Purington,
and Albert W. Cobb. E. B. McCagg and Perry Trumbull
acted as Auditing Committee.
An Advisory Board of fifty men was also appointed. Five
County Commissioners were invited to serve on this Board,
four of whom did so — Messrs. Purington, Ayars, Stewart, and
Coburn.
8
Illinois Training School for Nurses
ADVISORY
D. V. Purington
C. G. Ayars
J. W. Stewart
Perry Trumbull
John Rheinwald
Jacob Rosenberg
Dr. DeLaskie Miller
Berthold Loewenthal
Dr. J. H. Hollister
J. S. Brewer
W. K. Sullivan
Henry Strong
C. F. Pietsch
O. F. Aldis
William Blair
Norman Williams
Geo. E. Adams
H. W. Fuller
C. E. Coburn
E. C. Larned
Dr. H. A. Johnson
Gerhard Foreman
Dr. W. H. Byford
C. B. Farwell
Dr. E. Ingalls
BOARD
O. W. Potter
W. M. Hoyt
E. B. McCagg
John Farren
J. T. Ryerson
Dr. Ralph Isham
M. A. Meyer
Dr. Chas. T. Parkes
Burton C. Cook
F. B. Wilkie
N. K. Fairbank
Victor Lawson
E. F. Chapin
C. H. Lawrence
Arthur J. Caton
A. W. Cobb
T. S. Albright
A. B. Mason
R. W. Patterson
J. L. Houghteling
Geo. L. Dunlap
Bryan Lathrop
E. L. R. Ryerson
Gen. F. U. Stiles
Dudley Wilkinson
During October also the Board of the Training School ap-
proached the Medical Association through Dr. DeLaskie
Miller, an early and loyal friend of the School. The doctors
showed great interest in the plan, and on November 15
passed the following resolution:
"Resolved:
That in the opinion of the Chicago Medical Society, a properly con-
ducted society for the training of nurses is desirable, and that we will
aid the Illinois Training School for Nurses as well as we are able."
MRS. EDWARD L. WRIGHT
(sARAH peck)
Preliminary Pl.^j^s 9
The Medical Staff of the Hospital had asked that they be
invited to co-operate with the Training School Board. In re-
sponse they were requested to elect three of their members to
serve on the x\dvisory Board. Dr. D. A. K. Steele, Dr. Chris-
tian Fenger, and Dr. S. D. Jacobson were added to the above
list. "And so," writes Mrs. Lawrence, "our enterprise, after
all these weeks of careful hatching, has gone forth to the
public a full-fledged bird."
Organization completed, three problems presented them-
selves — to secure a superintendent, to gain entrance to the
Hospital, and to finance the project. Of these, consent to
enter the Hospital was the most difficult.
Their interest in obtaining just the right person for the
superintendent, and their first inquiries, date back to the
early summer months of 1880. A letter bearing the date of
July 6, from the president of the Training School of the New
York Hospital, West loth Street, says in part,
Mrs. Wright
Dear Madam:
We who are deeply interested in the prosperity and the healthy growth
of training schools, are more interested in your project than you may be
willing to believe.
Your Chicago school will be a center for the great West. There are
noble women to be trained for a good work, and you will need a capable
woman for a superintendent of your pupil nurses. May I be permitted,
when you are prepared to make a selection, to suggest the name of one
I consider high'y qualified and capable.'
There is no self interest in this. She is a young woman already occupy-
ing an honored position and one you are not likelj' to hear of for that
reason.
With sincere interest in your success,
E. W. Brown.
Further correspondence revealed this highly recommended
person to be Miss Mary E. Brown, for two years assistant
superintendent of the Bellevue Training School, New York,
who was said to have "the most thorough training in nursing
our country affords." Miss Brown was offered the position of
superintendent, with the privilege of visiting Chicago before
10 Illinois Training School for Nurses
deciding, that she might better understand the situation. The
latter part of October the visit was made. Though much in-
terested, Miss Brown at first felt that it would be unwise to
give up the position she then held for one seemingly so un-
certain; too, the hostility of the warden to the scheme was
reason for feeling that the work would be difficult, if not im-
possible. In February, however, when conditions were much
more settled, she agreed to come.
At the same time that negotiations were being carried on
with Miss Brown, the Board was endeavoring to come to a
satisfactory agreement with the County Commissioners. Al-
though some of them were friendly, there was much opposi-
tion. Communication after communication was sent to the
Commissioners, and many meetings were held before a settle-
ment was reached. The warden strongly opposed the whole
idea, contending that he did not believe in "female nurses"
and that "he had never found them as competent as men";
he had "male nurses who had been in the Hospital eight
years, and he did not think that the ladies could furnish any
better ones." This argument was cleverly turned against him
when it was pointed out that, while the women nurses in the
Hospital were usually convalescents who left as soon as they
were able, the men stayed on year after year until they were
so used to their duties that they became in a sense trained
nurses — just what the Board of the Training School was
planning to put there. Statements were quoted, also, showing
that the medical staffs of Eastern hospitals had been thor-
oughly converted to the idea of the trained nurse.
Mr. C. G. Ayars, chairman of the Hospital Committee of
the County Board, was a friend to the School, and it was
through his good offices that entrance was finally gained. The
following letter, presented through Mr. Ayars, gives practi-
cally the terms which were later agreed to.
Preliminary Plans 11
To the Honorable Board of Commissioners of Cook County
Gentlemen:
Since our last communication to you on the subject of the "Illinois
Training School for Nurses," we have had a meeting with j'our Hospital
Committee, to whom our application for admittance to Cook County
Hospital was by you referred.
That Committee, we understand, are divided on the merits of the
question, but three having declared in our favor.
For the benefit of those opposed, and in order that we may stand
rightly before your Board to whom the Committee will of course report,
we would like to state explicitly what would be our attitude towards
those in authority already- there.
We should come in with the expectation of creating for your use in
the Hospital, a better corps of nurses than those you already have.
As there seems to be some opposition to our entering the male wards,
we will content ourselves with a female medical ward and a female surgi-
cal. In those wards, your warden himself admits that the nurses now
employed are indifferent and inefficient. We woidd substitute for those,
skilled nurses, if you give us the opportunity of training them in those
wards. We will pledge ourselves to be governed by the laws already
established in the Hospital, and to conform to all its rules. Our superin-
tendent shall be subordinate to your warden in all matters pertaining to
hospital rule, and we bind ourselves to be a peaceable, and not a dis-
turbing element in the order prevailing there.
With regard to the appointing power of nurses, we must claim that
power in reference to our own students. We are proposing to build up
a system for training skilled nurses that will greatly benefit not only
Cook County Hospital but the city of Chicago itself. In doing so, we
assume a great responsibility. It is but fair and reasonable then that we
select for ourselves the material to be used. Applications will come to
us from various sources, and those young women presented to our notice
by any one of your Honorable Board, or by the warden of the Hospital,
shall receive especial consideration. But we must not be made to accept
applicants of whom our judgment disapproves, as there are unfortunately
women whom no amount of training would ever convert into good nurses.
This being the case, we must reserve to ourselves the power of deciding
in our own School what applicants shall be received on probation, and
what probationers become finally accepted students. We regard this as
the key to the entire situation, and we must yield it to none if we would
make our plan a success.
An inquiry into the system of training schools elsewhere will show that
the teacher or superintendent always selects her pupils and determines
after a specified term of probation whether she can train those pupils
into skilled and competent nurses or not. Another objection taken by
some members of your Committee was that the two wards committed to
our care would always be filled with novices being trained, and never in
the care of those who had become expert as nurses, ^^^lile this is partially
12 Illinois Training School for Nurses
true, it is not entirely so. There would alwaj'^s be in each ward, a head
nurse or graduate, teaching and controlling the pupils under her charge.
At night an undergraduate, or nurse partially instructed, would take her
place, and over both wards a medically educated and experienced super-
intendent, who would be responsible for nurses, wards, and patients.
Surely this would be a great improvement on the existing state of things
in the female wards.
Believing that this communication will facilitate a final and amicable
adjustment of the question, we forward it by order of our Board.
Respectfully yours,
jNIrs. Edward Wright
Oct. 25, 1880 Corresponding Secretary
So humorously yet so realistically are the difficulties of
this particular problem put by Mrs. Lawrence, that it is
worth while to quote her description, WTitten about two
years later. She had been speaking of the County Hospital.
"Ah! how easy it seemed to plant under the wings of such an institu-
tion, the enterprise desired! It was a foregone conclusion that nurses
would be needed where inmates were sick, and that a premium might
be offered to any undertaking that would furnish the best. It was not
understood in the beginning that comity hospitals are under the control
of politicians, and that a committee of women without votes could bring
no influence to bear upon a board composed almost entirely of office-
seekers. But a majority of the Board of Cook County Commissioners
were indifferent alike to the needs of the sick and the importance to the
public of the proposed scheme. For a long time they ignored all petitions
and communications addressed to their body. They would answer no
notes, and observe no appointments. At last came a change; an election
carried off some of the objectors, and the new members who took their
places, were more amenable to humane considerations. The ladies, too,
armed themselves with a new weapon. Realizing their disability of sex,
and their old time privilege of gaining their end by indirect means, they
deliberately married their Board to another, of masculine power and pro-
clivities, and renewed their attack upon the fortress they were determined
to possess. Now, it showed signs of yielding. A parley was held, the
names on that second or Advisory Board were considered, the portcullis
was raised, the bridge let downi, and the besiegers admitted. To be sure,
there were conditions imposed and promises exacted and penalties threat-
ened if the authorities of the Training School should ever dare to assert
themselves in an unbecoming manner."
Although the Hospital Committee had voted in October to
admit the Training School, favorable action by the entire
Board was not taken until about December 1. The contract
Prelimin.ahy Plans 13
between the Training School at Bellevue Hospital and the
Board of Public Charities and Corrections of New York City
was used as a guide in formulating the agreement with the
Cook County Commissioners. The Training School Board
asked, and the Commissioners granted, the same sum in pay-
ment for the new nurses that had been expended for the old.
Ward A in Pavilion 2 and Ward C in Pavilion 3, the for-
mer a female surgical and the latter a male medical, were
granted the Training School.^
Entrance to the Hospital now being a certainty, attention
was concentrated on the problem of financing the School and
securing a house for the nurses. The Board was most fortu-
nate in being able to claim the services of Mr. N. K. Fair-
bank, one of Chicago's very able and influential business
men, as chairman of the Finance Committee.
As a first step in the raising of funds, invitations were sent
out for a public meeting to be held at the Appellate Court
Rooms in the Grand Pacific Hotel on the evening of January
15; this was the first time that the citizens of Chicago gener-
ally were invited to take part in this work which was to prove
to be of such great benefit to their city. "It snowed heavily all
day," wTites Mrs. LawTence, " and yet in spite of the obstruc-
tions and delays, a good audience was present."
Dr. Hosmer A. Johnson presided; the Board of the Train-
ing School and many distinguished physicians and townsmen
were present. Mrs. LawTence read a paper in which she re-
called the value attached bv Americans as well as British to
the work of Florence Nightingale, and spoke of the success
of The Florence Nightingale School in connection with St.
Thomas's Hospital in London. As far back as 1872, the New
York State Charities Aid Association had studied the Eng-
lish School, and as a result the Training School had been estab-
lished in connection with the Bellevue Hospital in NewYork.
'In the beginning letters were used instead of numbers, and in the early records
it is hard to identify just the ward referred to. Ward A is thought to have been
Ward 7 in the old hospital, and Ward C to have been Ward"4.
14 Illinois Training School for Nurses
"Today no surgeon in Belleviie Hospital will perform an operation
without a trained nurse to assist, and that one of these skillful and in-
telligent women may be sent for, is the ordinary request made by a
physician at the bedside of a very sick patient in his private practice."
Mrs. Lawrence further explained the need of such a school
in Chicago, saying in part:
"For this School would not continue to be only a school; it woidd
become in process of time a bureau of reference to which anyone could
send in times of sickness and be furnished with an mtelligent woman,
abundantly able to take responsible charge of any invalid or sick room.
For there a record would be kept of all our graduates, their names,
addresses, and diflferent degrees of skill. To this institution would nurses
naturally look for employment, and to it would patrons report the
satisfaction given bj' such nurses."
In speaking of Miss Brown, the superintendent selected
for the School, she says,
"She is a lady in the best sense of the term, ambitious and enthusi-
astic, ready to give us the whole of her time, and determined to make
the School a success. She has been connected with Bellevue Hospital
four years, and so unwilling have they been to part with her there that
a mere inquiry as to how well she might suit us occasioned an immediate
increase in salary. But New York cannot retain the man or woman
needed in Chicago; so if you respond to our appeal for aid tonight, as I
believe you will, this lady is ours.
"And now, ladies and gentlemen, I have stated the case. Our organi-
zation is complete. We have a Board of Directors numbering twenty-five
ladies and an Advisory Board of fifty gentlemen, all representing money
and influence; our Committees are filled, our superintendent partially
engaged, our entree to the Hospital secured, and the whole Medical
Faculty, as far as we know, in our favor. We stand equipped for work
and subject to your will.
"Shall this enterprise go on.'' How much does Chicago care for an
institution calculated in the process of time to benefit thousands in all
ranks of life? We require at least the sum of $10,000. A house must be
rented for the lady superintendent and nurses, not a mere lodging, but
a comfortable home, where after their daily labors they may find relaxa-
tion and rest free from the depressing influences of the Hospital. Our
head nurses, on whom will devolve the task of training the pupils, will
be entitled to the high wages that they would receive in private homes.
To pupils we will probably have to give moderate wages, on a rising
scale, in proportion to their usefulness and term of service.
"The money which may now be entrusted to us wUl be placed in the
hands of our treasurer, who will give satisfactory bonds for twice the
Preliminary Plans 15
amount, and we have a Finance Committee of gentlemen who will see
to the safe investment of our funds. Our liead nurses will be chosen with
the utmost care and the physicians and surgeons of Cook County Hos-
pital have not only offered to deliver occasional lectures, but to give
personal instruction at the bedside of the patients. Under such auspices
we feel confident that we shall achieve the same success that has already
been attained elsewhere, if we receive at the outset sufficient funds to
enable us to work without being constantly trammeled by pecuniary
considerations.
"In conclusion and for the benefit of those who know nothing of the
course of instruction given at these schools, I will enumerate a few of
the things taught.
"1. The dressing of blisters, sores, burns, and wounds, the application
of fomentations, poultices, cups and leeches.
"2. The administration of enemas and use of catheter.
"3. The management of trusses and appliances for uterine com-
plaints.
"4. The best method of friction to the body and extremities.
"5. The management of helpless patients, making beds, moving,
changing, giving baths in bed, preventing and dressing bed sores, and
changing positions.
"6. Bandaging, making bandages and rollers, fining of splints.
" 7. The preparing, cooking, and serving delicacies for the sick.
"They will also be given instruction in the best practical methods of
supplying fresh air, warming and ventilating sick-rooms in a proper
manner, and are taught to take care of rooms and wards, in keeping all
utensils perfectly clean and disinfected, to make accurate observations
and reports to the physician of the state of the secretions, expectoration,
skin, pulse, appetite, temperature of the body, intelligence as delirium
or stupor, breathing, sleep, condition of woimds, eruptions, formation of
matter, effect of diet, or of stimulants, or of medicines, and to learn the
management of convalescents.^
"Ladies and gentlemen, shall we have an institution in our midst
teaching a class of young women all these things and therefore preparing
for ourselves and others the nurses we may need in the sickness that
comes sooner or later to us all.^ I have faith to believe that you will
enable us to go on by generously subscribing the necessarj- means."
Dr. DeLaskie Miller stated that he was heartily in svm-
pathy with the movement. Dr. Stevenson said that she felt a
justifiable pride in the assurance that the Training School
for Nurses was a fact. It was something for which she had
dreamed and prayed and worked for a long time.
^This is the outline of the course of study as published in the First Annual
Report, the course which, with some slight modifications, was re-printed for twelve
years.
16 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Mr. E. C. Larned expressed himself as having
"a deep interest in the movement, an interest not entirely unselfish,
for such an enterprise touches every man. Nobody has immunity from
sickness, and no man can tell when either he himself or those whom
he loves best, will be visited by this calamity. And the skilled nurse
is not far behind the skilled physician at the bedside of the sick."
Dr. Johnson, chairman of the meeting, called attention
to the fact that the institution was for the people of Chicago,
and not for the Hospital, though the Hospital had been kept
in view there as if the nurses were wanted for that alone.
Now came the important business of the evening, intro-
duced by Mr. N. K. Fairbank, who said, "There seems to be
nothing for me to do but assume the chairmanship of the
Finance Committee, and to ask those present to subscribe";
and further, "I have felt the necessity of this Training School,
and came prepared to give $100. I promised Mrs. Lawrence
that, but since listening to what has been said, I have been
so much more impressed that I now feel that it is my duty
to give $500" — which brought applause. Others responded
with like generosity, so that the subscriptions of that one
meeting amounted to $1950.
The Chicago Tribune of January 17 reported this meeting
in two and one-half columns of the fine tj^pe of that day —
evidence of the public interest, and the importance attached
to the undertaking. Nor had previous newspaper comment
been lacking, for in November Mrs. Lawrence had written in
her diary,
"Excellent editorials appeared in the Sunday and Monday Tribune,
Times, and Journal, calling attention to our efforts, aims, and obstacles,
and to our enterprise as one well worthy of aid and encouragement."
In fact some subscriptions had come in earlier, for Mrs.
Joseph S. Ryerson had contributed the first in October— $100
toward the working fund.
The following incident is taken from a letter of Mrs.
Lawrence's:
ISABEL HAMPTON
(MRS. HUNTER ROBB)
■■//
MARY E. BROWN'
(mRS. RICHARD DEWEY)
ISABEL LAUVER
Preliminary Plans 17
"Some of the propositions made to us illustrated the utter ignorance
of the public on the subject we had so much at heart. One good old
gentleman after hearing all we had to say in favor of establishing such
a school in our midst, asked if we would be willing to pledge ourselves,
in case he gave us a handsome subscription, to take professional care of
himself, his wife and family, and of his son and his wife and family. We
said such a proposition must be brought before the Board of Directors
as we had no authority to deal with it. It was brought; later, the old
gentleman contributed, but no lien was made on the School for gratuitous
services in the future."
These were fair beginnings. Everyone worked, "But,"
writes Mrs. Lawrence, "Mrs. A. A. Carpenter was our best
collector." Fourteen thousand fifty dollars by the end of
February gave the women of the Board confidence to con-
sider another problem — that of securing a building.
CHAPTER II
PIONEER WORK
1881-1883
Arrangements vrith County Commissioners — The Home at 69
Flournoy St. — Securing pupils — Early experiences — First
Annual Meeting — Subscriptions for building a Home —
The Association — More umrds taken — The course — Out-
side nursing — Miss Hemple becomes Superintendent — Sec-
ond Annual Report: Words of Commendation — The new
Home — First Commencement.
IN the meantime (on February 22) Miss Brown's formal
acceptance for a period of six months was received, and
she became the "lady superintendent" at a salary of
$800 a year.
In order that there might be no future misunderstanding,
the Board of the School at this time prepared and submitted
to the Hospital Committee of the County Board a list of
questions in regard to the management of the School. They
were put into the minutes as follows:
Ques. — How much is now paid for each ward?
^7W.— $50.00.
Ques. — Is it distinctly understood that we have maintenance and
washing for our nurses, according to the resolution adopted by the
Hospital Committee of your Board .^
Ans. — Yes, if they room outside.
Ques. — Will the Committee give us new bedding, etc., for the use of
the Training School, to be marked by the ladies and kept for the exclu-
sive use of the School.*
Ans. — Yes.
Ques. — ^Mien shall we enter?
Am.— Msiy 1, 1881.
Ques. — Can we take possession of the two wards on the first day of
May.?
Ans. — Yes.
Qv£s. — Can we have a room for an office for the superintendent to
hear recitations and transact business.*
18
Pioneer Work 19
Ans. — Yes, one of the present nurses' rooms.
Ques. — ^^'lle^e will our nurses take their meals?
Atis. — In the regular nurses' dining-room.
Ques. — Any complaint must be made to the superintendent alone; the
superintendent is responsible to the Medical StaflF alone.
Ans. — That is satisfactory.
Ques. — No one can be accepted as pupil nurse whom the superintend-
ent on examination shall find unfit.
Ans. — There will be no wish to control the selection.
Ques. — Can arrangement be made so that the Hospital Committee of
the County Board can meet the Executive Committee of the Training
School once a month for the present to compare notes for mutual aid in
making things work harmoniously?
Ans. — Certainly, and oftener at first.
Ques. — ^Miat wards can we have?
Atis. — Ward A, Pavilion 2, and Ward C, Medical, Pavilion 3.
This agreement was afterwards changed in that the County
Commissioners refused to board the nurses at the Hospital,
but agreed to pay the Training School $100 a month for each
ward instead of $50.
Though from the beginning the Board had planned to
build a nurses' home, it was at first necessary to rent. A com-
mittee of which Mrs. A. A. Carpenter was chairman leased a
brick house at 69Flournoy Street, about three blocks from the
Hospital. The rent was to be $42.50 a month, for which the
landlord agreed to "calcimine throughout, paint the front
steps, level and seed the backyard, and connect the sewer."
(One year later 67 Flournoy Street was also taken over.) The
house, which was furnished at an original cost of $1,277.91,
was ready for occupancy early in May, though Miss Brown
and the two head nurses had to stay in a hotel from the
Saturday of their arrival till the next Monday — the bill
being $14.
"We were happj' over our first meal in the Home," says
Miss Brown, "even though it was eaten on the bottom of a
wash-tub which had arrived in advance of the table, and the
wheels moved so slowly that it was necessary to sleep on
temporary beds."
20 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Since the County would not board the nurses, full house-
keeping was necessary, and Miss Brown consented to take
charge of that also. Everything was most systematic — a book
each was provided for butcher, grocer, and milkman, and
every article purchased was to be entered, Miss Brown to
look over the books every night, and the Household Commit-
tee each week. A housekeeper was not engaged till the next
August.
In June the family numbered thirteen, the "general super-
intendent," two head nurses, eight pupil nurses, and two
servants. A woman came in to do the washing.
As early as the preceding October applications for entrance
to the School had been received. Out of a total of thirty, eight
were now chosen — six was the number first decided on, but
the wards were found to average fifty patients each, not forty
as had been expected, so two more were considered necessary.
It was first planned to pay the nurses $6 a month for the first
year, and $8 for the second, but in July the sums were in-
creased to $8 and $12, "as the former was not sufficient to
insure the best class of women." The opportunities offered by
the School were becoming known through articles prepared
by the Board and published in the city and some country
papers, as well as through circulars widely distributed. Mrs.
William Penn Nixon, whose husband was owner of the Inter-
Ocean, was for thirty years chairman of the Publications
Committee that carried on this work.
Requirements for admission were strict, and rigidly ad-
hered to. The following paper speaks for itself :
PAPER SENT TO APPLICANTS
The committee of the Training School for Nurses has made arrange-
ments with the authorities of Cook County Hospital for giving two years'
training to women desirous of becoming professional nurses.
Those wishing to obtain this course of instruction must apply to the
superintendent of the Training School, upon whose approval they will
be received into the School on probation. The most acceptable age for
candidates is from twenty-one to thirty-five years. The applicants should
5end, with answers to the paper of questions, a letter from a clergyman,
Pioneer Work 21
testifying to their good moral character, and from a physician, stating
that they are in sound physical health. Applicants are received at any
time during the year when there is a vacancy.
The superintendent has full power to decide as to their fitness for the
work, and the propriety of retaining or dismissing them at the end of
the month of trial. She can also, with the approval of the Committee,
discharge them at any time, in case of misconduct or inefficiency.
During the month of probation the pupils are boarded and lodged at
the expense of the School, but receive no other compensation.
Those who prove satisfactory will be accepted as pupil-nurses, after
signing an agreement to remain two years and to obey the rules of the
School and Hospital. They will reside in the Home and serve for the
first year in the wards of the Cook County Hospital; the second year
they will be expected to perform any duty assigned to them by the
superintendent — either to act as nurses in the Hospital or to be sent as
private nurses among the rich or poor.
The pay for the first year is $8 a month; for the second year, $12 a
month. This sum is allowed for the dress, textbooks and other personal
expenses of the nurse, and is in no way intended as wages, it being con-
sidered that the education given is a full equivalent for their services.
They are required, after the month of probation, when on duty, to wear
the dress prescribed by the institution, which is of blue and white seer-
sucker, simply made, white apron and cap, and linen collar and cuffs.
The day nurses are on duty from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., with an hour oflf
for dinner and additional time for exercise or rest. They are also given
an afternoon during the week. A vacation of two weeks is allowed each
year. It is not proposed to place nurses on night duty until they have
been in the School three months.
As the institution is unsectarian, there are no religious services con-
nected with it, except evening prayers, and all nurses are expected to
attend the place of worship they prefer once on Sunday.
In sickness, all pupils are cared for gratuitously.
N.B. — This blank is to be filled out in candidate's own handwriting,
and sent to the Superintendent of Illinois Training School, Cook County
Hospital, Wood Street, Chicago.
Questions to Be Answered by Candidate
1. Name in full and present address of candidate?
2. Are you single, married or widow.'
3. Your present occupation or employment.''
4. Age last birthday, and date and place of birth.'
5. Height.' Weight?
6. ^Vhere educated?
7. Are you strong and healthj^? and have you always been so?
8. Are your sight and hearing perfect?
9. Have you any physical defects?
10. Have you any tendency to pulmonary complaint?
22 Illinois Training School for Nurses
11. If a widow, have you children? How many? Their ages? How are
they provided for?
12. The names in full, and addresses, of two persons to be referred
to? State how long each has known you? If previously employed, one
of these must be your last employer has known
me years has known me years,
13. Have you read and do you clearly understand the regulations?
I declare the above statement to be correct.
Date Signed
Candidate
Contract Signed by Pupil Nurses on Entering the School
Chicago, 188 . .
I, the undersigned, do hereby agree to re-
main two years from date, a pupil of the above named institution; and
promise, during that time, to faithfully obey the rules of School and
Hospital, and to be subordinate to the authorities governing the same.
In witness whereof I hereunto affix my name,
The honor of being the first nurse admitted to "I. T. S.,"
as the School came to be known to its students and alumnae,
was Miss Isabella Lauver, who had become interested in
nursing through acquaintance with a nurse from an Eastern
school. Graduating after her two years' training, Miss Lauver
first took up private duty, then filled several institutional
positions with credit to herself and honor to her School. She
lived to give forty-seven years of trained service to the com-
munities in which she lived, her death occurring in December,
1928. Her early experiences we have in her own words, writ-
ten twenty-five years later when the Training School was
looking back with pride to its beginnings:
Madam President, Ladies and Sister Nurses:
It is a great pleasure to me to review some of my early experiences in
our beloved Training School.
I think I should perhaps begin somewhat earlier and tell you of my
home trainii^, where we were all taught to be punctual to the minute
in whatever we had to do.
Every engagement was kept promptly, so, in order that I might reach
the station where I was to take the train which was to bear me to a life
so new and strange, my father thought it best, as we lived almost five
miles away, to take me to town the afternoon before, as the train was to
leave early in the morning. I stayed with a friend all night — I do not
Pioneer Work 23
know whether we lingered over our breakfast too long, or it may have
been her clock was slow, but you can imagine my consternation on arriv-
ing at the station to see the train just rounding a curve a short distance
beyond. There would not be another train till midnight — Sunday. This
was Saturday. Right here let me say that I had never missed a train
before in my life, and I never have since. I arrived in Chicago Monday
morning about five o'clock, the morning I was to report for duty at the
Cook County Hospital.
On alighting from the train I asked a policeman for directions in re-
gard to reaching my boarding-house, which was on the corner of Adams
Street and Ogden Avenue. I then started out to find the street car, but
the noise and confusion of the street even at that early hour so bewil-
dered me that I hastened back to the old Illinois Central depot and took
a carriage.
Having arrived safely at my boarding-house, I had breakfast, and
then started for the Hospital. I never shall forget my walk up Ogden
Avenue or my first view of the Hospital. It looked so very large to me
then. We all know how it has grown since.
I had not stopped to change my dress, fearing I shoidd not be there
on time. Twenty-five years ago trained skirts were in vogue. My dress
was of that style. I remember being directed to the Hospital by an old
man who stayed in a small house at the gate. I was met by our dear
Miss Brown, whom we afterward learned to love so dearly. Having
viewed me over she found some pins and shortened my skirt, took a
ribbon bow from my hair, and I was ready to go to work.
Those first busy days, when we were not used to the hard floors!
How tired we were when night came! I suppose all new nurses have had
the same experience ever since. How interesting the work, and how wel-
come the evening when we could go to our rooms and rest. Then the
third night it was thought best to take charge of the night work as well
as the day, and I was chosen for the first night nurse. ^Miat a respon-
sibility! ^^^len I said to our superintendent, "Do you think I can do it.'"
she said, "Yes, I think so." I have often wondered since if she did not
take the risk with fear and trembling. I went into the work not realizing
what was before me, but she had full knowledge of the responsibilities of
the position.
About the third night of my first experience at night duty, the bell
rang announcing the arrival of a new patient, and a few minutes after,
the supposed patient was brought up. I had a bed in the ward ready and
the ward doors open, when they stopped in front of the nurses' room
door, and it proved to be the first woman interne, whom the men internes
were hazing. They had stolen the key to her room during the day, and,
after she had retired they went to her room and lifted her with the mat-
tress onto a stretcher and carried her all around over the Hospital and
ended by trying to frighten the unsophisticated night nurse.
I might go on telling many incidents which to me were thrilling, but
I suppose every nurse since then has had much the same experiences.
24 Illinois Training School for Nurses
I might tell of the primitive way in which we lived at 69 Floumoy
Street, where it seemed difficult to keep a matron, as we had so many
changes; of the happy day when we moved into our new Home; of the
coming of our dear Mother Myrick; then of our graduating day, and the
day when we had to go and find another home; of the homesick feeling
when we thought of leaving the Home which had sheltered us for two
busy, happy years.
Among the brightest spots of those two years were the days when our
dear Mrs. Lawrence would come through the wards with her cheery
presence and helpful words of encouragement.
I feel it an honor to have been one of the first niu-ses, to have helped
care for the infant Training School, and to have had the privilege of
watching its growth until it has reached its present stage of splendid —
we cannot say maturity, for it will still go on improving its methods, but
rather let us say — glorious young womanhood. It is indeed a privilege to
be prized, to be one of the number to finish a course of training in the
dear I. T. S. of today.
With loving greetings to all, and deepest regret that I cannot be with
you.
Isabella Lauver
Miss Brown has her own comments on the night nursing:
" The agreement with the Commissioners was such that we were to do
the night nursing after six months had elapsed and we had our own
nurses trained as far as possible for it; but within a week after we had
taken up the work the motion was rescinded, and we were obliged to
place a night nurse; and what at first seemed impossible was made pos-
sible by the assent of one of the week-old probationers who had calmness
and common sense sufficient to make up for lack of experience. Lest some
accident should happen in those test days, it was necessary for one of
the two faithful head nurses or the superintendent to make trips from
the Home to the Hospital in the middle of the night. We never knew
fear, for Chicago seemed so safe in those days, as we went back and
forth, up and down the steps which made a variety in the sidewalks of
that time.
" The days of that year had their sunshine and shadow, but the prog-
ress was very marked; and by the end of the year the warden himself
said that he wished that we had every ward in the hospital."
The First Annual Meeting was held October 1, 1881, at
the Palmer House. With the School established and working
with recognized success, the occasion was a happy one. Writ-
ten invitations were prepared, and the Advisory Board was
invited. Mrs. Burrows as secretary summed up the history
of the year, and Dr. Stevenson as chairman of the Hospital
X
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Pioneer Work 25
Committee gave a review of the course of study and work
done in the Hospital.
"We find on looking over the records that these nurses, only ten in
number, have watched over with scrupulous care about two hundred
patients per month. Your Committee suggests that the authorities be
requested to give, as soon as possible, the obstetrical ward into our care.
To say nothing of the fitness of things, the immediate necessity of such
a ward is upon us. We cannot graduate our nurses without giving them
a full experience in this very important department.
"Your Committee would also report the successfid organization of a
course of lectures for the nurses, to begin October 1 and continue, one
lecture each week, until May 1. The following physicians have kindly
consented to deliver the course: Dr. Fenger, eight lectures on Anatomy;
Dr. Jacobson, eight lectures on Physiology; Dr. Steele, eight lectures on
Materia Medica and Therapeutics; Drs. Isham and Parkes, four lectures
each on Surgery; Drs. DeLaskie Miller and Stevenson, four lectures each
on Obstetrics. These physicians have also generously contributed to the
purchase of a skeleton and other apparatus,
"These lectures, together with recitations carried on twice a week by
Miss Brown from the text of the "New Haven Manual for Nurses,"
furnish an amount and quality of instruction unsiu-passed."
The treasurer's report showed a balance of $12,835.24.
All officers were re-elected.
After the business, Dr. Charles T. Parkes, Dr. Norman
Bridge, and Dr. D. A. K. Steele made short speeches, enthu-
siastically endorsing the School. A letter had been received
from Dr. S. D. Jacobson, saying in part,
"I had never doubted for a moment that the nursing by the pupil
nurses of the Training School would be a great boon to the patients and
to the medical staff, but now, having watched the working of the experi-
ment since its inception, I confess that I had even underrated its advan-
tages, for I judged the experiment only by comparison with what I had
seen in European hospitals where women were engaged in nursing in male
as well as female wards, and gave full satisfaction. But your institution
has succeeded in attaching a personnel far superior to the class of women
whose nursing in hospitals I had previously witnessed. And not I alone
am enthusiastic in regard to the nursing by the pupils of the Training
School in the Hospital. I have not heard one dissenting voice from any
of my colleagues on the IMedical Board in this respect, not even from
those who before had their gravest doubts about the practicability of the
experiment."
26 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Members of the County Board then spoke; together with
the warden of the Hospital, they testified most heartily as to
the acceptability of the nurses as a working force in the Hos-
pital.
This closed the meeting, and the Board of the Training
School, looking back on the accomplishments of the year just
finished, had reason to feel proud of the success of their
undertaking.
Now the important thing was to build a Home. On Sep-
tember 29, Mrs. LawTence had invited INIr. Fairbank and Mr.
Larned, both members of the Advisory Board, to visit the
Hospital, and Home on Flournoy Street. They were delighted
with all they saw, and acknowledged that larger living quar-
ters were badly needed. It was only a question, wrote Mrs.
La^Tence to Mr. Fairbank, whether "necessary steps be
taken at once to thoroughly develop the enterprise and make
it from the beginning what it is destined to become — a very
great boon to our loved city of Chicago." On December 6 the
Board voted to purchase a lot, and early the next spring the
work of collecting funds began seriously.
A paper composed by Mrs. Lawrence set forth the need for
a building.
Reasons for Building a Peralanent Home for the
"Illinois Training School for Nurses"
1. The family representing this enterprise now numbers twenty-six
persons.
At this time there are sixteen pupil nurses, two on probation, four
head nurses or teachers (one in each ward), a superintendent, matron,
and two servants. For the accommodation of this family, one house is
not suflBcient, nor even two, for both are filled to overflowing. Lodging
rooms in houses near by have had to be secured, for wliich we are charged
enormous prices, and our young women are now, instead of being gath-
ered under one roof, scattered through an entire block. This is of course
subversive to a great degree of all family life and discipline.
It is most important that our nurses should have a home training as
well as a hospital training, that they may be acceptable members of
famihes as well as skillful in the sick room.
2. These young women come to us from every direction, and the
home we give them is all they have during the two years they are stu-
Pioneer Work 27
dents in our School. We feel as a Board that a great responsibility rests
upon us with regard to them, and we desire to build, that they may be
under the wholesome influence and restraints of a well-ordered home.
3. The fact that, though building is expensive now, money can be
borrowed at a low rate of interest to complete any building once fairly
under way, for doubtless the public would rather pay off a debt on a
home already built than subscribe for one in prospect.
4. It would be much more economical to keep house for a family of
twenty-six persons under one roof, than scattered in a series of rooms
under half a dozen.
5. That we are constantly growing, and cannot continue to procure
the necessary rooms within a reasonable distance of the Hospital and
each other.
6. That we are successfully^ engaged in a work not only of great utihty
and future good to the city of Chicago, but we claim to be a much
needed reform in Cook County Hospital, five of whose wards are now
committed to our care.
The Board of Directors of the "Illinois Training School for Nurses"
in\'ite public inspection and criticism, satisfied that when the patrons of
this School shall see its pupils at work in said wards, preparing for future
serA^ice in private families, they will not hesitate to subscribe for the
home we need, in order to thoroughly develop the enterprise.
Visitors are admitted twice a week at Cook County Hospital, on
Sundaj's and Wednesdays, between the hours of 2 and 4 p.m.
To those not yet satisfied as to why we need a home already, we
would further add that the proposed home, when built and occupied, is
to form the future "Directory of Nurses" or "Bureau of Reference" to
which the public will apply when in need of the ser\'ices of nurses, for
there a record will be kept of their names and addresses, their present
and future engagements, and their individual and relative value as nurses.
It will be within easy communication by telegram or telephone, and will
be a great convenience to all.
Each collector was given a copy of the paper and a neat
red notebook with pages headed "$1000 subscriptions,"
"$750," "$500," etc., do\%Ti to "$25." "Of course," said Mrs.
LawTence to Mr. Fairbank, "it would be necessary to start
mth your owti subscription, that those to whom we appeal
may see that we have j^our endorsement." And Mr. Fairbank
was not found wanting, for he headed the list with a pledge
of $1000.
By May, 1882, the lot at 304 (now 509) Honore Street, 72
feet by 125 feet, was purchased for $3600.
28 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Mr. Albert W. Cobb, a member of the Advisory Board,
offered the professional services of Cobb and Frost, archi-
tects. While tendering them a cordial vote of thanks, the
Board insisted on their being compensated, and voted a sum
of not over $300 for that purpose. As the building fund
reached over $10,000 by November, it was decided to begin
work at once, and ground was broken before the end of the
month. The building was to cost $21,700, and was to be
ready by the middle of April.
To raise the rest of the money, bonds to the amount of
$12,000 were issued (March, 1883). They were in denomina-
tions of $1000 and $500, bearing 6 per cent interest, payable
after ten years, or, at the option of the Board, any time after
two years. Those three excellent friends of the School, Mr.
Nathaniel K. Fairbank, Mr. Augustus A. Carpenter, and
Judge Charles B. LawTcnce, acted as trustees.
In November of 1881, an Association had been formed for
the support of the School, with annual dues of $10. All inter-
ested were eligible, although the pleasure and satisfaction in
helping to build up a benevolent and far-reaching scheme of
usefulness was the only return. At the end of a year there
were two hundred and nineteen members.
This Association continued on paper till 1911, though after
the first few years dues were very irregularly collected. Dur-
ing the nineties money from this source was generally used
for charity nursing.
During this period, more and more of the nursing in the
Hospital was being taken over. Acting upon Dr. Stevenson's
report at the First Annual Meeting, the Board negotiated
with the Commissioners for the obstetrical ward, which they
secured in November, 1881. For it the County allowed them
$50. "Will it pay?" asks Mrs. La^Tence. "Not pecuniarily,
but we must have it in justice to our nurses." At the same
time they were "importuned by the internes and attending
physicians at the Hospital to assume the care of the female
medical ward." Upon request to the Commissioners, this also
Pioneer Work 29
was granted. By February, \HH'2, "all female patients were
under the care of the School, and all female nurses belonged
to the School." In December a male surgical and the chil-
dren's ward were added to the School's care.
At the same time, the curriculum was being extended, and
the daily routine becoming established. The original " Course
of Training" included "The dressing of blisters," etc., as ex-
plained earlier by Mrs. LawTence (see page 15). It was fur-
ther stated that
"The teaching will be given by visiting and resident physicians and
surgeons at the bedside of the patients, and by the superintendent and
head nurses. Lectures, recitations and demonstrations will take place
from time to time, and examinations at stated periods.
"When the full term of two years is ended, the nurses thus trained
will be at liberty to choose their own field of labor, whether in hospitals,
in private families, or in district nursing among the poor. On leaving the
School, they will, on passing an examination, each receive a diploma
signed by the Examining Board and by a Committee of the Board of
Managers."
The lectures for the year 1881-1882 as stated in the An-
nual Report (which in those days included an outline of the
course of study, paper sent to applicants, rules, and a list of
contributors, and indeed served asageneral prospectus) were:
Three on Obstetrics, by Dr. DeLaskie Miller.
Three on Surgical Emergencies, by Dr. Parkes.
Twelve on Anatomy, by Dr. Fenger.
Nineteen on Physiology, by Dr. Jacobson.
Ten on Electricity, by Dr. Delamater.
Five on Materia Medica, by Dr. Steele.
Three on Baths, by Mrs. King.
Three lessons in Massage, by Miss Colvin.
The minutes of the Board for April 4, 1882, tell us that
"as baths, massage, and electricity had recently been added,
the pupil nurses would not be ready for the general examina-
tion as early as had been previously arranged for, but there
would be a partial examination by the ladies of the Hospital
30 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Committee upon the Hartford [?| Manual, when the mem-
bers of the Board were invited to be present."
Cooking came a little later. It was first taught by the as-
sistant superintendent, and later by Mrs. Pitkin, a member
of the Board; Mrs. Pitkin was the author of a book of invalid
cookery, a copy of which was for many years presented to
each graduate at the Commencement exercises.
Rules for the Home were drawn up, and rules for outside
private duty nursing.
RULES FOR THE HOME
1. The hour for rising is 6 a.m. Before leaving the Home for the Hos-
pital each nurse must make her bed, dust and arrange her room,
leaving it in good order to be inspected by visitors at any time
during the day. The hour for closing the Home is 10 p.m. All in-
mates are expected to be within doors at that hour, unless they
have special permission to be absent. The lights will be put out
in the parlor and halls, and nurses must retire to their rooms.
The gas must be turned out when a nurse leaves the room. Night
nurses must be in their rooms at 10 a.m., and will not be permitted
to go out during the day without permission from the superin-
tendent.
2. The hours for meals are: Breakfast, at G:45; first dinner, 12:30;
second dinner, 1:30; first supper, C:30; second supper, 7:45.
Nurses must not linger in the dining-room after meals. No food
is proxided for the nurses out of the appointed time, except when
ordered by the matron, at the request of the superintendent.
Nurses are not to go into the kitchen, nor give orders to the cook.
All such matters are to be referred to the matron. No visitors are
to be invited to meals, or to spend the night in the Home. The
parlor is for the reception of visitors, but a nurse may invite ladies
to her room, if agreeable to her room-mate.
3. Conditions upon which a nurse may have the privileges of the
laundry: Twenty -one pieces well marked, and one dress, are al-
lowed each person per week. No laces or muslins will be received,
and but one white skirt in two weeks. A list of clothes, dated,
must be made every week. No clothes can be obtained from the
laundry till Saturday, when all must verify their lists before taking
their clothes away. Anyone disregarding these regulations will for-
feit the pri\alege of ha\dng their clothes laundered in the Home.
4. The nurses are under the authority of the superintendent in the
Home as well as in the Hospital. When taken off duty on account
of sickness they must not leave the Home, nor return to their
hospital duties without the direction of the superintendent; neither
Pioneer Work 31
can they at any time go to the Hospital without permission, ex-
cept at the regular hours. Nurses are not permitted to receive calls
in the wards of the Hospital, from their friends or other nurses.
5. A physician will be selected by the superintendent to attend the
nurses in sickness. They will not be allowed to consult any other
medical man without permission from the superintendent, nor to
obtain medicine from the Hospital drug store without the order of
the superintendent.
6. No one will take any letters from the mail box excepting those
addressed to them.
RULES FOR NURSES GOING OUT TO
PRIVATE SERVICE
1. That the nurses are to attend the sick, both rich and poor, at hos-
pitals or private houses, as the Committee or lady superintendent
may appoint.
2. That when sent from the Home to attend a patient, they receive
their instructions from the lady superintendent, and do not leave
the case without communication with her; this they can do by
letter at any time.
3. That while on duty in the Home, at the Hospital, or in private
houses, the regulations of the School, with regard to dress, are to
be observed by the nurse.
4. That a nurse shall never, under any circumstances, relate to her
patient sad or exciting experiences with other patients; she shall
maintain a dignified reticence in regard to the diseases, their
treatment or the methods of other physicians.
5. That a nurse is always to bring back with her a certificate of con-
duct and efficiency from the family of her patient, or from the
medical attendant.
It is expected that nurses will bear in mind the importance of the
situation they have undertaken, and will evince, at all times, the self-
denial, forbearance, gentleness and good temper so essential in their at-
tendance on the sick, and also to their character as Christian nurses.
They are to take the whole charge of the sick-room, doing everything
that is requisite in it, when called upon to do so, obeying implicitly the
orders of the phj'sician in attendance, without note or comment. When
nursing in families where there are no servants, if their attention be not
of necessity wholly devoted to their patient, they are expected to make
themselves generally useful. They are to be careful not to increase the
expense of the family in any way. They are also most earnestly charged
to hold sacred the knowledge which, to a certain extent, they must obtain
of the private affairs of such households or individuals as they may attend.
Communications from or on the subject of nurses may be made per-
sonally, or by letter, to the
Lady Superintendent
Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
32 Illinois Training School for Nurses
FORM OF NOTE SENT OUT WITH NURSES
Date 18
This day the nurse has been sent, on
the recommendation of to nurse in the
case of
Signed
Superintendent.
REGULATIONS
Attention is called to the following regulations:
The charge for services of a nurse will be from $15 to $20 per week,
according to duties required. Traveling expenses and washing to be paid
by the family employing the nurse.
All applications must be made personally, or in writing, to the super-
intendent.
^Mien the nurse's services are no longer required, this sheet of paper is
to be returned, sealed up, with a candid statement, on the fly-leaf, of her
conduct and eflSciency, either from one of the family or the medical
attendant, together with information of the amount to be paid, and
whether it is enclosed, or will be paid at the office of the Society.
The nurse is to be allowed reasonable time for rest in every twenty-
four hours; and when her services are needed for several consecutive
nights, at least six hours in the day out of the sick-room, must be given
her.
Except in cases of extreme illness, the nurse must be allowed oppor-
tunity to attend church once every Sunday.
When on duty the nurse is always to wear the dress prescribed for
her by the regulations of the Society.
Patients and their friends are invited to become annual members of
the Association.
Where it be possible, a few days' notice of the nurse's return to the
Home should be sent to the superintendent.
Date 18
The services of the nurse being no
longer required, she is this day set at liberty to return home, and the
sum of $ , being the remuneration for her attendance, is
Signed
Conduct and Efficiency or Other Remarks :
It was a considerable disappointment to the Board that no
nurses were available for outside duty in the fall of 1882, for
they had been promised to the public as one incentive for
support of the School. But the superintendent needed them
for head nurses, so "the public" had to wait a few months
longer. By spring the situation had changed, and on April 2,
Pioneer Work 33
(1883), the first revenue, $12 for one week's service, came to
the School. Very soon the charge was raised to $3 a day and
$15 a week, of which but $12 a month went to the nurse.
There were two purposes in this system — to increase the in-
come of the School, for money was always needed; and to
render to the sick outside of the Hospital a service at once
valuable to them, and useful in introducing to the public the
idea of trained nursing. The reports on these nurses were all
most favorable.
Figures show that from March 1, 1883, to March 1, 1884,
the School had profited by the nursing of its pupils in private
families to the sum of $1,828.77.
Gifts of all sorts were made to the Home and School —
a Thanksgiving dinner — or "makings" for it — turkeys at
Christmas, "a student lamp from four young ladies," coal,
special prices on coal, free ice, the use of a pew at the Third
Presbyterian Church, charity rates on the telephone (this
convenience was not installed till 1884), an organ from Mrs.
Nixon, etc., through a long list.
That the School was becoming known throughout the
country, there is much evidence. In December, 1881, a letter
was received from the Educational Branch of the U. S. Cen-
sus Bureau of the Department of the Interior, asking for spe-
cial information regarding the incorporation, means of sup-
port, and plan of operation of the Illinois Training School for
Nurses. In March, 1882, inquiries as to purposes and meth-
ods came from a group interested in establishing a training
school in Detroit. Soon after, the Century Magazine asked
for information, that they might publish an article on the
School. In December the secretary of the Association of Or-
ganized Charities of Indianapolis wrote, asking for an inter-
view on ways and means, as there was a movement for the
opening of a school in that city also. All these requests were
of course gladly met.
In May, 1882, Miss Brown tendered her resignation. It
was accepted in July, much to the regret of the Board, for
34 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Miss Brown had proved to be all that her sponsors had prom-
ised of her. Miss M. E. Hemple, who had come with Miss
Brown as head nurse and who had recently been made as-
sistant to her, was chosen superintendent. Miss Hemple was
born and educated in Philadelphia, and was, like Miss
Brown, a graduate of Bellevue Hospital Training School.
The Second Annual Report contains "Words of Commen-
dation " from many of the attending physicians and surgeons,
and members of the Hospital staff. A few follow:
Chicago, Sept. 13, 1882
The Training School for Nurses has done excellent work in Cook
County Hospital. The wards which have been entrusted to your nursing
can speak, in their general appearance and in the appearance of the
patients, loudly in favor of your enterprise. I wish you Godspeed.
Moses Gunn, M.D.
Chicago, Nov. 8, 1882
Having had some small share in the work of organizing the School
and in the education of the present corps of nurses, it is needless to say
that I not only endorse the movement, but that I shall hereafter urge
the employment of the graduates in my practice. I am well conversant
with the opportunities they have had for education in their profession,
and know how well and faithfully they have improved them, and I can
cordially recommend their employment to the public.
Ralph N. Isham, M.D.
Professor of Surgery, Chicago Medical College.
Chicago, Sept. 20, 1882
The practical results of the Training School will be more fully felt and
appreciated by the public when its graduates take the place of the Gamps
and Prigs who for so many years have been the bane of the doctor and
the bugbear of the patient. A good share of the success which today re-
wards the efforts of the medical profession, in many cases, public and
private, would be unattainable without the care which can only be ob-
tained at the hands of a trained nurse. There are many households in
the city today saddened by bitter experience fairly chargeable to the
incompetence of unskilled attendants, who have of necessity been em-
ployed for want of a supply of a better sort.
An institution which remedies an evil of this sort, as the Training
School will do, not only deserves, but has a positive claim to, the practi-
cal support of the community in which it is established. Wishing that the
aim and practical use of the School may be as fully appreciated by the
laity as it is by the medical profession, I am Very sincerely yours,
Charles Adams, M.D.
Attending Surgeon, Cook County Hospital.
Pioneer Work 35
Chicago, Sept. 12, 1882
The nursing has been as near perfection as anything can well be; it
has been almost past criticism. In an observation of hospital practice of
many years, I have never observed such excellent nursing. The School is
educating in a most admirable and thorough manner, nurses for the sick
generally, so that the public, as well as the hospital patients, may have
trained nurses. In doing this it is giving the poor in the Hospital better
care than they can possibly have otherwise. At the same time the School
is educating the public to see, what ought to have been understood long
ago, that it is a duty we owe to the sick that they be nursed, as well as
treated, by expert hands. Both you and the public are to be congratu-
lated on the organization and success of the School so far in its progress.
But for a commimitj' as large as ours, a larger school is needed; one
whose annual graduation of nurses is numerically greater. May your
School grow in numbers — I am sure it will grow in popular favor and
usefulness.
Very respectfully,
Norman Bridge, M.D.
Chicago, Oct. 2, 1882
Since the Illinois Training School for Nurses was given charge of cer-
tain wards in the County Hospital, I am satisfied that the patients are
better cared for in every way, so far as nursing, diet and the prompt
and careful administration of medicine are concerned, and I believe that
the result has been lives saved and the lowering of the death rate in the
wards placed under their care. I shall ever feel under great personal
obligation to IVIiss Brown, IVIiss Hemple and Miss Schewalter, for the
unremitting care and skill they exhibited toward a patient from whom I
removed a large ovarian tumor (the first successful operation of the kind
performed in the Hospital), the successful result being largely due to the
excellent nursing.
Yours very respectfully,
D. A. K. Steele, M.D.
Chicago, Oct. 4, 1882
The more I see of these nurses the greater my admiration. Today the
humblest occupant of a bed in the County Hospital receives a more
skillful and humane nursing than the wealthiest citizen could procure
where no trained nurses are to be had. But that is not all; that faithful-
ness to duty, that imselfishness, that cheerfulness and tenderness ex-
hibited by these young women, without respect to age, sex or condition
in life, cannot but have an elevating and ennobling influence upon those
to whom they minister. I never leave the wards without having learned
a lesson of true humanity and charity from these young nurses, who go
about their business in a manner which plainly shows that to them it is
a labor of love. A week ago, standing by the bedside of a little boj', a
victim of that dread disease, hydrophobia, I could not help admiring the
tender care which rendered his last hours more bearable. No mother
36 Illinois Training School for Nurses
could have done half so much for her child as did this nurse for her
charge, and in the face of risking her own life by so doing.
S. D. Jacobson,
Surgeon, Cook County Hospital
Consulting Surgeon, IVIichael Reese Hospital.
Chicago, Oct. 20, 1882
An amateur nurse bears the same relation to the Training School
graduate, possessing as she does, the extensive and varied hospital expe-
rience, combined with a thorough course of theoretical training extending
over a period of two years, that the amateur painter does to the accom-
plished artist, or the charlatan to the educated, scientific physician. The
few trained nurses who leave the hospitals for private duty are utterly
insufficient in number to meet the demand, and, as a consequence, sur-
geons have been obliged to refuse to operate to save life in desperate
cases, because of this impossibility to procure skilled assistance in the
after treatment. A training school for nurses is therefore as important
and necessary to the people as institutions for the education of medical
men. The work of the Illinois Training School for Nurses in Cook County
Hospital leaves nothing to be desired. It has already proven itself a great
benefit to the community and is in every way worthy of its commenda-
tion, encouragement and support. Very truly yours,
Christl-^n Fenger, M.D.
Surgeon to Cook County Hospital.
Mrs. C. B. Lawrence, President, Illinois Training School for Nurses:
Dear Madam:
As chairman of the Hospital Committee of the County Board, it
affords me pleasure to assure you of the great interest which our Board
feels in the success of your Training School.
There are now, I believe, twenty-two of your nurses in the County
Hospital, and during my connection with its affairs, I have yet to hear
the first complaint by any patient, physician or surgeon in charge, or by
anyone connected with the hospital service, against the Training School
management. Its work has been subjected to the severest scrutiny by
those at first opposed to the transfer of the greater portion of the Hos-
pital wards to the care of an untried school; but no complaint or criticism
has been made by any person interested in the welfare of the Hospital.
No comparison can be made between the several nurses, as each one
possesses all the qualities necessary to render her service both faithful
and efficient.
We should regard it as a great public calamity if your School was suf-
fered to decline for want of proper and generous support on the part of
our community. Its place in the Hospital cannot be supplied, and one
has but to visit that institution to see the invaluable service which that
School now renders to the sick and wounded poor of this County.
I am very truly yours,
John Mattock,
Chairman, Hospital Committee.
MRS. JAMES M. (lUCY L.) FLOWER
Pioneer Work 37
]Mrs. C. B. Lawrence, President, Illinois Training School for Nurses:
Dear Madam :
Having, during the last nine months, daily observed the working of
the trained nurses in the Hospital, permit me to say a few words in their
behalf, that the public may learn how valuable and necessary they are,
either in the Hospital or by the bedside of suffering friends.
It is not alone the doctor with liis medicine, who cures the patient,
but the faithful nurse who watches day and night until the danger is
past, that brings the sufferer through.
iVIiss M. E. Hemple, the superintendent, with her corps of nurses, has
charge of six medical and surgical, male and female wards in the Hospital.
Since the first day of January, 188'-2, when I took charge, I have noticed
carefully how they performed their duties. It has always been to their
credit. I have never heard of one complaint from either the doctors,
patients or their friends. They are ladies of refinement and intelligence,
steadih' working day and night to relieve the poor sufferers under their
charge. "We work and learn" seems to be their motto. Ask the conva-
lescent or dying, "How do the nurses treat you.^" and the answer is,
"Like a mother treats her sick child. God bless them."
I hope it will not be long before the public will realize their real value
and give them the support they deserve, and also give the noble ladies
credit who were the founders of the IlUnois Training School for Nurses.
Respectfully,
J. H. Dixon, Warden.
Two great events came in the spring of 1883 — the opening
of the new Home, and the graduation of the first class. Nor
can one speak of the changes of this time without telHng of
Mrs. M. E. Myrick, the new matron who came in April.
"Mother Myrick" soon endeared herself to all the nurses,
and was no less appreciated by the Board, who had experi-
enced much difficulty in finding the right person. She re-
mained till February of 1885, when she left to be married.
Though the building was far from complete, the house-
hold, now numbering thirty, moved in on May 1. For a
month or so it was necessary for many of the meals to be
taken at the Hospital; in this, the warden, Mr. Dixon, and
the matron, Mrs. Drury, were both most helpful and kind.
The following incident of these early days at 304 Honore
Street is related by Miss Caroline Riedle of the class of 1884:
"As there was no steam heat at first, the corner rooms had coal stoves
and were supposed to be open to those on our floor. Mine being a corner
38 Illinois Training School for Nurses
room with a base burner in it, our class met there for study. On one
occasion we had been using the skeleton (Mrs. Yorick). During breakfast
the next morning we heard a yell and someone fairly falling down stairs.
Mother Myrick went out into the hall and found a most terror-stricken
janitor. He had been in my room to fill the stove with coal and, needless
to say, saw the skeleton sitting in my rocker where we had left it the
night before."
The public was first invited to the Home at the time of the
Commencement exercises.
That first year two classes were graduated, one on June 1,
the other on October 23; after that, all nurses completing the
course any time during the year were graduated together —
for a number of years in October, when the annual meeting
took place. Beginning 1888, the regular time was in the
spring. In later records, the graduates of 1883, both June and
October, were grouped together as the "Class of 1883."
Commencement was held in the new Home, Friday, June
1, at 4 P. M. There were six young women to receive diplo-
mas: Isabel Lauver, Marion H. Mitchell, Lizzie Challacombe,
Ella P. Scott, Genevieve Gilmore, and Melissa Bartles.^
The Rev. A. E. Kittredge of the Third Presbyterian Church
opened the exercises with prayer. Dr. Hosmer Johnson gave
out the diplomas, and there were short addresses by Mrs.
Edward Wright, Dr. Ludlam, Dr. Stevenson, Dr. Adams,
and Mrs. A. A. Carpenter. The only shadow was the absence
of the president, Mrs. Lawrence. Her husband. Judge Law-
rence, always a fine friend to the School, had passed away
on April 8. Her address, read by Miss Hemple, reveals both
her intense devotion to the School as the embodiment of an
ideal, and the practical character of her interest.
My dear young ladies,
Pupil nurses of the Illinois Training School:
It is with the greatest regret that I have not been able to be present
at the graduation of the first class of pupil nurses from our beloved
School. I had so counted on this pleasure — had anticipated it with such
pride and satisfaction that it is hard to stay away, yet would be harder
^This list is taken from the minutes of the Board.
Pioneer Work 39
still to go. . . . My great and recent sorrow has left me too sore to endure
the public gaze as yet, but my heart turns to you all in this long antici-
pated triumph, and I sit down to have a talk with you during the very
hours that are being spent in opening the Home, and awarding you the
diplomas you have so patiently and faithfully earned. .Aiter today, the
graduates of our School take on a new character, and stand in quite a
different relation to this School, and I trust that those who leave us
today will feel much of the loyalty and enthusiasm for the institution
that has fitted them for the practice of their profession, that a college-
bred youth feels for his Alma Mater. On you depends much of the future
success of the School. To you will the public look for a fulfilment of all
we have promised in your name. See to it, my dear young friends, that
you fail us not, but that you carry into your future work, the skill, the
tender care, the unselfish devotion, that must ever characterize the perfect
nurse. You are called to a high and holy profession, and in its practice,
you will have the opportunity of cultivating the very highest attributes
of Cliristian character. Let me implore you in the name of everything
you hold sacred, that you be true to the new duties that will soon fill
your lives. The Board of Management will watch the career of each one
of you with grave and anxious interest, while I shall ever cherish for you
a warm and tender regard. My interest in you can never fail, my sym-
pathy is yours in every detail of life. I want you all to feel that in me
you have a personal friend, ever wiUing to serve you in every possible
way, and I want you in return to realize that you can give me the great-
est happiness, or the greatest sorrow, as you shall deserve or disappoint
the good opinion I have formed of you. Remember you are the pioneer
class of the Ilhnois Training School. I could write ever so much more
on this subject, but forbear.
To the undergraduates I would now like to say a few words. . . . You
are at last established in the permanent Home that has been provided
for you by the donations of a generous public, and while I congratulate
you on your increased comfort, I must also remind you of your greater
obligations to that public. The Board of Directors have undertaken a
work in the establishment of this Home that is going to tax their strength
and energy to the utmost, in keeping it supplied with all the necessaries
and many of the luxuries of life, and it is only fair we should expect you
to be extremely careful in their use. There should be no more gas burnt,
for instance, than is absolutely necessary, each nurse remembering to
turn it down the moment she leaves her room. .rVnd there should be no
grumbling about the food, nor desire expressed to have delicacies pro-
vided out of season or in undue quantities. From what I hear of your
excellent housekeeper, I doubt not she will provide you with a nutritious
diet that will be at once inexpensive and all you ought to desire or ex-
pect. It would be ungrateful and unworthy to find fault with a plain
table neatly served, when you remember how that table is supplied, and
how much it represents of toil and trouble to those who are doing their
best to serve you.
40 Illinois Training School for Nurses
You can do much to hold up the hands both of your superintendent
and housekeeper in being kind and obliging, prompt and obedient,
amenable to law and order, and willing to obey the rules that have been
laid down for the government of the house. For such a home must have
rules, and those rules must be enforced. And now that we have entered
upon a new condition of things, the Board will be more stringent in its
requirements of law and order. . . . Every one of those written rules must
be observed: if any of them have ever been a dead letter, that must no
longer be. And the Board will sustain both superintendent and matron
in its enforcement. Should any of them seem hard to obey, a polite re-
quest to the Household Committee that such rule be changed or stricken
out, will meet with prompt attention at its hands. But as long as it is
a rule it must be obeyed. There is a beautiful spirit of harmony now in
the Home, which promises peace and comfort in the future. You have
experienced in times past, a very different state of affairs, which should
put you all on your guard to preserve intact what is worth so much.
For in JVIiss Hemple you have a judicious friend and kind teacher, in
IVIrs. Myrick you have a conscientious, capable, kind, and motherly
woman, who will find her happiness in taking good care of you all.
And you must remember that hers is no easy place to fill. She has to
please you and the Household Committee both. Allow me to suggest
that you be kind and considerate to her, for what a person gives, that is
she likely to receive. If you are sweet and good to her, she will return the
like to you, and in sickness and health be your comforter and friend. I
take it for granted you are all so fond of Miss Hemple that it is time
wasted to urge that you be obedient and kind to her. As she is to read
you this letter, I cannot say all I would on this subject, so I will merely
add that I believe you have the opportunity now of haN-ing a very happy
home, and that I shall be greatly grieved if you fail to improve it. The
fact that I have written at such length, shows you how much I have
the matter at heart, and I trust that every one of you will exert herself
to promote the harmony and order that ought to prevail in such a home.
. . . May God Almighty bless you all, and give you a realizing sense of all
you ought to do, and to be, in the new Home consecrated today. I shall
be pleased to see any or all of you at my house whenever it is convenient
to call, and soon I hope to come to you in Honore Street. Until then I
bid you a tender good bye, and may success attend you all your hves.
Ever your friend,
^Irs. C. B. Lawrence
Remember too
That if that School for Nurses fails, it will be because its graduates
have not fulfilled the hopes and expectations of its friends and patrons.
A letter to Mrs. LawTence from her friend Mrs. Statham
Williams, also for many years a member of the Board, gives
a pleasant picture of that Friday afternoon.
Pioneer Work 41
Saturday, June 2, 1883
My friend:
Although you will hear from many different quarters how beautifully
everything passed off yesterday, I felt exceedingly sorry to have to go to
my bed last night before I had told you how happy I was in feeling
that you would be proud and satisfied with the proceedings of the day.
All that I saw and heard pleased me, and I am sure that the Home seemed
pleasant to every one. So many said, "How good and plain and home-
like and convenient it is for so large a family as it is made to accommo-
date!" The wide hall and cheery rooms with their neat and comfortable
furnishings seemed to bid welcome to every onlooker, and Mrs. Marsden's
pretty tidies added greatly to the general appearance of comfort.
Flowers in great abundance were scattered about upstairs and down,
and they made beauty spots for the eye and filled the air with a fragrance
that was refreshing to the senses in that well-ventilated house. The
glorious sunlight poured in through the wide doors and windows, flooding
us with warmth and such a blessed consciousness of the Father's presence
and the fullness of His blessing of our work, as lifted our hearts up in an
involuntary song of praise and thanksgiving. Much that was said and
the drift of our thoughts as well, reminded us of the need there is for
continuous effort on our part and of the command that we be not weary
in well doing. Nevertheless it seemed yesterday that a time had come
for us to stop a moment by the wayside, simply to praise and enjoy and
give thanks.
The music was very delightful. One seldom hears such rich, sweet and
highly cultivated voices. It was left to Dr. Stevenson, however, to thrill
us and make us most proud and grateful. She is a royal woman, and those
eight [six.^1 graduates looked at her so earnestly when she spoke to them,
that I think they felt deeply that her words were golden and not one
must be lost. They seemed to me to rise up higher on wings of her beau-
tiful sentences, until they had reached a height never before attained by
any of them, and when there, the crown was very fittingly given in the
bouquets, which, though so lovely and full of choice colors and fragrance,
still owed their sweetest sweetness to the tender expression which they
carried to the heart of the beloved president who was absent in body,
although so near us in the spirit.
The words that fell from the lips of some of the nurses in regard to
the housekeeper were as sweet music in my ears. Miss Scott said, "Oh,
we just love her. She is so good and she makes everything so pleasant for
us." ... I want to propose at our next Board meeting that we give JNIrs.
Myrick some expression of our appreciation of the cheerful service she
has rendered through the trying time of moving.
I am writing very hastily,
Ever yours,
AucE L. Williams
(Mrs. Statham L. Wilhams.)
CHAPTER III
STEADY GROWTH
1883-1890
Evidences of progress — Difficulties of adjusting the course —
Return of Miss Brown — Nursing in the Presbyterian Hos-
pital, 1885 — The Directory — The fire — Miss Brown leaves:
her services — Coming of Miss Hampton — Mrs. Sanders —
Changes in the course — Funds for addition to the Home —
Phoebe Smith legacy — Political difficulties — The addition
completed — Life in the Home — Presbyterian Hospital nurs-
ing resumed — Miss Hampton leaves — Miss Field — Miss
Draper made Superintendent.
THE period from 1883 to 1890 was a time of steady-
growth and progress. The School had ceased to be an
experiment; it was well known, and its nurses were in
constant demand. It was difficult, however, with its limited
number of workers, for the School to meet all the calls made
upon it; there was ever pressure on the Board and Faculty to
enlarge the organization.
In 1884 the World's Fair in New Orleans asked for an
exhibit of work, and, although the Board after some delibera-
tion decided not to comply with the request on account of the
expenditure involved, Mrs. Lawrence wrote an article to be
published in the paper sold at the Fair.
Soon after, several of the nurses took up important posi-
tions in the city: one. Miss Hunnicutt, to become the first
district nurse (the Ethical Culture Society established the
work on the South Side) ; another. Miss Shepard, to become
superintendent of the recently organized St. Luke's Training
School; and Miss Gapen, to be her assistant. Inquiries for
persons suitable to fill various positions were frequent;
recommendations were gladly made when possible, but often
no one was available.
42
Steady Growth 43
Along with successes, there were also problems to be met
within the School. One was the question of obligations to
Hospital and to nurses, and another the adjustment between
theoretical and practical training. Nurses on night duty or
special cases necessarily missed lectures. Instruction was
sometimes given by head nurses who had not been in the
School much longer than their pupils, and classes were often
held in the evening, when a full day's hard work had already
been done. These were matters that it took time and ex-
perience to work out, and all that the Board and super-
intendent could do was to settle each difficulty as seemed
best at the time. Meanwhile, a system was developing.
In April, 1885, Miss Hemple resigned, and Miss Brown
was persuaded to return to her former position, where she
remained for one year, this time at a salary of $1000.
In April, 1885, also, Dr. Davies, medical superintendent
of the Presbyterian Hospital, made the proposition to the
Training School Board that the nursing in the Presbyterian
Hospital be taken over by the School. The nurses, he pro-
posed, were to be boarded at the Home and live at the
Hospital, where also their laundry would be done. The com-
pensation for this service was to be $125 a month and all
the revenue accruing from the care of private patients.
This proposition was accepted, and in May, 1885, the
Training School took up the work. Miss Anna E. Steere, a
graduate in the first class, spring of 1883, was put in charge.
Eight nurses were required for floor duty and additional
ones for private cases in the Hospital.
This was such a demand upon their numbers that, al-
though there were nineteen calls for outside private duty in
May, only one nurse could be supplied by the School. In the
month of June, sixty-nine patients were cared for in the
Presbyterian Hospital; there were nearly as many calls for
private duty, and again only one could be filled. Also, the
rule that a nurse should not be sent on private cases, nor
given charge of a ward during her first year, necessitated
44 Illinois Training School for Nurses
the employment of a graduate head nurse at a salary of
$25 a month.
The question arose in the Board of the Training School as
to the wisdom of continuing the Presbyterian nursing, be-
cause of financial reasons and, too, because the new duty
limited their power of service in a larger field. A very careful
study was made of the cost of a nurse each month during
the years 1884 and 1885; it was found that the average of
board for each was $12.50 a month, with a personal allow-
ance of $10, making a total of $22.50. The Presbyterian re-
quired eight such nurses, which amounted to $180 a month.
A study of conditions in the fall showed that the total
expense for nursing from May to September had been $720,
and the receipts $784.87.
A conference was held on September 28, of a special com-
mittee from the Training School and the Executive Com-
mittee of the Presbyterian Hospital. The School asked that
they be paid $200 a month for their services. Special private
nurses must be paid for extra at the rate of $15 a week,
and all laundry work for the nurses employed in the Presby-
terian be done by that Hospital. Also, in the case of nurses
ill while in that service, the necessary medicines should be
supplied by that Hospital. This agreement was to be for
one year, and if the terms were accepted, it should be put
in the form of a wTitten contract signed by both parties.
In reply to this the Committee from the Presbyterian
stipulated that if the proposition of the Training School was
accepted, they would require that the $200 a month should
give the Hospital the command of ten nurses, and as the
work did not always require so many the two or three be-
yond that number that would be needed only occasionally
should be supplied without extra charge. The Committee
from the Hospital also asked that, should its Board not
accept the terms of the Training School, the School should
not withdraw its nurses before the first of November. The
latter request was readily acceded to; and, as the Board of
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Steady Growth 45
the Presbyterian Hospital refused to accept the terms of the
School, after November 1 the nurses were withdrawn.
The Board of Managers of the Presbyterian Hospital es-
tablished their own School. Miss Marion Mitchell, graduate
of the Illinois Training School in 1883, accepted the position
of superintendent. Miss Mitchell later became the wife of
Dr. Albert J. Ochsner, noted Chicago surgeon.
From the earlj- days of 1880, the establishment of a reg-
istry of nurses had been part of the plan. Such a record
of graduates, "with their varying degrees of skill," as Mrs.
Lawrence had put it, had been much talked about and ex-
plained to the public as one of the services to be offered by
the School. Dr. Norman Bridge had repeatedly urged the
project, but the Board had as often deferred action, waiting
till the number of nurses should be greater, and their position
better established. A detailed plan was worked out and
adopted by the Board early in 1884, but it was very soon
"quietly dropped, as there were not enough graduates to
support it."
In the summer of 1885, however, the Directory was per-
manentlv installed. Graduates of other schools and nurses
not regularly trained but well recommended were also al-
lowed to register. At first no charge was made (later the
nurse paid a fee of $5 a year), and the expense to the Board
was only incidental. The demand was at first greater than
the supply, but the service to the public and to physicians
and nurses was a real one. The Directory was well advertised
by postals and circulars prepared and sent out by the Board
when the work was begun, and newspaper notices continued
to be inserted in the daily papers; its sponsors wished it to
be known, and in time they were able to fill practically all
calls.
Both registered graduates and second-year pupils were
sent out. This led to some complaint by the graduates, who
felt that they suffered by the competition; especially as
Chicago now had several other nurses' training-schools; they
46 Illinois Training School for Nurses
therefore asked that the pay for pupil nurses be raised to
$20 (what the graduate usually received), and that only
Illinois Training School nurses be registered. The Board
felt that conditions did not warrant such a change, but in
1887 (July), they adopted the policy of registering only
graduate nurses.
For many years the superintendent managed the Di-
rectory herself, but in December, 1891, she was relieved, and
a secretary of the Directory appointed. About the same
time the Board discontinued the practice of sending out
pupil nurses.
The year 1885 passed out in a way long to be remem-
bered. There were always special preparations for Christmas
festivities, in which the Board and nurses naturally had a
large part. A great tree had been set up in the amphitheatre
of the County Hospital. On Christmas afternoon six hundred
people, patients, nurses, and guests, gathered for the cele-
bration ; most of them were seated in the raised tiers about
the room, though some forty children in cots and chairs
were drawn up near the tree. In the lighting of the candles,
one of the suspended pop-corn balls in some way caught
fire, and, as it fell, ignited the dry pine needles. In a few
moments the whole tree seemed to flame up. The prompt use
of hand apparatus extinguished the blaze, and the greatest
danger was really to those in the upper rows of seats, where
the heat was intense. All the children were removed un-
harmed. The greatest number of injuries, most of them not
serious, were to those seated above, where there was a rush
to the exits. Seventeen nurses were so burned that they
could not remain on duty, two rather seriously. The event
might so easily have become a great tragedy, that all were
deeply thankful for the escape.
Just a little over a year after her return, Miss Brown
again resigned, this time to become the wife of Dr. Richard
Dewey. It was with no less regret than before that the Board
consented to her leaving.
Steady Growth 47
A letter from Mrs. Dewey written from California in
July, 1929, in reply to one asking her about herself and how
she came to enter nursing, is so interesting that a large
part of it is quoted here:
"As you inquire about myself personally, I will say my birthplace was
Manchester, near Rochester, New York; January 19, 1853, was the date
of my birth.
"My father was Thomas A. Brown, a physician who graduated at
Geneva, the New York Medical School, in 1844. Elizabeth Blackwell, one
of the first women to win fame in medicine, graduated from this school
a few years later, and with this association he became interested in women
in medicine. After a high school education, I entered the Medical College
of the Woman's Infirmary, New York Citj', and completed my first year,
as was my father's desire. While at home the following summer I learned
of the Bellevue Training School, then in its infancy, and found that it
was advertising for nurses. I said to my father that I would like to apply,
for if I were accepted I could get hospital experience, a difficult thing for
a woman as a physician in that day, and I could afterwards go on with
my medical studies. This idea met with his approval, and on applying
at the Training School I was accepted and entered the School September
1, 1876.
"The length of training was two years at that time, but when I had
finished one and one-half years, I was made assistant to Miss Perkins,
the superintendent. I think I was given this position because the assistant
was obliged to teach the nurses and I could do this, ha\'ing had the year
in Medical College. ^liss Perkins never had any training as a nurse, but
was wonderful as an executive in all ways.
"\Mien the Illinois Training School was being organized, Mrs. C. B.
Lawrence and jNIrs. Sarah AVright came to New York to get information
and a superintendent. IMiss Perkins recommended that I go to Chicago
and look the field over.
"On the first of May, 1881, the beginning was made. I brought with
me Miss Hemple and Miss Schewalter; no one ever had such a loyal and
unselfish staff of aids as were these two head nurses and the nurses who
were to have training.
"When I was in Bellevue, Sir Francis Galton called on our Training
School, and I had the pleasure of showing him around. He was related
to Florence Nightingale, and as we were going about he talked of the
value of nursing, and said that he once asked Florence Nightingale to tell
him what she considered to be the requirements of a nurse; when she had
finished he said to her, 'You have given me the attributes of an angel.'
"I might add that I was asked by ^liss Perkins to return to her as
assistant superintendent, after having been with the Illinois Training
School one and one-half years. In less than a year I was called to my
family. Then in a year and a half I was again asked to take charge of
48 Illinois Training School for Nurses
the Illinois Training School, and feeling that they needed me I went back,
remaining until my marriage in 1886 to Dr. Richard Dewey. Since then
I have been so interested in his work for the insane and in his establishing
a Training School for their care that I have not kept as closely in touch
with my early work as I otherwise would have done."
To Miss Brown's keen mind and executive ability, the
success of the School in its experimental days was largely
due. The Board appreciated fully her capable and under-
standing work in the difficult days of beginning and slow
upbuilding, and the tradition of efficiency and success which
was then established.
The coming of Miss Isabel Adams Hampton as superin-
tendent in July, 1886, marks the entrance into the history
of the Illinois Training School of a woman who was to be-
come one of the best known of all in her profession, a path-
finder in nursing education, and a leader in the professional
organization of nurses. She was born in Welland, Ontario,
and was at first educated as a teacher; but at twenty-one
she came to New York and entered the Bellevue Training
School, graduating in 1883. She had some further experience
in New York, and over a year at St. Paul's House in Rome,
an Episcopalian institution which furnished English-speak-
ing nurses to travelers. When called to Chicago, she was
just twenty-six. In "My Associations with the Illinois
Training School," written for the School's twenty-fifth
anniversary. Miss Hampton (then Mrs. Robb) wrote of her
first contacts with the School:
"One day something less than twenty-five years ago, while I was a
probationer in the Bellevue School for Nurses, after a knock at my room
door, it opened, and Miss Perkins (the superintendent) ushered in a num-
ber of the Board of Lady Managers with the remark, ' This is the proba-
tioner we think looks like Miss Brown' (with apologies to Mrs. Dewey),
and then to me, ' Miss Brown was the assistant superintendent here and
is now the superintendent of the Illinois Training School of Chicago.'
Thus it was that I first heard of the Illinois Training School. Five years
later I had the honor of continuing old Bellevue's connection with the
Illinois Training School, by succeeding Miss Brown upon her marriage.
A depressingly hot Fourth of July greeted my arrival in Chicago, tem-
pered by that of Mrs. Sander's cordial one (although later she confessed
she thought I was a probationer)."
Steady Growth 49
Mrs. Sanders was the new matron, who had come just a
week or so before. Though she came on two months' trial,
she was to remain twenty-three years — a valiant conserver
of the Home's resources, and a stabilizing force through those
changing years.
"With Miss Hampton came a new spirit and to a consider-
able degree a new ideal in nursing. Her attention centered
on the professional education of the nurse, systematizing
the course, abstracting and applying principles. The ap-
proach was to be scientific, rather than practical in the
narrower sense. Such changes were inevitable as nursing in-
creased in importance and a training-school experience
accumulated.
Textbooks were now used instead of lectures for the more
elementary studies, while theoretical instruction was ex-
tended through both years. (Previously it had been almost
entirely in the first year.) The course was graded, and a dis-
tinction made between the Junior and Senior classes. Lec-
tures were confined to the "academic months," a regular
schedule of classes and holidays was established, and Com-
mencement fixed in June.
At the recommendation of the superintendent and after
due deliberation by the Board, the monthly allowance was
discontinued (March, 1887). Instead, each nurse was given
during her period of training three seersucker dresses, twelve
aprons, "a sufficient number of caps," and the required
books; at graduation she received $100. This was a slight
saving of money for the School, but the change was prin-
cipally a result of the idea that a school of nursing was as
much a school as a medical or dental college, and that "it
was a mistake to educate women for a profession, and at the
same time pay the pupil a salary" (Dr. Stevenson, speaking
at a Board meeting). With board and lodging, uniform and
textbooks furnished, almost any young woman otherwise
qualified might enter whether she had money or not, and
the $100 gave her something to start with while establishing
50 Illinois Training School for Nurses
herself. The work done during training might be considered
the equivalent of tuition. Although there was some doubt
as to the expediency of such a change when it was first
proposed, the Board agreed as to the principle involved.
Another stand taken by the Board is expressed in the
following resolution, also of March, 1887, in regard to the
admission of applicants to the School:
"The only standard requisite is character and fitness for the position:
her previous social position shall not determine her acceptance as a pro-
bationer."
In February, 1887, Miss Diana Kimber, also a Bellevue
graduate, came to act as assistant superintendent.
She took the place of Miss Anna E. Steere, one of the
Illinois Training School's own graduates of the class of 1883
(fall) ; Miss Steere resigned to become a missionary in China,
where she served till within a few years of her death.
Miss Kimber remained only a year, leaving to become
assistant superintendent in the New York City Training
School at Blackwell's Island; but so well known did she
become for her work there and in behalf of nursing education
(her "Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses" was one of the
first standard texts by a nurse) that the Illinois Training
School is glad to be able to claim her as one who helped to
establish their traditions. Miss Edith Draper, another Belle-
vue graduate, later to become superintendent, was elected
to Miss Kimber's place.
In November, 1886, Mrs. Lawrence, the president since
the beginning, without whose indefatigable efforts it seems
that the School could hardly have succeeded, resigned her
office. Her resignation had been offered before, but the
Board had unanimously refused to accept it; this time, how-
ever, Mrs. LawTence said that she could not continue the
work, as her aged mother needed her time. Mrs. Lucy L.
Flower, one of Chicago's most able women, and active for
the School from its inception, was elected to take IVIrs.
Lawrence's place. ]\irs. Lawrence, however, returned after
Steady Growth 51
a year's absence and again became president, serving till
1891.
While these changes in the curriculum and management
were taking place, the Board had been equally concerned
with problems of other sorts. More room at the Home was
seriously needed, and there were grave difficulties at the
County Hospital because of the political situation.
Though the Home had not been completed until the
spring of 1883, it w^as already too small by 1885, and by 1887
the overcrowding was acute; eighty were housed where fifty
had been provided for.
The raising of funds to enlarge the building, in addition
to carrying on regular work, consumed time and energy
throughout this whole period — and in fact there was no
time when finances were not a problem. Gifts were sought,
and various special money-raising activities were carried on;
but the thing that really made possible the completion of
the addition was a legacy from Miss Phoebe Smith, which
amounted to a little more than $20,000.
As early as August, 1885, P. D. Armour offered $1000
toward an addition, if the Board would raise the other
$14,000 — $15,000 to $20,000 was considered necessary. In
September, Cyrus McCormick sent to ]\Irs. LawTence a
check for $1000, sajdng,
"I ^\TOte to my mother, who is in the East, enclosing your letter, and
asked her how far we could go in meeting your wishes in helping the
Training School for Nurses. I am glad to be able to say that she agrees
with me in feeling that we must make a special effort in your behalf, and
we will therefore give the thousand dollars which you ask. We do this
feeling the importance of the work which the training school is doing in
raising the standard of eflBciency among nurses, and knowing the impor-
tant place which it holds among worthy institutions of the city."
Whenever a graduate of the School had nursed in the
family, the appeal for funds met with an especially ready
response.
The School's benefactor, John Crerar, who some years
later made so generous a bequest, gave $1000 at this time.
52 Illinois Training School for Nurses
The story of this gift is recounted by Mrs. Flower some
years later:
"Among the warm friends of INIrs. A. A. Carpenter was ISIr. John
Crerar. She asked him for a contribution, but he refused to give her any-
thing, saying he didn't believe in women nurses, but if she would train
male nurses he would help her. Not very long after, INIr. Crerar had a
friend taken seriously ill at a hotel in Chicago. The doctor said that he
must have a trained nurse.
"'^\^lere can I get one?' said Mr. Crerar.
"'Send to the UUnois Training School,' said the doctor.
"'But,' Mr. Crerar objected, 'they have only women, and we don't
want a woman to take care of a man.'
"The doctor replied, 'The only decent nurses you can get are women —
you will have to send to the Training School.'
"He did. The nurse was furnished, and when she returned to the School
she brought not only her pay, but Mr. Crerar 's check for $1000. He told
]\Irs. Carpenter afterwards that it was worth a thousand dollars to see how
that woman handled her patient."
A little later (1888) Mrs. Potter Palmer writes:
"I send with pleasure the $100 (by cheque) and am rejoiced that you
were able to raise the amount required to carry on your improvement. I
trust you will grow and prosper and continue to be a blessing to the cit3\
We all owe you thanks for doing our share of the work. "
Charity balls, famous in those days in Chicago's social
life, were for several vears a source of revenue. From the one
held the winterof 1885, the TrainingSchoolreceived $3,789.08.
Others were held in 1889 and 1890. During the Lenten season
of 1888, Mrs. Wright and Mrs. Lawrence planned and car-
ried through a series of lectures which were a benefit to the
public and at the same time a means of raising money.
Admission was 75c at the door or $3.00 for the course; Mrs.
A. A. Carpenter gave the use of her home at 83 Cass Street.
The series was as follows:
Care of Contagious Diseases —
Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson
Emergencies —
Miss Hampton, Sup't Dlinois Training School for Nurses, Cook
County Hospital
Care of Children —
Dr. Julia Holmes Smith
Steady Groavth 53
Hygiene —
Miss Mitchell, Sup't Training School for Nurses, Presbyterian
Hospital
Care of Nervous Diseases —
Dr. Rose W. Bryan
Pr.\^ctical Hints on Nursing —
Miss Traylen, Sup't Training School for Nurses, St. Luke's Hospital
Mrs. Wright donated a lot valued at $500, Mrs. Dutton
gave a $500 bond, and there were many other gifts. In the
fall, one-third of the proceeds of a football game netted the
School $353.86; thanks were voted to the University Club,
but who played the game, records do not say.
In the spring of 1887, Mr. Foltz was secured as architect,
and the Building Committee began studying plans and
specifications. Mrs. Lawrence writes,
"It is ascertained that it will talce at least $20,000 to complete the
building. There will be storage for 10-2 tons of coal and 92 trunks; 102 seats
at table; an ice room with pantries in close proximity, and an arrangement
for having ice-water continually without chipping the ice; the whole house
heated by steam. We will raise the present building and build the addition
four stories high."
The original building had been set back a considerable
distance from the street; the addition was erected in front
(the facade of today), and joined so that the whole was an
integral structure.
But unfortunately the carrying out of these plans was
doomed to much interruption and delay. Because of liti-
gation the Phoebe Smith legacy was not paid as soon as
had been anticipated, and a notorious political scandal
caused great changes in the County Hospital.
Though the Training School had always been strictly non-
political, yet, since they were working in a county insti-
tution, they were at times subject to the vicissitudes of
politics. Nurses and Board, as well as physicians, were oc-
casionally called upon to refute charges of neglect or favor-
itism, generally preferred by ignorant or corrupted patients.
But such cases were quite incidental, and the School was
54 Illinois Training School for Nurses
without exception promptly vindicated; public opinion, in-
formed and supported by the press, was with the nurses.
The greater difficulties were financial; the payment for the
nursing was always small, seldom sufficient to balance costs,
and toward the end of the County's fiscal year the payment
was often made in scrip, which necessitated borrowing from
the bank — but it must be said that the credit of the School
was always good.
In the spring of 1887 an especially spectacular upheaval
occurred. Seven members of the County Board were jailed
on charges of misappropriation of funds, and the warden
fled to Canada. "While the School was in no way involved in
the scandal, they suffered from the reaction. However cor-
rupt the affairs of the County Board may have been (and
corrupt they certainly were) the Hospital and patients had
been well taken care of, and the School had been encouraged
and well supported.
The new reform Board set about to reduce expenses, and
the School came in for an unwarranted attack as well as for
curtailment of its activities.
Mrs. LawTence records that on September 19, 1887, she
went to the Hospital with Mrs. Flower to see about the
taking over of Ward 9,
"When," she says, "what was our consternation to find that we were
charged with 'boodlerism'; the warden actually informed us that we had
regularly been collecting every month $100 for a ward (15) which had been
closed f oryears. We said that it was not possible, but that only the secre-
tary and treasurer could refute such charges."
The letter which follows was sent to the Commissioners,
through the warden of the Hospital.
Dear Sir:
Enclosed I send you the copy of payroll with a communication to be
read at the meeting of Public Service Committee of the Board of County
Commissioners tomorrow afternoon. I would Uke to add personally that
though the payroll seems large, it does not cover by $400 or $500 per
month our regular expenses. In order to meet them we are obliged to have
CO K
00 r
"—I >■
^^
>-l ^
Q -<
-< ■<
^ H
Steady Growth 55
recourse to outside sources. You must always bear in mind that we board
and lodge our nurses; not only is the County free from that expense, but
they have use of the rooms said nurses would occupy, did they live at the
Hospital as their predecessors used to do. That we were to receive $1'2.'}0,
both your books and ours show. There seems to be an idea among the
Commissioners that the Training School is growing rich at the County's
expense. That it has begun to build an addition to the nurses' home would
seem to lend color to this notion, whereas the fact is, that our addition is
rendered possible by a legacy left us two years ago.
No, the County Board may argue as it pleases, we know that it can
never nurse the patients in the Hospital so well or so cheaply as under our
system and by our nurses. And we claim that this same nursing cost more
in dollars under the old methods than it does now.
Let me remind you that it must always be an expensive thing to do
under any system to take care of six hundred or seven hundred patients in
a public institution, and while it is right and proper to curtail every expense
under the present circumstances, let me implore you in the interests of our
common humanity to beware how you cheapen the service of nursing that
the sick will have no care at all. In your zeal for economy you may turn
that noble Hospital into a mere cheap boarding-house for the sick.
As to the "closed ward (15) for which they had been re-
ceiving pay," the evidence showed that two months' gra-
tuitous service had been rendered there, for which they were
later allowed $50. As this ward had been used only for over-
flow from 14, it had been combined with another such over-
flow ward (13B) and a charge of $50 a month made for the
two. And so that matter was closed.
After some further communication, the County Com-
missioners, pursuant to the policy of retrenchment, made an
ofl'er for much reduced service. The following resolution
passed by the Training School Board October 4, 1887, gives
the settlement agreed to, and the Board's attitude:
"Whereas, a communication has been received from the Board of Cook
County Commissioners fixing the pay for the nursing done by the Illinois
Training School for Nurses, in 10 wards of Cook County Hospital,
numbered as follows: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, and 1-4, at the aggregate
sum of $850 per month in lieu of $1230 hitherto received for 13 wards, and
" Whereas, said Commissioners include in this proposition the closing of
three wards, viz., wards 15, 13, and 13B, and a large reduction in the total
number of patients, from five hundred to four hundred, thereby reducing
the estimated number of nurses required from forty-two to tliirty-four, and
56 Illinois Training School for Nurses
"Whereas, it is also proposed by said Commissioners to abolish the
system of special nurses and the caring for private patients in Cook County
Hospital, thereby greatly reducing the heavy demands hitherto made upon
the School for this branch of the service, therefore be it
"Resolved: That the Board of Directors of the Illinois Training School
for Nurses, while doubting the wisdom of the County Board in thus closing
said wards, hereby agrees to give this proposition a fair trial."
The resolution was sent not only to the County Board,
but also to the daily papers, whose editors were generous, the
Inter-Ocean carrying an excellent editorial deprecating any
interference with the School, and saying that "if all public
institutions could show as clean a record, there would be no
need for investigations." It had been a month of "toil and
trouble," as one of the Board members said.
That the women of the Board were right becomes evident
when, a month later, trouble was reported in Ward 9 (the
one sought before the new agreement was made) , and the war-
den asked at what price they would take it — "A triumph
for us," wrote Mrs. Lawrence. In February, 1888, $60 a
month more was allowed for two extra nurses. In the mean-
time the Medical Staff of the Hospital was petitioning the
County Board for special nurses, who were often much
needed, and who had been supplied before the retrenchment
policy had been adopted.
The following August Mrs. Lawrence recorded:
"The County Commissioners applied to see if we would take charge of
the nursing in the Infirmary and Insane ^Vsylum at Jefferson. The authori-
ties of the Eye and Ear Infirmary have applied for a similar service, but
both are impracticable. Our hands are full. However, the applications are
complimentary. All the nurses we can spare are out on private duty; not
one is at liberty on the Directory."
All work on the Home had been stopped in the fall of
1887, when only the basement of the new building was in.
The next spring work was resumed, the Board voting unan-
imously to go on with the building, running the walls up
four stories, but finishing off only three. By the end of
October, 1888, Mrs. Lawrence could write.
Steady Growth 57
"The new Home is an accomplished fact, even to the furnishings
thereof. My heart fairlj' swelled with joy and pride as we walked through
the spacious halls and pretty rooms, which happened to be fairly bathed in
sunshine."
Gifts of money and furnishings, were constantly coming
in.
Although the addition was begun with the hope of re-
ceiving Miss Smith's legacy, the contesting of the will and
appeal of the case dragged on till 1890, so that the main part
of the work had to be paid for out of other income and by
borrowing.
Estimates on the cost of finishing the fourth story were
received in the fall of 1889, but no work was done till the
next spring, and in the months between the suit over the
will was terminated.
Ten thousand dollars was paid to the happy Board on
March 2, 1890, and the remainder, $10,008.25, on May 16.
The records at the close of the month showed the entire
building free from encumbrance.
Completed, the new Home contained one hundred and
thirteen rooms, ninety-six of them bedrooms, and an ele-
vator. The entire building was valued at $54,377.68.
A bronze tablet in honor of Miss Smith was placed in the
hall of the Home.
Life in the Home expanded too, though there was none of
that provision for social life or physical recreation, which is
so prominent in schools today. Hours were long, and the
nurses provided their own fun. Parties in the Home were
unknown, though many a private "spread" was held quietly
by a group assembled in some one's room. It was an under-
stood thing that no nurse went out with an interne, nor did
any interne call at the Home (though it is whispered that the
first part of this rule was occasionally broken). It was an
innovation, then, when at Christmas time in 1900, a party
was given for the nurses to which the internes of the County
and Presbyterian Hospitals were invited. The bars were
58 Illinois Training School for Nurses
thereafter let down, and parties, at not too frequent inter-
vals, became a recognized part of life at the Home.
Toward the close of this first ten years of growth (1888),
the Board of the Training School for a second time under-
took the nursing in the Presbyterian Hospital. A desire to
broaden the field of training led to the decision.
"When the Illinois Training School was established," says Mrs. Flower
in her formal report to the Board, "there was no similar institution in the
West. There was apparently an immense and inexhaustible field for the
employment of as many nurses as could possibly be graduated. It was con-
fidently predicted that, after one or two classes had graduated, the nurses
we could send to private cases would afford an ample support to the School.
We obtained ward after ward, till in January, 1887, we had thirteen in
Cook County Hospital, affording a training field sufl5cient in extent to
enable us to educate the number of nurses necessary for the support of the
School. Today (May, 1888) conditions are entirely changed. All hospitals
in the city of any size, except the Roman Catholic, have established train-
ing schools, and all are adding to their income by sending out nurses to
private cases. Moreover, Cook County has reduced our wards by three, has
abolished the diet kitchens, and has almost entirely put a stop to the ad-
mission of severe surgical cases requiring special nursing. The result of this
is that our training field is too limited; the demand for nurses is divided
among many schools; and we are unable to give our nurses the training in
care of private patients and in cooking that is almost an essential part of
their education."
The new Jones building of the Presbyterian Hospital had
just been completed; this is the present main building, con-
nected at that time with the original building by the Hamill
wing. The Hospital now had fifty private rooms, and was
planned to be "the most perfect in the United States"; it
offered an exceptional field. Further, while the cost of a
nurse was estimated at $22.50 per month, the management
of the Presbyterian was willing to pay $25.
On the other hand, certain possible difiiculties were to be
considered, at some of which one may smile today when the
number to be "controlled" is over a thousand. Thirty ward
nurses would be required, which, with the fifty in the County,
and ten more which would be necessary when the remaining
County wards were taken over (which was expected to be
FIRST YEAR DEMONSTRATIOX CLASS, 1896
(Scene in Amphitheatke, Cook County Hospital)
WARD G, COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL, 1880-19U
Steady Growth 59
soon) would total ninety; could that number be accommo-
dated?
"By actual count, if the building is completed to the fifth story, we
shall have rooms enough to give single rooms to all head nurses and night
nurses and accommodate one hundred and twenty-five without difficulty.
Another question arises. Will the supply of pupils be sufficient to keep the
School up to this capacity? To this ISIiss Hampton says emphatically,
*Yes.' Again, can we control so large a number? IVIiss Hampton here
says *Yes,' again. Can we find a superintendent, in case Miss Hampton
should leave, able to cope with so large a school? This is for you to con-
sider. Miss Hampton agrees not to leave without giving her successor good
and thorough instruction, and says there is no immediate prospect of her
making any change."
There were details to be arranged, such as the admission
of the younger pupil nurses of the Presbyterian Training
School into the Illinois Training School, co-ordinating the
duties of the medical superintendent and the training
school superintendent, and the care of charity patients re-
quiring special nurses; for these latter the School agreed to
make no charge. The nurses were to live at the Home,
though their washing would be done at the Hospital (as was
the arrangement with the County).
The contract, signed June 30, 1888, was to be for five
years, unless terminated sooner by six months' notice from
either party. Miss Isabel Mclsaac, of the class of 1888,
was made assistant superintendent in charge of the nursing
at the Presbyterian, and on July 9 the work was actually
taken over.
So satisfactory was the arrangement that it was continued
for fifteen years; during that time the number of patients
increased from forty to two hundred.
So fine a reputation was Miss Hampton making, both for
herself and for the School, that when Johns Hopkins Hos-
pital wished to establish a training school in 1889, she was
the one selected to organize it. Though the loss to the Illi-
nois Training School was real, nursing in its broader aspect
did not lose. The School she established in Baltimore was
60 Illinois Training School for Nurses
built on those ideals that were the inspiration of Miss
Hampton's three years at the Illinois Training School; the
course instituted at Teacher's College, Columbia University,
in 1901 to prepare nurses for executive positions was the
outgrowth of her experience and insight; and national nurs-
ing organization is due largely to her vision and initiative.
In 1894 she became the wife of Dr. Hunter Robb, but her
services to the profession of nursing continued till her sudden
death in 1910.
All who knew her testify spontaneously to her personal
beauty, her dignity and charm, as well as to her vision,
enthusiasm, and energy.
One of the many tributes comes from a pupil who herself
achieved the position of superintendent. Miss Idora Rose
(now Mrs. Scroggs); it was written on hearing of Mrs.
Robb's untimely death.
"I have always been thankful that I had Isabel Hampton for my
superintendent when I was in training. Her fine presence, her charming
manner, her enthusiasm and devotion to duty, her high standards and
ideals were always a source of inspiration to me, and my experience is
shared bv hundreds of others who have come in personal touch with
JVIrs. Robb."
It was reluctantly that the Board accepted Miss Hamp-
ton's resignation. Again they turned to Bellevue for a
successor, and Miss Virginia Field was engaged. Miss Field
remained a little over a year, and was succeeded by Miss
Edith Draper, assistant superintendent, who was also a
Bellev^ue graduate, and, like Miss Hampton, a Canadian.
She too had spent a year and a half doing nursing in Rome;
on her return she had become assistant superintendent of
nurses at St. Luke's Hospital in Chicago, and in 1888, as-
sistant in the Illinois Training School. She entered on her
duties as superintendent October 7, 1890.
CHAPTER IV
NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENTS
1890-1900
The old County Hospital — First signed contract with the Com-
missioners — Question of colored nurses — The contagious
ward — Changesin the Board — Crerar nursing — The World's
Fair — Miss Draper resigns — Miss Dock — Miss Mclsaac
appointed Superintendent — The three years' course — Other
changes in curriculum and methods — Post-graduates — Ad-
ditions to the Home — Margaret Lawrence Rooms — Death of
Mrs. Carpenter and of Mrs. Wright.
BY January, 1890, practically ten years after its organi-
zation, there were in the School ninety pupil nurses,
' including three probationers. Twenty were at the
time serving in the Presbyterian Hospital, which then had
one hundred and twenty patients. In the County there were
during the month 1130 patients. In contrast with the two
wards of 1881, the School now had twelve — all that were
then in regular use, except the venereal. The "County"
was in the care of the nurses, and most of their hours were
spent in its long wards.
The central structure or Administration Building, facing
Harrison Street, contained the living quarters of the warden
and internes, as well as the offices. It was an imposing edifice,
with lawns and drives on each side that gave space and airi-
ness to the whole building. In the foreground on each side
were small pavilions; in that to the right, on the first floor,
was Ward 10, for many years the children's ward; above that,
12, the gynecological ward; and above that, 14, the obstet-
rical; above 14 was a small ward reached by a spiral stair-
case in the center. On the left were 9, 11, and 13; 9 in the
early days was used for various purposes, but later became
an emergency surgical ward; 11 was a fracture ward; 13 fre-
61
62 Illinois Training School for Nurses
quently was not occupied— some years later it was altered
for children.
The large wards, which extended some distance back from
a long corridor running the entire length of the Hospital,
were numbered, on the right, 2, 4, 6, and 8; on the left, 1,
3, 5, and 7. The large wards contained forty beds, ten on
each side above the shaft, and the same number below. The
shaft, a large ventilating tube, divided not only the types of
patients, but also the work of the nurses. Above the shaft
were many of the sickest patients; others were placed in the
three private rooms opposite the nurse-room, dining-room,
and kitchen; each of the private rooms contained three beds.
Below the shaft, at the rear, was a large room called the
tower room, and opposite, the bath-rooms. Below the shaft
the mattresses were of straw in ticking cases. Probationers
were assigned to bed-making and the care of convalescent
patients; the art of making a straw bed so that it could not
be distinguished from a felt one above the shaft was an
accomplishment sought after by every probationer. Oper-
ations were performed in small rooms off each surgical ward.
A great deal of housekeeping that today is done by at-
tendants and other employees was then done by the nurses.
Too, there was much emphasis on the order of a ward, a
mathematical precision of arrangement and detail. Patients
were cared for and all routine work done before eleven
o'clock, when the finishing touch to a perfect ward was the
lining up of the beds so that all brass knobs were in an
undeviating straight line.
In 1891 an advance in business arrangements was made,
in that the Board secured for the first time a signed contract
with the County Commissioners. It contained provisions
enabling the Board more readily to collect money for the
extra nurses that were so often found necessary by the
warden and the Training School superintendent, but that
the County Commissioners sometimes did not want to pay
for.
Notable Achievements 63
In the matter of accepting applicants, Mrs. Lawrence
relates the following experience of 1891; it illustrates also
the help given toward the establishment of other schools:
"A colored gentleman desired to know if we would take as pupil nurse
the daughter of a colored minister in town, who was very desirous of be-
coming a trained nurse; he said she was well educated, gentle and quiet in
her ways, and he was very sure that she possessed the necessary qualifica-
tions for entrance. The girl was invited to come before the Executive
Committee and make a personal application; the interview was satis-
factory, and the matter was brought before the Board of Directors, who
voted unanimously that she be allowed to enter the School on probation.
I asked her if she thought that she could endure the possible hard treat-
ment she might have to undergo from the pupil nurses (white) already in
the School: "Oh, .yes," she replied, "anything short of blows." The ladies
of the Board decided that if we took any colored girls into the School we
must have more than one, and this applicant to whom I refer was re-
quested to find two or three others who desired to become nurses. We
never saw that girl again, nor her endorser. Not long after, a movement
took place among the colored people of the city; one of their number came
to us for instruction on how to start a hospital and training school for
nurses. They received the instructions they asked for and some pecuniary
help besides, and so was started the Provident Hospital, which has done
and is still doing a noble work in this city."
Up to this time there had been no regular provision in
the County Hospital for contagious diseases. From the spring
of 1891 to the fall of 1894, there was agitation, first for some
definite place for such cases, then for their proper nursing.
As the Commissioners were preparing to erect a detention
pavilion on the County Hospital grounds, it seemed to be
the right time to insist on a contagious pavilion also, or at
least special contagious wards. Scarlet fever and diphtheria
were rife, and a public mass-meeting was held (November,
1891) to demand that a contagious hospital be erected. But
action was slow, and even a regular contagious ward was not
ready till the summer of 1893; cases that had to be taken
care of before that were placed in wards or rooms tempo-
rarily set off for the purpose. The new contagious ward (26,
the top floor of a new wing on the southwest) was put in
charge of one man and one woman, who each cared for all
diseases indiscriminately. The ward was taken over by the
64 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Training School November, 1894, when the County ap-
propriated $500 to put it in order, and agreed to pay $200 a
month for the nursing.
During the first ten years the officers of the Board had
remained practically the same, but in 1891 there was quite
a change. Mrs. Lawrence resigned from the presidency per-
manently, though she retained her place as a director for
many years. Mrs. Flower again became president. Mrs. Bur-
rows retired after ten years and six months' able service as
recording secretary; her place was taken first by Miss
Harriet McKindley, and a year later by Mrs. Henry L.
Frank, who served faithfully and most effectively till 1921.
Mrs. Orson Smith was elected treasurer, taking the place
of Mrs. Frank, who had filled that office so well from the
beginning.
Dr. Hosmer Johnson, the School's "ablest, truest friend
in the medical profession" — so said the Board in a resolution
in their minutes — died in March, 1891. He it was who had
presented the diplomas at every Commencement since the
beginning. That honor now passed to Dr. Sarah Hackett
Stevenson, and later to Dr. Julia Holmes Smith.
In the history of the ten years from 1890 to 1900, the
outstanding achievement of the Board of Directors and
the one in which they were most happy, was the establish-
ment of a special outside nursing service made possible by
the $50,000 bequest from John Crerar. This was the largest
gift ever made to the School, and one that, because of the
great possibilities of service opened up, caused the greatest
joy to the Board. It is said that Mr. Crerar, who had long
been a friend and supporter of the School, made a visit to
the County Hospital one day just as the victims of a boiler
explosion were being brought in. The admirable work of the
nurses so impressed him that he added to his will the codicil
in favor of the School.
John Crerar was a well-known citizen of Chicago, and
public benefactor. Born in New York, he had come to Chi-
ISABEL McISAAC
Class of ISSS
.l.i.ii.si<nit Superintendent
III rhiiri/c of Xnrsiiiij in
Presbyterian
Iloxpitul
1888-1895
Superintendent of
the School
18!)5-19()4
IDORA ROSE
(mRS. J. W. SCKOGGS)
Class of 1889
Assistant Superintendent
189G-1904
Superintendent
1904-1906
Notable Achievements 65
cago in the sixties and built up a fortune — most of which was
returned, in one way or another, to the people of Chicago.
By his will he left $1,000,000 for philanthropic work (in-
cluding the $50,000 for the Training School), and $2,500,000
for the invaluable Crerar Library.
There was little question among the Directors as to the
use to which the money should be put. Those most deeply
interested had long cherished the hope of establishing some
system by which families of moderate income who needed a
nurse in the home but were unable to pay the regular rates
of $15 to $20 might be helped.
Mrs. Lawrence was never more exuberant:
Dear, dear Treasurer:
Were you ever more liappy in your life?
Fifty thousand dollars!!! — Now for charity nursing! Now for devout
thanksgiving to the Almighty God that he put it into the heart of that
good man (John Crerar) to do such a blessed thing.
May we make such righteous use of it that many a poor unfortunate in
this city will do homage to the memory of a truly good man.
Am going to write IMiss Hampton about our extraordinary and un-
expected good luck.
With a jubilant hurrah I subscribe myself,
Yours for all time,
jMargaret Lawrence
The Ontario, November 16, 1889.
Although Mr. Crerar died in October, 1889, the Training
School, because of a contest of the will, did not receive the
legacy till May, 1892. It had already been voted "that this
legacy, when received, shall be kept intact as far as possible,
be named the 'John Crerar Fund,' and be set aside for the
purpose spoken of in the recently published Annual Report,"
namely, "a partial endowment to be held sacred to meeting
the needs of those who cannot afford to pay the regular
prices charged by graduates of this School." Although the
original plan provided for some charity nursing with no
payment, together with nursing at a reduced cost, the former
was discontinued after a year and a half.
66 Illinois Training School for Nurses
The new service was inaugurated in the fall of 1892. The
first method was to employ four nurses exclusively for the
work, who were paid $65 a month from the Crerar Fund.
Later, November, 1893, the system was changed so that
any nurse available was sent on a Crerar case, and paid
$15 a week from the fund. In this way they were limited
in the number of cases supplied only by the funds available,
and there was never any nurse paid who was not on duty.
Only the interest on the fund was used, together with the
money received from patients.
The scale of prices was in direct proportion to the income
of the patient or head of the family. A person receiving $50
or less a month would pay $3 a week; one receiving $50 to
$75, $5 a week; $75 to $100, $7; $100 to $150, $10. Service
was limited to two weeks. In order to guard against im-
position by unscrupulous persons, a guarantee was required
both from a physician and from the emploj^er of the patient,
stating the facts of the case, salary, etc. The new service
was advertised in the papers, and the medical colleges noti-
fied. Soon there were more than enough calls to justify
the women of the Board in feeling that they were helping to
fill a real need.
Excepting for a period of twenty-one months (August,
1903, to May, 1905) when, because of the nursing in the
Presbyterian Hospital having been given up, the interest on
the Crerar Fund was diverted to the maintenance of the
School ($4,074.93), the Crerar nursing was continued till
July, 1907. During that time 1412 calls were received, of
which 1257 were filled. Nurses were paid $42,293.79, of
which $16,387.59 was paid by patients. (As the records are
occasionally incomplete, these figures are not exact; they
are, in fact, a slight understatement.)
These early years of the nineties were fully occupied
in Chicago by preparation for the great World's Colum-
bian Exposition, which was scheduled for the summer of
1893.
Notable Achievements 67
In March, 1891, the Board of the Ilhnois Training School
decided to apply for space within the Fair Grounds, either
in the Woman's Building or elsewhere, for an exhibit of the
work of training schools. They desired to have erected a
small emergency hospital in which trained nurses represent-
ing different schools should be employed, presenting to the
public a practical demonstration of their work, as well as
affording relief and assistance to those persons either hurt
while on the Grounds or suddenly in need of medical care.
For the purpose of this Exhibit the Illinois Woman's
Exposition Board offered the Training School an appro-
priation of $6000.
Mrs. Dudley Wilkinson was appointed chairman of the
World's Fair Exhibit Committee and Dr. Sarah Hackett
Stevenson, Dr. Julia Holmes Smith, and Dr. Marie E.
Reasner were made a committee to take charge of medical
arrangements. Other training schools were asked to co-
operate, which they did very whole-heartedly, and the fol-
lowing letter was sent to the women physicians of Illinois
asking for their help:
"The Illinois Woman's Exposition Board has decided to exhibit a
Model Emergency Ward in the Woman's Building; to that end it has
made an appropriation to the Illinois Training School for Nurses, which
organization has already secured space for the same purpose in the
Woman's Building.
"It is desired that the three schools of medicine be represented on the
attending staff. To that end the undersigned Medical Committee of the
Illinois Training School for Nurses requests the co-operation of women
pliysicians and surgeons throughout the state. Please inform the Com-
mittee at your earliest convenience — the school from which you are
graduated, how much time you can give, and at what period of the
Columbian Exposition it will be most convenient for you to serve as
attending physician or surgeon in the Emergency Ward.
"Please send reply to the Medical Committee —
Sarah Hackett Stevenson, M.D.
Julia Holmes Smith, M.D.
Marie E. Reasner, M.D."
This letter met with a cordial response and many phy-
sicians offered their services at some time during the summer.
68 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Dr. Mary A. Mixer was appointed director of the Exhibit
at a salary of $1200 for the five months, with two assist-
ants, Dr. Laura A. Randolph and Dr. Emma C. Geisse.
These were resident phj^sicians and represented respectively
the three schools of medicine, allopathic, eclectic, and homeo-
pathic. The model hospital was under the supervision of
the Illinois Training School, while the nurses working there
were representatives of various training schools of the state;
they volunteered their services, but their expenses were
paid.
Space in the Woman's Building not being available, it was
at last decided that the Exhibit should be housed in a sepa-
rate structure of its own. Although directly under the man-
agement of the Illinois Woman's Exposition Board, the
small hospital was built by Harlow N. Higinbotham, presi-
dent of the entire Exposition. Like many other of the exhi-
bits, it was not in working order until several weeks after the
opening of the Fair, but by the middle of June it was ready
to receive patients. It was situated near the Horticultural
Building, and was a pleasant feature of the landscape with
its white walls and wide verandas, the windows shaded by
Venetian blinds. The interior of cool, spotless rooms pre-
sented to tired eyes a grateful contrast to the brilliancy of
the summer sunshine without. The furnishings were given,
almost entirely, by the public spirited merchants of Chi-
cago. Electricity for heating and cooking was supplied, free
of charge, by the Department of Electricity of the Fair.
One of the exhibits which attracted much attention was a
case of dolls, each doll being the gift of some training school
in the state, and dressed in the uniform of its school.
With the exception of one month, when her place was
filled by Dr. Rachel Hickey Carr, Dr. Mixer was at the
Hospital constantly during the summer, and extracts from
her report, submitted to the Illinois Woman's Exposition
Board at the close of the Fair, give an excellent description
of the work.
Notable Achievements 69
"The building in which this Exhibit is placed was erected through the
generosity of Mr. H. N. Higinbotham at the expense of about $4000.
It is located just within the Sixtieth Street entrance, and covers a space of
50x80 feet. The building contains a General Ward, representing a section of
a Woman 's Ward and a section of a Children 's Ward, an Operating Room,
and a Diet Kitchen, all open to the public as a exhibit, and an oflice and
private room for actual use as a hospital.
"These rooms are each completely and appropriately furnished for
their respective purposes The Operating Room is equipped in accordance
with the rules of present day surgery. . . . The Diet Kitchen has attracted
much attention by its pretty dishes and bright copper saucepans, and
especially by its cooking utensils, which are run by electricity. In the
working department, the office and private ward, 2290 patients have been
received, and treated during the summer, without charge. Of people view-
ing the Exhibit, there have been from one to six hundred daily, and the
remark has been made repeatedly, ' I would not mind being sick if I could
come to a place like this.' . . . The patients have been from all classes and
from many parts of the world.
"The expense of furnishing and running the Hospital and Exhibit has
amounted to something less than $6000, the amount appropriated by
your Board."
The World's Fair Exhibit Committee of the Illinois Train-
ing School was actively associated with the work at the
Exposition Grounds during the entire summer of 1893. Its
chairman, Mrs. Wilkinson, and her Committee members
paid many visits to the Hospital and kept in close touch
with its affairs. Mrs. A. A. Carpenter, Mrs. J. M. Walker,
Mrs. George Hale, and IVIrs. Orson Smith interested them-
selves deeply in procuring furnishings, and the Medical
Committee were in constant consultation with Dr. Mixer
and her assistant physicians.
When the Hospital was dismantled at the close of the
Fair, the Illinois Training School offered to buy the furniture
at forty per cent of its original cost, but the Illinois Woman's
Exposition Board, deeply grateful for the services rendered
by the School, refused to consider such a proposition, and
the following letter was received by Mrs. Flower:
70 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Mrs. J. M. Flower,
President, Illinois Training School for Nurses.
My dear Mrs. Flower:
I have great pleasure in communicating to you the information that the
Illinois Woman's Exposition Board took under consideration, in their
session just adjourned, the proposition of the Illinois Training School for
the furnishings in the Model Hospital. The proposition of forty per cent of
the cost was considered very generous, but in view of the fine work done
by yourself and colleagues, and the distinguished success which has been
the result of your work, the Board begs to tender the entire furnishings,
with the exception of that which has been reserved to present to the
Provident Hospital, to the Illinois Training School for Nurses, without
cost to them.
With congratulations, sincere as they are warm, upon the success of the
work which is now closed, I am
Yours very truly,
Marcia Louise Gould.
President, Illinois Woman's Exposition Board
In this way the Training School became possessed of what
it had long needed — up-to-date equipment for a diet kitchen
for its nurses, together with other furnishings. An official
award was also bestowed on the School. Thus the summer's
work was brought to a close with warm appreciation, both
on the part of the managers of the Fair and of the Training
School.
The first of July, 1893, Miss Draper resigned as superin-
tendent, to take charge of the Royal Victoria Hospital at
Montreal. The Board elected to her place Miss Lavinia L.
Dock, another Bellevue graduate, and at the time assistant
superintendent of nurses at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Miss
Dock remained nearly two years, and was succeeded by
Miss Isabel Mclsaac of the class of 1888 — the first of the
School's own graduates to become its superintendent. Miss
Dock made a name for herself in the years following through
her extensive work in nursing education, and through her
books, chief among them "Materia Medica for Nurses"
and the "History of Nursing" in four volumes, the latter
written in collaboration with Adelaide Nutting of Columbia
University.
Notable Achievements 71
During Miss Mclsaac's administration the great step for-
ward was the extension of the course from two years to
three. At the nursing section of the Congress of Hospitals
and Dispensaries at the World's Fair, Miss Hampton, who
was chairman, had read a paper in which she advocated the
three years' course, so setting it as an ideal to be achieved.
Within ten years it was accepted by the leading schools of
the country. As early as 1894 it was under discussion by the
Illinois Training School Board, and in November a resolution
for its adoption was passed. In December, 1895, such a
course as planned by Miss Mclsaac was formally accepted
to go into effect in June, 1896.
While the requirements for admission remained practically
the same as set forth in the original "Paper Sent to Appli-
cants," the curriculum had changed materially from the days
when it consisted of "The dressing of blisters . . . the appli-
cation of fomentations, poultices, cups and leeches . . . etc."^
IVIiss Hampton had done much to systematize the teach-
ing and administration, and the work had been constantly
adapted to medical and nursing progress.
The first schedule for the three years' course was as
follows :
The course of instruction comprises: — Practical work in the wards;
Theoretical work in class and lecture; Lessons in cooking; Training-school
Administration; and is divided into the Junior, Middle, and Senior years,
as follows :
Junior Year. Class Work. — Elementary Anatomy and Physiology;
Materia Medica and Practical Nursing, embracing the whole care of
ordinary medical, surgical, and gynecological patients, with textbooks,
models, and demonstrations.
Lectures. — On Hygiene, Anatomy, and Physiology; on Materia
Medica, Bacteriology; on Surgical, Medical, and Gynecological Nursing.
Cooking Lessons. — Practical and Theoretical Work.
Middle Year. Class Work. — Obstetrical Nursing; Care of the New-bom;
Care of Children; Special Nursing; Care of Operation Patients; Private
Duty; Surgical Technique; and Operating-room Work.
Lectures. — Obstetrics; Special Gynecological Work; the Care of Sick
Children; the Examination and Testing of Urine; Care of the Nervous and
Insane; Advanced Medical and Surgical Subjects.
'See page 15.
72 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Senior Year. No Class Work.
Lectures. — Eye, Ear, Throat, Skin, Electricity, Massage, Training-
school Administration.
During the Senior Year, nurses will serve as head nurses and special
nurses to private patients in the Presbyterian Hospital.
It is designed to finish as nearly as possible the theoretical training
during the first two years, thus relieving special and head nurses of that
excessive mental application heretofore demanded by the shorter course.
Textbooks in Use. — Kimber's "Anatomy and Physiology"; Hamp-
ton's "Nursing"; Dock's "Materia Medica for Nurses"; Boland's
"Cooking for the Sick."
In addition to the textbooks furnished, the School provides a large
reference hbrary.
The practical work in the wards follows the same lines and is continuous
throughout the three years ' time.
Classes and lectures begin in the first week in October and last until the
end of May, with the usual intermissions at Christmas and Easter.
Jimior and Middle Year examinations are held in September. Senior
examinations in May. Graduating exercises in the first week of June.
During the probation month an examination in reading, penmanship,
simple arithmetic, and English dictation is given.
Upon being accepted as a pupil nurse, the candidate is required to sign
an agreement, promising to remain for three j'^ears, and to conform strictly
to the discipline of the School and Hospitals, with distinct understanding
that the Board reserves the right to dismiss her at any time for mis-
conduct or ineflSciency. If for any reason of her own, illness excepted, the
pupil breaks this agreement and leaves the School, she is required to refund
to it the money expended for her maintenance.
The hours of work are nine hours' day-duty and twelve hours' night-
duty. The pupils have a right to one-half of Sunday, and are often given a
half-holiday in the week. They are not placed on night-duty for more than
one month at a time, nor until three months after entrance.
Vacations are given only during the summer, at Christmas and Easter
holidays — as the work of the Hospitals may permit, six weeks being the
limit that may be given in the three years' time.
Hospital work as planned totaled thirty-six months:
"Medical wards, Cook County Hospital, eight months; general wards,
Presbyterian Hospital, five months; surgical wards, both hospitals, seven
months; children's wards, both hospitals, two and one-half months;
special duty, four and one-half months; vacation, six weeks-one and one-
half months.
"There is also a training for the care of contagious diseases which is
optional, and as evidence of the earnestness and bravery with which the
average nurse pursues her course of instruction, it is stated by Miss
Notable Achievements 7S
Mclsaac, the superintendent, that a large per cent of the pupils . . . elect to
pass through this trying ordeal."'
"We may speak with pardonable pride of the character of the nursing
and methods of prevention when we say that not a single nurse has con-
tracted any contagious sickness while there on duty, although some of
them have been in the ward for many weeks, and in one or two instances
several months, which, I think, cannot be said of any other contagious
hospital in the country."'^
By 1901 the following was added for the Senior Year:
During the third year the theoretical work done is entirely preparation
for work after graduation, the first being Public Hygiene, including ventila-
tion, heating, lighting, drainage, garbage, water, ice, meat and milk supply,
quarantine, etc., the methods followed being that of medical societies and
other professional clubs, each pupil preparing a formal paper open for dis-
cussion by the class.
Following comes a course of instruction by the Superintendent, upjon
hospital and training-school administration, and nursing ethics.
Miss Mclsaac instituted instruction in nursing procedures
by clinical demonstrations; she was the first superintendent
of nurses of a school of nursing to use this method. It was
begun in 1895 and has been carried on ever since, modified
and elaborated each year. A printed outline (1898) explains
its place in the curriculum.
The object of these demonstrations is to secure uniformity in the
routine work of a large school connected with two hospitals.
The clinics in no way take the place of the regular ward and class teach-
ing, but serve as a re\new for junior nurses and also afford an opportunity
for head nurses to demonstrate; each clinic having a different demon-
strator, with the superintendent to quiz and give the necessary explana-
tions.
Two hours are devoted to each clinic and particular attention is given
to the reasons for right and wrong methods.
Patients, beds and appUances are provided and used, leaving as little
to the imagination as possible.
The hospital amphitheatre offers the best place, the raised seats giving
a good view to all and plenty of room.
Points to be demonstrated in eight clinics are then
outlined.
'From an article in Hospital Life for April, 1898.
*Miss Mclsaac, quoted in an article in the Chicago Tribune.
74 Illinois Training School for Nurses
In 1895, the custom was established of marking pupil
nurses on their practical as well as on their theoretical work.
The beginning of a very important development, namely,
graduate work, came at this time. A few markers appear
along the way, though they are scattering. In November,
1894, a Canadian nurse recommended by Miss Dock was
admitted on payment of her expenses. In December two
post-graduates were reported, "both doing good work."
In January, 1895, the Board formally voted that nurses
receiving post-graduate training in obstetrical or oper-
ating-room service, pay their own expenses and a fee in
addition.
Such irregular post-graduate work is recorded from time
to time, though no regular course was established till in the
1900's. However, in 1899, post-graduate work was regularly
offered to I. T. S. alumnae during July, August, and Sep-
tember; it became a recognized part of the School's work in
succeeding summers.
So rapidly was the number in the School increasing that
in 1892 it was again necessary to extend living quarters. In
a little more than two years after the completion of the fourth
story, a lease was signed for a flat in the building just north
of the Home— "the MacDonald flats" (November, 1892);
the rest of the building was to be leased to the School from
the first of the next May, for five years. A covered passage-
way was erected between these flats and the Home, and the
property has been occupied by the School ever since. (It was
bought in 1910.)
When smallpox cases were found to have been admitted to
the County in 1894, the nurses serving in the Presbyterian
were housed and ate in this annex, so that the two groups did
not come into any contact with each other; a similar quaran-
tine had been carried out once before, but the Presbyterian
nurses had taken their meals at the Hospital at that time.
(For each one the Training School Board had paid the Pres-
byterian Board 25c a day.)
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Notable Achievements 75
The next step was the purchase in April, 1897, of the lot
and frame building at 308 Honore Street, just south of the
Home; $9100 was paid for it. The purchase had been pend-
ing since the preceding October, but action had been delayed
because of a question about the title. The School did not
occupy the two-story cottage on the lot till a year later, when,
at an expense of $2,731.95, it was put into condition for the
nurses, and a bridge built from it to the Home.
StUl more room was needed. It was decided to add a wing,
four stories and basement, in the form of a great L extending
south and east from the original building to the rear of 308.
A new heating system sufficient to heat the entire plant was
installed, and radiators put into each bedroom — formerly
some had been heated from the halls. The work was begun
August, 1899, and completed early in 1900, at a cost of
$10,509.21.
The upper floor was fitted up as an infirmary. Since 1895
it had been the rule to detail a nurse to take care of anv who
were sick (before that they were under the care of the ma-
tron), but there was no place for them except their own
rooms. The new "ward" was appropriately named the
"Margaret Lawrence Rooms, " and a tablet in honor of jNIrs.
Lawrence placed there. The rooms were dedicated by a sim-
ple religious service.
In the early months of 1900, the Board of Managers suf-
fered the loss through death of two of their most able and
untiring members — Mrs. A. A. (Elizabeth Kempton) Car-
penter, and Mrs. Edward (Sarah Peck) Wright. Both were
charter members, Mrs. Carpenter had served for many years
as second and then as first vice-president, and had been at
all times a most devoted and efficient leader and worker.
Mrs. Wright's eminent part in the founding of the School has
already been spoken of; in the early years she served both as
corresponding secretary and as second vice-president, and
her interest never abated. The twenty years' service of these
women, closing with the century, measures also twenty years
76 Illinois Training School for Nurses
of notable achievement by the School which they fostered,
and in whose continued existence their ideals found an ex-
tended expression.
CHAPTER V
INCREASING DEMANDS ON THE
NURSING SERVICE
1900-1911
Situation in January, 1900 — Nursing in the Presbyterian
Hospital discontinued — Service in the Chicago Lying-in
Hospital — Resignation of Miss Mclsaac — Appointment
of Miss Rose — Opening of the Contagious and Children's
Hospitals — Affiliation established — Twenty-fifth Anniver-
sary of the School — Resignation of Miss Rose — Appoint-
ment of Miss Hay — Crerar Addition to the Home — Pur-
chase of the MacDonald property — Changes in Home
customs — Mrs. Sanders leaves — Extension of hospital
services — Nursing conditions — The curriculum — Miss Hay
resigns.
THE opening of the third decade of the history of the
School reveals a proportionate growth. There were
in January, 1900, eleven graduates, one hundred and
forty-five pupil nurses, and twelve probationers; one hundred
and sixteen were on duty in the County, forty-three in the
Presbyterian. Of eleven probationers admitted during the
month, five were accepted. One hundred and twenty-five
applications for circulars were received, and forty-three for-
mal applications; of these fifteen were appointed, twenty-
five refused and three "on file. "
The "family" in the Home numbered two hundred and
nine, and the table expenses per person averaged twelve
cents to thirteen cents a day.
For the year 1902, forty I. T. S. graduates accepted posi-
tions as superintendents of hospitals or nurses, head nurses,
or assistants, twelve in the Illinois Training School itself.
Mrs. Flower, who had resigned as president in 1895, re-
sumed office in 1898 on the resignation of Mrs. J. M. Walker,
77
78 Illinois Training School for Nurses
who had served ably during the three years intervening.
Mrs. Flower, a founder and an active director, frequently an
officer, ever since the beginning, was one of the outstanding
women of the Board, both for her services to the School it-
self, and because of her prominence in other civic and philan-
thropic movements. It was with great regret that, at her own
insistence, her resignation was finally accepted (1904).
Mrs. Flower was succeeded by Mrs. F. A. Smith, who
held office till 1911. Mrs. William Penn Nixon continued as
corresponding secretary (1894-1913), Mrs. Frank as re-
cording secretary (1892-1921), and Mrs. Orson Smith as
treasurer (1891-1917).
The most momentous decision that the Board of Directors
was called upon to make during these years, was in regard to
continuing the nursing in the Presbyterian Hospital. The
reasons which led to their giving it up are fully stated in the
letter of notification of withdrawal sent to the Board of
Trustees of the Hospital; the description of nursing condi-
tions is valuable in itself.
Chicago, Oct. 17, 1902
To the Board of Trustees of the Presbyterian Hospital.
Gentlemen :
For the past fifteen years the Illinois Training School for Nurses, which
we represent, has been under contract to do the nursing of the Presby-
terian Hospital, in addition to that at Cook County Hospital.
During all this time our relations have been most agreeable and har-
monious, and, we fully believe, mutually advantageous. About two years
ago those most intimately acquainted with the work of the two hospitals
began to fear that sooner or later we should be obliged to sever our con-
nections with one or the other of the hospitals, from two causes: first, the
enlargement of both hospitals and, second, the greater amount of work
imposed on the nurses by the daily increasing demands of the Medical
Staff. These have been so great at the Presbyterian Hospital that it re-
quires three nurses now where two were ample four years ago.
At the expiration of our last contract, October 1, 1901, it was with con-
siderable reluctance that we entered into another, as we found it impossible
the preceding year to furnish the requisite number of nurses without calling
in graduates, thus not only increasing our expenses, but reducing our
income from special nursing. We had hoped that this demand would lessen,
and that we might continue to serve you another three years, but this we
Increasixg Demai^ds on the Nursing Service 79
now find impossible. We have now in the School one hundred and ninety
nurses, and to satisfactorily fulfill the requirements of the two hospitals we
should have from twelve to fifteen more. Our Home is full to overflowing;
we cannot house more pupils even could we manage their training, and we
are satisfied that with our present resources no larger number than we now
have can be well trained and supervised.
A school for nurses diflFcrs from other schools, in that it cannot be
handled bj' classes. Each individual must be separately planned for, and
her work adapted, not only to secure for her the full training in all depart-
ments, but also to fill the requirements of the nursing in the hospitals.
Our experience teaches us that there is a limit to the executive abihty
of even the most capable. We feel that this limit has been reached in our
School at the present time, and that adding to the number of our pupil
nurses is not practical.
This decision was arrived at by our Board at its July meeting, and the
matter left in the hands of the Executive Committee with power to act.
This Committee was slow in coming to a conclusion and only reached it
after long and careful consideration. At the last meeting of our Board, held
October 7, the Committee reported, recommending the termination to
said contract. This recommendation was unanimously approved, and it
was ordered that the required notice be given to your Board.
Therefore, following the instructions of the Board of Managers of the
nhnois Training School for Nurses, and in accordance with the terms of our
contract with your Board, notice is hereby given that on the first day of
November, 1903, we will terminate our said contract and withdraw our
nurses from the Presbyterian Hospital.
In doing this we wish you fully to understand that while pecuniary
considerations have necessarily had weight in influencing our decision, they
have been subordinated to the main fact, that of the impossibihty of in-
creasing the number of our pupils, so as to meet the present demands of
these two large hospitals.
In closing our connection with the Presbyterian Hospital we do it with
sincere regret and with the most cordial feelings toward the Trustees and
all those connected with its management.
We assure you of our hearty interest in your hospital and our desire to
co-operate with you in every way, not only in establishing your own school,
but in the future work of the hospital.
Very respectfully yours.
The Board of Managers of the Ilhnois Training School for Nurses,
By Elizabeth D. Nixon,
Corresponding Secretary
In order to accommodate both parties, the withdrawal was
to be gradual. In July, 1903, after just fifteen years of serv-
ice, the School withdrew from the fourth and sixth floors and
the operating rooms; by November, when the contract
80 Illinois Training School for Nurses
expired, they still had one j3oor, which they agreed to keep
till the first of the year.
"Thursday, December 31, was our last day of duty at the Presbyterian
Hospital," writes the secretary; "we left our wards in good order and re-
ceived the thanks of our successors for our efforts in their behalf."
The new Presbyterian Training School was organized
under the superintendency of Miss M. Helena McMillan of
the Illinois Training School Class of 1894, who is still at its
head.
In 1902, Dr. Joseph DeLee of the Chicago Lying-in Hos-
pital and Dispensary made a valuable proposition to the
School. He offered training to three nurses at a time for a
period of three months each, tuition free, boarding and lodg-
ing them at the Lying-in. There they would receive the best
obstetrical training possible. The Board voted favorably,
and three nurses were sent in the fall, though the number
was not maintained continuously till after the Presbyterian
was given up. Except for a short period, 1914 to 1917, this
arrangement was continued for twenty years.
In January, 1904, Miss Mclsaac sent to the Board her
resignation. She had spent eighteen years at the Training
School — two years as a pupil nurse, seven and a half as as-
sistant superintendent in charge of the Presbyterian nurs-
ing, and eight and a half as superintendent. The strain of so
many years of responsibility necessitated relief; though the
Board at first deferred action, they finally accepted the resig-
nation with regret. Miss Mclsaac's executive ability, keen
intellect, and power of appreciation had rendered highly
valuable to the School her years of association with it. As
one of its own graduates she carried into the wider fields she
entered the name of the Illinois Training School, enhancing
its already fine reputation.
The most important position Miss Mclsaac later under-
took was that of Interstate Secretary for the Society of
Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses, and the
American Nurses' Association. She afterwards became
Increasing Demands on the Nursing Service 81
superintendent of the x\rmy Nurse Corps; in that she was
following up an interest that dated back to the activity in the
behalf of the Army Nurse Bill, when in 1900 she had, with
the full sympathy of the Board, gone to Washington to work
for its passage. She also became president of the Board of the
American Journal of Nursing, and wTote several texts, be-
sides taking an active part in general nursing organiza-
tions. Her interest and persistency kept her at her post in
the Army Nurse Corps many months after she had been
urged to give it up because of ill health; her death occurred
in Washington, September 21, 1914.
Miss Idora C. Rose, class of 1889, who had been an
assistant superintendent since 1896, was chosen to succeed
Miss Mclsaac; she took up her new duties in March, 1904.
This was a difficult period. The giving up of the work at
the Presbyterian Hospital cut down the School's income
seriously, and made many adjustments necessary.
During the year 1903 the Training School had charge,
excepting the venereal, of all wards in the County Hos-
pital and the five operating rooms. (The use of regular
operating rooms instead of the small dressing rooms off
each surgical ward, dates from 1891.) There w^ere nine
hundred beds and an average of seven hundred and fifty
patients the year around. The School furnished, besides the
superintendent, one hundred and twenty-one nurses, in-
cluding two assistant superintendents and a night super-
intendent, five graduate head nurses, five (men) orderlies,
and one hundred and eight pupil nurses. The County paid
$2135 a month, or $17.65 per nurse. Salaries paid by the
School (including $125 to the superintendent and $380 to
thirty-eight third-year pupil nurses) amounted to $1015 a
month, leaving a little less than $1.26 per nurse, on which
they were supposed to be boarded and lodged.
"The County pays $18 with board, lodging, and laundry to the scrub
women, and it certainly would not seem an exorbitant demand to ask for
$20 for nurses when the School does so much,"
82 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Miss Mclsaac had said in a report to the Board when a
new contract was under consideration.
Only slightly better terms were secured. One hundred
and forty-seven nurses were to be furnished during 1904,
$2500 a month to be paid for the first four months (the con-
tract dates from December 1, 1903), $2,833.33 a month for
the remaining eight, the latter about $20 a month per nurse.
Seven-fifty a week was paid for special nurses where neces-
sary, but not over $250 a year. (This was not a change.)
But these sums were not enough, and various other meas-
ures had to be resorted to. The greater part of the deficit
was made up by using the interest on the Crerar Fund, dis-
continuing the Crerar nursing from August, 1903, to May,
1905. This the Board was free to do as the bequest had
been made unconditionally. Some saving was made at this
time by no longer paying third-year nurses. (Payment was
resumed in 1908.)
An important extension of hospital work was the opening
of two new pavilions, the contagious and the children's.
Old Ward 26 had become very crowded when at last the
demand for a separate contagious hospital was met. The
new building was opened for inspection November 30,
1904; it contained one hundred and fifty beds and received
patients from the first of December. The children's hos-
pital, which also contained one hundred and fifty beds, was
opened the next May. The School assumed the nursing in
both.
The year 1905 saw also the beginning of affiliation — a
system destined to grow to large proportions. The plan was
worked out and developed by Miss Rose with great success.
Nurses were received for their last year's training from
other schools where the course followed that of the Illinois
Training School. The affiliating nurses observed the rules
of the I. T. S. while in attendance, but wore their own uni-
forms; they received no compensation. Schools early aflBl-
iated were those in connection with the Dixon Hospital, the
Increasing Demands on the Nursing Service 83
Brokaw Hospital at Bloomington, the Passavant of Chicago,
and the Moline Hospital. Before admitting a school, a care-
ful investigation was made of its requirements and work,
generally through a personal visit by Miss Rose.
An editorial in the American Journal of Nursing for
November, 1905, comments on the innovation:
THE ILLINOIS TRMNING SCHOOL LEADS IN AFFILIATION
The Illinois Training School of Chicago is the first of the large schools
to open its doors for aSiliation with small schools to meet the demands of
State registration for a more extended experience for the pupils of small
hospitals. Arrangements with two of these small schools are already com-
pleted, while a third is under consideration.
The Dixon Hospital will give two years of training and then send its
pupils to the Illinois for the third year, where medical, the diseases of
children, obstetrical, and contagious experience will be had. The Passavant
Hospital School will send its pupils to the Illinois for training in children 's
diseases.
This is a splendid beginning and will make registration comparatively
easy when once the Illinois bill has passed — in fact, it will perhaps remove
one of the most serious obstacles to the passage of the bill, as it solves the
problem of the small hospital training school.
We congratulate Miss Rose and the Managers of the Illinois Training
School upon having taken this most progressive step.
In 1906 the Illinois Training School for Nurses celebrated
a notable event — its twenty -fifth anniversary. A reception
was held by the Board at the Chicago Woman's Club Rooms
on the evening of May 3, the Alumnae Association co-op-
erating. Mrs. Orson Smith was chairman of the Committee
in charge, the other members of which were Mrs. Lawrence,
Mrs. Nixon, Mrs. Walker, Mrs. Flower, Dr. Julia Holmes
Smith, Mrs. Frank, and Mrs. F. A. Smith, the president.
Mrs. Lawrence was present and read a paper recalling in-
cidents of the founding of the School and its early history.
Letters full of interesting recollections and appreciation
were read from Mrs. Flower, Mrs. Dewey (Miss Brown),
Miss Lauver, Mrs. Robb (Miss Hampton), Miss Draper,
Miss Dock, and Miss Mclsaac. Miss Rose spoke last; after
adding her own reminiscences, she concluded by saying:
84 Ilx,ixois Traixixg School for Nurses
"Eight hundred and forty-four nurses have graduated from the I. T. S.,
and if we attempt to follow all the members of the family we must go not
only over our own country, but to foreign lands, for we have representa-
tives in China, Persia, India, Hawaii, and the Phihppines. Many are
married and in their own homes, putting into practice many a lesson
learned in the I. T. S. Fifty have passed from the earth life; over thirty
graduates are in hospital positions in Chicago. The superintendents of ten
hospitals in Chicago are I. T. S. graduates."^
In July, 1906, Miss Rose sent in her resignation, to take
effect October 1; she had held the position of assistant su-
perintendent eight years and that of superintendent over
two years. Between the Board and those superintendents
associated with them for many years there came to be a
warm appreciation and friendship. The numerous letters to
jVIiss Rose at this time show the love and esteem in which
she was held, and the sincere regret at her leaving.
In a few months Miss Rose became ]Mrs. Scroggs, w*ife of
Dr. Joseph W. Scroggs, a member of the faculty of the
University of Oklahoma. !Mrs. Scroggs, continued actively
interested in nursing affairs, and gave the benefit of her ex-
perience to the improving of nursing conditions in the new
state of Oklahoma. She became president of the State Asso-
ciation, and did a great deal of work for the Nurses' Relief
Fund. For three years she was president of the Board of
Examiners for Registration and Examination of Nurses, act-
ing also as inspector of Training Schools. She now resides at
Norman, Oklahoma.
It was at Miss Rose's recommendation that Helen Scott
Hay of the class of 1895 was elected superintendent. Miss
Hay had graduated from Northwestern University in 1893,
with Phi Beta Kappa honors. She had had a year of graduate
study at the University of Chicago in 1900, and practical
experience as an executive in the State Hospital at Clarinda,
Iowa, and in the Pasadena Hospital, Pasadena, California.
^Most of these papers may be found in full in the Quarterly of the Illinois State
Association of Graduate Surses for May, 1906. They have been freely quoted in
this book.
^■■
W^mmiMmm
' i^iTMs TRmmm School- for- Ni:rses
m GRATEFUL- MEMORY- OF
PHEBE-L-SM5TH
BY WHOSE GENEROUS- LF.r.ACY-THE
COMPLETION 0F-THIS-BU.!L[)IN6-WAS-MADE- POV<;;riv
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BORN -WALTON • NEW -YORK.
Iii£D*CHICAGO • DECEMBER- 24 "ion ~
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JOHN CRJvRAll
?0>SSI3LE"T[(!( OOMPMCriON O,
TABLETS IN MEMORY OF BENEFACTORS OF THE SCHOOL
I
4
Increasing Demands on the Nursing Service 85
It was now six years since there had been any addition
to the Home, and more and better accommodations were
needed. In May, 1907, the Board adopted the recommendation
of the Finance Committee that "not more than $40,000 of the
Crerar Fund should be used for the addition to our building. "
Since the money had been left unconditionally, it was for the
Directors to use their judgment as to the greatest need.
Crerar nursing, they felt, had been to some extent replaced
by the Visiting Nurses' Association, and the greatest service
of the Training School now lay in the expansion of its hospi-
tal activities and the training of more nurses. The old frame
house at 308 Honore Street was to be torn down, and a large
new wing constructed in its place. The contract was let in
May for $39,133.30. Work was begun at once. Miss Hay
tells what was provided by the new addition:
"In 1907 was built the wing known as the Crerar addition, on the south
of the Home, to which also were made extensive alterations and repairs.
All these were needed to care for the increasing nursing staff at Cook
County Hospital and to meet the higher standards in nursing education,
thereby attracting more and better qualified students. Advantages gained
were more sleeping rooms, baths, lavatories, toilets, larger dining-rooms,
kitchens, and other service rooms with needed modern equipment; exten-
sive additions of space and equipment to the laundry, made the more
necessary when, with increased payments from the Board of County
Commissioners, the nurses' laundry at the Hospital was discontinued."
In October, 1908, three flats were rented in a building
at the corner of Jackson Boulevard and Paulina Street;
the next fall a fourth was taken, and in February, 1910,
a fifth.
At the same time, the question of buying the MacDonald
property was discussed; this was the land and group of build-
ings adjacent to the Home on the north, 100 feet on Honore
Street and 125 feet on Congress Street. It consisted of the four-
flat building next door, the corner building — a store, basement
store, and two halls — and four houses facing on Congress.
The whole was purchased in March for $24,000 — a very rea-
sonable price, but one which with the costs of remodeling
86 Illinois Training School fob Nurses
practically exhausted the School's reserve funds. The houses
were first put into condition for the use of the nurses, and the
rest gradually added.
" These gave further needed dormitory space, a large hall for classes and
recreation [Congress Hall], two laboratories — one for bacteriology and
chemistry, one for cooking classes — and practice rooms for the teaching
of nursing procedures."
The new dormitory on the third floor of the large corner
building was named in honor of Lucy L. Flower.
The following is Miss Hay's account of some of the con-
ditions and events of this period.^
"In reviewing the historj'^ of our regime, October, 1906, to February,
1912, there are few outstanding and unusual events. Serious problems
there were to face, but most of these were routine, like the yearly contract
with the County Board of Commissioners, the shortage of linen, the
epidemics of scarlet fever, or smallpox, or 'flu,' when the Hospital was
crowded beyond reason. Agonizing difficulties these meant, that only those
who bore a part in the action can appreciate, or justlj' sense the im-
portance of the victories gained in the face of overwhelming odds. True to
the best in our School 's tradition, what must be counted most outstanding
for this period is the total of honest effort and fine enthusiasm of the entire
personnel. No less should we credit the labors of our immediate predecessor
and those before her, as chief factors in any accomplishment possible in our
day.
"Among the less important affairs, there were various questions of
tradition and custom, sacred as these were to many of us, where change
seemed desirable. For example, with the uniform: the black alpaca dress of
the superintendent and her staff was changed to white cotton, which
shortly became the uniform of all graduate head nurses as well. For the old
time organdie cap with knife pleated border that each nurse was forced to
construct so meticulously every 'cap night,' was substituted one of
washable muslin. The straight apron was given a bib of generous propor-
tions as a further protection of the 'stripes,' of which two were now
allowed each nurse weekly. For hot weather the choking Bishop collar was
replaced with a soft muslin fold.
"As to house rules and customs, there was renewed effort to minimize
rules and to increase the respect for privilege and opportunity so that more
and more the students should feel theirs was the responsibility for right
action and tradition. The nurses were urged to accept of the hospitality of
the Home for themselves and their friends, their daily co-workers not
^This and the two preceding quotations as well as those that follow in this
chapter (unless otherwise notedj are from a summary written by Miss Hay of her
years as superintendent.
Increasing Demands on the Nursing Service 87
excepted — the internes of the County Hospital Staff, concerning whom
there was a mistaken notion such exception had once been made. A yearly
formal party for the Senior Class, and later, with the acquisition of Con-
gress Hall, informal entertainments for the nurses, internes, and students
of our Latin Quarter brought further desirable diversion and friendliness.
"The enlarged Home meant many added comforts and privileges, en-
larged class and study rooms, and reference library; a resident nurse for the
ailing, and a night watch; the use of the Diet Kitchen was allowed the
nurses, as also the use of the Quine Medical Library across the street in the
College of Physicians and Surgeons."
In August, 1909, the Home lost Mrs. Sanders, the valued
matron who for nearly twenty-five years had presided over
the destinies of probationers, pupils, and graduates. Devoted
to the School though she was, declining years and failing
health, added to the increasing responsibilities of a growing
institution, caused her to hand in her resignation, which the
Board regretfully accepted "with affectionate appreciation
of her faithful services. " She returned to Keokuk, Iowa, her
former home, where she lived to the age of ninety-one years.
Mrs. Sanders — Kate Meara — was born in Glasgow, Scot-
land, in 1832, was married in 1852, and became matron of
the Illinois Training School in 1886. Her keen observation
and years of experience led her to take the measure of a pro-
bationer on short acquaintance —
"Och! she don't know B from a broomstick," or, "Make
a silk purse out of a pig's ear.' No, I thank you!"
Many failings might be forgiven, but not poor house-
keeping in a nurse's room — especially if she could say, "And
she's been married and kept house, too!"
The yearly banquet of the Alumnae Association, where she
was always an honored guest and where she renewed con-
tact with "her large family," as she called the nurses, was
an occasion of great delight to her; and the graduates of those
twenty-three years no less looked forward to seeing her and
refreshing their remembrance of her vivid personality.
She was succeeded by Mrs. Anne Putnam Sanford.
During this period "the nursing care of all departments of
the Hospital came under the Training School. " Supervision
88 Illinois Training School for Nurses
of the venereal and tuberculosis wards was added in the
winter of 1906-1907, at a remuneration of $12,000; the new
Tuberculosis Hospital was opened in October, 1909. Grad-
uate nurses were put in charge, with attendants assisting.
"No class of patients more needed sympathetic and efficient service
than the venereal and the tuberculosis, concerning whom there was still
much of the old time prejudice and misunderstanding. In the face of this,
the nurses and attendants who hesitated not to serve these with cheerful
efficiency deserve most honorable mention.
"Nursing supervision in the Detention Hospital Qater known as
Psychopathic Hospital) was begun in 1908 with three graduate nurses,
assisted by the attendants appointed under the Countj' Civil Service Com-
mission. Beginning 1909 Senior students were given service here.
"In 1908 the Women's Receiving Room was given a graduate nurse
with student nurses assisting.
"The Central Diet Kitchen was established at the Hospital by the
School early in 1907, a graduate dietitian in charge, pupils assisting. Here
were prepared the special diets for all the Hospital.
"In 1911 the organization and direction of Social Service was given to
the School — from the beginning a service of great benefit to the Hospital
and Community."^
Light is thrown on actual nursing conditions by a report
of the superintendent on "Work done by nurses that is not
nursing, nor could be construed as a part of a nurse 's duties,
in the County Hospital," which enumerates the following:
"oversight of all cleaning, except floors and windows — this
was especially heavy in the Contagious; supervision of ward
kitchens and cooks, and frequently the actual cooking; steri-
lization of dressings and surgical supplies, and sharpening of
razors and scalpels; in the Contagious Hospital a nurse at
$40 to $50 per month to care for office, give out information,
talk directly with patients' relatives, etc., etc.; handling
goods going out to wards such as stationery, thermometers,
blankets, etc. — a vast amount of work which ordinarily
would not come on the nursing staff; supervision of the en-
tire domestic staff of the Tuberculosis Hospital. "
"Let it be plainly understood that in all such supervision of work, the
Training School never has hesitated, and never will, to do any of these
^See Chapter VIII, on Social Service.
Increasing Demands on the Nursing Service 89
things that count for better service. The vast amount of time, however,
consumed in all these duties, is not without significance."
All mending of ward linen, care of ward dressing rooms,
handling of carts for taking patients to and from dressing
rooms, scrubbing and cleaning — except floors and windows —
washing dishes, serving food, and assisting in delirium tre-
mens cases was done by waiting or convalescing patients.
The delirium tremens cases presented special difficulties.
"If, as is not infrequently the case, five or six policemen are required to
bring a man to the wards, the need of at least one man within call after
the patient gets there would seem to be indicated. "
How the nursing service in the County Hospital was being
extended, is shown by a brief summary of the amounts paid for
it : for the year 1906-1907— $40,000 ; for 1909-1910— $120,000 ;
for 1911-1912— $150,000 was asked, and $135,000 received,
with some additional payment for extra service.
In October, 1906, there were under the School one hun-
dred and fifty-five nurses — nineteen graduate employees,
seven graduate students, one hundred and twenty-two pu-
pils (three of them affiliates), and seven probationers; one
hundred and fifty-three were at the County, and also seven
orderlies under supervision of the School; two nurses were
at the Lying-in Hospital. In February, 1912, there were un-
der the School two hundred and twenty nurses — thirty-two
graduate employees, seventeen graduate students, one hun-
dred and fifty-nine pupils (ten affiliates), and twelve pro-
bationers; two hundred and eleven nurses were at the County
and thirty-one attendants; three nurses were at the Lying-in,
and six on private duty in other hospitals or at the Home.
"Through careful selection and elimination an increasingly satisfactory
group was secured of the attendant class, both men and women, for needed
help in all departments, as also constituting the working staff in the re-
cently acquired departments for venereal diseases and for tuberculosis,
where student nurses were not given ser\'ice because of the greater need in
the departments for acute ailments. The male attendants were largely re-
cruited from the students of the nearby Medical and Dental Schools.
90 Illinois Training School for Nurses
"In 1909 when the increased nursing staff first made it possible, the
hours of night duty were reduced from twelve to ten, night nurses serving
from 9:30 p.m. to 7:30 a.m."
Miss Rose, fully appreciating the growing tendency to-
ward the higher development of nursing education, had felt
in suggesting Miss Hay as her successor that there was no
one better fitted to carry out a progressive program. The
course of study was enlarged and made more technical.
A new course in internal medicine was introduced, and
those in bacteriology and other sciences much extended.
Post-mortems were utilized; the care of instruments was
taught, and charting. A general survey is given by Miss Hay
herself :
"The course of instruction continued to be three years less six weeks
vacation. The preliminary period in 1907 was increased from one to two
months, and in 1910 to three months. Preliminary students were taught
nursing procedures by the preliminary instructor, who also had super-
vision of their first practical work in the wards. Their chemistry and
bacteriology were taught by members of the Interne Staff. Dietetics was
taught, both theory and practice, by the dietitian in charge of the Central
Diet Kitchen, where all had ser\'ice. The studies of the Junior, Middle, and
Senior years were taught by the superintendent and staff. As hitherto,
supplementary lectures on the current topics of study were given by
members of the Hospital Attending Staff, specialists whose interested and
devoted services, covering many years, are counted among our graduates'
most inspiring and helpful contacts. (Names of such might here be
desirable — but where begin or end.')
"The students' practical training was given in all departments of the
County Hospital, Venereal and Tuberculosis departments excepted."
In 1908 the plan of monthly payment of pupil nurses was
resumed — $5 a month to Juniors, $7 to Middlers, and $10 to
Seniors.
In 1907 the Board of Directors established three scholar-
ships of $100 each and three of $50 each, which were awarded
according to the entire record of the pupils, based on their
practical work, class records and conduct; one of each
amount went to each class. Various prizes to graduates were
offered by interested people. The Alumnae Association
Increasing Demands on the Nubsing Service 91
offered $50 in gold and a medal to the member of the Senior
Class that made the most satisfactory progress in all phases
of her training; this was first awarded in 1912.
Affiliation was continued and more schools admitted to
its privileges, among them the Sherman of Elgin, Blessing
of Quincy, Bronson of Kalamazoo, Mary Thompson, Frances
Willard, and Garfield Park. In many cases there was an ex-
change of nurses with these hospitals, so giving the I. T. S.
nurses a greater opportunity for private duty experience.
This latter phase of affiliation was much extended during
the later years of Miss Hay's administration and during
Miss Wheeler's time.
Post-graduate work was organized and regularly offered.
Graduate students were admitted for not less than three
months and might register in one or more departments, be-
ing given their preference of length of service in each as far
as possible. Board, lodging, and laundry were provided, and
remuneration at different times to the amount of $5, $10,
or $20 a month for not less than six months' service — the
sums depending in part on the need of nurses at the time. A
certificate was given for the successful completion of each
course.
Miss Hay could report as far back as 1909 that most pu-
pils entering the I. T. S. were high school graduates and that
many had had college or normal training.
In May, 1911, Miss Hay tendered her resignation, asking
to leave in October. "A woman of the highest ideals and in-
tellectual power," who gave "six years of splendid service,"
said Mrs. Ira Couch Wood, who had become president of
the Board. After a year and a half of rest and travel Miss
Hay organized the West Suburban Hospital and School for
Nurses at Oak Park, Illinois. She was called to service with
the American Red Cross in 1914. Her notable work abroad
during the war, culminating in 1920 in her appointment as
director of Nursing Service for the American Red Cross in
Europe, forms a page of honor in the records of the Illinois
92 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Training School for Nurses.^ In 1923 she received from North-
western University, her Alma Mater, the Honorary degree
of Doctor of Humane Letters.
The year 1911 closes a period. Miss Hay resigned, and her
successor, Mrs. Simpson, was appointed. Mrs. Ira Couch
Wood became president of the Board, taking the place of
Mrs. F. A. Smith, who passed away in December, 1910. In
1911,
"Plans were begun by the Board of County Commissioners for a new
County Hospital. Soon the red brick 'County' of earlier days had dis-
appeared, and enormous buildings of gray brick and stone were ushering in
for Illinois Training School for Nurses a new era of unusual demand and
difficulty, of unprecedented growth and increasing usefulness."
'For a full account see Chapter VII, on the Illinois Training School in war
work.
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CHAPTER VI
A CRITICAL PERIOD
1911-1924
Mrs. Simpson — Miss Wheeler comes as Superintendent —
Mrs. Woody President — Contagious nursing — Financial
difficidties — Association of Commerce luncheon — The
County Hospital contract: 1912-1913, 1913-1914— Law-
suit — The neiv County Hospital — The Psychopathic — Ad-
ministration and curriculum — Influenza epidemic of 1918 —
Shortage of student nurses — Length of course reduced —
Conditions in the Home — Plans for an expanded School —
Student activities — Home Directors — Changes in the Board
— Miss Wheeler resigns.
A LTHOUGH Miss Hay had tendered her resignation
/ % in May, 1911, it was February, 1912, before she
A m left. Mrs. Effie M. Simpson, who took her place,
was a graduate of Johns Hopkins, where she had also been
assistant to the superintendent. She was later in charge of
the Training School of the City Hospital at Albany, N. Y.
She had done private duty in Chicago, and when called to
the Illinois Training School was in charge of the Nurses'
Home at Bellevue.
In the spring of 1913 Mrs. Simpson resigned, and Miss Mary
C.WTieelerwas elected superintendent. Miss Wheeler, who was
born in Brooklj^n, New York, was a graduate of Ripon College,
and of the Illinois Training School, class of 1893. She had been
superintendent of the Sherman Hospital, Elgin, Illinois, and
of the Blessing Hospital Quincy, Illinois, and had taken the
course in Hospital Economics at Teachers College, Columbia,
in 1904. When called to her own school, she held the position
of secretary of the Illinois State Board of Nurse Examiners.
Mrs. Ira Couch Wood (Alice Holabird) was to be presi-
dent of the Board from 1911 to 1917. She was a woman of
93
94 Illinois Training School fob Nurses
unusual business and executive ability, and gave unstintingly
of her time to the problems of the School. As the years 1912-
1915 were among the most critical the School ever passed
through, it was most fortunate that the president was able
and willing to give the time and invaluable service that Mrs.
Wood gave.
In January, 1913, Mrs. Rudolph Matz became corre-
sponding secretary, replacing Mrs. William Penn Nixon, who
resigned after nearly ten years of faithful service.
In October, 1912, at the resignation of Mrs. Sanford, Miss
Mary A. Lindsley, a graduate of Pratt Institute, became ma-
tron — the first time the Home had had a trained dietitian
and house director at its head.
The years 1912-1915 were critical years in many respects;
the School suffered from an acute shortage of funds, there
was antagonism from a group of outside doctors interested in
other schools, and a serious doubt about the renewal of the
contract — not to mention the difficulties of adjustment and
the excess of hard work entailed by the gradual demolition
of the old Hospital buildings and the moving into the new.
One particular problem of 1912 centered about the Con-
tagious Hospital. Opened in 1904, the building, which now
housed from one hundred and sixty-eight to one hundred
and seventy-five patients, and thirty-five internes, nurses,
attendants, and domestics, was dangerously overcrowded,
and sanitary provisions were inadequate for proper pre-
cautions against infection for either patients or staff. Cross
infection occurred in spite of the utmost care of physicians
and nurses. There was much illness among the nurses, due
largely to these well-known conditions, and, as all contagious
service was entirely voluntary, it was becoming difficult to
secure either nurses or attendants.
"We believe," wrote Mrs. Wood, "that no more devoted band of public
servants could be found than the doctors and nurses who voluntarily shut
themselves off from the world in the Contagious Hospital. But the limit of
their endurance has been reached."
A Critical Period 95
The County owned a six-flat building on Lincoln Street just
opposite the Hospital — and met the situation by fitting up
this building as living quarters for the entire contagious
force. These "contagious flats," as the nurses called them,
have been continued in that use ever since.
The payment of $135,000 by the County for the year 1911-
1912 was not suflficient to cover the School's disbursements,
and there were no other sources of revenue. In August, 1912,
Mr. P. C. Peterson of the Merchants Loan and Trust Co.,
the Board's sympathetic and able financial adviser, reported
a state of practical bankruptcy. It was resolved to secure
the interest and co-operation of prominent men and women
of the city in advancing the work of the Illinois Training
School, and the advice of a committee of business men as to
ways and means.
At about the same time a bid for the nursing in the Cook
County Hospital was made in the name of the Illinois State
Association of Hospital Managers, representing twenty-five
hospitals, some eight of which in Chicago made the offer to
supply the necessary number of nurses.
A first step in securing advice and assistance in these diflS-
culties was taken by the Illinois Training School in holding
a joint luncheon with members of the Chicago Association
of Commerce at the LaSalle Hotel on November 27, 1912,
at which four County Commissioners were also present. Dr.
Frank Billings, Mrs. Henry L. Frank (Recording Secretary
of the Training School Board), Mrs. James Quan (Chairman
of the Hospital Committee of the School), and Mr. Charles
H. Wacker were the speakers.
Dr. Billings began by saying that he had been an in-
terne in the County Hospital in 1881 and 1882, part of
the time before there was a training school for nurses in
Chicago.
"It was," he said, "a Godsend to the sick of the County Hospital when
the Illinois Training School began its work the first of May, 1881. The
chief purpose of a hospital is the care of the sick. Doctors are necessary.
96 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Nurses are absolutely necessary in their care. One could almost say, if you
had to choose between the two, you would take the nurse and let the
doctor go."
After pointing out the importance of economical manage-
ment in any hospital, he summed up by saying,
"They [the members of the Board of Managers of the School] have
made this Training School a permanent organization as efficient as any of
your businesses."
Mrs. Frank told of the founding of the School, its expan-
sion, and how it had always done its work at a loss, so that
every penny of its endowment had been used up.
Mrs. Quan quoted significant figures:
" We have nursed for the last two years on an average of 50,000 patients
a year, which means a daily average of 1700 men, women and children in
the Hospital. For two years we have furnished two hundred and seventy-
eight nurses and attendants for this work; and we are paid by the terms of
a yearly contract between the Cook County Commissioners and ourselves.
We cannot make a longer term contract because the law forbids the
pledging of future taxes. We are paid annually $135,000, or $11,250 a
month, which means a monthly payment for each nurse of $40.46, or $1.33
per day. Now, for $1.33 a day each, we have to lodge, feed, clothe, train,
educate, and pay these nurses and attendants, and I want to give you a
very brief idea of what that means to us."
She then outlined the work of the School in training nurses,
and added,
"I think if any of you have ever visited Cook County Hospital you will
realize and agree with me that the crowded wards, the old buildings, the
conditions under which these nurses work, make it very difficult. It could
not be a question of money. No nurse would stay in that service three years
of her life, day and night, winter and summer, and work from the money
point of view. She is there because she has ambitions in her profession and
because the opportunities there are enormous; and she is also there for the
love of humanity. One dollar and thirty-three cents a day could not com-
pensate a nurse for the many risks she takes in the work in Cook County
Hospital."
Mr. Wacker opened his talk by saying of the School,
"It is
1st — Independent
2nd — Non-political
i
HELEN SCOTT HAY
Class of 18!)j
Superiiitcndnit
1900- 191 2
MARY C. WHEELER
Class of 1893
Superintendent
1913-1924
A Critical Period 97
3rd — Not controlled by any medical school
■1th — Seeks no profit
5th — Serves the poor
6th — Betters hospital conditions
7th — Maintains high educational standards
8th — Trains women for altruistic, expert, and eflScient service to
the city and state."
He dwelt on the spirit of service of the officers, directors,
and nurses, and the social value of their work, concluding by
saying:
"It is a straight out and out proposition of efficiency and help at the
right time and in the right way. It would be a serious step backward for
Cook County not to avail itself of the service of this organization, the
beneficent influence of which has gone far beyond the confines of the
Hospital, and which for thirty-two years has rendered to this community
efficient, self-sacrificing, and devoted service."
On December 2, 1912, the Association of Hospital Man-
agers, an organization opposed to the higher education of
the nurse, held a banquet for those "interested in studying
the nurse question as it pertains to our hospitals" (quoted
from the invitation) , at which resolutions were adopted to work
for the repeal or amendment of the State Registration Law,
and toward getting into Cook County Hospital service.
A meeting of the Board of County Commissioners was
held December 17, 1912, to consider the question of nurse
service, at which "Representatives of the various schools
for nurses, the consulting staff of physicians, physicians and
citizens who are interested in the subject," were invited to
appear and express their views. Of three groups besides the
Illinois Training School that had asked to be heard, repre-
sentatives of two responded. INIrs. Wood spoke for the
Illinois Training School. Letters of endorsement of the
School, covering sixteen of the twenty pages of the Official
Record of Proceedings of this meeting, represent many of
Chicago's most eminent physicians and surgeons (more than
seventy-five altogether), the Association of Commerce, the
Committee of Public Health of the Citv Club, and some two
98 Illinois Training School for Nurses
hundred and fifty interested citizens, many of them prom-
inent in civic and social work.
The contention had been made to the County Commis-
sioners that the law required bids for all contracts over $500,
but legal advice favored the opinion that the Commissioners
might legally contract for nursing without asking for bids or
accepting the lowest, and a contract (1912-1913) was again
made with the Illinois Training School, as it had been for
thirty-two years. The new agreement called for three hun-
dred nurses per day, including five in the Detention and
three in Social Service, at $165,000 for the year.
Bids for the contract for 1913-1914 also were made by
several hospitals which apparently had common interests.
In view of the greater nursing needs in the new Hospital,
the Board felt that an average of three hundred and sixty
nurses would be necessary, and asked the County to contract
for that number at a cost of $197,100 ($1.50 per day per
nurse). No agreement was made for several months, but
this was not unusual, and the new contract had always been
dated back to December 1, the time of expiration of the old.
In February, 1914, an article appeared in one of the daily
papers that the County Commissioners had passed a resolu-
tion for an eight-hour day for all women in County service,
including the nurses of the Training School. This reduction
of hours (it had been nine hours' day-duty and ten hours'
night-duty) would make a larger number of nurses necessary,
besides being a change very hard to bring about quickly.
The Commissioners asked how much larger an appropria-
tion would be required, and after consultation the Board re-
plied that a fourth more nurses would be necessary, at a
total cost of $246,000 — a report which Mr. A. A. McCormick,
president of the County Board, received favorably. Mr.
McCormick, who appreciated the fine work being done at
the Hospital by the School, was in sympathy with its needs
and co-operated as far as he was able. However, the annual
budget passed by the County on February 28, 1914, included
A Critical Period 99
only $197,100 for nursing; the School signified its willingness
to agree to the contract proposed for that sum, and the
County offered no objection.
It w as with considerable surprise then that the Training
School Board learned through the newspapers about the
first of May, that the Commissioners, at the advice of the
State's Attorney, were refusing payment for April — the in-
tervening months' nursing having been paid for on presenta-
tion of the bills at the rate set by the old contract, as had
always been the custom. It was charged that the School had
overdrawTi its account, padded its payroll, and was making
large profits; and further that all payments to the School
since the preceding December had been illegal.
Since the School was entirely dependent on the County
payments, having no reserve whatever, action of the Board
on May 8 gave notice to the County that if the April services
were not authorized to be paid for, and the new contract ac-
cepted at the May 19 meeting, the Board must withdraw its
nurses from the Hospital.
The matter received marked publicity, the newspapers
giving much space to the claims of the School.
At the same time, there were appearing in the papers ad-
vertisements for nurses by a school that had bid for the
County nursing. Letters were also sent to nurses, stating that
"certain people who are connected with the institution that
has been supplying the Cook County Hospital with nurses
are expected to call off their nurses (if they do not get the
contract at their own price), and will call the condition a
strike of the nurses"; that "there is no truth at all in the
statement that the nurses intend to strike," it was "simply
an attempted ' scare ' put out through the newspapers " ; and
that "this institution will no doubt lose the contract in the
near future, and some honest, honorable, and reputable in-
stitution will take their place." The letter also attacked
the State Registration Law, and "those who are trying to
grind women into the slavery of a three years' course."
100 Illinois Training School for Nurses
"Through these facts which we give you," it stated further,
"it may be possible sometime for you to prevent some
woman from falling into the hands of this unscrupulous,
money-making concern. "
Just about this time the following communication was re-
ceived by the Board of the Training School :
At a meeting of the Attending Staff of the County Hospital, held May
16, 1914, the following Resolutions were introduced and unanimously
adopted :
"In-as-much as the relationship of the Cook County Hospital and the
Ilhnois Training School for Nurses is threatened,
and in-as-much as the Illinois Training School for Nurses has rendered
efficient services and maintained a high standard of nursing in the Hospital
for thirty -three successive years,
and in-as-much as any sudden interruption of this service will work
disaster to the health and life of the sick poor of Cook County,
Be it Resolved, that, we the members of the Staff of the Cook County
Hospital affirm our confidence in the nursing body of the Illinois Train-
ing School for Nurses and further be it Resolved, that, we deprecate any
change in the present nursing management at the Cook County Hospital."
By a unanimous vote, the secretary of the Attending Staff was in-
structed to furnish a copy of these Resolutions to each member of the
Board of Cook County Commissioners and the city press.
Joseph L. Miller,
President of Staff
E. Wyllys Andrews,
Surgeon-in-chief
Joseph A. Capps,
Chief of Medical Staff
On May 15, another contract was offered by the County
Board to the Training School, one much more rigorous than
any preceding, and calling for $11,300 back payment to the
School instead of the $19,700 then due. After serious con-
sideration of all phases of the issue, and with the approval of
the Board of Advisors, with whom the women of the Board
freely consulted, it was decided to accept if necessary a modi-
fied contract which said nothing about back payments, and
to appeal to the public for contributions to make up the
deficit if the County did not vote the sum due.
MRS. ORSON SMITH
(an'xa rice)
A Critical Period 101
The idea of a public appeal was not at all agreeable to the
Commissioners or the State's Attorney; too, there were many
articles and editorials appearing in the daily papers, es-
pecially the Tribune, Record-Herald, News, and American,
in favor of the School.
In June the public appeal was made through the papers,
not only the great dailies, but many of the foreign-language
papers also.
"At every meeting of the County Board since June 11, some member of
the progressive minority has made a motion to pay the Training School in
full, $19,700. A majority at every meeting till July 3 voted down this
proposition. On July 3 the County Board, however, passed a resolution to
pay the School $11,300 on account,"
wrote Mrs. Wood on July 11. On August 6 the entire re-
mainder due, $8,407.99, was voted to be paid; it was collected
and deposited on August 7. The contributions resulting from
the June appeal were returned to the donors with letters of
acknowledgment expressing a "deep sense of appreciation of
your interest and public-spiritedness. "
But respite was for a few months only.
On November 25, 1914, the president of the Board of
County Commissioners, the county comptroller, the county
treasurer, and the Illinois Training School for Nurses were
made defendants in a suit, through a bill filed in the Circuit
Court of Cook County bringing complaint because the
County Commissioners had taken no action on the contract
offered by the Rhodes Avenue Hospital for the County Hos-
pital nursing the preceding May, notwithstanding their offer
was lower than that of the Illinois Training School ; claim-
ing that the payments made for December, 1913, and Janu-
ary and February, 1914, were illegal, there being no appro-
priation for nursing during those months; and claiming also
that the contract entered into between the County Commis-
sioners and the Training School was fraudulent and void;
the complainant further asked an injunction to restrain the
County from making any further payments to the School.
102 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Judge Windes, before whom the case was tried, denied on
December 5 the temporary injunction asked, on grounds that
there was no excuse for the delay in filing the bill only one
week before the contract expired.
On December 9 the County Board "authorized and re-
quested" the Training School to continue its nursing service
for the time at the same payment per month that the 1914
contract allowed.
Meanwhile, the hospitals anticipating receiving the 1914-
1915 contract were busy. Letters similar in character to those
sent out earlier were received by nurses, saying,
"The contract amounts to $200,000 yearly and no one organization
should have a monopoly on it forever, merely because they were first in the
field and have grown rich and powerful, and have not hesitated to use their
means and influence to further oppressive legislation relating to the pro-
fession of nursing, which legislation has made it difficult for the smaller
hospitals to operate their nursing departments, as it is based on the idea of
a hospital training school which has an endowment, and the size of this
contract awarded to the same nurses' training school for thirty-three
years partly amounts to an endowment and has positively tended to foster
the establishment of a nursing trust — which does not admit nurses to the
County Hospital post-graduate courses unless such nurses come from
hospitals operating under the specific legislation which this training school
was largely instrumental in ha\'ing passed."
The final decree was given April 22, 1915; the Court de-
cided that there was no fraudulent action in the making of
the contract, that the legal requirement of letting work to
the lowest bidder did not apply to such service as nursing,
and that the payments in question were within the discre-
tion of the County officials.
In order to bring the facts plainly before the public, the
Board of Directors ordered a report on the School's finances
from the beginning up to that time to be published in pam-
phlet form for distribution. A reprint is given here; it speaks
for itself.
A Critical Period 103
STATEIVIENT OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS
For the period from August 4, 1880 to November 30, 1914
Total Expenses of Operation— Net $1,086,224. 12
Received from Cook County 1,465,445 . 25
$220,778.87
Received from Presbyterian Hospital and from Private
Nursing 231,735.56
Balance — Receipts over Expenditures $10,956.69
Other Receipts:
Contributions and Donations $144,356.22
Interest on Investments 63,653.20
IVIiscellaneous Receipts — not from operation. 10,897,94 218,907.36
Balance $229,864 . 05
Made Up As Follows :
Cost of Properties
Real Estate and Buildings $188,659.61
House Furnishings and Fixtures 15,019.90
Office Furniture, Hospital 646. 00
Total Cost $204,325.51
Investment Bonds 12,830. 00
Cash 5,685.61
Due from Cook County $21,961.11
Less — Labor and Expenses un-
paid 14,938.18 7,022.93
229,864.05
The foregoing statement covering the entire period of the existence of
the School to November 30, 1914, has been prepared from its books,
minutes and annual reports and correctly indicates the financial history of
its creation and operation upon a basis of cash received and disbursed.
Barrow, Wade, Guthrie & Co.,
Certified Public Accountants
Chicago, June 16, 1915
After presenting the foregoing statement to the Investigating Com-
mittee of the Board of County Commissioners, Mr. Edward E. Gore, a
member of the firm of Barrow, Wade, Guthrie & Co., the Certified Public
Accountants who prepared it, commented as follows :
"The figures submitted show that during the existence of the School,
its expense of operation has exceeded the amount paid by Cook County
for its nursing service by $220,778.87, which deficiency has been met by
104 Illinois Training School for Nurses
earnings derived from services rendered to other hospitals, and to private
families, in the first years of its organization, in the amount of $231,735.56.
In acquiring the land, buildings and equipment which the School owns
and which have cost $204,325.51, the management derived the necessary
funds through contributions and donations from charitably inclined per-
sons, and have given the use of these facilities to the County without com-
pensation. It is plain from the statement submitted that the School has
enjoyed no profit from its contracts with Cook County, but on the
contrary would have been hopelessly insolvent had its management not
been prudent enough to look about and find other fields for the services of
its nurses from which it could make up the deficiency in earnings. No
ofiicer or director of the School has drawn a salary and no dividends have
ever been declared or paid. All of the income from Cook County has been
used in providing board for, and paying the salaries of, the nurses, and no
part of the income from any source has ever been applied to any purpose
other than equipping, maintaining and operating the School.
Cook County has been furnished its nursing service at cost, less the
value of the use of the buildings and equipment of the School and less the
value of the time and efforts of its oflScers and directors. A fair return on
the amount invested in the School buildings and land would have been
$12,000 per annum, and if Cook County were compelled to buy the land
and erect the buildings, at the same cost, it would sustain an annual charge
of at least $9000 to meet the interest on bonds issued to provide such
facilities, to say nothing of an annual depreciation in the building of ap-
proximately $6000. A public accountant is expected only to discover
and present facts without partisanship and without argument, but in this
matter it is difficult indeed to refrain from comment when it is so evident
that this School has been created by citizens moved solely by a desire to
relieve, in one particular at least, the misery of the poor, and has been
managed and watched over as skillfully, as ably, as industriously and as
carefully as it could have been had there been a purpose to conduct it for
private gain; with the difference, however, that the results of this careful
management which might have been divisible profits were turned back to
improve the character and increase the extent of the relief furnished. A
better example of unselfish service in behalf of suffering humanity than
that furnished by the management of the Llinois Training School for
Nurses for nearly thirty-five years cannot be found."
The contract for 1914-1915 was made on a new basis: the
School agreed to furnish such number of "superintending
nurses, supervising nurses, graduate and post-graduate
nurses, experienced nurses, student nurses in training,
probationers, orderlies and attendants, as may be needed
to perform all nursing services — to approximate as near as
practicable one-fifth the number of patients — at the rate of
A Critical Period 105
$45.85 per employee daily average for the month" — i.e., the
County would pay the cost of service, not a fixed sum. This
cost of service also covered, after the next year, a reasonable
depreciation of the School's plant.
The building of the new County Hospital covered the years
191'-2-1914. In place of the spreading red brick pavilions
with their spacious lawns and winding drives, there arose a
massive structure of yellow-gray brick and stone, its impos-
ing facade of Ionic columns abutting on the sidewalk of
Harrison Street, the long east and west wings reaching along
the sidewalks of Wood Street and Lincoln Street.
At completion, four great wings of six stories each extended
back from the main section of eight stories. This made pos-
sible a maximum of light and air, but the open courts and
spaces to the rear were not grassed like the great front-yard
of the old day. With the erection of new buildings in later
years, the entire square between Harrison, Wood, Polk, and
Lincoln, eventually became "the County Hospital."
The building of 1914 cost $3,000,000. It alone contained
three and a half miles of corridors, and with special buildings
and parts of the old Hospital still in use (January, 1915),
2063 beds, the largest number in any hospital in the world.
During the year 1914 over 50,000 people were received at the
Hospital, 28,000 being taken in because of acute illness,
22,000 treated through the Out-Patient Department.
The moving from the old building to the new was a serious
undertaking. In August, 1914, when the moving began, the
main section and two outer wings of the new Hospital were
complete (the two inner wings were added in 1916), and the
main part of the old building was still standing in the center
rear of the new.
There followed a month of excessive strain and hard work
for Miss Wheeler and her staff, culminating in two final mov-
ing days (September 1 and 2) when all thought of educa-
tional work had to be given up in order to attend to the prac-
tical issues of finding wards, beds, etc.
106 Illinois Training School for Nurses
The Detention Hospital, later called the Psychopathic,
where the attendants were chosen by Civil Service but
where the Illinois Training School had exercised supervision
through graduate nurses since 1908, was given up in 1915, the
entire nursing force being put under Civil Service at the
time. Training there had been optional for student nurses,
as it was also in the Contagious and Tuberculosis Hospitals.
In 1923, at the very urgent solicitation of the County Com-
missioners, warden, and Medical Staff, the School resumed
control, this time with entire responsibility for both nurses
and attendants.
Important advances were made in administration and
curriculum, in keeping with the general advance of nursing
technique and the highly specialized demands of so vast an
institution as the County Hospital. Miss Wheeler instituted
meetings of the faculty every week, and of the head nurses
every two weeks. Head nurses and night superintendents
made daily detailed reports and assistant head nurses were
appointed in each ward. In 1913 the officers of the School,
including head nurses and the director of the Home, were
forty-three, besides three special instructors (in massage,
bacteriology, and chemistry), four medical examiners, and
twenty-five medical lecturers.
There were in May, 1913, in the School one hundred and
forty-two Illinois Training School students, fifteen affiliates,
ten probationers, and twenty graduate students. Three stu-
dents were on duty in the Lying-in Hospital, and four in
other private hospitals; two hundred and thirty (including
graduate employees) were at the County, besides twenty-
eight orderlies and eighteen attendants.
In order to distinguish readily between the various classes
of nurses and employees, special pins were adopted in 1915.
For the Illinois Training School nurses these were blue en-
amel with white bars indicating first, second, and third-year
students, and post-graduates; attendants and orderlies were
given a different style, but with the letters "I. T. S. " Affil-
A Critical Period 107
iates wore their ovm. uniforms, other than white. Supervi-
sors wore white, while various probationers' uniforms were
tried. For a time the stripes were given up in favor of gray
chambray, but not for long.
In December, 1913, when a Central Directory for all quali-
fied nurses of the city was opened, the Illinois Training
School closed its separate Directory, which had for so long
given important service to its graduates and patrons.
Theoretical work was being extended and systematized,
and theory and practice more closely associated. The general
plan was — theory, demonstration, observation in wards, dis-
cussion of observation, and student demonstration. As an
incentive, students making high grades were excused from
examinations. In the second half of the third year some
choice was given as to the kind of practical experience
desired.
A "Head of the Educational Department" was established
(1913) to be responsible for all planning of teaching. Miss
Lillian Clayton of the Blockley Hospital, Philadelphia, and
a graduate of the course in Hospital Economics of Teachers
College, Columbia, was the first one appointed. A regular
physical director was also engaged, to give instruction as
well as to direct physical education.
In 1914-1915 there was affiliation with twenty schools of
the Middle West, and in 1917, with thirty-sLx. After 1917 no
affiliate was accepted for less than four months, and three to
five hours' theoretical work per week was required of them;
$5 a month was paid if the affiliate remained twelve months.
Post-graduates also were required to take a certain number
of hours of class work; in 1916 there were forty-eight post-
graduate students from thirty-two different schools.
In 1914 affiliation was effected with the West Suburban
Hospital in Oak Park, by the terms of which the Illinois
Training School would furnish all the nurses to that Hos-
pital; Miss Hay, formerly superintendent of the Illinois
Training School, had organized the work there and was at
108 Illinois Training School for Nurses
the time superintendent, though she did not remain long.
This well-managed private hospital afforded excellent op-
portunity for private duty experience, and nurses continued
to be sent till 1918.
The years 1917-1918 were stimulated and complicated
with war problems. Of the far-reaching work of the nurses
and the Training School in the war, an account is given
later. ^
Although the diflSculties of maintaining a necessary rou-
tine and at the same time responding to impelling calls from
without were very great, the situation was faced in the same
spirit in which the nurses faced their problems in France,
and the School succeeded in maintaining its customary
standards.
In 1918, arrangements were made with the Highland Park
Hospital Association for the Illinois Training School to fur-
nish nurses for their new hospital. This aflBliation was main-
tained till March of 1925.
In 1918, also, affiliation with the State Hospital at Dun-
ning was brought about, and a number of student nurses
given service there.
The eight-hour day was tried for a few weeks in 1918, but
proved impracticable.
But the year 1918 is known above all else for the great
epidemic of Spanish influenza,
"When," says Mrs. Matz, "the Training School and Hospital passed
through the greatest crisis of their history."
Between September 24 and October 31 there were 2041
influenza patients admitted to the Hospital, of which six
hundred and eighty-one died. All sorts of shifts and tempo-
rary arrangements had to be made to care for this vast num-
ber of contagious cases, placing unprecedented burdens on
the entire Hospital force. All class work was suspended.
Forty nurses became ill with the disease, of whom six died.
^See Chapter VII.
A Critical Period 109
Thirty-two "jackies" were sent from the Great Lakes Naval
Training Station to assist as orderlies, and their help was
most acceptable. A letter from Mr. Reinberg, president of
the County Board, to Mrs. Pierce, president of the Training
School Board, expresses his appreciation of the way the
nurses met the situation:
ISIrs. Evelyn Pierce,
President, Illinois Training School for Nurses,
509 S. Honore St., Chicago, Illinois.
My dear !Mrs. Pierce:
I wish to thank you, and through you the nurses, individually and
collectively, for the splendid service they rendered the patients at the
County Hospital during the recent influenza epidemic.
They worked faithfully, efficiently, and for long hours. So far as I know
they did this not only uncomplainingly, but cheerfully. I exceedingly re-
gret the sacrifices in health and strength they were compelled to make. The
fearful toll they paid for these services is evidenced in the large numbers
who were stricken with the disease.
They fought as faithfully and valiantly as our boys in the trenches in
France, and those who gave their lives to this service, as truly served their
coimtry as the heroes over seas.
Will you kindly express to these faithful nurses the high appreciation
and gratitude of myself and the members of the County Board for the
services they rendered hundreds of patients in their care.^
Yours very truly,
Peter Reinberg,
President
He also wTote a letter to Miss Wheeler personally, saying,
"To the splendid morale maintained by the nursing force I attribute
this great success, and I take pleasure in giving you the credit for this
morale. Your untiring devotion and zeal in the work set a splendid
example for every nurse in the service."
Beginning January 1, 1919, the State Law required a min-
imum of two years' high school work for entrance to an ac-
credited school of nursing, and after January 1, 1921, four
years', but the Illinois Training School Board made a re-
quirement of four years' beginning in 1919.
In 1919, thirteen Illinois Training School student nurses
were given the privilege of the special course in Public
110 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Health work offered by the School of Civics and Philan-
thropy in co-operation with the Chicago Chapter of the
American Red Cross.
In the summer of that year also, Miss Wheeler gave the
first "Special Six Weeks' Post-Graduate Course for Nurses
in Executive Positions. " This was repeated in 1920 and 1922.
As far back as 1916, members of the faculty had suggested
that certain instruction in nursing procedures given in class
might well be typed or printed and given to the student in
definite form, so saving time and standardizing the work of
incoming students of all grades. Lippincott's found the work
of sufficient value for publication, with the idea that other
schools would make use of it, and the book, "Nursing Tech-
nique," went to press in 1918.
In the years 1919-1921, the School suffered seriously from
the difficulty, common to schools of nursing throughout the
country at that time, of securing students. Various reasons
were assigned for this, among them the reaction from the
abnormal interest in nursing during the war, and the opening
to women of manv new fields.
From the beginning, the School had advertised in news-
papers and magazines, and in later years a record was kept
of the returns from each, on which future advertisement was
based. In 1918, Mrs. Matz reported that the cost was about
fifty cents an inquiry, and $7.50 for each student accepted.
For some years advertisement was let on contract to an ad-
vertising firm. But the greatest number of acceptable stu-
dents always came through graduates, students, doctors and
internes, and other friends of the School. In 1920, only forty-
one entrants resulted from 1147 inquiries. Eighteen hundred
and fifty-eight catalogues were sent out, 1058 three-year
blanks, and one hundred and fifty-five post-graduate blanks.
There was a careful follow-up of inquiries with pamphlets
and post-cards — this during the years to come also. For a
time personal letters were wTitten by the superintendent
every six weeks to prospective students.
A Critical Period 111
In 19'-20, the School became a member of the Central Coun-
cil for Nursing Education, and has remained so ever since.
A large number of graduates was of necessity employed,
at a considerable, "an appalling," expense; the peak came in
November, 1921, when ninety were on the pay-roll. In 1922,
1370 requests for information were received, and 1G27 three-
year and two hundred and five post-graduate blanks sent out;
sixty-eight entered. The situation improved steadily in the
following months.
The outstanding change of the period was the reduction
in 1921 of the length of the course to thirty months. This
was practicable, since the State requirement for accredited
schools was reduced from three years to two. Students with
advanced credits might reduce the time slightly more, though
no diploma was given for less than two years' residence in
the School. A very young student or one who did not main-
tain a definite high grade would be required to remain more
than thirty months. The preliminary term of three months
was followed by three terms of nine months each (eight
weeks' vacation included) . The special training in the Lying-
in Hospital and in the State Hospital (for the insane) was
discontinued. Under the shortened course it was possible for
one who wished the further training to take six months' post-
graduate work within the old time limit of three years. The
remuneration was increased to $10, $12, and $15 a month
respectively for the three terms.
The Post-Graduate Course for Dietitians established in
1920 was extended in the spring of 1922 from two months to
four, and in the fall, to six months. This was an advanced
course for which a college degree, at first advised as a pre-
requisite, was soon made a requirement.
During these years of growing hospital duties, the in-
creased number in the School made necessary a constant
though irregular expansion of living quarters. Graduate
nurses and post-graduate students at times found rooms in
private houses, though a general policy of the Board was to
112 Illinois Training School for Nurses
rent as many nearby apartments as necessary to make it
possible for all nurses connected with the School to live in
residences that were part of the Home, at least in manage-
ment and spirit.
In 1915, when the daily average in "the family" was three
hundred and fifteen as against two hundred and eighty-one
in 1914, two beds were put into as many of the single rooms
as possible, and a house on Congress Street rented to take care
of fifteen nurses. The next year another Congress Street house
was taken (the Warren houses).
To provide for the sixty or more additional nurses that
would be needed with the opening in the fall of 1916 of the
two new wings of the Hospital with their four hundred to
five hundred beds, six apartments at 306-308 Paulina Street
were rented ; these aft'orded room for forty -five to fifty persons,
and as they were newly decorated and furnished were very
attractive. Twenty-one affiliates and post-graduates, the
entire night staft", assistant dietitians, and office-clerks
moved there, and forty-five new students were admitted to
the Home.
In February, 1918, more flats in the Paulina Streei building
were rented, and eventually the "Home" included eleven
apartments in this group (the Worthy apartments). The
Warren houses were given up in the fall of 1918.
The problem of obtaining and keeping help through these
years was most serious, as all employers found. One quota-
tion from the reports of the Household Committee (August,
1918) will suffice:
"The servant problem is so dire, I scarcely know where to begin!
"For inferior day help (most difficult to secure at any price) we have to
pay $38, and if we can secure another, we shall have to pay $40.
"The second cook is among the missing.
"Genevieve, our stand-by laundress, has left because of real illness, and
of course this complicates the already trj'ing laundry situation.
"We have two new engineers, who are 'doing.' More cannot be
reported at present writing.
"Kitty, who has been with us eleven years, has gone.
A Critical Period 113
"We have no baker, and for the present and until Miss Stewart
returns, we are buying our bread and rolls.
"In the kitchen, we have one cook to cook for four hundred people.
INIiss Matthew had to get supper for this number w hen this one cook had
her time off. We recommend that a second cook be engaged at $40, and
that at once.
"As this labor trouble continues to loom bigger and greater each
month, we wish to prepare for the necessity of keeping up our cafeteria
system in the dining-room bj' ordering now a steam, or gas and steam,
table to be installed for the approaching fall and winter."
The cafeteria system was maintained for some years.
In 1921, with the smaller number of student nurses, all
outside apartments were given up and all students brought
under one roof, though graduates and others continued to
have rooms outside to a greater or less extent.
Of the ever-present and ever-recurring problem of keep-
ing the Home in condition; of the necessity of keeping costs
at the lowest possible figure — a necessity imposed by the
absolute lack of any resources other than the monthly pay-
ments from the County, figured on the lowest possible basis
and frequently in arrears — and at the same time maintaining
a standard worthy of an institution whose purpose was to
inculcate ideals of home life as well as material efficiency,
little can be said that is adequate.
A sewing-room turned out dresses, aprons, and household
furnishings in quantity, and reported hours of weekly mend-
ing. The elevator, the heating plant, the laundry, were con-
stantly under repair or extension, and as thirty or forty
years passed over the Home, such problems of maintenance
became more and more difficult and expensive. A new laun-
dry was built in the north court in 1917, at a cost of $11,500
— the last addition to the old group.
Plans for a new Home were inevitable, and a beginning
was made — but the war interfered.
In July, 1916, a committee of three members of the Board
of Managers and the president ex officio met with three
members of the Board of Advisors to "consider purchasing
property on Lincoln Street and disposing of our present
114 Illinois Training School for Nurses
property. " By the end of the year the Board completed ar-
rangements for the purchase of property on Polk Street (224
feet), Lincoln and Winchester streets (175 feet), as the site of
a future new Home. The total price was to be about $67,000;
$35,000 was paid in cash raised by placing a mortgage on
the old property, and the rest was to be carried in the form
of a mortgage on the new.
It was expected to raise funds for building by appeal to
public interest, in the way the School's earlier undertakings
had been carried through, and in the hope also of a generous
endowment bj'' some public-spirited man or men of wealth.
The plan, however, embodied a vision of something far
greater than a mere Home. A Central College of Nursing
Education had long been in Miss Wheeler's mind, even before
her becoming superintendent of the School. Her interest and
enthusiasm in this plan were shared by Mrs. Wood. The Cen-
tral College would not only train women in the care of the sick,
but educate them for broader fields of social service — the
teaching of health in schools, industrial concerns, and institu-
tions of all sorts; dietetics in all its branches; occupational
therapy; and all allied social and philanthropic service.
The location of the Illinois Training School in the heart
of the medical center of Chicago, its forty years of success-
ful experience, its already broad affiliations and highly
developed post-graduate work, all pointed to its being the
logical nucleus of such a school. Indeed, such a development
was implicit in the ideals of the founders of the Illinois Train-
ing School, though they labored in a day when to establish
the hospital service of their vision or to train a nurse at all,
was a radical step in social progress. The extensive and grow-
ing social service of the School in the County Hospital^ was
another evidence of the growth of the School into a more
comprehensive institution.
Mrs. Wood made many trips and gave a great number of
talks and addresses, developing the plan and presenting it
^Little has been said of Social Service, as it is summed up in Chapter VIII.
A Critical Period 115
before business men, civic organizations, and educators, and
receiving marked encouragement from those in a position to
evaluate the undertaking. Building and equipment would
cost $700,000 to $800,000 ,and an endowment of $1,000,000
would be no more than adequate to build up and carry on
this ambitious and humanitarian program. Just what might
have developed at that time if the war had not turned all
energies in other directions, one cannot say.
The larger number of students in the Home and the con-
sistent broadening of student interests brought about changes
in the Home government and life. Feeling that the nurse's
education was equal in content and value to other profes-
sional and technical education, and that the nurse should feel
toward her School as a college graduate feels toward his
Alma Mater, Miss Wheeler purposely and systematically
encouraged student activities and School and class spirit.
After free discussion and some earlier tentative moves, a
full-fledged Student Self-Government Association was
launched in 1922, with the full approval of the Board.
"It has given the Committee great satisfaction," reported Mrs.
Magnus, "to observe how earnestly and soberly the students accept the
responsibihty, and how anxiously they uphold the standards of the
School."
Under direction of a Student Council, which included
ISIiss Wheeler and certain faculty and graduate representa-
tives, various committees from the student bodv checked
on the neatness and order of uniforms and rooms, planned
social afiairs, were big sisters to the "probies, " and in vari-
ous ways helped the weaker students over the hard places;
they established also a system of honor credits in theory, de-
portment, uniforms, and practice, and expected every stu-
dent to earn a certain number before receiving her diploma.
Several classes published Annuals at graduation; that of
1921, the Board ordered printed in large numbers for distri-
bution in schools and libraries as a means of bringing the
School to the attention of young people.
116 Illinois Training School for Nurses
In 1918, a Students' Loan Fund was established from gifts
and other special income.
Miss Lindsley, who came in 1912, brought into the Home
such an "efficient, home-like, cheerful, and harmonious at-
mosphere," that when she left in 1917 to join Red Cross
Unit No. 12, her loss was felt keenly. Miss Stewart, who took
her place in a few months, remained till 1920, and Mrs.
Trainor came in 1921 — both capable Home directors.
Mrs. Wood continued as president from 1911 to 1917; in
1913 the Board asked their president to give her whole time
to the work of the School, offering her a salary accordingly.
Mrs. Wood, who had just been asked to take a similar posi-
tion with the Juvenile Protective Association, after weigh-
ing the matter, decided to accept the Board's offer. The pre-
carious position of the School during those years and the
necessity of pushing its claims in order that it might main-
tain its position, together with the ambition to expand into
a greater institution, made the full-time services of some able
business man or woman most advisable. Mrs. Wood, already
familiar with the work and wholly in sympathy with it, was
excellently fitted to deal with its many problems.
At Mrs. Wood's resignation in 1917, Mrs. Charles B.
Pierce became president for one year. Mrs. Rudolph Matz
was elected president in 1918, and served till 1920. She was
succeeded by Mrs. Carl M. Gottfried, who was elected in
December, 1921.
In 1916 the Board had suffered the loss through death of
Mrs. James M. W^alker, a charter member, at one time presi-
dent, and always faithful and able in whatever capacity she
served.
In the death of ]Mrs. Orson Smith (Anna Rice) in March,
1917, the School lost "one of its most efficient officers, one of
its wisest and most loyal friends," a woman of "keen re-
sourceful mind, resolute character, and generous spirit."
Mrs. Smith was a charter member and had served as treas-
urer for twenty-six years. Mrs. Harry F. Williams was
A Critical Period 117
appointed her successor, and retained that office till 1921,
when she became second vice-president, and Mrs. Gottfried
succeeded as treasurer; Mrs. Gottfried, however, became
president within a few months, and Mrs. Frederick B. Moore-
head was elected treasurer, retaining office till December,
1923, when Mrs. Williams resumed the position.
In 1920, Dr. Julia Holmes Smith resigned from the Board,
and her name was added to the list of honorary members for
"her valiant service through many years."
Mrs. Charles H. Wacker became recording secretary in
1921.
The loss of Mrs. Henry L. Frank, who passed away
early in 1922, was deeply felt. Mrs. Frank also was a char-
ter member, and first acting treasurer; for thirty years —
from 1892 till her resignation in 1921 — she was recording
secretary. "Her unfailing faithfulness, loyalty, and kind-
liness" were impressed on all who knew her. "She had
always a cordial welcome for the new member who came on
the Board, and her judgment and just decisions were ever
relied on."
In June, 1918, Mrs. Lawrence, now long an honorary mem-
ber, passed away; her death brought to the minds of all famil-
iar with the history of the School its early struggles, and no
less the triumphs that were due in so large measure to Mrs.
Lawrence's will and singleness of purpose. In the same year
occurred the death of Mrs. William Penn Nixon, so long a
tireless worker. In 1921, the name of Mrs. Lucy Flower was
added to the lengthening list of those who had served and
passed beyond. The death of Mrs. Ira Couch Wood in 1923,
while still an active member of the Board, recalled forcefully
the troubled days of her presidency and her value to the
School.
Mrs. Daniel R. Brower, who had been elected to the
Board in 1888 and had served faithfully for many years as
chairman of the Household Committee and as second vice-
president, died in 1924.
118 Illinois Training School for Nurses
In November, 1923, Miss Wheeler tendered her resigna-
tion, to take effect early in 1924. Miss Wheeler's eleven
years as superintendent were eleven years of continued ex-
pansion of Hospital and Training School activities; it was
also a period of unusual difficulty — the political opposition
to the School in the earlier j^ears, the adjustment to the
great new Hospital building, the war, and the equally diffi-
cult adjustments following the war. Her vision and executive
ability made it possible for her to direct the Illinois Training
School successfully through so trying a period, and at the
same time cultivate, in the School and out, the broader as-
pects of nursing education.
CHAPTER VII
THE ILLINOIS TRAINING SCHOOL
IN WAR WORK
The Spanish- American War — Names of I. T. S. graduates
icho served— The World War— Unit 13— Unit 12— Ex-
periences in France — Red Cross Home Service — Miss
Hay's Red Cross sertrice — Others in the Red Cross abroad —
Names of I. T. S. graduates in the World War.
T^\^CE has the opportunity been given Illinois
Training School Nurses to serve their country in
time of war — first, during the Spanish-American
War of 1898, and again during the World War in the years
1917-1918. Both times the response has been generous and
ready.
During the Spanish War and in the months immediately
following, over thirty I. T. S. nurses served in camps and
military hospitals here, in Cuba, and in the Philippines.
Trained women nurses in military hospitals were a new thing,
and onlj" grudgingly admitted, but these pioneers justified
themselves so thoroughly that the need of them has never
since been questioned. Marietta Meech, who at the time was
serving on a transport for sick soldiers being brought to New
York — "packed on the floor and in hammocks" — wrote in
August, 1898:
" Major Powell has been surgeon of the U. S. R. for twenty-five years.
He was very much pleased with our work, and could not say enough. You
know how opposed the U. S. R. surgeons were to women nurses."
Letters from nurses at that time are of as great interest in
picturing hospital conditions as are the letters of 1914-1918,
though nurses of 1898 were nursing the sick rather than the
wounded; there are likenesses — and marked contrasts.
Belle Harroun wrote from Ft. Thomas, Kentucky, to
IViiss Mclsaac:
119
120 Illinois Training School for Nurses
"First of all I want to say that I never so thoroughly appreciated the
Illinois Training School as since being here. Twenty-five nurses from nearly
as many different schools mingle together and all sleep in a ward in the
officers' building. . . . We found the place in bad condition. The Hospital
Corps has done as well as they could, but were much overworked. The
place is assuming quite a hospital appearance now, but we have worked
hard for it.
"There was considerable prejudice at first from the Hospital Corps,
who didn 't like taking orders from females, but we have won them over
to a certain extent. The hospital is arranged in three buildings, four wards
in each, and twenty-four beds in a ward. There is practically nothing but
typhoid. I can tell you, it is interesting to have a whole ward full of ty-
phoids. In one ward there were thirtj' plunges given in twenty -four hours."
Another letter, somewhat abridged, reads —
Ft. McPherson, Georgia
August 21, 1898
Dear Miss Mclsaac:
At last we are where we have been trying to get for many months — in a
military camp nursing the sick boys in blue. There are between fifty and
sixty nurses gathered from all quarters of the United States. The Illinois
Training School is represented by four of her graduates, Aliss Huston,
Miss Thirsk, Aliss Holland, and Miss Gates. I hope you will not consider it
vanity on our part if we say that your representatives compare very
favorably with the other fifty-six, and are doing credit to your training.
The work is very different from anything we ever did before, but we enjoy
the new experience hugely. At present malaria is seeking victims in every
quarter, particularly among the Northerners. We carry our little boxes of
quinine, and when we wish to be particularly agreeable to anyone we take a
social pill with him.
It has rained here every day for six weeks, minus the last three days,
which I think accounts for the present state of health to a certain degree.
When it rains, which it has done most of the time so far, we wear shortened
dresses, carry umbrellas, and wear rubbers.
The chaplain confessed the other day that at first he, as well as others
in authority, were not in favor of trained nurses in the camp, but their
opinions have undergone a radical change by the trial, and they are all
ready to give us the earth if they had it to give. The chaplain went to
Washington and saw General Sternberger personally to tell him what an
improvement the trained nurse was, and put in a request for more.
Most of our cases are tj^phoid and malarial fever, and we are kept very
busy indeed. Most of our leisure moments are spent in writing letters to
anxious parents for the boys. Of course the romantic side of the work, if
there is a romantic side to real work, is entirely overshadowed by the hard-
ships we have to undergo, but we would hate to miss this experience. A
new nurse appeared on the scene yesterday. WTien the curtain went up she
Illinois Training School in War Work 121
was full of "brave soldier boy, self-sacrifice, and noble work," and begged
the doctor to give her something difficult to prove her patriotism and try
her skill, so he gave her night duty in a row of tents. This morning she came
storming into the office tent, railing at the government, said the soldiers
were fools for being here and the nurses also, and she for one wouldn 't put
up with such accommodations and was going straight home where she
could make thirty dollars a week — and home she went. We don't know
what became of her romantic notions, but think they were buried in the
swamp. It is easy to see she wasn 't trained in dear old Cook County.
The provisions for our accommodations here are very poor, as we are
something they never expected to have here when the fort was established.
For a while some of the nurses lived in a tent, but we are all in buildings
now. ]Miss Holland and I have quarters in an unused kitchen. The range is
our dressing-table, and we are designated as the Kitchen Queens. At night
we hear the guards stationed about the camp calling out the hours as
"Post number seven, one o'clock and all is well." In the morning at 5:30
the cannon booms forth and the Stars and Stripes are run up. Day nurses
are on duty from 6:30 a.m. to 7 p.m., with an opportunity for two hurried
meals in the mess hall where the troops eat, but we have table-cloths and
napkins, which they do not. At 6 p.m. the bugle is sounded, sunset guns
fired, Stars and Stripes lowered — all at the same time.
It is all very attractive at present, but I suppose the time will come
when we will long for home, yet have to stay on duty, for our contracts are
signed and we have sworn loyalty.
Yours cordially,
Annie L. Gates
Emma Holland
The following Illinois Training School nurses served in the
Spanish-American War :
Class of 1889.— Harriet E. Sigsbee.
Class of 1892. — Mary Day Barnes.
Annie H. Beaton.
Emma Holland.
Margaret Huston.
Mrs. Jennie Duncan Hammer.
Effie Wolfe.
Bertha Lentz.
Marietta L. Meech.
Class of 1893. — Amelia Richie.
Mary E. Sloper.
Mrs. Emily Senn Fantus.
Harriet Jelly.
Class of 1894.— Mary McElin.
Martha B. EUingson.
Mrs. Anna Gates King.
122 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Class of 1895. — Ida Virginia Parkes.
Mrs. Jane Stoker Sauer.
Louise E. Palmer.
Class of 1896.— Mrs. Julia Woods Wagner.
Mrs. Bertha Griffiths Fowler.
Mary Cleland.
Annie Earle.
Mrs. Susan Holderman Howe.
Class of 1897.— Mary Bird Taleott.
Mary I. Harroun.
Mrs. Lela Thirsk Feris.
Mrs. Anna Jensen Switzer.
Hannah Niehoff.
Mrs. Lillian Pearson IVIilligan.
Mrs. N. B. Bussel.
Estella Campbell.
In the fall of 191 G, though it was still six months before the
entry of the United States into the World War, interest in
that great conflict was dominant, and nursing organizations
were preparing for more active participation.
The Red Cross invited the Board of Managers of the
Illinois Training School to join with the Presbyterian Hos-
pital in forming Base Hospital Unit No. 13. On October 10,
the Board voted unanimously to "co-operate in every way
with the Presbyterian Hospital in furnishing supplies, nurses,
and whatever the Red Cross should demand," and appointed
Mrs. Edward Sauer to act as chairman for a committee from
the Training School Board. The undertaking "involved the
furnishing of the entire equipment of the beds for a five
hundred-bed hospital (except mattresses and pillows), cloth-
ing for the patients in bed and when convalescing, and all
surgical supplies for the operating room — about 42,000
articles."
Mrs. Sauer wrote "To raise $5600 to finance this unit and
to induce people to make over 5000 articles in these days
when no one has time to sew and most women simply refuse
to run a sewing-machine seemed an impossibility. How-
ever, after a meeting at which Mrs. August Magnus was
Illinois Training School in War Work 123
appointed chairman of the Finance Committee, the weight
lifted decidedly."
After many interviews and much telephoning, Mrs. Sauer
found half a dozen or more clubs that willingly undertook
sewing, while volunteer workers at the Red Cross shop pre-
pared the gauze.
"IVIrs. Gillette is assuming responsibility for one hundred garments, and
JVIrs. Tice is taking charge of the work-room at Congress Hall from 10 imtil
4 every Monday, and our alumnae and nurses and wives of the staff have
done wonders in the way of work there. IVIrs. Price of Tuberculosis has
taken her half holidays to make one hundred pairs of bed socks. Miss
Lindsley obtained our machines free of charge from the Singer Company,
and has been more than kind in helping us. Finally, the silver lining ap-
peared in the cloud when the Red Cross Board agreed to finance the unit
for us." (From Mrs. Sauer 's report to the Board.)
Later the Board donated $500 to the Red Cross shop be-
cause of their assistance to the unit.
Through the hard work of the Committee from both insti-
tutions and the helpful co-operation of many friends, the
necessary articles were made and the entire equipment se-
cured. A number of Illinois Training School graduates joined
Unit 13 and went overseas with it.
In January, 1917, Miss Daisy Urch of the class of 1913
and a member of the faculty of the School, was asked by the
Board to organize nurses for Unit No. 12. Miss Urch became
chief nurse, and forty other I. T. S. nurses joined, ten of
whom were holding responsible positions in the School. Miss
Lindsley, the Home director, went with the unit as dietitian.
On April 30, orders were received to mobilize, and on May
16 the nurses left Chicago for overseas. Miss Wheeler wrote
of their going:
"A few evenings before the unit left us we had a little home gathering
in the sitting-room. Toward the end we opened out the big United States
flag which the Alumnae sent them, and, holding it high up, asked the ones
who were leaving to stand under it; and so they were given a sort of
benediction, though it made unprofessional lumps rise into one's throat."
The accident on shipboard which cost the lives of two
nurses of the unit is well known, for those nurses were among
124 Illinois Training School for Nurses
the very first Americans to lose their lives in service after
our entry into the war. When the boat, the S. S. Mongolia,
was only a few hours out, and target practice was being car-
ried on, pieces from an exploding shell killed Mrs. Edith
Ayres, Illinois Training School nurse of the class of 1913,
and Miss Helen Wood of the Evanston Hospital Training
School; Miss Emma Matzen, also of the Illinois Training
School class of 1913, was wounded. The ship returned at
once to New York. Miss Matzen was sent to the Presby-
terian Hospital of New York City, where she made a good
recovery. Mrs. Ayres was buried with military honors at her
home in Attica, Ohio.
Miss Florence Hinton of the class of 1915, also a member
of Unit No. 12, died while in service in France.
Because of " unusual merit in performance of their duties, "
Miss Urch and Miss Bertha Alexander, the latter of the class
of 1910 and also in Unit No. 12, received special mention in
the Haig despatches.
Daisy Burcham (Mrs. Anton Young), 1912, Unit 12, was
later decorated by the Prince of Wales in recognition of her
war service.
At her death in 1928, Miss Bertha Jones, who had served
overseas with Unit 12 and also as chief nurse in U. S. Veteran
Hospitals on her return, was buried in Arlington National
Cemetery.
During May, 1917, thirteen more I. T. S. nurses respond-
ed to the Red Cross call; in November, 1917, seventy to
seventy-five were reported in government service; by the
close of the war approximately two hundred Illinois Training
School nurses were doing Red Cross work abroad or nursing
in the army or navy. In July, 1918, the Alumnae Association
offered to extend the necessary $100 to those students of the
1918 class who would enter Red Cross service at once and
who would otherwise have to take time to earn that amount.
Letters from nurses in armv service in France tell a vivid
story of hard work, often under very difficult conditions,
Illinois Training School in War Work 125
though with not infrequent humorous incidents or happy
experiences — in fact, the hardships and sacrifices appear dis-
proportionately little in the letters written home during
those days, especially the early days of the United States'
participation.
The following is dated October 27, 1917:
Eighteenth General Hospital
B. E. F., France
My dear Miss Robinson :
I want to thank you for picking out such a nice family of nurses to send
to us. They have been here three weeks and we feel that that is a pretty
good trial. It has been a busy three weeks, even with the extra help.
Things are quieting down, and we do not anticipate much work again until
spring. Of course there will be pneumonia and trench feet. We have been
having some chilblains on the hands of nurses already, but I hope they will
soon be hardened. Very little sickness so far, and we are getting used to
this climate. Very damp, as you no doubt know.
Wonderful organization here. We take in a convoy of two hundred
patients nearly as easily as we admit one at C. C. H. The officers and N. C.
O.'s make all the records; the privates carry the patients to the wards and
give the baths and take care of the clothes. They are dressed at the
Casualty Clearing Station, so the doctors do not disturb them until the
usual time of dressing, in the forenoon.
About all the nurses have to do is to take temperatures, assign beds, and
help with what they wish to. We have thirty-seven wards, so when you
divide a convoy of two hundred into thirty-seven wards, you see no one
has a very hard time. Most of our people will tell you this is the easiest
time they have had since they entered training. There has never been a
time so far when they have had to give up their half days.
At a meeting of chief nurses in Paris we found that only three of the
units here had had much of anything to do. We, being one of the com-
paratively busy ones, felt quite puffed up.
Very sincerely yours,
Daisy D. Urch
Emily Lyon, 1912, wrote in November, 1917:
"You know there is always the horror of the censor hanging over our
heads; however, I will do my best to give you an idea of what we are doing.
In the first place, this part of France is not what got the country the
'sunny France' reputation. It rains a great deal and is inclined to be cold
and damp even in summer. It is quite hilly. There are some small moun-
tains back of camp, which we go over or around in order to get into the
farming country beyond, where there are several quaint pretty villages
that we \-isit when out walking. In one place about four miles away, we
get very good chicken dinners.
126 Illinois Training School for Nurses
"The hospital here has about 1800 beds, and is capable of some expan-
sion. Sometimes we are full up, but usually they evacuate right away to
have room for those coming in. We have no chronic cases; a man who will
not be able to go to convalescent camp, and so back to the line in two
weeks or so, is sent to England usually, and how happy the boys are when
they get 'Blighty,' as they call it. I am on night duty now, and am getting
an insight into the methods of getting patients in and out, as nearly all
this work is at night. A convoy is usually from one to two or three hundred,
and they are brought by ambulance to the reception tent. Here an M. O.
assigns them to wards, and the orderlies carry them in. At the wards where
we receive them, their clothing is immediately removed and put outside,
as they are likely to be what the boys call 'chatty,' if direct from the lines,
or they may have gas in them and be dangerous that way. A nurse was
gassed in one of the hospitals from handling clothing from a gassed
patient. Then they are bathed and if they are not very bad surgical cases
go to sleep for twenty -four hours at least. They come from that awful place
up there, the front line, yet are so cheerful and optimistic, and if they are
going back, they go like real men, with few complaints and a song to keep
their spirits good.
"We have a regular routine to the work, of course. Every week we have
inspection by the Colonel, when everything must shine, and if the silver
(.'') is not properly shined the dirty pieces are put in a pail by some clever
light duty man and carried about camp in a business-like way until the
C. O. has gone."
A letter from Ruth Spencer, 1911, says:
"Nurses live in huts built long and narrow, two beds to a room, a stove,
and a few books. Our mess-room is quite a charming place. We have a
piano, victrola, a stove that opens in front like a grate, wicker chairs and
furnishings. Some of the things were made by patients. We often find
cabinet makers, and when we do we keep them busy. One patient made a
piano bench and a cabinet for the victrola, both very good-looking pieces.
We have lots of pretty, bright cushions and curtains, due to Miss Lindsley's
artistic taste.
"We have an informal dance every Friday evening in our mess-room
and invite the doctors and officers. Hallowe'en we had a fancy dress party,
masked. Some of the costumes were great, considering the material.
"The weather is getting some colder, but not 'too bad,' as the English
say. We feel it most when trying to bathe. We don our rain coats, rain hats,
and rubber boots (for it rains most of the time now) and walk about a
block or two to the bath house. There is no steam heat or any kind of heat.
The food here is fair and not as scarce as we expected, but there are some
things we simply cannot buy. The milk chocolate is good, but other sweets
and coffee are not very good and are expensive."
Louise Hostman, 1909, has \\Titten of night duty:
Illinois Training School in War Work 127
"Nurses on night duty in France usually had full charge of two huts or
tents, each having a capacity of forty-four patients. I experienced night
duty twice in winter and once in midsummer. Winter night duty was not
always pleasant, as coal was scarce, but usually a kind-hearted Tommy had
'pinched' a few pieces so the night sister could keep warm. During the
winter we could enjoy the beautiful moon-light nights, which was not
possible in summer, when 'Old Fritz' (enemy aeroplanes) came to see us
very frequently.
" When there was an air raid, we would turn the legs of the cot under so
the patient would be flat on the floor. Those able were wakened and sent
to the trenches assigned to them, a procedure which they disliked very
much. Then the nurses were to go to nearby trenches, and an orderly was
left in charge. The nurses left reluctantly, as they all felt that their place
was with the sick and wounded soldiers.
"The trenches dug in the compound of the nurses' quarters were about
ten feet deep, and at first were covered by boards, dirt, and sandbags ; but
this was condenmed, and the heavy covering was replaced by a water-
proof one with some dirt over it."
Of the many doing Red Cross work, some gave the fine
though less dramatic service of maintaining and extending
the great Red Cross organization at home, while others
worked in cities or camps or out-of-the-w^ay communities in
Europe or in Asia.
In this country Minnie Ahrens, class of 1897, was director
of the Nursing Service for the Central Division of the Ameri-
can Red Cross, being given a year's leave of absence from
her position as superintendent of the Infant Welfare Society
of Chicago. On Ellen V. Robinson, secretary to the Red
Cross Nursing Service in Chicago, fell the responsibility of
registering and assigning nurses to duty. Miss Noyes, who
instituted the Red Cross Teaching Center in Chicago, spoke
particularly of the volunteer work of Mrs. Tice, 1890, and
Miss Lutz, 1892, the latter of whom, besides teaching, as-
sisted in the direction of the Center.
Mrs. Ida Millman Tice, as chairman of the Educational
Committee of the Chicago Chapter of the Red Cross and
supervisor of the Teaching Center, accomplished much orig-
inal work in occupational training, and directed the training
of thousands of women in Home Care of the Sick, Dietetics,
and Invalid Occupations. Mr. Marquis Eaton, chairman of
128 Illinois Training School for Nurses
the Chicago Chapter of the American Red Cross, said of her
at the time of her death in October, 1918:
"The death of Mrs. Frederick Tice constitutes a loss to the American
Red Cross which is positively irreparable. The community which she so
gloriously served is entitled to know that she has finally given her life for
the cause. When conditions become normal, the Red Cross will plan some
public service, at which appropriate testimony can be given to the. sacrifi-
cial work of one of the bravest and most loyal women of our acquaintance. "
Such a memorial service was held for Mrs. Tice on October
25, 1919.
These and many others carried on at home the work that
was essential to success abroad as well as that which was of
so great immediate value to their community.
Of those in Europe, none did more or more important work
or received greater recognition than Helen Scott Hay, of the
class of 1895, and superintendent of her School from 1906 to
1912.
At the time that the war broke out (1914), Miss Hay was
about to sail from New York to Bulgaria to help in organiz-
ing a school for nurses in Sofia, in response to a request of
Queen Eleanora to the American Red Cross. Miss Hay had
been appointed to this work by Miss Jane A. Delano, direc-
tor of American Red Cross Nursing Service, Washington,
D. C. Plans were quickly changed, however, and Miss Hay
was asked to assist in the selection of nurses for the ten units
of the "Mercy Mission," which sailed September 12, 1914,
on the relief ship Red Cross (the converted S. S. Hamburg
of the Hamburg-American Line) for the warring countries —
"sailed amid the salutation of bells ringing and whistles blow-
ing all the way dowTi the Hudson and through the Bay."
Miss Lyda Anderson, Illinois Training School class of 1904,
who sailed on the Red Cross with Miss Hay, writes:
"The entire direction of the nursing personnel of this group was placed
in charge of INIiss Hay. Such an office called for exceptional ability and ex-
perience. Miss Hay, who through extensive travel had gained an under-
standing of conditions in foreign lands, and as an educator and hospital
executive had learned to understand and appreciate the nursing groups of
Illinois Training School in War Work 129
our many schools with their various systems and standards, met Miss
Delano's requirement for a nurse director for this most hazardous and
difficult expedition Miss Hay assumed the duties of this office with her
usual courage, great conscientiousness, patriotism, and loyalty."
To her fell the responsibility of harmonizing the aims and
ambitions of one hundred and twenty-six nurses from twelve
states.
"Miss Hay has brought out to us that neither the best bandage nor
the deft handling of a wound will win for us a place among those we
hope to assist; the keen and ready sympathy that we show them will
make our mission, "
wrote one of the nurses in her diary.
At Falmouth, England, where the units separated, Miss
Hay went with the two units to Russia. After about three
weeks in St. Petersburg, where the American Mission was re-
ceived by Maria Feodorovna, mother of the Czar, the party,
with their Russian personnel, journeyed on to Kief, nine
hundred miles distant, on the River Dnieper.
A large building of the Polytechnic Institute, turned over
to war needs as were so many school buildings, was selected
for use as the hospital. The scrubbing under captaincy of Miss
Hay and the chief nurses was recorded by her in a report —
"What our twenty -four nurses did to those dirt-littered wards is a
poem in itself and a subject right worthy for an epic of knighthood."
The hospital contained four hundred beds. In December,
three months after leaving New York, the Mission began its
actual care of Russian soldiers from battles in the Carpathian
Mountains. With the arrival of the first patients the Church
held a ceremony of blessing the hospital to its intended use;
many townspeople as well as the clergy attended.
Miss Hay resigned in June, 1915, her work of organization
being completed. She was awarded the Cross of St. Anne by
the Russian government.
An account of the experiences of the American nurses is
given by Miss Hay herself in a letter from Kief, dated Feb-
ruary 11, 1915. These are brief selections only:
130 Illinois Training School for Nurses
"Except for times of admission and discharge of patients this would
seem a rather ordinary men 's surgical hospital. It is when they come to us
weary, so weary, a long line of limping folk, with stretchers bearing the
totally incapacitated, that one feels it's war, and one senses in some small
degree the awful slaughter going on miles away that wrecks all these lives
and makes strong men in a minute helpless and defenseless as babies. And
when they leave, I believe it is even sadder. With us I know these good
soldiers are happy. It is most gratifying to feel the affection that springs up
in their hearts for all the 'Amerikansky' sisters, even with the most
querulous and irritable when they 've been here a day or so. Whatever the
Russian government may one day formally and officially decide to say,
there is one thing I'm sure of — every Russian soldier who has been here
is our friend and grateful adherent. We don't need any extensive knowledge
of Russian to know they leave with us their everlasting gratitude and
blessings. It is indeed a blessed privilege to serve them.
" The difference in the Russian calendar made two Christmases and two
New Years. At our American Christmas Eve, the soldiers peering over the
balustrade were invited in and enjoyed all our fun quite as much as we did.
For their Christmas there were a tree and presents for all the patients,
candy, cigarettes, handkerchiefs, etc., provided by the Russian Red Cross.
A magician and Russian singer and balalaika player gave a taking program
first, and then the gifts were distributed and all were happy.
" We have many holidays here; just now all the Russian sisters are off a
day each, because following a most unusual event everybody takes three
days off. The event in this case was Czar Nicholas' visit to Kief.
"We had received word the previous day by Imperial decree, we
Americans, doctors and nurses, were all to be at the station that evening to
see His Majesty. At 5:15 we all left in sleighs and arrived in the much
decorated rooms designed for his reception. We had been advised to wear
our caps and full uniform, which are much prettier than our coats, which
are ugly and shabby now. Many soldiers and cadets marched in first.
There were perhaps fifty or so of the nobihty hereabouts, people of wealth
and position and those high up in military, naval, and Red Cross circles.
Manj^ of the ladies were in full dress and the men in full court uniform,
among which latter were the Gentlemen of the Czar's Chamber, and the
like. One personage, from whose gorgeousness we could scarcely take our
eyes, was a Cossack in the most splendid trappings mortal mind could
possibly conceive, it would seem. We waited perhaps an hour and a half,
but the coming of so many people made it less wearisome. At length we
knew he was near from the shouts of the people waiting outside to see him.
Soon an automobile drew up, from which he descended — the Czar of all the
Russias, looking very simple in just such a colonel 's uniform as our own
younger doctors are wearing. Dr. Egbert [the director of the two units]
being of higher rank, the Czar saluted him. At first the Czar didn't grasp
just who we were, but it was a positive joy to see his face light up with un-
mistakable pleasure when the Red Cross official said we were Americans.
He shook hands with all the doctors and spoke briefly with them, and then
MRS. HENRY L. FRANK
(UEXIUETTE UKEE.NEB.VLMj
Illinois Training School in War Work 131
with the three supervisors, and I found myself talking to him. He was so
friendly, so simple, such a nice, kindly gentleman. The first thing he said
was, 'I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long.' He said also that he was
sorry there had been no time to go to our hospital, and thanked us for ' the
good care you are giving my soldiers.' He talked with many as he went
down the line and won us all by his directness and simplicitj'.
"This afternoon we have had another important general visit us. He
asked one soldier (as they all do) how he got along with the American
sisters speaking no Russian, and the soldier replied, ' What need to under-
stand when they do everything for you.^' Always the soldiers assure their
interrogators that they understand us perfectly and get along 'Ochen-
horosho,' i.e., very well." •
During the summer of 1915, Miss Hay visited Sofia and
went over the situation carefully with Queen Eleanora, who
was still eager to establish a school for nurses. Under ap-
proval of the Red Cross, Miss Hay, in spite of the unusual
difficulties of the moment, remained in Bulgaria to aid the
Queen in organizing a school. By September, 1915, Miss
Hay and Miss Rachel C. Torrance, a graduate of St. Luke's
Hospital School of Nursing, New York City, her able assist-
ant, were able to begin their labors with eight pupils — just
as Bulgaria was announcing her entrance into the war on
the side of the Central Powers. Queen Eleanora, herself a
graduate nurse and a woman of sound wasdom and good
sense, was most solicitous for the well-being of the x\merican
nurses as well as for the success of the school, inviting the
nurses to the palace for tea, arranging for various ladies in
Sofia to meet them, and frequently visiting the school and
hospital.
Unfortunately, on account of war conditions, the work
could not be carried out as planned. At Bulgaria's entrance
into the war, the direction of her entire hospital service was
taken over by the German Red Cross. The German surgeon
in charge of the hospital where the school was established,
"had no w4sh to divide his authority in the hospital with
any woman; he was not interested in a nurses' school; he was
increasingly intolerant of everything American and of Amer-
icans with whom he had no desire to co-operate. The situa-
132
Illinois Training School for Nurses
tion became very diflBcult, and finally it was agreed to re-
linquish the school to the German hospital authorities, the
American nurses to go as Her Majesty desired to assist in
the care of a needy refugee colony in Philippopolis. That the
pupils, who at first decided to leave in a body, were induced
to accept the change and that they ' stuck to their guns ' to
the end of the war, was a source of great satisfaction to their
teachers. " (Miss Hay)
• Miss Torrance has written an account of their work in
Philippopolis :
"By arrangement of the Queen, Miss Hay and her assistant [Miss
Torrance] were met at the train by the Good Samaritan Society. Through
these ladies they met many of the townspeople and were taken at once into
their confidence. The Good Samaritans, already giving what care they
could to the needy, welcomed this new help. The town was divided into six
'quarters,' and Miss Hay without delay became a visiting nurse carrying a
regulation bag with needed supplies, one of the good Samaritans frequently
going with her and marveling at the many things that could be done for
better hygienic conditions and for the sick in their homes. Her ready
acquisition of Bulgarian expressions enabled her soon to make visits alone.
"The normal population was nearly doubled by the influx of refugees
from several wars, living in the most crowded way in all sorts of buildings,
e.g., an abandoned cafe, a burnt-out theatre, barracks put up for the pur-
pose, etc. Information was obtained from the city doctors and from parish
priests as to where visits were needed. Miss Hay says of the work,
" 'At first we sought them. Soon they sought us, and after that the
question was how much we could manage to give to all who needed help.
The needs and problems were legion, and it took careful planning to make
our efforts most effectual. The distances were long; there were no street-
cars or Fords, and the Turkish cobblestones or foot-deep mud was
wearisome. Our clientele was a motley one, as varied as the patches in our
Turkish Fatima's ragged and voluminous trousers. Resident Bulgarians,
Spanish Jews, Greeks, Turks, and Gypsies, refugees from Macedonia,
Greece, Turkey, Serbia, Roumania, each holding himself a good Bulgarian,
but marked in dress, in custom, and often in religion by the land of most
recent sojourn. The Wallachian nomads with their flocks and herds were
frequently in our district, always knitting, knitting, on horseback or walk-
ing or standing gossiping with their neighbors. To know and become a use-
ful, though a very small, part in the lives of all these kindly, needy folk was
an experience interesting indeed beyond my power to tell. . . . No sooner
had we gotten the epidemic of boils under control than mumps and whoop-
ing cough came along. Always we had scabies and malaria, and starva-
tion showed in the waxy ashen faces everywhere.'
Illinois Training School in War Work 133
"Very opportunely came added funds of five thousand dollars from the
American Red Cross, which was used in operating soup kitchens, the
management of which was taken over by the United Charities Committee
formed by the several welfare organizations of the city — Eastern Catholics,
Roman Catholics, Jews, Armenians, Mohammedans, and Protestants.
"On her last day in Phihppopolis Miss Hay was the guest of honor at a
very big afternoon tea given by the president of the Good Samaritan
Society, and was presented with gifts and a handwrought diploma from
them. Queen Eleanora was at the time ill in a hospital in Dresden, but sent
telegraphic messages and an aide with the gift of a watch bearing the royal
monogram. Somewhat earlier. Miss Hay had received from Her Majesty
the jeweled cross of the Good Samaritan, given to those who have done
conspicuous service. The Bulgarian Red Cross Society gave her its decora-
tion of the first order, this being the first time a foreign woman had
received it."
Miss Hay and Miss Torrance were recalled at the United
States' entry into the war. Miss Hay next served for ten
months as director of the Department of Home Hygiene
and Care of the Sick of the Nursing Service, A. R. C, under
Miss Jane Delano, who in May, 1918, released her to assist
Miss Goodrich in organizing the Army School of Nursing.
Late in October, 1918, she was appointed chief nurse in the
newly organized A. R. C. Commission to the Balkans, and
sailed just after the Armistice. There Miss Hay worked for
another year, when she was appointed director of the Ameri-
can Nursing Service in Europe, with headquarters in Paris.
Her duties included nursing supervision of A. R. C. nurses
in the Baltic Provinces, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria,
Hungary, and the Balkans; assisting in the program of child
welfare in the countries aided, with preparation of groups to
take over that work upon the withdrawal of the A, R. C;
and, of utmost importance, the creation of a number of mod-
ern schools of nursing to educate women for the needed nurs-
ing work.
Miss Hay's service with the American Red Cross was
ended in June, 1922, when the program in Europe was virtu-
ally completed — "eight years of service, all inconceivably rich
in opportunity, experience, and associations, and we trust
helpful to our fellowmen. To our co-workers for their inspir-
134 Illinois Training School fob Nurses
ing, unselfish, and loyal labors is due the praise — nurses the
majority, and many of them from our beloved I. T. S. " —
to quote Miss Hay herself.
Charlotte Burgess, class of 1904, and a member of the
faculty of the Training School, had been appointed chief
nurse of the Chicago Unit before the sailing of the ship Red
Cross for the war zone. She was one of two chief nurses
with the A. R. C. units in Kief. Alice Gilborne, 1903, also
gave outstanding service with the A. R. C. units in Kief,
Russia, in 1914-1915, and in Roumania in 1917.
Mathild Krueger (Mrs. Thomas J. Lamping), 1897, did
notable work with the American Red Cross from November,
1914, to May, 1915, when she was in charge of the twelve
nurses who with six doctors constituted a unit stationed at
Gievgili, Serbia.
" Tobacco sheds were converted into temporary hospitals, and Austrian
prisoners were trained to help care for the sick and wounded soldiers, whose
dailj' average number was twelve hundred. Because of the unspeakable un-
sanitary conditions, inadequate food, lack of supplies and facilities, ten
nurses and four doctors contracted typhus fever. Two of the doctors died."
— From notes by ]\Irs. Lamping on the work of the unit.
Mrs. Lamping was invalided home in May, 1915. In 1924
she was awarded a Cross of Mercy and Diploma by King
Alexander of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
Cora F. Hobein, 1914, was with the Red Cross in Siberia
from September, 1918, to June, 1919, and then went with a
transport of soldiers from Vladivostok, Siberia, to Prague,
Czechoslovakia.
Katrina Hertzer, 1904, gave a long and varied service.
In 1914-1915, she was with the American Red Cross Hos-
pital at Budapest, Hungary, where she was decorated by the
Austro-Hungarian government, receiving a citation in con-
nection with the decoration. The following year she was act-
ing as supervising nurse of a Sanitary Commission consisting
of eight nurses and a medical director, working in the mili-
tary prison camps in the Trans-Baikal district in Siberia.
Their work was mainly
Illinois Training School in War Work 135
"arranging for the segregation of the sick from the well, the transfer of
medical officers from the officers' prison camps to those of the enlisted
personnel for professional duty among the sick, attempts to ameliorate
sanitary conditions, and the distriljution of clothing among the prisoners,
who were poorly clothed, starved and frozen in that devastating climate —
50° below zero during that winter in Irkutsk. A statement of the unbe-
lievable conditions encountered in the military prison camps of Siberia
would fill volumes." — (Miss Hertzer)
Another member of the dass of 1904 who early responded
to the Red Cross call for overseas service was Alice C. Beatle
(IVIrs. Frederick W. Cobb), who went as head nurse of a
unit (later kno\ATi as Unit E) sent to Budapest, Hungary.
From October, 1914, to October, 1915, they conducted a two-
hundred-bed hospital in a building formerly a school for the
blind, where they cared for about two thousand patients.
Miss Beatle received the Red Cross Decoration from the
Austro-Hungarian government. Archduke Franz Salvador
presenting the decoration in the name of the Emperor Franz
Joseph.
In the early months of the war. Dr. Caroline Hedger,
1892, carried on valuable refugee relief work in Belgium
under the auspices of the Chicago Woman's Club. Mary
Connard, 1913, and Louise Egle, 1907, went to Germany
with an early Red Cross unit. Miss Egle as a chief nurse.
Marie Ostlin, 1913, worked with the Swedish Red Cross in
Russia and Germany. Eleanor Soukup, 1912, went to Russia
with a Red Cross unit, but when the unit was recalled Miss
Soukup with others was sent to Persia by certain philan-
thropic Russians to care for Russian soldiers there; at
Kermanshah, in June, 1916, she married Dr. Brown S. Mc-
Clintock, who had also gone to Russia with the unit and had
been sent to Persia.
An interesting piece of relief work was that of Marie
Glauber, class of 1915, who was one of the Red Cross Com-
mission sent to Greece in the fall of 1918, and who went to
the island of Mitylene, then the shelter of some 52,000
Greek refugees from Asia Minor. In recognition of her
136
Illinois Training School for Nurses
intelligent and courageous work, the Greek government
decorated Miss Glauber with the military Medal of Merit.
Mary Day Barnes, 1892, and Mabel Blackmar, 1896, had
interesting experiences with the American Red Cross in
Siberia. Mrs. Pearl Fogler, 1916, served there also. A glimpse
of the experiences of Illinois Training School nurses in that
seemingly remote part of the world comes through even brief
selections from their letters. These are from Miss Barnes':
"Novonikolaevsk, August 19, 1919: We are now moving out of here,
i.e., the American women personnel are. The Bolsheviki are coming right
along. The Russian army offers Httle resistance. We left Omsk not because
of any immediate danger but because if they (the Bolsheviki), got very
near, the other people would make a mad rush to go down the line. We
might have a train in readiness, but it would be a question whether we
could get an engine, as many of the engineers are Bolshe\'iki. There are
probably a million people in Omsk, half of whom want to come down the
line.
"On the line, September 8: We left Novonikolaevsk Tuesday night
about ten o'clock, attached to a Russian sanitary train. Our car (an
American box, or freight car) was made into two rooms, one at each end,
with a hall the width of the wide outside doors, between. In each bedroom
were a long table, two long benches, and four cots. There were two windows
in each bedroom, about eighteen inches wide and two feet long, built near
the ceiling so you had to stand on your cot to look out. We each took a cot
with us, our own enamel wash basin and pitcher, a large bottle of boiled
drinking water, etc. That is how we lived, and it would have been com-
fortable except for two things : you could not look out unless you sat by the
open door; as there were no springs, the bumping was something awful, but
I did not mind that except as one could neither read nor write when the
car was in motion. Our dining car was another freight car with two long
tables and four long benches, and a stove for heating purposes in the
middle. A small kitchen was built in one end with a good brick cook stove,
and our luggage was piled in the other end. Our third car had thirty-six
wooden bunks (no mattresses). In that were refugees — a Russian lady and
her little daughter who were going down to meet her husband at Vladi-
vostok; a man who is working for the Red Cross and who is scared to death
of the Bolshe\iki, as he once had to decide something against them, and
knows that he is spotted and that it is sure death if they catch him; and a
Russian lady with eleven of her children, her French maid and Russian
maid — they are the Vanderbilts of Russia, but they were refugees at
Novonikolaevsk and this is the only way they can get down the line.
"Irkutsk, September 16: We reached here yesterday. Miss Blackmar
has spent ten weeks on the train traveUng back and forth since she landed
in June."
Illinois Tbahsting School in War Work 137
Following are the Illinois Training School nurses who
served in the World War, either in the army or navy, or in
the Red Cross abroad:^
Alexander, Bertha M., '10, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Anderson, Anna Elizabeth (Mrs. Kreider), '17, Camp Green, Charlotte,
N. C; Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Anderson, Cora Maud (Mrs. Goderich), '10, Camp Upton, N. Y.
Anderson, Lyda, '04, A. R. C, Vienna, Austria, 191-4-191.3.
Ayres, Edith W. (Mrs.), '13, Base Hospital Unit 12; killed May 20, 1917,
on board the Mongolia crossing to France.
Bader, Cora, '12, Camp Green, Charlotte, N. C.
Baker, Aurel, '12, A. R. C, Kief, Russia, 1914-1915; Base Hospital 30,
A. E. F., France.
Baker, Elnora, '16, overseas.
Baker, Florence Edna, '10, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Baker, Grace E., '99, Letterman General Hospital, San Francisco, Calif.
Camp Zachary Taylor, Louisville, Ky.
Barnes, Mary Day, '92, A. R. C, Siberia.
Barnes, Nora E., '03, Base Hospital, Camp Custer, Battle Creek, Mich.
Barr, LiUian M., '08, Unit 11, B. E. F., Base Hospital 38.
Bascom, Mildred K. (Mrs. Ford), '12, U. S. Naval Hospital, Norfolk, Va.
Bea, Minnie E., '08, Camp Ft. Des Moines, la.
Beatle, .\lice C. (Mrs. Frederick W. Cobb), '04, A. R. C, Budapest,
Hungary, 1914-1915; Camp Wheeler, Macon, Ga. ; West Baden
Hospital, West Baden, Ind.
Beehler, Clara Louise, '14, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Benson, Marion, '17, U. S. Post Hospital, Chanute Field, Rantoul, III.
Bergey, M. Elma, '12, Infant Welfare, France.
Biggert, Helen, '08, Unit 32, France.
Bigelow, Jessie Ethel, '06, U. S. Naval Hospital, Great Lakes, 111.
Blackmar, Mabel, '96, A. R. C, Siberia.
Boettger, Selma, '17, Camp Cody, N. M., A. M. C. Base Hospital.
Burcham, Daisy (Mrs. Anton Young), '12, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Burgess, Charlotte, '04, A. R. C, Kief, Russia, 1914-1915.
Buzza, Mary Josephine, '06, Camp Sherman, Ohio.
Caldwell, Frances I., '09, Base Hospital Unit 36, A. E. F., France.
Campbell, Estella, '97, Camp Dodge, Des Moines, la.; Letterman General
Hospital, San Francisco, Calif.
Carenduff, Margaret Belle, '13, Camp Grant, Rockford, 111.
Carter, Ethel, '17, Camp Grant, Rockford, 111.; overseas.
Chamberlain, Josephine, '11, Base Hospital 49, overseas.
^This list has been compiled from whatever sources were available — records,
notes and letters. Alumnae Reports, and information given in response to appeals
to the Alumnae through the Report. Neither the School nor Alumnae Association
had complete records of graduates in service — and could not when so many en-
listed or enrolled in other places.
138
Illinois Training School fob Nurses
Chapman, Harriet, '10, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Cohen, Rebecca, '11, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Collins, Anna M., '14, Base Hospital 12, France.
Comes, Alma (Mrs. Newton Smith), '17, Camp Beam-egard, La.
Connard, Mary, '13, A. R. C, Naumberg, Germany, 1916-1917; Unit 12,
France.
Cramer, Clara M., '07, Base Hospital 50, Ft. Riley, Kan.; France.
Crawford, Estelle B., '03, Camp Taylor, Ky.
Daugherty, Bessie M., '07, Camp Kearney, Linda Vista, Calif.
Davis, Sybil, '18, U. S. General Hospital 26, Ft. Des Moines, la.
Denny, Grace, '02, Camp Lewis, Wash.
Dumont, Veronica C, '15, Camp Upton, N. J.
Egle, Louise, '07, A. R. C, Naumberg, Germany, 1916.
Eighme, Eva M., '13, Unit 13, overseas.
Erbaugh, Blanche, '12, Camp Grant, Rockford, 111.
Ewing, Mary Maxine, '15, Unit 13, France.
Ferguson, Helen, '14, Base Hospital 65, Sec. 5., A. E. F.
Ferguson, Mildred H., '15, U. S. General Hospital 1, Gun Hill Roads, N. Y.
Fite, Sue G., '18, Base Hospital, Ft. Sheridan, 111.; Camp Oglethorpe, Ga.
Fogler, Pearl L. (Mrs.), '16. A. R. C, Siberia.
Foltz, Effie J., '01, Letterman General Hospital, San Francisco, Calif.
Gadde, Jennie M., '15, Camp Meade, Admiral, Md. ; Base Hospital 117,
France.
Gambee, Bessie B., '13, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Gary, Pearl, '14, Base Hospital 27 and Camp Hospital 27, France; Mobile
Hospital 1.
Gilborne, Alice, '03, A. R. C, Kief, Russia, 1914-1915; Roumania, 1917.
Gillespie, Cora E., '99, Base Hospital Unit 50, Seattle, Wash.
Glauber, Marie Clare, '15, A. R. C. in the Balkans.
Gordon, Mary E., '15, Infant Welfare, France; A. R. C. Military Hospital
No. 6.
Grimes, Grace (Mrs. Landell), '16, U. S. Base Hospital 13; Evacuation
No. 7; overseas.
Grimes, Nellie B., '97, France.
Grundy, Phoebe M., '10, Unit 12, France.
Hakanson, Hilma Charlotte, '16.
Hampton, Frances, '13, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Harris, Stella (Mrs. M. H. Clay), '17, Base Hospital Unit 11, B. E. F.
Hart, Mary V., '11, Unit 13, France.
Havey, I. Malinde, '10, Unit 13, Base Hospital 36, A. E. F., France.
Hay, Helen Scott, '95, A. R. C, Kief, Russia, 1914-1915; Bulgaria,
1915-1917; Director of Nurses, A. R. C. in Europe, January, 1920, to
June, 1922.
Hedger, Caroline, M. D., '92, Rehef Work, Belgium.
Herriman, Edith, '04, Camp Stuart, Newport News, Va.
Hertzer, Katrina, '04, A. R. C, Austria-Hungary, 1914-1915; Siberia,
1915-1916.
Illinois Training School in War Work 139
Hettinger, Anna, '10, Unit 13, France.
Herman, Josephine V., '15, Camp Meade; A. R. C. in Czechoslovakia.
Hildebrand, Anna C. Boyson, '14, Camp Bowie, Ft. Worth, Texas.
Hinton, Beatrice, Camp Lrogan, Houston, Tex.; Camp Meade, Admiral,
Md.
Hinton, Florence Anne, '14, Base Hospital Unit 12, France; died January
22, 1918, in service.
Hoagland, Jennie, '11, A. R. C, France, Germany, Serbia, 1918-1919.
Hobein, Cora F., '14, A. R. C, Siberia.
HoflFman, Clara E., '10, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Holm, Florence (Mrs. Kelly), '14, Camp Merritt, El Paso, Tex.
Hooker, Dora Leone (Mrs. Maloney), '16, Unit 53, France.
Horn, Leonie Elizabeth, '12, Camp Grant, Rockford, 111.
Hoskyn, Emma J., '15, Unit 12, France.
Hostman, Louise, '09, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Howland, Bessie, '07, U. S. Base Hospital, Camp Doniphan, Ft. Sill,
Okla.
Huckleberry, Laura, '13, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Huston, Fannie Fern, '16.
Jacques, Albina, '16, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Jensen, Aileen, '16, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Jones, Margaret Bertha, '15, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Judy, Zella Maude, '15, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Juttner, Elizabeth Mary, '05, U. S. Naval Hospital, Great Lakes, 111.
Keeran, Lida, '07, Ft. Riley, Kan.
Kemper, Kate M., '03, Arsenal, Raritan, N. J.
Krauss, Louise A., '16, Camp Dix, N. J.
Krueger, Mathild H. (Mi-s. Thomas J. Lamping), '97, A. R. C, Serbia,
1914-1915.
Kuehl, Ethel, '14, Base Hospital 7, France.
Kuehl, Margaret A., '09, Unit 13, France.
Larson, Freda, '15, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
LeMasters, Nancy, '14, Camp Grant, Rockford, 111.
Lewis, Lydia, '12, Unit 13, France.
Lollar, Bertha C. (Mrs.), '11, Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass.
Lonergan, Grace May, '16.
Lyon, Ehzabeth, '14, Base Hospital 12, France.
Lyons, Emily R., '12, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Macallum, Jean, '94, with Canadian Forces in France.
Mahoney, Kathryn M., '12, Base Hospital Unit 12, France; A. R. C,
Montenegro, 1919.
Matzen, Emma, '13, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
McCune, Gladys, '08, Isolation Hospital for Meningitis, Alexandria,
La; Camp Pike, Little Rock, Ark.; Base Hospital 29, England; Evac-
uation Hospital 21, France.
McElin, Mary, '94, Camp Pike, Little Rock, Ark.
McKeen, Alma. B., '14, Unit 13, France.
140
Illinois Training School for Nurses
MclVIillan, Ethel, '13, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
McRae, Mary E., '14.
IVIill, Gertrude Elizabeth, '16, A. R. C, Siberia.
^Miller, LenaBronson (Mrs.), '11, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Monteski, Helen, '16, Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass.; U. S. Army General
Hospital 36, Detroit, Mich.
Morris, Nellie R., '11, overseas.
Mm-ray, Edith Maud, '10, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Mustaine, Lulu, '13, Base Hospital, Camp Custer, Battle Creek, Mich.
Nykanen, Wilhelmina, '14, Camp Bowie, Ft. Worth, Tex.
Oberg, Helma M., '16, Ft. Logan, Colo.; Unit 02, France.
Ostlin, Marie, '13, Swedish Red Cross in Russia and Germany.
Panzlau, Martha, '12, overseas.
Paulson, Belletta, '14, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Pawhsh, Ella .\., '13, Base Hospital 12, France.
Penna, Ellen L., '13, Navy Nurse Corps, San Diego, Calif., 1918-1919.
Perrine, Grace, Camp Upton, N. Y.
Pfaff, Anna C, Camp Wheeler, Ga.
Pfaff, Helen J., '13, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Pitt, Clara A., '17, Base Hospital 38; Unit 11, A. E. F., France.
Powers, Margaret, '07, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Purdum, Sarah E., '10, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Quackenbush, Mary Etta, '06, Camp Lewis, Seattle, Wash.
Quammen, Sena, '12, Infant Welfare, France; A. R. C, Serbia, 1919-
1920.
Randall, Grace, '18, Spartanburg, S. C.
Reagles, Vernice, '16, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Regez, Alma, '14, U. S. Naval Hospital, Great Lakes, 111., and Chelsea,
Mass.
Reid, Agnes W. (Mrs. L. A. Duffin), '12, Base Hospitals 36 and 90,
A. E. F., France.
Robinson, Kathryn Irene (Mrs. John B. Matthews), '15, Base Hospitals
13 and 34, A. E. F., France; Red Cross Military Hospital No. 2,
Paris, France.
Robinson, Wilhelmina, '06, B. E. F. and A. E. F., France, 1914-1918.
Ruden, Clara W., '16, Base Hospital 12, France.
Rustad, Glenda, '18, Camp Custer, Battle Creek, Mich.
Schlund, Elsie L., '07, Base Hospital, Camp Sheridan, Ala.; U. S. A.
Base Hospital, France.
Schoonover, Ruth, '12, Base Hospital 90, A. E. F., France.
Schuenke, Clara E., '15, Camp Jackson, S. C.
Shortridge, Annabel, '16, U. S. Base Hospital 13, France.
Silcox, Alice Eva, '12, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Skyrud, Marie, '08, Camp Grant, Rockford, 111; Base Hospital 66, France;
Camp Hospital 52.
Soukup, Eleanor (Mrs. McCHntock), '12, A. R. C, Kief, Russia, 1914-
1915; Tabriz, Persia, 1915-1917.
Illinois Training School in War Work 141
Spencer, Ruth, '11, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Stahl, Nellie M., '14, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Streit matter, Budy M., '12, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Stupka, Caroline, '17, Camp Travis, Tex.
Sullivan, Minnie Grace, '12, France.
Sweet, Olive Blanche, '12, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Thompson, Katherine, '04, Camp Bowie, Ft. Worth, Tex.
Thomsen, Ellen (Mrs. Mark Wanamaker), '13, Base Hospital Unit 12,
France.
Trevillon, Minnie E., '16, Camp Meade, Ala.
Urch, Daisy, '13, 18th General Hospital, B. E. F., France; Base Hospital
Unit 12, France.
Urch, Lillian, '07, Camp Ft. Dodge, Des Moines, la.
Umberger, Grace E., '09, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Van Alstine, A. Harriet, '14, Base Hospital Unit 12, France.
Veitch, Martha B., '06, Emergency Hospital, Rockford, 111.
Waite, May Elizabeth, '08, Camp Lewis, Seattle, Wash.
Walker, Florence E., '04, Camp ^^^leele^, Va.; West Baden Hospital,
West Baden, Ind.
Warner, Hazel June, '16.
Wilkinson, Mabel, '09, B. E. F. Base Hospital 23, 1915-1916.
Williams, Katherine, '16, A. R. C. Military Hospital 5, Serbia 1919-1920.
Williamson, Anne, '01, Camp McHenry, Md.
Williamson, Mildred, '18, Camp Cody, Ft. Bayard, N. M.
Wilson, Bertha G., '08, Camp Lewis, Wash.
Wood, Evelyn, '96, Camp Dix, N. Y.; Base Hospital 50, A. E. F.
Young, Ruth Elizabeth, '14, Base Hospital 27 and Camp Hospital 27,
France; Mobile Hospital 1.
CHAPTER VIII
SOCIAL SERVICE
Social work in the early days — Establishment of the Social
Service Department — Miss Pre?itiss — Character of the
work — Plan for unified service — Co-operation of the Board
of Education — Occupational Therapy: establishment and
work — Social Service in the Psychopathic — Number of
workers — Student training in Social Service.
ALTHOUGH the Social Service Department was not
/_% established till after thirty years of the School's
^ m. existence, the influence of the nurses in the Hospital
beyond their nursing service alone was marked from the
beginning. Says the recording secretary, Mrs. Thomas
Burrows, in the Second Annual Report (1882):
"It is not only the different care that these patients receive, which is
the difference between skilled and unskilled labor, but the moral tone of
the wards, as affected by our nurses, that is very noticeable. Especially
is this so in the obstetrical department. In times past the mother went
out with her child wrapped in a warm sheet, but through the influence
of the Training School material is donated for a suit of clothing, which
the mother makes while in the Hospital. This, with the humanizing
influence she receives at the hands of a refined and gentle woman, makes
her wilHng to go out with her comfortably clad child and work for it
There is a moral atmosphere in the wards of the Training School that
must purify and elevate the inmates, especially the women. "
The records of the School from the first reveal also the
humanitarian interest of the Board, the superintendent,
and the nurses in helping to make the County patients as
happy and hopeful as possible, whether in providing a
Christmas party, or securing clothing for the destitute. Toys
were bought for the children, and by raising subscriptions
among themselves and their friends the women of the Board
furnished the children's ward with chairs, tables, pictures,
and clothing. Not a year and hardly a month passed without
some voluntary service of this kind.
142
Social Service 143
The Social Service Department was established at Cook
County Hospital through the efforts of the Illinois Training
School in 1911. Mrs. Wood (who became president of the
Board in that year) was deeply interested in the project and
worked hard for it.
"The fundamental idea of a municipal hospital is that it is a public
charity; it was founded for the destitute sick, to provide for those who
cannot provide for themselves when overtaken by disease. Sickness is
not alone a medical fact, but a social one of most tremendous significance.
Many people are sick because they are poor and ignorant, and if not
treated socially their sickness may lead to the ruin of entire famihes.
Therefore, in the most progressive hospitals, the social-service worker is
recognized as a necessity,"
wrote Mrs. Wood, in a pamphlet on "The Illinois Training
School for Nurses" (1912).
The County Board asked the Training School to put into
the Hospital a Social Service nurse under the supervision of
the School, as part of their regular work. In July, Miss
Marion Prentiss of the I. T. S. class of 1897, who had also had
special training in social w^ork at the Chicago School of
Civics and Philanthropy, was asked to undertake the new
work, and by December the department was organized and
in working order. Miss Prentiss has continued as head of the
department to the present time. Her progressive spirit and
breadth of understanding have enabled the department to
keep abreast of the constantly growing Hospital and the
ever-increasing demands on Social Service, while her keen
personal interest in her "cases" and her happy gift of arous-
ing a like interest in others has been an occasion of gratifica-
tion to the Board.
During the first year there was just one worker; at the end
of the third year there were seven. It was estimated a little
later that the cost of Social Service was about one dollar per
case, included in the appropriation to the Training School.
"The Social Service Department of Cook County Hospital finds
work for the destitute, friends for the friendless, homes for the nameless
babies, and shelter and work for their pitiful mothers. It co-operates
with every charitable organization in Chicago, and if there is no organiza-
144
Illinois Training School for Nurses
tion to fit the case, the department takes care of it. There is no duplica-
tion of effort — every case is registered daily with the Central Bureau of
the United Charities. This department does the best and most funda-
mental kind of preventive work. "
A paper written by Miss Prentiss tells further about the
beginning:
"The Social Service Department was founded as a direct result of
some work done by the United Charities in the Hospital, and of the
lectures given in Chicago that year by Dr. Richard Cabot of the Massa-
chusetts General Hospital. The work was started with the unmarried
mothers in the maternity ward, on the suggestion of Miss Julia Lathrop,
who said that the 'blackest page in the books of the County Hospital
was the one on which were recorded the names of the mothers who had
left the Hospital with their liabies. penniless, homeless, and friendless.'
Though this hospital was probably no more careless than most in this
respect, it is a satisfaction to know that the reproach can no longer be
made. "
The work with mothers and babies has always been a very
important part of the service. Miss Prentiss says at another
time:
"But the babies from the maternity ward — there was no organized
follow-up in connection with that or any other ward, so the papers were
perfectly right to get hysterical over the abandoning of babies born in the
Count J' Hospital.
"That was in the fall of 1911, and in December the Illinois Training
School started the department with one worker and with only the
instructions to 'stop this baby waste.'
"There was no doubt that the County Hospital had a reputation of
caring nothing about a patient aside from the experience gained by
diagnosing his case, or operating on him, and possibly curing him — at
least starting him on the road to health. And in the maternity ward
there was nothing interesting about a case nine days after the baby
came.
"So I suppose the lies many of the girls told me about their homes
and friends and relatives were in direct proportion to the suspicion I
created by asking personal instead of medical questions. In fact it didn't
take long for most of them to be married to escape questions about
what they were planning to do with their babies — a pretty embarrassing
question in most cases.
"But many were only too glad to have some one take an interest in
their welfare; they would be glad to work and support their babies if
only some one would give them a little lift.
"That ward has continued to be our greatest problem and our greatest
comfort. ^Mien everything else goes wrong some girl will come back and
Social Service 145
tell how she has succeeded, or one will write for advice, or send her baby's
picture — the baby she resolved to abandon when she first found out her
condition— or she will send some other girl to be helped.
"But if we stopped here, that would not be Medical Social Ser\ace.
From the beginning, each mother was urged to take her baby to an Infant
Welfare Station and start right with her baby, and we keep after her
until she does go, even if we have to go out and dress the baby and take
them both there. That does not keep them all well by any means, but it
goes a long way toward it. "
And again, as to other kinds of work:
" But what does it amount to if you spend skill and money and energy in
getting a man over an attack of pneumonia if you send him back to a home
that is destitute of everything necessary to complete his recover^'?
"What is the use of wasting the skill and the time of the best chil-
dren's specialists on a baby who is going back to a mother who doesn't
know how to keep him well ?
" Why buy an expensive brace for a girl with a crooked spine if you are
going to let her wander into just any kind of employment that offers,
and keep no watch over her?
"What is the use of saving a girl who has tried to commit suicide if
we pay no attention to her afterward ?
"The Social Service Department thinks the work is only half done
when the patient leaves the Hospital. "
The routine work includes a call within forty-eight hours
at the home of every child under two years of age admitted
to the Hospital; another call within two or three days after
the child's leaving, with a special effort to get the mother in
touch with an Infant Welfare Station as soon as possible; a
visit to the home of every girl in the Annex (these girls are
all venereal cases) to instruct mothers as to the source of
infection and how to guard against it. No mother with her
baby is allowed to leave unless accompanied by some
member of her family who has been seen and with whom
arrangements have been made, or by a social worker. All
tuberculosis patients are registered with the Municipal
Tuberculosis Hospital, whose social workers make the
necessary calls.
It was especially hard to get the confidence of the patients
in the venereal wards:
146 Illinois Training School for Nurses
"That was the last work we attempted; that is the work we all know
least about. It has taken a year to get any foothold in Ward 11, and not
until the patients had become convinced that we were not religious
workers in disguise and had no desire to reform them morally, but were
vitally interested in them as they were a menace to their friends, their
fellow-workers, and the community at large, did we get any response."
The follow-up of these cases is especially difficult, and to
make the return for treatment as easy as possible, an evening
dispensary was opened at the urgent solicitation of the Social
Service Department.
Since an important object of Social Service in all cases is
the follow-up of the patients to guard against the return of
the condition which brought them to the Hospital in the first
place, Social Service is in fact a method of saving money, in
that it reduces the number of hospital cases.
In 1913, a plan was evolved for a unified Social Service
Department for all Cook County institutions. This plan the
Training School respresentatives warmly endorsed, but,
while entirely willing that the County Hospital Department
should be subject to the head of the County Department,
they urged strongly that the choice of County Hospital
Social Service workers be left to the Training School and not
put under Civil Service. The contention of the Training
School was sustained, and the Social Service of the County
Hospital has remained a part of their work.
At the earnest request of the Social Service Department, and
through the interest of Mrs. John MacMahon, a member of the
Board of Education who later became a member of the Train-
ing School Board, Mrs. Ella Flagg Young recommended to the
Board of Education that they supply a bedside teacher for the
children in the Hospital, one qualified in the public schools
and paid from public school funds. Such a teacher was secured.
Her work was most valuable, as it enabled many of the children
to keep up with their classes in school; on an average as
many as forty remained from three to twelve months, most of
them in the orthopedic ward. Regular study was of course
good also for the discipline and happiness of the youngsters.
Social Service 147
Before the sending of the teacher by the Board of Education,
a number of public-school teachers had volunteered their
services after school hours.
The Department of Occupational Therapy is one of the
most interesting in the Hospital. The work was begun in
1916, financed by individuals and clubs. Interest was es-
pecially aroused because of the need of re-educating maimed
or otherwise incapacitated soldiers. Such training had been
highly developed in France and England, and in Canada. In
several hospitals in the East, notably in the Massachusetts
General Hospital in Boston, excellent work was being done
among convalescents. The limited work done in the County
Hospital during the experimental months justified itself
wholly in the eyes of those watching it, and the social workers
and others interested worked hard for its continuance. In
the fall of 1917, just when it seemed that the work might
lapse for want of official support, the County Board was
persuaded to give occupational therapy a recognized status
as part of the Social Service Department and provide for a
regular occupational teacher. The greatest need for such
work was in the orthopedic ward, where patients often re-
mained for months, and Dr. H. B. Thomas, chief of the
Orthopedic Staff, gave his helpful co-operation in securing
the official establishment of the new service. Miss Millie
Stoesser was the first instructor; there are now regular
instructors, and part-time aids.
Though relief from the tedium of idle hours is an im-
mediate object of occupational work, the mental stimulus of
a new interest and the happiness that comes from work and
achievement are recognized curative measures. Specifically,
the exercise and re-education of unused muscles is a very
important therapeutic measure in many cases. Frequently,
too, a handicapped man or woman finds an avenue of self-
support opened up.
The "Cheer Shop" offers weaving, basketry, knitting,
pottery, cabinet work, bead work, even jewelry, book-bind-
148 Illinois Training School for Nurses
ing, and leather work; in fact, every sort of handicraft in
which there is an interest. Braille and telegraphy have also
been taught.
Patients who are able work in the light and airy room on
the top floor given over to that purpose; others work in
their beds ; some work only a few minutes a day, some a few
hours. The products are always for sale in the Shop, and
frequently "sales" are held in club rooms and other places;
a market for doll furniture was found in one of the depart-
ment stores, and a furniture house gladly placed orders for
the caning of chairs. In this way many leave the Hospital
with a nest egg, and some have started bank accounts. The
fine help given by volunteer workers has been a special means
of broadening the work. Students from the Kindergarten
Colleges, Academy of Fine Arts, the Henry Favill School, and
other schools, have given their services, themselves profiting
by the practical experience gained. Many volunteer workers
have come from clubs, or are attracted only by the human
interest and love of the work. In 1918, occupational work was
started with the tuberculosis patients.
In October, 1919, the Occupational Therapy had increased
to such proportions that it was separated from Social Service
and established as a separate department. In September of
that year, the total monthly attendance in the Cheer Shop was
six hundred and seventy-five, while eight hundred and
ninety-four patients were helped in the wards. One hundred
and eighty-eight articles were sold.
During the last years of the School, Mrs. Stephen H.
Foster was chairman of the Occupational Therapy Com-
mittee, a sub-committee of the Hospital Committee. Miss
Jennie K. Allen became director of the Occupational
Therapy, which included supervision of the work in the
Psychopathic and Tuberculosis as well as in the General
Hospital. Through Mrs. Foster's interest in the department,
many gifts — a piano, a victrola, machines, tubs of candy,
cigarettes — were obtained. Sales were held among friends of
Social Service 149
the School and in clubs, and parties were given at various
times, either in the "shops" or in the wards — for the de-
partment proved to be a Cheer Shop in spirit as well as in
name.
In 1929, the Occupational Therapy Department main-
tained in addition to the director, four to five workers, and
one attendant and one orderly. Four thousand six hundred
and twenty-four patients were given work during the year,
and a total of two thousand five hundred and fifty-seven
articles made.
The Social Service Department was growing yearly with
the increasing numbers in the Hospital and the expansion of
the field of work. In 1917, through the efforts of the Chicago
League on Urban Conditions among Negroes, a colored
volunteer worker was secured three days a week, who was
able to do a great deal of good among the colored patients,
whose confidence was often difficult to secure. Cardiac
cases, a group in special need of social service follow-up,
constantly increased.
The assuming of the nursing in the Psychopathic Hospital
by the Training School in 1923 added a great responsibility
to the Social Service Department, so much so that in March
of 1924, the Psychopathic Social Service was organized as a
separate department. Miss Jane Estabrooks was put in
charge; work began with a staff of five social workers and
three stenographers. The average number of patients
entered daily was one hundred one and one-half, and as the
usual stay is short, the total number of cases bears an unduly
large proportion to the average number in the Hospital. Se-
curing a social history of each case, often one hundred to one
hundred and twenty-five a week, required prompt and effi-
cient work. A double purpose is to assist the patient and at
the same time bring about a better understanding of the
Psychopathic Hospital on the part of the public. Sixteen
hundred names were registered with the Chicago Social
Service Exchange in 1924, at a per capita cost of seventeen
150
Illinois Training School for Nurses
cents — an expensive procedure, but one that in the end is an
economy of time and money, besides greatly helping the whole
social service of the city.
In 1929, the Social Service Department of the Psycho-
pathic Hospital had a staff of six workers and three clerks,
besides the director. The service was extended to 4808
patients out of the total of 5360 admitted to the Hospital
during the year,
"Within the last five years the Hospital has broadened its outlook.
Now the physicians feel that their work is not complete unless they know
what the condition of their patients is a few weeks or months after their
discharge from the Hospital. So we are asked to follow up and bring
back patients to the following clinics: Cardiac, Gastro-intestinal, Post-
operative, Fracture — both adult and children — and four Orthopedic
clinics. A couple of weeks ago we were asked to help out in the Skin
clinic.
"In connection with the Pre-natal clinic we are helping in a study of
babies of luetic mothers. These babies are carefully watched over a
period of six months or more, treated when needed, and then started on
the road to health in spite of their history and possible handicap. " (Miss
Prentiss)
Besides the regular members of the Social Service Depart-
ment there have always been volunteer aids from the
School of Civics and Philanthropy, now a part of the Univer-
sity of Chicago, and various social agencies; these are mainly
students seeking practical experience.
At the close of 1929, the Social Service Department
(exclusive of the Psychopathic) consisted of a director, an
assistant director, fifteen to seventeen regular workers, and
four clerks.
Both theoretical and practical work in Social Service is
offered to the student nurses. An early announcement
stated that the aim of the course was "to prepare students to
nurse the patient with a more sympathetic attitude; to think
of him as an individual and as a member of a household and
society; to appreciate the causes underlying disease." Three
hours a week for six weeks of the preliminary period were
devoted to lectures and visits to homes and institutions;
M
Social Service 151
six weeks' practical work in the Social Service Department
was given in the third year.
A Senior wrote of her Social Service experience (1915):
"I believe that the pupil nurse who has had the Social Service duty
feels that no part of her entire training changes her quite so much as
this does. When she has completed her time in the Social Service Depart-
ment, she goes to the regular hospital training with added respect for the
hospital management, its officials, and its records. Her visits to other
organizations have given her a clearer point of view; she knows what
others are doing in many cases for the same persons with whom she is
dealing. She sees her own institution from another view point. She
realizes the necessity of charity with investigation, and the danger of
misplaced charity.
"Viewing these patients as individuals, sympathizing with their
struggles, realizing why sometimes the struggle becomes too great and
they weaken and give up, she sees not only her duty as a nurse to do all in
her power to get them out of the Hospital as soon as possible, but also,
after they are out, the necessity of something being done to keep them
out and help them to become self-supporting citizens rather than charges
upon society at large.
"I am afraid that in only six weeks the nurse doesn't give the Social
Service Department any very intensive service, but she goes back to the
Hospital routine a broader-minded and a more valuable nurse. "
In later years the Social Service study has been associated
with Public Health Nursing in one department. These
courses of instruction not only give to the student nurse
some insight into the basic social problems of disease, but
offer her a preview of various fields open to her after
graduation.
CHAPTER IX
FINAL YEARS OF THE SCHOOL
1924-1929
Miss Logan — Changes in the Home — The curriculum — In-
creasing demands in the Hospital — Further development of
the curriculum — The Psychopathic Hospital — The Pediatric
Department — The faculty — Merger with the University of
Chicago — Student life — New school established by the
County — Conclusion .
THE Board of Directors had from time to time con-
sidered the possibilities of improving the School
through university connection or affiliation. Upon
Miss Wheeler's resignation the Board, knowing of Miss
Laura R. Logan's achievement in establishing the City Hos-
pital School of Nursing and Health of the University of
Cincinnati — also a tax-supported institution — as a School of
Nursing in the University of Cincinnati, called Miss Logan
to the position of superintendent of the School.
Miss Logan was born in Amherst, Nova Scotia. She re-
ceived her Bachelor of Arts degree from Acadia University,
Wolfville, Nova Scotia, in 1901. She received her diploma in
nursing from Mt. Sinai Hospital School of Nursing, New
York City. In 1908 she was granted the degree of Bachelor of
Science and diploma in Education and Hospital Economics
from Columbia University. She held successively the follow-
ing positions — instructor and supervisor in Mt. Sinai Hos-
pital School of Nursing for two years; superintendent of
Hope Hospital and principal of the School of Nursing, Fort
Wayne, Indiana, for three and one-half years; director of the
School of Nursing and Health and professor of nursing at
the University of Cincinnati for ten years.
Although Miss Logan accepted the position of superintend-
ent of the Illinois Training School for Nurses in May, 1924,
152
MRS. IRA COUCH WOOD
(ALICE HOLABIKDJ
MRS. HARRY F. WILLIAMS
(emma macjnls)
LALRA R. LOGAN
Final, Years of the School 153
she had contracted to teach a summer course at Stanford
University and was unable to assume her duties until No-
vember of that year. Miss Wheeler remained as superintend-
ent till November, 1924, except for a two months' summer
vacation when Miss Cassie Kost, a valued assistant, carried
the work as head of the School. In August, 1924, Mrs.
Trainor, who had held the position of home director for four
years, resigned. Miss Logan recommended the appointment of
Mrs. Virginia C. Gano, a graduate of the Cincinnati Hospital
School of Nursing and Health. This appointment was made.
Miss Logan, with the co-operation of Mrs. Gano, brought
about certain changes in the living conditions in the Home.
Maid service was given to supervisors in their rooms for the
making of beds, and individual table service instead of cafe-
teria service. A little later individual service was extended to
the entire dining room, except for the breakfast of the stu-
dent nurses, at a comparatively small increase of cost.
At the December, 1924, meeting, the title of the head of
the School was changed by the Board to "Dean of the Illinois
Training School for Nurses and Superintendent of the Nurs-
ing Service."
The constant efforts of the Board and dean to improve
the nursing service and to strengthen the curriculum are
evident in the monthly and annual reports. The secretary's
report of the annual meeting for 1925 sums up the work of
that year as follows:
"The building of the library in the Nurses' Home, now called the
Henriette G. Frank Memorial Library, in memory of Mrs. Frank, who
gave so many years of service to the School as a member of the Board,
was an important event of the year. It provided a much needed place
for quiet study, and already results are observable in the work of the
students and in the School atmosphere.
"The most important change in the curriculum which has been ef-
fected during the year has been the extension of time provided first-year
students for study from four to six months, or to two quarters, which has
made possible the addition of:
36 hours to the course in Anatomy and Physiology, making a total of
126 hours.
154 Illinois Training School for Nurses
54 hours to the course in Chemistry, making a total of 84 hours.
30 hours to the course in Bacteriology, making a total of 60 hours.
20 hours to the course in Hygiene, making a total of 30 hours.
30 hours to the course in Medical Nursing, making a total of 45 hours.
30 hours to the course in Surgical Nursing, making a total of 45 hours.
Courses in Psychology and Sociology have been approved and will be
added to the curriculum in the Spring Quarter.
"A number of changes in the manner of keeping records of students
have been instituted during the year. New forms have been printed and
the manner of registration has been rearranged on an academic basis,
students registering regularly at the beginning of each quarter."
The course was lengthened from thirty to thirty-six months
for all regular students. Those with advanced standing were
allowed credit in time and subject matter.
Mental tests of regular and affiliating students were made
a part of the admission routine in 1928.
In the Summer Quarter of 1925 Dean Logan was loaned to
the University of Chicago to direct a course in Nursing Edu-
cation, Administration, and Supervision, which was spon-
sored by the Illinois League of Nursing Education. This was
the first time in its history that the University of Chicago
had given recognition to nursing education.
Nineteen twenty-five was a difficult year from the stand-
point of the patient-load. There was an increase in the daily
average from 1624 patients in 1924 to 1953 in 1925, an in-
crease of three hundred and twenty-nine. The total personnel
in 1924 was five hundred and twenty-six; in 1925 it was five
hundred and seventy -five. The increase in ratio was found to
be necessary to meet the increasing demands of medical care.
Mrs. Harry F. Williams (Emma Magnus) was elected
president of the Board of Directors in December, 1925, to
succeed Mrs. Carl M. Gottfried. By unanimous vote the
Board extended to Mrs. Gottfried an expression of sincere
appreciation and gratitude for her faithful, energetic, and
effective service as president during the last four years. Mrs.
Williams had been elected to the Board in 1912; she had
given active service as treasurer, as second, and as first
vice-president before her election as president.
Final Years of the School 155
The year nineteen twenty-five marked also the closing
of Dr. Joseph L. Miller's service as Chief of the Medical Staff
of Cook County Hospital. His twenty and more years of close
association with the School in its service to patients and in
the teaching of students were greatly appreciated by the
Board of Directors and by the Faculty, Staff, and students
of the School. Dr. Frederick Tice was elected to succeed Dr.
Miller as Chief of Staff.
Beginning with 1926, yearly detailed budgets were pre-
pared by the dean and on approval of the Board submitted
to the County Commissioners, together with the letter of
contract.
A quotation from a letter of the president of the School,
Mrs. Harry F. Williams, to the County Commissioners un-
der date of January 12, 1926, gives a clear picture of the
increasing demands of the Hospital and the efforts of the
Board and Nursing Staff to give an efficient and economical
service :
"The operating expenses of the Illinois Training School for Nurses
during the year 1925 for our total service to the Cook County Hospital
approximated $60,000 per month. During the months of January,
February, March, and April, when the daily average number of patients
cared for increased from three hundred to four hundred over the pre-
vious year, the operating expense rose to $61,000 per month and over,
in order to cover the additional bedside nursing care needed. Moreover,
the increase in the number of deaths indicates that more acute types of
illness were admitted.
"As you have been informed, the strictest economy was observed, and
during the months of July, August, September, October, and November
every department was cut in an attempt to live within the $700,000
appropriated by you for our use.
"During this period of cutting, the strain on the nursing service was
such that the daily average of illness among our graduate and student
nurses rose to an alarming percentage.
"The entrance of student nurses is on the increase, there being on
November 30, 1925, one hundred and eighty-nine against one hundred
and sixty-two in November of last year. But because of our increased
burden of nursing care and the necessary long hours, there has been a
heavy sustained demand upon the strength of our young student nurses,
which we fear is detrimental to their health and to the reputation and
morale of the School.
156 Illinois Training School for Nurses
"By a most thorough survey of the services rendered by every indi-
vidual in the employ of the Illinois Training School for Nurses, we find
that the nursing service of Cook County Hospital can not be effectively
rendered for less than the total sum of $815,000 for the fiscal year
ending November 30, 1926. This estimate makes but a small allowance
for growth.
"The additional needs in the various departments are explained in
detail as follows: In order to provide for the care of the sick adequately
in Cook County Hospital, an increase in amount is needed over that of
last year for personnel engaged in bedside nursing care and supervision,
of approximately $57,000. This will make possible a more reasonable
assignment of nurses to patients. At present during the night four to six
persons care for one hundred and fifty to two hundred patients, and
during the day one person cares for fifteen to twenty patients." •
Steps were taken to improve and stabilize the nursing
service and lessen the turnover through an increase of salaries
paid to graduate jBoor-duty nurses, from $80 and mainte-
nance to $90 and maintenance. The minutes of the Board
meeting of January 11, 1926, show that the reduction of the
working week from fifty-six to fifty-one hours was the next
step to improve conditions for all workers.
The president, the treasurer, and Dean Logan attended a
meeting of the Finance Committee of the Cook County
Board of Commissioners on December 22, 1926, at which
Mrs. Williams, the president, informed the Committee of the
proposed change from the fifty-six to the fifty-one hour week,
which was approved by the Board of the Illinois Training
School. The program for a fifty-one hour week is shown in the
following schedule:
Present Schedule Proposed Schedule
From a 56-hour week to a 51-hour week
From a 9-hour day (for persons on day duty) to an 8-hour day
From a 10-hour night (for persons on night duty) . .to an 8J^-hour night
Note: This 51 -hour week for nurses, orderlies, and attendants is to
be arranged as follows:
1. For persons on day duty: 5 days per week on 8 hours, which may
be straight time, but in a few instances must be broken time in
order to carry the load of ward nursing service. Example of broken
time: 7:30 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. and from 1:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.
Example of straight time: 7:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Two half-days
per week of 5 3^ hours each.
Final Years of the School 157
2. For persons on afternoon duty: 2 p.m. toll p.m., with one after-
noon per week oflF duty.
3. For persons on night duty: 11 p.m. to 7:30 a.m., with one night
per week off duty.
Additional Number of Workers and Cost of Save for the 51-Houb
Weekly Service During 1927
Per
No. Classification Compensation Person Total
^ , ^^ /Salary and Room... $115.00 $23,460.00
17 Graduate Nurses iBoard and Laundry. . 30.90 6,391.00
/Allowance 12.00 3,168.00
22 Students iBoard and Laundry. . 30.90 8,270.00
6 Orderlies (including 10 part time
equal to 5 full time) Salary 85.00 6,120.00
14 Attendants (including G part time
equal to 3 full time) Salary 80.00 13,440.00
Allowance for turnover, illness,
increase in salary, etc 7,151.00
$68,000.00
In 1928 the new buildings which had been added to the
Hospital by a bond issue of some two and one-half millions
were opened, four wards of the three-hundred-bed capacity
medical building in February and March, and two more
wards later in the year. Four floors of the children's building
that would eventually house five hundred were opened in
April, 1928. The new admitting pavilion was also occupied
at this time. This expansion necessitated additional over-
head in cost to the School, and, added to the institution of
the fifty-one hour week, swelled the School costs.
Efi"orts to improve the teaching of students and the care
of patients were never relaxed. A rearrangement of the se-
quence of medical nursing courses was made in order to
bring about a closer correlation of teaching and practice, and
a consequent improvement of the nursing care given by stu-
dents on wards. The following changes were made : the nurs-
ing practice of the young student during her first and second
quarters on the wards was carefully checked and correlated
with her class-room work of the previous quarter. In the
third quarter the more advanced medical procedures, to-
gether with a course in Diet in Disease and classes in Medical
158 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Disease, formed a complete unit. The student was assigned
the care of various types of the most acutely ill patients
during this quarter and consequently put into direct practice
the class teaching and knowledge gained during this period.
In conjunction with their ward practice the students were
thereafter required to write one bedside study of a typical
medical patient for each service to which they were assigned.
Miss Gladys McCune, B.S,, of the class of 1908 of the Illinois
Training School for Nurses, was in charge of the teaching of
all beginning students for the last seven years in the history
of the School. She with her assistants also supervised the
practice of these students on the wards.
The preparation and serving of special diets, of such great
importance in medical therapy, was greatly improved under
the management of Miss Millie E. Kalsem, B.S. graduate of
Ames College, who in 1927 came to take charge of the diet
therapy department of the School. The number of special
diets increased from 126,435 in 1925 to 204,700 in 1929. Miss
Kalsem reorganized the post-graduate course for hospital
dietitians, making possible an eight months' course affording
special preparation in children's diets. Courses in this depart-
ment were approved by the American Dietetics Association.
The course for affiliating students was strengthened by
encouraging a three months' service which included one
month's service in the diet laboratory and ward diet kitchen,
one month in the women's medical ward, and one month in a
men's medical ward.
Post-graduate work was also reorganized in medical wards
so that supervised practice was given to qualified graduate
nurse students in ward administration.
Miss Anna Marie Nielsen and Miss Alma Dieson, B.S.,
assistants to the dean, had the general supervision of the
entire medical department during the last four years of the
School's existence. They contributed much to a change of
atmosphere in the wards and to the general improvement of
the service.
Final Years of the School 159
Miss Logan believed that every nurse should be a public
health nurse, and was responsible for the introduction into
the curriculum in 1926 of several courses in public health
nursing. Miss Alma E. Gault, Ph.B., a graduate of Wooster
College and of the Philadelphia General Hospital School of
Nursing, was made assistant to the dean and instructor in
Public Health Nursing in the fall of 1927. The aim was to in-
clude in every course taught, whether class or ward practice,
much of public health measures, of maintenance of health, of
prevention of disease, and of health education. Particularly
was this true in service connected with such clinics as the
prenatal, postnatal, venereal, the cardiac, the eye, ear, nose,
and throat, and the orthopedic, in all of which each student
nurse received instruction and practice. In addition several
courses both in theory and practice were introduced which
had to do definitely and primarily with public health.
The class of twenty-four hours in tuberculosis nursing was
introduced in the spring quarter of 1927. Beginning with 1928
all students received one month of practice in the care of
tuberculosis patients in the hospital, during which time they
were assigned for a few days to field visiting with the Chicago
Tuberculosis Institute.
Beginning in 1927, each student had during her senior year
the privilege of choosing a two months' elective for specializa-
tion. Theoretically such an elective might be in any service;
in actual practice it worked out that a few chose social serv-
ice, while the majority of all students chose practice with one
of the affiliating public health nursing organizations — the
Visiting Nurse Association, the Chicago Tuberculosis Insti-
tute, or the Infant Welfare Society.
The introduction into the curriculum of major courses in
psychology, sociology, nutrition and public hygiene greatly
strengthened the preparation of students for their work in all
phases of nursing. Department heads at the University of
Chicago were consulted in the planning and teaching of these
courses and gave full credit to them. The University of
160 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Chicago rated the professional courses in theory and practice
and the scientific courses in the School as totaling thirteen
majors of credit.
As the Detention and Psychopathic Hospitals have been
mentioned in previous chapters, and radical changes have
taken place of late years in the care of mental patients, a
brief account of early days may be interesting. Before the
Detention Hospital was built, insane patients were sent to
the County Jail. The Hospital was erected during the early
nineties, its capacity being approximately forty beds. It was
not till 1908, however, that the Illinois Training School took
over the nursing, and it was then chiefly a matter of super-
vision; three graduate nurses were put in charge, while the
actual caretakers were attendants chosen by the Cook Coun-
ty Civil Service Commission. In 1913, by which time the old
building was hopelessly outgrown, the patients were tempo-
rarily transferred to the former Homeopathic Medical Col-
lege building across the street while a new building of two
hundred beds was being erected on the site of the old. This
was the present Psychopathic Hospital.
In 1915 the School severed its connection with the Psycho-
pathic. The service had been a difficult and unsatisfactory
one, many annoyances growing out of the combination of
Civil Service and Training School employees; supervision
was diflScult when the attendants owed their positions to
another authority. The warden, Mr. Clayton F. Smith, fa-
vored giving the Psychopathic entirely over to Civil Service.
The Training School Board and Miss Wheeler concurred, as
the care given was chiefly custodial aind offered little of edu-
cational value to the nurses in training. A report made by
Mrs. Wood in June, 1916, however, throws an interesting
light on the situation: If the Training School were paid
for its nursing in Cook County Hospital in proportion to
the amount paid for the nursing in the Psychopathic under
Civil Service, the cost to the County would be $1,250,000
more.
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Final Years of the School 161
In 1923, at the urgent request of the County Commission-
ers, the Training School agreed to assume the nursing in the
Psychopathic Hospital on the same basis as that in the Gen-
eral Hospital. The plan was to take over one floor at a time —
the third in April, the second in May, the receiving ward
late in May or in June, complete adjustment to be made by
July 1. A staff of between fifty and sixty persons was required
for the service. Mrs. Anna L. Owens, of the Illinois Training
School class of 1912, who had been in charge of the nursing
during the period of Civil Service control, remained as super-
visor of Psychiatric Nursing. The work of organization and
adjustment was diflScult, but with the advance in ideals and
methods of care for mental patients, the Psychopathic Hos-
pital offered a fine field for service and student training.
With the appointment of Miss Marion Faber, a graduate
of the School of Nursing and Health of the University of
Cincinnati (Miss Faber received her A.B. degree from Stan-
ford and her M.A. from the University of Chicago), as as-
sistant to the dean in charge of Psychiatric and Neurological
Nursing, there were brought about certain noteworthy
changes in the policy and personnel of the psychiatric nursing
service. They were in part as follows (quoted from the annual
report of 1928) :
"To give the type of nursing care to sick patients which would con-
form to that given the same type of sick patients in the medical wards
with the modifications necessary in the case of mental patients. . . .
"To systematize the work of the student nurses so that the sickest
patients have the benefit of the best nursing care.
"The use of the same thermometer technique as that used in other
parts of the Hospital.
"The discontinuance of fumigation, and the use of communicable dis-
ease technique modified to meet the needs of mental patients, but ade-
quate to protect student nurses, attendants, and other patients.
"The systematic administration of fluids, special and general diets to
all patients by student nurses, especially checking on patients refusing
diets and fluids so that such patients will come to the attention of the
medical staff.
"The stricter supervision and limitation in the application of mechani-
cal restraint.
16^2 Illinois Tr.\inixg School for Xltises
"Introduction of case-study (two for each student); weekly clinics by
the resident physician for student nurses, held outside of regular class
hours and time on duty.
"Organization of a post-graduate course for nurses."
The appreciation of the psychiatric staff is expressed in the
following letter dated July 3, IQ'id, WTitten by Dr. Sidney
Kuh, Chief of the Psychiatric Staff, and addressed to Mr.
Cermak, president of the County Board:
"We wish to ad\-ise you of our satisfaction with the serA-ice which the
present personnel of the Illinois Training School has rendered, particu-
larly in the last two years,
(1) In the Nursing Serxice.
(i) In the Social Ser\-ice.
This is due, we believe, to the following:
(1) The eflSciency of the nursing school in selecting personnel.
(i) The introduction of student nurses both from the Illinois Training
School and from affiliating schools, made possible by the methods of
instruction initiated.
(3) The change in attitude which the School has brought about toward
the patients and their care.
(4) The increase in the amount of hydrotherapy treatment.
(5) The efficiency of Miss Faber in teaching graduates, students, and
attendants."
There were found to be fewer changes necessary in the care
of neurological patients, since such patients have always been
given the same care that medical cases have been given in the
main Hospital. The most important change was in the method
of teaching neurological nursing. All classes were given on the
ward and at the bedside of the patient. Correlation sheets
were worked out and one case-study was required of each
student on the service.
In February, 19''28, Miss Gladys Sellew was made assistant
to the dean in charge of the Pediatric Nursing Service; Miss
Sellew had been professor of nursing at Western Reserve
University and superintendent of the Babies' and Children's
Hospital, Cleveland. The problem confronting the service
was this : the existing personnel was not sufficient to give ade-
quate nursing care to the children, and with the opening of
the new children's building a much larger faculty personnel
Final Years of the School 163
was imperative, and a more advanced type of nursing was
desired by the dean of the School and by the Pediatric Staff.
The School, depending for support on the County, was unable
to increase the expense of caring for the children beyond what
was absolutely necessary. The following plan was adopted:
First, to increase the student body through affiliation. This
required not only a good teaching program but necessitated
placing of the work done before the nursing groups of the
neighboring states. A definite unit of instruction was planned,
based on the wealth of clinical material on the wards; prac-
tice of nursing was emphasized, and theory given to supple-
ment practice. This unit correlated with Miss Sellew's text-
book on Pediatric Nursing. Second, additional supervision
was to be provided by a post-graduate nurse body. This body
was to be trained in bedside care for three months and in
supervision for three months. About twenty nurses were so
trained and were at the time of this publication holding posi-
tions in pediatric nursing. A course in Administration was
worked out and published by Miss Sellew in 1929. Every
effort was made to follow the teaching of the splendid staff
of pediatricians under whom the work was carried out.
In her five years as dean of the School Miss Logan
gathered about her a faculty of strength and prominence.
Miss Katharine J. Densford, her first assistant, was an un-
usually able person. Following her academic work (A.B.,
Miami University; A.M., University of Chicago), she had
received her professional training at the School of Nursing
and Health of the University of Cincinnati, and had had
valuable experience in both education and administration.
Her teaching of public health and tuberculosis nursing in
the School and her contributions to nursing education in
state and national organizations were a source of pride to
the Board, Faculty and School. For two summers she con-
ducted courses for nurses at the University of Florida. The
summer work at Florida was carried also by Miss Gault for
two summers.
164 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Miss Ella Best and Miss Edna S. Newman, A.M., were
outstanding members of the Faculty, and because of their
thorough scientific preparation they made a valuable con-
tribution in the teaching of the sciences fundamental to
nursing.
Miss Bertha Wilson, B.S., a graduate of the School, class
of 1908, joined the Faculty in 1923. Her background of
public health experience made her a distinct addition to the
Faculty. She was assistant to the dean in charge of the
surgical services.
Miss Augusta Hinze of the class of 1910 continued as
night assistant during the last five years of the School. Her
service to the School and Nursing Department was con-
sidered invaluable.
Miss Cassie Kost, class of 1910, remained with the School
until its close as assistant to the dean in charge of assign-
ments of student nurses. Upon recommendation of the dean
the Board of Directors conferred upon her at the 1929
graduation a scholarship of $500 as a special mark of ap-
preciation.
To appraise adequately the splendid work of Mrs. Vir-
ginia Gano, R.N., home director during these years, is
diflScult. Mrs. John MacMahon, chairman of the Household
Committee, states in her annual report for the year ending
November 30, 1925:
"The chairman feels that this annual report would fail in its com-
pleteness were the spirit of the Home not to receive comment. From
every angle, from every point of contact between Board members and
those li\-ing in the Home — faculty, administrators, students, graduate
nurses, and those administering to the wants of all — come words of satis-
faction, satisfaction with the food, its service, the care of the rooms, and
such creature comforts all procurable, probablj', without great effort,
after fairly intensive thought and deliberative selection. To have com-
bined with these much desired comforts, the atmosphere of a genuine
home with an unobtrusive but welcoming and wise ad\4ser in the person
of the director is indeed a blessing wliich the young people in our charge
will appreciate more and more as time goes on, and for which the House-
hold Committee is very grateful."
Final Years of the School 165
Such an atmosphere Mrs. Gano maintained in the Home
throughout her years there. Her sudden death in the summer
of 1929 brought a keen sense of personal loss.
Miss Bertha Harding, class of 1924, was made instructor
and supervisor of Surgical Nursing in 1926, which position
she held with distinction during the final years of the School.
Space forbids mention of all members of the Faculty,
many of whom made most valuable contributions. The high
ideals for nursing which they cherished and taught have left
their impression on their students. The Board of Directors
annually sent letters of thanks to members of the Hospital
Staff who so freely gave of their service in lecturing to the
students of the School, though they felt that this in no way
compensated for the interest and fine co-operation they had
received from the physicians both in wards and class rooms
all through the years of the School.
In the spring of 1926 came the momentous decision of the
Board whereby the School was merged with the University
of Chicago. It had been the wish of the Board for a number
of years to bring about some university connection. Study
of conditions showed that because of the increased academic
as well as technical requirements in the professional training
of the nurse, and the growing insistence of training schools
that members of their faculties hold academic degrees, mod-
ern nursing education of the highest type seemed to be best
developed under university auspices. Independent schools
were finding it increasingly difficult adequately to meet ad-
vanced requirements. It seemed to the Board that the Illi-
nois Training School could best fulfill its ideals and aspira-
tions by close association with a university of first rank.
Too, the entire dependence of the School on an annual con-
tract with the Commissioners of Cook County — a wholly
political body — was an unsurmountable obstacle in securing
large gifts or an endowment.
Special consideration of plans goes back definitely as far
as 1916, when the idea of a central school of nursing was
166 Illinois Training School fob Nurses
before the Board. Representatives of universities other than
the University of Chicago were interviewed from time to
time in the course of the efforts of the Board to establish
the connection for the School that would be of the greatest
ultimate value.
The University of Chicago had been for a number of years
interested in the eventual development of a school of nurs-
ing as a department of the University equal in rank to the
medical and other professional schools. Early tentative plans
for affiliation had been drawTi up in 1923 by a committee of
the University of which Dr. Stieglitz was chairman. A letter
from President Burton indicated the University's interest in
nursing education, but postponed decisions until the new
University Hospital buildings and clinics should be com-
pleted.
A motion for the appointment of a committee to formu-
late plans for a merger was carried on April 30, 1926, On
June 8, 1926, at the regular meeting of the Board, the motion
was made by Mrs. Magnus and unanimously carried that
"the agreement drafted by Messrs. Tolman, Sexton, and Chandler be-
tween the Illinois Training School for Nurses and the University of
Chicago ... be accepted, and that the president call the roll."
The main points in the agreement with the University
were as follows:
"The Illinois Training School agrees to convey, trans-
fer, set over and assign to the University by proper bill of
sale and deed or deeds of convevance on or before Decem-
ber 1, 1929, all its properties, real and personal, substan-
tially as hereinafter listed together with such other properties
and records as it may acquire prior to the date of such
transfer; the Illinois Training School further agrees that prior
to the date of such transfer, it will cause to be terminated
any contract or contracts that it may have and all relations
with the Board of Commissioners of Cook County and with
any other corporation, institution or person for furnishing
Final Years of the School 167
nursing services in the Cook County Hospital or any other
institution. The University will assist the Illinois Train-
ing School and will co-operate with it in every way that
it consistently can in making provision for the completion
of the training of the students who may be in the Illinois
Training School at the time of such transfer in such a
manner that they may be entitled to receive the diploma of
graduate nurse from one or the other of the parties hereto, as
may be hereafter agreed upon.
"The University agrees to establish a School of Nurs-
ing as a part of its plan for medical education and the
hospital establishment and services related thereto, and to
develop its course of study for nurses with such prerequisite
requirements for admission and with such character and ex-
tent of training as will develop a superior type of graduate
and as will tend to raise the standard of nursing education,
it being understood that one of the purposes of the
University in the organization and development of the
courses of study for nurses is to offer a grouping and se-
quence of such courses as will establish the graduates
therefrom on the same basis as graduates of other depart-
ments of the University, who on such graduation may be-
come entitled to the Bachelor's Degree of the University;
and the University agrees to confer upon the graduates
of the said School of Nursing the Degree of Bachelor of Sci-
ence. The University further represents that it is its inten-
tion and policy to establish and maintain the said School
of Nursing as one of the permanent schools of the University,
and of the same rank and standing as the other Schools of
the University, It is further understood, however, that the
University shall be free at all times to use the funds and
properties herein contracted to be conveyed (except the
Scholarship Fund for which a special use is hereinafter
designated) in connection with and for the purpose of giving
other or different courses of training for nurses than those
herein described and to reorganize its School of Nursing
168 Illinois Training School for Nurses
and the courses of study to be given therein from time to
time as in its discretion may be deemed wise and best in the
furtherance of its educational work.
"The University will hold as a separate fund to be known
as the 'Scholarship Fund of the Illinois Training School for
Nurses,' the proceeds of a bequest of twenty thousand
dollars ($20,000) left to the Illinois Training School under
the will of the late Henry L. Frank, and such other sums
as may be added by the Illinois Training School to bring
the total Scholarship Fund, including said bequest to be
transferred to the University, up to twenty-five thousand
dollars ($25,000). The principal of said Scholarship Fund
shall be invested and kept unimpaired by the University and
the income therefrom used to provide scholarships or fellow-
ships for deserving students in the School of Nursing to be
established by the University. Provided, however, that
if at any time in the future it shall seem to the Board of
Trustees of the University that it is no longer practical
or desirable to continue said fund as a Scholarship Fund
or if the income therefrom shall not be needed for the pur-
poses aforesaid, then and in that event said University
may use such fund or such part thereof, as, in its judgment,
shall not be needed for scholarship purposes as aforesaid,
for such purposes in the education and training of nurses as
it shall seem best and proper."
Though the agreement for the transfer of the School
properties to the University was the most important fact of
these years, the School life continued to develop.
The growing student body made additional living quarters
necessary. In October, 1928, supervisors, graduate students,
and affiliates were housed in a nearby hotel, though they
continued to have their meals at the Home. Operating
expenses were increased, but unavoidably so.
An annual Home- Coming day for the graduates of the
School was instituted in 1926 and continued each year there-
after. During Commencement week, exhibits and demonstra-
O
Si
«
O
O
«
Final Years of the School 169
tions were given in the morning. A luncheon was served and
a program given by the School in the afternoon. The gradu-
ates of the School attended in large numbers each year and
greatly enjoyed the reunion.
The annual commencements held during the last three
years at the beautiful Murphy Memorial Hall of the College
of Surgeons were occasions of beauty, dignity, and inspira-
tion. At each of the last four commencements the Board of
Directors granted a scholarship of $750 to an outstanding
member of the graduating class.
The president of the Board called attention to a sig-
nificant fact in her Annual Report for 1928:
"During the period allowed the Board of Cook County Commissioners
to establish the new nursing service at Cook County Hospital, we have
not relaxed our efforts to improve the organization of our School and the
administration of the nursing service."
Although the Board of County Commissioners had been
notified in June, 1926, of the merger of the Training School
with the University, some time elapsed before organization
of a new board was under way. A committee of representa-
tive citizens interested in civic work was appointed by the
president of the Board of County Commissioners to elect
a board to form a new school. In this way a body of men
and women experienced in public affairs was selected, among
them a number of doctors and nurses, and seven members
of the Illinois Training School Board. Mr. Frank Shaw, a
former president of the Board of Directors of the Presby-
terian Hospital, was elected president of the new organ-
ization.
Through negotiations with the University of Chicago, the
County Commissioners were able to rent the plant of the
Illinois Training School, now the property of the University.
They arranged also to take over the entire Faculty and Staff
of the School, as well as the student body, whose training
would be completed by the new school.
170 Illinois Training School for Nurses
On October 1, 1929, a luncheon was given by the Board
of the Illinois Training School to the Board of the new
school. Invitations were extended also to the president of
the County Board, Mr. Anton Cermak, to members of the
Hospital Committee of the County Board, to the warden
of the Hospital, Mr. Michael Zimmer, to the assistant war-
dens, and to the Executive Committee of the Medical Staff
of the Hospital.
Mrs. Bruce MacLeish, first vice-president of the Training
School Board and acting president, presided.
Mrs. August C. Magnus, the member of the Board oldest
in service, who had been first vice-president for many years,
besides holding other offices, reviewed the history of the
School. She said in conclusion:
"You are taking under your direction the entire School — superin-
tendent. Faculty, and all classes of students — a structure built up almost
with blood and tears, and I charge you not to cripple or weaken its fine
usefulness in the world.
"May I beg you to get acquainted with its problems, not to be in-
difTerent. for though you may know much of other nursing schools, none
has the difficulties to surmount that yours will have. Be a little slow with
criticism and very ready to lend yourselves with unselfish interest and
loyal co-operation to the tasks that will be with you always."
Mrs. Thomas J. Lamping, a graduate of the School as well
as a member of the Board, said:
"The fifty years during which the Illinois Training School has served
this community covers the entire period of the development of nursing
education in this country. Our School has been a pioneer in this de-
velopment.
"Of the body of graduates of the School, the Board is justly proud.
These women are holding prominent posts not only in nursing but in all
the various fields of activity in the great program of health protection and
disease prevention. Traditions and strong attachments naturally develop
for a school so long in existence and with such a fine reputation. Its
graduates have mingled feelings at the passing of their alma mater, but
I am sure it would warm their hearts to see the splendid men and women
gathered here today who are taking over the responsibility of the nursing
service of the Cook Coimty Hospital and its School of Nursing, and they
would pledge their hearty support to the Board of Directors of the Cook
County Hospital School of Nursing, with high hopes of great achieve-
ments."
Final Years of the School 171
Mr. Shaw spoke for the new School, expressing for himself
and the new Board the desire that there should be no lower-
ing of the established high standards in nursing education
and practice.
At the termination of the Illinois Training School for
Nurses there were transferred to the Cook County Hospital
School of Nursing one hundred and ninety-seven students of
the School, one hundred and sixty-eight affiliating students,
thirtj'-two graduate nurse students, and twelve dietetic
students. Fifty-four schools of nursing, located in Wiscon-
sin, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Illinois, were affiliating
with the Illinois Training School at the time. The graduating
class of the closing year of the School numbered thirty-two.
The financial situation in the closing year is shown by the
following :
ILLINOIS TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES
STATEMENT OF OPERATING REVENUE
AND EXPENSES
Ten Months Ended September 30, 1929
REVENUE
Cook County Hospital $1,040,392.58
Registration- Fees 1,828.00
Interest on Bank Balances 342.64
Cheer Shop— Net 304.21
$1,042,867.43
EXPENSES
Pay Roll — Cook County $651,114.34
Pay Roll — Psychopathic Hospital 112,117.31
Pay Roll— House 69,398.64
Foodstuffs 102,895.28
Ice 2,318.40
Fuel- Coal and Gas 6,737.67
Lal'ndry Supplies 1,515.59
Household Supplies 3,686.07
Advertising and Subscriptions 993.02
Stationery and Printing 705.25
Electric Light 2,263.89
Electric Power 594.17
Interest on Borrowed Money 23,263.63
Hospital Incidentai^ 616.49
172 Illinois Training School for Nurses
House Incidentals $ 149.96
House Linens and Dry Goods 1,217.54
Telephone and Telegraph 1,485.01
Social Service Expenses 2,194.97
Drayage and Cartage 725.60
Insurance 1,373.25
Nurses' Outfits 214.34
Instructors' Fees 2,688.77
Medicines, Drugs, and Supplies 1,224.76
GusswARE and Dishes 1,154.42
Classroom Supplies 1,401.20
Special Nursing Services — Internes, etc 1,986.50
Psychopathic Hospital Supplies 1,247.73
Pre-Natal Clinic 55.00
Nurses' Lodging — Outside 34,262.22
Miscell-^neous 9,153.72
Rep.urs — Buildings, Machinery, P'urniture and Fix-
tures 4,112.69
Depreciation on Replacement Values:
Buildings 7,424.43
Machinery, Furnishings, Furniture and FLxtures. . . 7,870.42 1,058,162.28
Expenses in Excess of Re\t;nue $ 15,294.85
Add — Amount due from Cook County on Regular
Billing 798,037.02
Balance — Due from Cook County, September 30,
1929 $ 813,331.87
We have audited the books and accounts of the Illinois Training School
FOR Nurses for the ten months ended September 30, 1929, and hereby certify
that, in our opinion, the above statement correctly sets forth the operations for
the period.
Chicago, Illinois, Edw.^rd Gore & Co.
December 9, 1929. Certified Public Accountants.
The legal arrangements for the merger and closing of the
School were made by the firm of Tolman, Sexton, and
Chandler, who for many years had been loyal friends of the
School, assisting the Board through many of its difficulties
and giving liberally of their time to the numerous problems
continually arising — a service the Board gratefully ac-
knowledges.
The Board of Directors of the Illinois Training School at
their Annual Meeting held December 10, 1929, recorded their
appreciation of Miss Logan —
In closing the active work of the Illinois Training School for Nurses,
it seems fitting and proper to record the grateful appreciation of the
Final Years of the School 173
Board of Managers of the zealous and devoted semce of Miss Laura R.
Logan and her able staff to the interests of the School, the Hospital, and
the student body.
Miss Logan was engaged in 1924 as dean of Faculty and superin-
tendent of nurses, and during her stewardship of our interests she worked
with enlightened and far-seeing ardor so that the Board of Managers
has, through her, been able to accomplish many of its ideals in the training
of nurses.
In recognition of her devotion and achievements, we beg to recom-
mend that this minute be spread upon our records and that copy be sent
to Miss Logan.
Bessie Chapman Tieken
Florence Clarkson Taylor
Ella T. Wacker
Chicago, December 10, 1929.
During the last years of the School there were few changes
in the Executive Board. Mrs. Harry F. Williams continued
as president, Mrs. Bruce MacLeish as first vice-president
and chairman of the Hospital Committee, Mrs. Thomas J.
Lamping as second vice-president and chairman of the
Educational Committee, and Mrs. John MacMahon as third
\Tice-president and chairman of the Household Committee.
Mrs. Charles H. Wacker acted as recording secretary from
1921 to 1928; since then Mrs. Charles Mordock has filled
the position. Previously Mrs. Mordock had acted as corre-
sponding secretary, which position was later filled by Mrs.
Ralph Bro^Ti. The position of treasurer has been filled by
Mrs. Magnus, Mrs. Thomas Taylor, and Mrs. Rudolph
Matz. Mrs. Stephen A. Foster was chairman of the Occupa-
tional Therapy department; Mrs. Walter Nadler (Augusta
Fenger) acted as chairman of the Social Service Committee
for some time, a position that was later filled by Mrs.
Ralph Brown.
Other members of the Board active were Miss Jessie
Breeze, Mrs. Henry Faurot, Mrs. August C. Magnus, Mrs.
Ernest Salmon, Mrs. Theodore Tieken, and ]VIrs. James P.
Schryver.
The closing paragraphs of the Annual Report of the dean
for the vear 1929 summarize the work of the School.
174 Illinois Training School for Nurses
"In the forty-nine years of its work, the Illinois Training School for
Nurses has graduated 1845 nurses. Many of them have been eminent in
the service of nursing. Not the least among the accomplishments of the
School has been the maintenance of a nursing service of a high character
at the Cook Coimty Hospital, which each succeeding year it has striven
to improve. The School this past year cared for a daily average of 2,243.9
patients, the largest number in its history. The planning of a balanced
course of study to meet the needs of such a nursing school has been each
year an increasingly more complex task. The fine work and enthusiasm
of the students in their studies and ward practice have attested the
success of the curriculum. The School leaves a heritage which makes an
inspiring page in the history of nursing.
"The dean and Faculty of the School wish to take this occasion to
pay tribute to the work of the Board of Directors of the School and to
thank them for their understanding and loyal support. The graduates of
the School and those who served as members of its Faculty cannot but
rejoice that through the impetus of the gift made by the Board, the
ideals of the founders of the School are at no distant date to be further
realized in the founding of a great school of nursing working under the
guidance and inspiration of a great university."
On February 25, 1930, as the result of a friendly suit
brought by the School against the County, judgment for
$825,994.63 was entered by the Circuit Court of Cook
County in favor of the Illinois Training School for Nurses
and against the County of Cook. At a special meeting held
March 5, this judgment was authorized to be assigned to the
Continental Illinois Bank and Trust Company. Forty-seven
thousand, nine hundred and twelve dollars and thirty-eight
cents was placed by that bank to the credit of the School,
this being the excess of the amount of the judgment over the
amount of the indebtedness of the School to that bank.
On March 10, 1930, a special meeting was held in the
office of Tolman, Sexton, and Chandler to make final dis-
position of the affairs of the School. After the completion of
certain business, the following resolution was adopted:
Whereas, The indebtedness of the Illinois Training School for Nurses
to the Continental Illinois Bank and Trust Company was paid on March
6, 1930, by the assignment to the bank of the judgment entered Feb-
Final Years of the School 175
ruary 25, 1930, in favor of the School and against the County of Cook,
and
Whereas, The officers and employees of Continental Illinois Bank and
Trust Company and its predecessors for a long time have been of great
assistance to the officers and directors of this School, and
Whereas, The Illinois Training School for Nurses lately ceased to
operate the nursing service at the County Hospital and is about to
transfer all its property and assets to the University of Chicago,
Now, Therefore, Be It Resolved, That the Board of Directors
hereby records its appreciation of the great assistance, financial and
otherwise, rendered to the officers and directors of this School by the
officers and employees of Continental Illinois Bank and Trust Company
and its predecessors, and
Further RcsoIccL That the first vice-president be authorized to
transmit a copy of this resolution certified by the secretary to the presi-
dent of the Continental Illinois Bank and Trust Company.
The Scholarship Fund at this time consisted of $20,000
bequeathed to the School by Mr. Henry L. Frank, together
with $500 recently left to the School by Mr. Preston Kumler,
and $2500 from other sources. To this the Board added the
sums of $1225 from the Endowment Fund (the amount con-
tributed by members of the graduating classes of 1923
and 1924 to that fund) and $451.24 from the Investment
Account. Thus the total amount of the Scholarship Fund as
transferred to the University totaled $25,000.
The following final resolution was presented to the Board
of the Training School and unanimouslj^ adopted :
Whereas, The Illinois Training School for Nurses was organized on
September 21, 1880, and has had a long, active and honorable career and
it is deemed advisable to maintain this corporation and thereby to pro-
tect and perpetuate its name; and
Whereas, Mr. George O. Fairweather, assistant business manager of
the University of Chicago and its representative in conducting the busi-
ness of carrying out the provisions of the affiliation agreement of June 10,
1926, has offered to take over from the Illinois Training School for Nurses
the custody of all its corporate records, corporate seal, papers and docu-
ments pertaining to its corporate life, and any other personal property
and effects not conveyed, transferred, sold and assigned to the University
of Chicago, and to render assistance from time to time and as often as
necessary in and about the making of reports to the proper authorities
as required by law, and in doing all other things necessary to be done in
order to continue the life of this corporation; and
176 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Whereas, It appears advisable to the Board of Directors and to be
to the mutual advantage of the two corporations concerned that such
ofiFer should be accepted,
Resolved, That said offer be and the same hereby is accepted and
the recording secretary and other officers of this corporation are hereby
authorized and directed to deliver as soon as convenient and advisable
all such corporate records, corporate seal, papers, documents, personal
property and effects to Mr. George O. Fairweather, assistant business
manager of the University of Chicago, or to such other person as the
University of Chicago may direct, taking proper and sufficient receipt
therefor.
SPREADING CHEER TIIROUGHOUT THE HOSPITAL WITH
THEIR CHRISTMAS CAROLS
CHAPTER X
THE ALUMNAE ASSOCIATION
Organization of the Alumnae Association — The Benefit Fund —
The Endowed Room — Code of Ethics — First Banquet —
Professional activities — Alumnae on the Training School
Board — Twenty-fifth anniversary of the Association — Re-
organization — Special Funds — Alumnae Presidents and
others — 7. T. S. nurses in all parts of the world.
IN 1891, eight years after the first class was graduated,
the Alumnae Association was organized. An earlier
movement for a mutual benefit association was ab-
sorbed in the new organization, and it was unanimously
resolved in the first meeting that the Association, while it
should offer financial aid to its sick members when necessary,
should be devoted to the more general interests of nurses
and nursing.
A group of Alumnae met at the Home, September 3,
1891; Miss Phebe BrowTi, of the class graduated in the fall of
1883, acted as temporary chairman, and Miss Idora Rose,
1889, as secretary. The Constitution adopted at the meeting
was based upon that of the Alumnae Association of the
Connecticut Training School — as that of the I. T. S. Associa-
tion was in turn used as a model by "at least a dozen different
training schools wishing to form alumnae associations"
(Secretary's Report, Annual Meeting of 1894). A nominating
committee reported a slate of officers, who were accepted
as presented: President — Miss Phebe W. Bro^vn; First
Vice-President — Miss Isabel Mclsaac; Second Vice-President
— Miss Idora Rose; Secretary — Miss Jessie Breeze; Treasurer
— ]\Irs. H. E. Long well (Katherine Cavenagh).
There were twenty-nine charter members recorded :
Phebe W. Brown Hannah Phelps
Isabel Jarvis Caroline Phelps
177
178 Illinois Training School for Nurses
Isabel Mclsaac Christine F. Grant
Salome Beardsley Louise M. Seymour
Mrs. Janet A. Eby Mrs. Rachel Hickey Carr,
Ella V.Holmes M.D.
May Mclsaac Ida Bloch
Bertha Sargent Marie Helstern
Harriet E, Dowd Eliza Briggs
Caroline Riedle Nellie Fisher
Josephine Bixby Mary Leavens
Eleanor M. Mitchell Mrs. Katherine C. Long-
Cecelia F. Wightman well
Minnie D. Norvell Margaret Grey
Marion E. Pollock Idora Rose
Jessie Breeze
Meetings were held monthly at the Home, and matters of
current interest and importance to the nurses discussed. It
became customary to have a paper on some subject of nurs-
ing interest, usually prepared by a member, though fre-
quently, especially in later years, an outside speaker was
invited.
The Benefit Fund was discussed at the first executive
meeting, and at the second regular meeting the Association
authorized payments to two sick members. The first plan
was to pay fifteen dollars a week for not over six weeks
(though both amount and time might be increased at the
discretion of the Executive Committee). Very soon, however,
the provision was changed to read, an amount "not to exceed
the cost of a bed in the Presbyterian Hospital; or if [a
member] is unable to go to the Hospital a sum not to exceed
the ten dollars per week for a term of six weeks" (still subject
to extension if the Executive Committee thought best).
These very helpful "sick benefits" have been continued
throughout the history of the Association.
The dues were originally $1 a year, but in August, 1893,
they were increased to $3. At the second meeting of the
Association it was voted that any one not a nurse might
The Alumnae Association 179
become an Honorary member by giving $10, or a benefactor
upon the payment of $50. Later a $5 initiation fee was added,
and life membership at $50.
In the first year of the Association (February, 1892), the
question of an endowed room arose. Dr. Stehman, superin-
tendent of the Presbyterian Hospital, generously offered any
member of the Association a room at $8 a week. It was
voted (October, 1892) that all fees over $800 be put into a
special fund for the endowment of a room at the Presby-
terian Hospital.
The fulfillment of this purpose came more readily than the
Alumnae had any reason to anticipate. In 1895 the Ladies'
Aid Society of the Presbyterian Hospital made plans to
endow a room in memory of Mrs. D. C. Marquis, their first
president. At one of their board meetings it was asked
who might occupy the room. Miss Caroline Riedle, I. T. S.
alumna, 1884, matron at that time and for many years at
the Presbyterian Hospital, inquired if it might not be used
by sick nurses of the Alumnae Association if the Association
would co-operate in raising money for the endowment. The
suggestion was favorably received by both the Ladies' Aid
and Executive Board of the Alumnae Association. Three
thousand five hundred dollars had already been collected
(October, 1895) by the Ladies' Aid, and the Alumnae agreed
to raise $1500 by January 1, 1896.
"Inasmuch as the bed was to be a memorial to Mrs.
Marquis and in consideration of our members the Board of
Directors of the Presbyterian Hospital agreed to give our
members the full year's use of the room as long as the old
pavilion stood." Since that time no Alumnae member has been
refused the use of the room when it was not occupied, and
on several occasions two or more members have been pa-
tients in the Hospital at the same time, each having the
special Alumnae privileges.
Five years later, when plans for an addition to the Hospital
building were perfected, it became necessary to raise $5000
180 Illinois Training School for Nurses
more for a full endowment in perpetuity in the new building.
Funds at first came in slowly, but by May, 1908, the full
amount had been collected.
The subject of nursing ethics was early taken up, and a
code evolved. Papers presenting various phases of the sub-
ject were read at the January meeting, 1894; these were
printed and sent to members for criticism and suggestion,
and in September, 1894, the " Code of Ethics for the Alumnae
Association of the Illinois Training School for Nurses" was
first published. It still stands as the nurses' expression of their
duty to patients, to public, to physicians, and to each other.
In 1894 also, the publication of the Monthly Reports was
begun. The cost, about $5.50 per month, was met by a
fifty-cent assessment on each member. In this way nurses on
cases or out of the city were enabled to keep in touch with
Alumnae affairs, and their co-operation and solidarity
promoted.
The year 1894 is further notable for the Association's first
annual banquet. A picnic had been suggested as less expen-
sive, but the majority voted for the banquet. The annual
report of the secretary (Miss Breeze) tells us that "Our
banquet in June proved more enjoyable than the most
sanguine had hoped, and we trust that a precedent has been
established. The graduating class expressed much pleasure,
and several members have since joined the Association.'*
The invitation also gives the program.
The Alumnae Association of the Ilhnois Training School for Nurses
will have a Banquet with the Graduating Class, at the Leland Hotel,
Thursday Evening, June 7, at 6 o'clock.
TOASTS
"AlmaMater" Phebe W. Brown
"Outlook for Old Maids" Grace Cary Fay
"The Considerate Patient" Katherine DeWitt
"The Graduating Class" Jessie Breeze
Many have been the activities of the Illinois Training
School Alumnae Association in the advancement of the nurs-
The Alumnae Association 181
ing profession; indeed, there has been no professional move-
ment of importance in which the Association has not had
a part, and usually a very considerable part. Only the more
outstanding of these activities can be mentioned here. The
achievements of individual Alumnae in this field, of which
more has been and will be said, is a further credit and
honor to the Illinois Training School.
When, in 1899, a stock company for the establishment of the
American Journal of Nursing was formed, offering thirty
shares at $100 each, the Alumnae Association purchased one
share. Miss M. E. P. Davis, chairman of the Committee for
the Journal of Nursing, wrote:
"Your School stands in the front rank of active endeavor to make the
magazine a success; your superintendent [Miss Mclsaac] kindly acting
as one of the editorial staff and also subscribing for one share of stock,
the School and graduates liberally subscribing collectively and individually
for the magazine, and now the Alumnae taking a share of stock, is more
than any one school has yet done. "
Another activity of 1899 was the organization of the
Associated Hospital Alumnae of Chicago, in which the
Illinois Training School Association took the initiative. The
object of the new organization was to promote harmony
among alumnae associations and aid in the work of the
National Association.
A committee from the I. T. S. A. A. was appointed to
work with similar committees from other schools to secure
recognition by the State Board of Health, together with
appropriate nursing legislation. Work toward this great
purpose spread over years, and consumed much time and
energy on the part of the Association, as well as of individ-
uals.
The Army Nursing Bill, and, later, rank for nurses in
the army and navy service, were other objectives for which
the Association and individual nurses worked untiringlj^
In May, 1903, the Association, in view of its growing
interest in the state and national organizations and its hold-
182 Illinois Training School for Nurses
ings in the American Journal of Nursing, secured papers of
incorporation.
From the earliest years, the rules and management of the
Directory had been a topic of vital interest to the nurses.
At first — they were discussing it in January, 1892 — the
rules and regulations were the chief point of interest; as these
rules were evolved, they were the work of the Alumnae in
co-operation with the Board of Directors of the School. In
1905 the Association considered taking over the Directory,
but voted against doing so. However, they gave their co-
operation when the School Directory was merged with the
Central Directory of the First District in 1913.
An important step in co-operation between Alumnae and
School was taken in 1911, when an alumna was first elected
to the Board of Managers of the School — Miss Jessie Breeze,
of the class of 1887, who from 1893 to 1903 was connected
with the School in various positions, for the most part as
assistant superintendent.
To the Alumnae Association of the Illinois Training School for Nurses:
I have the honor and the pleasure of informing you that at the last
meeting of the Board of Managers of the Illinois Training School, your
secretary. Miss Jessie Breeze, was unanimously chosen to represent your
Association on the Board.
We hope this action may open the way to a closer relation between
the two organizations, and we look for mutual benefit in the working
together for a common end.
With all best wishes for the success and growth of the Alunmae
Association on the part of the members of the Board, believe me
Most sincerely yours,
Alice Holabird Wood,
President.
Mrs. Ira Couch Wood,
Winnetka, Illinois,
November Tenth.
Miss Breeze, a charter member of the Association and its
first secretary, was always an active member whose un-
selfish interest and good judgment were appreciated by both
Alumnae and School. She served on the Board during the
The Alumnae Association 183
remaining years of its existence, one of its most able and
valued members.
Dr. Caroline Hedger, class of 1892, was later elected a
director of the School and served for a short time. Mrs.
Frederick Tice (Ida Millman), class of 1896, was elected in
March, 1917, and served till her death in 1918. Mrs. Theo-
dore Tieken (Bessie Chapman), 1901, Mrs. Thomas J.
Lamping (Mathild Krueger), 1897, and Mrs. James P.
Schryver (Grace Cary Fay), 1891, were subsequently elected,
and served till 1929, when the School merged with the Uni-
versity of Chicago.
October, 1916, marked the twenty-fifth anniversary of
the Association. Through the courtesy of the Board of
Directors of the School and of Miss Wheeler, then superin-
tendent, a reception was held at the Home — the most de-
lightful place of meeting for those who were seldom able to
come back. The evening began with a social hour when
memories of times past were enlivened by photographs of
class groups and scenes in the hospital wards of old days,
which had been collected and displayed for the occasion.
A program followed, with greetings and reminiscences from
Mrs. Flower, Mrs. Dewey, Miss Draper, Miss Dock, Mrs.
Sanders, Miss Lauver, and Miss Phebe Brown. (Some were
present, others sent letters.) The evening was concluded with
a talk by Mrs. Wood on "Our Future."
In 1917 a general reorganization of nursing associations
was brought about. The State Association, not the individual
Alumnae Association, became the unit in the national organi-
zation. Membership in the State Association came through
the district association. Four and a half dollars were added
to the previous dues of the Alumnae Association, which in
the case of the Illinois Training School had been three dol-
lars; this covered dues to the district, state, and national
organizations, as well as a subscription to the American
Journal of Nursing. Those who did not wish to pay the addi-
tional dues would become associate members. While the new
184 Illinois Traixixg School fob Nurses
system was a great advance in professional consolidation
and power, it was regarded as a hardship by members not
in active service, whose rights of voting and holding office
were limited unless the higher dues were paid. A similar dif-
ficultv was encountered in the status of life members, who
were required to pay $4.50 a year additional to retain active
membership. Though details as to classes of membership and
dues were changed from time to time, the system was
adapted to professional needs, and has been wholly accepted.
The Illinois Training School Alumnae Association has al-
ways been financially prosperous. A Reserve Fund was es-
tablished, composed of "ten per cent of all dues and fees,
together with life membership fees, and gifts exceeding
$25." Out of this, appropriations for various special purposes
have been made by vote of the Association — as $500 to
the Mclsaac Fund (a national loan fund named in honor of
the School's ovsti Miss Mclsaac) and $500 to the Chicago
Nurses' Club. Many smaller payments have been made
from time to time to these and other causes.
Worthy of special note because of its personal interest
is the Ellen V. Robinson Trust Fund. In January, 1904, a
young nurse of the class of 1901, Ellen V. Robinson, while
on a case at Monticello, Illinois, was lost in a severe snow-
storm. Returning to her patient from a call at the office of
the physician late in the afternoon of a bitterly cold day, she
missed her path and wandered several miles in the blinding
snow. She was found the next morning by a searching party,
but so badly frozen were her hands and feet that they had
to be partially amputated. As she was entirely dependent on
her own work, the appeal of her helplessness was strong,
not only to her fellow alumnae, but to all who heard of the
tragedy. A fund was immediately started, reaching $13,000,
which provided a life annuity for Miss Robinson. Though to
another such a disaster might have seemed of necessity the
end of a nursing career. Miss Robinson's quick intelligence,
courage, and strength of will overcame her handicap, and
The Alumnae Association 185
she successfully filled such executive positions as secretary
of the School Directory, and, later, secretary of the Nursing
Service of the Central Division of the Red Cross in Chicago.
Since Miss Robinson's death in 19'28, the income from the
fund, which is administered by representatives of the Presby-
terian Hospital, the Hahnemann Hospital, St. Luke's Hos-
pital, the Illinois Training School for Nurses, and the
Alumnae Association of the Illinois Training School, has
been devoted to the use of a nurse who has been incapaci-
tated by long illness. By her will Miss Robinson left to the
Endowed Room Fund of the Alumnae Association a bequest
which amounted to $1450.
One of the chief among the funds of the Alumnae Asso-
ciation is the Home and Loan Fund. Miss Janet Topping, of
the class of 1883 (fall), evolved a plan for a Home for aged
nurses, financed and managed entirely by nurses. That the
Alumnae of the Illinois Training School might become ini-
tiators of such a project, Miss Topping in 1906 submitted a
resolution that the "Alumnae Association form a local Asso-
ciation to establish a sinking fund for a Home for Nurses,
for which the Board of Directors should set aside a sum of
$500"; and that "any Alumnae member might become a
member of the Association on the payment of $5 initiation
fee and $1 annual dues." The Alumnae approved the resolu-
tion, and memberships were received. The Training School
Board contributed $487.37, proceeds from a play given.
Excellent as the plan seemed, in May, 1916, ten years
later, only $2403.14 had been raised. In May, 1915, the
Sarah E. Warwick Loan Fund had been established; the
object of this fund, named in honor of Sarah E. Warwick
of the class of 1900, for many years night superintendent at
the County Hospital, was to lend small sums to Alumnae
members in temporary need. In a year's time $141.89 was
accumulated.
The proposition was made in June, 1916, that, with the
consent of the contributors to both, the two funds be com-
186 Illinois Training School for Nurses
bined into a "Memorial Home and Loan Fund," the income
of which should be used for "the payment of life memberships
for Alumnae members in such old ladies' homes as they
should choose." The proposition was accepted, and the nec-
essary consents secured. Under the able chairmanship of
Mary Day Barnes, 1892, the fund grew rapidly. In 1919,
the alumnae voted $2000 to it from the Reserve Fund, and
by October, 1919, over $11,000 having been collected, no
further solicitation was made.
With the greatly increased cost of all hospital care, and
the more frequent requests of the constantly growing Asso-
ciation, the Endowed Room Fund of $10,000 became in-
adequate to meet the cost of a patient in the room even six
months of the year. Consequently, in February, 1925, the
Alumnae Association undertook to raise an additional $15,-
000 for the room. At the present time (March, 1930), over
$11,000 of the additional amount has been paid to the Pres-
byterian Hospital. The remainder has been pledged to within
$1000 of the necessary sum.
The Treasurer's Report for the year ending December 31,
1929, shows the following amounts in the various funds of
the Association :
Memorial Home and Loan Fund $18,792. 60
Sick Benefit Fund 15,860.86
Reserve Fund 4,354 . 08
General Fund Cash in Bank 1,408.27
To tell even briefly of the individual I. T. S. nurses who
have done notable work would require more space than is
here possible. Of those in Red Cross and war service, some
brief account has already been given. In nursing education
and organization, in public health and social service, in
missionary fields, in the routine of hospital, private duty,
and home-making, Illinois Training School Alumnae carry
on the name and fame of their School.
Four I. T. S. graduates became superintendents of their
School: Isabel Mclsaac, Idora Rose Scroggs, Helen Scott
The Alumnae Association 187
Hay, and Mary C. Wheeler. Their valuable work in state
and national activities has been cited in other connec-
tions.
Prominent nationally is Katharine DeWitt, class of 1891,
who has been for many years the managing editor of the
American Journal of Nursing. M. Helena McMillan, class
of 1894, from the time of graduation has been actively
engaged in nursing education. In 1898, she organized the
Lakeside Hospital School of Nursing, now known as the
Western Reserve University School of Nursing, Cleveland,
Ohio. In 1903, she organized the Presbyterian Hospital
School of Nursing, of which she has been superintend-
ent ever since. Miss McMillan has for many years been a
member of the Board of the National League of Nursing
Education.
Minnie H. Ahrens, class of 1897, was first director of the
Infant Welfare Society of Chicago, and first executive
secretary of the First District of the Illinois State Association,
besides taking a prominent part in Red Cross work. (See
Chapter VII.) SaraB. Place, 1910, succeeded Miss x\hrens as
director of the Infant Welfare Society, and holds the position
today (March, 1930).
Helen Kelly, 1895, was for some years head of the school
nurses of the city of Chicago. Evelyn Wood, class of 1896,
has been executive secretarv of the Central Council of Nurs-
ing Education since 1923, most successfully carrying that
organization through a critical period of its history. She
has been an important factor in the development of schools
of nursing, encouraging and stimulating them. As president
of the Illinois League of Nursing Education for over five
years, she has, among other accomplishments, brought to a
successful culmination the efforts to introduce a summer
course for nurses at the University of Chicago.
For many years Dr. Caroline Hedger, 1892, gave freely of
her time and ability as a lecturer in the School and as a
medical examiner of student nurses. Dr. Stella Gardner,
188 Illinois Training School for Nurses
also of the class of 1892, and Dr. Emma C. Hackett, 1895,
gave like service.
The following have served as presidents of the Alumnae
Association for shorter or longer periods, some (Miss Kelly,
Mrs. Tice, Miss Ahrens, Miss Wheeler) serving a second
time after an interval:
Phebe Brown, 1883; Isabel Mclsaac, 1888; Idora Rose,
1889; Katharine DeWitt, 1891; Helen Kelly, 1895; Helen
Scott Hay, 1895; Mrs. Frederick Tice (Ida Millman), 1897;
Caroline Riedle, 1884; Cora Overholt, 1889; Minnie H. Ah-
rens, 1897; Lila Pickhart, 1894; Cora Kohlsaat, 1906; Mary C.
Wheeler, 1893; M. Helena McMillan, 1894; Lisle P. Freligh,
1905; Ellen V. Robinson, 1901; Charlotte Johnson, 1903; Sara
Place, 1910; Bertha Harding, 1924; Selma Nelson, 1920.
Among the many able officers of the Association one can-
not fail to mention Mrs. C. D. Wescott — Ada Virgil of the
class of 1888 — who was treasurer from 1911 to 1924, and
because of whose "good judgment and keen foresight the
funds of the Association were wisely invested and placed
on a sound basis, so that to her ability as a financier is largely
due the accumulation of funds in the treasury." ("In Memo-
riam," the Alumnae Report for December, 1926.) The
Alumnae, indeed, can record no more earnest and devoted
member than Mrs. Wescott, whose life was so unfortunately
cut short by an accident in December, 1926,
Illinois Training School nurses have been found in service
the world over.
From the first class, that of the fall group of 1883, Anna
E. Steere, superintendent in charge of nurses at the Presby-
terian Hospital during the first period when the Illinois
Training School furnished nurses there, went to China as a
missionary in 1890, and remained there sixteen years, mostly
in or about Tientsin. Dorcas Whitaker, of the class of 1894,
went early as a missionary to India.
One well known to many was Eleanor Chestnut, of the
class of 1891, who lost her life in the Boxer rebellion. A fine
The Alumnae Association 189
student, ambitious, of keen sympathies, Miss Chestnut
studied nursing as one step in preparation for a missionary
career; she then completed a medical course at the Wom-
an's Medical College in Chicago. In 1893, she sailed for
Hongkong. After studying the language, and doing medical
work under most difficult conditions at Sam-kong (inland
from Canton), she moved to Lienchou, not far away, where,
though alone much of the time, she was happy in carrying
on the work in a small hospital. After a year's furlough, 1902-
1903, Dr. Chestnut returned to Lienchou. There, on October
29, 1905, forced to flee before a mob that attacked the hos-
pital, Dr. Chestnut and four others were captured and
killed. Her fine devotion to her work and her tragic death
have given to Dr. Chestnut an outstanding place not only
among Illinois Training School Alumnae, but in the company
of those who have given their lives in the service of humanity.
Perhaps no I. T. S. nurse in recent years has been able to
do more useful or interesting missionary work than Theda
B. Phelps, class of 1902. Securing appointment through the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions,
Miss Phelps went in 1911 to Talas, Turkey, where she di-
rected the nursing in the hospital and taught "a kind of Home
Nursing and First Aid" to the girls in the school. With the
closing of the hospital in 1914, she continued relief work and
teaching till 1916, when the deportations took away their
pupils. A few paragraphs from a letter written in February,
1927, tell a story characteristic of the work of an able and
resourceful nurse in a stricken country.
"During 1914-1917 I did a great deal of visiting nursing and even
surgical work, as there were no doctors excepting those in the military
hospitals, and they were too busy for the general public. I amputated
toes, opened breast abscesses, terrible ones, set broken bones, and did
all sorts of work. I was known as the 'Heykim Kiz' (doctor girl).
"In Talas, 1919-1921, 1 had visiting nursing; a little group of workers
with the help of the Near East Relief cleaned up about eight hundred
people who were suffering from scabies, furnishing each person with new
underclothes after they were cleaned up. Then later I was given orphanage
work, 350 small boys under twelve years of age; a convalescent home for
190 Illinois Training School for Nurses
patients from our hospital; a 'scabies hospital' for children of all or-
phanages; a refuge for young women rescued from Turkish homes; and
a place for incurables known as 'Miss Phelps' morgue' — I didn't call
it that, but unfortunately that was about all it could be called."
In October, 1921, Miss Phelps went to Sivas, Turkey.
"There the Greek deportations were on, and being the only American
who spoke Turkish, I had a great deal to do in handling refugees and
hundreds of people ill with typhus, dysentery, smallpox, etc. We had four
large houses where I could do nothing more than try to provide food and
shelter for the poor suffering and dying. A Turkish doctor was supposed
to try to help me, but his interest was only in the salary we paid him."
In 1922, Miss Phelps contracted typhus; after several
months' recuperation at home near Philadelphia, she re-
turned to Turkey, and took up hospital work at Ghazi
Aintab, where she still was in 1928.
In another part of the world, Cora liobein, class of 1914,
was doing a like difficult and valuable work. She writes from
Kuling, Kwangsi, China, August 6, 1918:
"Last autumn the rebellion began in China, and there has been no
peace since. We happened to live on the right road for the soldiers, but
the wrong road for ourselves. Most of the time we have had soldiers from
both armies, which have passed through about seven times.
"A battle took place very early in the morning, and some of the hos-
pital windows were broken by bullets. The citizens of Liling fled with
the rebel army, all but those on foreign property. That afternoon we walked
to the street, wliich is usually full of people and dogs, not counting pigs,
etc., but we saw only one or two men and a stray dog or two. Shops and
houses were all tightly fastened. The silence, which was oppressive, con-
tinued till noon the second day, when firing began, and we knew the
soldiers had returned; they were shooting at sight, and many innocent
people were killed. At one time we probably had as many as 1000 pa-
tients, using two Chinese temples besides the hospital — but you can im-
agine our situation with this larger number to care for with the equip-
ment of a sixty-bed hospital."
In the fall of 1918, Miss Hobein joined the A. R. C. for
service in Siberia, but later resumed her work with the Chi-
nese. From Yuhsien, she writes, June, 1921:
"I returned to China last October, and have had a very busy time
since, in a new hospital; we had no furniture except a few Chinese wooden
The Alumnae Association 191
beds and a very meager supply of bedding. We have most of the necessary
articles now, though we are still handicapped for lack of some things;
of course we use substitutes — and sometimes very poor ones — or nothing
at all in place of what we think we cannot do without at home.
"This spring I spent a great deal of time in the country during the
smallpox season, vaccinating almost 500 people. I traveled 300 or more
miles on horseback, or walking if the roads were impossible for the safety
of the rider. "
]Many other I. T, S. nurses have found their way to China,
both giving and receiving as they live their part in the newly
unfolding life of that vast country. Caroline Maddock
Hart, 1904, worked there many years under the Methodist
Board of Foreign Missions. Mildred Bascom, 1912, served
at the Union Medical College Hospital in Pekin. Feme
Heagley Cofl'man, 1917, was a missionary in the Province of
Shansi, Justine Granner, 1922, has done hospital work in
Tungfen, and Grace Jevne, 1922, was assistant superin-
tendent and superintendent of the Williams Porter Hospital
Training School at Tehchow, Shantung. In Burma, Edith
Goetsch Blackwell, 1919, has been doing valiant service
with her husband.
From Lassa Nigeria, West Africa, comes a letter from
Marguerite Burke, 1927, showing that I. T. S. nurses are in
Africa as well as in Europe and Asia. The following, much
condensed, is dated June 29, 1928.
"After landing at Lagos, we spent forty-eight hours on the train, going
700 miles into the interior to Jos, the end of the railway. The Ford truck
was there; also mail saying the usual route was under repair and we
would have to detour a hundred miles, making 400 miles in all. At 3 p. m.
we started, but could get only ten miles an hour, which meant forty hours
on the way. At one place both hind wheels gave out at the same time.
We had at least a dozen tire stops before the second night about 1:00,
when we were all out of tires and patches, and still a hundred miles from
home. We were in the middle of the bush, no houses nor water close.
Spreading a blanket in the middle of the road, the four of us dropped down
on it, spread another over us, and slept until morning. The men worked on
the car, and we girls boiled a chicken we had brought with us. When the
car was ready, we ran on the rims to the next village. After living four
days on chicken and mush, part of the time without salt, our repairs
arrived and we started; but seven miles farther on, we got stuck in the
river and had to go for help.
192 Illinois Training School for Nurses
"We did some operations and vaccinated one hundred during a
smallpox epidemic. The last two months we have made fine new huts
for our work. One, sixteen feet in diameter, is the sterilizing and dispensing
room; one, a drug and linen room; and the third for operating. One day a
little boy of ten years fell from a tree and sustained a compound fracture
of the femur. The parents cut the flesh wide open, then bound it all up.
The whole leg swelled, and they then made hundreds of superficial incisions
aJl over the foot and leg. They became gangrenous, and tetanus developed.
Then the father brought him to the white man to cure. The doctor
amputated the leg, but, not having serum, nursing care is all we can give.
Since the operation he has developed acute dysentery, but we still have
hopes of saving his life. "
The news of the merging of the School with the University
of Chicago was transmitted to the graduates by the follow-
ing letter:
To the graduates of the Llinois Training School for Nurses.
It is with great pleasure that the Board of Directors of the Illinois
Training School for Nurses announce the entering into an agreement with
the University of Chicago, whereby the Illinois Training School will
become merged into a School of Nursing of collegiate rank, which the
University is about to establish.
The University agrees to maintain a School of Nursing and to develop
a course of study for nurses with such prerequisite requirements for
admission and with such character and extent of training as will develop a
superior tj'pe of graduate and will tend to raise the standard of nursing
education, it being understood that one of the purposes of the University
in the organization and development of the courses of study for niu-ses
is to offer a grouping and sequence of such courses as will establish the
graduates therefrom on the same basis as graduates of other departments
of the University who on graduation may become entitled to the degree
of Bachelor of Science.
The Board is convinced that in making this gift of the School to the
University it is making the greatest possible contribution to the advance-
ment of nursing education and is acting in the spirit of the founders of the
School, whose ambition it was to be the leaders in advanced education for
the nursing profession. It is gratifying to know that the high standards
established by our School have made us worthy to be absorbed by an
institution of the standing of the University of Chicago.
The name of the Illinois Training School for Nurses will be perpetuated
in a Scholarship Fund — for which an initial $25,000 has been set aside.
The records of the Illinois Training School will be taken over by the
University and kept available in its offices.
The transfer will not take place until the Cook County Commissioners
have had ample time and opportunity to perfect a nursing service in the
I
The Alumnae Assocl\tion 193
Cook County and Psychopathic Hospitals. The University has agreed
to co-operate in helping the Board to adjust its obligations to the student
body and to the staff during the transition period.
The Board is confident that the Alumnae will rejoice with it and
share in the pride that such a distinguished alliance was possible and
counts upon the approval of the Alumnae and their co-operation.
Emma IMagnus Williams
President.
Many letters from Alumnae were received in response,
among them the following:
Telegram —
Muskegon, Mich.
Both glad and sorry. Glad for the larger opportunities. Sorry to
separate from our first love.
Mary C. Wheeler, 1893
All our graduates must, I think, shed tears with the passing of our
illustrious School and its honored name. But none of us would see our
School or the name connected with less than the best and finest, and so
we must rejoice in this plan. We graduates are glad we have helped in making
our School stand for high standards; now no less we must rejoice that
while we are losing forever our Alma Mater, she is to be a small part in
the finer, bigger project the University of Chicago will carry out for the
advancement of nursing education, as the School could not have done
alone. In that we should be content.
With my appreciation and good wishes as one of the many,
Very sincerely,
Helen Scott Hay, 1895
As one of the graduates of the Illinois Training School for Nurses
may I express my deep appreciation of the efforts of our Board of Direc-
tors that have made possible the merger of our School with the University
of Chicago. Our School has been highly honored by a great university,
and we who are loyal to its traditions and proud of its accomplishments
will have the privilege of expressing that loj^alty in terms of loyalty to
a better type of nursing education that will be made possible through the
University of Chicago.
I have been so deeply interested in the university education of the
nurse, and I cannot tell you how thrilled with pride I am. that our School
will soon be a part of a great university.
Very sincerely yours,
Evelyn Wood, 1896
May I send my very best congratulations and personal appreciation to
you as president of the Illinois Training School for the contribution
which has been made to nursing education by the recent merger of
the Illinois Training School into the University of Chicago in a manner
194 Illinois Training School for Nurses
which gives the School of Nursing similar rank to other schools of the
University.
Not only the nurses of Illinois will be benefited bj' this progressive
action on the part of your School, but nursing as a profession will im-
mediately feel the effects, and nurses everywhere will unite in calling
you blessed.
Very sincerely,
M. Helena McMillan, 1894
When I learned yesterday of the affiliation of our Training School
with the University of Chicago, I was tremendously stirred, first with
joy at the consummation of a long hoped-for plan, and on the heels of it
with a pretty bad ache, knowing that I. T. S. would produce no more
children.
To my mind it was one of the finest things that could have happened,
and I want to take this opportunity of telling you so.
Very sincerely yours,
Sara B. Place, 1910
I thank you very much for sending me thegood news about our Training
School becoming part of the University of Chicago. I am sure that all the
graduates will feel as I do, deeply gratified and very proud.
I heartily congratulate you and all the members of the Board on your
success in concluding such a great achievement.
Yours sincerely,
Isabel Jarvis, 1890
The following letter is quoted from the June, 1926, Report
of the Alumnae Association:
When Miss Ahrens announced to me over the telephone that our
Board of Directors were making a gift of the Illinois Training School to
the University of Chicago, it was a distinct shock to me. My first thought
was of the county patients; then I felt sorry that we would lose our identity
as a school, and at the same time glad that the Illinois Training School
would be the first to found a distinct School of Nursing within a large
university. As I have thought it over since, I feel that it will be impossible
to lose our identity as long as any of our graduates are working in the
nursing field, and I get prouder day by day when I realize that our
School, which was a pioneer in the nursing world, is also a pioneer in
raising the standards in nursing education and making it possible for
nurses to receive a scientific degree.
I think the time is ripe for the County to found its own school of
nursing and when the responsibility is the County's they will rise to it
and found a good school.
Here's to the new University of Chicago School of Nursing.
Yours sincerely,
Jessie F. Christie, 1904
The Alumnae Association 195
June 19, 1920.
To the Board of Directors of the
Ilhnois Training School for Nurses:
It is with mingled feelings of sadness and joy that the members of the
Illinois Training School Ahunnae Association have received the announce-
ment of the merging of the Illinois Training School for Nurses into a
School of Nursing of collegiate rank in the University of Chicago.
The sentiment we hold for our beloved Alma Mater at 509 South
Honore Street is a very precious possession. Our training school days
there led us out into a new life of tremendously vital exjjeriences and
prepared us for lives of sympathetic understanding and service to our
fellowmen. The breaking up of the old environment is like seeing the child-
hood homestead go out of the family into other hands.
On the other hand we do rejoice that our School, a pioneer of its kind,
whose founders builded better than they know, was by the very nature
of its autonomy prepared and able to enter into an affiliation with a
University of such unlimited possibilities. In the evolutionary processes
of the development of nursing education in the Middle ^^'est we are
thankful today that our School has taken its rightful place. And while
the passing of the old order brings a certain sense of sadness, we are
deeply grateful to you for the splendid part you have played in ushering
in the dawning of a new day which will, in the end, mean greater and
better service to humanity.
We desire to express to you at this time our deep appreciation and
gratitude and sense of pride in the far reaching vision which has char-
acterized the personnel of the Board of Directors of the Illinois Training
School during its long and distinguished career.
We desire also to co-operate with you and with all those who are in any
way interested or involved during this transition period of our School.
Charlotte Johnson
In behalf of the Alumnae Association of the Illinois
Training School for Nurses.
On February 26, 1930, the following letter was received
by Miss Nelson, the president of the Alumnae Association,
from the University of Chicago:
My dear Miss Nelson :
The Illinois Training School, pursuant to an agreement entered into
in 1920, expects soon to turn over its assets to the University of Chicago.
The University, in accordance with the provisions of the contract, will
then organize a School of Nursing, and hopes to enjoy your hearty co-
operation in the development of nursing education on the Quadrangles.
To that end, it is our purpose, when the school is established, to invite
you to become "Associates of the School of Nursing." We believe that
such an association will constitute a bond of interest of great value both
196 Illinois Training School for Nurses
to you and to the University, and will serve to perpetuate the fine tradi-
tions of your School.
It is hoped that we may have representatives of your association on
an advisory committee, that you will hold your association meetings
in one of our buildings, and that other privileges may be extended to you.
Ultimately, a plan may be devised for the suitable perpetuation of the
name of the Dlinois Training School.
Yours cordially,
(Signed) Frederic Woodward
At the meeting of the Association on March 4, the letter
was presented, and acted upon.
The letter was also published in the March Report, and
an expression of opinion asked from the members of the
Association. Responses were most favorable. The following
letter was sent to the University:
April 2, 1930
Mr. Frederic Woodward
Vice President and Dean of Faculties
The University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Dear Mr. Woodward :
Your gracious letter of February twenty-eighth was presented at the
Board meeting Tuesday, March fourth, and also to the members of the
Alumnae Association attending the regular meeting immediately follow-
ing. Much enthusiasm was expressed at the open meeting and it was
moved and carried that the invitation to become "Associates of the
School of Nursing" about to be established by the University be accepted.
A committee was appointed to express the appreciation and thanks of
the members of the Alumnae, to send best wishes for the greatest possible
success of the new school and the hope that members of this organization
may be helpful in establishing and maintaining at the University nursing
ideals worthy of the best of both the past and present.
It is a most gratifying thought to the graduates of the Illinois Training
School that they are no longer isolated but may in the future again be
part of a living active group, both giving and receiving.
With much anticipation of mutual helpfulness.
Signed for the Alumnae Association.
Selma Nelson,
President
Charlotte Johnson,
M. Helena McMillan,
Chairman
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS^
PRESIDENTS
Mrs. Charles B. Lawtience.
Mrs. James M. Flower
Mrs. Charles B. L.\wrence ,
Mrs. Ja.mes M. Flower
Mrs. J. M. Walker
Mrs. James M. Flower
Mrs. Frederick A. Smith
Mrs. Ir.\ Couch Wood.
Mrs. Charles B. Pierce
Mrs. Rudolph '^L^.Tz
Mrs. Carl Gottfried .
Mrs. Harry F. Williams
FIRST VICE-PRESIDENTS
Mrs. Wiluam G. Hibb.vrd
Mrs. J. C. Hilton
Mrs. James M. Flower
Mrs. Charles B. Lawtrence
Mrs. J.A.MES M. Flower
Mrs. Charles B. La^vtience
Mrs. James M. Flower
Mrs. a. a. Carpenter
Mrs. J. M. Walker
Mrs. Dudley Wilkinson
Mrs. Frederick A. Smith
Mrs. Bradford Hancock
Mrs. Dudley Wilkinson
Mrs. Ira Couch Wood.
Mrs. August C. M\gnus
Mrs. Harry F. Williams
Mrs. August C. Magnus
Mrs. Bruce MacLeish.
SECOND VICE-PRESIDENTS
Mrs. J. C. Hilton
Mrs. Edward Wright .
Mrs. Wiluam G. Hibbard
Mrs. a. a. Carpenter
Mrs. Dudley Wilkinson
Mrs. Frederick A. Smith
Mrs. Bradford Hancock
1880-1886
1880-1887
1887-1891
1891-1895
1895-1898
1898-1904
1904-1911
1911-1917
1917-1918
1918-1920
1921-1925
1925-1929
1880-1882
1882-1884
1885-1886
1886-1887
1887-1891
1891-1895
1895-1898
1898-1900
1900-1901
1901-1902
1902-1904
1904-1908
1908-1910
1910-1911
1911-1923
1924-1924
1925-1925
1925-1929
1880-1882
1882-1886
1886-1887
1887-1898
1898-1901
1901-1902
1902-1904
' Compiled from Announcements of the School and minutes of the Board meet-
ings; neither record is entirely complete.
197
198
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Mrs. James M. Flower
Mrs. Dudley Wilkinson
Mrs. Bradford Hancock
Mrs. Dudley Wilkinson
Mrs. Daniel R. Brower
Mrs. Philip S. Post
Mrs. Harry F. Williams
Mrs. John MacMahon
Mrs. Thomas Lamping
THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT
Mrs. John MacMahon ....
RECORDING SECRETARIES
Mrs. Thomas Burrows
Miss Harriet McKindley
Mrs. Henry L. Frank
Mrs. Charles H. Wacker
Mrs. Charles Mordock
CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES
Mrs. Edward Wright .
Mrs. W. S. Smith.
Mrs. J. M. Walker
Mrs. Frank B. Brown.
Mrs. J. V. Farwell, Jr.
Mrs. William Penn Nixon
Mrs. Rudolph Matz .
Mrs. Philip S. Post
Mrs. William G. Hibbard
Mrs. John H. Hardin .
Mrs. Henry Faurot .
Mrs. Charles Mordock
Mrs. George Brown
Mrs. Thomas Taylor, Jr.
Mrs. Charles Mordock
Mrs. Ralph Brown
TREASURERS
Mrs. Henry L. Frank
Mrs. Orson Smith
Mrs. Harry F. Williams
Mrs. Carl Gottfried .
Mrs. Frederick B. Moorehead
Mrs. Harry F. Williams
Mrs. August C. Magnus
Mrs. Thomas Taylor, Jr.
Mrs. Rudolph Matz .
1904-1906
1906-1908
1908-1910
1910-1911
1911-1917
1917-1921
1921-1922
1922-1925
1925-1929
1925-1929
1880-1891
1891-1892
1892-1921
1921-1928
1928-1929
1880-
1882-
1885-
1886
1887-
1894-
1913
1917
1917
1918
1921
1923
1923
1924
1925
1928
-1882
-1885
-1886
-1887
-1894
-1913
-1917
-1917
-1918
-1921
-1922
-1923
-1924
-1925
-1928
-1929
1880-1891
1891-1917
1917-1921
1921-1921
1921-1923
1923-1924
1924-1925
1925-1927
1927-1929
The Board of Directors
199
Din EC TORS
Mrs. Charles B. Lawrence.
Mrs. Edward Wright .
Mrs. James M. Flower
Mrs. Henry L. Frantc
Mrs. Orson Smith
Dr. Sar.\h Hackett Stevenson
Mrs. J. C. Hilton
Mrs. Caroline M. Browt^
Mrs. Godfrey Snydacker
Mrs. Thomas Wilce
Mrs. William Penn Nixon
Mrs. Fred M. Hill
Mrs. Thomas Burrows
Mrs. George W. Smith
Mrs. J. M. Walker
Mrs. Willi.^i G. Hibbard
Mrs. a. a. Carpenter
Mrs. Fr.*^nk Dougl.vs .
Mrs. Clinton Locke .
Mrs. Wirt Dexter
Mrs. Perry H. Smith .
Miss Emma Kellogg .
Mrs. J. Y. Scammon
Mrs. J. H. Prentiss
Mrs. W. S. Smith.
Mrs. Statham L. Williams
Mrs. a. B. Pullman
Mrs. ]\L^ry L. Chapin .
Mrs. N. K. Fairb.ajs'k .
Mrs. a. a. Sprague
Mrs. J. G. Rogers
Mrs. George W. Hale.
Mrs. Edwin Blackman
Mrs. Charles Hitchcock
Mrs. Edward Wheeler
Mrs. George Pitken .
Mrs. Robert J. Hill .
Mrs. George L. Dunlap
Mrs. a. C. Bartlett .
Mrs. a. W. Burnside .
Mrs. William J. Chalmers
Mrs. David Bradley .
Dr. Julia Holmes Smith
Mrs. J. V. Farwell, Jr.
Mrs. O. W. Potter
Mrs. E. a. Matheisen.
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1880-
1881-
1881-
1881-
1881-
1881-
1881-
1881-
1881-
1884-
1884-
1884-
1884-
1884-
1884-
1883-
1885-
1885-
188G-
1886-
1886-
1887-
1887-
1913
1<)00
1908
1924
1917
1907
1886
1881
1881
1881
1917
1881
1892
1885
1916
1895
1900
1881
1893
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1885
1886
1881
1881
1891
1886
1887
1908
1890
1885
1883
1908
1882
1886
-1884
-1887
1911
-1889
1940
-1895
-1888
-1890
200
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Mrs. J. Frank Aldrich
Mrs. F. H. Gardiner .
Mrs. a. C. McClurg .
Mrs. V. C. Turner
Mrs. Daniel R. Brower
Mrs. William Armour.
Dr. Julia R. Low
Mrs. James W. Scott .
Mrs. Andrew MacLeish
Mrs. Dudley Wilkinson
Miss N. Halsted .
Miss Harriet McKindley
Mrs. William Thayer Brown
Mrs. Frederick Smith .
Mrs. C. K. G. Billings
Mrs. Richard Dewey .
Mrs. Sydney Andrews.
Mrs. Weller Van Hook
Mrs. George A. Follansbee
Mrs. Bradford Hancock
Mrs. George Huddleston
Mrs. Ira Couch Wood.
Mrs. a. F. Mc Arthur
Mrs. Robert W. Hunt
Mrs. p. F. Pettibone .
Mrs. James D. Lynch .
Mrs. George Adams
Mrs. Graeme Stewart
Miss Isabel Gray
Mrs. William G. Hibbard, Jr.
Mrs. Henry Solomon .
Mrs. Henry Shippen Jenks
Mrs. August C. Magnus
Mrs. Charles T. Atkinson
Miss Clara L. Dixon .
Mrs. E. F. Gillette
Mrs. Clarence L. Woolley .
Mrs. James E. Quan .
Mrs. Rudolph Matz .
Mrs. Howard Coonley
Miss Jessie Breeze
Mrs. Harry F. Williams
Mrs. John H. Hardin .
Mrs. Charles Pierce .
Miss Clara Cudahy
Miss Mary Flexner .
Mrs. Edward H. Sauer
1887-1890
1887-1888
1887-1893
1888-1902
1888-1920
1889-1890
1890-1892
1891-1919
1891-1892
1891-1913
1891-1893
1891-1892
1891-1896
1892-1910
1893-1904
1893-1895
1894-1903
1894-1904
1895-1914
1896-1913
1896-1900
1900-1923
1900-1908
1900-1921
1902-1907
1903-1914
1903-1904
1903-1905
1904-1907
1906-1922
1907; 1912
1907-1919
1908-1929
1908-1911
1908-1909
1909-1917
1910-1911
1910-1917
1910-1929
1910-1914
1911-1929
1912-1929
1912-1922
1912-1918
1913-1915
1914-1916
1915-1919
The Board of Directors
201
Mrs. Philip S. Post
Mrs. Charles Schweppe
Mrs. FR.\>rK H. Scott .
Mrs. Reubex Donnelley
IVIrs. Frederick Tice .
Mrs. William K. Kexlv
Mrs. William Sherman H.\y
Mrs. John MacM^^hon
Mrs. Frederick B. Moorehe
Dr. Syl\x^ ILvrdy
Dr. Caroline Hedger
Miss Helen K. Gurley
Mrs. William Hefferan
Mrs. Charles H. Wacker
Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen
Mrs. Carl Gottfried .
Dr. Grace Meigs Crowder
Mrs. Hen-ry Faurot
^Irs. George F. Brown, Jr.
Mrs. Bruce M\cLeish.
Miss Augusta Fenger (INIrs
Mrs. Charles Mordock
Mrs. Thomas L.^iping
Mrs. Theodore Tieken
Miss Catherine Greene
Mrs. Darrell S. Boyd.
Mrs. Julian Burlingh.\m
Mrs. Thomas Taylor, Jr.
Mrs. Ernest Salmon .
Mrs. Perry Shepard .
Mrs. Ralph Brown
Mrs. Schuyler M. Coe
Mrs. Williajm D. ILa.rvey
Mrs. Solomon A. Smith
Miss Lydia Coonley
Mrs. Lyman T. Walker
Miss Nettie Baumann.
Mrs. Stephen A. Foster
Mrs. James P. Schry\^er
Mrs. Bertraih Sippy
Mrs. Malcolai Shroyer
AD
Walter Nadler)
1915-1922
1915-1918
1917-1919
1917-1917
1917-1918
1917-1918
1918-1921
1918-1929
1918-1926
1918-1918
1919-1924
1919-1921
1920-1922
1920-1929
1920-1923
1920-1929
1921-1927
1921-1929
1921-1924
1922-1929
1922-1929
1923-1929
1923-1929
1923-1929
1923-1924
1923-1929
1923-1927
1924-1929
1924-1929
1924-1927
1924-1929
1925-1929
1925-1926
1925-1929
1925-1929
1925-1929
1926-1929
1926-1929
1926-1929
1926-1929
1927-1929
SUPERINTENDENTS
Miss Maey E. Brown .
Miss M. E. Hemple
Miss Mary E. Brown .
Miss Isabel A. Hampton
Miss Virginia S. Field
Miss Edith A. Draper.
Miss La\*inia L. Dock
Miss Isabel McIsaac .
Miss Idora Rose
Miss Helen Scott Hay
Mrs. Effie Simpson
Miss Mary C. Wheeler
Miss Laura R. Logan .
1880-
1882-
1885-
1886-
1889-
1890-
1893-
1895-
1904-
1906-
1912-
1913-
1924-
1882
1885
1886
1889
1890
1893
1895
1904
1906
1912
1913
1924
1929
202
GRADUATES OF THE SCHOOL
Class of 1883
Bartles, Melissa J.
Be.\n, Angie
Brow'n, Phebe
Chalxacombe, Elizabeth
Falk, Sophie
GiLMORE, GeNE\1EVE
EvAXS, Lizzie
EWTXG, i\L\RY, M.D.
Gapen, Meussa
HUNNICUTT, OuVE
RiEDLE, Caroline
BaXDLE, ^LiRTHA
Cavenagh, Katherine
Clark, ]\L^ry N.
Hegsl\x, H.\ttie
Helsterx, j\L\rie
Hickey-Carr, Rachel,
Johnson*, Leora, M.D.
Le-wens, Mary
NoHL, Anna
NOHL, WiLHELMINA
Baker, Margaret
Bauerle, Lydia
Block, Ida A.
Brownlee, Alice
BusHNELL, Charlotte
Eby, Janet A. (Mrs.)
Elden, Josephine P.
Fisher, Nellie M.
Galusha, Viola
Hatch, Winifred
Hewitt, Catherine
Lalter, Isabella
Mitchell, Marion H.
Nutting, Helen
Paulding, Rebecca
Scott, Ella P.
Steere, Anna E.
Topping, Janet
Class of 1884
Seymour, Louise
Shepard, H.\ttie
Smith, Cl.\ra
Stephens, Edna A.
Tweed, IVLvria
Class of 1885
Olson, Amelia
Phelps, Caroline
Robinson, Effie
Scott, Catherine W.
Strong, Sarah B.
M.D. Stevens, Helen
Schaffenburg, Lila
Sheldon, Eliza
VoHL, Sarah
William, Sar.\.h
YoE^LVN, C. A.
Class of 1886
Hough, Mary B.
Johnson, Eva C.
Kelahan, M\ry J. (Mrs.)
Locke, Grace T.
Miner, Mary
Moore, Augusta
Ricks, Lucy
ScouGAL, Helen
Stilwell, Emma
Whitford, Lena, M.D.
Wilkinson, Florence
203
204
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Breeze, Jessie
BXJRNETTE, HaTTIE
Cantrall, Frances C.
Cheadle, :Melva
Cutler, Eva C.
DowD, Harriet E.
Frank, Mary G.
Geiger, Emal\
Glenn, Eliza C.
Class of 1887
Heath, Ella M.
Holmes, Ella V.
M.D. Mitchell, Eleanor
Nevin, Alice
Sampson, Alice
Sargent, Bertha
SiMONDS, IVIary G.
Turner, Lillia E.
Welch, Letty G.
Walton, Han-nah M.
Class of 1888
Almy, Hortense
Bushnell, Ethel
Brown, Edith
Doherty, Anna
Drake, Jane
Green, Janet C.
Henderson, Mary
Holmes, Kate D.
Lewis, Emma (Mrs.)
Miller, Emal^, M.D.
McBurney, Jennie
McIsAAC, Isabel
McIsaac, Euphemia May
Pearce, Helen
Phelps, Hanna A.
Raymond, Ida M.
Sholl, Gertrude C.
Virgil, Ada
Cl.\ss of 1889
Bahmbach, Emma
Beardsley, Salome
Beckley, Lillian E.
Blxby, M\ry, M.D.
Brotherton, Abigail (Mrs.)
Gilmore, Lillian
Glennie, Lizzie
GoBLE, Edna, M.D.
Graham, Lizzie
Grote, Marie, M.D.
Hartt, Ella
Heisz, Emily, M.D.
Hepperly, Laura E.
HiRTH, M\rtha
Keeler, Carrie
Kellogg, Joan-na H.
King, Victoria E.
Kreuger, Sara
LouER, Carrie S.
Morgan, Nora
NoRVELL, Minnie D.
OvERHOLT, Cora
Porter, Mary H.
Read, Flora A., M.D.
Rose, Idora
Saxton, M\ry
SiGSBEE, Harriet
Staiger, Dora
Stanton, Orissa
Strandt, Ellen E.
Thoburn, Mary M.
Towers, Ida
Vasey, Nora
Graduates of the School
205
AcKERMAN, Emily M.
Alden, Jessie
Bath, Alice K.
Briggs, Euza
Calcutt, Susan
Cavenagh, Ele-vnor F.
Clement, Emma L.
Cleveland, I\La.ry
Cong DON, Laur.\
CoRCRAN, Alice D.
Davenport, Cornelia
Denny, Linna H,
Gr.\y, Alice
Gr.\y, IVIargaret, M.D.
Class of 1890
GowER, Anna
IIayden, Fix)ra
Hynes, Florence
Jarvis, Isabel
LiBNHARD, ElsPETH A.
Morgan, Edith
Norton, Minerva
Porter, Em\lv
Russell, Anna
Stow, Frances B.
Thompson, Bertha V., M.D.
Tyrrell, Addie M.
Thurston, Nettie
Vincent, Mary A.
White, Zulien
Class of 1891
Bigham, Elizabeth G.
Blair, Jessie
Brown, Nellie
Campbell, Edith C.
Campbell, Katherine
Chestnut, Eleanor, M. D.
Coles, L.^.ura R.
Cooudge, Eleanor J.
Darlington, Mary F.
DeWitt, Katharine
DiTT.vL\N, Josephine
Dunbar, Alice E.
Durward, Theela
EssoN, Minnie
Ewan, Netta
Fay, Grace Cary
GoERK, Henrietta
GossAGE, Ellen F.
Grant, Christine F.
Hatch, Louise M.
Hay, Ella
Hayes, Mabel F.
Henthorn, Lizzie M.
Howell, Josephine
L^gham, Annie E.
Jarvis, Lucy
Keith, Kate E., M.D.
Knowlton, Anna
Littell, Florence
MacDonell, Louise (Mrs.)
Macpherson, Katherine
INLvYwooD, Jennie
McMasters, Elizabeth (Mrs.)
Neale, Lillian F.
OSBORN, H.\RRIET E.
Pollock, IVL^rion E.
Remler, Katherine
ROBB, IVLi^RY A.
Roll, Elsie
Shaw, Eleanor C. L.
Straight, Dora
Topping, Lena
Trualvn, Ella E.
Watson, H.\rriet A.
Watts, Lizzie A.
Wright\l\n, Cecelia F.
204
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Class of 1887
Breeze, Jessie
BURNETTE, HaTTIE
Cantrall, Frances C, M.D
Cheadle, Melva
Cutler, Eva C.
DowD, Harriet E.
Frank, Mary G.
Geiger, Emma
Glenn, Eliza C.
Heath, Ella M.
Holmes, Ella V.
Mitchell, Eleanor
Nevin, Alice
Sampson, Alice
Sargent, Bertha
Simonds, Mary G.
Turner, Lillia E.
Welch, Letty G.
Walton, Hannah M.
Class of 1888
Almy, Hortense
Bushnell, Ethel
Brown, Edith
DoHERTY, Anna
Drake, Jane
Green, Janet C.
Henderson, Mary
Holmes, Kate D.
Lewis, Emal^ (Mrs.)
Miller, Emma, M.D.
McBurney, Jennie
McIsAAC, Isabel
McIsAAc, Euphemia May
Pearce, Helen
Phelps, Hanna A.
Raymond, Ida M.
Sholl, Gertrude C.
Virgil, Ada
Baumbach, Emma
Beardsley, Salome
Beckley, Lillian E.
BixBY, Mary, M.D.
Brotherton, Abigail
Gilmore, Lillian
Glennie, Lizzie
GoBLE, Edna, M.D.
Graham, Lizzie
Grote, Marie, M.D.
Hartt, Ella
Heisz, Emily, M.D.
Hepperly, Laura E.
HiRTH, Martha
ICeeler, Carrie
Kellogg, Joanna H.
Class of 1889
King, Victoria E.
Kreuger, Sara
LouER, Carrie S.
Morgan, Nora
(Mrs.) Norvell, Minnie D.
Overholt, Cora
Porter, Mary H.
Read, Flora A., M.D.
Rose, Idora
Saxton, Mary
Sigsbee, Harriet
Staiger, Dora
Stanton, Orissa
Strandt, Ellen E.
Thoburn, Mary M.
Towers, Ida
Vasey, Nora
Graduates of the School
205
AcKERMAN, Emily M.
Alden, Jessie
Bath, Alice K.
Briggs, Eliza
Calcutt, Susan
Cavexagii, Eleanor F.
Clement, Emma L.
Cleveland, Mary
Congdon, Laura
CoRcit.\N, Alice D.
Davenport, Cornelia
Denny, Linna H.
Gr.^.y, Alice
Gr.\y, Margaret, M.D.
Class of 1890
GowER, Anna
Hayden, Flora
Hynes, Florence
Jarvis, Isabel
LlENHARD, ElSPETH A.
Morgan, Edith
Norton, Minerva
Porter, Emma
Russell, Anna
Stow, Frances B.
Thompson, Bertha V., M.D.
Tyrrell, Addie M.
Thurston, Nettie
Vincent, Mary A.
White, Zulien
Class of 1891
Bigham, Elizabeth G.
Blair, Jessie
Brown, Nellie
Campbell, Edith C.
Campbell, Katherine
Chestnut, Eleanor, M. D.
Coles, Laura R.
Coolidge, Eleanor J.
Darlington, IVLvry F.
DeWitt, Katharine
DiTTMAN, Josephine
Dunbar, Alice E.
DURWARD, ThEELA
EssoN, Minnie
EwAN, Netta
Fay, Grace Cary
GoERK, Henrietta
GossAGE, Ellen F.
Grant, Christine F.
Hatch, Louise M.
Hay, Ella
Hayes, M^bel F.
Henthorn, Lizzie M.
Howell, Josephine
Ingham, Annie E.
Jarvis, Lucy
Keith, Kate E., M.D.
Knowlton, Anna
Littell, Florence
MacDonell, Louise (Mrs.)
Macpherson, Katherine
Maywood, Jennie
McMasters, Elizabeth (Mrs.)
Neale, Lillian F.
OsBORN, Harriet E.
Pollock, M\rion E.
Remler, Katherine
RoBB, Mary A.
Roll, Elsie
Shaw, Eleanor C. L.
Straight, Dora
Topping, Lena
Trual^n, Ella E.
Watson, Harriet A.
Watts, Lizzie A.
Wrightman, Ceceua F.
^06
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Class of 1892
Anderson, Annie
Barnes, Mary Day
Beaton, Annie H.
Byers, Ida M.
Bryce, Anna
Campbell, Mary G.
Cleverdon, Ella
Cook, Jennie H. (Mrs.)
Cramer, Jessie M.
Dennis, Jean
Duncan, Jennie E.
Dyer, Olivia
Edgerton, Martha
Ellerbe, Rebecca A.
Gardner, Stella, M.D.
Goss, Mary B.
Gould, Nina E.
Hedger, Caroline, M.D.
Holland, Emma
Huston, Margaret
Jackson, Harriet
Jones, Jessie H.
KiNCAiD, Ida
KJNiGHT, Julia H.
Lentz, Bertha
LuTz, Emelie
JVIacBrien, Ida G.
Martin, Edith
Mayou, Edith
McGrail, Mary
McGregor, Etta
Meech, Louise Marietta
Merril, Cora S.
Miller, Kate
Moore, Eliza Jane
QuARTON, Louise H.
Scull, Eleanor, M.D.
Sullivan, Julia B.
Thode, Laura
Thompson, Florence J.
Vincent, Sarah
Watson, Grace C.
Weinhold, Virginia
Wetter, Elizabeth (Mrs.)
Williams, Kate W.
Wolfe, Effie
Class of 1893
Armitage, Clara
Barnett, Carrie B.
Beer, Mary R.
Brown, Florence A.
Briggs, Cora M.
Campbell, M. Gertrude
Carlisle, Dorcas
Carauchael, Cecelia R.
Chapman, May B.
Clinton, Katherine
Creighton, Annie R.
Dalgleish, Margaret L.
Davis, Euzabeth O. R.
DirNisrY, Clara Lee
Dohr\lvn, Clara
Eaton, Bertha M.
Eraser, Helen
Gary, Charlotte
Grubbs, Anna (Mrs.)
Hart, Philena J.
HiCKEY, Annie
Hicks, Hattie
HiGGiNS, Ella F.
Hogg, Janet
HuoT, Josephine
Hutchinson, Rachel
Jacobs, Wilma, M.D.
Jelly, Harriet
Jones, Esther E.
Kimball, Hattie B.
Graduates of the School
207
Koch, Emma (Mrs.)
Lonsdale, ^La.y H.
Manning, Jacolyn, M.D.
Meek, Alice Cary
Merion, K.\therine
Merrison, Lizzie
Moyer, Jennie, D.D.S.
mumford, m\ry a.
Palmer, Lixnie
Parker, A. Phoebe
Paton, AL^uy E.
Pollock, Jane IL^.LE
Potter, Maud
Pritciiard, Adel.\ide
R\NDALL, RhoDA A.
Richie, Amelia
RoDEuiEiM, Clar.\ B.
Seelye , Addie
Senn, Emily
SiMATER, ALtRY E.
Sloper, AL^ry E.
Stoddard, Louise
SwiTZER, Kate
Watson, Kate
Watson, AL\hy
Wheeler, jVL^ry C.
Waugh, Harriet I.
Whitcomb, Eva B.
Williams, Kate G. (Mrs.)
YouMANs, Alta B.
Baker, Tessor-\ B.
Bailey, Bertha M.
Banting, Florence H.
Blachly, B. S.
Boyle, Gertrude
Browts', Fantsty M.
Common, Janette
Craig, Annie
Ebersole, Sar.\h C.
Ehrhart, Emma
Ellingson, AL\rtha B.
Evans, Winifred H.
Feron, Emily
Flatt, Carrie S.
Fuller, AL\ry L.
Gates, Ajtna L.
Hubbard, Eleanor
Humphreys, Fannie L.
Hyde, Camilla (Mrs.)
JocELYN, Alice
Lamberson, Dora E.
Landon, Alice
Lyon, Mary
Class of 1894
Macallum, Jean
McCleery, Margarette
McCon^'ell, Susanne W.
McEun, IVLVRY
McMillan, M. Helena
munnell, m\ry r.
Murphy, ]VL\ry
Oberg, Christine I.
Ogil-vhe, M\ry a.
Peck, Myra S.
Peck, Sar.\h E.
PiCKHARDT, LlL-A.
Robinson, Cl.\ra L.
Smith, Edith F.
Stetchan, Georgine
Sullivan, Margaret
Twiesel, Winifred
Wanvig, Joanna
Warren, Mabel M.
WATERBCTtY, EsTHER
Wehrman, Amelia
Wells, Annie
Weston, Ida H.
Whitaker, Dorcas
206
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Class of 1892
Anderson, Annie
Barnes, ^^Iary Day
Beaton, Annie H.
Byers, Ida M.
Bryce, Anna
Campbell, Mary G.
Cleverdon, Ella
Cook, Jennie H. (Mrs.)
Cramer, Jessie M.
Dentsis, Jean
Duncan, Jennie E.
Dyer, Olivia
Edgerton, Martha
Ellerbe, Rebecca A.
Gardner, Stell.\, M.D.
Goss, Mary B.
Gould, Nina E.
Hedger, Caroune, M.D.
Holland, Emsia
Huston, IVIargaret
Jackson, Harriet
Jones, Jessie H.
KiNCAiD, Ida
Knight, Julia H.
Lentz, Bertha
LuTz, Emelie
JMacBrien, Ida G.
Martin, Edith
Mayou, Edith
McGrail, jVIary
McGregor, Etta
Meech, Louise IVIarietta
Merril, Cora S.
IMiLLER, Kate
Moore, Eliza Jane
Quarton, Louise H.
Scull, Eleanor, M.D.
Sullivan, Julia B.
Thode, Laura
Thompson, Florence J.
Vincent, Sarah
Watson, Grace C.
Weinhold, Virginia
Wetter, Elizabeth (Mrs.)
Williams, Kate W.
Wolfe, Effie
Class of 1893
Armitage, Clara
Barnett, Carrie B.
Beer, Mary R.
Brow-n, Florence A.
Briggs, Cora M.
Campbell, M. Gertrude
Carusle, Dorcas
CARincHAEL, Cecelia R.
Chapiian, May B.
Clinton, Katherine
Creighton, Ants^ie R.
Dalgleish, Margaret L.
Davis, Elizabeth O. R.
Den'nt, Clara Lee
Dohrman, Clara
Eaton, Bertha M.
Eraser, Helen
Gary, Charlotte
Grubbs, Anna (Mrs.)
Hart, Philena J.
HicKEY, Annie
Hicks, Hattie
HiGGiNS, Ella F.
Hogg, Janet
HuoT, Josephine
Hutchinson, Rachel
Jacobs, Wilma, M.D.
Jelly, Harriet
Jones, Esther E.
Kimball, Hattie B.
Graduates of the School
207
Koch, Emma (Mrs.)
Lonsdale, ^L\y H.
Manning, Jacolyn. M.D.
Meek, Alice Cary
Merion, K.\therine
Merrison, Lizzie
Moyer, Jennie, D.D.S.
mumford, m\ry a.
Palmer, Linnie
Parker. A. Phoebe
Paton, ^Lvry E.
Pollock, Jane Hale
Potter, Mwd
Pritchard, Adelaide
R.'k^NDALL, RhODA A.
Richie, Amelia
Rodelheim, Clara B.
Seelye , Addie
Senn, Emily
SiMATER, Mary E.
Six)PER, ALvry E.
Stoddard, Louise
SwiTZER, Kate
Watson, Kate
Watson, Mary
Wheeler, ALiry C.
Waugh, Harriet I.
Whitcomb, Eva B.
Williams, Kate G. (Mrs.)
YouMANs, Alta B.
Baker, Tessor.\ B.
Bailey, Bertha M.
Banting, Florence H.
Blachly, B. S.
Boyle, Gertrude
Brow'N, Fanny M.
Common, Janette
Craig, Annie
Ebersole, Sarah C.
Ehrhart, Emala
Ellingson, Ma.rtha B.
Evans, Winifred H.
Feron, Emily
Fl.\tt, Cariue S.
Fuller, !^L^RY L.
Gates, Antna L.
Hubbard, Eleanor
Humphreys, Fan-nie L.
Hyde, Camill.\ (Mrs.)
JocELYN, Alice
Lamberson, Dora E.
Landon, Auce
Lyon, Mary
Class of 1894
Macalltjm, Jean
McCleery, Margarette
McCoNTsELL, SUSANNE W.
McEuN, Mary
McMillan, M. Helena
munnell, isl^ry r.
Murphy, INLvry
Oberg, Christine I.
OGIL\aE, M\RY A.
Peck, Myra S.
Peck, Sarah E.
PiCKHARDT, LiLA
Robinson, Cl.\ra L.
Smith, Edith F.
Stetchan, Georgine
Sullivan, Margaret
TwiESEL, Winifred
Wanvig, Joanna
Warren, A^Iabel M.
Waterbury, Esther
Wehrman, Amell*.
Wells, Annie
Weston, Ida H.
Whitaker, Dorcas
208
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Class of 1895
Albertson, Alma E.
Allkn, Lizzie
Anderson, Julia I.
Brockway, Rena M.
Cameron, Auce H.
Crowley, Frances
Dick, Sarah M.
Hackett, Emma C, M.D.
Hay, Helen Scott
Henry, Stella G.
Hill, Elma V.
Hofman, Effa
JoHANNi, Anna
Johnson, Albertina
Kavanagh, Lucy
Kellogg, Gertrude
Kelly, Helen W.
Kelly, Louise S.
Killian, Helen M.
Lamb, Lsta
Launer, Anna M.
Manzer, Euzabeth
MoLLER, Hilda J.
Morton, Grace
MuLLiN, Addie R.
NiEBUHR, Louise
Olin, Florence M.
Palmer, Louise E.
Parkes, Ida V.
Parnell, Rose (Mrs.)
Phelps, Sarah E.
Reno, Goldie R.
RissER, Natalie J.
Robinson, Hattie J.
Ryrie, Jessie
Scott, Jennie
Seymour, B. C. E. (Mrs.)
Spence, Martha C.
Spencer, Elizabeth M,
Stoker, Jane M.
Trerl\.ine, Elizabeth
Vasey, Sarah E.
Warren, Marcella J.
Widdersheim, J. H. (Mrs.)
Wherry, Leanna B.
Young, Martha L.
Class of 1896
Aebisher, Marie
Anderson, Kate
Ayer, Anna D.
Baker, Carrie
Baier, Augusta C.
Barnhardt, Josephine (Mrs.)
Bauersfield, Augusta J.
Baxter, Maria F.
Bird, Nellie E.
Blackmar, M\bel
Burt, Myra E.
Calhoun, Henrietta
Clark, Florence L.
Cleland, May
CoLTON, Mabel
Cressy, Minnie E.
Cutler, Julia A. (Mrs.)
Daley, Elizabeth
Detweiler, Elizabeth
Earle, Annie
Evans, Emma
Famulla, Anna
Firth, May
FiSCUS, ISOPHINE
Frazier, Geneva
Fry, Bertha E.
Griffiths, Bertha
Hatch, Hope
Haugaard, Marie D.
Hickstein, Martha E.
HiGBEE, Harriet
Hogg, IVIary Agnes
Holderman, Susan
Holroyd, Jessie
HuLiNG, Blanche
Jackman, Susan C.
Jenks, Lucy A.
King, Louise I.
Lange, Dorthea
Learey, Maude M.
Graduates of the School
209
Mackechine, Florian
AL\cPhersox, L\ura
McMlLL.\X, ^L\RY L.
Miller, Florence
MiLLiL\x, Ida
Mitchell, Euzabeth A.
mtjrdock, margaret g.
Olsen, Regna
O'Neil, Mary E.
Paris, Scsanne
PoLsox, Nns'A D.
Reub, Eliz,\beth
RoMME, Emily F.
Salisbury, Kate E.
Sawhill, Edith B.
Schuster, Ida E.
Stafford, Laur.\
STii.\iGHT, Henrietta
SwENsoN, Bertha
Tainter, Jean B.
ViERS, LetITIA
ViNiNG, Frances H.
Warren, Alice M.
Welter, Nellie L.
West, Harriet I.
Williamson, Esther
Wilson, Janet E.
Wood, Evelyn
Woods, Julia E.
Class of 1897
Ahrens, Minnie H.
Barnett, Elizabeth J.
Benson, Irene P.
BiSSON, LiLIJAN
Boyd, Florence
BussELL, N. B. (Mrs.)
Campbell, Estella
Cattell, Helen
Christ.\l\n, Gertrude (Mrs.)
Clement, Margaret
CovENEY, Charlotte
Dean, Ruth
Dunn, Clara, M.D.
DuMKE, Carolyn S., M.D.
Field, M\ry E.
Fowler, M\ry E.
Goodhue, Ella A.
Gr.\nt, M\ugareta, M.D.
Grimes, Nellie B.
Groat, Luell.-v. L.
Hamilton, Florence M.
Harroun, Mary I.
Hathaway, Lessie A.
Heinsfurter, Rebecca
Hoffman, Mathilda
Hume, Margaret H.
Hy^la, Alice
Jensen, Anna B.
Kellar, Katherine M.
Krueger, Mathild H.
Lake, Charlotte M.
Lawtiier, M\ry R.
Leader, Ethel D.
Lee, Mabel C.
Mc Knight, Mildred
Niehof, Hannah
Nielsen, Anna
Odekirk, Mattie
Olsen, Mildred G.
Packer, Clara
Parfrey, Jennie M.
Parker, Verne
Pearson, Lillian
Porter, Elna
Prentiss, Marion C.
Richards, Gabrella
Sanford, Clara M.
Sinclair, Annie S. (Mrs.)
Stetson, Nellie L.
Stookey, Helen
Strom, Hantjah
Talcott, M^ry Bird
Tenney, Elizabeth
Thirsk, Lela C.
Van Hoosen, Nell E., M.D.
Van Vliet, Mary
VoLMER, Annie
Ward, Sarah E.
210
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Class of 1898
Buchanan, Annie
Charlton, Anna E.
Collins, Catherine
Gamble, Jessie B.
Haining, Mary D.
Heede, Elsie
Jeffrey, Magdalene
Kenedy, Florence
KusTERER, Louise
Ledwidge, Mary C.
Lemmon, Theresa
Munson, Anna L.
Reid, Ellen W. G.
Smith, Elizabeth K.
Wells, Elizabeth
Zerzan, Emma
Class of 1899
Alden, Lillian
Arnold, Bessie
Baker, Grace E.
Campbell, Frances D. (Mrs.)
Clark, Lucy J.
Deitz, ]VL\^rie
Gillespie, Cora E.
GooDBY, Mildred
Green, Victoria
Grindell, Lydia
Haswell, Anna J.
Iliff, Lana
Lindholm, Carrie C.
LooMis, Mary Selma
McCuLLY, Jane
Miller, Maude
Moore, Elizabeth
Morse, May Etta
Morning, Una
Podstata, Antonia
Powell, Eunice
RosBOROUGH, Margaret E.
Russell, Julia C.
Steinbach, Ettie V.
Stewart, Mattie R.
Tanquary, Carrie B.
TiLLOTSoN, Louise
Ward, Grace E.
Williams, Hattie J.
WooDwoRTH, M. Ruth
Class of 1900
Adams, Christine E.
Barnum, Effie a.
Beaty, Carrie M.
BucHANON, Mary J.
Burt, Florence
Campbell, Frances C.
Carlin, Kathryn L.
Carroll, Katherine
Clausen, Christine M.
Dow, Minnie Louise
Fewsmith, Stella
Flood, Ella L.
Frankenburg, Josephine
Hall, Lucy Allen
Hathaway, Caroline
Hayton, Emali
Howard, ]VL\lvina M.
Irish, L. Evelyn
Kerrick, Mary M.
LoBERG, Anna
Graduates of the School
211
MacMartin, Elizabeth Ross
McPhaden, Sar.\h L.
MiLLEK, Pearl
Murphy, Lolhse M.
Palmer, Blanche E.
Patton, ]\L\rtha M.
Peterson, AL\ry J. W.
Potter, Augusta
Prunk, Estelle B.
Rath BONE, Antoinette
ScHMiD, Augusta T.
ScHUPPERT, Emma H.
Sibole, Cor.^ E.
SiGLER, Bessie L.
Spraggins, Hannah
Stabler, PtuRL P.
Talcott, Agnes
Thomson, Janet Orr
Trueman, Letitia
Utter, Ida Mary
Warwick, Sarah E.
Wilson, Jbl^n
Wood, Bertha Ellen
Woody, Nora E.
Wynkoop, Harriet E.
Yerkes, Florence L.
Class of 1901
Baldwin, Iona
Bayley, Helen M.
B OWENS, Gertrude
Br.\ntzell, Elizabeth C.
Carmichael, Bethiah
Carn, Carrie M.
Chapman, Bessie
Cote, ]\L\rie E.
Darby, Ruhamah
Devers, Emily
Dilatush, Lida E.
DuiRLiN, Clara
Fitzgerald, jVIary A.
Foltz, Effie J.
GoLDZiER, Ella M.
Gr.\n'nis, Fr.\nces
Grant, Florence G.
Green, Adelaide A.
H.\mmer, ILa.nnah (Mrs.)
Haslit, Gertrude
Jamiesson, Katherine
Junkman, Nettie
Lawrence, Nora
LocHHEAD, Lucy G.
Love, Be.\trice
Maker, Katherine
jVLvrshall, Sarah W.
Mayden, Isis
McElroy, Josephine
McIVLvhon, Harriett
McMillan, Nellie
Myrick, Jessie
Miller, Nellie G.
Perkins, IVL\ry A.
Price, Hattie M. (Mrs.)
Quackenbush, Emma
Reynolds, Stella (Mrs. )
Robinson, Ellen V.
Robinson, Janet
Rogerson, Eliza
RoAUNE, Grace E.
Smith, Clara
sont^, il\rriet i.
SouERBRY, Florence
Spicer, J. Jemina
Stein, Lydia
TOVREA, LiLUAN
VoiGT, Alice
Walter, Katherine
Wheeler, Fr.4.nces
Williamson, Anne
Wright, Anna G.
212
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Class of 1902
Adamson, Janet
Beck, Amanda K.
BOECHMANN, AnNA F.
Bro^v'n, JSIary E.
BiRKEMEiR, Ida R.
Byer, IVIinnie E.
Chandler, Fannie L,
Casey, Mary B.
Chatfield, Edith A, (Mrs.)
Craik, Grace
Day, Frances
Denny, Grace
Feltes, Frances J.
Fulton, Ida M.
Galbraith, Grace M.
Haven, Esther
Hiatt, Lena L.
HoFMANN, Elizabeth M. R.
Hubbard, Alice G.
Hudson, Harriet
IsERMAN, Gertrude
KociEMSKi, Victoria
McQuarrie, IMary C.
MuNTZ, Sybilla S.
Phelps, Theda B.
Sale, Nora
Smith, Emma
Smith, Mary E.
Stoffens, Emma
Sturgess, Anna N.
Vandergrift, Luella
Verman, Amanda M.
Watson, Marie M.
Watson, ISIary
Andrew, Lydia Belle
Bednar, Emily
Beattie, Elizabeth
Barnes, Nora Elizabeth
Bliler, Maude A.
Born, Mina C.
Burbank, Grace Eva
Cain, Margaret B.
Carlson, Beata M.
Crawford, Estelle B.
Dawes, Ione
Drahos, Delia
Drake, Pauline
DuBoiSE, Mary H.
Eddy, Bertha
GiLBORNE, Alice
Giles, Margaret A.
Gabriel, Katherine
GuNDRY, Christine
Handke, Louise J.
Harrison, Minnie
Heinberg, Nellie E.
Class of 1903
Johnson, Charlotte
Johnston, Mary
Johnstone, Caroline
Kemper, Ea.therine M.
Lalley, Jessie (Mrs.)
Lowe, Ella
Martin, Blanche B.
McKlNZIE, ISABELLE C.
IVIiLLER, Ethel
MoNNEY, Ida
MuHs, Edith D.
Nash, Grace E.
O'Hare, Selina F.
Parker, Elmira M.
Patterson, Jessie
Pease, IVIabel
PiNCKNEY, Nellie
Price, Mildred Glover
RoEMER, Ida
Smith, M. Belle
Staab, Clarissa
Tallman, Margaret A.
Wells, Ruth Emily
Graduates of the School
213
Amsler, Iva
Anderson, Lyda
Barnes, Grace
Baur, Eugenie J.
Be.\ch, AL\ry Elizabeth
Beatle, Alice C.
Burgess, Charlotte
Burgess, Dorothea
Burrows, Florence D.
Carr, Jessie May
Carr, Ethel Gertrude
Christie, Jessie F.
cornwell, ]\l\rie e.
Cross, Gertrude M.
Ericson, Hanna E.
Etheridge, Emily L.
File, Sinah
Fox, Clar.\ E.
Hansen, Jansena C,
Harris, Bertha F.
Harri^l^n, Edith I.
Hertzer, Katrina E.
Class of lOO^-
Hickman, Ida M.
Hunter, Bertha F.
Hull, Gena B.
Kellar, Anna P.
Kelly, KL\therine M.
Lauriscu, JVL-k^rie E.
Law, Isabelle
Maddock, Caroline M.
Masters, Nellie
McConaha, Jessie V.
Parsons, Jessie
Peterson, Mary C.
Peterson, M\rie
Pfaff, Ants'a C.
Putnam, Frances
Putnam, Minnie M.
Seibert, Bertha L.
Thompson, Catharine
Theurer, Margaret M.
Walker, Florence E.
Welsh, Frances E.
Wray, Edna J.
Zichy, Marienne
Class of 1905
Anderson, Esther
Anderson, M\rgaret
Avery, M\bel S. (Mrs.)
Benedict, Clara N.
BowsHER, Myrtle
Chapjl^n, Anna S.
Chau^'in, Selina a.
Clark, Marietta
cogil, m\rie b.
Creighton, Lillie B.
Cronkhite, Lulu L,
Dando, Winifred
Donald, AL^rgaret
Freugh, Lisle Parthena
Good, ]\L\ry Elizabeth
Hall, M\rgaret
Hansen, Ceua ALa.y
Henock, Rose
Iliff, FR-\NCE8
Jaffek, Christine
JuTTNER, Elizabeth ISL4.RY
Kennedy, IVL^^ry' Louise
Kerr, Eva H.
Knapp, Amanda
Loser, Harriet I.
McAlmon, Antsa H.
McDonald, AL^rtha C.
McKelvey, Laura E.
McNaughton, Catherine E.
Needham, Isabel
Ormsby, Mabel J.
Rahtge, Ell.\ M.
ScHERMER, Laura M^rie
Scherer, Elizabeth
Spilman, Elizabeth
SwANSON, Emma C.
Theile, Mina
Todd, Lois G.
WAiiNER, Alice A.
Watson, Eva
214
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Class of 1906
Aldis, Jkan
Ames, Florence
Appleford, Catherine M.
Athey, Maude Marion
Benedict, Dorable
BiGELOw, Jessie Ethel
BuzzA, Mary JosEPHmE
Cook, Maude Louise
DowD, Frances B.
Ferguson, Agnes
Frost, Ora Jean
HuMisTON, Leona
Johnson, Igna M.
Kellogg, Grace
KJENDALL, Jessie
KoHLSAAT, Cora J.
Lindburg, Elizabeth
Medley, Mary
MuLviHiLL, Margaret
PiGG, Julia J.
Putnam, Jennie M.
QUACKENBUSH, MaBY EtTA
Reagh, Nellie Maude
Renwick, Eva
Robinson, Wilhelmina
St. John, Harriet
Snider, Mabel F.
Springer, Florence IVIary
Stewart, Anna Guthrie
Todd, Sarah
Veitch, IVIartha Blanche
Venard, Ada
Class of 1907
Alexander, Olive B.
Bean, Masie
BoswoRTH, Cornelia I.
Claflin, Elsa Hoyt
Cramer, Clara M.
Daugherty, Bessie M.
Egle, Louise
Erlew^ne, Elizabeth Edna
GiROD, M\RY (Mrs.)
Grater, Elizabeth
Grice, Clara
gundry, m\ry j.
Ho^^"L.\ND, Bessie
James, Marietta
Keeran, Li DA
Kelly, Clara L.
Keyes, Edith Risley
Letv^s, Miriam
Loney, EM^L^.
Malin, Margaret
Woelfle,
Maloney, Agnes E.
McCracken, Eulia
McGouRTY, Anna F.
Miller, Anna Elizabeth
Moore, Jitne E.
Muhs, Roberta
Murray, Orril
NoRQUEST, Mamie
Peters, Margaret
Poole, Mary
Powers, Ma.rgaret
Reed, Ellenore
Reeder, Maude
Rogers, Lois
ScHLUND, Elsie L.
Stiles, ]VLvthilda
Tucker, Myra
Urch, Lillian
Westburg, Bertha M.
WiLHELMSON, LaURA
Gertrude
Graduates of the School
215
Class of 1908
Barclay, Ethel Ione
Bark, Lillian M.
Be.\, Minnie
Beers, Eva A.
BiGGERT, Helen
Brewster, Helen M.
Brooks, Anna L.
CowGiLL, Jessie M.
Cummin, Grace A.
Davis, Kate
Davison, Eliza (Mrs.)
DoRSL\N, Lena
Fr.\.sher, Rowena
Gall.\gher, Anna E.
Gilkerson, Althea
Groat, Lelia A.
ELvLL, Ethyle E.
Jackson, Elizabeth
Kaempfer, Liuan ^L\bel
Lee, Luella Laura
McCuNE, Gladys
Montgomery, Nannie
Napper, Ida Ethel
Parkes, Ella V.
Pepper, Emma
Rabinowitz, Esther
Reamy, Geraldine S.
Saecker, Anna E.
Steckle, Lydla
Skyrud, ALvrie 0.
Soland, Ida E.
Toeller, Christine
Uhung, Edna
Walter, KL\therlne I.
Waite, ^Lky E.
Weidner, Frieda
Welch, Laurie D.
Wilson, Bertha G.
Withgott, ]Mae C.
WooDARD, IVIay (Mrs.)
Class of 1909
Baker, Ethel ^La.ude
Bennett, Theresa K.
Bingham, Hattie B.
Caldwell, Frances I.
Carney, Frances Win-nifred
CoN-NOR, Helene F.
Dunbar, Virginia B.
Griep, Lena A.
Green, Helen M.
Harkins, Harriet H.
Hill, Lulah M.
Holt, Maybelle (Mrs.)
Horner, Louise
Horner, Ruth
HosTiLiN, Louise
Howard, Lucy
KUEHL, ^L\rgaret A.
Langdon, Helen
Leck"st[tz, Christine M.
Lemont, Esther F.
Lewts, Maud D.
Menzie, Maude M.
Perry, Frances Etta
Randolph, Gr.\ce V.
Richardson, Antva M.
Steckle, Sarah J.
Umberger, Gr.\ce E.
Van Wormer, Jessie E.
Wilkinson, Mabel
Winn, J. Ethel
216
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Alexander, Bertha M.
Anderson, Cora Maude
Baker, Florence Edna
BoECK, Louise H.
Burgess, Eva Eugenia
Chapman, Harriet
Collins, Lena
GivANS, May I.
Grunday, Phoebe M.
HaVEY, I. INL^LINDE
Hess, Mamie E.
Class of 1910
Hettinger, Anna
HiEBNER, Harriet L.
Hinze, Augusta
Hoffman, Clara E.
Lmgles, Helen
KoppEL, Cora M.
KosT, Cassie E.
Murray, Edythe Maude
Place, Sara B.
PuRDUM, Sarah
Ray, Dora
Switzer, Alice M.
Class
Bauer, Sophia A.
Bentz, Helen
Bill, Martha Mary
BuRGDORF, Flora M.
Bradley, JVL^ry E.
Campbell, Angeline Leotta
Chamberlain, Josephine
Churchill, Florence M.
Cochrane, Mary Hastie (Mrs.)
Cohen, Rebecca
Creed, Fay ER\^NE
CuLP, IvA Mae
CuRTiss, Vera Florence
Darragh, Kathleen
Gadde, Clara E.
Gale, Mary M.
Geisler, Beula Rowena
Gordon, Viola IVLvrgaret
Hart, Mary V.
Higbee, Theresa Marie
HiNKEL, ReNA
HoAGLAND, Jennie Paulina
LoLLAR, Bertha C. (Mrs.)
McLeish, Janet Elizabeth
Class
Anderson, Belle
Bader, Cora
Baker, Aurel
Bascom, Mildred
Bergey, M. Elma
Burchman, Daisy
Cain, Frances Louise
OF 1911
LuNDiN, Nannie
Miller, Lena Bronson (Mrs.)
Minich, Mary Cacaelia
Mosher, Nina Pearl
Morris, Nellie R.
MuRDOCK, Ruth O.
Nichols, Maude
OSTERLUND, HuLDA
Pilcher, Alice Wave
Riddle, Helen
Sayle, Anna L.
Simons, Evangeline
Smith, Jessie Frances
Spencer, Ruth Helen
Stevens, Nora
Taylor, L. Estelle
Theile, Cora A.
Theile, Ida
Walker, Marie Marguerite
Watson, Helen Marie
Welsh, Catherine Theresa
Yates, Mary Alberta
Young, Ada F.
Zeis, Mary A.
OF 1912
Davis, Nellie M.
Erbaugh, Blanche
File, Inez Rankin
FiNDLEY, Bessie
Fitch, Nettie Mable
Guthrie, Agnes I.
Hibbard, Keziah
Graduates of the School
217
Horn, Leonie Elizabeth
Jenkins, Florence
JOSCELYNE, KaTHEKINE I.
Lewis, Lydia
Lyons, Emily R.
Lytle, Belle Lolhse
]\L\HONEY, KaTHRYN
Manful, Evelyn M.
IVL^YBURY, RuBABELL.\
McDonald, Be.\trice W.
McMuRPHY, Daisy I.
Montgomery, Mary
MoRAN, Celia
Owens, Anna L. (Mrs.)
Painter, Edna W. (Mrs.)
Panzlau, M\rtha
Peters, M\rtha
Peterson, Gertrude
Zangmeister,
Class
Porter, Hazel M.
Quammen, Sena M.
Reid, Agnes W.
Ruff, Lillian
Russell, Gertrude M.
ScHooNovER, Ruth G.
SiLCox, Eva
Smith son, Panzy
SouKUP, Eleanor
Steckle, Ada
Steinbach, Hilma C.
Streitmatter, Budy M.
Sullivan, Minnie Grace
Sweet, Blanche O.
Taubert, Gertrude M.
Tomlin, Rosetta
VicNiER, Vivian L.
Yates, Alice M.
^L^thilda (Mrs.)
Andrew, Myrtle L.
Ayres, Edith W.
Bayne, Isabell*. C.
cont^ard, m\y'
CoRBETT, Delia L.
Care^^dltf, AL*.rgaret Belle
Derebey, Aphrodite
Dudley, Minnie
Edberg, Charlotte
Edgerly, Hettie (Mrs.)
Eighme, Eva M.
ErISMAN, M\RGL'ER1TE
Ewing, Annie C.
Fairchild, Carrie M.
Gambee, Bessie B.
Hamilton, Fannie
Hampton, Frances
Haug, Gena M.
Heitz^l^n, Ida
Huckleberry, Laura G.
Kitchen, Sybil M.
Kramer, Belle
Lawson, Lilllvn a.
M\tzen, Emsl\
McMiLLiN, Ethel E.
Wehrle
OF 1913
Murphy, Esther A.
MusTAiNE, Lulu
OSTLIN, M\RIE
Pawlische, Ella E.
Pen-na, Ellen L.
Penny, Ocyalta
Petersdorf, M\ry E. Lennox
Pfaff, Helen I.
Pickup, Bessie Theodosia
Potter, Ethy'le M.
Roache, Katherine a.
SopER, An-na
Stoops, Florence
Stumpf, Elizabeth
sundqltst, m\ry m.
Sweetwood, M\rgaret L.
S\\TEETWooD, Harriet C.
Tech, Edna A.
Theurer, Nellie
TiGAY, Cl.\r.\
TiMMONs, Julia
Thomsen, Ellen
Urch, Daisy D.
Walden, Nellie H.
Walker, Grace O.
, Mildred
218
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Arpp, Maude Cornelia
Bartlett, Elizabeth
Beehler, Clara Louise
Bennington, Mildred
BoHNE, Henrietta
Breckenridge, Priscilla
Carlson, Amanda
Collins, Anna M.
Fabrycki, Mary
Ferguson, Helen
Gary, Pearl
Hall, Winifred B.
Henjum, Louise
Hilton, Florence Anne
HiLDEBRAND,
Anna C. Boyson (Mrs.)
HoBEiN, Cora F.
Holm, Florence
Howard, Charlotte
KalPLan, Christine
Kerr, Tena K.
KuEHL, Ethel
LeMasters, Nancy
Lyon, Elizabeth C.
Young,
Class of 1914
McBride, Ethel Fay
McDonald, Bernice K. (Mrs.)
McKeen, Alma B.
McRae, Mary E.
Morrison, Elizabeth B.
Nykanen, Wilhelmina
Paulson, Belletta
Petschke, Lucy M.
Pope, Mary K.
Regez, Alma I.
Rhodes, Maude
Richards, Maeda Qunilian
Salmu, Ida Marie
Shuff, Grace A.
Smith, Clara M.
Slater, Ruth Hewitt
Slater, Mae Anne
Simpson. Anna C.
Stahl, Nellie M.
Stoltenberg, Vilma
Stuart, Frances
Thorn, Velma
Van Alstine, A. Harriet
Wendell, Ruth E.
Elizabeth C.
Class of 1915
Barrett, Norma
Belhorn, Laura K.
Bennett, Ethelyn Grace
Bentz, Emma Louise
BiGELOw, Vera Ella
BucHOLTZ, Ada Lorana
BucHOLTz, Beryl Ida
BuBTCH, Zeola
Cameron, Eliza
Carpenter, Leila B.
Corcoran, Gertrude
DiLLEHUNT, Helen M\rgaretta
DuMONT, Veronica C.
Ewing, Mary Maxine
Ferguson, Mildred H.
Finch, Ethel Louise
Gadde, Jennie M.
Gardner, Caroline Kathryn
GiLMORE, Florence Henrietta
Glauber, Marie Clare
Gordon, Mary E.
Herman, Josephine V.
Hoffman, Nellie G.
Hoskyn, Emma J.
Huhnke, Ottilie
Jones, M. Bertha
Graduates of the School
219
Judy, Zella IVIaude
Kennedy, Isabel
Kinsman, Myrtle Iuene
Kfnsey, Elizabeth
KoESTLER, Eva B.
Larson, Freda W.
Laub, Susie Mabel
Nelson, Edith Victoria
Newton, Mary M.
Nixon, Edith
Olson, Alvida
Prout, Mabel
QuANTz, Carolyn Louise
Rails BACK, Leta G.
Reade, Florence J.
Robinson, Katiiryn Irene
Russell, Bi^\nciie E.
Schuenke, Clara Ella
Seymour, Mary Elizabeth
SnADwicK, Martha Coroeua
Steinbach, Ruth M.
Teichman, Hulda Marion
Thomas, Elizabeth
Class of 1916
Angelica, Florence
Baker, Elnora
Beiber, Laura L.
Campaign, Maude A.
Christianson, Annt: E.
Cohen, Pauline
Crockett, Minnie
Cornish, Mildred A.
Daugherty, Edith M.
Ellison, May
Feddema, Sadie Wilhelmina
Fees, Elpha Alice
FoGLER, Pearl L. (Mrs.)
Frye, Noma Ann
Fyffe, M\yme a.
Ganzel, Olive Gertrude
Grigsby, Caroline B.
Grimes, Gr.\ce Emily
ILa.kanson, HiLiL\ Charlotte
Hartley, Dorothy
Herrick, Nellie G.
HiGiiT, Mary Delle
Hill, IVIallvilla D.
Hooker, Dor.\ Leone
Huffman, Mazie M.
Huston, Fannie Fern
Jacques, Albina M. E.
Jensen, Aileen
Kegerreis, Edna Gertrude
Krauss, Louise A.
Lankford, Blanche Elizabeth
Launt, Ruth
Laurence, Ruby Burgess
Linde, Edith Caroline
Lonergan, Grace May
Lyman, Altha A.
Meek, Winifred E.
Mill, Gertrude Elizabeth
Monteski, Helen
Morgan, M\e
NicoLL, Bessie
Oberg, Helma M.
Puryear, Elizabeth Berney
Reagles, Vernie Gillmore
ruden, cl.a.re
Sellers, Lel.\ Fae
Shortridge, Annabel
SissoN, A. Bernice
Smith, Helen H.
Staley, Ruth M.
Stoltzfus, Olive B.
Trevillon, Elizabeth
Tompkins, Frances M.
Warner, H\zel June
Williams, IC\thryn
Wood, Mildred L.
220
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Class of 1917
Anderson, Anna
Barrington, Jeannette (Mrs.)
Benson, Marion
Blickenstaff, Verna
Black, Maude
Boettger, Selma
BowDEN, Neva
Campbell, Rose
Carter, Ethel
Christianson, Ella
Comes, Alma
CoRGAN, Lulu
CuNEO, Mary
Denham, Maude (Mrs.)
Deming, Edith
Duman, Ella
Gleason, Ina
Heagley, Ferne
Hartwell, Helen
Harris, Stella
Hildebrecht, Florence
Hinton, Beatrice
Kelley, Amy
Kent, Estelle
Knudtson, Alice
McLaughlin, Jane
Macdonald, Blanche
Morgan, Marguerite
Painter, Clinnie
Patterson, Edna
Perrine, Grace
Pitt, Clara
Ratner, Ray
Reid, Tasie (Mrs.)
Stupka, Carolyn
suslick, golda
Stad£r, Carrie
Thorne, Hazel
Wallen, Nettie
Wheeler, Marie
Class of 1918
Almberg, Hilda
Anderson, Theresa
Andre, Fern
Anstead, Elva
Breitlow, Gertrude
Brunner, Edythe
burgdorff, amelia
Chaffin, Florence
Christie, A. Ethel
Davis, Sibyl
Daggett, IVL^rtha
Dennhardt, Ruth
Eggler, Elsie
Farrow, Esther
Faucette, Golda
FiTE, Sue
Glenn, Eunice
GoRANowsKi, Anna
Hall, Lydia
Hamilton, Gladys
Hanson, Louise
Harrington, Ruth
Heath, Verna
Herberger, Josephine
Hill, Florence
Hollar, Lula
HOLLENBECK, MaBEL
HosKiNS, Edna
Holmes, Mary
Inch, Myrtle
Jaeschke, Emma
Johnson, Irene
Judy, Maude
King, Mabel
McLean, Anastasia
McNutt, Lillian
Martin, Lenora
Mayne, Dorothy
Graduates of the School
221
Melis, Mercedes
MoYER, Lel.\
o'donnel, bl.a.nche
Palmer, Esther
Palmquist, Esther
Randall, Gr.\ce
RusTAD, Glenda
Shirley, Helen
Simon, Tillie
Temple, Gertrude
Veihman, Vera
Weston, Mary
White, Minnie
Williamson, Bea
Williamson, Mildred
Woods, Aggie
Class of 1919
Ahlhorn, Mary J.
Alber, Florence Inez
Allen, Aimee J.
Anderson, Clara M.
Barr, Ruth L.
BixLER, Fant^ie Fern
Booth, ^L^.E
Carlton, Isabelle C.
Cochr.\n, Grace G.
Dibble, Gertrude M.
Dullea, Esther E.
Fouch, Helen M.
Fltxsham, Elizabeth A.
GoETscH, Edith V.
Grover,
Esther Kunuttila (Mrs.)
Graham, Helen D.
H.\LLER, Bertha W.
Hammond, Phyllis
Hansen, Edel Cathrine
H.\RDiNG, Isabel M.
H.\rmon, Ants'e M.
Heisler, Zita M.
HocoM, Mae A.
Inglis, Jessie M.
Johnston, Regina E.
Kenney, Anna M.
Lasswell, Lulu
Laub, Edna Hazel
LeFebvre, Lillian
Ll'nd, Winnefred
Manahan, Be-\trice Mae
Marchesse.\u, M.\ry J.
Yaxtheimer,
M\RSH, Dorothea
Messner, Georgia
Montgomery, Lucille H.
Muller, Elly
Munkhoff, Elleanor H.
AL'K.cLay, Katherine
MacNaughton, Gwendolyn
McCarthy, Cecilia
Neville, Ora
Norman, Edith Christine
O'Neill, Florence
Owen, Leah L.
Peterson, Lydia
Phelps, Minnie E.
Phillips, Emma J.
PosTHUMUs, Magdalene
Rantz, Fannie E.
Ray, Margaret D.
Reed, Clara
Richards, Estelle E.
Rose, Edna A.
Roth MAN, Elizabeth M.
Scott, Gena
Skinner, Noel E.
Snider, Ethel M.
Temple, Grace
TowNSHEND, Florence
Vanzo, Ersilia
Walsh, Irene C.
Weber, Elizabeth
Wells, Sylvia
WiLLARD, Ella
Willoughby, Pearl
Rose H.
224
Illinois Training School for Nurses
Class of 1923
Anderson, Laura. B.
Baker, Gertrude R.
Boucher, Addie (Mrs.)
Begg, Mary E.
Cox, Myrtle F.
Davis, Lea O.
Eversk, Anna M.
EviNS, Lillian W.
Fussellman, Vera T.
Gee, Flora A.
Gradolph, Anna Mat
HOLFELTZ, KaTHERINE M.
HiGHOLT, HiLMA
Harstadt, Laura C.
Hibarger, Mabel
Heggie, Maude M.
KiKULSKi, Ellen B.
Kernan, Geneva A.
Lund, Eleanore C.
Lutz, Leota M.
Miller, Alma R.
MULLENDORE, MaRY L.
McNutt, Helen A.
Ovens, Vivienne R.
Prochaska, Anne
Rentsch, Adele
RicKETTS, Pearl
ROEHRICK, TiLLIE M.
Smith, Mary
SoLBERG, Mabel S.
Stryk, Viola
Swearingen, Phyllis A.
Tofsted, Esterre
Weiler, Clara
WiNSEY, Wenonah
Wright, Nora R.
Class of 1924
Bardo, Beulah R.
Chapman, Mary Louise
Croyle, Nancy B.
Devitt, Gertrude
EusTis, Neva E.
Erickson, Florence M.
Fisher, Mary O.
Flynn, Margaret G.
Gendzwill, Agnes D.
Graham, Margaret Ann
Greff, ELa.zel M.
Harding, Bertha
Harney, Lena
Hastings, Olive M.
HoGABOAM, Margaret Ann
Knoop, Mabel M.
Lea, Myrtle
Longan, Helen Rose
McCoy, Anna H.
Mackey, Cora Lois
Norton, Genevieve M.
Passamani, Therza E.
Pendleton, Frances B.
Pearson, Signe Alice
Perry, Ruth
Petlick, Ruth Marie
Rainey, Frances Lenore
RoTHGARN, Gertrude I.
Smart, Olivia
Savage, Clara Marguerite
ScHREYER, Lillian
Shellhaas, Esther Jane
ThON, IVLvRTHA J.
TicE, Mabel
Tough, Freida
Vawter, Alice
Wilson, Kathryn P.
Wittwer, Wilma
Graduates of the School
225
Class of 1925
AiiLBERG, Ruth E. M. E.
Alt, M. Louise
Anuuews, Janie Mae
Bowman, Alice E.
Bridson, Anne I.
BURGE, M\RY Ix)UISE
Cannon, Caiuue Edythe
Davis, Florence Victoria
Davis, Jennie E.
Dean, Jennie V.
Ellithorpe. Eliza Elinor
Evans, Ethel Estelle
Fabrycki, Ann
Fisher, Eva Hartzell
Gererd, Lulu M.
Graham, Edith
Griep, Florence M.
Gun'nett, Margaret Agnes
Hedrick, Ruth Speer
HiNTON, Florence Ada
YOITNG,
Hughes, Clydien Ci^arkson
JoHNSEN, HeUJA
Johnson, Eva A.
Jones, Lucile Ruth
Keene, Daisy Kathryne
Klassy, Barbaim Ix)ULSE
Maloney, Verne M.
Nelson, Ruby Nol\
Parish, Vonnie Victoria
Pay'ne, Myrtle Lucille
Preston, Ivor.\ H.
Richardson, Mary A.
Robinson, M. Genevieve
Shoots, M\ry Alice
Shew, Anna Millard
THo^L^.s, Frances E.
TlIORNFIELD, ElLENOR M.
Townsend, M. ALvtilda
Welsh, Orrel M.
Whitemore, Hazel ^L^y
Louise Elizabeth
Albert, jVL^ry V.
Barw7ck, Frances M.
Biehle, Ormay L.
Bl.\ckburn, Lottie H.
Chestem, Inez R.
Crabtree, Loretta
Dederick. Dorothy
DeMei^s, Myrtle
Dixon, Violet E.
Erkiletian, Rose
GiLTNER, M. Pauline
Hager, Emma L.
Hastings, Dorothy
Hazelrod, Pearl
Heitman, Sally
Holmes, Helen R.
Class of 1926
Jackson, Hazel Gertrude
Jensen, Cora M.
KuHLMAN, Gladys
Lietzman, Jewel
Leutwiler, Ruby E.
AL^rovec, Mildred
Moore, Ruby F.
McKee, Ethelda
Nord, Adeline A.
NoRD, Ragna
Pearson, Edna H.
Poppe, E^LMA Mary
Prutsman, Lela D.
Shew, Emma L.
Slette, Josephine C.
Splies, Winora L.
Thon, Josephine V.
226
Illinois Training School for Nurses
BoETTNER, Sadie
Burke, Marguerite
Burns, Helen F.
CONOVER, GeRALDINE
Davison, Maud
Frost, Earthel L.
Garms, Erna E.
Gordon, Marian A.
Hayes, Opal
Hehnen, Johanna
HoFFA, Ethel
Horn, Evelyn
Class of 1927
Houston, Erivlv K.
Johnson, Martha
Keeslar, Ruth E.
Ketchem, Serena
Moore, Myrtle A.
Mucha, Stella I.
Rue, Lorr-\ine
Soper, Elizabeth
Strangland, Lydia *
Stoll, Minnie
TiLLOTSON, Bonnie Ruth B.
Willis, Alice K.
Wolf, Loree
Class of 1928
Anderson, Ethel V.
Anderson, Magdalen S.
Barnett, Frances M.
BoYER, Halcie M.
Clark, Creta
Day, Nellie Eileen
Dietsch, Idella M.
Gardner, Addie Mae
Gardner, Mabel L.
Guy, Verl-a. Death erage
Hanson, Mildred B.
Holland, Pearl E.
HoYT, Mary M-vbel
Johnson, Edith H.
Johnson, Emila. E.
Keenan, Mary Ann
Kerr, Isabel M.
Larson, Frances L.
Lettenstrom, Florence M.
Martin, Marguerite L.
MiTCHEM, Dorothy E.
Phelps, Lucy M.
Rankin, Lucy A.
Rose, Marie T.
SWANBORG, VerNA J.
SwiTZER, Lois O. I.
Shapiro, Rachel
Thompson, Mildred M.
Young, Madeline A.
Graduates of the School
227
Class of 1929
Abbe, Petrene
Allen, Irma M.
Apple, Helen E.
Anderson, Gertrude M.
AusMAN, Florence E.
Bennett, M. Muriel
BicKELL, Vera ^L\y
bonacker, estelle l.
Butler, Georgh. Mae
Carlson, VioLuV
Cramer, Emily W.
Eggman, Cl-a^ra Avis
Farris, K.\therine E.
Griep, Hester E.
Hark, June ^L\rie
JoLLiFFE. Lois Anna
Lohmann, Alta a.
Matthews, Anita P.
MiNDRUM, May Alice
MOLLENHAUER, EsTHER L
MoRONEY, Josephine E.
Nye, Hester
Nymeyer, Anna Marie
Offield, Vera V.
Sartor, Mercedes H.
Sernett, Joanne C.
Smith, Blanche L.
Symmonds, Philus M.
Thundal, Rose E.
Van Doest, Ann Eloise
Weese, Mabel Olive
Werelius. Zina V.
INDEX
Administration,
Sec also Course of study; Faculty;
Nurses' Home
advances in 1913, 106
registration rearranged on academic
basis, 154
supervised practice in, for post-gradu-
ates, 158
Admission requirements
academic training, 91, 109
form sent to applicants, 20-22
mental tests added, 1928, 154
resolution 1887, character versus
social position, 50
State law, 1919, 109
Advertising. See Publicity
Advisory Board
Cook County Hospital staff mem-
bers, 9
first appointed, 7-8
Affiliation
beginnings, with other training
schools, 82-83
Dunning State Hospital, 1918, 108
discontinued. 111
editorial in American Journal of
Nursing re I. T. S., 83
exchange of nurses, 91
Highland Park Hospital Association,
1918-1925, 108
Lying-in Hospital, 80
discontinued, 1921, 111
more schools admitted, 91
pediatric nursing, student body in-
creased through affiliations, 163
public health nursing organizations,
159
salary of affiliates, 107
statistics, 1913, 106; 1914-1915, 1917,
107; 1928, 171
West Suburban Hospital, Oak Park,
1914, 107
Aged nurses
benefit funds, 185-186
Ahrens, Minnie H.
director of Infant Welfare Society of
Chicago, 187
World War work, 127
Alexander, Bertha
special mention in Haig despatches,
124
Allen, Jennie K.
director of occupational therapy, 148
Alumnae Association, 177-196
advancement of nursing activities,
180
American Journal of Nursing, pur-
chase of stock, 181
annual banquet, first, and program,
180
Army Nursing Bill, and rank for
nurses in army and navy, ob-
jectives, 181
Associated Hospital Alumnae of
Chicago, organization, 181
association to establish sinking fund
for a home for nurses formed,
185
benefactors' dues, 179
Board of Directors of I. T. S. mem-
berships
first alumna elected, 182
other alumnae members, and terms,
183
charter members, 177-178
code of ethics published, 180
constitution adopted, model used, 177
Directory activities, 182
dues, 178, 183
initiation fee, 179
endowed room at Presbyterian Hos-
pital, 179, 180
additional funds raised, 1925-1930,
186
bequest of Ellen V. Robinson,
185
finances
benefit fund, provisions, 178
Ellen V. Robinson trust fund,
184-185
Memorial Home and Loan Fund for
aged nurses, 185-186
reserve fund, special appropria-
tions from, 184
Sarah E. Warwick loan fund, 185
treasurer's report, 1929, 186
tribute to Mrs. W'escott, 188
honorary members, dues, 179
I. T. S. graduates who have done
notable work, 186-192
incorporated, 181-182
legislation activities, 181
life membership, dues, 179, 184
meetings
first, for organization, 177
monthly, 178
229
230
Index
Alumnae Association — continued
merger of I. T. S. with University of
Chicago. See Merger of I. T. S.
with the University of Chicago
monthly reports begmi, assessment
for, 180
officers, temporary and first elected,
177
organization, 1891, 177
presidents, 188
prizes offered graduates, first awarded
1912, 90-91
program at monthly meetings, 178
purpose, 177
reorganization of nursing associa-
tions, 183
State Board of Health, recognition
worked for, 181
superintendents of the School se-
lected from graduates, 70, 186
twenty-fifth anniversary of School
celebration, 83, 183
American Journal of Nursing
I. T. S. graduate managing editor,
187
Mclsaac, president of Board, 81
support of I. T. S. and Alumnae
Association, 181
American Red Cross. See Red Cross
Anderson, Lydia
tribute to Miss Hay, 128
Anecdotes
janitor finds a skeleton in the Nurses'
Home, 37-38
Anniversaries
twenty-fifth, celebration, 83-84, 183
Annual meetings
first held, with reports, 24-26
last meeting, appreciation of Miss
Logan recorded, 172-173
Annual reports
second, commendation from attend-
ing physicians and surgeons, and
hospital staff, 34-37
summary of work, 1929, 173-174
treasurer's report, first, 25
Annuals
published by various classes, 115
Armour, P. D.
gift for addition to building, 51
Army Nurse Bill, 81
Army School of Nursing A. R. C, 133
Assistant superintendents
Draper, Edith, 50
Kimber, Diana, 50
Mclsaac, Isabel, at Presbyterian
Hospital, 59
Steere, Anna E., 50
Associations
American Nurses' Association, 80
Associated Hospital Aliunnae of
Chicago, 181
association to establish sinking fund
for home for nurses, 185
Central Council of Nursing Educa-
tion, 111, 187
Chicago Nurses' Club, 184
First District of Illinois State Asso-
ciation, 187
formed for support of School, 28
Illinois League of Nursing Education,
187
National League of Nursing Educa-
tion, 187
reorganization of nursing associations,
183
Society of Superintendents of Train-
ing Schools, 80
Ayres, Mrs. Edith
World War service, killed on ship-
board, 124
Barnes, Mary Day
chairman of Memorial Home and
Loan Fund project, 186
World War service, 136
Bartles, Melissa J.
portrait, 24
Bascom, Mildred
missionary to China, 191
Base Hospital
Unit No. 12, 123
Unit No. 13, 122-123
Bean, Angie
portrait, 24
Beatle, Alice C, afterward Mrs. Fred-
erick W. Cobb
W'orld War work and decorations, 135
Belgium
A. R. C. war work, 135
Benefit funds
Alumnae Association activities, 178,
184-186
Bequests
Crerar, John, $50,000, 64
Phoebe Smith legacy, 51
contest and settlement of will,
53, 57
tablets in memory of benefactors,
illus., 84
Best, Ella
faculty member, 164
Billings, Frank, M.D.
speech at joint meeting of Associa-
tion of Commerce with I. T. S.,
95-96
Index
231
Blackmar, Mabel
World War service, 136
Blackwell, Edith Goetsch
missionarj' work in Burma, 191
Blanks and forms
application for admission, £0-22
contract signed by pupil nurses, 22
private nurses, note sent with, 32
questions submitted to County Board
re management, 18-19
Blessing Hospital, Quincy
affiliation with I. T. S., 91
Bloomington, Brokaw Hospital
affiliation with I. T. S., 83
Board of County Commissioners. See
County Board of Commissioners
Board of Directors
Advisory Board, first chosen, 7-8
agreement with County Board. See
Cook County Hospital, agree-
ment
alumna on the Board
first alumna elected, 182
other alumnae members, and terms,
183
annual meetings
first, 24-26
last, appreciation of Miss Logan
recorded, 172-173
boodlerism charge by County Board,
5i-55
changes
1917-1922, 116-117
last years, few, 173
committees
first chosen, 7
occupational therapy, 148
World's Fair exhibit, 69-70
constitution and by-laws drafted and
adopted, 7
Cook County Hospital service. See
Cook County Hospital
first
elected, 6
how chosen, 3, 4
meeting and organization, 6-9
members elected to new Cook County
Hospital School, 169
members, with dates of service, 199-
201
officers
changes in 1891, 64
first elected, 7
list, with dates of service, 197-
198
organization, 6-9
Presbyterian Hospital service. See
Presbyterian Hospital
Board of Directors — continued
president offered salary to give full
time, 1913, 116
proposition to County Board for
nursing in Cook County Hospital,
text, 6
resolution conveying corporate rec-
ords for preservation, 176
resolution of appreciation to Conti-
nental Illinois Bank, 175
scholarships. See Scholarships
Tolman, Sexton, and Chandler, serv-
ice gratefully acknowledged, 172
Board of Education
grants bedside teacher for children in
County Hospital, 14G
Breeze, Jessie
active member of Board, 173
elected to Board of Managers, 182
secretary of Alumnae Association,
177
Brokaw Hospital, Bloomington
affiliation with I. T. S., 83
Bronson Hospital, Kalamazoo
affiliation with I. T. S., 91
Brower, Mrs. Daniel R.
death, 117
Brown, Mary E., afterward Mrs. Rich-
ard Dewey
appointed superintendent, 9, 14, 18,
43
biographical letter, 47-48
portrait, 16
resignation, 33
second, and marriage, 46
salary, 18, 43
Brown, Phebe W.
portrait, 24
president of Alumnae Association,
177
Brown, Mrs. Ralph
chairman of Social Service Com-
mittee, 173
corresponding secretary, 173
Building,
See also Nurses' Home, expansion of
living quarters
additions
1888, 51-53, 56-57
1899, wing to original building, 75
1907, Crerar addition, 85
architects
addition, 1888, 53
Cobb and Frost tender services, 28
bonds issued, 28
lot and frame building, 308 Honore
Street bought, 75
opening of the new Home, 37
232
Index
Building — continued
projects
See also Building, additions
1881, first home, 26-28
1910, McDonald flats rebuilt, 74,
85-86
1916, plans for new Home, 113-115
reason for building, paper by Mrs.
Lawrence, 26-27
site
Honore Street, lot purchased, 27
Polk, Lincoln, and Winchester
streets, for new Home, 1916,
114-115
subscriptions, 27
for addition, 51-53
trustees of fund, 28
Warren houses; Worthy apartments,
leased, 112
Bulgaria
Philippopolis, account of American
Red Cross work in, 132-133
Sofia School for Nurses
German Red Cross takes over
direction of hospital, 131
organized by Miss Hay, 128, 131-
132
Burcham, Daisy (Mrs. Anton Young)
decorated by Prince of Wales, 124
Burgess, Charlotte
War work, 134
Burke, INLarguerite
missionary in Lassa Nigeria, letter, 191
Burrows, Mrs. Thomas
founder of the L T. S., 1
recording secretary, 7, 24
resignation as recording secretary, 64
Carpenter, Augustus A.
trustee of building fund, 28
Carpenter, Mrs. Augustus A. (Eliza-
beth Kempton)
founder of the I. T. S.,1
death, 75
World's Fair exhibit activities, 69
Central College of Nursing Education
plan, 1916, 114-115
Central Council of Nursing Education
executive secretary, I. T. S. graduate,
187
I. T. S. a member. 111
Central Directory of the First District
Directorv of I. T. S. merged with, 182
opened, 1913, 107
Charity balls
revenue given I. T. S., 52
Charity nursing
Crerar fund, 65-66
Charter of the I. T. S.
application, text, 4
text of charter, 5
Chestnut, Eleanor
missionary to China, 188-189
Chicago Association of Commerce
joint meeting with I. T. S. Board to
consider problems, 95-97
Chicago Medical Society
resolution approving the School,
text, 8
Chicago Nurses' Club
Alumnae Association appropriation
for, 184
Chicago Social Service Exchange
registration in 1924, cost, 149
Chicago Tuberculosis Institute
affiliation with I. T. S., 159
Chicago University. See University of
Chicago
Chicago Woman's Club
World War work, 135
Children's Hospital, Cook County
Hospital Unit
bedside teacher granted by Board of
Education, 146
opened, 82, 157
pediatric nursing service, 1928, 162-
163
Christmas celebration
Cliristmas carols in the Hospital,
illus., 176
fire at Cook Coimty Hospital, 46
Civil service
social service workers not subject to,
146
Clayton, Lillian
head of educational department, 107
Clinical demonstrations
added to curriculum, 73
Cobb, Mrs. Frederick W. See Beatle,
Alice C.
Coffman, Feme Heagley
missionary to China, 191
Colored nurses. See Negroes
Columbia University
nurses training at Teacher's College
established, 60
Columbian Exposition. See World's
Columbian Exposition
Commencement
diplomas presented by Drs. Johnson,
Stevenson, and Smith, 64
first class, 38-41
account in letter of Mrs. Williams,
41
President Lawrence's address, 38-40
fixed in June, 49
Index
233
Commencement — contin ued
held in Murpliy Memorial Hull,
College of Surgeons, KJ'J
Home-coming day, exhibits, and pro-
gram, instituted 1926, 1G8
time clianged, 38
Commendations
Chicago Medical Society approves
the School, 8
Coimtv Board, at first annual meet-
ing, 20
Jacobson letter at first annual meet-
ing, 25
letter from Peter Reinberg re in-
fluenza epidemic, 109
physicians, surgeons and stafi of
Hospital, in second annual re-
port, 34-37
Psychiatric staff letter, 162
resolutions of Cook County Hospital
attending staff, May,'l914, 100
Committees. See Board of Directors,
committees
Connard, Mary
World War work, 135
Contagious Hospital
crowded condition and remedy, 1912,
94-95
new building opened, 82
Continental Illinois Bank and Trust
Company
resolution of appreciation from I.
T. S. Board, 175
Cook County
friendly suit for funds owing I. T. S.,
175
Cook County Commissioners. See
County Board of Commissioners
Cook County Hospital
See also Graduate nurses; Hours of
service; Salaries; Student nurses
agreement with I. T. S.,
See also Cook County Hospital,
contract
contagious ward, 63-64
first, pay for nurses, 13
guide for contract, 13
per ward, 18
questions submitted to County
Board, 18-19
reduced service, 1887, 55-56
Amphitheatre, first year demonstra-
tion class, 1896, picture, 58
boodlerism charge against I. T. S.,
54-55
building
additional buildings opened, 1928,
157
Cook County Hospital — continued
building — continued
admitting pavilion, opened 1928,
1.57
children's hospital imit opened, 82,
157
contagious hospital unit opened, 82
medical building opened, 157
moving into the new building, 105
new building i)lans, 92
new hospital, 1912-1914, descrip-
tion, cost, capacity, 105
old building, description, 61-62
original building, and administra-
tion building finished 1882, pic-
ture, 44
picture of present building, erected
1914, 160
psychopathic hospital unit opened,
160
tuberculosis hospital unit opened,
88
Chief of Staff, Dr. Miller succeeded
by Dr. Tice, 155
Children's Hospital. See Children's
Hospital
Christmas celebration
Christmas carols, illus., 176
fire, 46
Contagious Hospital. See Conta-
gious Hospital
contract
Association of Hospital Managers
bid for nursing, 95
bids for, not required, 98
Rhodes Avenue Hospital bid, law-
suit, 101-102
contract with I. T. S.
See also Cook County Hospital,
agreement with I. T. S.
1891, first signed contract, 62
1903-1904, 81-82
1912-1913, 98
1913-1914
difficulties and lawsuit, 98-102
payment refused for April, 1914,
99
resolutions of attending staff of
Hospital, 100
second offer by County, 100
1914-1915
letters attacking I. T. S. by other
hospitals bidding for contract,
102
new basis, 104-105
1926 budget, 156-157
1927 cost of additional workers for
51 hours' service, 157
234
Index
Cook County Hospital — continued
contract with I. T. S. — continued
budget first submitted with con-
tract to County Board, 1926,
156
competition from other hospitals
and associations, 94-105
lawsuit, Nov. 1914, to declare con-
tract void, 101-102
meeting to consider renewal, and
hear other applicants, 1912,
97-98
payments to I. T. S., 1906-1912, 89
public appeal for funds to sup-
plement County payments, 100-
101
statement of receipts and disburse-
ments, 1880-1914, 103-104
terminated by merger with Uni-
versity of Chicago, 166
Detention Hospital. See Psycho-
pathic Hospital
diet kitchen, central, established, 88
dispensary opened evenings, 14G
early days, equipment, medical and
surgical work, 6
fire at Christmas celebration, 46
influenza epidemic, 108-109
medical department, improvement
under supervision of the School,
158
nursing service
conditions, 1912, 88-89
conditions prior to I. T. S. serv-
ice, 6
increasing demands, letter of Mrs.
Williams, 1926, 155-156
purpose of I. T. S., 1
nursing staff. See Cook Coimty Hos-
pital, agreement with I. T. S.;
Cook County Hospital, contract
with I. T. S.
occupational therapy department
established, 147-149
orthopedic ward, occupational therapy
department, 147
political diflSculties, 1887, 53-56
Psychopathic Hospital tmit. See
Psychopathic Hospital
social service. See Social service
stafiF
1880, 6
appreciation of their interest and
cooperation, 165
student nurses
See also Student nurses
first proposition from I. T. S.,
text, 6
Cook County Hospital — continued
student nurses — continued
letter to Commission concerning
admission, 11
negotiations for admission of I.
T. S. nurses, 10-12
wards in care of I. T. S.
1890, 61
1903, all but venereal ward, 81
all departments come imder care
of I. T. S., 87-88
children's ward taken over, 29
contagious ward, 1894, 63-64
female medical ward, 28
first granted, 13
male surgical ward, 29
obstetrical ward, 28
operating rooms in care of I. T. S.,
1903, 81
tuberculosis, 1906, 88
venereal, 1906, 88
ward 6, 1880-1914, picture, 58
ward 9 added, 56
women's receiving room, graduate
nurse installed, 88
Cook County Hospital School of
Nursing
board elected to form a new school,
169
Faculty, staff, and student body of
I.'T. S. taken over, 1929, 169,
171
plant of I. T. S. rented from Univer-
sity of Chicago, 169
Cost of nursing
See also Salaries
Crerar fund, scale of prices, 66
County Board of Commissioners
contract with I. T. S. See Cook
County Hospital, agreement;
Cook County Hospital, contract
elect board to form new school, 169
endorse I. T. S. School at first annual
meeting, 26
lawsuit, 1913-1914 contract with
I. T. S., 101-102
negotiations of I. T. S. for entrance to
Cook Coimty Hospital, 10-12
proposition from I. T. S. re student
nurses in County Hospital, 5
retrenchment policy, political up-
heaval, 1887, 53-56
termination of contract with I. T. S.
on merger with University, 166
Course of study. See Curriculum and
course of study
Credits
honor credits established, 115
Index
235
Crerar, John
bequest, 64
gift for addition to building story,
5l-5i
Tablet in memory of, illus., 84
Crerar fund
portion used for Crerar addition,
85
Crerar nursing, 65-66
discontinued, 1903-1905, 82
scale of prices according to income, 66
statistics, 66
Curriculum and course of study
See abo Graduate work
administration
executive work, special six weeks'
post-graduate course, 1 10
hospital and training school, 73
supervised practice for post-gradu-
ates in ward administration, 158
advances in 1913, 106
affiliating students' courses, practice
work provided, 158
bacteriology course extended, 90
care of instruments added, 90
charting added, 90
clinical demonstrations inaugurated,
73
cookery added, 30
credit ratings given by University of
Chicago for major courses, 159
dietetics
affiliating students' courses, 158
changes and improvements, 158
post-graduate course extended,
I9ii, 111
electives for specialization permitted,
1927, 159
enlarged and made more technical,
1907-1910, 90
ethics, nursing, 73
extended, 1881-1882, 29
extension for a three years' course,
71-73
first course of instruction outlined,
15
graded, junior and senior classes
established, 49
graduate work. See Graduate work
internal medicine added, 90
lectures
1881-1882, 29
by physicians arranged for, 25
confined to academic months, 49
textbooks substituted for, 49
length
extension from two to three years,
71-73
Curriculum and course of study — con-
tinued
length — continued
extension of time for various first-
year courses, 153-154
extension to 36 months for regu-
lar students, 1925, 154
reduced to 30 months, 1921, 111
marking pupils on practical work, 74
neurological nursing, 162
new ideals under Miss Hampton, 49
nutrition, a major course, 159
obstetrical training at Lying-in Hos-
pital, 80
pediatric nursing, 162-163
post-mortems utilized, 90
practice work
adjustments with theoretical train-
ing, 43
bedside study of tj^jical patient for
each service, 158
choice given in third year, 107
correlation with teaching, changes,
157
hospital work in three years'
schedule, 72
marking pupils begun, 74
psychiatric nursing, 161-162
psychologj'
and sociology, courses added, 154
major course, 159
public health
1901, 73
major course, 159
nursing introduced, 1926-1927, 159
School of Civics and American Red
Cross cooperate, 109-110
social service associated with, 151
records of students, changes made,
154
review
at first annual meeting, 25
by Miss Hay, 1907-1910, 90
schedule of classes and hoUdavs fixed,
49
scientific rather than practical ap-
proach, 49
social service work, 150
associated with public health nurs-
ing, 151
sociology-, a major course, 159
textbooks
instead of lectures, 49
nursing technique published, 110
theoretical instruction
extended, 49
extended and systematized, 1913,
107
236
Index
Curriculum and course of study — con-
timied
theoretical instruction — continved
practical training, adjustments
with, 43
three years
addition to senior year, 1901, 73
hospital work, 72
schedule, 71-72
tuberculosis nursing, 1927-1928, 159
Czechoslovakia
A. R. C. war work, 134
DeLee, Joseph, M.D.
proposition for training I. T. S.
pupils, 80
Densford, Katherine J.
training, and work on I. T. S. faculty,
163
Detention Hospital. See Psychopathic
Hospital
Dewey, Mrs. Richard. See Brown,
Mary E.
DeWitt, Katharine
managing editor, American Journal
of Nursing, 187
Dieson, Alma
assistant to the Dean, 158
Dietetics
children's diets, course in, 158
course extended. 111
laboratory and ward diet kitchen serv-
ice for affiliating students, 158
post-graduate course for hospital
dietetians, 158
preparation of special diets, course
in, 158
Dietitian
first trained house-director, 94
Directory
closed, 107
established, 45-46
fee charged for registration, 45
merged with Central Directory of the
First District, 182
rules and management, cooperation
of I. T. S. and Alumnae, 182
who allowed to register, 45
District nursing
first district nurse in city, 42
Dixon Hospital
affiliation with I. T. S., 82
Dock, Lavinia L.
books on nursing, 70
term of service as superintendent,
70
Draper, Edith A.
assistant superintendent, 50
Draper, Edith A. — continued
other positions held, 60
portrait, 54
resignation to take charge of Royal
Victoria Hospital, Montreal, 70
superintendent, 60
Dunning State Hospital
affiliation with I. T. S., 108
special training of I. T. S. students
discontinued, 111
Educational department, I. T. S.
established, 107
Educational qualifications of nurses
Association of Hospital Managers
opposed to higher education,
97
high school, two years, later four,
109
higher education, 91
Illinois State law 1919, 109
I. T. S. requirements 1919, 109
Egle, Louise
World War work, 135
Eight-hour day. See Hours of service
Eleanor, queen of Bulgaria
Sofia School of nursing established,
128, 131-132
Elgin, Sherman Hospital
affiliation, 91
Endorsements. See Commendations
Endowment fund
See alxo Bequests
sum added to scholarship fund at
time of merger, 175
Estabrooks, Jane
director social service. Psychopathic
Hospital, 149
Ethical Culture Society
establishes district nursing on South
Side, 42
Ethics, code
published by I. T. S. Alumnae Asso-
ciation, 180
Exchange of nurses
established and extended, 91
Executive Committee
first, 7
Exhibits
request from New Orleans World's
Fair, 42
World's Columbian Exposition, 66-
70
Expenses. See Finance
Faber, Marion
in charge of psychiatric and neuro-
logical nursing, 161-162
Index
237
Faculty
dean substituted for title of superin-
tendent, 153
educational department head ap-
pointed, 107
Faculty, graduate and pupil head
nurses 1894-1893, picture, 54
outstanding members during the last
years of the School, 158-1G5
physicians lecturing, 1881-188'2, £9
weekly meetings instituted, 106
Fairbank, Nathaniel K.
chairman of Finance Committee, 16
subscription to building for Home,
i7
subscription to first fund, 16
trustee of building fund, 28
Falk, Sophie
portrait, 2i
Faurot, Mrs. Henry
active member of Board, 173
Fenger, Augusta, afterward Mrs. Walter
Xadler
chairman of Social Service Commit-
tee, 173
Field, Virginia
superintendent, 60
Finance
See also Alummae Association,
finance; Bequests; Building
additions bv purchase and building,
1897, 1899, 74-75
association formed for support of
School, 28
bankruptcy, 1912, 95
building. See Building
Charity balls, revenue from, 52
Cook County Hospital. See Cook
County Hospital, agreements;
Cook County Hospital, contracts
ccst of a nurse, 1884-1885, 44
Crerar fund used for Crerar addition,
85
critical years, 1912-1915, 94-105
endowment fund, sum added to schol-
arship fund, 175
fund collected through friendly suit
against Cook County, 1930, 175
lecture course, revenue from, 52
lot valued at $500 donated, 53
operating expense of I. T. S., 1925,
155
Polk Street site and endowment, con-
sidered, 1916, 114-115
Presbvterian Hospital's agreement,
43-44
expense and receipts, study, 44
second, 1888, 58-59
Finance — continued
private nursing revenue, 1883-1884,
33
public appeal for funds to supplement
Countv pavments, 1914, 100-101
raising funds, 1881, 13-17
first subscriptions, 16, 17
scholarship fund
administration by University of
Chicago, agreement, 168
at time of merger, 175
statement of receipts and disburse-
ments
1880-1914, with comment of certi-
fied accountant, 103-104
1929, ten months ending Sept. 30,
171-172
treasurer's reports, first annual meet-
ing, 25
Finance Committee
first chosen, 7
Fire at Christmas celebration. Cook
County Hospital, 46
Flower, Mrs. James M. (Lucy L.)
death, 117
dormitory named in honor of, 86
founder of the I. T. S., 1, 2
portrait, 36
president of Board, 50, 64, 77
resignation as president final, 78
treasurer, 7
Fogler, Mrs. Pearl
World War service, 136
Foster, Mrs. Stephen A.
chairman of occupational therapy
committee, 148, 173
Founders of the School, 1-2
Frances Willard Hospital, Chicago affil-
iation, 91
Frank, Mrs. Henry L. (Henriette Green-
baum)
death, 117
offices held, 117
portrait, 130
recording secretary, 64, 78
treasurer, 7
Gano, Mrs. Virginia C,
death, 165
Home director, 153
work as Home director appraised,
164
Gapen, Melissa
assistant in St. Luke's School, 42
Gardner, Stella, M.D.
nursing education activities, 187
Garfield Park Hospital, Chicago
affiliation, 91
238
Index
Gates, Annie L.
Spanish- American War letter, 120-
121
Gault, Alma E.
Florida summer school work, 163
instructor in public health nursing,
159
Geisse, Emma C, M.D.
assistant. World's Fair Exhibit, 68
Germany
A. R. C. war work, 135
Gifts
See also Bequests
early days, 33
model World's Fair hospital furnish-
ings, 69-70
Gilbome, Alice
World War service, 134
Glauber, Marie
World War work, and decoration,
135-136
Gottfried, Mrs. Carl M.
presidency, 116, 117, 154
treasurer, 117
Graduate students
course included in three years' sched-
ule, 1921, 111
pins adopted, 1915, 106
remuneration, 91
statistics, 1913, 106; 1916, 107: 1929,
171
Graduate work
beginning and development, 74
dietetics, extended. 111
hospital dietetics, 158
included in three years' schedule, 1921,
111
organized and regularly offered, 91
pedriatic nursing, 163
ward administration, supervised prac-
tice, 158
Graduates
See also Commencement; Graduate
work
arranged by years, 1883-1928, 203-
227
employed in 1921 in County Hospi-
tal, 111
Faculty, graduates and pupil head
nurses, 1892-1893, picture, 54
first class, 1883, 37
picture, 24
foreign service, 84, 188-192
notable work, 186-192
number of positions accepted, 1902,
77
prizes offered, first award, 1912, 90-91
salaries increased, 1926, 156
Graduates — continued
statistics
closing year of I. T. S., 171
twenty-five years to 1906, 84
Granner, Justine
missionary to China, 191
Greece
World War, A. R. C. service, 135-
136
Greenbaum, Henrietta. See Frank,
Mrs. Henry L.
Hackett, Emma C, M.D.
nursing education activities, 188
Hale, Mrs. George
World's Fair Exhibit activities, 69
Hampton, Isabel Adams, afterward
Mrs. Hunter Robb
death, 60
new ideal in nursing, 49
portrait, 16
resignation, estimate of her work and
personality, 59-60
superintendent of I. T. S., 48-49
Harding, Bertha
instructor and supervisor of surgical
nursing, 165
Harroun, Belle
Spanish- American War letter, 119-
120
Hart, Caroline Maddock
missionary to China, 191
Hay, Helen Scott
American Nursing Service in Europe,
director, 91, 133
Army School of Nursing, assistant
organizer, 133
Balkan A. R. C. Commission, chief
nurse, 133
Bulgarian War service, 131-133
Cross of St. Anne awarded by Russia,
129
decorations from Bulgaria, 133
Home hygiene and care of the sick of
the nursing service, director,
133
organizer and superintendent of West
Suburban Hospital, Oak Park,
107
portrait, 96
Russian War service, 129-131
subsequent work and war service, 91
superintendent, 84, 186
resignation, 91, 93
training and experience, 84
World War work, 91, 128-134
Hedger, Caroline, M.D.
member of Board of Directors, 183
Index
239
Hedger, Caroline, M.D. — continued
nursing education activities, 187
World War work, 135
Hemple, M. E.
resignation, 43
superintendent, 34
Hertzer, Katrina
World War work and decorations,
134
Hibbard. Mrs. W. G.
vice-president of the Board, 7
Hickey, Rachel. M.D.
director of World's Fair exhibit for
one month, 68
Higher education. See Educational
qualifications of nurses
Highland Park Hospital Association
affiliation with I. T. S., 1918-1925,
108
Higinbotham, Harlow N.
model hospital built for World's Fair,
68
Hilton, Mrs. J. C.
vice-president of the Board, 7
Hinton, Florence
Unit No. 12, death in France, 124
Hinze, Augusta
Faculty member, 164
Hobein, Cora F.
missionary in China and Siberia, 190
World War work, 134
Holland, Emma
Spanish-American war letter, 120-
121
Home-coming day
instituted in 1926, 168
Home director
first trained dietitian and house-direc-
tor, 94
Gano, Mrs. Virginia C, 153
work appraised, 164
Lindsley, ^Ia^y A.
resignation, effective work, 116
Stewart, Isabel, 116
Trainor, Mrs. Charlotte, 116, 153
Home for Nurses
See also Nurses' Home, I. T. S.
benefit funds, 185-186
Hospital Committee
first, 7
Hospitals
See also Affiliation; Training
Schools
affiliating with I. T. S., 82-83
model, for World's Fair, 68-70
furnishings given I. T. S., 69-70
Hostman, Louise
letter from France, 126
Hours of service
eight-hour day
tried and abandoned, 1918, 108
voted by County Commissioners,
1914, 98
night nursing, reduced, 1909, 90
reduction to fifty-one hours per week,
1927, 156
schedule, present and proposed, 1926-
1927, 156-157
Household Committee
first, 7
Hungary
Budapest, A. R. C. war work, 1S4,
135
Hunnicutt, Olive
first district nurse, 42
Illinois League of Nursing Education
activities, 187
sponsors course at Chicago Univer-
sity, 154
Illinois State Association of Hospital
Managers
bid for nursing in County Hospital,
95, 97
Illinois State Association. See State
Association
Elinois Training School for Nurses
See also Affiliation; Board of Direc-
tors; Commendations; Cook
County Hospital; Curriculum and
course of study; Finance; Gradu-
ate students; Graduates; Merger
of I. T. S. with University of
Chicago; Presbyterian Hospital;
Reminiscences; Student nurses
attacked by other hospitals bidding
for contract, 1914-1915, 102
attacked by school that had bid for
County nursing, 1914, 99
charter, application for, text, 4
text, 5
corporation continued after merger,
resolution conveying records
and documents, 176
critical period, 93-118
donation to Red Cross, 123
Faculty, staff, and student body taken
over by new Cook County Hos-
pital School, 169, 171
final years of the School, 152-176
first meeting looking toward organ-
ization, 3
founding, purpose and origin of plan,
1-2
law.suit re 1913-1914 contract with
County Board, 101-102
240
Index
Illinois Training School for Nurses —
continued
luncheon given Board of the new
Cook County Hospital School,
170
merger with University of Chicago.
See Merger of 1. T. S. with Univer-
sity of Chicago
need for
quotation from Mrs. Lawrence, 2
speeches at first public meeting to
raise funds, 13-15
notable achievements, 1890-1900, 61-
76
organization, 3-9
pamphlet, 1912, 143
pioneer work, 1881-1883, 18-41
preliminary plans, 1880-1881, 1-17
Resolutions of Chicago Medical So-
ciety approving, 8
Resolutions of County Hospital at-
tending staff, 1914, 100
Social service, 142-151
Spanish-American War, 119-122
names of nurses who served, 121-
122
steady growth, 1883-1890, 42-60
summary of work
Annual Report of the Dean, 1929,
173-174
resume of events, 1906-1912, 86
reviewed at luncheon to new Cook
County School, 170
imiversity connection or affiliation
considered, 152
War work, 119-141
W^orld War
names of nurses who served, 137-
141
service, 122-141
niinois Woman's Exposition Board
appro})riation for I. T. S. Exhibit, 67
gift of hospital furnishings to I. T. S.,
69-70
Infant Welfare Society of Chicago
affiliation with I. T. S., 159
directors, I. T. S. graduates, 187
Infirmary, Nurses' Home
Margaret Lawrence rooms fitted up,
75
influenza epidemic, 108-109
Instruction. See Course of study
Jacobson, S. D,
letter endorsing School at first annual
meeting, 25
Jevne, Grace
missionary work in China, 191
Johns Hopkins Hospital
training school established, 59
Johnson, Hosmer A., M.D.
death, 64
presided at public meeting to raise
funds, 13
Jones, Bertha
war service and burial in Arlington
cemetery, 124
Kalamazoo, Bronson Hospital
affiliation, 91
Kalsem, Millie E.
diet therapy department head, 158
Kelly, Helen
head of school nurses, Chicago, 187
Kempton, Elizabeth. See Carpenter,
Mrs. Augustus A.
Kief, Russia
A. R. C. war work, 129-131, 134
Kimber, Diana
assistant superintendent, 50
Kost, Cassie
acting superintendent, 153
Faculty member, 164
Krueger, Mathild. See Lamping, Mrs.
Thomas J.
Kuh, Sidney, M.D.
letter of appreciation of School, 1G2
Lamping, Mrs. Thomas J. (Mathild
Krueger)
director, 183
second vice-president and chairman
of Educational Committee, 173
World W'ar work and decorations,
134
Lauver, Isabella
first pupil nurse admitted, 22
portrait, 16
Law. See State Registration Law
Lawrence, Charles B.
trustee of building fund, 28
Lawrence, Mrs. Charles B. (Margaret
Marsden)
Commencement address, 1883, 38-41
death, 117
founder of the I. T. S., 1, 2
infirmary at Nurses' Home named for,
75
need for the School, quotation, 2
paper at public meeting to raise funds,
13-15
president of the Board, 7, 50
resignations, 50, 64
reasons for building a permanent
home, 26-27
Tribute, portrait. Frontispiece
Index
241
Lawsuit
friendly suit against Cook County for
funds owinp I. T. S., 175
to declare 1913-1914 County contract
void, 101-102
Lectures
See also Course of study, lectures
course for raising money, series, .'ii-.'i'i
Library in Nurses' Home, building, 13S
Lindslcy, Mary A.
tlietitian and house director, 94
joins l^nit No. 12 as dietitian, 123
resignation, eCFective work, IIG
Loan funds
Alumnae Association activities, 184-
186
students' loan fund, 116
Logan, Laura R.
appreciation of Board recorded at last
meeting, 172-173
course in nursing education at Uni-
versity of Chicago, 154
portrait, 152
superintendent, 152
title changed to Dean, 153
training and experience, 152
Longwell, Mrs. H. E. (Katharine Cav-
enagh)
treasurer of Alumnae Association,
177
Lutz, Emelie
World War work, 127
Lying-in Hospital
training of I. T. S. pupils, 80
discontinued 1921, 111
Lyon, Emily
letter from France, 125
McClintock, Mrs. Brown S. See
Soukup, Eleanor
McCormick, Cyrus
gift for addition to building, 51
McCune, Gladys
member of School Faculty, 158
MacDonald flats
leased, 1902, bought, 1910, 74
purchased and remodeled, 85-86
Mclsaac, Isabel
assistant sui)erintendent, in charge at
Presbyterian Hospital, 59
death, 81
first vice-president of Alumnae Asso-
ciation, 177
portrait, 54, 64
progress during administration, 71-74
quotation re founding of the School, 1
service at L T. S., and important po-
sitions held elsewhere, 80-81
McLsaac, Isabel — conltnved
superintendent, 70, 186
resignation, 80
Mclsaac Fund
Alumnae Association appropriation
for, 184
McKindiy, Harriet
recording secretary, 64
MacLeish, Mrs. Bruce
first vice-president and chairman of
Hospital Committee, 173
presided at lundieon to new Cook
County School, 170
MacMahon, Mrs. John
Mrs. Gano's work as Home director
appraised, 164
third vice-president and chairman of
Household Committee, 173
McMillan, M. Helena
activities in nursing education, 187
Magnus, Mrs. August C.
reviewed history of School at luncheon
to new Cook County School, 170
treasurer, 173
Magnus, Emma. See Williams, Mrs.
Harry F.
Marquis, Mrs. C. D.
Memorial bed in Presbyterian Hos-
pital, 179
Mary Thompson Hospital, Chicago
affiliation, 91
Matrons
See also Home director
Myrick, Mrs. M. E., 37
Sanders, Mrs. Kate Meara, 49
life, resignation, 87
Sanford, Mrs. Anne Putnam, 87
Matz, Mrs. Rudolph
corresponding secretary, 94
president, 116
treasurer, 173
Matzen, Mrs. Emma
World War service, wounded on ship-
board, 124
Mental tests
admission requirement, 1928, 154
Mercy Mission, 128-131
Merger of I. T. S. with University of
Chicago, 165-168
agreement, main points, 166-168
Alumnae Association letter to Board
of Directors, I. T. S., 195
Alumnae Association letter to Vice-
President Woodward, Univer-
sity of Chicago, 196
Alumnae letters to the Board con-
cerning news, 19.3-194
legal arrangements, 172
242
Index
Merger of I. T. S. with University of
Chicago — continved
letter from I. T. S. Board transmit-
ting news to graduates, 192-193
letter to Alumnae Association from
University of Chicago, 195
Miller, Joseph L., M.D.
resignation as Chief of Staff, 155
Missionaries
characteristic work, letters from Tur-
key, China, and West Africa,
189-192
I. T. S. graduates, 188-192
Mitchell, Marion. See Ochsner, Mrs.
Albert J.
Mixer, Mary A., M.D.
director of World's Fair Exhibit, 68
Moline Hospital
affiliation with I. T. S., 83
Montreal, Royal Victoria Hospital
Miss Draper takes charge of, 70
Moorhead, Mrs. Frederick B.
treasurer, 117
Mordock, Mrs. Charles
corresponding secretary, later record-
ing secretary, 173
Myrick, Mrs. M. E., "Mother Myrick"
matron of the Home, 37
Nadler, Mrs. Walter. See Fenger,
Augusta
Negroes
question of accepting as nurses, 63
social service, volunteer worker, 149
Neurological nursing
course of study, 162
Newman, Edna S.
Faculty member, 164
Nielsen, Anna Marie
assistant to the Dean, 158
Night nursing
early experiences, 24
hours reduced, 1909, 90
interference with instruction, 43
Nixon, Mrs. William Penn
chairman of Publications Committee
thirty years, 20
corresponding secretary, 78, 94
death, 117
Nominating Committee
first, 7
Nurses' Home, I. T. S.
See also Building; Home director;
Matrons
additions to building
1888, 51-53, 56-57
1899, wing added, 75
1907, Crerar addition, 85
Nurses' Home — continued
building projects
See also Nurses' Home, additions
1881, first home, 26-28
1916, plans for new Home, 113-
115
conditions, and maintenance prob-
lems, 1911-1924, 113
dormitory named in honor of Lucy L.
Flower, 86
expansion of living quarters
See also Nurses' Home, additions
1892, MacDonald flats leased, 74
1897, lot and frame building, 308
Honore Street bought, 75
1908, flats corner Jackson Boule-
vard and Paulina Street, 85
1910, MacDonald flats bought, 85-
86
1915-1918, 111-112
1918, Warren houses, and Worthy
apartments, 112
1921, outside apartments given up,
113
1928, further expansion, 168
fa mil V
1900, 77
daily average, 1914-1915, 112
Flournoy Street, first home, 19
furnishings of model World's Fair
hospital gift, 69
infirmary fitted up, Margaret Law-
rence rooms, 1900, 75
laundry built, 113
library built, 153
living conditions, changes, 1924, 153
living room, illus., 168
opening of the new Home, 37
original building of 1883, and addi-
tions of 1887, 1907, 1910, pic-
ture, 74
rules, 30-31
changes, 1906-1912, 86
self-government association, 1922,
115
servant problem, excerpt from 1918
report, 112
size and value after completion of ad-
dition, 1888, 57
social life, 57-58
1906-1912, changes, 86
1922, changes, 115
Nursing associations. See Associa-
tions
Nursing education
See also Training schools
activities of I. T. S. graduates, 187-
188
Index
243
Nursing education — continued
Central College plan, 114-115
course at University of Chicago first
time, lO'J;}, 154
summer school course at University of
Chicago, 187
Nursing service,
SeealsoCook County Hospital ; Cre-
rar nursing; Directory; Gradu-
ates; Graduate students ; Hours of
service; Presbyterian Hospital;
Private nursing; Student nurses
condition described in letter of 190iJ,
78-79
demands increasing, 77-92
graduate nurses employed in 1921,
111
requests from Jefferson Infirmary and
Eye and Ear Infirmary, 56
Nursing technique
published, 110
Nutting, Helen
portrait, 24
Oak Park, West Suburban Hospital
affiliation with I. T. S., 107
School for Nurses organized by Miss
Hay, 91
Obstetrics
Cook County Hospital ward taken
over, 28
training at Lying-in Hospital, 80
Occupational therapy department
cheer shop, 147
directors, 147, 148
established in Cook County Hospital,
147-149
gifts, 148
place to work, 148
products for sale, 148
separated from social service, 148
statistics of attendance, 1919, 19i29,
148, 149
Tuberculosis and Psychopathic hos-
pitals served, 148
volunteer workers, 148
Ochsner, Mrs. Albert J. (Marion Mitch-
ell)
first superintendent of Presbyterian
Hospital Training School, 45
Organization of the School, 3-9
Ostlin, Marie
World War work, 135
Outside Nursing. See Private nurs-
ing
Palmer, Mrs. Potter
gift to School, 52
Passavant Hospital, Chicago
affiliation with I. T. S., 83
Peck, Sarah. See Wright, Mrs. Ed-
ward L.
Pediatric nursing
See also Children's Hospital
course, 162-163
Persia
World War, A. R. C. service, 135
Phelps. Theda B.
missionary in Turkey, 189-190
Philippopolis, Bulgaria
American Red Cross work in, l.'J2-
133
Physical education
director engaged, 107
Pierce, Mrs. Charles B.
president, 116
Pins adopted, 1915, 106
Place, Sarah B.
director of Infant Welfare Society of
Chicago, 187
Post-graduate work. See Graduate
work
Prentiss, Marion
social service department organizer
and head, 143
Presbyterian Hospital
Base Hospital, Unit No. 13, 122
endowed room, I. T. S. A. A. addi-
tional fund raised, 186
endowed room, I. T. S. Alumnae, 179-
180
Illinois Training School service
established and withdrawn, 43-45
re-established, 58-59
withdrawn, 78-80
Jones building, 58
original building, 1883; Jones addi-
tion, 1888; Hamill wing, illus., 92
Training School established
new school organized, 1903, 80
superintendent from I. T. S., 45,
187
Private nursing
charge for service, 32, 33
Crerar fund, cost to patients, 66
demand greater than supply, 1885, 43
experience at West Suburban Hos-
pital, 108
form sent out with nurses, 32
graduate versus pupil nurses, con-
troversy, 45-46
regulations for employers, 32
rules for nurses, 31
Prizes
offered to graduates by interested
people, 90
244
Index
Probationers
number in 1890, 61; 1900, 77; 1906,
1912, 89; 1913, 106
Provident Hospital
started with aid of I. T. S., 63
Psychopathic Hospital
changes in policy and personnel, 1928,
161-162
cost of service under civil service com-
pared to Cook County I. T. S.
service, 160
early davs and brief history to date,
'160-162
I. T. S. service
assumed, 88
discontinued, 106, 160
resumed, 106, 161
social service
separate department, 149-150
staff and number served, 1924,
1929, 149, 150
Publications Committee
first, 7
first publicity work, 20
Public health
course added, 73
courses introduced, 1926-1927, 159
elective most often chosen by stu-
dents, 159
social service study associated with
nursing, 151
special course by School of Civics and
American Red Cross, 109-110
Publicity
American Journal of Nursing editorial
re affiliation, 83
Cook Countv Hospital contract difii-
culties, 1914, 99, 101
inquiries from Detroit, Indianapolis,
and the Census Bureau, 33
methods for securing students, work
and cost, 20, 110
newspaper cooperation in raising
funds, 16
public appeal for funds to supplement
County appropriation, 100-101
public meeting for raising funds, 1881,
13-17
resolution re reduced service to Cook
County Hospital in papers, 56
Pupil nurses. See Student nurses
Qualifications. See Admission require-
ments
Quan, Mrs. James
speech at joint meeting of Association
of Commerce and I. T. S., 95,
96
Quarantine
MacDonald flats used for, 74
Quincy, Blessing Hospital
afiiliation, 91
Randolph, Laura A., M.D.
assistant, World's Fair exhibit, 68
Reasner, Dr. Marie E.
World's Fair Exhibit Committee,
67
Red Cross
American Nursing Service in Europe,
A. R. C, 91, 133
Army School of Nursing, A. R. C,
133
Balkan A. R. C. Commission, 1918,
133
Central division of the American Red
Cross, 127
Chicago nursing service, 127
Chicago Teaching Center, 127
Department of Home Hygiene and
care of the sick of the nursing
service, A. R. C, 133
German Red Cross takes over hospi-
tal at Sofia, 131
I. T. S. donates $500, 123
I. T. S. nurses service
abroad, 124-136
at home, 122-123, 127-128
names of nurses in World War serv-
ice, 137-141
Mercy Mission, 128-131
public health course, I. T. S. students,.
bv A. R. C, 110
relief ship "Red Cross," 128, 134
Swedish R. C. in Russia and Ger-
many, 135
Unit 13, 122-123
Unit E, 135
Registration
rearranged on academic basis, 154
Registration Law. See State Registra-
tion Law
Registry of Nurses. See Central Direc-
tory; Directory
Reinberg, Peter
letter concerning influenza epidemic,
109
Reminiscences
early experience of the first pupil
nurse, 22-24
first commencement, Mrs. Williams,
41
first contacts with the I. T. S., Isabel
Robb, 48
Revenue. See Bequests; Finance
Index
245
Rhodes Avenue Hospital
contract not considered by County
Commissioners, lawsuit started,
101
Riedle, Caroline
matroti at Presbyterian Hospital, 179
Robb, Mrs. Hunter. See Hampton,
Isabel A.
Robinson, Ellen V.
injury, trust fund, 18-4-185
World War work, 127
Rose, Idora C, afterward Mrs. Joseph
W. Scroggs
portrait, G-t
marriage, and work in Oklahoma, 84
second vice-president of Alumnae
Association, 177
superintendent, 81, 186
resignation, 8-1
tribute to Miss Hampton, 60
Russia
World War, A. R. C. work, 129-131,
134, 135
Ryerson, Mrs. Joseph R.
first contributor to working fund, 16
St. Luke's Training School
established, with superintendent from
I. T. S., 42
Salaries
affiliates, 107
graduate nurses increased to $90,
192G, 156
graduate students, 91
private nursing, 32, 33
student nurses
first paid, 20
discontinued, substitute plan, 49
increased, 1921, 111
monthly payments resumed, 1908,
90
raised to $20, 46
third-year nurses, pay discontinued,
1903-1908, 82
superintendent of Training School
first salaries paid, 18, 43
increase, 43
1903, 81
Salmon, Mrs. Ernest
active member of Board, 173
Sanders, Mrs. Kate Meara
life, work and resignation, 87, 94
matron of the Home, 49
Sanford, Mrs. Anne Putnam
matron, 87
Sauer, Mrs. Edward
chairman. Committee on Base Hos-
pital Unit No. 13, 122-123
Scholarships
estal)lished by Board, 1907, 90
fund of I. T. S. at time of transfer to
I'niversity of Cliicago, 175
given by Board to Miss Kost as mark
of appreciation, 164
granted to outstanding member of
graduating class by Board of
Directors, 169
I. T. S. fund, how administered by
University of Chicago, 168
School nursing
director, I. T. S. graduate, 187
School of Civics and Philanthropy
public health course, I. T. S. stu-
dents, 110
students aid social service department
of Cook County Hospital, 150
Schools of Nursing. See Cook County
Hospital School of Nursing; Illi-
nois Training School; Presby-
terian Hospital; Training
Schools; University of Chicago
School of Nursing
Schryver,Mrs.JamesP.(GraceCaryFay)
active member of Board, 173
director, 183
Scroggs, Mrs. Joseph W. See Rose,
Idora C.
Self-government association, 1922, 115
Sellew, Gladys
in charge of pediatric nursing service,
162-163
Shaw, Frank
president of new Cook County Hos-
pital School, 169, 171
Shepard, Hattie
superintendent St. Luke's School, 42
Sherman Hospital, Elgin
affiliation with I. T. S., 91
Siberia
A. R. C. war work, 134, 135, 136
Sick benefit funds, 184-186
Simpson, Mrs. Effie M.
superintendent, 92, 93
Smith, Mrs. F. A.
death, 92
president, 78
Smith, Julia Holmes, M.D.
honorary member of Board on her
resignation, 117
World's Fair Exhibit Committee, 67
Smith, Mrs. Orson (Anna Rice)
death, 116
founder of the I. T. S., 1
portrait, 100
treasurer, 64, 78
World's Fair Exhibit activities, 69
246
Index
Smith, Phoebe L.
bronze tablet placed in Home, 57
contest and settlement of will, 53, 57
legacy, 51, 53
Tablet in memory of, illus., 84
Social service
bedside teacher for children granted
by School Board, 146
Central College would include, in cur-
riculum, 114
Chicago Social Service Exchange reg-
istration in 1924, 149
civil service for workers prevented,
146
Cook County Hospital
department established, 143-145
service established under I. T. S., 88
work growing, 114
cost per case, 143
department for all Cook County In-
stitutions, 146
dispensary opened evenings at County
Hospital to aid, 146
early days, 142
elective often chosen by students,
159
experience of a senior, 1915, 151
follow-up work, 146
growth first three years, 143
infant welfare stations utilized, 145
maternity wards, 143-145
negro patients, volunteer worker se-
cured, 149
occupational therapy
department established in County
Hospital, 147-149
separated from social service, 148
Psychopathic Hospital
separate department organized,
149-150
staff and number of patients, 1924,
1929, 149, 150
routine work, 145
staff statistics, 1929, 150
study associated with Public Health
nursing, 151
tuberculosis patients, 145
various kinds of work, 145
venereal wards, 145-146
volunteer aids, 150
Sofia, Bulgaria
German R. C. takes over direction,
131
school for nurses established by Miss
Hay, 128, 131-132
Soukup, Eleanor, afterward Mrs. Brown
S. McClintock
World war work and marriage, 135
Spanish-American war
experiences, letters from nurses, 119-
121
names of I. T. S. graduates who
served, 121-122
Spanish influenza epidemic, 108-109
Spencer, Ruth
letter from France, 126
State Association
First District, 187
unit in national organization, 183
State Association of Hospital Managers.
See Illinois State Association of
Hospital Managers
State Registration Law
Association of Hospital Managers
works for repeal or amendment,
97
attacked in newspaper advertise-
ments, 99
educational requirements for admis-
sion to nurses' training schools,
109
length of term for accredited schools,
111
Steere, Anna E.
assistant superintendent, 50
missionary to China, 50, 188
portrait, 24
Presbyterian Hospital service, 43
Stevenson, Sarah Hackett, M.D.
founder of the I. T. S., 1, 2
review of course of study and work in
Hospital, annual report, 24-25
World's Fair Exhibit Committee,
67
Stewart, Isabel
home director, 116
Stoesser, Millie
occupational therapy instructor, 147
Student Council
established, 115
Student nurses
See also Admission requirements
board. County refuses to board nurses
at Hospital, 19
colored, question, and incident, 63
contract signed on entering, 22
Cook County Hospital service
See also Cook County Hospital
first proposition, text, 6
negotiations for admission, 10-12
discontinued as private nurses, 46
Faculty, graduate and pupil head
nurses, 1892-1893, picture, 54
first class chosen, 20
first class, picture, 24
first one admitted, 22
Index
247
Student nurses — continued
First year demonstration class, 1896,
picture, .5S
hours. See Hours of service
pins adopted, 1915, 106
salaries. See Salaries
securing: publicity, statistics, cost, 20,
no
Self-government association, I9ii, 115
shortage, 1919-1921, 110
statistics
1871, iO; 1890, 61; 1900, 77; 1903,
81; 1906 and 1912,89; 1913, 106;
1924, 1925, 155
closing year of I. T. S., 171
Student Council, 115
uniforms, 86, 107
Students' loan fund
established, 116
Subscriptions. See Finance
Superintendent of I. T. S.
For individuals see their names
alumnae of the School as, 186
assistant appointed, 50
first appointed, 9
names, with dates of service, 202
salary. See Salaries
title changed to Dean, 153
Taylor, Mrs. Thomas
treasurer, 173
Textbooks
nursing technique I. T. S. course
published, 110
one of the first standard texts by a
nurse, 50
replace lectures in I. T. S., 49
Thomas, II. B., M.D.
occupational therapy work aided by,
147
Tice, Frederick, M.D.
Chief of Staff, Cook County Hospital,
155
Tice, Mrs. Theodore (Ida Millman)
director, 183
World War work, death, 127-128
Tieken, Mrs. Theodore (Bessie Chap-
man)
active member of Board, 173
director, 183
Tolman, Sexton, and Chandler
acknowledgment of Board for service,
172
Topping, Janet
Home and Loan fund plan, 185
portrait, 24
Torrance, Itachel
World War work, 131, 132-133
Training schools
iSVe al.so Affiliation
affiliation with I. T. S., 82-83
Army School of Nurses, 133
Bulgaria, Sofia training school startetl
by Miss Hay, 128, 131-132
Columbia I'niversity, Teacher's Col-
lege, established, 60
Cook County Hospital, 169, 171
Detroit and Indianapolis make in-
quiries, 33
John Hopkins Hospital, established,
59
Lakeside Hospital School of Nursing,
187
Presbyterian Hospital. See Presby-
terian Hospital
Provident Hospital, aided by I. T. S.,
63
St. Luke's establishes, 42
W'est Suburban Hospital, Oak Park,
91
Western Picserve University School of
Nursing, 187
Trainor, Mrs. Charlotte
home director, 116
resignation, 153
Trustees of building fund, 28
Tuberculosis hospital
course in nursing in, 159
new building opened, 1908, 88
nursing service, I. T. S., 88
L'niforms
affiliates, supervisors, and probation-
ers, 1915, 107
changed to white, 86
University of Chicago
credit rating of major courses in I. T.
S., 159
nursing education course, first, 154
summer course for nurses, 187
University of Chicago School of Nurs-
ing
agreement with I. T. S., main points,
166-168
I. T. S. merger, 165-168
provision for I. T. S. students at time
of transfer, 167
scholarship fund of I. T. S., provi-
sions, 168
standards of admission, degrees, rank
and standing, 167
Urch, Daisy
letter from France, 125
organized nurses for Unit No. 12, 123
special mention in Haig despatches,
124
248
Index
Venereal ward. Cook County Hospital
under care of I. T. S., 88
Visiting Nurses' Association
affiliation with I. T. S., 159
replaces to some extent Crerar nurs-
ing, 85
Wacker, Charles H.
speech at joint meeting of Association
of Commerce and I. T. S., 95, 96-
97
Wacker, Mrs. Charles H.
recording secretary, 117, 173
Walker, Mrs. James M.
death, 116
presidency resigned, 77
World's Fair Exhibit activities, 69
War Service. See Spanish-American
War; World War
Warren houses. Congress Street, for
Nurses' Home, 112
Wescott, Mrs. C. D. (Ada Virgil)
treasurer of Alumnae Association,
tribute, 188
West Suburban Hospital. See Oak
Park, West Suburban Hospital
Wheeler, Mary C.
activities during service, 118
Home government and life changes,
115
letter of appreciation from Peter
Reinberg, 109
plan for Central College, 114-115
portrait, 54, 96
superintendent, 93, 187
resignation, 118, 152, 153
Whitaker, Dorcas
missionary to India, 188
Wilkinson, Sirs. Dudley
World's Fair Exhibit Committee
chairman, 67, 69
Williams, Mrs. Harry F. (Emma Mag-
nus)
letter re increasing demands of Hos-
pital, 155-156
offices held, 154
portrait, 152
president of the Board, 154, 173
treasurer and second vice-president,
116, 117
Williams, Mrs. Statham (Alice I.)
letter concerning the first commence-
ment, 41
Wilson, Bertha
Faculty member, 164
Wood, Evelyn
nursing education activities, 187
Wood, Mrs. Ira Couch (Alice Holabird)
death, 117
portrait, 152
president of the Board, 91, 92, 93
full time on salary, 1913-1917, 116
social service department, quotation,
143
World's Columbian Exposition I. T. S.
Exhibit
appropriation from Illinois Woman's
Board, 67
director and assistants, 68
model hospital and furnishings, 68-70
report of the director, extracts, 68-
69
work of training schools, 66-70
World's Fair Exhibit Committee
work and personnel, 67, 69
World War
accident on shipboard, S. S. Mongolia,
123
Base Hospital Unit No. 12, 123-124
Base Hospital Unit No. 13, 122-123
Belgium, A. R. C. work, 135
Bulgaria
German Red Cross takes over
Sofia hospital, 131-132
Philippopolis, account of American
Red Cross work, 132-133
ceremony for nurses leaving for over-
seas, 123
decorations, I. T. S. nurses, 129, 133,
134, 135, 136
experiences
France, letters, 124-127
Russia, letter from Kief, 129-131
Siberia, 134, 135, 136
Germany, A. R. C. work, 135
Greece, A. R. C. service, 135-136
Hay, Helen Scott, record, 91, 92
Hungary, A. R. C. work in Budapest,
134, 135
names of I. T. S. graduates who
served, 137-141
Persia, A. R. C. service, 135
Red Cross
See also Red Cross
I. T. S. nurses service abroad, 124-
136
I. T. S. nurses service at home, 122-
123, 127-128
Roumania, A. R. C. service, 134
Russia, St. Petersburg and Kief, 129-
131, 134, 135
Serbia, A. R. C. work, 134
Siberia, A. R. C. work, 134, 135, 136
Worthy apartments, Paulina Street,
for Nurses' Home, 112
Index ^^^
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corresponding secretary, 7 Da»sy
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