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A Suiearese
FOR THE PEOPLE
FOR EDVCATION
FOR SCIENCE
LIBRARY
OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF
NATURAL HISTORY
HISTORY
OF
INFUSORIAL
ANIMALCULES,
LIVING AND FOSSIL:
SEVERAL HUNDRED MAGNIFIED REPRESENTATIONS.
mY ANDREW PRITCHARD, MEE,
Author of the “ Microscopic Illustrations,” &e.
A NEW EDITION, ENLARGED.
LONDON:
WELD AK ER AN D. CO:
AVE MARIA LANE.
LIBRARY
OF THE
AMNRICAN MUSEUM
OF
NATURAL HISTORY
§. Srraxer, Printer, 80, Bishopsgate Street Within, Lo
34, Bh
PY wreEvTs
PRE EA CE
In presenting to the public a third volume on the
History of Infusorial Animalcules, I venture to express
a confident hope that it will prove as acceptable as the
Editions of 1834 and 1841.
This Edition has been jointly prepared by J. T. ARLipGE,
M.B. and myself. In it the classification used by Ehrenberg
in his great Work of 1858, has been retained; whilst
abstracts of the systems proposed by other naturalists have
been added and explained.
The great number of new genera and species (both
living and fossil) here troduced, necessarily increased the
bulk of the volume, which has been further augmented by
doubling the number of Engravings—Graphic Illustrations
being indispensable to a clear comprehension of the subject.
These additions, however, have been made without increase
of cost to the subscribers who have honoured me by their
confidence.
I have freely availed myself of the elaborate works of
Ehrenberg,—the splendid monographs of Kiitzing and Ralfs,
as well as the valuable researches of Professors Bailey,
Siebold, Dujardin, Dr. Stein, Mr. Brightwell, and others.
iv. PREFACE.
The original papers in the Annals of Natural History have
also largely yielded materials. In all cases I have been
careful to insert the authorities; and I hope that those
who may hereafter quote from this volume will be
equally just.
The aim has been to form as complete a manual as the
present state of knowledge will admit; and I believe that
it will be found useful, both to the Naturalist and to the
Microscopic Observer.
Canonsury Lane,
LONDON,
24th June, 1852.
Section
CON LEN T'S.
PART I.
Aw Inrropuctrory History or INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES.
PAGE
Localities and appearance of Infusoria in masses ...... epeeaueane | uth
General external forms, coverings, organs and members of
MHTRGROTT dies sessesssanssswenosrersecnet) atidecensceccecedssiavesissseecs 11
On the eye specks, or visual organs of Infusoria................2. uy
Distinction between Infusoria and other minute Animals and
1 ge 7ke2)) pag soboccosotnapooncbabcodudtnosacoucasncHotnsucsepocacsonocne 18
Effects of temperature on Infusoria............000 yessecencoocescceees 22
Effects of Air, Chemical Mixtures, and Poisons, on Infusoria...... 23
Effects of Electricity, Galvanism, and Magnetism, on Infusoria... 25
On'the!resuscitation of Infusorias..::.2s:n-csets ucesersscessesestrrnes 26
On the supposed method of manufacturing Infusoria............... 27
On the evolution of light by Infusoria.............. ssssscssoccssreee 28
Classification of Infusoria into Polygastrica, Rotatoria, &e. ...... 29
On the Polygastrica as a class; and of their habitats and
AMO VEMENLS s sadaenc 0+ sieceeeaceedesssarciesuacasedsitascarsee issue nas bl
On the digestive system of the Polygastrica ............:..eseseeees 34
On the vascular and respiratory systems, and of the secretions
Of POlVSASHIGH .pc-c00. seed ecueeeee ieee: Moeletonieds Aeeiste sas pas sae lees 44
On Organs of Sensation in the Polygastrica ............csessceeeeee 46
Reproduction of Polyeastrica..catdsedecsstsccncsneessss eee eras 48
Of the affinities and classification of Polygastrica .......... oS aeenRE 56
Geographical distribution of Polygastrica, their relative abund-
FiLEYG Sls CS Bee Bee Onc BobCOnEdioonatcudcoouocpaddoncnbecioacuaensone 62,
Of the Rotatoria as a class ; and of their habitats and moyements 65
Of the external coverings, muscular system, and organs of
locomotions Of ROLAtOTIAN. scenseqntssessetatececsesen eave eat 68
Of the digestive system of the Rotatoria.............csesecjecseneeere 73
Of the vascular and respiratory systems of the Rotatoria.......... 77
Of the organs of sensation and nervous system of Rotatoria...... 81
Of the reproductive organs, and the reproduction of Rotatoria... 82
Of the affinities and classification of the Rotatoria.................. 86
On showers of Infusorial Animalcules..........cccsessesecsecesecseese 89
vi.
CONTENTS.
PART II.
ON THE COLLECTING AND PREPARING INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES FOR
Microscopic EXAMINATION.
PAGE
Section 1. On the methods of capturing, selecting and placing Infusoria for
examination under the microscope .....-csseseseeceeerseneees 93
2. Onmicroscopes for examining Infusoria.........-..0cecseveneeeeeeees 99
3. On micrometers and the method of measuring Infusoria......... 105
4, On glass tubes, &c., for taking Infusoria from the water, and
placing them in the apparatus for examination.............. . 106
5. (On'the Compressor or Crush Box. <....200-+2--ss-ca-ecesesesseers -- 106
6. On viewing Infusoria by polarized light ........:.scsseseesee scenes 107
7. On the method of feeding Infusoria with coloured substances... 108
8. On the mode of drying and preserving Infusoria............2.200. 108
9. On Infusoria contained in flints and semi-opals ...........sse00e 110
10. To prepare fossil Infusoria for the microscope .........46+.ssseeeee 110
11. On mounting Infusoria permanently in fluids..................0+ 111
12. To mount Infusoria as opaque objects .........sseececeeeceeeeeeeess 113
PART III.
CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES.
Glascmlamebolyastricd .2--+-cect~cesn-eraacmhcleeieeesetesae a ae-E= sealer eaten 116
Fis UM GUT aan ce speseeesaees 0502600050054 SOSo 2 coo cach casqoscbadeanoosct) soon 604
Saeardionaday..cashecres2- cc ecueceaseceteeectinnneeseciersseateete ter easeiteeaaae 684
List of papers on Infusoria, in the Magazine of Natural History ..............- 686
Description of the Engravings, plates 1 to 24 .........ssessesseesesececeececeeecceee 688
Index to the Families and Genera of Infusoria...........cssceeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 701
Abbreviations used in Part 111.
Agh. for Professor Agardh, of Sweden.
B. for Professor Bailey, of New York
Bré for M. de Brébesson, of Falaise, Normandy,
Duj. for M. Dujardin, a French naturalist.
E. or (Ehr.) for Professor Ehrenberg, of Berlin.
Kiitz. or K. for Professor Kiitzing, author of several elaborate works.
M. for F. O. Miiller, the author of the first systematic History of Animaleules.
R. for Mr. Ralfs, author of an elaborate monograph on Desmidice.,
NAMES OF SUBSCRIBERS
TO THE PRESENT EDITION.
—oj—
Rey. R. J. Gould, Windsor.
C. Weeks, Esq., Torquay.
S. Smith, Esq., Wisbeach.
W. Law, Esq.
G. Bird, Esq., York.
W. Pengilly, Esq., F.G.S., Torquay.
F. Perkins, Esq.
J. Ainslie, Esq., Ulverston.
— Gunton, Esq.
Rev. R. C. Douglas, Stafford.
W. iH. Dikes, Esq., Wakefield.
W. C. Bassett, Esq., Suffolk.
T. Brightwell, Esq., Norwich.
W. Brooke, Esq., Norwich.
F. Ransome, Esq., Ipswich.
T. Prothero, Esq.
J. Aubin, Esq., Jersey.
Sir Edward Pine Coftin, Bath.
Mr. Topping.
R. Wingham, Esq., Norwich.
Messrs. Longman, & Co.
Capt. Jones, R.N., M.P., Armagh.
E. O. Spooner, Esq., Dorsetshire.
Mr. John Gale, Rutlandshire.
W. Knight, Esq., Demarara.
Dr. Hamilton.
London Institution.
T. Scully, Esq., Clonmel.
F. C. S. Roper, Esq., F.G.S.
Edwin Brown Esq., Burton-on-Trent.
Mr. J. Bond.
G. H. Kingsley, Esq., M.D., Cambridge.
H. U. Janson, Esq., Exeter.
R. Philips, Esq.
Jas. 8. Cobb, Esq., Gt. Yarmouth.
A. Vincent, Esq., Somerset.
N. Stowers, Esq.
A. M’Cann, Esq.
Rey. W. Read.
Dr Thos. Wright, Cheshire.
W. Thompson, Esq.
Saml. C. Whitbread, Esq.
Alex. Murray, Esq., L.R.C.S.; Barnet
John Watson, Esq.
Richard Maysmor, Esq., Devizes.
Vili. NAMES OF SUBSCRIBERS’
Jenner, Esq., Edinburgh.
B. Hooke, Esq.
C. De Castro, Esq., Torquay.
H. Ludlum, Esq.
J. B. W. Potts, Esq., M. D., Dorset.
E. Smallwood, Esq,, York.
Mr. Highley.
J. T. Hillier, Esq., Ramsgate.
R. Gausby, Esq., Kent.
Rev. H. G. Watkins, Barnet.
Alfred Burleigh, Esq., Bristol.
Dr. Ansell.
R. Mestayer, Esq.
Mr. Fairservice.
Rev. R. Anstice, Hertfordshire.
Mr. Barnet.
James Penny, Esq., Dorset.
Allen Dalzell, Esq., Edinburgh. ‘
William Bird Herapath, Esq., M.D., London, M.R.C.S.. Bristol.
William Lomax, Esq., Bolton-le-moors.
Rey. J. B. Turner, Hertfordshire.
Rev. R. Thomas.
Thomas Pearson, Esq., Yorkshire.
James Forster, Esq., Dorsetshire.
Hugh Robert Stump, Esq., Norfolk.
Antonio Brady, Esq.
J, Hughes Hemming, Esq., Huntingdonshire.
W. W. Williams, Esq., Gloucestershire.
Mr. J. H. Beilby, Birmingham.
James T. Bell, Esq.
J. W. Leng, Esq., Yorkshire.
Messrs. Phillip and Son, Liverpool.
John Lister, Esq., M.R.C.S., Doncaster.
Dr. E. W. Pritchard, M.D., M.R.C.S., &c. &c., Yorkshire
Fitzmaurice Okeden, Esq., Haverford, West.
Thomas Spencer Cobbold, Esq., M.D, Edinburgh.
G. B. Knowles, Esq., F.R.C.8., L.S., &c., Birmingham.
John Wiblire, Esq., Southampton.
F. Bossey, Esq.
Rev. W. T. Collins, M.A., F.L.S., and G.S., Somerset.
G. W. Dando, Esq., Liverpool.
W. H. Griffiths, Esq., M.D., F.L.S.
W. R. Milner, Esq., Yorkshire.
Nathaniel Holmes, Esq., Yorkshire.
George Frederick Taylor, Esq.
George Coles, Esq.
M. A. Holden, Esq. Excter.
T. Beauchamp, Esq., Norfolk.
Messrs. D. Willie and Sons, Aberdeen.
J. H. Gibbons, Esq.
Spence Bate, Esq., Swansea.
BPA
AN INTRODUCTORY HISTORY
OF
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES.
Amone the arguments deducible from the natural world, in support
of the existence and superintending providence of an Almighty
Intelligence, none can carry a stronger conviction heme toe a reason-
ing and philosophic mind, than those drawn from that portion of it
which falls under consideration in the present treatise. Distributed
everywhere throughout this world, designed and formed by an all-
wise and gracious Creator, serving, were it no other purpose, that of
evidencing his all-pervading power, exists a race of beings so dimi-
nutive, as to have provoked man’s utmost ingenuity to bring them
within the range of his perceptive powers.
“Tn the clearest waters, and also in the troubled, strongly acid,
and salt fluids of the various zones of the earth ; in springs, rivers,
lakes, and seas; in the internal moisturo of living plants and
animal bodies, and, at times, carried about in the vapour and dust
of the whole atmosphere of the earth, exists a world, by the
B
2 GENERAL HISTORY OF
common senses of mankind unperceived, of very minute living
beings, which have been called, for the last seventy years, Inrusoria.
In the ordinary pursuits of life, this mysterious and infinite kingdom
of living creatures is passed by without our knowledge of, or in-
terest in, its wonders. But, to the quict observer, how astonishing
do these become, when he brings to his aid those optical contrivances
by which his faculty of vision is so much strengthened. In every
drop of stagnant water, we are generally, if not always, able to
perceive, by means of the. microscope, moving bodies, of from
1-1150th to 1-25,000th of an inch in diameter; and which often
live packed together so closely, that the space between each indivi-
dual scarcely equals that of their diameter.”
The wisdom and goodness of providence have endowed these
living creatures with all that can be needed for their happy exist-
ence. A reference to the drawings, generally, will afford some idea
of their beautiful and varied forms. What, for instance, can be
more admirable in structure than the Infusoria of the family
Volvocina? (See Plate I. figs. 34 to 57.) In what class of animals
are its members so curiously and so symmetrically associated toge-
ther? In the Volvocima, innumerable beings are colonized within a
simple, delicate, crystal-like shell, whose form, sometimes spherical,
at others quadrangular, presents us with examples of perfect sym-
metry and proportion. Who can behold these hollow living globes,
revolving and disporting themselves in their native element, with as
much liberty and pleasure as the mightiest monster of the deep :—
and, to carry our views a step further, to speak in detail of series
of globes, one withm another, alike inhabited, and their occupants
alike participating in the same enjoyment—who can behold such
evidences of creative wisdom, and not exclaim with the Psalmist,
“ How wonderful are thy works, O Lord, sought out of all them that
have pleasure therem !”
Again, take an example from the most mute of living beings to
which our knowledge at present extends, such as the Monas erepu-
seulum (see Part ITI.), and compute the number which could occupy
the bulk of a single grain of mustard seed, the diameter of which
does not exceed the tenth of an inch: it is hardly conceivable that
within that narrow space eight millions of active living creatures can
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 3
exist, all richly endowed with the organs and faculties (as hereinafter
fully described) of animal life! Such, however, is the astonishing
fact. Again, to take an example from those families ef Infusoria,
which possess the power of changing thew forms at pleasure, and yet
to confine it to the drawings of the first plate (although the second
would furnish proéean phenomena of a more extraordinary character),
take the figures of the family Astasiea (groups 68 to 82), and you
have creatures capable of assuming all the various forms there
depicted, in the short interval of a few seconds, and that under the
observer’s eye. In the beautiful little creatures of the genus
Euglena, you may also perceive a distinct vzswal organ, by which they
can steer their course with unerring rectitude. Many of the In-
fusoria do not possess this organ. But, mark the all-wise dispensation
of Providence in this respect!—those which have it live, for the
most part, near the surface of the water, whilst those which have it
not, as the Bacillaria, locate near the bottom This circumstance in
their economy has not hitherto been noticed.
Lastly,—still restricting our observations to the drawings of the
first plate, look at the graceful forms of the Closterina ( fig. 63 to group
67), which have long rivetted the attention of the most eminent
naturalists of modern times, and which long defied all their powers
of investigation, aided by all the refined and searching means which
human ingenuity could supply, to determine whether they are
animals or plants !
In short, there is not one species, out of the many hundred
described in the third part of this work, but offers ample scope for
the exercise of our deepest reflection, at the same time that it
affords an admirable proof of the adaptation and design of Creative
Wisdom.
The plan of this work will comprehend a description of those
creatures which are generally to be found in animal or vegetable
infusions, and such as agree with them in their general structure
and habits. Special descriptions of each will be found in Part ITI.
In Die Infusionsthierschen, the author has occasionally introduced
animals which have been classed under other divisions of the animal
kingdom. As examples, we may take the family Dynobryonia, the
members of which are classed as zoophites by other naturalists.
B2
i GENERAL HISTORY OF
Again, in the genus Bodo, some of the species are proper Entozoa-
and, therefore, ought to be excluded. Having, however, taken that
work as the basis of my arrangement, all the species described
therein will be found here.
With regard to the Spermatozoa of animals, our knowledge of
them is but scanty and confused, arising principally from their
extreme minuteness, which, even with the assistance of our most
perfect microscopes, places them at the very limit of our vision.
The great importance of this subject, especially to the medical pro-
fessor, has obtained for it, from several distinguished naturalists,
long and laborious researches; but, on the whole, the results have
been contradictory (see section XVII.) It will be sufficient, therefore,
to say, that since the time of their discovery (1676), up to the
present period, all that we know of the true Spermatozoa of animals,
is, that they are not distinguishable from Cercaria, found in the livcr
of snails, the animal organization of which has been made out by
Bauer, Wagner, and Ehrenberg.
The recent discoveries of Dr. Unger on the Spermatozoa of plants
is a subject of such deep interest, and so little known in this
country, that I have introduced a description of them under the
genus Spirillum ; while original drawings of them will be found in
Plate X11.
It has been said that the line of demarcation between many
species of animals and plants—the transition from the one kingdom
to the ather—is not casily defined. Indced, so close is the connec-
tion between them, that some members of the families Closterina,
Vibrionia, and Bacillaria, which are considered by Ehrenberg to be
animals, are, by many eminent botanists, set down as belonging to
the vegetable kingdom, and classed with the minute aquatic algee of
the genera Oscillatoria, Spyrogyra, &c. The true species of the
two genera just named, it must be admitted, are not of animal
structure ; and Dr. Ehrenberg has given us the following reasons
why they are not included with the Infusoria:—1. They have no
oral aperture. 2. They never propagate hy direct self-division, but
by the mere dissolution of the gemme. 38. They increase in size
only by the growth of the gmme. 4. They have both the external
and internal rigidity of vegetable organization. 5. The impregna-
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 8
tion of the Spyrogyra resembles that of some of the species of
Fungi. 6. They develope acicular crystals within themselves, like
some well-known plants. 7. Their motion is not perceptibly volun-
tary. (See section IV.)
For the convenience of reference, it is proposed to divide this part
into sections; and, although the subjects treated of may not, as
respects some of them, have received all that careful investigation
which they deserve, yet it is presumed that sufficient has been done
to lead the minds of the more curious inquirer to a further research.
Previous to which, I present the reader with Professor Ehrenberg’s
summary of the subject :—
1. All the Infusoria are organized, and the greater part of them
(probably all) are highly organized bodies.
2. The Infusoria constitute two very natural classes of animals,
according to their structure, which classes admit of subdivision,
upon the same principle.
8. The existence of the Infusoria in the four quarters of the
globe, and the sea, is proved; as also that of individuals of the
same species in the most opposite ends of the world.
4. The geographical distribution of the Infusoria upon the earth
follows the laws observed regulating that of other natural bodics.
5. Most of the Infusoria are invisible to the naked eye; many
are visible as moving points; and the size of the body docs not
exceed, in any case, the 1-12th of an inch.
6. The minute invisible Infusoria, in consequence of their im-
mense and swarming numbers, colour large tracts of water with
very remarkable hues.
7. They give rise to one kind of phosphorescence of the sea,
though in themselves invisible.
8. They compose (though singly invisible) a sort of mould,
through living in dense and crowded masses.
9. In a cubic inch of this mould, more than 41,000 millions of
single animals exist, and constitute, most likely, the chief proportion
of living bodies upon the face of the earth.
10. The Infusoria are the most reproductive of organized bodies.
11. From one of the known propagative modes of the Infusoria—
that is, self-division—a continual destruction, beyond all idea, of the
6 GENERAL HISTORY OF
individual, and a similar interminable preservation and extension of
it, in air and water, ensues, which, poetically, borders upon eternal
life and growth.
12. The copulation of gemmez, which perhaps includes the hitherto
unsolved poly-embryonate riddle of the seeds of all plants and
vegetable formations, is solved in the family Closterina.
13. The Infusoria, in consequence of their siliceous shells, form
indestructible earths, stone, and rocky masses.
14. With lime and soda we can prepare glass, and swimming
bricks, out of invisible animalcules; use them as flints; probably
prepare iron from them; and use the mountain meal, composed of
them, as food in hunger.
15. The invisible Infusoria are sometimes hurtful, by causing the
death of fish in ponds, deterioration of clear water, and boggy smells;
but not, as has been supposed, in giving rise to malaria, plague, and
other maladies.
16. The Infusoria appear to be (as far as is yet known) sleepless.
17. The Infusoria partly break up (zerfliessen) by egg laying,
and thereby undergo, passively, various changes of form.
18. The Infusoria form invisible intestinal worms in many animals,
and in man, even if the Spermatozoa are excluded from amongst
them.
19. The microscopic Infusoria have, also, themselves, internal and
external parasites.
20. The Infusoria possess a comparatively long life.
21. As the pollen of the Pine falls yearly from the clouds, in the
form of sulphur-rain, so dothe much smaller animalcules appear
(from being passively elevated with the watery vapour) floating in a
live state in the atmosphere, and sometimes, perhaps, mixed with
the dust.
22. In general, the Infusoria maintain themselves pretty uniformly
against all external influences, as do larger organized bodies. It is
true that they sometimes consume strong poisons without zmmediate
mury, but not without an after effect.
23. The weight of the invisible Infusoria, light as it is, is yet
calculable, and the most gentle current of air or draught can play
with their bodies as with the vapour of water.
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. a
24. The evident and great quickness of the motion of Infusoria, is
reducible as follows: ZZydatina senta, moves 1-12th of an inch in
four seconds; Jonas punctum, the same in forty-eight seconds; while
Nawicula gracilis, takes six-minutes twenty-four seconds to progress
the same distance.
25. Linneus said, omnis calx e vermibus:—either to maintain or
deny omnis silex omne ferrumve vermibus, would be, at the present
moment, unjust.
26. The direct observations, as yet known, upon the theory of
generatio primitiva, are wanting in necessary strictness. Those
ebservers, who profess to have seen the sudden origin of the minutest
Infusoria from elementary substances, have quite overlooked the
compound structure of these organic bodies.
27. The frequent wonderful changes of form of many Infusoria
are yet to have their limits, and the laws governing them defined.
28. The power of infusorial organization is instinctively shown by
the strong chewing apparatus, with teeth, which they possess, and
their exhibition, likewise, of a complete mental activity.
29. The study of the Infusoria has led to a more distinct and con-
clusive notion of animal organization generally, and the limits which
eireumscribe the animal form; from which all plants and minerals,
that want the animal organic system, are strongly and distinctly
separated.
30. Finally,—it results from these inquiries, that experience
shows an unfathomableness of organic creations, when attention is
directed to the smallest space, as it does of stars, when reverting to
the most immense.
Secrion I.—Zoeahities and Appearance of Infusoria in Masses.—In
investigating most branches of practical science, especially those
relating to Natural History, the subjects to which our observations
are to be directed are generally difficult of attainment, and the
inquiry cannot be prosecuted without considerable inconvenience.
This, however, is not the case with respect to the Znfusorial Animal-
cules. We can examine them in our chamber, at any leisure moment,
and at any time or season, and we can procure them, at least the
ordinary kinds, such as the Paramecium, Kolpoda, &c., with the
utmost facility,—for they abound in most waters whercin the stalks
8 GENERAL HISTORY OF
of flowers have been a few days steeped—whilst many of the more
beautiful kinds, such as the Volvocina, Astasiaa, Hydatinea, &c., are
to be found in pools of clear standing water.
Many remarkable species, and some of the most elegant I have
ever examined, have been taken in meadow-trenches, in the slowly
running water, after a summer shower, and especially about the
period that the first erep of hay was mown. Among healthy water
plents, such as the Chara, Ceratophyllum, Confervw, Lemna, &e.,
the various kinds of Vorticeliina and Rotatoria, may be sought for
with success. The stems of aquatic plants, particularly those of the
description just mentioned, have often the appearance, to the naked
eye, of being encased with mouldiness or mucor, which, on being
examined under the microscope, proves to be an extensive colony of
arborescent animalcules. Whenever this appearance is of a blucish
milky hue, the species will mostly be those of the Vorticella or
Hpistylis. (See the Engravings.) If you observe little dark bristle-
like bodies standing out among the stems, you may expect them to
be the Melicerta; and the little yellow gelatinous balls upon the
Ceratophyllum are, probably, the Icegalatrocha. In clear shallow
pools, the Volvox globator (fig. 55) may be met with in vast numbers
in the spring of the year; and, when these are found amongst
Lemna, by examining them under a deep magnifying power, you
may often discover, within their hollow spheres, the Wotommata
parasita, like so many white specks. The dust-like stratum we fre-
quently notice on the surface of stagnant ponds, is often composed
almost entirely of species of the most beautiful colours, such as the
Euglena, Chlorogonium, Pandorina, Gonium, and Bursaria. The thin
shining film, which sometimes covers plants in pools of water,
assuming the varied hues of red, brown, yellow, green, and blue, is
also made up of Infusorial Animalcules. For example—those
objects, which under water appear to be coated with a thick green
matter, abound with the different species of the Zuastra and
Closterium, or with the Arthrodesmus quadricaudatus and A. pectinatus,
the Stentor polymorphus, and Vorticella chlorostigma; and those
objects which have a bright orange-coloured coating, derive it from
the presence of the Stentor aureus.
‘The abode of animalcules is not, however, confined to the clear
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 9
fresh water of lakes, rivers, pools, springs, and trenches, but extends
even to the briny ocean, to strong acids, tannin, and the fluids con-
tained in the animal and vegetable creation. In moist earth, the
species of Bacillaria and other shelled animalcules may also be
found; and even the very air we breathe may teem with them and
their germs, whilst the gentlest breeze will be sufficient to waft
them in myriads over the distant waters, and to diffuse these living
atoms over the face of Nature. So that, in short, whether we
descend into the deepest mines, where darkness ever reigns, or climb
the loftiest mountains, whose summits glow with almost perpetual
sunshine, there shall we find them located alike.
Although the colouring of water is sometimes derived from the
oxides of iron and other mineral or earthy substances, over which it
flows, or from the Oscillatoria and other minute Algee which it con-
tains, an intensity of colouring will also be given it by the presence
of Infusorial Animaleules. Thus the Astasia imparts a blood-red
colour, as also the Luglena ruber; the Gallionella, Navicula, and
Gomphonema, impart an ochreous hue. Blue proceeds from the
Stentor ceruleus. Masses of water assume an intense green from
Monas bicolor, Uvella bodo, Glenomorum tingens, Phacelomonas pulvisculus,
Cryptomonas glauca, Cryptoglena conica, Pandorina morum, Gonium
pectorale, Chlamidomonas pulvisculus, Volvox globator, Astasia and
Euglena sanguinea, when young; Luglena viridis, Chlorogonium
euchlorum, and Ophrydium versatile; yellow from the Astasia
flavicans ; a milky tint from the Polytoma wvella, and Ophryoglena
atra, when they are numerous.
The rapid and mysterious transition of colour, occasionally ob-
servable in lakes, and which has often created an alarm in the timid
minds of the superstitious inhabitants on their borders, the micros-
cope has shewn to arise from certain changes in the condition of
Infusoria. Thus, a lake of clear transparent water will assume a
green colour in the course of a day; nay, more, it will become
coloured and turbid in the middle of the day, when the sun brings
these creatures to the surface, and rapidly developes thom, or causes
their dead bodies to ascend, whilst im the morning and evening, it
will again be clear.
10 GENERAL HISTORY OF
The phosphorescence of the sea appears to be occasioned, in many
instances, by the presence of animalcules, which, although indi-
vidually imperceptible, often render luminous many miles of water
by the immensity of their numbers.
In the same manner, large arborescent figures, resembling Fuci
and Algwe, are formed by the JDlicromega; and masses of great
extent by Lpistylis and Schizonema.
The Bacillaria or their shell-like siliceous coverings, (lorice) are
largely concerned in the formation of the earth’s crust, entering
extensively, sometimes, almost exclusively, into the structure of
large sections of the earth’s strata, especially those of the tertiary
period. The character of the rock so constituted, will vary accor-
ding to the nature of the associated earths, whether argillaceous,
siliceous, or calcareous. Thus, we have evidence of the existence of
Infusorial life in the earliest eras of the globe; and what is still
more curious, we find species existing at those remote epochs, still
represented in the existing fauna. Nor are instances of such enor-
mous accumulations of these minute beings, as to build up land
from the sea-bottom, wanting, even at the present day. For in-
stance, we learn from Sir J. Ross, and other explorers of the
Antarctic Ocean, that the water between the parallels of 60° and 80°
south latitude, is of a pale ochrous brown colour from the enormous
number of microscopic Diatomacea, and that the death and decompo-
sition of these same beings produce a submarine deposit or bank of
vast dimensions, occupying an area of 400 miles long by 120 wide,
and flanking the whole length of Victoria Barrier.—(Dr. J. D.
Hooxer, Report British Association, 1847.)
Among other almost unlooked for localities of Infusoria are
meteoric dust, and other similar substances, precipitated from the
atmosphere. In such matters, Ehrenberg has discovered siliceous
loricee chiefly belonging to the family Bacellaria (Section XXVI.)
together with the calcareous shells of the Phytolitharia. Volcanic
ashes even furnish specimens of Infusoria, and the same great
microscopist has also interpreted the nature of the marvellous blood-
like spots, which, much to the horror of the ignorant and supersti-
tious, have occasionally appeared suddenly on bread and other
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 11
farinaceous substances; he having shown that such stains are due to
the astonishingly rapid development of a monad, therefore called the
Monas prodigiosa.—(See Berlin Transactions for 1847).
We should not omit to mention a very common mistake with
respect to seeking after Infusoria. Some persons imagine that if
they procure a portion of fetid ditch water, or take a few flowers,
and immerse them in a flower glass full of water, they will be fur-
nished in a few days with all the varieties they may desire; the
fact, however, is very different from this. It is true, that in such
cases, Infusoria will be found, but they will be only of the most
ordinary kinds. Those of high interest, either as regards their
structure, form, or colour, like all the other master-works of Nature
and of Nature’s God, are not so easily attained. Some degree of
skill must be exercised for the purpose. But as we shall fully
explain this matter in the section on the method of procuring and
selecting Infusoria, we need not proceed further with the subject
here.
Section. II.— General External Forms, Coverings, Organs, and
Members of Infusoria.—Before entering on the classification of Infu-
sorial Animalcules, as determined by their ¢nternal structure, it will
be well to make a few remarks upon their general appearance and
external characters, as exhibited by the microscope. The forms and
members of large animals may be said, in one respect, to differ but
little from each other; the comparative anatomist being enabled to
trace, by easy gradations, one common type throughout the whole,
the varieties being occasioned by a greater development of certain
parts, and the suppression of others. Such, however, is not the
case with Infusoria. The general forms of Infusoria will be best
conceived by a reference to the drawings, inasmuch as words would
be found insufficient to convey an idea of the vast varieties which
they assume. Some are egg-shaped; others resemble spheres ;
others, again, different kinds of fruit, eels, serpents, and many
orders of the invertebrated animals, funnels, tops, cylinders, pitchers,
wheels, flasks, &e., &c.
The covering, or outer tunic, of Infusoria, is of two kinds; the
one soft and apparently membranous, yielding to the slightest
pressure, and accommodating itself to the state of repletion or other-
12 GENERAL HISTORY OF
wise of the animalcule, and thus resembling the tunic of the naked
Mollusca and Annelida, as slugs, leeches, &c.; the other, stiff, rigid,
and hard, having the appearance of a shell, though, from its flexi-
bility and transparent nature, it is more like horn. The creatures
possessing the former of these are termed the naked, shell-less, or
tlloricated Infusoria, whilst those invested with the latter constitute
the loricated. I shall, therefore, adopt the terms loricated and «lert-
cated in this work, because they appear to be the least objectionable;
for, although, in etymological strictness, Joriea simply means a shell,
yet, as we commonly attach the idea of a certain composition to the
word shell, it may be as well to avoid the use of it.
In the doubtful organisms which form the large family Bacillarca,
the botanist employs the terms frustule, froud, and valve for the outer
covering of those they consider vegetables. The reader will, there-
fore, bear in mind these several words, and is referred to the general
remarks on that family and its sections given 7m extenso in Part III.
The Zorica differs greatly as to its composition in different gencra.
In some cases it is composed entirely of silica; in others, of lime,
combined with carbonic acid as a carbonate, with a portion of the
oxide of iron. In some, it is destructible by heat, in others, not so.
There is a difference also as to the proportion of the creature enclosed
within the lorica. Some Infusoria are entirely encased, as in a box
or pitcher; whilst others are only so in part, having merely a shield
or carapace over them. Where the lorica encloses the animal, save
its head and tail, as does the covering of the tortoise, it is called a
testa or testula ; when it covers the back only, a scutellium or shield,
asin Euplotes, Aspidisca, &e. The term Urceolus applies to a gelati-
nous membranous or more firm external investment, having a bell-
glass, cylindrical or conical figure closed at the posterior, but open at
the opposite extremity, whence the animal may protrude itself. This
variety of lorica is met with in the genera Dijlugia, Dinobryon, Vagi-
nicola, and Floscularia. The appellation Lacerna, or mantle, is applied
generally to the gelatinous external membrane of the bodies of In-
fusoria, increasing with their increase in size. Within this tunic the
animal may reproduce itself, and, for a certain time, the parent and
offspring possess it in common, but after a time the mantle ruptures
and the young escape- Thus, at a certain period, the }
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 13
individual existence, and is transformed into a simple capsule. This
organization is met with only in the Polygastrica and more particu-
larly in the genera Volvox, Eudorina, Pandorina, and Gonium.
Where a lorica exists it may be made up of two or more separable
segments, called valves, when of two, it is said to be bivalved ; when
of more multivalved. The valvular form of lorica is chiefly met with
in the great family Bacillaria, and it is such lorica that more particu-
larly present a sculptured surface, and have been employed by
microscopists as tests (see family Bacillaria, Part TIL). Some lorica
are also furnished with appendages, or processes, projecting in the
form of spines or knobs from their surface.
As, in very minute genera, it is often difficult to ascertain, by mere
inspection, whether they are enclosed within a lorica or not, it will
not be deemed uninteresting to point out the manner in which this
may be determined. Having obtained some specimens of the Infu-
soria, we will suppose of the family Cryptomonas (figs. 21 to 33),
place a drop of water containing them in an aquatic live-box, com-
pressor, or crush-box, mixing a little colouring matter with the water,
according to the directions given in the section ‘“‘ On feeding Animal-
cules with coloured Materials,” when, if loricated, a clear transparent
ring will be observed, encircling the animalcules, and keeping them
separate from the fluid in which they are immersed. Should this
test, however, be deemed unsatisfactory, press down the cover of the
aquatic live-box, so as to crush the specimens, when the coloured
fluid will enter and surround their bodies, and by a proper manage-
ment of the illumination of the microscope, the broken edges of the
lorica will be visible, as seen in jig. 33, which is a representation of
the Zrachelomonas volvocina, similarly circumstanced.
Until recently, many of the genera of the smaller kinds of ani-
malcules were supposed to be devoid of any external organs whatever;
but the feeding on coloured substances, and the introduction of
achromatic glasses, have proved the incorrectness of this conclusion,
even as respects the Monads. The simplest external member, observ-
able in the Infusoria, is a single, delicate, hair-like filament, differing
much in length, situate near the oral orifice or mouth, whence it has
been designated the proboscis. When this member is of an uniform
14 GENERAL HISTORY OF
appearance, it is said to be filiform, or thread-like; but, when it
tapers toward the extremity, like an eye-lash, or cilium, it is called
flagelliform. This organ is used by the animalcule both for locomotive
and purveying purposes. When the creature is in rapid motion
through the water, this instrument is seen to act as an oar or paddle,
in facilitating a progressive movement, whilst, at the same time, a
current is created in the direction of its mouth, providing for the
prehension of food. This member is not easily seen, inasmuch as
considerable skill in the use of the microscope is required to show it,
nor will even that, in all cases, suffice. The employment of finely-
divided indigo or carmine, and the use of stops or diaphragms under
the object in the microscope, afford the surest proof of its existence.
When, by these means, its action has been detected, allow the water
to evaporate, and you may notice a streak or mark, as it dries, left
upon the glass, thus giving conclusive evidence of the presence of
this organ. Sometimes the mouth is furnished with two of these
proboscides, or cilia, nearly of equal length with the body, as in the
genus Chlorogonwm.
When these cilia are disposed in clusters, as with some of the
larger polygastric animalcules, their structure may be more correctly
ascertained. In the family Oxytrichina (see Engraving), the different
modifications of these filiform organs constitute excellent character-
istics of the genera.
Cilia may be described as hairs seated apparently upon a bulb.
They perform a rapid vibratory motion, the point of each describing
a comparatively large circle, whilst the base merely turns round upon
its articulating surface, or part of the bulb to which it is affixed.
Ehrenberg is of opinion that there are two kinds of cilia, viz. Crlia
continua, in which the bulb is a continuation, or merely enlarged
termination of each cilium; and Cilia articulata, in which there is a
joint or articulation of the cilium to the bulb. Examples of the
former may be observed in the Stylonychia mytilus ; and of the latter
in the Paramecium aurelia ( fig. 330). Cilia in their arrangement are
either separate and independent, or combined, forming in the latter
case the rotary organ of the Jtotatoria. In the first or simple form
which exists in Polygastrica, the cilia are usually set round the mouth,
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 15
or spread over the body generally, in which case they are often dis-
posed in regular rows, as in Paramecium, Ophryoglena, and Uroleptus,
(vide figs. 329-334).
It may be remarked here, that naturalists have been greatly
divided in opinion with respect to the functions performed by the
cilia, more especially those belonging to the Rotatoria. It has been
contended by some, that these organs form the chief instrument for
respiration; nor is it at all improbable that such is the case, as we
find that similar ones are placed round the gills or beard of the oyster,
muscle, &c., to produce currents in the water, and bring a fresh
supply to the creatures. The disposition of the bundles or clusters
of cilia in the Rotatoria, and their appearance when in motion, may
be considered as one of the most interesting and curious spectacles in
the animal creation. Their strong resemblance to toothed-wheels,
and their seeming continual revolution, have been most fertile sub-
jects for the exercise of the imagination ; indeed, there are few, if
any other phenomena, which can excite more astonishment in the
beholder. Let the reader turn to the various plates representing the
Rotatoria, and mark the great varicty of design, and exquisite beauty
of execution, there displayed in the forms and disposition of these
wheel-like organs, and his mind can hardly be restrained from revert-
ing, in the profoundest admiration, to that Divine Intelligence by
which such wonders could alone have been called into existence.
Sete, or bristles, are a kind of rigid hairs or cilia, used as organs
for the support of the body, and for climbing, but without having
the power of vibrating like real cilia. These organs are sometimes
devoid of the thickened base or articulation, as in the genus
Actinophrys ( fig. 266); whilst others possess a true articulation, as
exemplified in the posterior three of the Stylonychia mytilus. Some
are (awl-shaped) sudulate ; others have a knob at the extremity, and
hence termed capitate.
Styles are thick straight setee, usually seated on the under side of
the body, projecting backwards like the tail feathers of birds. These
never vibrate; neither have they a bulbous base, nor are their ex-
tremities bent or hooked. They are used for the support of the
body, and for climbing, and are capable of more extended motion
than sete.
16 GENERAL HISTORY oF
Uneini are curved hook-like processes, like thick short hairs.
They emanate from the under surface of the body, and in office
resemble the feet of larger animals. These organs do not vibrate,
have neither bulb nor articulation, but sometimes possess considerable
latitude of motion, not serving however for locomotion, but only for
prehension.
Variable processes are another description of external members,
which perform the function of locomotion in a very complete manner.
In the family Amoebaea, the animalcule appears to have the power
of protruding, at pleasure, any portion of its body, to form these
processes; a property which has not inaptly obtained for it the
designation of protean. In the loricated family Arcellina, the variable
processes are definite, the protrusion being restricted to those parts of
the body which are situated about the opening in the shell, designed
for that purpose. These processes, like the protean ones, are soft or
membranous, and resemble, though on a small scale, those of the
Mollusca, of which the horns of the common snail are a familiar
example. The Infusoria, however, have a greater command than the
snails, &c., over these processes, and a more extended action, in pro-
portion to their size.
In the Infusoria of higher organization, such as the Lotatoria,
there are definite processes, of a toe or claw-like description, which
are mainly used as organs of attachment. These are generally at
the extremity of a certain prolongation of the body, which may be
designated a foot-like member. To the inexperienced observer, this
process has generally been supposed to be the tail; but, not being
placed dorsally, with respect to the discharging orifice, it must be
considered as occupying the position of the foot. In these creatures,
there is a large development also of those parts of the body to which
the rotatory organs are attached; and, in the case were two only of
these organs are seen, a projection may be noticed on each side of the
anterior portion of the animalcule, which has been termed an ear:
For example, sce fig. 416.
Other appendages of Rotatoria, unconnected with locomotion, are
LTorns ( Cornicula) Cirrhi and spines (Calcares.) The first occur as
elongated, fleshy, and rather firm projecting points, covering either
the entire body, as in Philodina aculeata, or only some portion of it,
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 17
as the so-called tail in the genera Rotifer, actinwrus, &e. The second
variety of processes are longer and stronger than bristles (sete),
rather resembling the tentacles of Hntomostraca. Ehrenberg has
only instanced such in the genera Zriarthra. The spur presents the
form of a short retractile style projecting from the neck. The
existence of sucking discs (patella), at the end of the tails or foot-
like organs of some Infusoria, as at the extremity of the stalks of
vorticelle, and also on the tails of some Rotatoria, has been observed
by Ehrenberg.
Section I11.— Of the Eye Specks, or Visual Organs of Infusoria.—
Our knowledge of the existence of these organs is wholly attributable
to the invention of the achromatic microscope. In F. O. Miiller’s
work, which contains drawings of the larger number of the animal-
cules, lately figured by Ehrenberg, and several of them made with
much exactness, though on a very small scale, there is not one of the
Polygastrica represented as possessing a visual organ, and but one
species of the Rotatoria, in which he considered the existence of it
established. By referrmg to the engravings, however, it will be
seen that nearly all the Fotatorra have eye-specks, and that many of
the genera of the Polygastrica are also furnished with them. If no
other proof than this could be obtained, therefore, of the existence
of a nervous system in these animated atoms, this might still be
taken as a sufficient evidence of the fact.
One of the smallest, and apparently the simplest of the genera of
Infusoria, in which the eye is perceived, is Icroglena, in which, as
in the greater number of cases, the colour or pigment is red.
By taking a glance at the tabular distribution of the genera of
each family, as given after the general remarks on each, in Part III.,
in this work. The reader will notice, at once, that numbers of the
genera of the Polygastrica are furnished with one eye-speck ; and,
im some cases, which however are more rare, with two. (See
Section XV.)
In the Aotatoria, the number and position of these organs may be
regarded as excellent characteristics of the genera. In the greater
proportion of these, the animalcules have two, and, in some instances,
three eyes; whilst, in one genus, Zheorus, as many as seven or eight
have been distinctly recognized on each side of the head. When the
c
18 GENERAL HISTORY OF
eye-specks are situated in front of the cesophageal bulb, to which
the teeth are attached, they are termed frontal eyes; and when
behind this bulb, cervical eyes. They are sometimes disposed in a
line, side by side, as in Zrtopthalmus ; at others arranged triangularly,
as in Hosphora ; in Cycloglena they form a circle, and in Theorus a
cluster on each side.
Ehrenberg having discovered the existence of eyes under the form
of red specks in Rotatoria, argued from analogy the visual character
of the similarly coloured specks in the Polygastrica. Recent accurate
observations made on the eye-specks of Jotatoria (see section X XIII),
prove that they are distinctly defined, have an investing capsule, and,
in the words of M. Valenciennes, (Sur les embranchments inférieurs
des Annelides, Ann. des Sciences Nat. 1850), have a crystalline lens,
and, consequently, the essential attributes of visual organs. On the
contrary, owing to the extreme minuteness of the Polygastric Ani-
malcules, all appearance of definite outline is wanting in the red
specks of Polygastrica, and resemblances of them being found in the
reproductive germs of Algz, many observers do not admit the visual
nature of these red specks.
Section [V.— Distinction between Infusoria and other Minute Animals
and Plants.——In our present state of knowledge, with respect to
organic bodies, there are many difficulties in the way of determining
on such boundaries as may reduce them to well defined groups. Even
the line of demarcation between animals and plants, which, at first
sight, might be supposed to be so very broad and distinct, upon a
more minute consideration, is not easily settled. Nor is this sur-
prising, for if we turn to inorganic nature, we find the chemist is
equally at a loss to separate the two grand classes into which he
divides those bodies: namely,—metals and non-metallic substances.
While, at starting, they offer no resemblance, yet, by slight gradations,
the bodies of each division approach the other where characters are
still wanting to distinguish them. As examples, we may take the
metal Silicium, which is sometimes regarded as a non-metallic body;
while, on the other side, Iodine and Bromine resemble metals. In
the organic world, no difficulty is found in separating the mammals,
birds, and fishes, from forest trees and flowering plants; but, as we
descend in each kingdom, the lines of demarcation become less strong
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 19.
and decisive, until at length no single character is sufficient to dis-
tinguish them. Thus, motion, digestive structure, composition, the
products evolved, &c., taken singly, are of little avail in separating
an animal from a vegetable organism. Recent researches have rather
increased these difficulties. The fashion of the present day is to
magnify the arguments in favour of vegetable life and physical.
motions, while those on the side of an animal existence, are slured
over. It is, therefore, desirable to pause before offering an opinion,
especially when every distinction hitherto proposed, is seen to vanish
if rigorously tested. The organisms of a doubtful animal nature, are
principally found in the families Monadina, Vibrionia, and Bacillaria,
which are fully described in Part III.
1. Motion. This is an excellent animal character, where its voluntary
and spontaneous nature can be clearly perceived, but in microscopic |
bodies, vision being obtained by one eye only, and that under unusual.
conditions, difficulties present themselves which do not occur in
common vision. Again, the germs, or spores of minute Alge, and
other vegetable organisms, swim about in water until they find a
proper place for attachment, when they grow as a plant; hence some
naturalists haye supposed that animal life is transformed into vegeta-
ble, as the name zoospores implies. (See Vibrionia). The mollecular
motions of Dr. R. Browne—namely, those seen under a deep magnifier
in a drop of water, in which finely divided gamboge or other organic
substances have been triturated ; these motions have been compared
with the spermazoa of animals and plants, which are now considered
as physical motions only. The circulation or cyclosis in plants, so
well exhibited in the Chara, have been compared with the motions in
the Closterina and Bacillaria (see Part III), and hence they are only
allowed a vegetable life. (See M. Thuret on the Zoospores of Algz,
Ann. des Sciences Nat. 3ieme series Tom XIV., 1850.)
2. Cilia. The presence of these organs for locomotion, is a strong
argument in favour of the animal nature of an organism, but alone
are insufficient, as the minute spores of some Alge possess them, __
3. Digestive Organs. The presence of a stomach would strongly
tend to the establishment of an animal, but plants have been dis-
covered which possess a cavity for admitting water, and thus re-
sembling a digestive sae in its simplest form. While if imbibition
c 2
20 GENERAL HISTORY OF
by the cuticle be admitted, the cells of plants approximate very
closely to animals. The difficulties, however, are greatest in the
Desmidiacea and Diamomacea, to which the reader is referred to for
particulars.
4. Composition. Tertiary compounds are claimed for the vegetable,
but the Chlamidomonas, whose animal nature is undoubted, is only a
tertiary compound. The presence of nitrogen was, sometime since,
excluded from the vegetable, but it is now known that several plants
contain azote.
5. Starch. The existence of the organic proximate element,
Starch, has been much insisted upon as determining this question,
indeed its almost constant presence in plants, renders it a desirable
test; but, in the doubtful animal organism, their minuteness and
the nature of their coverings, render it difficult of application ;
indeed, in those cases where it is most needed, as the Desmidiee (which
see) it too often gives equivalent results.
6. The evolution of Carbonic Acid by Animals and of Oxygen by
Plants, has been proposed for determining this point, but the Zuglena
viridis, whose animal nature is admitted exhales oxygen, as do some
of the doubtful family Bacillaria and the Volvox globator, the latter,
however, has lately been claimed by the botanist.
7. Visual Organs. The existence of eyes would prove, beyond doubt,
the animal nature of an organism; but the red points considered as
eyes, which exist in many of the Polygastric Infusoria, are, by some
naturalists, not admitted as eyes, similar red spots being observed in
the spores of Algze, are adduced as confirmatory of this position.
8. Contractibility has been proposed as a test. It applies only to
the soft bodied forms, but M. Thuret says it is not peculiar to animals,
but partaken also by the zoospores of Algze.
9. Multiplication by spontaneous division or fission. This method of
increase has been adduced by Ehrenberg, as evidence of the animal
nature of the Bacillaria and other Infusoria, but, it is admitted, that
the fissiparous division of vegetable cells is of a similar nature.
(See Section XVI.)
10. The non-oceurrence of development by conjugation, has been
latterly insisted upon as separating animals from plants, but this
distinction is now questioned. (See Desmedea, Part III.)
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 21
The action of acetic, acid and of electricity, on these minute
organisms, have been proposed as tests, but hitherto the results have
been unsatisfactory.
This uncertainty in distinguishing plants from animals, coupled
with the observation of some peculiar phenomena in the production
of spores in the lower Alge, led those distinguished naturalists,
Unger and Kiitzing, and others, to believe in the transition of some
forms, from an animal to a vegetable existence, or vice versa. It
seemed to Kiitzing, that there are beings in which animal and
vegetable life are so intimately blended, that the kind of exist-
ence manifested, will depend on the predominance of one or of
the other, and this too, without a necessary change of form.
Unger goes further in his belief in the transformations of Algze
into animals, and the reverse; but, Siebold declares ‘‘such an
opinion is unphilosophical; for, be the nature of any being what
it may, vegetable or animal, we must consider it fixed and un-
changeable. Moreover, the appearances on which Unger’s views
rested, are easily understood when we recognize the presence of
cilia in both animals and plants, a fact, that naturalists overlooked.
(Dissertatio de finibus inter regnum animale et vegetabile constitu-
endis, Erlang 1844.’’)
M. Thuret says the error of believing in the metamorphosis of
Algee, has arisen from the confounding together aggregations of
globules of similar appearance, but of very different nature,—as,
Infusoria, Zoospores of Algae, Spores of Mosses, Gonidia of Lichens,
&e.; a confusion which has led some to suppose that an Algse can
produce not only another of a species or even germs different to
itself; but also give origin to a Moss, Hepatica, or Lichen, according
to the circumstances under which the germ was placed. ‘“ For my
part, I never was witness of any such marvellous transformations. I
have never seen a Diselmis produce an Alge, nor an Alg a true
Diselmis. On the contrary, whenever I have had the opportunity of
following, for a sufliciently long time, the germination of a zoospore,
Ihave seen produced, not an Algze of another species, still less a Moss
or a Linchen, but an individual evidently belonging to the same
species as the parent plant.”
22 GENERAL HISTORY OF
At another place he writes, ‘‘ the germination or extension of the
zoospore into a tissue similar to that of the parent plant, appears to
me a good character to distinguish those bodies from Infusoria. Still
one cannot discover in this phenomenon the basis of a division
between the lower forms of the two kingdoms; for vegetables occu-
pying the lowest grade in the series of Aleze—ex. the Nostoclimee,
Palmellez, &c., seem to have no other mode of reproduction than
spontaneous division analagous to that of the most simple animals.”
Secrion V. Effects of Temperature on Infusoria.—As vitality in
these creatures is not destroyed by the ordinary cold of winter, most
-of the common Polygastrica may be found at that season in ponds
‘under the ice. The Vorticella microstoma will live after being ex-
posed to 8° of Fah., and the ice gradually thawed; although the
number in this case may not exceed one in a hundred. Below this
temperature they will not survive. The same may be said of the
Monas termo and WM. spirillum, the Paramecium aurelia, Cyclidium
glaucoma, Glaucoma seintillans, and Kolpoda cucullus. When Infusoria
are destroyed by the cold, no rupture or injury will be apparent on
their bodies, excepting with the Chilodon cucullus, and some few
others, which, under these circumstances, will often become dissi-
pated. The Stentor polymorphus and Mulleri will uot live many
hours in a temperature of 9° Fah.; and arborescent Vorticella, when
- subjected to that degree of cold, fall from the stalks and die.
The Rotatorial animalcules cannot endure such low temperatures
as those above named.
When a small quantity of water, having animalcules in it, becomes
frozen, and is placed under a microscope, in a cold situation,
. Ehrenberg states that if the ice be clear, each animaleule or group
will evidently be surrounded by an exceedingly small portion of
water, which that naturalist supposes to be occasioned by the superior
temperature or animal heat of the creatures preventing congelation ;
and he is of opinion, that in all cases where this portion of the water
freezes, the animalcule necessarily dies.
If the water containing polygastric Infusoria be gradually raised
- to a temperature of even 125° of Fah., these creatures will live ;
and Dr. E. observes, that some of the Chlamidomonas pulvisculus
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 23
existed, on one occasion, in water at 200° of Fah. If the increase
of temperature be sudden, the animalcules die at 140°, notwith-
standing it be kept up for only half a minute.
Some animalcules, however, discover an appropriate habital in hot
springs, and to such, consequently, we may suppose a high tempera-
ture necessary.
M. Doyére, by numerous experiments made with Rotatoria, Tardi-
grada, and Anguillule, has proved that those animals when put mto
hot water at 212° Fah. were killed outright, but they retained the
power of revival, when the water was at 113° to 118°. When dried,
individuals were subjected to a heat of 216°, 252°, and even 261°,
some were found which were capable of being revived.
Some Vibriones, which Focke discovered in milk, when frozen and
again thawed, continued to live, and even when they had been dried
for three weeks, revived on being moistened.
Focke has mentioned that Pandorina morum, and other probosci-
dated monads, appear to change very much in colour according to
temperature and season. (See Reports Zoology: Ray Society, 1841).
Section VI.—LHffects of Air, Chemical Mixtures, and Poisons on
Infusoria.—That animalcules, like every other part of the animal
creation, continually require fresh supplies of atmospheric air for
their support, may be deduced from a variety of experiments. If a
thin pellicle of oil be spread over the suiface of the water in which
they are contained, they very soon die from exhaustion ; and, indeed,
it must have often happened to those who are in the habit of col-
lecting Infusoria, that when the cork has been left, by accident, too
long in a phial full of water, they have experienced this mishap.
This is especially the case with respect to the large Rotatoria :
whenever experiments have been made with these creatures under
an exhausted receiver, the result has invariably been that vitality
ceases soon after the air has been expelled. Ehrenberg states, that
they exist much longer in an atmosphere of nitrogen than in carbonic
acid or hydrogen. ‘The vapour of sulphur soon puts a period to their
existence.
Poisons, which only mix mechanically with water, do not appear
to affect them materially, but those which are soluble, or combine
chemically with it, speedily destroy their lives. Many of the Infu-
24, GENERAL HISTORY OF
soria can accommodate themselves to different fluids, provided that
the transition be not too sudden. Thus, similar species may be
found in rivers, at their source, where the water is perfectly fresh,
and at their very mouths, or junction with the salt water of the
ocean. Sydatinea have been fed upon powdered rhubarb without
being sensibly affected by it; nor does calomel or corrosive sublimate
lall them; at least they live some time after these have been mixed
with the water. Strychnia causes instant death.
Mr. Addison states that liquor potasse, produces on the smaller
forms of the Polygastric animals, ‘‘the same effect as it does on the
colourless blood and pus-corpuscles of mammalia; it penetrates the
transparent integument of the animalcule by imbibition, and causes
it to burst open and discharge its contents, which have the same
appearance as the molecules and granules, from the colourless blood
and pus-corpuscles.
In the larger forms of the polygastric animalcules, the large
vesicles or cells (called stomachs) very visible in their interior, are
all discharged from the bodies of the creatures in the same way,
when submitted to the action of liquor potassee. These so-called
stomachs may be seen enlarging in the interior of the animalcule,
prior to the rupture of the external integument ; and when they are
discharged from the body of the animalcule, numerous minute mole-
cules may be noticed within them.
If the Paramecium aurelia be subjected to the action of a dilute
solution of the alkali, in the proportion of half a drachm (Brandish’s
solution) to an ounce and a half or two ounces of water, it imme-
diately commences a laboured rotatory wriggling motion through the
liquid, and in many of the individuals, two remarkable vesicles will
be seen tensely distended in the interior of the animaleule, very
frequently accompanied with three, four, or five, perfectly transpa-
rent large circular globules, projecting from the body of the creature.
After a short period the contents of the body may be seen discharging
themselves into one or more of these transparent projections, while
the body itself, or rather the integument of the body, may be seen
to shrivel up, the motionless cilia fringing its circumference remain-
ing very visible.” (On the sacculi of the Polygastrica, Annals of
Natural History, vol. 12, 1848, p. 101.) j
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 25
These facts have been urged against the animal nature of the poly-
gastric Infusoria, but, in fairness, it amounts to very little, as it is
well known that some species of Acari will live in strong acetic
acid, and spiders have fed upon sulphate of zinc, therefore, if the
argument is worth anything, spiders and acari are plants, which
is absurd.
Inferences drawn from the habits of the higher animals should be
made with great caution, as the differences between them and
microscopic organisms are so great.
Secrion VII.— fects of Electricity, Galvanism, and Magnetism, on
Infusoria.—All the experiments on record, which have been made
upon animaleules with these powerful agents, appear to me to have
been conducted without a due regard haying been paid to their dimi-
nutive size; and hence, as might be expected, the results have
proved fatal to their existence. We have, therefore, yet to learn
what effects might be produced under proper modifications. To
render this proposition more intelligible, suppose, for instance, that
we wished to ascertain the temperature in which fish would live,
we should not expect to arrive at the desired information by plunging
them suddenly into boiling water. Dr. E. has remarked that a
shock from a leyden jar, charged with twenty sparks from an Elec-
trophorus, haying a resinous plate seven and a half inches square,
and a collector five and a half inches, suddenly killed the Volvox
globator, Stentor niger and S. aureus, Ampileptus moniliger, Chalimido-
monas and HLuglena viridis. The bodies of the Ophryoglena atra and
Stentor polymorphus were entirely dissipated by it, and also those of
the Lyistylis flavicans, after having been first thrown from their stalks.
It generally required two such shocks to kill the Paramecium aurelia.
When the electrical current passes near, and not through them,
their movements appear to be unsteady, in the same manner as when
the mental faculties in the larger animals are disturbed. Electricity,
slowly produced, has a more powerful effect than when it is accom-
panied with rapid sparks. If water, containing animalcules, be
placed between the poles of a galvanic battery, so as to be decomposed,
of course, the creatures die; and a like termination will be occasioned
by magnetic currents.
Section YIII.—On the Resuscitation of Infusoria.—In almost all
26 GENERAL HISTORY OF
ages of the world there has been evinced a restless desire within us
to pry into the nature or principle of Jife, and the precise conditions
on which it is retained; and, notwithstanding that our bodies, its
present abiding place, are confessedly frail and perishable, the un-
ravelling of an invisible and immaterial agent has been sought for by
a reference to them. Hence, each succeeding generation has occupied
itself in proving the fallacy of preceding theories on this mysterious
subject, and in forming new ones of its own. Even in modern
times we have been told that dead matter, under certain circum-
stances, becomes spontaneously alive, as, for instance, horse-hair
under water, &c. Too true it is, however, that, let our researches be
what they may, unless our views are directed upwards to a higher
principle than anything that we can argue upon, in what we see
around us, our labours must end in nought but ‘vanity and vexa-
tion of spirit.”
What, perhaps, has tended to awaken our inquisitiveness on this
subject, more than anything else, has been that death-like condition
of torpor, or suspended animation, in which human beings and other
animals have been known to remain for a great length of time,
during which the body is motionless, and apparently unsustained by
any nourishment whatever. In 1701, Leiiwenhoek observed this
phenomenon in the Rotatorial Infusoria; and to such an extent did
his observations lead him, that he declares they were capable of
being removed from their native element, dried and preserved in this
condition for months, and even years, and then resuscitated on being
again moistened with water. That Rotatoria will revive, after re-
maining a day or two, apparently in a dry state, I have particularly
mentioned in the Natural History of Animalcules. The distinguished
author of Die Infusionstierchen, after many illustrations and com-
parisons made with reference to this subject, affirms, that wherever
these creatures are completely dessicated, life can never again be
restored. In this respect, they exactly correspond with animals of a
larger kind; like them, for a time, they may continue in a lethargic
and motionless condition, but, as it is well known, there will be
going on, within them, a consumption, or wasting away of the body,
equivalent to so much outward nourishment as would be needed for
the sustentation of life.
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 27
Tn some recent experiments, Ehrenberg has observed, that living
siliceous Infusoria form a sort of moist earth, (humus) and need a
very small quantity of water to sustain life; and that even when
such humus was let dry fifteen days, a great number still remained
alive, and became very active on being introduced into a drop of
water. If the earth was perfectly dried, they died outright, becoming
incapable of revivification.
According to M. Doyére’s experiments (Ray Society, 1841) Rota-
toria may be completely dried in pure sand, in the open air, in dry
air, and in a vacuum, without losing the capability of being revived
by moisture.
Sxcrron IX.—On the Supposed Method of Manufacturing Infusoria.
—Within the last few years an idea has been prevalent, and many
persons haye occupied themselves in endeavouring to realize so extra-
ordinary a discovery, that animal life may be produced by means of
galyanism. The creatures said to have been thus brought into exist-
ence, that have come under my observation, were neither the most
minute, nor the most simple, in organization; and evidently
belonged to the class Acari. That many scientific men should be
more than sceptical upon this point, cannot be wondered at; and
were it not that the notion originated with, and the experiments
have been conducted by, one who holds a most honourable position
amongst us, it would not have been entertained for a moment. That
-some mistake exists with respect to communicating vitality to matter,
by this means, there cannot be a doubt.
It is not surprising that Linneus, with the imperfect microscopes
of his day, should mistake Infusorial Animalcules for minute drops
of oil in the water; but that Dutrochet, so late as 1833, should
publish to the world that all the globular and elliptical Infusoria
were vesicles set in motion by streams of electricity, and therefore
could be artificially produced, is but another exemplification of the
fact, that men of the most distinguished talents in one department
of science may form very erroneous notions on others, especially
where long continued observations, and very accurate perceptions,
are indispensable for arriving at right conclusions respecting them.
In 1834, Cagniard Latour made a public declaration, that he had
manufactured animalcules by the aid of carburetted hydrogen. This
28 GENERAL HISTORY OF
assertion led to an examination, subsequently, of the creatures, by
M. Audouin, who ascertained them to be a species of the Entomostraca,
and who did not hesitate to pronounce the method, by which they
were said to have been produced, to be fallacious.
The most ingenious experiment on the imaginary production of
Infusoria, is that of Professor Bonsdorff, which he communicated to
the German Naturalists’ Association in 1834. The following is
Ehrenberg’s account of it :—‘‘ If a solution of chloride of aluminum
be dropped into a solution of potassa, by the attenuate precipitation
and solution of the aluminum in the excess of alkali, an appearance
will be given to the drop of aluminated matter, by the chemical
changes and reactions which take place, as if the Amoeba diffluens
(see description, Part III.) were actually present, both as to its form
and evolutions, and it will seem to be alive. Such appearance is
considered, by its able discoverer, as bearing the same relationship to
the real animalcule, as a doll or a figure, moved by mechanism, does to
a living child.”
Srcrion X.— On the Evolution of Light by Infusoria.—Several small
animals are known to emit light, apparently phosphorescent, as the
female glow-worm, and some species of the M/yriapoda, which I have
frequently noticed in the gravel walks of a garden, on a dark
autumnal evening. This emission of light, whether in the aboye-
named animals, or in Infusoria, is evidently the result of a vital
process. In the latter class of creatures, it seems like a single spark,
of a moment’s duration, but capable of being repeated at short
intervals. That this light is electrical, analogy would lead us to
infer ; as experiments made upon larger creatures have proyed it to
be such with them.
The phosphorescence of the sea is not unfrequently due, in a great
measure, to Infusoria, chiefly belonging to the family Cycldina ; and
when we take into consideration the minuteness of these creatures,
the largest not exceeding the 100th part of an inch, whilst some of
them are scarcely one-twelfth of that size, our ideas of computation
are too limited to form any just notion of the number which some-
times illuminates many miles in extent of the ocean’s surface.
Ehrenberg found, at Wismar on the Baltic, that the Peridinium
tripos and P. fuscus belonged to the phosphorescent Infusoria, and
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 29
further, that the emission of light was restricted to some only of
these. Those individuals which were not phosphorescent were quite
clear, whilst those which emitted light were filled with yellowish
brown matter, which he considered to be developed ovaries, so that
here also the development of light would appear connected with that
of the ova.
In his paper on the Infusoria of the Chalk, (1840), that observer
also stated that one of the most remarkable facts elicited in the course
of his examination of the sea water, whilst in a state of phospho-
rescence, was, the presence of several species of two genera, the
members of which have siliceous loricee, which are abundant, not
only in the chalk marls of Caltanisetta, Sicily, Oran, Zante, and
Greece, but are those forms which, from the incalculable number of
their very minute loricee, compose the chief portion of the marls,
which depend for their origin on the remains of species of Infusoria ;
and further, that they belong to genera, species of which had not
then been seen in the living state.
Section XI.— Classification of Infusoria—Among the various
arrangements proposed for the distribution of animalcules by dif-
ferent naturalists
and we have not a few, as the minuteness of
these creatures, and the imperfections of our microscopes, until
lately, allowed ample field for the imagination to run wild—two
appear to me to merit particular notice, and these, it is worthy of
remark, are the productions of men who have laboured for years in
making actual observations on them. The first is by O. F. Miiller,
whose posthumous work, entitled Animalcula Infusoria Fluviatilia et
Marina, appeared in the year 1786. On this arrangement is founded
my Natural History of Animaleules, prepared in 1832; between
these two periods the additions to this branch of natural history,
from actual observation, was not very great; indeed, until the latter
work appeared, this subject could not be said to have assumed a
definite character, and was unknown to the English reader.
The laborious and long-continued observations of Prof. Ehrenberg,
in Germany, have enabled him, after several revisions and amend-
ments, to present us with a classification, which, in my opinion, will
remain as long our standard, on this subject, as that of Miiller has
been. It is curious, however, to observe, that in all the publica-
30 GENERAL HISTORY OF
tions, up to the present day (in England at least), professing to give
on account of Dr. E.’s classification, his older, and I may say,
abandoned systems, have alone been presented.
Ehrenberg, in his great work entitled Die Infusionsthierchen, has
not devoted much space in defining the Infusoria, or in giving a
general view of the subject ; but he commences almost immediately
with their systematic arrangement; hence the Third Part of this
work will give the reader some idea of the general character of that
splendid volume; though the design of the two differing, namely, the
latter bemg a work of reference, this a manual, many alterations,
omissions, and additions have been made, especially in the present
edition; hence it will be alike unjust to that distinguished natu-
ralist, as to myself, to consider the one a mere abstract of the other.
Should the reader possess a copy of my first distinct work on this
subject—the Natural Mistory of Animatcules, and will make a general
comparison between the system adopted in that work, and that in
the present, he cannot fail to observe that, although the principles .
of classification of Miiller and Ehrenberg are widely different, yet
many of the groups occupy similar positions in the two systems.
This coincidence is especially striking in the case of the Vibrio of
Miiller and the Bacillaria of Ehrenberg, and also between the com-
mencing and concluding genera in each arrangement. ;
To proceed: Professor Ehrenberg divides the Infusoria into two
grand classes—the Polygastrica and the Rotatoria: the former so-
called by reason of the function of digestion, being carried on by
numerous globular vesicles, or stomachs, whilst the latter, like most
higher animals, have only one stomach.
Each class is again subdivided into families and genera, which are
presented in a tabular form; and further details concerning the
grouping of the Polygastrica, by Ehrenberg, are given in the section
devoted to the consideration of their classification.
Based as the system of Ehrenberg is, on a particular hypothesis of
the organization of Infusoria, of course it can be accepted only by
those who subscribe to that hypothesis. Hence Siebold, Dujardin,
and others, who cannot accept the polygastric structure as a fact,
seek for some arrangement in accordance with their own views of
animalcular organization (see Section XIII.)
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 31
One great change agreed upon by those who dissent from the
Berlin Professor, is the exclusion of the Desimidiee and Diatomee
from the true animalcules, and the elevation of the Rotatoria to a
position in the animal scale much higher than the so-called Polygas-
trica, with which their elaborate organization forbids their associa-
tion under the common name of Infusoria.
In the classification appended, proposed by Siebold (Section XVII.)
it will be seen that the term Infusoria is restricted to animals
evidently moved by cilia, whereby not only the Bacillaria, but also
those animalcules moving by variable processes under the title of
Rhizopodes, ave separated from Infusoria. In Dujardin’s system, the
Rhizopoda are, however, classed with Infusoria.
Srction XII.—Of the Polygastrica, as a class, and of their habitats
and movements.—Though some portions of the system of classification
devised by Ehrenberg are certainly objectionable, I still feel that an
arrangement is yet to be discovered that will supersede it.
In the opinion of the great Berlin naturalist, the Polygastrica con-
stitute a natural group of animals, and areas satisfactorily distinguished
as any other class. In this view, no other naturalist entirely coim-
cides: almost all exclude the Bacillaria and Closterina (t. e. the
Diatomee and Desmidiee) from the Polygastrica; many go still
further, and declare this class to be a collection of heterogeneous
beings, many of which do not even belong to the animal kingdom.
Thus, M. Agassiz says (Annals of Natural History, vol vi, 1850, p.
156), ‘‘ Recent investigations, upon the so-called -Anentera, have
satisfactorily shown, in my opinion and in that of most competent
observers, that this type ef Ehrenberg’s Polygastrica, without gastric
cavities, and without an alimentary tube, are really plants belonging
to the order of Alge in the widest extension of this group; while
most of the monad tribe are merely moveable germs of various kinds
of other Algw. As for the ZLnterodela ...... most of them, far from
being perfect animals, are only germs in an early stage of development.
The family of Vorticella exhibits so close a relation with the Bryozoa
(cilio brachiate polypes), and especially with the genus Pedicellina,
that I have no doubt that wherever Bryozoa should be placed, Vorti-
cella should follow, and be ranked in the same division with them.
The last group of Infusoria, Bursaria, Paramecium, and the lke,
32 GENERAL HISTORY OF
are, as I have satisfied myself by direct investigation, germs of fresh
water worms, some of which I have seen hatched from eggs of
Planaria \aid under my eyes.’ Mr. Girard coincides with Agassiz
in these statements, and adds that the Aolpoda cucullus is one of the
embryonic stages of a species of freshwater Planaria. (Proceedings
of American Association, 1848, p. 402).
None of the Polygastrica exceed in dimensions the 12th of an
inch, and some of the smaller species, as those of J/onas, Bodo, Bac-
terium, and Vibrio, even when full grown, are but the 1-2000th part
of that measure; indeed, so minute must be many of the young of
these Infusoria, that they cannot be recognized by our microscopes.
The genera Stentor and Spirostomum on the other hand, contain
species as large as the greater wheel animalcules (Rotatoria), and are
easily detected by the naked eye. Again, others, individually so
small as to be almost invisible, form, when aggregated, green, red,
yellow, blue, brown, and black-coloured masses of great extent.
Thus, the clusters of some species in the families Vorticella and
Bacillaria wocrease to such an extent that they attain a size of several
inches, resembling Polypi.
The greater number of animalcules belonging to this class are
found in fresh water ; numbers inhabit the salt water of the ocean;
and some live in astringent solutions, even those contaming much
tannin. They also exist in fluids produced by animal secretions ;
moist earth, too, is another situation in which some are to be found.
As an instance of the later habitat, there has been recently found
some earth near Newcastle almost entirely composed of living
species of the genus Bacillaria, and other loricated Infusoria.
Various kinds reside in the vapour of the atmosphere, in which,
from their light weight, they rise in countless multitudes, and are
blown about by the wind in inyisible cloud-like masses.
The degree of motion possessed by the several genera of Polygas-
trica, varies greatly, whilst the sort of movement is as various. In
several instances these peculiarities in locomotion are useful in
characterizing genera; such will be found particularly indicated in
the third or systematic part of this work. Some genera are attached,
and still enjoy some extent of relative movement, such are Vorticella,
Zoothamnium, and Synedra. Most of those unattached are, more or
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 33
less locomotive; but, especially in the family Bacillaria, there are
many motionless genera. In Volvo we see a rolling motion, often
very lively; in Bodo and Coleps a leaping movement, very active ;
in Ameba and Difflugia, a crawling, most nearly resembling that of
snails; in Stylonychia, Euplotes, and Himantophorus, a creeping, by
means of uncini, or bristle-like cilia, like that of insects; whilst in
very many there is a simple gliding or swimming motion, in some,
accompanied by rotation on their axis, and in others, of greater
relative length, by writhing or serpentine movements; these last
varieties are illustrated in Paramecium, Uroleptus, Trachelocerca, La-
erymaria. Leucophrys, Stentor, Spirostomum, &c. In very minute
forms, as the Vibrionia, their movements are visible, as scintillations
in the containing fluid.
Generally speaking, in all the Polygastrica, with the exception of
the Pseudopoda,—those with soft ‘ variable processes,’ and the Closterina
and Bacillaria (Desmidiee and Diatomee), the property of movement
is conferred by cilia, or by varieties of them called proboscides, or by
stiff processes—uncini, &c (see Section II.) but in none are found
true jointed locomotive members.
Prof. Owen remarks, in his Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy
and Physiology of the Invertebrated Animals, 18438, p. 19, ‘If you
watch the motions of the Polygastric Infusoria, you will perceive
that they avoid obstacles to their progress; rarely jostle one another;
yet it is difficult to detect any definite cause or object of their move-
ments.”’ Further on, he writes: ‘The motions of the Polygastrica
have appeared to me, long watching them for indications of volition,
to be in general of the nature of respiratory acts, rather than attempts
to obtain food or avoid danger. Very seldom can they be construed
as voluntary, but seem rather to be automatic; governed by the
influence of stimuli within or without the body, not felt, but re-
flected upon the contractile fibre; and, therefore, are motions which
never tire. We may thus explain the fact which Ehrenberg relates
—not without an expression of surprise—namely, that at whatever
period of the night he examined the living Infusoria, he invariably
found them moving as actively as in the day time ; in short, it seemed.
to him that these little beings never slept.”
The power of locomotion may be for a time possessed by Infusoria,
D
34 GENERAL HISTORY OF
which, as a rule, are attached; for example, Stentor and Vorticella,
as also many of the doubtful Infusoria—the Bacillaria, which,
becoming free, enjoy a slow swimming movement. Perhaps the
most interesting example of movement by contractility, is that seer
in the stalk or pedicle of the genus Vorticella, in which its activity
is so great, and its character so peculiar, that it leaves no doubt of
the presence of muscular fibre and muscular uritability.
The circular arrangement of very distinct cilia about the upper
end—head and mouth, in Vorticella, Stentor, &c., and the whirling,
wheel-like motion of those cilia, would seem, as Prof. Owen remarks,
‘to indicate the passage to the higher or rotiferous group.”
Section XIII. On the Digestive System of the Polygastrica.—The
microscopic observer, kaving procured a number of animalcules, will
not fail to observe within the interior of many a number of circular
spots; these are often very large in proportion to the size of the
ereature, and if the water is clear, they appear more transparent
than the other parts of the animaicule. These vesicles the reader
may readily distinguish in many of the drawings contained in the
first six plates, and part of the seventh, which represent animals of
the class Polygastrica. Like any other division of natural bodies,
some of the members composing it, exhibit the essential characteristics
of the class more prominently than others,—thus the genera
Kolpoda and Paramecium contain the largest forms in which these
vesicles exist. The reader will do well to refer to the drawings of
these genera, which he can readily do by means of the List of
Jigures at the end of the volume.
The older naturalists considered these vesicles as the ova; and
Baron Gleichen made many experiments to endeavour to see their
expulsion, but without success. This idea of the Baron’s, respecting
the nature of these bodies is the more remarkable, as it is to him we
owe the original experiments of feeding animalcules with coloured
food; and the fact of these parts becoming immediately coloured,
while the surrounding portions remain transparent, could scarcely
have escaped his notice.
From the observations of Dr. E., these globular vesicles appear
to be distinct stomachs, of which a single animalcule belonging to
this class possesses many, as noticed in another place. When one of
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, 35
these stomach-cells, or sacs, has been filled with coloured food, and
its situation carefully noted, in a short time the coloured spot will
have changed its locality, and hence some naturalists will not admit
of separate and distinct sacs or cavities, but maintain that the in-
terior of the creature is one large digestive cavity, and that the
globular mass of coloured particles has merely changed its position.
To this objection, Dr. E. remarks, that he has distinctly observed a
sac to fill, and then the particles to pass singly into another, and so
on, until the nutritive portions having been imbibed by each cell in
succession, the refuse is expelled by the animalcule. That few
observers have noticed this process, is not remarkable, as it requires
stedfast and incessant observation of a particular animalcule for some
time, while a contraction of them, or a turning upon their axis, may
mislead, or even a slight pressure or other injury loosening these
cells, may occasion a voluntary change of place. Another objection
to their being separate sacs or cells for the purpose of digestion is,
that observers have not seen the canal or tube connecting them toge-
ther; this Dr. E. admits is the case in many species, owing to its
extreme tenuity. Also, that from its peculiar office, namely, the
transmission of the food from one cell to another only, like the
cesophagus in large animals, the tube possesses a contractile action,
so that the difficulty of detection is augmented. Dr. E. affirms he
has distinctly seen their canals while the food has been passing from
one stomach cell to another; and in all his works, except Die
Infusionthierchen, has presented us with drawings of them, and the
manner in which they connect all the cells together. For observa-
tions of this kind, it will be advisable to select a large specimen of
either of the following species :—Chilodon cucullus, Trachelius Ovum,
Vorticella chlorostigma, or V. convallaria, Opercularia articulata, or
Stylonychia Mytilus.
Again, the position of the discharging orifice has favoured the
erroneous supposition of the excluded substance being ova, for this
orifice is not situated in any certain relation to the mouth; for
sometimes one orifice is common to both purposes, as in the fresh
water Polype, and some other large creatures. In other Polygastrica,
it is either situated anteriorly, posteriorly, or laterally, and this again
may be either on the superior or inferior side. On this character,
D2
36 GENERAL HISTORY OF
Dr. E. has founded the subdivision of the class into families, as given
in Part III. of this work.
Anxious to lay before the reader an impartial statement of this
question, I shall, before proceeding with any general remarks on the
Polygastrica, watroduce here translations of the observations of a most
distinguished German botanist, and likewise those of a celebrated
French naturalist, while those of other naturalists relating to par-
ticular families, are inserted under those divisions.
Prof. F. J. Meyen writes :—‘ All naturalists are aware that
Gleichen, in 1781, tried to make certain Infusoria eat carmine, and
observed next day that they had several large red granules in the
interior of their bodies. He thence concluded that they had swallowed
the colouring matter. He likewise noticed that these coloured
granules afterwards made their escape by another opening. Gleichen
has figured these red granules very accurately; each of them is in
the centre of a particular circle, the nature of which he does not
explain. Ata later period, M. Ehrenberg made the same remark,
and he thence concludes that the Infusoria have several stomachs,
which, in one section, are destitute of an intestinal canal, while in
others they not only possess canals, by which they communicate with
each other, but lateral appendages, which besides terminate in @
coceum. In consequence of these discoveries, these Infusoria were
designated by the name of Polygastric animals. M Ehrenberg be-
lieves that he has proved that their stomachs are filled one after
another, and he has figured, more or less completely, the intestines
which form the communication between the different stomachs.
‘‘Many observers have already questioned these assertions of
M. Ehrenberg (see the memoir of M. Dujardin, on this subject, in
the tenth volume of the Annales des Sciences Naturelles). For my
own part, I never admitted them, because, in the first place, I never
could see the intestines which form the communication between the
stomachs, and likewise because I have observed, many years since,
that these supposed stomachs were moving in the interior of the
body of many species with great rapidity, in the same manner as
the granules which circulate in the jomts of the Chara. I have
often seen Vorticella with nine or ten large globules of indigo in the
belly, which always moved round a centre, and thus showed, in the
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 37
most evident manner, that they could not have a communicating
canal between the stomachs, provided with an oral orifice and an
extremity directed to the mouth.
“But it will be asked, what are these vesicles and balls of the
same diameter existing in the bodies of the Infusoria, and which
have been taken for stomachs? ‘This question I have continued to
ask myself, till an attentive and long-continued investigation has
enlightened me as to their origin.
“‘The true Infusoria are vesicular beings, whose interior are filled
with a mucous substance; the thickness of the membrane forming
the vesicle, can easily be ascertained in some of these animals; and
in many species I have noticed in this membrane an obvious spiral
structure, which establishes a complete analogy between it and
cellular vegetables. In the large Infusoria, a cylindrical canal (the
cesophagus) obliquely traverses the membrane which forms the
animal. The lower extremity of this canal dilates, more or less,
when the animal has taken food, even till it attains the dimensions
of the balls, which are found in the interior of these same Infusoria.
‘The inner surface of this part of the intestinal canal is provided
with cilia, which turn round, not only the alimentary substances,
but also foreign bodies, till they have acquired a spherical form.
During the formation of this ball, the stomach (for it is evident we
must distinguish this organ by that name) has a free communication
with the esophagus, and by means of the ciliary apparatus found at
the exterior, new alimentary substances are introduced into this
canal, and pushed as far as the stomach, but I could not satisfy myself
whether the cesophagus was likewise beset with cilia in the part
which separates the stomach from the buccal orifice. When the ball
has acquired the size of the stomach, it is expelled by its other
extremity, and pushed into the cavity of the animal. It then forms
a new ball, if any solid substances exist im the surrounding liquid.
This second ball is itself pushed into the interior of the cavity of
the animal, and drives before it the first ball along with the muco-
sities between the two; the successive formation of similar balls, by
the matter received into the animal, continues in the same manner,
without interruption. It is the simultaneous existence of many of
these balls that made M. Ehrenberg believe that these animals were
38 GENERAL HISTORY OF
Polygastrice. Tf solid substances do not exist in the surrounding
liquid, then the balls are less solid, and they appear in the forms
which they present in the Infusoria plunged in colourless liquids.
In this case, the balls are composed of a small number of particles,
and principally of a considerable mucous mass, which unites them.
Sometimes two balls of this kind are so pressed against each other
by the contractions of the animal, that they at last unite.
‘“‘Tf you wish to follow the formation of these balls, it is necessary
to commence these observations at the moment when the Infusoria
are plunged into the coloured liquid. The deglutition of the
coloured particles takes place very quickly, often in about half a
minute, and the coloured balls issue one after another from the
stomach, and are pushed downwards along the internal wall of the
cavity of the animal. In the genera Paramecium, Kerona, and Vor-
ticella, the new ball pushes the preceding before it, along with the
mucosities between them, in such a manner that the first rises along
the opposite wall, returns to the other extremity of the cavity, and is
pushed downwards on the other side. The balls thus accumulate in
succession, till they are expelled, one after the other, by the anus.
The number of these balls is often so considerable, as to fill the
whole cavity of the animals, and so close together, that they form a
large mass, which turns slowly upon itself, as among the Vorttcella.
“This rotation is the result of the force with which the newly-
formed ball is pushed from the stomach into the cavity, and moves
along the under side of the preceding ball. In other cases, where
there are not yet many balls, we likewise remark the circular rota-
tion alluded to, but I cannot, in this instance, say what is the cause
of it.
‘Thus, in the true Infusoria, the substances which they absorb
are introduced into the abdominal cavity in the form of balls, and
from these the stomach extracts the nutritive substances. The
residue remains in these same balls, the mucosities interposed are re-
absorbed, and even in the anterior of the stomach the particles of
the ball are disintegrated, although this happens but seldom.
““What is the nature of those vesicular cavities, of such great
numbers, and so variable in size, which appear in the interior of the
Infusoria? They are not stomachs, they possess nothing in common
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 39
with the balls of which we have spoken, although the latter may get
into them singly, but this can only be considered as accidental.
“We may trace the formation of these cavities, and perceive their
sudden and complete disappearance, with as much ease as the forma-
tion of the balls. Nay, more, it is sometimes possible to see how
one of these cavities moulds itself over a ball, and speedily after-
wards disappears. The microscope shows that these cavities are not
lined with a particular membrane, but are mere excavations of the
pulpy substance. They likewise often appear very near the inner
surface of the membrane which forms the skin of the animal, and
some of them increase to such a size that their diameter is equal to
the third or the half of that of the entire cavity of the Infusoria.
The slight refraction which the rays of light undergo at their cir-
ceumference, proves that these cavities are not filled with air, but by a
liquid; and in the large Infusoria, it is easy to satisfy ourselves that
they do not open on the exterior. Similar cavities are formed in the
mucus of true cellular plants, particularly in certain aquatic Cryp-
togamia.
“‘ My botanical labours prevent me from carrying these re-
searches farther, but enough has been said to induce the naturalist
to pursue them. They require a great degree of perseverance,
for it is not easy to establish these facts in all Infusoria, but they
are of high importance, since the order Polygastrica has already
been admitted into many modern treatises on Zoology.” —d. Phil.
J. vol. xxvii.
We may add the resumé given by M. Dujardin, of the views
entertained by him, regarding the organization of Infusoria. ‘‘ The
Infusoria (leaving out of the question the Systolides or Rotatoria,
which are much more elevated in the scale of animals, and the
Bacillaria, which, along with the Closterzva, are more nearly related
to the vegetable kingdom) have their origin, for the most part, from
unknown germs, in artificial and natural infusions, stagnant water,
and rivers, or such portions as rest over vegetable remains—no other
mode of propagation, except self-division, being well ascertained.
The fleshy substance of their bodies is dilatable and contractile, like
the muscular flesh of the superior animals, but present no absolute
trace of fibres or membrane, appearing, on the contrary, homogenous
40 GENERAL HISTORY OF
and diaphanous, save in the cases where the surface appears reticu-
lated from contraction.
“The fleshy substance of the Infusoria, isolated by tearing, or by
the death of the animalcule, appears m the liquid as lenticular dises
or globules, which refract hght but slightly, and are eapable of form-
ing spontaneously, in their substance, spherical cavities, analagous,
in appearance, to the vesicles of the interior.
The vesicles formed in the interior of the Infusoria are destitute
of a proper membrane, and can contract even to so great an extent as
to disappear, or, several may coalesce or unite together. Some are
produced at the base of a sort of mouth, and are destined to contain
the water swallowed with the aliments; they then pursue a certain
course, in the interior, and contract, and leave nothing in the middle
of the fleshy substance except those particles not digested, or they
can evacuate their contents externally, by a fortuitous opening,
which may be reproduced several times, although not as the identical,
yet towards the same point, and which may lead to the belief of the
presence of an anus.
“The vesicles containing the aliments are independent, and
neither communicate with an intestine nor with each other, save in
those cases where two vesicles incorporate together.
«¢ The other vesicles, which contain nothing but water, are formed
much nearer the surface, and appear to be able to receive and expel
their contents through the meshes of the tegument. We may, with
Spallanzani, consider them as respiratory organs, or, at least, as
intended to multiply the points of contact of the interior substance
and the surrounding fluids.
“‘The external organs of motion are flagelliform filaments, or
vibratile cilia, or cirrhi, of more or less size, or fleshy prolongations;
which, according, as they are more or less consistent, appear formed
of the same living substance, and are contractile themselves, through-
out the whole of their extent. None are dermoid or corneaceous,
or secreted by a bulb. Except some contractile integuments, the
pedicle of Vorticelle, and the bundles of horny spicula, which invest
the mouth of certain species; all the living portions of the Infusoria
decompose almost immediately in water, after the death of the animal.
“The eggs of the Infusoria, their generative organs, their organs
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 41
of sense, their nerves and vessels, cannot be exactly determined, and
everything inclines one to believe that these animalcules, although
endowed with a degree of organization, in accordance with their
mode of life, cannot possess the same systems of organs as do the
superior animals.”
“The coloured points, for example, commonly red, which have
been regarded as eyes, cannot, with the least certainty, receive that
appellation.” (Ann. des Sciences, 1840.)
The recent opinions of Siebold are opposed to those arrived at by
the observations of Ehrenberg.
Siebold does not regard the vesicles or sacs, as digestive organs ;
and the existence of an intercommunicating intestine between them,
is altogether denied. The -Astoma (mouthless animalcules) are
described as nourished only by a general absorption from the surface.
In the Stomatoda, with evident mouths, Siebold represents the mouth
as continued into the interior by a sort of cesophagus, wide, differing
in length, and straight, curved, or even spiral, terminating abruptly
in the general loose parenchyma of the body. When food is sought,
it is drawn towards the mouth by the action of the surrounding cilia,
and haying been received into the mouth, enters the cesophagus, and
is thence pushed onward by a contraction of the part, in the form of
a rounded globule, and enters the loose interior parenchyma. The
food, so introduced, appears mostly like a minute drop of water, it
may be holding some solid particles in suspension, after a longer or
shorter sojourn in the interior, and a greater or less circuit, it is in
most Stomatoda ejected through a distinct and fixed anal outlet, and
not as Dujardin states, from any portion of the surface indifferently.
The anus is generally situated at the opposite extremity of the body
to the mouth, and on the under surface, when this orifice is wanting,
the nutriment matter is both received and expelled by the mouth, as
in Polype. (See Microscopic Cabinet, Plate VII.)
The possession of distinct walls by the vesicles is also not admitted
by Siebold, since coalescence is sometimes seen to occur between
them. That there is no connecting intestinal tube, is, to the same
observer, proved by the great mobility of these globules in the
parenchyma, as well as by the fact, that the nutritious particles, first
and last swallowed, become mingled confusedly together; and lastly,
AQ GENERAL HISTORY OF
by the observation of an occasional circulation within the animal
of the vesicles (similar to that of the contents of the cells of Chara,
&e.), in Vaginicola, Vorticella, and in Loxodes bursaria.
This account of the digestive apparatus, by Siebold, agrees gene-
rally, with that given by Professor Boeck, of Sweden, (Oken. Isis for
1848). Again Focke states (Reports Ray Society, 1845) ‘ that in
Loxodes, Bursaria, Paramecium aurelia, and in Polygastrica, he saw
the cavities filled with pigment, intersecting each other in varied
series, and concluded from this, that the digestive apparatus is not
separated from the parenchyma, but that the parenchyma of these
animals, consisting of cells, encloses the fluid nourishment, received
from without in narrow spaces, which may be compared with the
intercellular passages of plants. The same observer also states, that
on colouring the fluid containing various proboscidated monads, some
individuals remained quite colourless, whilst others were saturated
with the pigment.”
In none of the families included by Ehrenberg under the general
denomination of Infusoria, is less indication of a polygastric structure
to be met with than in the Closterina and Bacillaria—the Desmidice
and Diatomacee, of other authors. It is true that that renowned
micrographer speaks in various places of the detection of stomach
sacs in several genera of the Bacilluria, but the appearances so
interpreted, resemble those met with in the vegetable cells of acknow-
ledged Algee and of other plants, and to which no one has eyer
thought of assigning a digestive function. These globules, or so-
called sacs, are stated to perform an intercellular rotation in the
Desmidiee, resembling that of the contents of the cells of Chara,
Valisneria, &c. (See Section on Bacillaria).
But if Ehrenberg has encountered many opponents to his poly-
gastric hypothesis, he has had a few come to his support, and among
the rest, M. Eckhard, once a pupil. The latter speaking of the
digestive function, observes, ‘‘in such forms as are not too minute,
we can distinctly see how the nutriment, artificially supplied, con-
stantly takes a definite course in the body; in some instances, the
first portion of the alimentary tube can, when not in action, be
observed, as in Epistylis grandis ; it is then frequently seen to be
covered on the inner surface with cilia, which, in the Opereularia,
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 43
may even be counted. But that this alimentary canal does not, after
a short course, terminate abruptly in the body, can also be proved in
the Epistylis grandis.”
“Tn this animalcule, a portion of colouring matter swallowed, is
seen to course along an intestine, and enter a cell. I also once atten-
tively observed, what appeared to be the extremity of the intestinal
canal, to ascertain what the further course of the coloured particles
would be. At this time the animal had not filled any of the cells in
its inside; suddenly two lateral cells became filled, although I did
not perceive any nutriment pass along the common tube. This
clearly points out that the two cells must be in connexion with the
common cavity, from which they had become filled, and when, after
the animal has fed for a considerable time, we see that similar filled
cells are diffused throughout the body, this phenomena affords a
ground for the supposition that the intestinal cavity is of greater
length than we should at first sight imagine.’ (Wiegmann’s
Archives, 1846, translated in Annals v. xvii, p. 433),
Since the above was written, we have met with the opinions of
Professors Wagner and Van der Hoeven, as expressed in their recent
works: (Wagner’s “ Zootomie,” 1848, Sect. Infusoria; and Van der
Hoeyen’s “Lehbuch der Zoologie,” 1850). Wagner affirms that,
“by an examination, however close, no one can convince himself of
the actual existence of such an organization as Ehrenberg affirms.”
Like Siebold, he describes the derivation or formation of the vacuole
(stomach-sacs, HA.) from without, but differs from that observer in
not regarding their production as a consequence of the primary in-
troduction of water.
With Van der Hoeven, all coincide in-denying the existence of an
enclosing wall to the vesicles, and of an intercommunicating tube
between them ; and all assert the ever-varying number and disposi-
tion, as well as the movements (even rotatory) of these supposed
stomachs. In the course of argument, Wagner says, that “‘in many
Infusoria, where larger bodies, such as Navicule or joints of Alge,
have been swallowed, no surrounding vesicle or sac is visible ;” and
these large bodies will sometimes occupy the entire length or breadth
of an animaleule. Where no mouth is visible, nutrition is carried on
b
by the general surface,
44, GENERAL HISTORY OF
From the preceding conflicting opinions and observations, no satis-
factory deduction can be made; Ehrenberg’s opinions, however, are
entitled to great respect, although the theory of a polygastric structure
may not admit of demonstration.
The announcement of Ehrenberg of the discovery of a dental
apparatus, must find place in this section. This apparatus oscurs in
the form of a cylinder of long bristly teeth, placed behind the oval
aperture, and is readily seen in Chilodon, Nassula, Chlamidodon, and
Prorodon teres. See fig. 283.
Section XIV.—Of the Vascular and Respiratory Systems, and of
the Secretions of Polygastrica.—In no creature of this class can a
vascular system be satisfactorily demonstrated :—that thought to
have been such in Paramecium aurelia, was merely clusters of ova.
The above statement follows from the researches of Ehrenberg ;
but Siebold, Wiegmann, and others, would trace the first outline of
a circulatory apparatus in the existence of the contractile vesicle,
found in all those with evident mouths /Stomatoda), as well as in a
few without such orifice (Astoma/), as mentioned in the section on
the reproduction of Polygastrica. Ehrenberg assigned a very different
purpose to the contractile vesicles, regarding them as spermatic sacs,
the nucleus being the secreting testis.
The Berlin naturalist mainly based this hypothesis on the simi-
larity of the contractile vesicles to those in Rotatoria, which he
fully believed to form a part of the male generative apparatus. But
since modern researches have overturned the supposition of the
monoccious nature of Lotifere, and the exposition, consequently, of
their generative apparatus, as given by Ehrenberg, all analogies
resting on the latter, fall to the ground. Indeed, the argument from
analogy would now be the other way; for as such vesicles in the
Rotatoria have no generative character, it might be assumed that
their analogies in the Polygastrica, are alike devoid of it.
The contractile vesicles in question, appear like clear hollow spaces
in the parenchyma of the Infusoria, the contraction (systole) of
which, according to Ehrenberg and his pupil Eckhard, (Wiegmann’s
Archives, 1846, and Annals Nat. Hist. vol. xviii. p. 433), may be
regular or irregular, but is defined by Siebold as rhythmical.
In most genera, but one vesicle exists, in others two, and ina few
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 45
examples, even more; but, in the latter case, the animalcule is
usually in the act of self-division. When more than one vesicle is
present, there seems no necessary correspondence between the systole
and diastole of each.
With respect to the number of these sacs, in particular species,
there is much difference of opinion (only to be reconciled by the
observations of others, and by accurate definitions) between Ehrenberg
with his disciple Eckhard, and Siebold. The last-named writer
affirms that the determination of these vesicles, by Ehrenberg, is
altogether arbitrary, one or two being called sperm sacs, and others,
just like them, stomachs, as, for instance, in Amphileptus Meleagris,
and in a A. Longicollis. Ehrenberg’s views are, however, supported
by Eckhard, who finds some difference in the character of the con-
tractions in the different sacs, and affirms that he is unable to verify
the existence of the lateral abdominal contractile vesicles in Stentor in
the elongated one in Spzrostomum ambiguum, described by Siebold.
Vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbellosen Thiere Vol. I. In Para-
mecium, the contractile vesicle is large, and has from 6 to 8 radiating
prolongations, which are filled when the central reservoir empties
itself, and become invisible, when its diastole occurs.
From this, and other like phenomena, presented by these contractile
vesicles, Siebold, and others, attribute a cardiac nature to them, sup-
posing that upon their diastole, they become filled with nutritious
fluid, derived from the parenchyma, through the insterstices of which
it is again forced, on the occurrence of the systole, and stagnation,
thus avoided.
The hypothesis of their generative function, Siebold declares per-
fectly gratuitous; that an incessant projection of seminal fluid from these
vesicles, involves, in itself, a supposition opposed to all analogy ; and
further, that the purpose of the nucleus as a testes, and even the ex-
istence of recipient ova in the parenchyma, are more than doubtful.
A process of respiration,—a renovation of the fiuid in the paren-
chyma, and around the animalcule, is no doubt carried on by the
external surface, especially by means of the cilia; and, very probably,
also by the series of contractile spaces, often seen immediately sub-
jacent to the integument, as well as by the constantly recurring
contraction of the supposed cardiac vesicles. The spaces met with
46 GENERAL HISTORY OF
just beneath the surface, are supposed (by Siebold,) to communicate
with the surrounding liquid.
That a process similar to that of respiraton is required, is evidenced
by the necessity of a supply of air to the existence of Infusoria,
small though that supply need be. The more lively animalcules
require a more complete aeration of the fluid they inhabit, than do
the plant-like Bacillaria.
That the faculty of secretion exists, and in an active form, is
proved by the production of the more or less hardened Lorica ;
keeping even the Bacillaria out of sight, the hardened cases, as of
Vaginicola, Cothurnia, Arcella, &c., or the glutinous investment of
Ophrydina, &c., bespeak its activity.
Section XV.—Of organs of Sensation in the Polygastrica.—The
existence of any special organs of sensation in this class is but
hypothetical, but no doubt can be entertained that the Polygastrica
have a general sense of contact or of touch. Ehrenberg, however,
assumes that the coloured specs, seen in many, have a visual function,
and he consequently gives them the name of eyes, or eye-specks.
Thus he says, ‘‘In forty-eight species, included under the families
Monadina, Cryptomonadina, Volvocina, Astasiea, Dinobryina, Peri-
dinaea, and Kolpodea, eyes are observable, and the colour of the
pigment is red in all cases, except one, ( Ophryoglena) in which it is
almost black. In connection with the visual organs of Amblyophis
and Huglena, nervous ganglia have been seen, which constitute the
only traces of the evidence of a nervous system.”
The subjects of this section are thus referred to by M. Dujardin.
“The sense of sight would partake more of the character of reality,
if the colour of a speck without appreciable organization, without a
constant form or a precise contour, sufficed to prove the existence of
aneye. But, for instance, in the Huglena, which are particularly
cited as characterized by such an organ, the red spot so regarded is
excessively variable, sometimes multiple, at other times made up of
irregularly aggregated granules.” _
‘‘Analogy, too, is inadequate to the solution of the question ; for,
on descending the animal series, to determine the nature of the
coloured speck, we have to leap from the Daphnice (members of the
Entomostraca,) with a moveable eye, repeating in its composition
INFUSCRIAL ANIMALCULES, 47
that of Insects and Crustaceans, to animals presenting nothing but
diffused coloured specks.
“Such spots, whether in number or position, have so little
physiological importance in the Planarie, and in certain Annelides,
that they are often not even to be employed as an absolute specific
character. In the Rotatoria, the analogy with which is more
especially insisted on, these pigment spots are, in some species,
known to disappear from age, and in others to become more evident,
in proportion to size or development of individuals: so that the
learned micrographer of Berlin, in his attempt to base the generic
characters of these animals on the presence and number of the eyes,
has been led to place in different genera, species very closely allied,
if not identical. Indeed, that a black or red colour is in general an
attribute of the pigment of eyes, cannot be a reason for concluding
an eye to exist wherever there is a red colour; if so, indeed, we
must accord them to some intestinal worms, such as the Scolex
polymorphus, which has two red spots on the neck; to the actiniz,
which are often strewed with such specks, and also to some bivalved
mollusks.”
“Tf the ability of the Infusoria to direct their course through the
liquid, and to pursue their prey, be appealed to in evidence, it is
certainly, in the first place, necessary to verify the reality of this
faculty, which I think equally fabulous with all related concerning
the instincts of these animals. Indeed, it would not even prove the
red specks to be eyes, since the greatest number of Infusoria
supposed to be endowed with such a faculty, are in want of them;
and those which do possess them, do not exhibit that power in a
higher degree of development.”
M. Ehrenberg, following up his line of reasoning, after having
assumed the signification of the red points, has recourse to this
assumption, to demonstrate the true nature of certain white specks,
more or less distinct, which he supposes to represent nervous
ganglions,—‘“‘ These specks are the only parts of a nervous system
spoken of as seen, the rest is altogether furnished by analogy.”
Siebold, Wagner, and others, concur with M. Dujardin in denying
the visual character of the coloured spots of Infusoria, as well as the
presence of nerve matter in an isolated form.
4g GENERAL HISTORY OF
Siebold remarks, that Ehrenberg insists much on the red colour as
a distinctive indication of a visual organ, but erroneously so, since
other colours prevail in the unquestionable eyes of Insects and
Crustacea, such as blue, and sometimes violet or green.
Moreover, the admission that Infusoria possessing eye-specks have
a general sensation of light, does not prove the optical nature of
those specks, because forms, destitute of them, exhibit a like sensi-
bility of the presence of light, and further, as Siebold observes, if
sight be limited to the simple discrimination of light from darkness,
this faculty might be secured, without any optical apparatus, by the
entire sensitive surface of the body.
According to Morren, the red pigment spots of ZLagenella, Crypto-
glena, and Trachelomonas, cannot be eyes, as in the last, the colouring
matter may be distributed over the whole body, when the animal,
on this supposition, would be changed, 7m toto, into an eye.
The very recent and extended researches of M. Thuret (Sur les
Zoospores, in ‘‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles,” vol. xiv. 8™° series,
1850,) on the reproductive gems, or Zoospores of Algee, prove these
bodies to possess red eye-like specks, resembling to those seen in the
Polygastrica, but which disappear when the Zoospores attach them-
selves, and germination proceeds. ‘These bodies, moreover, direct
themselves, in general, towards the light, and thus exhibit the same
form of sensation of its presence, as do the Polygastrica themselves.
The general sense of contact possessed by the bodies of the
Polygastrica, would oftentimes seem to exist in a higher degree in
their cilia, proboscides, and other processes, just as in the tentacula
or feelers of insects; and so far such processes are special organs of
sensation. But even the cilia, and the proboscides of the flagelliform
variety, are not peculiar to the animal Polygastrica, for they are also
found as processes of Zoospores in many Alge.
Section X VI.—Reproduction of Polygastrica.—Monas vivipara is,
according to Ehrenberg, the only species of this class that is
viviparous, though some moving granules observed amongst the
Bacillaria, have been supposed by him to extend this condition.
With this exception, they may be termed oviparous, though besides
the formation of eggs, which is a very fertile mode of increase, they
also propogate, by means of a self-division of the body of the
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 49
animalcule, into two or more individuals; also, by the growth of
gemmules, or buds, upon the parent. These various modes of propa-
gation account for their almost incomprehensible increase of number
in a very short space of time, and which has often astonished
observers.
In the genus Closterium, the curious formation of double gems has
been observed by Ehrenberg, and is figured in plate I. fig. 67. That
observer remarks, ‘The increase by spontaneous division, is the
character which separates animals from plants. It is true that the
gemmation in plants, especially, in very simple cells, is at times very
similar to the division in animals; but this relates to the form, not
the formation. A vegetable cell, apparently capable of self-division,
produces one, or contemporaneously many exterior buds (gemme/,
without any change in its interior. An animal which is capable of
division, first doubles the inner organs, and subsequently decreases
exteriorly in size. Self-division proceeds from the interior towards
the exterior, from the centre to the periphery; gemmation, which
also occurs in animals, proceeds from the exterior towards the
interior, and forms first a wart, which then gradually becomes
organized.” —(Annals Nat. Hist. v. ii.)
The importance of this power, so forcibly exhibited in the various
tribes of animalcules, is well shewn by the fact, that a creature,
invisible to the naked eye, can, in the space of four days, give origin
to no less than 140 billions of beings; and as, from the size, &c., of
the bodies, we can easily calculate that 40,000 millions of individuals
exist in a cubic inch of the polishing slate of Bilin, so 70 billions
must be necessary to form a cubic foot of the same structure.
This difference in nature between self-division in vegetable cells,
and in the cell-like bodies of Polygastrica, above insisted upon by
Ehrenberg, is opposed to the result of some recent researches. Thus
Mohl and Henfrey state, that when a plant cell is about to undergo
fission, the inner mucilaginous layer of its wall—the primordial utricle
manifests a constriction in the future line of separation, which
presently evidences itself in the outer cell-wall, and progresses until
the division is complete. (See observations on self-division in the
Bacillaria, wnder the sections Desmidiacea and Diatomacea in part ILI.
In the Vorticellina, M. Dujardin recognizes the existence of repro-
E
50 GENERAL HISTORY OF
duction by gemmation; but regards the viviparity of MJonas vivipara
as extremely doubtful, and the formation of ova in any Infasoria
and their disposition, as far from established. He would, moreover,
look upon the appearances observed and considered by Ehrenberg as
indicative of oviposition, merely as instances of the phenomenon of
diffluence, or of the breaking up of the gelatinous substance (sarcode)
of the animal into spherical atoms, from want of moisture.
Siebold agrees with Dujardin, in thus limiting the process of repro-
duction to the two forms of gemmation and of spontaneous fission,
and from this hypothesis of the non-production of ova by Infusoria,
argues the absence of true generative organs. The appearances
interpreted by Ehrenberg as evidences of the presence of ovaries,
testes, and vesiculce seminales, afford, according to Siebold, no ground
for the assumption of such functions.
The body, presumed by Ehrenberg to be the testis of Polygastrica,
is generally found occupying nearly the centre of the animalcule,
and is readily distinguished from the surrounding loose parenchyma,
by its more solid granular character, its clear outline, and gencrally
by its dull yellowish colour.
Although the office of this bedy in secreting a spermatic fluid may
be justly called in question, direct observation being contrary to it,
yet this so-called testis, or, perhaps, more correctly, this nucleus,
certainly plays a most important part in the well-observed mode of
propagation by spontaneous fission; for whenever fission, whether
longitudinal or transverse, is about to occur in an animalcule, the
first change observed is a progressive constriction of the nucleus,
succeeded by that of the body generally. This constriction goes on
till division is complete, each segment of the body being consequently
provided with a nucleus. The division of the nucleus, as an essential
element in the process of spontaneous fission, may be well observed
in the transverse division of Paramecium, Bursaria, or Chilodon.
Sometimes, two, or even more nuclei, are met with in animalcules,
as in Amphileptus anser and A. fasciola (figure 314), i Stylonychia
Mytilus, in Stentor coeruleus, &c.
The nucleus, from the circumstance of being the last part to suffer
death, remaining unchanged when the destruction of the surrounding
parenchyma is rapidly advancing, may be supposed to partake of a
higher degree of vitality.
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 51
Professor Owen, in his recent learned and able Essay on Par-
thenogenesis, refers to the initiative, assumed by the nucleus of
Infusoria, in their reproduction by spontaneous fission, between
which and the essential contact of the spermatozoon with the germ
cell, as a preliminary to the primary process of self-division of the
latter, in the course of the development of more perfect animals, he
indicates an analogy; and, after having completed the comparison of
the results in the two cases, goes on to say, “this is certain, that
the analogy between these phenomena in the multiplication of the
parts of the germ-mass, and those of the nucleus in the multiplication
of monads, is so close, that one cannot reasonably suppose that the
nature and properties of the nucleus of the impregnated germ-cell,
and that of the monad can be different.
‘‘ Therefore, I infer, that the nucleus of the Polygastric animalcules
is the seat of the spermatic force ; it can only be called testes, figur-
atively, it is the essence of the testis. It is the force which governs
the act of propagation by spontaneous fission: and, if Ehrenberg be
correct, in viewing the interstitial corpuscles as germ-cells (to which
opinion Professor Owen inclines), these essential parts of ova may
receive the essential matter of the sperm from the nucleus, which is
discharged along with them in the breaking up of the monad, which
Ehrenberg regards as equivalent to an act of oviposition; and im-
pregnated germ-cells may thus be prepared to diffuse through space,
and carry the species of Polygastric animalcules to a distance from
the scene of life of the parent.” (p. 67, Ed. 1849.)
Professor Weisse, of St. Petersburgh, has detailed some observations
(In the ‘Transactions of the Petersburgh Academy,” and in
Wiegmann’s “Archives fiir Naturgeschichte” for 1846,) on the
Chlorogonium euchlorum, which he considers decisive of the occur-
rence of reproduction by ova, and, also, as demonstrative of some
genera of Ehrenberg, being but different stages of development of
the same being. Thus, he describes the contained green matter of
the Chlorogonium to develope, by spontaneous fission of itself, nu-
merous young animalcules, at their first escape, resembling Uvella
Bodo, and in further stages, Chlorogoniwm euchlorum and Glenomorum
tingens. The young beings escape by a transverse rupture of the
parent, which, by this form of oviposition, is itself sacrificed, dis-
appearing as a shrivelled broken sac.
E 2
52 GENERAL HISTORY OF
But the doubt may arise, whether the being Weisse observed was
the true animal Chlorogonium, or only a thecaspore or zoospore of
an Alge (see Thuret’s Essay, before quoted), a production so similar
to the green-coloured Infusoria, that we have really no means of
distinguishing between the two, and, what is more, a production
which is known to develope by the fission of its endochrome or green
contents.
Not only did Ehrenberg discover a testis in the nucleus of Poly-
gastrica, but conjectured the pulsating sacs and their prolongations,
existing in all those with a mouth, and in some others, to represent
a spermatic sac with vas-deferens and vesiculee seminales. But the
majority of observers would rather consider them as the first
rudiments of a circulatory system; and we shall defer any further
mention of them till that system is considered in a following section.
Before dismissing the subject of the propagation of Infusoria, it is
right to notice some recent researches of M. Pineau (Annales des
Sciences Naturelles, vol. III. 3rd series, 1845, and vol. IX., 1848),
in which he endeayours to prove the transformation of organic
matter into definite organic beings, and that there is a perfect
analogy between the production of cells in general, and that of
animalcules, and of microscopic infusory plants. Moreover, he would
extend the phenomenon of transformation to the organised beings
when developed.
Thus he states, that in an infusion of different plants, the first
index of the progress of organization was a granular mass, sub-
dividing into granular globules. Of these, some of the more
advanced presented diverging, but motionless processes; in others
more isolated, those appendages exhibited an oscillatory movement,
and in them he identified a species of Actinophrys. At first, the
radiating expansions were all alike, but in the progress of develop-
ment, one was observed to affix itself to a neighbouring body, and to
outgrow the rest. In this form he recognized the Actinophrys
pedicellata (Dujardin).
He next describes the appearance of a pyriform animalcule seated
on a non-contractile stalk, with the trace of a circular orifice, which
he believed might be assigned to the genus Acineta, whilst the
succeeding phase of evolution exhibited perfect Vorticella.
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 53
M. Pineau, in a second communication in 1848, gave the further
course of development, affirming that, at a certain period of their
existence, the Vorticella undergo metamorphoses analagous to those
of insects; that after having passed through a chrysalis-like state,
they give birth to an animalcule completely different from their
primitive form. (See family Vorticellina, Part IIT.)
Without detailing all the changes recorded by Pineau, it may
suffice to state, he saw the Vorticelle lose their pedicles, assume the
form of an egg-shaped globule, and eventually, he believes, become
converted into Oxytriche.
Doubting much, M. Pineau’s hypothesis of the transformation of
formless organic particles into definite organic beings, we would,
however, receive his statements concerning the metamorphoses of
animalcules with more readiness, inasmuch as many observers have
been led to believe in the reality of such transactions; and we may
call to mind that, according to Professor Baer, and his followers,
Leuckhart and Reichenbach, the Infusoria, as a class, have no
existence, but are merely embryonic forms of higher animals.
That skilful English observer, Mr. Brightwell, of Norwich, also
believes that he has detected a cycle of changes in the Zoothamnium
arbuscula, illustrative of Steenstrup’s hypothesis of ‘alternation of
generations;” or of that of a ‘spermatic force,’ according to the
more philosophic interpretation of such phenomena by Professor
Owen. (See Zoothamnium, Part III.)
Most of the preceding account, of the reproduction of Infusoria,
applies especially to those of an undoubtedly animal nature, and
but partially to the doubtful organisms of Ehrenberg’s families
Closterina and Bacillaria. The latter, besides propagating in common
with true animalcules by spontaneous fission, also do so by what is
called conjugation, a process peculiar to themselves. However, we
shall defer giving an account of this interesting phenomenon, until
we especially consider the characters of those families exhibiting it.
We can now state that Wagner, ‘ Zootomie’”’ sect. Infusoria, 1848,
and Van der Hoeven, ‘‘ Handbuch der Zoologie, 1850,” agree with
Siebold and Dujardin in restricting the reproduction of Polygastrica
to fission and gemmation, that by ova being denied. All those named,
coincide, likewise, in opposing Ehrenberg’s views of the contractile
54 GENERAL HISTORY OF
vesicles and nucleus (testis), and would assign to the former, a cardiae
or circulatory function. :
Spontaneous Generation.—The Infusoria were, very generally, con-
sidered to have a generatio primitiva, or, in other words, to be
produced by some fortuitous combination of circumstances from in-
organic matter. That such a statement is untenable, most persons
will be inclined to admit, who have perused the descriptions con-
tained in the Third Part of this work. All the observations that can
be depended upon, tend to show that infusions of vegetable or
animal matters, whether natural or artificial, only offer food for the
nourishment of these living atoms, whose germs are almost every-
where present, but are only developed in situations congenial to
their natures. It is now well ascertained that the old notions of
certain vegetable infusions producing a definite species of Infusoria,
is an error; that, in general, we have, in all artificial infusions, only
common species, and that these invariably making their appearance,
we may fairly presume their eggs are more generally dispersed, and
more readily developed. On the other hand, the Rotatoria, and
more beautiful species of Polygastrica, are confined to localities more
open to the fresh air. Ehrenberg, for many years, has experimented
with simple spring water, with distilled water, and rain water, and
these, both boiled and cold, as also with and without vegetable
matter; that in open vessels, after a longer or shorter time, depend-
ing upon temperature and other circumstances, he invariably found
the Infusoria; while, in closed vessels, they were rarely to be met
with; so that it seems, we may consider generatio equivoca, even in
Infusoria, as an unphilosophical hypothesis; and that the same fixed
laws of Creative Wisdom, which regulate and govern the smallest
satellite and the largest starry world through boundless space, has
established the same law for the development of a living atom, as is
manifested to us in the largest animal that inhabits this planet.
On this subject we may refer the reader to the often quoted ex-
periment of M. Schultz, who contrived an apparatus to prevent the
introduction of any living germs, by the atmosphere, in a portion of
water experimented on. This experiment has generally been viewed
as decisive against the doctrine of spontaneous generation. It is
thus recorded :—‘‘1 filled, (says Schultz) a glass flask, half full of
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 55
distilled water, in which I mixed various animal and vegetable sub-
stances: I then closed it with a good cork, through which I passed
two glass tubes, bent at right angles; the whole being air tight. It
was next placed in a sand bath, and heated until the water boiled
violently, and thus all parts had reached a temperature of 212°.
While the watery vapour was escaping by the glass tubes, I fastened
at each end an apparatus, which chemists employ for collecting car-
bonic acid; that to the left was filled with concentrated sulphuric
acid, and the other with a solution of potash. By means of the
boiling heat, everything living, and all germs in the flask, or in the
tubes, were destroyed, and all access was cut off by the sulphuric
acid on the one side, and by the potash on the other. I placed this
apparatus before my window, where it was exposed to the action of
light, and also, as I performed my experiments during the summer,
to that of heat. At the same time I placed near it an open vessel
with the same substances that had been introduced into the flask,
and also after having subjected them to a boiling temperature. In
order now to renew constantly the air within the flask, I sucked
with my mouth, several times a day, the open end of the apparatus,
filled with solution of potash ; by which process the air entered my
mouth from the flask through the caustic liquid, and the atmospheric
air from without, entered the flask through the sulphuric acid. The
air was of course not at all altered in its composition by passing
through the sulphuric acid, but if sufficient time was allowed for
the passage, all the portions of living matter, or of matter capable of
becoming animated, were taken up by the sulphuric acid and
destroyed. From the 28th of May, till the beginning of August, I
continued, uninterruptedly, the renewal of the air in the flask,
without being able, by the aid of the microscope, to perceive any
living animal or vegetable substance, although, during the whole of
the time, I made my observations on the edge of the liquid; and
when, at last, I separated the different parts of the apparatus, I
could not find in the whole liquid, the slightest trace of Infusoria, of
conferva, or of mould. But all the three presented themselves in
great abundance, a few days after I had left the flask standing open.
The vessel which I placed near the apparatus, contained, the follow-
ing day, Vibriones and Monads, to which were soon added larger
56 GENERAL HISTORY OF
Polygastric Infusoria, and afterwards Rotatoria.”” (Ed. Phil. Jour.
v. 23.)
Secrion XVII.—Of the affinities and classification of Polygastrie
Animalcules.—Our next business is to determine the affinities existing
between the Polygastrica and other animals and plants.
Commencing with the simplest; life is seen so obscurely manifested,
that in many cases, we know not whether to esteem it vegetable or
animal, and the organisms of both kingdoms, in their earliest phase,
are, to common observation, identical. In such, there is no other
individualization of organs than is necessary to form a centre of
generative or spermatic foree—7. e. a nucleus, in which an energy,
originating, each half of the dividing nucleus becomes a centre of
assimilative force, and complete fission of the entire being is brought
about. Examples in I/onedina, and in the vegetable Palmellee.
The next stage in advance, shows so much of the special modifi-
cation of the general mass, as is necessary to the production of cilia,
or of one or more filiform processes or proboscides. Many of the
monads afford examples of this degree of development, which is yet
so rudimentary and ill defined, that there are no certain means of
distinguishing what are specific, distinct animal existences, and what
but germs of plants, or the early stages of existence of other animals,
or of plants. Here again, therefore, affinities are so close, as scarcely,
or not at all, to be separated from identities.
This ciliated monadiform existence belongs to the spores of many
plants, and to embryonic conditions of most invertebrata, and, for
convenience, is spoken of by Professor Owen, (Op. cit.) as the
** Leucophryean type.” This type is witnessed in the developing
ova of the sponges, and of the Annelida; and there are sufficient
grounds for supposing its occurrence, in an early stage of existence,
of many of the more highly organized Infusoria.
However, there is one caution to be borne in mind, in seeking for
the analogy between specific forms and embryonic phases, viz., not
to confound general resemblance with specific identity. If it be not
discernible, we must assume (from what we know of the course of
development of higher animals) that there is something wanting in
the image, to render it an exact counterpart of the original.
But we have to deal, not only with single monads, but with such
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 67
beings congregated in masses, when a general analogy may be traced
between them and the polypes, grouped together, in the structure of
the sponges. Associated groups of monads are met with in the
family Volvocina, where each individual contributes to the growth of
the whole mass, as in the sponge.
‘Since writing the above, we have met with the excellent essay of
M. Thuret, (Op. cit.) in which he discusses the affinity of the Zoos-
pores of Algw with Infusoria (Polygastrica.) He writes: ‘ Their
organization presents great analogy with that of Infusoria. The
disposition of the cilia is the same in Pheosphore (a division of the
Alge) as in Cercomonas and Amphimonas, of Dujardin. But it is
between the reproductive bodies of Confervee, and certain Infuso-
ria, coloured green, that the greatest resemblance subsists. I allude
to the Diselmis viridis, (Duj.,) the Chlamidomonas pulvisculus, of
Ehrenberg. In the form of the body, in that of the flabelli-
form cilia, and in the disposition of those cilia, as also in the contents
of the body, the resemblance is complete. The movements of
Diselmis are like those of Zoospores, and, like them, they tend to the
light. In one distinct species, or rather, in a particular state of the
same species, a very ciear red spot is discernible, and a central globule,
very like, in appearance, to the amylaceous granules, so frequent in
the cells of green Alge. These Infusoria appear to act on the
atmospheric air, like Algze, and the green parts of other plants, dis-
engaging a gas (oxygen?) under the influence of light. They ex-
hale an evident spermatic odour. Their reproduction occurs by
spontaneous division; 2-4 young ones being formed within the common
integument. I have observed the same mode of reproduction in the
Euglene, which act on the air, and turn to the light, ike Diselmis,
but have an extremely contractile body, changing its figure every
moment, which will not admit their bemg confounded with Zoospores,
and leaves no doubt of their animality. This binary or quaternary
division is met with also in the various species of Zetraspore, which,
though ranged with the Algz, appear to me of very doubtful
vegetable nature. In Zetraspora gelatinosa, I have recognised green
globules, disposed in fours, and each furnished with two cilia of
extreme length, which are lost in the gelatinous mucus, of which
the frond of this supposed plant is constituted. All these produc-
58 GENERAL HISTORY OF
tions, as well as Goniwm, Pandorina, Volvox, Protococcus nivalis, &e.,
present, in my opinion, characters of animality, too decided, and too
permanent for it to be possible to refer them to the vegetable king-
dom; and I think it would prove more convenient to unite them,
with all the other Infusoria, (Polygastrica) coloured green, in one
and the same group, which might be called Chlorozoidee,” (Sec. IV.)
We have before (Sec. XII.) introduced the sweeping statement of
M. Agassiz, and his opinion, that all the mouthless Infusoria are
nothing but various forms, and phases of development of Algee. To
avoid repetition, we will also now refer to the same section for that
naturalist’s views of the affinities of the other groups of Po/ygastrica.
M. Braun would refer the Volvocina, (see remarks on that family,
Part III.) to the vegetable kingdom, believing them to be of the
same type with certain Zoospores, which become composite by
fissiparous multiplication ; whilst Dr. Burnett, of New York, would
associate the Vibrionia (see that family) with such Algze as the
Lorula.
Before proceeding with the affinities of the various Infusoria pos-
sessing mouths, we may seck those of the peculiar beings included in
Ehrenberg’s families Amebea and Arcellina, and known to many
naturalists as Pseudopoda and Rhizopoda. Their muco-gelatinous
substance is either naked or defended by a lorica. The former bear
the nearest resemblance to minute sponges, but differ, in representing
but a single individual, and not a complex aggregation, as do the
latter. However, these singular simple numerous masses, when
enclosed by a lorica, assume an affinity to a set of beings, often of
very elaborate external organization, known as Polythalamia or
Foraminifera. This affinity is so close, that writers are not yet agreed
as to which class the Infusoria, or the Foraminifera, several genera,
ought to be referred. Thus, Zrinema, Euglypha, Rotaha, Vorticialis,
Cristellaria, &c., genera of Rhizopodes, according to M. Dujardin,
are included by M. D’Orbigny, among his Moramimifera. This
diversity of opinion must last until the essential characteristics, and
peculiar structure of Foraminifera are better known. Ehrenberg
designates them Polythalamia, and would employ, as a distinction
between them and his families, Arcellina, Difflugia, &c., the fact of
the calcareous composition of their shells, stating those of the latter
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 59
to be siliceous, not calcareous,—but this difference, it would seem,
is questionable.
Mr. Carter, of Bombay, in an able paper on the freshwater
sponges, (Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of
Bombay, 1847, Appendix.) points out the close resemblance between
the separated individuals, or Proteans, to the members of the genus
Ameba of Ehrenberg, and concludes with the remark :—‘ Thus
does every step towards the ultimate structure of the freshwater
sponge, every form that is taken by the living matter of which it is
composed, appear still more nearly to approximate it to the nature
of the genera of Ehrenberg’s Psewdopoda.”
The next group in advance is characterized by its members having
mouths, and which are known to Siebold as Stomatoda. The affini-
ties of these animals vary in the case of different families. For
although the Polygastrica, by their general peculiarities, are separable
from all other classes of animals, yet their several families have—
setting aside their disputed polygastric structure, hardly any features
in common, save their smallness, their habitat, and their simple
organization, with, what is important, their propagation by spon-
taneous fission, and, in almost every case, their want of symmetry.
Their general conformation, as seen by the plates, is most varied, as
also is their manifestation of life. Some, as the Vorticellina, are
fixed by a stem to a foreign object, and in many points resemble
Polypes, with which indeed they have been classed; and their
resemblance is the greater, where the stem is branched and rigid, to
Sertularian Polypes.
In its mode of progression, the Coleps recalls that of the Daphnia,
but all similarity of organization is wanting. The Euplotes monostylus
presents several characters belonging to the Rotatoria, but is asym-
metrical, has no such alimentary canal as the latter, and propagates
by fission.
Some anomalous forms, such as Dictyocha, although, by reason of
their siliceous composition, and peculiar conformation, reckoned among
the Polygastrica by Ehrenberg, would appear to approximate nearer
to the Phytolitharia than to any other class. The siliceous shelled
Polygastrica have an affinity also with a class of animals newly dis-
covered and brought together by the indefatigable Prof. Ehrenberg,
60 GENERAL HISTORY OF
which he has named Polycystinee. Several genera of an anomalous
form, which he at first classed with Bacillaria, he has since united
with others subsequently discovered under the above-named appella-
tion. As, however, the internal organization of the Polycystinee is
unknown, Ehrenberg contents himself by pointing out their agree-
ment with Polygastrica in their siliceous coating (having chiefly in
view the doubtful Bacillaria) and microscopic magnitude, whilst he
indicates, as a distinctive character, the existence of transverse arti-
culations in the Polycystinee.
It would be but an exercise of the imagination to seek after
resemblances between the majority of the Infusoria and higher
animals, the resemblance could be but fanciful, existing only in
external form. In studying the Infusoria, the mind should be un-
biassed by a knowledge of the organization of higher animals; we
ought not to set out with the assumption that such living atoms must
be furnished with the organs of superior existences, and then indulge
the imagination, by accommodating appearances, observed to our pre-
conceived notions; but we should rather endeavour to learn under
what simple conditions and contrivances, animal life can be manifested
and continued.
The so-called class of Polygastrica must still be looked upon as an
heterogeneous collection of organic beings, which requires the careful
and persevering industry of observers to exclude all forms not truly
animal, as well as those not haying a specific identity, 7. e., which
are but transitional embryonic forms. Numerous have been the bodies
removed from the lists of Infusoria of the older microscopists, by the
advance of microscopic knowledge, and by the improvement of the
microscope; and we may yet look for equally great modifications of
* the existing systems, from the genius and ardour of modern research,
especially on the subject of embryology.
Since few doubt the expediency of separating the Closterina, and
many advocate that of removing the Bacillaria from the animal
Infusoria, we shall defer considering the affinities of those families
(which lean rather to the vegetable than to the animal kingdom) to
the section especially devoted to them.
As some remarks occurred, in the first edition of this work, relative
to the nature of spermatozoa, it may be right to state that the
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 61
recent extended and careful inguiries of Wagner, Leuckhart, and
Kolliker, (Cyclopedia Anatomy Art. ‘“‘Semen’’), have satisfactorily
proved to those writers the non-animalcular character of those
organic particles. They have explained their peculiar development,
and the essential part they play in the propagation of animals, as
low in the scale as the Rotatoria.
The discovery of the peculiar spiral and moveable fibres in the
antheridia of mosses, by Unger, and called spermatozoa, having
kindled much interest, induced me to introduce a description and
drawing of them in the first edition (which is retained in the present)
under the genus Spirillum. The experiments and observations of
Fritsche and others, have exploded the idea (in the opinion of
naturalists generally) of those bodies being spermatozoa, or of their
possessing an animal nature.
In accordance with Ehrenberg’s views of the digestive system, he
divides the Polygastrica into P. anentera and P. enterodela; the
former destitute of an intestine connecting the several stomach sacs,
each of which opens directly into the mouth; the latter possessing
one, which, from the various ways it is arranged, gives rise to a
further division into cyclocela, orthocela, and campylocela. In the
first of these, the intestine is so curved upon itself, that its two
extremities unite at the oral opening—ex. in Vorticellina, and in
-Ophrydina; in the second, it passes straight through the axis of the
body—ex. in Enchelia and Colepina; in the third, it is more or less
contorted —ex. in Leucophrys, Trachelina, &e.
But the consideration of the relative position of the oral and anal
openings, led Ehrenberg to devise yet another arrangement of the
Polygastrica, calling those forms anopisthia, where, as in Cyclocela,
the two apertures are united at the fore extremity ; enantiotreta, in
which, whether in orthocela or campylocela, the apertures are at
opposite ends of the animal; allotreta, where one is terminal, the
other lateral; and, lastly, catotreta, where the two orifices are
lateral.
As for the anentera, he divided them into three sections; the first,
comprising those without feet or appendages, Gymnica; the second,
with variable appendages or processes, Pseudopoda; and the third,
with cilia, Hpitricha. (see Tables, Part ITI.)
62 GENERAL HISTORY OF
Professor Siebold not only rejects the class Polygastrica, but uses
the term Infusoria in a very limited signification, intending by it
only those animalcules moved by cilia. To express the beings
known by Ehrenberg as Polygastrica, except the Bacillaria and
Closterina, he has devised the word Protozoa; and he thus arranges
them :—
I. Crass.—Ivrvusorra, Animals moving by cilia.
Order I.—Astoma, Infusoria without a mouth.
Family 1.—Astasiccea—Genera, Amblyophis, Euglena,
Chlorogonium.
Family 2.—Peridincea—Genera, Peridinium, Glenodinium.
Family 3.—Opalincea—Genus Opalina.
Order I1.—Stomatoda, Infusoria with a mouth.
Family 1.—Vorticellina — Genera, Stentor, Trichodina,
Vorticella, Epistylis, Carchesium.
Family 2.—Ophrydina—Genera, Vaginicola, Cothurnia.
Family 3.—Enchelia—Genera, Actinophrys, Leucophrys,
Prorodon.
Family 4.—Trachelina—Genera, Glaucoma, Spirostomum,
Trachelius, Loxodes, Chilodon, Phialina,
Bursaria, Nassula.
Family 5.—Kolpodea —- Genera, Kolpoda, Paramecium,
Amphileptus.
Family 6.—Oxytrichina—Genera, Oxytricha, Stylonychia.
Family 7.—Euplota — Genera, Euplotes, Himantophorus,
Chlamidodon.
TI. Crass.—Ruoropa, Animals moving by variable processes.
Order I.—Monosomatia.
Family 1.—Amoebeea—Genus Ameba.
Family 2.—Arcellina—Genera, Arcella, Difflugia, Gromia,
Miliola, Euglypha, Trinema.
Order II. — Polysomatia — Genera, Vorticiahs, Geoponus,
Nonionina.
Srcrron XVIII.— Geographical Distribution of Polygastrica, their
relative abundance, §¢.—The Polygastrica, as understood by Ehrenberg,
are the most widely diffused of all organized beings. From the icy
region of Spitzbergen, near the North Pole, to the utmost limit
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 63
attained at the South Pole, in the entire circumference of the globe,
are these organisms found.
Their distribution in space is co-extensive with that in time ; for,
as in the present condition of our planet, no portion of its surface
seems destitute of Infusorial life, so, it would appear, from the prose-
cution of microscopic research in connexion with geological facts,
that, under this simplest, this primary form, organic life made its
first appearance on the globe. Thus, siliceous microscopic beings are
discoyerable in the oldest rocks above the igneous, and, in many
instances, such beings would seem to have played a most important
part in the building up of strata. Much of the silica of flint
originates from the siliceous cases of extinct Bacillaria, and even
porphyritic rock, raised by volcanic or igneous agency, is not devoid
of examples of such beings.
Thus, through the many epochs of this world’s history, during
which its surface has undergone the mightiest changes, Infusorial
life has been sustained; and so surprisingly so, that forms which now
exist, had their specific or their generic types at the very dawn of
organization. This implies the extraordinary capability of the
Infusoria to preserve life, as also their no less wonderful power of
multiplication. Yet, notwithstanding the conservative and repro-
ductive power of microscopic life, and its consequent capacity for
almost unlimited diffusion, some definite law is manifest in many
cases of geographical distribution.
The untiring industry of Professor Ehrenberg, in examining recent
and fossil specimens, sent to him from almost every known region of
the globe, has disclosed the fact, that although some species are
cosmopolitan, not a few may be taken as characteristic of certain
geographical areas. To give an example, we may quote from a
recent paper, read by that great microscopist, before the Berlin
Academy, on a very extensive layer of siliceous Polygastrica in
Oregon :—‘‘ The chain of rocky mountains traversing the continent
of North America, forms, ‘with reference to the distribution of
Infusoria, a stronger barrier between California and Oregon, and the
rest of the continent, than does the Pacific Ocean, with China,
between the Western Plains of North America, and the Region of
Siberia. Thus, the United States, with Mexico, never present any of
64 GENERAL HISTORY OF
the forms characteristic of Oregon and California; whilst, on the
other hand, the peculiar forms of these latter countries are met with
in Siberia. All this is remarkably confirmed in this, that the gold
region of the Sacramento, in the extent and abundance of its
Infusorial products, finds its parallel only in Siberia.” (Monatsbericht,
Berlin Acad. Feb. 1849.)
Most of the preceding remarks apply with greater force to those
siliceous shelled microscopic organisms included in the great family
Bacillaria. It is these beings which at previous eras have built up
rocks, raising land from the sea bottom, and which now, by their
indestructibility, admit the extensive review of their distribution in
time and space made by Ehrenberg. Whereas the illoricated, soft,
and evidently animal Infusoria, have, by their destructibility, been
removed from the sphere of our investigations into their diffusion
in past time. Yet sufficient has been made out to indicate the pre-
valence of a law of distribution in space even in their case.
The determination of species characteristic of certain climes, has
enabled Ehrenberg to arrive, in many cases, at the probable source
of those meteoric showers of dust which occasionally occur. For
instance, those which fall in the Atlantic about the Cape de Verd
Islands, and as far eastward as Genoa, Malta, and other districts of
Southern Europe, are found to be made up from 1-3rd to 1-6th of
organic matters, chiefly of Polygastrica; and although most of the
species alike occur in the most widely separated places mentioned,
and are of fresh water habit, yet there are others of limited and
special distribution. Thus the Sirocco dust, which fell in Genoa in
May, 1846, contained Synedra Entomon, a characteristic South
American form, along with African species; the latter, however,
being in no greater quantity than in other dusts falling within the
limits above spoken of. From this, Ehrenberg surmises that there
is a current of air uniting Africa and America, in the region of the
trade-winds, and occasionally directed towards Europe.
In the various kinds of meteoric dust, Ehrenberg has determined
no less than 320 specific forms of Polygastrica, Phytolitharia, Poly-
thalamia, and the soft parts of plants. The predominating genera of
Polygastrica (marine and freshwater,) are Coscinodiscus, Diploneis,
Goniothecium, Grammatophora, and Biddulphia. In Ehrenberg’s
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 65
elaborate paper entitled ‘‘ Passatstaub und Blutregen,” (folio, 1849,
Berlin,) is presented a complete history of the showers of meteoric
dust, &c., which are on record, and the microscopic ee of the
various specimens which he has procured.
It happens with the Polygastrica, as with all other classes of
erganized beings, that some families and genera are much more
widely diffused, and of more common occurrence than others. Every-
where, where there is decomposing organic matter in water, Vibrionta,
Monadina, and Leucophrys, will be found. Examples of the gencra
Vorticella, Volvox, Paramecium, Kolpoda, Oxytricha, and Euplotes, &c.,
are common in ponds and streams at all parts of the world, and often
in great numbers. Equally widely diffused are the two sections of
the family Bactllarta—Desmidiee and Diatomacee, the latter is pro-
minently cosmopolitan, and, in the abundance of its members, unsur-
passed. (See Part III.) Of the last section, the richest genera are
Eunotia, Navicula, Surirella, Pinnularia, Gomphonema, Cocconeis,
Stauroneis, Actinocyclus, Gallionella, Dictyocha, Synedra, Coscinodiscus,
and Schizonema.
We have several times alluded to the abundance of fossil Diatomacea,
which sometimes constitute the almost sole ingredient of masses of
rock or earth; as, in the mountain meal (Berg-mehl) ; in various
polishing powders; in the pure siliceous sand employed in the manu-
facture of porcelain, &c. And, inasmuch as any particular fossil
deposit, generally, possesses some peculiar species, or a particular
collection of species, it has happened that the antiquarian has been
able to determine, that various ancient articles of pottery have been
made from the particular layer of clay in their vicinity, or, other-
wise, have been brought from a distance.
Szcrion XIX.—Of the Rotatoria as a class, and of their habits
and movements.—This tribe of beings possesses so complete an organi-
zation, that in a correct arrangement of the animal kingdom, it
would take its station far above many others, whose members are of
much larger magnitude.
The comparatively large size of the Rotatoria, and the transparency
of their integument, have enabled the microscopic observer to ascer-
tain with certainty, in many cases, every part of their internal
66 GENERAL HISTORY OF
structure. As a tribe, it is evidently more natural than that of
the Polygastrica ; at least there are no such doubtful families as we
find in the latter, namely, the Closterina, Bacillaria, &c. Indeed,
the only exception, that can probably be taken, is the genus Stiphano-
ceros, which some naturalists class along with the Zoophytes.
The Rotatoria (sometimes spoken of also as Rotifera) are symme-
trical beings, and derive their name from the apparent whirling,
wheel (rota)-like motion of their rotatory apparatus, when set in
action; but since, in some instances, the apparatus is so modified
that a wheel-like motion is wanting, another appellation has been
contrived—viz., Systolides, to designate these animals. It is from
the very contractile character of their bodies that Dujardin so terms
them ; and, indeed, some other name than Rotatorva is requisite, if
this naturalist be followed in introducing in the class various
animals, furnished with rudimentary limbs, in pairs, but wanting a
rotatory apparatus, and, generally, so modified in structure, as to be
fitted for a parasitic existence within the bodies of other animals—
such are the members of the family Zurdigrada, (Dy.)
In such an arrangement, Mr. Adam White seems disposed to agree
with the French naturalist, for he has stated it as his opinion,
“that the so-called <Acarus folliculorum, and, probably, also Tardi-
grada, are parasitic Rotatoria, with legs or leg-like appendages
adapted to their peculiar habits; and that their retractile antenna-
like, sub-telescopic appendages, may have eyes passing through them
as in snails, and may also be the equivalents of the rote (rotary lobes),
but from the limited, or rather the absolutely restricted power of
motion of these animals, have neither the ciliary processes, nor the
movements and economical uses of the appendages so characteristic
of most of the Rotatorta.” (Read before the Linnzan Society, June
1851. See Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. vil. p. 424.)
The Rotatoria are microscopic objects, although many of them are
visible to the naked eye as floating specks. They are specially in-
habitants of pure water, not occurring in infusions, unless of very
recent plants, in which decomposition has not begun. For instance
sage-leayes, clover, or chopped hay, are often put to macerate in
water, in order to procure specimens of Lotutoria; the appearance of
INFUSCRIAL ANIMALCULES. 67
which, under such circumstances, we may consider due to the exist-
ence of their eggs, upon, or about such vegetable matters, or to the
presence of the animals themselves in a dried state.
The Rotatoria especially delight to live in still water, among
growing aquatic plants, such as Conferva, Lemna, Ceratophyllum,
Hottonia, &c., to which they frequently adhere. They inhabit both
fresh and salt water, but are more numerous in the former.
Immersion in water is, however, not necessary to their existence;
for they are to be found also in damp or moist earth, as in the
earthy deposit from the rain-water spouts of houses, in the detritus
of walls, roofs, &c., upon mosses and Lichens, such as the tufts of
Bryum, and about the mosses growing on the roots of trees, such as
the Hypnum. From such plants as mentioned, they may be sepa-
rated, by washing with a little water.
It is a curious fact, however, that they sometimes establish their
residence within the cells of mosses and Alge, where they are apt
to be made prisoners in the progress of growth of the plants.
Their capability of being completely dessicated, and of being sub-
sequently revived, has been previously spoken of in Section VIII.
Ehrenberg has seen, in the Hydatina, life prolonged eighteen to
twenty days; but its duration will greatly depend on the circum-
stances of temperature, &c., under which the Rotatoria are placed.
By far, the majority of Lotatoria have the power of locomotion, but
several genera form exceptions, their members mostly being fixed
by means of a contractile pedicle.
These attached forms are enveloped by an outer tubular case,
within which, they can entirely withdraw themselves by means of
their pedicles, or, from which, they can extrude the greater part of
their body, when in search of food; they thus enjoy a certain lati-
tude of motion, suitable to their peculiar condition.
The locomotive Rotatoria, on the other hand, exhibit great activity
and variety in their movements. The greater number swim along
in a uniform manner, by means of the ciliated rotary organ ex. Bra-
chionus; others, in addition, crawl like leeches, by alternately
advancing, and using as fixed points, the head and the suctorial
extremity of the tail, ex. Rotifer ; whilst a few skip or leap after
F 2
68 GENERAL HISTORY OF
the manner of the Daphnia or water-fleas, by the action of bristle-
like appendages, ex. Triarthra.
On these varieties of the movements of Rotatoria it is, that
M. Dujardin bases his primary divisions of the class.
Secrion XX.—Of the External Coverings, of the Muscular System,
and of the Organs of Locomotion of Rotatoria.—The external surface
of Rotatoria is made up of a smooth and firm integument, more
delicate at the anterior extremity or head of the animals, where it
becomes ciliated. Its contractions coincide with those of the sub-
jacent parenchyma, whence it is not drawn into folds. In many
instances the integument presents transverse or circular markings,
indicating the division of the body into segments, as in the Crustacea.
The usual smooth condition of the integument is departed from in
the genus Choetonotus, (figs. 357-358) and in Philodina aculeata, (figs.
487-489) the surface is strewed with stiff bristles and styles—whilst
that of Woteus (figs. 491-494) and of some Anurea, is roughened by
granular eminences.
The caudal extremity exhibits the transverse wrinkles most
strongly, and in many cases is clearly divided into segments, as in
Conochilus, (figs. 8365-370) Megalotrocha, (figs. 374-375) Lacinularia,
Noteus, &c. In various species of Hydatina, Rotifer, EHosphora,
Philodina, §c., not only the caudal portion, but the rest of the body,
is also divided into segments, which will slide upon one another like
the tubes of a telescope.
A rigid horny shield, resembling, in structure, that of Daphnia,
is met with in Brachionus, Anurea, Noteus, &. Within the outer,
firmer tunic, Mr. Gosse describes an inner, softer one, into which the
muscular cords are inserted. (See those families.)
Some Lotatoria possess, besides the integument immediately in-
vesting them, another external to it, and surrounding it in the form
of a sheath, to the bottom of which they are fastened. This sheath
(urceolus) varies in kind as well as in form; thus, in Lacinularia (fig.
878) it is gelatinous, and the animal imbedded in it; in Welicerta,
(figs. 386-387) the animal can move freely within its gelatinous
case, which is here strengthened by adherent foreign particles, the
same, in a less degree, obtains in Oecistes (fig. 362) ; and in Limnias,
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 69
(fig. 388) ; whilst the cases of Mloscularia, (fig. 384) Tubicolaria, (fig.
879) and Stephanoceros, (fig. 383) are loose and hyaline.
These outer gelatinous and tubular sheaths, are clearly, products
from the animal, which secretes them, as the coral-animals do their
cells, or the mollusca their shells. (See Melicerta and Plate XXIII.)
In the genus Chetonotus, Dujardin even denies the existence of a
proper integument, and ranks it with the Polygastrica. (For a
summary of the external processes of Rotatoria, see Section II.)
In this class, a muscular system, subservient to the functions of
locomotion, nutrition, &c., is well developed, and the integuments
being transparent, its structure and disposition are distinctly visible
under the microscope, without dissection. The principle muscular
member is a foot-like non-articulated process, situated on the ventral
surface of the posterior part of the body. This member is usually
called the tail ; but being situated anteriorly to the discharging orifice,
is not properly such. It has usually the faculty of being able to
slide one part within another, and recalls to the observer the move-
ment of the sliding tubes of an opera-glass, or telescope. Its
extremity is often so formed, that the creature can cause itself to
adhere to any substance, by probably producing an exhausted cavity
within the disc-like extremity, as do the leech and some parasitic
acari found on beetles. Sometimes the termination of this false foot
has two or more toe-like processes. By the construction of this
member, the creature is enabled to attach itself, while the anterior
part is moving about in search of provender, and likewise to employ
it as an instrument of progression, by alternately contracting and
elongating it, and fixing itself by it and the mouth, after the manner
of a leech. Muscles for moving the body, and the rotatory organs,
are mostly visible; they are known by their thickening during con-
traction, and by dilating when elongated.
With reference to their arrangement, the muscles form two sets—
the one, annular, encompassing the body; the other, longitudinal.
The former are separated from each other by considerable intervals,
and give to the body the appearance of being divided into several
transverse segments. The longitudinal muscles arise from the in-
tegument, and proceed forward to be attached to the oesophageal bulb,
or to the rotary apparatus, or else backwards to the tail, with its
70 GENERAL HISTORY oF
several sliding segments. Very fine muscular threads are likewise
employed to keep the viscera in their places; and some transverse
ones crossing the general cavity of the body, have, in some instances,
been seen. (Plate XXIII, fig. 5.)
Mr. Gosse says: ‘All the cuticular insertions (of the muscles)
are in a skin separable from the outer integument... . The coronet
of thickened masses that surround the head is probably muscular,
bearing the cilia. Just below this (in Asplancha priodonta) there is @
series of five or six annular threads, set in the inner skin, which are
probably muscular, and aid in the complex movements of the head.
The reniform cushion that bears the jaws, is, doubtless, composed of
powerful muscles; and the delicate stomach with its tube, the great
erop and the ovisae, are covered with a muscular network.”
The muscles of the Rotatoria have a clear, distinct outline, but
are not transversely striated, and belong to the unstriated muscular
tissue of anatomists.
Dujardin (Histoire des Infusoires, p. 557) is the only recent
writer we have met with, who denies the existence of distinet
muscles in this class. He would attribute the movements witnessed,
to the operation of a soft, diaphanous, diffluent substance, subjacent
to the integument, which he further supposes to possess an inherent
property of contractility. This same author excludes the genus
Chetonotus from the Rotatoria, under the impression that it does not
present the characteristic contractility of the class, and, above all,
that it has no true rotary organ.
The most singular and interesting organ in these creatures, if not
the most remarkable structure in the animal kingdom, is the so-ealled
rotary or rotatory organ; it consists essentially of a whorl of cilia,
seated on a contractile base, forming the head of the animals. It
constitutes the principal means of locomotion, the tail process being,
in most cases, less concerned. Even where the animal, by the alter-
nate fixing of its mouth and tail, can progress like a leech, it can,
also, more rapidly advance by the propulsion of its ciliated wheel
apparatus.
The rotary movement of this apparatus was, at one time, looked
upon as a reality, but is now regarded as only apparent. Dutrochet
attributed the phenomenon to the undulation of a delicate membrane
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 71
‘fringing the head of the Rotatoria. Faraday explains it by sup-
posing the distinct cilia to become visible by slowly returning to
an erect state, after having been suddenly bent previously. Ehrenberg
again assumed the existence of four muscles at the base of each
cilium, each acting upon it in its own direction, and so producing a
revolution around the fixed point of attachment or base of the
cilium. In this way each cilium would be alternately nearer to, or
more remote from the eye, and, consequently, more or less visible.
Another explanation has been offered by Dujardin. He says,
‘“« The vibratile cilia being arranged parallel, and at equal distances,
will equally refract or intercept the light, and none will be more
visible than the rest, but if, by a movement propagated along the
row of cilia, some, momentarily inclined, are brought into juxta-
position with adjoining cilia, the light will be more intercepted, and
a band, more or less dark, will be the result. It can be imagined,
therefore, that if the cilia come to be inclined one after another, a
series of juxta-positions, or of apparent intersections, will be pro-
duced, and this, in the direction of the general movement. Further,
if each of the intersections preserves the same form as if produced
by a number of equal lines, and are equally inclined to each other,
an appearance of a solid body of a definite form, like the tooth of a
saw or the spokes of a wheel, moving uniformly, presents itself to
the eye.”
The situation, number, and disposition of the rotatory organs, are
employed in the grouping of the Rotatorza into families and genera.
The rotary apparatus is single, double, or made up of several
portions. Its wheel-like motion is most evident where the rotary
apparatus forms an unbroken circle, as in Conochilus, (figs. 365-370)
Philodina, (figs. 487-490) and Actinurus, (figs. 481-484.) Where
the apparatus is interrupted by a notch, and is made up of two or
more smaller distinct wheels, the delusion of complete revolutions is
removed, as in Hydatina, (fig. 394) Notommata, (figs. 418-420)
Diglena, (figs. 403-405), &c. Exceptional forms are exhibited in
Floscularia and Stephanoceros.
The action of the rotary apparatus may be arrested at the will of
the animal, or the entire organ be retracted within the body.
In addition to the rotary organ, the head is sometimes crowned by
72 GENERAL HISTORY OF
several styliform processes, moveable, but not ciliated; examples of
such organs are to be found in Salpina, (figs. 447-453) Monostyla,
(figs. 434-437) and Brachionus, (figs. 499-501.) In Floscularia (figs.
384-385) indeed, five to six lobes, with long radiating cilia, consti-
tute the so-called rotary organ of that animal; whilst Stephanoceros
(fig. 383) offers a still wider departure from the normal form, in
having five long ciliated arms proceeding from its head, and no true
rotary apparatus existmg, thus establishing a great affinity, in external
form, with the Bryozoa, or Ciliobrachiate Polypes.
Although the true Rotatoria are destitute of locomotive members
on their under surface, yet an approach to such organs is indicated
in the toes, or pincer-like processes of the tail, before alluded to, as
attached to its extremity, and sometimes, in addition, to one or more
of its segments. If the Zardigrada (see end Part III.) of Dujardin,
be admitted among the Rotatoria, then the latter will comprehend
animals with distinct, rudimentary legs or feet, by means of which
they can crawl.
Besides the rotary organ, and the tail with its appendages, other
special instruments are met with in the stiff-bristles, (cirrhi) of Poly-
arthra (figs. 401-425) and Triarthra (figs. 406-408), m the former,
fixed on each side of the neck, and moved after the manner of oars;
in the latter, articulated on the under surface of the body, and giving
the animal a very active leaping movement, like that of a flea.
The true telescopic tail is wanting in several genera and species,
as Anurea; others have a short pincer-like process, as Chetonotus,
(figs. 357-358) Hosphora, (fig. 415) Cycloglena, (figs. 425-426), &e. ;
others, two long styliform processes, as Votommata longiseta, (fig. 421)
IV. Felis, &c., whilst others again have a single style of greater or
less length, as Rattulus, (fig. 409) Monocerca, (fig. 399-417) Mo-
nostyla, (figs. 434-437) and Mastigocerca, (fig. 438-440.)
But besides the locomotive Rotatoria, there are fixed forms, many
of which have a posterior prolongation, rather deserving the term
pedicle or stem, than that of tail or foot-like process. This pedicle
is contractile throughout, or only in part, corrugating itself, and
having no sliding segments; examples are seen in Tudbicolaria, (figs.
379-382) Stephanoceros, (fig. 883) Limnias, (fig. 388-392) and Melh-
certa, (fig. 386-387.) The contractility of the foot enables these
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 73
fixed Rotatoria to withdraw themselves within the investing sheath,
or tube, within which they live, after having previously extended
themselves beyond it.
Dr. Dobie, in his account of the species of Floscularia, describes
their “cilia as of two kinds; one of the usual short vibratile kind,
covering the interior of the alimentary tube; the other, extremely
long and filiform, of uniform thickness and not vibratile under ordi-
nary circumstances. They are slowly moved, and spread out by the
contractile substance of the lobes of the rotatory organ.”” He adds,
‘‘when a solution of caustic potash is brought in contact with the
filiform cilia, a most violent vibratile action immediately commences,
and continues till the whole bundle is completely disorganized.
Violent mechanical stimulation seems to have a similar effect, though
in a less degree.”
The form of cilia, described by Dr. Dobie, on the rotary apparatus
of Floscularia is exceptional, the general kind, imparting the sur-
prising locomotive power of the organ, being short and actively
vibratile. (See Wood Engraving, Part ITI.)
Dr. Dobie found “immediately below the integument of Floscu-
laria cornuta, groups and lines of very small granules, continually in
a state of rapid molecular motion, in appearance, exactly resembling
the molecules in the -cusps of Closterium. Besides the molecular,
they are subject to another motion, for occasionally they move from
one part of the surface to another, in currents not very distinct or
persistent, and in no definite direction. He has seen them running
in lines down the tail, and collecting in groups. This flowing move-
ment occurs chiefly during the contractions and relaxations of the
entire animal. He thinks it probable that these granules are con-
nected with the nutrition of the animal, and analogous to the free
floating corpuscles of the Zurdigrada, described by M. Doyére.”
(Ann. Nat. Hist. 1848, p. 233.)
Section XXI.—Of the Digestive System of Rotatoria. —The
Rotatoria possess a distinct and undoubted alimentary canal, evident
as a tube traversing their interior, from the mouth to the posterior
outlet, having a certain definite position, and absent in only a few
instances,
Food is drawn into the mouth, by means of the vortex, occasioned
74, GENERAL HISTORY OF
by the action of the curious rotary organ, (described in the last
section) which surrounds that opening. It, first of all, enters a short
cavity, known as ‘the crop,’ and is then submitted to the action of
horny jaws, mostly armed with teeth, and enclosed in a powerful
muscular apparatus, forming what is called the cesophageal head,
or bulb Separate drawings of this bulb, with the different arrange-
ment of the teeth, are shewn in figures 377, 382, 383, 396, 420,
424, 433, 487, 444, 455, and 456. It next passes through a canal,
the esophagus, into a dilated space, termed the stomach, and, after
due digestion, is propelled thence, through an intestine, to the
outlet.
The whole course of the alimentary canal is mostly straight, but,
in some otatoria, for instance, in TZwubicolaria and WMelicerta, it
presents a slight coil. The canal is lined by vibratile cilia, which
assist in the introduction and propulsion of food.
The portion of the alimentary tube, immediately posterior to the
mouth, is funnel-shaped, and hence, called by Dr. Dobie, the mfun-
dibulum, having its edge frequently divided into lobes, (see fig. -)
This space is separated by a rim, armed by non-vibratile cilia, from
the next portion, called, by M. Dujardin, the vestibule ; and which
leads into a very dilatable cavity, called the crop, a fissured partition,
or diaphragm, intervening between the two. The crop ends below,
in, or in some measure, contains the cesophageal bulb, with its usual
armature of teeth, supported on horny jaws, and separable by
pressure.
This manducatory, or chewing apparatus, has been compared to
the gizzard of birds, which it resembles in function, but is, otherwise,
more like the crushing toothed apparatus, in the stomach of crabs,
lobsters, &c. The number, form, and arrangement of the teeth,
afford excellent characters for the systematist ; and will be found
figured, in the case of many genera, as referred to above.
In most instances, the oesophageal bulb, although enjoying con-
siderable latitude of motion within the body, does not project from
it; but, im some single-toothed forms, ex-Brachionus, with the
rotary organ divided, this bulb protrudes beyond the mouth, and
thus becomes a prehensile organ, using its teeth like claws or
pincers,
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 75
Tho jaws supporting the teeth, are of a horny consistence, and are
mostly furnished with two bent geniculate processes, one anterior,
the other posterior, in position. These processes serve for fixing the
jaws more firmly in siti, and, in addition, furnish powerful leverage
for the muscles working them. The jaws are further complicated
in some many-toothed Rotatoria—such as Philodina, Lacinularia,
Melicerta, by the development of arches to support the teeth.
The rubbing together of the opposed surfaces of the horny jaws,
may be readily observed, and a sort of peristaltic contraction, nearly
incessant, is also noticeable in the esophageal bulb, which surrounds
the jaws as a muscular investment. The peristaltic contractions of
the bulb, led the older observers to entertain the idea that it was a
heart—the contractions representing its pulsations.
The cesophageal bulb and teeth are the first perceptible organs in
the embryonic Rotatoria ; and a backward and forward, or peristaltic
motion, may be noticed in the bulb, even before the escape of the
young animal from the egg.
In Chetonotus, this characteristic manducatory organ of the
Rotatoria is not distinguishable, and, most likely wanting :—for this
reason, as well as others, elsewhere named, Dujardin excludes this
genus from the order.
Beneath the cesophageal bulb, the digestive tube undergoes another
enlargement, constituting a stomach—the connecting narrower por-
tion interposed between the two, being generally known as the
cesophagus. Mr. Goss, unfortunately, however, applies the term
cesophagus, to the first portion of the alimentary canal, between the
mouth and crop ; but the preceding application is more usual. (Des-
eription of Asplanchna,—Ann. Nat. Hist. 1850.)
The cesophagus varies much in length, in different Rotatoria ;
and very great differences are observable in the degree of develop-
ment of the stomach; for, in some genera, the digestive tube con-
tinues as a simple, funnel-like tube, into its termination, in which
case, consequently, a stomach cannot be rightly said to exist, whilst,
in others, on the contrary, the stomach is a considerable cavity, and
not unfrequently sacculated.
The canal narrows again below the stomach, forming an intestine,
the rectum varying in length in different species, and ending by a
76 GENERAL HISTORY OF
very dilatable portion, opening externally, and which, from serving,
also, as a conduit for the eggs (in the female,) is analogous to the
cloaca of birds. It always opens at the base of the footlike tail.
Every portion of the alimentary tube, except the muscular bound
cesophageal bulb, is capable of great distension ; and this is particularly
noticeable in the crop, stomach, and cloaca, in the last, during the pro-
cess of oviposition, the eggs of Rotatoria being of very large size.
A very curious exception to the general rule, of a digestive inlet
and outlet in Rotatoria, has been observed by Mr. Gosse, in the
genus Asplanchna, for it has ‘no anal orifice, nor any intestine
below the stomach; the remains of the food, when digested, are
regurgitated by the contraction of the viscera, and discharged
through the mouth,” as in Polypes.
Special organs of secretion exhibit themselves in this class, under
their simplest form, as sacs, or cells containing coloured fluid, and
opening into the alimentary canal. Attached to the cesophagus, or
to the upper part of the stomach, is a pair of glands, usually of an
oval form, but sometimes, though rarely, cylindrical or forked, and
considered by Ehrenberg, to represent the pancreas. Besides these,
coloured sacs, with yellowish brown, or greenish granular contents,
are often to be seen external to the stomach and intestine, into which
they pour their secretion by gall-ducts—as Ehrenberg thinks is
evident in Enteroplea—the secreting cells themselves being the liver,
on biliary glands. Siebold states that the pancreatic glands are absent
in the Jcthydina; whilst in some species, as Notommata clavulata,
Diglena lacustris, (fig. 403,) and Megalotrocha albo-flavicans, (figs.
374-876), they are complicated by additional sacs or tubes.
In Asplanchna, Mr. Gosse describes ‘several yellow glandular (?)
spots, varying in number,” on the top of the cushion of the cesopha-
geal bulb. In Floseularia campanulata, Dr. Dobie observed large
fixed granules distributed here and there, throughout the body and
tail, most nearly resembling globules of oil.
The glandular bodies concerned in the process of reproduction are
described in the section devoted to the consideration of that process.
The preceding account of the digestive system of otatoria,
applies, in the main, to the females only ; the recent discovery of the
male Rotatoria, has also shewn an organization, peculiar to them-
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. Vif
selves, but far inferior in type, to that of the females, in every
structure, save that devoted to the continuation of the species.
The discoverer (Mr. Brightwell) of the male beings, could distin-
guish no jaws, gullet, stomach, nor hepatic organs, and, indeed, no
appearance of extraneous matter being received into the body. Mr.
Gosse, in describing the male Asplanchna, says :—“‘ the place of the
stomach was occupied by a long sac, having a slender neck, origina-
ting from the front part of the head mass, and, at the bottom,
broadly attached to the sperm-bag.” (Plate XV, fig. 65, 66, and
Plate XXIII, fig. 7, 8.)
Section XXII.—Of the Vascular and Respiratory system of the
Rotatoria.—The vascular system in these animals, according to
Siebold, is most probably one circulating only water, and which, by
its organization and character, must be also considered to serve a
respiratory purpose. There exists, for instance, in most Rotatoria,
on each side, a small band-like organ, through which an apparent
vascular canal winds. At the anterior extremity, these two side
bands, with their contained vessels, become connected with other
short lateral vessels, which open directly into the abdominal cavity,
having their orifices furnished with freely oscillating or vibratile
flaps. The number of vibratile orifices varies in different species,
and, it would appear, even in different individuals of the same
species. Usually, two or three are met with on one side, and from
five to eight on the other ; but, in not a few, a much greater number
exists, as in Wotommata clavulata, and N. myrmeleo, while in the
genus Ploscularia, Dr. Dobie states the tremulous gill-like organs to
be absent. (Plate XXIII, fig. 6, 9.)
At the posterior part of the body, the two side bands approach
and unite in a common thin-walled trunk or contractile sac, which,
by its active contractions, forces out its fluid contents through the
cloacal opening.
In the neck of most Rototarva, is also placed a projecting tubular
process, sometimes two, through which, in all probability, the water
enters the interior of the body, and passes into the water-circulating
system just described. Admitting the tube to have the office
assigned it, it may be justly called the respiratory tube. Mr. Gosse
is led to regard tubes or processes of this character rather to be
78 GENERAL HISTORY OF
rudimentary antenne; and that observer consequently appears to
agree with M. Dujardin, in questioning their tubular structure.
The excellent description by Mr. Dalrymple of a new genus
of Rotatoria—Asplanchna Brightwelli, Gosse—(Phil. Trans. 1849,
p. 384), affords us a very clear account of the circulatory appa-
ratus, differing in some points from that which we have borrowed
from Siebold. He says, ‘‘ This peculiar organ consists in a double
series of transparent filaments (for there is no proof of their being
tubes or vessels), arranged, from above downwards, in curved or
semicircular form; symmetrical, when viewed in front. These
filaments, above and below, are interlaced, loop-like; while another
fine filament passes in a straight line, like the chord of an are,
uniting the two looped extremities. To this delicate filament are
attached little tags, or appendices, whose free extremities are directed
towards the interior of the animal, and are affected by a tremulous,
apparently spiral motion, like the threads of a screw. This is
undoubtedly due to cilia arranged round these minute appendices.
The tags are from eight to twelve, or even twenty, in number,
varying in different specimens. (Plate XXIII, fig. 6a.)
“T believe the organ in question to be a peculiar circulatory
system. The body of the animal is filled with fluid, most probably
analagous to blood, while the ciliated tags, in perpetual motion, must
produce currents in this fluid, and probably in an uniform and
determinate direction. In this way the nutrient plasma will be
brought regularly in contact with all parts of the body, and the
process of nutrition go on as in insects, without the intervention of
tubular vesssels, the dorsal heart, in them, serving only to give
direction and circulation to the blood. I am the more impressed
with this belief, since these filamentous organs are in close approxi-
mation with the large contractile sac, which probably performs a
respiratory function.”
For it will be seen, from the following extract, that Mr. Dalrymple
does not believe in any communication between the sac and the
apparatus furnished with the ciliated tags, as Siebold supposes; on
the contrary, the former writer makes the sac to communicate
directly with the exterior. He writes, ‘‘ This sac, spherical when
distended, is placed just above the ovisac, and communicates with
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 79
the vaginal canal. It is exceedingly delicate, and may be scen to
contract, by the action of muscular fibres, with great rapidity, in
which act it is thrown into numerous regular folds or pouches, and
in that condition appears not very dissimilar to the large cellular
lungs of Batrachia............. The explanation which I venture to
give, is, that this sac draws in water and expels it again by the
vaginal orifice; and it is by bringing the blood, by means of the
ciliary movements of the tags, into intermediate contact—(the
delicate membranous wall of the sac intervening) with the air of
the water, that aération or respiration is performed. An analogous
contractile sac may be seen in Rotifer vulgaris.”
Ehrenberg described the several organs discussed, assuming the
existence of a respiratory apparatus, evidenced in the tremulous tags,
and which he designated gill-like organs, or gills. His views are
represented by the following abstract: ‘‘ Oval tremulous bodies are in
some species, observed attached to a free filament-like tube, generally
placed longitudinally within the body, (fig. 416); in some instances,
they are attached to the two sexual glands, as in Hydatina. Their func-
tion is respiratory, and they are analagous to gills; the tremulous
motion observable, being that of the lamina composing them. The
reception of water within the body, for these organs to act upon, is
provided for, by one or more openings at the anterior part of the
body, furnished, in some species, by spur-like processes, or tubes.”
The annular cords, producing the semblance of articulations in the
body of many Rotatoria, were surmised by Ehrenberg to be vessels,
but, as before stated, the general opinion is that they are muscular.
In some examples, he also described the vessels to form a net-work,
more or less distinct, below the margin of the mouth, and connected
by free longitudinal cords to the interior surface of the body. (pl.
ix. fig. 419).
No naturalist has yet confirmed such a vascular network, as is thus
figured and described; but various delicate muscular threads are
known to cross one another, about the neck of these animals, as they
pass to their insertions in the muscular cushions forming the rotary
apparatus. Thus, Mr. Gosse says: “ threads with bifurcate extreme-
ties go from the centre of the head to each cone-top (of the rotary
organ), each lateral eye, and each antenna.” Dr. Dobie also speaks
80 GENERAL HISTORY OF
of muscular bands in the same position, passing to the centre of the
depressions between the lobes of the head of Floscularia campanulata,
and of lines of a fainter description, running up the centre of each
lobe, to near its apex.
We are enabled to give an independent description of the gill-like
apparatus in the neck, from Mr. Gosse’s admirable account of the
Asplanchna priodonta. He writes: ‘‘On the upper side of the
oviduct sits a contractile bladder, which, when full, is perfectly
globular and small; being scarcely, if at all, larger than the two
pancreatic glands put together. Round this, attached at or near its
base, passes on each side, a tortuous thread, apparently glandular,
which goes up along each side of the ventral region, and is attached
to the head-mass behind the jaw-cushion. The middle part of each
thread is wrinkled into a large plexus of four or five pairs of doublings,
laid with some regularity ; on this plexus are placed four tremulous
tags, directed inwards; making eight in all. None are visible on
any other part of the threads. The presence of these organs, as well
as of the contractile bladder, in the female, shows that these are not
connected with impregnation. Close to each plexus there is a minute
orifice in the skin, set around with short sete, and a similar one is
placed on each side of the back, but a little higher up. From each
of these four apertures, a thread, floating freely in the cavity of the
body, goes towards the head, having, at its contact with the aperture,
a thickened club-shaped ganglion or gland.”
We have assumed that this description applies to the gill-like, or
respiratory apparatus, of Ehrenberg, or the ‘ water circulating system’
of Siebold; for to no other structures can the ‘tremulous tags,’ and
their accompanying ‘ tortuous threads’ of Gosse, in our opinion, refer.
Hence, if our assumption be correct, Mr. Gosse appears to believe in
the glandular nature, at least of the tortuous threads, of those organs,
and thus, in some degree, to countenance the first hypothesis of
Ehrenberg, respecting their glandular office; the latter, however,
supposed them spermatic glands, or vesicule seminales; but as Mr.
Gosse remarks, they are evidently not connected with impregnation.
The contractile sac which Ehrenberg surmised to be spermatic, Mr.
Dalrymple says he is convinced, from repeated observation, has no
relation to the generative function ; and, as we have seen, attributes
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 81
to it a respiratory office. He adds, ‘‘ The supposed vascular ramifi-
cations upon it, are neither more nor less than the muscular fibrille
by which the contractions are effected.”
Section XXIII.—Of the Organs of Sensation and Nervous System
of Rotatoria.—The Rotatoria are not considered to possess a true ner-
vous system, but in many of the species, having eyes, there appears
one or two masses attached to them, which Ehrenberg thinks are
similar to nervous ganglia and nervous fibrille. The eyes vary in
number; they are usually of a red colour; in some they are placed
upon a ganglion, and are freely meveable beneath the transparent
superficial envelope of the body.
The visual organs are of small size, but always sharply defined,
and, it would appear, invested with a horny capsule in some cases.
The firm capsule is observable in Conochelus, Rotifer, and Philodina.
Dujardin opposes the opinion of the visual character of these red
specks in Rotatoria, chiefly on account of their not uncommon dis-
appearance in the adult state. But as Siebold remarks, an objection
raised on this circumstance is not valid, since a similar phenomenon
is known to take place in the adult condition of parasitic Crustacea,
the visual character of whose eye-specks or ocelli is not questioned.
Moreover the coloured specks in Rotatorta are sharply defined, and
in some cases at least, furnished with capsules, thus differing totally
from the non-capsular, ill-defined pigment masses of Polygastrica,
called eyes.
It is doubtful, however, Siebold remarks, whether the dispro-
portionately large specks, described as eyes by Ehrenberg, in Wotom-
mata foreipata, Syncheta baltica, in Cycloglena and Eosphora, are other
than loose aggregations of coloured particles.
The same author says “ there is, in Rotatoria, a constant group of
ganglions in the neck, regarded as the central organ of the nervous
system, from which, nerve-cords radiate on all sides.” Over this cere-
bral centre, the organs of vision are seated, and receive from it their
special nerve fibres.
The variable relative position of the eyes is determined by that of
the ganglions. The position of the former may be on the neck,—z. e.
posterior to the base of the rotary organs, or on the fore-part of the
head, or eyen in advance of the rotary apparatus.
82 GENERAL HISTORY OF
In the immature and young state of Hudorina, of Melicerta ringens,
and of Megalotrocha alba, &c., distinct eyes are present, which, how-
ever, disappear with advancing age.
The sense of touch diffused generally over the body, is especially
concentrated in the rotary organ, and in the styliform processes or
cornua, so frequently produced from it, which may be deemed analo-
gous to the feelers (antenne) of insects. We may presume also that
the toe-like processes of the foot or tail are more largely endowed
with sensibility.
Mr. Gosse describing the -Asplanchna priodonta, writes: ‘‘ Each of
the three eyes rests on a mass that appears ganglionic; the clubbed
masses at the lateral apertures are probably of the same character ;
and the interior of the body contains a number of very delicate
threads, floating freely in the contained fluid, which have thickened
knobs here and there, especially where they anastomose (see fig .”’)
Section XXIV.—Of the reproductive organs, and the reproduction
of Rotatoria.—The only method of propagation of Rotatoria is by
ova, of which they deposit only a few at a time. The size of the
egg is about 1-36th that of the parent, and the young of those in
which incubation iscompleted before expulsion issometimes two-thirds.
Although the Rotatorial Infusoria are not endowed with the
various faculties of reproduction possessed by the Polygastrica, yet
their vast increase by eggs only, would astonish most persons who
have not considered this subject. Ehrenberg informs us that he in-
sulated a single specimen of Hydatina senta, and kept it in a separate
vessel for eighteen days, that during this interval it laid four eggs
per day, and that these young, at two days old, lay a ike number, so
that, when circumstances are favourable, one million individuals are
obtained from one specimen in ten days; that, on the eleventh day,
this brood will amount to four millions, and on the twelfth day to
sixteen millions. Although the fecundity of this Rotatoria is the
greatest that has been tested by direct experiment, yet (says
Ehrenberg) in the large Polygastrica, as the Paramecium aurelia, a
single specimen in one day increases to eight, by simple transverse
division of the body only; so that, if we take into this account the
other modes of the increase of this creature, namely, by eggs, often
in masses like the spawn of fish, and again by buds growing from
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 83
the sides of the body, it is clear, in a very few days, all attempt at
an expression of their number must fail.
The Rotatoria have generally been assumed to be hermaphrodite—
é. ¢., that each individual possesses a perfect male and female repro-
ductive apparatus, by which ova are formed and fructified, without
the presence or contact of any other individual. Now, in these
animals, there has never been any difticulty as to the female repro-
ductive organs, which are very clear, well defined, and can be accu-
rately described, but, as to the male apparatus, the greatest diversity
of opinion has existed.
Dujardin attempts no explanation, whilst Siebold candidly affirms,
that, with the absence of any precise knowledge as to the male
organs, it is still impossible to say whether the Rotatoria are herma-
phrodite, or have the sexes separate; at the same time, he regards
the hypothesis of Ehrenberg on the subject, as untenable, and opposed
to probability.
The clearing up of this questio verata is, however, due to our
countryman. Mr. Brightwell, of Norwich, from whose discoveries
it is rendered highly probable, indeed, in part, certain, that the
sexes in fotatoria are separate and distinct—existing in distinct
individuals. This careful observer met with a Rotatorial animal,
destitute of the internal organization of those heretofore described, but
having a very evident gland, communicating by an outlet with the
exterior of the body, the latter, moreover, was produced in some
measure as a process perforated by the discharging tube. This
curious animal, of a smaller size than other Rotatoria, Mr. Brightwell
was at first disposed to consider another species, but subsequent
examinations, and the observation of occasional attachments with
the larger and undoubtedly female animals, convinced him, that he
had discovered a distinct male animal. Subsequent attention to the
subject has confirmed the fact of the dicecious nature of Rotatoria ;
and other observers, besides the discoverer, haye witnessed the same
phenomenon.
No objection can be raised from the fact of the small size and im-
perfect organization of the newly discovered male animal, for similar
peculiarities are met with among other tribes of lower animals, such
as Annelida.
G 2
84, GENERAL HISTORY OF
This minute male being destitute of organs adapted to continue
its own existence, is developed solely for the purpose of impregnating
the larger and more highly organized female animal, of which,
indeed, it is in part a parasite.
The female reproductive organs consist of a single or double ovary,
an ovi-sac, oviduct, and vaginal orifice. The ovary, varies in size,
having tubes conducting from it to the cloacal outlet, through which
the ova escape. The ovary is situated at the hinder part of the
animal, along side the intestine. It is mostly seen to conta ova
in different stages of development. The mature ova are invested by
a clear, but firm granular shell, mostly coloured, and containing a
colourless yolk, with a clear germinal spot. The development of the
embryo in the egg, proceeds as in Invertebrata generally, the yolk
subdividing by spontaneous fission, and, at length, evolving the em-
bryonic cell. The fully developed embryo is furnished with a
rotary organ, eye-spots, an cesophageal head, with its masticatory
apparatus, and, in fact, with the entire characteristic organization of
the full grown animal.
Mr. Gosse, in his paper on Asplanchna, says: ‘In no specimen
have I seen the ovary horned or band-shaped, but roundish and
very small.”
The ova, after impregnation, pass from the ovary into the ovisac,
and there go through various phases of development, like the
embryo of higher animals in the uterus. When sufficiently advanced,
the young being escapes into the oviduct, which conducts it through
the vaginal orifice into the cloaca, whence, after a variable time, it
is expelled.
During the residence of the embryo within the ovisac, it mostly
becomes enveloped in a shell, of considerable strength and toughness,
which preserves it after extrusion from injury. To accommodate
the increasing size of the contained ovum, or ova, the ovisac is
capable of great distension, so much indeed, that it sometimes occu-
pies the larger portion of the interior of the animal. The cloacal
outlet, also, is very extensible, to allow the temporary retention and
subsequent passage of the very large matured eggs. In many Rota-
toria, the ova are not at once set free on their exclusion, but remain
adherent about the cloaca, as happens in many Hntomostraca.
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 85
- Again it happens in some species, that the egg shell is dispensed
with, the embryo being completely developed, so to be able to imme-
diately commence an independent existence on its escape from its
parent—in other words, such forms are viviparous: examples are
met with in Philodina, Rotifer, &e.
Mr. Gosse writes, of the Asplanchna, that, ‘“ the ovum produces
the living young wm the ovisac, which, when matured, occupies the
whole lower part of the parent... . At length it escapes through
the oviduct and vaginal aperture, and immediately swims freely
away.”
“The egg of the Hydatina,” says Dr. Carpenter, ‘‘is extruded
from the cloaca within a few hours after the first rudiment of it is
visible ; and within twelve hours more the shell bursts, and the.
young animal comes forth....In general, it would seem that,
whether the rupture of the egg-membrane takes place before or after
the egg has left the body, the germinal mass within it, is developed
at once into the form of the young animal, which represents that
of its parent; no preliminary metamorphosis being gone through,
nor any parts developed which are not to be permanent.” (Principles
of Physiology, p. 362.)
The first male discovered, was that of Asplanchna Brightwelli,
then a supposed species of Notommata, and is thus described by
Mr. Brightwell. (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1848, p. 155.) It is ‘“ about half
the size of the female, and differs from it in form, bemg much
shorter and of a rude triangular shape. It is more difficult to detect
than the female, being exceedingly transparent, and, from the empti-
ness of the body, appearing little more than a transparent ciliated
bubble. It is very active, and occasionally puffs out the sides of its
body, so as entirely to alter its form, and remains thus distended
some time.” There was no indication of any digestive apparatus,
or of matters in course of digestion.
*« At the bottom of the body on one side, is a conspicuous round
sperm vessel or testis, in which, under a high power, spermatozoa,
in active vibratile motion, may be seen; and, at its external side a
duct, closed by distinct lateral muscles. Connected with the testis,
is a well defined intromittent organ, and a conspicuous passage or
opening for its extension from the body of the animal. In the
86 GENERAL HISTORY OF
opposite lower angle are three small, irregularly formed, kidney-shaped
bodies, connected with an angular lobe or muscle lying beneath them.
The male is also furnished with the delicate membranous plicated
bag, and rudiments of the curled tubular structure found in the
female.”
Besides determining the dicecious character of this Rotatoria,
Mr. Brightwell was also enabled to repeatedly verify the occurrence
of an actual coitus occurring between the sexes, and enduring the
greater part of a minute.
We append, to this account of the male, some further particulars,
derived from Mr. Gosse’s paper. On the Asplanchna priodonta (Ann.
Nat. Hist. 1850.) ‘The principal muscles agreed with those of the
‘female. The tortuous threads and their plexuses (Section XXII.)
were represented by two thickened glandular bodies, extending from
the head mass to the foliaceous substance surrounding the sperm
bag ....The three eyes were present, situated as in the female,
but no trace of jaws was discernible, even on pressure, nor any crop,
nor true stomach. These animals were very active, swimming
rapidly about, and scarcely still an instant. On one or two occa-
sions, I observed one of the males, with a slender process, protruded
a considerable length from the sexual orifice, and adhering to the
glass by its tip; moving round on it as on a pivot.’
Mr. Gosse had the good fortune to witness the development of the
males from the ovum. He writes: ‘‘I saw the developing young in
a pregnant female, that seemed different from the ordinary embryos;
and in hope that this might be a male, I isolated the parent;” and
Mr. Gosse, at length, had the satisfaction of seeing two males born
from this female, of similar outline to the latter, but instead of being
1-48—1-42 of an inch, were only 1-110 of an inch.
Secrion XXV.—Of the Affinities and Classification of the Rota-
torva.—That the Rotatorial Animalcules, by their high degree of
organization, should be elevated in the animal scale far above the
Polygastrica, and that they cannot be rightly comprehended with the
latter under the general appellation of Infusoria, is now generally
admitted, although, as hereafter stated, resemblances do exist. The
particular affinities of the Rotatoria have not been generally agreed
upon, hence, these animals have been differently placed by different
\
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, 87
authors in their proposed classifications of Invertebrata. Thus,
Burmeister has classed them with Crustacea; Wiegmann, Milne
Edwards, Wagner, Siebold and others, with Vermes. To which of
these two classes of Articulata, preference is to be given, Siebold
observes, is not very questionable, for their affinities, with the
Crustacea, are but remote, since not only is there an absence of a
distinct abdominal membrane, and of striped muscular fibre in Rota-
toria, but they present, both on their outer and inner surfaces, organs
of respiration. Again, the Rotatoria emerge from the egg with their
form perfect, and without any limbs in pairs; whilst the Crustacea,
after their birth, undergo metamorphoses, and are furnished with
several pairs of extremities. On the other hand, the Rotatoria
approach the Vermes (which include the Helminthe, Turbellara, and
Annelida) by their means of locomotion, their deficiency of lLmbs,
and the hning abdominal membrane.
Mr. Gosse, from his observations of the internal structure of
Rotatoria, and especially owing to the presence of mandibles, maxille,
and maxillary palpi, affirms that they have no connexion with the
Radiata. In this, he coincides with all, or, almost, all naturalists,
who would place these animals among the Articulata, though with
which division of this class is, as we have seen, still a matter of
dispute.
M. Doyére at first concurred with M. Dujardin in recognizing an
affinity so close with the Rotatorza as to class with them the Zardi-
grada ; but his subsequent researches have induced M. Doyére to
surrender this view, and, whilst admitting an affinity, to keep those
two tribes of animals distinct.
Dujardin has remarked, ‘“‘The Zurdigrada constitute a passage
between the Systolides (Rotatoria) and the Helminthide on one side,
and the Annelida and Arachnida, on the other.”
We have before had occasion to indicate the affinity between
Vorticellina and Rotatoria in the wreath of cilia about the head; as
also to state Dujardin’s objections to receiving Chletonotus in the
latter class; these circumstances, consequently, prove the alliance of
the Rotatoria and Polygastrica. In some general features, likewise,
the two classes approach ; as, for instance, in the transparent sheath
enclosing the animal of Vaginicola, analogous to that in Ploscularia
88 GENERAL HISTORY OF
and Stephanoceros ; in the grouping in gelatinous masses of the indi-
viduals of Ophrydium as compared with that of Conochilus. Again,
in the tubular sheath of I€elicerta, with its adherent foreign matter,
a resemblance to some Annelida is manifested ; in the horny partially
investing lorica of Noteus, Brachionus, and other Rotatoria, a like-
ness to the Hntomostraca is to be found ; and, as pointed out already,
the long-ciliated arms of Stephanoceros find their analogy among the
Cilobrachiate Polypes.
In the classification of the Rotatoria, Ehrenberg was chiefly
guided by the character of the rotary apparatus—according as it
formed a continuous circle or wheel, when he termed it Donotrocha,
or was divided into two or more segments, which he named it Soro-
trocha. Proceeding on the same plan, he subdivided each of these
primary divisions into two sections; the first, into Holotrocha and
Schizotrocha; the second, into Polytrocha and Zygotrocha. (See
Part ITI., class Rotatoria.)
Siebold and others adopt this arrangement, but, at the same time,
declare it defective and artificial. Mr. Gosse has employed it as the
most convenient yet published, but, as we are glad to see, promises
an arrangement more according to the organization and the natural
affinities of its members.”’ (Ann. Nat. Hist. v. vi. p. 197.)
In the further distribution into families, Ehrenberg has recourse
to the character of the surface, whether this be loricated, or illori-
cated. But the use of these terms, after this manner, in the case of
the Rotatoria, is objectionable; for, as M. Dujardin remarks, “all
the Rotatoria are clothed by a resistant integument,” and hence
‘‘ Ehrenberg is compelled, sometimes, to call a thicker and harder
portion of the common integument, the lorica; at other times, to
apply the word to a diaphanous tube, or to the mucilaginous secre-
tion enveloping in part the Zacinularia, or to the sheath of Melicerta,
which is evidently a secretion with agglutinated foreign particles.”
In the construction of genera, Ehrenberg has been guided chiefly
by the variations in the number and disposition of the eyes. To
this, Dujardin also objects, for, says he, ‘since the eyes may dis-
appear, from circumstances of age, or of development, the employment
of this character, will place in different genera Rotatoria, which are
but varieties of the same species.”
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 89
Siebold adopts the genera, but not the families of Ehrenberg, and
Dujardin devises a temporary distribution of Rotatoria, according to
their varieties of locomotion; and, including the Zardigrada, thus
makes four divisions :—1. Those which live fixed by their posterior
extremity. 2. Those having but one mode of locomotion by means
of their vibratile cilia, and which are all swimmers (nageurs.)
8. Those which have two sorts of movement, one of crawling
(rampants) after the manner of leeches, the other of swimming, like
the previous forms. 4. Those destitute of vibratile cilia, but provided
with aculei or claws (ougles) and which are true creepers (marcheurs).
The last division (marcheurs) has but one family viz. Zardigrada ;
the third but one also, viz.—Rotifera; the first two families, the
Flosculariens and Melicertiens ; whilst the second is separable into
two sections, Brachioniens and Furculariens, each representing nume-
rous genera. i
Owing to the absence of silica or lime in the integument of Rota-
toria, and its consequently perishable nature, these animals do not
occur in a fossil state.
The Rotatoria are distributed over every part of the world; the
special or limited geographical distribution of genera, we have, at
present, no data te determine.
Sxcrion XXVI.— On Showers of Lnfusorial Animaicules.—In
ancient and modern times, storms or showers of solid bodies have
occasionally been observed. The dust which falls upon the earth,
when of a red colour, has been compared to blood; and in Egypt,
where little or no rain falls, the superstitious inhabitants have been
much alarmed when such an event has happened. Professor Ehrenberg,
in a work now before me, entitled Passat-Staub und Blut-Regen,
referred to at page 65, has, with the characteristic energy and per-
severance of his country, investigated this subject very minutely,
and I propose here, to give some of the results of his research.
The memoir occupies 192 folie pages besides tables, and is accom-
panied by six large plates.
The quantity of actual solid matter that has fallen from the atmo-
sphere by showers, is far more considerable than might be imagined,
for though it falls in a divided dust-like mass, the extent of surface
which it covers is large. Comparing it with Meteorilites, Ehrenberg
H
90 GENERAL HISTORY OF
observes, that from 1790 to 1819, there fell of the latter, stones
whose weight amounted to 600 cwt., while in a single dust shower at
Lyons in 1846, the material weighed full 7200 cwt. Other storms
of dust in Italy, at Cape Verd, and other places, have even exceeded
that at Lyons, in the amount of solid matter which fell on the earth,
and Ehrenberg asks, how many millions of tons weight of micro-
scopic organisms have reached the earth since the time of Homer.
He adds, ‘I cannot longer doubt, that there are relations according
to which living organisms may develope themselves in the air.”’
He supposes the atmospheric dust cloud region is of vast extent,
and at a height of more than 14000 feet. Ehrenberg considers these
phenomena cannot be traced to mineral substances from the earth, nor
to revolving masses of dust material in space, nor simply to atmo-
spherical currents, but to some general law connected with the
earth’s atmosphere, according to which, there is a self-development
within it of Hvmg organisms.
The following are selected from the showers of Infusorial ergan-
isms recorded :—
1. In the Atlantic, latitude 17° 43’ N. and longitude 26° W.
about 500 miles from the coast of Africa, the dust, as it fell, was
eollected by Mr. Darwin, from the deck of the ship. The wind at
the time being from the coast. It resembled ashes. On examina-
tion, one-sixth of it consisted of the silicious fresh water Infusoria
and Phytolites—18 species of each. Most of them were European,
and none exclusively African. Also a South American species,
Surirella Peruviaena, and the Himantidium paplio. The inference
formed by Ehrenberg is, that this shower came from the upper
regions of the air from South America, otherwise those species are
yet to be discovered in other countries.
2. Dust from other showers in the Atlantic were collected by the
same naturalist, between the years 1834 and 1838. These collec-
tions contain 30 additional forms of Infusoria, also the two species
above named. Three of the species of Eunotia have only been met
with in Senegambia and Guiana, also the South American AmpAz-
discus obtusus. No species peculiarly African was found in any of
the dust.
3. Dust from Malta, which fell on May 15, 1830, contained 43
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 9]
species of organisms, of which 15 were Infusorial. Some of these
species occur in Africa, yet none peculiar to that country. This is
remarkable, as those showers with the hot winds, which accompany
them, are said to come from the Sahara Desert, which must be
erroneous. Among the species were a Chili one, Synedra entomon.
4. Sirocco dust from Genoa, May 16, 1846, contained 22 species
of Polygastric Infusoria, 21 of Phytolitharia, and three fragments of
plants. The colour is yellowish from oxide of iron, not grey like
African dust, and one-sixth to one-third of its weight was organic.
Ehrenberg remarks that these results show that the showers of dust
from the Atlantic, Malta, and Genoa, are alike, and also exhibit an
absence of true African forms.
5. Sirocco dust from Lyons, October 17, 1846, contains 39 species
of Polygastrica, 25 Phytolitharia, and 8 Polythalmia. The organic
matter forms one-eighth of the mass, and is mostly from inhabitants
of fresh water.
Nine showers of dust from the above localities, gives in the
whole, 57 species of Polygastrica; 46 Phytolitharia, and 8 Poly-
thalmia. Besides 7 kinds of plants and fragments of an insect.
Of marine species there are 17. Fresh water 102. There is no
evidence of volcanic origin.
6. May 16, 1846. A second shower, on the same day at Genoa,
gave nearly the same species.
7. Storm of red snow in Puster Valley, in the Tyrol, March 31,
1847, contained 22 species of Infusoria and an insect, besides 30
species of other organisms. Ehrenberg remarks the uniformity of
character of the dust over regions so widely separate, yet in nearly
a common latitude or zone, and in so many distinct examples
through a number of years is most surprising.
8. In dust which fell in Italy 1803, and in Calabria in 1813, the
first contained 49 species, the latter 64. In both, all the species are
of fresh water habit, and one-fourth of them similar. The most
abundant were Hunotia amphioxys, four species of Gallionella, viz.—
granulata, crenata, distans, and procera. In both also were four Seutht
American forms; Coscinodiscus flavicans from Peru and St. Domingo ;
Navicula undosa from Surinam; Stauroneis linearis from Chili and
n 2
2SY Pet
92 GENERAL HISTORY OF INFUSORTAL ANIMALCULES.
North America; Synedra entomon from Chih. The last occurs in
Africa and Asia, but none were peculiar to Africa.
Other facts of storms of dust are recorded by Ehrenberg. Red
hail was observed by Humboldt in Paramo, between Bogota and
Papayan, at a height of 14,700 feet.
_ On October 14, 1755, at Lacarno, near Lago Maggiora. At 10
o’clock in the morning a red mist filled the air, and at 4 o’clock in
the afternoon there was a blood-rain, which left a red deposit cover-
ing 40 square German miles. At the same time a reddish snow fell
upon the Alps. It is calculated that each English square mile
received a deposit of 2700 cubie feet.
In 1623 blood-rain fell at Strasburgh, and in 1222 a similar event
happened at Rome. Ehrenberg records 340 showers of blood-rain
and dust-rain—81 before Christ, commencing with the time of Moses
in Egypt, and 259 after. (See Edin. Phil. Jour. 1852.)
Norrcr.—The reader is referred to the appendix, for Professor
Ehrenberg’s reply to the observations of naturalists opposed to his
views, of the animal nature of the doubtful Infusoria.
Enp or Part I.
Pak oe
ON THE COLLECTING AND PREPARING
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES
FOR
Microscopteal Eyaminattow.
Sxcrron I.—On the Method of Capturing, Selecting, and Placing
Infusoria for Examination under the Microscope.—To procure specimens
of Infusoria for examination and study, no expensive apparatus is
necessary, a few commen wide-mouthed phials are sufficient—those
containing about four ounces a piece will be found most suitable—let
them be fitted with proper corks, and not with glass steppers. Some
persons insert a piece of quil into the cork to give the creatures air.
f have not found this necessary, but always remove the cork when I
arrive at home. If it be required to have all the tackle neatly
arranged, they may be put into a small tin case, expressly con-
structed for the purpose, and each bottle separately marked. In
place of phials, however, cylindrical glass vessels, from three to five
inches long, may be substituted, as they will lay better in the case,
which need not exeeed the dimensions of a common sandwich-hox.
A good walking-stick, with a hook at the end of it, and a piece of
twine, should always form part of the equipment. As the margin
of small ponds is sometimes difficult of near approach, I have con-
trived a spring-hook, which is attached to a moveable ferule, and
made to fasten to the end of the walking-stick. This lays hold of
the phial, and enables yeu to charge it from the surface of the
water, in the immediate vicinity of the stalks of water-plants, a
situation generally abounding with Infusoria.
Various ingenious contrivances have been invented for the same
purpose since the above was published, but, as most persons would
be induced to adopt such a plan as would best suit themselves, it will
be unnecessary to describe these contrivances in detail. I may only
94 COLLECTING ANIMALCULES
observe that those persons whom I have found the most successful in
these matters, always employ the cheapest and simplest con-
trivances,
For the larger kinds of Infusoria, and especially those living upon
aquatic plants floating on the surface of the water, a small net is
very useful. I have for many years used one made as follows:
Take a piece of common iron wire about 23 feet long and $th thick,
bend one end into a round hoop about three or four inches in
diameter, and turn the other end into a small loop for the handle.
Take a piece of fine Irish linen and make it into a bag, either
pointed at the end like that shown at page 51 of the ‘‘ Microscopie
Illustrations,” or rounded. This bag, when sewed on to the iron
hoop, forms the most convenient appliance I have met with, and
may be carried about in the coat pocket. Another appliance which
I find of great use, is a small white saucer for the purpose of
skimming the water. By this means, numerous kinds of Infusoria,
which attach themselves to floating plants, may be captured readily,
and then transferred to a phial,
Take with you, also, a pocket magnifier, of shallow power. This
may be mounted in various ways; but the one I prefer is a triple
one, haying the lenses arranged in the same plane; the convenience
of which is, that you will have three different powers always ready
for use, without the necessity of moving them; and that, the mount-
ing being flat, it will be very suitable for the waistcoat pocket.
Sling this, with a piece of ribbon, about the neck, and there will be
no danger of losing it. The magnifying powers usually selected, are
those from five to fifty diameters (2 inches to $ an inch focus); the
first, or largest, serving to distinguish the masses; the intermediate,
to show the general movements, so as to determine pretty nearly
whether the water you have collected is worth retaining or not ; and
the smallest, or most powerful, for examining the contents with more
minuteness. This latter power will not so frequently be called into
use abroad as at home; because, with a little practice, the middle
and shallow powers will be found to answer every purpose.
The grooved sphere (see Treatise on Optical Instruments, 1828, )
now called the ‘Coddington lens,’ is, when mounted, a very ex-
cellent magnifier for these purposes, as in every position the rays
traverse the axis; but by far the best for definition, is an inverted
FOR THE MICROSCOPR. 95
Huyghean eye piece of short focus, that is, having lenses of 3 and
2 of an inch focus.
Again a white saucer offers the best means of examining the water
in a cursory manner, to ascertain whether the pool contains the
animalcules you desire.
Being equipped with the needful appliances—a few phials, a small
cloth net, a white saucer, a white cambric pocket handkerchief, on
which to place water plants to drain, and a magnifier. The sportsman
should provide himself with a stout pair ef boots, for I can assure
him, if he enters heartily into his sport, he will sometimes find
himself ancle deep in water in beating about for choice specimens.
Proceed te the nearest ponds of water in the neighbourhood, and
should there be healthy Lemnz on their surface, or Conferve, or
other aquatic plants, you will be almost certain to meet with animal-
cules. If there be any drains, however, communicating with them,
the chances are that they contain only the common species, which
will, by a little practice, be readily distinguished by their motion,
general appearance, and colour. ‘The indications of the presence of
Infusoria are specks moying about in the water, or an apparent
mouldiness around the stalks of the Lemna, &c. Should these
appearances not be discerned under the middle power of your
magnifier, throw away the water, and repair to some more favoured
pool. Be careful to take only a small portion of the vegetable matter
in your vessel, as its decay, and the consequent evolution of gas,
may soon kill all your animalcules. This must be constantly borne
in mind. Clear pools of water, in the spring of the year, are the
favourite places of resort for the Volvox globator ; clear water, slowly
running in clay or chalky soils, for the Bacillaria and Arcellina.
House gutters, and tubes placed to receive the rain water, often contain
a rich supply of the Rofifer. In the winter, you may search for ani-
malcules in water among dead leaves, reeds, &c., which may be taken
out, and their contents shaken off into clear water; while the species
which attach themselves firmly to these objects may be examined
without their being removed from them. On approaching a pond,
always observe the direction of the wind. On the leeward side you
will find floating aquatic plants congregated, as also a scum of
organic matter, this will furnish an abundant “take” of Infusoria;
while, to the windward side, you may obtain different kinds and less
96 COLLECTING ANIMALCULES
numerous. Dr. Ehrenberg states that he has met with good success
in the winter under bridges, around the piers and outworks, and
even in frozen ditches beneath the ice. When you have filled your
vessels, cork them carefully, so as to exclude the air, for the shaking
in the carriage, when a quantity of air is left in the vessels, will
often destroy them before you arrive at your place of destination.
In this respect, my mode of proceeding differs. from that of Dr.
Ehrenberg, who always leaves a small proportion of air in the
vessel; judging, therefore, from my own experience, I should con-
clude that he is more careful than myself as to their conveyance.
The only inconvenience I have experienced from keeping the vessels
entirely filled with water, during the short time of transporting
them home, has arisen from those creatures which appear to live on
the surface, as Huglena, &c., attaching themselves to the cork, and
remaining so when required to be taken out. Remove the corks as
soon as you get home, and place the vessels upright; for which a
mahogany stand, furnished with a number of holes adapted for the
vessels, will be very convenient. A gauze covering, fitted to the
frame, will keep out the dust and blacks, without obstructing the
free ingress of air.
We now proceed to the mode of investigating these minute
creatures under the microscope. If the kind to be examined are
those which swim freely, and are visible to the naked eye, as the
Volvox, Bursaria, and other large Polygastrica, and also the free
Rotatoria, take a small open glass tube, such as is described in the
Microscopic Cabinet, p. 236, (edition 1832) and select
the specimens with it in the manner there recom-
mended. The figure of the tube I here insert from
that work. The diameters of these tubes may vary
from one-eighth to one-twelfth of an inch, and their
length from four to eight inches. It may be useful
occasionally to draw out and slightly bend the ex-
tremities which are to be immersed in the water.
When the creatures are more minute than those
above mentioned, pour a little water from the vessel
containing them into a watch glass, and place it upon
a piece of cardboard, coloured half black and half =
white. The white ground will make the dark specimens apparent,
FOR THE MICROSCOPE. OF
and vice versé; thus, the required specimens may be taken out
singly with one of the tubes, and placed in the aquatic live-box
for-observation. The observer will derive much assistance in this
operation from the use of the pocket-magnifier before mentioned, or
from a watchmaker’s eye-glass and stand.
When the Infusoria are extremely minute, they usually congregate
at the edge of the water over the white portion of the cardboard,
and may be removed from thence with the point of a quill, or of a
small wedged-shaped pencil. If a quantity of the Chara, or other
aquatic plants, be put into a glass jar with the Infusoria, in the
course of a few days, more or less depending upon the temperature
of the season, the surface will be covered with a thin pellicle, formed
by the decomposition and extrication of gas, causing the small
detached picces of vegetable matter to float upon the water, and
with them the Infusoria. Let a small portion of this film be taken
from the surface, by means of the feeding pin, drawn in the
margin, and examined under the microscope, and you will
hardly fail of being highly gratified. Among the most
interesting genera collected from the surface of these infu-
sions, in the manner just stated, are those belonging to the
families Vorticellina, Arcellina, and Astasiea. After the
film has remained some days upon the water, many of the
above-mentioned genera disappear, and are succeeded by
those of the family Vibrionia, especially the Bacterium.
These, however, may be easily overlooked ; for they merely
resemble, even under a power of 250 diameters, sintillations,
or the vibrations of cilia, among the vegetable matter. But
when carefully examined under a higher power, they will appear
like so many small short jointed rods, each rod, or chain, having a
distinct movement of its own.
When it is desirable to keep living Infusoria, it is necessary to
examine the vessels in which they are, every day or two, to ascer-
tain whether they contain any Entomostracea, or larvee of insects, as
they feed upon the animalcules, and thus your choice specimens will
be destroyed. From time to time, as these appear, remove them.
It may happen that, at first, the water may not contain them, but
only their eggs, which, in a few days, may be hatched, and the young
98 COLLECTING ANIMALCULES.
destroy all your Infusoria. It is also advisable to keep in the vessel
a small quantity of the aquatic vegetation, from among which, you
have obtained your specimens. Be careful not to have much, and
keep it in a healthy condition. Mr. Varley recommends keeping a
small flat water snail in the water, which, he states, feeds upon
confervee and keeps the water sweet.
It is usual to give a list of places where Infusoria may be found,
but, as some kind or other may be met with in nearly every locality,
it is almost useless to insert one, while those ponds possessing certain
species, in a few years change, and are no longer to be found in the
same places. To illustrate this, I may mention that some years ago,
when preparing for my Natural History of Animalcules, I found the
most prolific locality around London, was Hampstead; and, accord-
ingly, in the summer of 1833, I took a cottage there, to be near the
ponds. In some I found beautiful species of the Huglena and allied
genera, in great abundance, for some years they gradually decreased,
and last summer the same ponds I found destitute of that genus.
The beautiful organisms known under the name of Desmidiea,
which form one of the sections of the family Bacillaria, and repre-
sented, magnified, in Plates II and XIII, are rarely collected in
streams, being unattached. In clear shallow pools, on moors and in
boggy places, they are generally abundant in summer. They are
rarely found in shady woods or deep ditches. To search for them in
turbid waters is useless. M. de Brébisson states that, in the calea-
reous districts around him (Falaise, Normandy) in which the Wavw-
culacea abound, Desmidiee are rare. In the water the filamentous
species resemble the Zygnema, but their green colour is paler and
more opaque. When they occur in large numbers, they may be
taken up in the hollow of the hand; but, when diffused, Mr. Ralfs
takes a piece of linen about the size of a pocket handkerchief,
lays it on the ground in the form of a bag, and then, by the
aid of a tin box, scoops up the water and strains it through
the bag. The larger species of Huastrum, Micrasterias, Closterium,
&c., are generally at the bottom of the pool, either spread
out as a thin gelatinous stratum, or collected into finger-like
tufts. If the finger be gently passed between them, they will rise
to the surface in little masses, and, with care, can be removed and
MICROSCOPES FOR INFUSORIA. 99
strained. At first, nothing appears on the linen except a mere stain,
but, by repeating the operation, a considerable quantity will be
obtained. If not very gelatinous, the water passes freely through
the linen, from which the specimens can be scraped with a knife; if
otherwise, the water must be poured directly into the collecting
bottle, as force would destroy them. Some species of Stawrastrum,
Peiliasirum, &e., form a greenish dirty cloud upon the stems and
leaves of aquatic plants—to collect these, require much care; the
slightest touch will often break up and disperse them. To secure
them, let the hand be passed into the water and beneath the cloud,
the palm upwards and the fingers apart, so that the leaves or stems of
the invested plant may lie between them, and as near the palm as
possible; then close the fingers, and keeping the hand in the same
position, but concave, draw it cautiously towards the surface, when,
if the plant has been allowed to slip easily, and with an equable
movement through the fingers, the Desmidie@, in this way, brush
off, and will be found lying in the palm. The greatest difficulty is
in withdrawing the hand from the surface of the water, and, probably,
but little will be retained at first; practice, however, will soon render
the operation easy and successful.
The reproductive bodies, or Sporangia of Desmidiea, are collected
more frequently by the last than the preceding methods. When your
bottles are carried home, they will, apparently, contain only foul water,
but, if it remain undisturbed for a few hours, the Desmidiee will sink
to the bottom, and most of the water may then be poured off. If a
little fresh water be added occasionally to replace that which has been
drawn off, and the bottle be exposed to the light of the sun, the
Desmidiee will remain unaltered for along time. Mr. Ralfs mentions
he has, in this way, kept specimens of Euastrum insigne in good
order for five months. (Abridged from Mr. Ralfs’ introduction to
British Desmidiez, p. 37.)
Special instructions where necessary for collecting certain families
of Infusoria, will be found in the general remarks prefixed to them
in Part III.
Section I1.—On Microscopes for Examinining Infusoria.—A good
microscope cannot be fully appreciated until it is brought to the
examination of living Infusoria. It is true, that we may make use
100 MICROSCOPES FOR
of the scales of insects and other similar objects as ¢tests—nay, even
certain shells of Bacillaria, the most difficult of test objects (Plates
XIX, XX.)—we may see with wonder the different markings on the
surface of these dust-like atoms, but our admiration will be carried
still higher, by the development of those brilliant colours and delicate
tints which are discoverable in many species of the minute Infusoria.
The criterion of a good microscope, then, will be, that not only the
forms of these little creatures, their curious structures, organization,
and digestive apparatus, are exhibited with perfect clearness, but that
there is also shown the deep and brilliant colouring of their visual
organs, and the delicate tints of their variable, retractile, and loco-
motive processes.
The various methods of managing the microscope, and the different
apparatus subsidiary to it, have been so fully expatiated upon by the
late Dr. Goring, my much esteemed colleague, and myself, in our
joint works, Iicroscopie Illustrations, Microscopie Cabinet, Miero-
graphia, §c., that it will only be necessary here to notice, briefly, a
few particulars, which more especially relate to the subject before
us, and to refer the reader to those works for further information.
As the expense of instruments, in the commencement of our studies,
is often an important consideration, a few words on this head may not
be considered inappropriate, on this occasion. Dr. Ehrenberg informs
us, that he began his observations with a common microscope, and,
although by his superior talent and unwearied labour, he was enabled
to make some important discoveries, yet he delayed, for some years,
the publication of them, until he could verify them with better
instruments.
At the period when our first publication was announced (1827) an
interest in microscopic science had to be created, to which I may add,
that the achromatic microscope was then in its infancy, Dr. Goring
having only a short time previous (1824) discovered the conditions on
which their efficacy depended, namely, large angular aperture free from
aberration. That publication aroused the attention of scientific men
to the subject, but instruments, even such as those then made, were
very difficult to procure. To obviate this difficulty, Dr. Gorimg and
myself determined on presenting the public with detailed methods of
constructing and testing achromatic microscopes. I further directed
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 101
‘the attention of my workmen to the subject, and gave them, from
time to time, such information, as, with their skill and perseverance,
might advance them in this branch of art, and I believe, up to the
present time, the only successful artists in this country are those who
haye been in my employ.
Tn cases where an achromatic microscope cannot be procured,
recourse should be had to single lenses or doublets, for the ordinary
compound, however well constructed, cannot be depended upon.
With respect to the cost of an effective microscope, with a mode-
rate equipment of apparatus, such for example as the one described
in the 6th chapter of the Icroscopie Illustrations, with its recent
improvements, the price would now be from 20 to 50 guineas. As
there are a great many persons who require only a plain, sound
instrument, of more moderate cost, I have deemed it expedient to
take this also into consideration, and, after much application and
repeated experiments, have at length produced one, in every way
‘suitable to the case. Such is my ‘‘miniature achromatic microscope.’
It may be stated that nine-tenths of the observations recorded in this
work may be repeated and tested by this microscope. On comparing
the above instruments with that used by Ehrenberg, there is no doubt
that, in point of mechanical construction, they are greatly superior,
whilst the optical part is equal to any with which his researches have
been made.
My experience induces me to recommend to all who wish to study
this subject, two microscopes—the one a small vertical one with a
little achromatic body. The construction which I prefer, is similar
to that drawn and described in the Microscopie Cabinet, page 243.
The stage is circular and the body is about four inches long, it is
usually known as the ‘‘ Miniature Achromatie Microscope,’’ its piece,
with an object glass of one-seventh of an inch focus, is five guineas.
This instrument I find preferable, in the first examination of an
object, to a larger and more expensive microscope, while in travelling
its portability is a strong recommendation. Its defects are, that you
cannot use a low magnifier with the achromatic body, but this is of
little moment, as a few single or doublet magnifiers will always com-
pensate for it. As many persons may think such an instrument a
mere toy, I can assure them, that with the addition of a powerful
102 MICROSCOPES FOR
object-glass, and placing the mirror on one side so as to obtain oblique
light, I have seen, on a clear day, and without any trouble or any
complex apparatus, most of the difficult lines and dots on the shells
of the Navicula, such as those represented in Plates XTX and XX.
I am fully aware that a microscope may be too small for real work,
but the opposite extreme, too often exists now, and where an observer
can have recourse to two microscopes, he will always find it pre-
ferable to making one do all the work.
Whether the examination of Infusoria be for the purpose of amuse-
ment or investigation, the proper illumination of them is of much
importance ; in the first place, improper illumination not only pre-
vents an agreeable view to be obtained, but greatly fatigues and
injures the eye; while, for the investigation of the true structure of
an organism, the proper illumination is of vast moment. The different
methods of illuminations may be enumerated as follows: Ist. Direct
hight—either simple, or condensed and unrestricted, or restricted by
diaphragms or stops. 2nd. Oblique illumination—either simple or
eondensed. 38rd. The black ground al!umination.
Black ground illumination. The original account of this plan will
be found in the Dficrographia published in 1834. Since then it has
been variously adapted. The simplest plan is to place the mirror out
of the axis, and to direct the light from the mirror so as to illumi-
nate the field of view, and by gently turning it (while looking
threugh the microscope) until the object only is bright. In this
simple way many animalcules are seen to advantage. I have before
me some specimens of the Volvox globator, prepared in 1841, which
are shown in this way to great advantage.
The muscular fibres of the Rotatoria, and the markings on the
lorica of the Bacillaria, &e., are brought out in a most remarkable
manner by this mode of illumination. For an account of the method
of examining objects in this way, see the Rey. Mr. Reade’s paper in
the Micrographia.
Some observers disapprove of the use of candle or lamp light, on
account of its colour, and consider clear day light can alone show an
object properly. As, however, artificial light is sometimes unayoid™
able, it has been proposed to obtain white light, by passing the yellow
rays from a candle through blue glass, or such media as will
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 103
neutralize the yellow. To obtain the correct tint of blue for this
purpose, it has been proposed to select a crystal, which, by polarized
light, gave the exact yellow tint of the candle, and then, by turning
the polarizer a quarter round, you have the crystal of the exact blue
required.
This method of sifting the light, leaves for use only so much from
the candle as is imperfectly monochromatic, which, I am inclined to
think, is too feeble. Observers should bear in mind the results of
the observations in the Microscopie Illustrations, on this subject,
namely, that a pure itense light is far more important than quantity.
In viewing live animalcules, it will be well to be provided with
diaphragms or stops to place under your object. By the employ-
ment of these, you will the more readily be able to detect cilia, also
their arrangement and the currents in the water produced by cilia.
Tn viewing the striz on the lorica of the Bacilaria, stops or diaphragms
must not be used. In general, oblique light is best to demonstrate
their existence. When Dr. Goring and myself were first engaged
upon fest objects, it was laid down by us as an axiom, that all lined.
objects required oblique light. Subsequent improvements made in
consequence of our pointing out the value of angular aperture
(unknown until Dr. Goring discovered it) enabled microscopic ob-
servers to see the lined fests of those days with direct light. This
induced some observers to deride the idea that oblique light was
at all necessary. The recent discovery of more difficult tests, viz.,
the minute shells of certain Vavicule, has shown that, even with our
most improved achromatic microscopes, it is necessary, nay, so
ticklish a thing is the illumination, that I am informed that those
who make the structure of these shells a special study, require 40 or
50 minutes manipulation with a first rate instrument, and all the
modern ingenious appliances for obtaining intense oblique light, before
they can show certain striz or dots on a well-known specimen.
While treating of oblique illumination, I may mention that, if
artists can produce object-glasses of increased angular aperture, it is
probable we may commence another cycle in our modes of observa-
tion, and then view all the present difficult tests with central light.
Mr. Johnson, of New York, states that such has been done by Mr.
Spencer, who has produced an object glass of one-twelfth of an inch
focus and 147° of clear aperture. However, so long as oblique light
104 MICROSCOPES FOR
is necessary, I would recommend observers, when requiring it of great
intensity, to employ reflection for condensation, and not obtain their
condensation by refraction. On this account I prefer the ingenious
parabolic reflector of Mr. Wenham (see Iicrographia, p. 88. fig. 8)s
or the same in solid glass as contrived by Mr. Shadbold. The beautiful
oblique prism of M. Natchet, has many useful properties, still on
principle all condensation by refraction should be avoided. When
the construction of the microscope will admit of a wax taper to
be placed close behind the object, which those described in the
‘* Microscopie Ulustrations’” do, very pure vision is obtained.
Another point of some importance in the examination and verifica-
tion of striated objects is the power of making them revolve in the
axis of the optical part of the microscope. This is effected both in
Dr. Gorings Engiscope and in mine. To obtain this purpose, it is
necessary that the moveable stage be attached to a fixed ring, so that
the motions, however eccentric they may place the slides, shall
always keep the objeet im the centre of revolution.
For viewing animalcules in phials or glass tubes, there is no method
so good as that of placing the phial itself in the spring phial holder,
having first turned the microscope on its side, as shown in the
Microscopie Illustrations, figure 21. A microscope that has not the
necessary motion for this purpose, cannot do its work effectually,
therefore all large instruments should possess it.
In a large microscope, which is a great luxury always to haye at
hand, I find it advisable to have it equipped with two achromatic
bodies—a large body for shallow magnifying powers, and a small one
for high powers.
The magnifying powers of a complete microscope for perfectly
examining all kinds of Infusoria should range from 50 to 1000
diameters; and as this cannot be obtained with first-rate glasses,
without recourse being had to several sets, such an instrument would
be necessarily expensive. The microscope first mentioned has two or
three sets of glasses, varying from 35 to 800; and the second, one
set, from 100 to 250 diameters; so that, as before stated, all the
most interesting observations on Infusoria may be conducted with
either of these instruments, whilst additional sets may be obtained
as occasion requires.
It is important to notice, that in all cases where the magnifying
INFUSCRIAL ANIMALCULES. 105
powers of microscopes are spoken of, the standard of sight used in
computing them should be known, otherwise very erroneous ideas will
be formed. In all my publications, from 1827 up to the present time,
reference has been had to a ¢en inch standard, and the enumeration of
powers has been in diameters, or what are sometimes termed linear ;
thus, what I compute at 100 is often spoken of as 10,000, that bemg
the superficial measurement, ample reasons for the adoption of linear
measure, and of that standard, are given in my works on this
subject.
In demonstrating minute portions of the structures of Infusoria, a
power of 800 diameters will sometimes be requisite, unless the sight
be exceedingly good. I have invariably observed that aged persons
require greater assistance, in this respect, than young ones. Not-
withstanding this, it will be impossible to arrive at an accurate
knowledge of the creature you may be studying, even with a power
of 800, unless it has been previously examined under a lower one, so
that the relations of its several parts may be first clearly understood.
Whenever the object in view is merely that of instructive amusement,
a power of 250 diameters will be amply sufficient; that power can be
managed with ease, and does not fatigue the observer. The greater
number of Ehrenberg’s discoveries were effected under a power of 380.
Tam not aware whether he has mentioned in any of his works the
sidereal focal length of his object-glasses, or the standard of sight.
The set which Dr. E. speaks most in praise of is similar to one which
I employ, and which has a focus of 1-7th of an inch. He considers
that with “a good achromatic microscope and a lamp, our observa-
tions may be carried on at night as well as in the day, which, by some,
may be esteemed an additional recommendation.” (For further in-
formation on the illumination of Infusoria, see Part III, Bacillaria.)
Srcrron III.—On Micrometers, and the Method of Measuring In-
fusoria.—The late Dr. Goring, in the Micrographia, has described the
method by which, in various ways, a correct admeasurement may be
taken of these minute creatures, as also Mr. Bauer, in a paper in the
same publication. I cannot do better than refer the reader to these
authorities, for the fullest information attainable on this subject. A
few words, however, may be said on the mode of proceeding, which
I have myself adopted, and which, after much practice, has been
I
106 MICROSCOPES FOR
productive of very accurate results. It is as follows :—Having set
up the microscope and screwed in or adapted the glasses which are
intended to be used, take a glass micrometer, and place it on the
stage in the same manner as if it were an object to be viewed, then
carefully adjust the focus of your instrument, so that the dines on the
micrometer may appear quite sharp and distinct. Next, take a
common ruler, or a slip of card-board with equal divisions of some
known measurement drawn upon it, every tenth division being longer
than the rest, and fix it 20 inches from the eye, whilst looking through
the microscope; then, whilst one eye is directed to the rule or card-
board, and the other to the lines of the micrometer, seen in the
microscope, ascertain how many on the card are equal to a given
number on the micrometer. If the divisions on the latter be 1-100th
of aninch, and one of them be equal to ten on the card, it is clear
that every division on the card will represent 1-1000th of an inch.
Thus, when the micrometer shall be removed, and an animalcule be
put into its place, if the creature subtend five divisions on the card,
its size in linear measure will be 5-1000th of an inch. Note—The
glasses must not be changed during the experiment, nor their dis-
tances apart; neither must the distance between the card and the
eye be in any way altered.
Sucrion IV.—On Glass Tubes, &c., for taking Infusoria from the
* Water, and placing them in the Apparatus for examination.—As these
useful little contrivances, (which have been before alluded to in page
96) are drawn and described by me in the Microscopic Cabinet in
1832, it will be necessary merely to mention that little or no im-
provement has been made upon them since that period, excepting
perhaps that a finer description is found to answer the purpose better
than when the larger ones are drawn out at their extremities in the
manner there proposed. The reader will find figures and deserip-
tions of several useful little contrivances in a work entitled
“ Microscopic Objects—animal, vegetable, and mineral.”
Section V.—On the Compressor, or Crush Box.—The last remark
is equally applicable to the Aquatic-live-boxes, which were described
in the J/lustrations, 1828, and subsequently their different modifica-
tions. In order to form an idea of a compressor, or crush-box, you
must suppose that the cover of the live-box is so adapted to its box
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, 107
by a screw, or some other convenient means, as that a small body
placed under it may receive a certain degree of pressure without its
parts being dislocated. In my original live-boxes, this was effected
by a screw being attached to the cover; but, in the ordinary way,
the cover is made to revolve. In some, I have substituted a guide-
piece for the screw, so that the pressure is obtained without the glass-
plates sliding one upon the other. The German opticians attach the
cover or upper plate to a jointed lever, at the longest end of which
a screw is applied, which brings the upper plate connected with the
short-arm, in contact with the lower plate. The use of the crush-
box is to protrude certain parts of the animalcule for examination by
pressing down upon the creature. In this manner, the teeth of the
Rotatoria become distinct. Other uses of this apparatus are given
when speaking of the minute loricated Polygastrica.
I have lately employed with very great advantage, in place of the
Aquatic live-box, an apparatus which is peculiarly suited for viewing
living Infusoria. It combines the use of a live-box and compressor,
and may not inappropriately be called an Aquatic plate. It is com-
posed of a stout plate of glass, the size of a common slide. Over
this, is a moveable plate of brass, with a spring fixed to it, and a thin
dise of glass in the centre, to cover the object. The two plates are
connected by two screws—one to hold them together, the other for
adjustment of distance. I am indebted to Mr. Wenham for the
original idea which Ihave improved upon.
Szcrton VI.—On Viewing Infusoria by Polarised Light—Having,
in the last edition of the Microscopic Illustrations, given a full
description of the Polarising Microscope, and the apparatus necessary
for using any microscope for polarising purposes, a very few remarks
on the effects produced by viewing Infusoria under this light will be
sufficient here.
The siliceous covering of Infusoria is but slightly affected by
polarised light: that the effect is ohly feeble, is attributable to the
extreme tenuity of their shells, for could we but contrive the means
of magnifying the effect, I feel convinced that some very important
results would be obtained. The ribs or strisz on the Navicula, assume
a slight tinge of colouring when the polariser and analyser are
parallel to each other; but when they are crossed, owing to the few
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168 MICROSCOPES FOR
rays which are transmitted, I was unable to perceive it. Jsthmia are
slightly influenced by polarised light. The larger Infusoria I have
not examined, nor am I aware that any information is recorded on
this subject.
Section VII.—On the Method of Feeding Infusoria with Coloured
Substances.—Sclect for this purpose such coloured substances as are
entirely free from metallic oxides, and not chemically soluble in
water. They must, however, be capable of a very minute mechanical
division. The substances generally used are carmine, indigo, and
sap-green, the first being preferable. This material should be as
pure as possible. Take a piece or cake of it, and rub the corner
once or twice on the stage-glass, or what perhaps is better, the lower
plate of an aquatic live-box, having first moistened it with a drop of
water. The colour requisite for the purpose is very small—only just
suilicient to render it appreciable to the naked eye—for if there be
too much, the probability is, that the particles will be too large for
the creatures to imbibe. Having thus prepared the coloured food,
place a drop of it beside a drop of the water containing the animal-
cules, but not so that they may come into contact; then put on gently
the cover of the live-box, and lower it sufficiently to flatten the two
drops of fluid, but not to force them to unite. Now place the live-
box under the microscope, and examine the animalcules as closely as
you can, and especially so as to ascertain that their stomachs are
colourless ; then press down the cover until the drops of fluid inter-
mix, which may be done under the microscope, and you will immedi-
ately perceive the creatures in great activity, and readily distinguish
the cilia and proboscides of those which possess them, while in a few
seconds their stomachs will be filled with the coloured substance.
Some animalcules, however, take a considerable time to effect this,
but such is an exception to the general rule.
Sxcrron VIII.—On the Mode of Drying and Preserving Infusoria.
—Although such exceedingly small creatures as animalcules, when
dead, lose many of their characteristic features, especially the soft-
bodied ones, yet, for the verification of some parts of their structure,
such as the mandicatory organs, muscular system, and visual points,
it is absolutely necessary to observe them in a quiescent state; and
hence, a method of effectually drying and preserving them must be
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 109
considered essential. Bacillaria, in this condition, have often been
preserved by botanists, in collections of minute Algae, and with very
little management; but other families will require more care.
Having selected the creature you wish to preserve, remove it with a
fine pointed quill, and put it on a slip of glass, or other convenient
receptacle. By this means there will be but a small portion of water
surrounding it, which may be removed by some pointed pieces of
ragged blotting paper. When you have withdrawn as much of the
water as possible from the specimen, the remaining moisture may be
readily evaporated, by placing the glass on the palm of the hand.
The /ydatinea may be best preserved when destroyed with strychnia,
and then rapidly dried. By what mode soever life may be taken
away, it is absolutely expedient that they should be speedily and
carefully dried, otherwise their bodies will be decomposed, gases
evolved, and the object will fail.
I have seen a fine collection of dried specimens of Rotatoria, pre-
served by Ehrenberg between small dises of mica. These are very
portable and may be carried about in a pocket book. Each specimen
worthy of observation, had a ring of paper gummed tothe mica. The —
discs of mica were about three-eights of aninch i diameter. Several
of these discs were arranged in a row, and attached to a slip of mica
three inches long and one-eighth of an inch wide.
Another way of mounting for the microscope dried Infusoria, is on
slips of plate glass, having a polished circular cavity, m which to
deposit the creatures. These may be numbered, or otherwise marked,
_with a writing diamond, and a large collection of them arranged in a
very compact case.
Fossil Infusoria are best preserved in Canada balsam, under thin
ships of glass. (See Section X.)
Infusoria, when simply dried, may be relaxed again by moisture,
and some of them will bear this operation several times—the soft-
bodied ones, however, only once. The general colour of Infusoria is
retained for a considerable time after they have been dried, but the
pigment of the eye is soon lost. It may be well to observe, that
when the preserved specimens are intended to illustrate the nutritive
system, they should be previously ted with colouring matter; but for
observation on other organs, this is not advisable.
110 MICROSCOPES FOR
Srcrion IX.—On Infusoria contained in Flints and Semi- Opals.—
It is hardly possible to take up and examine a dozen flints without
discovering species of Infusoria inclosed within them. These may
be best seen under the microscope, when very thin sections are made,
like those of fossil woods, teeth, coal, &c.: when these are polished
and cemented on glass slides, they form permanent objects. Small
splinters of flint, broken off, may be used for investigation by the
microscope, but such experiments are attended with very consider-
able danger to the object-glass of the instrument, by its being brought
accidentally into contact with their sharp edges, which oftentimes
cut and injure it without your being immediately aware of the fact.
Section X.—TZo prepare Fossil Infusoria for the Microscope.—
Among various earths, marls, and chalk, will often be found the
siliceous shells of Bacillaria. Sometimes the whole mass consists of
them ; in the latter case it will be sufficient to place upon the slides
a little of the powder, add a drop of water, and cover it with a thin
plate of glass when your object is ready for the microscope. This,
however, will be only a temporary preparation. When required to
be permanent, Canada balsam, varnish, or gum, must be substituted
for the water. By far the majority of specimens of shells of In-
fusoria are met with among foreign matters, from which it is neces-
sary to separate them as in the case of Guano, &e.
When the earth can be separated by washing in water, this plan
may be adopted. In some cases it requires boiling in nitric acid,
which dissolves the foreign matter and allows the shells to be sepa-
rated. In this way some care is required, otherwise the shells will
burst asunder, and you will only obtain fragments. Another objec-
tion to the use of acids, is that the shells will attract moisture when
required to be mounted dry.
Another method of separating Fossil Infusoria from the earths, is
similar to that employed by D’Orbigny in separating the beautiful mi-
croscopic shells of the Foraminifera, and has been successfully adopted
by Professor Bailey ofNew York, in detecting the shells of Bacillaria
in sedimentary deposits. It is as follows: Take the sediment or
earth in which Infusiora are supposed to exist, and gradually,
but completely dry it; then take a glass full of cold water and
strew the powder upon the surface of the water, when in a few
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. TIT
minutes the earth and sand will sink to the bottom of the glass, and
the shells being filled with air, will float upon the surface, and may
be removed by gently introducing a slip of glass under them.
Secrion XI.—On mounting Infusoria permanently in fruids.—By far
the greater number of Infusoria are entirely destroyed when dried,
some, however, of the larger kinds, may be preserved in gum water,
which, when dry and indurated, will last a long time, if kept from
mildew. Canada balsam will preserve some few, but this latter plan
is specially applicable to the loricated class.
In mounting objects in Canada balsam, it is requisite to have it,
as also your glass slides, kept warm. The slide, with objects on it,
should be held over a small flame, and a drop of the balsam allowed
to fall upon it. When this is sufficiently heated, the whole should
be covered with a thin plate of glass, and placed in a warm situation
until it becomes hard.
As many organisms cannot be preserved in gum or balsam, and
alter and change their forms when dry, it becomes essential to their
due preservation to mount them (as it is technically termed,) in a
fluid. To effect this purpose effectively, two particulars are ne-
cessary to be observed—first, the selection of the fluid; and second,
the mechanical contrivance for permanently enclosing it with the
specimen.
The requisite qualities in a preserving fluid are—first, that its
refractive power shall be such that it will permit the outline or
boundary of the specimen to be distinctly seen. This cannot be, if
its refractive index is the same as the object enclosed. When the
object is surrounded by a mucus-like envelope, this consideration is
important. Second, that it will not change the colour of the speci-
men, or decompose any of its delicate parts. In the Bacillaria, the
green matter, called by botanists exdochrome, and which is so beau-
tiful a character in the Desmidiea, is soon injured by corrosive fluids.
Third, the fluid must not facilitate or permit the growth of minute
fungi, or the development of any organic filaments, as the germs or
spores of these minute beings are almost everywhere present, and,
indeed, it is hopeless to procure specimens free from them.
The first two conditions are best complied with by the use of dis-
112 MICROSCOPES FOR
tilled water, but the third is fatal to its employment in a pure state,
hence various formule have been proposed, of which the following
are the chief :—1. Brine, that is, a solution of common salt in water.
2. Alum dissolyed in water. 3. Corrosive sublimate (bichlorate of
mercury) in water. 4. Sulphate of the peroxide of iron dissolved in
water. 5. Sulphate of zinc dissolved in water. 6. Sal ammoniac
(hydrochlorate of ammonia) in water. One or other of these solu-
tions are recommended by different naturalists, while those who
recommend the same, differ, in the degree of concentration necessary.
In all cases it is advisable to use distilled water, and to filter the
solution through bibious paper.
Aqueous compound solutions are also employed, but these vary
greatly. 1. Dr. Goadby used the following as a preserving fluid,
and has had great experience: bay salt 4 oz.; alum 2 oz.; corrosive
sublimate 4 grains; and boiling water 2 quarts. These are to be well
mixed and filtered. 2. Bay salt 8} 1bs.; corrosive sublimate 7 grains ;
and water 6 quarts. 8. Arsenious acid 2 drachms; bay salt 3 Ibs. ;
and water 6 quarts. 4. Another fluid is composed of alum 3 parts;
common salt 1 part, and water 24 parts.
Alcohol, creosote, chromic acid, sugar, and glycerime, have each
been employed as preserving fluids. The first two require large
additions of water to prevent them from corrugating the specimens.
Thus five parts of water is used with one of alcohol. Mr. Thwaite’s
fluid, which is very excellent, is composed as follows: distilled water
16 parts, rectified spirits of wine 1 part, saturated with a few drops
of creosote. To this mixture he adds a little prepared chalk, filters,
and adds an equal measure of camphor water.
In some cases Canada balsam mixed with castor oil has been used,
while gum water, when slowly dried with the specimens, and after-
wards surrounded by a varnish, often answers very well.
The mechanical contrivances for securing the specimens and fluid,
are as various as the fluids.
The size of the glass slides should be uniform, the usual length
generally adopted, is that given in my little work entitled a List of
2000 Microscopic Objects, namely, three inches: the width will vary
to suit the preparations, but one inch is that most usual. Having
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 113
procured a number of these glass slides, which may have their edges
ground and polished. Procure some thin glass either in slips or dises
for covers.
Next provide yourself with suitable cement or thick varnish to
connect the two. Some preparers use the painters white lead to form
-a shallow cell, which holds the specimen with a drop of preservation
fluid. Others use “gold size,” which they thicken with lamp black,
or litherage. When deeper cells are required, but which are rare for
Infusoria, thin slices of glass tube, or rings of gutta percha, cemented
to the slides with Canada balsam, or varnish are used. In any case
the operator will, by the use of his judgment, and a little ex-
perience, scon find a method to suit his purpose. It is, therefore, un-
necessary to enter into minutie. The desirata is a substance which,
when indurated, is strong and not brittle, and second, the fillmg the
cell so that no air be left in it.
In all cases where Canada balsam, or any other substance that
indurates can be used for preserving objects, cells of fluid should not
be employed. That this remark is correct, may be inferred from the
very general use of Canada balsam, a substance which I first pro-
posed for that purpose, and gave to the public after many previous
trials with gum and varnishes.
For further particulars on this subject, see ‘‘ Microscopic Cabinet”
and ‘‘ Microscopic Objects.”
Secrron XI1.—7Zo mount Infusoriaas Opaque Bodies.—This method
of mounting applies principally to the siliceous shells of the Bacillaria.
It consists of fixing by gum or varnish, to a black disc or cylinder,
the specimens to be examined. Where this plan can be adopted, it
is always desirable, as it affords a more correct view of the structure
of the surface, indeed it is the best verification that can be obtained.
In some cases fragments of the earths contaming Mavicule, Campilo-
disca, &c., may be mounted without separation; in other cases, the
shells may be separated by solution of the lime and foreign matter,
and only the washed shells mounted.
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CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION
OF
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES.
Crass I. POLYGASTRICA.
Note—The Abbreviations used herein, are explained at the end of the
Contents.
Tuts class of animalcules is denominated Polygastric from possessing
a digestive apparatus composed of many globular vesicles, which
perform the functions of stomachs. They have no perceptible nervous
cords or pulsation. They are hermaphrodite, and increase by self-
division, or by the growth of gemmules, or of little buds, upon their
bodies ; hence their external forms appear to vary. Their locomo-
tive organs consist of processes (often vibratory), but they are
destitute of true articulated feet.
The Polygastric animalcules, according to Ehrenberg, comprehend
the following families, whose relations to each other may be seen in
the table on the next page.
116
Anentera, without true alimentary canal.
Enterode la, with an alimentary canal.
3S
od
RELATIONS OF THE POLYGASTRICA
Palfdiuacion { illoricated or shell-less Monadina
couiniere l loricated or shelled Cryptomonadina
(illoricated: oc Hydromorina,
Form of se lf-divison | self-dividing on all 2
body incomplete | sides (globular Volvocina.
Bod constant hence <
ad ae le formed in self-dividing / illoricated Vibrionia.
of appendages. clusters aovdae)
leat ae [ (filiform) ( loricated Closterina.
Gymnica.
Form of*( iloricated:...5 10. liceccececs:seseels «stones eA SeANie
body
variable TOTICATED 2520. o cia sccevsicioie ecu vescersltalicnesjoisecnien LAND ema
PNOTICAEEM 5.5) a:wis, cove 'arsesSosa\eleere'vae:a'2aenieiale cape tie siecle hee aleleeep ARE
hi eceore pro= ( compound foot-like seca from one } recline
Saaadte: ee aperture .. Seo way 3
Pseudopoda. simple foot-like a from one or } pa citaria
L from each aperture.......... ne
Hairy DMloricated:...<...2:5 s;2:<(01c,a/0'« sia wise oi seie = overs, ciein)< hee roel aeye eee ICC
Epitricha. NOVICALEM . .-0ec.vsis,cozesdssdoussrroccitoeetiene ace er Peridinaea.
One receiving illoricated......... atelagala/ale/stelsloneelelofeie otrpisictele BS auocs .. Vorticellina,
and discharging
orifice only for
nutrition. NOTICALECL Ma s\oiepels aintaisteeie aeletate JalejforeleYotalale/=\ermsevele atetate aetetete Ophrydina.
Anopisthia.
Two orifices TOPICAL: cis ratete ie lare ator inierslaisinve ere (eles ieie acto eter ieee Enchelia.
one at
CACHiextremity. oO lOricated.s.sesssissoneecectone cue oeres ssostoatice ase ee ee . Colepina.
Enantiotreta.
ADSCUG os.55. wats asc avsetvarescascsedeoneore
Orifices situated
obliquely mouth, anterior, tail present............... Ophryocercina.
Allotreta.
NOPICAECE: | or0j..s cis sesscoasedeasseceaes sssccipsreesus:s00\elaseseoneeeneee Aspidiscina.
locomotive organs Cilia ............00.sescecess. Kolpodea.
Orifices illoricated ;
abdominal. VaPlOUWS) 2... s<onvectessoeee Oxytrichina.
Catotreta.
mouth furnished with proboscis, tail (racholna
illoricated
loricdted. 1s: ccccdJceweseteestascecevs«vsvecsculscuvstedsteoseaatensvneg Euplota.
Famry—MONADINA.
The animalcules of the family J/onadina are the most minute living
creatures which have been discovered by man. They are destitute
of an alimentary canal; are illoricated or shell-less, and have an
uniform body without any appendages issuing from it, cilia not being
considered as such. They increase either by a simple and complete
self-division of the body into two, four, or more individuals. The
uniformity or unvarying appearance in their external forms may be
considered as one of the principal characteristics of this family; for
Monadina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 117
no Monadina can voluntarily alter the shape of its body, whether
into a filiform, knotty, or globular figure, nor can it extend any
portion of it, and then contract it again. It is quite evident that
they all possess organs of locomotion, nutrition, and propagation,
which latter are of the hermaphrodite character. Some of them
have a rudimentary eye, but it has never been discerned that they
are furnished with a vascular or circulating system, which, however,
is not surprising, when we reflect that should they possess it (a sup-
position by no means to be rejected), the diameters of the tubes of
this system would necessarily be of such extreme minuteness as to
defy investigation.
The groups and figuresin Plate I., numbered I to 20, convey a
very fair idea of the appearance of the MMonadina. None but mi-
eroscopes of high magnifying powers can develope their structures ;
indeed, they cannot be observed accurately with a less amplification
than 500 diameters, together with considerable penetration and a
good definition. ,
The family is distributed by Ehrenberg among nine genera, as
follow ;—
Single... i. tavsesccsascm are ee Monas.
Eye wanting
Agprepatel yc. cc.tenecconcsceneeccsice Uvella.
Swimming
( Proboscis yy...
. one or two $ Microglena,
to # : Proboscides not A
z=] FI Single mire tian foun } Chloraster.
8 E Eye present
E a Proboscides
5 & many i Fhacelomonas.
i=]
AQorepaters: ccvwssesdvceuesssccce Glenomorum.
SASHUI TNR Pipes nr case Acmaasi sea ods sossansndassweasvedtevoesceeesaeeeees canes ees ee Doxococcus.
PRIPSERIT CSOD ede s fe sic). 1 5ic:cle,a/a/aosseseinie s\0'a eye \sib cteveccodseere ar asadeeesucbeessacve. car Obilomonast
PUREE ESE I ne, S54 conc nc Seasick fsadaes ob anoshisuanses edevasreeeneceenee omeeneieeaiele - Bodo.
Reference to the classification proposed at (page 62), will show
that the genera comprehended by Ehrenberg, in this family Monadina,
as well as in Cryptomonadina, Volvocina and Vibrionia, are not re-
cognized as Infusoria, by Siebold. For so extensive an exclusion of
genera from the list of Infusoria, Siebold offers no distinct and clear
explanation, but from his remarks, we may gather that the excluded
118 DESCRIPTION OF
organisms are in his opinion of vegetable origin, and more especially
embryonic forms, such as spores of various Conferve, of Vaucheria,
&ce. That eminent comparative anatomist states, (Anatomie der
Wirbellosen Thiere, Book 1st., p. 8. Berlin, 1848), that “ciliated
organs occur in the vegetable kingdom, in the form of ciliated
epithelium in the spores of Vaucheria, and in the shape of long
filiform isolated fibres, in the spores and early stages of existence of
several species of Confervee; many of which organisms indeed,
Ehrenberg has described as belonging to the families Jonadina,
Volvocina, &e.”’
The active movements of the Volvocina are identified with those of
plants, and, to Siebold’s mind, distinguished from those of true animal
Infusoria, such as the Aolpoda, by entirely wanting a voluntary
character.
Another distinction, separating such genera from the animal
series, the same naturalist finds in the unalterability or fixity of
their general outline, all animals having the power of varying their
outline, by the contraction or expansion of their substance.
M. Dujardin, although admitting generally the animal nature of
the families in question, differs very materially from Ehrenberg, in
his views respecting their organization.
The third order in the classification of this naturalist which in-
cludes the Monadina, Volvocina, Dinobryina, Thecamonadina, Euglena
and Peridinia, has for its common characteristic the existence of one
or of several flagelliform filaments, serving as locomotive organs. But,
Dujardin’s definition of the family of Monads differs widely from
that of Professor Ehrenberg, in assigning no mouth or digestive sacs,
and in attributing to them a form generally variable, and a capa-
bility of contracting adhesions to one another, owing to their soft
gelatinous bodies being unprotected by any epidermis. Dujardin,
moreover, cannot admit the red specks to be eyes.
The apparent sacs he terms vacuoles (vacuole), and considers
them to be spontaneously hollowed out in the body of the animal,
and when, as usual, near the surface, to open externally, and on again
contracting, to enclose any foreign particles which may have intro-
duced themselves. According to the French micrographer, therefore, the
Monadina are nourished only by absorption, effected by their external
surface, and, in some measure, by the spontaneously formed vacuole.
INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, 119
Dujardin also states that he has been unable to recognize all the
genera of Ehrenberg, and believes that the Microglena, Phacelomonas,
Glenomorwm and Doxococeus appertain to another family, that the
distinction between the genera Polytoma and Uvella, is erroneously
deduced from the supposed fission of Polytoma in two opposite di-
rections, and the periodical grouping of Uvella. He thus reduces
the genera of Ehrenberg, to four in number, viz Jonas, Uvella,
Chilomonas and Bodo, the last comprehending in part his Hexamita,
Amphimonas, and Cercomonas. The subjoined table represents the
distribution by Dujardin, of the
MONADINA.
Moveable in its entire
iGwiEWteens coca bade Monas.
A Single | Pocemting from the anterior Thickened, and move-
Flagelliform eer able only towards
Filament. the extremity ..... Cyclidium.
Proceeding obliquely from behind an anterior ie
| RONGATION NW clereierevia yee ceisielielcaieiaeectncestes sinesan: CLL OMONAB
!
A second filament or lateral appendage. ........... Amphimonas,
Isolated A second filament, or posterior appendage. ........ Cercomonas,
e Two equal filaments, terminating the rounded angles
Several 8
reriaraerita’ < of the anterior €xtremity./). face .s/< aise sess sale Trepomonas.
ae
ee Four equal filaments in front, two thicker behind... Hexamita.
A second filament proceeding from the same point
[ as the flagelliform filament, but thicker trailing and
ME WAC Garrareelaielele aia creteters er clotorat eveteloictetertelenelate rear eiere Heteromita.
AMIAMENt ANG VIDLAUIE CIMA, .s.cccc.-.sescseadeseunevtcetoeedeseneeaeere Aopeone Trichomonas,
NES t roupsialways tree and Whirling. ........1.:scscccacccsecsescecs cecechccceeanueoss Uvella.
Bgregate Groups fixed to the extremity of a branching polypdom. ...............Anthophya.
As to the mode of propagation of the MMonadina, Dujardin states
that he has never witnessed the spontaneous fission described by
Ehrenberg, but thinks it more probable that their multiplication
takes place by the separation of a lobe, or of the termination of an
expansion.
We may gather, from the following summing up given by
Dugardin, after his general indications of the genera of Monadina,
what value he assigns, in the present state of knowledge, to any
attempted classification of such minute creatures. He remarks,
“ But these generic distinctions are entirely artificial, and simply
intended to facilitate the naming of Infusoria one may have met
with, in such and such an infusion, and which better known, may
prove in some instances but varieties of a single species.’ (Hist.
Infus. p. 273.)
+
120 DESCRIPTION OF
A recent paper, published by M. Agassiz, makes us acquainted
with the views of that eminent naturalist on the questio vexata of the
relations of the Infusoria to other organized beings. He observes,
“Recent investigations upon the so-called Anentera have satisfac-
torily shewn, in my opinion, and in that of most competent observers,
that this type of Ebrenberg’s Polygastrica without gastric cavities,
and without alimentary tube, are really plants belonging to the order
of Algz in the widest extension of this group, while most of the
Monas tribe are merely moveable germs of various kinds of other
Alge.’”’ (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1850. p. 156.)
The above views opposed to the animal nature of the Monadina
are given im extenso, but the candid observer will find, if he examines
these organisms, that the balance is in favour of their bemg animal.
The extreme minuteness of these animalcules renders it difficult for
the mind to comprehend them or compare them with large animals,
but difference of magnitude, however great, is no actual bar to vital
power, while the cilia of the animalcule connects man himself with
it, the first moving instrument in the human embryo being a cilium,
which is retained to the end of life.
Genus Monas.— Zhe Monads.—The animalcules of this genus—the
true Monads—are described (see Table) as being deficient of the eye,
projecting lip and tail, and always swimming in the direction of the
* longitudinal axis of the body, their mouth being situated at the
anterior part. It is another distinguishing character of the true
Monad that it is never seen to cluster with others of its genus, so as
to form a berry-like mass, and hence it is designated single, in con-
tradistinction to aggregate. At present, there are twenty-six species
of this genus known—two green, two yellowish, three inclining to
red, and the remainder colourless; but it should be mentioned, that
although there be colour, it must not be regarded as a characteristic
to be entirely relied upon. Monads may often be present in water,
under inspection, without being seen, through the want of a
competent magnifying power. They will be sought for in vain
with a power of less than 800 diameters, and even this, in some
cases, will be found insufficient. They are besides, as a genus,
difficult to be accurately determined, not only on account of their
exceeding minuteness, but because the young of animalcules of
Monadina.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 121
other genera are so likely to be mistaken for them; for instance,
the young of the Bacterium, Vibrio, Uvella, Polytoma, Pandorina,
Gonium, &c., when they have separated from their clusters, or
issued from their common envelopes. And this difficulty in discri-
minating them will be more likely to happen when they are not
observed, whilst undergoing the process of self-division, or when
seen in water containing but a small number of them; in which
cases, however anxious we may be to ascertain their name, we must
often rest contented with an approximation to the truth. When
the water swarms with the creatures, the decision will be far easier,
and more to be relied upon, as the characters are then more easily
discoverable from the numerous vital relationships presented to us.
The observer may, however, be guided to a certain extent by the
following rule :—Suppose that in a drop of water containing species
of the genus Vibrio, Bacterium, Uvella, or Polytoma (easily distin-
guished by their clustering forms), separate Monad-like bodies
were to be observed; the probability is that they would be either
single forms, or the young of these clustering animalcules, and if
there were no great difference in the size of the separate individuals
and those forming the clusters, this conclusion would be generally
correct; and this rule applies equally to those green Monad-like
creatures found amongst Pandorina and Gonia. The young of the
Chiamidomonas pulvisculus is very deceptive, and may often be mis-
taken for an illoricated and eye-less green Monad.
The only locomotive organ which has been discovered in the
Monad genus is the single filiform proboscis issuing from near the
mouth. The numerous cilia sometimes apparent thereabouts are
nothing more than this proboscis in a state of vibratory or rotatory
motion. This organ, Ehrenberg observes, has a twofold office to
perform, the one being locomotive, and the other to provide the
creature with food; hence I have called it a purveying organ.
The nutritive apparatus is readily seen in some of the species in
its natural state (instance the If guttula and I. vivipara), without
the aid of coloured food; in others (JL. termo, JL gutiula and WM.
socialis), it may be demonstrated by the latter means. It consists of
several distinct or separate cells (from eight to twenty) which are
not all filled at the same time, and which are, for the most part,
K
122 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
invisible when empty, but when distended with a limpid fluid,
appear like so many lucid vesicles within the creatures.
The propagative apparatus has been particularly noticed in the
species Jf, guttula and M. vwipara. It consists of a vast number of
granules formed into a net-like mass, and dispersed generally
throughout the creature, and of a comparatively large spherical
glandular body, which separates by the process of self-division.
Monads propagate also by another method, namely, by a self-
division of the creature, either transversely, as with the Jonas
guttula, W. hyalina, WV. gliscens, M. Okenii, and M. socialis; or longi-
tudinally, as with the J punctum (see fig. 2); both methods have
been observed in I. ewvipara. The formation of gemmules has not
been perceived in this genus.
Ehrenberg supposes that they are endowed with the faculty of
sensation, and that this is shewn by the alternate vibration and
quiescence of the proboscis, when the creature is in a place abun-
dantly supplied with food. In some of the species an eye-like organ
has been discerned, but as the species of each genus should be
reduced to the rule of a special organ, characterizing a particular
genus, these are not considered as true Monads, but form distinct
genera, as MJicroglena, &e.
As the Infusoria of this genus are chiefly curious on account of
their extreme minuteness, and in no other respect, the species are
not deemed of sufficient interest to be expatiated upon at any great
length ; only their leading characters and size, are therefore given,
And we may remark, generally, that most of them are inhabitants
of water in which organic matter is undergomg decomposition.
The Monads are arranged under two divisions, according to their
external forms. The first division contains all those of a globular
or oval shape (globular Monads) ; second those of a lengthened form,
more than twice as long as broad (elongated Monads).
A.—Gtoputar Mownaps.
(a). True Globular or Sphero-Monads—colourless or whitish.
Mownas erepusculum —The twilight Monad.—The animaleules of this
species are the smallest of all living creatures. They are ofa spheroidal
form and hyaline, although, when seen in masses, with the naked eye,
Mon dina. } INFUSORTA ANIMALCULES. 123
they appear of a whitish hue. They are active, and feed on animal
as well as fungoid substances. They are found in water wherein
animal matter is held in solution, but as the decomposition of the
animal matter proceeds, the animalcules die, and their bodies may
be seen rising to the surface of the water, and forming a thick and
colourless gelatinous stratum. Group 1, in the engraving is magnified
800 diameters. They rarely attain to 1-12,00th of an inch in
diameter. and never exceed it.
Mownas ferme (M). Zhe end or limit Monad, so named from its
having been supposed to be the limit of animal organization. Active,
herbivorous, found in stagnant water, and increases rapidly where
there is an abundance of vegetable matter undergoing decomposition.
Size 1-6000th, although some are not one half or even a third of
that measurement.
M. guttula (M). The drop Monad.—Inactive. May be preserved
by drying. Twelve stomach-cells may be seen by the aid of indigo
or carmine. Surface appears granulated. Found in vessels of water
containing plants or flowers. Size 1-2300th, or less.
M. vivipara. The viviparous Monad.—Ynactive. Found in stag-
nant water (**), coloured. Size, 1-620th, or less.
M. grandis.—The great Monad is of a greenish colour except near
the mouth. Proboscis short, 1-3rd or 1-4th the length of the body.
It is sluggish. Found in marsh water, very rare. Size 1-430th.
M. bicolor. The Two-coloured Monad.—Colourless, excepting one
or two green spots within it; attenuated anteriorly. Motion vacil-
lating. Size 1-1440th.
M. ochracea. The ochre-colowred Monas.—Yellow-ochre colour.
Found in water-courses. Size 1-6000th at most.
M. erubescens. The pale-red Monad.—Rose-coloured, and with a
slow but continual motion. Found in salt water. Size 1-1728th.
M. vinosa. The wine Monad.—Colour of red wine. Tremulous
motion. Rejects coloured food. Found in vegetable infusions.
Size from 1-12,000th to 1-6000th.
(6). Oval or Egg-shaped Monads—all colourless.
M. kolpoda.—Vacillating motion. Discovered in water in the silver
mines of Siberia. Size 1-7200th.
K 2
124 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Mowas enchelys. The flask-shaped Monad. — Continuous slow
motion. Found in marsh water. Size 1-1200th to 1-960th.
M. wnbra. The shadow Monad.—Rapid motion. Found among
fresh confervee. Size 1-2400th.
M. hyalina. The diaphanous Monad.—Active, and seems to leap
or jump. Found in stale water in glass vessels. Size 1-6000th to
1-2880th.
M. gliscens. The gliding Monad —Gliding motion. Found in
watery infusions of the stinging nettle. Size 1-4500th.
M. ovalis. The little Egg-shaped Monad.—Tremulous motion.
Found in water of the Anodonta Mollusca. Size 1-9600th.
M. mica. The glittering Monad.—Rotatory and vacillating motion.
Inhabits clear fresh water. Size 1-1440th to 1-1200th.
M. punctum. The point egg-shaped Monad.—Revolves on the
longitudinal axis of its body. (See engraving, growp 2; the lower
figure exhibits one undergoing longitudinal division.) Found in
water with tannin. Size 1-1150th.
B.—Etoneatep Monavs.—(a). True Elongated Monads.
M. cylindrica. The cylinder-shaped Monad.—Solitary, colourless,
revolves as it progresses. Found in salt water. Size 1-1150th.
M. Okenii. Okens elongated Monad.—Red, revolving, vibratory
motion, social. Found in running water. Size 1-2300th.
(6). Conical.
M. deses. The lazy Monad.—Green, solitary. Found in water
from hills. Size 1-1200th.
M. socialis. The social Monad. Colourless, social. Found in
water-butts. Size 1-700th.
(ce). Top-shaped.
M. flavicans. The yellow Monad.—Social, gliding motion. Found
in ditch-water. Size 1-1720th.
(d). Spindle-shaped (*), colourless.
M. simplex. The simple spindle Monad.—Gliding and rotary motion.
Found in water of the Nile, and at Berlin. Size 1-1720th.
M. inanis. The empty spindle Monad. Vacillating motion. Found
_ in stagnant and foul water. Size 1-360vth.
Monadina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 125
Monas seintillans. The sparkling spindle Monad.—Very active.
Vacillating motion. Found amongst fresh water conferve, &c. Size
1-6000th to 1-4600th.
M. Dumalii.—Of a deep red colour: they occur in vast numbers
in the saltmarsh-water of the Mediterranean, to which they give a
deep blood colour. Discovered by M. Joly.
M. prodigiosa.—A very minute red Monad, so named by Ehrenberg,
from its surprisingly rapid development. It is this animalcule
which has produced the blood-like spots occasionally appearing
mysteriously on bread and other farinaceous substances, and which
have ever been a cause of terror to the superstitious.
Being desirous of making this manual as complete as possible, the
following species, described by M. Dujardin, are inserted ; but it may
be that some of them refer to monads already characterized, but
differently named.
M. lens.—Figure rounded or discoid ; surface in appearance tuber-
cular. Size 1-5200th to 3-5200th. This species, one of the most
frequent in animal or vegetable infusions, has been recognised by
most of the ancient micrographers. It sends out obliquely a flagel-
liform filament, three, four, or even five times as long as the body,
and mobile in all its length.
M. concava.—Body circular, concave on one side, thin in the
centre, margin tumid. Filament long, moveable throughout. Found
in marsh water, Toulouse, 1-2080th.
M. globulosus.—Body globular ; form mostly constant; compressed
at origin of filament; more globular than M. Jens, and its surface
smooth. Found in sea water at Cette, France. Size 1-2000th.
M. elongata.—Body elongate; nodular, flexible, of variable form.
Length 1-1200th. Found in marsh water.
M. attenuata.—Body ovoid, tapering at each extremity, nodular,
vaculze large and distinct, as is also its filament. Size 1-1660th.
M. oblonga.—Body ovoid, oblong, unequal, tubercular, hollowed
by vacuole. Size 1-3600th. Found in vegetable infusions.
M. nodosa.—Body oblong, irregular, nodose, tapering behind,
truncate in front, filament arising from centre of truncate extremity.
Size 1-2170th. Found in sea water at Cette, France.
M. gibbosa.—Body oblong, angular, irregularly distended and
126 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
gibbose, filament springing mostly from an anterior constriction.
Length 1-2000th. Found in infusions of gelatine.
Monas varians.—Body oblong, narrower in front, very soft, and
variable in form. Length 1-650th to 1-700th.
M. mtestinalis—Body very elongated, form constantly changing,
or one end rounded, the other tapering, to terminate in a long fila-
ment, motion undulatory. Length 1-1600th. Found in the exere-
ment of a newt (Zriton palmipes). “I think this is one of the
species of Lodo, described by Ehrenberg as met with in the intes-
tines of frogs.”” (Duj.)
M. flwida.—Body soft, semi-fluid, form variable, irregularly ovoid,
sometimes constricted posteriorly, hollowed by large vacuolee. Size
1-2600th.
M. constricta—Body elongated, four or five times longer than
broad; constricted, often much so at the centre. Length 1-1300th.
Genus Uvretta. Zhe grape Monads.—The species of this genus are
very well characterised by their aggregating together occasionally,
so as to form a grape or mulberry-like mass, and by their generally
possessing two (?) hair-like proboscides at the mouth. Like the
beings forming the genus Jonas, they are deficient of the projecting
lips, visual organ, and tail, and have the mouth situated at the
anterior extremity. They progress also in the direction of the
longest axis of their body, and are capable of complete self-division.
There are six species—two green, and the remainder colourless.
This genus belongs to the aggregate Monadina of Dujardin, and is
thus defined by him, “animals globular or ovoid, having a single
flagelliform filament, and living aggregated in spherical masses,
freely moving about in the liquid.” He further observes that
isolated individuals are not at all distinguishable from simple Monads,
that there is no good reason to suppose the Uvella to live alternately
isolated, and in masses, and hence that the absence of this cireum-
stance cannot be employed to separate them from Polytoma, or its
existence to characterize the latter.
Dujardin describes only two species, viz., U. virescens, and U.
rosacea U. glaucoma. (Ehr.)
U. virescens. (Volvox ua, M.)\—Body ovate, and of the colour
that gives rise to its specific name. Found in serrated groups
Monadina. | INFUSORIAL ANTMALCULES. 127
amongst conferve and lemna. Size 1-2000th; diameter of cluster
1-280th.
Uverta chamaemoyum.—Smaller than the preceding one. Found
in water-butts. Size 1-2880th; diameter of cluster 1-570th.
U. wa.—Has indistinct vesicles, and is very small. Found in
stagnant water. Size 1-4800th; diameter of cluster 1-960th.
U. atomus. (Monas atomus, M. lens et Volvox socialis, M.)—
Voracious, with large vesicles. Size 1-6900th to 1-3406th; diameter
of cluster 1-1150th.
U. glaucoma. (Volvor socialis, M.)—Form oval, but inclining to
conical, with the posterior extremity attenuated as it advances in
age. Hyaline, with large vesicles, and two evident filiform probos-
cides: individuals loosely aggregated. In 1831, Ehrenberg first
observed a vibration at its anterior part, and.its reception of coloured
food. In 1835, he discovered within the body of this minute
creature some green Monads which it had eaten, and by which it
was proved to subsist by prey. When fed on indigo, as many as
twelve stomachs were filled, and it has been sometimes seen to void
little blue particles, like undigested matter, from its mouth. With
a power of 800 diameters, a great number of small colourless
granules, having the appearance and form of oya, may be discerned
lying between the nutritive sacs. It increases both by transverse
and by longitudinal fission. Engraving, group 3, represents a
cluster of these creatures; figures 4 and 5, separate young ones;
and 6, an old one. They are magnified about 350 diameters. The
individuals, when full grown, are elongated. Found in water-butts.
Size 1-2300th to 1-2350th; diameter of cluster 1-430th.
U. bodo.—Fore part of the body rounded; posterior attenuated.
It is of a beautiful green colour; found in stagnant water. Size
1-4030th to 1-3450th; diameter of cluster 1-2350th.
Genus Microerena. — The eye Monads.—This genus is essen-
tially characterized by all its species having a minute red eye-like
speck situated at the anterior part of the body. In other respects
they resemble true Monads, being deficient of the projecting lips
and tail, and swimming in the direction of the long axis of the body.
They possess a very delicate flagelliform proboscis, of simple structure.
128 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
They multiply by a complete self-division of the body. Two species
only are known, the one yellow, and the other green.
We now approach the description of living creatures, whose or-
ganization, om account of their magnitude, is rendered more apparent
to us. The red eye-like speck, the distinguishing feature of this
genus, Ehrenberg assumed to be a rudimentary visual organ, al-
though nervous ganglia subservient to it have not been perceived,
as in the still larger Infusiora, the Rotatoria, and in the single-eyed
genus of Entomostraceans, the Daphnia. This organ, together with
the proboscis,—its locomotive and purveying instrument, the beau-
tiful green homogenous granules (seen in Jf. monadina, which, by
their shape and situation in the body, leave no reasonable doubt of
their being ova,) and the grey rolled band-like seminal gland, de-
monstrate that these living atoms are endowed with an organization
(a sensitive one two) as comfortable to their particular uses, and as
well adapted to supply the wants of the creatures, as those even in
the largest fish. Still are we left to conjecture with respect to their
possessing a vascular system or not; it has never been perceived, and
we can only argue, as we have done already, that if there be one, the
vessels in being so minute must necessarily be of such delicate
structure, that we may not as yet have found out the means of
making ourselves acquainted with them.
Microeiena punctifera (Enchelys punctifera M.)—Colour yellowish,
form oval, or almost conical; terminated acutely at the posterior ex-
tremity. Eye, red witha blackish central spot, as if a secondary visual
appendage. Found among slimy water plants. Size 1-620th.
M. monadina.— Beautiful green-colour; form ovate, rounded
equally at both extremities; a distinct single red eye, proboscis
nearly as long as its body ; motion vibrating, rotatory on its long axis.
Figures 12, 13, and 14, represent three animalcules magnified, the
first 800 diameters, exhibiting all the internal organization noted
above. Found among slimy water-plants (Hampstead and Finchley).
Size 1-2300th to 1-720th.
Genus Cutoraster.—Solitary, without tail: mouth terminal :
with a frontal ocellus, central portion of body with radiating rows
of raised points /verucce.) Itis allied to the genera Glenomorum.
Monadina. | INFUSORTAL ANIMALCULES. 129
and Phacelomonas ; but differs from the former in being solitary—
not clustering, and by the greater number of proboscides; whilst the
last are fewer than in Phacelomonas. This is a new genus es-
tablished by Ehrenberg.
Cutorasrer gyrans.—Green; central part of body fusiform ; both
extremities acute; central rays in a whorlof four. Proboscides 4-5.
Size 1632-a.
Genus Puacetomonas. The fan Monads.—The distinguishing cha-
racters of this genus are the numerous proboscides placed round the
mouth of the creature, forming as it were a wreath of cilia, and
from 8 to 10 in number. In other respects it resembles Ihcroglena:
it has the small red eye, the truncated mouth at the anterior ex-
tremity, and is deficient of the tail. It swims in the direction of the
longitudinal axis, and its self-division is simple and complete, but
not constant in occurrence. Many stomach-cells have been observed
within the body, but they have not been seen to admit coloured food.
This genus has not been illustrated by Ehrenberg.
M. pulvisculus (Monas pulviseulus, M.)—Form oblong or slightly
conical, attenuated posteriorly, and of a beautiful green colour.
Just previous to self division, its body becomes cylindrical, then con-
tracts at the centre; but when dying it changes to a globular shape.
In swimming, it turns quickly upon its longitudinal axis, without
any vibration. This animalcule demonstrates the fact, that pro-
boscides and cilia are organs not materially different from each other.
Found in green puddles. Size 1-1152nd.
Genus Grenomorum. The bride Monads.—This genus is especially
indicated by its possessing a single red eye, a truncated mouth, and
double filiform proboscis; by its being destitute of a tail, by the
individuals moving on the long axis of the body, by their self-divi-
ding simply and completely into two, or not dividing at all; and by
their voluntarily clustering, as occasion may require, so as to give
themselves the resemblance of a bunch of grapes.
In this enumeration of the characters bolonging to this genus, we
are presented with an excellent illustration of the table (and one that
exceedingly well explains its use), under which all the genera of the
family Wonadina are arranged, so as to exemplify in what respects
they are alike, and in what they differ from each other. (For ex-
130 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
ample, see Table, p. 117.) The Glenomorum closely resembles the
Uvella, but differs from that genus by the superaddition of the red
eye; it differs from Monas and Microglena in occasionally aggregating
from Chilomonas, in being deficient of the projecting lips; from Bodo,
in not having the tail; from Phacelomonas, by the double proboscis ;
from Doxococcus, by swimming, instead of rolling over or revolving
in the water; and from Polytoma, by never appearing in clusters
whilst undergoing self-division.
GLeNEMoRUM tingens.—Body fusiform, of a beautiful green colour,
and three or four times longer than it is broad. Its double proboscis is
exceedingly delicate, and about half the length ofits body; within it
may be seen some small whitish vesicles, the stomach-cells, and also
some minute granules, which give rise to the green colour, and may be
considered ova. About the centre of the body is a large transparent
colourless organ, which Ehrenberg supposes to be of a male sexual
nature. The beautiful red eye is fixed internally, about one-third
from the anterior extremity of the body. These animalcules con-
stitute a great portion of the green matter commonly seen on stagnant
water, and discovered by Priestley. They appear to be nearly allied
to Cercaria viridis, differing from this only in magnitude, and in the
unalterable form of their bodies. Figure 15 represents two clusters ;
16, single ones, magnified 250 times; 17, another magnified about
450 diameters. Found plentiful at Hampstead. Size 1-3600th to
1-1700th.
Genus Doxococcus. The revolving Monads.—The individuals of this
genus differ from those of the whole family Monadina by the singularity
of their motion, which may be defined to be neither that of swim-
ming nor of rotation, but a sort of rolling over and over. In other
particulars they are like the Monads. They have the same unvary-
ing form, and are destitute of the eye, projecting lips, and tail. Their
self-division is simple and complete, or they do not divide at all, in
which case they increase by ova. These characters are sufficient to
distinguish them from all other Infusoria, and to justify their being
placed in the family Monadina. Four species are known.
D. globulus ( Volvox globulus, M.) Form subglobose or ovate; tran-
sparent as water; easily known by its tedious rolling motion ; mouth
not discerned. Found in salt water. Size 1-860th.
Monadina | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 131
Doxococcus ruber.—Form globular; coloured brick red, opaque.
Ehrenberg appears to doubt whether this animalcule holds its proper
situation here, or whether it should be placed with the gen 1s Zrache-
lomonas, though its motion is very peculiar ; and he has not been able
to satisfy himself of the existence of a lorica, or shell, enveloping the
ereature. Group 18 represents three magnified individuals. Found
amongst confervee, &c. Size 1-1720th.
D. pulvisculus—Form perfectly (?) globular; colour green, but
opaque. Found amongst confervee. Size not exceeding 1-1280th,
D. tnequalis. Form irregularly globular; transparent, and covered
with green spots. Found amongst confervee. Size 1-2400th.
Genus Cuttomonas. The lip-monads constitute but a small genus.
They are characterized by the oblique position of the mouth, with
respect to the longitudinal axis of their bodies, which occasions an
overhanging or projecting form above the mouth, of a lip-like
appearance. All the species propel themselves in the direction of the
long axis of the body. Their form is invariable, and they are devoid
both of the eye and tail. Whether the projecting lip is furnished
with cilia, or with a double flagelliform proboscis, Ehrenberg has not
satisfactorily determined. He states, however, that two proboscides
are to be distinctly seen on the C. paramecium, whilst on the C. des-
truens there is a number of cilia, which are not quite so apparent.
Their self-division is either simple and complete, or they do not
divide.
Dujardin’s characters of this genus are, ‘‘ Animal with an ovoid
oblong body, obliquely notched in front, with a very slender filament
proceeding from the bottom of the notch. Movement from before,
backwards on its centre. It is with doubt that I refer the Infusoria
Ithus name to the genus Chilomonas of Ehrenberg. The mode of
insertion of the filament behind a projecting lip-like portion, ap-
proaches the animals to the Huglena and to certain Thecamonadina,
but I cannot discover any trace of an integument, either contractile
or resistant.”
C. volvoxr.—Form ovate; attenuated and truncated anteriorly ;
transparent and colourless; projecting lip long; they will feed on
indigo. Found in stagnant water. Size 1-1440th.
C. paramecium.—Form oblong, keeled longitudinally, colour re-
132 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
sembling dirty water. This animalcule is easily distinguished by its
shape and peculiar lip-like process. With a power of about 240,
numerous digestive cells are visible; and with 380, the two probos-
cides, which are half the length of the body, may be perceived. It
moves in the direction of its long axis, but in a fluctuating or
wavering manner. It sometimes clusters. Group 19 represents two
of these creatures magnified 380 times, and six others less magnified.
Three are clustered. Found in water wherein wheaten bread has
been steeped. Size 1-1020th.
Cuitomonas destruens.—Form oblong, but variable, on account of
its softness. Faint yellow, nearly colourless. Found in salt and fresh
water, and in the bodies of dead Rotatoria, for instance, Anurea
foliacea, and Monocerca rattus. Size 1-860th.
C. granulosa (Duj.)—Body colourless, oblong, larger anteriorly
than posteriorly, of almost invariable form, although of gelatinous
consistence, filled with granules which seem to project from its sur-
face. Filament flagelliform, very fine, arising from an oblique notch.
Length 1-940th to 1-850th.
C. obliqua.—Body ovoid, or pyriform, nodular of variable form,
with its filament arising laterally. Length 1-2600th.
Genus Bopo. The tailed Monads. The caudal appendage at the
posterior extremity of these animalcules is a decisive character of
the genus. In other respects, the species may be described as being
eyeless, and having the terminal mouth furnished with a single (?)
filiform proboscis, and as undergoing self-division, simply and com-
pletely into two, or not dividing at all. These creatures never con-
stitute true or perfect clusters, hke some of the family Jonadina,
although, like the Uvella, they occasionally enter into social compact.
In B. grandis, several digestive sacs have been observed, and (as also
in the B. intestinalis) a simple (perhaps double?) proboscis. The
B. didymus has been known to divide transversely. Only one of the
species of this genus having fallen under my own investigation, the
account of them here given is entirely abstracted from Die Infusions-
thierchen.
This genus Bodo partly comprehends the genera Hexamita, Amphi-
monas, and Cercomonas, of Dujardin, which are with others introduced
as addenda to this family Monadina.
Monadina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 133
Bono intestinalis.—Form almost conical, tail of equal length with
the body, transparent and colourless. Found in several living animals,
such as frogs, toads, &c. In the grey and edible frogs, amongst the
watery mucus of the alimentary canal, Ehrenberg has observed great
numbers of these creatures, and remarks that the Cercaria gyrinus of
Miiller (a different animalcule) might pass as a representation of
this species, and that it was confounded by its discoverer with the
spermatic animalcules. Group 20 represents them magnified about
300 diameters. Size 1-1720th.
B. ranarum.—Body turgid, ventricles indistinct. Found in live
frogs, with the preceding species, and with the Bursaria ranarum.
Size 1-1440th.
B. vuridis.—Form nearly globular, tail very short, colour green.
Found amongst conferve. Size 1-2400th.
B. socialis. (Monas lens, M.)—Form ovate or subglobose; tail
often longer than the body; transparent and colourless. Clusters
into a mulberry shape. Single forms are sometimes observed hop-
ping. Common in stagnant water. Size 1-2970th.
B. vorticellaris. The bell-shaped Bodo.—Body three times as
long as it is broad; tail very short. Found in fresh water. Size
1-11200th.
B. didymus. The double-tailed Bodo.—Body generally constricted
about midway, tail short. Size 1-9600th.
B. saltans.—Very small; body with ample ventricles; tail short.
This creature, most probably from its small size, has been mistaken
for Miiller’s Jonas termo, but its brisk leaping movement will suffi-
ciently distinguish it. Size 1-1200th.
B. grandis.—Yorm oblong, vesicles ample, tail rigid setaceous,
affixed to the abdomen. Found in stagnant water. Size 1-864th.
B. oystea.—Body globular; the anterior three-fourths occupied
with vesicles, the rest hyaline; length of tail four times the diameter
of body. This active creature I discovered in the liquor of an
oyster, swimming freely among the ova (Sept. 1834.) Diameter
1-2000th.
The following genera named and described by Dujardin, are intro-
duced into his family Jonadina.
Genus Cyciiprum, (D.)—Body discoid, compressed, or lamelliform,
134 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
scarcely variable, with a filament, having a thicker and more flexible
base, than that of J/onas, the free extremity only being moved.
This genus is as yet but artificial, and provisional indeed, true
monads perfectly developed, may possess a filament, with a thicker
base; and again, the constant outline of the body, may be the con-
sequence of the presence of an integument, in which case the ani-
malcules in question would be referable to the family Zhecamonadina.
Movement slow and uniform.
It is to be regretted, that Dujardin uses this generic name, as
Ehrenberg previously employed it to designate certain ciliated ani-
malcules, which correspond but partially with those of Dujardin,
under this title. To render this work complete, they are introduced,
and, we hope the reader will not be confused. Dujardin observes,
that ‘‘the genus Cyclydiwm (Ehr.), contains monads also, and very
probably some of those to which I have applied the same ‘generic’
name.”
Cycripium nodulosum. (Duj.)—Body flattened, discoid, with rows
of nodules and vacuole, movement extremely slow, Length 1-5200th. -
Found in water from the Seine.
C. abscissum. (Duj.)—Body membranous, lamelliform, truncated
posteriorly, filament rigid, movement slow, regular. (P. 21. f. 15.)
Length 1-1040th.
C. erassum. (Duj.)\—Body oval, thick and rounded, filament
thickened at its base, and rather sinerous; movements more active,
zigzag. Length 1-1090th. Length of filament 1-600th.
C. distortrum. (Duj.)—Body oval, flat, nodular, irregularly bent
with a tumid border. Length 1-1800th to 1-800th. (P. 21.
f. 14.)
‘“‘This species is perhaps but one phase of development of
Monas lens, it was found in Seine water, kept during three months.
When young it has the form of a disc, with a tumid and nodular
margin; when, however, it has grown larger, it becomes twisted
upon itself, and its movement irregular. Some individuals offered a
certain affinity with the Trepomonads, which favours the opinion
already advanced, that the majority of the J/onadina, are but modi-
fications of one or of several types.”
Genus Crercomonas, (D.)—Body rounded or discoid, tubercular,
Monadina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 185
with a posterior variable process in the form of a tail, of greater
or less length and fineness.
The Cercomonads differ from the Monads in the posterior pro-
longation, serving by the adhesion of its extremity as a point of
support, and which is either elongated as a very fine thread, or con-
tracted into a small tubercle. It is sometimes nearly as fine at the
anterior filament, and susceptible of an undulatory motion. ‘I have
not unfrequently witnessed the transition of monads to the condition
of Cercomonads.
We may conclude that many of the animalcules described in the
genus Bodo, (Khr.), are examples of this genus Cercomonas, Duj.,
although sufficiently marked characters are wanting, in order to dis-
cover special identity.
Cyctiprum detracta.— Body discoid, or oblong, granular, with a
thick tail. Length 1-7000th., 1-2300th.
C. crassicanda.—Body elongated, nodular, flexible or variable form,
more or less contracted posteriorly into a tail. Length 1-3400th,
1-2600th.
C. viridis —Body ovoid, oblong, tubercular, green, prolonged pos-
teriorly into a tail of varying tenuity, or into a rounded lobe, or
spatulate expansion. Length 1-1500th.
C. lacryma.—Body globular, unequal, elongated posteriorly, as a
long, flexuose tail. Length of body 1-5200th., 1-3000th. Length
of tail 1-2600th. Length of filament 1-750th.
C. accuminata.—Body globular or ovoid, contracted posteriorly
into a short tail, terminating by a very fine filament. Length
1-2600th., 1-1900th.
C. globulosus—Body globular, with a filament at each extremity
double its length, the anterior one, more actively moved. Length
1-2600th. Found in marsh water.
C. longicauda.—Body fusiform, flexible, terminated posteriorly by
a long and very slender filament, also flexuose. Length of tail
1-1800th.
C. fusiformis.—Body dilated at centre, constricted in front, and
prolonged behind into a long delicate tail. Length of body
1-1900th.
©. cylindricus—Body cylindrical, elongated constricted posteriorly,
136 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
terminated by a long straight, and very thin tail. Length of body
1-2600. Length of tail the same.
Cyciipium truncata.—Body contracted posteriorly, truncate in
front, and haying a filament springing from each of the truncated
angles, the other angle being extended more or less into a lobe.
Length 1-3000th, 1-1900th.
C. lobata. Body variable in form, tubercular, sending out a flagelli-
form filament from the end of an anterior lobe, and emitting also one
or two other lobes. Length 1-3250, 2-8250.
Before proceeding with the next genus it is right to mention that
Dujardin has noted the occurrence of several of the above Cerco-
monads, in organic infusions in conjunction, particularly with Jonas
lens, and that he inclines to the idea of these differently named
Infusoria, being but different conditions of the same animalcule.
Genus Amputmonas. (Duj.)—Animal of variable irregular form,
haying at least two filaments, of which one is either in front, and
the other on one side, arising from a constriction of the body, or
both are lateral, and accompanied or not with a caudiform prolonga-
tion. The leaping movements of these creatures offer a good character.
A. dispar. Body oblong, of very variable form, one or other of
its ends constricted, or prolonged laterally into two filaments, or ex-
hibiting them approximated at the anterior extremity. Length
1-3500th to 1-2900th. Movement active, jerking.
A. caudata.—Body of very variable form, mostly depressed, tuber-
cular, convex on one side, angular on the other, with a filament
proceeding from the summit of each angle. Length 1-2180th to
1-1500th.
«This species seems to me (says Dujardin) to be allied to the Bodo
saltans of Ehrenberg. In every example I saw two flagelliform
filaments, one from the anterior, the other from the lateral angle; a
caudiform prolongation obtuse, or drawn out as a third filament,
often adhered to the slide.”
A. brachiata.—Under this name is indicated an animalcule of the
family Ionadina, which Dujardin only once met with, of an ovoid
or pyriform shape, filled with granules, and giving off from its
narrower anterior end, a simple flexuous filament, together with a
variable dilated lobe, emitting two other filaments having an undu-
Monadina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 137
latory motion. The animal progressed by leaps, revolving at the
same time.
Genus Trepomonas, (D.)—Animals with a compressed body, thicker
and more rounded posteriorly ; with two anterior curved narrow lobes,
each terminated by a flagelliform filament, producing an active
whirling and jerking movement.
The examples of this genus are very common in all collections of
marsh water containing decomposing plants, but are most difficult to
determine, owing to the irregularity of their form and the rapidity
of their movements. I have rather glimpsed than certainly detected
their flagelliform filaments, and have in vain attempted accurately
to delineate them.
T. agilis—Body granular, unequal. Length, 1-1300th.
Genus Hexamira, (D.)—Animals with an oblong body rounded in
front ; constricted and bifid or notched behind. Two to four filaments
extend from the anterior border, and the two posterior lobes are pro-
longed as two flexuous filaments.
This genus, characterized by the number of its motor filaments,
appears sufficiently distinct from the preceding. Its species occur
in decomposing marsh water, or in the intestine of Batrachians ; but
not in artificial infusions.
H. nodulosa.—Body oblong, with three or four longitudinal rows
of nodules, the two lateral of which are extended into tapering
slender lobes, each terminated by a filament. Movement vacillating.
Length 1-1300th to 1-1500th. (P. 21. f. 1.)
H. inflata.—Body oval oblong, rendered almost quadrangular by
the processes, giving origin to the filaments. Length 1-600th—
1-1300th.
H. wtestinalis.—Body fusiform, prolonged into a bifid tail, very
common in the abdominal cavity of the Batrachia (Frogs and Newts)-
It moves in a straight line, oscillating from side to side.
Genus Hereromira, (D.)—Animals having globular, ovoid, or oblong
bodies, with two filaments extending from the same point in front,
one slender undulating, and producing an onward movement, the
other thicker, stretching posteriorly, free, or contracting adhesion
with the glass slide, so as to cause a sudden movement backwards.
The several sections of the Monadina, together with the Thecamo-
L
138 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
nodina and the Euglenia, contain Infusoria possessing two filaments,
by one of which they progress, by the other adhere for support to
any solid body, and produce a sudden movement backwards by its
contraction. To prevent confounding specimens of these several
families the same distinctions which mark the JJonadina generally,
must be found in order to constitute the Heteromita members of that,
family ; such as the absence of integument, the gelatinous appear-
ance of the entire mass admitting of agglutination to other objects,
and the drawing out of its substance into filamentous processes,
together with the existence of certain corpuscles, which can only
have penetrated the interior as a consequence of the formation of
vacuole at the surface.
Hereromita ovata.—Body ovate, narrower anteriorly, containing
vacuole, granules and navicule. Length 1-1050th to 1-1150th.
(Pe 2io dco.)
This is probably the Bodo grandis of Ehrenberg. His other Bodo’s
are not Heteromita, but imperfectly observed Cercomonads or Amphi-
monads.
H. granulum.—Body globular, surface granular. Length 1-2600th.
Found in rather putrid sea water.
H. angusta.—Body narrow, lanceolate, slightly bent, tapering at
each end, with a flagelliform and another filament from the same
point anteriorly, erect at the base, but floating freely the rest of its
length. Length 1-1050th
This is a doubtful species. Itis of the shape of a lanceolate leaf,
with a mid-rib or longitudinal fold.
Genus Tricnomonas, (D.)—Body ovoid or globular, capable of being
drawn out when adherent, and in this way presenting sometimes a
caudal prolongation, the anterior flagelliform filament is accompanied
with a group of vibratile cilia.
T. vaginalis—Body gelatinous, nodular, unequal, hollowed by
vacuole, often adhering to other bodies; movement oscillating.
Length 1-2600th.
T. Limacis.—Body ovoid, smooth pointed at each end and termi-
nating in front by a flagelliform filament, from the base of which a row
of vibratile cilia is directed backwards. Progressive movement active,
the animalcule at the same time turning on its axis. Length
1-1730th. Found in the intestine of Limax agrestis.
Hydromorina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 139
Genus AntHoruysa, (D.)—Animals ovoid or pyriform furnished
with a single flagelliform filament, and collected at the extremities
of a branching stem, or polypidom, secreted by them. Groups when
free resembling those of Uvella.
The tree-like polypary is brown at the base, but clearer and even
diaphanous at the termination of the branches which appear nodular.
The groups of animalcules are easily detached from the stem, and
then commence a rotatory movement by the action of the filaments
of each individual in the group. Detached solitary animalcules move
like the common monads with a single filament.
The branching support at first soft and gelatinous, becomes by
degrees more consistent, brown, and of a horny character, appearing
to partake no longer the vitality of the animalcules.
Only one species is at present known and which is ranged by
Ehrenberg under the genus Eypistylis, along with Vorticellina.
A. Millerti = Epistilis ? vegetans, (P. 21. f. 2. Ehr.)
We conclude this family with two new genera, named by Werneck,
(Monatsbericht der Berlin Akad. 1841. p. 377.) and thus briefly
described.
Genus Ancrrium = Enterodelous Bodo’s, (7.e. according to the no-
menclature of Ehrenberg. odo’s furnished with an intestinal tube, )
with a moveable setacious foot.
The existence of an alimentary tube (so supposed), removes the
Bodo grandis and the six allied species (¢.e. the genus Ancyrium,)
far above the Monadina, of Ehrenberg, whilst the possession of the
setacious foot also indicates a higher organization.
Genus Errerus.—Rudder Monads ; Loricated Phacelomonads.
Famitry.—HYDROMORINA.
Characters. Anenterous Polygastrica without appendages; body
uniform, like that of the Monads; but by reason of the spontaneous
fission being imperfect, forming a moniliform mass or polypary,
lorica absent. Individuals are at periods set free, which commence the
same cycle of compound development as the parent being to which
they originally belonged.
The genera belonging to this family, are, Polytoma and Spondylo-
L 2
140 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
morum. Polytoma was described by Ehrenberg in the family Jona-
dina, but the subsequent discovery of the genus Spandylonorum,
haying the same general characters, and differing like it from the
other monads, led him to create this new family Hydomorina to
embrace the two.
Genus Potytoma. The Partile Monads.—Mouth truncated, fur-
nished with a double flagelliform proboscis, situated, as with Jonas
and Uvella, at the anterior extremity of the body; eye and tail
wanting. As the young increase in size, the parent body assumes a
decussated or wrinkled appearance, like a mulberry, thus giving
signs of its approaching self-division into many sections (as the name
Polytoma denotes), or numerous individuals. It will not imbibe
colouring matter; but its internal organization bears the usual
evidences of the Polygastric nutritive system. Its only organ of
locomotion is the double proboscis. A large contractile vesicle,
sometimes observable within the creature, Ehrenberg conceives to
belong to the male propagative apparatus. It increases by spon-
taneous self-division of its body, both transversely and longitudinally,
thus dissolving, as it were, its berry-like cluster into many indi-
viduals. It was known to Miller and Wrisberg. One species has
been recognized.
P. wella. (Monas wa, M.)—Colourless, of an oval or oblong
form, equally obtuse at both extremities. It is often abundant
in water, where animal matters are in solution, upon which it
appears to be nourished. It is generally in company with species
of Vibrio and Spirillum, and sometimes with Uvella wa, and
U. atomus, in water-butts.
Figures 8 and 9 represent two individuals; figure 10, another
about to divide longitudinally; a cluster of eight is seen at fig. 7;
and a matured one on the point of separating at figure 11. Figure
9 is magnified 800 diameters, showing the double proboscis very
distinctly ; and its body seems enveloped in an outer tunic (probably
induced by the peculiar contraction), which disappears when the
division is completed. Size from 1-200th to 1-900th. Diameter of
clusters 1-380th.
Genus SponpyLomorum.—The members of this genus are furnished
with adorsal ocellus; are destitute of a tail, and in consequence of
Cryptomonadina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 141
their imperfect peculiar self-division, form a compound body
(polypary,) resembling a whorl, or cluster of berries.
S. guaternarium.—Animalcules alternating in a group of four, of
which the terminal one is the most slender; colour green; probos-
cides 4 to 5. Length of polypary 1-576th; of each animalcule
1-1728th.
Famity.—CRYPTOMONADINA.
The family Cryptomonadina exhibits all the characteristics of the
Monadina, (and no certain or definite ones of any other family,) they
are besides furnished with a distinct gelatinous, membranous, or
hard induvium, or shell-like substance, termed a lorica, in which
they are more or less enclosed. Considering them as a family, their
organization has been determined as completely as that of the Mona-
dina, or even of the larger Polygastrica ; although something more
is yet to be learnt of the species individually. The lorica, or integu-
ment covering these creatures, is of different forms; sometimes
having the figure of an open shield /scutellum/, at others of a closed
box or a pitcher /wreeolus). Locomotive organs are clearly percep-
tible in all the genera, excepting, perhaps, the genus Lagenella, and
even in this, Dr. Werneck is of opinion that he has discerned them.
They consist of two delicate, filiform, and generally retractile pro-
cesses, issuing from the margin of the mouth, and capable of being
put into very powerful rotatory motion. We shall designate them,
as with the Monads, proboscides. The nutritive apparatus of these
creatures has not yet been demonstrated by the application of coloured
artificial food; but with six or seven species (nearly one-half the
family) internal cells have been discovered. In two genera, a sen-
sitive system may be presumed to exist, from a coloured spot or eye-
like appearance being present at the fore part of the body. From
the position of this organ of vision, the dorsal line may be readily
conceived, so as to indicate a right and left side of the creature.
The individuals either self-divide simply and completely, or they do
not divide at all. ‘It is possible,” says Ehrenberg, “ that the fossil
animalcules discovered in the flint of chalk and porphyritic forma-
tions, and named by me Pyw«idicula (see Plate 12, upper figures)
belong to the genus Zrachelomonas.
142 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
The genera hold the following relations :
Form short, self-division
: f Lorica obtuse | longitudinal or wanting Cryptomonas
and
smooth Form long and tortuous : .
Eye absent (Self-division transverse Ophidomonas
‘ai pointed: aiteriorly+....5c:czsclsesceces-« sree satenenrsanertee Prorocentrum.
Lorica with a neck and narrow OTifiCe..............ccceeceeseees Lagenella.
Lorica an open shield
Eye present \ Lorica with the orifice [ (Seutellum) } Cryptoglena.
but no neck.
Lorica a closed box or | Trachelomonas
pitcher (Urceolus)
“Of these genera,” says Dujardin, ‘“‘we accept but two, in
bringing together the Cryptoglena and Lagenella as subgenera of
Cryptomonas. Prorocentrum may be the same thing as our Oxyrrhis ;
and we, moreover, unite with Zrachelomonas, the genera Chetotyphla
and Chatoglena, placed by Ehrenberg amongst the Peridingza. With
respect to the genus Phacus, it has been introduced among the
Euglena by this author, notwithstanding the difference existing in
the non-contractility of its integument. Lastly, our genus Diselmis
corresponds in part to the Chlamidomonas of the same writer.”
Since there is a general correspondence between the family Orypto-
monadina, of Ehrenberg, and that of Thecamonadina of Dujardin, we
may append the account of the general characters given by the latter
author of Zhecamonadina.
The species of this family are readily recognized by the stiffness
or inflexibility they display while swimming, or when brought into
contact with other bodies. The lorica of the Prorocentrum and
Lagenella is at once perceived to be a distinct covering. When any
doubt, however, exists upon this point, a slight degree of pressure
in the aquatic live-box, or between two slips of polished glass, will
easily determine it. The lorica of the Zrachelomonas is siliceous,
and indestructible by fire.
Genus Crypromonas. The loricated Monads.—This genus is essen-
tially characterized (see the Table) by the species being destitute of
the visual organ, and having a lorica obtuse, or not attenuated
anteriorly. Body short, but not filiform ; self-division, if any, longi-
tudinal ; flagelliform filament very fine.
Dujardin writes “In this genus Cryptomonas, I comprise all
Cryptomonadina.| | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 143
Thecamonadina with asingle filament, and with a lorica neither hard
nor brittle, and whose body is not depressed like that of Phacus or of
Crumenula, and I moreover do not doubt that when these Infusoria
are better known, other genera may be distinguished by their more
or less globular form, by the consistence of their envelope, and espe-
cially by their mode of existence. I already indicate as subgenera,
Lagenella with an elongated lorica, and Zetrabena, which live in
groups of four, without, however, being united within a common
envelope. As to the character supplied by the existence of a red
speck in some individuals, assumed by Ehrenberg to be an eye, I
cannot discover in it a generic distinction, nor am I able to recognize
a lorica open on one side (below) like a shield. On the contrary, I
have always observed the lorica to be closed and entire, though
sometimes compressed on one side, adapting itself to the living mass
enclosed. The covering in every case is evidently larger than the
contained mass, a diaphanous space intervening between the two
appearing like a ring.”’
Crypromonas curvata.—Form compressed, slightly bent like the
letter §, and twice as long as it is broad; colour green. Found
amongst Confervee. Size 1-570th.
C. ovata (Enchelys viridis, M.) Form depressed, oval, and twice
as long as broad; colour green. Motion slow, vacillating, and
rotating on the longitudinal axis: but when obstructed, the creature
is seen to leap. Lorica paper-like, not hard, and the numerous in-
ternal transparent vesicles perceived amongst the green ova are the
alimentary sacs. In the middle of the creature there are two or
three egg-shaped bodies, supposed to be seminal glands, and at the
posterior part a single variable vesicle of a sexual nature; self-
division not observed. Figures 21 and 22 represent two full grown
creatures (side and back view), magnified 300 diameters ; and fig. 23,
a young one. Found amongst conferve. Size 1-570th.
C. erosa. Body depressed oval, colour green, anterior part hyaline.
Found in clean water, among confervee, Size 1-960th.
C. cylindrica (Enchelys viridis, M.) Body elongated, sub-cylindrical,
three times as long as broad. Found amongst conferve. Size
almost 1-1000th.
Crypromonas (7) glauca. Form oval, twice as long as broad, an-
144 DESCRIPTION OF [Polygastrica
terior portion truncated with a double flagelliform proboscis. Body
turgid, and of a blueish green colour. Found with the Chlamido-
monas pulviseulus. Size 1-864th.
Crypromonas (?) fusca.—Oval, turgid, and of a brown-colour.
Found amongst conferve. Size 1-1500th.
C. lenticularis.—Form orbicular, resembling a lens; colour green ;
lorica thick. Size 1-1729th.
“The C. curvata’—says Dujardin, ‘is so compressed that it is
properly referable to our genus Crumenula,’ The C. glauca and
C. fusca, the same observer regards as doubtful speaes. The two
following species are described, and named by Dujardin.
C. globulus——Body globular, green, often with folds (stripes),
nearly as large as the diaphanous envelope. Length 1-2600th.,
1-2250th.
C. inequalis,—Body ovoid, green, of less thickness than breadth,
with a longitudinal depression, and one or two unequal notches in
the coloured portion, which is always narrower than the envelope.
Length 1-2600th. Found in stagnant sea water, imparting to it a
green colour.
C. (LacEnetta) inflata. —Body ovoid, enlarged posteriorly ; con-
tracted anteriorly ; envelope transparent, thicker about the anterior
neck-like portion ; filled with a green substance, having a central
red speck. Motion zig-zag. Length 1-1180th. Found in a vase
of marsh water, with lemna.
Ehrenberg has described under the name of Lagenella euchlora,
an Infusorian of the same size, differing from ours by its more
elongated form, and especially by the green contents, more com-
pletely occupying the anterior neck-like portion, whereas in ours
but a narrow streak is visible.
C. (TrrraBxna) socialis. Body ovoid, regular, green, with a cen-
tral red point, enveloped by a thick lorica, which is diaphanous, and
often exhibits a commencing self-division. Animals living, collected
in regular groups of four individuals, simply agglutinated, and
having their filaments directed all to the same side. Length
1-1700th, 1-1800th. Found in a water-butt, in the King’s
garden, Paris.
‘“‘T should have taken the specimens at first for Gonza, if a trace
Cryptomonadina.] | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 145
of a common enclosing envelope, had been found; yet I cannot
doubt, but that they have the closest analogy with true Gonia, and
with what Ehrenberg has called Syncrypta in his family Volvocina,
One may suppose that the commencing self-fission observed in some
individuals would give rise to such groups, upon the destruction of
the lorica (integument) in these different genera. This mode of
propagation occurs, undoubtedly, in most of those having a soft gela-
tinous integument, but in animals like Zrachelomonas, whose lorica is
hard and brittle, we cannot understand how multiplication does
take place.”
In the addenda to his treatise, Dujardin has this remark, ‘I am
convinced that my Cryptomonas (Tetrabena), belongs rightly to
Gonium.”
Genus Ornmomonas. Zhe serpent Monads. The distinguishing
characters of this genus are its filiform body, absence of the eye, its
smooth and obtuse lorica, and its transverse but complete self-division.
It was discovered by Ehrenberg in September, 1836. It is fur-
nished with a filiform proboscis, as its organ of locomotion, which,
together with the tubular lorica, and the numerous digestive sacs,
form the whole of the organization that has hitherto been de-
monstrated. Its extremely small transverse diameter is the great
impediment to a better acquaintance with this creature. Whether
its brown colour is derived or not from the ova within it has not
been determined. (It has not been figured.)
O. Jenesis—Form very thin, curved spirally, and equally obtuse
at both extremities; colour olive-brown; motion brisk. Found only
at Jena, in well water. Size 1-570th.
O. sanguinea.—V ery. slender the interspaces between the stomach—
sacs filled with a red colour. Size 1-576th. inch. Found near
Cilonium, in brackish water.
Genus Procnocenrrum. The podnted-shell Monads.—The ani-
malcules of this genus are destitute of the eye, and have a smooth
lorica, resembling a little box (wceolus), pointed at the anterior ex-
tremity. They havea filiform proboscis, and numerous large digestive
cells in the anterior of the body. Self-division has not been observed.
*« Tt is worthy of remark,” says Dr. Ehrenberg, ‘‘ that the only spec’ s
of this genus with which we are acquainted (7.¢. in 1838), belongs to
°
146 DESCRIPTION OF [| Polygastrica,
the luminous creatures of the sea, which, perhaps from some peculiar
organic relation or condition, yet unknown to us, are instrumental in
producing that curious.and certainly vital phenomenon usually termed
phosphorescent sea.’’ It may be further noticed, that all the luminous
Infusoria of the sea, hitherto discovered, are characterized as being
of the same yellowish waxy colour as the species of this genus; and
itis probable that this condition is immediately connected with the
interesting phenomenon in question.
ProroceNtRUM micans.—Form oval and compressed, attenuated at
the posterior part, but dilated and pointed anteriorly; colour of
yellow-wax. Found in sea water. Figures 24 and 25 exhibit two
animalcules magnified 300 diameters; the first is a side view, the
latter aback view. The proboscis in figure 24 indicates the position
of the mouth. Size 1-4380th.
P. viridis.—Figure ovate, suborbicular, turgid; posterior end
rounded ; anterior shortly pointed; colour green. Size 1-1100th.
Found in the Baltic sea.
Genus Lacrnretia.—The flask-shaped Monad is distinguished from
the other loricated Monads by its closed shell being so extended
anteriorly, as to give ita neck-shaped appearance, lke that of a
bottle or flask. This shell or lorica is perfectly distinct, and as clear
as crystal. The only part of the organization of the creature at pre-
sent known is the eye, or bright red speck, whieh is always to be
seen in this genus, and the green granules within the body of the
animalcule, which Ehrenberg supposes to be ova.
T. euchlora.—Form oval, neck short and truncated ; lorica erys-
talline ; colour of the body or eggs green. Figures 26, 27, and 28,
are representations of this creature magnified. ‘ound amongst con-
fervee. Size 1-1200th.
Genus Cryproerena. The loricated Monads with an eye.-—This
genus is distinctly characterized by the species having an open lorica.
of the form of a shield (seutellum), but folded or rolled inwardly at
the sides, and without the projecting neck. The eye is perfectly evi-
dent, and the small digestive cells appear to be covered with green
egg-like granules. In the species C. conica, traces are seen in the
centre of the body of a male generative apparatus, in the form of
two oval glandular masses, of a greyish colour; in this species also a
Oryptomonadina.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 147
double filiform proboscis isseen. Self-division has not been observed
in any of the species, which are all of a green colour.
CryproGLeNA conica.—Form conical, anteriorly dilated and trun-
cated, and furnished with two filiform proboscides, half the length of the
body; posterior acutely attenuated. Coloura blueish green. Group 29
is a magnified representation of three creatures. They are found in
great numbers in butts of river water, in company with the Crypto-
monas glauca, from which they are readily distinguished by their
form, larger size, and red eye. They move briskly in the direction
of the longitudinal axis of their bodies, but when obstructed, they
spring or leap out of their course. Size 1-1100th.
C. pigra.—Form oval, approaching to globular, and emarginate
anteriorly ; colour a beautiful green; movement slow. Found in
water, when covered with ice. Size 1-3000th.
C. cerulescens—Form depressed, elliptical and emarginate ante-
riorly ; colour blucish-green; motion quick. Found amongst con-
ferve. Size 1-6000th
Genus Tracuetomonas. The Monads with the trunk.—This genus
comprehends those loricated animalcules of the family Cryptomo-
nadina which are possessed of the visual organ, and of a closed box-
like elongated or spherical lorica, but without the projecting neck.
They are furnished with a single long filiform proboscis or seta, for
the purposes heretofore described, and in two species, Z. nigricans,
and 7. volvocina, very minute transparent vesicles have been dis-
cerned, which are most probably their digestive sacs. In the species
T. cylindrica, egg-like granules are visible. Two species are green,
and one blackish-brown. It is most probable that those highly in-
teresting animalcules which enter so abundantly into the silicified
substances in certain chalk formations belongs to this genus.
T. mgricans.—Form oval, approaching to globular; colour rarely
green, mostly of a reddish or blackish-brown. Eye brown. Size
1-1700th.
T. volvocina.—Form sperical ; colour mostly green, sometimes of a
brownish hue, but easily distinguished by a red ring on the circum-
ference of the body ; vesicles may be observed internally, which are
most probably the digestive sacs, between which a very fine granulated
148 DESCRIPTION OF [| Polygastrica.
substance is situated, producing the colour of the body. It is fur-
nished with a delicate flagelliform proboscis. The red circle, so re-
markable a feature in this species, always appears to abide in the
same horizontal position, how quickly soever the creature may be
revolving on its longitudinal axis. Figure 30 represents this crea-
ture with its proboscis extended; figure 31, another with it retracted ;
figure 32 is a very young specimen; and 33, a full grown one, that
has been pressed between two plates of grass, so as to exhibit the
lorica broken without destroying any part, except the red circle
above noticed. Found amongst conferve. Size 1-860th.
TracueLomonas cylindrica. Form oblong, approaching to cylin-
drical; proboscis almost as long as the body. Colour a beautiful
green; eye red; ring purple. Size 1-1000th.
T. arceolata. Form of lorica globose, surface areolated.
T. aspera. Figure of lorica similar to preceding, but its surface
covered with rough points.
T. granulata. Similar, but its surface very minutely granulated.
T. levis. Lorica also globose, with its surface smooth.
T. pyrum. Lorica oblong or pear shaped (pyriform) smooth.
Dujardin, in his family Zhecamonadina, includes some genera of
animalcules not described by Ehrenberg, or otherwise, described
under different names and a diverse arrangement. They are appended
here as best agreeing with the Cryptomonadina.
Genus Paacus. (D.) Body flattened and leaf-like, mostly green,
and displaying a red speck in front, together with a flagelliform
filament, and a resistant membranous integument prolonged pos-
teriorly in the form of a tail.
This genus comprehends some animalcules, referred by Ehrenberg
to his genus Euglena, on account of similarity in colour. The differ-
ence between the two genera is, however, considerable, for in Huglena
the integument is contractile, and permits of a frequent change ot
form, whilst in Phacus, on the contrary, the integument appears
quite wanting in contractility, and the animal invariable in form.
The enclosing integument of Phacus persists after the death of the
animal; after the destruction of the contained green mass, and also
after the action of various chemical agents, becoming, in the latter
Cryptomonadina.| INFUSORTAL ANIMALCULES. 149
cases, quite transparent. The motor filament, however, disappears
with the living contents; but globules of the latter, indeed, remain
after death.
The optical character of the red speck in the individuals of this
genus is denied by Dujardin, as also the existence of a mouth,
stomach sacs, and sexual glands, supposed by Ehrenberg, who has
described three out of the four species of Phacus, adduced by the
French naturalist, as specimens of Euglena.
Thus, 1. Phacus pleuronectes = E. pleuronectes. 2. P. longicauda = E.
longicauda. and 3. P. triquetra = E. triquetra. (See Euglena.)
The new species of which the characters are given is :—
Phacus tripteris. Body oblong with three longitudinal plaits meet-
ing along the axis, rather twisted on the mid rib, with a red speck in
front and a diaphanous caudiform prolongation behind. Length
1-420th, 1-312th.
Genus Crumentra. (D.) Body oval, compressed, clothed with a
resistant integument (testa) obliquely situated, and, asit would seem,
reticulated, sending out obliquely from a notch in the anterior
border, a long flagelliform filament. Motion slow. There is no tail
like prolongation as in Phacus.
C. texta. Envelope resistant, reticular, filled with a green matter,
together with vacuole or hyaline globules, and having a large
anterior red globule. Length 1-520th. Testa persistent after death.
(2r21.f. 6.)
The anterior notch is produced by a sort of overhanging lip. The
filament is three times longer than the body.
Genus Disermis. (D.) Body ovoid or globular, covered by an
integument, of almost a gelatinous consistence, but not contractile,
and provided with two equal locomotive filaments.
This genus nearly corresponds to the Chlamidomonas of Ehrenberg,
placed by him in the family Volvocina, by reason of its apparent self
division, into two or four segments within the testa. Dujardin, on
the other hand, admits none as Volvocina which do not exhibit an
aggregation of perfect individuals within a common envolope.
The integument of Dise/mis is non-resistant, diaphanous, breaking
up after death, it is sometimes filled with a green substance, ac-
cording to Ehrenberg, coloured ova, an improbable supposition in
150 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Dujardin’s opinion, seeing that these beings are sensitive of light
and, like plants, fix themselves to the lightest part of the containing
vessel, and disengage gas (oxygen) when exposed to the sun’s rays.
In the green substance are seen granular masses, a disc with en-
larged border and ared speck. The motor filaments proceed from the
same opening of the integument, and often form a diaphanous lobe
projecting from the opening. The red colour seen oftentimes in the
water of the Mediteranean appears due to Infusoria of this genus.
Disetuis, viridis = chlamidomonas pulvisculus, (Ehr.)
D. marina.—Body nearly globular, obtuse, and rounded in front,
granular within. Length 1-1050th.
This species is larger than D. viridis, more globular, and appa-
rently deficient of the red speck. Found in stagnant sea water of a
green colour.
D. Angusta.—Body pyriform, oblong, appearing to be plaited, and
tubercular inside, sometimes with an indistinct red speck. Length
1-2600th to 1-1850th.
D. Dunalit.—Body oval or oblong, often constricted about the
middle; colourless when very young, then green, afterwards red,
two flagelliform filaments longer than the body, seated on a pro-
jecting and retractile anterior lobe. Interior occupied by coloured
globules. Discovered by M. Joly, to be the chief cause of the red
colour of the water of the Mediterranean Sea.
Genus AnisonrMA.—Body colourless, oblong, more or less com-
pressed, having a resistant envelope, giving exit by an opening to
two filaments, one directed forwards flagelliform, the other trailing
backwards and retractile; movement slow.
In other genera, as in Heteromita, two similarly characterized
filaments exist, but the present genus is known by its non-contractile
resistant integument, which is often met with empty and transparent.
It may be that the Bodo grandis (Ehr.) is allied to this genus as
well as to Heteromita.
A. acinus.—Body oblong, depressed, rounded posteriorly narrower
in front, like the seed of an apple, with an opening close to the apex ;
movement in a straight line forwards. Length 1-1300th to 1-850th.
In pond water.
A. suleata.—Body oval, depressed, with 4-5 longitudinal furrows,
Volvocina.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 151
and an oblique notch in front, from which the two filaments proceed ;
movement yacillating, circular. Length 1-1300th. The projecting
filament is three times, and the floating one about twice as long as
the body. (P. 21. f. 8.)
Genus Pumorta, (D.)—Body diaphanous, haying several ribs or
longitudinal ridges at the middle, and a circular translucent margin,
giving the whole a navicular form ; two locomotive filaments proceed
from one end.
This distinct form of Infusoria might be mistaken for one of the
Bacillaria, were not the filaments clearly visible. The characters
of the filaments are similar to those of Anisonema, one extending
forwards with an undulatory movement, the other trailing and
capable of suddenly arresting the movement of the body by its
adhesion and power of retraction.
P. vitrea—Body hyaline, with 3-4 longitudinal salient lines at
the centre, and some granules. Length 1-130th; movement slow.
Found in sea water, kept for two months. (P. 21. f. 10. a. b.)
Genus Oxyrruis, (D.)—Body ovoid, oblong, obliquely notched in
front, and prolonged into a point, several flagelliform filaments pro-
ceed laterally from the bottom of the fissure.
The name indicates its elongated apex; one species only is de-
scribed ; these Infusoria being but imperfectly known.
O. marina.—Body colourless; sub-cylindrical rugose, rounded
posteriorly. Length 1-520th. (P. 21. f. 9. a. 6.) Found in the
Mediterranean.
Famity.—VOLVOCINA.
This family derives its name from the rolling motion with which
the extraordinary creatures belonging to it make their way through
their natural element—the water. The mode in which they self-
divide, whilst pent up within their loricated vestment, is a curious
characteristic of the family, and such as would almost warrant the
supposition that they hold some very uear relationship to those re-
markable creatures termed Zoophytes. They resemble the Monads in
most particulars relating to their organization. The body is unvarying,
and except cilia, destitute of appendages. They have several digestive
sacs, but no true alimentary canal. Whilst propagation by self-division
152 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica,
is proceeding, and the young are increasing in size, the surrounding
induvium, which is a distinct lorica, is observed to expand in a cor-
responding degree, but continues entire until its numerous occupants
have come to maturity, when it is seen to burst, and set them at
liberty. The animalcules thus set free multiply in the same manner,
and also by means of ova—in which case the expansive property of
the lorica comes equally into operation.
All the genera (excepting, perhaps, Gyges), are provided with
organs of locomotion, which consist, as with the Donads and Crypto-
monads, of a single or double flagelliform very delicate proboscis; and
hence it is that, when they are in clusters, the entire group appears to
be ciliated, or beset with hairs. Transparent digestive cells are visible
in the Volvox globator and Gonium pectorale, but in most of the species
the green ova hide them from our sight. The propagative apparatus
is evident in all the genera, with the exception of the Uroglena, under
the form of ova grains, one or two round glands, and a contractile
bladder.
The family is disposed into ten genera: five are furnished with
the visual organ, situated at the anterior part of the body, and five
are without it. In the former, a sensitive system is consequently
presumed.
The following is an analysis of the family :—
( vibrating }
proboscis absent Gyges.
| Lorica box-like “
- : vibrating F
d Tail j Lorica single proboscis present } Pandorina.
& | absent
rl | clusters tabulated or in plates .............. Gonium.
KS Trica double) Urs:-a.cccenopeeenmeemtncnsneenesesncnes aves ss tecceemaeices Syncrypta.
J :
l Tail present ......scccccccsecvcessle aiacieiatsioisielcie + isis (oretsiaioieisiateiele Synura.
Parl NESS araleteelalelafete elelalele(=eieleloleleieistat Uroglena.
Self-division both veh:
equal and perfect proboscis single ....... . Eudorina.
= (no internal globes) | tail absent.. 4
az proboscis double ..... .«. Chlamidomonas.
i“
me . . .
2 Self-division unequal f proboscis single Spherosira.
al (forming internal
globes) proboscis double Volvox.
There is a tendency in recent observers to refer many, or even all
of the Volvocina to the vegetable kingdom. For instance, Dr. Car-
penter says, “Itis not by any means certain that the Volvocina are
Volvocina. | INFUSCRIAL ANIMALCULES. 153
not to be transferred to the vegetable kingdom. Their green colour
leads to the suspicion that they decompose carbonic acid, and the
stomachs described by Ehrenberg in the component Monads, are not
more distinct than the stomachs which he has represented as existing
in several other beings, whose vegetable nature is now generally
admitted. It is considered by Braun, who has paid much attention
to the development of inferior Algae, that the Vlovocina are of the
same type with certain Zoospores, which become composite by fissi-
parous multiplication.’”’—Principles of Physiology, p. 251.
Dr. Carpenter’s reviewer, in The British and Foreign Medico- Cha-
rurgical Review, October, 1851, writes, ‘‘We have recently seen a
series of preparations by Mr. Williamson, of Manchester, who has
paid much attention to the development of the Volvox, which leave
not the slightest doubt in our minds that the entire hollow sphere is
originally composed of cells formed by the multiplication of a single
one; and that these cells are of the same essential character with
those of the inferior Algw generally ; it being a part of their nature
to secrete a great thickness of pellucid mucilaginous matter around
the primardial utricle, [The delicate living membrane of the walls of
cells is so called by Moehl, and is considered of special importance in
cell-formation.]| And thus the green utricles (cells), which are
originally in close approximation, become separated from each other
by its intervention, still remaining connected, however, by certain
thread-like prolongations, which Ehrenberg has erroneously described
as vessels.”
While it is a duty due to the reader to insert the above opinions
on the Volvocina, my observations, for more than twenty-five years,
on these creatures, induce me firmly to believe in their animal
nature.
Dujardin, whilst admitting the Volvocina among true animal Infu-
soria, would effect a different distribution of the genera proposed by
Ehrenberg. Gyges and Chlamidomonas, would transfer to the Z'heca-
monadina, Cryptomonadina, (Ehr.), inasmuch as they do not present
an aggregation of individuals enclosed by a common envelope.
Further, since the visual character of the red specks is not admitted
by the French naturalist, Zudorina and Pandorina must be combined,
as also Synuwra and Uroglena, whilst the genus Synerypta is ren-
M
154 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
dered doubtful, and, probably Sphaerosira should be united with the
Pandoria.
Genus Gyezs. The ring Animaleule.—This genus is characterized
by being deficient of the eye, tail, and vibrating filiform proboscis.
The lorica is of a simple box-like form (/wreeolus). We know but
little of the organization, as not even the nutritive apparatus has
been observed ; and were it not that some slight spontaneous motion
of the body is perceptible, when it is surrounded with a coloured
fluid, it would seem that all the certain characteristics of an animal
were wanting. Two species are mentioned by Ehrenberg, both of a
green colour, and enclosed in a transparent lorica.
G. granulum (Volvox granulum, M./—¥orm oval, approaching to
globular. Body contains a heap of granules within it, of a darkish-
green colour. Found amongst Lemna and Conferva. A magnified
representation is given at figure 34. Size 1-1150th.
G. bipartitus.—This species has a body of a crystalline gelatinous
substance, and of nearly a spherical form; the superficies colourless,
but its contents yellowish-green. Its body is sometimes divided
into two, and at others it is a simple sphere. The contents are com-
posed of numerous homogenous granules, which if the creature be
an animal, may be considered as the ova. Found amongst Conferva.
Size 1-480th.
G. sanguineus.—Body oval, colour red, inclining to crimson, sur-
rounded by a broad colourless ring, representing an enveloping lorica.
This is a new species discovered by Mr. Shuttleworth in the red
snow, which fell at the Grimsel, im August, 1839; its motion is
lively. In Plate 12., group 527, shows several highly magnified.
Found with Astasia nivalis and Monas gliscens, among the globules of
Protococeus nivalis. (See Ed. Phil. Jour. v., xxix., also Dr. Cohn’s
elaborate Essay.) Length 1-1200th to 1-800th.
M. Vogt has described the reproduction of this bemg as very
singular. He says, ‘‘it gives off from several parts of its body small
transparent buds, apparently vesicular, and, for the most part, filled
with granular matter. As they enlarge they become gradually de-
tached ; sometimes two of equal size, of which one is red and loricated,
the other colourless, adhere by a very narrow point of attachment,
which subsequently gives way, and the bud appears as an Infusory
Volvocina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 155
animal, like what Mr. Shuttleworth has represented in his 7th and
8th figures, and which approaches Pandorina hyalina. (Ehr.)”
M. Vogt adds, that Gyges sanguineus ought not only to be looked
upon as the type of a new genus, but even of a new family, on
account of its very peculiar mode of reproduction.
He further describes a new Infusorium, as a species of Gyges :—
Gyexs Vogtii—It occurs as a globular organism, containing in its
interior from 2 te 5 individuals, enveloped by an apparently siliceous
lorica. The colour is dark red; the globules are frequently found
adherent, and arranged in the form of a cross; they are also often
separate. ‘The small individuals, probably the young, were of a
clear yellow hue. I could not observe the slightest motion in them.”
On the Animalcules of the Red Snow.—Bvbliothéque Univers de
Genéve, May 1841.
Genus Panportna. The berry-like globe Animaleules——The cha-
racteristics of this genus are, its being destitute of eye and tail, but
provided with the box-like lorica, of a globular shape, and with a
filiform proboscis. During the process of self-division the internal
development gives the creature the appearance of a mulberry. A
simple proboscis is present in all the species (at least in all the
European) as the organ of locomotion, &c., and transparent vesicles,
seemingly the nutritive apparatus, may be observed. There are two
species only, one green, and the other colourlesss ; the latter, how-
ever, is a doubtful Pandorina.
The following characteristics as given by Dujardin, appear more
clear than those of Ehrenberg.
The Pandorina consist of very small green animals, grouped into
globules imbedded in the interior of a gelatinous mass, diaphanous,
and ovoid, or globular, in figure.
Unlike Volvox, in which the individual animalcules occupy the
surface, those of the Pandorina are surrounded by a transparent
sphere, and the mode of the propagation being also different, no
formation of internal globes, and their ultimate escape by rupture of
the enclosing parent, is seen to occur.
Pandorina elegans—Endorina elegans. (Ehr.) Dujardin esteeming
the presence of the red speck (supposed eye) to be insufficient to
characterize a genus.
M2
156 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastriea.
Panportna morum ( Volvox morum, M.) Body simple or multipartite,
enclosed within a simple lorica. Colour green; proboscis twice as
long as the body. Figure 37 represents a cluster; 36, a single
animalcule; and 35, one in which self-division has just commenced.
Found in water with Lemna and Conferva. Size of individual,
1-1150th; ditto cluster, 1-120th. Individuals broken from the
cluster by Ehrenberg have not been above one-third the former
measurement.
P. hyalina. Form globular. Found in the Nile with conferva.
Size 1-5760.
Genius Gontum. Zhe tablet Animalcules.—The members of this
genus are especially characterized by being deficient both of eye and
tail, by having a simple lorica, and by developing themselves in the
process of self-division in clusters, of a regular four-cornered tablet
or plate. The lorica of each individual (as is noticed after separa-
tion) is nearly round, and resembles a mantle (lacerna), which the
creature is empowered to cast off, and form anew. In one of the
species (G. pectorale) two filiform and vibratory proboscides are
placed at the mouth, as organs of locomotion, &c.; in the other
species, these have not been observed. Vesicles are seen within G.
pectorale, notwithstanding the creature abstains from coloured food ;
and a red speck (produced probably by inflected light) at the base of
the proboscides has been perceived by Ehrenberg, which he conceives
to be the mouth.
G. pectorale (M).—The form of this animalcule, or more cor-
rectly, cluster of animalcules, is shown at figs. 38, 40, and 41. It
consists of sixteen spherical bodies, enclosed within a transparent
lorica or shell, and disposed regularly in a quadrangular form, like
the jewels in the breast-plate of the Jewish High Priest. They are
all arranged in the same plane. The four centre ones are generally
larger than those which surround them, and the combined diameters
of the three smaller balls, are about equal to the two larger centre
ones to which they are attached; the external corners are conse-
quently vacant. As these animalcules swim and revolve in the water,
they occasionally present aside view to the observer, when the cir-
cumference of the larger central globules may be seen projecting
beyond the others. Sometimes the clusters appear irregular; this
Volvocina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 157
happens when the larger animalcules have arrived at maturity, and
some of them have separated from the cluster. When they are all of
equal diameters, the group divides across the middle, both vertically
and horizontally, and separates into four clusters, each consisting of
four animalcules. As soon as a cluster has separated, the respective
animalcules increase in size, and in a short time their surfaces appear
decussated, and they severally begin to form into regular clusters,
like the original one to which they belonged. They are of a beau-
tiful transparent green colour, and in swimming, the globules often
appear of an ellipsoidal figure (see fig. 40); their forms, when
viewed under the microscope in the usual way, are so simple, and so
different from animated beings cognizable to unaided vision, that it
would be difficult to bring our reason to admit of their vitality, were
not their spontaneous motion clearly ascertained ; and when examined
under a high magnifying power, with proper illumination and
management, their structure rendered apparent. Figure 39 shows
a single free animalcule, with its two proboscides, and figure 42, a
highly magnified view of another, invested with the lorica. In this
figure is seen the disposition of the six cords or tubes which connect
it with the surrounding ones; also numerous corpuscles within the
body. A combination of sixteen animalcules (never more, but some-
times less) generally forms the square tablet or plate.
In order to observe the structure of this highly curious and beau-
tiful creature, considerable adroitness is necessary in the management
of the microscope, while, a little indigo, conveyed into the water with
the point of a camel’s hair pencil, will be required to see the whorls
and currents set in motion around it. It is almost incredible what
power, comparatively speaking, these minute beings possess, notwith-
standing the speck they appear to occupy in the scale of creation.
The currents are produced by the proboscides, two of which, as
stated above, are situated at the mouth of each individual, so that in
a tablet or plate, thirty-two, in alli—twenty-four placed at the edges,
and eight standing out from the centre—are brought into action.
The single animalcules (fig. 39) swim like the Monads, in the
direction of the longitudinal axis of their bodies, with the mouth
foremost, but the plates have a variety of movements ; sometimes
158 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
they move quite horizontally, at others vertically, and then again on
their edges, revolving like a wheel. A magnifying power of 200
diameters is sufficient for general examination ; but to exhibit all the
structures shown in the engravings, four times that power will be
required. Found in clear water, salt and fresh, near the surface.
Discovered by Miiller, in clear water, at Copenhagen, 1773. Size of
animalcule from 1-460th to 1-1150th ; ditto of tablet, not exceeding
1-280th.
Gontum punctatum. Body composed of green corpuscles, spotted with
black, and enclosed within a crystalline lorica. Found amongst con-
ferva. Size of animalcule 1-4600th; a tablet of 16, 1-570th in
breadth.
G. tranquillum. Body composed of green corpuscles within a erys-
talline lorica, as shown at figure 48. Size 1-2880th; a ditto tablet
of 16, from 1-140th to 1-220th in breadth. Tablet sometimes twice
as broad as long.
G. hyalinum. Body composed of transparent corpuscles within a
crystalline shell. Found in stagnant water. Size 1-300th; ditto
tablet of 20 to 25, 1-6000th in breadth.
G. glaucum. Body composed of blueish-green corpuscles within a
crystalline shell. The tablets vary in the number of animalcules—
namely, from four to sixty-four. Found insea water. Size 1-5000th;
ditto tablet, 1-500th in diameter.
Genus Syncrypra. Zhe double loricated globe Animalcules.—This
genus of the family Volvocinais mainly characterized by its secreting
or hiding itself (as the name implies) within a second envelope or
shell. The individuals of the genus are each of them provided with
a special lorica of their own, of the form of a little shield (sewtellum),
but being of a social character, they have besides a common envelope
o- gelatinous mantle (lacerna) into which they retreat or aggregate,
as occasion may require. They are deficient of both eye and tail,
but they have a large filiform proboscis, which vibrates, for the pur-
poses of locomotion, &c. When the animalcules are im a cluster,
these proboscides give it an appearance of being surrounded with
hairs. The digestive sacs have not yet been perceived. Self-division
takes place in a longitudinal direction.
With this genus Dujardin would identify his Cryptomonas (Tetraz
bena) p- 144.
Volvocina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 159
Synorypra volvox. Body of an oval form and green colour, with
whitish rays in the centre. Found generally in water drained
from Conferva. Size 1-2880th; ditto of a clustered globule in its
crystalline tunic, hardly exceeding 1-570th.
This berry-like cluster of animaleules, when rolling through the
water, is a beautiful object for the microscope, and, with the aid of a
little indigo, the numerous currents it creates are readily perceived.
The usual appearance of the clusters, as viewed under the microscope,
and amplified 260 diameters, is given at fig. 45. Fig. 44 represents a
cluster magnified 400 times, and fig. 46 a cluster as viewed by
Ehrenberg, in its simplest state, when about to sever into four.
Genus Synura. Zhe ray globe Animalcules are characterized by
being destitute of the eye, but provided with a filiform tail, which is
attached either to the base of its own lorica, or to the centre of the
cluster to which it belongs. The general envelope is a gelatinous
substance of a spherical form, and fitted up into as many compart-
ments, or cells, as there are individuals in its little community. From
out of these cells they can severally stretch themselves a considerable
distance, whilst they continue fastened, in the manner before deseribed,
by the extremely delicate and extensible tail.
S. wvella. Composed of oblong corpuscles, of a yellow colour ;
eapable of being stretched forth from their cells to three times their
natural length, by means of the extensible tail. The cluster has the
form of a mulberry, and its motion is a rolling one, like that of the
Volvox globator. Figure 50 exhibits a cluster magnified, and figure
51 a portion of a cluster, to show the manner in which the tails of
the animalcules are inserted in the common envelope. This species,
along with Synerypta and Uroglena volvox, may often have been con-
founded with Uvella virescens. Length of body, exclusive of tail,
1-700th; diameter of cluster, from 1-190th to 1-280th.
Genus Urnoetena. Zhe globe Animalcules, with ray and eye.—This is
the first genus of the family Volvocina, which is distinguished by the
possession of both the eye and tail. It is also a sort of compound
animalcule, living in clusters under a common covering or mantle
(lacerna), which is apportioned inte eells fer the accommodation of
the several individuals. Self-division takes place simply and equally
in these individuals, whilst remaining in their clustering condition.
Within the mantle they are placed at uniform distances from cach
160 DESCRIPTION OF ( Polygastrica.
other, with their tails radiating from the centre, and by means of
which each animalcule is fixed to the base of its own special en-
velope. Each one is furnished with a filiform proboscis, which gives
to the entire group the appearance of being covered with hairs.
When the creatures divide, the mantle or lacerna, only enlarges,
without becoming separated itself. The visual organ is a red speck
in the fore part of the body; the tail is filiform, resembling that of
Vorticella and Bodo.
The internal structure of these compound animalcules can be ve-
rified only with instruments of superior quality, and require con-
siderable skill in the management of them. This latter qualification
is so indispensable, that notwithstanding many persons in this
country possess better microscopes than those employed by Ehren-
erg, the curious organization of these little creatures has hitherto
eluded their observation.
Urociena volvox.—Body composed of yellow corpuscles of an ob-
long form. ‘Tail extensible from three to six times the length of the
body, and even more. Cluster mulberry-shaped. There is little
doubt but that single animalcules of this genus, seen in company
with the clusters, have often been taken for creatures of a different
family. Ehrenberg states that he has observed individuals with two
or three eyes, which he conceives to have been a symptom of ap-
proaching self-division. Fig. 54 gives a magnified representation of
a globular cluster of these animalcules, and fig. 53 a single one, in
which the red eye is distinctly visible. Found in turf water.
Diameter of cluster. 1-90th.
Genus Evportna. The globe Animaleule with an eye.—The cha-
racteristics of this genus are its absence of tail, but possession of the
eye, which may be distinctly seen, and a simple filiform vibratory
proboscis, situated at the mouth, as its organ of locomotion, &c.
Self-division is also undergone by the individuals simply and equally,
whilst retaining their clusted position. These little creatures are
endowed with the power of periodically casting off their globular
lorica or mantle (lacerna) which envelopes the cluster, and exuding
a new one, like certain animals of the class Annelida. To observe
the eye a power of 300 diameters must be skilfnlly employed.
E. elegans.—Composed of green corpuscles, of a globular shape,
Volvocina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 161
never protruding out of their cells from the common envelope. Eye
sparkling red. The clusters which are of an oval or globular form,
contain generally from 30 to 50 individuals, and never less than 15.
Motion rotating. Figure 47 is a cluster magnified; it exhibits the
proboscides extended, and the bodies of the animalcules within the
lorica. Clusters of these beautiful animalcules are often seen in such
amazing numbers, along with the Volvox globator and Chlamidomonas
pulvisculus, as to render the water (otherwise colourless) of a decided
green colour, especially towards its edges. They are exceedingly
delicate, so much so, that it is difficult to preserve them alive for more
than a day or two: whenever it is attempted to retain them in large
quantities, the second day will generally exhibit a thick mass of dead
ones at the bottom of the vessels. When a few only remain alive,
if the water be poured away, and the creatures removed into a vessel
of clear water, they will live for weeks. Found at Hackney and
Hampstead; most abundant in the spring of the year. Diameter of
cluster 1-180th.
Genus Cutamipomonas. The cuiras Monad Animaleules are cha-
racterized by being deficient of the tail, but provided with a beau-
tiful red eye, indicating a sensitive system, and with a double
flagelliform proboscis, for the purpose of locomotion, &c. The shell-
like envelope, which bears the form of a little box (wreeolus) encloses
the creature up to the mouth, and when the young have attained to
maturity and self-division is to be completed, it bursts, to set
them at liberty. The lorica is with difficulty perceived upon the
young ones.
C. pulvisculus (Monas pulvisculus, M.)—Body composed of green
corpuscles, of an oval form, and included within a box-like shell.
Eye brilliant red, and proboscis double. The clusters are globular,
and made up of only three or four, or at most eight? Group 52 re-
presents a single one; also a cluster about to separate into five,
the latter enclosed in a common envelope. See Diselmis viridis
(Duj.)
These creatures form the larger portion of the green matter which
colours the water contained in water-butts, ponds, and puddles, in the
summer and autumn, and especially after a storm. It could hardly
162 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
fail to have been observed so soon as any of this green water was
examined under the microscope.
Wherever these creatures exist in great quantities, multitudes of
them die; their bodies, and the envelopes cast off by the living ones,
are decomposed, gaseous matter is generated, which adhering, causes
them to rise to the surface of the water, forming a green stratum
upon it. Although the animalcules, and their coverings, when in
this state, somewhat resemble Ulvacee, yet are they easily distin-
guishable from them by the red speck or eye, which is retained for
a considerable time after death, and the new bodies may be seen
connected together by means of an intervening membrane, formed
of dead colourless Infusoria, and the remains of lorice. Size 1-550th.
Genus SpHarrostra. Zhe rudder Animalcules.—The distinguishing
features of this genus are its being deficient of the tail, but possessing
the eye, and a simple filiform rudder-like proboscis. Its method
of self-dividing is different from that of any of the preceding genera,
inasmuch as it occurs unequally within the envelope, when young
clusters are formed at once from the parent ones. This genus differs,
then, from Pandorina, in having the eye; from Hudorina, by its un-
equal mode of self-division; and, from Volvor, by its simple pro-
boscis. Self-division in these creatures takes place in the longitudinal
direction, commencing in parallel planes, so that lamina are produced
as with the Gonium. Since, according to Dujardin, but one filament
exists in Volvox, this genus should be set aside as indistinguishable
from the latter.
S. volvor,—Body composed of pale green corpuscles, of nearly a
globular shape, enveloped in a lorica of the mantle form. Eye bright
red. The cluster resembles a great ball of animalcules, contaiming
small compressed clusters within it. Fig. 49 represents a portion of
the tunic or lorica, highly magnified, so as to shew the different forms
of the creatures located within it; thus, three single animalcules,
one mulberry-shaped cluster, and one oblong group may be observed
within that portion of lorica. Figure 48 represents a large spherical
cluster. Found in considerable numbers in company with the Volvox
globator, and often attains its size. Sometimes found by itself.
Genus Vorvox. Zhe globe Animalcules.—The genus Volvox, which
Volvocina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 163
is the type of the family Volvocina, was instituted by Linneus,
and promulgated to the world in 1758, im the tenth edition of his
Systema Naturae. This genus, as first described by him, compre-
hended the entire race of Infusoria, excepting only eleven of the
tribe Vorticella, which were separated from them, under the deno-
mination of Hydra, the two species V. globator and V. chaos con-
taining all the rest. In his twelfth edition (1766) of the same work,
he distributes the Infusoria into four genera, viz., Vorticella, Volvox,
Hydra, and Chaos.
Volvox is characterized by the members aggregating under a trans-
parent shell-like lorica, of the form of a hollow globe, the creatures
being distributed over the internal surface of it. Each animalcule
possesses the red eye and a double filiform proboscis, which latter
protrudes beyond the surface of the lorica, so as to give it the ap-
pearance (where great numbers of these creatures are assembled
to form the globe) of being covered with cilia. The different modes
of increasing by self-division are especially characteristic of the
genus.
Formerly the whole globular mass was regarded as a single warty
or ciliated animalcule, and the bursting of the globe, whereby a few
inner globes, which had come to maturity and previously left their
positions in the lorica, were liberated, was considered as the birth of
the single animalcule. This theory Ehrenberg clearly proves to
have been erroneous, and shows that a somewhat deeper research
is necessary in order to determine the organic relations of the crea-
ture. The individual animalcules are the little green wart-like
bodies or specks which are to be seen on the surface of the globe, and
singly resemble Monads. They have the same relation to their
globe as the individuals of Goniwm pectorale hold to their tabular
clusters. Each sphere or globe is a hollow cluster, if we may so
term it, of many hundreds, or even thousands of these living occu-
pants, and often contain within it other hollow spheres, similar in
nature to itself.
The individuals are protected by a gelatinous lorica or mantle
(lacerna), of the form of a bell, which they are enabled to leave,
when full grown. They are connected with their neighbours by
from three to six filiform cords or tubes. The mouth is situated at
164 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
the base of the double proboscis, before mentioned, and indicated by
a bright spot. The eye, which is placed near the mouth, implies the
existence of a sensitive system. Dujardin has been unable to detect
the double proboscis, and the connecting cords as described by
Ehrenberg, and consequently admits the existence of only one flagelli-
form filament.
Votyox globator (M). The globe Animalcules.—The creatures which
form these clusters are extremely minute. Each cluster is of nearly
a spherical form, and will often contain within its younger clusters,
of a green colour, and smooth or even surface. When blue or red
colouring matter is mixed with the water, strong currents may be
observed under the microscope around each globe, which, when in
motion, always proceeds with the same part foremost.
Fig. 55 represents a large globe with eight smaller ones (termed by
Ehrenberg, sisters) within it ; each of them has a bright spot, which is
considered as an opening for the admission of water into the interior.
Fig. 56 represents a section or piece of a globe, magnified 500
diameters ; it exhibits five single animalcules and a small cluster of
six young ones. They are attached to the lorica, and connected
together by five thread-like bands. ach creature has a double pro-
boscis and the red eye.
Fig. 57 represents a single animalcule, separated from its lorica,
and magnified 2000 diameters. Found in shallow pools of clear
water, in spring and summer, at Hampstead.
The largest globes measure 1-30th of an inch in diameter; the
smallest free swimming ones 1-360th to 1-240th. Size of a single
animalcule, 1-3500th.
M. Laurent describes two kinds of contained reproductive bodies
in this species, the one green and provided with vibratile cilia, the
other smaller, consisting of a transparent envelope (shell) which con-
tains a thick and red globular substance. The former he considers to
be gemmules, the latter oviform bodies, or ova; which, however, he
has not yet seen undergo development. (Institutes de la société
Philomatique, de Paris, 1848.)
Ehrenberg notified the peculiar occurrence of living Rotatorza
within the globes of the Volvex globator. Mr. John Williams has
Volvocina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 165
communicated (Trans. Microscopic Soe. vol. iii., 1851), an interesting
observation, confirming Ehrenberg’s account.
Within the cavity of a large specimen of this species, evidencing
its usual vitality, and the ciliary movements on its surface, he
noticed a very active Rotifer, which he believes to have been the
Notommata parasitica, and which was subsequently accompanied by
another of the same species, but smaller. He adds, ‘“ by the most
careful examination, no opening could be perceived by which they
could have been introduced, neither did there appear to have been
any viscera by which their motions might be impeded, as they swam
about as freely as fish in a glass-globe, to which, indeed, they bore
no faint resemblance.”
Votvox awreus.—Is of a green colour, and nearly globular. The
large clusters are in the form of a sphere, and the smaller ones
within them of a golden colour, and smooth surface. Found in rain
water standing on turf. Diameter of globe 1-36th.
V. stellatus.—Is small, of an angular form, and green colour.
The clusters are subglobose, sometimes oblong, and contain other
globes within them, of a green colour, and having their surfaces
tuberculated or stellated. Diameter of globe 1-30th.
Ehrenberg communicated a paper by Werneck, on the Infusoria,
to the Royal Academy of Berlin, and an abstract appeared in the
monthly report of that society, in which very brief characters of
several new genera, both of Polygastrica, and of Rotatoria are given—
two of which are to be inserted in this family Volwocina, as allied to
the Pandorina.—The first genus is called
Catra.—Monads imbedded in a gelatinous mass, affixed to plants,
and not swimming freely about. Two species are known, the (cha-
racters not given.)
The second genus bears the name of SrrpHanoma.—Pandorina with
a single circular series of animalcules, individual corpuscles dividing
after the manner of Goniwm. One species observed—a genus of a
peculiar form exhibiting a circlet of spherules, connected as a wreath.
(Monatsbericht der Konigl Preuss. Akademie der Wissens. Chaften
Zu Berlin. November 1841, p. 377.)
166 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Famiry.—VIBRIONIA.
The animalcules of this family are distinctly or apparently poly-
gastric, but without a true alimentary canal, and, like the Monadina,
are incapable of changing the form of their body. They have neither
appendages or shell-like covering. They are associated or linked
together in thread-like chains, formed by their imperfect transverse
self-division. Considering how much we know of the organization
of the family IMonadina, we are comparatively far behind in in-
formation respecting the Vibrionia, and were it not that the cause of
our ignorance is manifestly attributable to the exceeding minuteness
of the individual animalcules, we might be justified in imagining
their structure to be more simple than in all probability it really is.
The filiform and very delicate threads in which they occur, are not, as
we have said, separate animalcules, but chain-like clusters, whose
almost imperceptible links are themselves (at first) single creatures.
The reasons to be assigned for arriving at this conclusion, are, that
the clusters or chains have never any determinate length, or number
of members forming them, and that they are sometimes so short as to
be made up of not more than two or three individuals, and only dis-
tinguishable from Jonas termo and I. crepusculum by their mode of
union, and peculiar, though not easily characterized movements.
Hence all their organic relationships are to be sought for in these
minute portions of the chain. To discover these is a task not to be
fully accomplished, even with the greatest assiduity, coupled with the
most effective optical means which we at present possess. The
traces of organization in the members of this family are so few, and
those so indefinite, that a question might arise whether or not they
are to be considered as belonging to the animal portion of the creation.
The answer to this is, that they possess a very powerful writhing,
and evidently voluntary form of locomotion; and in one genus
(Bacterium), a single vibratory proboscis is present as the organ of
motion. In it the individual forms are strung more slightly together,
the filiform cluster not being able to exert the writhing movement
seen in the true /7briones, a direct movement in swimming being alone
Vibrionia} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 167
practicable. In Spirillwm the constrictions or articulations are
oblique, so that increase in length by division engenders a spiral
chain.
The animals of this family “are (says Dujardin,) the first Infusoria
which present themselves in all infusions, and those which from
their extreme smallness and the imperfection of our means of obser-
vation must be considered the most simple; .... . and it is only
their more or less active movements which lead to their being
regarded as animals. J have been sometimes induced to believe that
a flagelliform filament, analagous to that of Monads, or rather a spiral
undulating one, exists; causing the peculiar mode of locomotion. Is
the Bacterium triloculare,described by Ehrenberg as having a proboscis
a true Vibrio ?
All that can be with certainty predicated respecting their organi-
zation is that they are contractile, and propagate by spontaneous
fission, often imperfect, and hence giving rise to a greater or less
increase in length.
The Vibrionia are developed with extreme rapidity in all liquids
containing changed or decomposed organic substances.
Wagner and Leuckhart, speaking of the sort of motion in cylin-
drical-shaped spermatozoa, make this general remark, ‘‘ They are
principally limited to a bow-shaped curvature, similar to the motion
of the Vibrionva which, like the Jonadina, belong to the vegetable
kingdom, and may undergo a further development into fibrous fungi.
( Cyclopedia Anatomy Art. Semen. p. 503.)
Dr. Burnett, of New York, has written a paper to prove that the
Vibrionia are plants. He says the only assignable reason for con-
sidering them animals is their supposed voluntary motion ; a suppo-
sition to which he is opposed. As evidence of their plant-nature,
he adduces the fact of their branching, like Algz; an occurrence ~
particularly observable in Spirillum. He believes the smaller are
only the younger forms of the larger species; and that they propa-
gate by gemmation, and not by fission only, as Ehrenberg states.
Concerning the so-called voluntary motion of the Vibrionia, Dr.
Burnett remarks: ‘‘It is because the motions have a kind of directive
character that they have been called voluntary ; a condition neces-
sarily implying a direct act of perception on the part of the form
168 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
moved, and one which at once strikes us as untenable. Such motions
again are partaken in by spermatozoa and vegetable cells, and cannot
be adduced as signs of animality. I know nothing more confirmatory
of this than the behaviour of these forms when subjected to certain
re-agents.” Dr. B. then assumes that beings endowed ‘with ani-
mality, or a separate individual entity, yield more or less to the
influence of electrical and other agents, which appear to act without
any disorganizing process.” He next states that he found “ electrical
shocks sufficient to kill small animals, had no effect on their ( Vibrionia)
movements. But the application of acids, or other agents acting on
the cell-structure, soon caused them to cease.” Viewing them as
Algeous plants throws light on several common phenomena. One in
particular is, that the Vibrionia should almost invariably be found
in infusions and liquids that contain other alg, and especially the
common Forula. For I do not remember ever to have seen the
Forula without Vibrionia.” —( Proceedings of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, 1850.)
This family is distributed by Ehrenberg as follows :—
Articulated threads (clusters). Tnflexible .......scccccsseseccsecerseneceenees Bacterium.
Straight, the divisions being
rectangular and transverse } Pie
Flexible, like @ SNAKE ....cseeeeeeeeerreees Vibrio.
Flexible.....c0 0c ceveenesereners Spirochoeta.
Articulated threads spirally twisted ] a
(like a bell-spring or cork-screw) the with a cylindrically ee
transverse divisions being oblique extended Spirillum.
spiral form
Inflexible
with adisc-like }
compressed spiral Spirodiscus.
form
On this subdivision of the family Vibrionia into genera and species,
Dr. Burnett has the following observations: ‘‘when we come to
nisms as minute as these, the distinguishing characteristics of
genera and species become too obscure and equivocal to have much
value, and the best microscopists have arrived at the conclusion, that
such distinctions are too refined, and will not bear the test of ex-
- orga
perience.
“The genus Vibrio—the simplest, I regard as the first appearance
of the young Algz, existing then as the smallest cells, arranged in
linear series. The genera Spirllum and Bacterium, composed of
Vibrionia. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 169
larger forms, and of a more fine and solid structure, represent the
more adyanced forms, and as all Algee, as they advance in size, tend
to consolidate into mycodermous forms, losing much of their primi-
tive cell-structure, so these two genera appear to have lost their old
beaded type. As for the two remaining genera, Spirochoeta and
Spirodiscus, but little is positively known. They scarcely appear to
belong to the other forms of this family, and as Ehrenberg himself
has expressed a doubt upon the subject, one may as well omit a
further notice. Therefore, in a structural peint of view, the species
of this family seem to be only Algz at different stages of growth.”
Genus Bacrertum. Zhe jointed-wand Animaicules are distinguished
by being connected together im a thread-like chain, of an inflexible
nature, and by propagating by transverse self-division.
The three species known to us are colourless, and extremely
minute. Ehrenberg remarks, ‘‘ that only one of the species has been
satisfactorily determined, and that their organic relations are alto-
gether so occult, that our judgment respecting them must unavoidably
be left in a fluctuating state.” In B. treloculare, organization is dis-
coverable to the extent of a vibratory proboscis, a granulated mass
within the body of the creature, and a faculty of spontaneous
division. The only animal endowment common to all the species is
an active and voluntary power of locomotion.
A magnifying power below 500 times linear will not exhibit the
divisions or transverse lines displaying the individuals or links of
which the wand-like cluster is composed. I have generally met with
Bacterium around decomposed vegetable matter, on the surface of
water containing chara, &c.
B. triloculare. Chain consists of from two to five animalcules, of
an oval form, developed in short cylinders, generally about three
times as long as their diameter, and marked with transverse lines.
Ehrenberg has observed not more than five links together nor less
than two, a single animalcule never haying fallen under his notice.
By throwing a little colouring matter into the water, an evident
vibration may be perceived in it, near the anterior portion of the
animaleule; and upon a very close inspection, a simple filiform,
though short proboscis, is seen, which, in the larger specimens, is
one-third the length of the body, and im the smaller, one half. The
N
170 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica
motion of this creature is tremulous, or slowly revolving upon its
longitudinal axis. Found in the water of bogs. Length of cluster,
1-4800th to 1-2304th ; ditto of link, or single animalcule, 1-11520th.
Group 58 represents several of them; two towards the right are
magnified 1000, the others 290 diameters.
Bacrerrum enchelys. Chain composed of somewhat indistinct animal-
cules, of an oval form, developed in smaller cylinders than the pre-
ceding, transverse lines faintly marked, colourless. Found in river
water. Length of cluster, 1-2880th.
B. punctum. Chain composed of indistinct animalcules colourless,
approaching to a globular form, much smaller than the preceding
species, and developed in cylinders, transverse lines faintly marked.
Found in water wherein bread has been steeped. Length of cluster,
1-4082.
The following species is added by Dujardin :
B. catenula. (D.) Filiform, cylindrical. Length of individuals,
1-8600th to 1-6500th, 3, 4, or 5 are united together, forming a chain
-1300th in length.
Genus Visrto. Zhe trembling Animaleules.—This genus is charac-
terised by the animalcules being connected together in filiform chains,
of a flexible nature, resembling the body of a snake. These chains,
as already remarked, are produced through incomplete self-diyision.
The difficulty of ascertaining the internal organization of this genus
has not, as yet, been surmounted, although it is fair to presume that
there is nothing of a tubular character, or intestinal canal, running
along within their filiform bodies, similar to that of the vinegar
eels, or it would most probably have been demonstrated by the
aid of coloured food; for a line is much more easily distinguished
than a point. Ehrenberg supposes, that each link in the chain
is a closed, round, Monad-hke body, having a nutritive apparatus
of a polygastric description.
V. lineola (Bacterium termo, Dyj-\—Cluster, a minute cylindrical
and slightly flexible wand, rounded at both ends, and made up of
bodies somewhat indistinct, but of nearly elobular form, and colour-
less. Commonly found in vegetable infusions, especially round the
stalks of flowers in glasses. Length of wand, from 1-3600th to
1-200th. . Thickness 1-3600th.
Vibrionia. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 171
Visrio tremulans. Wand short ; stouter, yet more flexible, than the
preceding ; articulations of an oblong form, but not distinct,. Found
in water emitting a disagreeable odour. Length of wand, 1-3600th.
V. subtilis. Wand slender and elongated; colourless; articulations
distinct; motion shghtly vibrating, without varying the direct posi-
tion of the articulations. Length 1-450th. Thickness 1-24000th.
V. rugula (Vibrio regula, M.) Wand elongated, and stouter than
the preceding; articulations distinct, and colourless; motion brisk
and serpentine ; common in infusions. Length 1-580th. Thickness
1-12000th.
VY. prolifer. Wand short, stout, and colourless; articulations dis-
tinct. Motion slow and tortuous. Found in infusions where mildew
is present. Length 1-1100th.
V. bacillus, (M.) Wand stout, elongated, and transparent; articu-
lations sometimes distinct, at others, only so when taken from the
water and dried ; motion serpentine ; form straight when quiescent.
Group 59, represents three wand-like clusters. Found in vegetable
infusions in fetid water. Length 1-200th. Thickness 1-17200th.
V. synzanthus. Wands (Bacilli) very fine and short, rather flexuose,
rarely, if more than five segments (individuals) yellow and minute.
Size of each animalcule 1-70,000th to 1-52000th. Found in decom-
posing cow’s-milk producing a yellow tint.
V. syncyanus. Wands very slender and short, somewhat flexuose,
of seldom more than five segments, very small, and of a blue colour.
Size 1-78,000th to 1-52,000th. Also found in cow’s-milk, and pro-
ducing a decided blue shade.
The following species are from Dujardin’s work :—
V. serpens (M.) Body very long, filiform, undulating, generally
pursuing a rectilinear course, with from ten to fifteen bends in its
length. Length 1-1050th.
V. ambiguus. Under this name, Dujardin describes a vibrio with
stiff filiform joints like those of V. bacd//us, but much larger. Four
or five, or even more, were articulated together; owing to the large
dimensions, each joint could be seen composed of a resistant tube, in
which a glutinous substance was collected more or less closely. More-
over, a bifurcation at the extremity of a joint was sometimes seen to
occur, giving rise to two series, more or less extended.
nN 2
172 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Such observations tend to render the animality, not only of this
yibrio doubtful, but also of the similar but smaller V. Bacillus a
matter of uncertainty.
Genus Srrrocuorta. The twisting Animateules.—This genus is
characterized by its members being developed in filiform and flexible
chains, of a spiral description, lengthening by the imperfect or in-
complete mode of self-division. The details of their organization
are at present unknown to us. Dujardin does not admit this as a
genus distinguishable from Spirillum.
S. plicatilis (V. serpens, M.) Chain constituted of very delicate
bodies, of nearly globular shape, connected together in a long filiform
spiral, having numerous and closely arranged coils; colourless. Group
62 shows three clusters. Found at Tilbury Fort. Length of cham
1-170th to 1-440th. Thickness 1-12000th.
Genus Spremitum. Zhe cylinder spiral Animalcules.—This genus is
characterized by its members developing themselves in tortuous
chains, or inflexible and cylindrical spirals. These are elongated in
the same manner as before described, by the incomplete self-division
of the creatures, which takes place in an oblique direction. Their
brisk, energetic, and voluntary motion, and the increase of the chain
by division, are the only animal properties which have been hitherto
observed as characterizing the creatures.
S. fenue. Spiral consists of three or four coils, constituted of very
slender, slightly bent, and colourless fibres; articulations distinct.
Found in vegetable infusions. Length about 1-900th. Thickness
1-1200th.
8. undula (V. undula M.) Spiral consists of one and half turns;
fibres short, stout, and much bent; articulations distinct; colourless ;
when dry, the articulations are more distinct. Ehrenberg remarks,
that the form of this species is ike a bow; and Miiller, that it
resembles the letter V. Fig. 61 represents a group magnified 800
diameters ; the dotted lines indicates the impression left on the
eye when the creature is in motion. Found in stagnant water
having a mildew scent. Length about 1-1500th. Thickness
1-20,000th.
8. volutans (Vibrio spirillum, M.) Consists of three, four, or more
coils; fibres very tortuous, long, and stout; articulations distinct ;
PV ibrionia.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 173
colourless. Found in vegetable infusions. Length of spiral 1-2200th
to 1-500th. Thickness 1-14400th.
This creature strongly resembles the minute Algz discovered by
Mr. Thompson, as producing the various colours which the Ballydrian
Lake assumes, and. which he has described under the name of
Anabaina spiralis, in vol. v. of the Ann. Nat. Hist. ; his figures
resemble group 61. The genus is characterized as consisting of an
extremely minute moniliform thread, of a rich green colour, and
regularly spiral, like a corkscrew; globules of equal size throughout.”
In decomposing, it is at first blue and then ferruginous; each glo-
bule appeared to consist of a number of granules enveloped in a
hyaline membrane. Length of a single coil about 1-200th
S. bryozoon. Coils consist of a thick body, with a delicate wavy
hair-like proboscis. These creatures, found in the reproductive
organs of plants, are called by their discoverer, Dr. Unger, of Gratz,
spermatic animalcules. That distinguished botanist has described
them in detail in the Regensburger Botan. Fictung. Flora. 1834; and
also in the 18th vol. of the Nova Acta Nature cur Bonn, 1888. As
a condensed view of this subject is given by Dr. Meyen in the
Jahresbericht (a work, the like of which England does not possess),
for 1838, I shall here insert the translation I have had made, with
the drawings Dr. Unger kindly sent me for this work.
“The spermatic animalcules in Sphagnum consist, according to
the earlier observations of Unger, of a thick body, and a thin filiform
tail; im motion, this tail beimg anterior, he holds it analogous to the
proboscis of many of the Infusoria. No true active motion of the
body itself has been observed by Unger; but he distinguishes be-
tween the mere locomotive aud the rotatory movements of the whole
animaleule. The simplest motion takes place in a spiral direction ;
and, if the proboscis is contracted, the movement is simply rotatory.
During locomotion of the creature, which proceeds in a spiral
manner, Unger saw from one to three revolutions of the body in a
second ;. and during rotation, he noticed the point of the proboscis to
be in a continual state of tremor. Unger endeavours to show that
the spermatic animalcules of the mosses are analogous to the spermatic
animalcules of animal organisms, although we find certain things in
the former not seen in the latter, and which may somewhat embarrass
174 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
their classification, the chief of which are the steadiness of the
spiral direction of the proboscis, and their manner of movement.
Lately, Unger has found spermatic animalcules in the antheridia of
Polytrichum juniperinum, P. commune, P. urmgerum, and P. alpestre, as
well as in Funaria hygrometrica, Bryum cuspidatum, and B. pune-
tatum, &c., &e. In Polytrichum commune, the animaleules are found
in very small hexahedral cells with rounded corners. Generally,
whilst in the cells they are motionless; in some, however, a tremu-
lous motion of the thin proboscis, and in others, again, a rotatory
motion, interrupted at intervals, was seen. The diameter of the deli-
eate proboscis is 0.004th of an inch. In a few animalcules, isolated
from their cells, a trembling oscillatmg motion of the proboscis was
seen.”
To these particulars, I may add a remark of Dr. Unger, quoted in
the Ann. des Sciences Nat., which induced me to introduce the
species :—
“The doubts,” says Unger, ‘‘ which remain concerning some of
the organs of the animalcules of mosses, further merease the meer-
titude as to their situation in the scale of bemgs. From all cireum-
stances, I am inclined to place them in the genus Spirillum of
Ehrenberg, and to describe them under the name of Sparillum
bryozoon.”
On mentioning these particulars to Mr. Varley, he referred me to
his article on Chara, in the 50th vol. Zrans. Soe. Arts, from which is
extracted the following :-—
“From these cells” (in the globule m the axil of the Chara)
“‘orow out numerous clusters of long vessels, possessing the most
extraordinary features yet observed. When these are first protruded
from the globule, if not quite mature enough, their appearance is
like dense or strongly-marked ringed vessels, the divisions of which,
or their contents, soon begin to appear irregular. * * * After a while,
these curls within the divisions become agitated; some shake, or
vibrate about; others revolve in their confined places, and many
come out, thus showing that they are spirals of two or three curls;
these with an agitated motion swim about * * * Now the field of
view appears filled with life; great numbers of these spirals are
seen agitated aud moving in all directions; they all have a directile
Vibrionia. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 175
force, one end going foremost, and never the other; many stray a
great way out of the ficld: these, by getting clear of each other, are
the best to observe; they do not quite keep their form as a stiff
spiral, but their foremost end seems to lash about, and to many are —
seen attached almost invisible but very long fibres. These fibres
were in quick undulations, which ran in waves from the spiral to
their farthest end. It appears that these fibres cause many of the
spirals to entangle together, and thus bring them sooner to a state of
rest; therefore, the separate ones were best to observe.”
The most recent observations on these creatures, found in the
anthers of the Chara vulgaris and hispida, are by M. Thuret, given
to the Annal. des Sciences, a valuable translation of which will be
found in the Annals of Natural History, vol. vii., from which I
extract the following :—
“The portion of their body most apparent, appeared like a spirally-
rolled thread, of three to five curves. They were slightly tinged
with green, similar to the nuclei; and like them, turned brown
with iodine, their two extremities becoming more or less coloured
(according to the quantity of iodine employed) than the rest of the
body, thus indicating a difference of nature in these portions. At
a little distance behind one extremity proceed two bristles, or ten-
tacula, of excessive tenuity, which the animalcule incessantly agitates
with great rapidity. These are probably organs of locomotion,
similar to the filiform prolongation, found in the Infusoria without
cilia. Indeed, the part thus furnished with tentacula moves fore-
most, drawing after it the rest of the body, which turns about in the
water, but always preserves its turriculate form. The incessant agi-
tation of these tentacula, and their extreme tenuity, rendered it im-
possible to observe them in the living animal; recourse was therefore
had to the evaporation of the water, or to the application of a slight
tincture of iodine, when the animalcules ceased, their motions
became contracted, and their spiral unrolled, when the tentacula
were rendered very distinct, from their brown colour. These
tentacula were frequently observed to be soldered together, from
one-half to one-third of their length upwards, but others were also
noticed to be entirely separated down to their bases. A swelling
176 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
similar to that in the flexure of the body was perceived in their
curves.
“« Ammonia arrested their motions, and contracted the body gra-
dually into a small oval mass, but did not produce the phenomenon
of decomposition by solution (diffluence), so remarkable in the Infu-~
soria. A very weak solution of hydrochloric acid in water violently
contracted them into a shapeless mass.”
In Plate XII, fig. 519, 520, and 521, represent the spermatozoa
found in Polytrichum commune, the first figure exhibiting them
enclosed in the cellules, and the others swimming freely. Figures
522 to 524, are taken from Marchantia polymorpha. Figure 525 is
from Sphagnum capillifoium. All the above are represented mag-
nified 1000 diameters. Figures 526 to 528 are from the Chara
vulgaris, and figures 529 to 531 from Jungermannia pinguis, as figured
in Meyen’s work, entitled Neues System der Pflanzen.
On this subject of vegetable spermatozoa, Schleiden, in his recent
work on the ‘“ Principles of Botany,” remarks, ‘The doctrine of
vegetable spermatozoa is now I hope gradually dying away. The
granules (generally starch), taken from spermatozoa, have indeed
lost their life in Fritsche’s tincture of iodine, since their evidently,
purely, physical, molecular movement remained undestroyed.
«« . .. . Fritsche has completely settled the matter, and every
unprejudiced observer may convince himself with ease, of the com-
pletely untenable nature of the wonders formerly spun out, especially
by Meyen. ‘The confirmatory observations of Nageli on this point
are also of great value.”
Again, he says, ‘‘as to the mechanism of the motion, we know just
as little as we do of that of the moving cilia; of the cause of motion,
of the motive power, just as much as that of the contraction of the
primitive muscular fibre, of the motion of animal spermatic filaments,
and of the vibratile cilia on animal and vegetable cells; that is to
say, absolutely nothing.”
Further, in reference to the motion of the so-called spermatozoa,
Schleiden observes—‘“‘ There can be no question as to its not being a
vital phenomenon, because the motions continue even in the alcoholic
tincture of iodine (an absolute poison for all vegetable and animal
Vibrionia | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 177
life), of which one may readily convince himself, and which Tritsche
has, with his well known accuracy, shown to be the case in a great
number of plants.” (See Dr. Lancaster’s translation, p. 99 and 359.)
This assertion of Schleiden, that tincture of iodine is an absolute
poison for all animal and vegetable life, must be received with re-
serve, since animalcular life has been known to exist in agents, such
as strong acids, and mineral poisons, which, @ priort would appear
quite as inimical to it as tincture of iodine; and even minute animals
—the acari, of far higher organization than the polygastrica, have
been stated to preserve life in strong acetic acid.
Before dismissing this subject, it may be useful to append some
observations made by Wagner and Leuckhart, in their elaborate and
original article before quoted.
Having remarked that up to the most recent period, the so-named
spermatozoa of animals have been considered as independent animal
organisms, or parasitical animals, and classified among the Infusoria,
the authors proceed to say that such assumption is perfectly irrecon-
cileable with our present knowledge of these bodies, based as it is,
principally upon the discoveries of R. Wagner, Von Siebold and
Kolliker. With our present means of scientific diagnosis it can be
proved that the formations in question are mere elementary consti-
tuents of the animal organization like the ova; constituents equally
as necessary for the spermatic fluid as the blood globules are for the
blood. The remarkable phenomena of the life of spermatozoa are
quite analagous to those phenomena of motion, observable not only in
animal formations, but also in vegetable structures, as, for instance,
in the spores of alge, and of the lower species of fungi, in the so-
termed vibriones which grow out into the fibres of the conferva called
Hygrocrocis.”
Again, “‘ an unprejudiced observation will prove that the sperma-
tozoa are every where void of a special organization, and consist of
an uniform homogenous substance, which exhibits, when examined
by the microscope, a yellow amber-like glitter. The opinion of an
internal organization of the developed animal elements was not a
little supported by the various remarkable phenomena of motion
which were frequently perceived in them. In former times, when
people had no idea of the existence and extent of the so-called auto-
178 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
matic phenomena of motions which take place'without the intervention
or influence of the nervous system, when nothing was known of the
motion, very similar to a voluntary one which exists even in plants;
this movement was certainly calculated to place the independent
animal nature of the spermatozoa beyond adoubt. But it is different
now. We know that motion is not an exclusive attribute of animals,
and that an inference respecting the animal nature of the formations
in question, however similar the motion observed in them may be
to that of animal organizations, is a very unsafe and venturesome one.
We know that certain elementary constituents, animal as well as
vegetable, possess a power of movement, and that they retain it for
some time after having been separated from the organisms to which
they belonged. We only need here remind our readers of the so-
called ciliated epithelium, the several cells of which swim about in
the fluid surrounding them, and which, when in this state, have not
unfrequently, and that even quite recently, been considered as inde-
pendent animals ; how, further, the spores of the algxe possess motion
by the aid of a ciliated investment, or of a single or manifold
long whip-like fibre, until they eventually become fixed and develope
themselves into anew plant. Such spores as these may be found
described and illustrated in the well known magnificent work of
Ehrenberg, classified as Infusoria, under the groups of Monadina,
Volvocina, &e.
Under such circumstances we may consider ourselves perfectly
justified in declaring every attempt to prove the parasitic nature of
the spermatozoa by the characteristic of their peculiar motion, as
futile and inadmissable.”
Genus Sprropiscus.— The disk-spiral Animalcules are characterized
by developing themselves, through an imperfect self-division taking
place in an oblique direction, in elongated chains, or into inflexible
spirals, of a disc-like figure. Its organization is so little known that
Ehrenberg considers the genus as by no means satisfactorily deter-
mined.
S. fulous.—A lenticular spiral, of a yellowish brown colour. Arti-
culation indistinct. Group 62 represents three spirals, magnified
200 diameters. Found amongst conferva. Breadth of spiral 1-1200th.
Closterina. | INFUSCRIAL ANIMALCULES. 179
Famwiry—CLOSTERINA.
The animalcules of this family are polygastric, or to all appear-
ances so, and destitute of an alimentary canal. Their bodies are
unvarying in form, and without any appendages. Like the Crypto-
monadina, they are enclosed within loricated envelopes, which simul-
taneously with their bodies, undergo incomplete self-division, so as
to form polypi-shaped clusters, of a wand, thread, or fusiform figure.
Fach individual is furnished with a papilla, or sort of nipple, which
protrudes, but very slightly, through an aperture in the shell, and
serves as an organ of locomotion.
The envelope, or lorica, investing these creatures, is of the form of
a little pitcher (wrceolus), and either of a yellowish colour, or colour-
less. In many of the species it is open at both ends. The animalcule
itself is a very delicate mucous body, clear as crystal, and often con-
tains within it vesicles and green granules, which latter are most
probably ova. The locomotive organs appear to be very short,
slender, and conical-shaped papille or nipples, of a transparent hue,
placed just within the opening of the lorica, and but very slightly
protuding fromit. The small vesicles observable among the green ova
are, according to Ehrenberg, belong to the polygastric apparatus.
As several eminent botanists have considered the various species
included in this family, and the family Bacillaria, as belonging to
the vegetable, and not to the animal kingdom, I have transferred the
generic and specific descriptions to Section 1 of the family Bacillaria.
It should be borne in mind, in treating of this matter, that the
descriptive characters of the Closterina, and the illustrative drawings
of them, will not be in the least reduced in value or interest, whether
these organisms are considered as forming a portion of the animal or
vegetable creation.
To the microscopist the members of this family possess much in-
terest, arising from the circulation of the particles within the shell
near the ends, and also along the sides. For these observations an
180 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
amplifying power of 400 diameters, is required; but even a single
lens of that power will shew it.
I may remark here that many observers with the microscope, and
even acute naturalists, have been unable to see the circulation in
these creatures, and I have for many years past received queries on
this subject ; even Mr. Ralfs, in his beautiful work on British Desmi-
dice, had not seen it until shewn by Mr. Brawerbank. This is
the more remarkable, as a good single equi convex lens will exhibit
it. The difficulty appears to me to arise from the want of proper
adjustment of the focus. The best method is carefully to adjust the
focus of the microscope for a distinct vision of the outer shell, then to
bring the object a little within the focus and the circulation, will be
seen; the vision of the shell being indistinct. For observations on
the circulation, stops or diaphragms, under the stage, may often be em-
ployed with advantage; a large angle of aperture not being essential.
The circulation in the Closterinarescmbles the diffused circulation in the
aquatic lave of insects, or that seen at the joints of the legs of spiders.
This phenomenon is sometimes compared with the cyclosis in the
Chara and other plants.
Ehrenberg gives the following reasons for placing the Closteria in
the animal kingdom:— First, they exert a voluntary motion, as
shewn first by Corti. Secondly, they have apertures at their extre-
mities, as noticed by himself. Thirdly, they have projecting organs
near these apertures, perpetually inmotion. Fourthly, they increase
and multiply by a transverse self-division, as observed by Miiller.
These four endowments Ehrenberg considers as being abundantly
sufficient to determine the real nature of the Closterina, masmuch as
whereever voluntary motion, an aperture or mouth (feet), and spon-
taneous division exist, you may conclude at once, without waiting to
see the creature eat, that the supposed plant is indeed an animal.
Since the above was written, some interesting observations have
appeared in No. xxxiil. of the Annals of Natural History, by Mr.
Dalrymple, from which I select the following; my intention in this
work being not to confine it to my own views, but also to record
those of others, believing that, by so doing, I shall best serve the
public, and advance this science.
Mr. D. describes the Closteriwm as consisting of ‘‘ a green gelatinous
Closterina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 181
and granular body, invested by a highly elastic and contractile
membrane, which is attached by variable points to a hard siliceous
shell.” This lorica, Mr. C. Varley states, will resist even the action
of boiling nitric acid. ‘The form of Closter’wm is spindle-shaped or
erescentic, the shell consisting of two horns, tapering off more or
less to the extremities, and united at the central transverse line,
constituting a perfectly symmetrical exterior. At the extremity of
each horn is an opening in the shell, which, however, is closed within
by the membranous envelope—wanting, however, in some specimens.
Within the shell, and at the extremity of the green body is a trans-
parent chamber, containing a variable number of active molecules,
measuring from the 20,000th to the 40,000th of an inch ; these mole-
cules, or transparent spheroids, occasionally escape from this chamber,
and circulate vaguely and irregularly between the periphery of the
gelatinous body and the shell. Further, the parieties of this
chamber have a contractile power.” The author denied the
existence of any papillae or proboscides at this part, as well
as the supposition of Ehrenberg, that these moving molecules con-
stitute the bases of such papillae. He also denied the statement of
the same distinguished observer, that if colouring matter was mixed
with the water in which the Closteriwm resides, any motion was
communicated to the particles of such colouring matter by the sup-
posed papillae, or by the active molecules within the terminal cells.
A circulation of the fluids within the shell was observed, independent
of the vague movements of the active molecules; this was regular,
passing in two opposite currents, one along the side of the shell, and
the other along the periphery of the gelatinous body. When the
shell and body of the Clostercwm was broken by pressure, the green
gelatinous matter was forcibly ejected by the contraction of the
membranous envelope.
«The action of the iodine upon the specimens was very remarkable :
Ist, it did not, as reported by Meyen, stain the green body violet or
purple, but orange brown: 2nd, it produced violent contraction of
the investing membrane of the body, whereby the green matter was
often forcibly expelled from the shell at the transverse division; it
instantly annihilated the motion of the molecules in the terminal
sacs, and the sacs themselves became so distended with fluid as to
182 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
burst, and allow the molecules to escape”.—The following are Mr.
D.’s reasons for classing the Closterina with animals :—
“Ist. That while Closteriwm has a circulation of molecules greatly
resembling that of plants, it has also a definite organ, unknown in
the vegetable world, in which the active molecules appear to enjoy
an independent motion, and the parieties of which appear capable of
contracting upon its contents.
‘“‘Qndly. That the green gelatinous body is contained in a mem-
branous envelope, which, while it is elastic, contracts also upon the
action of certain re-agents, whose effects cannot be considered purely
chemical.
‘“< 8rdly. The comparison of the supposed ova with the cytoblasts
and cells of plants precludes the possibility of our considering them
as the latter, while the appearance of a vitelline nucleus, transparent
but molecular fluid, a chorion or shell, determines them as animal
ova. It was shown to be impossible that these eggs had been de-
posited in the empty shell by other infusoria, or that they were the
produce of some entozoon.
‘“‘Athly. That while it was impossible to determine whether the
vague motions of Closterium were voluntary or not, yet the idea the
author had formed of a suctorial apparatus forbad his classing them
with plants.
‘Lastly, in no instance had the action of iodine produced its
ordinary effects upon starch or vegetable matter, by colouring it violet
or blue, although Meyen asserts it did in his trials.”
The author therefore concluded that Closterium must still be
retained as an infusory animal, although it is more than doubtful
whether it ought to rank with the polygastric families.
Famity.—ASTASIAEA.
This family is characterized by its members being polygastric, and
deficient of the true alimentary canal, appendages, and lorica. They
are furnished with a single aperture, and often with a tail, and have
the power of changing their form at pleasure. They afford as beau-
tiful living bjects for the microscope as any that have eyer fallen
Astasiaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 183
under my observation. The tail may be considered as an organ of
locomotion, and the single proboscis of three of the genera, and the
double proboscis of one other genus, have a like office. It is pro-
bable that proboscides exist also in the genus Colaciwm, although
they have not been determined; but in the Distigma there is hardly
a doubt of their absence. The vesicular cells have been supposed to
form a portion of the nutritive apparatus, although it is not satis-
factorily demonstrated by the application of coloured food. Ehren-
berg has, nevertheless, noticed some manifestations of an artificial
action having been produced, as he observed green and red cells in
the Huglena viridis. Three genera in this family exhibit signs of
the hermaphrodite condition, whilst the other three, Astasia, Dis-
tigma, and Colacium, have only one form of reproductive apparatus,
namely ova. In the Huglena there may be seen, in addition to the
green ova and seminal glands, a contractile vesicle of a seminal
description, and the large red visual points in five of the genera affords
evident tokens of a system of sensation. What, however, may be
deemed most worthy of remark in this family is, that in the species,
Euglena longicauda and amblyophis we have the first indications of
the presence of nervous matter that is to be found in the polygastric
Infusoria, in the form of a white glandular knot, situated below
the eye.
The following table is descriptive of the genera of this family :—
ROE MEAEL CATS Pinto say ois scnses cusp ec cce sere Scocyecesesassssse.d esa0cevemmemteins cieceecetesteoens Astasia.
with one ( tail wanting ............ Amblyophis.
proboscis
With one free tail present ............ Euglena.
eye
with two proboscides ...............008 . Chlorogonium,
Eyes present
attached by a pedicle ......0....s.cssccsssrsasercene Colacium.
SVU OIC YOR cas cieciceic fides ies cavenasccasscutect Her ASe note isola ee reee: Distigma.
The family Huglene (Hugleniens) of Dujardin, in a great measure
corresponds with that of Astasiea, of Ehrenberg, the first named
naturalist preferring the term Huglenee, on account of the resem-
blance of Ehrenberg’s name to that of a family of Crustaceans,
viz., the Astacie.
Dujardin looks upon the so called eyes as insufficient to afford
184 DESCRIPTION OF Polygastrica. |
generic characters, which he would derive from the nature or appa-
rent structure of the integumeut, and the number or mode of insertion
of the filaments. He thus forms a genus Polyselmis, characterized by
its many filaments ; two genera Zygoselmis and Heteronema, by a pair
of filaments, in the former of equal, in the latter of unequal size.
The remaining Euglenee have but a single filament, and can be but
uncertainly defined; such are the Huglenee mostly coloured, and
haying a red eye speck, and with a tail; the Astasca without colour
and tail, but with a filament flexible throughout, and springing
abruptly from a notch in the anterior extremity ; and the Peranema
differing from the Astasia, only in having a filament rigid at the
base, and apparently but a continuation of the tapering anterior
extremity of the animalcule. The two last genera, are, however
but provisional.
Dujardin differs entirely from Ehrenberg, in his interpretation of
the internal organization of the Astasia or Huglenians; neither
stomachs, sexual system, ova, or nerve matter are recognized by
the former.
The members of this family mostly inhabit stagnant ponds.
T have always found them at the surface. They sometimes tinge
the water with their own colour. When swimming they present an
elongated form, but when fixed, often appear as round globules.
They seem capable of progressing, by alternately fixing and ad-
vancing the head and tail after the manner of a leech; Dujardin
doubts the oblique fission of Chlorogonium.
It is withcertain members of this family that M. Thuret finds so close
an affixity—even an apparent identity, to exist with the reproductive
spores—Zoospore of the Algze. ‘This affinity,” he says, is exhibited in
colour, form, number and character of the ciliary filaments, in the
contents, not excepting the coloured eye-speck, in the mode of self-
fission, and also in the power of locomotion. What is still more,
both Zoospores and Astasiea tend to the light, disengage a gas, most
probably oxygen, and emit a peculiar spermatic odour. However,
by continued watching the Zoospores are seen to affix themselves
to some body, surrender their seeming animal life, and proceed to
germinate, developing a tissue similar to that of the plant which
gave them birth. On the other hand, the true <Astasiea, if they
Astasiaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 185
attach themselves, it is but for a time, and no appearance of germi-
nation ensues. The closest similarity exists in the case of the
Chlamidomonas pulvisculus, (Diselmis viridis Duj.), and in a less
degree in the Huglene. (Sce Part I., page 46.)
Genus Asrasta.—The members of this genus are characterized by
their being free (not attached by a pedicle), and being furnished
with a long or short tail, but no eyes. A. pusilla is the only
species in which digestive cells have been clearly seen. Ova are
perceptible in 4. haematodes, and probably exist in the three other
species; a locomotive organ in the form of a thread-like proboscis
exists in 4. pusilla.
The immense numbers in which these Infusoria are developed in a
few days, and the blood red-colour they impart, have not unfre-
quently been the cause of considerable alarm and anxiety to persons
residing in the vicinity of the waters wherein they are found.
A. haematodes. The blood-like Astasia.—Body fusiform, or spindle-
shaped, when extended; tail very short, body green at first, after-
wards of a blood-red colour. Group 68 represents one creature
extended, and another contracted. (Hampstead). Length 1-380th.
A. flavicans.—Body extensible, cone-shaped, approaching cylin-
drical, and rounded at the foremost extremity. Tail very short and
blunt; ovaria of a yellowish colour. Found in yellow ditch water.
Length about 1-430th.
A. pusilla.—Body extensible, cone-shaped, swelling out, and
rounded at the fore extremity; tail very short and pointed, colour-
less. Group 69 represents two of them magnified.
Ehrenberg remarks, they are often so abundant, that thousands,
perhaps millions, of these creatures are sometimes contained in the
hollow of a watch-glass, and that they rise up and form a stratum
on the surface of the water. They might be mistaken for the young
of the A. flavicans , but that the vesicles within them, which appear
to be digestive cells, are larger than those in that species, which is
moreover without proboscis. As soon asa little colouring matter
was thrown into the water, an evident current was observed near the
fore part of the creature; and by this means, in 1833, the thread-
like proboscis, which is about half the length of the body, was first
perceived. Sometimes the entire creature appeared to glisten.
Should this species, upon closer inspection, be found to be ciliated,
0
186 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
it would be rightly placed in Perdinea. Length 1-1440th to
1-840th.
Asrasta (?) viridis. Body extensible, and of an ovate-oblong form,
distended a little at the middle ; tail very short and pointed; green.
Found amongst Conferva.. Length 1-1200th to 1-900th.
A. nwalis——¥orm oval, extremities rounded, rarely pear-shaped,
colour deep reddish-brown, motion rapid. Found with Protococcus
nebulosus in snow (Switzerland). (P. 12, Group 526.) Length
1-1500th.
M. Vogt in his account of the Astasia nivalis, describes it as
invested with a carapace (lorica), open only at the anterior extremity.
This opening is furnished with numerous small cilia, and here, doubt-
less, the mouth is situated, the indication of which is given by an
orange-coloured tint, which is clearer than that of the rest of the
animal. ‘‘The presence of the lorica together with the cilia, are
characters which do not allow this animalcule to be placed with
Astasia, as Shuttleworth has done: on the contrary, it ought to be
placed in the family Peridinia (Ehr.); or otherwise be regarded as the
type of a new genus, distinguished by the absence of a grove in the
lorica, and by the stiff hairs of Peridinia being replaced by soft cilia.’’
(On the Animalcules of the Red Snow.—Bibliothéque Univers de
Genéve.)
A. acus.—Body hyaline, of a long fusiform figure, acute at each
end, filament the length of the body. Length 1-650th. Berlin.
Dujardin’s genus Astasia, is defined as colourless, obtuse, or
rounded posteriorly, whilst those described by Ehrenberg, are mostly
green or red, and provided with a longer or shorter caudal pro-
longation.
The following species are from Dujardin.
A. contorta —Body colourless, semi-transparent, containing pale
yellow granules, cylindroid, enlarged at the middle, obtuse at each
end, and marked with oblique striz, giving rise to a twisted appear-
ance. Length 1-450th. Found in sea water.
A. inflata.—Body semi-transparent, diaphanous, contractile, ovoid,
obliquely, but regularly plaited or striated. Length 1-560th. In
sea water.
A. limpida.—Body diaphanous, smooth, very variable fusiform,
more or less obtuse at each end, cleft anteriorly, and often obliquely
Astasiaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 187
doubled on itself or twisted. Length 1-650th. to 1-520th. In
ditch water.
Genus Amstyopnis. Zhe tail-less eye Astasiea.—The charac-
teristics of this genus are, that it is free, possesses an eye and single
thread-like proboscis, but is tail-less. The proboscis serves as an
organ of locomotion, and is situated at the creature’s foremost ex-
tremity, which, says Ehrenberg, is cleft, so as to represent a two-
lipped mouth ; the upper lip bearing the proboscis, being very readily
distinguished. The colour of the animalcule is derived from the
closely compressed mass of green granules, which nearly fills the
body, and may be regarded as ova. There may be seen also, near the
middle of the creature, a large bright globular body, and five wand-
like bodies, two of which are situated before, and three behind, the
first mentioned one. The whole of these are supposed to be male
generative organs. No contractile spermatic vesicle has been ob-
served. Self-division is unknown in these creatures. The sensitive
system is more beautifully and clearly developed in this genus than
in any other of the Polygastric Infusoria. Towards the anterior
part of the body, and just behind the proboscis, where the mass of
ova commences, there is a bright red and somewhat lengthened spot
(resembling, as to situation and colour, the eye of the wheel Ani-
malcules and Entomastraca), beneath which, in the clear space
below, isa mass of matter of a very peculiar description, of a globular
form, having the appearance of nervous ganglia, and being most
probably connected with the organ of vision.
A. viridis.—Body large, elongated, cylindrical, distended or com-
pressed, and abruptly rounded at the posterior extremity; green ;
head colourless; eye large, bright red. The motion of this creature
is dull and serpentine, and by its evolutions might easily be mistaken
for the Huglena spirogyra, were that creature, like this, tail-less-
Group 70 represents three specimens, one full grown, and the others
young. Found with Hyglena, chiefly in the spring. Length 1-210th
to 1-140th.
Genus Everena. The eye Animalcule—This beautiful genus of
the family Astasiaca is characterized by its members being furnished
with an eye, a single thread-like proboscis, and tail, and by their
being free, that is, not attached by a pedicle. The locomotive pro-
o 2
188 DESCRIPTION OF { Polygastrica.
boscis belongs to nine species out of the eleven, and a double appear-
ance of this organ has been observed in the E. sanguinea, ascribable,
no doubt, to the preparatory condition of the animalcule for self-
division.
In Euglena hyalina, E. pleuronectes, and E. longicauda, nutritive
cells are generally visible, but in the other species they are obscured
by the masses of green ova, which colour their bodies. Certain in-
ternal appearances have been recognized, which Ehrenberg supposes
to be of a male generative nature. Longitudinal self-division has
been observed in E. acus, and the preparation for it in E. sanguinea,
as before mentioned. The red visual point indicates the existence of
the sensitive system in this genus, and a nervous ganglion is visible
in E. longicauda, as in E. amblyophis.
The genus Luglena of Ehrenberg, says Dujardin, contains some
species of a compressed leaf-like form, and quite deficient of con-
tractility, and ought to be placed in the genus Phacus of the family
Thecamonadina.
Respecting the so-called red eye, the French naturalist also remarks
that it is far from being a true eye, appearing as it does often like an
irregular collection of two, three, or even four granules, sometimes
with considerable intervals between them, but this appearance I have
observed in several Entomostracea when the magnifying power of the
microscope is not sufficient. °
The Huglena are undoubtedly animals, yet their composition is
binary, and they evolve oxygen, two characteristics of plants. But
on the other side, certain mushrooms and other cryplogamous plants,
are tertiary in composition, having that usual animal element,
nitrogen; and they evolve carbonic acid, both characters of animals.
In the ‘Miniature Achromatic Microscope’ with a magnifying
power of 150 diameters, most of the species may be well observed.
E. sanguinea ( Cercaria viridis, M.) Body extensible, of an oblong
cylindrical or spindle-shaped form, with the head greatly rounded ;
the tail is short, conical, and somewhat pointed. Proboscis longer
than the body in its extended condition. When young, they are
green, but when full grown, are of a blood red colour. The motion
of this multiform animalcule is generally slow, and it sometimes
revolves upon its longitudinal axis in swimming. Its colour is not
Astasiaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 189
of a fixed character, sometimes being green, at others, a mixture of
red and green. This arises, according toEhrenberg, from the different
condition of the ova at different times; the ova conceal beneath
-them numerous round granular bodies, supposed to be digestive cells.
The thread-like proboscis, which is a prolongation of the upper lip,
and rather longer than the body, is so delicate, as to require con-
siderable care in investigating it, and being retractile, will often
elude observation. A little colouring matter in the water will
exhibit this organ in active operation, and it may be distinctly seen
in a single animalcule, in a dried state, upon a plate of clear glass.
The double appearance of the organ in this species has been before
noticed. Ehrenberg conjectures that the miracle in Egypt, recorded
by the great lawgiver of the Jews, of turning the water into blood,
might have been effected by the agency of these creatures, or by the
Astasia hematodes. Figures 71, 72, and 73, represent the creature
in different states. In the first, it appears elongated, and currents
in the water are shown near the mouth. In the others, the cilia-
formed thread-like proboscis is seen. Found in stagnant water,
often in great abundance, on the surface of ponds. Length 1-300th
to 1-240th.
( Evetena hyalina. Body extensible in a spindle-shaped manner, with
the head attenuated, blunted at the extremity, and two-lipped ; tail
short, and somewhat pointed ; colour transparent and whitish, rare.
Length 1-280th.
K. deses (Enchelys deses, M.) Body extensible, cylindrical, abruptly
rounded at the head, and slightly bi-Lpped. ‘Tail very short and
pointed; colour green; motion a winding and sluggish creeping,
never swimming. Found amongst -Lemna. Length 1-240th to
1-760th.
E. viridis (Cercaria viridis, M.) Body extensible in a spindle-
shaped manner, with the head attenuated and short. Tail short, and
cone-shaped, not cleft; colour green, excepting the two extremities,
which are colourless. The double pointed tail, supposed to have been
seen by Lecuwenhoek, Ingenhousz Miiller, Schrank, and Nitzsch,
does not exist. The colour of the eye is often pale red, when the
creature is young, so that it muy be easily mistaken for the Astasva
viridis or Monas deses. When dried on glass, the eye seldom retains
190 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
its colour more than a week, but the proboscis may be well examined,
and preserved in that state. Length 1-240th. Found on the surface
of ponds at Hampstead.
Evetena spirogyra. Body extensible and cylinder-shaped, very
finely striated and granulated. The head is a little truncated, and
the hinder part attenuated into a short pointed tail; colour a
brownish-green; motion like E. deses. Found amongst Conferva
and Bacillaria. Length 1-240th to 1-120th.
E. pyrum. Body obliquely fluted; when distended oval or pear-
shaped. The tail generally about the length of the body and
pointed ; colour green. Group 74 represents two of these creatures
magnified 400 diameters. Rarely found with any other species. I
have taken them at Hampstead, but not so frequently as the other
species. Length 1-1152nd to 1-864th.
E. pleuronectes ( Cercaria pleuronectes, M.) Body compressed, ovato-
orbicular, or in the form of an obovate leaf; striated longitudinally ;
colour green; tail pointed one-third or one-fourth part the length of
the body, and colourless. Found in stagnant water. Length 1-1152nd
to 1-480th.
E. longicauda. Body mostly stiff, compressed, elliptical, and leaf-
like; colour green; tail the length of the body, awl-shaped, sub-
ulate, and colourless. Within this creature may often be seen a
yellowish-green mass of granules or ova. The very delicate vibrating
thread-like proboscis represented in figs. 75 and 76 has its origin
from the more projecting side of an indentation on the anterior edge
of the body, and is about two-thirds its length. This creature has
the power of twisting its body into a spiral form, as seen in fig. 75,
but not of contracting it. It swims freely, and mostly with a vibra-
tory motion, occasioned by the action of the proboscis. Found in
fresh water amongst Conferva and with the Bacillaria. Length
1-480th to 1-120th.
E. triquetra. Body leaf-shaped, three-sided, oval keeled; colour
green; tail shorter than the body, and colourless. See fig. 77.
Found amongst Lemna. Length 1-580th.
E. acus (Vibrio acus, M.) Body slender, spindle-shaped, and
straightened in the form of a bodkin; head attenuated, and a little
truncated ; tail very pointed , body green in the middle, and colour-
Astasiaea. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 191
less at the extremities. This is one of the most beautiful animalcules
I have seen under the microscope ; its graceful form when swimming,
its bright red eye, the curious forms it assumes when stationary, and
its remarkable appearance when undergoing self-division, all com-
bine to render it worthy of observation. Group 78 shows the normal
form of this creature; the figure to the right, the same bent and
contracted; and the lower, another undergoing longitudinal self-
division. Found both in fresh and brackish water. Length 1-570th
to 1-210th.
Evetrna rostrata. Body elongated and conical, with the hinder part
gradually attenuated into the tail, which is very short. Head slightly
bent, like a beak; colour green. Found amongst Oscillatoria and
Bacillaria. Length about 1-500th.
E. ovuwm.—Body ovate green, with a very short hyaline caudal
prolongation; and a large double circular gland. Size 1-1560th.
Found at Berlin. '
E. geniculata. (D.)—Body green elongated, cylindrical, flexible,
but not very contractile, movement slow, tail tapering, and at an
angle with the body, hence the name. Length 1-208th to 1-175th.
This large Eyglena is remarkable by its elongated form, by its
diameter being nearly equal to its length, without the bulging of £.
viridis, and by its articulated tail.
E. obscura, (D.)—Body thick, oblong, distended and obtuse poste-
riorly ; of very variable form, clearer, and of a red tint anteriorly,
eye-speck reddish black; filament half as long again as the body.
Length 1-870th.
Genus Cunorogontum. The Astasia with a double proboscis. —
This genus comprises those members of the family Astasiaea which
are provided with an eye, tail, and double thread-like proboscis ;
their motion in swimming is free, the creature not being attached by
means of a pedicle or foot-stalk. The only known species is of a
very beautiful green colour, and has numerous transparent vesicles
within it, which are apparently subservient to the purpose of nutri-
tion, although this fact has not been determined by the imbibition of
coloured food. A faint, clear, glandular body (the male generative
system) is perceptible in the centre of the animalcule, the female
being represented by the mass of green ova, which confers the colour
192 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
on the creature. The double proboscis is used as an organ of loco-
motion, and the bright red eye affords the usual evidence of the
existence of a system of sensation. Self-division in the transverse
direction, somewhat modified, has been observed to take place.
Cutorocontum euchlorum.—Body spindle-shaped, very pointed at
both extremities ; tail short; colour sparkling green. The eyeof this
animalcule. although distinctly marked, is, nevertheless, so delicate,
that it may be easily overlooked ; but when the creature is dried upon
a plate of very clear glass, both the eye and the double proboscis are
readily seen, and may be well preserved as a permanent microscopic
object. Group 79 represents six creatures in one cluster, each with its
double proboscis ; above them is one about to divide into three; and
on the right of this are three young animalcules. Found in water-
butts, &e.: on ponds it forms the green matter of Priestley. Length
1-110th to 1-280th, exclusive of the tail.
It was in this species that M. Weisse thought he had discovered a
form of propagation analagous to that by ova. He observed the
contained green matter, with its scattered vesicles, contract in some
measure upon itself, exhibit a constriction, indicating a line of diyi-
sion, subsequently followed by the appearance of other constrictions,
until the entire contents assumed a nodular form, resembling a bunch
of grapes. This grape-bunch mass possessed a certain degree of
movement within the enclosing integument, and as the process of
development further proceeded, its separate particles or granules
also displayed a movement among themselves, increasing in vigour
until the outer envelope burst and gave them exit as so many distinct
independent beings, moving freely about in the surrounding water.
These young forms so produced, especially in their aggregate state
before discharge, resemble Uvella Bodo, and M. Weisse thinks Chilo-
rogonium euchlorum, and G'lenomorum tingens, but other stages of their
development. From the above observation, that naturalist is led to
the conclusion that Polygastrica do reproduce, in some sort, by ova,
and that some forms described by Ehrenberg as independent genera,
are but different phases of development of the same being.
Genus Cotactum. The friends ? of the Water Flea.—This genus is
characterized by the creatures belonging to it being endowed with a
single eye, and attaching themselves to other bodics by means of a
Astasiaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 193
pedicle or foot-stalk, which is single, or ramified by the process of
self-division. The usual locomotive proboscis has not been detected
in this genus, although, as Ehrenberg remarks, there can be no
doubt of its existence, from the currents which are visible in coloured
water near the forepart of the body. But these being rather feeble,
render it probable that the organ is a single filiform proboscis. The
red visual point is indicative of a system of sensation, and the nume-
rous transparent vesicles within the body denote one of nutrition.
The creatures are parasitical upon ELntomostraca and Rotatoria.
Cutorocontium (?) vesiculosum.—Body of a spindle-shaped oval form,
but variable, with the pedicle very short, and seldom ramified ; colour,
sparkling green, with distinct internal vesicles. Ehrenberg says,
«‘T have again sought in vain for the red eye (May 23, 1835), but
cannot be satisfied of its non-existence, as it is undoubtedly present
in the other species, and investigation is sometimes unproductive, on
account of subordinate circumstances. I have likewise failed in
secing very satisfactorily the vibratory organ, notwithstanding its
action is evident enough.” Plate 2. f. 80, represents a portion of the
back shield of the Cyclops quadricornis (see Microscopic Cabinet, P. 9),
with six of these creatures attached to it; one appears double, longi-
tudinal self-division having just taken place. Found upon Extomos-
traceans. Length 1-860th.
C. stentorinum.—Body expansible and variable, somewhat cylin-
drical in form; its fore part expanded into a cone or funnel-shape
process; colour, a beautiful green ; vesicles indistinct, pedicle often
ramified. Found upon Zntomostraceans and Polyarthra trigla.
Length 1-1150th.
Genus Distiema. Zhe double-eyed Astasia.—The characteristics
of this genus, are, the possession of two eyes, and a freedom of motion.
Locomotive organs have not been hitherto discovered, and the pre-
sumption is, that they do not exist, as none of the species either
swim or produce perceptible currents in coloured water. They have
a sort of creeping or crawling movement, much like eels, and can
change their forms, after the manner of the Proteus ; they approxi-
mate the Ameba in other respects, besides the deficiency of the pro-
boscis. At the fore part of the body may be seen two very delicate
194 DESCRIPTION OF Polygastrica.]
blackish-coloured spots, analagous to the eyes in the species of other
tribes. The Distigma are sometimes confounded with Proteus diffluens
of Miiller. All the species are exquisite objects for a deep powered
microscope, for instance, one magnifying 460 diameters.
Distrema tenax (Proteus, M.)—Body larger than in either of the other
species, proteus-like, at times greatly distended, then as much con-
stricted: eyes rather indistinct; colour transparent yellow. Found
about Lemna. Length 1-240th.
D. proteus (Proteus, M.)—Body smaller than the preceding, pro-
teus-like, sometimes greatly distended, at othersconstricted, blunted at
both extremities; eyes distinct. Group 81 represents these crea-
tures highly magnified. Found amongst conferva. Length 1-580th.
to 1-400th.
D. viride-—Body smaller than in either of the other species;
proteus-like, sometimes greatly distended, at others constricted ;
filled with green granules; eyes distinct. Length not exceeding
1-570th.
D. planaria.—Body small, linear, proteus-like, but less distended
or constricted than the preceding, pointed at both extremities ;
colourless; eyes distinct. Found by Ehrenberg amongst Conferva
in the Nile. Length 1-240th.
The following genera and species, are included by Dujardin in
this family.
Genus PrranemMa.—Body of variable form, sometimes almost glo-
bular, at others distended posteriorly, and drawn out in front, or
prolonged into a long tapering filament. Movement forwards, slow,
uniform.
The Peranema are colourless, but contain in their diaphanous sub-
stance, granules and vacuole. The lobes they send out in their
frequent and remarkable changes of form, are, unlike those of
the Ameba, covered with an integument. They are found in stag-
nant marsh water, chiefly on the surface of dead plants.
I suspect Ehrenberg has described a species (P. protracta) of this
genus, under the name of Zrachelius trichophorus.
P. protracta.—Body oblong, soft, dilated posteriorly, much ex-
tended anteriorly. Length 1-838th. to 1-370th.
Astasiaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 195
Peranema globulosa.—Body nearly globular, more or less extended
anteriorly, with oblique plaits on its surface. In the Seine. Length
1-1625th to 1-1300th. (P. 21. f. 13.)
P. virescens —The animalcule so named, occurred in the water of
the Seine, was green, semi-fluid, and changed form most rapidly,
like an Ameba. Length 1-860th. to 1-520th. Requires further
examination.
Genus Zycosermis.—Animal of variable form, swimming by
means of two equal flagelliform filaments, constantly in agitation.
Zygoselmis is distinguished from Diselmis, by its contractility,
and its variability of form.
Z. nebulosa.—Body colourless, sometimes globular, at others, top
or pear-shaped, with numerous contained granules. Length 1-1300th,
with two filaments of equal size and length. (P. 21. f. 12. a. b.)
Genus Hrrrronema.—Body of variable form, oblong, irregularly
dilated posteriorly, having a fine flagelliform filament, and a second
thicker trailing one, acting as a retractor.
This genus, by possessing the two filaments, of different characters
and office, approaches the JZeteromita (137) and Anisonema (150) ;
from which, however, it is distinguished by its contractile, obliquely
striated integument.
H. marina.—Body oblong, irregularly dilated behind, narrower in
front, obliquely and closely striated.. Length 1-434th. Found in
sea water. (P. 21. f. 11.)
Genus Potysrtmis.—Animal oblong, of variable form, swimming
by means of several flagelliform filaments, arising from its anterior
extremity.
The single Infusorium (says Dujardin) bearing these characters,
resembled an oblong Huglena, rounded at each end with an anterior
longer moveable filament, surrounded by three or four very fine
shorter ones.
P. viridis—Body elongated, rounded at each end, more or less
dilated, and folded at the middle; green, with a red eye-speck.
Length 1-650th. Found in a glass of marsh water, containing
Lemna, and which had been kept several months. (P. 21. f. 7.)
196 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Famity.—DINOBRYINA.
The animalcules of this family are distinctly, or to all appearances,
polygastric, and furnished with only one aperture to the body;
hence, like polypes, they can have no true alimentary canal. They
are possessed of a lorica or shell, and have the power at will, of
changing their form, but are without appendages. In one species of
the genus Dinobryon a simple filiform proboscis is present; and in
the same genus, a delicate red spot, at the anterior portion of the
body, indicates the organ of vision. The nutritive apparatus is
obscure and undefined. The lorica is of the form of a little pitcher
(urceolus), at the bottom of which the very contractile Euglena-like
creature is attached. Two genera only are known.
Genus Epreyxts. The Pedestal Animalcule——The characteristics
of this genus are mostly of the negative kind ; it wants the eye and
is attached. The most evident animal character possessed by the
species is the funnel-shaped orifice at its foremost extremity. The
soft or pulpy body is lodged within a delicate membranous (not
siliceous) lorica, which is usually affixed by a pedicle, or foot, to a
piece of Conferva.
E. utriculus—Body of a conical pitcher-like form, small, and
filled with yellowish granules; attached by a pedicle. Group 82
represents several of these creatures attached to a portion of conferva.
Length 1-640th.
Genus Divopryron.—This genus is distinguished from the pre-~
ceding one by possessing an eye, and enjoying a freedom of motion.
The lorica also is more free from the body of the creature than in
Epipyxis. Reproduction takes place by gemma or buds, which do not
separate from the parent ; hence a shrubby, forked, and Monad-like
cluster is produced.
D. sertularia. Body large, invested with a lorica, slightly excised,
and dilated at the mouth, but constricted near the base. Developing
in the form of a shrub. (See group 83 and fig. 84.) This animalcule
Amebaea. | INFUSORTAL ANTMALCULES. 197
is not readily seen, by reason of its crystalline lorica, and colourless
body: by a patient investigation, however, the little shrubby
colony may be perceived rolling along, and advancing in the field
of view. Within each lorica a pale yellow animalcule may be
noticed, in form somewhat resembling the young of the Chlorogonium
or Huglena viridis. This creature has the power of stretching itself
out in a spindle-shaped manner, so as not to protude, however,
beyond the mouth of the lorica, and also of contracting itself into a
globular form. The red point is observable at the anterior part of
the body, and a single thread-like proboscis is thrust forth from out
of the shell. Cluster 83 represents a shrubby cluster, containing
eight animalcules, and the shells of three which have died. The
vibrating proboscides act like so many paddles in the water, and
propel the moving mass. Found in bog-water. Length of single
animalcule 1-570th; ditto of cluster 1-120th.
Drvosryon (?) soctale.—Body small, enveloped in a shell of a simple
conical shape, truncated at the mouth. Developed in the form of a
shrub. Found in fresh water. Length 1-860th; ditto of cluster
1-280th.
D. gracile—Less branching (fruticose/, lorica slightly constricted
at the middle, aperture truncated. Size of single animalcule
1-2080th.
Famity—A MOEBAEA.
The animalcules of this family are polygastric, with one aperture
only to the body, and no alimentary canal or lorica. No other
organs of motion are observable than certain appendages or ramifica-
tions, consisting of variable pediform processes, which they have the
power of putting forth from every part of their gelatinous and contrac-
tile bodies, and by which they move from place to place. The organs
of nutrition are composed of numerous digestive cells, which are visible
in all the species, either in their natural state, or by the introduction of
coloured substances into them. Self-division has been seen in Amaba
diffluens. No indications of a sensitive system are discoverable in
any species. As only one genus is known, its characteristics are
represented by those of the family.
198 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
This family, along with the <Arcellina, form a very natural group
of Infusorial beings, especially, characterized by their pulpy con-
sistence, and variable expansions, serving the purposes of locomotion,
and probably of prehension. This group has pretty generally re-
ceived the appellation of Rhizopodes ; a term derived from their root-
like processes or feet. The extent of signification however, of the
name, has, unfortunately, not hitherto been sufficiently determined
upon: thus, Siebold (Lehrbuch der Vergleichenden, Anatomie, der
Wirbellosen, Thiere. Von. c. Th. N. Sicbold. Berlin, 1848. p. 11.)
uses it for all the beings in the families, Amebea and Areellina ;
whilst Dujardin restricts its use to the genera, included in the family
Arcellina, (Ehr.) with some others, but excludes the Ameba.
The term /izopoda is useful to define the entire group, which
may indeed be calleda class. (See Page 58.)
Speaking of these peculiar animalcules, Siebold observes, that
little is known of their internal structure, but they appear allied to
the Infusoria. Their bodies may be compared to a simple cell,
containing in their Parenchyma, a firm nucleous body, analagous to
that of the Infusoria, no special organs can be distinguished unlike
the true Infusoria. The R/izopoda have no fixed form, no ciliated
surfaces, but are moved slowly onwards by ramifying processes,
protruded at various parts of the body, and continuous in substance
with it.
Some of the Rhizopoda of Dujardin, are considered by Ehrenberg,
to belong, not to the Infusoria, but rather to another order of beings,
called by him Polythalamia, and by M. A. D’Orbigny, Foraminifera.
The main difference, separating the Rhizopoda from the Polythalamia,
is, according to Ehrenberg, the calcareous composition of the shells
of the latter, and the siliceous constitution of the Foraminifera.
Another general distinction between the two classes is, that whereas
in Polythalamia the variable and gelatinous processes protrude through
numerous regularly disposed holes, (foramina) in the shell, those of
the Riuzopoda, on the contrary, escape from a single opening of
greater dimensions.
The following account of the habits and appearance of the Ameba,
given by Dujardin, convey a clear notion of those animalcules.
We may, in the first instance, perceive, on the glass slide, (under
Amebaea} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 199
the microscope) small rounded masses, semi-transparent or nebular,
and motionless, but presently an expansion or rounded lobe, quite
transparent, may be seen to proceed from the circumference of one or
other of these masses; this expansion insensibly glides along the
surface of the glass slide like a drop of oil, and then fixing itself at
some point, slowly draws onward the remaining bulk.
In this mode the vitality of the Ameba is manifested, the expan-
sions constantly varying in form, arrangement, and number, even in
the self-same being. Some constancy in the form and proportionate
size of the processes is however, met with in the different Amebe,
and is employed in the discrimination of species.
Young Amebe are perfectly transparent, but in proportion as they
increase in size, they lose their transparency by the accretion or
imbibition of numerous corpuscles or granules, which have been
looked upon as ova or the materials of nutrition. Amongst such
particles, various matters, derived from without, are found thus
imbibed or swallowed, such as starch granules, Navicule, vegetable
debris, &e. Their mode of introduction is accounted for by the way
in which the Amebe move along, their bodies being closely adherent
to the surface to which they are affixed, and also so pressed as to
take up any particles in contact, which by successive expansions
and contractions become at length imbedded. Before admitting this
interpretation of the phenomenon, Dujardin’s assumption of the
absence of an integument must be admitted.
But, further, the gelatine-form bodies of the Amebe are capable of
having vacuole spontaneously formed, either at, or near the surface,
which may ultimately collapse and disappear. By such means,
foreign bodies may likewise become introduced within the organism.
“Tt is, however, difficult of belief, that these included particles,
by reason of the consistence and unalterability of many of them,
can serve to nourish the Amebe, but still, whilst admitting that the
Amebe are nourished by absorption, I do not deny that they may
find means of still more readily absorbing elements of nutrition, by
swallowing various foreign bodies, and of thus increasing their ab-
sorbent surface. If it must in all cases be supposed that these
foreign particles enter by a mouth, and are lodged in stomachs. It
' must also be allowed, that this mouth is produced at any spot, and
200 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
at the pleasure of the Amba; to be presently re-closed, and to dis-
appear, whilst that the stomachs themselves, devoid of any proper
membrane, are hollowed out indifferently here and there, according
to the requirements of the animal, to disappear after the same
fashion; in this case only the words employed would differ, the
explanation of the phenomena would remain as I have given it.”
‘‘Of other corpuscles or granules contained in the substance of
the Amebe, some, of extreme tenuity, and irregular, appear to differ
from the general gelatinous substance only in density, and I am in-
duced to consider them a product of secretion rather than ova. They
move about and appear to flow along with the glutinous mass in the
expansions pushed out by the animalcule; they, in this way, aid
the observer in detecting the very slow movements of the Amw@be.
The remaining sort of granules which, on account of their uniformity,
ought, with better reason, to be looked upon as ova, are chiefly
observed in the large Ameba, in which they are seen to move hither
and thither, according to the position of the expansions thrust out,
into which, indeed, they advance to a greater or less extent. But
these ovoid bodies appear to me too consistent and too homogenous to
be ova, they refract light, indeed, as strongly as starch granules.”” In
fine—‘‘I am disposed to regard most of the internal granules of
Amebe as foreign to their organization.”
““The Ameba, once developed, may doubtless multiply by spon-
taneous fission, or by the throwing off of a lobe which immediately
commences an independent existence. The only experiment I have
tried on this point in a large Ameba, has convinced me that, by the
tearing or section of the mass, no escape of the internal glutinous matter,
or of the contained granules occurs, but that each segment contracts on
itself, and continues to live. In this may be found evidence of the
non-existence of an integument.”
‘«« Ehrenberg attributes to the Amebe a resistant, contractile, and
very elastic integument, and he explains the production of the
variable expansions on the supposition that the integument becoming
relaxed at some one part of its surface, at the will of the animal,
there results therefrom at such spot, a sort of hernia, all the rest of
the integument, by virtue of its contractility, compressing the viscera
and internal organs into the dilated portion of the integument.”
. : , 4%
Anmeobaea. | ENFUSORIAL ANTMALCULES: 201
The external affinity of the Ameba with sponges is very close ;
they may indeed be called microscopic sponges. The resemblances
are well conveyed by Mr. Carter, in the following interesting descrip-
tion of a fresh water sponge. ‘A ragged portion torn off with a
needle, will be seen gradually to assume a spheroidal form; and if
there be a spiculum, it will embrace it within its substance, 1t may
even be seen to approach it, and it may bear away the spiculum,
having, as it were, spit itself upon it. On its circumference, will be
observed little papilla, which gradually vary their form, extending
and retracting themselves, until one of them may be seen to detach
itself from the parent-mass and go off to another object. This
little animal, one of the group which it has left, may remain
stationary on the second object, or descend to the watch-glass,
assuming in its progress all forms that can be imagined, spheroidal
or polygonal; whilst every point of its body appears capable of ex-
tending itself into a tubular attenuated prolongation . .. . These
transparent little sacs (the gemmules of Grant and Hogg) are some-
times filled with green matter. They appear to be able to adapt
themselves to any form that may be convenient for them to assume,
and when forcibly separated from each other (by tearing to pieces a
minute portion of the sponge under water in a watch-glass), the
isolated individuals may be seen to approach each other, and to apply
themselves together in twos and threes, &c., and so on, until, from a
particle, only discernible by the microscope, they assume the form of
an aggregate mass, visible to the naked eye, and such a portion,
growing and multiplying, might ultimately reach the size of the
largest masses adhering to the sides of the tanks at Bombay. They
appear to belong to the genus Ameba of Ehrenberg.”
These changeable globules, Mr. Carter, in the subsequent part of
his paper, designates Proteans; and states that they commonly
resemble the Proteus diffluens, Miiller. (Notes of the species, &c., of
the Freshwater Sponges of Bombay. “‘ Trans. Med. and Phys. Society,
Bombay, 1847. Appendix.)
Genus Amasa.
A. princeps (Proteus diff. M.)—Body of a pale yellow colour,
furnished with numerous variable processes, somewhat cylindrical in
P
202 DESCRIPTION OF Polygastrica.
YY
form, with the terminations thick and rounded. This curious crea-
ture, from its slow motion and yellowish colour, is a desirable object
for the microscope; its singular changes of form, and its internal
organization, may be viewed with considerable pleasure, under very
high magnifying powers. Its normal shape, if such it can be said
to possess, is globular, but it can relax any portion of its body, and
contract the rest, so as to force the internal part down into this
relaxed portion, which thus becomes so to speak, a hernial tumour ;
ten or twelve processes may sometimes be seen extended at one time.
Figures 85, 86, and 87, represent three animalcules highly magnified ;
the first has only two processes extended; in the last there are
several. Found amongst Navicule. Size 1-140th to 1-70th.
Ame@sa verrucosa.—Body less than that of the last species, and
colourless ; globular or ovoid processes, very short and blunted, re-
sembling warts; motion sluggish. Size never exceeding 1-240th.
A. diffiuens ( Volvox sphoerula, M.) Body expansible and colourless;
processes longer than the last, strong and more pointed. This species
is a very interesting object for the microscopic observer ; its body
resembles sometimes a transparent, at others a turbid lump of
jelly, slowly expanding and stretching itself out, and here and there
exhibiting its pointed processes, which again disappear as it advances.
Its motions may be compared to those of a many-footed animal tied
up inasack. Found in Hackney Marsh, amongst Lemna. Usual
size about 1-300th.
A. radiosa.—Body colourless, and less than that of the preceding
species ; its processes, which are numerous, are long and slender,
pointed at the ends, and apparently radiating, This animalcule,
when in a contracted state, is not distinguishable from the A. diffluens,
but when fully expanded may be likened to a porcupine. It
readily imbibes colouring matter. Fig. 88 resembles one of these
creatures in a contracted state, and 88* the same with the processes
thrust forth. Found in bog-water. Size 1-240th.
A. longipes.—Very small; processes very long; a single one, often
four times longer than the body, acute, hyaline. Body 1-2500th.
In North Sea, at Cuxhaven.
A. oeselii (Duj.)—Diaphanous, expansions numerous, some very
Amebaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 203
obtuse, others digitate, and others also pointed or jagged. Size
1-130th. Large vacuole were noticed about the middle of the body
looking like large globules.
Ama@pa marina, (D.) Ameba, filled with granules at the centre,
and differing from the 4. difiwens only in its dimensions and habit,
a. é., the sea. Length 1-260th.
A. Gleichenit, (D.)—Changing from a round globular to a very
long oval figure, and dividing into two or three lobes at one ex-
tremity ; it often exhibits vacuole, and nearly opaque nebular bodies
at the centre Length 3-2600th to 7-2600th.
A. multiloba, (D.)—This may be but a variation of A. Gleicheni,
but deserves pointing out as much from the circumstances of its
appearance as from its form. Length 1-1300th. It seems softer
than other species, and moves actively, emitting from its border in
various directions ten or twelve rounded lobes, assuming thus a most
irregular figure. It was found in an infusion of meal which had
been kept nearly two months.
A. limax, (D.)—Body diaphanous, rounded at each end but slightly
lobed, gliding along in a nearly straight line, containing very distinct
granules, and a very clearly marked vacuola. Was found in the
water of the Seine, kept for eight months. It may be but a more
advanced degree of development of the preceding, or of the follow-
ing species, its greater transparency, however, and its semi-fluid
consistence, seem sufficiently distinctive. Length 1-260th to 1-800th.
A. guttula. (D.)—Diaphanous, orbicular or oval, gliding in a
straight course, and containing very distinct granules. This is one
of the most common species, but may easily escape notice on account
of its great transparency, the simplicity of its form, and the slow-
ness of its movements. Found in river or marsh water, kept for some
time, and containing plants. Length 1-520th to 1-890th.
A. lacerata, (D.)—Body symmetrical, rugose, plaited, and granular,
rather diaphanous, with broad expansions, as though membranous at
the base, and terminated by several tapering torn points; one or
more evident vacuole. Length 1-2800th to 1-890th. In pond
water.
A. brachiata, (D.)—Body globular; semi-transparent, porous and
tubercular, with four to six very thin, long, and cylindrical expan-
Pp 2
204 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
sions, straight or flexuose, sometimes bifid or branching. In animal
infusions. Length 1-190th.
Amesa crassa, (D.)—More or less rounded, thick, containing nu-
merous granules, expansions circular, numerous, not very prominent,
Length 1-880th to 1-520th. In the water of the Mediterranean.
A. ramosa, (D.)—Body globular or ovoid, containing a great
quantity of granules, and emitting numerous expansions of nearly
equal size, rounded at their extremities, and of the same length as
the body, and mostly branched.
Other varieties of these peculiar beings are referred to, but not
specially described by Dujardin, to one, however, he proposes the
name of Ameba inftata.
Dujardin appends the following observations:—
“Tt is impossible to establish Zoological species in the case of
animalcules, having no determined form, without appreciable organi-
zation ; the mode of origin and of reproduction of which, are alike
unknown, and upon which we may suppose the nature of the liquid
produces very great changes. For, from what precedes we may con-
clude, that most of the Ameba described, are developed in saline
solutions, more or less saturated, and often also in liquids, haying
their fluidity diminished by organic matter held in solution.”
Famity.—A RCELLINA.
This family contains polygastric animalcules, which possess an
alimentary canal, a single opening of the body, are provided with a
lorica, and can change their figure by means of variable pediform
processes. The lorica, which is univalved, is pitcher or dish-shaped,
and the possession of it is the chief feature, distinguishing this
family from the Amebaca. The body is soft and gelatinous, and in
some cases appears to flow, as it were, from the opening of the lorica.
The organs of locomotion are soft variable processes, situated at the
anterior part of the body; they are sometimes withdrawn, at others
protruded ; sometimes they appear simple, at other times branched.
In five species, numerous digestive vesicles are seen. No traces of
a sensitive system have been discovered. The reproductive system
Arcellina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 205
is unknown, neither has increase by self-division, by the formation
of gemmae, or otherwise, been recognized.
The shell or lorica of the Arcellina or Rhizopodes, varies much in
figure, and especially in the condition of its surface, which may be
smooth, or variously, and oftentimes beautifully sculptured, or beset
with spires or other prominences. The Rhizopoda have a close
affinity to the Polythalamia or Foraminifera; indeed, some authors,
as Dujardin and Schlumberger, describe as R/izopodes, several genera
placed by others—Ehrenberg, D’Orbigny, &c., among the Poly-
thalamia. These doubtful genera include beings with more complex
lorice, than those strictly of an Infusorial character.
In determining the various species of Arcellina, the dimensions,
figure, and other circumstances pertaining to the opening (mouth)
of the lorica, are of great importance, The loricee may often be
found empty, they may be frequently seen tinted orange-yellow, or
brown; their consistence also varies, from a flexible parchment-lke
material, to a brittle siliceous (calcareous) substance. Some of
the Rhizopoda attain such dimensions, as to nearly fall within the
compass of unaided vision.
Some are marine; others as the Dzflugia, live in fresh water.
Concerning their habit, we may quote Dujardin’s account, who
says; “The Rhizopodes being deprived of the power of swimming,
and compelled to merely crawl (glide), when not fixed to the surface
of bodies, are consequeutly to be met with only upon aquatic
plants, between the leaves, which afford them shelter, or in the
stratum of debris, about the base of such plants, or between the
asperities of the shells of marine mollusks. They are not met
with in infusions, although they will live a long time in bottles con-
taining any plants, which may serve them for an abode, and in such
eases they will very soon be found crawling on the surface of the
glass, and be easily observed.”’
Speaking of the affinities of the Foraminifera, D’Orbigny remarks,
‘‘ From what precedes concerning the characters of the Foraminifera,
it is.evident they cannot be arranged under any known class of
animals. .... Their place in the animal kingdom is, as an
altogether independent class between the Echinodermata and Polypes ;”
(Foraminiferes fossiles du Bassin, Tertiare de Vienne, p. 17, 1846.)
206 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
M. Agassiz, on the contrary, would elevate them among the Gas-
teropoda. (Annal Nat. Hist., 1850, p. 156.)
The genera are related to each other as follows :—
Changeable processes Lorica spherical or tun-like............... Difflugia.
radiant, Loricaia flat spinal... ¢22...<4scss-00steverares Spirillina.
generally numerous Dish or shield-shaped................-.sc006 Arcella.
Changeable processes broad and undivided ..............:ccceeeeeeeeeeenees Cyphidium.
Dujardin divides the Rhizopodes into two sections, According to
the form of the variable expansions, ‘‘ The first section corresponds
to the family Arcellina of Ehrenberg, and comprehends those species
provided with short thick expansions, rounded at the extremity.
Such are the Dzflugie, possessing a flexible membranous lorica,
without visible texture, mostly of globular form, whence radiate
the expansions: such too, are the Arcelie, having a discoid lorica,
flattened on the side, along which it moves (the plane of reptation),
where is a central round opening, from which the expansions proceed,
the latter lying thus between the shell and the surface, along which
it glides. The lorica is, moreover, brittle, often reticulated, or
areolated, and indications of a spiral; not a symmetrical arrange-
ment present. The second section much larger, comprises all th
varieties of form, presented by filiform expansions, very fine at the
extremity. Of these varieties I make three tribes; the first dis-
tinguished from the Diffugie only by the slender character of the
expansions ; however, in one genus of this tribe Zyimema, the opening
is lateral; and certain species, forming the genus Huglypha, have a
lorica beset with tubercles, or areolze, disposed spirally ; whilst the
third genus Gromia, has a spherical membranous shell, and very long
and branching expansions.”
The remainder of the R/izopodes, as described by Dujardin, are
located by other authors with the Polythalamia, they are marine
animals, having a calcareous shell, mostly very delicate and elegant,
and presenting a miniature, as it were, of the Vautili and Ammonites,
but always divided into many cells (chambers.) Out of these
beings, Dujardin constitutes two other tribes of his so-called Rhizo- —
podes: one represented by the single genus Jhhola, which, like
Gromia, and the other examples of the first tribe, has but a single
Arcellina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 207
large opening in its lorica for the escape of the expansions ; the other,
by numerous genera, in all which numerous filiform expansions
emerge from many distinct pores (foramina); hence the name
applied to them by D’Orbigny, of Foraminifera, and by Ehrenberg,
of the Greek equivalent, Polythalamia.
Of these porous animalcules, Dujardin cites but the subse-
quently named genera, viz, Vorticialis, Cristellaria, Rosalina, and
Planorbulina.
Reference to the system advanced by Siebold, page 62 will show
that this naturalist in forming his class Rhizopoda, has included in his
family Arcellina, the genera constituting the first and second tribes
of Dujardin, and has created an order, Polysomatia, for the undoubted
Polythalamial genera, Vorticialis, Geoponus and Nonionina.
In the ensuing descriptions of the species Arcellina, we shall
confine ourselves to the beings embraced in the Arcellina of Ehren-
berg, and in the two first tribes of the second section of the plan of
M. Dujardin. For an account of the Palythalamia or Foraminifera,
we may refer to the splendid work of D’Orbigny, before named, and
to the various papers of that author, and of Professor Ehrenberg.
Genus Dirriveta. Zhe diffluent Animalcules.—This genus is cha-
racterized by the creatures having the variable processes, which issue
only from the fore part of the body, numerous, or each one cleft
into several parts, so as to give it the appearance of being many.
The body is enveloped in a horny pitcher-like lorica, sometimes glo-
bular, at other times oblong or spiral in form, and either smooth or
sculptured. The lorica of this genus being opaque, except in
D. enchelys, little of the internal organization of these creatures is
known; in D. enchelys, numerous digestive cells have been seen. In
D. protetformis and D. acuminata, the lorica is covered with grains
of sand, similar to that of the caddis-worm. In D. oblonga and
D. enchelys, the shell is smooth.
D. proteiformis.—Lorica ovate and subglobose, as represented in
figs. 89, 90, and 91: it is roughly coated with minute grains of
sand, and is either of a blackish or greenish colour. The transparent
processes vary in number from one to ten. In fig. 89, six are pro-
truded. M. Le Clere describes this species as having spiral corru-
208 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
gations on the lorica, which Ehrenberg does not appear to have
seen. Found among Oscillatoria, &. Size 1-240th.
Dirrivera oblonga.—Shell oblong, rounded, smooth, and of a
brownish colour. The transparent processes fewer and stouter than
those of the preceding species, Found among Oscillatoria, &c.
Length 1-200th.
D. acuminata.—Shell oblong and rough, being covered with mi-
nute grains of sand; posteriorly pointed; processes transparent.
Length 1-70th.
D. enchelys—Shell oval; colourless; transparent and smooth,
rounded on the back; processes transparent, slender and small;
aperture lateral. This is the smallest species of the genus. Size
1-550th, Found in stagnant water.
D. ampulla.—Lorica oblong, club-shaped, elegantly marked by an
oblique series of dots (puncta): hyaline, with an ovate opening.
Size 1-680th. Found by Dr. Werneck at Salzburg.
D. spiralis, (Bailey).—Lorica sub-globose, minutely granulated :
upper surface unequal, with a spiral suture of two or three turns.
Pseudopodia, (variable processes) long, numerous, constantly changing
positions, hyaline. Size 1-680th. Found at Berlin, and common in
the United States.
D. acanthophora.—Lorica ovate, oblong, areolated, loosely foramen
dentated, armed posteriorly with three or four spines (aculez/.
D. areolata.—Lorica and foramen, as in the preceding, but the
spines deficient,
D. denticulata.—Lorica ovate, oblong, smooth, foramen (mouth or
ostiola) with twelve dentations,
D. lagena.—Lorica clavate, of the form of a bottle, smooth, with-
out reticulations, margin of opening entire.
D, levigata.—Lorica ovate, oblong, smooth, foramen with eight
dentations, approaches D. denticulata.
D. striolata.—Lorica ovate, oblong, delicately striated longitudi-
nally ; foramen with a dentated border,
D. bructer’,—Lorica ovate, surface rugose, the end presenting the
aperture rather attenuate but truncate; margin of aperture entire.
Length 1-1050th. Found on moss.
D, cancellata.-Lorica oblong, obtuse ; surface beset with imper-
Arcellina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 209
fectly rounded cells, 5—6 in 1-2500th; aperture narrow, entire.
Length 1-1040th. Found on moss.
Dirriveta ciliata.—Lorica ovate, surface areolar; each posterior
areola furnished with a cilium or cirrhus; constricted towards the fora-
men which has 10 to 16 denticulations. Length 1-936th. Common in
Hereynia.
D. seminulum.—Lorica shorter, ovate, brown, surface with narrow
and small areole, aperture wide, very finely denticulated or entire.
Length 1-2500th to 1-1250th. On moss and stones.
D. collaris.—Lorica formed like a neck behind the aperture ;
straight, attenuate, pyriform or sub-clavate; surface irregularly
cellular, the cells small, but of equal size, except about the neck,
where they are smaller; aperture entire. Length 1-840th. About
roots of trees.
D. dryas.—Lorica ovate, with longitudinal linear rows of ovate
cells; aperture entire, truncate. The size of cells decreases poste-
riorly. Length 1-1170th. On roots of trees.
D. oligodon.—Smooth, oblong, sub-cylindrical, aperture with eight
strong denticulations. Length 1-1000th. This species and the two
following found in Kurdistan.
D. reticulata.—Lorica ovate, surface broader, marked by a net-
work of minute cells ; aperture simple, large. In its interior are
numerous particles like aggregated buds; or the margin of the fora-
men may be furnished with dentations. Length 1-880th.
D. squamata.—Lorica ovate, with large loose areole looking like
scales (squama); aperture with denticulations, truncate contracted.
Length 1-1450th.
The next species, is from Dujardin, those following from Sclum-
berger. (Annales des Sciences Nat. 2mo. Series, vol- iii. 1845,
p- 254.)
D. globulosa.—Lorica brown, globular, or ovoid, smooth. Length
1-260th to 1-105th. Found near Paris.
D. depressa.—Lorica diaphanous, ovoid, depressed, resistant; its
surface divided by slight fissures (lines) into numerous small and
irregular polygonal sections. Length 1-220th. Aperture with an
uneven margin. Foundin springs, Vosges.
D. gigantca.—Lorica, greyish, brown, rough as if screwed with
210 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastricd,
particles of sand, ovoid, elongated, and contracted anteriorly. Length
1-325th to 3-325th. It approaches D. proteiformis, but differs in
its more elongated form, in being contracted anteriorly and almost
pyriform, in being sometimes depressed, and lastly in its greater
size: margin of aperture uneven.
Genus Sprratitrya.—Lorica tubular, siliceous, rolled in a spiral
manner, resembling the shell of a Planorbis. Itis allied to Diflugia,
with a siliceous lorica—acids exert no action on the shell. This genus
probably agrees with the Sperulina of Bory St. Vincent, but the -
latter name has been otherwise used by Ehrenberg to designate a
genus of Polythalamia.
S. vivipara.—Shell porous, convoluted as a circular, spiral, hori-
zontal tube, hyaline and smooth. Young lorice may often be found
connected with it. (P. 14. f. 37.) Found living in the sea—Vera
Cruz, Mexico.
The form of this species recalls that of many undoubted Polytha-
lamia, whilst it has no fellow among the Infusoria. Ehrenberg has
likewise represented apparent dots or pores on its surface, like those
through which the filiform processes of Polythalamia are protruded ;
and the only reason implied in Ehrenberg’s account of this organism, to
reckon it among the Polygastrica, is, its siliceous shell. It will be
noted that Ehrenberg is inclined to believe it viviparous.
Genus Arcetta. — Zhe capsule Animalcules possess numerous
variable processes, or single processes, cleft into many, and spread
abroad, and is furnished with a flattened shield-like lorica. The
structure of the lorica, as to details, is very different in the various
species. For instance, in A. vulgaris it exhibits regular and delicate
facets; in A. dentata, the facets are large and crystalline; in A.
aculeata, it is beset with spicula, and in A. hyalina, it is homo-
geneous and clear. The organs of locomotion are extensile and
retractile processes, radiant and variable. The digestive cells are
readily filled with coloured vegetable substances. In 4. vulgaris,
a contractile vesicle has been perceived.
“The Arcelle (says Dujardin,) seem to differ among themselves
by the intimate structure of their lorica, which sometimes appear
membranous, at others finely striated, reticular, or with granules dis-
posed in spiral lines. Some Arcelie have also spinous prolongations
Arcellina.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 211
from the border of their lorica. Pressure fractures their lorica like a
brittle substance. By the cracks so formed, the contained substance
escapes, extending in the form of contractile expansions, as in the
Amebe. Ihave seen one larger lobe almost separated, as if about
to become an independent being. M. Peltier has observed contact
to take place between the expansions of neighbouring Arcella without
any union being effected, while the processes of the same <Arcella
will unite and become blended together.
The lorica in young <Arvella is extremely diaphanous, and gra-
nulations or striz are to be seen only in those of larger size, hence it
may happen with respect to some species that they represent but dif-
ferent stages of existence of the same animal.”
A. vulgaris.—Lorica, round and bell-shaped, with a hemispherical
or turgid back ; smooth, and composed of rows of minute granules ;
colour yellow or reddish brown. Found abundantly amongst lemna
and aquatic plants. Size 1-570th to 1-240th.
A. aculeata.—Lorica hemispherical, though often mis-shapen and
spinous at the margin. It is formed of short spicula, and is of a
yellowish colour. The spines sometimes issue from only one-half of
the margin of the shell, or shield-like lorica; the shell is not readily
destroyed by heat. Fig. 92 represents one of these creatures with
the projecting spines, and the large round opening in the lorica.
Fig. 93 represents another creature with three spines projecting from
its lorica, and a single variable process issuing from the under side ;
the digestive cells may also be seen. Fig. 94 shews an empty de-
formed lorica. Diameter of lorica 1-210th.
A. dentata.—Lorica membranous and homogeneous; of an hemis-
pherical or polygonal form, having the margin dentated; colour
yellowish or greenish. Found amongst conferva. Size 1-570th to
1-240th.
A. () hyalina.—Lorica membranous, smooth, and approaching to
globular, smaller than the preceding; colourless. Found in matter
deposited by water, along with Cyphidium aureolum, &c. Size
1-1150th to 1-570th.
A. Americana.—oblong ; aperture small, round, not in the median
line.
A. constvicta.—Lorica ovate ; slightly contracted about the foramen,
which is very large and to one side.
212 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Arcetta disphera.—Oblong ; almost divided into two by a central
constriction ; one-half nearly occupied by the large foramen.
A. ecornis.—large ; hemispherical, not areolar; aperture round,
large, placed to one side, entire.
A. lunata.—Lorica sub-globose, large; with a large semi-lunar
opening, seated to one side.
A. Midus-pendulus.—ovate ; oblong, hyaline, loosely areolated ;
aperture in front, oblong, margin entire.
A. pileus.—Lorica hemispherical, depressed, reddish, minutely and
elegantly areolar ; aperture central, circular.
A.? globulus.—Sub-globose ; with loosely reticular lines, appearing
granular; aperture large, simple. Diameter 1-730th. Found on
moss at Berlin, Potsdam, &c.
A. granulata.—Oblong ; hyaline. Has the habit and size of 4.
hyalina with a granular instead of a smooth surface. Length 1-940th.
On moss in Hercynia, &e.
A. eaudicola.—Lorica ovate, oblong, rounded at each end, hyaline,
very delicately hispid, not areolar; aperture anterior, round, large.
Length 1-840th. Habit of A. Nidus pendulus. Found in Venezuela,
on roots of plants, such as ferns, &c.
Genus Cypuiprum.—This genus is distinguished by the creatures
having only one dilated variable process, and a lorica of the form of a
pitcher, with protuberances issuing from it. It forms a connecting
group between Arcella and Bacillaria, by reason of the simple loco-
motive organ (like a snail’s foot), and approaches very closely to the
group Desmidiee. The lorica is something like a little die or stamp,
mounted upon a short stem. It is very irregularly formed, having
protuberances so as to make it appear four-cornered ; it is combustible.
The organ of locomotion is a broad, gelatinous, variable process, with
smooth edges, resembling in appearance the body of Ameba verrucosa.
Neither digestive cells or apertures in the lorica have yet been ob-
served, nor organs of sensation, or of propagation.
C. aureolum.—Lorica of a cubical form, with protuberances ; process
colourless. In March, 1835, says Ehrenberg, ‘I first observed
hundreds of these creatures in a glass of water, which had stood
throughout the winter, in company with some specimens of the
Micrastevias. Previously to discovering these, the Amba verrucosa
Arcellina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, ‘ 213
had been abundantly generated ; and, after their discovery, Areella
hyalina. The creatures were inactive, although, with attentive ob-
servation, they might be seen to change their places.” Ehrenberg
only once perceived the locomotive organ of the animalcule, situated
under one corner, upon which it appeared to rest, and that so firmly,
that six out of the eight protuberances of the die-like lorica were
visible at the same time. Figs. 95, 96, and 97, represent these
creatures in different positions. In the second, the gelatinous
variable process is seen projecting from beneath the lorica; in the
other two figures, the lorica only is visible. Fig. 98 is a young
specimen. Size 1-570th to 1-430th.
The first four of the ensuing appended genera are from Dujardin,
the others from Schlumberger. (An. des Sciences, Zoologie, 1845.)
Genus Trrvema.—Shell membranous, but resistant, diaphanous,
ovoid elongated, narrower in front, with a large oblique orifice
placed laterally; expansions filiform, as long as the shell, very thin,
and but two or three in number, entirely retracted when expansions
are to be pushed out from another side, and moving the animal
onward by their contraction.
T. acinus. = Diffiugia Enchelys. (Ehr.)
Genus EvetyrHa.—Shell diaphanous, membranous, resistant, of
an elongated ovoid form, rounded at one end, terminated at the
other by a very large truncated orifice, with a dentated margin; its
surface marked by eminences or depressions, in regular oblique series ;
expansions filiform, numerous, simple.
E. tuberculata.—Lorica striated with rounded tubercles. The ter-
mination of its expansions are extremely delicate. Length 1-295th.
Found in stagnant ponds.
E. alveolata.—Lorica with regular polygonal depressions in regular
oblique (spiral) series. Length 1-290th.
Genus Grom1a.—Lorica smooth, yellowish brown, membranous
soft, globular, with a small round opening, from which the very long
branching expansions proceed, tapering to very fine extremities.
Found in both salt and fresh water.
G. oviformis.—Globular, smooth, aperture surrounded by a short
214, DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
neck, expansions branching, but slightly anastomotic. Size of shell
1-26th to 1-13th. Length of expansions one-half.
Grom1a fluviatilis—Globular, or ovoid, without a neck; expan-
sions palmate and anastomotic. Diameter 1-290th to 1-104th.
G. hyalina, (Schlumberger).— Lorica globular or rather ovoid,
smooth, soft, diaphanous, colourless; foramen round, with a very
short neck, formed by a reflection of the lorica ; expansions filiform,
numerous, very fine, branching and anastomotic. Diameter 1-865th
to 1-520th. In rivulets.
“Notwithstanding the absence of colour in the shell, (says Dujar-
din), I arrange this species in the genus Gromia. In size it also
differs from the other two species. The lorica being transparent,
admits to view, some blueish globules, and a large hyaline glandular
ovoid body, like that in the interior of other diaphanous Rhizopodes.”’
Genus Mrrtora.—Lorica calcareous, ovoid, or depressed, having
but a single opening, consisting of several cells variously disposed.
Expansions filiform, radiating from the single orifice, which is bifid,
by the projection into it, on its inner side of a tongue-like process.
The lorica is compact without pores, and either smooth, or vari-
ously marked by ribs or stria. Expansions very fine.
Examples of this, genus are very numerous in a fossil state with
other Polythalamia, often constituting the chief components of large
masses of earth. Many of them are also visible to the naked eye.
Genus Lecauprevsta, (Schlumberger). — Shell ovo-globular, or
retort-shaped, rather depressed, membranous, but resistant; with a
wide short neck, and circular terminal aperture, giving passage to
cylindrical, thick and obtuse expansions.
This genus approaches Diflugia, (Duj.) in the character of its
expansions, but the very different form of the shell, and the position
of the aperture, sufficiently mark the distinction between the two.
L. Jurassica. — Shell resistant, diaphanous, grey, of a globular
figure, but rather depressed with a short wide neck. Length about
1-250th. Breadth 1-315th.
This beautiful specics is met with on aquatic, or other dead plants,
in many of the lakes of the Jura chain about Nefuchatel. Its
diaphanous lorica allows its interior soft hyaline and granular body,
strewn with brown specks, to be seen.
Acellina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 215
Genus Cyproperta.—Lorica membranous, resistant, ovoid elon-
gated anteriorly, where it is curved, and constricted in the form of a
neck ; surface marked by prominent points in oblique rows ; aperture
circular, oblique, expansions very long, filiform, very fine at the
extremity, and simple or branching.
The oblique disposition of the rows of points, the obliquity of the
aperture, and the character of the expansions, bring this genus into
affinity with Zrinema (Duj.); but the interior constriction, forming
a neck, seems sufficiently distinctive between the two.
C. margaritacea.—Lorica yellow; the translucent points looking
like rows of pearls. Processes attain twice the length of the shell.
Length 1-395th. Breadth 1-840th to 1-408th. Common in the
water of the Vosges with vegetable debris. The form of the lorica
varies; at one time the neck may be but rudimentary; at another
the posterior end, instead of being wide and rounded, is contracted
suddenly to a truneated apex.
Genus Psrevpo-pirriucrA. — Shell membranous, ovoid, or ovo-
globular, smooth or striped spirally, with a wide round opening,
whence proceed numerous long, slender expansions, either simple or
branching.
This genus is allied to Dzfflugia by the form and character of its
shell, but differs from it in the nature of the expansions.
P. gracilis—Shell blueish brown, brittle; surface, as if beset with
minute grains of sand, of a more or less elongated ovoid figure, ex-
pansions filiform, verylong. Length 1-740th to 1-465th. Breadth
1-890th to 1-740th. Found near Mulhouse.
Genus SpHenopERtA.—Shell diaphanous, colourless, resistant glo-
bular, with a flattened wedge-shaped neck, surface marked by
polygonal depressions, disposed in regular oblique rows; aperture
terminal, compressed, almost linear. Expansions filiform, very long
and attenuated.
The form of the aperture and of the neck separate this genus from
Trinema and Euglypha, to which it is allied by the structure of its
lorica.
S. lenta.—Lorica as above described, expansions few, very long,
slender, and simple, or branching. Length 1-650th to 1-520th.
“Of all the “Rhizopodes (says Dujardin) this is the slowest in its
216 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
movements, and its expansions the most difficult to discover. I have
found it on tufts of moss in marshy rivulets.”’
In the internal soft substance, are seen near the posterior end, a
glandular body and hyaline globules. In moving, the position of
the shell may be perpendicular, or oblique to the surface of reptation.
the hexagonal depression are indistinct but large. The shell fractures
along the lines of junction between the hexagons.
Famtry—BACILLARIA.
In re-writing the account of this very extensive and important
family it will be advisable to retain much of the original text, and to
present most of the more recently obtained particulars together with
the various views entertained by authors, as an introduction to each
section, namely, the “Desmidiacea and Naviculacea, into which the
Bacillaria are divided.
The first observers of this family considered its members animals ;
but the greater number of modern naturalists regard them as plants,
and place them among the minute alge; hence it is, that we stand
indebted to the botanist for much of our knowledge of their forms
and localities. Again, some of the genera are considered by philo-
sophers to be the connecting links between the animal and vegetable
kingdoms.
Although, as before observed, there does not exist any distinct line
of demarcation to separate animals from plants, similar to that which
exists between organic and inorganic bodies, yet, with respect to the
animal or vegetable nature of the Bacillaria, after careful examination
of the proofs offered on both sides of the question, it appears to me
that their position among organized beings, stands at present as
follows :—
NVeREtADIC ioc wicwic orpwiats inie(clnin Ford aele Siviaiaeteineletiear ciate Alge.
Desmidiex.
Bacillarvia.,........<«..
Naviculacea.
PATIITGAL = aia widjus iaiaysinie a dapeia Bia viivintetalete scons eoor Polygastrica.
Professor Bailey, of New York, in his recent valuable ‘‘ Microsco-
pical Observations made in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida,”
Bacillarra.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 217
appends to one of his tables of fossil organisms discovered by him, the
following excellent remarks :—
“JT have separated the Desmidiee and Dratomacee, ( Nawiculacea),
from the Infusoria, and I have done so, because many distinguished
observers now consider these groups as decidedly belonging to the
vegetable kingdom. While I believe that no accurate line of sepa-
ration can be drawn between vegetables and animals, I am yet dis-
posed to consider the Desmidiea, from the sum of all their characters
as most nearly allied to the admitted vegetables, while the Dvato-
macee, notwithstanding Thwaite’s interesting observations on their
conjugation, still seem to me, as they have always done, to be true
animals. There is such apparent volition in their movements, such
an abundance of nitrogen in the composition of their soft parts, and
such resemblances between the stipitate Gomphonemate, and some of
the Vorticellz, that I should still be disposed to class them as ani-
mals, even if Ehrenberg’s observations of the retractile threads and
snail-like feet of some of the Navicwe should not be confirmed.”
Ehrenberg, (whose skill and practice in the use of the microscope
has been very great,) affirms that all the members of the family
Bacillaria ave decidedly animal, and characterizes them as compre-
hending all animalcules, distinctly or apparently polygastric, destitute
of alimentary canal; the body furnished with variable undivided
processes, and covered by a lorica or shell. While undergoing self-
division they appear connected together, as it were, by a percurrent
thread, so that they form chain-like or tabular groups. The lorica
of each animalcule has one or more openings, and at the places where
these creatures are connected together, the union is effected by means
of soft processes protruding through these openings. Excepting
Navicula, and one or two other genera, they never separate spon-
taneously into single individuals, but always adhere, forming polypi-
like concatenated masses of greater or less extent; hence it is that
the term znperfect self-division has been applied to their mode of
propagation.
This family is of vast importance in a geological point of view,
and the valuable observations of Professor Bailey, on the fossil forms
of America, are of deep interest; indeed, the labours of that eminent
Q
218 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
naturalist in this department has far surpassed those of any european
observer, if we except Ehrenberg, (See section Naviculacea).
The composition of the lorica or shell in this family is various,
and may be separated into two kinds; the first containing silica,
either pure or in combination with the oxide of iron; forming a
silicate of iron; the second, those in which silica is entirely absent,
when the lorica has a membranous or parchment-like (structure)
texture. It is remarkable that in no case has lime been found to
enter into their composition. In some genera the lorica is surrounded
by a soft gelatinous variously-formed envelope or induvium. The
shape of the lorica is various, but such as entirely to inclose the in-
ternal organic portion, except the parts where it is united with
others ; hence it is termed wreeolate. The lorica is composed of two
or more shells, or pieces, termed valves, which are usually dish or
cup-shaped, and often fluted (striated) or grooved. Those in which
silica enters into the composition have usually a round or a prismatic
four-sided figure, while, in the non-siliceous, they are generally flat,
with three to five sides.
Of the internal organization of these creatures little is known, owing
to their opacity, and the structure of the enveloping lorica. In many,
however, large transparent variable vesicles are seen among the mass
of coloured granules which occupy the greater part of the lorica.
These vesicles are considered by Ehrenberg to be digestive cells, and
the coloured mass (the chlorophyl of botanists,) ova. In some
species, as soon as the coloured ova are protruded, the parent dies ;
in others, the ova form a Monad-like mass, from which when ma-
tured the parent separates; hence, says Ehrenberg, has arisen the
opinion of the transition of animals into plants. In Jherasterias,
Anthrodesmus, and one or two other genera, says Ehrenberg, male
reproductive structures are visible, but no trace of a sensitive system
has been discovered.
From the clustering nature of this sluggish family, and the rigidity
of their coverings, they resemble the confervoid Algee, and other
minute vegetable forms, and are hence confounded with them ; but
in their mode of propagation a distinction may be recognized. In
the Bacillaria, the self-division is always longitudinal, so that the
Bavillaria.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 219
eonferya-like forms are not composed of long slender and filiform
bodies, like plants, but of short and broad filiform portions. Some-
times the self-division is from back to front, or from side te side; the
single creatures are then band-like, or half-moon-shaped.
In Navicula, Ehrenberg has described a locomotive organ possessing
the power of moving in any direction, and accommodating itself to
any form, similar to that curious muscular organ, the tongue, in
animals, or to the foot-like process of snails.
The shells of these creatures are often sculptured with deep
flutings; where this occurs, the inside of the shell is not always
smooth, but follows the form of the exterior: thus the strength is
greatly increased, while the quantity of sclid material employed in
their construction is not augmented. The flutings (strie) in the
living specimens being filled with coloured matter, are discerned
with difficulty, and hence they are almost unknown. In the fossil
state, the shells are empty, and then the flutings and other indenta-
tions become distinctly visible. I have, therefore, in the engravings
illustrating this family, selected drawings of several in both states,
so that the reader may form a clear conception of their true characters,
while the interest attached to the family generally is so great, and
Wwe possess so few drawings of its various species, that I have been
induced to extend the number of illustrations considerably. The
order of their arrangement differs from that given in the plates of Die
Infusionsthierchen ; 10 that work the species and genera are placed in
plates indiscriminately, and no regular arrangement is observed. As
some fossil specimens have been discovered since Ehrenberg’s great
work appeared, I have had drawings of the finest I could procure,
made for me; some of them are the last productions of my friend,
the late F. Bauer, Esq.; so that the numerous illustrations of this
family, whether the members be considered as animal or vegetable,
will, I believe, be highly acceptable both to the botanist and
zoologist.
The remarks in the last paragraph refer to the engravings of the
first edition, all of which are retained in the present one, while
most of the numerous figures in Plates 13 to 20, are additional illus-
trations of the Bacillaria.
In this family we are not only presented with the simplest forms
Q 2
220 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
of organic matter, but, from their numbers and the indestructibility
of their shells, they have led to many important discoveries. The
large masses of meteoric paper which fell in 1686 have recently
been shown to consist mainly of their coverings, while several hun-
dred square feet of a flannel-like substance, lately found near Sabor,
in Silesia, after an inundation, was composed of Flagilaria, Navicula,
Cryptomonas, and Closterina, interwoven with Conferva rivularis.
As microscopic objects, the markings of the fossil species are
highly interesting ; and when mounted as opaque objects, a verifi-
cation of the structure of their shell is clearly demonstrated.
Ehrenberg’s primary division of this family is into single and
double-loricated animalcules ; the genera comprised in the first being
again separated into those which are attached, by a pedicle or stalk,
and those which are destitute of such appendage, or free.
Lorica simple.
Lorica double.
Bacillaria.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 221
The further distribution of the genera, by Ehrenberg, will be seen in
the following table :—
three=sided fase x. dlaye sieercteiete sata cine ca seiaclstracte oa ciers Desmidium.
shaped TOUP<SIGOU en iG cncanescs cle Catton es see eee meee Staurastrum.
AVS SIMOO c2.ta55 ces ceaccees ccs teccd seuceas aon eevee scot Pentasterias.
clusters moniliform ......... Tessararthra.
One globular
valved.
(Desmi-
diacea).
do: berry-lke <2, ....<0s+s-0000 Sphaerastrum.
SPINOWB Es ccevas nevis gescuccceccsopees tosaeste ceca renee ee eae Xanthidium.
compressed or lying to-
Hardee BREGHERRN ni eras ce ne Arthrodesmus.
united by serritures ...... Odontella.
{many ineach plate or dise.. Micrasterias.
Free
=
aR RN So f- = ma = | a aaa |
g.
#3,
@
E
Q
fe
n
°
Fe
oa
plate or dise-like....< twO GiftO .......6.cec.cscseoeess Euastrum.
NS croarens Microtheca.
sphlenicals simples: sy.. cane ssoveses oes see seat cheer nee Pyxidicula.
round ( 1-cclled, articulated filiform Gallionella,
forming coral-like ¢
clusters ( many celled, concentrically Actinecyclus.
Two or
more six openings to lorica .. Navicula.
valved.
Navicu- self-division complete FOUTAIGIO) Jarscisreinin cases Eunotia.
lacea. never band-like
ONE ceisieicelaeleciers Cocconeis.
prismatic ( wand-like........ Bacillaria.
jointed
division incomplete, plate-like ......., Tessella.
forming-band-like .
clusters jointless f bands straight.. Fragilaria.
(fragile) ( hands spiral ...... Meridion.
suneleandividuals broader than Jong... .:....:.:sccs-:socececdesceceeseaceccotesecccacsc ie Isthmia.
ES Y stalkless, formed as a wand (prism-shaped)................ Synedra.
BES a sessile formed as a wedge......c-.+s-t+sss SED Hae ... Podosphenia.
ers mo
<5) mS dichotomous by long. div.. Gomphonema.
Ee wedge-shaped .........
= whorled or radiating by do. Echinelia.
s
Btalked lance-shaped, attachment direct ............ceccccseeeee Cocconema.
banner-like (a central opening ......... Achnanthes.
attachment oblique i no central opening............ Striatella.
Covered with an amorphous { Scaitered: <.fiesereeees. akties et sinvee ca aes covcsaste Let ys Frustulia.
mass of gelatine ......... connected in a ring-like manner ........... «+.-. Syncyclia.
§ spiculi straight .......... Naunema.
f tubes simply branched.
Udiftotcrooked'5..aeeecsace Gloeonema.
Covered with membranous or
gelatinous tubes ............. ditto ageresated, (slit like a bunch...,...... Schizonema.
bundle-like ees like a tree ......... Micromega.
222 DESCRIFTION OF [ Polygastrica.
The views of Ehrenberg on the Bacillaria, have, from their first
promulgation, had many objectors, whose arguments were well
brought together by Dr. Meyen, and are as follows :—
“« Professor Ehrenberg has described and represented, in his great
work upon the Infusoria, a very considerable number of organized
bodies, looked upon by botanists as belonging to the vegetable
kingdom. In these representations, naturalists have been able to
attain what has been long desirable; for, although in respect to the
more highly developed and complete vegetable beings, the truest deli-
neations are indispensably necessary at the present day; it is much
more requisite that every one of these lower and microscopic organisms
should be laid before us in the same tangible manner. ‘To the syste-
matist, it is of no import whether these beings are represented as
plants or animals, for one thing is certain—they will always remain
what they are. In this work, Ehrenberg has not only given syste-
matic descriptions of these questionable animals or plants, but his
own observations, coupled with those of his predecessors, upon the
nature of these bodies, are found eopiously detailed. This, however,
is apparent; all the facts known upon the subject are interpreted in
a manner as if these creations were undoubtedly animals, whilst the
same facts would indicate quite a different signification if we pro-
cveded upon the supposition that they were nothing but plants. It
now becomes a question as to which view is right, or whether we are
able to prove positively either one or the other. The subject, how-
ever, is one of high importance, and we shall say a few words upon
it, bringing forward those genera as illustrations of the subject,
which, according to my own opinion, are decidedly composed of plants.
The first little plant we find described and represented in Ehren-
berg’s work is Gondum (2) tranquillum (E.) This I discovered in
1828, gave a representation of it, and afterwards named it Mertsmo-
pedia punctata. Ehrenberg himself has observed nothing animal with
respect to this plant, which belongs to the Ulvaceae, and distinguishes
itself remarkably by its continual regular self-division. The mem-
bers of the genus Closterium belong just as decidedly to the vegetable
kingdom as does the Gonium ; but the following reasons are adduced
by Ehrenberg as proofs of their animal organization. They possess
voluntary motion; they have openings at the extremity ; they possess
Buciliaria.) INFUSORTAL ANIMALCULES. 223
continually moving even protruding organs immediately behind the
openings, and they are endowed with transverse self-division. But
all plants, says Ehrenberg, which are endowed with voluntary
motion, open orifices, feet, and self-division, we may look upon as
animals, without waiting to see them eat. That this last resolution
is correct, no doubt all botanists will accede to; but the following
considerations are those which incline to the opinion of the vegetable
nature of the Closterina. The structure of the Closterina is evi-
dently that of the Conferva, as well as the formation of their spores
or seeds, and the development of them. The existence of amylum
(starch) within the Closterina is a striking proof of their vegetable
nature. They are likewise destitute of feet, for what Ehrenberg
took for these appendages are self-moveable molecules, as are seen in
Closterium trabecula, to the number of 500 or 600, or more, and
filling a canal running along the whole length of the plant. The
function of these bodies it is very difficult to determine ; but they
are to be found in very many Conferva, and are perhaps to be ikened
to the spermatic animalcules of plants.
“‘Under the great family Bacillaria, Ehrenberg has brought
thirty-five to thirty-six genera; but which may be more properly
divided into two separate families—the family of the true Bacillaria,
and that of the Desmidiacea. This last family has already been firmly
settled by Menegheni, and includes those true Algae, concerning whose
nature there can be no doubt. To the true Algae belong the fol-
lowing genera of Ehrenberg’s Bacillaria :—Desmidium Ag.; Stauras-
trum, Mey.; Pentasterias, Ehr.; Sphaerastrum, Mey.; Xanthidiun,
Ehr. ; Scenedesmus, Mey.; Odontella, Ag.; Pediastrum, Mey. (Ih-
crasterias, Ag.); and Huastrum, Ehr. In all these genera, nothing
has yet been observed which can be adduced as evidences of their
animal nature. Actual motion, arising from internal causes, I saw
only in Sphaerastrum; and the slight movement, supposed to have
been observed in some of the genera, is certainly of the same
description as that of some Conferva, which sometimes vegetate far
below, at other times upon, the surface of water; but this elevation
from the deep is generally connected with visible evolution of gaseous
matter. The merease by self-division occurs in all these genera;
this process is looked upon by Ehrenberg as one of the strongest and
224 DESCRIPTION OF [Polygastrica.
most decisive characters of animal nature; but I have elsewhere
proved, in the most satisfactory manner, that self-division is very
eommon, both in the lowest plants as well as in the elementary
organs of the more highly developed ones. The little vesicles
endowed with molecular motion, seen in the genus Huastrum are
completely identical with those observed in Closteriwm and the Con-
ferva, and I see no good reason why Closterium should not be placed
near Euastrum. The green corpuscles observed within the cells of
most of the Desmidiacea are similar to the green corpuscles found in
the cells of the Conferva; and though Ehrenberg may consider them
as ova, I have observed their development in spores, and in several
genera have distinctly seen that they contained amylum, and some-
times that they were even entirely composed of it.
“‘The second section of the Bacillaria includes the true Bacillaria,
and are indicated by the term Naviculacea ; here are to be found
those numerous forms, which, from their occurrence in a fossil state,
have lately given rise to such a great degree of interest, and which
Ehrenberg, and many other naturalists, regard as undoubtedly
belonging to the animal kingdom.
“The reasons adduced for such belief, however, are so weak, that
the conclusions deduced from them are yet, for the most part, very
doubtful.
“The movement of the Bacillaria, however free it may be, is by
no means so free and active as that of the spores of the A/gae and the
spermatic animalcules, which are plants, or at least parts of plants,
and the motion is no very positive ground for the belief of their animal
condition. The common mode of propagation, seen in Pacillaria, is
that of self-division, which is also proper to the cells of the higher
plants ; the increase by spores or ova ensues but rarely. The form,
structure, and especially the habitus of the Bacillaria are evidently
of that kind to lead one to consider them as plants; but the following
circumstance, which is of very considerable interest, militates against
it. In many Navicule, it is observed that the molecules, such as of
indigo or carmine, &c., in the same solution, that may come into
contact with the surface of the body of the creature, are immediately
set in motion, and often run along with considerable rapidity by the
side of the body, and even turn and run in an opposite direction.
Bacillaria.) INFUSORTAL ANIMALCULES. 995
This remarkable appearance has its cause, perhaps, in the existence
of numerous delicate cilia, which are present over the surface of the
creature, and giving rise to the motion.
“With our present instruments we cannot take cognizance of
these organs; but when making use of a very high power, a sort
of transparent narrow zone is observed around the bodies of the
Baeillaria.
‘Lastly, Ehrenberg adduces another observation as satisfactorily
proving the animal nature of the Bacillaria. They sometimes
receive colouring matter, which fills the vesicles looked upon by him
as stomachs. This last statement appears at least very striking,
but the way in which the case stands seems to be somewhat different.
In the first place, I can see no stomach sacs in the Wavicule, and
never observed in the living and moying Bacillaria the colourmg
matter received at one extremity and carried towards the centre,
where these stomach sacs should lie, whilst in the Infusoria such
observations are easy; on the other hand, it is not rarely found,
especially with the larger living animalcules, that the molecules of
the colouring matter employed, lie upon the middle of the broad
ventral surface, from which it appears as if the colouring material
was really existing internally ; but if a glass plate is placed upon it,
and then properly removed, the globule of colourmg matter may be
taken away. The unprejudiced reader must then see that much
observation is yet wanting ere we can hope satisfactorily to determine
that the Bacillaria are truly animals; and how closely plants and
animals border upon each other is recognizable in the spermatic
animalcules of the lower plants, and the spermatic animalcules of
animals.” (Jahresbericht, Berlin, 1839.)
Since the date of Dr. Meyen’s paper, much has been done to
augment our knowledge of the Lacillaria , and, in the opinion of
most naturalists, also to indicate yet more their affinity with plants.
The phenemenon of conjugation, so admirably investigated and
illustrated by Mr. Thwaites, is regarded as particularly indicative of
the vegetable nature of Bacillaria. In the Desmidiacea, the mode of
conjugation is the counterpart of that in the Zygnemea, (a tribe of
Alge), producing a characteristic sporangium, but in the Diatomacea,
226 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
though the conjugation simply is analogous, yet the produced spo-
rangia have uo proper characteristics, as they resemble the fronds
producing them, save in their larger dimensions. This variation,
M. Thuret contends, renders the phenomena of conjugation inde-
cisive of the vegetable character of the Diatomee, “ for it is clearly
not here a mode of reproduction,—it is only a second mode of multi-
plication of frustules, very curious, and very abnormal.”’
But a still more decisive objection to considering conjugation a
proof of vegetable organization, is to be found in the recent disco-
very of Siebold, that that process is met with in the animal kingdom,
and that he has witnessed it in Diplozoon paradoxum, and in Actino-
phrys Sol: the former an Entozoon, previously regarded as a single
animal, but in fact a conjugated state of a Parasite, known as the
Diporpa ; the latter one of the Infusoria.
A third objection to the argument that conjugation is favourable to
these organisms being Alg@, is that the higher kinds of Alge do
not conjugate, It would therefore follow if we consider them as Alga,
that the lower tribes of these plants require a renewal of the spermatic
force, while the higher ones do not, which would be contrary to all
our ideas of physiological laws.
The notion propounded by Ehrenberg, that the granules in the
interior of Bacillaria—including the Closterina, are ova, has not met
with support from the observations of other naturalists. In Clos-
terium a circulation of the granular contents, involving also many
of the stomach sacs of Ehrenberg, has been witnessed by most
microscopists : and in one of the Diatomee, supposed to be a species
of Navicula, Nigeli says, ‘‘ I observed a pretty rapid circulation of
the granular contents, the granules passing from the nucleus out-
wards along the edges, and back again to the former.’ (Ray Society,
1845. p. 221.)
The occurrence of this phenomena is adverse to the opinions of
the internal animal organization, supposed by Ehrenberg ; whilst it
at the same time favours the hypothesis of the vegetable nature of
these organisms, the circulation being similar to that so common in
vegetable cells, and the circulating granules and vesicles, resembling
those of various conferve, and minute Alye@. (See Introduction to
Desmidiacea and Naviculacea.)
Baeillaria.) INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 227
The primary division of Bacillaria, adopted by Ehrenberg, and
based on the circumstance of the presence or absence of a gelatinous
induyium about or upon the true lorice or frustules is faulty, inas-
much as this gelatinous envelope is met with in various Desmidracea
and Naviculacea in the adult state, and generally in all forms during
the process of conjugation, as a temporary production. Where,
however, the gelatinous mass plays a more important part, forms a
nidus (matrix) for very numerous frustules, and is built up in a cer-
tain, definite manner, producing a characteristic thallus—expanded
frond, it warrants the separation of such compound organisms from
solitary, or merely concatenated forms, and their grouping together
as a subsection.
The distribution of those Bacillaria, having a ‘ simple lorica,’ into
three groups, as made by Ehrenberg (see table page) is not generally
followed: for most naturalists are indisposed to assign so high a
distinctive value to the fact of the attachment of the lcrice, as is
done by Ehrenberg, in the construction of the group Lchinellea.
Indeed the attachment of a frustule, or chain of frustules, appears
inconstant, and several of the genera enumerated by Ehrenberg as
free, subsequent observations have proved to occur also attached.
The prevailing plan is to make two sections, or families: viz.,
1. Desmidiacea or Desmidiee. 2. Naviculacea; the latter including
the Echinellea, and the organisms with a double ‘ lorica’ the Zacernata
of Ehrenberg.
The Naviculacea are sometimes called, Diatomacea, Diatomee, and
Cymbellee.
Mr. Harvey, in his Manual of British Marine Algze, considers the
Diatomacea and Desmidiacea as well marked sub-orders, or proper
orders of a common alliance—the Chlorospermee, or green Algze.
Mr. Ralfs considers that the Desmidiee can no longer be united with
the Diatomee in one family—and gives the following distinctions :
“The cell in the Desmidiee consists of two valves united by a central
suture, and, during division, the new formed portions are interposed
between these valves. The Desmidice are membranous, or should a
few species contain silica, it is not present in sufficient quantity to
interfere with their flexibility. They rarely have acute angles, and
are seldom (if ever) rectangular. They are often deeply incised or
228 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
lobed, warted or spinous. The internal matter is of a herbaceous
green colour, and starch vesicles abound in the mature cell. They
couple and form either orbicular or quadrate seed-like bodies, and are
remarkable for the resistance which they oppose to decomposition.
‘Tn all these respects they differ from Diatomacea. In the latter,
each frustule consists of three pieces, one central and ring-like, or
continuous all round; and the others lateral. The division is com-
pleted by the formation of new portions within the enlarged central
picce, which then falls off, or else by a new septum arising at the
centre ; but I believe that, in every case, the separation commences
internally before it extends to the covering. Their coverings, with
very few exceptions, are siliceous, withstand the actions of fire and
acids, and may be broken but not bent; the frustules are often
rectangular in form, are never warted, and scarcely ever spinous.
Their internal matter is usually brown when recent; and, although
some species are greenish, or become green after they are gathered,
none are of a truly herbaceous colour. Their vesicles bear some
resemblance to those in the Desmidiee, but they are of a yellower
colour, and no starch has been detected in them. Some of them
have been seen to conjugate, but their sporangia are elongated and in
pairs, and the internal matter is similar to that of the frustules.”’
(British Desmidiez, page 20.)
In the following pages we have so far departed from Ehrenberg’s
arrangement as to include the Closterina with the Desmidiee, in
accordance with the now universally received views of their affini-
ties. Moreover, we have excluded the appended and doubtful group,
Acineta, according to the opinion of Ehrenberg himself, as expressed
subsequently to the publication of his systematic work.
The particular details of the organization of the Desmidiacea and
Naviculacea, are entered into at the commencement of each of those
sections ; those relating to the Evhinellea, presenting nothing special,
are represented in the account of the Naviculacea. Indeed, in our
opinion, the section Echinellea should be merged, as is generally done
in that of the Naviculacea, but, as we profess generally to follow the
system of Ehrenberg, we have thought it right to retain it.
bo
bo
Ne)
Desmidiee.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES.
Section I.—Drsmrmracra.
This is one of the sections into which Ehrenberg divides his great
family Bacillaria; and it agrees mainly with the family Desmidice
of other authors. Ehrenberg elevates the Closterva to the rank of a
family,—taking position between Vibrionta and <Astasie; which,
however, in the systems of naturalists, have only the value of a
genus. ‘The alliance set up by Ehrenberg for the Closteria, is now
considered untenable, whilst their affinity with Desmidiee is as
generally admitted. We feel ourselves therefore, warranted to
depart so far from following Ehrenberg’s arrangement, as to include
Closterium among the genera of Desmidice; but have already given
the characters of the family in its proper place. (See page 179.)
Recent researches, and more especially those of Mr. Ralfs, have
so much added to our knowledge of these most beautiful organisms—
the Desmidiee, that much of Ehrenberg’s account of them has become
obselete, and cannot be put forward as a fair representation of the
present state of science. This circumstance, coupled with that of
the almost impossibility of engrafting the newly discovered genera
and species into the system of Ehrenberg,—so greatly influenced as
that is by his views of the animal organization of the Desmidiea, has
induced us to employ the systematic arrangement of those beings, as
given by Mr. Ralfs, in his recent admirable Monograph on the
“ British Desmidiex”’ it supplying, everything to be desired in pre-
senting a concise view of this interesting group. We have freely
employed the generic and specific descriptions of that able naturalist.
To attempt an independent account, would imply a more intimate
and perfect acquaintance with the Desmidiee, than that possessed by
one who has so successfully made them a special study. The present
. section may be consequently regarded as containing an epitome of
Mr. Ralfs Monograph, although the researches of other naturalists
are incorporated, and some new genera and species added.
Those who would acquire a complete knowledge of the Desmidiee,
230 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
and who would work at them independently, should obtain Mr.
Ralfs’ book, in which every British species is described and figured,
its special localities named, and many further details given, such as
can be admitted only in a Monagraph.
Before entering upon the Desmidiacea, the reader will do well to
examine the different drawings, illustrative of them given in Plate 1.
f. 63 to 67; P. 2. f£. 99 to 123; P. 13.f£1 to 44; P. 18. f. 10
to 19.
“The Desmidiee are of an herbaceous green colour; a few only of
the Closteria have the rigid integument coloured, but in all, the
internal matter is green. They inhabit fresh water.
Their most distinctive character is that ‘ Each cell or joint, con-
sists of two symmetrical valves or segments, and the suture or line
of junction is in general well marked ; in a few instances, however,
as in Scenedesmus, it is determined principally by analogy. In
Pediastrum, its situation is shewn by a more or less evident notch
on the outer side, but no separation has been noticed. In the other
genera the suture eventually opens and allows the escape of the con-
tents, and it is indicated by either a transverse line or a pale band,
and usually also by a constriction.” An uninterrupted gradation
may be traced from species in which these characters are incon-
spicuous to those in which they are fully developed :—from Clos-
terium, 11 which there is no constriction to Spherozosma, Mieras-
terias, and other genera, where the constriction is so deep that the
segments appear like distinct cells, connected by a mere cord. By
Ehrenberg, indeed, such forms were regarded as binate cells, but
Mr. Ralfs for several reasons, concludes that each bipartite frond is a
distinct, simple cell, merely constricted.
The Desmidee multiplying by repeated tranyerse division; the
nature of which is well seen in the compressed and deeply constricted
cells of Huastrum. Here, as the connecting portion is so small, and
necessarily produces the new segments, which cannot arise from a
broader base than its opening, these are at first very minute.
“The segments are separated by the elongation of the connecting
tube, which is converted into two roundish hyaline lobules. These
lobules increase in size, acquire colour, and gradually put on the
appearance of the old portions. Of course, as they increase, the
Desmidice.)} INFUSORIAL ANTMALCULES. 231.
original segments are pushed further asunder, and at length are
disconnected, each taking with it anew segment, to supply the place
of that from which it has separated.”
“It is curious to trace the development of the new portions.
At first they are devoid of colour, and have much the appearance of
condensed gelatine, but as they increase in size, the internal fluid
acquires a green tint, at first very faint, but soon becoming darker ;
atlengthit assumesa granular state. At the same time the new segments
increase in size, and obtain their normal figure; the covering in some
species shows the presence of puncta or granules; and lastly, in
Xanthidium and Staurastrium, the spines and processes make their
appearance, beginning as mere tubercles, and then lengthening until
they attain their perfect form and size; but complete separation often
occurs before the whole process is completed. This singular process
is repeated again and again, so that the older segments are united
successively, as it were, with many generations. In Spharozosma the
same changes take place, but the cells continue linked together, and
a filament is formed, which elongates more and more rapidly as the
joints increase in number. This continued multiplication has its
limits; the segments gradually enlarge whilst they divide, and at
length the plant ceases to grow, the division of the cell is no longer
repeated; the internal matter changes its appearance, increases in
density, and contains starch granules, which soon become numerous;
the reproductive granules are perfected, and the individual perishes.
In a filament the two oldest segments are found at its opposite
extremities; for so long as the joints divide they are necessarily
separated further and further from each other. Whilst this process
is in progress the filament in Spharozosma, consists of segments of
all sizes; but after it has reached maturity there is little inequality
between them, except in some of the last formed segments which
are permanently smaller. The case is the same with those genera,
in which the separation of the cells is complete. It is obvious that,
from the beginning, the new segment must have the same breadth
as the junction from which it springs; and when consequently, the
junction is as broad as the cell,—. e. where the valves are united by
their entire breadth, the new portion is of equal width, and so can
be distinguished only by other means than their size.”
232 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
“The spontaneous division of the frond is included by some
writers amongst the modes of reproduction, but is rightly the manner
only in which the individual plant grows, since all the cells arrive
at maturity nearly at the same period, and terminate their existence
about the same time.” ‘The Desmidiee are most probably repro-
duced only in two modes; one by the escape of the granular contents
of the mature frond, and the other by the formation of sporangia,
the result of the coupling of the cells.”
When the cells approach maturity, molecular movements may
be at times noticed in their contents, precisely like that seen in the
Confervee, and which has been aptly termed a swarming. When re-
leased by the opening of the suture, the granules still move, but
more rapidly and to a greater distance. The subsequent history of
these granules is, I conclude, similar to what has been traced in
other Alge. Compare with this the observations of M. Thuret,
which we have appended to the account of Pediastrum; for in that
genus M. Thuret states that he witnessed the escape of minute new
fronds from the cells of the parent fronds.
On this supposed mode of propagation by Zoospores, we have the
advantage of some recent remarks by the Rev. W. Smith: he writes,
‘another mode of increase, analogous to the propagation by Zoos-
pores in Spharoplea crispa and other Algz, has been assigned to the
Desmidieg, and it has been alleged that the endochrome escapes in
the form of Zoospores, and becomes transformed into new fronds.
M. Morren not only affirms this to be the case, but gives a figure
illustrative of the conversion of these Zoospores, or as he terms them
“« propagules,”’ into new fronds. Mr. Ralfs merely observes that the
escape of the granular contents of the mature frond is probably one
mode by which the Desmidiee are increased. He, however, regards
the ‘swarming of the granules” (which I am disposed to regard as
a disturbance attendant upon the decay of the granular mass) as
identical with the movement of the Zoospores; and states that with
the history of these granules after their escape, he was altogether
unacquainted. He afterwards gives a figure (British Desmidiex, P.
27), upon the authority of Mr. Jenner, representing the bursting of
the sporanguim and the growth of the young fronds from its con-
tents in Closterium acerosium, so closely resembling the figure by
Desmidice. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 233
M. Morven (see P. 18, f. 15) of the conversion of the propagules of
C. Ehrenbergii into young fronds, that I cannot but believe a similar
phenomenon to have been noticed by both observers, and am inclined
to accept the views of Mr. Jenner as the correct one, and to regard
propagation by Zoospores or “ propagules’’ as one not yet satisfac-
torily established in the Desmidieg.’’ (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1850, p. 4.)
“<The second mode of reproduction is by coupling (conjugation), and
the formation of sporangia. A communication is established between
two cells, and a seed-like mass is formed in the same manner as in
the Conjugate. (See P. 13, figs. 5,6,and 15.) This is green and granular
at first, but soon becomes of a homogeneous appearance, and of a
brown or even reddish colour. In the family Conjugate, the cells
conjugate whilst still forming parts of a filament; but in the Desmidiee,
the filamentous species almost invariably separate into single joints
before their conjugation, and, in most of the species, the valves of the
cells become detached after they are emptied of their contents. (See
the account of Closteriwm.) In many genera the sporangia remain
smooth and unaltered; in others they become granulated, tubercu-
lated, or spinous; the spines being either simple or forked at the
apex. The sporangia I consider capsules; and this view seems to
be confirmed by the experience of Mr. Jenner, who states that the
covering of the sporangium swells; and a mucus is secreted, in
which minute fronds appear, and, by their increase, at length rupture
the attenuated covering. The sporangia are most abundant in spring
before the pools dry up.
“That the orbicular spinous bodies, so frequent in flint, are fossil
sporangia, cannot be doubtful, when they are compared with figures
of recent ones. Ehrenberg describes them as fossil Xanthidia; but
the true Xanthidia have compressed, bipartite, and bivalved cells,
whilst these fossils have globose and entire ones. In all the Desm-
diee, but especially in Closterium and Iierasterias, small compact
seed-like bodies of a blackish colour are at times met with. Their
situation is uncertain, and their number varies from one to four.
In their immediate neighbourhood, the endochrome is wanting, as
if it had been required to form them, but in the rest of the frond
it retains its usual colour and appearance. I cannot satisfy my-
self respecting the nature of these bodies, but I belicve them
R
234, DESCRIPTION OF _ | Polygastrica,
either to arise from an unhealthy condition of the plant, or else to
be parasitic.
‘All the Desmidiee are gelatinous. In some the mucus is con-
densed into a distinct and well defined hyaline sheath or covering,
as in Didymoprium Grevillii, and Staurastrum tumidum ; in others
it is more attenuated, and the fact that it forms a covering, is dis-
cerned only by its preventing the contact of the coloured cells. In
general, its quantity is merely sufficient to hold the fronds together
in a kind of filmy cloud, which is dispersed by the slightest touch.
When they are left exposed by the evaporation of the water, this
mucus becomes denser, and is apparently secreted in larger quantities
to protect them from the effects of drought.
‘ Besides the movement of the granules spoken of, a circulation,
or rather a rotation of the contents of the cells of Desmidiee may
occasionally be seen under a careful adjustment of the microscope,”
(See p. 180.) Mr. Ralfs has witnessed it in Closteriwm Lunula, and.
in Penium Digitus. He says, “ It seems, at least in the Closterium,
to be restricted to the space between the mass of endochrome and the
integument; for neither Mr. Bowerbank nor myself could detect it
in the internal parts of the endochrome. The movement, however,
extends over the whole surface of the endochrome. The circulation
being carried on between the integument, and the mass of endochrome,
which is usually brought full into view by the observer, explains the
difficulty experienced in detecting the circulation, except at the
margins. The motion was very irregular: the fluid flowed at one
time towards the extremities, and at another in the opposite direction,
and the intervals between these changes were of uncertain duration.
Streams; also, though apparently not separated by any partitions,
flowed side by side in contrary directions. The currents evidently
consisted of an homogeneous fluid; but, from time to time, minute
granules were detached from the internal mass of endochrome, and
carried along in the streams for short periods, after which they either
returned to the quiescent portion, or passed into other currents. It
seems to deserve particular notice, that the circulation was not
interrupted at the suture. The process in Pentwm Digitus was some-
what different from that just described.”
Niageli believes in the presence of a nucleus in the Desmidiee,
Desmidiee.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 235
generally. He says, “ Arthrodesmus possesses a small colourless
corpuscle on the wall of the cell, which looks like a nucleolus.
Luastrum frequently exhibits, among the green contents, two
obscure bodies resembling nuclei, always one in each half, when the
division through the middle takes place. These are not attached to
the cell-membrane, but lie free in the midst of the cavity; they
appear to possess a dark centre (nucleolus?) and a clear periphery
(enveloping-layer?) .... In Closteriwm, a nucleus lies in the centre,
which possesses a thick whitish nucleolus within a clear enveloping
layer. It is coloured brown by iodine, and wholly resembles the
nucleus in Spirogyra.” Ehrenberg, who previously noticed these
nuclei considers them analogous to fecundating glands. Both na-
turalists agree as to their probable function, but each gives an
explanation as they view them, either as plants or as animals.
Respecting the nature of the Desmidiee, My. Ralfs affirms that
they have as strong a claim as the Conjugate or Palmelle can have,
to rank with the Alge. On the other hand, he considers the proper
station of the Diatomace very doubtful.
Ehrenberg’s reasons for placing the Desmidiee in the animal king-
dom are the following :—That they exert a voluntary motion; that
they increase by transverse self-division ; and that the Closteria have
at their extremities apertures, and protruding organs, continually in
motion. Although two of these reasons apply only to the genus
Clostertum, My. Ralfs will admit that if the Closteria can be proved
animals, the questions as to the other genera will be decided. As to
the possession of voluntary motion, he protests against the use of the
word voluntary as prejudging the question. That the Desmidice
move, must be admitted; but, whilst making this admission, he
maintains that in the lower tribes of organic life, motion is not an
indubitable sign of an animal nature. Indeed, Mr. Ralfs and Mr.
Jenner, have both failed to perceive any actual movement: (see
Closterina p. 179), and whatever may be the motive power of the
Desmidiee, according to those observers, they possess it only in
common with acknowledged Algze, and in a less degree than either
the Diatomea, the Oscillatori@, the sporules of various Alge, or
indeed their own sporules. Ehrenberg considers, that increase by
voluntary division, is the character which separates animals from
R 2
236 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
vegetables, and adduces no other reason for his denial of the vege-
table nature of some genera; but the bisection of cells is very
frequent, if not universal, in the more simple Alge; and Mr. Ralfs
is of opinion that the process is identical with that witnessed in the
Desmidiee.
“T (says Mr. Ralfs) am not in a position either to deny, or to affirm,
with confidence, the presence of openings in the extremities of the
Closteria. It appears to me, indeed, that in Closteriwm, there is a
slight notch, or more usually the rudiment of one, at the apex of the
segments,—a mere indication in short of what is fully developed in
Tetmemorus and Euastrum. In no instance, can any portion of the
contents of the cell be forced out from the extremities. On this
subject, the views of Ehrenberg, and Mr. Dalrymple, are given at
page 180. Mr. Ralfs has the following remarks upon them.
‘“‘T confess I am unable to refer to any example in other Algz of
terminal globules, like those present in the Closteria, but neither can
one be found amongst animals; and if in some respects they have an
analogy with organs belonging to the latter, in others they agree
better with vegetable life. The contained granules seem to me to
differ im no respect, except in position and uninterrupted motion,
from other granules in the same frond, and, as I have already stated,
I once saw the motion continue after their escape from the cell, pre-
cisely as in other zoospores. Meyen observes that the functions of
these bodies are very difficult to determine, but they are to be found
in very many Conferve, and are perhaps to be likened to the sper-
matic animalcules of plants.
“The contraction of the internal membrane of the Closterza, or the
expulsion of their contents on the application of iodine or other
re-agents, cannot be relied upon as a satisfactory test for determining
their nature, for the blandest fluids will, in some cases, occasion
violent action. From the experiments of Mr. P. Grant, it seems
that the re-action of a re-agent cannot be predicated with any cer-
tainty, and that the molecular action is not affected by several strong
poisons, whilst it yields to other substances less generally dele-
terious.
‘With regard to the “supposed ova,” I fully agree with Meyen,
that they are similar to the green corpuscles found im the cells of
Desmidiee.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 237
Confervee ; and the fact of their containing amylum (starch) is decisive
against the notion that they are eggs.
‘Although at first sight it seems to indicate the contrary, the
swarming of the zoospores or granules really affords a strong con-
firmation of the vegetable nature of the Desmidiee. The same
phenomenon is very generally observed in the Algw, but no similar
motion has ever been witnessed in the contents of an animal after
their escape.
“The presence of starch, first observed by Meyen, seems now gene-
rally admitted. Mr. Dalrymple, who at first failed to detect it in
Closterva, afterwards did so in Penium Digitus: and Dr. Bailey, of
New York, has repeatedly proved its presence in Closterium Trabe-
cula, as well as in other species. Mr. Ralfs has repeatedly noted
the effects of iodine on many of the Desmidice ; but has found the
presence of starch indicated only when granules (the ova of Ehren-
berg) were present, as the fluid colouring matter always becomes
brownish. Precisely similar results followed the application of
iodine in Conjugata in different stages of growth. In the young cell
there is no starch, but after its first appearance it continues to in-
crease, and is most plentiful in the sporangium. Of all the facts
which indicate the vegetable nature of the Desmadiee, the presence
of starch is undoubtedly the most important, since it is the most
easily subjected to the test of experiment.
“The conjugation of the fronds in this family supplies an equally
striking fact in proof that it belongs to the vegetable kingdom.
“As in the Conjugata and other Algee, so in the Desmidieg, a bag or
cell forms between two individuals, the entire contents of which pass
out and unite together to form one reproductive body, which, be-
coming detached, leaves the parent corpuscles altogether empty. (See
P. 18. figs. 10 to 19.) Such an occurrence is, I believe, not only un-
known amongst animals, but is contrary to all our notions of
animal propagation. The Desmdiez, moreover, present the several
variations of form of sporangia, met within different genera of
Alge.
“That the Desmidiee resist decomposition, exhale oxygen on ex-
posure to the sun, preserve the purity of water containing them, and,
when burnt, do not emit the peculiar odour so characteristic of
238 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
animal combustion, are other facts respecting this family, which, taken
singly, might have less value, but in their combination furnish a
most important support to the arguments already adduced.
“The Desmidiee I regard then as Alge, allied on the one side to
Conjugate, by similarity of reproduction, and on the other to the
Paimellee, by the usually complete transverse division, and by the
presence of gelatine. Indeed, the relation to the latter is so intimate,
that it is difficult to say to which family some genera belong :—Some
species of Scenedesmus may be allowed to have an almost equal claim
to rank with either.”
An additional exemplification of the affinity of the Desmidiee with
the Algz, has been recently afforded by detection by Mr. Jenner,
confirmed by Mr. Ralfs, in a species of Zyndaridea, of evident,
though faint, longitudinal striz, similar to those in many Closteria.
Mr. Bowerbank has also pointed out the same appearance in
Tiresias.
Owing no doubt to the soft, or but slightly siliceous integument of
the Desmidiee, but few forms have been found in a fossil state,
among such are some species of Closteriwm and Huastrum, and
doubtful specimens of Xanthidium.
In Ehrenberg’s system the Desmidiee formed one division of his
family Bacillaria, the characters of which, are given in the table, at
page 221.
The following genera have been established since this table ap-
peared: namely—Lithodesmium, Eucampia, Asterodictyon, Monactinus,
Gymnozyga, Hyalotheca, Polysolenia, and Zygoxanthium. The genus
Hyalotheca is adopted by Mr. Ralfs; of Hucampia and Lithodesmium
we have figures; but the other genera are known to us only by
name, or by imperfect descriptions.
Genus Hyatorneca, (Ehr.)—Filaments elongated, cylindrical,
very gelatinous; jodts having either a slight constriction, which
produces a crenate appearance, or a grooved rim at one end which
forms a bifid projection on eachside. End view circular.
The filaments are invested with a broad gelatinous sheath; are
very fragile in one species, but not so in the other. The cylindrical
filament distinguishes this genus from Desmidium and Spherozosma.
It has no angular projections, is not twisted, and has always the
Desmidiee. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 239
same apparent breadth, and consequently, in all these respects, differs
from Didymoprium.
Hyatorneca dissiliens = Conferva dissiliens, (Smith.)—Filament
fragile, crenate; a shallow groove round each joint, dividing the en-
dochrome into two portions. The transverse view is circular, and
shows a mucous border of the same form. Inthis aspect too, the
endochrome is generally disposed in a stellate manner, with six or
seven rays, and frequently has a colourless central spot. This plant is
very fragile, breaking into single joints, each with a perfect mucous
covering. Conjugation takes place by tubes: sporangia, circular.
(P. 13. f. 32. 35.; f. 32 a transverse view.)
H.. mucosa (Ehr.)—Filament scarcely fragile ; joints not constricted,
but having at one of the ends a minute bidentate projection on each
margin, the adjoiming end of the next joint being similar. The
filaments have a very broad mucous sheath. The joints seem to be
_in pairs; a single one is consequently asymmetrical.
H. dubia. (Kiitzing.)—Filament without a mucous tube; joints
rather broader than long, with two puncta near each margin.
H. cylindrica. (Ehr.) = Desmidium cylindricum, (Greville and
de Brébisson, 1835.) See Didymoprium Grevillir.
Genus Dipymorrium.—Filaments elongated, gelatinous, fragile,
regularly twisted cylindrical, with a bidentate process or angle on
each side of the joints; hence the margins of the filament are crenate.
The twisting of the filament causes it to appear of unequal breadth,
and the form of its joints to vary according as more or less of the
angles is seen at the margin. In a transverse view the joints are
circular or broadly elliptic, with two minute opposite projections,
formed by the angles. The endochrome is radiate; its rays from
four to seven. (P. 13. f. 38.)
Didymoprium differs from Desmidium in having only two angles.
In a transverse view, the latter presents a cell truly angular, irre-
spective of the bidentate projections, and an endochrome divided into
a number of rays corresponding with the number of angles; neither
of these circumstances oceur in Didymoprium.
The filaments of this genus increase in length, by the repeated
division of the joints, exactly as in the other genera, the new portions
240 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
being formed between the original segments, which in other respects
remain unaltered.
Divymorrium Grevillit.=Hyalotheca cylindrica. (Ehr.)—Sheath dis-
tinct; joints of the filament broader than long, with a thickened
border at theirjunction ; transverse view broadly elliptic. The sheath
is jointed as well as the filaments.
Tn conjugating, it separates into single joints: the joints or cells
become connected by a narrow process, often remarkable for its
length, and the contents of one cell pass through it into the other,
and a sporangium is formed in the same manner as in many of the
Conjugate.
The transfer of the endochrome takes place in a mass. After the
completion of the process, the empty cell is frequently detached, as
also occurs in those Conjugate which bear the sporangium within
the cell.
In a front view, the sporangium is as orbicular as the quadrate
form of the joint will permit. The mucous covering remains un-
altered on the joints when they are coupled.
D. Borrert.—Joints inflated, barrel-shaped, longer than broad ;
transverse view circular. Filaments pale green, very slender, their
mucous sheath wanting or indistinct; angles of joints bi-crenate.
On account of the length of the joints, the disposition of the endo-
chrome in two portions is very distinct. The joints have not a
thickened border as in D. Grevellii, and the filament separates with
less facility into single joints. ( P. 13, f. 38, 39; fig. 38 a transverse
view). The sporangium is elliptic and lies between the cells which
remain attached to it.
Kiitzing suggests that this plant may be identical with the Gym-
nozyga moniliformis, of Ehrenberg.
Genus Drsmrmrum.—Filament fragile, elongated, triangular or
quadrangular, regularly twisted ; joints bidentate at the angles. This
organism is of a pale green colour and slightly opaque; when dried,
the British species usually acquire a yellowish appearance, and adhere
to paper or talc less firmly than plants belonging to allied genera. The
filaments are regularly twisted, but being triangular or quadrangular,
two of the bidentate angles of each joimt are always visible at the
Desmidiea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 241
margins. ‘The endochrome is divided into linear portions by a pale
transverse line between the angles. Traces of a mucous sheath may
be detected. A transverse view shows that the endochrome has
thick rays corresponding in number with the angles; these rays are
frequently cloven.
Recent specimens are known from other genera by one or two
dark waved lines passing down the filament, caused by the twisting
of the angular filament.
Desmipium Swartz.—Triangular, equal, with a single longitudinal,
waved, dark line, formed by the third angle; end view triangular,
with the endochrome three-rayed. Filaments very fragile; adhere but
slightly to paper; twisted. The joints are, in the front view, some-
what quadrangular, broader than long, and each angle has two
minute, slightly angular teeth. The joints are connected by a
thickened margin, which partly fills the notch formed between them
by the projection of their angles, whence the chain has a pinnatifid
appearance; transverse view, triangular; angles blunt, and sides
slightly concave. The segments contain numerous minute granules.
Length of joint 1-2000th to 1-1666th. Breadth of filament 1-633rd.
D. quadrangulatum, (Ralf.) — Quadrangular, varying in breadth
from the twisting of the filament, and having two longitudinal waved
lines; the end view quadrangular, with the endochrome four-rayed.
Being quadrilateral, the filament presents two longitudinal lines
crossing each other obliquely. (P. 138, figs. 37 and 40; f. 40 a
transverse view.) Length of jomt 1-1244th.
D. undulatum .—Joints with four crenatures at each margin.
The constriction of the joimts is marked by slight marginal
notches, on each side of which are two broad crenatures; in this
respect D. undulatum differs from D. Swartzi.
D. didymum (Corda.)—Ehrenberg and Meneglini unite D. didymum
to D. bifidum (Ehr.) which the latter describes as a filamentous
plant. In D. dcfidum, says Corda, there are but two simple projec-
tions on each margin of a segment, but in D. didymum, the two
projections themselves present each, two secondary ones.
D. bifidum (Ehr.) = Staurastrum bifidum (Ralfs.)
D. orbiculure (Ehr.) = Staurastrum orbiculare (Ralts.)
D. hexaceros (Ehr.) = Staurastrwn tricorne (Ralts.)
242 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygustrica.
Desuipium aculeatum (Ehr.) = Stawrastrum aculeatum (Ralfs.)
D. apiculosum (Ehr.) = Staurastrum muricatum (Ralfs.)
In a paper published by Ehrenberg in 1840, we have found the
following described as species of Desmidiwm, but the characters
detailed, lead us to the opinion that they really belong to Stawrastrum.
One of them, indeed, called Desmidium ramosum, has, we observe,
been identified by Mr. Ralfs as equivalent to his Stawrastrum
spongiosum. 'The others are :—
D. divergens (Khr.)—Angles of the sides aculeate, recurved on
one side, corpuscles binate, divergent; semilunar on the dorsum;
surface smooth. Diameter 1-1150th. If a representative of a new
genus?
D. tridens.—Angles on the sides acute, long, rostrate, tridentate at
the apex; fusiform dorsally; the entire surface of the centre of the
disc armed with spines. Diameter 1-480th. Is allied to D. hewa-
ceros (Ehr.)
Genus Aproconum (Ralfs.) — ‘“ Filament elongated, triangular or
plane; joints bicrenate at the margins; an oval foramen between
the joints. Endochrome bipartite.—It is closely allied to Desmidium,
but the large oval foramen between the joints is so remarkable a
character, that I must concur with Ehrenberg in placing it in a
separate genus. As, however, Ehrenberg’s name, Odontella, had pre-
viously been given by Agardh to some Dviatomacee, it became
necessary to find another name. Ehrenberg included Spherozosma
in his Odontella, but the present genus is essentially distinct from
Spherozosma ; the latter has the jomts incised or sinuated, and
gland-like processes at their junctions, and it is merely by the inter-
position of these processes that the joints are now and then slightly
separated; in this genus, on the contrary, the joints have two pro-
minent teeth at the margins or angles, and the foramen results from
the excavation or concavity of the joint itself, and not from the
presence of glands.
A. Desmidium = Odontella Desmidium (Ehr.)—Joints in the front
view quadrangular, broader than long; crenatures distinct. No
sheath.
Var. (a.)\—Filaments triangular, regularly twisted; crenatures
rounded.
Desmidiee.] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 243
Var. (b.\—Filaments plane; crenatures shallower and slightly
angular. (P. 2. f. 108.)
Arroconum Baileyi.—Filament not crenated ; joints about equal
in length and breadth. Filament triangular; angles, in end view,
rounded.
Genus Spumrozosma (Corda.)—Filament plane, fragile; joints
closely united by means of glandular processes, and deeply divided on
each side, thus forming two segments, and giving a pinnatifid
appearance to the filament. Filaments pale green, gelatinous, pro-
bably not twisted. Transverse view linear or oblong. This genus
differs from Desmidiwm, Didymoprium, and Hyalotheca, in its flat
filaments (not twisted), in the deep division of the joints into seg-
ments, and especially in the presence of the minute gland-like
processes at the junction of the joints. On account of its deeply
constricted joints, this genus forms a connecting link between the
preceding and the following genera.
S. vertebratum = ( Odontella (?) unindentata, Ehr.)—Joints as broad
as long, deeply divided into two segments by a narrow notch on each
side; junction glands oblique, solitary at the centre of each margin.
It is furnished with a broad, colourless, and very delicate mucous
sheath. (P. 2. f.107.) Length 1-1429th.
S. excavatum.—Joints longer than broad, having a deep sinus on
each side, and two sessile glands on each margin at their junction.
Filament minute, fragile. The sporangium is formed between the
conjugating joints, and is elliptical in figure.
S. lamelliferum (Corda.)—Filaments short; nearly uniform; joints
divided by a transverse line to one-third of their depth, segments
rounded.
S. pulchrum (Bailey.)—Joints twice as broad as long, deeply incised
on each side; junction-margins straight, connected by short bands.
It is twice as large as S. vertebratum.
8. filiforme = Odontella (?) filiformis and Tessarthra filiformis (Ehr.)
—Joints bilobed, united by double slender processes, which enclose
a quadrate foramen between each pair.
8. serratum (Bailey.)—Joints broader than long, deeply notched or
divided into two transverse portions, with acute projecting ends,
244 DESCRIPTION OF [| Polygastrica.
which give a serrated outline to the chain. Common in fresh water
in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.
Genus Micrastertas (Ag.)— Frond simple, (binate only when
dividing), deeply divided into two, lobed segments; the lobes inciso
dentate, (rarely only bidentate), and generally radiant.
In two species sporangia have been detected; they are large, glo-
bular, and furnished with short spines, which at first are simple, but
subsequently branched at the apex. In the perfect state they are
particularly interesting from their resemblance to the fossil ‘* Xan-
thidia,”’ of Ehrenberg and others.
The orbicular, plane, and deeply incised fronds will distinguish
Micrasterias from all other genera in this family. In Hwastrum, the
only one with which it can be compounded, the fronds are oblong,
and the lobes are not incised.
This genus is not equivalent to the one so named by Ehrenberg.
(See the genus Pediastrum.)
* Frond circular; segments fiwe-lobed ; lobes approximate, the end
lobe narrow.
M. denticulata.—Ewuastrum Rota, (Ehr.)\—Large, orbicular, smooth ;
lobes cuneate, dichotomously divided, the ultimate sub-divisions
truncate-emarginate with rounded angles; the end lobe, the narrowest,
is simply emarginate. (P. 2. f. 121, 122, 123, and Sporangium,
P. 13, f. 22.)
The process of conjugation appears similar to what takes place in
Staurastrum dejectum ; the contents of both fronds unite, and form a
globular sporangium enclosed in a fine membrane, and its surface
gradually acquires scattered, stout, elongated spines, at first simple,
with their apex obtuse, but afterwards forked or trifid; and,
finally, further branched, and frequently more or less re-curved. The
sporangia are of considerable size,—a necessary consequence of the
union of the contents of both fronds. (P. 13, f. 22.)
The truncate ends of the sub-divisions distinguish this species
from WZ. rotata. Length 1-1138th.
M. rotata.—Orbicular, smooth; lobes dichotomously incised, ulti-
mate sub-divisions bidentate. It differs from J. denticulata, in
having the ultimate self-divisions dentate. Length 1-91th. Breadth
1-104th.
Desmidice } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 245
Micrasrertas fimbriata.—Orbicular, smooth ; lobes dichotomously
incised, ultimate sub-divisions obtusely emarginate, spinoso-mucro-
nate. Length 1-108th. Breadth 1-119th.
M. radiosa = Kuastrum Sol. (Ehr.) — Orbicular, smooth; lobes
dichotomously divided; ultimate sub-divisions inflated, attenuated
at the end, bidentate or mucronate. Differs from J. rotata in its
inflated sub-divisions. Length 1-188th. Breadth 1-138th.
M. papillifera. — Orbicular, with marginal gland-like teeth;
segments five-lobed; lobes dichotomously incised; the principal
sinuses bordered by a row of minute granules. Sporangia similar
to those of JZ. denticulata, but smaller. Endochrome brownish green.
Length 1-221th. to 1-205th. Breadth 1-238th. to 1-211th.
** Frond subelliptic; segments three or five-lobed ; lobes radiant,
the end one somewhat exserted and divergent.
M. furcata.—Segments five-lobed; lobes bifid; their divisions linear,
divergent, and forked at the apex. Frond smaller than that of M.
rotata ; its outline broadly elliptic, sometimes almost circular. En#
dochrome green. Length 1-135th. Breadth 1-156th. Very rare.
M. cruax-melitensis = Euastrum crua-melitensis. (Ehr.)—Frond
rotundato elliptic ; segments sub-five-lobed ; lobes bifid, sub-divisions
short, stout and bidentate at the apex. Size same as IL furcata,
and similarly divided. Empty fronds very delicately punctated.
Length 1-200th. Breadth 1-221th. Veryrare. (P. 2. f. 124.)
M. americana. = Euastrum. Americanum. (Ehr.)—Angular ellip-
tic; segments three-lobed, end lobe with bipartite angles; lateral
lobes broad, margin concave, inciso-serrate. (P.13. f. 44.)
Var. (a.)—Serratures distinct.
Var. (b.)—Serratures obscure. Length 1-204th. Breadth 1-254th.
Rare.
*** Fronds orbicular ; segments obscurely five-lobed ; the end one
broadest.
M. truncata. = Euastrum Rota. (Khr.) — Orbicular, segments
with five-shallow lobes, the end one very broad, truncated; lateral
ones inciso-dentate. Length 1-240th. Breadth 1-250th.
M. crenata differs from Jf. truncata in the convex margin of its
end lobes, and the absence of teeth on the lateral ones. Length
1-244th. Breadth 1-263rd.
246 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
* * * * Fronds oblony.
Micrastrertas Jennert.—Oblong, minutely granulated; segments
five-lobed; lobes closely approximate, cuneate ; lateral ones obscurely
bipartite, sub-divisions emarginate. Transverse view fusiform. (A.)
granules appearing like mere puncta; (#) granules larger, giving a
dentate appearance to the margin.
This species seems to unite Mierasterias with Euastrum. It
agrees with the latter genus in figure, but the lobes have incon-
spicuous incisions, which divide them into two portions, each slightly
emarginate. A transverse view shews the absence of the protuber-
ances always found in true species of Huastrum. Length 1-147th.
Breadth 1-209th.
* 4% *% % Tobes horizontal, attenuated, bidentate.
M. oscitans—Smooth, with convex ends; segments constricted ;
lobes horizontal, conical, bidentate. Transverse view fusiform.
Length 1-156th. Breadth 1-211th. (P. 13, f. 28, 29.)
» M. pinnatifida.—Minute, plane, its ends straight ; segments deeply
constricted; lobes horizontal, triangular, bidentate; resembles J.
oscitans in form, but its surface is flatter, the end margin straight
or slightly concave instead of convex, and the lobes more tapering.
Length 1-440th. Breadth 1-392nd.
M. apiculata = Euastrum apiculatum, (Ehr.)—Orbicular, rough,
with scattered spines ; segments five-lobed, lobes incised and toothed,
and lobe narrow.
M. quadragies-cuspidata.—Has scattered hair-like spines ; end lobe
the broadest.
M. foliacea (Bailey).— Sub-quadrate; end lobes narrow, with
emarginate angles; lateral lobes inciso- dentate, with a short,
rounded tooth-like projection next the end lobe.
M. Zorrey?. (Bailey.)—Orbicular; lateral lobes deeply incised ;
inner sub-divisions acute ; external, bidentate at the apex; all taper-
ing. End lobe narrow and not exserted.
M. muricata—Segments divided by deep indentations into three
transverse portions; the basal with three, the others with two linear
processes on each side.
M. muricata differs remarkably from Jf. furcata and every other
known species. The division into five lobes is indicated merely
Desmidice | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 247
by the presence of processes, which, unlike those in the other species,
do not diverge in the front view, but spread laterally, in such a manner,
that the one nearest the eye, more or less conceals its companions.
Micrastrrtas Baileyi.—Granulated ; segment three-lobed ; lobes
bipartite, end one much exserted ; all the sub-divisions bidentate at
the apex.
M. incisa = Euastrum cruax-melitennis, (Ehr.)—Lobes horizontal,
basal ones truncate, with a tooth at each angle; end lobe convex, its
angles acute.
The following new species are found in the Southern States of
America, and were discovered by Dr. Bailey of New York in 1850.
M. arcuata, (B.)\—Quadrangular segments three-lobed, the basal
lobes long and arcuate, subtended by the transverse projections
from the ends of the slightly notched terminal lobes. An interesting
and very distinct species, which can be confounded with no other
except the following. Lakes in Florida.
M. expansa, (B.)—Segments three-lobed, basal lobes long, sub-
conical, acute; terminal lobes slender, forked at the end, with the
divisions much shorter than the basal lobes. This somewhat re-
sembles the preceding species with which it occurs, but I have seen
no intermediate forms, out of many hundreds of each, and the cha-
racters above given appear sufficient to separate them.
M. quadrata, (B.)—Large, quadrangular, 3-lobed, basal lobes
elongated, slightly curved, bidentate ; terminal lobes with two slender
transverse bidentate projections. Its larger size, and distinctly
bidentate projections, sufficiently distinguish it from the two preceding
species.
M. ringens, (B.)—Oblong, segments three-lobed, coarsely granulated
near the edge; basal lobes sub-divided by a deep notch into two,
rather broad and obtuse, or slightly bidentate projections ; terminal
lobes exserted, emarginate; extremities bidentate or obtuse. Re-
sembles WZ. Bailey, but is larger, divisions less slender, and with the
granulations differently placed.
Genus Evasrrum.—Frond simple, compressed, deeply divided into
two segments which are emarginate at their ends, lobed or sinuated,
generally pyramidal and furnished with circular inflations.
In Luastrum, Ehrenberg includes Micrasteaas (Agardh.) not
Micrasterias, (Ehr.) and Cosmarium; Euastrum agrees with Mieras-
248 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
terias in having lobes and emarginate ends, but the lobes are not
incised, nor do they radiate from the centre, and the inflated projec-
tions will distinguish it not only from Mcrasterias, but from every
other genus in the family. From Cosmarium it differs also in the
lobed and emarginate segments.
Ehrenberg’s characters of this genus Huastrum, or star-disked Ani-
malcules are—members free, inclosed in a simple compressed lorica,
composed of only one piece, and by their adhering in pairs, which
are disposed in the form of a two-lobed disc or table. Whether a
lobe can be regarded, separately from its companion, as a distinct
organism, is not determined, but by cutting or destroying the
one, the other empties itself at the same time, although the lorica
appears detached in the middle. No openings have been seen in the
ends, as in Micrasterias, but it is probable such exist in the middle,
where they are connected. The lorica is membranous, firm, colour-
less, and combustible; it contains the hyaline and contractile
body of the animalcule, filled with green granules. Its propa-
gation by self-division is peculiar and highly interesting. (See
f. 123.) The middle elongates, and from it two new segments are
formed, one uniting and forming the companion to one of the old
ones, and the other producing the same with the remaining old
one, when the newly-formed individuals separate, and two pairs
are the result. From this method of self-division, specimens having
unequal lobes, are produced by any accidental rupture, before
the new ones in the middle are fully developed. All the species are
found among conferva.
Mr. Ralfs divides this genus into three sections.
1. Segments of the frond deeply lobed ; terminal lobe cuneate, and partly
included in a notch formed by the projection of the lateral lobes.
Evastrum verrucosum (Khr.)—Frond rough with conic granules;
segments three-lobed; lobes broadly cuneate with a broad shallow
notch. Transverse view oblong, with three inflations at each side,
and a smaller one at each end. It is known by the conic granules
giving a dentate appearance to the outline. Length 1-267th.
Breadth 1-270th. (P. 2. f. 125.)
E. oblongum = (E. pecten, Khr.)—Smooth, oblong ; segments five-
lobed; lobes cuneate, emarginate, the terminal one partly included
between the lateral ones. Empty fronds punctate. Sporangia orbi-
Desmidiee.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 249
eular, with numerous conic tubercles. Length 1-156th. Breadth
1-282nd. Transverse view three times longer than broad, with
three rather distant inflations or lobes on each side, and one at each
-end.
Evasrrum erasswn.—Smooth; segments three-lobed, subquadri-
lateral; terminal lobe cuneate, partly included in a notch formed by
the lateral lobes. Transverse view with three lobes on each side,
and one at each end. Empty frond punctate.
Var. (b.)—Smaller, sides more concave; base more inflated; and
the angles including the terminal lobe more elongated. Length
1-193rd to 1-132nd. Breadth 1-263rd. to 1-260th.
2. Segments sinuated ; terminal lobe exserted, and united with the basat
portion by a distinct neck.
E. pinnatum.—Five lobed; end lobe exserted, dilated; upper
margin of lobes horizontal. Basal lobes emarginate; the inter-
mediate ones smaller and entire. Empty frond punctate. Length
1-888th. Greatest breadth at basal lobes 1-454th.
E. humerosum.—Smooth, terminal lobes dilated ; emarginate; neck
partly included between the elongated middle lobes, which resemble
processes ; basal lobes emarginate. Empty frond minutely dotted.
Transverse view has three lobes on each side, and one at each end ;
whence it differs from E. affine. It is distinguished from all other
species in this section by its included neck. Length 1-225th. Breadth
1-382rd.
E. affine.—Three-lobed, with intermediate tubercles; lobes emargi-
nate, end one dilated, its notch linear. Transverse view with four
lobes on each side. Empty frond punctate.
KE. ampullaceum is best recognized by its short segments, in which,
and its broad inflated base, it differs from E. affine ; whilst the dis-
tinctly dilated terminal lobe separates it from E. didelta. Empty
frond punctate. Length 1-274th.
E. insigne.—End view cruciform. Empty frond punctate. The
transverse view differs from that of every other species in being con-
tracted at the middle. The inflated base and slender neck, conjoined
with its dilated end, are sufficiently characteristic. Length 1-282nd.
E. didelta.—Segments with inflated base, intermediate tubercles,
and notched, and scarcely dilated end ; transverse view, four shallow
lobes on each side, and one at each end. Segments pyramidal;
s
250 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
neck broad. End view bilobed. Empty frond punctate. Sporangia
orbicular, with subulate spines. Length 1-185th.
Evastrum ansatum (Ehr.)—Segments inflated at the base, and
tapering upwards to the notched but not dilated extremity ; trans-
verse view cruciform. The end view has two circular and entire
lobes. Empty frond punctate. Length 1-315th.
E. circulare.—Segments three-lobed, mostly with five basal
tubercles ; four of them usually disposed semi-circularly about the
fifth; end notched, scarcely dilated. Length 1-320th.
E. pectinatum. — Segments three-lobed; terminal lobe dilated,
scarcely emarginate ; lateral lobes emarginate, horizontal; end view
two-lobed at each end, and two lobules on each side. Neck short
and broad. (P. 13. f. 10.) Empty frond punctate. It differs
from all the preceding, in the absence of a terminal notch, in the
lobules of the end lobe, and in having the ends emarginate in the
transverse view. Sporangia orbicular with conical tubercles, or
short obtuse spines. (P. 13. f. 30.) Length 1-362nd. Boggy pools.
E. gemmatum may be known from all in this section, except E.
pectinatum, by the absence of a linear terminal notch; and from that
species by the smallness of the end lobe, and the outward direction of
its angles, and by the minute granulation of the projecting parts.
Length 1-442nd.
3. Frond without a distinct terminal lobe, and frequently having a
process or an acute angle at the corners of the terminal portion.
E. rostratum, minute, oblong; ends protuberant, emarginate, and
angular, with a horizontal spine on each side; neck, attaching the
terminal lobe of each segment, short and broad. The angular and
less prominent ends distinguish it from E. elegans. Sporangia
spinous. Length 1-649th to 1-508th.
E. elegans, very minute, oblong; ends emarginate, pouting and
rounded.
Var. (a.J—Segments slightly constricted beneath the end lobe,
which has on each side a short horizontal spine.
Var. (b) inerme ; segments sinuated rather than lobed, and without
spines.
Var. /c.J)—Segments as in (db), but with two or more spines,
directed obliquely outwards. Length 1-421st to 1-884th.
E. dinale.-—Segments concaye, or truncate at the end; not pro-
Desmidice. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 251
jecting beyond the acute angles. Frond very minute. Terminal
notch broad.
Var. /d.)—Quadilateral form; truncate ends, with a small but
distinct notch at the centre. Length 1-1968th to 1-1106th.
Evasrrum cuneatum.—Segments cuneate, not lobed; terminal notch
not linear. Frond larger than that of any other species in this
section. Ends truncate. Length 1-208th.
E. (?) sublobatum.—Segments sub-quadrate, somewhat contracted
beneath the end; end margin slightly concave. Sides and end of
segments somewhat sinuated, and their base slightly inflated. This
species has close affinities with Cosmarium. Length 1-528rd.
E. cornutum (Kiitz.)—Segments three-lobed; terminal lobe cuneate,
included between two process-like projections of the basal portion.
E. pelta. (Corda.)—Segments quadrangular; end margin with a
rounded protuberance at each corner; lateral margins with a small
protuberance at’ the basal end, and a larger one nearer the outer end.
E. crenatum. (Kiitz.) may be a variety of LE. elegans.
E. crenulatum (Ehr.)—Small, corpuscles binate, elliptic, granular ;
margin with 8 to 12 crenatures. Size 1-1150th.
E. dinale (Ehr.) = Hetorocarpella binalis. (Turpin.)—Corpuscles
binate, sub-orbicular, distinctly tri-lobed on each side; each of the
terminal lobes truncate; the middle contiguous lobes rounded.
Diameter 1-480th. Under the above name, both Ralfs and Ehren-
berg have described the Heterocarpella binalis of Turpin; yet the
descriptions would scarcely identify the same species, and the dif-
ference in size, as stated by the two naturalists, is very considerable.
Ehrenberg’s description is from a paper published in 1840.
E. octolobum (Ehr.)—Corpuscles binate ; frond oblong, plane, four
lobed on each side, the intermediate contiguous lobes bidentate at
the apex. Diameter 1-570th.
E. (2) pygmeum = Frustulia coffeeformis.—Binate, very small,
elliptic, smooth, quite entire, imbedded in a gelatinous substance
with other specimens (social.) Diameter 1-1750th. Marine.
Genus Cosmartum.—Corpuscles simple, constricted in the middle;
segments as broad as, or broader than long; neither sinuated nor
notched ; mostly inflato-compressed, but im some species orbicular, or
cylindrical. Ehrenberg united plants belonging to this genus with
others having lobed segments, in order to form his genus Huastrum
s 2
252 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Those species having cylindrical fronds, show an affinity with
Penium ; but in that genus the constriction is either wanting or
obscure, and the segments are longer than broad. Cosmarium is
always constricted in the middle, and the starch vesicles are scat-
tered. Zetmemorus differs in its elongated fronds and emarginate
extremities.
1. Frond compressed, deeply constricted at the middle ; end view ellipti-
cal.—Uargin of segments entire.
Cosmarium quadratum.—Minute, smooth, deeply constricted; seg-
ments in front view quadrate, and on each side of the base slightly
protuberant; its ends less rounded than in C. cucwmis.
C. Cucumis = Euastrum integerrimum, Ehr. (?)—Smooth, deeply
constricted ; segments as broad as long, rounded at the ends; trans-
verse view broadly elliptic; smaller than C. Ralfsii, less orbicular,
and transverse view different.
Cosmarrum Lalfsii.—Large, orbicular, smooth ; deeply constricted ;
transverse view fusiform. Differs from C. Cucumis by its larger size
and disciform appearance. Length 1-225th.
C. pyramidatum.—Oval, with flattened ends, deeply constricted ;
segments punctate, entire. Frond about twice as long as broad,
varying much in size. Sporangia orbicular, and tuberculated. Dis-
tinguished by its puncta and depressed ends.
C. tinctum.—Very minute, smooth; constriction producing a
linear notch on each side; segments elliptic; integument reddish ;
sporangium naked, subquadrate, conjugating fronds persistent. Smaller
than C. bioculatum , and its notches less gaping.
C. broculatum.— Very small; smooth; constriction producing a
gaping notch on each side; segments sub-elliptic, entire; sporangium
orbicular, spinous. Differs from C. phaseolus in its smaller size, and
more elliptic segments, which are not in apposition.
C. deperessum (Bailey.)—Elliptical, binate, division in the plane of
the longest axis. Segments entire, nearly twice as long as broad.
Lakes in Florida. This species resembles C. beoculatum, (Brébisson.)
But the segments are much closer together, and are angular, not
rounded at the basal extremities.
©. granatum.—Constriction of frond forming a lnear notch on
each side; segments compressed, smooth, truncato-triangular. Larger
than ©. bioculatum and C. Meneghinii. Length 1-1234th.
Desmidiee.)} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 253
£ ++ Margin of segments crenate; surface not granulate.
Cosmartum Ieneghiniii—Exceedingly minute ; smooth, deeply con-
stricted ; segments sub-quadrate; sides and ends bicrenate. Transverse
view elliptic. (1-8538rd.)
C. erenatum.—Punetate, deeply constricted; segments crenate,
and flattened; spines of orbicular sporangia very short. Smaller
than C. margaritiferum; end view elliptic. The depressed ends
distinguish this species from the next. (1-474th.)
C. undulatum.—Deeply constricted; segments semi-orbicular, cre-
nate; sporangia with elongated spines. Transverse view elliptic.
(P. 13. f. 83. 34.) f. 34 shows the sporangium.
ttt Frond with pearly granules, which give a denticulate appearance
to the margin.
C. tetraophthalmum.—Compressed, deeply constricted ; segments
semi-orbicular, rough with pearly granules; hence margin crenate.
Larger than C. margaritiferum. Transverse view broadly elliptic.
Sporangia large, with branched spines.
C. ovale. = Euastrum carinatum (Ehr.)—Large elliptic; deeply
notched, linear; segments with a marginal band of pearly granules;
dise punctate. Granules confined to the margin, in 3 to 6 rows,
leaving the disc free. Length 1-139th.
C. Botrytis. = Euastrum botrytis and E. angulosum (Ehr.)—Gra-
nulate ; with a deep linear constriction ; segments in front view, trun-
eato-triangular; end view elliptic. Margin denticulate. Sporangia
orbicular, spines elongated, and slightly divided at the apex.
(1-460th.)
C. margaritiferun. = Euastrum margaritiferum (Ehr.)—Rough,
with rounded pearly granules; segments semi-orbicular, or reni-
form ; end view elliptic; notch linear. Sporangia orbicular, enclosed
in a granulate cell, usually somewhat angular.
The rough frond distinguishes it from C. erenatum and C. undu-
latum ; its rounded ends from C. bofrytis, and its less angular shape
from C. conspersum. Size variable. (P.2. f. 126.)
©. Brébissonii_—Compressed, rough with conic spines, or granules;
segments semi-orbicular ; end view elliptic. Larger than C. marga-
ritiferum ; notch deep, linear; granules or spines longer than broad.
(1-285th.)
254 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Cosmartum conspersum.—Rough with depressed granules ; segments
quadrilateral; end view elliptical, larger than C. margaritiferum :
notch on each side linear deep. Is peculiar in its quadrilateral
figure, and linear disposition of its granules. (1-260th.)
C. anenum.—Twice as long as broad, with parallel sides and
rounded ends; rough, with pearly granules; smaller than C. marga-
ritiferum ; notch linear and deep. In form, it resembles the cylin-
drical rather than the compressed species. (1-560th.)
2. Constriction, in the front view, forming a linear notch on each
side; end view with a lobe or protuberance on each side.
+ Frond rough, with pearly granules.
C. biretum.—Segments compressed, quadrilateral, broadest at the
end; end margin convex. Frond larger than that of any other
species in this section. The empty frond punctate rather than gra-
nulate. End view slightly inflated at the middle. From all except
C. Broometi, this species is known by its quadrangular segments, the
lateral margins of which are sloped and straight, not rounded.
(1-830th.)
C. Broometi.mSegments compressed, minutely granulate, quadri-
lateral; end view slightly inflated at the middle; end margin
straight. The inflation does not project at the margin in the front
view as in C. ornatum; the lateral margins are also less rounded,
and the pearly granules smaller (1-500th.)
C. celatum.—Suborbicular ; segments crenate, rough with pearly
granules; end view slightly inflated at the middle. (P. 13, f. 26—
shewing the process of self-division.) |
C. ornatum.—Segments twice as long as broad, rough with pearly
granules, giving a dentate appearance to the margin ; inflation form-
ing a truncate projection at the end; end view cruciform. The frond
is generally smaller than that of C. margaritiferum; notch linear.
Sporangia spinous; spines elongated, slightly divided at the ex-
tremity, and dilated at the base.
C. commissurale—Segments narrow, reniform, three times broader
than long ; rough with pearly granules ; end view with a constriction
between the central inflation and the extremities. Smaller than
that of any other species in this section. Sporangia orbicular ;
spinous.
Desmidiee. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALOCULES. 255
Cosmarrum eristatum.—Orbicular, deeply constricted, margined by
papilla-like pearly granules; end view linear, with an inflation at
the middle of each side. (1-700th.)
tt Frond Smooth.
C. Phaseolus —Segments smooth, reniform ; notch linear on each
side; end view elliptic, with a slight projection at the middle of each
side. Larger than C. droculatum ; and its segments are reniform,
and the notches linear, not gaping. (1-687th.)
C. Papilio.—Segments smooth, triangular, with rectangular apex ;
end view linear with a lobe at the middle of each side. This species,
named by Ieneghini, is appended by Mr. Ralfs to those known to
himself, and appears to fall under this sub-section.
3. Constriction not forming linear notches at the sides; end view
errcular.
+ Frond rough with pearly grunules, which give a denticulate appear-
ance to the outline.
C. cylindricum.—Segments granulated, sub-quadrate in front view ;
broadest at the extremity; minute, cylindrical, about twice as long
as broad. (1-588th.)
C. orbiculatum.—Minute ; segments spherical, granules wanting on
the neck-like contraction between the segments. Transverse view
has a large central opening.
+ t Frond smooth.
C. moniliforme = Tessarthra moniliformis, (Ehr.)—Segments sphe-
rical, smooth.
Var. (a.)/—Segments united without the intervention of a neck.
Var. (b./—Segments united by a distinct neck. (P. 2, figs. 105,
106.)
C. connatum.—Segments punctate, each about two-thirds of a
circle, uniting by their plane surfaces; fronds slightly constricted at
the middle. Very large (1-285th.)
C. Cucurbita (?) = C. Palangula, (Bréb.)—Minute, sub-cylindrical ;
punctate, slightly constricted; rounded at the ends. (1-586th.)
C. Thwaitesii.—Cylindrical; constricted; ends rounded; puncta
very indistinct, two or three times longer than broad. It differs
from CO. Cucurbita in its larger size and indistinct puncta; from C.
256 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
curtum, in its differently arranged endochrome; and from C. turgidum
and C. attenuatum, im its nearly parallel sides. (1-857th.)
Cosmarium curtum.—Minute, smooth ; oblong ; constricted; rounded
at the ends; endochrome in longitudinal fillets. End view circular.
(1-465th.)
C. attenuatum.—Fusiform, three or four times longer than broad ;
slightly constricted; ends obtuse. It is doubtful, says Mr. Ralfs,
whether this and C. twrgidum ought not to be removed to Penium.
C. turgidum.—tLarge, turgid, oblong, punctate, constricted ends
broadly rounded. It differs from the allied species in its much larger
size. It is comparatively longer and moretapering than C euewrbita
and C. Thwaitesii, and its ends are more rounded than those of C.
attenuatum. Length 1-126th.
C. lagenarium, (Corda).— Segments triangular; all the angles
broadly rounded.
C. ventricosum (Kiitz.)—Mr. Ralfs says, ‘‘I believe this to be a
species of Cosmariwm in a dividing state.”
Genus Xantuiium, (Ehr.)—Simple, constricted in the middle ;
segments compressed, entire, spinous, having a circular projection
near the centre, which is usually tuberculated. Segments reniform,
orbicular, or angular; spines scattered or arranged in two rows, one
on each side of the marginal line.
The resemblance of Xanthidium and Stawrastrum is more apparent
than real, the cells of the latter are angular, irrespective of the pro-
cesses. In Arthrodesmus, each segment has only two spines, one on
each side, and there are no central projections. The connection with
Cosmarvum is far more intimate ; in fact, the sole distinctive character
that can be relied upon, is the presence of spines in this genus.
Several plants referred by Ehrenberg to Xanthidiwm, are angular
in the end view, and properly belong to Stawrastrum, thus: X. hir-
sutum = Staurastrum hirsutum, (Ralfs.)
Agassiz believes the Xanthidia, generally to be the sporangia of
Algz; but he adduces but one instance in favour of this notion,
where he observed Xanthidia, growing as Sporangia, wpon the
branches of an Algee, surrounded with mucus.
Ehrenberg’s characters of the genus Xanthidiwm ox double-bur
Desmidice.] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 257
Animaleules, ave their “being free (devoid of pedicle or stalk) and
haying a simple univalved lorica, of a globular form, surrounded with
spines. They are found either single, in pairs, or groups of four.
Ehrenberg thinks they may sometimes be developed in the form of a
chain. The lorica is clear, like glass or parchment, covered with
simple or branched bristle-like spines. No apertures have been dis-
covered in the lorica, nor has any locomotive organ been seen. The
green mass of granules in the interior is considered as ova, and the
glandular transparent globule observed in the centre of X. aculeatum
asa testes. The only character of the animal nature of this genus
is its self-division”’
All the species (as understood by Ehrenberg, see p. 260), have
been found in a fossil state in flints. In some sections, which I cut
in 1834, they were very abundant, but until Ehrenberg’s obser-
vations on them were known, they were not identified with recent
species, and then considered as mere defects in the stone.
Xantuipium difforme, (Ehr.) = Ankistrodesmus falcatus, (Ralfs.)
Mr. Ralfs has arranged this genus as follows :—
* Spines divided at the apex.
X. armatum.—Segments broadest at the base; spines short, stout,
terminated by three or more diverging points. Comparatively large ;
a deep linear constriction on each side. The central protuberances
are cylindrical, truncate, and bordered by pearly granules. Empty
frond minutely punctate. End view elliptic. Length 1-180th. Not
uncommon at the bottom of shallow pools.
* Spines subulate.
X. aculeatum (Ehr.)\—Spines subulate, more or less scattered,
central projections truncate, obscurely dentate, with a border of
pearly granules. (Fig. 109.) This species is distinguished from all
the following, by having its spines more or less scattered. Length
1-384th to 1-377th. Breadth 1-393rd to 1-347th.
X. Brébissonit = X. bisenarium (Ehr.)—Spines subulate, marginal,
geminate ; central projection somewhat truncate, and margined with
pearly granules.
Var. (b) varians.—Segments broader and more irregular; spines
somewhat irregular and unequal. The number of spines is variable
Length 1-416th. Breadth 1-408th.
258 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
_ Xantrurprum fasciculatum (Ehr.)—Segments with four to six pairs of
subulate marginal spines; central projections minute, conical, not
beaded.
Var. (a.)—Each segment with four pairs of spines.
Var. (b.)—Six pairs of spines to each segment. Length 1-454th.
to 1-350th.
X. cristatum.—Segments with a solitary spine on each side at the
base; the other spines geminate, (P. 13. f. 18 and 23, the latter an
end view. )
Var. (a.)—Segments reniform ; spines scarcely curved.
Var. (b.)—Segments truncate at the end; spines uncinate. Length
1-357th.
X. (?) octocorne (Ehr.) also = Arthrodesmus octocornis (Ehr.)—Seg-
ments much compressed, without a central protuberance, trapezoid ;
each angle terminated by one or two spines. Frond minute; interval
between the angles concave.
Var. (a.)—One spine at each angte.
Var. (b.) major.—Larger, two or more spines at each angle.
The proper position (says Mr. Ralfs) of this plant, wanting, as it
does, the central protuberance, is very doubtful. Ehrenberg placed
it first in Arthrodesmus, and afterwards in Xanthidium. Length
1-1351st to 1-1020th. Common.
X. Artiscon (Ehr.)—Segments narrowed at the base; and margin
with numerous elongated spines, which are divided at the apex into
three lobes. Figured by Dr. Bailey.
It differs from X. armatum by its segments tapering at the base ;
its spines also are much longer and are more restricted to the outer
and rounded margin. Diameter 1-1152nd to 1-288th.
X. furcatum (Ehr.)—Corpuscles globose, green, single or binate,
-Spinous; spines scattered, forked at the apex. Size 1-570th to
1-280th (fig. 110.)
This is probably a Staurastrum. According to Ehrenberg the
corpuscles sometimes occur in fours; also some have but one spine,
and some short and broad processes. The spines are usually half the
length of the body.
Under the name Xanthidium, Ehrenberg described various bodies,
more or less branched and orbicular (P. 12. f. 511 to 515) found in
Desmidiee. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 259
sections of flints, and also fossil occasionally in earth. The reference
of these fossil organic remains to this genus is not supported by any
accurate examination, and not even by outward characters; their
general characters are as those of spores of Desmidiee and of other
microscopic Algze.
The number of these so-called fossil Xanthidia has been much
added to by other observers; we append those given by Ehrenberg.
Xanruipium (?) ramosum.—Lorica globose, spinous ; spines trifid or
branched at their extremities; they vary in number from 6 to 20, and
singly or in pairs (P. 12. f. 511 and 515.) Found in flint. Most
probably sporangia. Ehrenberg thinks its true place is the genus
Peridinium, as traces of a transverse groove have been observed.
Diameter 1-1150th to 1-280th.
X.. crassipes—Lorica globose ; large. There are two varieties ; in
one the thick blunt spines appear distinct, in the other they appear
as a fringe around the lorica. Found in flint. Diameter 1-280th.
X. penicillatum.—Fossil in earth from the Jura.
X. pilosum.—Fossil in earth from the Jura.
X. (?) tubiferum.—Corpuscles globose, single and in pairs, aculeate ;
spines in the form of tubes, dilated and dentate at the apex. Diameter
1-400th.
X. bulbosum.—Corpuscles globose, single or binate, aculeate ;
aculei attenuate, forked at the apex, bulbous at the base. Diameter
1-400th.
Genus ArtHRoprsmus.—Frond simple, compressed, constricted at
the middle; segments smooth, entire, with a single spine on each
side. The sporangia spinous. Mr. Ralfs says :—‘‘ Where the plants
should be placed, to the reception of which I have restricted this
genus, has been left in much uncertainty. Ehrenberg, making no
distinction between constricted and binate cells, has associated them
with others belonging to Scenedesmus, to form his Arthrodesmus. Mr
Jenner considers them to belong to Stawrastrum; and he believes he
has met with one species, some specimens of which were compressed,
whilst others had three angles in an end view; whilst it must be
further allowed, that in the front view the resemblance to some
species of Stawrastrum is very close.
Although Mr. Ralfs has employed the name <Arthrodesmus to
260 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica,
designate the present genus, it does not represent the beings which
Ehrenberg so named. The <A. convergens, (Ehrenberg), is the only
one retained in the genus by Mr. Ralfs; the A. truncatus (Ehr.) is
quoted as doubtful, and all the other members are variously distributed,
one with Xanthidium, and others in Scenedesmus.
Ehrenberg’s characters of his genus 4rthrodesmus, are animalcules,
free (no pedicle being present) ; they have a simple univalved com-
pressed lorica, and multiply by spontaneous self-division, in the
form of tables, or compressed and articulated ribbons, each animaleule
being contiguous to its neighbour. Neither locomotion nor an opening
to the lorica has been seen. The chief animal character is self-division,
and their close alliance, through Wicrasterias and Euastrum, to Navi-
cula, rather than to any known plant. The internal green colouring
matter of their parchment-like lorica consists of minute homogeneous
granules resembling ova; each cell-like lorica containing from one to
three bright bodies, analogous to fecundating glands, which are often
accompanied with crystalline vesicles, like polygastric stomachs.
ARTHRODESMUS convergens, (Ehr.)—Segments elliptic; each having
its spines curved towards those of the other. Frond smooth, deeply
constricted at the middle; the transversely elliptic segments (cor-
puscles, Ehr.) have on each side a curved spine which converges
with the similar one of the other segment. The frond has a gela-
tinous covering, sometimes distinctly seen, at other times impercep-
tible. (P. 2, f. 112, 118.) A. convergens differs from A. Incus, by
its larger size and elliptic segments. Length of frond 1-598th to
1-539th.
A. Incus.—Minute, smooth; end margin truncate.
Var. (a./—Segments externally lunate ; spines diverging.
Var. (b./—Segments gibbous on each side near the base; spines
of one segment parallel to, or converging with those of the other.
Sporangia orbicular with subulate spines.
A. minutus, (Kiitz.)—Frond minute ; spines diverging.
A (?) truncatus, (Ehr.)—Corpuscles green, slightly compressed,
campanulate, geminate, externally truncate, spinous. Diameter
with spines 1-480th. It is probably a Xanthidium ora Staurastrum.
The two following forms have been referred, by Ehrenberg, to
Arthrodesmus, and though in this genus, as understood by Mr. Ralfs,
Desmidiece. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 261
they can haye no place, the descriptions given are totally insufficient
to discover their true generic ailinity, and we are consequently com-
pelled, for facility of reference to Ehrenberg’s descriptions, to intro-
duce them in the present inappropriate place, or otherwise to insert
them in an appendix.
Arrnropesmus Tenia. — Wands narrow, flexible, nearly eight
times longer than broad, and smooth. Has the habit of 4. striatulus,
but is more slender.
A. striatulus (Fragtlaria striatulus, Lyngbye./—Met with in long,
soft, green, but not siliceous chains, resembling Mragilaria rhabdosoma.
Width of chain 1-576th.
Genus Sravrasrrum.—Frond simple; constricted at the middle ;
end view angular, or circular with a lobato-radiate margin, or, rarely,
compressed with a process at each extremity. Frond mostly minute;
the segments generally broader than long, slightly twisted, and in
many species elongated laterally into a process, so that the con-
striction on each side is a roundish or angular sinus; in other
respects the front view shows the segments quite entire, The end
view varies in form: in most of the species it is triangular or
quadrangular, and the angles are cither rounded or elongated into
rays; in some it is circular, with five or more processes, forming
marginal rays; in afew speciesit is compressed, and the extremities
terminate by a process.
“Ehrenberg has distributed the Stawrastra among different genera,
according to the number of angles or processes seen im an end view.
Thus he refers those with three angles to Desmidium, and those with
four to Stawrastrum; and he formed his genus Pentasterias for the
reception of an organism with five rays. But this arrangement
appears unnatural; not only because it separates nearly allied forms,
but also because the number of rays is not constant even in the
same species. [have generally found the Pentasterias margaritacea
(Ehr.) with six rays, although not unfrequently with five, and occa-
sionally with seven rays toa segment. Stawrastrum contains more
species than any other genus in the family: their forms are in great
variety, and but little affinity can be traced between many of them.
Sporangia generally spinous. Stawrastrum differs from Desmidium
in never forming a filament; and from Arthrodesmus and Cosmarium,
by its angular shape, or by having the ends elongated into processes.
262 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Some species bear a considerable resemblance to species of Xan-
thidium, to which genus Ehrenberg refers them; but in Xanthidium
the frond, irrespective of the spines, is not angular in the end view,
and there is a projection at the centre of each segment in the front
view.”
Ehrenberg’s characters of his genus Stawrastrum or the eross-star
Animatcules, are their being free, and possessing a simple univalyed
four-sided lorica. They are sometimes, perhaps, developed in a
filiform chain. No locomotion has been observed ; indeed their only
resemblance to an animal, even as stated by Ehrenberg, is their in-
crease by self-division, though he thinks the green matter within
them ova.
(A.) Frond smooth, or rough with minute puncta-like granules ; end
view with the lobes or angles inflated and mucronated or awned.
+ Frond smooth.
Sravrastrum dejectum.—Segments lunate or elliptic; constricted
portion very short ; end view with inflated awned lobes.
Var. (a./—Segments externally lunate; awns directed outwards.
Var. (b./—Segments elliptic; awns parallel.
Var. (c./—Awns converging.
The conjugated fronds are connected by the formation of a bag-like
receptacle or cell, colourless and very thin; into this sac the endo-
chrome of the two fronds passes, forms an orbicular body which
increases in density, becomes hairy and ultimately spinous, and con-
stitutes a perfect sporangium. §S. dejectum is larger than 8S. euspida-
tum, its spines are shorter, and its segments are connected either
without a band, or by a very short one. Length of frond 1-833rd.
S. cuspidatum.—Segments fusiform, connected by a long narrow
band; awns parallel or converging, but straight; end view with
3 to 4 inflated awned lobes. Length 1-883rd. Sporangia with fewer
spines than those of 8. dejectum.
S. aristiferum.—Lobes in front view prolonged into mammillate
awned projections which are somewhat constricted at the base; end
view with 3 to 4 awned lobes. (1-657th.)
S. Dickie’.—Differs from the three preceding species in its more
turgid sub-elliptic segments, and in the short, curved, converging spines.
End view with three slight inflated mucronate lobes. (1-855th.)
8. brevispina.—Segments turgid, elliptic, minutely mucronate;
Desmidiee. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 263
end view three-lobed, each lobe terminated by a short mucro. Larger
than 8. dejectum. Length 1-502nd.
tt Frond rough, with minute granules.
Sravrasrrum Junatum.—Granules puncta-like, segments externally
lunate, with an awn at each angle; end view with three inflated awned
lobes. Its rough frond distinguishes it from all the preceding species,
and the inflated awned lobes of its end view from the following ones.
Length 1-856th.
(B.)\—Frond smooth ; angles in end view broadly rounded.
S. mutreum.—Segments elliptic, end view shewing slightly concave
sides, and 3 to 5 rounded angles. It possesses a mucous covering,
frequently indistinct. It differs from 8S. orbiculare by its elliptic
segments and numerous coverings. Length 1-674th.
S. orbiculare = Desmidium orbiculare, (Ehr.)—Segments semi-orbi-
‘cular; end view bluntly triangular. Sporangia orbicular, with
subulate spines. Length 1-1037th.
S. tumidum.—Segments smooth, elliptic, or sub-orbicular; end
view bluntly triangular, each angle terminated by a nipple-like pro-
jection. Frond large, visible to the naked eye; with a distinct
gelatinous covering. In both views the margin appears striated.
Empty frond minutely punctate. Length 1-200th.
(C.)—Frond with simple spines, hairs, or (rarely) acute granules ;
angles in end view broadly rounded and entire. |
8. muricatum = Desmidium apiculosum, (Ehr.) — Segments semi-
orbicular, rough with conie granules; end view triangular, with
convex sides and broadly rounded angles. It is larger than S.
hirsutum, and not hirsute; in the end view also, its sides are more
convex. Length 1-409th.
S. hirsutum= Xanthidium hirsutum, (Ehr.)—Semi-orbicular, rough,
with numerous scattered hair-like spimes; end view with three
rounded angles, and straight or slightly convex sides. Sporangia
orbicular, spines short, and branched at the apex. Length 1-676th
to 1-468th. (P. 12, f. 512.)
S. teliferum.—Segments reniform, bristly; end view triangular
with concave sides, and broadly rounded bristly angles; spines
scattered. It differs from 8. /irsutwn in its longer spines, which
are also fewer, stouter, and in the end view confined to the angles.
264 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
It is larger than 8. Hystriz, its spmes more numerous, and the end
margins, in front view, convex. Length 1-597th.
Sravrastrum Hystrix.— Segments sub-quadrate, spinous; end
view with 3 to 4 rounded angles, each furnished with a few subu-
late spines. Frond smaller than that of any other species with
simple spines. End view triangular or quadrangular, with concave
sides and rounded angles. Length 1-1075th to 1-1020th.
(D.)\—End view of frond showing four or more toothed lobes, which
are either truncate or rounded, but never elongated into rays.
S. guadrangulare—Smooth; segments quadrangular, with a few
marginal spines or teeth; end view quadrilateral, with truncate
angles either emarginate or dentate. Length 1-1157th.
S. sexcostatum. — Large, rough with conic granules which give
a dentate appearance ; segments in front view with a toothed angle
at each side; end view circular, with 5 to 6 broad, short-toothed
lobes. The transverse view has a large central opening, sur-
rounded by a row of large granules. Length 1-661st.
(E.)\—Frond smooth ; end view acutely triangular ; with two accessory
subulate spines to each angle.
S. monticulosum.—Rather large segments with a forked spine on
each side, and at the end about four short, stout, acute projections ;
end view acutely triangular, with a bifid appendage to each angle.
Very rare.
S. pungens.—Each end with about six subulate spines, directed
outwards ; each angle in the end view tapering into a spine, which
has two smaller ones at its base. Its spines are more slender than
those of 8. monticulosum, and in the front view are all simple and
directed outwards. Rare.
(F.)\—Frond smooth; front view with diverging processes divided at
the apex.
8. brachiatum.—Minute ; front view with thick diverging processes,
deeply bifid or trifid at the apex; end view with 3 to 4 rays. Frond
scarcely constricted at the middle. Sporangia quadrate and spinous.
Length 1-1111th.
S. deve.-—Minute, smooth; segments with short processes, forked
at the apex and directed outwards; end view with 3 to 4 bipartite
angles; deeply constricted at the middle, thus differing from §.
Desmidice.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 265
brachiatum. In end view S. Jeve is unlike any other species. Length
1-1220th.
(G.)\—Frond rough, with puncta-like granules.
+ End view with entire, rounded or truncate angles or short rays.
Sravrastrum alternans.—Segments rough ; with pearly granules ;
narrow, oblong, and, from their twisted position, unequal in the front
view; end view triangular, with the angles of one segment entire,
and alternating with those of the other. (P. 13, f. 16, 17.)
S. alternans may be known from S. dilatatum and 8. punctulatum
by its unequal segments in the front, and alternating angles in the
end view. Sporangia orbicular, with spines forked at the apex.
Length 1-1037th.
S. punctulatum.— Segments rough, with puncta-like granules,
elliptic, equal; end view triangular, with broadly rounded angles
and slightly concave sides.
In 8. rugulosum the pearly granules are larger and fewer, and at
the angles appear like little spines. Length 1-704th.
8. dilatatum, (Ehr.)—Segments rough, fusiform, equal; end view
quadrangular, with four short, broad, truncate and entire rays.
Frond very minute; deeply constricted at the middle; the sinuses
rounded. (P. 2, f. 100, 101.) It differs from 8. alternans in not
being twisted; its rays also (in an end view) are more truncate.
Length 1-1201th.
S. margaritaceum = Pentasterias margaritacea, (Ehr.) — Rough,
tapering at the constriction, and having short lateral processes; end
view with five or more short, narrow, obtuse rays. (P. 2, f. 104.)
Length 1-1176th.
S. tricorne = Desmidium hexaceros, (Ehr.)—Rough, with puncta-
like granules; tapering at each side into a short, blunt, mostly
entire process ; end view with three to four blunt angles.
Var. (b.)—Processes terminated by minute spines. (P. 2, f. 99.)
It frequently bears a close resemblance to S. alternans from the twist-
ing of its segments; the tapering of the segments at their sides is
its chief distinction. Sporangia orbicular, with spines divided at
the apex. Length 1-1275th to 1-948th.
tt Angles terminated by minute spines, or tapering into slender
processes.
266 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Sravrastrum polymorphum.—Rough, with minute granules, having
on each side a short process tipped with spines; end view three to
six rayed. Much smaller than 8. gracile, deeply constricted ; seg-
ments irregular in form, but generally broader than long. Spo-
rangia orbicular; their spines few and forked. (P. 13, figs. 20, 21,
24, 25, 31.)
The segments are very variable in form, and often resemble those
of 8. tricorne, and S. margaritaceum, but in these species the processes
are never spinous. 8%. polymorphum is smaller and less spinous than
S. asperum. Length 1-1000th.
S. gracile.—Rough, elongated on each side into a slender process,
terminated by minute spines; end view, triradiate. Frond deeply
constricted at the middle; granules in transverse lines on the pro-
cesses. It differs from 8. ¢ricorne in its elongated processes termi-
nated by minute points. Length 1-778rd to 1-539th.
S. Arachne.—Minute, rough, with minute granules, suborbicular,
with elongated, slender, incurved processes; end view with five
lmear rays. Remarkable by its slender processes. Very rare.
Length 1-1026th.
S. tatracerum = 8. paradoxum (Ehr.)—Minute, rough ; front view
with four slender diverging processes, entire at the apex; end view
compressed, with a process at each extremity. Length 1-2703rd.
(P. 2. f. 102, 103.)
S. paradocum.—Very minute, rough; front view with elongated
diverging processes, which are minutely trifid at the apex; end view
quadrangular, or sometimes triangular.
Var. (b.)—End view triradiate.
Frond generally much constricted ; ends truncate; each segment
has generally, four elongated processes diverging from those of the
other segment. S. ¢etracerum has but two processes to each segment,
and these are also undivided, and more slender than those of 8. para-
doxum. Length 1-941th.
(H.) Frond spinous or rough, with spine-like granules, which are
incrassated, emarginate or divided,
+ Spines minute, inconspicuous, and granule-like.
S. cyrtocerum.—Rough, with minute granules; segments in front
view somewhat triangular, with short cneurved (converging) pro-
Desmidiee.) INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 267
eesses ; deeply constricted at the middle. End view with three blunt
angles. Length 1-800th.
SravrastRuM asperum.—Segments elliptic or somewhat cuneiform,
with minute spines, which on the outer margin are usually dilated
at the end, or forked. Sporangia orbicular; their spines twice
branched.
Var. (a.)—Angles in end view rounded.
Var. (b.) proboscideum (Bréb.)—Angles in end view prolonged into
short rays, terminated by minute spines.
+ + End view acutely triangular ; segments, in the front view, with a
Sorked spine on each side, otherwise smooth.
S. avicula.—Segments with a forked spine on each side; each
angle, in end view, terminated by a mucro-like spine. Frond very
minute; scarcely rough; the constriction producing wide triangular
notches. The forked lateral spines of the front view mark the
species. Length 1-907, Very rare.
+t + + Lobes in end view broad, emarginate or bipartate.
8. enorme.—Trregular or quadrate, spinous; end view three to four
lobed; lobes broad, more or less emarginate or bifid, and terminated by
spines, which are either simple or branched In the end view the
broadly emarginate lobes, which, exclusive of the spines, are truncate,
afford a good specific distinction between it and any other species.
Length 1-601th.
tttt Spines numerous, conspicuous; angles im end view either
rounded, acute, or extended into processes.
S. spongiosum. = Desmidium ramosum (Ehr.) — Large, thickly
covered with short forked spines; segments semi-orbicular, having
on each side one spine more conspicuous, and more forked than the
rest. End view triangular, fringed with short notched spines;
the sides slightly convex, and the angles rounded. Length 1-500th.
to 1-418th.
8. controversum.—Deeply constricted, spinulose ; segments elliptic
or fusiform, with a short process on each side, terminated by minute
spines; end view with three to four distorted rays. Perhaps a variety
of S. aculeatum. Length 1-972nd.
S. aculeatum.—= Desmidium aculeatum (Ehr.)—Spinulose ; constriction
deep, producing a broad triangular notch on each side; segments
t 2
268 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica
with a short process on each side, terminated by minute spines; end
view with three to five straight rays, terminated by spines. Length
1-666th.
STravRASTRUM spinoswm.—Constriction deep; segments elliptic, fur-
nished with a few bifid spines ; lateral spines solitary, larger and more
forked; end view triangular, with two to three spines on each side,
and one terminating each angle. Sporangia orbicular, with nume-
rous elongated spines, forked at the apex. M. Brébisson considers
this identical with Xanthidium furcatum, (Ehr.) Length 1-859th.
S. vestitum.—Rough, with minute emarginate spines; segments
fusiform; end view tri-radiate, each side having two spines, short,
slender, and often accompanied by other smaller ones.
Its most distinctive character is the presence of the pair of slender
forked spines at the middle of each margin. Length 1-625th.
S. pygmeum (Bréb.)—Segments cuneiform ; end view triangular,
with slightly rounded sides. It is smaller than 8. alternans, its
sides, in the end view, are more convex, and its angles less rounded.
The sporangium is orbicular and spinous.
S. rugulosum (Bréb.)\—Segments elliptic, denticulate at their
sides; end view triangular, with the angles broadly rounded and
denticulate.
S. seabrum (Bréb.)—Segments elliptic, seabrous; end view tri-
angular, fringed with minute emarginate spines.
S. bacillare (Bréb.)—Smooth; processes capitate ; end view with
three to five capitate rays or processes. Processes in front view
stout ; divergent.
S. capitulum (Bréb.)—Segments quadrate, sinuated on each side,
prominences rough; end view triangular, with broadly rounded
angles. Central constriction of frond shallow; the prominences of
segments are rough, with minute granules, which give them a crenate
appearance. End margin straight.
S. pileolatum (Bréb.)—Quadrilateral, twice as long as broad,
slightly constricted at the middle; segments quadrate, terminated
by three conical processes, rough, with minute granules. End view
triangular, angles rounded.
Desmidiee. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 269
Sravrasrrum echinatum (Bréb.)—“ Appears, from M. de Brébisson’s
drawings, to be closely allied to 8. hirsutum, and 8. teliferum.”’
S. erenatum (Bailey)—Segments cuneate; outer margins crenate ;
end view with three truncate and crenate angles.
S. bifidum. = Desmidium bifidum (Ehr.)—Smooth ; end view with
three cloven angles.
S. eustephanum. = Desmidium eustephanum (Ehr.)—End view tri-
angular, with six emarginate spines on the upper surface; each
angle terminated by a short ray, tipped with spines. (P. 13. f. 3.)
S. senarium. = Desmidium senarium (Ehr.)—Ehrenberg’s figure
represents the end view as triangular, the angles terminating in short
rays, tipped by minute spines; on each side are two short forked
Spines, and six others on the upper surface. His figure agrees in
some respects with 8. spinosum. (P. 13. f. 7.)
8. Ehrenbergu (Corda.)—Segments oval; end view triangular,
with six terminal and lateral processes, and two central ones, which
are short, colourless, and forked, with diverging apices. Corda’s
figure of the front view resembles 8. sprnoswm.
S. articulatum (Corda. )—Segments oval, their ends furnished with
a forked process, and laterally with two larger furcate appendices.
The flat surface has two transverse protuberances, with forked spines.
S. coronatum = Xanthidium coronatum (Ehr.)—End view tri-
angular, and terminating at each angle in three short, diverging
oe which are divided at the apex.
S. (?) minus (Kiitzing.)—Smooth; end view with five slender
acute rays.
S. glabrum = Desmidium glabrum (Ehr.)—Smooth; end view tri-
angular, each angle terminated by a mucro-like spine. This species
is probably identical with 8. auricula.
S. granulosum = Desmidium granulosum (Ehr.)—Known only by
name to Mr. Ralfs.
S. globulatum.—Segments fusiform, capitate; end view globular,
each angle terminated by a granulated knob.
Genus Prntasrertas (Ehr.)—The five-rayed Desmidiee. —Lorica
simple, univalve, five-sided, with a central aperture ; free, but some-
times developed in chains.
This genus, instituted by Ehrenberg, contained, in 1838, but one
species, called P. margaritacea, the Staurastrum margaritaceum (Ralfs),
270 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
but subsequently (1840) two other species were added, which, from
the given characters, we presume to be Stawrastra, but shall describe
them in Ehrenberg’s own words.
Pentastertas obtusa.—Corpuscles solitary, sub-orbicular, penta-
gonal, green ; laterally, ovate oblong, smooth. Diameter 1-1150th.
P. radiata. — Corpuscles in pairs, with elongated rough rays
equalling their diameter, rays connivent; ovarium green, in five
segments (quinquefid). Entire diameter 1-860th.
Genus Drpymoctapon (Ralfs.)—Frond simple, constricted at the
middle, angular, each angle having two processes, one lateral, and,
in front view, nearly parallel to the adjacent one of the other seg-
ment, the other superior and divergent.
This genus is closely allied to Stawrastrum, but differs by each
angle of the segments giving rise to two processes, one beneath the
other; whereas, in Stawrastrum, the process, when present, is
solitary.
D. fureigerus.
Frond comparatively large, rough, with pearly granules, which,
being arranged on the processes in tranverse lines, produce a crenate
appearance on their margins. In the front view, the processes are
elongated, stout, tapering, bifid at the apex. Length, exclusive of
processes, 1-547th. Breadth 1-555th.
Var. (a.)—End view triangular.
Var. (b.)—End view quadrangular.
Front view. End view.
D. cerberus (Bailey).—Small, deeply constricted, segments three-
lobed; lobes with four teeth, two of which project. Lakes in
Florida.
D. longispinum (Bailey.)—Large, smooth, triangular, with two long
spines at each angle. Lakes in Florida.
The two last species are not very nearly allied to each other, nor
Desmnidiee. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 271
to the typical D. fureigerus, yet they agree better with the verbal
characters of the genus than with those of any other known to
Dr. Bailey; therefore, he refers them here provisionally.
Genus Trrmemorvs (Ralfs.)—Frond simple, elongated, straight,
cylindrical, or fusiform, slightly constricted at the middle ; segments
emarginate at the end, but otherwise quite entire. The frond is
elongated, as in Peniwn, but differs in its emarginate ends ; the
same character and the elongated frond separates it from Cosmarium.
From Zuastrum, with which it agrees in the emarginate extremities,
it differs in being cylindrical or nearly so, and in the segments being
neither lobed nor sinuated; the fronds are also free from inflated
protuberances.
T. Brébissoniii—In front view with parallel sides, but in lateral
one fusiform; ends without any projecting processes; puncta in
longitudinal lines (P. 13. f, 12, 13.)
Var. (b.) turgidus.—Larger ; constriction greater ; segments some-
whatinflated. Frond four to six times longer than broad. The endo-
chrome is dark green ; its large vesicles in asingle central row.
T. /evis—Somewhat tapering in front view; ends truncate;
lateral view fusiform; puncta none or very indistinct; four to six
times longer than broad, constricted at the middle. Length 1-374th.
The process of forming the sporangium is interesting, as it exhibits
a striking similarity to the change during the formation of similar
bodies in Stawrocarpus among the Conjugate. In Staurocarpus, after
conjugation, a subquadrate cell is formed, within which the endo-
chrome is collected. The latter is at first of the same figure as the
cell, but in at least one species, is at length condensed into a compact
globular body, and in every species the cell with the contained
sporangium, finally separates from the filaments with which it is
connected. In this separate state I can discover no character by
which to distinguish the sporangium of Zetmemorus from one be-
longing to aspecies of Stawrocarpus. Length.
T. granulatus.—Fusiform both in the front and lateral views, and
ending in a colourless projecting lip-like process; about six times
longer than broad; very slightly constricted. Empty frond with
scattered puncta; near the central constriction they form one or two
tranyerse lines in each segment.
272 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica
It may be distinguished from the preceding species by the front
and lateral views being similar. Length 1-1338rd.
Genus Penrum (Bréb.)—Frond simple, elongated, straight; not,
or but slightly, constricted; segments entire; the opposite margins
similar; and suture either indistinct or wanting.
It differs from Closteriwm by its straight fronds, with similar oppo-
site margins; from Zetmemorus by the absence of a terminal notch,
and from Cosmarium by its more elongated frond, and its less marked
constriction at the junction of the segments; yet the cylindrical
species of Cosmarium closely approach to this genus, and C. twrgidum
and C. attenuatum are, at least, as much elongated as Penium
truncatum.
Some species of Penium are smooth, and, like Clostervum,
have the endochrome arranged in longitudinal fillets, and at each
extremity of it a globule containing moving granules. Other species
have a granular surface, and there are two smooth and truncate,
which some botanists have referred to the Palmelleae.
As in other instances, we follow Mr. Ralfs division of this genus.
* Empty frond either striated or granulate, generally reddish.
P. margaritaceum = Closterium margaritaceum (Ehr.)—Cylindrical,
with rotundato truncate ends; pearly granules in longitudinal
series.
Var. (a.)—Fusiform, constricted at the middle; granules distinct,
giving a denticulate appearance to the margin.
Var. (b.)—Linear, scarcely constricted at the middle; denticulate
on the margin, somewhat seattered near the suture.
Var. (¢.) punctatum.—Linear, neither constricted at the suture,
nor denticulate at the margin; granules appearing like puncta. This
last form agrees best with Ehrenberg’s figure of Closteriwm margari-
taceum, but it is not denticulate at the margin.
Length of frond, in (a) 1-156th; im (c) 1-169th (P. 18, f. 14.)
The sporangia are orbicular. (P. 13, f. 15.)
P. cylindrus = Closterium (?) cylindrus (Ehr.)—Cylindrical ; ends
rounded truncate, rough, with pearly scattered granules. Length
1-49°nd.
* * Frond smooth, colourless.
} Sporangium situated between the deciduous cells.
Desmidiee.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 273
Pentium digitus = Closterium digitus, and Polysolenia Closterium.
(Ehr.)—Smooth, elliptic-oblong, with rounded ends; fillets obscure,
undulated, interrupted only by a transverse band at the suture.
Terminal globules wanting, or very indistinct. Length 1-81st.
Three to five times longer than broad.
P. interruptum—Smooth, cylindrical; extremities conical, with
rounded apices; fillets three to four strongly marked, interrupted by
three transverse bands. Ends colourless; each occupied by a large
globule containing moving granules, asin Closterium. Length 1-116th.
Four to six times longer than broad.
P. closteroides.—Smooth, fusiform or lanceolate ; longitudinal fillets
and terminal globules distinct. Ends obtuse; vesicles in a single
longitudinal row. Length 1-92nd. Six to ten times longer than
broad.
P. truncatum.—Very minute, smooth, cylindrical, with truncate
ends; sporangia orbicular, easily detached from the conjugated
fronds. Two to three times longer than broad. Has a transverse
pale band, but, when empty, exhibits no suture. Length 1-969th
to 1-555th.
P. Jennert.—Smooth, cylindrical with rounded ends; sporangium
orbicular, situated between the conjugating fronds, which are
deciduous. It agrees in size and form with P. Brébissondi, but differs
in the form of its sporangia. The conjugating fronds do not open
and gape at the suture, as is usual in the Desmidiee, but couple by
small and distinct cylindrical tubes, like many of the Conjugate.
Length 1-810th. Two to four times longer than broad.
t + Sporangium permanently attached to the conjugated cells, at first
quadrate, then orbicular ( Cylindrocystis. )
P. Brébissoniz.—Smooth, cylindrical, with rounded ends; sporan-
gium at first quadrate, but finally orbicular; conjugating fronds
persistent. Minute, often congregated into a mucus stratum on wet
mud. ‘The transverse pale central band, which, in the Desmidice,
indicates the line of junction of the segments, is less conspicuous
here than in any other species of the family. Length 1-637th to
1-404th.
Genus Docipium (Brébisson.)—Frond simple, straight, much elon-
274 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
gated, linear; constricted at the middle; truncate at the ends; seg-
ments usually inflated at the base. A suture is generally very dis-
tinct, in a line with the constriction. This genus, like Closterium,
has terminal globules containing moving granules, and its vesicles
are either scattered or arranged in a single longitudinal row. It
differs from Closteriwm in its straight fronds and constricted middle ;
and from Penium, it. may be known by having a distinct constriction
at the middle, and more elongated fronds.
Docrp1um nodulosum.—Large, stout, segments four to six times longer
than broad, constricted at regular intervals, so as to produce undulated
margins ; suture projecting on each side. D. nodulosum differs from
D. constrictum and D. nodosum, in its more numerous but slighter
constrictions.
D. truncatum.—Large, stout; suture projecting on each side. Its
distinctive marks are, the more attenuated extremities and the soli-
tary inflation at the base of each segment, so that its margins are
not undulated. Length 1-81st to 1-72nd.
D. clavatum.—Segments many times longer than broad, with a
single inflation at the base; ends clavate, but truncate; suture not
projecting. Vesicles small, few, and arranged in a single longitudinal
line. Empty frond minutely punctate. Length 1-65th (P. 13. f. 9.)
D. Ehrenberg = Closterium Trabecula (Ehr.) —Segments elon-
gated, with two or three slight inflations at the base; ends truncate,
bordered by minute tubercles (P. 13. f. 8 and 11.)
Var. (b./—¥rond rough, with minute granules. Frond as long
as those of D. nodulosum and D. truncatum, but far more slender ;
constricted at the middle; suture strongly marked but not projecting.
D. baculum.—Segments very slender, having a solitary and con-
spicuous inflation at the base, otherwise linear; vesicles in a single
series. Suture strongly marked, not projecting. Length 1-111th.
D. minutum.—Small ; slender, slightly constricted at the middle ;
segments linear, not inflated; vesicles in a single series. Length
1-212th.
D. ? asperum.—Slender, twelve or more times longer than broad,
cylindrical, rough; Mr. Ralfs has seen neither vesicles nor terminal
globules. Unlike all the true Docidia, this has neither constriction
Desmidice.)} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 275
nor suture: but it is not unlike the separated joints of a species of
Mougeotia, but the dilated truncate ends and roughness produced by
minute granules distinguish it. Length 1-97th to 1-64th.
Dociprum coronatum.—Stout: segments inflated at the base, and
bordered by tubercles at the end.
This species differs from D. nodulosum, which it otherwise re- ~
_sembles, by having the ends bordered with minute but distinct
tubercles.
D. nodosum.—Stout ; segments with four prominent nodes, sepa-
rated by constrictions ; end view crenate. It is one of the largest
species in the genus.
D. constrictum.—Stout ; segments with moderately deep constric-
tions, which separate four equal, gently curving prominences; end
view entire.
This species, says Dr. Bailey, is at once distinguished from D. no-
dosum, by the cross section of the nodes being a simple circle instead
of an indented one; an end view of the latter proving each node to
be not a simple swelling, but really a whorl of tubercles.
D. verrucosum.—Segments with numerous whorls of small pro-
minences, which give the margins an undulated appearance ; all the
undulations equal.
D. verticillatum.—Segments with numerous whorls of tooth-like
projections; ends with three bidentate processes.
These processes are so unlike what we find in other species of
Docidium, that Dr. Bailey is disposed to form a new genus for the
reception of this species.
D. crenulatum = Closterium crenulatum (Ehr.); and is, according
to Bailey, identical with Docidiwm nodulosum.
D. hirsutum (Bailey. —Segments many times longer than broad,
slightly inflated at base, surface hirsute. A small species resembling
D. Ehrenbergii in form, strongly hirsute on its outer surface. Lakes
in Florida, at Enterprise.
D. undulatum (Bailey.)—Segments eight to ten times longer than
broad, constricted six to eight times at regular intervals throughout
their entire length, with the base and ends crenate. Smaller than
D. nodulosum, with more frequent and deeper constrictions. The same
characters distinguish it from D. nodosum and D. constrictum.
276 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Genus Crostentum.—Frond simple, elongated, lunately curved or
arcuate, entire; the junction of the segments marked by a pale
transverse band, but no constriction.
In the usual position, the opposite margins of the fusiform fronds
are always more or less dissimilar, the upper one being convex, and
the lower, inclusive of the ends, straight, or more commonly concave ;
the lateral view is straight, and has both margins similar. As happens,
in the allied genera, the frond is composed of two segments which
finally separate, and allow the escape of the endochrome. The seg-
ments are entire, without spines, processes, or inflated protuberances.
The endochrome is green, with darker longitudinal bands or fillets,
the number of which varies in different species. The diaphanous
vesicles, conspicuous in most of the species, are either scattered, or
arranged, with more or less regularity, in asingle longitudinal series.
At each extremity of the endochrome, even in its earliest state,
there is a large hyaline, or straw-coloured globule, which contains
minute granules in constant motion. This globule disappears in
the dried specimen.
A distinct circulation (rotation) has been noticed in several species.
It is said to occur only in species obtained from water, and not in
those taken from moist ground. The empty frond is striated in some
species, and smooth in others. The colour and firmness of the cover-
ing differs in different species. ‘Some are quite colourless, flexible,
collapsing when dried, and in general allowing the endochrome to
escape by a merely partial separation of the segments. These species
are never striated. In other species the fronds are more or less straw-
coloured, or even reddish. The deeper the colour, the firmer the
frond, The segments in such, separate entirely from each other.
Some of the striated species, even when submitted to the action of
nitric acid or fire, retain their form and markings. In the coloured
species the extremities are generally darker than the rest of the
frond.”
Even in the firmest species the frond becomes flattened in drying,
its breadth at the centre increases, and the ends appear more
attenuated than in the living state; a fact to be borne in mind in
describing or drawing a dried specimen.
In Closterium the process of conjugation appears to be nearly the
Desmidice. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 277
same as in the Conjugate. Two fronds unite by means of pro-
jections arising at the junction of the two segments, and then the
newly formed portion continues to enlarge until the original seg-
ments are separated by a cell of an irregular four-sided figure. The
contents of the fronds, being collected in this cell, become a dense
seed-like mass, which is sometimes globular, resembling the Spo-
rangium of IJougeotia, and sometimes square, like that of Stawro-
spermum. The newly-formed cell is thinner, and generally paler
than the segments of the frond; in some species it looks like a pro-
longation of the segments, and in others these are so loosely attached,
that their connection is scarcely perceptible. (P. 18. f. 5, 6.)
The coupling of the fronds generally takes place from the convex
margin, but may occur on the concave, or even the convex margin of
one frond may couple with the concave of the other.
The Rey. W. Smith has presented to naturalists an excellent ac-
count, with a series of illustrative engravings, of the phenomena of
conjugation in Closterium Ehrenbergin, which he states differs from
those in other Closterva generally, and indeed from those of any
other of the Desmidiee. (Annal Nat. Hist. vol. 5, 1850.)
“« The first phenomenon is an alteration in the granular condition of
the endochrome. This, from a light yellowish green, passes to a
much darker shade, and the larger granules, or ‘‘ diaphanous vesicles”
of Ralfs, which were originally few in number, and arranged ima
somewhat irregular longitudinal series (P. 18, f. 10), become exceed-
ingly numierous and pervade the entire frond. While this change is
about taking place, the fronds approach in pairs, approximating by
their concave surfaces, and finally coming into such close neighbour-
hood that their inflated centres are in contact, and their extremities
slightly overlapped. (P. 18, f. 11.) In a short time, probably in
the course of twenty-four hours, a remarkable change takes place,
both in the appearance and condition of the fronds; a mass of
delicate mucus is secreted around the approximated fronds; these
remove to a little distance from each other, undergo ‘ self-division,’
and present altogether an irregular oval figure, the outline of which
is formed by the periphery of the mucus, the four divisions of the
fronds being placed in the middle in a somewhat quadrilateral
manner. (P.18, f. 12.) During the progress of cell-division, the
278 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
=
internal membrane of the cell-wall becomes enlarged at the suture or
line of separation, and projects in the form of an irregular cone, with
a blunt or rounded apex forming a beak, whose side view presents a
triangular outline. This beak becomes filled with endochrome,
either by the dilatation or increase of the contents of the half-frond,
and the divided frond assumes the appearance of one with two un-
equal segments (f. 12.) being what M. Morren calls ‘a Closterium
of two unequal cones.” On these membranous expansions, at the
concave surfaces of the fronds, and close to the original sutures, there
appear, almost simultaneously with the formation of the beaks, two
circular projections, which, rupturing at their apices, give egress to
the delicate sacs which enclose the endochrome, and which, drawing
with them their contents, and meeting with the endochrome sacs
emitted through similar projections from the other half fronds, form,
by their connection, irregular masses, which quickly consolidate and
assume the appearance of perfectly, circular, smooth, dark-coloured
balls, the sporangia of Ralfs and seminules of Morren. (P. 18,
f. 13 and 14.)
‘«‘The discharge of the endochrome and formation of the sporangia
are accomplished with much rapidity, and may often be seen taking
place in the field of the microscope, the whole operation not occupy-
ing more than a fewminutes. It will be seen from an inspection of
the figures, that during the formation of the sporangia there appears
to be a second development of mucus in the form of rings around the
reproductive bodies ; this is probably only the effect of the pressure
produced by the growth of the sporangia on the mass of investing
mucus. It will also be seen that the pale transverse band adopted
by Ralfs as a characteristic of the genus Closterium, and which in
figs. 10 and 11 occupies the centre of the undivided frond, is, upon
self-division taking place, removed a little towards the extremities
of the half fronds. The reason, as well as the cause of this motion, I
am unable to explain, but it seems to confirm the propriety of adopt-
ing the band itself as a permanent and important character.
‘With regard to the subsequent changes which take place in the
sporangia, the time which elapses before they produce young fronds,
and the mode in which such evolution of a fresh race is accomplished,
I have not been fortunate enough to ascertain with any certainty. ...
Desmidice. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 279
““M. Morren contends that a sporangium becomes converted into
a single frond, and gives a series of figures in illustration of the
changes which the sporangium undergoes until it becomes ‘a Clos-
terium of two unequal cones.” (P. 18, figs. 16, 17, 18, 19.) Now
as this form is the result of the self-division of the ordinary frond,
and inyariably precedes conjugation, I am disposed to think M.
Morren has mistaken fronds thus divided, and afterwards thrown out
of their relative positions, for modified sporangia.
Self-division, in the case before us, seems only to accompany con-
jugation, and will not, as in the other Desmidieez, account for the
existence at certain periods of vast multitudes of the fronds........
““T may remark, that in a generic arrangement, based upon the
reproductive organs, Closteriwm Ehrenbergii will stand apart from all
the other Desmidiee. In it alone a pair of conjugating fronds pro-
duce two sporangia. It is, however, allied to others of the present
genus through C. ineatum, the sporangium of which, according to
Mr. Ralfs, is binate, and shows a disposition to separate into two
parts.”
“Another mode of increase, analagous to the propagation of
Zoospores in Algwe, has been assigned to the Desmidiee, and it has
been alleged that the endochrome escapes in the form of zoospores,
and becomes transferred into new fronds. M. Morren not only
affirms this to be the case, but gives a figure illustrative of the
conversion of these zoospores, or as he terms them ‘ propagules,’ into
new fronds.” (P. 18, f. 15 )
Mr. Ralfs states, that ‘“ As there is no constriction in Closterium,
the process of division is less evident. Itis best seen in the striated
species, in which the central suture is most distinct. The transverse
line becomes double, and, by the intermediate growth, the frond at
length, consists of three portions, as the newly-formed central one
continues to elongate, another transverse line becomes visible at its
middle where a complete separation at length takes place. At first,
however, the new scgment is often merely a rounded protuberance,
and the frond is consequently unequal; and when it is perfected,
if the covering is a coloured one, the newer segment can still be dis-
tinguished by its greater paleness.
“The striated species, besides the central suture, frequently have
280 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
other transverse lines that divide the segments themselves into two
or more portions. (P. 13, f. 6.)
“ Olosterium may be distinguished from all the other genera of
the Desmidice by its elongated, curved, entire, and attenuated
fronds.” ‘
The discussion as to the vegetable or animal nature of the Closteria,
and Ehrenberg’s views, are given at page 179, and in the introduction
to this section of the family Bacilaria.
1.—Sporangium orbicular, situated between the conjugating fronds and
but slightly connected with them ; fronds never rostrate ( Closterium).
+ Frond semilunate, or semilanceolate, tapering from the middle, the
lower margin straight, (or nearly so), and inclined upwards at the end.
C. lunula (M.)\—Large, stout, smooth, semilunate; lower margin
nearly straight, inclined upwards at the rounded ends; vesicles nu-
merous, small and scattered. Fillets several; three more distinct
than the rest. Empty frond colourless, without markings, and its
suture indistinct. Length 1-62nd.
©. acerosum.—Linear-lanceolate, gradually tapering, ends conical ;
fillets distinct ; vesicles in a single series; empty frond colourless ;
striee none or indistinct (P. 1, f. 63, 64, 65.)
Var. (b./—More elongated ; stria more distinct. Length 1-170th
to 1-48th.
C. lanceolatum.—Semilanceolate, gradually tapermg; ends sub-
acute ; fillets several; vesicles in a single series ; empty frond colour-
less. Length 1-64th.
C. turgidum.—Lower margin slightly concave, inclined upwards at
the rounded ends; upper margin with a depression near each ex-
tremity ; empty frond coloured; striz numerous, fine but distinct.
Vesicles in a single row; fillets three or more; suture distinct,
The curved and rounded ends are characteristic. Length 1-39th
(P. 1. f. 66.)
+ + Frond smooth, crescent-shaped, rapidly tapering from the middle.
C. Ehrenbergit = C. lunula (Ehr.)—Smooth, stout, crescent-shaped ;
when empty, colourless ; lower margin very concave ; inflated at the
middle; ends rounded ; vesicles numerous, scattered. Length 1-68th.
(P. 8.8, 10;)
C. moniliferum.—Smooth, crescent-shaped, when empty, colourless;
kS
Desmidiee. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 81
lower margin inflated at the middle, very concave; ends rounded;
vesicles large, in a single row; fillets several; suture absent. It
may always be distinguished by the inflation at the middle of its
lower margin ; its single row of vesicles separates it from C. Hhren-
berge. Length 1-75th to 1-60th.
Crostertum Jenner?.—Small, crescent-shaped, generally slightly
constricted at the suture ; when empty, colourless; rapidly tapering ;
ends very obtuse ; vesicles in a single series. Length 1-281th.
C. Leibleinii.—Smooth, crescent-shaped ; extremities much attenu-
ated and sub-acute at the apex; lower margin slightly inflated at the
middle; vesicles in a single row, large.
Var. (.)—More slender, the central inflation less evident ; empty
frond of a deeper colour, and its central suture distinct. Length
1-291th. to 1-165th. (P. 18. f. 1. and 5.)
C. Diane (Ehr.)—Smooth, slender, crescent-shaped ; extremities
tapering ; apex sub-acute; lower margin not inflated; vesicles in a
single series. The empty frond of a pale straw colour, with a central
transverse suture. It is less curved than preceding. Length
1-143rd.
+ + + Frond nearly straight, scarcely attenuated; ends truncate ;
longitudinal strie@ none or indistinct.
C. didymoticum. — Nearly straight, broadly linear; extremity
slightly tapering ; ends truncate; reddish; fillets obscure.
Var. (a.)—Empty frond divided by three transverse lines or
sutures. Rare.
Var. (b.) Baillyanum.—Smaller, with a suture only at the middle.
C. didymoticum may be known from all the preceding species, by
its straight unstriated frond, combined with truncate ends. Length
of var. (b.) 1-65th.
tt tt Empty frond distinctly striated, mostly coloured.
C. attenuatum (Ehr.)—Curved, attenuated; suddenly contracted
at the end into a conical point; empty frond reddish, faintly striated.
Rather larger than C. striolatum. The sudden contraction of its
extremities is characteristic. Length 1-57th.
C. costatum.—Stout, semilunate, tapering from the middle; ends
obtuse ; strize few and conspicuous ; suture solitary. Fillets obscure ;
vesicles in a single row. Empty frond reddish. Length 1-75th,
U
282 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygas!rica.
Crosrertum striolatum (Ehr.)— Closely but distinctly striated,
crescent-shaped, tapering from the middle; sutures generally three,
never more ; ends very obtuse ; lower margin never inclined upwards
at the ends. Length 1-80th to 1-68th (P. 18, f. 2 and 6.)
C. intermedium.—Slender, slightly curved, tapering; striz dis-
tinct, not crowded ; sutures usually more than three; ends truncate.
Its most remarkable feature is the number of its sutures, which
exceeds that of any other species. Length 1-77th to 1-54th.
C. angustatum. —Sublinear, curved, scarcely attenuated; ends
truncate; strie few, very distinct and prominent; sutures usually
three. Vesicles in a single row; fillets obscure. Length 1-60th.
C. juncidum.—Very slender, linear, straight, except the extremi-
ties, which are slightly attenuated and curved downwards.
Var (b.)—Stouter, and less elongated; its colour, when empty,
deeper, and its strize more conspicuous. Length of (a) 1-111th to
1-69th. Length of (6) 1-144th.
2. Krond striated, much elongated, gradually tapering, scarcely ros-
trate; sporangium bilobed, situated between the conjugated fronds.
C. lineatum (Ehr.)—Striated, slender, long, curved, gradually
tapering into the conico-rostrate extremities; lower margin slightly
inflated at its centre; fillets three or more, frequently obscure ; vesi-
cles in a single row; one or more transverse lines at the centre ;
longitudinal strize numerous.
Var. (b.)—Longitudinal strize numerous.
C. lineatum connects the rostrate with the other striated species,
asin general aspect it agrees with some of the latter, and in its
inflated centre and tapering extremities with the former.
The fronds approach and couple in the usual manner; but instead
of the contents of both fronds uniting in the ordinary manner into
a single body, a bilobed body is produced, not unlike a species of
Cosmarium. Though called bilobed, Mr. Ralis regards the sporan-
gium as dinate, being readily separable at the constricted line of
junction. (page 279.) Length 1-48th.
3. Frond either rostrate or minute, colourless and acicular; sporan-
gium cruciform. ( Stauroceras, Kutzing.)
| Lrond striated, tapering at each end into a distinct beak.
C. Ralfsii.—Stout, striated, curved, rapidly attenuated into linear
Desmidica.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 283
beaks, which are shorter than the ventricose body. Vesicles dis-
posed rather irregularly in a single row; fillets generally obscure ;
empty frond reddish. Length 1-79th.
Crosrrrium restratum (Ehr.)—Closely striated, tapering at each
end into a setaceous curved beak, which is about equal in length to
the ventricose body. Fillets obscure; vesicles in a single row.
Empty frond colourless or straw coloured. Length 1-69th.
C. setaceum (Ehr.)—Very slender, finely striated, narrow lanceo-
ate, tapering at each extremity into a very long setaceous beak,
which alone is curved; vesicles none or obscure. Fillets none.
Sporangium quadrate or cruciform (P. 1. f. 67.) Length 1-116th.
Ehrenberg discovered this species in May, 1832; and, in 18385, ob-
served the process of copulation (conjugation.) On the issuing forth
of the green matter separation took place into four instead of two
portions, and the green matter formed itself into a flat eight-cornered
body, with a bright spot in its centre, and granular contents. (See
figure on right side of group 67, Plate 1.)
| + Frond minute, tapering, not rostrate; empty frond colourless
and without markings.
C. cornu (Ehr.)—Smooth, minute, curved, very slender; extremi-
ties slightly attenuated; ends obtuse; vesicles none or indistinct ;
sporangium quadrate.
Var. (b./—Frond more turgid. Length 1-140th. Length of
var. (b) 1-226th.
C. acutum.—Curved, gradually tapering at each extremity; ends
more or less acute ; empty frond colourless, without markings.
Var. (a./—Six to twelve times longer than broad; vesicles ob-
secure; fillets none; ends sub-acute.
Var, (é./—Ten to twenty times longer than broad, tapering at each
extremity into a very fine point. Length 1-177th.
C. cuspidatum (Bailey.\—Smooth, crescent-shaped; ends mucro-
nate, It differs from every other species of the genus in having
each end tipped by a spine or muwero.
C. cucumis (Ehr.)— Smooth, stout, semilunate; ends broadly
rounded, In form it resembles C. dwnula, but is stouter in proportion
to its length, and has its ends more rounded,
C. Thureti. — Smooth, crescent-shaped; ends sub-acute; margins
unconnected at the suture; vesicles in a single series
u 2
284 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Crosrertum arcuatum.— Smooth, slender, crescent-shaped, ends
obtuse, scarcely notched.
C. Venus (Kiitzing.)—Mr. Ralfs is unable to discover any characters
sufficient to distinguish it from C. Diame.
C. amblyonema (Ehr.)—Stout, linear, slightly curved, twenty times
longer than broad; ends rounded.
C. uncinatum.—Slender, finely and closely striated ; extremities
tapering to a sub-acute point, and suddenly curved downwards.
C. decussatum.—Stout, finely and closely striated, slightly curved,
gradually tapering; extremities slender, but obtuse at the apex.
It seems to differ from C. twrgidum in its more tapering extremities.
C. turgidulum.—Stout, curved; extremities slender, gradually
tapering ; strize few, conspicuous. It differs from C. costatum in its
more elongated extremities.
C. obtusangulum.—Crescent-shaped; four-sided ; angles rounded ;
ends rounded. Empty frond transparent, colourless, with a narrow
central suture,
C. mequale (Ehr.)—Minute, semi-lunate; extremities unequal,
conical, ends acute; strie prominent; vesicles scattered.
C. quadrangulare.—Long, thin, quadrangular, the angles acute;
endochrome deep green; sutures several, oblique ; ends rounded.
C. gracile.—Slender, smooth, lanceolate, gradually tapering into
short beaks, which are curved downwards. It differs from other
rostrate species in its smooth frond. Its beaks are shorter than
those of C. rostratum, and C. setaceum, and it is less inflated.
C. tenerrimum (Kiitz.)—Mr. Ralfs states he can perceive, in Prof.
Kiitzing’s drawing, no character by which it can be separated from
C. acutum.
Genus Sprrrormyia (Brébisson.)—Frond simple, elongated, eylin-
drical, or fusiform, straight, entire, not constricted at the middle;
ends rounded; endochrome spiral, asin Zyjgnema; this circumstance
distinguishes it from every other genus. It differs from TZetme-
morus in the entire extremities, and absence of central constriction ;
and, in the latter, likewise from Closter‘wm. The extremities are
also without globules. It closely resembles Zygnema in its endo-
chrome, but does not form a filament, the cells dividing in the
manner of the Desmidiee, but obliquely as in Scenedesmus. In Spi-
rotema complete division of the cell is prior to the division of the
Desmidice.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 285
gelatinous covering, which thus retains the two newly-parted cells
together for some time longer, a fact which convincingly proves that
this genus belongs to the Desmidiee.
Srrrorani1a condensata.— Endochrome, a single, broad, closely
spiral band. Frond bright yellow-green, cylindrical. Length 1-208th.
(P. 18. f. 4.)
S. obsewra,—FEndochrome at first in several slender spiral threads,
afterwards uniform, Frond dark green; extremities attenuated.
Length 1-247th. to 1-226th.
Genus AnxistropEsmus (Corda.)—Cells elongated, attenuated, en-
tire, fasciculated. Cells fusiform or crescent-shaped, with no con-
striction. They resemble Closteriwn, except in their aggregation.
A. faleatus = Xanthidium (?) difforme (Ehr.)—Cells very minute,
slender, crescent-shaped, fasciculated in irregular bundles, the indi-
viduals of which, having their convexity turned inwards, diverge at
each extremity of the bundle. Length of cell 1-549th. (P. 2.
f. 3; and P. 12. f. 518. 514.); the two latter fossil specimens.
A. fusiformis (Corda.)
A. convolutus (Corda.)
Genus Prprasrrum (Meyen.)—Frond plane, circular, composed of
several cells, which form by their union a flattened star, and are
generally arranged either in a single circle, or in two or more con-
centric ones; marginal cells bipartite. The cells are combined into
a frond by a mucous matrix, which is generally colourless and con-
stitutes hyaline interstices.
“The flat star-like fronds of Pediastrum are sufficiently cha-
racteristic. It is far more difficult to distinguish its species.
Ehrenberg relies chiefly on the number of the circles, but this
character cannot always be depended on; for it has been observed
that the number of cells is in the same species liable to great
variation; so also are the number of circles, and the number of
cells in the inner circle. Though so uncertain, we must still, for the
most, depend on the above characters in discriminating between
nearly allied species. Ehrenberg, having relied almost entirely on
the number of circles, and the cells in each, has neglected the form
of the cells, and, consequently, his species are intermixed: transition-
states of some being referred to others.”
286 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica,
The process of division takes place at the notch, as in other
Desmidiee.
M. Thuret has recently advanced the statement, founded on his
personal observation, that the fronds of Pediastrum ellipticum de-
velope within their cells exact but minute copies of themselves ;
which, in course of time, assume the size and all the characters of
the parent. He says, ‘all doubt was removed from my mind, when
T witnessed the escape of four young ones from the cells of an old
frond: the cells opening and emitting by degrees, often by jerks, the
young Pediastrum, enveloped in its gelatinous mass.” (Ann. des
Sciences Nat. 1850.)
The old cells are left empty and colourless, In fronds not very
young, a clear nucleus, refracting light strongly, was discernible ; in
the very young, this is not visible, and in the old fronds very indis-
tinct. M. Thuret believes it to be concerned in the formation of the
cell, or the reproduction of the species.
This method of development (M. Thuret remarks), recals that of
Volvox globator, and of other Infusoria; and is probably without
analogy among plants, (with which I reckon Pediastrum.) See
observations of Weiss on Chlorogonium euchlorum, p. 192.
Ehrenberg has named this genus Jferasterias, who characterizes
it thus—by their members being free, by their having a simple
compressed lorica, composed of one piece, and grouping themselves
together in definite numbers, in the form of a flattened star. The
latter generic character arises from incomplete self-division when
they are young, like Gonium. Projection organs of locomotion
have not been observed, though slow change of place has been
noticed. Numerous vesicles, analogous to polygastric digestive cells,
are seen in several species; ova-like green granules are abundant;
and Ehrenberg states he has scen glandular bodies which periodically
increase in size, and are analogous to the seminal glands of other
Infusoria. The dispersion of the ova has been seen by Turpin and
Meyen, though it was regarded by them as that of the fecundating
matter of plants. Dr. E. appends the following observations to the
genus :—
‘1. The relations of number observed in Micrasterias appear to
form a firm character of the species (as in Gonium pectorale.)
Desmidiea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 287
“2. The relations of size are not always in ratio with those of
number; for we find small size with a large number, and great size
with a small number of parts.
«3. Forms exhibiting equal relations of number to size, otherwise
distinguish themselves in secondary and less important points, as in
a slender or thicker form of cell, long or short horns, &c., &c.; con-
ditions varying in almost every individual.
“4. Of the numerous forms seen by me, all were two-pointed,
none had one-pointed bodies. (No Pediastrum simplex.)
“5. Regularity of form is the character of integrity from irregu-
larity; no distinct species can be formed.” (P. 2.f. 114 to 117,
121 to 123, and P. 13, figs. 22, 28, and 29, illustrate this genus.)
Mr. Ralfs divides Pediastrum into five sections.
* Lobes of the outer cells emarginate or truncate,
Peprastrum ¢etras = Micrasterias tetras, (Ehr.)—Cells four, se-
parated by colourless interstices which form a cross; lobes truncato-
emarginate. Frond extremely minute. Length of cell 1-2941th.
(P. 13. f. 27.)
P. heptactis = Micrasterias heptactis (Ehr.)—Cells seven; six dis-
posed in a circle around a central one; cells bipartite, with emar-
ginate lobes. Length of cell 1-2906th. (P. 2. f. 114.)
P. biradiatum = Mierasterias Rotula, (Ehr.) Outer circle ge-
nerally of eleven bipartite cells, with bifid or emarginate lobes.
Var. (b.)—Lobes of outer cells truncato-emarginate.
The five-angular cells forming the inner circle are often quadri-
lateral, and the exterior of each has a linear notch. Length of cell
of outer circle 1-2000th.
*%* Lobes of the segments entire.
| Connecting substance coloured.
P. Selenea = Micrasterias Boryana (Ehr.)—Cells crescent-shaped,
arranged in one or more circles, around one or two central ones;
connecting medium coloured. Frond minute.
+ + Lnterstices of the frond hyaline.
P. simplex. = Micrasterias coronula (Ehr.)—Cells four, with or
without one or two central ones; lobes of marginal cells ovate,
tapering to a point.
Var. (a.)—Marginal cells truncate at the base and forming a circle,
its centre vacant, or occupied by one or two cells.
288 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Var. (b.) cruciatum.—Cells angular at the base, connected in a
cruciform manner without a central space.
Prprastrum pertusum. = Micrasterias Boryana and M. tricyclia
(Ehr.)—Inner cells leaving hyaline intervals resembling foramina;
outer cells rectangular ; notch triangular, as broad as the cell. Frond of
from one to three circles arranged round one or two central ones.
The number of cells, as in P. Selenea and P. Boryanum, generally
consists of five in the first circle, ten in the second, and fifteen in
the third; but Mr. Ralfs has seen fronds with four cells, forming a
circle around two central ones.
P. granulatum.—Cells granulated ; lobes of marginal cells tapering
Frond of six cells arranged around two central sub-quadrate ones.
P. Napoleons. = Micrasterias Napoleonis (Ehr.) —Six angular
cells, forming a circle around two central ones; lobes of marginal
cells arspidate ; notch wide. If not a variety of P. Boryanum?
(Peo. £117, 118.)
P. angulosum, = Micrasterias angulosa (Ehr.)—Marginal cells with
angular lobes, which are not extended into rays; interstices hyaline.
Frond minute, of one or more circles around a single central one.
The inner cells are angular, as in P. Boryana and P. ellipticum, but the
marginal are less deeply notched, and the lobes nearly angular, not
in the least extended into processes or rays.
P. Boryanum. = Micrasterias Boryana (Ehr.)—Cells in one or more
circles around one or two central ones; marginal cells gradually
tapering into two long subulate points; notch narrow. (P. 2.
f. 115, 116.)
It differs from P. edlipticum, in the gradually tapering acute lobes of
the outer cells ; from P. angulosum in its lobes being elongated as rays.
P. ellipticum = Micrasterias elliptica (Ehr.)—Cells variable in
number and arrangement; lobes of marginal ones suddenly con-
tracted into short, cylindrical, obtuse processes. Frond large.
Var. (b.)—Processes of the lobes truncato-emarginate.
P. senaria (Ehr.)—Cells in two coneentric circles around one in
the centre; twelve cells in the outer and six in the inner circle.
External cells without appendages.
The two following new genera by M. Corda, are here introduced, as
they appear allied to Mr. Ralfs genus Pediastrum.
Genus Asreropicryon (Corda. )—Compound ; made up of many, but
Desmidiee. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 999
yet a definite number of corpuscles cells, forming a membranous poly-
pary (compound frond.) The frond is flat, stellate, multi-locular, and
reticulate ; and each of its corpuscles has its margin extended into a
tubular and pervious horn. Asterodictyon has a general resemblance
to Monactinus and Pediastrum.
Asrrropicryon friangulum.—The smooth triangular corpuscles are
combined in triple series, and form a stellate disc. This compound
star has its centre void, with an innermost row of five, a middle of
ten, and a marginal of fifteen to sixteen cells. Diameter of each
frustule 1-1080th. ; of the entire star 1-216th. Near Berlin.
A. ovatum.—Corpuscles granular, ovate, terminated by a long
style, and arranged in two concentric circles, forming a star: three
cells form the inner row, and ten the outer. Diameter of each
1-780th., of the entire star 1-312th.; near Berlin. These forms, when
sometimes irregular by monstrosity, very closely resemble the J/onac-
tinus simplex and M. acutangulus, of Corda.
Genus Monacrinvs.—Compound ; corpuscles numerous, connected
so as to form a membranous polypary (frond) flat, stellate, multilo-
cular, not reticulate, and having its cells im a single circle. Each
cell terminated by a solitary style (with a single aperture.)
Pediastrum, which most nearly resembles it, differs in its forked
or bidentate cells (and in its double aperture.) Ehrenberg believing
in the animal nature of the Desmidieg, the apertures are important
to his view.
M. simplex (Corda. )
Monactinvs acutangulus (Corda.)
Genus Sceyepusmus (Ralfs.)—Frond composed of two to ten fusi-
form or oblong cells, arranged side by side in a single row, but after
division in two alternating rows; division oblique. Cells entire;
in some species the outer ones are lunate. There is no constriction or
suture at the middle, and the endochrome is not divided into two
portions by a transverse band. The division of the cells is oblique,
and not transverse, as in most genera of the Desmidiee and as they
all divide simultaneously, two rows are produced, which are held in
opposition some time after division is complete, by the connecting
hyaline matrix.
The endochrome is, in general, very pale, and the starch granules
290 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
are inconspicuous. Scenedesmus differs from the preceding genera in
the very different form of its cells, but Pediastrum supplies a con-
necting link between them. As in that genus, the frond in Scene-
desmus is*composed of several cells, but these are differently arranged ;
and the division into two segments, which, although modified, is
still met with in the outer cells of Pediastrwm, is entirely absent in
Scenedesmus. In the oblique manner in which its cells divide, it
agrees with Spirotema, which, however, has a different arrangement
of the endochrome, and a frond consisting merely of a single cell.
Scenepesmus quadricauda = Arthrodesmus quadricaudatus (Ehr.)
—Cells, generally four, oblong, rounded at their ends, disposed in a
single row; each extremity of the two external ones usually ter-
minated by a bristle (P. 13, f. 19 and 36.)
Var. (b./—External cells with three bristles.
Var. (c) ecornis = Arthrodesmus ecornis (Ehr.)—AIl the cells
similar and without bristles. Length of cell 1-1121st. Breadth
1-2631st.
S. dimorphus = Arthrodesmus pectinatus (Ehr.)—Cells acute, four
to eight placed evenly in a single row; the inner cells fusiform, the
outer externally lunate. Frond very minute. Length of cell 1-1026th
to 1-906th. Breadth 1-8160th.
S. acutus = Arthrodesmus acutus (Ehr.)—Cells two to eight, fusi--
form, acuminate, arranged in a single, irregularly alternating series.
The two outer cells are frequently crescent-shaped. Length of cell
1-1063rd to 1-1020th.
S. obliquus.—Cells eight, elliptic-fusiform ; after division arranged
in two distinct, generally oblique series, the outermost cell of each
not in contact with any of those in the other series.
8. obtusus.—Cells three to eight, ovate or oblong, and arrcngel in
one row, or, after division, alternately in two rows. Frond minute.
Endochrome very pale green.
This species is rarely met with in a simple state, but, as the cells
after division are retained in connection by the mucous matrix, two
rows are usually present, the broader ends of one row lying between
the cells of the other. The hyaline matrix is frequently their only
bond of union, and in this state they seem to connect the Desmidiee
with the Ulvacee, through Merismopedia.
Desmidice. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 291
ScrnepvEsmus duplex.—Cclls slender, fusiform, sigmoid, tapering at
each end into a fine poimt; after division, closely connected for
about half their length.
S. antennatus.—Cells fusiform, somewhat ventricose at the middle;
ends cuspidate. each terminated by a minute orbicular globule.
The description of these genera, and some others since established
by Ehrenberg, as also that author’s characters of Odontella, will con-
clude this section.
Genus Spmarrastrum. Zhe round star Animatcules are characterized
by their members being free, having a simple univalved smooth and
turgid lorica, and by forming, during self-division, different shaped
groups. A slight change of place or locomotion has been observed,
but little or nothing of their organization is known, though Bory and
Turpin have stated the existence of male seminal glands in 8.
quadryuga.
S. pictum has oval green corpuscles, passing into spherical clusters,
of the form of a mulberry. Size of berry 1-480th; of single
member 1-1920th. Found with Micrasterias.
S. quadrijugum has oblong green corpuscles, four being united into
cubical mass, perforated at the middle. Size of berry 1-570th; of
single member 1-1200th. Found with the former species.
Genus Microrneca. Zhe spinous dise Animaleules. It contains only
one species, and is characterized by being free, and possessing a
simple square compressed lorica, composed of one piece. In its
organization it approaches that of G'allionella and Achnanthes.
This genus is a very doubtful member of the Desmidice. It
presents no indication of the characteristic division into two valves ;
and the golden colour of its only species, is a character of Diatomea,
and, consequently, an argument against its being one of the
Desmidiee.
M. octoceros has a square transparent lorica, with spines,
(P. 2, f. 119, 120, the first a front, the latter aside view.) Itis of a
golden colour, variegated; change of place has not been observed.
“‘T received,” says Ehrenberg, “‘in September, 1832, phosphores-
cent sea-water, from the harbour of Kiel. On the 23rd of October
I found therein this yellow creature, which appeared very similar to
292 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
a specimen of Anurea, which, together with yellow phosphorescent
species of Peridinea, were living in the same water; but no direct
evolution of light was observed from M. octoceros.’’ Size 1-280th
without the spines; with the spines 1-210th.
Genus Lirnoprsmrum.—Lorica simple, univalved, siliceous, and
triangular in shape. Self-division imperfect, the creatures being
clustered in the form of straight and rigid triangular-shaped wands ;
cluster unattached.
This genus was named and described by Ehrenberg, in 1840, as
belonging to the family Desmidice ; however, this alliance would,
from the illustration given, appear very doubtful.
L. undulatum.—Corpuscles large, smooth, and pellucid; the angles
obtuse. Two of the sides are undulated, the others doubly excised;
openings and motion are not perceptible. The corpuscles are some-
what longer than they are broad. Found alive, in sea-water, at
Cuxhaven. Greatest length of corpuscle, 1-480th. (P, 13. f.
41, 42.)
Genus Evcampra.—Lorica univalved, wedge-shaped, and flat,
excised in the middle of its lateral surfaces. Self-division being
imperfect, the creatures are clustered in the form of flat articulated
chains, haying roundish holes between adjoining segments, the
curved chains gradually becoming circular; cluster unattached. This
is another questionable genus of Desmidiacea, described by Ehrenberg
in 1840.
E. zodiaca.—Lorica crystalline, smooth, a little longer than it is
broad; ova of a light yellow colour. Locomotion not perceptible.
Found alive in sea water, at Cuxhaven. Diameter 1-1150th.
(P218. 4438.)
Genus Opontetta (Ehr.)—The tooth-chained Animalcules comprised
in this small genus are unattached and free, having a simple uni-
valved compressed lorica, and multiply by an incomplete spontaneous
self-division, in the form of flat articulated ribbons or chains; each
link of such chain-like bodies is composed of a single pair united,
which are connected with the next pair by two processes, a small
space being left between them (see f. 108), and hence they differ
from the genus Desmidium. The internal coloured granular matter is
Desmidiee. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 293
probably ova, and the three vesicles in O. filiformis, stomach cells
and fecundating glands. In 0. wnidendata, the glandular body is
yery distinct from the digestive sacs. (See Odontella in next section.)
Opvonretta desmidiwm.—Space between the processes of each pair
distinct. (see f.108.) Size 1-1150th. to 1-570th. (See page 242.)
O. (?) filiformis.—The two slender processes connecting each pair
leave a square space between them. (f. 107. See page 243.)
O. unidentata.—Oval binary corpuscles, often irregular; they are
connected by a single process in themiddle. (See page 248.)
Genus Gymnozyea (Ehr.)—Generic characters assigned to it by
Ehrenberg, unknown.
G. moniliformis.—Corpuscles ovate, concatenate, forming a filament,
furnished with a median sulcus like that of Gallonella, with a soft,
not siliceous integument; and, after the manner of the Conjugate,
two corpuscles coalescing and producing another individual by their
zygosis, or conjugation. Diameter 1-1150th. Common in the marshes
of Berlin. (vide Didymoprium Borreri.)
Genus Porysorrenta (Ehr.)—Generic characters unknown.
P. closterium.—Corpuscles very large, obtusely fusiform, straight
or slightly lunate; thick, green, and smooth; at a later period
hyaline cirrhose on every side. Length 1-60th. to 1-48th. Berlin.
Has the habit of Closteriwn acerosum, whose structure it entirely
resembles, except that, at certain periods, very many (to the number
of fifty) cirrhi shoot out from as many apertures, not before visible, and
seem to withdraw, in their exit, the internal green mass.
This account appears like a misconception of some phenomenon,
such as the germination of a spore, or the growth of mycelium on a
Closterium, according to Mr. Ralfs it is = Peniwm digitus.
Genus Zyeoxanrutum (Khr.) — Generic description wanting.
Ehrenberg has most probably instituted Zygoranthium as a sub-genus
of Xanthidium.
Z. echinus ~ Xanthidium echinus, 1839.—Corpuscles (segments,
Ralfs) globose, single and in pairs, aculeate, aculei thick, short,
forked at the apex, or trifid; and provided on the sides with two
median tubules, having a stellate orifice: contents (ovaria Ehr.)
green. Diameter of a single corpuscle 1-480th. Internal granules
294 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
often seem in motion. Two corpuscles unite by Zygosis (7. e.
conjugate) and produce, between them, a smooth, globose young one.
Genus TrrpLoceras (Bailey.)—Frond binate; segments straight,
much elongated, with numerous whorls of knot-like projections ;
ends of the segments three-lobed ; lobes bidentate. A genus closely
allied to Doeidiuwm, differing in the three-parted ends of the seg-
ments.
T. verticillatum (Bailey) = Docidium verticillatum (Ralfs.)
T. Gracile (Bailey.)—Slender, with whorls of rounded projections.
Section II.—Navicvunacna.
This section, together with the tchinellea, and the Lacernata of
Ehrenberg, are equivalent to the Diatomacea, Diatomea, or Cymbellea,
of other authors. In the following observations on structure, habit,
&c., it is proposed to comprehend all the forms of Bacillaria, exclusive
of the Desmidiacea.
The individuals of the Diatomee are variously spoken of as testules
(testule) or frustules; and also, when forming members of a compound
band, chain, or filament, or of other aggregated mass, as—segments,
corpuscles, and sometimes lorice. But the term lorica, though often
uscd as equivalent with frustule, rightly expresses merely the
exterior coat, or shell which determines the form of the individual,
and is in this section always siliceous.
This lorica, in its multiplied and often very beautiful forms, con-
sist sof an outer clear or hyaline, colourless, siliceous coat, and of an
inner more or less coloured one, considered to be of a softer and
more organic constitution. Niigeli supposes a mucilaginons film to
exist on the inside of this second coat: and Kiitzing also speaks of
a third element, displayed when recent frustules are dried, and
especially after their having been heated to redness, as an opaque or
brownish space, extending itself, not unfrequently, over a considerable
portion of the lorica. To this material the name of cement is applied
by Kiitzing, as he supposes it to be the connecting material of the
valves or portions of the lorica, and also of frustules when united.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 295
Its brown colour he would attribute to the probable presence of
iron in its chemical composition.
Two views have been advanced relative to the origin of the ex-
ternal siliceous lamina; one, that the silex exists in intimate union
with the cell, whose wall is believed to consist of cellulose penetrated
with silica; the other, that the siliceous valves are deposited
exterior to accll-membrane. (Smith, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1851.) Nigeli
says, ‘‘This es outside the membrane, and must be regarded, from
analogy to all other similar structures, as extra cellular substance
excreted from the cell” (Ray Society, 1846, p. 220.) But apart from
analogy, Mr. Smith states he has direct evidence of the independence
of the siliceous coat, having in his possession numerous specimens of
A. Stauronews (probably of 8. aspera, Kiitz.), in which the valves,
after a slight maceration of the frustules in acid, have, in part or
wholly, become detached from the cell-membrane, leaving a scar on
its walls, bearing the distinct impression of the numerous and pro-
minent valvular marking of this beautiful species.’ Still more
recently, Prof. Bailey, of New York, states, that if hydrofluoric
acid is applied to recent, or even sometimes to fossil Diatomacea, the
shell soon dissolves, leaving distinct internal, flexible cell membranes,
retaining the general form of the shells.
This second view of the separate existence of the inorganic sili-
ceous tunic, and its origin from the organic internal membrane,
appears therefore the true one, from the preceding facts, and it is
still further supported by the phenomena of self-division of the
frustules; for in this process the lining cell-membrane takes the
initiative, and is followed by the doubling of the external coat upon
it, as an after production.
Ehrenberg states the lorica to be composed of two or more pieces
or valves; Mr. Ralfs says, ‘it consists of three pieces, one central
and ring-like, or continuous all round, and the other lateral;’’ but
the investigations of the Rey. W. Smith would go to prove, that, in
not a few instances, the central ring-like segment is not an essential
one, but only developed when self-division is proceeding. In some
of the anomalous genera of Ehrenberg, as Dictyocha, the individual
would seem to be composed of several pieces, varying in number in
various species.
296 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica,
The siliceous external coat is often very beautifully sculptured;
the markings being modelled on the living organic membrane. Much
discussion has arisen as to the true nature of these markings, which
assume the appearance of dots (puncta/, ribs (costa), strie, pinnules
(pinnee), furrows, or lines—whether the dots are actually pores, as
generally surmised by Ehrenberg, and whether the ribs, striae, or
lines, are depressions or elevations of the surface, or even sometimes
figures. The opinion seems to be gaining ground, that the lorica
is entire without pores or fissures; in favour of this opinion, are
Ralfs, Nageli, Dujardin, the Rev. W. Smith, and Schleiden. On the
contrary, Kiitzing supposes the gelatinous investment of many
Diatomee to issue from pores in the lorica; and Ehrenberg believes
in the existence of both pores and fissures, supposing the former to
give exit to organs of Jocomotion and the latter to ova, &. (See
genus Navicula, and plates 19 and 20.) In several genera, for
example, Lupodiscus, Cerataulus, Rhizoselenia, &c., the lorica produces
more or less extended processes, simple or branched (ramose), which
are generally known as cornua, sometimes as tubuli (Ehr.) It often
happens that the apparent lines, or bands, on the surface, are merely
indications of internal partitions (septa), and which are either com-
plete or perfect (7. e., entirely dividing the internal cavity of the
lorica), or incomplete (imperfect.) To the partial septa, as in Gram-
matophora, Kiitzing has assigned the term witte. ‘The lines,”
says Nageli, speaking of a form allied to Gallionella (Ehr.) ‘ which
would intimate a division of the shield into two or more pieces, are
the septa by which the cell-division is effected.”
The puncta, coste, and other external markings, as also the
processes of the lorica, are valuable in forming specific and generic
characters. The presence or absence of a central pore often forms a
leading characteristic. Kiitzing, indeed, rests his great division of
the Diatomee into Stomatice and Astomatice, on this peculiarity.
The distinctness of the various markings of the lorica is much
interfered with by the presence of the lining membrane, which should
therefore be destroyed by maceration in nitric acid, or by exposure to a
strong heat.
The cavity of the lorica, in the true Diatomacee, is now generally
admitted to be single ; in other words, their frustules are uni-cellular.
Naviculacea.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 297
In the Navicule, Schleiden believes he has proved this by direct
observation. Mr. Ralfs, indeed, states, that, in Vavicula and other
genera of Diatomacee, the frustules are often truly binate, but we
question whether they are actually so, except when fission is pro-
ceeding. Throughout his learned essay on the cell-nucleus and
cell-formation, Nigeli treats of the Deratomacee as uni-cellular
organisms.
Each frustule generally presents four sides, or planes, which, un-
fortunately, have been variously designated. Ehrenberg has used the
terms dorsum, venter, and lateral surfaces or sides, but which do not
in all instances represent homologous surfaces. Oftentimes he has
called a convex surface, simply on account of its convexity, the
dorsum ; anda concave one, from its concavity merely, the venter, or
ventral surface.
Kiitzing has endeavoured to amend this nomenclature, by calling
those sides which have no central opening, but through which self-
division oceurs, the promary sides ; and the other two, the secondary
sides. These secondary sides are further distinguished into right and
left, when the frustule lies on a primary side. The left is often
concave, and the right convex, but mostly the two are alike. Asa
general rule, the primary sides correspond with the so-called lateral
surfaces of Ehrenberg, and the secondary sides, respectively, with the
dorsum and venter of that author.
The Rev. W. Smith has the following remarks on this subject,
which illustrate the usage of most English writers: ‘ Late writers
have found, in the process of self-division, circumstances to fix the
terminology applied to the Diatomaceous frustules, and use the words
‘primary sides,’ when speaking of those portions where the inter-
position of the new half-frustules occurs; the term secondary sides
being applied to the general surface of the valves; others employ the
words front and lateral view in the corresponding senses. I shall
adopt the latter terms as more generally applicable; the primary
side, as employed by the writers alluded to, frequently including
portions of the frustule which belong to the secondary surfaces, brought
into view by the convexity of the valves....... With Mr. Ralfs,
and other English writers, I would use the term front view to denote
the aspect of the frustules, when the connecting membrane and
xX
298 DESCRIPTION OF { Polygastrica
valvular suture are turned towards the observer; the words Jateral
or szde-view, when the general surface of one of the valves is
directed to the eye.”
When any two opposite surfaces approximate about the margin of
a frustule, the other two sides are reduced to so narrow a band as to be
virtually obliterated, and are then spoken of as obsolete.
Within the lorica is contained the living substance of the frustule,
regarded by Ehrenberg as forming definite animal organs, viz.,
stomachs, ovaries, and ova, seminal glands and vesicles. But all such
animal organs are ignored by other naturalists; and the contents
generally are known as the endochrome, whilst the particular vesicles
and granules are represented as similar to the like formations in the
Conferve, and as constituted of chlorophyll, starch, and mucilage.
The number and position of these vesicles vary in individuals of the
same species; sometimes, indeed, specimens occur with no vesicles
(stomach-sacs of Ehrenberg); and further, a circulation or rotation of
the contents of the cell has been observed by Nigeli in a Gallionella,
aud by Rev. W. Smith in Surirella. Some of the clear vesicles,
Kiitzing has concluded to be oil particles; and affirms, that he has
occasionally seen two coalesce, proving the absence of proper walls.
The entire endochrome that author also has designated the gonimic
substance.
The prevailing colour of the endochrome of Diatomee is golden-
yellow or brownish ; very rarely green, except when the frustules
are dried.
According to the researches of Niigeli, the Diatomee present, gene-
rally, among their other contents, a nucleus, which in some genera is
free (isolated) within the general cavity, or parietal—affixed to the
walls, as happens in Gallionella. This special organ plays a very
important part in the phenomena of cell growth, and, in the opinion
of Schleiden, precedes and brings about the formation of the cell-walk
enclosing it. Nigeli makes two sorts of nuclei, primary and
secondary, attributing to the former the same properties as does
Schleiden in the original formation of the cell, and in its subsequent
multiplication by self-division. In the latter process, the nucleus is
supposed first to double itself, and then the septum to appear, which
ultimately halves the frustules.
Naviculacea, | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 299
Niigeli further describes the cell formation in Diatomacee, as
taking place around the whole contents of the parent cell: that
“during the production of the septum, the secretion of gelatinous
matter continues over the whole surface of the cell contents. The
production of the septum itself may be thus explained: the contents
separate into two parts, each becoming invested with a membrane,
which appears as a thin wall between them, but is actually com-
posed of two lamelle.”’
Our space, and the nature of the treatise, forbid entering more
largely on this interesting but much vexed question of the nuclear
development of cells. Those readers who desire to follow up the
subject, cannot do better than study the learned disquisition by
Niigeli on cell-formation, quoted in the preceding pages.
The Rey. W. Smith has given the following succinct account of
the process of fissiparous, or self-division: ‘‘ At first, the siliceous
valves (as seen in front view) are in close contact at their suture
(P. 18, f. 20), but their adherence is speedily disturbed by the
dividing process which these minute organisms are constantly under-
going. The first step in this process is the gradual separation of the
valves, an effect apparently produced by the expansion of the internal
membrane. Pari passu with the retrocession of the valves, the cell
wall exposed between their edges is being covered with a deposit of
silex, and the frustule now consists of two symmetrical valves,
united by a plate of silex (P. 18, f. 23) which either forms a con-
tinuous ring (P. 18, f. 22) or consists of two portions united at the
extremities of the valves. This plate, with the underlying cell-wall,
may, for the sake of distinctness and future reference, be termed the
connecting membrane.
“When the connecting-membrane has been formed of sufficient
width, the original cell, probably by the doubling in of its wall,
becomes divided into two, and immediately secretes, at the line of
division, two new siliceous valves, symmetrical with, and closely
applied by their edges to the original halves, and thus the self:
division is complete, and two perfect frustules have been the result.
(P. 18, f. 20.)
“In some cases, by the new or rather semi-new frustules imme-
diately proceeding to repeat the process, the connecting-membrane is
ee
300 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica
thrown off and disappears; in others, it remains for some time
linking the frustules in pairs, as in Melosira and Odontella; and
sometimes it is only partially torn away or absorbed, and unites the
frustules successively formed in a zig-zag chain, by portions re-
maining attached to their angles, examples of which we find in
Diatoma, Isthmia, &e. (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1851 p. 4.)
“There appears, however,” says Mr. Thwaites, ‘‘a limit to this
mode of propagation of the frustule, except by the intervention of
another phenomenon — viz., conjugation, or a mixture of endo-
chromes; after which process, fissiparous division proceeds as before.”
(Ann. Nat. Hist. 1848, p. 161.)
Moreover, self-division is an act only of multiplication, physiologi-
cally speaking, for all the frustules so produced, are but parts of the
original individual producing them,—of that one which derived its
individuality from a sporangium, the result of conjugation, which
is a process of actual propagation.
The elucidation of this wonderful phenomenon of conjugation in
the Diatomacee, we oweeto Mr. Thwaites; from whose papers we
shall endeavour to give a condensed account of it.
For the most part, conjugation in the Datomacea, as in the
Desmidiee, consists in the union of the endochrome of two approxi-
mated fronds, this mixed endochrome developing around itself a
proper membrane, and thus becoming converted into the sporangium.
Tn a very early stage of the process, the conjugated frustules, as in
Eunotia turgida, have their concave surfaces in nearly close apposi-
tion (P. 14, f. 1) and from each of these surfaces two protuberances
arise, which meet two similar ones in the opposite frustule (P. 14,
f. 3); these protuberances indicate the future channels of com-
munication by which the endochrome of the two frustules becomes
united, as well as the spot where is subsequently developed the
double sporangium, or rather the two sporangia. A front view of
two frustules at the same period, shows each of these to have
divided longitudinally into two halves (P. 14, f. 4.), which, though
some distance apart, are still held together by a very delicate mem-
brane ; that, however, soon disappears.
The mixed endochrome occurs, at first, as two irregular masses
between the connected frustules, but these masses shortly become
Naviculacea.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 301
covered, each with a smooth, cylindrical membrane —the young
sporangia, which gradually increase in length (P. 14, f. 5, 6) retain-
ing nearly a cylindrical form (P. 14, f. 7) until they far exceed in
dimension the parent frustules, and, at length, when mature, become,
like them, transversally striated upon the surface (P. 14, f. 8.)
Around the whole structure a considerable quantity of mucus has,
during this time, been developed, by which the empty frustules are
held attached to the sporangia (P. 14, f. 5 to 8.)
In the immature condition, it happens that the sporangia, in many
species, resemble in general characters the mature frustules of
another species, or even of an allied genus. Thus the sporangia of
Gomphonema minutissimum, and of G. dichotomum, have a close re-
semblance to frustules of Cocconema. On the other hand, in some
genera, as in Cocconema, the sporangia take on at once the exact
characters of the ordinary frustules, from which they differ only in
their exceeding that of the majority of the latter in dimensions.
When a sporangium in a transitional condition is like the frustule
of another genus, we are assisted in distinguishing its true nature
and affinity, oftentimes by the persistence of the mucus diffused
around it; or, by continued observation, we may witness its
assumption ultimately of its true specific characters, including the
development of its pedicle or stalk, where the possession of such an
organ is a characteristic (as in Gomphonema.) The development of
the sporangium being complete, it enters on an independent existence,
which it displays by undergoing fissiparous division, as in common
frustules.
It is very probable that transitional forms have been described as
particular species, or located in wrong genera. Thus, Mr. Thwaites
thinks that Kiitzing’s Zpithemia Vertagus is the sporangium of
Eunotia targida. ;
In different genera, slight variations are met with in the method
of conjugation: thus, in some species of Gomphonema the sporangia
lie in a direction parallel to the empty frustules, instead of across
them, as described in Zunotia turgida. Again, there are examples (in
Gomphonema minutissimum and Fragilarva pectinalis), where, instead of
the conjugated frustules separating into two halves, only a slit
appears at one end, to serve for the escape of the endochrome.
302 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Instead, also, of the pair of conjugated frustules producing between
them two sporangia, they may develope but a single one, as happens
in Fragilaria pectinalis. In this species, too, the sporangium, at first
cylindrical, soon assumes a flattened, somewhat quadrangular form,
and, in many cases, undergoes fissiparous division before it has put on
the exact appearance of the frustule of a Fragilaria.
“The Deloseire (Gallionella, Ehr.), and the Biddulphie, (Mr.
Thwaites remarks), would seem, in their development of sporangia, to
offer an exception to most Diatomacee; for in those genera no
evident conjugation has been seen. However, something analogous
to it must take place; for, excepting the mixture of endochromes of
two cells, the phenomena are of precisely similar character. Thus,
instead of the conjugation of two frustules, a change takes place in
the endochrome of a single frustule,—that is, a disturbance of its
previous arrangement, a moving towards the centre of the frustule,
and a rapid increase in its quantity : subsequently to this, it becomes
a sporangium, and out of this are developed sporangial frustules, as
in the other Diatomacee. In a single cell, therefore, a process,
physiologically precisely similar to that occurring between two con-
jugating cells, takes place; and it is not difficult to believe, taking
into view the secondary character of cell-membrane, that the two
kinds of endochrome may be developed at the opposite ends of one
frustule, as easily as in two contiguous frustules, and give rise to the
same phenomena as ordinary conjugation.” In the Zygneme,
adjoining cells in the same filament are found to conjugate.
The process of conjugation has now been seen in most genera of the
well-defined Diatomacee. Observed first in Hunotia, it was sub-
sequently seen in Gomphonema, Coeconema, Fragilaria, Schizonema,
and its modified character in Melosira and Biddulphia.
Kiitzing, unacquainted, at the time his treatise was written, of
propagation by conjugation, considered that the Diatomee multiply
in three ways:—1l. By development of their gonimic substance
(endochrome) which, as he says, happens in the lower Alge, but in
the Diatomee is uncertain. 2. By fission, complete, or meomplete,
a geaeral mode; and 3. By gemme or spores, the formation of
which he has witnessed in several species of Melosira, in Schizonema,
end in Micromega.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, 303
Are the Diatomacea plants or animals? is still a questio vevata.
The able discussion of this point by Meyen, in the case of the
Bacillaria, generally, is given in the previous pages; and here is
appended a summary, by Kiitzing, of the arguments urged on each
side in the case of the Diatomee.
“For their animal nature, Ehrenberg presents the following
arguments.
1, The Diatomee exhibit, in part, a peculiar spontaneous move-
ment, which is produced by certain locomotive organs.
2. The greater part have in the middle of the lateral surface an
opening, about which round corpuscles are situate, which become
coloured blue when placed in water containing indigo, like as do the
stomach-cells of many Infusoria, and, consequently, they may also be
regarded as stomachs.
3. The shells of many Diatomacee resemble, in structure and con-
formation, the calcareous shells of Gasteropoda, and similar Mollusca.
Of the first argument, it may be observed, that spontaneous motion
is met with also in the lower plants, in which, moreover, it arises from
special ciliary locomotive appendages. I would instance the obser-
vations of Unger on Vaucheria clavata...... of Flotow on Hemato-
coccus pluvialis, and lastly my own (in the Phycologia generals) on
Ulothriz zonata, and other Algz; all which shew that in these lower
organisms evident movements occur, not to be distinguished from those
of the Infusoria.
Hence this argument fails.
As to the second position; the colouring of the so-called stomach-
cells by indigo, as I have before proved, is probably but a mechanical
operation; and affords no evidence of their stomach-like character,
and especially as the vesicles are often wanting.
Of the third argument. The shell has frequently, indeed, in
structure, conformation, and markings, a similarity to that of
Mollusca, bat this is not invariably the case, and we find among the
cells of higher plants, those which, in configuration, form, and other
particulars, exhibit similar appearances. For instance, the numerous
forms of pollen, with their angles, spines, orifices, &c. In this matter,
relation of form, therefore, the Diatomee stand as closely to vegetable
as to anunal structures.
304 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
On the other hand, the following facts are in favour of their
vegetable nature :—
1. The great resemblance of compound forms to Algw, and their
development by fission. ‘There are, indeed, compound Infusoria, as
Monad-masses and Polypes, but the former are very questionable
animals, and the latter have this essential distinction, that the indi-
vidual animal lives without (external to) its habitation, and moves
freely; whereas such Wavicule as Encyonema, Schizonema, and Ih-
cromega, and similar genera, grow within the enclosing substance,
building themselves up like the cells in the stem of a plant, so
vegetating here only as cells. In like manner, the individuals of
Fragilaria, Melosira, Himantidium, &c., are steadily fixed, and
unable to exhibit animal motion.
2. The inner soft, organic parts, which I have designated gonimic
substance, possess, as well in their chemical nature as in their
development, peculiarities akin to those met with in the cell-contents
of confervoid Algze.
This relation is most clearly seen in the genus JMelostra and its
allied forms, which, not only in form, but also in the chemical com-
ponents of their contained matter (since the presence of chlorophyll
is common to all Diatomee), are closely allied to the confervoid Alge.
3. The development of seeds, or young, (as Kiitzing represents it)
occurs here as in undoubted Algz, but never as in true animals.
4. The Diatomee, and especially the free, moving Wavicule,
develope, in the sun’s rays, an appreciable quantity of oxygen, like all
admitted plants.
The evolution of oxygen, indeed, occurs in green Monads and
Euglene, but this affords no argument for the animality of the
Diatomee, but renders the animal nature of those Infusoria themselves
very doubtful; and the more so, as recent observations comfirm the
_ idea of the origin of the lower plants themselves, from Monads and
Euglena, (page 18.) Wherefore, all these comparisons serve to
favour the belief in the vegetable nature of Diatomee, (Diekiesels-
chaligen, Bacillarien oder Diatomee, Von Dr. F. T. Kiitzing,
Nordhausen, 1844.) Some English writers have acceded to the
opinion that the Diatomee are vegetables, from the above views
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 305
expressed by Kiitzing, and, above all, from the phenomenon of con-
jugation. This last, so much insisted on as a proof of their vegetable
nature, has been already dwelt upon in this volume.
M. Thuret, in his late essay, expresses himself to the effect that
there is no more reason in the favour of the one view than of the
other. Schleiden, after describing the siliceous lorica, adds: ‘‘ Such
an artificial and complicated structure among plants has no explana-
tion, and is entirely without signification. In all actual plants we
find the silica present, in quite a different form, as little separate
scales or drops, and distributed throughout the substance of the cell-
wall.” Professor Bailey’s opinion is decidedly in favour of their
being animals. (See page 217.)
In a geological point of view, the members of this great section
are the most important of organized beings; for, although individu-
ally invisible, they exist in such countless myriads, that they form
strata of great extent, and play a far more important part in building
up the earth’s crust, than the gigantic Saurians of past ages. The
town of Richmond, in the United States, is built upon a stratum
twenty feet in thickness, composed almost entirely of the siliceous
shells of the Maviculacea. This is not an isolated fact. In Bohemia,
at Bilin and A%gina, deposits of similar origin cover many miles of
surface. In Sweden and other countries, shells of various genera
abound. These organisms are found im the Pliocene, Miocene,
Eocene, and chalk formations; indeed, even the Oolitic and older
strata are not without traces of them; hence, although occupying
the lowest place in the animal series, they form an extended base of
a triangle, on which man stands at the apex. (See geographical dis-
tribution, &c., page 62.)
The study of these organisms in connexion with agriculture, has
not been much attended to; so much, however, has been ascertained,
as to render its importance undoubted. In Guano manure, the
presence of shells of Baccllaria is not thought to add to its fertilizing
qualities, but Dr. Bailey has shown that the great fertility of the
rice fields of South Carolina is mainly due to them.
Diatomacea are very abundant, both in the sea and in brackish and
fresh water ; some genera are esscntially marine, others peculiarly of
fresh water habit.
306 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica
In pure river or spring water these little beings are not found;
but on the banks of rivers and ditches, about the source of springs,
and also in gutters and moist places generally, they are abundant.
The fine fibrous Algz, marine and freshwater, are often richly
clothed with them, sometimes indeed completely overgrown by them.
They are common, too, in summer, in small ponds, and in the mud on
the sides of ditches, and, when numerous, impart a brown colour.
On warm summer days, they are often raised to the surface by the
oxygen gas they generate, and which adheres to them, when they
form thin, delicate films on the surface, and sometimes a layer of
greater thickness, mucous and compact. Otherwise, they occur
in aggregated, intricate masses. The microscope shows the thin
pellicle oftentimes made up of various species, mostly Vavicule,
Cymbelle, Surirella, or free Synedra, congregated together, and
having a more or less lively motion. The mucous and larger masses,
generally have but one prevailing species.
The DMelosire (Gallionelle, Ebr.) build brownish, conferya-like
masses, which affix themselves to plants, or stones, or other solid
substances in the water; other forms, as Fragilaria, occur gene-
rally on decaying wood or leaves, or amongst Conferva, mingled with
Cymbelle, Synedra, &c. It seldom happens that one form is found
alone. Larger specimens are mostly met with in aggregate, attached
masses; smaller when isolated, free and moving about.
Brackish water, where a river discharges itself into the sea, or
where the sea water rises with the tides and mixes with the fresh
water of the stream, are localities im which Waviculacea abound.
Such water, on being passed through a filter, leaves all its larger
particles behind on the cloth, and these can be collected and prepared
as may be required. When we have to deal with a film on the
surface, it may be removed with a spoon or spatula, and placed on
paper; where the frustules grow on Alge, the two may be removed
together.
Tn the case of fossil Diatomacea, which mostly occur mixed with
various mineral particles, they may be separated for examination,
as described in Part II. page 110.
The following very ingenious plan of getting transverse or oblique
sections of the small loricee of Navieula, and of other Diatomea, is
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, 307
given by Schleiden, and is. similar to the plan of making sections of
hair for the microscope: ‘This may be done by taking some of the
siliceous earth of Erbsdorff, and mixing it with mucilage, and,
before it is perfectly hardened, cutting off delicate plates with a
razor.” (P. 18, f. 4) ‘‘ exhibits a section of the upper part of a shield
prepared in this way.” (Principles Botany, page 594.)
Kiitzing offers the following arrangement of the Maviculacea, or,
as he calls them, Diatomee. He objects to the systems of other
naturalists, stating ‘‘that they have all one leading error: viz., that
of assuming as their basis characters extremely variable, and scarcely
to be employed in the identification of individual species,—such as
the presence or absence of a gelatinous induvium, or of a stipes or
pedicle ; or the occurrence of the frustules solitary or concatenated.”
On the other hand, the structure of the shells being constant, he
has employed it in framing his arrangement, as follows: Tribe 1.
Striated Diatomee ; lorica siliceous, and either quite smooth or
transversely striated on the secondary side, but never vittate or
areolate (cellular.) Tribe 2. vettate (striemige) ; lorica siliceous (on
primary side) longitudinally (rarely transversely) vittate, smooth or
transversely striated, but never areolate. Tribe 3. Areolate (Zellige)
Diatomee ; lorica siliceous, secondary side areolate or cellular.
308
The accompanying tabular view displays the further division into
DESCRIPTION OF
[ Polygastrica.
orders and families, by Kiitzing, of the Diatomee.
Tribe I.—Striatz
Tribe II.—Vittatze
Tribe IIJ.—Areolatz
In arccent volume, entitled ‘
Order I,
Astomatice
Without a central
opening on the
secondary side.
Order II.
Stomaticee
With the central
opening
Order I.
Astomaticz
Without median
aperture on se-
condary side.
Order II.
Stomaticz
With a large dis-
tinct one.
Order I.
Disciformes
Order
Appendiculat,
Appended and
doubtful forms.
* Transverse stric unbroken.
Family 1. Eunotiez
—— 2. Meridiex
3. Fragilariese
* * Striee broken (interrupted) in the median line.
Family 4. Melosirez
{ —— 5. Surirellee
a ee ree —— 4 (ay ee
a. MoNOSTOMATIC
Family 6. Cocconeidez
b. DisrtoMATIC®
7. Achnanthes
Family 8. Cymbelleze
9. Gomphonemez
10. Naviculez
11. Licmophoreze
12. Striatellez
13. Tabellariez
14. Coscinodiscee
15. Anguliferce
16. Tripodisceze
- 17. Biddulphiez
18. Angulatze
19. Actiniscese
give any tabular view of the Diatomee.
The arrangement of the numerous genera which compose this
Having a median aperture on only
one of the two secondary surfaces.
With a median aperture on each
secondary surface.
Species Algarum,” Kiitzing does not
section of the family Bacillaria, presents many difficulties. Although
much has been done of late, yet much remains to be done before a
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 309
permanent arrangement can be made according to their affinities.
The improvements on the microscope have enabled us to discover
markings on the shells previously considered smooth, hence new
divisions are daily required. In the following pages the plan of the
former edition will be continued, so far as to form them into three
sub-sections, viz., Naviculee, Echinelle and Lacernate. In each of
these the genera will be placed in alphabetical order, but when a
large genus has been divided, its members, or sub-genera, will be
found with it. Reference to the index will afford every facility
required. (This section is illustrated by P. 2, 3, and 4, f. 127 to 208.
P. 13, f. 45 to 50. P. 14 to 20 and 24, except a few figures in
plates 14, 15 and 18.)
Sus-sEction.— NAVICULE. (Navicuracea Diatomee.\—Lorica
simple, unattached.
Genus Acrinocycius. (Ehr.)—The rayed box-like beings ; bivalve,
disciform, or shortly cylindrical, cellular (reticulated) ; the cells
interrupted by many smooth rays; self-division imperfect, forming
chains ; lorica with ternal septa. Kiitzing, however, characterizes
the members of the genus as solitary, and, moreover, as destitute of
internal septa.
Ehrenberg observes, that the cellular character of the lorica, dis-
tinguishes Actinocyclus from Gallionella, although an approach to
a like condition may be seen in Gallionella sulcata.
Actinocyclus, Actinoptychus, and Coscinodiscus, constitute Kiitzing’s
family Coseinodiscee. This family is most akin to Melosira ( Gallionella,
Ehr.) but differs by the cellular or reticulated surface of the discs.
All the genera are marine.
A very large number of species of Actinocyclus have been created
by Ehrenberg, the characteristics of which he derived from the
number of rays, and where this failed, from the presence or ab-
sence of septa. Of the latter plan, the distinction between
A. bioctonarius and <A. sedenartus is an example, the number of
rays being alike in the two; but the former is destitute of septa,
which the latter possesses. More recently, Ehrenberg has created
310 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
the genus Actinoptychus, to contain all the species of Actinocychi,
having internal septa: all such, therefore, should be excluded
from the present genus. They are continued here on account of
their having received their original appellation and position in this
genus from Ehrenberg. It is therefore to be remembered, that those
species described as having internal septa, are now <Actinoptychi, with
the same specific names.
Actrnocyeius guatuordenarius, with fourteen rays, and as many in-
ternal partitions, sub-dividing its area into distinct cells (loculi.)
Diameter 1-480th. Found in the North Sea. Cuxhaven.
Of many remaining forms, it will suffice to indicate the number of
radii, and the locality and dimensions.
A. ternarius, with three rays. In chalk marl.
A. quaternarius, with four septa and rays. Same habit. Virginia.
Diameter 1-552th.
A. quinarius, with five rays; same habit. Fossil in chalk marl
of Agina, &e. ;
A. nonarius.—Septa absent; rays nine, finely punctated. Found
both fossil and alive. The single discs of the fossil forms are
generally without margin: they are sometimes quite perfect, but
often in broken pieces. In the living creatures, the granules
are yellow; locomotion not observable. Diameter 1-720th. to
1-650th.
A. denarius—With ten rays, fossil in the chalk marl of Oran ;
and living in the waters of the Cattegat.
A. undenarius.—Partitions not present, rays eleven, finely punc-
tated. Found alive and fossil. The discs of the fossil forms are
destitute of margin, and are single, whilst those of the live creatures
have a broad edge and are double. In those specimens in which the
margin is absent, there exists as many round openings as there are
punctated rays. Diam. 1 560th. to 1-480th.
A. bisenarius.—Septa absent, rays twelve, finely punctated. Found
fossil and alive with the three preceding. The fossil forms are
sometimes smaller than those of the living, but mostly about equal.
In the live condition, granules are visible, as twenty-two greenish
masses around the colourless spot in the centre of the body. Neither
marginal openings nor locomotion have been satisfactorily scen.
_ Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 311
Diameter of fossil, as low as 1-860th; of living, as high as 1-580th.
This species differs from A. duodenarius by the absence of septa.
Actinocycius duodenarius.—Dise divided internally, by partitions,
into twelve cells, and having twelve finely punctated rays; six darkand
six bright triangular divisions are seen, in the centre of each of which
runs a narrow line, terminating at the margin in a little opening.
The internal partitions appear to lie between every two of these
narrow lines, so that as many as twenty-four rays may be counted.
but there are only twelve openings visible. Diameter 1-560th to
1-480th.
A. quindenarius. — Partitions not present; rays fifteen, finely
punctated. Fossil and alive in the localities named. The discs
of this species are more arched than those of any other of the pre-
ceding ones. The fifteen rays terminate in fifteen marginal open-
ings. The granules are distributed into forty-eight round, yellowish,
brown-coloured masses, placed around the bright central spot of the
body, or else appear united as one ball, Locomotion not perceptible.
Diameter of fossil forms, 1-560th; of living, 1-560th to 1-480th.
A. sedenarius.—Divided by internal partitions into sixteen cells,
and having sixteen finely punctated rays. The granules of a green
colour, form, in some, separate concentric masses; in others, a single
ball-like mass, placed in the middle of the body. Locomotion not
perceptible. Alive near Cuxhayen. Diameter 1-290th.
A. octodenarius.—Divided by internal partitions into eighteen cells,
and having eighteen finely punctated rays. This species is very
similar to the preceding, being only a little larger, and having
eighteen septa and marginal openings. The granules in one specimen
consisted of seven large yellowish green masses, placed concentrically
around the bright central spot of the body, but which did not appear
to be strictly confined to the divisions or cells, which, most probably,
arises from some optical deception. It was remarkable that, in this
specimen, the openings were situated at the margin, in the centre of
each division. The play of colour of these divisions depends upon
some optical phenomena yet to be developed. In the centre of the
disc of those species provided with these divisions, is a broad, bright,
and polished umbilicus-like spot, which is invisible in those not pos-
312 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
sessing internal partitions. In sea water, along with the preceding.
Diameter 1-240th.
Acrinocycius senarius.—Discoid, cellular, with six rays and septa.
Diameter 1-1150th to 1-720th. Fossil in the Schist of Oran im
Greek marl, and alive in the Baltic.
(Group 132, Plate III., represents different views of this species.)
A. biternarius.—Like the preceding, but without internal septa.
Found fossil in chalk, and alive at Hamburgh.
A. octonarius. — Discoid, cellular, with eight rays and septa.
Diameter 1-576th. Fossil in the chalk marl of Oran with A. senarius,
but less common.
A. septenarius. — Rays seven, punctate; no septa. Diameter
1-1060th. to 1-430th. Fossil in chalk marl, and alive in the Baltic.
A. Sol.—Found by Ehrenberg at the mouth of the Elbe. Cha-
racters unknown.
A. undulatus, (Kiitz.)\—Rays six; disc flexnose; cells minute.
Fossil at Richmond, Virginia.
A. tredenarius—No septa; thirteen rays. Diameter 1-672nd.
Baltic.
A. biseptenarius.—No septa; fourteen rays. Diameter 1-720th.
Fossil.
A. quatuordenarius, with fourteen rays, has also septa.
A. bioctonarius, with sixteen rays, but differs from A. sedenarvus,
by wanting septa. Size 1-480th. . Island Tjorn, Gothland, and
Hamburg.
A. septemdenarius, with seventeen rays. 1-468th. Bermuda.
A. binonarius, with eighteen rays. Chalk marl of Aigina and the
Greek Islands.
A. vicenarius.—No septa; twenty rays. Diameter 1-480th.
Island Tjorn.
A. Inna. —No septa; twenty-one rays. Diameter 1-480th.
Same locality.
A. Ceres.—No septa; twenty-two rays. Diameter 1-336th.
A. Juno, with twenty-three rays.
A. Jupiter.—Larger; no septa; twenty-four rays. Diameter
1-432nd. Cuxhaven.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 313
Actinocyeitus Merewrius.—Large; no septa; twenty-six rays.
Diameter 1-432nd. Island Tjorn.
A. Pallas, with twenty-seven rays. Diameter 1-288th. Bermuda.
A. Saturnus, with twenty-eight rays. No septa. Diameter 1-432nd.
Cuxhaven.
A. Terra, with twenty-nine rays. Mouth of the Scheldt.
A. Venus, with thirty rays. Diameter 1-216th. Bermuda.
A. Vesta, with thirty-one rays. Diameter 1-336th. Bermuda.
A. Uranus.—No septa; thirty-two rays. Diameter 1-360th.
North Sea.
A. Achar-nahr, with thirty-three rays, alive. Hamburg.
A. Aldebaran, with thirty-four rays, alive. Hamburg.
A. Antares.—No septa; thirty-five rays. (1-288th.) North Sea.
A. Agquila.—No septa; thirty-six rays. Alive at Cuxhaven.
1-360th.
A. Arcturus, with thirty-seven rays. Alive at Hamburg.
A. Betegose, with thirty-eight rays; no septa. (1-360th.)
Cuxhaven.
A. Canopus, thirty-nine rays. (1-264th.) Bermuda.
A. Capella, forty rays; no septa. (1-288th.) Cuxhaven.
A. Fomel-hot, forty-one rays. Alive at Hamburg.
A. Lyra, forty-two rays. Alive at Hamburg.
A. Regulus, forty-four rays. Same locality.
A. dives—No (?) septa; rays fifty-two. (1-360th.) Fossil
Greek marl.
A. Opulentus.—Rays fifty-five. Found at Antwerp, &c.
A. Cresus.—Rays fifty-five. Alive at Hamburg.
A. Panhelios.—ULarge; no septa; hundred-and-twenty very fine
rays. (1-180th.) Mouth Elbe.
A. velatus.—Septa and rays six; dise loosely cellular; surface as
if overspread by a delicate and finely dotted membrane; resembles
A. biternarius. (1-372nd.) Virginia.
Genus Acrrnocontum, (Ehr.)—Prismatic, not in chains; testules
sub-orbicular, with seven, or many (?) angles.
A. septenariwm.—With seven angles. Found fossil in earth from
Barbadoes, along with numerous Polycystince.
i
314 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Genus Actryortycnus, (Ehr.)—Lorica bivalve, in the form of a
circular disc, with coincident external rays and internal septa. Surface
cellular. Individuals solitary. This genus differs from Gallionella,
by its individuals being distinct, not concatenated ; from Actinocyclus,
by its lorica having both rays and septa; for Actinocyclus is destitute
of internal partitions.
This genus, instituted by Ehrenberg since <Actinocyclus, must
embrace many species formerly numbered with the latter,—indeed,
all those with internal septa; and there is no doubt, that those
having like specific names in the two allied genera, are really
identical.
A. ternarius.—Dise with three septa. Fossil in chalk marl.
A. quinarius.—Dise with five septa. Fossil. Richmond, Virginia.
A. heaapterus.—Conical, rays or internal septa six, solid; border
of disc thick, sinuose, dentate internally. Can it be a calcareous
particle of an Echinoderm, Coniopelta? Vera Cruz. Fossil (P. 14, f. 31.)
A. nonarius.—Similar, with nine rays or septa. Peru and North
America.
A. denarius, with ten radiating septa. Richmond, U.S.
A. vicenarius, with twenty radiating septa.
A. Jupiter, with twenty-four radiating septa. Richmond, Virginia.
(P. 14, f. 28.)
Other forms are met with having seven, eight, twelve, and seven-
teen septa, and might, on the same principles as the foregoing, be
considered distinct species.
A. quaternarius, has four radiating partitions, and consequently
the same number of intermediate cells. Diameter 1-552nd. Fossil
in chalk marl.
A. velatus, has six rays, and a loosely cellular disc; its surface
appearing as if veiled by a delicately spotted membrane. Diameter
1-372nd.
A. biternarius, is allied to the preceding species, and has the same
number of septa; but its surface is adorned with obliquely
dotted lines.
A. senarius.—Differs from A. biternarius only in the seulpturing
of its surface ; fossil, Aigima.
A
Naviculacea.] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 315
Acrinorrycuvs dives.—Found fossil at A2gina, with last species.
A. Ceres.—Has twenty-two rays. Diameter 1-336th. Virginia.
A. quatuordenarius, fourteen septa and rays. Mouth of the Elbe
and America.
A. octonarius, eight partitions ; same habitation ; and in polishing
powder of Oran.
A. sedenarius, sixteen septa. Diameter 1-288th. Cuxhaven and
Richmond, Virginia.
A. octodenarius, eighteen septa. Diameter 1-240th, Cuxhaven.
A. duodenarius, twelve rays and septa. Cuxhaven.
Genus Ampnirentas.—Unattached ; lorica simple, bivalve, and
pentagonal.
This genus is not yet well established, it being open to question
whether its supposed species may not be fragments of other
organisms.
A. alternans.—Pentagonal; sides concave; angles obtuse; the
angles of the external pentagon alternating with those of a smaller
central one; the latter has also a circular projection at its middle.
Cuba. (P. 14, f. 32.)
Ts it a calcareous particle of an Echinoderm? If Contopelta ?
A. Pentacrinus. —Pentagonal; its dorsal surface presenting a
striated ring. Diameter 1-240th. Fossil in Greek marl. Fragments
like Amplhitetras.
Genus Ampuirtevra, (Kiitz.)— Frustules solitary, navicular,
prismatic, longitudinally furrowed ; wzthout central aperture.
This is one of the genera included in the family Waviculee by
Kiitzing, but one not well defined.
A. pellucida. = Navicula ? pellucida, (Khr.)—Slender, elongated,
linear lanceolate, not transversely striated, apices obtuse. (P. 16, f. 1.)
Length 1-276th. to 1-204th. German Coast and Falaise.
A. Danica.—Short, lanceolate, truncate, not striated. (1-390th.)
Danish Coast. “
A. rigida.—FElongate, linear lanceolate, truncate; on one aspect
straight; on the other sigmoid. (1-168th. to 1-144th.) Marine,
(nate; ft. 2.)
© 2
316 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Genus Aurnrprora.—lIt presents the general characters of Pimnu-
laria ; but the terminal apertures, instead of occupying the margin,
are placed in the median line. Individuals solitary.
A. constricta.—Smooth ; constricted laterally at the middle. In
general form resembles Navicula alata. Cuba. (P. 15, f. 1.)
A. navicularis. — Oblong, transversely striated; expanded
(dilated) on the side, at the middle; apices obtuse. Has the habit
of a Pinnularia. Cuba and United States.
A. alata, (Kiitzy. = Entomoners alata, (Ehr.)—(P. 16, f. 5, 6, 7.)
A. pulchra, (Bailey.)—Large, deeply constricted, ends rounded,
sides compressed, carinate, distinctly striate, and near the margin
punctate. Central portion narrow, sigmoid, with a few fine longi-
tudinal lines. Often contorted, so as to bring one half into a plane
at right angles to the other. Long Island, Hudson River, &c.
A. ornata, (Bailey.)—‘‘ Small, deeply constricted, ends truncated
and rounded, sides marked with a longitudinal row of undulations or
pinnule, as in Swrirella. Often contorted. The ruffle-like rows of
pinnule distinguish this species from all others. It probably has
minute strie also, but I did not have an opportunity to examine
with high powers.”
A. quadrifasciata, (Bailey.)—Small, moderately constricted, ends
truncate or slightly rounded; sides compressed or ¢arinate, lanceolate,
with the apices produced and rostellate. When living, each specimen
was marked by four transverse yellow bands. A high power shows
the surface to be very minutely striated.
Genus AmpnHora.—Frustules sclitary, with two central apertures,
one on each side the median line, but without terminal ones.
The double umbilicus is the distinguishing feature by which it
differs from the sub-genera of Vavieula. tis a member of Kiitzing’s
family Waviculee.
A. ovelis — Navicula (?) Amphora.—Turgid, oval, ends broadly
rounded, truncate ; margin closely striated; and very fine longitu-
dinal median lines; striz very fine, nine in 1-1200th; (1-456th to
1-120th.) Fresh water (P. 3, f. 153.)
A. affinis —Oblong, narrowing gently towards the widely truncate
; margin longitudinally striped, and very fine longitudinal
lines traversing the centre. (1-960th to 1-390th.)
ends ;
Naviculacea.] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 317
Ampnora lineolata — Navicula lineolata.—Hlliptic-oblong ; turgid
at the middle ; apices somewhat elongated, but truncate; with strong
longitudinal lines on the margin, and very fine ones in the centre
portion. (1-480th to 1-140th.) Venice, Vera Cruz, Peru.
A. Veneta.—Minute; in one aspect, elliptic-oblong ; in the other,
semi-elliptic; apices truncate. (1-1200th to 1-1080th.) Venice.
A. elliptica.—Imbedded in amorphous mucus; lanceolate-elliptic ;
transversely striated on the margin; apices rather attenuate, but
obtuse and truncate, with a central single aperture. Baltic.
A. aponina.—Lanceolate-elliptic, extremities preduced; truncate,
without longitudinal lines. (1-1080th to 1-650th.) In hot springs.
A. Coffeaformis = Navicula (?) quadricostata.—Lanceolate, apices
produced, obtusely rounded; with four strong longitudinal lines on
the margin, and some very fine ones in the centre. (1-1720th to
1-480th.) In mineral water, Carlsbad.
A. hyalina.—Hyaline ; elliptic-lanceolate, and more or less acute;
traversed by a very few delicate longitudinal lines. (1-600th to
1-432nd.) Baltic.
A. acutiuscula. — Lanceolate, ends acuminate, and rather acute ;
strong longitudinal marginal stripes. (1-576th.) Genoa.
A. borealis.—Very small ; oblong-lanceolate ; in some, ends more
acute than in others. Length,1-1200th. In rock streams, Heligoland
A. (?) Atomus.— Very minute; on one side elliptic, and ends
rounded ; on the other, linear and truncate. (1-2640th.)
A. gracilis.—Small, oblong, and having a delicate longitudinal band ;
apices truncate; margin transversely striated. Mexico. (P. 15, f. 26.)
A. navicularis.—Small, boat-shaped (navicular); apices acute ;
lorica transversely striped throughout. (P. 15, f. 37.) This may
prove to be a Cymbella or a Cocconema (Kiitz.)
A. (?) carinata.—Large, navicular ; plane on each side, extremities
acute ; striz in four lateral fascie. (1-240th.) Island of Tjorn.
A. erystallina. —Smooth, convex dorsally; concave ventrally ;
broadly truncate at each end. (1-482nd.) Tjorn.
A. fasciata—Dorsum convex in the middle; venter plane; with
closely set and slender longitudinal rows of stria, about twelve in
number; ends widely truncate. (1-456th.)
318 DESCRIPTION OF ( Polygastrica.
Ampuora Lybica.—Dorsum convex its entire length; venter eon-
eave; sides punctate; striate on their inner margin. (1-288th.) Found
in the Oasis of Siva, Mexico, United States, &. (P. 15, f. 38.)
A. rimosa.—Discovered and named by Ehrenberg, among other
American Baeillaria.
A. Fischeri.—Turgid at the middle, ends widely truneate ; three
longitudinal marginal lines; central lines obsolete. (1-576th.) Carls-
bad. Probably a variety only of A. Coffeaformis.
A. Amphioxys (Bailey.)—Ventral side rectangular, with slightly
rounded ends, and two arcuate bands of strize, which are broadest
near the centre; back convex, minutely striate ; sides convex above,
minutely striate ; concave below, strongly striate ; ends produced and
rostellate. The side view of this species bears a striking resemblance
to Eunotia amphioxys (Ehr.)
Genus Anavtus.—Lorica simple, bivalve, compressed, subquadrate ;
spontaneous fission complete, hence no concatenation. This genus
approaches Liddulphia by the constrictions on its sides, but is without
tubular processes, and lateral apertures.
A. scalaris—Smooth, turgid in the young state; but when full
grown, very wide and much flattened, with four, six, eight, fourteen
lateral constrictions, which give it, when viewed on the side, a
ladder-like (scalariform) appearance. Diameter 1-480th to 1-180th.
Antarctic Ocean.
A. campylodiscus. — Quadrangular; each valve very much com-
pressed, triangular, with obtuse angles; with two slight constrictions
laterally. It has the habit of an unequal-sided Zriceratiwm, or of a
Campylodiscus. Diameter 1-372nd. Bermuda.
Genus Aracunorpiscus (Deane.)—Lorica circular, discoid, bivalve,
divided into cells (loculi) by incomplete septa; centre of disc clear,
occupied by a foramen, surrounded by denticles, equal in number to
the rays, and with an external contiguous circle of puncta (foramina.)
Interspaces between the rays occupied by fine concentric or trans-
verse lines; also, at the periphery, by short projecting septa.
The disc, in its markings, has been compared to a spider’s web—
hence the name. Its affinity is with Antinoptychus. Mr. Shadbolt
has intimately examined the structure of the shell. He says—“It
Naviculacea. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 319
is not strictly bivalve, although capable of being separated into two
corresponding portions; but is more properly multivalve, as con-
sisting of two discoid portions, and of two annular valves, exactly
similar respectively to one another. Each discoid valve is further
separable into an outer, very thin, somewhat flexible, and elastic
membrane, on which are the characteristic spider’s web-like mark-
ings. (P. 24, f. 18); and a siliceous frame-work, resembling
a circular gothic window. (P. 24, f. 19.)... It is indisputably
evident, that a central opening is present, partially covered inter-
nally by a delicate cup-like process (membrane), so as to form a
species of valve. The two annular valves are situated between the
two discoid ones; and thus the whole shell, in its natural state,
resembles a circular snuff box. These valves consist of a siliceous
ring, within which, (extending a slight distance towards the centre)
is an annular membrane, and when 7% sitw, the valves are placed so
that the membranes of each valve are in contact; and thus the
space included between the two discoid valves is partially divided
into two (not three) chambers.’’ (Trans. Mic. Soc. V. 8, p. 49.)
Mr. Deane has supposed the presence of a short siliceous pedicle ;
but Mr. Shadbolt is satisfied there is none, but that all the shells
are sessile. The latter thinks it probable, they may propagate by
self-division; yet they occur of all imaginable diameters, from
4-1000th to 14-1000th of an inch, and the number of rays, in each
individual, is by no means constant.
It should be added, that this same observer is disposed to consider
them animals, and that he supposes food to be taken in through the
openings about the centre, not improbably by tentacula, arranged
like those of Madrepores. (P. 24, figs. 18 to 21.)
Aracunorpiscus Japonicus. — Specific characters unknown. So
named, because found on Algz, from Japan ; used as an article of food.
Mr. Shadbolt intimates the existence of other species, found in
Ichaboe guano; Alge from the Cape of Good Hope; from North
America, &e.
Genus Astrropiscus (S. Johnson. )—Lorica simple, bivalve, siliceous,
circular ; from the side bi-convex, not forming chains. Umbilicus
smooth, nearly circular; divided from the margin by imperfect septa,
of which every two unite half way to centre; the rest radiating
320 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
between the septa, umbilicus produced to margin by radii, which are
smooth and flat—the one preceding between the two united septa,
smaller than the other. Spaces between radii elegantly marked by
dots, arranged in eccentric curves. It differs from Asterolampra,
where all the divisions are symmetrical ; from Asteromphalus, the two
umbilical septa are nearly parallel, and the corresponding marginal
radius is wanting. Three species were found by A. 8. Johnson, Esq.,
in Piscataway and Richmond, (N. A.) earths; fossil guano from the
Chincha Islands off the coast of Peru; and in the Bermuda earth,
along with specimens of Asterolampra Septenaria, and Eupodiscus ?
Tripes, (Silliman’s American Journal, 1852.)
A. qunarius.—Five marginal radii and umbilical divisions.
A. senarius, with six radii and divisions.
A. nonarius, with nine radii and divisions.
Genus Astrerotampra, (Ehr.)—This genus is intermediate between
Actinocyclus and Actinoptychus. Lorica simple, symmetrical, bivalve,
and circular ; divided by imperfect internal partitions (dissepiments, )
alternating with the perfect radii visible on the surface. Form very
elegant; but fission being complete, it does not occur in chains.
A. Marylandica.—Rays eight, reaching the margin; and as many
alternating partitions, radiating also from the centre, but incomplete,
Curved rows of puncta occupy the interspaces. Diameter 1-192nd.
(Pah 4 £33.)
Genus AstrrompHatvs,(Ehr.)—Lorica simple,symmetrical, bivalve,
and orbicular. Fission complete; hence individuals not found in
chains. Each disc marked by alternating rays, giving the appearance
of a double star. Umbilical rays (imperfect partitions, septa) not
attaining the margin, two parallel, the rest divergent. Marginal
rays smooth, plane, and one of them, in all species and individuals,
wanting, or so obselete, that two umbilical, one on either side of it,
become parallel,
The fossil American genus Asterolampra, approaches nearest to
Asteromphalus, but differs from this by all its rays being perfect, and
by their alternation and divergence being also perfect and symme-
trical.
A. Darwinti.—Uwbilieal rays, five; flexuose, with four marginal
rays, the fifth obsolete. Diameter 1-960th. Antarctic Ocean,
Nawviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 321
Genus Asrerompuatus, (Ehr.) JZookerti. —Six umbilical rays,
straight ; five marginal rays, the sixth obsolete. (1-420th.) Antarctic
Ocean.
A. Rossti.—Six infiected. umbilical rays; five marginal, the sixth
obsolete. (1-504th.)
A. Buchii. — Seven straight umbilical rays; six marginal, the
seventh obsolete. (1-504th.)
A. Beaumontii.—Seven inflected umbilical rays; six marginal, the
seventh obsolete. Diameter 1-648th.
A. Humboldiii.—Fight straight umbilical, and seven marginal rays,
the eighth marginal obsolete. Diameter 1-372nd. (P. 14, f. 34.)
A. Cuvterti-—Nine wnbilical straight rays, and eight marginal, the
ninth marginal wanting. Diameter 1-392nd. Antarctic Sea.
Genus Avztacoprscus.— Lorica composed of two equal valves,
orbicular and unilocular (one celled), with apertures on each valve
near the margin; very shortly tubular, and severally continued to
the centre by a distinct furrow (sulcus.)
Aulacodisci are Hupodisci, furnished, in the place of pediform
tubules, with bands radiating from the centre, and becoming con-
nected with the tubercles seated just within the margin, and having
the surface of their valves granular and not cellular.
A. crux.—Testules rather convex; margin finely radiated, forming
a rim around the cellular, granular disc ; twelve pearl-like granules
in 1-1200th, and some rows of granules radiating from the centre,
with four series representing a crucial suture, stronger near the
margin. Diameter 1-384th. Richmond, Virginia.
Genus Avuiscus.—Lorica bivalve, cylindrical (or orbicular) mul-
tiplying by perfect self-division; two large (not tubular) apertures
on each surface of the dise laterally, which also is not cirrhose.
This genus differs from Cerataulus, in wanting the cirrhose surface
of the lateral discs, as also the tubular apertures.
A. cylindricus.—Cylindrical, with a plane orbicular disc on each
side, having a rim, and a central area figured by various radiating
lines; with two opposite apertures, opening obliquely on the margin.
(1-576th to 1-288th,)
A. (?) gigas——Margin of the sides tumid and perforated, sculp-
322 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastriea
tured by elegant rows of dotted, imperfectly radiant lines. (1-348th.)
Aigina.
Avuiscus polystima = Coseinodiscus polystigma, of the Frisian Sea.
Genus Bacrizaria, (Ehr.)—Lorica bivalve, or multivalve, in the
form of a many-sided prism. Self-division complete ; but the frustules
do not entirely separate at their angles, and thus they form gaping
or zig-zag chains (figs. 166 to 170); even when thus connected
together they are motile. ‘The organs of locomotion,” says
Ehrenberg, ‘‘are soft peg-like processes, projecting from a longitu-
dinal cleft; in B. tabellaris, transparent polygastric vesicles have
been seen. Two openings are visible at the end of the lorica;
hitherto the nutritive organs have not been demonstrated by artificial
means. At one time it was supposed these animalcules had no mouth,
but were nourished by absorption. Self-division always longitudinal
and dorsal, so that the surfaces which hang together are those of the
sides. A small deflection and locomotion of the chains is observable
in the fresh water species, but is more remarkable in the marine
varieties of B. paradoxa, which, when separated, move quickly, like
Navicula. Thename Bacillaria was first given to them by G. Malin;
botanists gave them the names of Diatoma, Conferva, and Oseillatoria.
They form part of the genus Vibrio of Miiller.’’ Nageli states, the
individuals of this genus possess anucleus. See genus Deatorma (Kiitz.)
B. paradoxa Vibrio paxillifer (M.)—Lorica straight, slender, stria-
ted; often fifteen times longer than broad. Nine strie occur
in 1-1200th. It is of a yellow ochre colour, and its locomotion is
distinct. In consequence of incomplete self-division, the frustules
adhere side by side, and the band-like clusters thus formed are either
straight, wavy, or zig-zag, according as they slide one upon another.
The individuals forming the chain, can detach themselves, and then
move freely about like Navicula. Group 167 is a polype-like cluster,
and fig. 166 a front and side view of a single specimen. Found
upon sea-weed. Length 1-1150th to 1-240th.
B. vulgaris = Diatoma vulgare (Kiitz.)—Straight ; three or four
times longer than broad. It has thirteen transverse striz in
1-1200th. Fig. 168 is the dorsal view of part of a group of four
specimens; viewed sideways, they resemble a spindle. Found fossil
and alive, both in fresh and salt water. In the Rhone, it covers over
conferva glomerata, in the form of a thick felt.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 323
Kiitzing says: ‘“‘ The connected band of frustules (lorice) is attached
by an elongated, but inconspicuous stalk.” Length 1-570th to
1-430th.
Bacrtraria pectinalis = Diatoma tenue (Ag.) — Slender, striated ;
often three to six times longer than broad; of a brownish yellow
colour ; striz nine in 1-1200th. Kiitzing affirms that the chain is
affixed by an indistinct stalk. Length 1-3240th to 1-430th. In
fresh and salt water.
B. elongata = Diatoma Ehrenbergi (Kiitz.) — Striated, slender,
slightly contracted in the middle (P. 3, f. 169.) Strie twelve in
1-1200th. Chain fixed by a very minute stalk (Kiitz.) Length
1-1150th to 1-240th. In ponds, common.
B. cuneata.—W edge-shaped (cuneate), striated (fig. 170), margin
with a few teeth; length not double the width; lateral view ventri-
cose, lanceolate. It approaches near Odontidium mesodon (Kiitz.)
Length 1-1150th to 1-1200th. Fresh water.
B. Cleopatre = Grammatophora marina (Kiitz.)—Oblong, destitute
of striz ; colour golden yellow. Was found by Ehrenberg near the
ruins of the Baths of Cleopatra, in Egypt. Length 1-570th to 1-480th.
B. (?) tabellaris = Tuabellaria flocculosa (Kiitz.)—Smooth, narrow,
slightly enlarged at the middle; frustules occuring in the form of
square plates; granular contents yellowish. Length 1-1150th to
1-960th. In fresh water on Conferva.
B. flocculosa.—Smooth, almost square, not enlarged at the middle.
In ponds and streams. Length 1-1440th.
This, and the two following species, Kiitzing considers to be repre-
sented by his Diatoma pectinale. The lateral view he describes to be
sharply lanceolate.
B. seriata.—Slender, straight, eight to nine times longer than
broad; smooth; the contained granules occur in four to five masses.
Length 1-360th. In slow streams and ponds on Conferva.
B. Ptolomei.—Smooth, very small, length twice or thrice the
breadth. Colour pale. Found in Alexandria. Length 1-3600th.
As a member of this genus, Nageli describes the following
organism :—
Each cell or segment has the form of a column, the bases of
which are ellipses. The axis is rather shorter than the long
324 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
diameter of the bases; hence the cell appears almost square (P. 24,
f. 28) on the broad side, on the narrow side a longish rectangle. On
the bases are four ribs, parallel with the broad diameter of the ellipse
The bases also present many slight indentations. The ribs are merely
in the membrane, as may be ascertained by a side view. They
extended, however, a short distance on both sides, over the lateral
surface of the cylinder, and are gradually lost. The nature of the
ribs is not to be made out in these plants, from analogy to the
above-described (see genus Gallionella nov. sp.) It becomes probable
that they are formed by secreted extra cellular substance. Sec
description of Plate 24, figs. 26, 27, and 28.
The cell-contents consists of a colourless transparent fluid, and a
free nucleus-like heap of chlorophyl, mingled with mucilage In
propagation, this green mass divides into two parts, between
which the septa appears.
Among the Bacillaria figured by Ehrenberg, it exhibits the
greatest affinity to B. cuneata, and is almost of the same size, viz.—
1-1152nd to 1-1200th. The latter, however, is distinguished.—1.
By the alternating broader lateral borders. 2. By the individual
cells remaining attached together at one angle after division. 38. By
the strie not being straight upon the dividing wall, and not parallel
with the axis, but running at an oblique angle over the broad lateral
surface; and 4. By the additional existence, on both sides, of two
striz on the lateral margin (on the narrow lateral surface.)
Unlike the ordinary members of the genus Bacillaria, the indivi-
duals of the species in question only remain united together imme-
diately after the division of the parent cell, subsequently they are
completely separated, or, in other words, are free. (Ray Society,
1844, p. 267.)
Some of the preceding species of Bacillaria will be found again
referred to, with additional matter, under the genus Diatoma.
Genus Brstartum.—Lorica tabular, made up of many lamina;
transverse in relation to the length ; central portion smooth, but the
lateral segments, like the covers of a book, ornamented with trans-
verse stria. The smooth central portion of each individual, is
furnished with a large umbilicus at its middle. There are quadran-
gular, elliptical, and cylindrical varieties in this genus.
'
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 325
Biblarium is intermediate between Tessella and Tabellaria; it
approaches Strvatella, but differs from that genus by the absence of a
pedicle.
All the species hitherto met with are fossil. Ehrenberg supposes
them, from their geological position and relations, to have been in-
habitants of brackish water.
The above characters are gathered from a report on a paper by
Ehrenberg, read before the Berlin Academy.
Brstarium Glans = Navicula (?) Glans.—Laterally valves oblong,
tumid at the centre, apices obtuse ; with loose parallel striz, seven to
eight in 1-720th, or four to six in 1-1440th. No suture visible.
Length 1-480th. Finland, Siberia, and Oregon.
B. (?) gibbum.—Smooth, bacillar ; two, three, or four concatenated ;
straight at the centre ; laterally, gibbous at the centre. No central
aperture observable. Length 1-1152nd. Kurdistan.
B. compressum.—tLaterally narrowly elliptic ; lanceolate, obtuse,
with loose, transverse, parallel pinne, interrupted by no median
suture, and five to seven in 1-1152nd. Length 1-648th. Oregon.
B. castellum.—Ovate, obtuse; with four marginal sinuses on each
side. Lateral valves not observed. Length 1-900th. Siberia.
B. (?) Crux = Navicula crux. — Lateral valves quadrangular,
striated ; deeply and unequally angular, so as to resemble the figure
of a cross; with transverse parallel striz, interrupted by a median
suture; eighteen in 1-1152nd. Length 1440th to 1-864th. Fossil,
Hesse Cassel; living and fossil in Siberia.
B. ellipticum.—Lateral valves elliptical, striated transversely ; with-
out a suture. Strie five to eight in 1-1152nd. Length 1-1080th.
Siberia and Oregon.
B. emarginatum. — Lateral valves quadrangular, unequally and
deeply angular, assuming a crucial form, with two opposite (ventral)
obtuse and emarginate rays; transverse striz strong, but lax, seven
in 1-1152nd. No suture. Length 1-864th. Siberia and Mexico.
“‘T have seen nineteen leaflets concatenated, and two such collections
(libelli) also connected” (Kiitz.)
B. (?) Follis, of North America = Navicula (?) Follis of Europe ;
but would perhaps be more rightly transferred to Zubellaria.—Lorice
depressed, swelled at the middle, without longitudinal striex. Iti
\
326 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
deficient of the margin (rima) and suture of Navicula, and the
central aperture appears too small. Length 1-2300th. Massachusetts.
Brstarium Lamina.—Lateral valves widely linear, rounded at
the ends, slightly constricted in the middle; suture absent; pinnules
seven to eight in 1-1152nd. Oregon.
B. Lancea.—Lateral valves lanceolate ; apices subacute; pinnules
parallel, three to eight in 1-1152nd. Suture wanting. Length
1-336th. Oregon. Ehrenberg has met with twenty-seven valves
concatenated.
B. lineare.—Lateral valves narrowly linear, rounded at the ends or
subacute; not contracted at the middle; striz lax, strong, four to
eight in 1-1152nd. Nosuture. Length 1-552nd. Siberia and Oregon.
B. Rhombus.—Lateral valves ovate, rhomboid, quadrate ; apices
subacute ; median angles more obtuse; strie lax, six to eight in
1-1152nd. No suture. Length 1-864th. Siberia and Oregon. Some
examples are met with having more acute median angles.
B. speciosum.—Lateral valves elongate, turgid at the centre and at
each end; broader on the ventral surface; one extremity frequently
subacute, the other more obtuse; pinnules strong, but lax; suture
obsolete, not altogether absent. Striz four to eight in 1-1152nd.
Length 1-336th. Oregon.
B. Stella.—Lateral valves quadrangular, unequally sinuated, hence
a crucial outline; striated; ends obtuse; strice parallel, lax; suture
absent. Length 1-696th. Oregon, Siberia.
Genus Campyiopiscus.—Valves equidistant, (not concave); indi-
viduals (frustules) solitary, or temporarily, during sclf-division, in
pairs; disciform; tortuous or saddle-shaped; elliptic, sub-orbicular ;
striated, strie mostly radiate.
Further views of this genus are enunciated in the description of
C. Horologium.
Campylodiscus is a member of the family Surirellee, of Kutzing ;
it approaches Melosira (Gallionella, Ehr.), but differs in having an
elliptic instead of a circular disc.
‘The species, (says the Rev. W. Smith) included under this genus,
may all be recognized by the characteristic bend or contortion of
their surfaces, which gives to the frustule, under certain aspects, the
semblance of a miniature saddle. Kiitzing has indeed removed from
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULBS. 327
Campylodiseus, and placed in Surirella, several species possessing this
character, apparently for no other reasons than that the strie or
cost are confined to the margins of the valves, and are parallel, not
radiate. When we consider that the strie are often exccedingly
difficult of detection, and that their direction, merely, cannot be
regarded as necessarily implying an important difference in internal
structure, the circumstances alluded to do not seem a sufficient ground
of exclusion, and it would perhaps be as well to allow Campylodiscus
to include all those species with equidistant valves, to which its
very significant name can with propriety be applied.” (Ann. Nat.
Hist. v. 7, 1851.)
Campytopiscus radiosus.—Small ; its centre smooth, and sending off
about seventy closely set and broad rays. Fossil. Vera Cruz, Mexico,
C. (?) striatus.—Centre smooth as in preceding, with two series
of thirteen parallel transverse striz on each side of a clear interval.
Fossil. Vera Cruz, Mexico.
C. Clypeus. = Cocconeis elypeus.—Sub-orbicular ; with the rays
interrupted (broken) by asmooth band; punctato-reticulate at centre
of disc. Diameter 1-576th. to 1-216th. Fossil in Franzensbad
Bohemia. Original drawings of this elegant fossil are given in
P) 12.2516, 518.
C. noricus.—Sub-orbicular, with continuose (unbroken) rays, seven
in 1-1152nd.; smooth at the centre. Diameter 1-482nd. Alive at
Salzberg. Fossil at San Fiore.
C. Remora.—Sub-orbicular; rays interrupted; centre of disc
smooth. Diameter 1-480th. Alive at Wismar, on the Baltic.
C. Echeneis.—Sub-orbicular, porous; having continuous rows of
pores extending from the smooth, solid, central area. Diameter 1-288th.
Wismar, Baltic. Alive.
C. vulcanicus.—Large, sub-orbicular; centre smooth; margin wide,
with about forty-two rays. Diameter 1-480th. Peru.
C. hibernicus. —Testules large, sub-orbicular, with continuous
(unbroken), loosely disposed rays, four in 1-1152nd. Rays rough;
centre smooth. Ireland.
The following species have been recently described by the Rev.
W. Smith.
C. costatus.—Valves orbicular ; coste distinct, radiate, about forty-
328 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
four ; centre of disc smooth or minutely punctate. Average diameter
1-230th. A fresh water species, living and fossil in Great Britain
and Ireland.
It approaches C. radiosus, (Ehr.); but its corte: are more numerous
and longer.
It may possibly be identical with C. noricus, (Ehr.)
Campyxopiscus spiralis. = Surirella spiralis, (Kiitz.) — Valves
elliptical ; frustules twisted so as to present a spiral outline; coste
distinct, about sixty, parallel or slightly radiate; centre smooth or
minutely punctate. Average length 1-170th; breadth 1-400th.
In fresh water, Guildford, Surrey.
C. cribrosus.—Valves orbicular; disc marked with radiating lines
of minute perforations, crowded towards the margin. Diameter
1-240th. This probably = C. Echenets, (Ehr.), but the description
of the central area in that species as solid, 2. ¢. unperforated, will
not apply to the present; the perforations extending over the entire
surface, though more distant, and somewhat scattered in the middle.
C. parvulus, (Smith.)—Valves orbicular; disc traversed by two
parallel ridges; strie about twelve, nearly parallel. Average
diameter 1-550th. Poole Bay, 1848. This species is readily dis-
tinguished by its minute siaej, and the ridges on its valves, which
are very prominent in certain portions of the frustule. It does not
appear to have been noticed, either by K tzing or Ehrenberg.
(P. 24. f. 22, 23.)
C. Horologium. — Dise orbicular, slightly saddle-shaped; centre
smooth; margin radiated. Mr. Williamson, who describes this as a
new species, dredged off the coast of Skye, states, the disc to be
less curved than the Bohemian C. clypeus, and still less so than the
C. zonalis of Mr. J. Phillips. Around the smooth disc is a circle of
short elegant projecting radii, which extend nearly to the periphery,
7
and give to the whole the general aspect of the face of a clock or
watch, the radii representing the figures marking the hours.
Within this ring, and closely bordering the inner extremities
of the rays, is a circle of very minute and slightly elongated
tubercles, like those which surround the central szdiceous umbo of the
Arachnoidiscus Japonicus, but much smaller. There are usually
four or five of these to cach interspace, separating the rays. A
Naviculacea.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 329
smaller circle, but with the tubercles rather more conspicuous and
elongated, connects the outer extremities of the rays with the extreme
margin of the disc. On the more elevated portions of the inflected
disc, the rays appear to be rather stronger than elsewhere. Diameter
1-145th.
“My specimens consist of at least three layers, inclosing two
inner cavities, which contain a green endochrome. In this it
resembles many other allied forms. From what has appeared a
single dise of <Arachnoidiscus Japonicus, I have separated as meny
as six siliceous layers.
“This separation into lamina, marking the existence of so many
distinct frustules, reminds us of J/elosira and its allies; a resem-
blance that becomes the more striking, when we consider, that, as m
Melosira, the first frustules of Arachnoidiscus, Cocconeis, and many
others, are attached as parasites to some other body. In the analy-
tical table of the Bacillaria, page 221, Ehrenberg includes many of
these objects; classing Cocconeis, Actinocyclus, and what he calls
Bacillaria, together in his group of Navicule, and characterizing
them as free, in contra-distinction to his fixed forms, in which latter
he includes Jsthma and other genera. It appears evident, however,
that Cocconeis and Arachnoidiscus arejas ‘fixed’ when found én situ
as any of the Diatomacee ; and probably many of these other allied
gencra will eventually be found to exhibit the same features when
better known.”
Campytopriscus Argus (Bailey.) — Large, circular, and saddle-
shaped, surface marked with rows of conspicuous dots; margin
smooth, with a row of pinnul, placed at a short distance from its
edge. <A fine, large, and very distinct species, which appears
to be widely diffused in the estuaries of the United States.
Genus Crrarautus, (Ehr.)—Lorica bivalve, sub-cylindrical, or
sub-orbicular; multiplied by perfect spontaneous fission; hence
not concatenate; with two tubular apertures, and as many cirrhi,
alternate with them, on each surface of the lateral disc.
This genus and Auliscus connect Zygoceros with Campylodiscus,
and differ in the same manner as do Biddulphia and Denticella which
present concatenated, or imperfectly separated forms. Cerataulus =
non-conertenate Denticella.
Z
330 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Creratautus turgidus.—Pores aggregated in a band on the margin
of each valve of the testules. In form it is always tortuous.
Diameter 1-482nd. Found in the Baltic Sea.
Dr. Bailey describes this species as follows :—‘‘Frustules globular,
or slightly compressed, with two large rounded prominences at each
end, cohering by alternate angles, forming zigzag chains. Between
the two rounded processes, and in a plane at right angles to that
containing them, are placed two long horn-like processes. Two
frustules are often connected by an external decussately punctate
cell, asin Jsthmia and Biddulphia.”
Genus Crraroneis.—Individuals solitary ; lorica prismatic, quad-
rangular, bivalve, and rostrate, with a central umbilicus, from which
two longitudinal furrows may be traced into the prolonged horns
(beaks.) Self-division complete; hence individuals not chained,
though sometimes found in pairs.
The general figure of Ceratoneis is that of Navicula, but with the
apices much produced: In Kiitzing’s arrangement it is a member
of the family Vaviculee.
C. Closterium.—Setaceous and lunate in figure; central portions
linear lanceolate; horns very, long, twice the length of the body ;
granular contents brownish green, occupying only the central part,
the horns being colourless; lorica smooth; in form it resembles
Closteritum setaceum ; movements active and gliding. Abundant in
the sea at Cuxhaven, &e. Length 1-290th. to 1-144th. Body
without horns, 1-1150th. (P. 15, f. 59.)
C. fasciola.—Linear lanceolate; horns shorter than the body, but
eurved in opposite directions, so that the lorica resembles the letter 8.
The body without the horns is ike Navicula gracilis. Locomotion
distinct. Length 1-430th. Cuxhaven. (¢P. 15, f. 60, 61.)
C. Crete.—Navicular, smooth, rather constricted and flattened in
the middle ; apices acute, straight, not much produced. (1-576th.)
Chalk marl, Sicily.
C. laminaris.—Broadly lanceolate, transversely striated on the
margin; beak short. Mexico.
C. arcus. = Navicula arcus. — Narrow, linear, curved, smooth;
dorsum conyex, rather dilated in the centre of the ventral surface ;
Naviculacea. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 301
apices elongated, tapering, recurved. Length 1-570th. Fresh
water. (P. 3, f. 147.)
Crratoners spiralis, (Kiitz.)—Narrowly lanceolate, the flat beaks
spirally twisted, and somewhat obtuse at the ends. Length 1-240th.
On the sea coast. (P. 16, f. 9.)
Genus Cixroceros.— Concatenated; lorica of two equal turgid
valves, with two apertures on each side, which, at the earliest period, are
very shortly tubular when the corpuscles are contiguous, but are
afterwards produced as long cornua when the corpuscles become
remote. The cornua become transformed ultimately into very long,
slender, and siliceous entangled threads.
These singular forms have a distant resemblance to Denticella ; and
individual corpuscles have the habit of Peridinia. The filament-
hike cornua, detached, may be mistaken for Gallionelle.
C. dichata.—Fach testule smooth; the two horns of each side
often flexuose, and in course of time very long and filiform.
Diameter of each corpuscle, with the cornua, 1-1152nd. to 1-720th.
Antarctic Sea.
C. tetracheta.—Smooth; horns four on each side, becoming very
long, and filiform. Diameter 1-1152nd.
C. (?) Bacillaria.—Bacillar ; breaffth three to four times greater
than depth; truncate at each end, and furnished with two long
filiform cornua. Diameter 1-864th. Bermuda.
C. (?) Déploneis—Constricted at the middle, rounded at each
end, with the habit of Diploneis, but with two filiform cornua from
each end. Diameter 1-960th. Bermuda.
The two preceding forms were first observed and figurel by
Dr. Bailey.
C. didymus.—Smooth, width double its heighth, with two semi-
orbicular angular valves, almost of the character of Huastrum, with
two decussating filiform cornua from the middle of each side.
Largest diameter 1-1080th. Fossil in African Guano. Goniothecium
Gastridium found along with the preceding, may belong to the same
genus, but having, in its fossil state, its cornua broken off.
Genus Cocconrts.—The shield-like Navicula. Lorica bivalve, pris-
matic, or somewhat hemispherical, with two apertures, one in the
z 2
=
332 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
middle of each piece, but without terminal pores. Never developed
in the form of a chain or cluster; propagation by self-division, or
gemmules, is doubtfnl; mostly striated ; the transverse strie appear
to be internal flutings like ribs. The lorica is composed of two lateral
pieces, joined together at a central furrow, somewhat resembling the
keel of a boat, the under surface being flat, the upper somewhat
arched. A foot-like process has been seen projecting out of the
central opening, on the under surface. The internal matter is green
or yellow, and often appears to be formed in two plate-like masses.
Though actual motion has not been observed, change of place appears
to ensue.
Kiitzing makes Cocconeis the type of a family Cocconeide, order
Stomatice, (see page 808.) In defining the genus Cocconeis he is at
variance with Ehrenberg, in stating that its members are ultimately
adnate (attached) and sessile.
Cocconeis bears the greatest resemblance to ZHunotia (Ehr.) and
Epithemia, (Kitz.) but is at once distinguished from them by
having a central aperture, whilst it wants terminal openings. The
central umbilicus is found only on one surface; the idea of Ehrenberg,
that a foot-like process can be protruded from this spot, is uncon-
firmed; indeed, it is pretty well’sscertained, that the supposed openings
are not actually such, but either depressions or elevations, more
probably the former, of the surface of the lorica.
The development of Cocconeis by sclf-fission, considered doubtful
by Ehrenberg, is spoken of as unquestionable by Kiitzing, who also
describes the very small specimens as occurring together in great
number, and enveloped in a gelatinous substance. Moreover, little
doubt remains, from the researches of Mr. Thwaites and others, that
Cocconeis, like its allied genera Cocconema and Eunotia, is propagated
by the process of conjugation. The members of this genus are met
with abundantly, both in fresh and salt water, floating about im an
isolated manner, or more commonly still, parasitic on Algee, such as
Cladophora, Callithamnium, = Polysiphonia, Conferva, &e. They
occur also in the fossil state. The marine species are most beautifully
sculptured, whilst the fresh water are smooth.
Cocconrrs scutellum.—Elliptic, convex on one surface, with trans-
Naviculacea.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 333
verse, finely punctate, and curved strize; common on sea-weed,—as
Ceramium. Fossil at Cassel, North America, &c. Length 1-1150th.
to 1-240th. (fig. 162, 163.)
Cocconrrs wndulata.—Similar to the preceding, except in being
sculptured with very delicate, concentric, undulating lines, instead of
transverse strie. Length 1-432nd. On sea-weed, Baltic.
C. placentula—Plane, elliptic, smooth, with an abrupt margin.
Length 1-1440th. In fresh water, upon Vaucheria and Lemna.
C. pediculus—Small, elliptic or oval, convex and smooth ; the disc
presenting a very fine longitudinal line, and the margin three lines.
Length 1-2200th. to 1-960th. Common on fresh water Algz.
C. ¢) Ftnnica.—Ovate, oblong, slightly convex; smooth exter-
nally, but striated within. Length 1-570th. Fossil; Finland,
Mexico, &c.
Var. (6.)—Larger, very elliptic, elongate, three to four times
longer than broad. Length 1-360th. Alive at the mouth of the
Elbe, and Antwerp. (P. 15, f. 41.)
C. Americana.—Smooth, with the habit of C. Iexicana, but stric
obsolete. Mexico.
C. borealis—Smaller, much elongated and elliptic, transversely
striated. = C. Islandica of Mexico. €Iceland.
C. concentrica.—Small, broadly elliptic, ends widely rounded, and
with four concentric longitudinal lines on each side. Mexico.
C. decussata.—Larger, broadly elliptic; rough, decussated by
rows of puncta, (apiculi?) Cuba.
C. elongata.—Smaller, smooth, ovate-elliptic, plane. Approaches
C. Placentula, but is smaller; it, however, may be but a variety.
Massachusetts.
C. fasciata.—Elliptic, larger, linear, with two longitudinal lines,
and a smooth transverse band at its middle. Peru. J
C. Leptoceros. = Rhaphoneis Leptoceros.—Still larger; has the
habit of C. Amphiceros, but its beaks much longer.
C. longa.—Small, smooth, linear, rounded on each side. Iceland.
C. Mexicana.—Rhomboid, punctato-striate, small; ends obtuse,
and rather prolonged. It is small and more obtuse than C. Lehombus.
Mexico. (P. 15, f. 48, a. 5.)
334 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica,
Cocconets pretexta.—Small, elliptic, with six longitudinal lines
on each side of the centre; and a dilated, smooth, areolar margin.
C. punctata.—Very small, elliptic, with eight longitudinal lines
each side of the median line. Mexico.
C. (?) Cruz.—Smooth, elliptic, slender, with a transverse linear
umbilicus. Diameter 1-1632nd Bermuda..
C. rhombea.—Of the form of a rhombus, with generally three
longitudinal lines each side the centre. Length 1-1200th. Alive
at Niagara. Itis very like C. Mexicana and C, Americana.
C. Amphiceros—Roughly striated; navicular on the side; each
extremity suddenly attenuate and much prolonged (rostrate),
narrowly linear on the back. Length 1-576th. Marine at the
mouth of the Elbe. See Rhaphoners Amphiceros.
C. linbata.—Sub-orbicular, elliptic, with a porous wide margin?
disc with twelve longitudinal fine lines passing along its middle ;
ends widely rounded. Length 1-576th. Salzberg.
C. (?) Wavicula.—Striated ; navicular on the sides; narrowly
linear on the back, with an indistinct central longitudinal/ sulcus
(furrow.) Length 1-864th. Marine. The Elbe; parasitic on
Bacillaria paradoxa.
C. Rhombus = Rhaphoneis Rh nbus.
C. €) margaritifera.— Broadly ovate; each end subacute, with
transverse granular striz, like rows of pearls. It is closely allied to
C. Mexicana, but rather larger and not curved. Bosphorus.
C. scutum.—Found by Ehrenberg, in earth from New Holland.
C. discijormis.—F rom the same locality.
C. navicularis.—F rom the same locality.
C. gemmata.—Found in the chalk marl of gina.
©. oceanica (Ehr.)— Elliptic, suborbicular, conyex, marked by
simple curved and concentric lines; not undulated; transverse strize
none. Length 1-1150th. In sea water, Callao, Peru. (P. 15. f.
42.) Kiitzing describes this species as rounded, with numerous
very delicately punctate longitudinal lines. Length 1-624th. Baltic,
North Sea, Peru, &c. He considers it identical with Ehrenberg’s
species; but it has curved and concentric lines.
C. pygnea (Kittz.)—Minute, elliptic, very smooth, surrounded by
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 335
a crenulate border. Baltic and North Sea, on Ceramiee. Length
1-2640th.
Cocconets molesta (Kiitz.)—Minute, elliptic-oblong, very closely
aggregated, quite smooth, without a border (limbus.) On Callitham-
nion, Venice. Length 1-1800th to 1-1680th.
C. salina.—Narrower than C. Pediculus, punctated, and very deli-
cately transversely striped near the margin. Probably is but a
variety_of C. Pediculus.
C. pumila.—Minute, quite smooth, slightly curved, elliptic-oblong ;
the border without any longitudinal lines. Length 1-1560th.
Nordhausen.
C. depressa.—Minute, much depressed, elliptic; near the margin.
punctate. Strate. Length 1-1800th. On Cladophora.
C. nigricans.—N. arrowly elliptic; densely ageregated ; margin
(limb) rather wide, entire, of a brownish-black colour, trans-
versely striated; thirteen to fourteen stria in 1-1200th. Length
1-1200th. On Conferva at Trieste.
Var (b.) C. denudata.—Limb wanting, also the transverse dotted
strie. Length 1-1320th.
C. oblonga.—Oblong-elliptic, apices rather acute, with longitudinal
lines. Length 1-320th. On Conferyg. North Sea and Indian Ocean.
C. consociata.—Broadly elliptic ; disc mostly with radiating punc-
tate strie, thirteen on each side, witha central longitudinal hyaline
line. Length 1-1320th. On Conferva. Baltic.
C. aggregata.—Oblong-elliptic, surrounded by a broad margin,
which is lacerato-crenulate; disc, near the margin, with finely-
dotted rays; and in the middle with dotted fine lines. Length
1-1440th. In Baltic and North Sea.
C. nidulana.—Hlliptic-oblong, very smooth; on the side oblong-
rectangular. Length 1-1320th. Coast of Normandy.
C. striata. —Of middling size ; elliptic-oblong, transversely striated.
Cuba, Mexico, United States.
C. pinnularia.—Rounded elliptic, the margin and disc (save the
crenate longitudinal medium line) transversely striated. Florida
coast.
C. marginata.—Elliptic ;. margin punctate (in older specimens with
336 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
radiating strie), and with longitudinal central lines. Length
1-840th. On Marine Algz. Adriatic.
Cocconets Adriatica.—Large, elliptic, with granular striz, trans-
verse on the disc; radiating on the margin. Length 1-696th to
1-480th. Trieste.
C. Mediterranea.— Size variable, elliptic or elliptic-oblong ; dise
regularly dotted ; dots disposed both in transverse and in longitudinal
lines. Length 1-840th to 1-552nd. Naples, Genoa.
C. Peruviana.— Elliptic; dise regularly punctate, with large
puncta in fours, disposed at greater distances. Length 1-840th.
Genus Coscrnopiscvs, (Ehr.)—Individuals solitary ; lorica bivalve,
discoid ; surface of disc cellular, with or without a central spot or
umbilicus; without processes or defined margin.
Coscinodiscus gives name to a family Coscinodiscee, see page 308,
which, together with the genus named, comprises Actinocyclus and
Actinoptychus ; it is a member of Kiitzing’s tribe of areolate (cellular)
Diatomee ; so called from the cellular character of their valves.
Coscinodiscus approaches Grallionella (Meiosira), but is distinguished
by its cellular surface, and by not being concatenate.
The members of this genus occur both in a living and fossil state,
and are marine in their habitat.”
C. patina.—Large, with moderately-sized cells, disposed in con-
centric circles. ‘The cells decrease in size towards the circumference.
Fossil in the chalk marl of Zante, and alive in sea water at
Cuxhaven. The young and vigorous specimens of live individuals
are completely filled with yellow granules, whilst the older ones
have an irregular yellow granular mass within them. Diameter
1-860th to 1-240th.
C. radiatus.—Large, marked with moderately-sized cells, disposed
in lines, radiating from the centre; towards the margin the cells
become smaller. A very abundant fossil in the chalk marl of Oran;
alive, in sea water, near Wismar and Cuxhaven. Diameter 1-860th
to 1-240th. (P, 14, figs. 39, 40.)
C. Argus.—Cellular; cells larger at the centre than at the cir-
cumference; the order of the rays often interrupted. This is
Naviculacea.] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 337
probably only a variety of C. radiatus, Fossil in the chalk marl of
Caltanisetta and Oran, and living, in sea water near Cuxhaven.
The cells of the discs, from Oran, vary very much in size. The
granules are of a greenish colour in the living forms, which are very
rare. Diameter of fossil 1-860th to 1-290th ; living, 1-580th.
Coscryopiscus eccentricus.—Cells small, disposed in eccentric curved
lines Found fossil in the chalk marl of Oran, in which con-
dition, however, it is rare; but alive, it is met with abundantly
in sea water near Cuxhaven and Vera Cruz. Locomotion not yet
satisfactorily observed. Diameter 1-860th to 1-430th.
C. lineatus.—Cells small, disposed in a series of straight and parel-
lel lines. Fossil in the chalk marl of Caltanisetta; alive at Cuxhaven.
The cells in this species form parallel lines in whatever direction
they may be viewed. In large and well-preserved fossil specimens
as Imany as twenty-five openings were seen near the circumference.
Within the live forms, sometimes numerous yellow vesicles are seen,
as in Gallionella. Diameter of fossil 1-1150th to 1-480th; living,
1-1150th to 1-860th.
C. minor.—Small; cells small, scattered. Fossil in the chalk
marl of Caltanisetta, Oran, and Zante; and alive in sea water near
Cuxhaven. Diameter 1-1150th.
C. Oculus-Iridis.—Cells rather large, radiant; smaller near the
centre and circumference. From five to nine large cells at the
centre form a sortof star. Fossil in the chalk marl of Greece, and
alive in sea water near Cuxhaven. This large species is curiously
marked with coloured rings, which are apparently caused by the
peculiar arrangement of the cells. This species differs from C.
centrals in having larger cells; and from C. asteromphalus by its
surface being unveiled, and its cells rather smaller. Diameter
1-240th.
C. limbatus.—Centvre cells largest, not radiant ; margin with linear
rays, forming a striated rim (limbus). Diameter 1-576th. Fossil in
Greek marl. ‘The larger cells seven in 1-1200th.
C. concavus.—Each valve very concave; cells large, of equal size;
four and a half in 1-1200th; not radiating. An African variety has
seven to nine cells in 1-1200th. Richmond, Virginia.
338 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Coscrvopiscus flavicans.—Small, with very small non-radiant cells,
yellow by transmitted, but white by reflected light. Peru and St.
Domingo.
C. gigas.—Very large; cells hexagonal radiant; central ones the
smallest; marginal very large; rim striated. It is figured by Dr.
Bailey. Cells five to six in 1-1200th near the margin. Fossil,
Virginia. Alive at Cuxhaven.
C. marginatus.—Cells of nearly uniform size, imperfectly radiant in
curved lines; the rim furnished with radiating lines of smaller cells.
Cells nine to ten in 1-1200th. Fossil in Virginia. Alive at Cuxhaven.
C. radiolatus.—Cells very small, equal, and radiant. Eighteen in
1-1200th. Peru, Cuba, and Virginia.
C. subtilis—Similar to the last, but with twenty-four cells in
1-1200th; and of uniform size.
C. apiculatus.—Cells slightly prominent and apiculate (pointed),
rendering the surface rough: disposed in the manner of rays; ten
in 1-1200th. Diameter 1-324th. Virginia. Has a general resem-
blance to Pyxidicula gemmifera.
C. asteromphalus. —Cells larger, seven to eight in 1-1200th,
rather prominent, and in rays, decreasing in size towards the
margin; a central stellate umbif%us; surface appearing as if over-
spread by a finely dotted membrane (veil.) Diameter 1-824th.
Virginia.
C. centralis.—Differs by its smaller, equal, and radiating cells,
which are twelve in 1-1200th; surface also not veiled. Has a
similar central stellate umbilicus. Virginia and Sicily.
C. velatus.—Differs from the preceding by wanting the central
stellate umbilicus. Cells angular; surface as if covered with a
granular veil. Diameter 1-492nd.
C. finbriatus.—Cells small, thirteen to fourteen in 1-1200th; im-
perfectly radiant and unequal; near the margin occurring in lines,
and of smaller size. Diameter 1-324th. Caltanisetta, Sicily.
©. perforatus.—Cells small, evidently radiant, thirteen in 1-1200th;
with a smooth central umbilicus, looking like a perforation ; margin
finely rayed. Diameter 1-348th. Virginia. Allied to C. fimbriatus,
which, however, has not the smooth, central umbilicus.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 339
Coscrnopiscus punctatus.—Cells very small, radiating ; twenty-four
to twenty-six in 1-1200th; loosely disposed at the centre, but dense
towards the margin, which presents a broad, yellowish-white rim.
Diameter 1-348th. Virginia.
C. diseiger.—Ditters from C. perforatus by its irregularly circular,
not smooth, and larger umbilicus; cells very small, dotted, and very
dense, indistinctly radiant; above thirty in 1-1200th. Virginia.
Diameter 1-480th.
C. (?) polystigma.—Differs from C. radiolatus by its much larger
radiant cells, fourteen in 1-1200th; rays converging, so as to form
two indistinct whorls (zones), perforated, and disposed side by side.
Diameter 1-360th. Ifa species of Auliscus? (p. 321) In the North Sea.
C. heteroporus.—Cells hexangular, smaller at the margin, and ten
in 1-1200th; intermediate ones five to six in 1-1200th. Diameter
1-360th. Bermuda.
C. omphalanthus.—Large, cells radiating, those of the margin
smaller, seven to eight in 1-1200th, whilst at the middle there are
but six in 1-1200th; centre occupied by a rose-like stellate umbili-
cus, formed by seven to eight larger oblong cells. Diameter 1-96th.
Bermuda.
C. Apollinis.—Surface covered wii very dense punctiform tubercles,
seventeen in 1-1200th, of equal size, andin rows radiating towards
the margin. Diameter 1-432nd.
It differs from C. Luna, which it most nearly resembles, by the
greater number and denseness of its rays, and by its larger size.
C. (?) actinochilus.— Centre of the disc occupied by punctate
tubercles, densely radiated with an umbilicus; margin (rim) wide;
irregularly dotted radiating lines (costae) of the margin, smooth, and
fifty-four in number. Diameter 1-408th. Not unlikely constituting
a genus by itself.
C. cingulatus.—Disc with punctate tubercles,twenty-sixin 1-1200th;
dense, indistinctly radiant; a small clear umbilicus; margin with a
strong annular band, capable of being detached. Diameter 1-552nd.
Stands between C. subtilis and C. gemm<efer.
C. (?) Gemmifer.—Disc with strong tubercles, loosely and elegantly
radiant, ten in 1-1200th; a clear umbilicus. Diameter 1-456th.
340 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica -
Very like to Pyxidicula gemmifer, of Virginia, but a larger and more
depressed form. It also approaches C. eingulatus.
Cosctnopiscus Zuna.—Dise covered with dense, punctate tubercles,
equal, radiant, but becoming, towards the margin, loose and unequal.
It is nearest to C. Apollinis.
C. granulatus.—Small ; cells very small, giving a granular appear-
ance to the disc; dense, and disposed in rows; eighteen to twenty-
one in 1-1152nd. Diameter 1-552nd. Fossil, Virginia.
C. spinulosus.—Testule flattened, surface finely porous; margins
of pores spinous; spines and pores about twelve in 1-1152nd.
Diameter 1-576th. Fossil, Patagonia.
C. minutus (Kiitz.)—Margin with dotted rays; disc nearly smooth.
Diameter 1-1416th.
C. minor.—Margin smooth ; disc irregularly and densely punctato-
cellular. Diameter 1-1150th to 1-576th. Fossil in chalk marl,
Greece, Sicily, Peru, &c. Alive, Cuxhaven,
C. striatus (Kiitz.)—Margin striated with radiating lines; dise
cellular; cells of centre without order. Diameter 1-456th. Cuxhayen.
C. cinctus.—The strice of the external rim radiating, but broken at
their middle ; central cells closely aggregated, those around loosely
so. Diameter 1-324th. Alive, ‘Pishaven. Fossil, Richmond, Vir-
ginia.
©. cruciatus = Pyxidicula cruciata and Pyxidicula Hellenica (Ehr.)
—Cells hexagonal, arranged in straight, parallel les, with a smooth
annular rim.
Genus Craspepopiscus.—Shell composed of two equal orbicular
valves, not in chains; surface cellular, cells having a radiating
arrangement; otherwise not radiated nor divided by septa, but with
a sculptured tumid margin, of a different structure, and separable.
Has the habit of Coscinodiscus, with an elegantly sculptured
margin (rim.) It differs from Coscinodiscus limbatus and similar
forms, by its margin not becoming gradually lost in the disc, nor
being amere boundary to it of the same structure ; but, on the con-
trary, separated from it by a distinct furrow, and having a different
structure. This border is either developed at the first, or the being
exists primarily as a Campylodiscus, the rim being a gradual
production.
Naviculacea. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 341
Pyzxidicula Coseinodiscus, of Virginia, would seem to be a member
of this genus.
Crasrepopiscus elegans.—Disc large, central cells radiant, seven in
1-1200th; five to six larger oblong ones constitute a central umbilicus;
margin tumid, 1-1152nd wide, with larger obliquely quadrate cells,
six in 1-1200th. Diameter 1-132nd. Bermuda (P. 14, f. 38.)
C. Coscinodiseus —= Pyxidicula Coseinodiscus.—Central cells of the
disc small, decreasing towards the centre, seventeen to eighteen in
1-1200th; no umbilical star; cells of the margin larger, unequal,
hexagonal, about ten to eleven in 1-1200th. Diameter 1-396th.
Richmond, Virginia. The rim of this species is wider than that of
the preceding.
Genus Cycroretta (Kiitz.)—Individuals solitary or binate, disci-
form, orbicular; the primary side distinct, forming a ring; the
secondary plane. Lorica bivalve, valves plane, orbicular, conjoined
by an interstitial ring.
Sect. 1. Individuals included in an amorphous gelatinous substance,
(Discoplea, Ehr.)
C. operculata = Discoplea Kiitzingvi (Ehr.) = Pyaidicula operculata.
Secondary sides dotted on the margin. Diameter 1-1020th. Common
in fresh water.
C. Meneghiniana. — Secondary sides striated on the margin.
Diameter 1-1440th. Berlin.
Sect. IL. Individuals adnate (free.)
C. Scotica—Small, quite smooth. Diameter of the plane disc
1-960th. On Conferva, Coast of Scotland (P. 17, f. 17.)
C. ligustica—Of middling size, quite smooth, adnate or free.
Diameter of plane dise 1-720th to 1-516th. On filiform Algxe, Genoa.
C. maxima.—Large, minutely punctate, adnate. Diameter of the
nearly plane disc 1-300th to 1-126th. On Polysiphonia, Coast of
Peru, Chili.
C. (?) minutula—Small, with radiating and flexuose striz on the
secondary side. Diameter 1-1200th. Fossil in Luneberg. It may
be but a separated segment of IMelosira.
C. (F) Rotula—Rather small; secondary side with radiating strie,
and a dotted centre; one side conyex, the other concaye. Diameter of
342 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica,
disc 1-480th. Fossil in the Elbe deposits. Probably a segment of
Melosira arenaria.
Cycrorexta (?) Avitzingiana (‘Thwaites.)—Frustules (cells,on primary
side sigmoid, flexuose; on secondary side with radiating strie. The
frustules of this species are short, and have an apparent sigmoid
curvature, which is due to each of their striated, disciform ends,
having.a prominence on one side of its centre, and a depression on
the other, and the opposite end of the frustule having a depression
and prominence corresponding to these. ‘The sporangia are developed
much in the same way as in Melosira. This species is closely allied
to C. (?) minutula (Kiitz.), but differs in the curvatures apparent
in the frustules. It occurs in brackish water, near Bristol. (Ann. N.
H. 1848, p. 169.)
Genus CymatorrEvRA (Smith).—Valves undulated, margins not
produced into ale. Frustules free, solitary, or, when undergoing
self-division, in pairs.
It has the habit of Swurirella, but the undulated surface of the
valves seems to indicate a peculiarity of structure sufficient to con-
stitute a generic difference, and the absence of alee and coste implies
a further diversity in the internal.character, which cannot be regarded
as unimportant, (Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 12. 1851.)
C. solea = Surirella librilis (Ehy. P. 18, f. 9, a lateral view.)
C. elliptica = Surirella elliptica (Kiitz.)—Frustules on front view
oblong, linear; on side view broadly elliptical, surface of the valves
with about four undulations, obscurely striated. Length 1-350th
to 1-200th. Breadth about half the length. Fossil and alive in
slow streams or ponds with Oscillatoriee (P. 18, f. 7, 8.) It is very
variable in size, the fossil specimens being usually twice as large as
the recent frustules. Both extremities of the valves are somewhat
pointed.
C. Hibernica.—Frustules on side view orbicular, with prominent,
somewhat pointed extremities; surface of valve with about three
undulations obscurely striated. Length 1-370th to 1-220th. Breadth
two-thirds the length. River Bann, Ireland,
Genus Cympetra (Kiitz.)—Individuals solitary or geminate, free
(neither adnate nor included), unequally curved; one primary side,
Naviculacea.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 343
the internal and ventral, narrower than the other, the external or
dorsal; secondary sides equal, transversely striated, the median
apertures of the margins approximate.
This genus includes species distributed in the genera Syncyclia,
Cocconema, Navicula, and Pinnularia, of Ehrenberg’s system.
Its free unattached forms have an affinity, some with Epithemia,
others with Wavicula and Amphora, but differ from those genera by
their median ventral aperture, and by their unequal dorsal aspect.
Cymbella has also an affinity with the genera Gomphonema, Encyo-
nema, and Schizonema, from which also it may be distinguished by
the characters named.
Crupetta Lhrenbergit = Navicula inequalis (Ehr.) — Large, un-
equally and broadly lanceolate; apices rather produced, and somewhat
obtuse; transverse striee punctate, twelve in 1-1200th (P. 3, f. 154.)
Length 1-216th. Berlin. Fossil, San Fiore.
C. heteropleuia — Pinnularia heteropleura (Ehr.)
C. cuspidata.—Small, rather wide in proportion; apices produced
and slightly acute; transverse strie fine, sixteen to eighteen in
1-1200th. Length 1-576th. Fossil, Luneberg,
C. obtusiuscula.—Small, elliptic, lanceolate ; apices not produced,
rather obtuse; transverse striz finé; eighteen to twenty in 1-1200th.
Length 1-600th.
C. gastroides.—Large, sublunate, unequal, thickened at the middle,
but tapering towards the obtuse ends; transverse strie granular,
eleven to twelve in 1-1200. Length 1-288th to 1-216th (P. 17,
f. 18, 19, 20.) Fresh water, Germany.
Var. (b./—Apices broadly truncate.
C. maculata = Cocconema lunula (Ehr.)—Small, lunate, tapering
at each end; obtuse; primary side elliptic, truncate; transverse
strie, twelve to thirteen in 1-1200th. Fresh water, America.
C. Helvetica.—Large, slender, elongate ; ventricose at the middle,
but tapering towards the rather obtuse extremities; oblong on the
primary side, dilated at the middle, and truncate at each end ; trans-
verse striv fine, very beautifully granular; thirteen to fourteen in
1-1200th. Length 1-264th to 1-240th. Thun, Switzerland (P. 17,
f. 24 to 28.)
C. gracihs = Coceonema gracile (Ehr.)—Small, slender, lunate ;
344 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica-
attenuated at each end, apices somewhat acute; primary side larger,
linear-oblong, and ends rounded, truncate; transverse strie very
slender, seventeenin1-1200th. Length 1-840th to 1-600th. At Thun.
Crmpetta Leptoceros = Cocconema Leptoceros (Ehr.) — Minute ;
acute at the ends; inflated at the centre ; primary side large, oblong-
elliptic, rounded at the ends; strize seventeen in 1-1200th. Falaise and
America.
C. afinis = Cocconema Fusidiwm (Ehr.)—Minute, somewhat obtuse
at each end; dorsum more prominent, with large terminal apertures,
primary side larger, oblong-elliptic ; transverse striz distinct ; nine-
teen in 1-1200th. Alive, Falaise, Schleswig. Fossil, America.
C. ventricosa.—Minute, rather obtuse at each end, dorsum promi-
nent, rounded; venter plane, terminal apertures distinct, large,
hyaline; primary side oblong, truncate; striz indistinct. Length
1-1000th. Fresh water.
C. excisa.—Rather small, dorsum prominent, convex; venter with
a central notch; apices produced, slightly recurved, obtuse; trans-
verse striz sixteen in 1-1200th. Length 1-840th. On Oscillatoria,
Trieste.
C. (?) Pediculus. — Very smoot. small, lunate; dorsum convex;
venter rather concave; ends sciewhat acute. The other aspect
elliptic truncate. Common. Parasitic on Conferva.
C. (?) flexella.—Small, smooth, secondary side elliptic, subsigmoid,
apices rather produced, but obtuse ; on the other aspect curved, convex ;
venter concave, notched (excised), ends truncate. Length 1-650th.
At Thun, Switzerland. This species probably corresponds to Vavi-
cula Semen, (Ehr.)
Genus Dentricetta(Ehr.)—Generic characters unknown.
This genus is not recognised by Kiitzing, who retains its species
mostly in Odontella, with which they were originally classed by
Agardh. Its affinities are with Jsthmia, Biddulphia, and Zygoceros.
D. aurita. .
D. fragilaria.
D. gracilis.—Finely striated transversely ; width greater than the
length; laterally constricted nearly to the central band; chain
1-1152nd in width. The length of D. aurita exceeds the breadth,
but both are compressed, and tridentate on the sides, with a dorsal
Naviculacea.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 345
and ventral hook in the middle of the sides, and two apertures at
the angles.
Denricetra (?) twmida.—Testules turgid (subglobose) without lobes
or septa; surface minutely dotted ; with two long exserted (projecting)
tubules and set on each side. Diameter 1-960th. Bermuda.
D. levis—Has the habit of D. awrita, but with a smooth triden-
tate testa. Diameter 1-432nd. Antarctic Sea.
D. Biddulphia—Sculptured. In habit and surface resembles Bid-
dulphia pulchella, but has long sete disposed midway between the
contiguous halves. It has three cells, and two septa to each lateral
segment. (P, 13, f. 48.) Cuba, Peru.
D. Rhombus.—Surfaee, with very minutely dotted lines: resem-
bles Zygoceros Rhombus, but is provided on each side, at the middle,
with a sharp hook. Diameter 1-312th. Petersburg, Virginia.
The band (zone) on the dorsum, like as in Zygoceros, is not smooth,
but adorned with rows of minute dots (puncta.)
D. tridentata.—Has the habit of Biddulphia tridentata, but the
aculei of a Denticella. Diameter 1-480th. Virginia and Maryland.
D. (?) polymera.—Testules very broad, with ten to twelve septa
and lobes; surface granular; six granules on the anterior surface of
the central lobe, disposed in the forrgyt a star ; spy denticles on the
sides, not in the median line; tubules of the apertures projecting
some distance. Length 1-132nd. Bermuda.
Genus Denticuna, (Kiitz.)— Free, solitary, or binate; linear-
oblong on the primary side; the secondary transversely striated
or costate ; stris: very distinct.
This genus, named by Kiitzing, is placed in the family Pragilariea,
Its members known to Ehrenberg, were described by him, some
among Fragilaria, others with Bacillaria, (Diatoma). Denticula
approaches Swrirella and Navicula.
D. tenws.
Narrowly linear, margin finely punctate; secondary
side minutely striated, narrowly lanceolate; transverse striz ten
to eleven in 1-1200th. Length 1-1080th. Among Conferva at
Nordhausen.
D. frigida.—Obdlong, small, margin finely striated ; secondary side
linear lanceolate ; transverse strie eleven to twelve in 1-1200th,
Length 1-1200th. Cold Alpine streams, Thun, Switzerland.
aA
346 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Denticetta thermalis.—Oblong or subtrapezoid, margin beautifully
dotted ; secondary side lanceolate; transverse strize seven to eight in
1-1200th. Length 1-660th. Hot baths of Abano.
D. elegans.—Oblong, with obtuse angles, rather dilated at the
centre; margin with minute prominences; secondary side linear
lanceolate; transverse strie six in 1-1200th. Length 1-660th.
Nordhausen. (P. 16, f. 4.)
D. obtusa.—Oblong, large, margin striated; secondary side lanceo-
late; ends obtuse; transverse strie eleven in 1-1200th. Length
1-336th. Sweden, Norway, Jutland.
D. constricta — Navicula (?) constricta, (Ehr.)—Oblong, large, mar-
gin dentate; apices dilated, rounded; secondary side transversely
ribbed, oblong, equal; each end rounded and truncate; three te
four cost in 1-1200th. Length 1-216th. Berlin. (P. 16, f. 3.)
D. undulata = Navicula (?) undulata (Ehr.)—Very large, oblong,
rectangular ; margin dentate ; remarkable by a pair of dotted longi-
tudinal flexuose lines; secondary side elliptic, apices rounded ;
transverse costs four in 1-1200th. Length 1-144th. Berlin. (P. 3.
f. 149.)
Genus Drsmocontum, (Ehr.)— Characters unknown.
D. Guianense occurs fossil, a.¥«in meteoric dust. From Ehrenberg’s
figures (P. 24. fig. 13), of this species, Desmegonium would seem
to belong to the family Naviculee ; it appears, however, to possess
no foramina.
Genus Drapesmis, (Kiitz.)—Individuals navicula-shaped, conjoined
so as to form elongated (biconvex) bands, with one median aperture
and two terminal ones, distinct. It is a member of Kiitzing’s family
Naviculee. Ehrenberg has described. two of the species with
Tabellaria, and a third with Navicula. It closely resembles Firagil-
laria, from which it differs in its frustules having a median
umbilicus.
D. confervacea.—Smooth ; length of each individual frustule, 7. ¢.,
the width, when conjoined in a filament, double that of its shorter
diameter; lateral junction surfaces lanceolate and acuminate at each
end. Length 1-960th. Among Conferva, Trinidad. (P. 17. f.. 32, 33.)
D. levis = Tabellaria levis (Ehr.)\—Smooth ; length three to four
times the breadth. Chili.
Naviculacea.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 347
Dravesmis sculpta = Tabellaria sculpta (Ehr.)— Margin striated.
Chili.
D. (?) Bacillum = Navicula Bacillum (Ehr.)\—Segments striated,
linear-oblong, rounded at each end, central aperture large, oblong.
Fossil.
Genus Draroma (Ag.)—Individuals linear, quadrangular, symme-
trical; at first conjoined in bands, but ultimately separated to such
an extent, that they are connected only by a more or less distinct,
jelly-like link, (isthmus) extending between their angles,—generally
the alternate ones. The filaments are flat or compressed. (Kiitz.)
Diatoma differs from Tabellaria, (see that genus) Grammatophora,
and Lhabdonema, by its frustules wanting longitudinal bands (stripes)
and from the two first also, by the absence of a central aperture.
From Fragilaria it is distinguished by the angular and zig-zag con=
catenation of the frustules. Kiitzing says its filaments are often
attached. He makes it a member of the family Fragilarica.
Ehrenberg describes the species of Diatoma, (Kiitz.) some with
Fragilaria, others with Bacillaria. The latter is, however, nearly
equivalent with Diatoma, (Ag.) as understood by Kiitzing ;
to convey his views, at the risk of repetition, the characters of
Diatoma presented by that observer€re given. It may be observed,
that Kiitzing admits a genus Bacillaria, which is represented by one
species, Bacillaria paradoxa; he places it in his family Surirellee.
The reason he assigns for instituting this genus, is, that in Bacellaria,
the striz (seen in an end view) are interrupted in the middle by a
clear longitudinal band, which is not the case in Dzatoma.
The genus Diatoma of Mr. Ralfs, would appear to correspond with
Bacillaria of Ehrenberg, and with the genera Diatoma and Ba-
cillaria, of Kiitzing. Mr. Ralfs enumerates the following characters
and marks of distinction between it and allied forms. Filaments flat or
compressed, free frustules quadrangular, partially separating, and co-
hering by the angles, generally by the alternate ones. This genus is
distinguished from Exrilaria, Striatella, Achnanthes, and Jsthmia, by
its unattached filaments; from Biddulphia by the angles not being
produced, and from Fragilaria by the connection of the frustules by
their angles, in a zig-zag chain.
Sect. 1. Forms quite smooth.
AA2
348 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Dratoma pectinale.—Segments laterally acutely lanceolate, accord-
ing to Kiitzing it = Bacillaria seriata, B. Ptolomei, and B. flocculosa
(Ehr.) Length 1-720th.
D. vitreum.—Filaments attached by a very delicate stalk, and
made up of few segments; segments miuute, oblong, glass-like ;
with a longitudinal row of punctiform spaces. It is very closely
allied to D. minimum, Ralfs. Length 1-1320th. On Alge in the
Adriatic.
D. hyalinum.—Segments larger, elongated, very slightly attenuate
at each end; peculiarly hyaline; lateral aspect lanceolate, rather
obtuse ; with golden yellow interspaces. Length 1-336th. Adriatic.
Sect. Il. Forms striated.
D. vulgare-—Filaments long, attached by an almost inyisible
stalk ; segments rectangular, convex, striatedo n the margin ; punctate
at each end; three to four times longer than broad. It = Ba-
cillaria floceulosa and B. vulgaris (Ehr.) (P. 3, f. 168.) Length
1-420th. Pools and streams. Common.
D. mesodon.—Segments oblong, with a few central dentations,
laterally ventricose, lanceolate, with three to four transverse strize
at the middle.
Var. (b.)—Segments quadrat\.;
Var. (¢.) cuneatum.—Segments cuneiform. It = Bacillaria cuneata
(thr-) 9: 8,(2..1 70:)
D. tenue.— Attached, stalk very indistinct; joints laterally
lanceolate, with transverse striae; twelve in 1-1200th. The form
and size of the segments vary.
Var. (a.) monihforme.—Joints quadrate.
Var. (0.) intermedium.—Diameter of joints twice the length.
Var. (c.) cuncatum.—Segments cuneate.
Var. (d.) normale.—Joints elongate, slender.
Var. (e.)—Segments obliquely united. = Bacillaria peetinalis (Ehr.)
Length 1-660th.
D. mesoleptum.—Attached, stalk obsolete ; segments rather con-
tracted at the centre, laterally lanceolate; transverse strize ten to
eleven in 1-1200th. Length 1-650th. Fresh water.
D. elongatum.—Attached, stalk obsolete; segments very slender,
rather narrower at the middle; laterally linear, tumid, and capitate
Naviculacea. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 349
at each end, connected in a chain by a short filiform isthmus ; strix
seven in 1-1200th. Fresh water. Length 1-288th. This species is
described by Mr. Ralfs, thus,—“ Frustules plane, several times longer
than broad; front surface with the ends dilated,”
Diatoma Hhrenbergi. = Bacillaria elongata (Ehr.) — Attached,
stalk minute; segments strong, rather contracted at the centre;
laterally dilated at the middle, and contracted near the capitate
ends; concatenated by a distinct isthmus. Length 1-456th.
Germany. (P. 3, f. 169.)
D. stellaris (Bailey.)—Frustules rectangular, many (eight) times
longer than broad, usually in groups of five or six individuals,
cohering by the adjacent (not alternate) angles, so as to produce
stellate groups of minute frustules. Common from Rhode Island
to Florida.
Genus Dictapra.—Lorica bivalve, not concatenated ; unilocular ;
valves unequal, one simple and turgid, the other two horned; the
cornua sometimes branching.
In form this genus approaches R/uzoselenia. In respect to its
position in the family Zacillaria, Ehrenberg appends a note of
interrogation.
D. Capreolus—Smooth, bifurcag/ at one end. Diameter 1-960th.
Virginia.
D. (?) elathrata.—Smooth, with intersecting lines, (latticed) ;
remarkable by its rounded outline, and two unequal frontal horns.
Diameter 1-96))th. Virginia.
D. attenuata.—Smooth, with two simple horns at one end, with
some parallel, long, acute, and jointed corniculi (sete) about their
base, resembling antenne: the other end unknown, Antarctic Sea.
D. bulbosa.—One end with two simple horns, with corniculi diverging
at the base, but converging at the apex ; bulbous in the central part
and rather sulcate (furrowed) ; the other end unknown. Diameter
of a fragment of the one-valve 1-782nd. Antarctic Ocean.
Genus Dicryorampra (Khr.)—Bivalve ; orbicular, not concatenate ;
disc not perforated; internal septa absent; valves equal, cellular
only at the centre, their margin radiated, but otherwise smooth.
From these characters this genus would seem to be closely allied
to Coscinodiscus and Craspedodiscus ; to differ from the former by the
350 : DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastriea.
external portion or margin of the disc not being cellular, and from
the latter by the absence of a distinct marginal figured zone
or rim.
Dicryorampra Stel/a.—Characters unknown.
Genus Dretonets.—Vide Pinnularia.
Genus Discortea (Ehr.)—Characters unknown.
This genus has a close affinity with Pyaxidicula; it is in part
equivalent to Cyclotella (Kiitz.), (p. 341,) one of the two sections of
which, in this author’s system, distinguished by being included
in a gelatinous mass or nidus, has, indeed, the term Discoplea
applied to it.
D. (?) greca. = Coscinodiseus (2) grecus (Kiitz.) Disciform, on
plane sides, interruptedly striated in a radiating manner. Diameter
1-864th. In Greek marl.
D. Kiitzingii—Smaller, disciform; radiant strie present only
along the margin of the plane sides.
D. dendrochera.—Small, tumid in front; margin of disc, and also
the centre, smooth; the latter, however, with a minutely striated
ring surrounding it. The rays of the central coronula (circlet) about
ten innumber. Diameter 1-1920th. Found on the roots of plants
from the mountains of Venezuel&* Habit of D. compte.
D.(?) Americana.—Turgid, with the habit of a compressed Gallionella
or Pyzxidicula; the dorsum with three transverse keels; the lateral
disc dotted in the middle. Diameter 1-660th. Virginia, Maryland.
D. (?) Actinocyclus = Pyxidieula (?) Actinocyclus.
D. (?) astrea.—Large, flat; lateral margin densely rayed; centre
dotted. Diameter 1-636th. Kurdistan. It has the habit and
size of Gallionella vurians, with the peculiar central granules; but
not being met with in chains, seems nearer Discoplea.
D. compta.—Slender, tumid in front; a crown of striee on the side
near the margin; and a remarkable central agglomeration of granules.
Habit of D. Americana, but smaller.
D. denticulata.—Surface beset with a peculiar, straight, and parallel
row of small cells or granules, ten in 1-1152nd; margin dentated.
Diameter 1-672nd. Bermuda. In the character of its margin it
resembles Gallionella sulcata, but by the cells of its disc approaches
Coscinodiscus lineatus.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 351
Discorina (?) wndata.—Surface covered by minute granules in
radiating series; margin undulate, with fifteen sinuosities. Diameter
1-576th. Bermuda.
D. (?) Perwana,—Surface of disc rayed; five fine rays reaching as
far as the centre. The thickness of the bivalve testule equals half
its width. Has the habit of D. astrea, and of Gallionella varians.
Diameter 1-600th. Found in the pumice from Arcquipa and
Santiago, Peru.
D. (?) Rota. —Dise large, surface unequally papillose; central
papille largest ; margin with fifty-two equal rays not attaining the
centre; their intervals occupied with scattered papille. Diameter
1-192nd. Itapproaches Actinoptychus dives, to which, along with the
ensuing species, it may be perhaps united in a new genus. A gela-
tinous envelope is not apparent; and true septa are wanting.
D. (?) Rotula.—Dise smaller than the preceding, covered with
small scattered and equal papille; margin with twenty equal rays
not reaching the centre. Diameter 1-696th. Southern Ocean.
D. (?) dives = Actinoptychus dives = Cyclotella dives (Kiitz.)—Is re-
markable by the rows of papille in the intervals of the rays, and
the smaller ones at the centre. Diameter 1-812th.
D. (?) Coseinodiscus.—Small ; Ac irregularly but densely and
finely granular; margin smooth. Habit of Coscinodiscus minor,
rather turgid on the side. Diameter 1-1728th. Fossil, New Hampshire.
D. (?) physoplea.—Small; disc and margin smooth; with a cir-
cumscribed centre to the disc, bearing twelve large, vesicular-looking
granules ; limb, broad and smooth. Diameter 1-1152nd. Fossil,
Virginia.
D. mammilla.— Smooth, thick, nummiform (money-shaped),
suture of the valves tumid; centre of the disc of each valve raised as
a boss (umbo); marginal ring vanishing ; suture dentated on the side
of each valve. Diameter 1-864th. Fossil on the coast of Patagonia.
D. (?) emgulata.—A fossil species from Aigina, so named by
Ehrenberg.
D. radiata.—Also a fossil species from the same locality.
D. atmospherica.—Margin of disc plane, with broad and equal
radiations; central portion rather turgid and granular, narrower
than the striated border; the granules and the striz becoming con-
852 DESCRIPTION OF [| Polygastrica
fluent. Diameter 1-1008th.; forty rays in discs 1-1152nd, wide;
in a few instances the rays and granules have not run together.
Found in dust wafted about in the air. (P. 24, f. 1, 2.)
DiscorrEa sinensis.—Margin of disc plane, with equally disposed
rays; central part rather turgid and granular, narrower than the
striated border ; with the striz and granules always separate, and
circumscribed by a rim. Diameter 1-864th.; ninety-two rays in
dises 1-1152nd. broad; the rays are smooth, not rough as in D,
atmospherica. China. (P. 24, f. 4.)
D. atlantica.—Smaller ; central part rather granular; rays equally
disposed, but not circumscribed so as to represent a rim as in the
preceding. (P. 24, f. 3.)
Genus Enpicrya.—Lorica bivalve, not in chains, subglobose, no
apertures on the surface; valves equal, simply bordered, not con-
tiguous nor dentate, but with an intermediate cellular portion.
These forms are Coscinodisci, with the discs separated laterally by
an intervening cellular structure; or they may, otherwise, be con-
sidered Dictyopyxides, with the valves not contiguous, but disjoined
by the peculiar cellular band named.
E. oceanica, — Large, disc and sides elegantly but iwregularly
cellular; the cells of disc, howevk, are almost concentric in arrange-
ment, and seven in 1-1152nd. Diameter 1-528th. Fossil in African
Guano.
Genus Enromoners.—Simple, not in chains; valves equal, quad-
rangular, smooth, with a distinct round umbilicus; apertures terminal,
placed not laterally but quite at the extremities of the truncate ends.
Entomoneides are smooth Diploneides or Naviculz, constricted at
the middle, and having true terminal apertures. It differs from
Amphiprora, by the absence of striz.
E. alata = Navicula alata.—Laterally navicular, obtuse ; dorsally
deeply constricted at the middle, with wide, truncate extremities ;
margin expanded or alate (winged), very transparent, central portion
with longitudinal lines; movements active (P. 16, f. 5, 6, 7.) Length
1-570th to 1-430th. North and Baltic Seas.
Genus Entopyta (?) Sect. Zehinellea.— Lorica prismatic, com-
pressed, multivalve, free, or in chains. Valves straight, contiguous ,
in regular series like the leaves of a book, with a large central aper-
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 353
ture traversing the interior; the exterior lamina dissimilar, marked
by transverse lines; one external valve quite entire, the other with a
large pore at each apex.
This genus, in being curved, approaches Achnanthes, but, by its
external and tabcllar form, is still nearer TZessella; its closest
affinity is with Biblarium, which it resembles in internal structure.
It occurs in quadrangular tablets or boxes, made up of several
lamina, like the leaves of a book, but firmly connected. The lamina
or leaves are parallel with the narrow sides, andcurved: the outer-
most leaflet on each side is thicker, like the cover of a book, and
marked with thirty-two horizontal strie. These two outer sculp-
tured lamina do not resemble each other as in Biblariwn, for one is
concave, and the other convex; the concave one constitutes the
ventral surface, and has two large, round apertures at its two ends;
whilst the other (cover or dorsum) possesses no opening. The in-
cluding or intervening leaves have each a large opening in the centre,
and, consequently, but a narrow margin is left; and the little tablets,
or boxes, have a continuous cavity in their interior, such as also
occurs in Biblarium. The sculptured covers have a considerable
resemblance to Swrirella.
Evroryia Australis.—Linear, ‘Sunded at each end, in adult con-
dition with sixteen intermediaté leaves, in young specimens often but
six ; external leaves (covers) marked (in the full grown state) by forty
striz (coste), bisected by a flexuous line, asin Swrirella. Length
1-240th. In 1843 Ehrenberg described this species under the name
of Swrirella (?) Australis. Found in Patagonian Guano.
Genus Eprrnemra (Kiitz.)—Transverse section of lorica trapezoid,
transverse striv strongly marked, granular or moniliform. Locomo-
tion has not been observed. Both the upper and under surfaces are
traversed by two longitudinal lines, terminated at each apex by a
pore. It belongs to the family Hunotie, and differs from Navicula,
Cocconeis, Amphora, and Cymbella, by wanting a central opening,
and from Fragilaria, by its two sides being unlike, one being concave,
the other convex. Habitat, sea-water, on marine Alge.
E. Sorex.—Minute, dorsum very convex, apices prominent, acute ;
strie onvergent, twelve in 1-1200th; figure on the primary side
854 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica-
elliptic, and apices, though prominent, are rather obtuse. Length
1-960th.
Eprrnemta Jusculus.—Dorsum elevated, apices somewhat acute,
striz convergent, ten to eleven in 1-1200th; primary sides broadly
elliptic, subrotund, apices slightly prominent. Length 1-420th.
Brackish water in the Baltic (P. 16, f. 18.)
E. Westermanni = Eunotia Westermanni (Ehr.)—On secondary side
dorsum convex, apices gradually tapering, rather obtuse, not pro-
minent striz scarcely convergent in the central portion, seven to eight
in 1-1200th; on primary side elliptic. Length 1-360th.
E. Zebra = Eunotia Zebra (Ehr.)—Dorsum convex, apices very
obtuse ; transverse strie of the centre convergent, five to seven in
1-1200th; primary side oblong. Length 1-360th.
K. Zebrina = Eunotia Zebrina (Ehr.)
E. turgida = Eunotia turgida (Ehr.)
E. Porcellus.—Large ; on secondary side, dorsum convex ; apices
truncate, reflected ; transverse strie convergent, eleven in 1-1200th ;
primary side linear, seven times longer than broad. Length 1-240th
to 1-216th. Fossil at San Fiore (P. 16, f. 12.)
E. Alpestris—Secondary side arcuate, narrow; apices rounded,
very slightly recurved ; transverse strie four to five in 1-1200th;
primary side unequal. Length two to three times greater than width.
(1-600th to 1-324th. P. 16, f. 8.) Spring water, Thun, Switzerland.
E. ocellata =Eunotia ocellata (Khy.)
E. Argus = Eunotia argus (Ehr.)
E. gibberula = Eunotia gibberula (Ehr.)
E. Zeaxtricula = Eunotia Textricula (Ehr.)
E. Saxonica.—Small, on secondary side dorsum convex, under side
concave, contracting gradually towards the ends, which are slightly
obtuse, rounded but not recurved; transverse strie subconvergent,
six to seven in 1-1200th; primary side oblong, rectangular. Length
1-840th. Saxony and Italy.
E. proboscidea. —Small; on secondary side dorsum expanded,
rather concave below; apices constricted, obtuse, remarkably re-
curved; transverse strive convergent, five to six in 1-1200th; primary
side oblong, rectangular, with obtuse angles. Length 1-540th. Fossil,
Luneher
Nawiculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 355
Errrnemia librile — Eunotia librile (Ehr.)
KE. gibba = FEunotia gibba (Ehr.)—Large, straight, on secondary
side, dorsum gibbous at its middle; apices rounded, very obtuse ;
transverse striz parallel and very close; on primary side, inflated at
both ends. Length 1-144th.
E. ventricosa.—Straight ; on secondary side, dorsum gibbous at its
centre ; apices very obtuse, rounded ; transverse stris parallel, close,
thirteen to fourteen in 1-1200th; on primary side ventricose at the
middle. Length 1-450th. Germany.
E. granulata = Eunotia granulata (Ehr.)—Large ; on secondary
side slightly arcuate, dorsum convex, apices rounded, very obtuse,
recurved, transverse stric moniliform, six in 1-1200th, their inter-
stices very finely punctate; on primary side, elongated, straight,
linear. Length 1-144th.
E. Faba = Eunotia Faba (Ehr.)—ULarge, on secondary side slightly
arcuate, dorsum convex; apices but very little recurved, obtuse ;
strie moniliform, seven to eight in 1-1200th, their interstices very
delicately punctate; primary side oblong, dilated at the middle
Length 1-180th. Fossil.
E. vertagus—Large, on secondary side slightly arcuate; dorsum
convex, with rounded and reflex apices; striz transverse conver-
gent, ten in 1-1200th, their interstices punctate; on primary side
oblong, rather dilated at the centre. Length 1-168th. Normandy.
E. (?) cingulata = Eunotia cingulata (Ehr.)
Genus Evweripron (Kiitz.) Cuneiform, prismatic, trapezoid, con-
joined in a wand or convoluted band, at length stalked. Striz trans-
verse, strong, unbroken.
Kiitzing has created this genus in the belief that IJeridion con-
strictum (Ralfs) possesses characters not belonging to Meridon, and
such as are sufficient to separate it.
The bands developed, resemble, generally, in their convolution,
those of Meridion, but Kiitzing states that the transverse section of
the frustules is trapezoid, and that they are attached, like species of
Synedra, by ashort, thick, gelatinous pedicle.
E. constrictum = Meridon constrictum (Ralfs.)
Genus Evyorra.—Lorica prismatic, striated, composed of one, two,
or more vieces or valyes. Lower or ventral surface flat, or rather
356 DESCRIPTION OF [| Polygastrica.
concave, dorsal convex, and often dentate, with two apertures at each
apex; lateral surfaces plane. Self-division complete, and hence the
frustules are always solitary, or in pairs, during the process of fission.
Found both living and fossil. Habitat, freshwater, parasitic on
Algie.
Eunotia is closely allied to Navicula, but differs in the absence of
a central opening (umbilicus.) The cross section of the lorica is
trapezoid, and the transverse strize are uninterrupted, 7. e. unbroken,
‘The frustules are simple or binate, quadrangular.”
Eunotia are mostly found attached, by their concave surface, to
various fresh water Algze.
‘‘Some species,” says Mr. Ralfs (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844, p. 459),
placed by Ehrenberg in this genus, have cymbiform frustules, and
belong to Agardh’s genus Cymbella.
‘In Eunotia the frustules resemble those of some species of Fragt-
laria, but are not united into a filament. Viewed laterally the frus-
tules are lunate. The convex dorsal surface is generally raised in
transverse ridges (dentations, Ehr.); and the number of these ridges,
as seen in a lateral view, when they appear like teeth, distinguishes
the species. Prof. Bailey suspects that the number of these teeth is
liable to variation, and that the*number of species has, in conse-
quence, been made too great.”
Besides multiplying by self-division, the Hunotie have been
observed by Mr. Thwaites, and others, to propagate by conjugation.
(P. 14, f. 1to8.) Frustules developed in the latter mode are larger
than the parent beings producing them, and in their early stage are
surrounded by mucus, and not striated. Where the number of
dentations is equal in two forms, and so cannot furnish a specific
character, then the variations in the figure of the lorica generally,
and particularly of its apices, are employed.
Evunorra turgida. = Epithemia turgida (Kiitz.)— Lorica semi-
lanceolate; ends truncate; striated; strie eight in 1-1200th.
Dorsum convex. A longitudinal furrow runs along the middle of each
side; scarcely visible in living specimens, owing to the colour of the
body. (Group 157, P. 3, and f. 158, 159, 160, and 161, P- 14,
f.1to 8.) Found upon Vaucheria and Conferva. Length 1-1140th.
to 1-240th.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 357
Evunorra Westermann. = Epithemia Westermanni (Kiitz.)\—Semi-
lanceolate, oval, with ten strie in 1-1200th. It is of arichochre colour.
(In group 157.) Found with the preceding. Length 1-1150th. to
1-480th.
E. Zebra. = Epithemia Zebra (Kiitz.)—Striated, semi-lanceolate,
oblong, with five transverse strie in 1-1200th. The strive are seen
with difficulty except when the lorica is empty, or fossil. Length
1-1840th. to 1-570th. Found on fresh-water Algze, and fossil at
San Fiore, &c.
KE. granulata = Epithemia granulata (Kiitz.)\—Striated, semi-lan-
ceolate ; elongate, slightly arcuate ; surface granular, being minutely
dotted in the interspaces of the moniliform strie. Strie five in
1-1200th. Length 1-240th to 1-140th. Fossil in Germany, United
States. (P. 3. f. 165.)
EK. Faba = Epithemia Faba (Kiitz.)—Striated, semi-oval, in the
form of a bean; slightly arcuate; apices obtuse, very little recurved.
Striz moniliform (dotted), nine in 1-1200th. Length 1-1150th to
1-570th. Fossil.
E. diodon.—Striated on the lateral surfaces, which are narrower
than the plane central surface ; apices obtuse, rounded and tapering ;
dorsum convex, obtusely bidenti#e, with two obtuse ridges at its
centre. Length 1-570th. Fossil.
KE. triodon differs from E. diodon, in having three dentations.
Length 1-570th. Fossil. (P. 3. f. 164.)
E. tetraodon.—Large ; dorsum very convex,and venter very concave;
constricted near each end, which is rounded; dorsum with four large
rounded elevations; strie strongly marked. Length 1-570th.
Living, Falaise; fossil in Finland.
KE. pentodon, similar to E. diodon.—but dorsum with five ridges ;
ends attenuated, rounded. Fossil.
E. Diadema.—Six dentations, ends rounded. Fossil.
E. serra.—Large, lunate, dorsum sinuose, with twelve to thirteen
indentations. Length i-280th. Fossil in Sweden and North America.
EK. gibba = Navicula gibba (Ehr.)—Striated, dilated at the middle,
and gibbous, oblong; ends dilated and rounded; strize nine in 1-1200th.
Length 1-430th to 1-120th.. Living, Gravesend; fossil, Isle of
France. (P. 15. f. 27.)
358 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastricd,
Evyor1a Diane.—Striated, linear, rather broader than deep altus) ;
dorsum convex ; venter concave; apices arcuate and slightly reflexed.
Strie thirteen in 1-1200th. Length 1-216th. Brandenberg.
E. heptodon.—Ntriated, short and semilunar; venter concave; dor-
sum convex, with seven obtuse dentations (teeth), (1-576th). In
fossil meal, Sweden.
E. octodon.—Like preceding in form and size; eight dorsal denta-
tions. (1-576th.)
E. enneaodon.— Striated, straight, or curved; venter plane or
concave ; dorsum with nine obtuse teeth. (1-432nd.)
E. decaodon,—Semilunar,venter concave, ten obtuse teeth. (1-480th.)
Fossil in Sweden and North America,
E. Hendecaodon.—Curved, with eleven obtuse teeth. (1-450th.)
Fossil.
E. serrulata, — Linear, curved; dorsum convex, thirteen obtuse
teeth. (1-432nd,) North America.
E. prionotus,—Striated, almost straight and linear; fourteen
dentations. (1-289th.) Sweden.
E. bisoctonaria,— Striated, linear, ps curved; sixteen dorsal
teeth. (1-280th.) Fossil.
E. icosodon.—Twenty teeth. (hr “206th.) If more than twenty
teeth, E. polyodon, Fossil.
E. nodosa.—Slightly arched ; expanded at the centre on both sides;
apices reflexed, obtuse. (1-240th.) Fossil, Barbadoes and North
America,
E. comta.—Small, curved, rounded at each end; dorsum regularly
convex ; strie strong and granular. Length 1-1152nd. In Greek
marl.
E, Hellenica.— Long, somewhat curved, apices rounded; dorsum
uniformly convex; very delicate stria, intervening between the few
but strong internal coste. (1-480th) In Greek marl. Coste four
in 1-1200th.
E. ocellata = Epithemia ocellata (Kiitz.)—Small, oblong, curved ;
ends rounded; back regularly convex; strize strong and close, seven
in 1-1200th. Length 1-1152nd. In Greek marl and in Peru, The
three preceding species approach E. Fudba in form.
E. amphioxys.—Narrowly linear, dorsums lightly conyex, smooth ;
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 359
venter slightly concave, minutely striated; ends suddenly contracted
and produced ; approaches E. Diane. (1-480th.)
Evnorra Argus.—Striated, dorsally oblong, regularly quadrangular,
with a double row of pores (ocelli), approaching it to E. ocellata,
which however is constricted towards each extremity. Cuba,
Mexico. (P. 24. f. 11.)
K. drceps.—Striated, narrowly linear, curved, apices rounded ; and
a little revolute. North America and Falkland Islands.
KE. didens—Striated, ; venter flat; dorsum convex, with a central
furrow, rendering it bidentate; apices dilated, truncate. Itresembles
E. diodon, except in its truncate extremities. America,
E. Camelus.—Small, striated ; dorsum with a double boss or hump ;
extremities produced, slender, obtuse. Cayenne and Labrador,
E. (?) eingulata = Epithemia cingulata (Kiitz.) —Smooth, small,
dorsum convex; margin of ventral surface tumid. It is divided by
a longitudinal prominent band into two halves; approaches E.
gibberula
E. dechvis.—Wider, striated; venter flat; dorsum convex, with a
moderate groove, making it bidendate; the dentations continuous
with the acute apices by a straight descending line,
E. depressa. — Striated; narwly linear, rectangular; yenter
plane or slightly concave; dorsima rather depressed, suddenly
contracting towards the rouuded apices. Length 1-408th. Fossil,
Treland, and in tropical America.
E. dizyga.— Striated (?) wider; venter concave; dorsum convex,
with four dentations, approximating at the centre, Cayenne,
E. Elephas.—Striated, very broad curved, apices broadly rounded;
back tridendate, Brazil.
E. Formica.—Striated, linear ; turgid on each side of the centre,
apices also enlarged. It — E. nodosa, with ends not reflected, but
enlarged and straight Central and North America.
E. gibberula = Epithemia gibberula. (Kiitz.)—With dotted strie,
small; dorsum widely expanded; apices constricted, recurved.
Mexico, Connecticut.
| EL Librile = Lpithema Tibrile (Kiitz.\—Long and narrow, with
dotted interspaces between the strie; yenter concave; dorsum at its
860 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastriea.
middle portion evenly convex, but decreasing suddenly towards the
slightly revolute and obtuse ends. Mexico. (P. 15. f. 24, 25.)
Evnorra monodon.—Striated, elongate; venter concave; dorsum
evenly convex; constricted slightly near the rather recurved
ends. (P. 15. f. 27.) :
E. parallela, —Linear, strongly striated, curved, apices simply
rounded. North America.
E. pileus.—Small, striated, subquadrate, as seen on the sides; the
under surface is wider than the upper ; the latter slightly furrowed ;
ends obtuse, rather prolonged. Siberia. Fossil.
E. longicornis.—Large, elongated, dorsum continuously convex ;
extremities rather reflexed ; venter concave; surface marked laterally
by many wide coste, alternating with more or less rounded or quad-
rate spaces, which are also striated. It is allied to E. Argus. (P. 24.
figs. 6 to 9.)
E. prerupta.—Striated, elongate, back curved evenly and continu-
ously to its dilated and truncated extremities.
E. quarternarva,—Small, narrowly linear, curved; back four-toothed ;
apices somewhat recurved. Liberia, Cayenne.
E. quinaria.—Small, narrow, linear; dorsum but slightly convex,
with five dentations; ends roundd, Siberia, New York, Guano.
(P. 15. £. 39.)
E. Sella.—Striated, dilated; dorsum, with a central groove,
bidentate; continued as a regular curve to the acute ends.
Cayenne.
E. septena.—Small, narrowly linear, with seven dorsal dentations.
Labrador.
E. Zextricula = Epithema Textricula (Kitz.) Small, with paral-
lel sides; back evenly convex; convexity prolonged to the round,
not tapering extremities ; strie lateral, few and strong ; their inter-
spaces with fine longitudinal lines. Fossil, Iceland and Mexico.
E. Tridentula—Small, narrowly linear, striated; dorsum triden-
tate. Fossil, Iceland, Cayenne, and Connecticut.
E. centralis—Large, linear, striated, curved ; venter turgid in the
middle ; dorsum even; apices enlarged, rounded. North America.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 861
Evunorra wneinata.—Small, narrow, linear, curved; apices much
constricted and capitate. North America.
E. Zebrina = Epithemia Zebrina (Kiitz.) —Striated, elongate ;
dorsum evenly convex; the convexity extending gradually to the
constricted but obtuse apices ; interspaces of strize dotted, ‘ probably
identical with E. zebra,” Kiitzing. New York and Rhode Island.
E. zygodon.—Striated, linear, oblong; back with a furrow, render-
ing it bidentate, and its convex curve extending to the rounded
apices. Guiana
E. Orete.—Of Caltanisetta, Sicily — Cocconema Crete.
E. amphidicranon.—Striated, oblong, straight, quadrangular ; con-
stricted on each side at the middle; extremities emarginate, furcate,
(1-864th.) Fossil, Oregon.
E. crocodilus.—Elongate, striated, gently curved; back convex,
depressed in centre; venter concave, gibbous at its middle; ends
subacute, reflexed. (1-576th.)
E. Inna.—Striated, linear, with a lunate curve; dorsum evenly
convex ; venter concave, gibbous at its centre ; ends simply obtuse.
(1-372nd,) Fossil.
E, Sima.—Striated, linear, more gradually curved; dorsum rather
convex; venter concave; ends Ppliquely subtruncate, and apices
reflex. (1-456th.) Fossil.
The following new species were discovered by Ehrenberg, in
earth from New Holland :—
EK. celata, KE. Australis, E. eygnus, E. paradoxa.
E. senaria and E. nonaria.—New species, discovered by Ehrenberg,
in earth from Siberia,
E. Alpina (Kiitz.)—Binate, primary side linear; rectangular on
the other, dorsum convex, apices obtuse, truncate, transverse stris
very slender. (1-960th to 1-600th.) Bernese Oberland,
E. monodon. (Ralfs.) — Lateral view concave on one margin,
convex on the other; constricted near the ends; striae none or very
obscure. Fresh water pools.
“The frustules are very minute, but vary greatly in length, being
in some specimens only twice as long as broad, and in others six or
seven times longer than broad. The front view has its ends slightly
rounded, and its puncta very obscure. The absence of striee may be
BB
362 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
due to the minute size of the specimens under my notice, as I have
occasionally observed very faint lateral strie. A frustule of this
species, though very much smaller, has a great resemblance to a
solitary one of Fragilaria pectinalis ; but in this plant the concavity
of one margin is generally greater, and the constriction near the
ends of the frustules more considerable; the front view, too, is
narrower in proportion to the lateral; still it may eventually prove
to be only the commencement of that plant.”
This is probably identical with E. monodon of Ehrenberg...
Genus Everopiscus.—Lorica simple, valves equal, orbicular, not
concatenated; unilocular, furnished with tubular processes, per-
forated at the apex, projecting from near the margin.
The number of tubules was at first employed by Ehrenberg as a
generic characteristic, but he now assigns to it but a specific value.
Eupodiscus is therefore equivalent to the previously-named genera,
Tripodiscus, Tetrapodiscus, and Pentapodiscus.
E. Germanicus.—Has three tubular processes, and eighteen cells
in 1-1200th. The lorica large, orbicular, and rather compressed ;
cells in radiating series ; processes short and hyaline. Colour green.
Cuxhaven. (P. 14, f. 41, 42.)
EK. quaternarius.—F our appendages.
E. quinarius.—F ive processes.
E. monstruosus.—Four processes on one side. Diameter 1-240th.
EK. Rogersii.—Has six appendages round its periphery; valves
with four-and-a-half large cells in 1-1200th., together with five
radiating series of granules, ten in 1-1200th. Diameter 1-204th.
Virginia.
E. BaileyimSeven processes around its circumference. Virginia.
EK. radiatus (Bailey.)—In form, size, and reticulation, resembling
the Coscinodiscus radiatus of Ehrenberg, but having four (or more)
foot-like projections near the margin. A common form in the
Southern States of America.
Genus Fracitarta.—Lorica simple, bivalve or multivalve, prismatic,
having a general resemblance to JVavicula; striated on the sides,
leaving a central clear portion. In most species each extremity is
furnished with two openings; these being in the same plane, the
surfaces upon which the chain rests may be considered lateral, and the
self-diyision will then be dorsal. The whole chain sometimes rises
Naviculacea, | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 363
in the water and turns upon itself; detached frustules have a pro-
gressive movement. The granular contents are green or yellowish
when young, but reddish brown when old. The most evident manner
of propagation is dorsal self-division. In many species growth con-
tinues both during and after self-division, but in F. streatula increase
of size ceases after division.
Tn Hooker’s British Flora, the characters thus stand,—“ Frustula
forming plane, pseudo-articulated, densely striated, fragile filaments,
separating at the strie (not cohering at their angles.) Named from
their fragile character.”
This genus gives name, and is the type of the family Frag:/arie of
Kiitzing, which also includes the genera Denticula, Odontidium, and
Diatoma.
Mr. Ralfs observes, (Ann. Nat. Hist., 1848.) ‘(This genus is
nearly allied to Diatoma; the chief distinction between them is, that
in Diatoma the frustules cohere at the angles, and in Fragilaria do
not. In one species of the latter this difference does not exist; it
seems therefore an intermediate form.”
“The puncta at the ends of the frustules, in this and other genera
of the Cymbellez, 1 have never found any reason to believe to be
openings, as many naturalists havé supposed. Mr. Borrer informs me,
that in Fragilaria pectinalis they are the terminations of slight
grooves.”
Besides multiplying by fission, described by Ehrenberg, the frus-
tules of Fragilaria also conjugate and produce new forms.
The following strictures by Kiitzing, on some of the specific dis-
tinctions of Ehrenberg, employed in this genus, occur in a note to
the description of Hragilaria capucina (Kiitz.)
“Tt varies much in length and breadth, the single frustules as
well as the bands. The contents also are subject to the same
variations as those of other Diatomee. Nevertheless, Ehrenberg has
made use of these variations in the institution of several species.
P. 17, f. 1 is a tolerably common variety, which always appears
in very long bands. These bands are often twisted, and, owing to
this, appear smaller at some parts than at others, seeming to be
broader when lying flat, and smaller when at an acute angle. The
BB 2
364 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
shorter bands belong to Ehrenberg’s Fragilaria rhabdosoma; p. 17,
fig. 3 is F. bipunctata; figs. 4 and 12isF. diophthalma ; figs. 2 and 7 is
F. Scealaris ; figs. 5 and 8 is F. multyunctata; fig. 9 is F. fissa;
whilst figs. 10, 11, and 6, represent the F. tenwis of Agardh.”
Fraciaria grandis.—Striated, lanceolate; laterally, ends obtuse.
As many as thirty frustules often cluster in a single band. (P. 3,
f. 171.); strie 11 in 1-1200th. Length of single rods or frustules
1-570th. to 1-120th.; evade F. pectinalis (Ralfs.)
F. Glans. = Navicula (?) glans (Ehr.)—Short, striated, expanded
in the centre, so as to recal the figure of an acorn ; ends constricted,
obtuse. Strie two to three in 1-1200th. Fossil. Length 1-1150th.
to 1-570th.
F. scalaris. The ladder-like Fragilaria.—Smooth, seven to eight
times longer than broad; granules of a fallow hue. Breadth of
band (7. e. length of frustule) 1-860th. to 1-570th.
F. diophthalma.—Smooth, three to four times longer than broad ;
granules (ova, Ehr.) of a golden yellow colour, disposed in ten
portions, Length 1-960th. to 1-1150th.
F. pectinalis.—Striated, two to six times longer than broad;
dilated and lanceolate on the lateral surface; strie eight in
1-1200th,; granules yellow. Inés living state the striz are very
indistinct. (P. 3, group 176, aband, and the side view of a single
frustule.) Commonin ponds. Length 1-2200th, to 1-430th.
F. rhabdosoma.—Smooth, slender, and from five to twenty times
longer than broad. The extremities of the unstriated lateral surfaces
are needle-shaped. In some chains, the specimens are united
together firmly ; in others, the bands easily drop to pieces, the portions
detached exhibiting locomotion, and may easily be mistaken for
Synedra or Navicula; but the number and position of the openings
are the distinguishing marks, (figs. 173, 174.) They are pale
brown when recent, when dried greyish. Living in fresh water,
fossil at Cassel. Length 1-570th. to 1-200th.
F. turgidula.—Striated, and from two to three times longer than
broad, as seen in group 172; margin with many dentations; strie
six to nine in 1-1200th.; on secondary side lanceolate and rather
obtuse. Length 1-720th. to 1-570th. Berlin.
Naviculacea. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, 365
Fraerarta multipunctata.—Smooth, slender, eight to sixteen
times longer than broad; ova of a yellow golden colour, and
multipartite. Found amongst Conferva, Length 1-570th. to
1-280th.
F, bipunctata is probably identical with F. rhabdosoma; it is smooth,
and four to five times longer than broad. The granules are of a
golden-yellow colour, and contracted into the form of two rounded
spots. Found near Mount Sinai. Length 1-1200th to 1-760th.
F. angusta.—Smooth, and five to six times longer than broad.
Length 1-480th. to 1-570th.
F. (?) anceps.—Small, linear; laterally is loosely striated ; apices
constricted, sub-capitate, obtuse; allied to Gomphonema pupula.
North America.
F. biczps.—Small, linear, smooth; apices constricted, abruptly
subacute.
F. (?) binodis. = Navieular binodis.—Quite smooth, small, narrow,
panduriform (fiddle-shaped), constricted at the centre, and at each
end; apices acuminate. Length 1-900th.
F. (?) constricta.—Linear, oblong, smooth; central constriction
slight ; apices suddenly acute. Falkland Islands and Mexico.
F. Entomon.—Linear, elongate*-mooth, central constriction strong,
apices rostrate.
F. (?) glabra.—Linear, smooth; apices slender, but obtuse. May
be avariety of F. biceps. Guiana.
F. (?) ldevis.—Resembles F. amphiceros, but destitute of the dotted
strie. Virginia.
F. (?) Navicula—Oblong, smooth; dorsally four to five times
longer than broad ; central constriction very slight. Peru.
F. pinnata.—tTestules three to six times longer than broad;
linear, oblong, with strong striz, fifteen in 1-1200th; apices simply
rounded, allied to F. Syrzaca. Mexico, Iceland.
F. (?) striata.—Oblong, turgid; striz few but distinct. May be
a variety of F. pinnata. Of the ten species just described, Ehren-
~ berg makes the observation that he has not seen all of them con-
catenated, but often only single segments ; consequently their genus
is doubtful.
FE. leptoceros —Laterally rhomboid, linear, elongate, ends attenu-
366 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
ated, straight, and acute; margin very finely striated; central space
smooth. Diameter 1-432nd. Richmond, Virginia.
Fraciaria Amphiceros.—This species was described in 1843, by
Ehrenberg, as a doubtful Fragilaria, and as equal to a Cocconeis de-
prived of its central foramen. His latest description is: Testule
narrowly linear, rather turgid in the middle ; apices much attenuated,
but truncate ; surface remarkable by its transverse strie throughout.
It differs from Rhaphonets by the want of a median longitudinal band.
F. Bacillum.—Smooth, laterally linear, rounded at each end; five
to six times longer than broad. Length 1-720th. Oran, Africa.
F. striolata (1844) = F. pinnata.
F. nodulosa.—Linear, twelve times longer than broad; striated
transversely ; strie eighteen in 1-1200th; narrowly linear laterally,
constricted below the apices, marked by narrow rows of nodules.
Length 1-648th. Kurdistan. Transverse strie (nodules) of the
sides eighteen in 1-1152nd.
F. birostris—Very small, suddenly attenuated at the acute ex-
tremities, laterally lanceolate. Has nearly the characters of a
Staurosira (1-3120th.)
F. granulata— Habit of F. Amphiceros, but stouter, tapering to-
wards the ends ; pinnules disposed& 1 bundles, and granular. (1-720th.)
F. pinnulata.—Bacillar, equal throughout, often five to six times
longer than broad; laterally rounded at each end, not attenuate ;
pinnules twenty-five in 1-1200th. (1-1152nd.)
F. rotundata.—Bacillar, equal throughout; length often nine
times greater than breadth ; laterally rounded, not contracted at the
two extremities; twenty strong pinnules i1 1-1200th. Length 1-480th.
F. polyedra.—Oblong, angular (hexangular ?) bacillar ; length three
times greater than width; transverse strie (pinnules) delicate.
Length 1-900th. Fossil at Norwich. Connecticut. Alhed to F.
Bacillum.
F. (?) mesotyla.—Bacillar, turgid at the centre, ends obtuse, trans-
versely striated, strice granular. Longth 1-480th. Very like Staur-
optera granulata, but wants the longitudinal band and crucial um-
bilicus.
F. (?) Stylus.—Fossil, discovered by Ehrenberg in marl from
Afigina.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 367
Fraerarta (?) Stylidium.—Fossil, from the same locality.
F. Seminulwm (Eht.)—Fossil, in earth from Siberia.
F. Syriaca.—Testules eight times longer than broad, striae wide
apart, ten in 1-1200th. Length 1-960th. Marine, Syria.
F. mesodon.—Length not much greater than breadth (subquadrate),
centre rather turgid on the lateral aspect, ends obtuse, constricted ;
four strie, and teeth about the middle, only on the sides. Secondary
side elliptic-lanceolate, dilated at the middle, with two to four striz.
Length 1-1104th. Friburg, in Switzerland, among Conferva.
F. Catena.—Smooth, length twice the breadth, ovate laterally.
Length 1-1152nd. Mexico.
F. acuta.—Smooth, linear, length six times the breadth; laterally
cuneate, acute. Length 1-576th. Among Conferva; Friburg, Switzer-
land.
F. Capucina (Kiitz.)—Filaments more or less elongated, segments
linear, rectangular; on secondary side acute and narrowly lanceolate.
Common. This plant, according to Kiitzing, represents the species
named by Ehrenberg, respectively, Mragilaria rhabdosoma, multipunc-
tata, bipunctata, angusta, scalaris, diophthalma, and. fissa.
F. corrugata.—Segments geminate, corrugated on each side; on
secondary side acutely lanceolategz Length 1-1440th. Fresh water,
Nordhausen.
Kiitzing adduces this species as synonymous with F. confervoides
(Greville), thus described (Hooker's British Flora, vol. 1, p. 407.)—
Filaments elongated, attenuated, compressed, excessively fragile, the
joints about as long as they are broad (¢. e. considerig the breadth
of the frustules to be that of the chain.) Streams. Tufted, two to
four inches in length.
F. hyemalis (Ann.-Nat. Hist., 1843, Lyngbye.)—Frustules broad,
puncta at the ends very minute, lateral surfaces broad, elliptic-lan-
ceolate, with well-marked strize, which terminate in distinct puncta
along the margins. Found in fresh-water pools and rivulets.
Brownish when recent, whitish brown when dry ; filaments elongated,
attenuated, very fragile, separating into single frustules almost imme-
diately after being gathered. Mature frustules generally two or
three (occasionally five or six) times longer than broad.
In Hooker’s British Flora, three other species, named, respectively,
368 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
F. aurea, F. diatomoides, and F. striatula, are described; but beimg
all marine, contrary to the habitat of the true Fragilaria, probably
belong to another genus, which Kiitzing supposes to be Grammonema
(Agardh.)
Besides indicating F. virescens to be in part represented by F. pee-
tinalis (E.), Mr. Ralfs describes (Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. xii, 1848) a
species under the latter appellation, but differing in characters from
the similarly named one of Ehrenberg.
Fraeirarr pectinalis (Ralfs.)—Frustules broad, with two evident
puncta at each end; lateral surfaces striated, curved, constricted on
one side near the end.
Var. (6.)—Found near Barmouth. F. pectinalis is brown when
recent, but when dried is of a pale greyish-green colour, with a
glass-like lustre. The endochrome is commonly contracted into two
irregular lines, which are not unfrequently united at the centre ; but
often it is in four patches, apparently from the division of these lines.
The frustules sometimes have a central pellucid spot, which does not
appear to be connected with the endochrome. I have, several times,
met with a remarkable state of this species, and have also received
it from Mr. Jenner. Within the frustules, there is, apparently,
another siliceous frustule, the lateri’ margins of which are rounded,
having strie like the outer frustules. In the longer frustules it is
nearly elliptic; but, in the shorter ones, appears as if truncated at
the ends, and, in both, it occupies the whole interior of the frustules,
except the corners, where the puncta at the ends are situated ; it is
filled with a yellowish-green granular mass, mixed with numerous
colourless vesicles.
The lateral surfaces (of F. pectinal’s) are very characteristic ; one
margin is flat, or slightly concave, the other convex, and slopes off
rather abruptly near the ends, where also it is slightly constricted.
Besides these constrictions, indications of two others may often be
observed on the convex margin; but, in a specimen sent me by Mr.
Slaney, these are so strongly marked, that if I had not seen inter-
mediate forms, I should have supposed it a distinct species. I have
made it var. (6)—F. undulata, which perfectly agrees with the usual
state of the species, except in the lateral view, the convex margin of
which has two indentations, giving it an undulated appearance; the
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULBS. 369
other margin is flat, with a projection in the centre. In both forms
the lateral surfaces are marked with close transverse strive. Mr. Ralfs
appears to regard fig. 171, as representing this variety.
Fraciarta virescens (Ralfs.)—Frustules broad, with two evident
puncta at each end; lateral surfaces turgid, lanceolate, constricted
near the ends ; strie none, or indistinct. Fresh water pools. Plant
green, not much altered in drying. ‘The frustules frequently separate
and cohere by the angles in a zig-zag chain, from which circum-
stance it is doubtful whether the plant is rightly placed in this genus.
The frustules are often nearly square, but more frequently three to
four, or sometimes five to six, times longer than broad. The endo-
chrome is greenish, and consists of numerous small granules, either
scattered or collected together in the centre of the frustules.
When the frustules adhere together by their angles, this plant
bears aconsiderable resemblance to young specimens of Diatomavulgare,
from which, however, it may be distinguished by its green colour
when recent, by the form of the lateral surfaces, and by the apparent
absence of strize under a moderate power of the microscope.
Mr. Ralfs considers this species = F. pectinalis (f.); Kiitzing
thinks it — F. confervoides of Greville ; but the former says it is not,
for F. confervoides (Grev.) he hae¥ascertained to be F. hyemalis.
Genus GattioneLta (Ehr.) = Jelosira (Agardh.)—Lorica bivalve,
cylindrical, globular, or discoid, concatenated, chain free. The seg-
ments (frustules) have each one or two oblique furrows, with several
openings in them. The lorica, viewed end ways, is circular, re-
sembling a coin. It is fragile and incombustible; that of G. ferru-
ginea (see description of this species and remarks) appears to be com-
posed of silicate of iron. A coloured and divided mass of granules
(ova, E.), clustered like grapes, is seen internally, as also colourless
vesicles. Change of place has not been seen. In their concatenated
form, they closely resemble filamentous Alge. Nearly all the species
are found both fossil and living; the fossil forms, especially, are
exquisite objects for the microscope, under a high power and proper
illumination. Living forms occur both in fresh and in salt water.
Kiitzing’s definition differs from that of Ehrenberg, mainly in de-
scribing the filaments as adnate, or attached. Like Mr. Kalts, the
370 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
first-named naturalist makes two sections of this genus, according as
the segments are globular or elliptic, and keeled (The term keeled,
carinatus, is applied by Kiitzing to the opposite sides of each seg-
ment, which appear produced beyond the first or chief circle, or cut
off by a segment of another circle from it), or cylindrical and not
keeled ; calling the first Lysigonium, the second Gallionella. ‘< This
genus,’ says Mr. Ralfs (Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. xii, p. 347), “in
its cylindrical filaments, differs from the other Cymbella, and thus
connects them with the Conferve; but it agrees with them in being
generally of a brown or yellowish colour when recent, and especially
in its siliceous filaments, and in the presence of strie; characters
which sufficiently point out the propriety of its present situation
among the Diatomee. The filaments have no proper margins marked
by distinct characters, asin the other genera of Cymbellee (Diatomee) ;
and the striz, when present on the junction-surfaces, are not trans-
verse, but radiated.
‘In the first section of this genus, the species belonging to which
are generally marine, the ends of the frustules are convex, and as
there are no distinct junction-surfaces, a moniliform appearance is
produced. The central line is more strongly marked in this than in
the other section, and seems to d¥gide the frustules ito two equal
portions. It becomes broader, and at length double, and, ulti-
mately, an intermediate growth separates the two halves of the
frustule, which, during this process, do not increase in size; but
when the intermediate space is equal to the diameter of the original
frustule, two new frustules are formed, by the addition of two hemi-
spheres on the inner sides of the separated portions. The outer sili-
ceous covering still remaining, the frustules are connected in pairs,
and appear like two globules within a joint, as they are characterized
by Harvey in G. nwmmuloides, and by Carmichael in G. globifera.
The above description belongs more particularly to G. nummuloides,
but the process in the other species, in the first section, is the same ;
a series of changes, nearly similar, occurs in Jsthmia.
** All the species in the second section are found in fresh water.
The frustules are not united in pairs; their junction-surfaces are
distinct, and nearly flat, and their central lines are probably furrows ;
hence, whatever parts of these lines occupy the margin of the field
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 371
of view, as the filaments are turned round, they all appear like
puncta.
““* Filaments moniliform, frustules united in pairs. Species G..
nummuloides, G. Borrert, and G. globifera.
«* * Filaments not moniliform, frustules cylindrical. Species G.
arenaria, G. varians, and G. aurichalcea.
««% % * Filaments very slender, joints obscure. Species G. ochracea.”
Mr. Thwaites has proposed (Ann. Nat. Hist., 1848) another
arrangement of Jfelosira—subdividing it indeed into three genera—
viz., Aulacoseira, Orthoseira, and Melosira. This subdivision he would
base on differences observable both in the character and position of
the sporangia, and in the form and structure of the frustules them-
selves.
The genus Melosira (says Mr. Thwaites) as it stands, after this
removal of some of its species, will include all those whose frustules
are in any degree convex at their extremities, and have the central
line indicating the place of future fissiparous division. It will
probably be found expedient to separate Jelosira arenaria (Moore,
see page 376) from its present congeners, when its sporangia have
been discovered.
Besides multiplying by fissign, the Melostra Gfallionella (Ehr.),
develope new frustules by the formation of sporangia; and, although
these sporangia are not the result of an evident conjugation, or mix-
ture of endochromes of two frustules, as witnessed in many of the
Diatomea, yet Mr. Thwaites concludes, that the difference in the
phenomena, though structural, is not physiological. In this genus,
a change takes place in the endochrome of a single frustule—that is,
a disturbance of its previous arrangement, a moving towards the
centre of the frustules, and a rapid increase in its quantity ; subse-
quently to this it becomes a sporangium, and out of this are developed
sporangial frustules as in other Diatomee.
In the system of Kiitzing, this genus gives name to the family
Melosire, which comprise the genera Cyclotella, Pyxidicula, Pododiscus,
Podosira, and Melosira.
The same observer states that JMelosira is attached by a soft, gela-
tinous pedicle, proceeding from the middle aperture of the ventral
surface, a characteristic of this genus.
372 DESCRIPTION OF [| Polygastrica.
GaLtroneLta lincata.—Cylindrical, the ends connecting them togcther
_ (the zunction surfaces) compressed (fig. 128.) The lines on the surface of
the segments are transverse, relative to their longer diameter; the
endochrome yellow or green. A single chain consists sometimes
of 1200 to 4000 segments, forminga chain two to three inches in
length ; length of frustule 1-1400th to 1-480th. Marine
The BMelosira lineata (Kiitz.)— Adduced as synonymous with
Gallionella lineata (K.) is described as having smooth segments con-
joimed in pairs; and, in the illustrative figure, no lines, save some
few very delicate ones in the central portion of each frustule, are
exhibited, like those in Ehrenberg’s drawing.
G. nummuloides (K.)—Resembles the preceding species; but each
frustule has its ends convex, and near each of them a line, less
strongly marked than the central one. The convex ends render the
segments almost globular; the latter, also, are smooth; their con-
tents yellowish-green when dry, but brown when recent. Diameter
1-1700th to 1-860th. Sea or brackish water. (P. 14. f. 14, and
wood cuts.)
QD dD CD
G. varians = Melosira varians (Ralfs.)\—Joints cylindrical, with
flat ends; when separate, they rest upon their ends and appear like
coins; and in such a position, with a high power, delicate radiating
strize may be seen (as in fig. 131.*) Contents yellow or greenish.
Size 1-2200th to 1-480th. Fossil and living; the former constitute
the principal part of the earthy deposits of white powder used in
polishing silver plate.
G. distans.—Segments smooth, short, cylindrical, plane and trun-
cate on the junction surfaces; with two sulci or furrows, separated by
a more or less considerable interval (distant.) Segments closely
conjoined ; their two diameters equal, or that in the length of the
chain double the other. Diameter 1-3456th to 1-864th.
G. sulcata.—Segments short, cylindrical , about equal in their two
diameters; transversely striped near each junction-surface, leaving a
clear central interspace; surface of end view, with lines radiating
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 373
from a clear central spot, and extending to the marginal zone. (P. 8, f.
131, and P. 14, f. 26.) Diameter 1-860th to 1-600th.
GALLIONELLA moniliformis.—Smooth, large, cylindrical, short ; ends
truncated cones ; when single, and viewed from the back, they appear
octagonal; contents greenish. In sea water; often confounded with
G. lineata. Size 1-860th.
G. aurichaleea. — Segments cylindrical and slender; their length
full twice the diameter, with either a single or two perforated rays
contiguous at the middle; the ova are green, but, when dried, become
of a golden-yellow colour. Thickness 1-2300th to 1-1720th. In
fresh water, ditches, and slow streams.
G. ferruginea = Melosira ochracea (Ralfs.) — Slender, oval,
convex at bothends; smooth. In many, perhaps in all chalybeate
waters, and also in peat water, which contains a small proportion of
iron, this is to be found; it is of the colour of iron-rust, and in
mineral springs, in which it abounds, is often taken for precipitated
oxide of iron. It covers every thing under water, but forms so
delicate and floccose a mass, that the least motion dissipates it. In
the spring of the year, this mass is composed of very delicate pale
yellow globules, which can be easily separated from each other.
They unite together in rows, liketshort chains, and produce an irre-
gular gelatinous felt or floccose substance. About summer, or in
autumn, they become developed into more evidently articulated and
stiff threads, of a somewhat larger diameter, but still form a com-
plicated mass or web, and, either from adhering to each other or to
delicate conferva, appear branched. In the young condition, when
examined under shallow magnifiers, they resemble gelatine ; but with
a power of 300 diameters, the flexible granules are discoverable, and
with dexterous management, the little chains forming the felt or
floccose web can be made out. In summer, on the other hand, its
structure can be observed much more easily and distinctly. Early
in spring, the colour is that of a pale yellow ochre; but in summer,
that of anintense rusty red, (P. 2, f. 129 and 130.) Diameter
1-1200th
According to Kiitzing, this is not a species of Gallionella, but a
Conferva; it has no true siliceous lorica, as have true Diatomea,
and the coating of oxide of iron is not an essential element, but
374 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastriea.
merely an incrustation, such as will form on well-known Conferva,
placed under like circumstances, ¢. ¢. in water holding salts of iron
in solution, which are subsequently precipitated by exposure to the
air, and converted into the red oxide.
The same author differs from Ehrenberg, as to the part played by
the so-called Galhonella ferruginea in the production of the oxide of
iron in chalybeate waters, of bog-iron ore, of clay-iron ochre, &e.
For he observes, in many springs rich in iron, no such orga-
nism is found, although other Conferva may be present, Conferva,
however, not peculiar to such habitats, but common in springs and
ponds generally.
Mr. Ralfs (Op. Cit. p. 352), however, in part supports Ehrenberg,
declaring, that though identical with Conferva ochracea (Dillwyn) yet
‘Ehrenberg is no doubt correct, in placing the plant in this genus,
as the filaments are siliceous and cylindrical.”
GALLIONELLA undulata = G. varians (Hesse.)—Joints large, often
wider than deep, surface smooth; the wall of the testules flexuose
beneath the integuments; joints on the side, very finely radiate.
Diameter 1-576th.
G. coarctata.—Joints smooth; its habit is that of G. varians, but
it is devoid of the strie on the sidés. (P. 14, f. 20 and 27.)
G. granulata.—The entire surface covered by dotted transverse
lines ; when concatenated, these lines are longitudinal with reference
to the entire chain; dotted longitudinal lines in the joints (transverse
in the chain) characterize G. marchica,
G. lirata.—Has the habit of G. granulata, but with stronger lines,
disposed like the strings of a lyre. United States.
G. oculus.—Habit of G. sol, but larger with equal and stronger
rays, sixty-seven in number, in the circuit of the very smooth dise.
Diameter 1-240th. Southern Ocean.
G. pileata. —Joimts wider than deep, surface smooth; the two
sutures of the valves much separated, very minutely dotted; lateral
disc convex, smooth, often marrower than the connecting band
(cingulum) or medium-body, hence the hat-like form. Diameter
1-648th. Southern Ocean.
G. Sol.—Joints narrow, mostly five times deeper than broad,
nummiform; disc level, large, smooth; margin strongly and broadly
Naviculacea.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 375
rayed, with eighty-four rays; suture of the valves single. Diameter
1-336th.
GaLLionELLA Zympanum.—Dise broad; centre smooth; slender
margin, minutely striate. Diameter 1-276th. Southern Ocean,
G. sculpta.— Joints large, depth exceeding breadth; lateral surface,
with transverse, dotted lines, (which, when the segments are con-
joined, become, in relation to the entire chain, longitudinal,) densely
striated, and elegantly sculptured; two sutures about the middle,
with a narrow interspace. Diameter 1-960th. Fossil, Oregon.
G. (?) spiralis —Joints small, oblique ; breadth greater than depth,
or equal; surface with loose, transverse, dotted limes; chains forming
curves and spirals. Diameter 1-2304th. Fossil, Oregon.
G. calligera.—Joints small, smooth, with .the habit of G. distans ;
breadth double the depth; median suture single; a double granular
mass enclosed within, like G. wndulata. Diameter 1-1728th. Fossil
in pumice, Island of Ascension.
G. (?) coronata.—Testules with the habit of G. sulcata; the outside
of the cylinder striated; margin of disc crenate; disc smooth,
slightly convex, with a circlet of granules at its centre like a crown
of pearls. Diameter 1-864th. Fossil, sea coast of Patagonia.
G. (?) plana.—Testule with th® habit of G. suleata, but with the
dise of the valves plane, smooth, not radiated nor granular. Diameter
1-1152nd. This form may possibly be but G. sulcata, with its
markings destroyed (worn smooth) by igneous action. Also fossil,
Patagonia, in pumice,
The following species have been found fossil :—
G. Nove Hollandia, G. procera, G. tenerimma, G. punctata, G. gibba,
G. Horologiwn, G. lineolata, G. asperula, G. biseriata, G. punctiger,
and G. erenulata = Melosira crenulata. See plate 14, f. 29.
Melosira of Kiitzing, and Aulacoseira and Orthoseira of Mr. Thwaites,
are here introduced as sub-genera, from their alliance to Gallionella.
Sub-genus Merostra.—The following species are derived from the
valuable papers of Mr. Ralfs, in the Annals of Natural History,
“M. globijera (Hervey.)—Frustules (testules, Ebr.) nearly glo-
bular, with numerous striz, which are most evident on the
siliceous covering. Filaments affixed by a short stipes (pedicle ;)
376 INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. | Polyyastrica.
frustules in pairs, each with a strongly-marked central line (suture.)
On marine Alge, Torquay, Hastings, &c.
“ Merostra Borrert (Greville. )—Frustules rather longer than broad,
cylindrical, rounded at the ends, with a central strongly-marked line
(suture of the valves, Ehr.) Marine Alge.”’
This species much resembles M. nummuloides; the filaments are
stouter, the ends less convex, and marked only with a central line.
““M. arenaria (Moore.)—Filaments stout, frustules broader than
long, with a single central line; junction-surfaces closely united,
striated. Fresh water ; brownish when recent; pale green when dried.
“Filaments much stouter than in any other species, distinct to the
naked eye; when rubbed between the fingers, feeling rough like
grains of sand, whence its specific name. The junction of the
frustules appears like a dentated surface. (See f. 131 and 199.)
The characters by which this species is distinguished from M. varians
have been so clearly pointed out by Mr. Dalrymples, that I shall use
an extract from his letter, instead of making any observations of my
own.” .
“ Melosiva varians (Agardh) is as clearly Gallionella varians, as Melosira
arenaria (Moore) is Gallionella varians, (Khr.)—Still no tyro in
Natural History could presume, thét the two were the same species.
The characteristic difference exists in the well-marked feature of the
strie at the junction-line of the corpuscles, and which, combined
with their discoid form, bears a strong resemblance to the milled
heads of many of the adjusting screws of our microscopes. Added
to this, is the appearance of radiating lines, seen when the flat sur-
face of the disc is in view.”
M. varians (Ralfs.)—Frustules once-and-a-half to twice as long
as broad, with a single central line ; the ends slightly rounded ; junc-
tion-surfaces without striz ; filaments very slender, but varying much
in thickness; fragile. Brownish when recent; becomes green on
drying. In fresh water rivulets, and ditches.
The end being rounded, the joints are not so closely united as in
M. arenaria and M. aurichalcea. Not unfrequently, this species has
the joints dilated here and there into a globular form; and in this
state the central furrow gives the appearance of two joints com-
bining in the formation of the inflated cells (P. 24, f. 32.)
Naviculacea.] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 377
Metostra aurichalcea (Kiitz,)—Filaments more slender, and more
uniform in size; joints larger, and more closely united: it especially .
differs in having two central lines, and striated junction-surfaces,
and in not turning green in drying.
Niigeli describes and figures a species which he refers to the genus
Gallionella; but it is a doubtful member. His description, however,
especially that of the self-division, induces us to give it nearly in his
own words, with his name, (Ray Society, 1848, p. 219.)
Gallionella (?) (Niageli.)\—Tigure shortly cylindrical. Diameter
-014th to .027th of a line.
Both the terminal surfaces of the cylinder are flattened, so that,
when seen sideways, it appears rectangular, with the angles rounded
off. It is composed of one simple cell, whose membrane is covered
by asiliceous plate, and its cavity contains chlorophyll granules, which
lie upon the membrane in two circular bands. (P. 24, f. 26 to 28.)
Each of these bands occupies one of the two obtuse angles of the
cylinder, and appears annular from above rectilinear, from the side
-(See description of Plate 24.)
In developing, the relative length of the cylinder increasing, a
septima divides it into halves, (P. 24, f. 28c) which, when com-
plete, the latter separate as tw distinct beings. The nascent
chlorophyll-granules are either spread equally over the surface, or
more frequently arranged in radii from the nucleus in the centre ;
they lie in the course of the currents streaming from the nucleus.
Compared with a cell of Conferva, or of Spirogyra, all three agree in
the forming of a septum, in the similarity of their contents, and in
the depositions of extra-cellular substance. But Gallionella differs
from both, by the production of an individual from every cell; also,
by the chlorophyll forming two lateral bands, and the siliceous
. extra-cellular substance an intermediate one.
‘“‘So far as my investigations go, Gallionella, which, according to
Ehrenberg, posseses a bivalved or multivalved shield, agrees with the
above-described plant in all essential particulars. The lines, for
instance, which would intimate a division of the shell into two or
. more pieces, are the septa by which the cell-division is eifected. As
in the filiform Algw, these walls at first appear as delicate lines;
then, by an increase of thickness, seem two clearly defined lines, and
cc
378 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
at last present themselves as two lamelle, separated by an inter-
- mediate third line. The perforations which Ehrenberg described,
IT look upon as nothing more than inter-cellular spaces, formed
between the two new-formed cells and the parent cell. These so-
called perforations are only visible, therefore, on the two lateral
borders where the wall abuts upon the membrane. The Confervoid
Alge exhibit a similar appearance.”
Under the name MMelosira, Kiitzing describes the following addi-
tional species or varieties of Gallionella.
Metosrra nummuloides.—Large, segments with very finely dotted
valves, (when dried of a golden colour); with evident keels
(carinee.) Diameter 1-840th. Baltic, North Sea, and Coast of
North America.
The name of this species would suggest its identity with Gallionella
nummuloides (Ehr.), but Kiitzing finds the synonyme of the latter in
his Welosira salina, between which and the Welosira just described, he
indicates a specific distinction.
M. dubia.—Small ; jomts compressed spheroids, smooth. Diameter
1-1200th.
M. subflexilis—Of middle size; joints cylindrical, quite smooth ;
the younger ones elongated ; the atlult shortened, depressed, conjoined
in pairs; secondary sides rather convex ; connecting isthmus of the
conjoined segments short. Diameter 1-564th. Friburg.
M. tenwis.—Very slender; joints cylindrical, quite smooth; long
diameter one-and-a-half to two times greater; closely connate; no
sulci. Diameter 1-5760th. Fossil in the polishing powder of
Luneberg.
M. Jurgensii.—Slender ; joints quite smooth, elongate, with two
slight contractions beneath the siliceous epidermis; at junction
surfaces convex, hemispherical, closely concatenate. Diameter
1-1800th. to 1-1200th.
M. Hetrurica.—Small, joints cylindrical, depth double the width ;
margin of junction surfaces finely denticulate ; lateral surface with
dotted rays. Diameter 1-3600th. to 1-1800th. Fossil, San Fiore.
M. Jtalica.—Small, joints cylindrical, quite smooth ; long diameter
(depth) double the transverse (width); on secondary sides convex.
In the mountain meal of San Fiore.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULFS. 379
Metostra erenulata.—Similar generally to the last, of which it is
little more than a variety; but the long diameter of its segnients
is two to four times greater, and the margin clearly denti-
culate. Diameter 1-1440th. England, North and South America.
(P. 14, f. 29.)
M. Binderana.—Another variety ; more slender; joints variable,
sometimes ventricose; length four to eight times the greater;
junction-margin minutely striated. Diameter 1-6000th. to 1-2400th.
Hamburg.
M. Americana.—Size moderate ; all the segments united in a
eylindrical tube, separated only by septa; transversely striated on
the margin, and divided by a median sulcus. Diameter 1-660th,
Tropical, America,
M. deeussata.—Slender, joints cylindrical, the two diameters
nearly equal; remarkable in being spirally decussated by numerous
very finely dotted lines. Shores of the Elbe.
Sub-Genus Avtacoserra (Thwaites), (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1848.)—Cells
cylindrical, bisulcate, extremities more or less orbicular, concatenated
in filaments.
Aulacoseira differs from Melosira by the deficiency of the central
line, the place of future fissiparcus division. Each of its frustules
too, have two somewhat distinct sulci or fossulz (furrows, Ralfs)
passing round it. The absence of the central line separates Aula-
coseira also from Orthoseira, from which it is further distinguished
by the convex ends of its cells or frustules.
Its typical species is the Melosira crenulata (Kiitz.) the M. auri-
chaleea (Ralfs); A. crenulata (Thwaites.) Characters those of the
genus. Sporangium spherical, with its axis of elongation at right
angles to that of the frustule from which it originated. Around
the young Sporangium a considerable quantity of mucus is developed,
by which the empty half-frustules are for some time held attached,
(P. 24, fig. 33,) represents filaments of Aulacoseira crenulata with
Sporangia.
Sub-genus Orrnosrrrs (Thwaites.) — Cells exactly cylindrical,
with a central line, connected in cylindrical filaments; internal
cavities spherical or sub-spherical.
cc 2
380 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Typical species, IMelosira Americana (Kiitz.), in Mr. Thwaites
arrangement, Orthoseira Americana, differmg from the following
new species principally in the ends of its frustules being striated.
Orrnoserra Dickiedi.— Filaments short; cells quite smooth;
other characters those of the genus ; sporangia fusiform. (P.24, f. 29a.)
“The filaments of this beautiful species consists generally each of
from two to four frustules, which are hyaline and perfectly smooth ;
eentral cavity filled with dark red-brown endochrome; Sporangium
fusiform, marked with numerous annular constrictions, whose
formation is progressive, and which go on increasing until the
sporangium is fully developed (P. 24, f. 296, a filament, the terminal
cells of which have each commenced to develope a Sporangium ;
and fig. 29c, a mature Sporangium.) This formation thus occurs :
at the commencement of the formation of a Sporangium, the endo-
chrome, at the same time that it withdraws from the end of the
frustule, produced at its centre an additional ring of cell-membrane ;
and this process continuing to take place at certain intervals, each
new ring of cell-membrane exceeding in diameter those previously
formed, produces at length the structure represented in fig. 29¢;
or it may be a more correct explanation of the process to say, that
an entire new cell-membrane has been developed by the young
Sporangium at the time each new ring has been formed, and that,
thus have originated the several chambers into which the ends of
the Sporangium are divided ; fissiparous division subsequently takes
place, and sporangial frustules are developed from each half, as
shown in fig. 29d. This species was found by Dr. Dichie, in
a dark dripping cave close by the sea, near Aberdeen, and covering
the mosses, Hepaticee, as a fine blackish green sand. (Ann. Nat.
Hist. 1848.)
Genus Gonrornecium (Ehr.)—Lorica round, not in chains, having
a central constriction or furrow, each end abruptly attenuate and
truncate, so as to assume an angular figure.
This genus resembles Pyxidicula, but has a central constriction and
truncate ends. Fossil,
G. Rogersii.—Testules in pairs, (binate), smooth; each dorsally
sub-quadrate, angular with three verticilli ; laterally, elliptic oblong,
Naviculacea.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 381
with two to three median circles; the two testules connected by a
very wide central band, and by their apices; the opening (hiatus)
on each side the band large, and sub-orbicular. Diameter 1-588th.
Virginia Named after Dr. Rogers, the discoverer.
Gontornecium (?) didymum.—Testules binate, smooth, trans-
versely oblong, obtuse ; emarginate at the centre on one side; on the
other with two tubercles. Diameter 1-1200th. Virginia.
G. Gastridium—tTestules binate, smooth, transversely oblong,
truncate at each end, abrubtly dilated at the middle of the ventral
surface, but not contiguous. Diameter 1-960th Virginia.
G. hispidum.—tTestules binate; each semi-lunar and hispid, with
a tuberosity (umbo) on the inner side at the centre; the halves
contiguous. Diameter 1-1728th. Virginia.
G. monodon.—Binate, smooth ; each half linear-oblong, truncate at
each end; outer side uniformly straight, the internal with a median
tuberosity, not contiguous.
G. (?) Navicula.—Smooth, small, binate, oblong, and rather turgid,
- truncate at each end. I have not yet observed a median connecting
tuberosity. Length 1-1680th. Virginia.
G. obsusum.—Binate, smooth; each testule transversely oblong,
obtusely tri-lobed; no conneSting band. Diameter 1-696th.
Virginia.
G. Odontella.—Binate, smooth; each testule transversely oblong ;
dorsally semilunar or gently angular; laterally oblong, navicular,
with three concentric circles; the halves conjoined by the central
band and by their apices; the aperture on each side oblong, con-
tracted at the middle. Diameter 1-480th. to 1-276th. Virginia.
G. crenatum.—Specific characters unknown. (P. 24, fig. 10,
represents apparently a semi-frustule.)
Genus Gramuatopnora (Ehr.)—Lorica bivalved, prismatic ; self-
division imperfect ; the cluster curved; joints gaping at one of the
angles. Within are two septa, dividing the body into three longi-
tudinal portions. Marine.
The form of this genus recals that of Zabellaria, with two internal
siliceous folds (septa or vitte) which are remarkable in being curved
after the manner of letters.
382 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Kiitzing’s description is rather different from the foregoing; “‘ Bacilli
oblong, tubular, adnate; ultimately connected only by a narrow
link (isthmus); with two constant longitudinal witte, interrupted
in the middle, and more or less curved.” Itis a member of his
family Tubellariee ; tribe Vettate.
GrammatopHora Africana. = Navicula Africana, (Ehr.\—Dor-
sally square or oblong; laterally navicular and obtuse. Internal
folds three in each half and undulated. Fossil in the chalk marl of
Oran ; alive in sea water, at Tjdrn. The contents are brownish, or
golden-yellow-coloured, filling the whole of the interior, and only
leaving a bright transverse band just where the transverse line
erosses. Length 1-2300th. to 1-480th.
G. angulosa.—Viewed dorsally, square or oblong; on the side,
navicular and obtuse; internal fold having many acute angles,
(plicate) ; this species may be only a variety of the preceding It is
colourless. Fossil in the chalk marl of Oran. Length, fossil 1-910th. ;
living, 1-1150th.
G. Mexicana.—Viewed dorsally, quadrangular; on the side, linear,
obtuse, the rounded ends being suddenly constricted. Internal folds
straight in the middle, uncinate at the extremity. Isthmi tumid.
Alive in seawater, at Vera Cruz, Naples, and Gaeta. Length
1-960th., little more than twice the breadth.
G. oceamca.—Dorsally quadrangular; on the side, navicular or
linear, obtuse; ends gradually attenuated ; internal folds straight in
the middle, uncinate towards the ends; isthmi slender; ossil in
the chalk marl of Oran; alive in the Cattegat, &e. This creature
forms long zig-zag bands, which are fixed by mucus to Algw and
Sertularie. Dr. Ehrenberg saw some frustules fourteen times
longer than broad, and others nearly square; granular contents
yellow or reddish-brown. Length, fossil 1-720th.; living, 1-2300th.
to 1-360th. (P. 14, f. 52, 53.)
G. undulata.—Dorsally quadrangular; laterally linear, with several
undulations; internal folds undulated, Colourless. Alive, Vera
Cruz. Fossil, Greek marl. Length 1-860th. Breadth a third to
one-half.
G. gibba. — Quadrangular dorsally; ‘striated transversely on
Naviculacea. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 383
each side, and tumid at the middle, with straight internal
folds inflected only at the apex. Apices rounded. (P. 14, f, 48. 49.)
Cuba.
Grammatornors Jslandica. — Quadrate or oblong dorsally ; na-
vieular laterally, and striated; with three internal folds, curved at
the centre. Iceland.
G. stricta.—Large, quadrate dorsally, or oblong; on the sides,
navicular, lanceolate, and smooth; internal bands straight, not in-
flected at the apex. Vera Cruz and North America
G. Mediterranea.—Oblong dorsally ; laterally navicular and obtuse,
striated ; internal folds four to five, undulating. Length 1-480th. ;
on French Coast at Cette; closely allied to G. Islandica.
G. serpentina.—Narrow, linear, smooth, six to seven times longer
than broad; with seven internal undulated folds. Length 1-252nd.
Southern Ocean.
G. marina (Kiitz.)—Smooth, capitate at one end, vitte (internal
folds, Ehr.) with one fold turned outward (extrorse); on secondary
side (laterally) linear, apices tapering by degrees, obtuse. Length
1-1080th. to 1-420th. The portions connecting the angles (isthmi)
of the several frustules, slender. In Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Kiitzing represents this as = Baciglaria Cleopatra and Grammatophora
oceanica (Ehr, )
G. tropica.—Large ; margin striated; in one aspect, linear with
rounded ends; vittee with one outward fold; isthmustumid. Length
1-600th. to 1-156th. On marine Algz, Cape of Good Hope.
G. hamulifera—Small, smooth ; vitte at each extremity, hooked
(uncinate.) Length 1-2400th. to 1-960th. On marine Algz,
Chili and New Holland. (P. 16, f. 22.)
G. gibberula—Margin transversely striated; vittee with one fold
near the apex, laterally lanceolate, somewhat tumid near the middle,
ends obtuse, isthmi slender. Length 1-450th. This not improbably =
G. mediterranea (Ehr.) Bay of Naples.
G. Anguina.—Large, smooth, vittse with flexuose folds, at their
inner extremity, hooked. Length 1-650th. to 1-360th. Among
Algz. Jamaica,
Genus Grammonema.—(Agardh.)—Filaments gelatinous, elongated,
384, DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
flexible, not fragile; frustules (testules, Ehr.) rectangular, plane,
not striated, scarcely siliceous.
In appearance, this genus comes very near to Fragilaria, with
which it is united by most writers, but its habit is so very different,
that I am inclined, with Agardh, to keep them distinct. In Fragi-
laria the filaments are very fragile; the species do not adhere well
to paper; the frustules are siliceous and glass-like, and may be sub-
jected to ared heat, without any other alteration than the destruction
of the colouring matter; and at each end are two, more or less dis-
tinct, pellucid puncta.
In Grammonema there is scarcely any silica, in which important
character it differs from most of the Diatomee, the filaments are not
fragile, but highly mucous, adhering firmly to paper or glass, and,
when dried, appearing like a mere stain; the application of nitric
acid, or of a red heat, destroys their form, and I can perceive no
puncta at the end of the frustules. The filaments are elongated,
ribbon-like, and composed of numerous frustules, which are longer
than broad. (Ralfs in Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. 13, 1844, p. 457.)
Grammonema Jurgensti = Fragilaria aurea (Hooker).—Filaments
attenuated, yellowish-brown ; frustules three to eight times longer
than broad ; slightly separated at the angles (P. 24, f. 24, 25.)
Var. (b) Diatomoides.—Filaments green when dried, and elongated,
giving a feathery appearance to the plants to which they are attached,
very mucous, flexible, gradually attenuated; frustules under the
microscope nearly colourless; slightly attenuated at both ends, and
hence disconnected at their angles; and as the ends are often also
somewhat rounded, the margins of the filaments have a crenate
appearance. In a mass, both varieties are dark brown, but much
paler if separated in the water. In the first variety the colour is
but little altered in drying.
Genus Hationyx.—Lorica bivalve, orbicular, not concatenated ;
surface of disc rayed; number of rays definite, not starting from the
umbilicus; no internal septa.
It resembles Actinocyclus, except in its umbilicus not being radiate,
or, in other words, the central ocellus is wanting. In lke manner,
Coscinodiscus differs from Symbolophora in its non-radiant umbilicus,
which is a simple void space.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 385
Hatonyx senarvus.—Surface of testules with six rays, their intervals
occupied by parallel lines; transversely and loosely cellular, umbilicus
entire, dotted. Diameter 1-720th. Southern Ocean; approaches
Actinocyclus biternarius.
H. duodenarius.—Rays twelve; umbilicus large, with no dotted
rays. Diameter 1-576th.
Genus Hetiorrrta, (Ehr.)—Lorica of two equal valves, orbicular,
not concatenated (?); divided internally into cells by imperfect
radiating septa, which alternate with a series of external depressions ;
centre smooth, angular, with large marginal apertures, equal in numn-
ber to the rays; and with closely-set, erect spines, beneath the
margin, on each side. The surface of the valves appears as if over-
spread with a fine granular membrane, or veil.
Has the habit of <Actinoptychus, but differs, like Denticella, from
Biddulphia, by the lateral spines of the margin connecting the lorica
in pairs, when young
H. Meti.—Testules with six rays and septa, with three radiating,
loosely cellular, elevated are, alternating with a like number of
depressions, ornamented by decussating fine lines; margin (rim)
wide, radiate; one or three marginal spines to each cellular space,
and two to four to the othér are; umbilicus stellate, smooth;
angles not prominent. Diameter 1-372nd. Bermuda. Fossil. Has
the habit of Actinoptychus velatus.
H. Leewwenhoekii.—Kight septa and rays; cellular ares four, and
as many alternating lined spaces; rim wide, radiate ; marginal spines
four to the aree of each kind; umbilical star smooth, tetragonal
(P. 14, f 35.) Diameter 1-204th. Bermuda; discovered by
Dr, Bailey.
H. Huleri—Ten rays and septa, with five radiating are of each
sort; margin with spines alike in the two; umbilical star pentagonal.
smooth. Diameter 1-156th. Bermuda.
H. Selligueti.—Twelve radiant septa, and six radiating and alter-
nating spaces of the two kinds, spines equal and alike in the two;
umbilical star smooth, hexagonal. Diameter 1-156th. Bermuda.
Genus Hemiavtus.—Lorica bivalve, compressed, subquadrate,
fission perfect, hence not concatenate. Two tubular processes situated
on each side; those of one side closed, of the other open; no con-
strictions on the sides.
386 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica-
This genus has the habit of Brddulpha, but is devoid of the lateral
constrictions. It has the form of a Pan’s pipe, with two orifices on
one side.
Hemravtvs antarcticus.—Subquadrate, strongly granular, tridendate
on each side; the central dentation shallow and obtuse—the lateral
ones longer; two truncate and two opposite ones acuminate. Dia-
meter 1-314th. (P. 14, f. 54.)
H. (?) australis—Strongly granular, tridentate on each side; the
central dentations very small (obsolete); the lateral rounded. Dia-
meter 1-1152nd.
Genus Hermiprycuus, (Ehr.)— Lorica composed of two equal
valves, orbicular, not in chains (7). Its interior divided by imperfect
septa, extending about half way towards the centre, and having no
depressions on the surface, alternating with them; dise without
markings, but crowned by a zone of teeth (denticuli;) apertures on
the margin not evident.
This genus differs from Actinoptychus by its imperfect septa, by
the absence of alternating depressions, by the circlet about the centre,
and by the marginal apertures being obsolete. It seems, by its des-
cription, to be almost identical with -Arachnoidiscus of English
naturalists.
H. ornatus.—Dise minutely granular ; twenty-nine equal rays, and
an intervening concentric apparatus of cells. Diameter 1-120th.
Found in Patagonian guano.
The individuals of this species occur as comparatively very large,
thin, discoid plates, which exhibit radii upon their surface, connected
by a very delicate net work, after the manner of the genus Actinop-
tychus. The radii are likewise raised bands, and extend from the
margin towards the centre, but do not reach it, leaving a broad cen-
tral disc, traversed by finely-dotted radiating lines, terminating at
the circlet of teeth at the centre.
Genus Hemizosrrr, (Ehr.)—Round siliceous tubules, occurring as
so many half circles, contiguous and striated.
“‘T (says Ehrenberg) have contrived this name, to keep in mind
certain singular but not uncommon corpuscles. Are some associated
corpuscles, like Pyxidicula, the lateral discs of these forms ?’”’
H. tubulosus.—Testule cylindrical, two to three times longer than
broad, turgid, transversely annular, resembling a portion of a trachea
Naviculacea. INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 387
(wind pipe); the rings semicircular; the extremities alternately
conjoined along the centre; strie slight, running the length of the
tubule. The ends of the tubules have not been seen closed by an
operculum. Length 1-386th.
Genus Hercorauca, (Ehr.) — Lorica composed of two unequal
valves, turgid; membrane of valves continuous, not cellular, gene-
rally veined beneath an integument, or divided beneath the free sete,
which are permanent, and assume the place of an integument.
Hence the corpuscles on the upper and contiguous margin of each
valve appear as if crowned and enveloped, as it were, shielded, by
the opposed setee or membranes.
The forms of this genus generally resemble those of Gallionella, but
are uot spontaneously divisible under a deciduous integument.
H, mammillaris. — Valves smooth, with the centre of the base
fringed round (fortified), with twenty simple, opposite sete, extending
beyond a series of mammille, inserted on the margin itself. Diameter
1-816th. Fossil, Bermuda.
Genus Hmoanripium, (Ehr.)—It includes several species formerly
enumerated with Hunotia. Ehrenberg’s characters unknown ; those of
Kiitzing are, “ Lorica, on transverse section, rectangular ; transverse
strie very fine, and very closely set; individuals conjoined trans-
versely and closely, in the form of bands.” All the forms are
motionless, and unattached, neither forming fringes nor films on
Conferva. They closely resemble Fragilaria, both in form and in
their mode of concatenation, and single frustules can be distinguished
from the latter only when seen on their ventral surface, and the
absence of the central umbilicus thus exhibited. They are of fresh
water habit, and pretty generally, though not abundantly distributed.
They also occur in the fossil state.
H. didens resembles Hunotia bidens, but developed in chains.
H. gracile.—Bacilli in chains, with the habit of H. Arcus; but
only half the thickness laterally. Central and North America.
H. guianense.—Striated laterally; dilated in the middle; slightly
furrowed, and bidendate on the dorsum: extremities attenuate,
slightly reflex. (P. 15, f. 54.) Cayenne.
H. Monodon resembles Eunotia Monodon, except in being concate-
388 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
nated. It is large, striated, rather curved; ends widely rounded.
(P. 24, f. 16 and 17.) North America.
Himantivium Papilio.—Striated laterally, much expanded at the
centre; subquadrate, furrowed dorsally, and bidendate ; constricted
near the obtuse apices. (P. 15, f. 45, 49, 50, 51, and 52.)
H. parallelum.—tLinear, finely striated, curved; dorsal convexity
and ventral concayity uniform, lines parellel; apices simply rounded.
Ehrenberg has seen six wands united. Small specimens resemble
Eunotia Faba. Length 1-240th. British guano.
H. Arcus = Eunotia Arcus.—Striated, convex on the dorsum ;
plane on the venter, constricted; ends rounded, rather recurved ;
strie eleven in 1-1200th. Length 1-480th to 1-280th. By its
imperfect fission it forms chains, as in Fragilaria. Fossil in
Sweden, and living at New York, Berlin.
H. pectinale, (Kiitz) = Fragilaria pectinalis (Ralfs.)—Large, very
finely striated ; apices on secondary side, rather incurved and rounded ;
the dorsum slightly expanded, plane; venter somewhat hollow.
Length of frustule 1-300th.
H. minus. —Small, quite smooth; conjoined frustules forming
elongated filaments, the dorsum and venter constituting the free or
exposed surfaces. On fresh-water Alge. Length 1-900th.
H. Soleirolii.—Of moderate size, very smooth; on primary side
oblong-elliptic, or semi-elliptic ; on secondary side, lear, lunate, with
rounded apices. Length 1-384th. (P.17, f. 13.)
H. Veneris.—Of middling size, quite smooth, plane on one side,
convex on the other, with acute extremities. Trinidad.
Genus Hyatopiscus.—Lorica composed of two equal orbicular
valves, not in chains; discs not perforated; destitute of septa; the
centre of the disc separable (solubilis),valves equal, disciform, with a
smooth surface. In form, it resembles Craspedodiscus.
H. /evis.—Smooth, both at the centre and margin, large, discoid:
Allied to Discoplea physoplea. Diameter 1-456th. Virginia.
H. (?) Patagonicus.—Large, very smooth, flattened; suture of the
valves remarkably tumid; margin of dise separable; its suture
slightly sulcate, not denticulate. Diameter 1-4382nd. In pumice,
from Patagonia.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 389
In Hyatontscvus levis, the suture of the valves is not tumid ; and not
the margin only, but the central part also, of the discs, separable
(solubilis). Do these two species, therefore, rightly fall together in
the same genus? ;
Genus Liraroeyra, (Ehr.)—Cylindrical, utricular, truncate. Each
utricle spontaneously divisible transversely through its middle ;
closed at the extremities, with an internal wall, and a spiral filiform
crest. No aperture evident, but minute ones may probably be present
on the denticulated margin; no internal septa. If occurring
in chains?
This genus, if the individuals be isolated, approaches Pyaidicula ;
but if they are concatenated, which is doubtful, it becomes allied to
Gallionella. In habit, it approaches very closely to the non-siliceous
genus of plants, Spurogyra.
L. dendrochera.—Smooth, crystalline, margin of discs denticulated,
with an internal spiral band; thirteen turns in 1-360th. Figure
utricular, the length excceding the breadth three to four times.
Length 1-360th. Breadth 1-1728th. Found on the roots of water
plants. Its internal contents are green when dried.
L. cireularis.—Smooth, crystalline, margins denticulated, with
internalannularfilaments; thirteen turns in 1-360th. Length 1-360th.
Ehrenherg says, he has not yet determined, satisfactorily, whether
the preceding are distinct species, or merely varieties of one specics.
Each has a smooth disc, with three central apiculi.
Genus Masroconta, (Ehr.)—Lorica (unequally) bivalve, not in
chains; valves with protuberant angles, orbicular at the base ; um-
bilicus unarmed.
Some forms of this genus were originally placed among the
Pyzxidicula, but clearly differ by their unequal and angular valves, with
radiating veins, and non-cellular surface. They differ, to a lke
extent, also from Actinocyclus.
M. crux.—Large, one valve with four crucial angles and rays, the
other with seven, apices not truncate. Diameter 1-396th. Bermuda.
M. quinaria.—One valve with five angles and rays; apex not trun-
cate. Diameter 1-480th. Bermuda.
Mastoconta ota.—One valve with six angles and rays; the
other with seven, apices entire. Diameter 1-360th. Bermuda.
390 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
M. sexangula.—One of the thin valves with six angles and rays,
the other not known; apex broadly truncate, presenting an hexa-
gonal area. Diameter 1-1632nd Bermuda.
All the above species afe very smooth and crystalline.
M. heptagona.—One valve with seven, the other with nine rays
and angles, and a truncate apex. Diameter 1-840th. Bermuda.
M. Actinoptychus = Pyxidicula Actinoptychus.—One valve with
nine angles and rays, the other with thirteen. Apex broadly trun-
cate, smooth. Rays loose and flexuose. Virginia.
M. Oculus Chameleontis — Pyxidicula 0. C.—One valve with eight
angles and rays, the other unknown. Apices truncate. Diameter
1-1152nd. Maryland.
Besides the above forms, single valves are met with in earth from
Bermuda, having fifteen to seventeen and nineteen rays; and, in
earth from Virginia, with thirteen, fifteen, nineteen, and twenty
rays; and such may constitute other species.
M. Discoplea.—Small, valves conical, truncate; margin and area
truncate, with smooth apices; eighteen to twenty rays and angles.
Diameter 1-1152nd. The variety (a) with eighteen rays. More
common, in the pumice of Patagonia; var. (b/ with twenty, more
rare, in the same substance.
Genus Mrermon.—The characters of this genus agree, generally,
with those of Fragilaria, but the frustules being cuneate (wedge
shaped) form, when concatenated by imperfect self-division, circular
or spiral bands. It is closely allied to Wavicula, but differs by its
incomplete self-fission, and its frustules have no central aperture,
but two placed at their wider extremity ; single wands (frustules)
are difficult to distinguish from G'omphonema, but the latter possesses,
besides two terminal pores, a central one also.
Kiitzing defines this genus, the type of his family Weridiee,
thus :-—
‘‘ Individuals cuneiform, rectangular, prismatic ; closely conjoined
in flabelliform masses or in spiral bands. ‘Transverse strie strong,
uninterrupted.”
The following remarks are from Mr. Ralfs valuable papers (Ann.
Nat. Hist., 1845): “(This genus, together with Styllaria, Gompho-
Nawiculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 391
nema, and Licmophora, form a group (the Styllaria of Agardh) dis-
tinguished by the triangular form of the frustules, which have their
smaller ends directed towards a common centre. The frustules in
this group have a central and two lateral portions, as in Deatoma and
Fragilaria ; in which genera cuneate frustules are also occasionally
met with. But in Fragilaria or Diatoma, when two or more cuneate
frustules are united, the alternate frustules have their ends in oppo-
site direction, and hence their filaments are linear; whilst they are
attached, if at all, only by their basal frustule. In this group, on
the contrary, as the smaller ends are in the same direction, they
point to a common centre, and, when stipitate, each frustule is
attached to the stipes.
‘Besides the two puncta at the broader end, two others, at the
smaller end, more obscure, are generally present. The lateral surfaces
are attenuated at the base, which usually differs somewhat from the
upper end; but in the group to which Fragilaria belongs, they are
similar at both ends, even when the frustules are cuneate.”
Menrivon eireulare (Agardh.)—Frustules very minute, plane; on
primary side (dorsum or face) without vittee; on secondary side
(laterally) obovate-lanceolate, with distant, strongly-marked strie.
They are partly hyaline, partly of a yellowish-green colour. The
nearly circular hands occur in a mucous green stratum on mud,
stones, dead leaves, &c.; in the spring, in marshes, stagnant waters,
and rivulets.
This nearly — M. vernale (Ehr.)—It has two conspicuous puncta
at the upper end, and from five to twelve along each lateral margin.
M. vernale.—Striated, wedge-shaped, truncate and dentate at the
interior (wider) extremity, with two conspicuous puncta. Along
each lateral margin are from five to twelve vitte (Kiitz), producing a
beaded appearance. Fig. 177, is a spiral or nearly circular band ;
fig. 178, a band, with some segments separating, seen on their sides.
Length of segment or frustule 1-1150th to 1-240th.
M. (?) panduriforme. — Sinuous, wedge-shaped, of the form
of a violin. Length 1-480th. Kiitzing says its form is that of
Gomphonema acuminatum.
Merwon Zinckeni. — Primary side with vitte; secondary side,
392 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
obovate-lanceolate; the filament formed is curved, or nearly
straight. Length 1-420th (P. 16, f. 21.)
Mermon (?) Ovatum (Agardh.)\—“ Frustules ovate, combining
to form a cellular band.” Kiitzing mentions this as a doubtful
species, described by Agardh.
M. constrictum (Ralfs, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1843, p. 458.)—HLateral
surface constricted below the apex, transversely striated, the ends of
the striae forming puncta along the margins of the front view.
Frustules united together in a chain so as nearly to form a circle,
but are not arranged on a level plane, as M. vernale, standing nearly
erect, after the manner of the staves of a tube. They agree in size
and form, and in the puncta with M. vernale, but differ most remark-
ably in the constriction below the apex. Found by Mr. Jenner at
Tunbridge Wells.
Genus Monogramma (Ehr.) — Lorica with transverse pinnules
(striee), and a central transverse linear space, but only traversing one
half the width (a semi-crucial umbilicus); with three ventral and
two dorsal apertures.
Monogramma, therefore, equals Stawroptera, but with a semi-
erucial umbilicus; it has also a resemblance to solitary Achnanthes,
with terminal apertures.
Species unknown.
Genus Navicura (Bory St. Vincent.)—TZhe little ship Animalcules
derived their generic name from the resemblance in form of the
many species to a weaver’s shuttle. According to Ehrenberg, it
comprehends those members of the family Sacillarva which are
unattached, and have a simple bivalved, or multivalved lorica.
They occur single, or in pairs, but are never united in the form of a
chain. The lorica of Mavicula is a closed, mostly-four-sided, hard,
and glass-like little bivalve case (testula bivalvis), which, in drying,
often separates; when lightly pressed, it breaks or divides either
into two or four longitudinal parts; sometimes the angles are pro-
vided with a short rib, distinctly furrowed, the lorica then separates
into four equal parts; but in some cases the two rows of ribs
are not visible, the two halves of the lorica being obliquely furrowed ;
it then separates into two parts. By heating the body upon platina-
Naviculacea.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 893
leaf, the organic matter is consumed, and the siliceous lorica left
clear and free. The gelatinous and diaphanous body of these ani-
malcules occupies the whole of the interior of the lorica, and has,
near the centre, a sharply circumscribed colourless bright spot. In
N. fulva, an organ of locomotion has been seen by Ehrenberg, which
he describes as a fleshy, undivided sole-like foot, proceeding from the
central opening, and similar in appearance to the locomotive organ
of snails. The side of the body where this foot-like process emanates,
is called the ventral surface of the animalcule. This foot not only
answers the purpose of allowing it to creep, but the animalcule,
when at rest, can draw objects to it, and push things away by it.
Whether the two openings on the ventral surface are mouths, and
the two on the back apertures for respiration, is undecided; but the
opening on the back, opposite the central ventral opening, is sup-
posed by Ehrenberg a sexual one. No direct demonstration of the
nutritive apparatus has yet been effected by using coloured food,
though numerous scattered and colourless vesicles are to be seen
within the bodies of several species, which indicate polygastric
structure ; but what Corda took for an alimentary canal (in Pharyngo
glossa) was merely the dark central longitudinal furrow of the lorica.
This genus is more complex in its structure than the two preceding ;
and many consider these beings as animals. The green, yellow, and
brown colouring matter in their interior, supposed to be ova, occurs
in the form of broad plates or fillets, from two to four (8?) jointed
together in the middle. These plates take the exact form of the
interior of the shell, filling the cavities of the flutings, furrows, or
strie. In many species, two or four round vesicles are seen, which,
although they are not changeable in form, or contractile, yet are
sometimes present and sometimes absent, ana are probably analogous
to small seminal glands. Many Navicula multiply by spontaneous
self-division, in which case it is invariably longitudinal, and dorsal,
or lateral; the division taking place beneath the hard epidermis, as
in Gallionella and Achnanthes, and the lorica separating afterwards.
It is seldom in this genus that a second self-division commences
before the first is complete and separation takes place ; indeed, species
whose individuals separate into four, should be placed in Fragilaria.
DD
394 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
The following observations are from more recent investigations of
Ehrenberg :—
In the small pools left by the ebb of the tide near Cuxhaven, he
remarked numerous little bodies, apparently similar to Navicula,
Surirella elegans, and §. striatula, but which, from their compara-
tively very great size and structure of lorica, were easily distinguish-
able from them upon closer examination. One of these ribbed oval
glass-like creatures, which belonged to the genus Wavicula, was,
besides its size, remarkable for its great mobility, and Dr. E. was
enabled to investigate its system of locomotion much more satis-
factorily than he had hitherto done in any member of the genus.
This organ he states was very different, both in form and size, to what
he had before noticed. Instead of a snail-like expanding foot, long
delicate threads projected where the ribs or transverse markings of
the shell joined the ribless lateral portion of the lorica, and which
the creature voluntarily drew in or extended. An animalcule 1-18th
of a line long had twenty-four for every two plates, or ninety-six in
the total; and anteriorly, at its broad frontal portion, four were
visible. The openings for the purposes of nutrition appeared to be
at the extremity. Whether these organs were supernumerary, and
existed along with cirrhi, &c., and the flat snail-like foot, which the
rest of the Navicule possess, could not be determined. Longitudinal
clefts at the broad side of the shell were not present, but as many as
ninety-six lateral openings for the exit of the cirrhi were perfectly
distinct. It is probable this creature may form the type of a special
group of the Bacillaria. Of one thing Dr. E. is convinced, that the
Navicule in general are very differently constituted individually ;
thus, in some cases, the six round openings in the little shell are dis-
tinctly visible, whilst in others, clefts, which in some cases gape,
and are unproyided with circular openings, are all that can be
made out.
The fleshy, undivided, sole-like foot, lying close upon the lorica,
described by Ehrenberg in some of the large forms of Navicule, has
not been observed by any other microscopist. Kiitzing says he has
failed to discover this locomotive process, though he has searched
most narrowly after it. Neither, again, have Ehrenberg’s views, re-
specting the presence of locomotive cilia, capable of being protruded
Naviculacea.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 395
and retracted through openings in the lorica, met with any support
from other naturalists. Some few, indeed, have seen hair-like appen-
dages to the lorica of Surirella Gemma, and also to that of some
other Diatomee, but none have witnessed any power of motion in
them, and their presence would seem almost accidental. (See note
on Surirella Gemma, by the Rev. W. Smith, p. 404.) Dujardin
affirms, as the result of most minute and painstaking investigations,
that foot-like processes, and moving cilia, have no existence in any
Navicula.
Ehrenberg’s assumption, that the clear vesicles, often seen in the
interior of Navicula, are seminal vesicles, is recognized by no other
naturalist. Kiitzing says they are oil-vesicles, without any true
enclosing wall, occurring at hazard, capable at any time of coalescing
on approximation, and distributed irregularly, and in varying abun-
dance, amid the contained amylaceous chlorophyl of the lorica.
In seven species of (Vavicula, Ehrenberg proved, to his mind, the
stomach-like nature of the globules seen in their interior, by the
supposed visible imbibition of an artificially coloured solution in
which the Wavicule were placed. These so-called stomach vesicles
vary 12 number and position in the same species; their distribution
is, for the most part, quite irregular, and sometimes they are entirely
wanting. This last circumstance, Kiitzing remarks, is opposed to
the belief in their digestive functions, for surely such important
organs as stomach should never be absent. Moreover, other ex-
perimenters have failed to get any colouring matter introduced
within the lorica of Navicule.
Both Kiitzing and Ehrenberg coincide in the opinion of the
-circular spots of the lorica being actually pores; and the former
deseribes them as furnishing an exit for the gelatinous substance
which is found to invest some JVavicule, and is especially remarkable
in the case of those genera haying, as Ehrenberg terms it, a double
lorica, such as Schizonema. In opposition to this notion of the lorica
being porous, Schleiden gives engravings to prove that the apparent
openings are but depressions of the surface, and have no communica-
tion with the interior. Dujardin affirms, on the contrary, that they
are elevations (see p. 399, and Plates 19 and 20.)
The lorica of Navicule, as of other Bacillaria, is generally cons
DD 2
396 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
cluded to be composed of two lamina, or an outer and inner mem-
brane, the distance between the two being its thickness. Ehrenberg
inclines to the belief that the strize and pinnules are but furrows
upon or within the lorica; but Schleiden represents them as clefts,
penetrating between the outer and inner lamina, or lamella (P. 18,
f. 1 to 6.) In this matter, too, Schleiden is supported by the inde-
pendent testimony of the Rev. W. Smith (Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. 7,
1851, p. 8) who describes the costee of Surirella, &c., as tubes passing
between the siliceous valves and the inner membrane; but to this, he
adds, ‘‘ that those canals communicate with the exterior by a series
of perforations,” (p. 401.)
The clear longitudinal bands or fillets, seen in many WVavicula, are
also held by Schleiden to be clefts like the pinnules (P. 18, f. 2, 3, 5)
but, by Dujardin, they are considered to be elevations or thickenings.
The prevailing opinion is, that the frustule or lorica of Wavicule, is
inherently one-celled, without any internal subdivisions. The double
contour, which denotes the thickness of the wall of the shield (lorica)
may be seen to terminate suddenly both above and below.” ‘‘ This,”
says Schleiden (Principles of Botany, translated by Dr. Lankester,
1849, p. 594), “clearly shows that a passage exists from the top to the
bottom of the shield.” This structure is still better shown by an
oblique section, which may be obtained by taking some of the sili-
ceous earth of Erbsdorff, and mixing it with mucilage, and, before
it is perfectly hardened, cutting off delicate plates with a razor
GB. 18, .f.-4.)
Now it has been proved, that cells, whether animal or vegetable,
have, at some period of their existence, within them, mostly seated
on one part of their wall, a small cireular body, called the nucleus or.
cytoblast, and which Schleiden conceives to precede the cell itself,
and give origin to it. Among the Alge, till of late, this organ was
known only in Spurogyra, but Nageli (Ray Society, 1845, p. 221)
affirms that, ‘‘in a species of Navicula, in the centre (whether lying
on the membrane or free, I know not), is a nucleus with a nucleolus.”
(See genera Gallionella, and p. 377.)
This genus Navicula, from recent researches, now numbers so many
species, that, for convenience of description and reference, it has
become necessary to break it up into several sub-genera. Ehren-
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 397
berg in his great work, (the number of species being then compara-
tively few,) contented himself by making two sub-genera, Navicula
and Suriredla, the former without, the latter with, transverse striz.
To these two he has subsequently added Pinnularia, Stauroneis, and.
Stauroptera, raking in all five sub-genera of what is called the genus
Navicula, but which might, indeed, be called rather the family
Naviculee.
Moreover, not a few species, enumerated in 18388 with Navicula,
haye been since transferred to other genera—themselves mostly new.
In framing the characters of his sub-genera of Navicula, Ehrenberg
has had recourse to the circumstance of the presence or absence of a
median aperture or umbilicus, and its form, in conjunction with
that of the presence or absence of transverse strie. Where, on the
other hand, that author has entirely transposed species from Navicula
of 1838, to other genera, he has been especially guided by the
number and disposition of the apertures, coupled with the form of
the lorica, and its occurrence or non-occurrence in a concatenated
manner
The following plan represents the sub-genera of Mavicula, with
their mutual relations and distinctions (exclusive of the sub-genus
Pleurosigma of the Rev. W. Smith,—appended.)
WitthoumalCentrall aperbure’s ...<cosac-ca--swaceesesnessesossheeessme snare Surirella,
Smooth, or longitudi
Bere r longitudinally } INawicaIe
Navicula. ( Umbilicus
| rounded Transversely striated ...... Pinnularia.
With a central
aperture or Smooth or longitudinally .
umbilicus. striped Stauroneis.
[ Umbilicus
crucial
Transversely striated ....., Stauroptera.
-——-nm— _—_——_
This sub-division of Navicula is not approved of by Kiitzing, so far
as it rests on the circumstance of the presence or absence of trans-
verse striae, since, as he affirms, these striz are variable, and cannot
be used as generic characteristics.
But this writer employs, unhesitatingly, in defining genera, the
characters to be drawn from the presence or absence of a median
aperture, from its form, and from the position and number of other
apertures, as also from the figure of the lorica on a transverse section,
or viewed end-ways.
298 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Kiitzing would appear, indeed, to assign a higher importance to
the presence or absence of an umbilicus than eyen Ehrenberg, for he
has constituted Swrirella, with some other genera, into a family
Surirelice, totally distinct from the family Naviculee ; in fact, Suri-
yella and Navicula belong to two different orders ; the former,
devoid of an umbilicus, to the Astomaticee ; the latter, possessing an
umbilicus, to the Stomatica.
According, therefore, to the foregoing opinions, Kiitzing retains
the transversely striated and umbilicated Pinnularia with the smooth,
umbilicated Navicula; as likewise the smooth Stauroneis with the
striated Stauroptera.
A still more remarkable plan, pursued by the author just named,
is, the including in his family Naviculee those peculiar organisms,
having the outward general figure of minute, branched, or tufted
Algz, but intimately composed of innumerable, mostly minute,
navicula-like bodies, enyeloped in a gelatinous investment or thallus
and which Ehrenberg described as Bacillaria with a double lorica.
With these compound organisms, indecd, a relation is sometimes dis-
played by species of free Wavicula, which are surrounded by more
or less mucus; but the first-named beings seem to form a more
natural group by themselves. To trace an analogy, they bear the
same relation to the free, isolated MVavicula, as do the polyparies of
coral, or other aggregated polypes, to the simple polypes having an
individual or isolated existence.
This point is partly conceded by Kiitzing, who divides his family
Navicula into two sections:—viz. (a.) True Naviculea, and (b.)
Schizonemee. In the first section he locates the following genera :—
viz., Navicula, Amphipleura, Ceratoncis, Stauroneis, Amphiprora,
Ajphora, and Diadesmis; in the second, Frustulia, Berkeleya,
Rhaphidogloea, Homoeocladia, Schizonema, Micromega, and Dickieva.
Surirella, as before remarked, gives name to a distinct family in
the system of Kiitzing—Swrirellee ; which, in addition to that genus,
comprehends Campylodiscus, Bacillaria, end Synedra.
On the sub-division and structural peculiarities of this great genus
Navicula, the Rey. W. Smith, in a recent paper (Ann. Nat. Hist
Jan. 1852), has the ensuing remarks :—
J shall restore the genus Pinnularia of Ehrenberg, rejected by
Naviculacea. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 399
Kiitzing, and adopt the term Pleuwrosigma, as descriptive of another
group. The genus Navicula of Kiitz., and other writers, will then
be resolved into three, whose characters may be given as follows :—
1. Pleurosigma. Valves convex, sigmoid striated ; striz resolvable into
dots. (P. 20, f. 17, 18, 19.) 2. Navicula. Valves convex, lanceolate
or elliptical, smooth or striated ; striae resolvable into dots. 8. Pinnu-
aria. Valves convex, oblong or elliptical, ribbed or pinnated with
distinct costs, not resolvable into dots.... “In Pleurosigma, the
resolution of the striz into their constituent beads becomes a task of
extreme difficulty, and has, from this circumstance, been very
generally adopted by microscopists as a means of testing the object-
glass of a microscope. The presence of strie, on the valves of
Pleurosigma and Navicula, may be known, even when the power em-
ployed is insufiicient to detect lines, by the colour of the dessicated frus-
tules viewed by transmitted light. This colour differs in each species;
it arises from the refraction of the rays passing through the siliceous
plate, and its shades depend on the direction of the strize, and their
distance from each other; its aid may therefore be evoked in the
discrimination of species, and will sometimes be found the most
facile and certain means of identification.
“In the Naviculee generally, each valve is traversed by a median
line, across which the strie do not pass. The centre and extremities
of the line are somewhat enlarged, and these enlargements have
been regarded by many writers as openings in the siliceous plates.
I have never been able to satisfy myself that such openings exist,
and am disposed to regard the line itself, and its enlargements, as
peculiarities little connected with the essential structure or functions
of the cell. More important, in a structural point of view, is the
form of the connecting membrane, which, in Plewrosigma, consists of a
narrow ring of silex, and which in no period of its growth appears to
have any very considerable development. The consequence is, that
the frontal (lateral, Ehr.) view of the frustules is uniformly of a
linear, or, when the convexity of the valves is considerable, of a
linear lanceolate form, while in Navicula and Pinnularia (P. 18, f. 2,
20, 22, 23), as the connecting membrane is often more fully de-
veloped, the front view of their frustules is frequently oblong or
quadrilateral. Two much importance must not, however, be attri-
400 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
buted to this aspect of the Diatomaceous frustules, as its form greatly
depends upon the stage to which self-division has arrived, and may
vary from linear to oblong, or from very narrow to very broadly
lanceolate, in the same individuals. In p. 20, f. 18, is an illus-
tration of multiplication by self-division in Plewrosigma. That by
this mode Waviculee multiply to a surprising extent, is evident, from
the circumstance of so great numbers being found together nearly all
of exactly the same size; but it is also certain that they, like some
other Diatomee, have a specific mode of reproduction, since we often
find frustules in various stages of growth, as is evident from the
diversities of their size, (P. 19, f. 7and 9; p. 20, f. 1 to 3, 9 to 12),
and from the greater delicacy of the strie in individuals of the same
species; circumstances which are incompatible with the process of
self-division, where the half new frustules must of necessity be pre-
cisely counterparts of the old. The mode in which the germinative
power is renewed, when exhausted by self-division, will probably
be found to be a process analogous to that of conjugation in the
Desmidiee, and in some of the Diatomea.... . The figures of Plewro-
sigma, in p. 19 and 20, are drawn by the camera lucida to a scale of
400 diameters.”
In Ehrenberg’s arrangements, Naticula gives name, and is the
type of the section Waviculacea, of the great family Bacillaria, although
the characters of many of the forms introduced are far removed from
those of the genus Vavicula, and any affinity with them scarcely
traceable.
The only connecting link between the genus Navicula and many of
the so-called Naviculacea, is the siliceous nature of the lorica;
however, avicula has close affinities with a large number of other
genera; and each of its sub-divisions has also its own special
relations: what these severally are is pointed out under the head of
each genus. Still it is very difficult, oftentimes, to assign to its proper
genus each navicula-shaped lorica which may be met with, especially
when but one or two at a time occur, and then only probably one
surface presented to view; or when the right portion is to be deter-
mined by the fact of its attachment or non-attachment, and only
detached frustules are to be had, either from accident or from their
occurrence, in a fossil state.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 401
The difficulty is illustrated by the fact, that of the forty-five
species of Navicula, described after Ehrenberg, in the former edition
of this work, ten have been since transferred, by that most accurate
observer of species, to other distinct genera, apart from the many
re-distributions he has made among the several sub-genera.
Kiitzing separates several species from Navicula, by reason of their
being symmetrical; that genus being peculiar in always having a
symmetrical lorica,—?. e., one equally developed on each side the
central umbilicus. Those species so removed, are included in the
genus Cymbella.
Sub-genus Surrretta.—Striated; no umbilicus; in both these
circumstances differing from avicula; and, in the latter of the
two, from Pinnularia. The followig additional characters and
remarks are from the recent valuable contribution in the Annals of
Natural History, by the Rev. W. Smith. (1851, p. 7.) “ Valves
concave, with a longitudinal central line, and margins produced
beyond the suture (winged.) Frustules free, solitary, or, when under-
going self-division, in pairs. The concavity of the valve, their
winged margins, and the longitudinal central line, which wants the
central depression (umbilicus), so conspicuous in the Naviculee, are
characters which sufficiently distinguish Swurirelia from all other
genera.”
Mr. Smith has detected ale in six species (S. bisertata, splendida,
gemma, fastuosa, craticula), and he believes them present in all. It is
only on an end view of the valves, but rarely to be obtained, that the
alz can be clearly seen.
“The costa, so conspicuous in several species, as well as in Campy-
lodiscus costatus and spiralis, appear to be caused by canals or tubes
passing between the siliceous valves and the inner membrane of the
cell; these canals communicate with the exterior by a series of
perforations, along the suture or line where the connecting membrane
unites with the valves. Accepting the Diatom as a vegetable
organism, these tubes will be regarded as analogous to the inter-
cellular passages, and the exterior perforations will perform the
office of the stomates of the leaf. (At most, these perforations can
have but aremote analogy with stomates, for these organs are peculiar
402 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
to air breathing plants, and absent in submerged ones. In 8. bise-
riata, and S. splendida, the costee or undulations caused by these tubes
are continued to the margins of the ale, and gives a singularly beau-
tiful appearance to the front view of the frustule.”
The so-called coste are otherwise called, by Ehrenberg, transverse
strise or pinnules; but in the species named, as well asin others, the
strice are not mere single lines, but have a double contour, and an
apparent prominence or depression.
Surtretta Librile——Hlongate, oblong, slightly constricted at the
middle ; ends sub-acute, rounded or apiculate; the last condition is,
however, more common with young or smaller specimens. Transverse
strie cight in 1-1200th. Lateral aspect linear, oblong, with rounded
truncate ends, divided by a central clear line, on each side of which
is a wavy band having about six undulations. Group 155, repre-
sents both aspects. Alive at Gravesend and elsewhere; fossil at San
Fiore, Mexico, &c.
8S. striatula—Ovate dorsally, with small alee; striz strong, curved ;
ends rounded (fig. 137); laterally (on front view, Smith) cuneate
and elliptical; ends rounded, very broad, (fig. 138); alze small; strize
eight to thirteen in 1-1200th. This form was discovered by Dr.
Surirey in 1826, and preserved alive for eighteen months. It is very
transparent and colourless; its motion, when observable, is slow.
Alive on the English and French coasts; fossil in Bohemia. Length
1-3450th. to 1-60th.
S. undulata=Denticula constricta (Kiitz.)—Striated, large, elliptical,
ends rounded; laterally, linear and truncate; margin prominently den-
tate, with a flexuose band running longitudinally on each side.
Strize four in 1-1200th. (fig. 149 represents an oblique view.) Found
amongst Oscillatoria. Length 1-210th.
S. constricta = Denticula undulata (Kiitz.)—Striated, large, oblong,
slightly constricted at the middle on the ventral surface ; ends obtuse,
truncate; strice three to four in 1-1200th. Laterally oblong, extre-
mities dilated, rounded; the margin dentate. Alive at Berlin.
Length 1-210th.
S. constricta (Smith) —Frustules on front view oblong, with
rounded ends ; outline on side view elliptic-lanceolate, each margin
having a central sinus; ale distinct ; costa numerous, delicate ;
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 403
medial lines inflated in the centre. Average length of valve
1-300th. ; breadth at constriction 1-850th. In brackish water near
Lewes.
The front view of this species bears a close resemblance to the
same aspect in 8S. disertata, (Smith) differing only in the appearance
of the coste, which, in the present, assume the character of strie
rather than ribs. On the side view the constriction of the margins,
the inflation of the central furrow, and line-like appearance of the
costa, afford sufficiently distinctive characters. The superficial
observer, regarding the side view only, might indeed confound this
species with immature specimens of Cymatopleura solea, but a slight
examination shows that the resemblance is one of outline merely.
This seems an independent species, but it is unfortunate that its
discoverer has applied to it a name already in use to designate
another.
Surrey splendida.—Striated, on front view, ovate-oblong ; ends
rounded (fig.150,151, and 152). Transverse strig strong, rib-like; alee
large ; striz, two in 1-1200th. ‘‘In June, 1837,” observes Ehrenberg,
“was the last time I saw this species. The specimens resembled
Turpin’s Surirella striatclla, found in the sea at Havre, but were,
nevertheless, distinguishable by their form and stripes. I saw them
move very often. The plates of the ova clusters are toothed, and of
a golden yellow colour.” Length 1-210th. to 1-100th. Found both
living and fossil.
S. (?) bifrons.—Striated; resembles the preceding, but both ends
of the lateral surface are acute, and those of the ventral, truncate.
Three-and-half strie in 1-1200th. Common; living amongst Osei/-
latoria, and fossil in the Isle of France. Length 1-210th. to
1-100th.
This species = 8. disercata (De Brébisson), the name adopted also
by the Rey. W. Smith, who observes, in his note on this form, ‘ In
living specimens I have noticed a circulation of the granular contents,
analogous to that which is seen in many of the Desmidicz, and in the
cells of the higher order of water-plants; a further proof that it is
a single cell, and a presumptive evidence of its vegetable nature.”
8, foliwn,—Ovate, turgid and obtuse, slightly compressed, central
404 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
aperture not present; striz narrow, twenty-four in 1-1150th.
Length 1-540th.
Surrretta Gemma.—Ovato-oblong, large, turgid, central aperture
not present; striz slender, sixteen in 1-1150th. Alive at the mouth
of the Elbe, and in various tidal harbours of England. Length
1-290th. to 1-220th.
S. Gemma.—Mxr. Smith says—‘“ Frustules on front view wedge-
shaped, with rounded ends; side view ovate-elliptical; ale large ;
coste small, unequally distant; surface of valve distinctly striated.
The striz are made out with difficulty on the dry valve after burning
or maceration in acid. Its cost are linear, unlike those of 8. striata,
eraticula, constricta, &e. (P. 15, f. 2, 3, and 4.)
‘Tt was in connection with this species, that Ehrenberg records
the presence of cilia, extending from the aperture of the coste,
vibrating with rapidity, and being extended or retracted at intervals.
(P. 15, f. 3and 4.) The presence of delicate hairs, apparently on
all parts of the frustule, may often be detected ; and I have noticed
them on nearly every occasion when I have gathered this species, but
in no case have I been able to perceive any motion in such hairs,
and concluded, before meeting with Ehrenberg’s remarks, that they
were merely a parasitic growth, the mycelium of some other alge.
I have noticed similar appendages to other Piatomacee, but in every
case devoid of motion.”
S. Clypeus.—Large, ovate, obtuse, with nine very broad pinne in
1-276th. Marine. Length 1-276th.
S. eraticula—Lanceolate, with large ale; apices on the dorsal
aspect acute; on the lateral, truncate; and figure oblong, with
centre slightly inflated; pinnules seven in 1-1200th. Length
1-288th; smaller than 8S. di/rons ; costee fewer, and those divergent.
(P. 15. f. 19 and 20.)
S. fastuosa. — Larger, elliptic; ale small; pinnules dilated
gradually, eighteen on each side, in 1-360th, which is its length ;
central portion of valves smooth ; apertures of costal tubes large.
S. lamella. — Large, lamellar, ovate-lanceolate, slightly keeled ;
striated only on its extreme margin, the whole central space being
granular; laterally narrowly linear, and truncate. Length 1-216th.
to 1-180th.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 405
Surtretza robusta, (formerly associated with Mavicula bifrons.)—
Large, elliptic, elongate, with two very strong pinnules in 1-1200th.
Length 1-216th to 1-120th. Fossil in the siliceous meal of Finland.
S. Testudo.—Large, ovate, obtuse, with twelve slender pinnules
in its length, which is 1-288th. |
S. Campylodiscus. — Small, ovate-elliptic ; ends equally rounded ;
flexuose, like Campylodiscus ; margin striated, with ten to twelve
pinnules on 1-1200th. Mexico. (P. 15, f. 12, 13, 22, and 238.)
S. decora.— Large, elongate, sides straight, extremities equally
acute; pinnules small, four to five in 1-1200th. North America.
8. elegans.
Large, broad; surface with very minute dots; ends
subacute ; pinnules four in 1-1200th.
S. euglypta.—Smaller, ovate, oblong, smooth; one extremity more
tapering than the other, but both obtuse ; pinnules seven in 1-1200th.
Mexico.
S. flexcuosa.—Larger, flexuose ; pinnules four to five in 1-1200th
(only a fragment examined); approaches Campylodiscus. Mexico.
(E i6:f. 11.)
S$. Merocora.—Very small, smooth, lanceolate ; ends short, acute,
equal; pinnules marginal, ten in 1-1200th. Cayenne, Mexico.
S. myodon.—Small, narrow, elongate, rather curved ; ends rounded ;
pinnules small, closely set, and giving the margin a toothed appear-
ance, six to seven in 1-1200th. Mexico.
S. oophena.—Larger, view on the sides ovate, plicate-undulate;
one end widely rounded, the other tapering, but obtuse; there are
five transverse but obscure plicee (undulations) ; pinnee small, six in
1-1200th. Falaise and Mexico.
S. Peruviana.—Very large, but narrow and elliptic-lanceolate ;
extremities equally obtuse ; pinnules very small, faint, about twelve
in 1-1200th. Peru.
S. Regula.—Small, linear, sides straight, with six bands, ends
cuneate ; pinnules ten in 1-1200th; almost obsolete. Mexico.
S. (?) paradoxa.—Small, and not pinnate on the navicular sides,
linear-elongate, elliptic, and ends rounded. Length 1-576th.
Caltanisetta, Sicily.
S. rhomboidea.—Smooth, not pinnate on the sides, which are rhom-
boid; ends obtuse on back, linear. Length 1-744th. Caltanisetta.
406 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Surtretta Stewla = Navicula Sicula—Smooth, and broadly navi-
cular laterally ; the margin with longitudinal lines ; ends subacute.
Length 1-528th.
Sunrretta Amphibola.—Striated, and widely linear; on the lateral
surface cuneate, subacute at the extremities; on the dorsal aspect,
ends obtuse ; pinnules fifteen in 1-1200th. Length 1-324th. Has
the general form of 8. Regula. Kurdistan.
Ehrenberg remarks, that he is not sure to what genus this belongs ;
he has sometimes thought a slender umbilicus existed, as in Pinnu-
laria ; but its form is singular, in presenting equal transverse stric
on each side.
S. brevis.—Short, striated ; has the figure and size of 8. striatula,
but its strie are larger and more slender; sixteen in 1-1200th.
Length 1-912th. Kurdistan.
S. Lepida —Slender, linear lanceolate, one end extremely obtuse, the
other more tapering and subacute ; strize nine to ten in 1-1152nd; a
distinct curved line extends along the centre on each lateral aspect.
Length 1-768th. Kurdistan.
S. (?) elliptica.—Elliptic-oblong ; a slight longitudinal line extends
down its centre, and it has parallel transverse strie. Length
1-480th. In form approaches the genus Rhaphoneis.
S. crenulata.—Ovate lanceolate, margin crenulate; ends somewhat
unequal, subacute ; eleven crenules in 1-1152nd, extending into pin-
nules. It has also a distinct median suture. Diam. 1-1080th. Fossil.
S. levigata—Lnceolate, elongate, smooth, ends obtuse, somewhat
unequal; a distinct median suture exists, with two longitudinal
lateral lines. Length 1-168th.
S. leptoptera.—Lanceolate, ends acute, rather unequal; pinnules
dense, six in 1-1152nd; median suture dilated, distinct. A specimen,
1-456th long, presented twenty-one pinnules, Fossil, Oregon.
S. Oregonica. —Spathulate in figure, ends subacute, unequal ;
median suture broad and distinct ; pinnules strong ; about the middle,
from four to five in 1-1152nd. Length 1-336th, and in this nineteen
pinnules were met with. Fossil.
S. reflexa. — Lanceolate, extremities unequal, subacute, slightly
reflexed; central suture distinct ; pinnules strong, about centre three
to four in 1-1152nd. Length 1-180th. Fossil in Oregon.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 407
Surmrerxa (?) “inea.—Bacillar, large; one side cuneate, the other
rounded, minutely and transversely striated throughout. Length
1-240th.
8. stylus.—Large, styliform, and narrow, quadrangular ; one end
more obtuse than the other, but neither acute ; pinnules fifty-four im
1-144th. Length 1-144th.
S. Caledonica.—A species discovered by Ehrenberg, in earth sent
from Ireland.
8. plicata.—From the same source.
S. aspera.—Large, with loosely disposed pinne, which also present
rough crests, four to five in 1-1152nd. Ehrenberg says, ‘I have
seen but a fragment, if a Campylodiscus?”’ From volcanic earth,
Hochsimmer, on the Rhine.
S. spiralis (Kiitz.)—Primary side linear, spirally twisted, with a
dotted margin; dots five to six im 1-1200th. Length 1-300th.
Nordhausen.
S. didyma.—Oblong, truncate at each end, sinuate, constricted at
the middle; margin punctate. Length 1-600th.
S. solea = Surirella Librile (Ehr.)
S. multifasciata.—Narrowly linear laterally ; dorsally cuneate, acute
at each end; transverse striz very fine, obsolete. Length 1-288th.
8S. thermalis = Pinnularca (?) thermalis (Khr.)
8. ambigua (Kiitz.)—Broadly oblong, truncate at each end; trans-
verse striz rather wide, straight, obsolete, four in 1-1200th.
Length 1-264th. Bernese, Oberland.
S. oblonga.— One end attenuate, broadly obtuse, and rounded,
sinuoso-dentate near the margin. Marine.
S. elliptica (Kiitz.) = 8. oophena (Ehr.) see Cymatopleura elliptica.
S. Patella. —Elongated, elliptic, equally rounded at each end;
marginal strize four to five in 1-1200th. Length 1-300th. Fossil.
S. augusta.—Minute, linear-oblong on sides, rectangular dorsally,
equally rounded at both ends, with the margin fincly striated; striae
eleven in 1-1200th. Length 1-600th. Alive in ponds, Nordhausen.
8S. ovalis—Oblong and cuneate; laterally ends truncate; dorsally
ovate-elliptic, the one end more narrowly rounded than the other ;
marginal strie eight in 1-1200th. Length 1-360th to 1-280th. Coste
only visible at margin of valves. Freshwater.
408 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Surtretta ovata.—Small, laterally widely cuneate and truncate;
dorsally ovate, with delicate marginal striz, seven to nine in
1-1200th.
Var. (6.) dorsally equally elliptic. Length 1-1200th to 1-560th.
Common in ponds.
S. (?) ornata.—Elongate, truncate at each end, with obtuse angles ;
longitudinally cleft, and ornamented with minute puncta, disposed
in decussating lines. Length 1-280th. Breadth 1-960th. Among
Alge, Genoa. Kiitzing has seen this form but once.
S. (?) Adriatica = Podocystis Adriatica.—Small, supported on a
short stipes, cuneate laterally; dorsally obvate; stric transverse,
eleven to twelve in 1-1200th. On Callithamnion, at Trieste.
Length 1-620th.
S. minuta, (Smith. )—Frustule on front view (laterally Ehr.) wedge-
shaped; on side view (dorsally, Ehr.) elliptical or slightly ovate,
with ends more or less rounded; costee marginal. Average length
1-1200th. Greatest breadth 1-2500th. In streams.
S. salina (Smith.)—Frustule on front view wedge-shaped; on side
view ovate; the larger end rounded, and the smaller more or less
pointed ; costee marginal. Average length 1-600th; greatest breadth
1-1200th. In salt-water ditches, Poole Bay.
“This nearly resembles S. mnuta, but is a salt-water species,
usually larger and distinctly ovate, and with the smaller extremity
of the valve, in most of the frustules, somewhat attenuated. On
the other hand, it is much smaller than 8. ovalis (Kiitz.) less oblong
and stout, and of marine habitat.
S. circumsuta (Bailey.)—Outline nearly elliptical, with a scarcely
perceptible constriction at the middle; surface with very minute
granulations, and a faint longitudinal line through the middle; -
edges with a continuous row of nearly obsolete pimnule. Hudson
River, west points of Florida.
Sub-genus Navicura—TZrue Navicula.—Lorica smooth, or with lon-
gitudinal lines or stripes; central aperture round. This last circum-
stance distinguishes it from Stauroneis, whilst its general symmetry
separates it from the smooth forms of Cocconeis, which has one
surface depressed or flattened.
Navieulacea.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 409
Navicuta gracilis. — Smooth, slender, lanceolate; ends acute
laterally, linear, truncate. Common ; freshwater and fossil. Length
1-1500th to 1-560th.
N. (?) pellucida = Amphipleura pellucida (Kiitz.)—Slender, lan-
eeolate, smooth (no median aperture, Kiitz.), see fig. 140, which
represents a group, and a transverse section, to show the position of
the central furrow on each side. Found with the preceding. Length
1-300th to 1-140th. It has the general form of a Closterium ; and
the apparent absence of an umbilicus, would certainly determine its
position with some other genus than Navicula.
N. acus (1838) = Ceratonets acus (Ehr.) and Synedra subtilis (Kiitz.)
N. umbonata. —Smooth, straight, constricted near the middle,
causing the ends to appear larger, hence its name. Length 1-430th
to 1-240th. Salt and fresh water, and fossil. Kiitzing adduces
this as his Surirella thermalis, and the Pinnularia (?) thermalis of
Ehrenberg; and, as is thus implied, furnished with transverse striz,
delicate though they are. If such striz exist in any degree, this
species should certainly be excluded from the present sub-genus.
N. fulva.—Smooth, broadly lanceolate; slightly produced at the
ends in the form of a beak or rostrum (7. e. ends rostrate), colour
yellowish-brown; umbilicus -very small, round; lateral aspect
narrowly linear and truncate. Length 1-1150th to 1-180th (P. 15,
f. 5.) Alive and fossil.
N. amphisbena.—Smooth, broadly elliptic (see group 141), apices
much contracted; umbilicus circular; granular contents of golden-
yellow colour. Ehrenberg remarks, that the vibratile process, seen
by Bory St. Vincent, was, in fact, the locomotive organ, the action of
which is readily seen, though the process protrudes but a very little
beyond the lorica. Length 1-1700th to 1-240th. Fresh water.
N. nodosa.—Smooth, linear, with three undulations on each side,
about the middle; extremities contracted, shortly rostrate and obtuse
(see fig. 143.) Central opening round. Length 1-480th.
N. Cari.—Slender, lanceolate, smooth; ends acute; umbilicus
circular. Length 1-1150th. Fossil at Cassel.
N. Baltica.—Large, smooth; sigmoid, by the curvature of the
attenuated obtuse ends in opposite directions (fig. 144.) Central
EE
410 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
opening small, round. Length 1-70th. Found in phosphorescent
sea-water.
Navicvra hippocampus.—Smooth, sigmoid, lanceolate; apices obtuse ;
laterally linear and truncate (group 145.) Sometimes it has deli-
cate longitudinal strie. Length 1-90th to 1-70th. In fresh and
salt water. This shell is the well-known test for microscopes. See
descriptions of Plates 19 and 20.
N. Stigma = N. acuminata (Kiitz.)—Smooth, lanceolate, sigmoid,
ends attenuate, obtuse; laterally straight (group 146.) It often
contains motile granules, and has a golden-yellow colour. Length
1-210th to 1-140th. In fresh and salt water.
N. scalprum.—Smaller, slightly sigmoid ; apices gradually taper-
ing, obtuse, with longitudinal lines. Length 1-430th to 1-290th.
N. ecurvula. — Narrow, linear lanceolate, sigmoid, apices rather
obtuse; no longitudinal striz. Lateral view straight. Fresh water.
N. Trochus.—Short, smooth, enlarged at the centre, constricted
near the ends, which are much produced and truncate. The surface
is marked by several longitudinal stripes. Length 1-860th. Fossil
in Sweden.
N. Agellus.—Large, of a sigmoid lanceolate figure on the back,
with very fine longitudinal lines, and having a furrowed space ;
straight and nearly linear on the side, with subacute extremities.
Length 1-180th It is more slender and longer than N. Hippo-
campus. In fresh water. Common.
N. binodis.—Probably but the young of N. brbrile. Fossil at San
Fiore, Italy — Fragilaria binodis (Ehr.) 1848.
N. carinata.—Lanceolate, linear laterally, and with a broad longi-
tudinal dorsal keel. Length 1-216th. Fossil on shores of the
Rhine in volcanic schists.
N. ewrysoma.—Small, ovate; ends obtuse; quite smooth; margin
distinct. Found in African chalk-marl. Not improbably a Cocconeis.
N. inversa.—Short, dorsally narrow and sigmoid, with subacute
ends; laterally quadrangular, very broad, constricted at the centre,
with the ends widely truncate, and marginal glands(?) It moves
quickly; is allied to N. alata, but wants the winged portions,
Length 1-576th.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. ALL
Navicura rostrata.—Large, very broadly lanceolate, almost rhom-
boid; extremities acute, rostrate. Central aperture large, lateral view
linear, truncate, Length 1-216th. Fossil.
N. affinis—Linear dorsally, constricted at each end, which is
shortly rostrate and obtuse. Approaches Pinnularia dicephala. Length
1-570th to 1-420th (P. 15, f. 32.)
N. ambigua.—Linear-oblong dorsally, subventricose, contracted at
each end, which is produced but obtuse. Resembles very closely
the former species.
N. (°) Americana.—Oblong and turgid dorsally, slightly constricted
in the middle; ends widely rounded.
N. (?) wnphigomphus.—Larger, oblong; sidessmooth; ends wedge-
shaped, with or without faint longitudinal lines.
N. amphioxys.—Dorsally narrow, linear lanceolate, without longi-
tudinal lines or striz, attenuated at the ends, subacute. More
elegant in figure than N. gracilis.
N. amphirhynchus.—Dorsally elongated, lanceolate, suddenly con-
stricted towards the ends, which are produced and truncate (P. 15,
f. 6.) Has a wider form than N. amphisbena.
N. amphisphenia.—Dorsally acutely lanceolate, gradually attenu-
ated towards the ends; umbilicus oblong, in which it differs from
N. fulva, which has a round umbilicus.
N. Bacillum.—Smooth, linear dorsally and bacillar ; ends rounded.
N. biceps—Smaller than preceding, dorsally broadly lanceolate ;
apices rather constricted, but obtuse. Mexico and North America.
N. carassius.—Small, widely lanceolate on back; ends suddenly
constricted, obtuse, but rather prolonged. Shorter and wider than
N. amphisbena. Surinam.
N. dilatata.—Large, dorsally elliptic-lanceolate, laterally rather
convex, with longitudinal lines; ends obtuse.
N. Dirhynchus.—Small, dorsally narrowly lanceolate; ends elon-
gated, rostrate, obtuse. Mexico, Labrador.
N. dubia.—Small, linear lanceolate on back; sides rather curved,
the curve extending to the subacute prolonged ends. Surinam.
N. duplicata.—Oblong, small; constricted at the middle (panduri-
form); ends attenuate. Approaches Jmnularia didyma. Cuba.
EE 2
412 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Navicuta Formica.—Oblong, linear dorsally ; constricted in four
places ; segments oblong. Marine in United States.
N. Fusidium.—Large, narrowly lanceolate on back, slightly con-
stricted at the ends, which are rounded and capitate.
N. Mitcheockii.—Dorsally broadly linear, oblong; laterally con-
stricted in two places, thus producing three equal projections; ends
suddenly cuneate, subacute. Massachusetts.
N. Jridis.—Large, elongated, bacillar ; sides plane ; apices slightly
attenuated, obtuse; surface very finely striated longitudinally, causing
it to display various colours, If swi generis (?) New York.
N. leptogongyla.—Smooth, small, linear, slender; a central round
protuberance on the back; ends obtuse, rounded, rather dilated.
Thun and Labrador
N. leptorhynchis.—Small ; dorsally, linear lanceolate; ends very
long, rostrate, straight, subacute. Approaches N. dirhyncus, but
ends longer rostrate. Mexico.
N. limbata.—Small, linear dorsally ; sides straight ; imternally, as
if widely bordered (limbate); apices suddenly constricted, but trun-
cate. Chili.
_N. Uneolata.—Small; on dorsum narrowly lanceolate, with longi-
tudinal fine lines; ends acute; on side widely linear. Length
1-288th. Fresh water.
N. Lyra.—Larger, broadly elliptic-lanceolate ; ends constricted,
obtuse; surface with a central double raised band, in the form of a
lyre of two cords. Falkland Islands.
N. mesolepta. — Linear, elongate, undulate on back, slender;
three undulations at the centre; ends much constricted, rostrate,
obtuse. Length 1-420th.
N. mesotyla.—Smooth, narrowly linear laterally, slender on the
back, with a central spherical enlargement; apices contracted,
obtuse. Length 1-420th
N. oblonga.— Oblong-lanceolate and subacute, not produced (rostrate)
Salt water. Length 1-720th. Mexico.
N. obtusa.—Small; oblong dorsally, and lanceolate; ends rounded,
obtuse. Kiitzing thinks it probably identical with N. appendieulata.
North America.
Naviculacea.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 413
Navicuna (?) paradoxa.—Large, quite smooth, widely oblong on
back; slightly constricted at the middle; ends cuneate, obtuse ;
centre longitudinally dotted. Peru.
N. Rhombea.—Widely lanceolate on back, almost rhomboidal, with
delicate longitudinal lines; ends acute. Length 1-480th to 1-360th.
Mexico.
N. Semen.—Back ovate, turgid, ventricose at the centre, obtusely
rounded at the ends. Variety (a.) Ends rather constricted—N.
Chilensis. Var. (b.) Ends rounded—N. Labrador.
N. Silicula.—Smooth, linear, elongate, with three equal protube-
rances (nodes) on back; one at the centre, and one at either end,
hence the ends obtuse. North America.
N. Spherophora.—Lanceolate, ends produced (rostrate), capitate
and papiilate. Length 1-320th. In fresh water.
N. Zrabecula.—Linear, elongate, with a single node at the centre,
ends not contracted, and round. Kiitzing thinks it to be a variety
of Pinnularia decurrens.
N. nodosa.—Small, broadly oblong on back, sides with three equal
swellings; ends constricted, obtuse. Approaches N. Hitchcockii. North
America.
N. () omphalia.—Large, with granular lines, which, from being
very finely decussated, reflect various colours; umbilicus solid,
round, clear, with the median suture passing through it. A large
and elegant species. Fragments from Bermuda, 1-192nd in size.
N. elliptica.—Uliptic; ends imperfectly subacute; central um-
biliary, subquadrate ; three fine sutures; margin wide, very minutely
dotted. Length 1-576th. Southern Ocean,
N. Cantonensis.—Broadly ovate, lanceolate, very smooth; ends
acute, little produced. By its shorter acute ends it differs from
N. fulva. Length 1-480th. Canton, China.
N. Stnensis. —Flexuose, sigmoid, larger than preceding, very
smooth; ends widely rounded, expanded in the centre. Length
1-180th.
N. tortuosa.—Bacillar, smooth, rather turgid, and tortuose. Length
1-288th.
N. decussata.—Oblong-elliptic, strong, constricted at each end, as if
obtusely mucronate; surface elegantly sculptured by decussating
414 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica-
dotted lines; the puncta arranged in a quincunx. Has the habit at
of N. amphisbena.
Navicuta leptostylus. This fossil species, and the seven following,
were discovered by Ehrenberg in earth from Iveland.
. Cocconeis.
. Amphirrina.
. osculata.
. birostris. Probably Stauroneis birostris.
. Stylus.
. amphiata.
. mesopachya.
AAAAAAA
. diaphana.—Large, elongate, lanceolate; apices obtuse; surface
very smooth, diaphanous; umbilicus not perforating ; a double lon-
gitudinal line down the centre. Habit of Stawroneis Phenicenteron.
(1-192nd.)
N. Demerare.—Smaller ; oblong and smooth ; ventrally, rhomboid,
and tumid; apices acute, attenuate, and subrostrate. Length 1-576th.
N. Schomburgkorum.—Large, elongate, lanceolate, with obtuse ex-
tremities, and the habit of N. diaphana, but with three longitudinal
lines (sulci) on each side the umbilicus. Length 1-180th. Alive in
Guiana. ?
Niageli describes (Report Ray Society, 1846, p. 221,) what he
assumes to be a new species of Mavicula, nearly allied to Navicula
striata (Ehr.) = Surirella Striatula (?). He found it in brooks
about Zurich; it exhibits no movement. The contained matter is
brown, and fills the whole of the centrai cavity, except the horns
(prolonged extremities), which are transparent and uncoloured.
Nageli adduces this species as ilustrating the existence of a
nucleus and nucleolus in the interior ; and it is in it also that he
‘observed a pretty rapid circulation of the granular contents, the
granules passing from the nucleus outwards, along the edges, and
back again to the former.”’
Kiitzing divides his genus Vavieula into six sections; it includes
numerous species of the genus Pinnularia, as that naturalist does not
recognize the presence or absence of transverse striz as a generic
distinction. In his recent volume, “Species Algarum,’’ he enume-
rates 179 species, including nine doubtful; most of them are de-
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 415
scribed herein under one or other of the sub-genera. The sections
herein remain the same, viz. —
a.—Form lanceolate, eighty species.
6.—Form oblong or elliptic, twenty-nine species.
¢.—Form gibbous, sixteen species.
d.—F¥orm constricted or nodose, thirty species.
e.—Form lunate, two species.
f—Form sigmoid, thirteen species.
Sub-genus Pryyvurarra.— Umbilicus round; surface transversely
striated.
P. viridis.—Lorica transversely striated; straight, lanceolate, oblong;
obtuse and truncate at the ends; striz fifteen in 1-1200th. Common,
living and fossil. Figs. 1383 and 134 represent living, and figs. 135
and 136 fossil forms. (P. 15, f. 15 and 31); the arrows in the two
first figures indicating the direction of the current produced. Length
1-1150th to 1-70th. In the interior, numerous changeable vesicles
are seen, connected together by means of an irritable gelatinous
matter, which is as clear as crystal, and from whose motion these
globules often appear to tremble. Ehrenberg has noticed moveable
dark spots near the extremity of some specimens, similar to what is
seen in Closterium, &c. The progress of longitudinal self-division
may often be observed beneath the siliceous lorica. "The six openings
of the lorica are easily seen, three being upon the upper surface and
three on the lower. The lorica near the central opening being
depressed, the aperture appears eccentric, in respect to the medial
line. Found at Hampstead, and fossil in Bohemia, Sweden, &c.
P. inequalis.—Striated and unequally convex (see group 154.); of a
yellowish colour. In 1-100th of a line are ten or eleven strie.
This species forms the passage to the genus Hunotia. Found living,
at Tilbury Fort and elsewhere; also fossil at San Fiore. Length
1-430th to 1-120th. The unequal sides in this species would render
it, in Kiitzing’s classification, a member of the genus Cymbella.
P. macilenta.—Slender, elongated, attenuated towards the obtuse
rounded extremities; strize twenty-three in 1-1200th; strong,
oblique, and converging to the centre. Fresh water and fossil.
Length 1-140th.
416 DESCRIPTION OF [Polygastrica
Pornvrarta capitata.—Short, ovate, lanceolate, ventricose at the
centre; ends constricted and obtuse; striz ten in 1-1200th. Length
1-11 50th to 1-576th.
P. dicephala.—Linear, elongate, constricted, and obtuse at each
end, which consequently appears capitate; strie nineteen in 1-1200th.
Length 1-860th to 1-480th. Fossil in North and South America,
and Sweden.
P. lanceolata.—Lanceolate, elongate, tapering from the turgid centre
to the acute extremities; both longitudinal and transverse stripes,
thirteen of the latter in 1-1200th. Length 1-1150th to 1-280th.
P. viridula—Straight, lanceolate, slender, one end truncate, the
other attenuate and obtuse; strie thirteen to fifteen in 1-1200th.
Length 1 3000th to 1-280th. Alive and fossil.
P. didyma.—Striated, rather broad; viewed from the side, linear ;
truncated at both ends, and entire; viewed dorsally, constricted in
the middle ; ends sub-orbicular; it thus appears as if formed of two
discs joined together, Twenty-three strie in 1-1200th. Fossil in
the chalk marl of Caltanisetta, living in sea water. This species
was first observed alive, afterwards fossil, in Sicily. Similar forms
are very numerous in the chalk marl of Greece. It is distinguished
from P. entomon by the want of the constriction when viewed on the
lateral surface; ventral surface with a central colourless stripe.
Length 1-1150th to 1-480th. (P. 24, f. 12.)
P. Norvegica.—Laterally linear, narrow, and truncated at both ends,
dorsally broadly ovate, and acute at the extremities; circumference
witha narrowly striated margin,area smooth; thirty strie in 1-1200th.
The N. praetexta, of the Greek chalk marl, is very similar to this
species. Length 1-360th.
P. quadrifasciata.—Laterally narrow, linear, truncate; dorsally»
broadly ovate, ends acute, margin wide ; a double longitudinal narrow
striated band on each half; hence it is apparently marked by four
stripes or bands, whence the name. Strie twenty in 1-1200th.
Alive in the Baltic. Fossil in the chalk marl of Greece. In the living
state it is of a greenish or rusty yellow colour. Length 1-480th.
P. equalis.—Large, lanceolate, oblong, ends constricted, obtuse; °
sides even, minutely pinnate. Iceland.
Navieulacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 417
Prynvrarta amphigomphus. — Larger, oblong’ dorsally, sides
plane, ends acutely wedge-shape; it is remarkable by indistinct
longitudinal lines; approaches Vavicula amphigomphus.
P. amphioxys. — Narrow, linear lanceolate, acute; sides with
straight pinnules. New York and Iceland.
P. amphiprora—tLarger on back, narrowly lanceolate, ends broad,
obtuse ; it has the habit of Amphiprora Navicula, but with marginal
apertures at the extremities. Massachusetts.
P. Apis.—Oblong on the back, and so much constricted at the cen-
tre, as to be nearly divided into two sub-orbicular segments ; ends
obtuse, pinnules rough (granules), and twelve in 1-1200th. Vera
Cruz.
P. borealis.—Striated, small, laterally linear, ends rounded, but
not constricted; pinnules strong. Has the habit of Fragilaria
pinata. Chili, New York.
P. chilensis.—Larger, oblong, straight to the sides; ends broadly
rounded, not constricted; pinnules strong, and eleven to twelve in
1-1200th; approaches P. viridis, but is shorter and broader. Chili.
(P. 15, f. 33.)
P. (?) Conops.— Oblong on back; divided into two cordate
parts by a central constriction; ends apiculate; pinnules very —
minute. Vera Cruz.
P. costata. — Large, thick, short, ovate, oblong; ends widely
rounded; pinnules large, prominently costate, six in 1-1200th;
approaches P. Dactylus. North America.
P. Cyprianus.—Oblong-lanceolate, ends widely rounded, umbilicus
oblong. Chili.
P. Dactylus.—Long, bacillar, straight laterally ; dorsally very slightly
curved towards the extremities, which are broadly rounded ; pinnules
fourteen in 1-1200th. North America,
P. decurrens. — Striated, narrow, elongate, lanceolate; dorsally
broad, and tumid at centre, somewhat narrowing towards the extre-
mities, which are however widely rounded ; approaches P. gibba and
= P. Trabecula, a smaller variety.
P. diomphala.—Short, broadly lanceolate on back, ends constricted,
418 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
obtusely truncate; central umbilicus transverse, and divided by a
longitudinal line into two parts. Mexico.
Prynvraria disphenia.—Striated, linear, elongated dorsally, sides
straight; ends acutely wedge-shaped; pinnules of margin very
minute ; approaches P. amphigomphus,
P. Entomon.— Larger, elongate, widely constricted at centre,
(panduriform) presenting two oblong portions with cuneate ex-
tremities, subacute; striz smooth, not granular; broad, nineteen to
twenty in 1-1200th. Alive and fossil.
P. Esov.—Large, elongate ; narrowly lanceolate, dorsally, slightly
undulate on the sides; three undulations on each side, of which the
central one is the most marked. Extremities very attenuate, but
obtuse. (P. 15, f. 48.) Chil.
P. Gastrum.—Striated, small; underside widely lanceolate ; ends
constricted, but little produced, and obtuse, with granular eminences.
Mexico.
P. Gigas.—Very large, wand-shaped, slightly gibbous at centre of
dorsum, gently diminishing towards extremities, which are rounded ;
nine pinnules (strize)in 1-1200th; approaches P. nobilis. North
America
P. heteropleura.—Broadly lanceolate on the back; sides unequal ;
ends slightly constricted and broadly obtuse. Is near P. crequalis,
the ends of which are however sub-acute.
P. wsocephala—Linear on back, undulate, with five eminences
(nodules) produced by as many constrictions, somewhat of unequal
size; whence it has a moniliform outline. Scarcely differs from P.
Monile which 1s larger.
P. mactlenta,—Bacillar dorsally; sides straight; ends rounded,
wide; pinnules narrower and closer than in preceding, there being
eighteen to twenty in 1-1200th. This species = P. polyptera, which
is probably but a more slender variety.
P. mesogongyla.—Striated, styliform, and bacillar; gibbous at the
middle dorsally ; ends rounded, wide, not turgid; near P. nobilis.
P. monile.—Very small; striated dorsally, constricted so as to form
five equal sub-globose segments; viewed on the sides, it is linear
and truncate. Approaches Navicula nodosa, Length 1-864th.
Naviculacea.] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 419
Prynvrarra nobilis—Very large, striated, of an elongated, quad-
rangular, bacillar figure; turgid at the centre, and slightly so at the
extremities. Length 1-84th. Pinnules sixteen to eighteen in
1-1200th. Fossil in South America. Terminal apertures very large.
San Fiore, Cayenne, Brazil.
P. pachyptera.—Striated, large, oblong, bacillar, but short and
thick; gibbous in centre of dorsum broadly rounded, not constricted
g, six in 1-1200th. Labrador.
atextremities. Pinnules very strong,
P. peregrina.—Striated, linear lanceolate, narrow, ends gradually
tapering, acute, not constricted; pinnules oblique. St. Domingo,
Cuba, New York.
P. pisciculus.—Striated, very delicate; narrowly linear; ends con-
stricted, prolonged, rostrate, and sub-capitate. Approaches P. d-
cephala. Cayenne.
P. placentula.—Small, very broadly lanceolate, oblong, ends con-
stricted, obtuse, rather produced, papillary; near P. gastrum, but
larger. Vera Cruz, Mexico.
P. porrecta.—Striated, larger ; lanceolate, elongate dorsally, widely
expanded at the centre ; ends gradually attenuate, but broadly obtuse;
pinnules oblique. Is near to P. deeurrens. Central and North
America. '
P. praetexta.—Large, elliptic; margins on the dorsal aspect ex-
panded, furnished with very broad pinnules, whilst the inter-
mediate space (median area) is granular; strie seventeen in
1-1200th. Length 1-288th. Fossilin Greek marl.
P. Stllimanorum.—Striated ; large, lanceolate dorsally; widely
expanded at middle or ventral surface, oblong; ends constricted,
produced, obtuse, and sub-capitate. Approaches Diomphalus Clavae
Herculis. New York.
P. sinwosa.—Small, narrow, linear lanceolate, sigmoid ; strie fifteen
in 1-1200th. Mouth of the Elbe. Has the figure of Navicula
sigma, but is more slender.
P. Tabellaria.—Bacillar, slender, of three segments (Trinodal) being
turgid at centre, and having capitate extremities. Is more slender
than P. nodzlis, which it about equals in length. Central and North
America. (P. 15, f. 21.)
420 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastriea.
Prynvraria Zeymes.—Striated, small, narrow, oblong, rather con-
stricted at the centre, and towards each end ; the ends obtuse, widely
rounded, and produced.
P. Utriculus.—Striated, oblong dorsally, sides straight, slightly
curving towards the ends, which are tapering but obtuse. Approaches
P. disphenia. Mexico.
P. caraccana.—A variety of P. borealis, larger and more dilated at
the middle. Length 1-480th.
P. oceanica.—Elliptic-oblong ; its length twice its breadth, ends
subacute ; umbilicus small, round, clearly defined; suture double,
margin very delicately but widely pinnate; pinnules twenty in
1-1200th. Length 1-570th. Southern Ocean.
P. lamprocampa.—Very large, sigmoid, slender, lanceolate; very
delicate striae on margin; apices subacute. Length 1-144th.
Pinnules are visible in the dry state, but not in the living. Itis
very mobile. Baltic and Falaise.
P. libyca.—Striated, small; dorsally navicular, ovate-lanceolate,
acute ; laterally quadrangular and truncate; pinnules fourteen in
1-1200th. Habit of Navicula fulva, but is wider and not rostrate.
Length 1-550th. Oasis, Sinai.
P. Kefvingensis.—Striated, small, lanceolate, and navicular dor-
sally ; pinnules converging towards the centre, and seventeen in
1-1200th. Length 1-430th.; very close to P. viidula, but more
slender.
P. (?) thermalis.—Small linear ; cuneate and acute dorsally ; laterally
truncate. Length 1-576th. In warm springs. Habit of Fragilaria
acuta; umbilicus unknown.
P. Fureula,— Small, dorsally elliptic; oblong on both sides,
linear ; apices constricted, umbonate (bossed); pinnules converging
to the centre. Length 1-864th. to 1-720th. Fossil.
P. Gemina.—Small, divided by a constriction, existing on each
aspect, into two lenticular segments ; remarkable by a central spine ;
(apiculus) when seen on the side. Length 1-840th. to 1-648th.
P. Seminulum.— Found by Ehrenberg in the plastic marl of
Aigina.
P. coarctata.—The same habitat.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 421
Prynvtarra contracta.—The same habitat.
P. teniata.—Small, on dorsal aspect, umbilicus distinct ; pinnules,
marginal, strong, ends suddenly constricted, prolonged, rounded, and
obtuse. (P. 24, f. 15.)
P. Australis, P. pleuronectes, and P. stylformis, new species dis-
covered by Ehrenberg in earth from New Holland.
P. amphistylus—Bacillar, elongate, turgid at the middle; apices
attenuate, filiform, obtuse ; pinnules fine. Length 1-372nd. Fossil
in Oregon.
P. leptostigma.—Oblong-lanceolate, length twice its breadth;
apices subacute, rather produced; very fine transverse dotted lines,
(pinnules) inconspicuous. Length 1-432nd. Fossil.
P. Oregonica. — Elongate, navicular, bacillar, uniformly and
gradually decreasing towards the rounded apices ; pinnules strong,
twenty-three in 1-1152nd. Length 1-228th. Fossil in Oregon.
It approaches P. Digitum, but is more slender.
P. Schomburgku. — Large, lanceolate, equal, length thrice its
breadth ; apices subacute; pinnules twenty-five in 1-1152nd.; ap-
proaches P. equals, but is smaller and more obtuse. Length 1-264th.
Guana. Alive.
P. Couperwi (Bailey.)—Large, slightly constricted in the middle,
with two marginal and two intermediate punctato-striate bands, the
latter interrupted at the centre. The outline is like that of P. para-
doxa (Ehr.), and the markings somewhat resemble those of P. lyra.
Southern States of America.
P. permagna (Bailey.)—Large, lanceolate on the ventral surfaces,
with punctato-striate marginal bands; and a broad, smooth, central
stripe; ends slightly rounded. Abundant in the Hudson River, at
West Point, New York.
P. equinoctiahis (Montagne.)—Rather large, linear-oblong, apices
rounded, pinnules radiant, strong, four in 1-2600th. Length of
frustule 1-260th. to 1-150th. Found with Alge in British Guiana,
It, in general form, resembles P. Dactylus, but differs in its size and
larger strie. In the last particular it resembles P. pachyptera,
but that species has a median dilatation or gibbosity. Montagne, in
his notice of the cryptogamic plants of Guiana, (Ann. de. sc. Nat, vol,
422 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
14, 1850, p. 308), has described this species as a WVavicula, but
the transverse striez determine it to be a Pimnularia in Khren-
berg’s plan.
Sub-genus Drrronrts.—The three following species have been
described by Ehrenberg under the name of Dvyploneis, by which
appellation it would seem he wishes to designate a sub-section of
Pinnularia, having some distinguishing peculiarity, which, however,
has not been met with in his writings.
From the figure of D¢ploneis Didyma, it may be presumed that
Ehrenberg intends this sub-genus to include Pinnularia, constricted
at the middle, in the dorsal and ventral aspect, and ae so to
speak, a double (diplos Gr.) outline.
D. Bombus.—Constricted, with sub-cordate segments; apices sub-
acute; strie dense, granular, twenty-one in 1-1200th.; granules
of the largest striae in fours. Length 1-384th. Fossil in the
chalk marl of gina.
D. crabro.—Constricted, with widely separated elongate lanceolate
lobes, subacute or obtuse ; strize strong but smooth ; eleven to twelve
in 1-1200th. Length 1-276th. In chalk marl from A%gina.
D. Didyma. = Pinnularia Didyma. (P. 24, f. 12.)
Sub-genus Sravroyers (Ehr.)—Lorica smooth, or longitudinally
striped; median aperture (umbilicus) transverse ; but no transverse
strie.
Under this name Kiitzing includes all Navicule with a transverse
median aperture, whether striated transversely or not.
S. Phoenicenteron (Cymbella, Agardh.)—Smooth, of an elongated
lanceolate form, with rather obtuse tapering ends; longitudinal
strie rare. Itis very motile. Ponds, Hampstead ; and fossil at San
Fiore, in Tuscany. Length 1-400th. to 1-140th. (P. 3, f. 1389, and
p- 15, f. 17 and 18.)
S. platystoma.—Smooth, linear lanceolate, apices produced, widely
truncate ; central opening transverse. (fig. 142.) Length 1-1100th.
to 1-240th.
S. amphilepta.—Narrowly lanceolate, ends constricted, sub-capitate,
rounded. Chili.
S. anceps—Smaller than preceding; narrow, linear lanceolate
ends constricted, sub-capitate, and truncate. Cayenuie,
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 423
Sravronets Baileyi—Broadly lanceolate, tapering gradually to
the ends, which are obtuse. Surface with very fine undulating
longitudinal lines; approaches 8. pterotdea and 8. Phoenicenteron.
North America.
S. dcrostris——Smaller, narrowly lanceolate, ends produced, ros-
trate, subacute. Surinam, Mexico.
S. (?) constricta.—Small ; oblong ; constricted at the centre, and at
the ends, which are much produced and obtuse. Chili.
8. dilatata._Small, broadly oblong on ventral aspect; laterally
straighter ; ends constricted, obtuse, broadly and briefly rostrate.
Mexico, Chili. (P. 15, f. 16.)
S. fenestra.—Elliptic-oblong, with obtuse cuneate extremities ;
quite smooth at centre, but with marginal parallel lines. Cayenne.
S. gracilis—Slender; linear, lanceolate; ends tapering, truncate.
North and South America.
S. linealis.—Narrowly linear, oblong, ends tapering, obtuse, pro-
duced, and rostrate ; parallel lines on the margin. Length 1-720th.
Trinidad, Nordhausen.
8. lineolata.—Lanceolate, with dotted longitudinal lines; ends
tapering, subacute. Cayenne.
8. Liostauron.—Styliform, slightly turgid at centre, extremities
but shghtly tapering and rounded. Iceland.
8. Monogramma.—Oblong, turgid at centre; ends constricted,
enlarged, rounded, sub-capitate. Surinam.
S. Polygramma.—Lanceolate, with dotted lines, decreasing towards
the ends, which are rounded and obtuse; central umbilicus expanded
transversely. Cuba.
S. Phyllodes.—Widely lanceolate or elliptic, smooth ; ends much
contracted, rostrate, subacute. (P. 15, f. 7, 8 and 9.) South
America.
S. (?) pteroidea.—Large; broadly and acutely lanceolate, with
very minute dotted transverse lines, as if pinnulate; ends obtuse ;
approaches 8. Baileyt. Ifa Stauroptera. (?) North America.
S. Staurophena.—Lanceolate, smooth, slightly constricted at the
extremities, which are subacute. The central transverse umbilical
band not very distinct. Approaches 8. Phoenicenteron. North
America.
424 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica«
Sravroneis Stgma.—Has the form and size of Navicula Sigma,
but with an apparent double central expanded umbilicus. Length
1-240th. Richmond, Virginia.
S. augusta.—Discovered by Ehrenberg, in earth from Siberia.
8. Aflantica.—Small; lanceolate dorsally, with obtuse apices ;
linear laterally. Approaches 8. amphileptus. Var. of 8. amphileptus of
Chili; more obtuse. Length 1-1152nd. In pumice from the
Island of Ascension.
S. lanceolata, (Kiitz.)—Slender, lanceolate, with subacute apices,
which are also rather produced and acuminate. Length 1-180th to
1-160th. Falaise.
S. exilis. — Very small, elliptic-lanceolate; shortly rostrate.
Length 1-2400th. In fresh-water, Trinidad.
S. amphicephala.—Linear-oblong, apices produced, rostrate and
capitate. Nordhausen.
S. enflata, — Oblong, widely expanded at the centre, and the two
ends thus having two constrictions; ends widely rounded, truncate.
Length 1-480th to 1-428th. Trinidad.
S. ventricosa.—Very small, especially in the middle, and inflated ;
capitate twice constricted ; umbilicus transverse. Length 1-1320th.
Nordhausen.
S. pumila.—Elliptic-lanceolate, acute, margin punctate, striate ;
laterally oblong, widely truncate. Length 1-1440th to 1-1080th.
Christiana.
Kiitzing does not make a generic distinction between Stawroneis
and Stauroptera ; hence the present, and the following species, derived
from his great work, are, as understood by Ehrenberg, Stauroptera.
S. Achnanthes = Stauroptera Achnanthes (Ehr.)
S. aspera = Stauroptera aspera (Ehr.)
S. Lsostauron = Stauroptera isostauron (Ehr.)
S. parva = Stauroptera parva (Ehr.)
8, scalaris = Stauroptera scalaris (Ehr.)
S. punctata.—Small, broadly lanceolate, apices produced, rostrate ;
transverse striz punctate Fossil, San Fiore.
S. microstauron = Stauroptera microstauron Ebr.)
S. (?) gibba = Stauroptera (?) gibba (Ehr,)
8. Legumen = Stauroptera Legumen (Ehy.)
Naviculacea.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 425
Sravronets maculata (Bailey.) — Lanceolate or elliptical, end
slightly produced and rounded; surface punctato-striate, with a
large smooth central space. Resembles 8. punctata of Kiitzing, but
is larger, and has the ends not so much produced. Florida
Sub-genus Sravroprrra.—Lorica transversely striated; median
aperture (umbilicus) transverse.
8. aspera.—Hexangular; laterally quadrangular; dorsally navi-
cular; keeled; with transverse granular strie. Length 1-216th.
Living, Christiania.
8. cardinalis.— Large, bacillar, quadrangular, extremities not
attenuated, but simply rounded; striated on the sides, transversely.
Length i-180th.; often sixteen times greater than the breadth.
{P. 15, f. 72.) Fossil, South America, San Fiore, &c.
S. capitata-—Very small, oblong; its length twice its breadth ;
viewed on the back (dorsally) linear; ventrally, constricted suddenly at
each end and capitate; apices rather dilated. It has eighteen strive
in 1-1560th. Length 1-1152nd. Southern Ocean.
8. granulata.—Figure bacillar, but turgid at middle ; ends obtuse ;
surface with transverse granular strie. Length 1-480th. Canton,
China. Allied to Pragilaria (?) mesotyla, and to <Achnanthes
ventricosa.
S. semicruciata.—Very large; resembles Pinnularia viridis, but has
the crucial umbilicus, characteristic of this sub-genus.
S. leptocephala.—A new species discovered by Ehrenberg in earth
from New Holland.
S. Achnanthes—Narrowly lanceolate; ends tapering, subacute.
Mexico, Newfoundland..
S. (?) gibba.—Has the form of Lunotia gibba; but is characterized
by its imperfect transverse umbilical band. It is, however, a doubtful
form. Chili,
S. Lsostawron.—Styliform on its ventral aspect; laterally straight ;
ends slightly decreasing, and widely rounded. Approaches 8. cardi-
nals. Labrador. (P. 15, f. 73.)
S. Legumen.—Oblong, small; dilated ventrally; laterally with
three undulations; extremities constricted, obtuse. Berlin, Chili,
Cayenne,
FE
426 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
SravRoprera microstauron.—Styliform and lincar on ventral surface ;
sides straight; suddenly and sharply constricted, with wide, obtuse,
rounded apices. Brazil, Labrador.
S. parva.—Small, styliform, and linear; on ventral surface with
marginal lines, sides not quite straight ; ends rather constricted and
widely rounded. Mexico.
8. scalaris.—Very small; bacillar on under surface ; straight, viewed.
laterally ; ends rounded, pinnules strong, and twelve in 1-1200th.
Labrador. (P. 15, f. 10, 14, and 30.)
S. dendrobates—Ventrally, narrowly linear; ends obtuse; border
finely and obliquely striated; on lateral aspect broadly oblong,
quadrate. Length 1-490th. Has been scen divide longitudinally,
Sub-genus Prevrostema (Smith.)—Valves convex, sigmoid, striated ;
striee resolvable into dots.
This genus, so characterised, comprises several members of Ehren-
berg’s sub-genera Navicula and Ceratoneis, and would probably
embrace, also, some of the Stawroptera.
The shells of the different species of this sub-genus, are much
employed as tests for microscopes. To exhibit the stris, requires
oblique illumination, and an object-glass of large angular aperture.
* Beads alternate, strie oblique; all marine.
P. formosum.—Valve linear lanceolate, gradually attenuated to
the somewhat obtuse ends, twisted; median line broad, not central ;
eolour bright chestnut-brown. Length 1-66th. Greatest breadth
1-850th. Oblique striz 1-3000th inch apart. Shoreham Harbour.
This species is well distinguished by the position of its median line,
which, owing to a twist in the valves, appears nearly to coincide with
the edges for a considerable distance at either end, and then crosses
in a diagonal direction (P. 19, f. 1 and 2; the latter a portion magni-
fied 5500 diameters. )
Valve linear, slightly attenuated, somewhat twisted,
P. speciosum.
extremities obtuse, median line not central; colour a pale straw.
Length 1-85th. Greatest breadth 1-850th. Striz 1-40,000th apart.
It is straighter, stouter, and more delicately marked than the
former. (P. 19, f, 3.)
P. elongatum.—Valve linear lanceolate ; flexure slight, extremities
Naviculacea.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 427
acute, median line central; colour a clear straw. Length 1-75th.
Breadth 1-920th. Strix 1-44,000th apart. Poole Bay, Lewes, and
dail, (P. 19, f. 4.)
Prevnostema delicatulum.—V alve narrow, lanceolate; flexure slight,
extremities acute; colour very pale straw, with a slight tinge of
pink. Length 1-112th. Breadth 1-1500th. Strive 1-50,000th apart.
More delicate than the last; striae very indistinct (P. 19, f. 5.) Lewes.
P. strigosum.—Valve lanceolate, flexure slight, extremities obtuse,
colour straw. Length 1-90th. Breadth 1-800th. Strisz 1-38,000th
apart. Coast of Sussex, Hull, &. (P. 19, f. 6.)
P. angulatum.—Valve broadly lanceolate or quadrangular, extremi-
ties acute, flexure moderate; colour a bright chestnut. Length
1-110th, Breadth 1-428th. Strie 1-45,000th apart. (P. 19, f. 7.)
Var. /b./—Valve narrow, lanceolate, slightly quadrangular (P. 19,
f. 8) = Navicula #stuarvi (Kiitz.) 1849.
Var (c./—Valve much smaller, quadrangular (P. 19, f. 9)
“The quadrangular form of this species is always more or less
present, and seems to distinguish it from all its allies.”
P. distortum.—Valve lanceolate, abruptly bent towards the obtuse
extremities; colour a very pale pink; striae obscure. Length
1-320th. Breadth 1-1500th. Coast of Sussex. Probably the young
of some other species (P. 19, f. 10.)
P. obscurum.
Valve linear, slightly attenuated towards the obtuse
extremities ; median line not central; colour very pale pink; strie
obscure. Length 1-198rd. Breadth 1-2000th (P. 19, f. 11.) Poole
Bay and Lewes.
Var. (6) much smaller, more gradually attenuated (P. 19, f. 12.)
Poole Bay, covering a sponge.
* * Beads opposite; strie transverse and longitudinal ; all marine.
P. Balticum.—Valve linear, straight, suddenly attenuated towards
the sigmoid extremities, which are somewhat obtuse; colour dark
brown. Length 1-83rd. Breadth 1-850th. Strie 1-38,000th apart.
(P. 20, f. 1 and 17.)
Var. (b./—Smaller, eradually attenuated (P. 20, f. 2,)
Var. /y./—Much smaller, attenuated throughout; striz obscure
(P. 20, f. 3.
st
rm
LNs)
‘428 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
This species — WNavicula Baltica (Ehr.) 1838.—It is distinguished
by the parallelism of its sides, and the great convexity of its valves.
Prevrostema Strigilis——Valve lanceolate, uniformly attenuated
towards the somewhat acute extremities; colour paler than the
last. Length 1-80th. Breadth 1-830th. Transverse striz1-33,000th
apart. Hull. Notable for its graceful form and distinet striz
(P. 20, f. 4.)
P. acuminatum.—Valve broadly lanceolate, much attenuated to-
wards the extremities; colour a light brown. Length 1-162nd.
Breadth 1-1200th. Strie 1-45,000th apart. It — Navieula sigma
(Ehr.) 1838. Shoreham Harbour. (P. 20, f. 5.)
P. Fasciola = (Ceratonets Fasciola, Ehr.)—Valve lanceolate, ex-
tremities produced, flexure considerable; colour very pale. Length
1-240th. Breadth 1-1847th. Strie 1-55,000th apart. On the mud
of tidal harbours (P. 20, f. 6.)
‘‘T have restored this species to its allies, the elongation of its
valves not appearing to require its separation, and the more careful
examination of its surface showing the central and terminal enlarge-
ments of its median line, characteristic of the true Navieulee.”
P. prolongatum.—Valve much elongated, very narrow, lanceolate ;
flexure moderate ; striae obscure ; colour very pale. Length 1-162nd
Breadth 1-2400th. Striz imperceptible (P. 20, f. 7.) Poole Bay.
P. littorale.—Valve broadly lanceolate, acute; flexure considerable ;
longitudinal strize very distinct; colour blueish-grey. Length 1-200th.
Breadth 1-1200th. Longitudinal striz 1-18,000th apart (P. 20, f. 8,
and fig. 19 magnified 5500 diameters.) Coast of Sussex.
P. Hippocampus = Navieula Hippocampus (Ehr.) 1838.— Valve
broadly lanceolate, obtuse; flexure considerable; striz distinct;
colour pale brown. Length 1-166th. Breadth 1-1100th. Strie
1-36,000th apart (P. 20, f. 9, and fig. 10, a young state.) On muddy
shores and brackish pools.
“The specific name of this species has been given to almost every
sigmoid Mavieula, whether found in the sea or fresh water, by non-
scientific observers;” but Mr. Smith would restrict it to the present,
although probably the next species was the one to which Ehrenberg
originally attached the name. He is also “ disposed to believe the
*
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 429
two species have been frequently confounded, but their habitats are
quite distinct, the present being marine, the next freshwater ;
the Tippocampus, too, is a shorter and stouter species, and its strie
more delicate.”
b. Freshwater species.
Prevrostema attenuatum = Navicula Hippocampus (Ehr. ?)—Valve
elongated, lanceolate, obtuse; flexure moderate ; strie very distinct ;
colour purplish-brown. Length 1-120th. Breadth 1-1000th. Lon-
gitudinal strie 1-25,000th apart. Transverse striz 1-40,000th (P. 20,
f. 11; fig. 12 a young specimen; fig. 13 a front view, showing self-
division; fig. 18 a portion of fig. 11, magnified 3200 diameters.)
Common in streams and ditches.
P. lacustre.—Valve lanceolate, much attenuated towards the acute
extremities ; colour pale brown. Length 1-144th. Breadth 1-1100th.
Longitudinal transverse striae 1-45,000th apart (P. 20, f. 14.)
P. Spencerit. — Valve lanceolate, slightly attenuated, obtuse ;
flexure slight; colour very pale brown. Length 1-270th. Breadth
1-2000th. Striz 1-50,000th apart. Not uncommon in ditches.
Genus Opontiprum.—(de Brébisson.)—Frustules quadrangular on
secondary side, transversally, striated, lanceolate ; closely conjoined in
a biconvex band.
Ehrenberg has described the forms belonging to this genus, some
among Pragilaria, others with Bacillaria (Diatoma.)
Odontidium belongs to the family Fragilariee, and exhibits an
alliance with Himantidium, Diadesmis, and also with Meridion. The
concatenation of the frustules, so as to form a band or filament, is
well marked in the present genus. Its forms are most common in
cold alpine springs.
O. mesodon — Fragilaria mesodon (Ehr.)—(P. 16, f. 24.)
O. turgidulum = Fragilaria turgidula (Ehr.)—(P. 16, f. 25.)
O. glaciale. — Filaments short and generally curved; segments
mostly trapezoid, margin with many dentations; on secondary side
elliptic-oblong, rather obtuse ; strie five to six in 1-1200th. Among
Conferve, Glacier of the Rhone. ‘
O. hyemale = Fragilaria striata (Ehr.) and F. hyemalis (Ralfs.)
O. pinnatum = Fragilaria pinnata (Ehyv.)
430 DESCRIFTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Genus Opoytoprscus, (Khr.)—Lorica simple, of two equal orbicular
valves; lenticular in figure, not concatenated, without apertures and
septa; valves furnished with dotted rays, the number of which is
determinate, not cellular; but remarkable in having erect denticles
(spines) on their surface.
Odontodisei differ from Actinocych’, to which they are most akin,
by their valves being armed with teeth, of which the latter are
destitute.
O. eccentricus—Granules of disc disposed in eccentric curved rows,
indistinctly radiating; granules about twenty in 1-1152nd; mostly
with twenty-eight closely-set teeth on the margin. Diameter
1-864th. Fossil in Peruvian guano.
O. Spica.—With forty-eight rays and denticles near the margin of
the disc, and nineteen granules in 1-1152nd. Fossil in Virginia.
O. Uranus.—The dise with thirty-two marginal rays and denticles,
and nineteen granules in 1-1152nd. Fossil in Virginia.
Genus OmpxHatoretta, (Ehr.)—Lorica simple, of two equal valves,
orbicular, not in chains (?); divided internally into cells by im-
perfect radiating septa, which alternate with depressions on the
exterior; centre smooth, apertures obsolete; spines erect, scattered,
opposite, and placed on the upper margin of each side. Habit of
Actinoptychus and Heliopelta ; differs from the former by its lateral
spines; from the latter, by the spines on its upper margin being
scattered (rarus.) The number of rays, the figure, and the cells,
often assimilate in these three genera; but the character of the
spines constantly differs in them severally. These spines, moreover,
by persisting after spontaneous fission, indicate the singular binary
conjunction of individuals in the young state.
All the species approach, in form, Actinoptychus senarius, which is
common in the North Sea, where they are never present.
O. areolata.—With six septa and rays; radiating ares loosely,
obscurely, but uniformly cellular, and but little or not at all depressed ;
rays distinct, margin radiate, wide, a single spine on the upper
margin of each area of the disc. Diameter 1-800th. Fossil,
Bermuda.
O. ccllulosa.—W ith six septa and rays ; the alternating cellular ares
Naviculacea. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 431
with tumid cells; puncta depressed, rays rather prominent, spines
solitary on the centre of the upper margin of each area. Diameter
1-192nd. Fossil in Bermuda. Habit of <Actinoptychus senarius, and
of Heliopelta Metius.
OmpHaLorerra (?) punctata.— With six rays and septa; radi-
ating are, all loosely dotted; three alternate ones rather more
prominent; margin slender, not clearly radiate, spines obsolete. If
an Actinoptychus ? Diameter 1-720th. Bermuda.
O. versicolor.—With six septa and rays; all the radiating aree
marked by very fine decussating and granular lines, whence it dis-
plays various colours, changing from brown to red; rays strong ;
umbilicus hexagonal, crystalline; margin slender, radiate; spines
single, in the centre of the upper margin of each area. Diameter
sometimes 1-252nd. Mostly smaller. Bermuda,
Genus Prriprera, (Ehr.)—Lorica simple, compressed, unequally
bivalve; testa covering the valves, simple, continuous and not
ecllular (areolar) ; one valve turgid and naked (unarmed,) the other
winged or horned; horns affixed to the extreme margin, sometimes
branching. Approaches very near to Rhizoselenia and Dicladia; but
the former has one exserted median horn, the latter two. From
Herecotheca it differs by its compressed form.
P. Capra.—Smooth, one end with two simple horns, the other
unidentate, or imperfectly bidentate (sub-bidentate) ; intermediate
part with narrow transverse lines. Diameter 1-1440th. Virginia.
P. Cervus.—Smooth, larger, with long branching frontal horns.
Diameter 1-576th. Maryland.
P. chlamidophora.— Smooth, compressed, almost navicular; one
valve on the side plane, and extended by a finely-veined membrane ;
the other naked, turgid at the centre. Length 1-2804th. Width
with the membrane (a compressed tubule) 1-1152nd. Bermuda.
P. tetracladia—Smooth, compressed, almost navicular; one valve
with four equi-distant sete, branched at the apex; the other simple.
Diameter 1-1440th; with sete, 1-864th; without sete, resembles
Amphora. Bermuda.
Genus Porocycrra (Ehr. )—Cylindrical, lorica simple, utricular, trun-
cate; eachutricle spontaneously divisible through its middle, with aper-
tures or minute pits on the margia of the smooth disc ; concatenation
432 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica-
doubtful. Its inner wall is occupied by filiform rings, 7. ¢., it is
annular.
This genus is in form allied to Auliscus, but if coneatenate, ap-
proaches rather to Gallionella. In habit it is nearest to Liparogyra.
It is remarkable by the marginal circle of apertures or pits.
Porocycr1a dendrophila.—Elongate, cylindrical, the length double
the width, smooth, with internal annual gyre, nine in 1-324th; mar-
ginal pores twelve in number; the dise with very minute rows of
dots, and with five central apiculi. Length 1-324th. Width 1-576th.
Genus Prorosravrus (Ehr.)—Has the characters of Stauroptera,
except that its pair of terminal apertures are not marginal, but
median (approximated in the median line.)
This may be considered a sub-genus of Mavicula; it has been
instituted by Ehrenberg, but we have not met with his account of
the species.
Genus Pyxrprcuta (Ehr.) Zhe round-boz Bacillaria. — Lorica
simple, bivalve, of a globose form, and marked by a furrow, along
which it easily separates into two hemispheres. They are never
concatenate or clustered. In organization this genus is closely allied
to Gallionella, but differs in not forming chains like it. The contents
of the lorica are of a greenish-yellow colour.
In 1836, Ehrenberg discovered, in the flints of the neighbourhood
of Berlin, numerous spherical bodies, of pretty equal size, their
diameter varying from 1-240th, to 1-1150th. These, he considered,
probably belonged to the siliceous Diatomee ; they occurred along
with siliceous spicula of sponges, species of Xanthidia and of Peri-
dinium ; whether they should be placed in the genus Pyzxidicula is
doubtful, as no furrow or division was observed in their shell.
(See Plate 12.)
Kiitzing, after having examined these bodies, has come to the
conclusion that they cannot be reckoned with the Pyxidicula. This
author admits Pywidieula into the family Melosiree, and thus cha-
racterizes it :—
“Individuals solitary, or conjoined in pairs, free, or sessile ; primary
side obsolete (absent), secondary side convex (lorica bivalve, valves
coavex, without interstitial rings. )’’
Naviculacea.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, 433
In the absence of the ring (by which is meant the intermediate
circular band), Pyxidicula differs from Goniothecium. (See that genus.)
Pyxidicula differs from Coscinodiseus by having its patelle (valves)
always contiguous, not conjoined by an intervening annular band.
Pyzidicula also differs from Discoplea, in the recent state, by its convex
non-involuted patella. In the fossil state this character vanishes,
hence there will always arise a difficulty respecting fossil forms.
The genus Pyzidicula, has been sub-divided into several genera
and sub-genera, by Ehrenberg ; viz., the genera Mastogonia, Stephano-
gonia, and the sub-genera Dictyopyxis, Stephanopyxis, and Xanthio-
pyxis; moreover, the newly constituted genera Goniothecitum and
Rhizoselenia are closely allied to it.
P. operculata.—Transparent and spherical, containing yellowish-
green granular matter (group 127, the upper figure is a group at
right angles to that drawn on the left, shewing the furrow by which
it separates; the figure to the right is a detached half; in the lower
figure a transparent globular (glandular, Ehr.) body is observed.) No
locomotion has been seen. ound abundantly in Autumn, in fresh-
water ponds, along with Naviculee. Hampstead Ponds. Diameter
1-1440th. to 1-570th.
P. globator.—I insert under this name the globular bodies referred
to above, found in flints. The section of pebble, containing the
specimen from which Mr, Bauer’s drawing in p. 12, figs 506 and 510
were made, was found on Brighton Beach. The figures are mag-
nified 100 diameters.
P. appendiculata.—Subglobose ; surface with cells in rows; a
short eccentric cornu (appendix) proceeds from each segment
(patella.) Diameter 1-624th. Richmond, Virginia.
P. areolata.—Surface of the centre of patelle, punctate-areolate ;
areole heptagonal, with seven lateral, dotted areole.
1-960th. Petersburg, Virginia.
P. apiculata.—Oblong, sub-cylindrical, widely rounded on each
side; surface of patelle cellular, cells in longitudinal rows; each
extremity hispid at the centre, with projecting points (apiculi).
Diameter 1-888th. Virginia and AXgina.
Diameter
P. Coscinodiseus,—Testules with a pair of discoid patclle ; surface
43 4 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
at the border extensively and minutely cellular; the centre of dise
broad, but circumscribed aud punctate. Has the habit of Coscinodiscus
diseiger. Diameter 1-648th. Virginia.
Pyxiprewta (?) Actinocyclus—Testules with two flattened, finely cel-
lular, and elegantly radiated patelle, rays thirty-nine, straight and
dense, reaching the centre. Diameter 1-720th. Richmond, Virginia.
P. gemmifera. Habit of Coseinodiscus. —Testules with turgid,
crystalline patelle, not bordered ; with lax rows of crystalline nodules,
fifteen of which nearly arrive at the centre. Diameter 1-864th.
Maryland.
P. (?) hirsuta.—Subglobose, not cellular; with simple indistinct
furcate hairs. Diameter 1-115th. Maryland. Habit of Xanthidium,
but cleft into two patelle.
P. linmbata.—Oblong, with a central keel; patelle in front with
a central cellular surface, and thirty-two to forty radiating lines ;
border not cellular, Diameter 1-792nd. Maryland.
P. pretexta.—Patelle two, not cellular, nor radiated, but with the
border extending from the central area, overspread with rough points
(hispid.) Diameter 1-1152nd. Aigina.
P. (?) wreeolus.—Patelle two, unequally urceoclate ; one elongated and
more convex; the other shorter, extended on each side into a
flattened margin; no cells, but smooth; ten rays in the long patella,
and eight in the shorter, in the former smooth, in the latter apiculate.
Diameter 1-1728th. Richmond, Virginia. See Xanthiopysis.
P. cristata.—-Lenticular, patelle two; no distinct rim, but a
slightly prominent suture between the two contiguous patelle ; dise
cellular; cells in rows. Diameter 1-816th. Richmond, Virginia.
P. dentata.—Convex, with a slightly dentated margin; teeth
irregular, with very large cells, 6 im 1-1200th. Diameter 1-840th.
Antarctic Ocean.
P. longa.—Oblong ; its length two-and-a-half times greater than
its breadth; cylindrical; apices rounded; suture longitudinal.
Length 1-1080th. Fossil, Virginia.
P. decussata.—Found in the chalk marl of A%gina.
P. hellenica.—From the same locality. It = coscinodiscus erucia-
tus (Kiitz.) and probably is Dictyopyais Hellentea (ihr. )
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 435
Pyxipicuta major (Kiitz.)—Large, forming a bivalve, elliptic box ;
valves (patelle, Ehr.) very convex, conical, regularly punctate.
Diameter 1-420th. Virginia and Normandy.
P. Adriatica.—Adnate, sessile, of middle size, bivalve; valves con-
vex, mostly hemispherical, and quite smooth. Diameter 1-600th.
On Cladophora, Trieste. (P. 16, f. 33.)
P. minor, = P. operculata (Bailey).—Fossil. A doubtful species,
and probably a detached frustule of a Melostra,—Gallionella.
P. (?) compressa (Bailey.)—-Elliptical, bivalve; valves separated
by a plane passing through the longer axis, slightly convex, and
with transverse rows of dots. St. Augustine.
Sub-genus Dicryopyxis (Hhr.)—Those subglobose or turgid forms
of the genus Pyxidicula which are characterised by a cellular con-
striction of the valves, are clearly and readily distinguished from
those which have a single and continuous siliceous investment, or
are furnished with appendages. I have therefore thought it right
to separate the former cellular species from the others, and to con-
stitute them a distinct sub-genus of Pyaidicula, under the appellation
of Dietyopyxis.
“From the same genus—Pyaidicula—so abundant in forms, I have
abstracted other distinguishable species, and have created the genera
Mastogonia, and Stephanogonia, and the sub-genera Stephanopyxis and
Aanthiopyxis.”
D. eruciata = Pyxidicula cruciata (1843). Resembles generally
D. Hellenica, but differs in size, and has larger areolx on its surface.
D. Hellenica.—Ovate, oblong ; valves urceolate ; surface with cells
in longitudinal rows. Length 1-720th. Fossil in Greek marl.
D. cylindrus = Pyxidicula cylindrus.—Cylindrical, three times
longer than broad ; surface of valves (patellz) with obscure rows of
cells ; apices rather tapering. Diameter 1-960th. Maryland.
D. Lens = Pyxidicula Lens.—Lenticular and flattened laterally ;
surface of valves cellular. Diameter 1-636th. Virginia.
D. Scarabeus.—Oblong, with unequal valves; when viewed late-
rally recalling the figure of the Scarabzeus.
Cells 14 in 1-1150th. Fossil, Virginia.
Sub-genus Srermayoryxis.—Includes those turgid, bivalve, sub-
Diameter 1-648th.
436 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
globose forms, which have a cellular testa, and in the middle of each
valve a coronet of hooks (aculei) or a circular membrane.
Sreruanopyxis aculeata = Pyxidicula aculeata (1848.)—Subglo-
bose, hispid. Diameter 1-1440th. Virginia.
S. Diadema.—Hemispherical, with parallel straight rows of cells °
centre of disc depressed, with a circlet of closely set denticles. 13 to 14
cells in 1-1152nd. Dentations 30 in the full-grown circlets. Dia-
meter 1-576th. Virginia.
Sub-genus XanTHIopyxis, comprising those forms with two turgid
sub-globular valves, continuous, entire, and non-cellular, with a his-
pid, setose or winged (alate) figure.
Thus Xanthiopyxides are setose or alate Pyxidicule, with the habit
of Xanthidium, or of Chetotyphla, but siliceous and bivalve.
X. alata.—Oblong, equally and widely curved on each side, and
smooth, with the margin of the valves uneven or deeply dentate,
expanded and setose. Diameter 1-552nd. Bermuda.
X. globosa.—Subglobose, hispid, with short sete. Diameter
1-720th. Bermuda.
X. oblonga.—Oblong, equally and widely rounded at each end,
surface beset with short sete, occasionally connected by intermediate
membranes, densely hispid. Length 1-552nd. Bermuda. Dr.
Bailey, of New York, first pointed out and figured this species.
X. constricta.—Oblong ; constricted at the middle, broadly rounded
at each end, surface hispid with short sets, occasionally conjoined
by membrane. Length 1-384th. Bermuda.
X. wrceolus.—Each valve urceolate, with the summit crowned by
a round knob; apertures in the revolute margin. ‘I (Ehrenberg)
have only met with single valves. In form they resemble Stephanogo-
nia, but are not angular.”” Diameter 1-1560th. Fossil in Virginia.
Genus Ruapnoners (Ehr.)—Lorica, of two equal quadrangular
valves, navicular, not concatenate ; itis destitute as well of apertures
and umbilicus, as of pinnules on its navicular sides, but possesses a
median sutural line traversing them longitudinally.
It resembles Swrirella in wanting the pinnules. The terminal
aperture at the apices of the lorica appears to be single. It differs
from Coeconeis and Navicula by the absence of the umbilicus.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 437
Ruarnoners amphiceros = Cocconeis amphiceros (1840.)—Lanceo-
late, length three times the width, apices styliform ; strie transverse,
granular, slender, 18 to 20 in 1-1200th. Length 1-576th. Cux-
hayen, Virginia, Maryland.
R. Fusus.—Slender, linear lanceolate, four-and-a-half times longer
than broad ; apices styliform ; strie granular, slender, transverse, 17
to 18 in 1-1200th. Length 1-720th. Petersburg in Virginia.
Approaches very near to Fragilaria Amphiceros, but differs by the
median suture.
R. Leptoceros = Cocconeis Leptoceros. — Long, lanceolate, quad-
rangular or rhomboid; length three times the breadth; apices
styliform, long, gradually tapering; strie granular, transverse,
slender, generally 18 in 1-1200th. Length 1-720th. Virginia.
R. gemmifera.—Large, elongate, lanceolate ; length exceeding the
breadth three-and-a-half times; apices long, gradually attenuate ;
strie. very strongly granular or pearly; 10 in 1-1200th. Length
1-300th. Maryland.
R. pretiosa.—Large, widely lanceolate, rhomboid; length twice
the width, apices tapering gradually into a beak; striz strongly
granular, the granules looking like rows of pearls, 11 in 1-1200th.
Length 1-480th. Maryland.
R. Rhombus= Cocconeis Rhombus (1840).—Small; widely lanceo-
late, rhomboid, sometimes sub-orbicular ; length rather greater than
the breadth ; apices rostrate; strie short, slender, granular, 20 to 21
in 1-1200th. Length 1-1152nd to 1-864th. Cuxhaven and Vir-
ginia.
R. scalaris.—Slender, lanceolate, acute at each end, with a double
row of pinnules and intervening clear spaces (fenestrae) 9 in 1-1200th.
Diameter 1-960th. Bermuda.
R. fasciolata. — Large, elliptic-lanceolate; length double the
breadth; striz fasciculate, minutely granular, strong, 7 to 8 in
1-1200th. Length 1-432nd. Antarctic Ocean.
R. Scutellum.—Slender, elliptic; one third longer than broad,
with strong toothed (crenulate) strie, 12 to 13 in 1-1200th. Length
1-864th. Antarctic Ocean.
Genus Ruronorra (Ehr.)—Lorica bivalve, with two central aper-
tures, with the character and form of Amphora, but by longitudinal
438 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
division often aggregated and connected in longitudinal series by
the development of numerous siliceous off-shoots or radicles.
Rhizonotia resembles Hunotia or Amphora, or indeed Cocconeis, and
is attached to Conferva, found in various rivers of Australia. The
lorica has 5 longitudinal striz, and appears rather rough or granular,
but is very transparent; the contents are colourless, or very pale
green.
Ruzonorra Ielo.—Striated, rough or granular, but erystalline and
diaphanous. By its mode of self-division, it becomes branched three
to ten times. Within is a greenish granular matter. In Swan River,
Australia.
Genus Ruosrrenta (Ehr.)—Its characters resemble those of Pyzxi-
dicula and of Gallionella; but the lorica is tubular, with one extre-
mity rounded and closed, whilst the other is attenuate and multifid,
as if terminating in little roots (radicles.)
These singular beings, as to their systematic arrangement, are
yet doubtful; Ehrenberg having only met with imperfect fossil
examples.
R. Americana.—Testules smooth, hyaline, tubular, interrupted
by septa, one end round, the other styliform, and either simple or
sending out branches like rootlets. Length of fragments 1-480th;
breadth varies greatly. Fossil in Virginia and Maryland.
R. (?) barbata.—Testule short and small; breadth exceeding the
depth; with the habit of Dicladia; central portion very narrow,
transversely linear; apex presenting a short thick beak (rostrum)
which is bearded (barbata). Length 1-1152nd. Virginia.
R. Pileolus.—Short and small; the width equalling the depth ;
with the habit of Dicladia; middle portion transversely linear; ob-
long, with a smooth median umbo posteriorly ; with a short rostrum
in front, and branched. Diameter 1-1320th.
R. Campana.—Testule large, with a conical extremity, much
attenuated and terminating in rootlets; surface minutely granular.
Length 1-264th. Bermuda.
R. calyptra.—Testules broad, conical, campanulate, smooth; apex
attenuate, acute, recalling in figure the calyptra of the mosses. A
fragment. Long diameter 1-480th. Southern Ocean.
R. ornithoglossa.—Testules tubular, conical, smooth and slender,
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 439
with a much attenuated acute apex, its figure, laterally, recalling
that of the tongue of birds.
Genus SrHEeNELLA (Kititz).—Frustules on primary side cuneate,
free, without stipes, and unattached; not enclosed by any common
gelatinous investment.
Along with Gomphonema and Sphenosira, constitutes the family
Gomphonemee, differing from the first in not being stalked, and from
the second in its decided cuneate figure, and in not forming similar
straight chains.
The several species are marine in habit and pretty generally dis-
tributed, none of them are identified by Kiitzing with any forms
described by Ehrenberg.
S. glacialis.—Small on secondary side, lanceolate, with very fine
transverse striz. Length 1-1320th. Among Conferva. Monte Rosa.
S. vulgaris—Smail ; very obtuse, on secondary side (dorsum, Khr.),
dilated at the middle, and finely striated. Length 1-1020th. In
fresh water ponds among Alge.
S. obtusata.—Small on secondary side, expanded above the centre,
quite smooth; apices round and obtuse. Length 1-900th (GPa L7,
f. 31). Ponds. Nordhausen.
S. angustata.—Small, slender, narrowly cuneate and linear, con-
joined in a flabelliform manner; on secondary side, quite smooth, very
obtuse at the apex, rather dilated above the centre. Length 1-960th
(Pl. 17, f. 30). Nordhausen.
S. rostellata.—Solitary, very smooth, broadly wedge-shaped; on
secondary side, dilated centrally, acuminate at each end. Length
1-1020th to 1-720th.
Var. (6), elongata.—Larger; the apices produced and obtuse.
Length 1-720th to 1-336th. Both found in fresh water. Nordhausen.
S. (?) parvula.—Small, very smooth on secondary side, lanceo-
late, acuminate at the apex, rather dilated at the produced base.
Length 1-960th. Very like Gomphonema. Falaise.
S. (°) Lenormandi.—Small, navicular, very smooth ; on primary side
linear and truncate; on secondary, lanceolate and acute. Length
1-960th. Fresh water. Falaise.
This species presents navicular bodies intermixed with delicate
fibres, and probably belongs to Navicula,
440 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Genus Sprenostra (Ehr. )—Has the general characters of Hragilaria,
but is made up of wedge-shaped bacilli, and so approaches Gompho-
nema. It occurs as a flattened band; the central umbilicus of the
segments is distinct.
S. Catena.—Segments smooth, with the general form of Gom-
phonema Auguris; dorsally with one apex mucronate, the other
gradually tapering and slightly obtuse. In fresh water. Mexico.
(PTS 3830);
Genus Sravrosrra (Ehr.)—The form of this genus is that of quad-
rangular Fragilaria: it is distinguished from the larger forms of the
allied genus Amphitetras, by the absence of openings at the four angles.
S. construens.—Very small; smooth, spindle-shaped, angles pro-
duced, not quite equal. Length 1-6000th (P. 24, f. 5).
S. amphilepta.—Very small; smooth, produced at the angles; two
opposite angles larger and more slender than the others.
S. pinnata.—Very small, but longer than the preceding two, pro-
duced at the angles, and on each side more so than the other.
S. trigongyla.—Characters unknown.
Genus SrerHanopiscus (Ehr.)—Lorica of two equal orbicular valves,
not in chains, without apertures or internal septa; valves equal,
radiated, but with no constant number of rays; not cellular, but
characterized by a marginal crown of denticles on each side.
Stephanodisct approximate in character to Discopleee, but differ
from them by the circlet of hooks. They recal the general form of
Gallionelle, but do not occur in chains.
S. Berolinensis ; Small; nummiform (money-shaped), surface level,
with acute marginal denticles (often thirty-two) on each side, with
brown lobed ovaries (viz., the internal granular substance); disc
minutely radiated. Diameter 1-1152nd. Alive at Berlin.
S. Magare.—Larger, plane, nummiform, with acute marginal
(often sixty-four) denticles on each side; the disc oftenwith sixty-
four granular rays; granules at its centre not radiated. Diameter
1-432nd. Alive at Niagara.
Genus SrepHanocontA.—This is one of the new genera formed by
Ehrenberg out of his original genus Pyaidicula, Along with the
characters of Mastogonia, its valyes have truncate apices, and spinous
angular umbilici.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 141
Srepnanoconra guadrangula.—Testules thin, smooth, one valve
with four angles, spines and rays, and a truncated apex; the other
with six rays. Diameter 1-1152nd. Bermuda.
S. polygona.—One valve with sixteen (?) rays and spines; the other
unknown. Bailey has figured this species.
Genus Srermanosrra. (Khr.)--Lorica utricular,truncate; each utricle
capable of spontaneous fission through the centre, which being in-
complete, developes chains; no apertures or internal septa in the
disc ; lateral aspect of disc (end view of segment), with very minutely
dotted rays, not cellular, but with a marginal circlet (crown) of
apiculi (and a central smaller crown).
In form this genus resembles Stephanodiscus, but differs from it,
and becomes allied to Gallionella, by its imperfect spontaneous division
and consequent concatenation. In Gallonella, however, the circlet
of spines is wanting.
S. Lurope@a.—External surface of testules smooth, with their
margin finely apiculated ; chain formed of 3 to 4 segments, each seg-
ment (testule) 1-2304th to 1-1152nd in depth; rarely 1-1200th in
width; often wider than long, like those of Gallionella. On Tree-
mosses. Berlin.
S. epidendron.—Fach testule cylindrical; the short surface, or that
of its depth, with very minute dotted transverse lines; each valve
with a median transverse suture, which, when self-division is pro-
ceeding, becomes a fissure; terminal disc with very minutely dotted
strie, and with both a central and marginal circlet of apiculi, the
central of about four. Larger diameter 1-432nd; smaller 1-4320th.
Guiana, South America.
S. Hamadryas.—Testules cylindrical; external or short surface
smooth, but striated along the lines of junction, and hence the
margin of detached joints appear denticulated ; disc radiated around
its margin, but the central area smooth, with some scattered dots, and
its middle bearing the peculiar spikelets (apiculi). Diameter 1-720th.
This and the preceding species have their segments filled with green
granular matter (ovules, Ehrenberg).
Genus Strytosrstium. (Khr.)—Lorica cylindrical, multivalve, not
concatenated ; valves in a simple straight series, like the contiguous
leaves of a book, with a large median aperture opening into the
G G
442 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
interior ; entire (not perforated) at the ends; sculptured, and forming
a cylindrical smooth tubule.
This genus approaches nearest Biblarium, which is allied to Zessella,
but free; Biblaria are compressed and angular; Stylobiblia are
rounded, and have a peculiar internal structure. The present genus
has also an affinity with the obscure genus Hemizoster (which should
perhaps be cancelled) by its cylindrical figure, but differs in haying
its surface sculptured.
Srynosrsiium Clypeus.—Lateral valves orbicular, sculptured, with
15 to 20 radiant lines, three or four of which are often continuous
at the middle; cylinders made up of 34 lamina (valves or leaflets).
Diameter of valve 1-792nd. Fossil. Oregon and Siberia.
S. diwvisum.—Lateral valves orbicular; area of dise occupied with
generally ten lines, interrupted by a clear large linear space at the
centre. Diameter 1-600th. Fossil in Oregon.
8. eccentricum.—Lateral valves orbicular, loosely sculptured, with
5 to 7 eccentric curved lines, not broken (divided). Diameter 1-760th.
A fragment of a cylinder contained nine leaflets. Fossil. Oregon.
Some forms of Biblarium Rhombus possess almost an orbicular
figure.
Genus SymsororHora. (Ehr.)—Lorica of two equal valves, orbicu-
lar, not in chains, with incomplete cells and septa, the latter radiating
a solid angular centre, surface not cellular.
Symbolophora differs from Actinoptychus, by all its cells being in-
complete, by the centre being larger, more indistinct, and not cir-
cular, and by the surface of the valves being neither cellular nor
granular, but occupied by very fine radiating lines.
S. Zrinitatis.-- With a remarkable crystalline triangular umbilicus,
crenulate on its margin, angles rounded, the rest of the disc
occupied by six bundles of very fine radiant lines diverging from the
centre to the margin. Diameter 1-216th. (P. 14, f. 36.) Maryland.
S. acutangula.—Very close in habit and size to 8. Trinitatis, but
its central area (umbilicus) with acute angles. Fossil in Virginia.
S. (?) mierotrias.—Turgid ; disc with very finely dotted rays; um-
bilicus stellate, smooth; with three narrow rays. Diameter
1-480th. Antarctic Ocean.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 448
Symporopnora (7) Zetras.—Turgid; valves with very fine dotted
rays ; umbilicus stellate, smooth, crucial, or with four slender rays.
Diameter 1-452nd. Southern Ocean.
S. () Pentas.—Turgid; dise with very fine dotted rays; umbi-
licus smooth, stellate, with five narrow rays. Diameter 1-4382nd.
Southern Ocean.
8. (?) Hexas.—Testule turgid; dise like that of the preceding,
but the stellate umbilicus with six slender rays. Diameter 1-432nd.
Southern Ocean.
Genus Syypenprivum. (Ehr.)—Lorica bivalve, not concatenate ; sub-
quadrangular, with no central umbilicus ; one-celled; valves unequal,
rather turgid ; one smooth, the other with numerous styles or corniculi
branched at the apex, and distributed upon the flat centre of the
valve, the margin being bare. This differs from the nearly-allied
genus Dicladia, by the valve having not merely two but many
styles.
S. Diadema.—Testules lanceolate ; 5 to 6 spines in the centre of one
valve, forked or pencillate (split up in a brush-like manner) their
length equalling the thickness of the testa. Diameter 1-1152nd.
In Peruvian Guano.
Genus SysrrrHanta. (Ehr. )—Lorica orbicular, bivalve,coneatenate ?
Testa of valves cellular (areolate) not radiated, nor divided by septa;
with an external circlet of spines, or an erect membrane, on the
central portion (disc) of each valve; not on the margin. Has the
habit of a Coseinodiscus (as of C. lineatus), but the circlet of spines
unites the adjoining corpuscles during spontaneous fission, and in the
young state. Thus Systephania differs from Coseinodiscus, as Dentt-
cella differs from Biddulphia.
S. aculeata.—Valves loosely cellular; cells disposed in parallel
rows, 8 in 1-1152nd; aculei not dense, 12 placed on the dise, but near
the margin. Diameter 1-324th. Bermuda.
S. Corona.—Valves more densely cellular, and in parallel rows, 12
in 1-1152nd; with 48 erect aculei, closely set and near the margin.
Diameter 1-348th. Bermuda.
S. Diadema.—Valves densely cellular ; cells in parallel rows, 14
in 1-1152nd, aculei bent inwards, marginal, conjoined at their extre-
Gauge
444 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
mities by a membrane, about 28 in the entire circle. Diameter
1-864th. Bermuda.
Genus Tapritiartsa.—Kiitzing defines it thus :—‘ Bacilli adnate,
obsoletely stiped, at length partially separating, concatenate; longi-
tudinally and interruptedly vittate; inflated at the apices, and on
the secondary side.” He adds, ‘‘it is distinguished from both
Fragilaria and Striatella by haying a large central aperture.” The
family TZubellariee contains Tetracyclus, Tabellaria Terpsinde, and
Grammatophora. Tabellariee are essentially of fresh-water habit,
and are very widely distributed. | They occur both living and fossil.
In his article on Diatoma (Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. x., 1848, p.
449) Mr. Ralfs, speaking of that genus, and including also Zubellaria,
alludes to their unattached filaments as a characteristic; but, accord-
ing to Kiitzing, both these genera are obsoletely stalked. If the
latter be correct, both the present genus and Diatoma should have
found their place among the Ecn1neLtra.
Mr. Ralfs further remarks—‘‘ The British species of this genus
form two very distinct groups... . . I believe distinct genera,
called by Mr. Shuttleworth, Diatoma and Tabellaria. 1. Diatoma.—
In this no striz are seen on the front surface, and there is no trans-
verse canal (vitta of Kiitzing); whilst the lateral surfaces have
transverse striz, the ends of which appear along the margins of the
frustules, when these are in their usual position. 2. Zubellaria.—
In this group two or more longitudinal striz, interrupted in the
centre by a canal, are seen on the front surface, but there are no
strize on the lateral surfaces.”’
Tabellaria appears to be distinguished from Ehrenberg’s genus
Tessella, by the transverse canal interrupting the strize.
T. Levis—Diadesmis levis (Kiitz.)—Very small, smooth, length
five times the breadth (P. 15, f. 40).
T. biceps.—Very small, smooth; very turgid at the centre, late-
rally, ends more slender and capitate. Fossil in Ireland and in
North America,
T. Gastrum.—Very small, smooth, laterally with a sub-globose
median swelling, ends capitate, rather narrowed. Labrador.
T. nodosa.—Small; with five fine nodosities (nodes), of which the
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 445
central is somewhat the largest ; approaches Grammatophora undulata.
Fossil in Ireland.
TABELLARIA sculpta = Diadesmis sculpta (Kiitz.)—Resembles Pin-
nularia Borealis, but is sometimes to be met with combined in fours.
T. robusta.—Testule thick; length three times greater than the
breadth ; widely capitate on each side; centre widely gibbose, with
subacute capituli. Length 1-864th. Fossil in Connecticut.
T. trinodis = Navicula (?) trinodis.—Linear, elongate, presenting
three undulations, the middle of which is the chief; on the sides, in-
flated. Fossil in Sweden and Ireland. Length 1-860th to 1-480th.
T. (?) amphicephala.—Very small, much dilated at the middle ;
apices capitate. Length 1-1728th. Has the habit of Biblarwwm
Follis, but with thickened apices. Mountain meal of San Fiore.
T. Bacillum (Ehr.)
T. clavata. (Ehy.)
T. undulata (Ehr.)
The genus Zabellaria of Kiitzing contains the following species
not occurring in Ehrenberg’s entimeration, being either actually new
or otherwise differently placed and named.
T. floceulosa = Bacillaria Tabellaria, and Navicula and Tabellaria
trinodis (Ehr.) (P. 16, f. 29.)
T. ventricosa.—Joints tabulate, vitte alternate on the sides (end
view), much inflated in ventricose manner. Length 1-960th. In
Fresh water. Falaise. (P. 16, f. 26.)
T. fenestrata.—Joints oblong, vitte opposite; laterally, inflated
equally at the middle and at the two ends. Length 1-600th to
1-280th. In ponds and streams. England, France, &c. This
species not improbably = Zubellaria nodosa (Ehr.) Frustules four
times or more longer than broad.
T. marinum (Lyngb. and Ralfs.) — Zessella interrupta (Ehyr.)—
Frustules varying from nearly square to six times as long as broad ;
canal not inflated ; strie two. Dark brown when recent, greenish
when dry. Common or marine Algze.
“The mucous substance which forms the connecting medium
between the angles of the frustules is more developed in this than in
b]
the other species.’
416 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
TABELLARIA minimum (Ralfs.)—Frustules very minute, about twice
as long as broad; nearly colourless. No striz visible. Found on
Conferva, Penzance.
Genus Trrpsrnoz. (Ehr.)—Lorica bivalve, compressed, quadran-
gular, free; breadth exceeding the length; made up of three cells,
each cell intersected by two septa, recalling the appearance of bars
of music, each bar presenting also curved bodies resembling notes.
These large and well marked forms approach nearest to the
African genus Zetragramma, which has four septa, and musical,
note-like cells, and is nearly as long as broad. Each of these genera
exceeds.in size the similarly formed cells of Grammatophora.
Kiitzing’s description rather differs :—
* Bacilli tabulate, attached, obsoletely stiped, at length parting,
and concatenate by an isthmus; with transverse (not pervious)
and capitate vitte, shortened and marginal; on secondary side nodose.
On the upper surface, or face of the quadrangular plates, is a vaulted
elevation, extending outwards on each side to the margin; and
which is well seen when the lorica lies on one of its narrow sides.”
T. musica.—Lorica two to three times broader than long; very
finely punctated longitudinally, having two transverse smooth bands,
more or less apart. (P. 14, f. 47.) In salt and fresh water. Vera
Cruz, Mexico.
Genus Trssrtia. The flat chain Animalcules.—Filaments free, for
though often entangled together, they are never attached; lorica
bivalved or multivalved, prismatic, and expanded so as to have a
tabular compressed form. In consequence of perfect self-division of
the lorica, and imperfect division of the body, they are developed in
the form of gaping chains or zig-zag clusters. In organization they
stand between Achnanthes and Bacillaria. No opening in the lorica
has been distinctly seen ; longitudinal clefts are present, and essen-
tially characterize this genus. The ova cluster has numerous lappets,
and looks like a great number of round yellowish-green coloured spots,
which are not the ova themselves, but the structure containing them.
The genus Zessella of Kiitzing, a member of the family Striatellee,
contains but one species, viz., T. interrupta, the two other forms
described by Ehrenberg being placed in other genera, viz., T. areuata
in Striatella, and T. Catena in Rhabdomena. The characters are thus
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 447
given—‘ Bacilli broadly tabular, not concatenate, densely and lon-
gitudinally vittate ; the vitte interrupted at the middle, and alter-
nating: stipes none.”
In assigning it as a character that Zessella does not form chains or
occur as filaments, Kiitzing differs materially both from Ehrenberg
and Ralfs, both of whom state the contrary as the case.
Tessella differs from Striatella, as its filaments are not attached ;
from Zetracyclus, as its frustules here and there cohere at their angles ;
and from Zabellaria, as its strie are not interrupted at the centre.
(Ann. N. H. 1843, p. 104).
Kiitzing asserts that Mr. Ralfs has erred in identifying the species
described by him as Zessella Catena with that possessing the like name
in Ehrenberg’s work.
Mr. Ralfs writes, ‘‘ Striatella, Tabellaria, Tetracyclus, and Tessella,
form a distinct group of the Cymbellee (Diatome), distinguished from
the other genera by having striz on the central portion of the frus-
tule.’ Again, speaking especially of 7: Catena, ‘‘ From my speci-
mens I was unable to ascertain whether the filaments were attached
or not, they are fragile, and here and there cohere at their angles in
the same manner as Striatella arcuata .. . . but, unlike the last, are
less fragile, and turn green in drying.”
TersseL~a Catena.—Lorica tabular, often broader than long; with
from 4 to 24 longitudinal series of transverse strie, and a double row
of marginal vittze (see f. 180, 181, and 182), lateral surfaces striated,
contracted near the ends. Found on sea weeds. Length of table
(that is breadth of the bands) 1-570th to 1-240th,
T. arcuata = Striatella unipunctata (Kiitz.J—Is nearly square
and marked with continuous longitudinal lines, but not with trans-
verse strize. Kitzing describes it as having stipes. Length 1-430th.
T. interrupta.—lIs nearly square, with the longitudinal lines inter-
rupted in the middle; striae none. Length of table 1-570th. On
the English coast, &c.
Genus Trrracyctus. (Ralfs).—Filaments free, attenuated, and
forming the segment of a distinct circle; frustules longitudinally
striated (Ann. N. H. v. 12, p. 105).
T. Jacustris.—Frustules (testules, Ehr.), about twice as broad as
448 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
long; lateral surfaces with from 7 to 9 distinct transverse strie.
Found at Dolgelly, in Wales (P. 14, f. 24 and 25).
‘“‘T was at first inclined to refer this plant to Ehrenberg’s genus
Tessella, but more minute examination convinced me that it could
not be placed there. The frustules are striated as in Striatella and
Tessella, but it differs from the former genus in not being attached,
and from both, as the frustules do not cohere at the angles, forming
a chain. In the curious forms of the filament it differs equally from
these genera and all the other Diatomacez, except perhaps Zabellaria,
in which the inflated canal produces a distinct resemblance. The
endochrome is of a dark green colour, and is often collected into an
irregular spot.”
Genus TrrracramMa (Ehr.)—Lorica, bivalve, compressed, quad-
rate, free, unilocular, broader than long, with two pairs of septa
within each cell interrupted (incomplete) in the middle, and there
expanded so as to produce the appearance of four musical notes.
This genus is allied to the peculiar Mexican genus Jerpsinoe. Species
unknown.
Genus Triceratrum (Ehr.)—Individuals free, with a bivalve, tri-
angular lorica; on each side tridentate or corniculate; not concatenate;
multiplied by longitudinal self-division.
T. favus.—Triquetral, plane or slightly convex on the sides, angles
obtuse, surface with hexangular cells, of large size and yellow in
colour, dorsum with a smooth central zone. Diameter 1-200th.
Alive at Cuxhaven, Vera Cruz, the Thames, &c., and fossil in chalk
marl of Greece and elsewhere. (P. 14, f. 48, 44.)
T. striolatum.—Triquetral, with convex sides, and subacute angles ;
surface with very finely dotted lines; dorsum with a smooth central
zone. Alive. Diameter 1-290th.
T. obtusum.—Large, triangular, with convex sides; angles widely
rounded, but less so than in T. amblyoceros ; surface minutely dotted,
granules ten in 1-1200th.
T. (?) amblyoceros.—Large, triangular, with convex sides, and
widely rounded angles, with very fine radiating rows of granules, of
which there are twenty-four in 1-1200th. Diameter 1-456th.
Virginia.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 449
Triceratium Leticulun.—Smaller, granules small, not radiating,
straight. Approaches T. Peleus.
T. acutum.—Sides straight, apices acuminate, cells not radiant,
ten in 1-1150th. Diameter 1-720th. Bermuda.
T. condecorum. —Sides slightly convex, apices obtuse, surface
ornamented with rows of fine granules in elegant curves, and
radiant ; granules fifteen in 1-1200th. Diameter 1-384th. Bermuda.
T. Solennoceros.—Sides deeply concave, apices long, tubular,
radiant, subacute, surface covered with granules, radiating in straight
lines; granules fifteen in 1-1200th. Diameter 1-276th. Bermuda.
T. undulatum.—Sides rather convex and undulated ; undulations
three or four on each side; surface adorned with minute granules,
disposed in elegantly curved radiating lines. Diameter 1-480th.
Bermuda.
T. Pileolus—Very small, triangular, sides concave; angles much
produced but obtuse; surface with small scattered cells. Has the
form of T, Pileus, but the sculpturing and dimensions of T. Reticulwn.
Diameter 1-576th. Southern Ocean.
T. megastomum.—Triangular, sides straight ; central area hexangu-
lar, minutely but irregularly punctate ; apertures very large, entirely
occupying each of the angles. Diameter 1-1200th. Fossil in African
and Peruyian Guano.
T. Pileus.—Triangular, sides concave, angles produced, rather
acute, cells in radiating series; smaller than those of T. favus.
Diameter 1-288th. Fossil in Greek marl.
T. comtum. (?)—Habit and general characters of T. favus, but has
each of its cells armed with a forked (furcate) spine.
T. alternans (Bailey.) — Small, reticulated, triangular; surface
marked with three lines, which, with the portions cut off from the
sides, form a hexagonal figure. Common everywhere along the
Atlantic Coast, and in estuaries; also abundant, in the fossil state, in
the infusorial strata of Virginia, and in the rice-fields of Georgia and
Carolina.
Genus Zyeocrros (Ehr.)—Free (7) compressed, navicula-shaped,
bivalve, siliceous; each end provided with two perforated horns ;
self-division complete, hence frustules not concatenate.
450 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Zreocenos Rhombus.—Large ; testule laterally turgid and rhomboid,
angles rounded, surface with very fine granular strie; dorsally with a
smooth central zone. Striw twenty-four to twenty-six in 1-1150th.
Diameter 1-290th.
Z. Surirella—Small, compressed laterally, lanceolate, with con-
stricted and obtuse apices; surface with granular lines converging
to the centre; dorsally, with a wide smooth zone. Diameter
1-720th. Alive. (P. 14, f. 50, 51.)
Z. (Denticella?) mobiliensis (Bailey.)—‘‘ Frustules quadrangular,
compressed, thin, delicately decussatedly-punctate ; lateral processes
slender; intermediate ones (two at each end) long and slender.
Colour yellowish. I first detected this species in 1848, in soundings
from Mobile Bay, and subsequently at Savannah.”
Z. (2?) Bipons.—Lanceolate laterally, each end acute; and pro-
longed as a small horn, two shallow constrictions at the middle
surface delicately granular, not radiated. Diameter 1-384th. Bermuda.
Z. (?) stiliger—Surface loosely cellular, lorica produced into two
long acute styliform horns; a double stricture about the middle,
laterally. Diameter 1-1152nd. Bermuda.
Of the two last species (says Ehrenberg) I have seen but fragments,
and their true nature is therefore uncertain. Z. Stiliger may be a
species of Hemiaulus; but the constrictions in both resemble the
Biddulphia, save that they are wanting of the wide apertures of the
horns.
Z. (?) Australis.—Smooth, navicular, and turgid laterally ; horns
on the sides obsolete, apertures conspicuous. Diameter 1-480th.
Z. Navicula—aA species discovered in marl from gina.
Sub-section Il. Ecutnrtite#.—Lorica simple, attached, with or
without a distinct stalk, (stipes.)
Genus AcunantuEs (Ehr.) ZheStandard Shaped Animalcules.—Lorica
simple, composed of two or more pieces ; form prismatic, longer than
broad, with a central pore (umbilicus.) The individuals, solitary
or aggregate, are attached by a lateral pedicle (stipes) proceeding
from one end of their ventral surface. They are developed in the
form of simple pedicled chains (tablets or bands) resembling standards ;
self-division longitudinal with reference to individuals, but trans-
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 451
verse with respect to the bands; when incomplete, we have con-
catenate, when complete, single forms; it is seen to commence
beneath the transparent siliceous lorica. The members of this
genus are found, both in salt and fresh water, parasitic on Algw,
in all parts of the world; several species have also been met
with fossil.
This genus, Achnanthes, is a member of, and gives the designation
to the family Achnanthee of Kiitzing; which also comprises the
genera Achnanthidium and Cymbosira. Asa family it most nearly
resembles Striatellee, but the latter want the umbilicus of the
Achnanthee.
We add the following particulars from Mr. Ralfs :—
“‘The upper margin of the frustules of Achnanthes is convex; the
lower one concave. In some species the lateral portions are turgid,
the central portion looking like a band between them ; in others they
are flat, and do not enter into the front view. The superior
lateral surface differs from the lower one in the absence of the
central transverse pellucid line, which is present in the lower, and
by its terminaton forms the punctum seen in the front view. The
mode of growth in this genus resembles that in Jsthmia, except
that the frustules finally separate without cohering at their angles.”
“* Achnanthes differs from all other Diatomacea, except Striatella, by
its stipitate, flag-lke fronds; and from St¢riatella it may be known
by the absence of internal siliceous ‘plates; and even a solitary
frustule of this genus may be distinguished from that of any other,
by its curved form, and by the punctum in the middle of the lower
margin.’”’ (Ann. Nat. Hist. v. 13, p. 490.)
Acuyantues longipes—Large, striated, curved (excised), at the
middle on the ventral aspect ; convex dorsally ; ends obtuse, rounded;
end view, elliptic-oblong ; pedicle thick, from two to five times the
length of the lorica; supporting but few individuals. Transverse
strize ten in 1-1200th. Length (7. e. breadth of band) 1-570th. to
1-120th. The central portion of each frustule appears like a band
between the turgid lateral portions. Common in sea-water.
A. brevipes. —Resembles the preceding generally; differing,
however, in the end view, which is suddenly and shortly acuminate,
452 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polyzastrica.
and particularly in its pedicle being of less length than the individuals
it supports (figs. 199, 200, 201.) The clusters are sometimes many
inches in length, (fig. 202 a more magnified specimen.) Length
1-860th. to 1-180th. In salt water.
Acunantuss subsessilis.—Rather small, slender, striated,’ slightly
bent, rectangular ; individuals single or binate; end view oblong or
elliptic, with rounded apices; stipes thick, very short, or almost
wanting (obsolete.) Length 1-1150th. to 1-480th. Var. b. multiarti-
culata ; in which more than two individuals are conjoined in a band.
Common in fresh and salt water.
A. Exilis—Small, slender, quite smooth, rectangular; end view
lanceolate, acuminate; pedicle slender, often longer than the body.
Length 1-1150th. to 1-570th. On Conferve in fresh water; not
common. Dark reddish brown when recent.
“The Achnanthes exilis (Ralfs) agrees with Kutzing’s specimen
in its crowded habit and elongated stipes, but its frustules are much
smaller, and its lateral surfaces less acute, in both which respects it
is intermediate between A. minutissoma and A. exilis, (Kiitz.)”
A. minutissima.—Very small, slender, and smooth ; end view lan-
ceolate; stipes fine, short, or about the length of an individual.
Length 1-1200th. to 1-800th, Common on fresh water Alge and
Conferve. Thisand A. evils differ from the other species by their
fresh-water habit; from A. exz/is it differs by its short stipes, and its
less acute lateral surfaces.
A. inequalis—Unequally bent, and smooth. Fossil in Sweden.
A. pachypus.—Small, finely striated, slightly curved at the centre
of ventral surface; dorsum rather turgid, apices rounded, angles
obtuse ; end view lanceolate-elliptic ; pedicles very short and thick.
Length 1-1780th. to 1-1320th. Brackish water, Peru. Young
specimens of A. subsessilis are very similar to the present species,
which has seldom more than three joints, never more than four;
Dr. Montagne, its first describer, gives only two.
A. rhomboides.—Frustules very turgid, ventral surface with acute
extremities, and rhomboid-lanceolate ; stalk distinct, short and thick.
A. turgens. — Viewed laterally (in front view, Ralfs) the
lorica is three times longer than broad; ventrally, oblong-lanceolate,
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 453
obtuse. This species is more dilated than A. pachypus, but in other
respects similar; stalk obsolete, Length of frustule 1-480th.
AcHNANTHES (?) paradoxa.—Ovate, obtuse; length double its
breadth, marked by transverse scabrous, dotted lines. Lines sixteen in
1-1152nd. Length 1-900th. No apertures observed. If a Mragilaria ?
Found fossil at Norwich in Connecticut.
A. bacillaris—In striated narrow wands (bacilli), each slightly
curved inwards at the centre, both dorsally and ventrally, equally
bacillar; apices simply rounded ; the wands often in very long
chains, with short foot stalks (pedicles.) .... It is smaller than A.
longipes, and slenderer than A. brevipes, and is made up of twenty
segments.
A. capensis (Kiitz.)—Striated, rather small, turgid, angles obtuse,
but few conjomed; secondary side (ventral surface, Ehr.) lanceo-
late, elliptic-oblong ; stalk elongated, very thick.
Var. (b.) many frustules conjoined. Length 1-600th. On Con-
ferva, from Table Bay.
A. Carmichaeli (Grev. and Kiitz.)—Very large, striated, angles
obtuse, few conjoined; very turgid, with ventral notch; dorsum con-
vex, rather recurved at the extremity; twelve transverse strie in
1-1200th ; stalk very thick andlong. Length of frustule 1-180th.
On the smaller filiform marine Alge.
A. genufleca (Kiitz.)—Striated, small; angles obtuse, turgid, very
much bent (genuflexed); stalk short, not very stout. On marine
Algze, Genoa.
A. intermedia (Kiitz.)—Striated, size intermediate, angles obtuse,
but few conjoined; turgid, secondary side sublinear, apices cuneate,
acute, stalk shortened, delicate, but distinct. Parasitic, Berlin.
A. multiarticulata—Striated, angles not very obtuse, many con-
joined, turgid; secondary side elliptic-lanceolate ; stalk short and
thick. Length 1-312th. Gulf of Venice and Trieste.
A. parvula.—Quite smooth, minute, primary side with wider and
more obtuse angles, scarcely curved; secondary, elliptic-oblong,
obtuse; stipes rather thick and extended. On Ulva, in brackish
water.
A. Arenicola (Bailey.)—Frustules minute, rectangular, or slightly
454 DESCRIPTION OF { Polygastrica.
curved ; end view lanceolate, striate; small plates, composed of two
or three frustules, supported by a short pedicle. Were found abun-
dantly on grains of the beach sand, below high water mark, at Fort
Brooke, Truspa It is possibly a species of Hyaloseira, but requires
further study.
Genus Acunanturpium, (Kiitz.)—Individuals solitary, or binate,
free (not adnate); primary side (dorsum) linear, bent (genuflexed.)
A. Microcephalum.—Secondary side lanceolate ; each end capitate.
Length 1-1680th. Marine. Common among other Diatomacea.
(PB. dG itied 5.)
A. delicatulum.—Secondary side ventricose ; extremities prolonged.
Length 1-1680th. In brackish water. (P. 17, f. 16.)
Genus Ampuiretras, (Ehr.) — Lorica simple, bivalve or multi-
valved; quadrate, with four openings on each surface, viz. one at each
angle; self-division imperfect ; but the chain-like masses which the
individuals form, are not gaping, as in some other genera.
This description differs from that by Mr. Ralfs and Kiitzing,
chiefly in respect of the non-attachment of the members. Ralfs
thus characterizes the genus :—
‘“‘Filaments attached by one of the angles of the basal frustule ;
frustules cubiform, rectangular, or, more frequently, with all the
angles slightly produced, reticulated, cohering in a zig-zag chain.”
Along with Biddulphia and Denticella, Amphitetras approaches very
near to Mragilaria: it is far removed from Stawrastrum, to which it
bears considerable external resemblance, (Ehr.)
Mr. Ralfs observes: ‘This genus agrees with Jsthmia and Bid-
dulphia, in the reticulated structure of the frustules; in the great
size of the lateral surfaces, between which the central portion appears
like a band; in the produced angles, which are situated entirely in
the lateral portions, and in cohering at the angles, and thus forming
a zig-zag chain. It also agrees with these genera in their peculiar
mode of growth; but it differs from Jsthmia, in having all its angles
equal, and from both in having a four-sided, and not a compressed
figure.”"— (Ann. Nat. Hist. v. 12, p. 275,)
Amphitetras is one member of the family Angulifere, of Kiitzing,
which includes besides, Zithodesmium and Amphipentras, and is
Naviculucea | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 455
characterized by the angular figure of its genera; which, too, are
all marine.
Ampuiterras antediluviana.—Minute, cubical, cellulose, (reticu-
lated) ; lateral surfaces radiated ; angles either obtuse, or prolonged,
and hence the sides also straight, or curved. Living on the sea coast
of Denmark, England, Jamaica, &c.; fossil in the chalk marl of Oran
and Greece. Diameter 1-850th to 1-480th. (P. 14, f. 21, 22.)
Individual lorice (frustules) unite, sometimes as many as thirty
together, in a filamentary form; and in arecent state exhibit a brown
colour. ‘‘ On a lateral view the figure is quadrangular, with concave
sides, and at each angle there is either a round opening, or a large
and more strongly marked cell, which presents the appearance of
one. The central portion is four-sided, and its reticulations, which
are smaller, are frequently arranged in lines. Mrs. Griffith aptly
compares the figures of the separated frustules to bales of cloth
made up with bands for exportation.”’ (Ralfs.)
A: parallela. — Testules quadrate, with straight sides, and
obtuse angles; the cells on the side disposed in parellel straight
lines; apertures of the angles obscure. Diameter 1-144th. Found
in Greek marl.
Genus Brpputruta, (Gray,)—Filaments attached, frustules siliceous,
quadrilateral, minutely reticulated, cohermg by their alternate
angles, and thus forming a zig-zag chain; the angles are equal and
elongated into tooth-like projections, (horns, Ehr.)
Biddulphia, like Isthmia, has reticulated turgid frustules, which
cohere by the elongatad angles. It has also the lateral portions so
inflated, that they seem a part of the front of the frustule, the central
portion appearing like a band between them. The mode of growth
in this genus is also similar, but it differs in having all the angles
elongated and equal, At first the frustules are connected to each
other by the adjoining angles.
The generic characters are borrowed from Mr. Ralfs, (Ann. Nat.
Hist. vol. xii. 1843,) not having met with the paper of Ehrenberg
detailing them.
This genus gives name to the family Biddulphia, of Kiitzing, in
which it is associated with Jsthmia, Odontella, (Kiitz.) and Zygoceros.
456 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Bropurputa pulchella (hr. )—Quadrangular, compressed, with from
three to five small obtuse lateral processes. In the sea, near Cuba; and
fossil in the chalk marl of Greece. Diameter 1-290th. It is also
found on the English coast; and Mr. Ralfs has described it thus :—
‘“« Frustules distinctly reticulated ; surfaces lateral, with one or three
rounded projections between the angles, and marked with a few
distant strize, which appear to arise from the depressions between the
projections. (P. 13, f. 46, 47, 49, and 50.)
“‘Tt is brownish when recent, and becomes paler in dry-
ing. Filaments elongated, attached; angles of frustules rounded,
and occasionally constricted at their base. There is no con-
striction at the junction of the lateral portions with the central
one, as occurs in B. aurita.” Ehrenberg enumerates three to five
lateral processes ; Ralfs one to three; but this apparent discrepancy
is removed by the circumstance, that the latter observer does not
count the angles of the frustules as lateral processes, which Ehren-
berg does.
B. aurita (Ralfs) = Odontella aurita (Kiitz.)—Frustules (testules,
E.) very minute, quadrilateral, cellulose, structure indistinct, lateral
portions without striz, constricted at their junction with the central
one, and destitute of striz.
«This species differs from B. pulchella, in the same manner as
Isthmia enervis does from I. obliquata, viz., in the absence of striz.
But it also differs from B. pulchella, by its smaller size, obscure reti-
culations, and by its constrictions.”
B. (?) dunata.—Smooth, with three lobes on the side, slightly
curved, lunate, and with subacute horns Diameter 1-864th.
B. (?) Gigas.—Large, very turgid at the centre ; rough, without
distinct granules, laterally presenting five segments, having a large
oblong aperture in the tapering apex of each side, which, therefore,
is tubular. (?) Diameter 1-144th. Bermuda.
B. (?) ursina.—Large, turgid, not cellular; sides furnished with
hairs; without constrictions; central area smooth. Diameter
1-192nd. Does it belong to Zemiaulus. (?) Its hairiness is re-
markable, and approaches it to Zetracheta. It is described by Dr.
Bailey.
Naviculacea.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 457
Bivpurrnta cirrhus.—A new species, in earth from Barbadoes.
B. Zridens = Denticella Tridens (1838.)—Kiitzing is disposed to
consider this identical with his Biddulphia trilocularis.
B. levis = (Bailey), Odontella polymorpha (Kiitz.) — Lorica
smooth ; margin entire ; each angle produced and conical, but obtuse ;
very small.
B. Triolocularis (Kiitz.)—With two septa on the sides, and three
cells. Cuba, Peru. Kiitzing considers B. pulchella, and Denticella
Biddulphia (Ehr.) to be forms of this species, and probably also
Denticella tridens.
B. Qinquelocularius (Kiitz.)\—With four lateral septa, and five
cells. Not uncommon. This, too, partly corresponds to the B. pul-
chella (Ehy.)
B. Septemlocularis. — With six lateral septa, and seven cells
(loculi.) Canary Islands.
Genus CrimacospHenta.—Lorica simple, longer than broad, sessile
or free, wedge-shaped, divided into cells by internal septa, disposed
like the steps of a iadder (scalariform.)
This genus resembles Podosphenia or Echinella, except in having
the peculiar transverse septa.
C. moniligera. — Minutely striated transversely on the sides
(margins); septa ten to eleven in number. (P. 14, f. 45, 46.)
Cuba, Mexico.
C. australis.—Very shortly stalked; margins smooth. On Alga,
New Holland.
Genus Cocconrma.—Lorica simple, siliceous, composed of two or
more pieces; longer than it is broad; attached by one of its
extremities to a pedicle, in the direction of its axis; it is smooth
externally, and transversely furrowed internally ; it has two central
and four terminal (7. ¢. two at cach extremity) openings; hence this
genus is closely allied to Navicula, and its members might be called
pedicled Navicule, were it not that their two sides are not symme-
trical ; although, indeed, in this respect, a transition is exhibited by
Navieula inequalis.
The granular contents are of a brownish or grecnish colour, and
divided into four parts; one or two bright shining spots (vesicles)
Ho
458 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
represent the seminal gland of Ehrenberg. Self-division longi-
tudinal and ventral, the parts dividing themselves before the
restoration of the original form, which, indeed, in some specimens,
is never restored, the portions remaining like bows, or semi-lunar-
shaped pieces. After division both the halves gape, and take an
apparently oblique position in regard to the stalk ; those bodies which
are separated from their stalks have a free movement.
Kiitzing thus characterizes the genus Cocconema, as one of the
family Cymbellee,—“ Individuals solitary or geminate (in pairs),
stalked; in other respects like Cymbella.”
From pithemia it differs in having a central umbilicus; from
Amphora and Navicula, by its asymmetrical form; and from all
three, also, by being stalked. From the allied stipitate genus
Gomphonema, the central umbilicus constitutes the mark of
distinction.
The individuals are probably solitary and free in the earliest stage,
the stipes being a subsequent development.
Besides propagating by fission, the members of this genus are
known to exhibit the process of conjugation. The latter has been
watched by Mr. Thwaitesin C. lanceolatum, and, unlike what mostly
occurs, the developed, sporangial bodies, have a close resemblance to
the original frustules, the chief difference being in their larger size.
Most species of Cocconema are of fresh-water habit ; several have
been found fossil.
Cocconema Boeckii. — Large, lanceolate, subacute atthe extremities, -
striated, and attached to a branched pedicle. Ehrenberg states he
has not seen a central opening, but that there is one near each end on
the ventral aspect. Found in sea-water, North Sea and Baltic.
Striee twenty-six in 1-1200th, Length 1-430th. to 1-210th.
C. lanceolatum.—Semi-lanceolate, closcly striated; ends obtuse,
attached to “a dichotomously branched pedicle, in which it differs
from Hunotia turgida, as alsoin the presence of a central opening in
the lorica. (P. 4, f. 194,195.) Length 1-210th. to 1-120th.
C. cistula. —Small, semi-ovate, obtuse, striated; pedicle long,
simple, and sometimes branched ; central openings distinct, terminal
ones obscure. Free specimens resemble Lunotia faba; the young are
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 459
semi-lunate ; (figs. 196, 197, 198.) Found living on aquatic plants,
and fossil at Cassel, San Fiore, and Jastraba, in Hungary. Length
1-430th. to 1-1150th.
Cocconema cymbifor'me.—Slender, lanceolate; extremities subacute ;
on the other side, linear-oblong, truncate-obtuse; transverse stria
sixteen in 1-1200th. Stipes filiform, obsolete, (imperceptible imdi-
vidually) in the intricate, jelly-like mass they form. Common length
1-500th to 1-150th. (P. 15, f. 46.)
C. gibbum—Semi-oval; transverse strie rather fine ; slightly con-
stricted at the ends which are produced and punctate ; stipes branching
dichotomously ; rather stout. Length 1-480th. Alive and fossil
(BP. 16; f. 10.)
C. asperum.—Habit and dimensions of C. lanceolatum, but with
the strie denticulate, or interrupted by dots (puncta.) Length
1-288th. Fossilin France.
C. Greeum.—Habit of C. Cistula, with stronger, but fewer strie ;
only twelve to thirteen in 1-576th. Length 1-576th.
C. Arcus.—Linear; curved on each side, striated and obtuse ;
centre of ventral surface not tumid. New York.
C. (?) acutum.—Small, slender, slightly bent, smooth (?), acute at
each end; on ventral surface, slightly turgid at centre. Habit of
Nawicula Amphioxys.
C. cornutum. — Larger, striated, lunate; ventrally gradually
tumid at centre; extremities tapering gently, and obtuse.
C. gracile.—Linear-lanceolate ; straight or slightly curved ; convex
on dorsum ; plane (flat) on ventral ; ends slender, subacute,
C. Leptoceros—tLong, slender, slightly curved, venter abruptly
tumid at its centre; apices attenuate.
C. Lunula.—Semi-orbicular; minutely striated; venter plane,
dorsum convex ; cornua (horns, elongated ends) wanting. Approaches
C. Cistula.
C. Mexicanum.—Large, striated, thick, lunate; venter slightly
tumid; ends (cornua) obtuse, and but little produced; eighteen
strie in 1-1152nd., but distinctly and elegantly granular. Length
1-216th. Mexico.
C. sessile—Resembles C. gibbum, of which it is but a variety,
differing by being attached without a stalk.
te a 2
460 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Lanccolate,
Cocconema (7) Fusidium = Cymbella affinis (Kiitz.)
small, attenuate, subacute at the ends, and smooth; terminal
apertures large; transverse strie distinct, nineteen in 1-1200th.
Length 1-1150th. to 1-620th. ; living and fossil.
C. Crete = Eunotia Crete.—Striated, narrowly lanceolate, very
gradually tapering towards each apex, which is acute. Fossil in
chalk marl.
Genus Cympostra (Kiitz.)—Individuals either solitary or binate,
stipitate; connected in longitudinal rows by a jelly-like band
(isthmus. )
This genus is a member of the family Achnanthee ; it resembles
Diatoma ( Bacillaria, Ehr.) in its mode of concatenation. Its single
species is of marine habitat.
C. Agardhi.—Linear, arcuate, minutely striated ; ends rounded ;
stalk very short. Length 1-960th. to 1-288th. Found on Ceramiese
and Polysiphonia, at Venice; and in Tropical America. (P. 17, f. 14.)
Genus Dorypnora (Kiitz.)—Individuals solitary, depressed; se-
condary side (regularly punctate) elliptic-lanceolate ; stipitate. This
genus, represented but by one species, is a member of the family
Cocconcidee (Kiitzing.)—The frustules are attached, by one of their
produced ends, to a gelatinous stalk.
D. Amphiceros = Cocconeis amphiceros (Ehr.) — Apices produced,
rather acute. Found at Cuxhaven (P. 17, f. 21.)
Genus Ecutwetia (The palm-like Bacillarva.)—Simple, attached by
a pedicle (stipes), which is either simple or dichotomously branched.
Lorica longer than broad, mostly wedge-shaped, and developed by
longitudinal self-division, in fan-like clusters. The chief character
of the genus consists in the fact of the self-division not influencing
the division of the stalk, for the body often divides again without
the stalk taking part in the division. During the division of the
body, that of the stalk often rests quict, either periodically, or for
ever. Young forms of Zchinella are with difficulty distinguished
from species of Gomphonema, and stalkless ones from those of
Synedra, to which latter their organization closely approaches.
This genus Echinella is not recognized by Kiitzing, who distributes
the species enumerated by Ehrenberg, among various genera; re-
taining, however, the major part of them in the genus Lremophora, in
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 461
which they were originally placed by Agardh, who constituted that
genus.
Kenmetxa flabellata (Pvilaria, Greville).—Smooth and shrub-like ;
lorica in the form of a truncated elongated wedge, obtusely tridentate,
and longitudinally striated. They are attached by the smaller ends to
a thick and long stalk, and disposed in afan-like group, It covers
various marine plants or Algs, as shown (of the real size) in fig. 191;
and is of a golden colour. The thick tender gelatinous branched
stalks resemble those of Vorticella. (See the tree-like group 192.)
The stem is an excretion produced by the animalcule, probably like
the shells of the Mollusca, like which, too, it is devoid of organic or
vital power, and if the fan-shaped bodies separate from it, it evolves
no new bodies in the form of gemme, but disappears. Group 198
shows a dorsal and lateral view of a single animalcule. Length
without stalk, 1-120th; height of tree, 1-12th to 1-6th. On the
shores of England, France, &c.
E. splendida.—Smooth and branched; lorica rather straight or
club-shaped, slender, with rounded capitate ends; dispersed or
arranged in fan-like clusters, at the swollen extremities of the branches
of along stem. Length 1-570th; height of tree (frond) 1-140th.
i. (?) paradoxa = Rhipidophora paradoxa (Kiitz.)\—Smooth and
branched; lorica broadly wedge, or heart-shaped, tridentate and
truncate. Found solitary, or mostly in fan-like clusters, upon a
slender, filiform, dichotomous stem. Length 1-570th to 1-480th.
In salt water, North Sea and Adriatic.
KE. capitata = Synedra Ehrenberg (Kiitz.) — Smooth, stalked,
lorica linear, capitate, never wedge-shaped, developed in fan-like
clusters, attached to Hottonia palustris. Stipes simple, not branched.
Length 1-1150th to 1-570th; height of frond 1-280th.
EK. (2) abbreviata.—Smooth ; stipes short and unbranched ; lorica
cuneate, obtusely tridentate, developed in fan-like clusters. In spring
water. Length 1-1150th to 1-860th.
E. fulgens.—Striated ; pedicle short, unbranched ; lorica linear,
truncate at both ends, not cuneate. In salt water. Length 1-70th.
Genus Gompnonrma. The wedge-shaped tree-like Bacillaria.—Lorica
simple, cuneate, fixed upon a distinct filiform pedicle; developes by
spontaneous self-division, in the form of a dichotomous little tree.
462 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastriea.
At the broad anterior end are two notches, looking like openings, and
one in the centre of both the dorsal and ventral surface. The stalk
is an excreted, immovable, horny substance ; at its attachment to the
lorica there is no opening in the latter; it can detach itself, move
about independently, and probably form another stalk. In some in-
stances the lorica appears to be transversely striated internally.
This genus resembles Cocconema, but the frustules of the latter are
cymbiform, and not cuneiform.
This genus gives name to a family Gomphonemee in the system of
Kiitzing, which includes, besides, the genera Sphenella and Sphenosira.
“This genus, Gomphonema,” says Mr. Ralfs (Ann. Nat. Hist. vol.
xi. p. 459, 460) “borders closely on Styllaria and Licmophora, and,
as it were, forms a connccting link between them. It is only in a
young state that, in a few instances, its frustules are sessile, and
resemble those of Styllaria, which are always sessile..... Its
connexion is still more intimate with Zicmophora; and Mr, Bailey
observes, that in Zxemophora the frustules again divide, which is the
sole difference between the two genera.” (iitzing, however, dis-
covers two points of distinction besides: 1. The presence of a clear
central opening on the ventral surface, which is absent in Ziemophora ;
and 2. The absence of the longitudinal stripes, which are seen on the
dorsal aspect of Zicmophora near each margin.
“In the wedge-shaped figure of its frustules, Gomphonema is assimi-
lated also to detached segments of IJeridon or of some Diatoma, but
differs from them in having the central aperture; besides which, its
transverse striz do not traverse the surface unbroken (Ralfs loc. cit.)
The frustules situated at the extremities of the dichotomous
branches are generally simple, or binate. I have never seen more
than six frustules from the same point, and even when more than
two are thus occasionally combined, they are usually in contact only
at the base. In Liemophora, on the contrary, the stipes is irregularly
branched, and each branch terminated by several frustules, often ten
or more, united by their sides in a fan-like form. Besides these
terminal clusters, the main trunks of the stipes have binate or ternate
frustules, sessile, or nearly so, along their margins, and either oppo-
site or alternate.”
“The notches, like puncta, in the upper margin, are, im some
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 463
species, very evident, in others scarcely discernible, and so assist in
forming specific characters. There are also two obscure puncta at
the base, and generally a single slight notch near the middle of each
lateral margin. ‘The lateral surfaces are generally transversely
striated, and have a longitudinal pellucid line running down the
centre.’
The species of Gomphonema are especially of fresh-water habit,
growing on filiform Alge ; but some few are found in the sea; many
too, occur in a fossil state, but then only as isolated, detached
frustules.
Propagation by conjugation has been witnessed in this family, viz.,
in G. dichotomum, G. minutissimum, and G. constrictum. (See P. 14
f. 9 to 12, and 17 also.)
Gowrnonema truncatum (Vorticella pyraria, M.)—Striated. Group
187, and P. 4, figs. 188 to 190, represent various views, both separate,
and attached ; these will convey a far better idea of their form, and
the mode of attachment of the genus, than any verbal description.
Separated frustules move distinctly. Found free in water and upon
Lemna, &c. and fossil, at Franzenbad and San Fiore. Length 1-1720th
to 1-280th.
G. capitatum. — Striated, elongated, cuneiform, constricted near
the wider extremity, forming a short neck, surmounted by a
widely-rounded, truncate head. Stipes long, dichotomous, jointed.
Length 1-1720th to 1-280th. Occurs both alive and fossil
throughout Europe.
G. Gracile = G. dichotomum (Kiitz. and Ralfs.) — Elongated,
cuneate; terminal puncta very minute; lateral surfaces lanceolate,
faintly striated; stipes slender, much branched dichotomously. The
frustules somewhat resemble those of G. olivacea, but are larger and
narrower, and their puncta far less distinct (Ralfs.) Length
1-1150th to 1-860th.
This and the preceding species form a brownish-yellow slime upon
water plants, especially in spring.
G. acuminatum = G. minutum (Agardh and Ralfs.) — Frustules
elongated, wedge-shaped, striated, with a dilated and pointed head
or crest, surmounting a constriction; laterally-ventricose at the middle.
Length 1-860th ; sometimes from 1-720th to 1-430th. Found fossil,
464, DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
and ‘living on aquatic plants in ponds and ditches, as a brownish
mucous fringe. By its terminal crest it resembles G. cristatum, but
is distinguished from that species by its slender frustules, and their
constriction below the apex.”’ (Ralfs.)
GompnonemA clavatum = G. subramosum (Kiitz.)\—Smooth, short,
and cuneiform ; stipes long, very slender, and not much branched.
Found living and fossil. Length 1-720th. Cluster 1-120th.
G. rotundatum.—Smooth (?), short, cuneate; obovate laterally ;
stipes long, subramose. Length 1-240th. Living and fossil.
G. discolor—Smooth (?), slightly excised at the wider, truncate
end. Length 1-600th. Found in Siberia. Considered a doubtful
species by Kiitzing,
G. olivacea — G. Berkeleit (Greville and Ralfs.)—Frustules broadly
cuneate or triangular, striated; lateral surface obovate, lanceolate ;
pedicle dense, mucose, short, and entangled, forming a gelatinous
pale brown mass. Length 1-2300th to 1-1020th. Common in streams
throughout Europe.
The stipes is hyaline and more or less branched ; frustules minute,
short, triangular, easily detached ; puncta at the end strongly marked.
“Var. 6. (Ralfs.)—Scattered frustules more firmly attached to the
stipes, which can be detected without difficulty.”
G. coronatum (=G. capitatum, of Etruria.)— Laterally linear,
cuneate; dorsum with four constrictions ; the anterior extremity
dilated and obcordate, the posterior pointed and lanceolate (P. 17,
f. 36.) Length 1-480th. Fossil in the siliceous meal of San Fiore
and North America.
G. Americanum.—Linear ; viewed dorsally, presents three oblong
decreasing portions, produced by four constrictions, the anterior end
ovate, sub-acute. Length 1-864th. Fossil in North America and
Iceland.
G. Augwr.—Cuneate and linear laterally ; dorsally rhomboid, with
an acuminate base. Length 1-960th. Among Conferve from Mexico ;
alive and fossil also in England and France. The Mexican variety
has a mucro terminating the constricted apex.
G. Anglicum.— With two dorsal constrictions; anterior extremity
rounded, rather more slender than the oblong body, which tapers to
a linear apex. Is allied to G. subtilis. Ireland and Mexico.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 465
GomrrnonemA apiculatum.—Rhomboid and wedge-shaped ; dorsally,
extremities contracted, long; anterior extremity acute (P. 15, figs.
28 and 53.)
G. Cygnus.—Narrowly linear-lanceolate, turgid at the middle;
anterior extremity obtuse, but long and linear. North America.
Kiitzing thinks this probably identical with Sphenella rostellata (Kiitz.)
G. Glans.—Ovate-oblong, turgid ; anteriorly rounded, and with a
slightly narrow neck. It has a general resemblance to G. clawatum,
but is shorter, stronger, and more obtuse. North America.
G. laticeps—Habit of G. coronatum but shorter, and with the
anterior end wider than the central part of the body, on the lateral
aspect. Iceland.
G. nasutum.—Ovate laterally ; the attached or posterior end short
and slender; noneck ; not constricted anteriorly, but furnished with
a small point (apiculate.) Approaches G. Augur, but is shorter and
stronger. New York.
G. (?) Pupula.—Linear-clavate laterally ; margin undulate ; striz
few, and appearing like so many constrictions; apex often narrower
than the rest of the body. Possibly a Meridon. North America
and Iceland.
G. subtile. — Slender, dorsum with two constrictions; anterior
extremity small, obtuse, sub-truncate at the extremity of a long and
slender neck.
G. Turris. — Larger and longer; anterior extremity elongated,
equalling the body in breadth; its apex suddenly attenuate and
wedge-shaped. Approaches G. gracile, butis thicker. North America.
G. Vibrio.—Linear-lanceolate, elongate; gradually tapering to
the anterior extremity or head, which is subacute and prolonged so
as to be sub-rostrate. This species is more slender than G. gracilis,
and approaches Pinnularia Amphioxys. Cayenne.
G. Herculeanum.—Very large, minutely striated ; dorsally clavate,
with the middle dilated, the ends attenuate and rounded ; becomes
slenderer near the pedicle. Pedicles (foot-stalks) long, hyaline,
dichotomous. Length of testules 1-216th; of the compound arbo-
rescent being (—arbuscle) 1-12th to 1-6th. Found in Lake Michigan,
at Niagara, and in Oregon.
G. spherophorum. — Small, delicately striate; clavate dorsally ;
466 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
apex terminated by a mucro, knob-shaped. Length 1-696th. Alive
in Niagara, and fossil at Farmington.
Gompnonema msulare (Ehr.)—A new Holland species.
G. tenuicolle—Also a new Holland species.
G. Palea—A fossil species, discovered by Ehrenberg in earth
from the Jura range in France.
G. exiguum (Kiitz.)—Minute, very smooth; on secondary side lan-
ceolate; stalk rather thick, subramose. Length 1-1440th.
G. minutissinum (Greville.\—Very minute, quite smooth, linear-
cuneate, and curved; on secondary side narrowly lanceolate, striated;
stipes slender, subramose. Length 1-2400th to 1-430th. Cluster
1-72nd. England. On Callithamnion in pools and lakes. Its presence
gives a yellowish appearance to the water. The terminal puncta are
distinct (P. 14, figs. 9 and 12.)
G. tenellum (Kiitz.)—Small, very smooth, secondary side narrowly
obovate; stipes short, simple. Length 1-1440th.
G. macropus.—Linear-cuneate, truncate at each end, quite smooth;
on secondary side obovate oblong; stipes very short or obsolete.
Length 1-1080th. On Vaucheria.
G. angustum. — Cuneate-linear, truncate at each end, smooth;
on secondary side obovate-lanceolate ; stipes elongated, but
lost in the aggregated mucous mass. Length 1-720th. Wurzburg
and Falaise.
G. telographicum.—Minute, and very smooth, slender, cuneate,
more acute at the base, dilated at the apex, aggregated on a short
stipes branching as a simple close umbel. Length 1-1200th.
G. digitatum.—Very minute and smooth, linear-cuneate, flabelli-
form ; stipes simple, dilated. Upward length 1-680th. On Conferva.
G. abbreviatum.—Frustules broadly cuneate, conjoined in a flabelli-
form manner, very smooth, on secondary side obovate, the apex
rounded ; stipes rather thick. Length 1-1152nd to 1-840th.
Var. (a) brevipes. — Stipes very short = Echinella abbreviata
(Ehr. 1838.)
Var. (b) longipes.—Stipes elongate, subramose = G. rotundatum
(Ehr. 1838.) Common on fresh-water Alge.
G. curvatum.—Cuneate and curved, quite smooth; secondary side,
obovate lanceolate (P. 16, f. 11.)
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 467
Var. (a) aquaticum. — Rather turgid; frustules sub-flabelliform,
stipes short, sometimes obsolete. Length 1-720th.
Var. (b) salinum.—Slender, stipes elongate. Length 1-720th.
It = G. minutissimum (Ehr. 1838.)
Var. (c) marinum. — Larger; stipes rather thicker, subramose.
Length 1-600th. In fresh and salt water.
GompHonEMA subramosum. —Cuneate, acute at the base, quite
smooth ; on secondary side obovate ; stipes very slender, and subramose.
Length 1-1140th. Common on fresh-water Algze. According to
Kiitzing = G. discolor and G. clavatum (Ehr.)
G. lagenula.—S\ender, linear-cuneate, finely striated ; on secondary
side more acute, and tapering at the base; the apex having a pro-
minent ridge, and being sub-capitate ; stipes short. Length 1- 720th.
In fresh water, Trinidad.
G. affine = G. gracile (Ehr.)—Rather turgid, elongate, striated ;
margins on primary side rather curved; on secondary side, sub-
lanceolate, end obtuse; stalk short, subramose. Length 1-360th
Trinidad.
G. constrictum. — Rather turgid, striated; on secondary side
tapering at the base, ventricose in the middle, with a short con-
stricted neck, surrounded by a truncate, broadly rounded head ; stipes
ultimately elongated and ramose. It, says Kiitzing, = G. truncatum
and G. paradoxum (Khr.), also G. pshlieforme, Ralfs. (P. 16, f. 23.)
G. (?) contractum.—Minute, attenuate at the base, constricted in
the middle, with a dilated rounded apex; stipes simple, short, or
obsolete. Length 1-1440th. On Zygnema. Germany.
G. intricatum. — Slender, forming a compact mucous, stratum ;
frustules, on secondary side, tumid at the centre, much produced at
each end, narrow, obtuse; stipes rather rigid, but mucous, and
extremely interwoven; its division dichotomous. Length 1-420th.
Nordhausen.
G. lanceolatum.—Striated, linear-cuneate, very gradually tapering
at each end; secondary side lanceolate, with acute ends.
In a note, Kiitzing observes, that Ehrenberg has described several
species omitted by himself—as G. Cygnus, Vibrio, Turris, Glans,
nasutum, coronatum, luticeps, Anglicum, subtile, and_Americanum, which
468 DESCRIPTION OF ' [ Polygastrica.
are very doubtful members of this genus, and, more probably, apper-
tain to Sphenella ; their pedicle (stipes) not having been seen.
The following species and remarks are taken from some valuable
papers of Mr. Ralfs (Ann. Nat. Hist. vol, xii. p. 460.)
GompHoneMA geminatum (Agardh.) — Densely tufted, frustules
narrow, cuneate, the puncta at the upper end wanting, or nearly so ;
lateral surfaces urn-shaped, striated. Found on rocks in sub-alpine
streams.
The plant forms tufts of a spongy texture, not at all mucous,
composed of the densely woven filaments. In a young state its
colour is brownish, from the frustules covering the surface, but as
these fall off it becomes whitish, and indeed not unlike a tuft of
wool. Filaments are repeatedly dichotomous, frustules of large size,
simple or binate. There is a central, longitudinal, pellucid line,
slightly dilated at each end, with a larger dilation at the centre,
which may be taken for a perforation, which, undoubtedly, it is not.
From this central punctum the strie are somewhat radiant.
G. pohlieforme (Kiitz.) = G. truncatum (Ehr.)—Frustules with
two evident puncta at upper ends; laterally, urn-shaped. A very
minute species which, to the naked eye, seems only a brownish dis-
colouration of the plant on which it grows. In the more perfect
form it resembles G. capitatum, as figured by Ehrenberg, nor is there
any character in his description to distinguish the latter from this
species.
In his last work, Kiitzing has described this species under the
name of Gomphonema contractum.
Mr. Ralfs again says, ‘“‘ Ehrenberg appears to have confounded
this plant with G. geminatum (Agardh), which species, as well as
G. pohliaforme (Kiitz.) (¢. e., the immature plant), he appends as
synonymous to his G. truncatum. If he had scen the true G. gemi-
natum, he could not have fallen into this mistake, for, besides the
immense difference between these plants in size and habit, their
frustules present sufficient marks of distinction. In G. gemmatum
the front view is very narrow, sometimes nearly linear; in this
species the frustules are distinctly cuneate, and, notwithstandmg
their much smaller size, have two evident notches at the upper end,
which are wanting in G. geninatum. The lateral surfaces, too, are
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 469
more attenuated at the base, and they are about as broad as the
front, whereas in G. geminatum they are much broader.
GompuoneMa cristatum (Ralfs.)—Frustules crested, lateral surfaces
striated, obovate, not constricted beneath the apex; viewed laterally
the crest appears like a terminal point. Found by Mr. Jenner on Con-
Serva glomerata, near Shoreham, Sussex. It is very minute, the stipes
slender, simple, or rarely once divided. It resembles G. minutum,
(G. acuminatum, Ehr.) in its terminal crest, but is smaller, the frus-
tules shorter, and their angles rounded; the lateral view is also
broader, and wants the constriction below the apex.
G. Berkeleti (Greville) — G. (?) olovacea (Ehr.)
G. minutissimum. Var. 6. (Ralfs.)—This variety is more branched
than the ordinary plant, and the striz, extending the length of the
frustule from the terminal puncta, are more strongly marked. On
marine Alge. (P. 14, f 9 and 12.)
This species differs from the other in its curved frustules, in
having a notch onone only of the lateral margins, and two strie passing
down the frustule, connecting the upper and lower puncta. Found at
Eastbourne, Sussex, and in Ireland.
G. paradoxum — Echinella (?) paradoxa (Khr.)—Puncta at upper
end strongly marked, with a striz from each passing down the
frustule ; lateral surfaces clavate, narrow, not striated. It forms a
brown, gelatinous covering on the smaller marine Algx, but turns
green on drying. There are no puncta on the lateral margins, and
no stric.
Genus Opontetta (Kiitz.)—Individuals smooth, rather round but
compressed, fasciate in the centre, furnished with two lateral horns
at each apex, concatenate, and attached. It is a member of the
family Biddulphice, and all its specimens are marine.
The genus bearing this name, in the system of Kiitzing, does not
correspond with that to which Ehrenberg has attached the same
appellation, but mainly represents the Denticella, whilst Odontella
(Ehr.) is a genus of Desmidiee (p. 292.)
O. subequa.—Segments quite smooth, oblong, lateral, horns minute,
with no middle process. Among Conferve, Heligoland.
O. obtusa.—Joints quite smooth, but shorter, with turgid, obtuse,
470 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
short horns, and a very short central process. Among Conferva,
Heligoland (P. 16, figs. 30, 31, 32, 32a.)
Opontetia aurita = Denticella gracilis (Ehr.) and Biddulphia aurita
(Ralfs.)—Very minutely punctate, with a broad central band, ex-
tended, slender, acute horns, and a large middle process. Among Algz,
British Coast and Baltic.
O. turgida = Denticella turgida (Khr.)—Large, very finely punc-
tate; horns recurved, large, obtuse, and a broad, round, central
process. North Sea.
O. polymorpha = Biddulphia levis (Ehr.) — Large, with minute,
obtuse horns, and no central process.
Genus OncospHENTA.—Lorica simple, quadrangular, cuneate, not
concatenate; valves without a central umbilicus, and also destitute
of lateral apertures and internal septa; equal, but their apices
unequal, on account of their cuneate and uncinate form, Oncosphe-
mie approach nearest to Podosphenie, by the absence of pedicles in
the latter, but are peculiar in their uncinate form.
O. Carpathica.—Cuneate on the sides and striate ; one end straight,
turgid, and rounded; the other attenuate and uncinate. Diameter
1-792nd, with eleven pinnules. On the back, their quadrangular
figure resembles that of a wand of ten Bacillaria. Carpathian
mountains.
Genus Popopiscus, (Kiitz.)— Frustules single or concatenate,
stalked ; primary side obsolete; secondary side convex, stipes lateral.
It approaches very closely to Podosira; but the stalk is placed on
the circumference of the disc and not at its centre, as in the latter.
It is a member of the family Jelosire.
P. Jamaicensis.—Single, or in chains, smooth; stalk long, delicate.
Diameter 1-840th. (P. 16, f. 28.) On Alge.
Genus Poposrra.—Concatenate, very distinctly stalked ; apparently
bivalve, convex, nearly round ; stipes central, self-division imperfect,
giving rise to moniliform chains. (The two valves are approximated
without the presence of any intermediate ring; hence, in Kiitzing’s
language, the primary side, as in Pododiscus, is wanting—obsolete. )
The valves of the two species are very finely punctate. The lorica
is soft or horny; the stalk is more developed than in Gadlionella,
Naviculacea.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 471
from which it differs also by wanting the intermediate rings between
the valves.
Popostra nummuloides = P. hormoides (Kiitz.)—Frustules of a
depressed spheroidal form, united by their central pedicles, (Jsthmi)
into a moniliform chain; the stalks are colourless—the corpuscles
green and punctate; as many as seven have been seen united. Dia-
meter 1-650th. On Polisiphonia, Callao, Peru. (P. 13, f. 45.)
P. Montaguet = Melosira globifera (Ralfs.)— Corpuscles elliptic,
united by short stalks (¢sthm?.) Diameter 1-600th. Antilles.
Genus PopospHenta.—Simple, wedge-shaped (cuneiform) ; attached
when young by a pedicle, which, however, is sometimes obsolete ; they
often become free at a later period. The bivalve lorica is longer than
broad, with two openings at its broad anterior end; granules yellowish
green, scattered mostly when young, but in older specimens united
into one or two, often stellate masses. Multiplication is by longitu-
dinal fission. Isolated segments (frustules) of Merdion and Echinella
are liable to be mistaken for those of Podosphenia ; but the first may
be distinguished by wanting, on their surface, the bands (vitte) indi-
cating internal septa. Kiitzing’s description is “‘ Bacilli on primary
side, cuneate; on secondary side, obovate, lanceolate; attached
stipes none (or obsolete.) ”’
In the system of that naturalist, it is a member of the family
Inemophoree ; see genus of that name.
P. gracilis. — Smooth, narrowly wedge-shaped, rather acute at the
base; (fig. 186 shewing a group attached to a thread-like filament,
whence they are often mistaken for Echinella: but in this case
the filament is not part of the creature, but merely the substance to
which it has adhered. It often covers Alege, Vorticella, Sertularia, &c.
At the lower part of the group, towards the right side, is represented
a side view of one laying across two others, shewn in front view; in
the latter, delicate longitudinal striz are visible, and in the former
the upper part of the lorica is rounded.) Length 1-250th to 1-110th.
North Sea and Baltic.
P. abbreviata =P. Lyngbyet.—Smooth, cuneate, broader and shorter
than the preceding, base rather acute. Found upon Ceramium dia-
phanum. (P. 16, f. 13, b.) Length 1-240th. North Sea and Baltic.
P. cuneata = P. Ehrenbergw (Kiitz,)— Striated laterally on the
472 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica,
margin ; rhomboidal, club-shaped, and slightly pointed. In salt-
water. Length 1-140th. (P. 16, f. 14,) North Sea and Baltic.
Poposprenta (?) nana.—The dwarf Podosphenia.—Smooth, linear,
cuneate; laterally clavate, without striz. Length 1-2300th to
1-1720th. Fossil at Bilin.
P. tergestina (Kiitz.)—Cuneate, triangular; bacilli geminate (in
pairs), or ternate, conjoined in a flabellate manner; acute at the
base. Length 1-1440th. On marine Alge, Trieste.
P. debilis (Kiitz.)—Narrowly cuneate, rather acute at’ the base,
sub-flabbellate. Length 1-1380th. On stems of sea Alga.
P. hyalina (Kiitz.)—Cuneate, rather acute at the base, with closely
arranged pores (vitte); laterally, obovate-pyriform ; hyaline (P. 16,
f. 13a.) Length 1-570th to 1-480th.
Var. (b.) racemosa.—Obsoletely stiped. North Sea, Heligoland,
England.
P. tenwis (Kiitz.)—Linear, cuneate, slender, acute at the base.
Length 1-480th. Christiana, Sweden.
P. Jurgensii (Kiitz.) — Broadly cuneate, truncate at the base.
Length 1-432nd. Onmarine Algz, North Sea.
Genus RuaspomeEna, (Kiitz.)—Bacilli tubular, concatenate, stipes
lateral, interruptedly vittate, and transversely striated ; vittee capi-
tate; striz transverse, forming numerous longitudinal rows.
This genus is included in the family Striatellee (Kiitz.) ; one form
only has been previously noticed by Ehrenberg, who has described it
as a member, both of the genus Zessella, and also of Striatedla, 7. e.,
the same form under two names, according to the accidental circum-
stance of having met with a solitary, free, or an attached frustule.
All the forms of Rhabdonema are marine.
R. minutum — Tessella Catena (Ralfs.)—Small, with adouble row
of marginal vitte ; transverse strie very delicate. Length 1-1200th.
On Conferva, English Coast; Baltic.
R. arcuatum = Tessella catena and Striatella arcuata, (Ehr.)
R. Adriaticum.—Large, with four seriesof vitte, viz., two marginal
and two median; strie transverse, distinct. Length 1-480th to
1-168th. (P. 16, f. 27.) In Adriatic and Mediterranean.
Genus Rurerpornora, (Kiitz.)—Bacilli, on primary side, cuneate ;
on the other side, obovate, lanceolate, stalked.
Naviculacea.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 473
This is a genus of the family Lzemophorea. None of its species
have been described by Ehrenberg; they are all inhabitants of
the sea, growing on Algv and other plants. Rhipidophorais closely
allied to Podosphenia ; in form it resembles Gomphonema, but wants
the umbilicus of the latter; and, unlike it, presents bands corres-
ponding with internal septa.
Ruremornora erystallina.—Shortly stalked, flabellate ; bacilli short,
cuneiform, rather broad, obtuse at the base. Length 1-1200th
to 1-1300th. On Algw, North Sea.
R, Adipus.—Very shortly stalked, sub-flabellate ; bacilli oblong,
cuneate, truncate at the base, hemispherical at the stipes. Length
1-600th to 1-480th. Adriatic and England.
R. australis—Flabellate, bacilli narrowly cuneate, truncate at the
base ; stipes simple, thick. Length 1-540th. Trieste.
R. borealis —Flabellate; bacilli large, oblong, cuneate, slightly
obtuse at the base; stipes simple, rather stout. Length 1-310th.
Heligoland.
R. Nubecula.—Stalk long, filiform, subramose; bacilli hyaline,
broadly cuneiform, somewhat acute at the base, scattered, almost
solitary, or fasciculate. (1-720th to 1-600th.) Trieste. (P. 16, f. 27.)
R. tenella.— Small; stipes slender, very delicately branched ;
bacilli small, broadly wedge-shaped, conjoined in an imperfectly
flabellate manner, acute at the base. Length 1-1080th to 1-960th.
On Polysiphonia. (P. 16, f. 15.)
R Dalmatica.—Flabellate in a radiating manner; bacilli oblong,
cuneate ; stipes rather stout, and ultimately subramose, tubular.
Length 1-540th.
R. abbreviata.—Sub-flabellate ; bacilli broadly cuneiform, acute
at the base; stipes rather stout, and finally subramose. Length
1-540th. On Ceramium, Palermo.
R. paradoxa. — Bacilli short, but widely cuneate, and slightly
acute at the base, with obtuse olive-coloured interspaces; stipes
slender, filiform, dichotomous. Length 1-540th{to 1-480th.
R. oceanica.—Bacilli oblong, cuneate, with yellow interspaces;
close; stalk long, slender, sub-dichotomous. Var. (b.)/ flabellate.
Length 1-390th.
R. elongata.—Bacilli larger, cuneate, elongate; somewhat acute
ae
474, DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
at the base, with obscure interspaces ; stipes long, sub-dichotomous,
slender. Length 1-310th.
RurprpopHora superba.—Larger, slender, and elegant; bacilli in
pairs (geminate) or solitary, cuneiform ; slightly acute at the base ;
interspaces (pores) of a golden yellow colour, globose, loosely distri-
buted; stipes filiform, long, dichotomous ; secondary branches short
and lateral. Length 1-310th. North Sea and Adriatic.
R. Meneghiniana.—Large, bacilli geminate, oblong-cuneate; apex
rather wide; interstices scattered ; globular, brownish olive; stalk
very long, with widely spreading dichotomous branches. Length
1-288th. (P. 16, f. 19.) On Alge, Venice.
R. grandis.— Very large; bacilli widely cuneate, with large,
globose, granular- looking interstices; stalk very long, with filiform
dichotomous divisions. Venice. Length 1-120th. Var (6.) arach-
noidea. The lateral bacilli mostly caduceous. Length 1-180th to
1-168th. Trieste.
R. craticula (Montagne.)—Shortly stiped ; stipes slender, dilated
at the base, sub-flabellate, craticulate ; bacilli, three to six, oblong-
lanceolate, truncate, and obtuse at each end. Length 1-650th to
1-450th; wider at the centre than on each side, which is very
slightly attenuate. (Ann. d. Sciences, Nat., vol. 14, 1850, p. 308.)
Genus Scrrrronrts.—Attached (?) lorica of two equal, styliform,
compressed valves, not concatenate ; cuneate, (when living, probably
pedicellate) ; a median longitudinal suture on the sides of each valve ;
no umbilicus. Has the habit of the genus Meridon, or of Gom-
phonema, without the lateral umbilicus, and not concatenate.
S. caduceus.—Testule bacillar, long, wedge-shaped, with a round
turgid head, surmounting a slender neck ; turgid at the middle, with
granules disposed in rows, and glistening like jewels; the entire
form being very beautiful; granules fifteen in 1-1200th. Length
1-192nd, exceeding the width eighteen times, Bermuda.
Genus Srxraretza, (Ehr.)\— Zhe zig-zag little standard. Lorica
square, tabular, or mostly longer than broad, and without a central
opening; attached obliquely by a short lateral pedicle, or foot stalk,
and developed in the form of little banners, one end of which often
separates (gapes.) (See fig. 203.)
Mr. Ralfs thus defines Striatella: ‘‘ Filaments attached by stipes,
Naviculacea. | INFUSORTAL ANIMALCULES. 475
frustules cohering by the angles, longitudinally striated. Differs from
Achnanthes, by its frustules cohering at their angles, and having
longitudinal strie. It differs from TZessella only in the stipitate
filaments.
“The two series of longitudinal strie in Strzatella exist also in
Tabellaria, Tessella, and Tetracyclus. The appearance of longitudinal
striz is in fact produced by siliceous plates, arising internally from
the margins of the filament, and extending towards, but not reaching
the centre. The interior is thus divided into chambers, opening into
a central space. When viewed laterally, this central space has the
appearance of a canal, especially as the inner edge of each plate has
a concave outline.”
The genus Striatella of Kiitzing, does not correspond with that of
Ehrenberg ; it is represented but by one species, S. unipunctata,
which = Tessella arcuata (Ehr.) The genus is thus defined :—
* Bacilli tabulate (longitudinally vittate), vittee pervious, numerous,
dense, band-like, stipes lateral.”
In the notes on 8. unwunetata, Kiitzing says: ‘The tables (bacilli)
are mostly single, rarely conjoined; large and small forms are often
collected together. The stipes is not always to be found, and may
be easily overlooked on account of its translucence. The chain-like
forms represented by Greville, I have not seen; and they probably
rather belong to the genus Lyalosira.”’ Striatella gives name to the
family Striatellee, which includes also the genera TZessella, Hyalosira,
and Rhabdonema.
Sreratecta Thienemannt = Tetracyclus lacustris (Kiitz.)—Testules
elegant, closely resembling those of Strratella arcuata, but gibbous
laterally at the middle. Found by Ehrenberg in earth, from Iceland ;
also living, in England and Wales.
S. arcuata = Rhabdonema arcuatum (Kiitz.)\—The curved striatella.
Tabular, nearly square, having from three to seven internal longitu-
dinal lines transversely striated. The clusters of banners form
curved ribbons; granules yellow at first, but become reddish or
violet. Fig. 203 represents two and-a-half tablets, with dispersed
granules; and fig. 204, an old one with them united. Length of
single lorica 1-570th to 1-200th. On marine Algze.
5 ee
476 DESCRIPTION oF [ Polygastrica,
Srrrarerra wipunctata(Ag.and Ralfs.)—Stipes slender, much longer
than the frustule, which has several longitudinal strie. Filaments
minute, pale yellowish-brown, consisting of but few frustules, which
cohere at the alternate angles; lateral surfaces lanceolate, without striz.
S. tenteformis ( Ralfs.)—Longitudinal series of transverse striz in
some specimens more or less evident on the central portion of the
frustules; in others, the longitudinal strive, extending from the end
towards the middle, are serpentine; stipes short.
Var. (a.)—Frustules without transverse strie. Common.
Var. (6.) striata.—Frustules with longitudinal series of transverse
strice on each side, having a single curve near the base. Torquay.
Var. (y.) serpentina.—Frustules with longitudinal series of trans-
verse strie; the longitudinal striz on each side undulated ; also a
narrow longitudinal space without any markings. Torquay, Has-
tings.
Genus SynepRa.— The yard or ell-measure Animalcules.—Are, when
young, attached by one extremity; at a later period, often free.
Lorica longer than broad, of the form of a wand (bacillus), prismatic,
destitute of a distinct foot or neck-like process, or at most it is rudi-
mentary; simple, (smooth or striated), with openings at the ends,
but none in the middle; the cluster of ova (granular mass) is some-
times divided into from two to four leaf-like plates, or into purses or
lappets; digestive cells have not been observed.
This genus Kiutzing arranges in his Swrzrella, and thus defines it.
Individuals bacillar, prismatic, rectangular; ultimately attached by
one or other extremity; secondary side equal to or less than the
primary, traversed by a very smooth median longitudinal line (no
central aperture). This last circumstance distinguishes Synedra from
Navicula.
The number of known species being very considerable, Kutzing
has distributed them in six sections, viz: 1. Scaphularia, minute,
rarely attached and smooth forms. 2. Echinarza, smooth and finally
attached forms, mostly aggregated ina radiant manner. 3. Udnaria,
attached, dividing in a flabelliform mode; transversly striated, save
at the centre. 4. Zabularia, affixed horizontally to a growing stipes
and dividing in a tabellate manner. 5. Grallatoria, with a long often
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. ATT
ramose stipes; bacilli generally in pairs, and smooth. 6. Ltvmarva,
connate in tables, at length separating, except at their alternate
angles, where they cohere.
Synepra ulna (Vibrio bypunctatus, M.)—Striated ; truncated late-
rally ; as age advances the lateral ends become dilated ; upon the broad.
side of the dilated end are seen three obtuse teeth, and two openings
between them. Often occurs in vast numbers, appearing as a white
incrustation, covering the stones on the banks of rivers in summer.
Dr. Lankester has noticed this in the Annan, Dumfriesshire;
wherever a mass of gravel was exposed to the air, the surface of
the stones appeared thus covered. With a pocket magnifier, they
resembled acicular crystals; using a deeper power and examining the
wet stones on the edge of the water, they were mostly arranged in
a stellate form, resting upon filaments of Conferva. Size 1-100th
long, 1-2000th broad. Dr. L. says, the lorica of those from the
Annan is not striated, nor are their ends dilated.—/(Proc. Lin. Soe.)
Sometimes they are parasitic on Vorticella, or may themselves serve
as a basis for the attachment of other beings, as the Podosphenia
(f. 184); so that we have here an example of one parasite growing
upon another. Found both in fresh and brackish water. Size
1-280th to 1-100th.
8. sagmoidea. — Striated; large, slender, and sigmoid. Group
148 shews to the left a specimen undergoing longitudinal self-division ;
the figure on the right is a side view. ‘The relation of the length
to the number of stripes is as follows:—Those individuals which
were 1-720th long had ten stripes; 1-570th, fourteen; 1-480th,
fifteen; 1-360th, twenty; 1-280th, twenty-seven; 1-140th, fifty-
four; 1-120th, sixty; 1-70th, one hundred and eight; 1-48th, one
hundred and sixty; 1-36th, two hundred and sixteen.
S. capitula.—Very large, striated, linear, straight, of the form
shewn in group 185, which exhibits both a front and a side view;
granules yellowish green. Common, both living and fossil. Length
1-120th to 1-40th.
8S. Galhonw.—Large, bacillar, smooth, linear and attenuate late-
rally; margin striated; stipes thick and curved. Length 1-120th
to 1-100th (P. 15, f. 34, 36). Marine.
478 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Syyepra fasciculata.—Smaller, smooth, attenuated near the ex-
tremities, which are sub-acute; laterally linear. In front view, elliptic
lanceolate, marine, growing on sea weeds. (1-800th to 1-480th.)
S. lunaris.—Smooth, arcuate (curved), obtuse, linear, aggregated
in a radiating form, affixed to Conferva, &c., but sometimes isolated
and free. Length 1-430th to 1-280th. Common in fresh water.
S. bilunaris.—Smooth, with two curvatures (bilunate) resembling
two lunate bodies attached end to end, base tapering, apex dilated
and obtuse. Length 1-570th.
S. gigantea.—Very large, linear, striated laterally, each end sud-
denly rounded, dorsally apices attenuate, sub-acute; surface very
finely striated in the intervals of the pinnules. Length 1-60th.
Oasis of Jupiter Ammon, Africa.
S. (?) Australis.—Linear, striated ends on every side, attenuate, ob-
tuse. Length 1-432nd. In siliceous schist from the Phillipine Islands.
S. Hemicyclus.—Small, linear, semi-circular, obtuse, with trans-
verse strie. Length, diameter taken in the length of its curve,
1-1152nd to 1-864th. Fossil in Sweden. Is it a fragment of others ?
S. paleacea.—Very narrow, smooth; apices sub-acute. Length
1-480th. In siliceous earth from the Phillipine Islands. If a
Podosphenia? or Fragilaria ?
S. amphirhynchus.—Linear, striated dorsally; extremities con-
stricted, sub-acute, rostrate; no median, hyaline, smooth band.
Length 1-120th to 1-96th. Fresh water. Egypt, Mexico.
S. Extomon.—Elongate, thick, striate; oblong on the sides, con-
stricted at the middle and obtusely cuneate; dorsally, broadly linear
and truncate,
S. gibba.—Long, linear, narrow, smooth, fasciculate; laterally
widely expanded at the centre, ends gradually tapering, obtuse.
United States.
S. /evis—Smooth, shorter, but narrowly linear, equally slender
throughout, ends gradually tapering, sub-acute. Length 1-130. On
marine Algee. |
S. scalaris.—Broadly linear, large; sides straight, ends truncate,
rounded ; delicately striated between the pinnules. Length 1-288th.
Surinam.
Naviculacea. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 479
Synepra valens.— Very large, widely linear, minutely pinnate, ends
truncate (P. 15., f. 44).; approaches Hehinella fulgens. Fresh
water. Mexico and New York.
S. aneurva.—Linear, but flexuose, smooth, and very narrow, with
four equal sides (if rounded). Length 1-288th. The apparent
double margin may indicate the canal of a Spongolithis. If a
Spongolithis? (a genus of Phytolitharia). Bermuda.
S. lengiceps.—In form approaches nearly 8. capitatum, but has its
ends elongated and styliform. Length 1-12th to 1-144th. Living
in Lake Michigan.
S. spectabilis—Large, widely linear, with one apex cuneate trun-
cate, the other rounded. Chili, Mexico, United States, Bosphorus, &c.
S. segmordea.—A New Holland species, discovered by Ehrenberg.
S. quadrangularis (Kitz), very small; on one side very narrowly
linear, on the other wide, and sub-obliquely quadrangular. Length
1-2880th. On Conferva. Coast of Norway.
S. (?) minutissina.—Very minute; on one side narrowly linear, on
the other (dorswm, Ehr.) lanceolate and rather obtuse. Length
1-2400th. On the shore at Ferrara, on Oscillatoria.
8. perpusilla.—Very small; narrowly linear laterally, dorsally
lanceolate and contracted near the obtuse ends. Length 1-2400th.
Venice.
8S. drasolettiana.—V ery small ; laterally narrowly linear and curved ;
dorsally obtusely lanceolate. Length 1-2640th. On Oscillatoria
at Trieste.
8. Pusilla.—Small ; laterally widely linear, dorsally oblong, elliptic,
with obtusely rounded apices. Length 1-1800th. On Oscillatoria,
Carlsbad.
8. Frustulum.—Small, linear; laterally truncate; dorsally cun-
eate, acute; imbedded in a gelatinous mass. Length 1-1320th. It
forms a green stratum on rocks in Italy.
8. Palea.—Small; laterally, narrowly linear; dorsally wider, but
narrowly lanceolate and acute. Length 1-650th. On Oscillatoria,
Trieste, &e.
S. acicularis.—Small laterally, very narrowly linear; dorsally
lanceolate, much prolonged (acuminate). Length 1-350th.
S. angustata.—Laterally narrowly linear ; dorsally wider, oblong,
480 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
attenuated towards each end, which is rather obtuse. Length 1-720th.
Synepra virginalis.—Laterally linear, oblong, truncate, contracted
at the middle, dorsally lanceolate. Length 1-600th. Genoa.
S. constricta.—One side wider, constricted at the centre, acute at
each end; the other more narrow, linear-lanceolate, and rather obtuse.
Tength 1-540th. Venice.
S. parva.—At first seen freely swimming and solitary, but at
length becomes attached and aggregated with others in a densely
radiating manner; laterally linear, truncate; dorsally wider, lan-
ceolate, acute. Length 1-1200th. In ponds free, or attached to
other Diatomez.
S. dissipata.—Slender ; laterally narrowly linear, truncate; dor-
sally lanceolate, acute. Length 1-1140th. It probably—S. faser-
culata (Ehr).
S. subtelis—Navicula acus (EFhr).
S. Famelica.—Delicate ; narrowly linear, irregularly aggregated ;
on one side rather acute, on the other truncate. Length 1-1020th.
On fresh water Algee. Halle, Germany.
S. radians.—Delicate; very narrow, linear, very densely aggre-
gated in a radiant form; on one side truncate, on the other attenuate
and slightly obtuse. Length 1-600th.
S. gracilis.—Slightly attached, scattered; laterally linear, apices
tapering but truncate; dorsally lanceolate, pointed, acute. Length
1-360th to 1-240th. Marine.
S. Fusidium.—Scattered ; laterally linear, slightly attenuated at
the ends; dorsally lanceolate, and somewhat acute. Length 1-720th.
Fresh water.
S. amphicephala.—Slender, weak, very narrow ; laterally perfectly
linear, truncate, dorsally tapering to the ends, which are expanded
(capitulate). Length 1-360th. Fresh water, Thun.
8. tenuissima.—Very slender and narrow, elongated; laterally
perfectly linear, truncate; dorsally tapering to acute ends. Length
1-180th. Fresh water.
S. denwis.—Long, slender; truly linear and truncate, laterally;
dorsally, gradually tapering towards each end, which is rather obtuse,
Length 1-168th. Fresh water.
S. acicula.—Long and slender, sides gradually tapering to the ends,
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 481
which, viewed laterally, are truncate, and dorsally very acute. Length
1-72nd. In ponds. Dalmatia.
Syyepra cwrvula.—Long, slightly curved ; laterally rather tapering
towards the truncate end; dorsally acuminate, with somewhat acute
apices. Var. 4. Testule longitudinally dotted. Length 1-240th.
Fresh water.
S. Arcus.—Laterally linear, truncate, and curved; dorsally straight,
lanceolate, with acute ends. Length 1-420th. Gulf of Genoa.
S. debilis.—Small, linear, margin indistinctly striated; dorsally
produced into a point; laterally rather attenuate and trunca te
Length 1-620th.
S. notata.—Small, with the margin obsoletely striated; laterally
oblong, truncate; dorsally elliptic, long, with the apices almost
round and obtuse. Length 1-650th.
S. Martensiana.—Smaller, distinctly striated ; laterally linear, trun-
cate; dorsally lanceolate, gradually tapering, and somewhat acute.
Length 1-600th.
8. Vaucherie.—Small, very delicately striated ; truncate laterally ;
dorsally attenuated near the apex and acuminate. Length 1-780th.
S. danceolata.—Rather small ; dorsally lanceolate, distinctly striate ;
marked by a transversely median rhomboid and perfectly smooth
band; laterally narrowly linear, slightly attenuate at the middle.
Length 1-600th to 1-310th.
8. acuta.—Large ; laterally, perfectly linear and truncate ; dorsally,
suddenly acuminate near the apex. Length 1-144th. Trinidad,
Peru, Mexico, Chili.
S. oxyrhynchus.—Large, linear; dorsally narrowed towards the
apex, which is acuminate. Length 1-280th to 1-144th.
S. tergestina.—A variety of S. Ulna, presenting laterally a sigmoid
form. Trieste.
S. mesolepta.—Delicate, linear; laterally attenuated near the mid-
dle; dorsally slightly bent, sometimes subsigmoid, gradually acu-
minate. Length 1-160th.
S. equalis.—Large, linear; laterally, dilated at each extremity ;
dorsally, with the apex rather tapering, but obtuse and rounded.
Length 1-140th.
482 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Synepra vtrea.—Large, linear ; laterally, dilated at each end; dor-
sally, suddenly attenuated at the ends, which are slender but obtuse.
S. praemorsa.—Large, widely linear; laterally, with cuneate,
truncate ends; dorsally, with wedge shaped, rounded ends.
S. Danica.—Large, weak; laterally with the ends dilated and
truncate ; dorsally tapering on each side from the centre towards the
apex, which is dilated, round and obtuse. Length 1-140th.
S. splendens.—Very large, elongate; laterally dilated at each end,
which is truncate; dorsally tapering from the centre gradually to
each of the rather obtuse ends. Length 1-72nd.
S. Biceps.—Large, dorsally curved near the ends, and constricted
so as to form a rounded head. Length 1-100th to 1-60th.
S. Armoricana.—Large, turgid; laterally widely linear, sigmoid,
truncate, the margin having glandlike (dotted) striz; dorsally, nar-
rowly linear, straight, apices attenuate and rather obtuse. Length
1-108th.
S. segmoidea.—(Kiitz) = Navicula sigmoidea. Ehr.
S. vermicularis. —Small, slender, linear, truncate, sigmoid and
smooth, Length 1-200th.
S. stgma.—Rather small, sigmoid, each end slightly attenuate,
truncate margin delicately striated. Length 1-140th.
S. parvula.—Small, narrowly linear, smooth ; laterally truncate at
the apices, dorsally narrowly lanceolate. Length 1-960th.
S. Acus.—Smooth, slender, of moderate size; laterally, rather at-
tenuate towards the truncate ends; dorsally, very narrowly lanceolate
or acicular. Length 1-260th. Hamburgh.
S. familiaris.—Rather small, smooth, very distinctly tabulate and
broken up in a flabellate (whiplike) manner, laterally rather tapering
towards the truncate ends; dorsally lanceolate, acute. Length
1-320th.
8. pulchella = Exilaria pulchella (Ralfs)—Rather small, tabular,
expanding in a flabellate manner from the point of attachment ;
laterally smooth, attenuate towards each end, which is truncate ;
dorsally narrowly lanceolate. Length 1-360th.
8. Mucicola.—Imbedded in mucus, wands smooth ; a few conjoined
in a flabellate manner; somewhat attenuate towards each end, ends
truncate. Length 1-650th.
Naviculacea.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 483
Synepra arcus (Kiitz.) = Hunotia Faba. (Ehr.)—Rather small,
with a distinct convex stipes; wands smooth, laterally linear, sub-
attenuate, curved; dorsally linear-lanceolate. Length 1-300th.
Valpraiso and Falkland Islands, on seaweed.
8. Barbatula.—Tabulate; small; wands exactly linear, truncate;
apices with a mucous appendage (barba); dorsally elliptic-lanceolate.
Length 1-960th. Marine.
8. fasciculata.—Small, tabulate, stipes thick, hemispherical; bacilli
linear, subattenuate at the apex, and truncate; dorsally elliptic
lanceolate. Length 1-480th.
S. tabulata.—Large, tabulate, stipes short, bacillar, broadly linear,
tapering towards the ends; laterally truncate; dorsally rounded ob-
tusely. Length 1-130th to 1-120th.
S. affinis—Rather smaller, tabulate, stipes hemispherical ; bacilli
hemispherical ; bacilli in pairs, or in fours, often disposed in a cir-
cular form, slender, linear, sub-attenuate and truncate at the ends;
dorsally narrowly lanceolate. Length 1-320th. Adriatic Sea,
Venice, Trieste, Spalato.
S. Saxonica.—Rather small, slender, linear, laterally truncate at
the ends, dorsally narrowly lanceolate; stipes rather long. Length
1-330th.
S. Ehrenberg — Echinella capitata (Ehr.) — Largely stalked,
bacilli capitate ; attenuate towards each end, which is round and
obtuse.
S. Dalmatica.—Large, stipes eventually long and subramose, the
branches bearing the wands near their extremities; bacilli linear,
rather attenuate towards each end, which is rounded and truncate.
Length 1-240th.
8. superba.—Large, turgid, stipes but little elongated ; bacilli rather
thick, widely linear, attenuated towards the ends ; laterally truncate,
dorsally narrower, ends rounded and rather obtuse. Length
1-120th to 1-84th. Marine.
8S. erystallina.—Very large, striated, glistening like silver, when
dry ; crystalline, stipes short and thick ; wands very long, somewhat
turgid, linear, ends truncate; dorsally with obtusely rounded ends.
Length 1-60th to 1-48th.
S. gigantea (Kiutz.)— Very long, delicate, and rather twisted,
484, DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica,
stipes short, bacilli exactly linear, with truncate ends: margin very
smooth, dorsally very narrow, dilated at the ends into obovate small
heads. Length 1-48th. Coast of Dalmatia. This differs much
from the species so named by Ehrenberg.
SYNEDRA rumpens.—Attached in a tabulate manner, tables at
length breaking up; wands very narrowly linear, rather tumid, and
obtuse at the ends; cohering by alternate angles. In brackish
water. German coast.
Sub-section III. Lacernate%. Compound Navicule.—
The individual siliceous frustules, or lorize, are themselves included
in a gelatinous mass; hence Ehrenberg views them as having a double
lorica, or as compound forms, in contra-distinction to the rest of the
Nawiculacea, which are in his nomenclature called simple.
Genus Berxeteya (Grev.)—‘ Frustules linear, included within
tubular, sub-membranaceous filaments, which are free at one extre-
mity, but have the other immersed in gelatinous tubercle.” (Ralfs,
Ann. Nat. Hist. v.16, p. 110.)
“This genus differs from Homeocladia and Schizonema, in haying
the base of the filaments immersed in a tubercle.” It belongs to
Kiitzing’s family, Naviculee, sect. Schizonemee.
B. fragilis—Filaments hyaline, sub-simple, minute; frustules
numerous, crowded, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, eight to twelve
times as long as broad, ends truncate, in length 1-360th., not
striated.
‘‘When recent, the plant is dark olive-brown with a slight lustre ;
when dried is greener, and generally glossy. Filaments very short,
seldom exceeding a quarter of an inch in length, and pale at their
immersed base, from which they issue in a radiate manner; usually
simple, but occasionally dichotomous. The tubercle is colourless,
gelatinous, large in proportion to the size of the plant. Parasitic
on Zostera marina, and smaller sea Algee. British Coasts.”
B. Adriatica (Kiitz.)—More loosely branched; the branches with
distinct subdivisions; frustules narrowly linear-lanceolate, and
rather obtuse. Length 1-300th. Trieste, Adriatic Sea. (P. 17,
f. 34, 35, a. b.)
Genus Drcxrera (Ralfs.)\—Frond sub-gelatinous, tender, plane,
attenuated toward the base, undulated ; containing oblong frustules,
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 485
(navicular bodies) scattered single, or in pairs, with a circular spot at
the angles.
“Frond extremely tender, it tapers at the base and expands
upwards into a lanceolate or obovate form. I could detect neither
striz nor puncta in the frustules, which in the front view are nearly
quadrate, and are rarely twice as long as broad; in the lateral view
they are narrow linear, with rounded ends; as they do not appear to
be siliceous, it is probable that dried specimens become in that view
somewhat narrower than they are when recent ; a fact, which I have
noticed in some genera of this order, whose frustules cannot, without
injury, be submitted to the action of nitric acid.
“« Dickieia differs from Schizonema by its flat fronds and scattered
frustules. (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1858, v. 1.)
Dicxm1a Ulvordes.— Of a pale purplish-white colour; olive when
dried ; stalk very slender, capillary, short, frond oblong, irregularly
lobed, or crenate ; tapering gradually to its base; navicular bodies rather
broad, oblong, in pairs, angles obtuse, and apices truncate. Length
of navicular 1-720th., of frond one-and-a-half inch. Found on the
Coast ofAberdeen, in the Spring. (P. 24, f. 31, a, 4, ¢, d, and e.)
“D. pinnata.— Found sparingly, pinnate, all the divisions
lanceolate.
«Fronds olive-brown, becoming greener when dried, one to two
inches high, lanceolate, irregularly pinnate; the pinne lanceolate
and alternate ; the margins, both of the primary portions and of the
divisions, are uneven and minutely lancinated. The frustules are
like those of the preceding species, from which it differs by its darker
colour, divided frond, and more tapering extremities, and in being an
autumnal, not a vernal species. In shallow marine pools, Torquay.”
D. Dansewi (Thwaites, Ann. Nat. 1848.)—Frond gelatinous, in-
definite, mammillose ; naviculz oval, striated. (P. 24, f. 30, a, 5.)
The frustules of this species are siliceous and of an oval form, with
a linear space, on either side of the central band, striated. This
beautiful new species is extremely interesting, as illustrating the real
structure of Dickiewa. ach frustule developes around itself a
definite amount of gelatine, so that at each repetition of fissiparous
division additions are made to the amount of gelatine of the frond
by the new frustules, which are then produced. In the present
486 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
species these additions are in the form of mammille, and a good deal
resemble the mucous prolongations of some of the Palmellea, a frus-
tule being situated towards the extremity of each. A mammillose and
somewhat areolate appearance is thus given to the indefinite frond,
whereas, in D. wlvoides, the newly developed additions to the gelatine
cohere to form a compact, even membrane.
This species is named after its discoverer, Mr. Dansey, who finds
it in small quantity upon rocks on the tidal shore of the river
Tamar.
In a paper published by Mr. Ralfs, subsequently to that by
Mr. Thwaites, with the foregoing details, the former gentleman
writes :—
“« Dicxrera Danuseri (Thwaites) does not belong to this genus, since
its gelatinous matrix forms an irregular mass, and not a plane frond.
Its frustules also differ, being decidedly siliceous, striated, and
having a longitudinal pellucid line and central punctum (aperture,
Kiitz.) in the lateral view.”
Genus Encyonema (Kiitz.)—Cymbelle (frustules) disposed in
longitudinal rows, included in very soft, simple, gelatinous, tubular
filaments, (colourless under the microscope.)
This genus belongs to the family Cymbellee, of Kiitzing; it was con-
founded by Ehrenberg with Gloconema. It (Ralfs Ann. Nat. Hist. v. 16,
1843, p. 11) “differs from Schizonema, and other frondose genera of
Diatomacea, in the form of its frustules, as a single frustule resembles
one of Cymbella or of Cocconema; therefore, notwithstanding the simi-
larity of habit, it belongs to a different series,”’
“‘ Certain bodies of a totally different kind have been mistaken for
examples of this genus, especially congeries of ova of different insects ;
but these ova, although cymbiform and arranged in longitudinal
series, are neither siliceous nor striated.
‘‘The lateral surfaces of the frustules being convex, are observed
in the front view, in which also the frustules are quadrilateral, with
two puncta at each end. These puncta are less easily discerned in
the dorsal view, as the dorsum is longitudinally convex. The
lateral view is semi-elliptic, with numerous transverse striz, which
are interrupted, as in Cocconema, by a longitudinal pellucid line.”
Kiitzing describes two species: ‘but (says Mr. Ralfs,) I doubt
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 487
whether they are sufficiently distinct, as I find that the form of the
frustules varies even in the same specimen.”
Encyonema paradoxum (Kiitz.) = Gloeconema paradoxum (Ehr.) —
Tubules scattered, solitary ; frustules on secondary side acuminate,
horned, and striated. Length of frustule 1-660th. Parasitic on
Conferva, Germany, Italy, Falaise, &c.
E. prostratum = Schizonema prostratum (Grev.)—Forms a gelati-
nous stratum; tubules* very much interwoven; frustules smaller,
rather obtuse, not horned, striated. Length of frustule 1-996th.
Italy, England, &. (P. 17, f. 22.)
(Ralf's Loc. Cit.) The tufts, when recent, are dark brown, but of
a dull green colour when dried. It is soft, but not gelatinous,
adhering only imperfectly to paper or glass.
The filaments are short, straight, or flexuose, simple, or slightly
branched, slender, subequal; quite colourless under the microscope.
Generally, the frustules form a single series, and have their convex
margin alternately in opposite direction.
Genus Frusrur1a.—Characterized by a double envelope, the lorice
being enveloped, and either scattered or grouped together in an
amorphous gelatinous mantle, or lacerna. The true lorica has six
openings, two at each end, and two in the middle. The ova cluster
is divided into from two to four leaf-like portions; digestive cells
and bright glandular organs are often visible. This genus is closely
allied to Navicula. No figure is given in Die Infustonsthierchen.
It is admitted by Kiitzing, in his family Waviculee, under the section
Schizonemee ; but Frustulia appendiculata is excluded,
F. appendiculata.—Lorica (navicular bodies) straight, lanceolate,
and smooth (?) with obtuse ends, scattered in the gelatinous envelope.
Lorica like that of Mavicula gracilis, but rounded on the dorsal and
ventral surfaces, and more parallel on the lateral ones. The central
opening is broad transversely, terminal foramina round, self-division
often observed. Mineral springs of Carlsbad. Length 1-800th to
1-1150th.
F, maritima.—Smooth (?) ; ends rounded, combining in groups, in
contiguous, but distinct, gelatinous cells. Length 1-1200th to
1-1150th. Alive in sea-water.
This species occurs as a brownish jelly-like mass on stones, and
488 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
other substances in sea-water. In the gelatinous cells, Ehrenberg
observed from one to twenty navicular corpuscles.
Frusturta salina.—Transversely striated, very narrowly linear,
straight, suddenly acute at each end in one aspect, but in another
rounded; densely distributed within the gelatinous investment.
Length 1-2300th to 1-860th. In saline springs, Germany.
Genus Groronema (Ehr.)—-Has a double envelope, the inner one,
or true lorica, curved and siliceous; outer one combustible, tubular,
often branched, and containing many individuals. The enclosed
bodies multiply by self-division, and in habit approach JVavieula, or
more nearly Cocconema.
This genus is not admitted by Kiitzing, who charges Ehrenberg
with producing confusion, both by stating the Encyonema paradoxum
of his synopsis to be synonymous with @loeonema paradoxum (Agardh),
and by describing it under this name, when, indeed, the species so-
called by Agardh was not a member of the family Diatomee (see
Encyonema.) This so-called Gloeonema of Agardh, indeed, has been
determined by Mr. Berkeley to be nothing less than the eggs of an
insect, with a common connecting mucous investment of a tubular
form.
G. (?) triangulum. — Corpuscles navicular, unequal, dorsum
gibbous, approaching a triangular form laterally. Diameter 1-782nd.
Alive at Niagara. ‘‘I have not met with continuous tubules, but have
seen it associated with G. paradoxum, the tubules of which were
present along with scattered corpuscles of a similar character.” Bailey.
G. sigmoides.—Corpuscles oblong, linear, flexuose, sigmoid, acute,
striated, enclosed in gelatinous, simple tubules, in single rows.
Length 1-1300th. Living in Demerara. |
G. sinense.—Corpuscles oblong, striated; apices abruptly reflexed
after the manner of many Funotia. Length 1-576th.
G. paradocum = Encyonema paradoxwn (Kiitz.) — Semi-ovate,
curved, striated, inclosed in hyaline, simple or rarely branched tubes.
Ehrenberg remarks, ‘‘ I found this species very abundantly amongst
Mytilus polymorphus, upon Conferva rwvularis, and saw both simple
and branched threads; the little bodies, or corpuscles, being seldom
arranged in two rows, but mostly in one. It is a very remarkable
circumstance that I very often found two different sorts of these
Naviculacea.| INFUSORIAL ANTMALCULES. 489
Navicula-like bodies in the same tube ; one, very delicate and straight
kind, evidently a Naunema; the other the large curved kind. Even
to the present moment, I cannot explain this phenomenon, for both
sorts were in considerable quantities, and quite free, and therefore it
is difficult to suppose one a parasite.” Size 1-2300th.
Genus Homoroctapta (Agardh.)—Compound frond, membranous,
filiform, branched, transversely wrinkled, composed of gelatinous
tubes, containing bundles of linear, elongated, navicular bodies, densely
aggregated.
This genus is included by Kiitzing in his great family Naviculee.
In Ehrenvberg’s arrangement, it falls, with Schezonema and other
genera, under that section, which he describes as possessing a double
envelope.
H. pumila. — Branches equal, obsoletely jointed, capillary,
irregularly divided ; navicular bodies linear, shortened, with rounded
apices (P. 17, f. 37, 38.) Length 1-408th. In the Adriatic Sea.
H. moniliformis.—Capillary, arranged in a head (coma, like that of
a tree), with slender branches, long and moniliform ; collections of
navicule with wide intervals; navicule very long, linear, and
obtuse. Length 1-276th. Adriatic Sea, Trieste.
H. anglica.—Umbellate at the base, setaceous, di- or seldom tri-
chotomous; branches equal, acute at the extremities; bundles of
navicule closely approximate, navicule very long, perfectly linear,
obtuse ; lateral surfaces transversely striated. Length 1-84th. Coasts
of England and France. It is brownish when recent, and of an
opake olive brown when dry. Frond one to two inches high.
H. maritima.—Comose, setaceous; terminal branches corymbose,
acute; fasicles of navicule closely set ; navicule very long, narrowly
linear, obtuse, transversely striated. Length 1-96th to 1-8th. On
stones in the Gulf of Venice (P. 17, f. 47, 48, 49.)
H. <Arbuseula.—Much branched, branches fasciculate; the lower
ones setaceous, the upper capillary, falsely jointed; navicule linear,
rather wide, but elongated, obtuse, and quite smooth. Length 1-7th,
Venice.
H. dilatata.—Much branched, very setaceous, branches pointed,
thickened upwards ; in clavate closely set bundles; nayicule linear,
elongated, circular, obtuse. Length 1-12th. Trieste.
KK
490 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica,
Genus Hyatostra (Kiitz.)—Frustules (bacilli) tabular, quadrate,
in chains, stipitate laterally, interrupted by vittate ; vitte alternating,
connected by very fine lines with the centre. It belongs to Kiitzing’s
family Striatelle. All the species are new. (This and the two follow-
ing genera belong to sub-sec. 2.)
H. minutissoma.—Shortly stalked, concatenate, segments quadrate,
half detached from one another, very small. Length 1-5700th.
H. delicatula.—Shortly stalked, concatenate; segments quadrate,
half detached, minute. Length 1-2640th.
H. rectangula.—Shortly stalked, concatenations imperfect, segments
sub-quadrate, rectangular, larger (P. 17, f. 23.) Length 1-1380th.
H. obtusangular. — Stipes long, filamentary or sub-concatenate;
segments quadrate, angles obtuse, large (P. 17, f. 29.) Length
1-1440th. On Bryopsis, Venice.
Genus Isrum1a.—Frustules combined so as to form irregularly and
imperfectly branched filaments, attached; frustules trapezoid or
rhomboid, cellulose, oblique, articulated to each other by a short
neck-like process—sthmus—near which an apparent pore is obsery-
able. Division obliquely transverse. Lorica siliceous, undestroyed
by heat or acid.
‘“‘Frustules always more or less oblique ; the adherent (basal)
frustule, the isthmus forms the stipes. The frustules are turgid, and
the reticulations of the central portion smaller than those of the
sides. On each side of this central portion are seen the lateral sur-
faces, with their reticulations and striz arranged transversely. As
these lateral surfaces are turgid and compressed, they appear, at first
sight, to form part of the front of the frustule. This may be observed
in some slight degree in Diatoma vulgare.’ That such however
is not the case ‘‘ will be found, on a careful examination of the
exterior; but it is still more evident on a view of the interior of
a fractured frustule, when the junctions of the sides, with the central
portion marked externally by mere lines of separation, form
internally projecting plates or rims.”
“This genus is easily distinguished, by its cellulose structure, from
all the neighbouring genera, except Biddulphia and Amphitetras ; but
these differ in their frustules not being oblique, and in haying all
their ends elongated. Kiitzing makes it a member of the family
Biddulphiee
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 491
‘The mode of growth in this genus is very curious. In Deatoma,
as well as in most of the Diatomee, the plant increases by a divisior.
of the frustules; but, in this genus, as also in Biddulphia and Am-
phitetras, two new frustules are formed within the old one, and as
they enlarge, rupture it, when it falls off. In these, the front por-
tion is at first very narrow, and merely a broad line, but it increases
greatly in breadth until the new frustules are fully formed.” (Ralfs
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1843, p. 270.)
The members of this genus are marine in habit, and seem to
prefer the colder northern seas—as the Northern Atlantic, but are
absent in the Adriatic, and also in the Mediterranean.
Isr obliquata = 1. nervosa, Kiitz. Nearly square, with small
marginal, hexagonal cells, disposed in parallel decussating lines,
with parallel transverse internal marginal septa; ventral portion
loosely cellular. Length of frustules 1-90th. On marine Algze.
English Coast.
“The frustules are usually not so wide in proportion to their
length, as in I. enervis.”’ (Ralfs.)
I. enervis—Marginal cells tetragonal, larger, in transverse parallel
lines; no internal septa. Form trepezoid, two to three times
broader than long. Length 1-60th. Coasts of England and: France.
On sea weed (P. 4, f. 183.) As opaque objects, they exhibit great
beauty under the microscope; the different portions appearing lke
reticulations, are shown in relief.
I. (?) Africana (Ehr.) — Large flat fragments, resembling the
central portions of Zsthmia, marked by transverse rows of very small
cells. Diameter of the largest fragment 1-216th. Oran, Africa.
Genus Licmornora (Kiitz.) —Bacilli (frustules) flabelliform; in
front, narrowly cuneate; on the other aspect linear, and rounded at
apex and base. Stipes thick, rigid.
This genus gives name to the family Zicmophoree of Kiitzing,
which includes, besides, the following genera: viz., Podosphema,
Rhipidophora, and Climacosphenia. All the forms are marine.
L. fulgens. — Frustules geminate, linear, rather wider near the
apex, truncate at each end, on the other side pe-fectly linear ; stipes
short, thick, dichotomous; arrangement of frustules on it radiating.
K K 2
492 DESCRIPTION OF [| Polygastrica.
Length of frustule 1-132nd to 1-120th. On Algez, Trieste, Venice,
and English and French Coasts (P. 16, f. 20.)
Licmoryora radians = Echinella flabellata (Ehr.)
L. flabellata = Echinella splendida (Ehr.)
L. Meneghiniana. — Frustules slender, very long, linear-cuneate ;
those terminal on the stipes, radiating; the lateral ones scattered ;
stipes elongated, sub-divided. Length 1-84th to 1-72nd. Dalmatian
Coast, Adriatic Sea.
L. divisa.—Frustules long, cuneate, sub-solitary or geminate (not
flabellate), acute at the base; stipes short, weak, subdivided. Length
1-240th to 1-180th. On Polysiphonia in the Adriatic (P. 16. f. 16.)
Genus LiosrepHanrA.—Orbicular, not concatenate; testa bivalve,
its dise not perforated; no internal septa; valves equal (?), smooth
both at their centre and border, but with a crown of often strong
rays encircling the smooth centre. (This genusis misplaced. Read
as in sub-sec. 1.)
L. Rotula, with six to fourteen simple rays.
L. comta, with 6 to 13 rays, conjoined above by a circlet of puncta.
L. magnifica, with twelve rays, a pair of minute rays below, and
puncta interposed above.
Genus Micromeca.—The generic description of Kiitzing is sub-
stituted for that given by Ehrenberg, as more clearly expressive of
the organisms in question. The species are also from Kiitzimg. Com-
pound frond filiform, branched, enclosed by a common external tube,
and consisting of rows of navicular bodies. The rows of navicule
are solitary, and are themselves severally enveloped by smaller,
special, secondary tubes, or by curved and very slender fibres.
This genus is nearly allied to Schizonema, and one species of the
latter, as described by Ehrenberg, is included by Kiitzing in this.
* Forms more slender and delicate.
M. intricatum.—Delicate, slightly gelatinous, nebulose, of a pale
yellow lustre ; finely and irregularly branched; branches spreading,
short, and obtuse; rows of navicule loose, interwoven with very
slender longitudinal fibres; navicule oblong, obtuse, truncate, very
small. Length 1-1680th to 1-1440th. Length of entire frond half
to one inch. Sidmouth, Dorsetshire.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 493
Micromeca parasiticun. — Slender, tufted, curvate, parasitic,
gelatino-cartilaginous, of a pale yellow colour, sometimes brown ;
very much branched, capillary ; series of naviculz dense ; naviculz
in length 1-1380th. Length of frond two inches.
M. Bombycinum = Schizonema Agardhii (Ehr.)—Of a pale yellow
colour, contorted, implicate, curved, much branched, capillary;;
navicule remotely connected, indistinctly defined, and very minute.
Heligoland (See P. 4, fig. 208, and P. 17, figs. 48, 44, 45, 46.)
M. patens.—Very small, parasitic, floccose-capillary, very fine,
gelatinous, branches divergent or patent, obtuse at the extremi -
ties ; series of navicule and the secondary internal tubules distinct,
but the navicule very small; their length 1-2400th. Length of
frond 1-12th.
M. flagelliferum.—Small, tufted, parasitic, floccose-capillary,
branches erect, divided into flagelliform fibres; rows of navicule
and internal tubules distinct. Length of navicule 1-1920th to
1-1560th. Length of frond 1-12th to 1-6th.
M. lineatum—Decumbent, densely tufted, capillary, olive-coloured,
elastic, glossy, subramose, branches tapering at the extremity, and
widely curved; series of the lanceolate navicule very distinct.
Length 1-1320th to 1-1200th.
M. floccosum.—Minute, almost capillary, branched, rather delicate,
gelatinous; rows of the obtuse and truncate naviculz, and of the
secondary inner tubules, quite distinct. Length of navicule 1-720th.
Length of frond half an inch.
** Forms rigid and cartilaginous.
M. hyalinum.—Colourless, hyaline, gelatinous, soft, setaceous
at the base, very branched, branches attenuate, capillary and free
at the apex; rows of navicule few and lax, interwoven with but
few fibres; minute navicule, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse on the
secondary side, and truncate on the other. Length of navi-
cule 1-960th to 1-750th; of frond 1 inch. ‘Trieste and Spalato.
Adriatic.
M. tenellum.—Colourless, hyaline, gelatinous ; cartilaginous, seta-
ceous, branched, sub-dichotomous; branches at the extremity very
fine and void; rows of the slender navicule, and their tubules, dis-
tinct. Length of frond 1 inch. Spalato.
494, DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica
Micromeea hyalopus.—Colourless at the base, hyaline, branchesgreen,
narrow, numerous, tapering to the apex, tufted; the lower rows of
navicul loose, the upper more closely approximate; internal tubules
obsolete ; naviculz on secondary side lanceolate ; on the other aspect»
oblong, truncate. Length of frond half inch.
M. ramosissimum.—Setaceous above the base, rigid, di or tri-choto-
mous, superior branches very numerous, capillary, in a closely set
whorl, more or less elongated; navicule in close rows, their tubes
distinct; their length 1-720th; lanceolate on one side, oblong, linear,
and truncate on the other. Length of frond 1 to 2 inches.
M. setaceum.—Setaceous, olive-coloured, rigid, sub-dichotomous,
lateral and terminal branches short and spiny; navicule in close
rows, lanceolate, acute on one side; on the other truncate. Length of
navicule 1-696th to 1-720th. Length of frond 1-12th to 1 inch.
M. aureum.—Arborescent, setaceous above the base, rather rigid
ochre-coloured, much branched, branches dense, capillary, pale,
slender, and mucous; rows of navicule close; tubules distinct;
navicule on one side lanceolate, on the other oblong and truncate ;
their length 1-960th. Length of frond 1 to 13 inch.
M. corymbosum.—Arborescent, rather stout at the base, firm, rigid,
of a yellowish olive colour; much branched, the branches setaceous,
rigid, and disposed in a corymbose manner; the series of navicule
and tubules distinct, close; the navicule elliptic-lanceolate ; on one
side oblong and truncate. Length 1-960th. Length of frond 13 inch,
M. mysxacanthum.—Less stout, gelatinous, cartilaginous, pale
brown, branches divergent, attenuate at the base, multifid and digi-
tate at the apex, the gaping incisions acute; navicule lanceolate, in
fewer and looser rows below, in closer ones above. Length of navi-
cule 1-790th to 1-650th.
M. apieulatwn.—Setaceous, olive-coloured, rigid, branches erect,
dilated, and acute at the apex, lancinated throughout; series of
navicule close; secondary tubules distinct; navicule lanceolate, the
other side oblong, truncate. Length 1-650th. Length of frond
half-inch.
M. Medusinum.—Cartilaginous, gelatinous, hyaline, and brownish,
turgid at the base, branches irregular, much thickened at the base,
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 495
but broken up into fibrous bundles (penicilli) at the apex; rows of
navicule lax, overlayed by longitudinal flexuose, and interwoven
fibres. Length of frond half-inch.
Micromerca chondroides.—Small, cartilaginous, olive-coloured ; ter-
minal branches aggregate, clavate, obtuse, with scattered spiny hairs ,
navicule membranous, flaccid, minute. Length 1-1380th to
1-1320th. Length of frond one-sixth to one-third inch.
M. spinescens.—Particularly spinous, rather dilated; terminal
branches acute, spiny; rows and tubules very distinct, close; navi-
culze lanceolate; on the other side oblong, truncate. Length 1-960th
to 1-720th. Length of frond one-third to half-inch.
M. albicans.—Setaceous, white, or olive green; branches and branch-
lets equal in thickness, fasciculate or verticillate ; navicule in distant
rows, lanceolate. Length 1-1200th to 1-1080th; tubules distinct.
Length of frond half-inch.
M. polyclados.—Setaceous, dichotomously branched, branches long,
slender, rather rigid; navicule obsolete (membranous?) flaccid, in
distinct tubules; spores elliptic. Length of frond 1 inch.
M. pallidum.—Pale rigid, somewhat hard, much branched;
branches and branchlets short, divergent, obtuse; navicule in lax
rows, and in distinct tubules. Length 1-720th to 1-696th (P. 17,
f. 39, 40, 41, 42).
M. corniculatum.—Stout at the base, rather firm, plane, dichoto-
mous, much branched at the summit, ultimate divisions spinous;
navicule slender, lanceolate, in distinct tubules. Length 1-600th.
Length of frond as much as two inches. Trieste.
Var. (b.)—Ultimate divisions penicillate ; fibrous.
M. Blyttw.—Frond elongate, filiform, sub-divided many times in
a dichotomous irregular manner, cylindrical, not attenuate. On the
Russian coast. This is a doubtful species.
Genus Navunema (Ehr.) Monema (Greville).—Envelope double ;
the inner one, or lorica, siliceous and navicula-shaped; external one,
or mantle, gelatinous and tubular. From the self-division of the
lorica and body being perfect, whilst that of the mantle is imperfect,
they are developed in separated filiform tubes, often branched, and,
as a whole, presenting a conferya-like appearance.
496 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
The lorica is incombustible, but the mantle is not. Two openings
only are seen, these are central. In some a canal seems to run from
one end to the other. Granular contents yellowish-green.
This genus is not recognised by Kiitzing, who distributes its
members chiefly with Schizonema.
Navunema Amphiorys.—Navicular bodies small, linear-lanceolate,
acute, smooth, densely grouped in bundles. Mexico, in fresh water (*).
A very doubtful species, says Kiitzing (P. 15, f. 55, 56, 57).
N. Americanum.— Very large, sub-acute, linear, aggregated in
branched dense tubules; striated, eighteen strie in 1-1152nd.
Length 1-192nd. Alive in the Hudson, N. America.
N. simplex (Shizonema, Ag.)—Lorica oblong, rounded at the ends,
and smooth, resembling NV. arbuscula. Navicule (frustules) disposed
in a simple series within flexible filiform tubes. Found upon Cera-
mium hyalinum, and other sea-weed. Length 1-1150th to 1-570th.
N. Dillwynit = Schizonema Ehrenbergii (Kitz.\—Navicule oblong,
small, rounded upon the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and densely
arranged in many series, within simple branched tubes; always
firmly attached. In salt water. Length 1-2300th to 1-1150th.
N. Hoffmanni.—Navicule small, smooth; numerous and dense
within branched tubes. Found in brackish water. Length 1-1150th.
N. Arbuscula. The tree- like Naunema.—Navicule robust, striated ;
numerous and dense, within erect fruticose tubes. Length 1-860th.
N. Balticum.—Navicule long, narrow, striated. Fig. 207 repre-
sents a portion of a gelatinous tube, surrounding several. They are
numerous and dense within flexible branched tubes, which are tufted.
In salt water. Length 1-860th.
Genus Ruapuipoeia@a (Kiitz.)—Phycoma (thallus), globose, gela-
tinous, soft; its substance filled by bundles of navicular bodies, dis-
posed in radiating threads.
This belongs to Kitzing’s great family Navicule@, and to its sub-
section Schizonemee.
All the species are marine.
R. medusina,—Small, fasicles lanceolate, acuminate, radiating in
irregularly reticulate or branched threads ; navicule lanceolate,
Length 1-600th. Diameter of frond 1-12th.
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 497
Ruarymoc.a@a manipulata.—Globose, fusiform; rays of fasicles
reticular, not interrupted ; naviculz linear-lanceolate, obtuse. Length
1-700th to 1-290th.
R. interrupta.—Pisiform ; fasicles slender, interrupted in a joint-
like manner, their divisions tapering; naviculz linear, truncate, and
rather attenuate at each end. Length 1-300th.
R. micans = Naunema micans (Ehr.)—Subglobose ; fasicles large,
in irregular obsolete rays, navicule linear-lanceolate, subulate, long,
and rather acute. Length 1-144th.
Genus Scuizonema.—Envelope double, inner one siliceous, navicula-
shaped; the external gelatinous resembling that of Naunema, but
the tubes are connected together in a bundle-like manner, not branched,
though they appear so when spread out. This description is as given
by Ehrenberg, but that great observer had, at the date of his work,
1838, given less attention to this genus and to the other compound
forms of Diatoma, of which it may be taken as the type, than to the
other genera of this section. On the other hand, Kiitzing appears
to have more fully studied them, and has added very much to their
numbers. Thus he has collected twenty-six species of Schizonena,
when only one was given by Ehrenberg; and it so happens that this
very one is transferred by Kitzing to the allied genus Micromega.
Although, therefore, Kutzing’s account of Schizonema, as also of
Mieromega, is not perfect, and errors have been detected by naturalists,
yet it is the best presented to us at present, and we shall therefore
give it concisely. Besides the twenty-six species from Kiitzing,
we are able to add several from that excellent observer, Mr. Thwaites,
and one recently described by M. Montagne.
Kutzing defines Schizonema as a compound frond, filiform, slender,
lax; composed of gelatinous branched tubes (eceloma), inclosing
longitudinal rows of short navicular bodies. Spores (spermatia)
simple, external to the tube, on which they are sessile.
This genus gives name to the sub-section of Navicula, the Sehizo-
nemee, which embraces Frustulia, Berkeleya, Rhaphidogl.ea, Hom-eo-
cladia, Schizonema, Micromega, and Dickieva, genera all possessing the
double lorica of Ehrenberg; in other terms, composed of navicular-
shaped corpuscles, imbedded regularly or irregularly in a gelatinous
substance. These forms superficially, and to the naked eye, resemble
498 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Conferva and Vaucheria, but the microscope displays their peculiar
and characteristic navicular bodies.
The closest affinity between these forms and the ordinary Alge
exists in the case of Schizonema with Hydrurus ; but the round cor-
puscles of the latter are organic like their enveloping mucus, and not
siliceous as are the navicular bodies of the former; a further differ-
ence between the two is to be found in that Schizonema are all marine,
and Hydrurus fresh-water habit.
The following are the peculiarities presented by the gelatinous
envelope of the Schizonemee.
In Frustulia the investing sheath is gelatinous, and without definite
form or outline. In Schizonema, and similar genera, the gelatinous
substance forms itself into tubules of determinate form and ramifi-
cation; these tubules containing the navicule. In Miecromega,
besides these external tubular ramifications, there are also finer
internal tubules, which contain the navicule, and the entire substance
is firmer, more solid, often cartilaginous, like many species of
Gigartina, Gelidium, and Spherococcus.
In Dickieia, the gelatinous matter is developed in a leaf-like form,
as a Phylloma or Thallus, like as in species of Ulwacee. In Encyonema the
navicular bodies are different from those of the other Schizonemee.
Kiitzing affirms, that in Dficromega he has seen the navicule
metamorphosed into green globular spores, a most interesting fact, if
confirmed. In the ‘ Species Algarum,’ thirty-eight species are given.
ScuizonemMa minutum.—Parasitic, very short, slender, decumbent,
subramose, branches tapering to acute extremities, series few (2 to 3),
containing the navicule, which are acutely lanceolate, or latcrally
linear. Length of navicule 1-1176th ; of the tubes 1-36th to 1-24th.
On marine Alge.
S. humile.—Parasitic, very short, coespitose (tufted), erect, sub-
ramose; branches obtuse, hyaline, and naked at the apices; series
few (two to four); mnavicule linear-lanceolate, acute, laterally
linear, truncate; in length 1-1200th. Length of frond, 1-12th
to 1-10th.
S. tenellum.—A compact, gelatinous, densely intricate lamina, of
a pale green or brown colour; tubes very slender, colowless, hyaline,
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 499
mucous, and fragile, sparingly branched ; navicule truncate, loosely
distributed in indefinite lines. In length 1-1380th.
Scuizonrma tenwissimum.—A compact, mucous, brown, and densely
intricate stratum, with crisp, subramose tubes, very slender, hyaline,
and fragile ; navicule very small, obsoletely striated, linear, and trun-
cate. Length 1-1320th.
8. Zllyricum.—In a mucous stratum, intricate, of a dull and obscure
green colour; the tubes (ccelomata) very slender, simple (?), very
delicate and hyaline; navicule acuminate, lanceolate, in dense rows ;
when dried, not distinct. Length 1-1680th to 1-1440th. On
Conferva, in brackish-water.
S. tenue.—In an interwoven dense stratum, of a brownish golden
colour; the tubes almost simple, unequal, often contracted, hyaline ;
navicule in indistinct rows, oftentimes without regularity in dis-
position, oblong, linear, and truncate in form. Length 1-1200th.
S. dutescens.—Tufted, undulating, glossy ; of a pale reddish colour
when dried ; celomataalmost simple, capillary, coloured and naked at
the base; hyaline, and covered with navicule at the apex ; navicule
oblong, lanceolate, obtuse. In length 1-1200th.
8. rutilans.— Tufted, undulating, of a deep, shining, chestnut
colour, green at the apex; tubes nearly simple at the base, brown
and bare; at the apex hyaline and covered; capillary; naviculie
agglomerate near the apices; oblong, linear, and truncate. In
length 1-1200th.
Var. (a.) S. parvulum.—Densely tufted, of a dull and opaque
green colour; navicule remote, scattered, without regularity, slender,
and linear. Frond 1-6th to 1-4th.
Var. (b.) 8. Lubricum.—Tufted, green, with crystalline tubes ;
with hyaline and particularly mucous branches at the apex; navi-
cule rather larger, wide, and very distinct. Length 1-1080th.
Var. (c.) 8S. Hoffmanni.—Tufted ; pale green at the base; brown-
ish at the apex ; crisp tubes, hyaline (not coloured); navicule close,
very distinct, oblong, widely truncate, and on the other side lanceolate.
In length 1-960th to 1-1080th.
Var. (d.) viride = 8. balticwm (Ehr.)—Tufted, green; ccelomata,
hyaline, colourless; nayicule slender, lincar-lanceolate, obtuse.
In length 1-1200th.
500 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Senrzonema Ehrenbergu — Naunema Dillwynii.—Parasitic, shining,
tufted, green, ramose; tubes branched, crystalline, branches
obtuse at the apex ; navicule (in dried specimens) indistinct, very
delicate, obsoletely striated; on one side oblong, truncate; on the
other, with rounded ends. Length 1-1820th.
S. Dillwynti.—Tufted, wavy, shining; of a beautiful green colour,
very much branched ; upper branches short, numerous, spreading, and
rather acute; tubes crystalline; navicule near the base, remotely
scattered ; above agglomerate ; on one aspect, lanceolate, on the other
oblong and truncate. In length 1-1000th.
S. sordidum.—Small, tufted, parasitic, of a dull greyish-brown
colour; tubes imperfectly dichotomous, colourless; their divisions
equal; navicule oblong, slender, and truncate on one side; on the
other, linear-lanceolate, obtuse. Length 1-1440th to 1-1200th.
Length of frond 1-6th of an inch.
S. araneosum.—Of a greenish-brown colour, tufted, tubes capil-
lary, branched, colourless ; navicule in distinct rows, closely aggregate
at the upper end of the tubes; on one side exactly lanceolate, acute ;
on the other, oblong, truncate. In length 1-720th to 1-650th.
S. floccosum. —'Tufted, intricate, very branched; tubes hyaline,
larger, rather acute at the apex; navicule distinctly in rows ; on one
side lanceolate, acute; on the other, oblong, truncate. Length
1-600th. Length of frond 1-2nd to 3-4th of an inch.
8. crispum. — Small, crisp (curled); green, branched ; tubes dila-
ted, capillary, multifid, and obtuse at the apex; navicule densely
ageregate, in obsolete series, very small.
S. plumosum.—Tufted, wavy, rather curled, green—branched in a
pyramidal form; tubes densely crowded at the extremity, dilated and
multifid ; navicule distinct; on one side, oblong-elliptic, with rounded
apices; on the other, oblong, truncate, very small. In length
1-1440th. Length of frond 1 inch.
S. striolatum.—Tufted, green, crisp, capillary, pyramidally bran-
ched ; tubes transversely striated, imperfectly hollowed at the base,
crowded at the apex, crystalline throughout ; navicule oblong, with
tapering obtuse ends on one side; on the other truncate. Length of
frond 1 inch.
S. capitatum. — Bright green, setaceous; branches long, slender,
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 5OL
corymbose at the summit, acute; navicule in very distinct rows,
small, lanceolate on one side; on the other oblong and truncate. In
length 1-1200th. Frond as much as 2 inches.
Scuizonema tricocephalum.—Of a shining-green colour, very seta-
ceous, rigid, tufted, sparingly branched; inferior branches scattered,
simple ; terminal, aggregate, subulate, and curved ; navicule in very
close rows, small, broadly oblong and truncate. In length 1-1440th.
Frond 1 inch.
S. Bryopsis—Green, setaceous, rigid, branched ; upper branches
scattered, spreading, obtuse; navicule larger, oblong; on one side
rounded, on the other truncate. Length 1-2000th to 1-650th.
Size of frond 1 inch.
S. Arbuscula — Naunema arbuscula (Ehr.)—Green, or greenish-
yellow, very setaceous, rigid; branches scattered, fasciculate, acute,
erect ; naviculz very large, in rows; on one side lanceolate-elliptic,
on the other broadly oblong and truncate. Length 1-504th. Breadth
1-2160th. Size of frond 2 inches.
S. hydruoides.—Green or brownish, very setaceous, rigid, with
long branches and fasciculate; secondary divisions capillary ; navi-
cule in rows, aggregated, small, but of greater proportional width ;
apices on one side round, on the other truncate. In length 1-1380th.
Size of frond 2 to 3 inches.
S. Smithi.—Arborescent, with a rather thick and almost simple
stem, but with a very branching apex, the branches being in dense
bundles; setaceous at the base, tapering upwards and capillary ;
navicule large, on one side lanceolate and somewhat obtuse; on the
other, oblong and truncate. Length 1-600th. Size of frond 2
inches.
8. helmintosum.—Thick, much branched; branches and branchlets
gradually tapering to acute ends; navicule large, intertwined by
very delicate fibres; their length three times their width; on one
side sub-elliptic, with rounded ends; on the other, ends truncate.
Length 1-600th. Size of frond 2 to 3 inches.
S. Scoparium.—Thick and branching; branches dilated upwards,
cleft at the apex into very numerous capillary bundles, or secondary
divisions; navicule large, in a mesh-work of very delicate fibres ;
502 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
oblong on one side with round ends, on the other with truncate ends.
Length 1-600th. Length of frond one inch.
Scatzonema Grevillii.—Tufted, slender, capillary, branched, brown-
ish-green; tubes dichotomous, transversely striated at the base;
navicule longitudinally and obliquely disposed, very large, with
longitudinal lines; oblong-truncate on one side; on the other,
lanceolate, acute; in length 1-576th. Length of frond one anda
half inch.
S. mucosum.—Particularly mucous and soft; tubes (ccelomata)
obsolete, contiguous, implicate ; naviculz very large, in rows; on one
side, lanceolate-oblong, and obtuse at the ends; on the other, oblong
and broadly truncate ; in length 1-420th to 1-360th.
S. Agardhii (Ehr.) = Micromega Bombycinum (Kiitz.)—Lorica
(navicule) very narrow, acute at both ends, placed in single series;
tubes filiform, dilated in the position of the enclosed navicule (See
fig. 208 which represents a bundle of these tubes magnified 300
diameters.) Length of navicule 1-720th. North Sea.
S. investiens (Montagne.)—Parasitic, fasciculate, minute, glossy, -
opaque brown; filament dilated at the base, and diffusely ramose ;
branches anastomosing; navicule in one or two rows (uni or biserial),
rather large ; each with two nuclei, and cymbiform. The two nuclei
of the naviculz are in shape of two isosceles triangles opposed base to
base. The navicule are mostly in single series, very rarely in
double. Notes on the Cryptogamia of Guiana in Ann. des. Sciences.
Nat. vol. 14, 1850, p. 308.
S. eximium. (Thwaites.)—Thallus simple or sparingly branched,
rugose; navicule sigmoid, smooth, (Ann. Nat. Hist. 1848, p. 169.)
The sigmoid frustules of this beautiful fresh-water species at once
distinguish it from any other described Schizonema. The delicate
gelatinous sheaths are simple, or very sparingly branched and
minutely rugulose, especially near the base; they contain from one
to four rows of the large, smooth, sigmoid frustules. Found in the
filaments of Vaucheria, stems of grasses, &c. In a stream near Bristol.
S. subcherens (Thwaites.)—The tubules (sheaths) cohering in an
amorphous mass, very numerous, branched; containing oftentimes
many single rows of navicule ; navicule broadly truncate, suddenly
Naviculacea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 503
narrowing near the apices, and striated. Closely allied to S. (?) mu-
cosum (Kiitz.), but differs from it in having the frustules striated ; and
towards the apicessuddenly narrowed. Tufts of the plant froma quarter
to half an inch or more high; filaments very mucous and tenacious,
and each containing from one to several single rows of frustules, which
are continued without interruption into the branches. The sporangia
of this species are produced by the conjugation of a pair of frustules,
outside the filaments; but sporangial frustules are frequently found in
a filament intermixed with ordinary frustules, from which they differ
only in size. This species appears to belong to Agardh’s genus
Micromega, but it is difficult to see the advantage of creating a new
genus from characters derived from the mucous sheath only, and
which characters really may be present in some species, without being
clearly evident. The so-called. spermatia of Micromega, now that the
true sporangia have been discovered, require further examination ;
a somewhat similar appearance to what is figured by Kiitzing, is
evidently due to minute Zoopytes in an immature state.
Scuizonema vulgare (‘Thwaites.) — Navicule smooth, lanceolate,
suddenly contracted near the apices. Habitat in fresh-water.
Var. (a.) rivulorwm.—Tubules distinctly ramose ; navicule sub-
acute.
Var. (6.) dacustre.—Tubules mucous, simple (or sparingly branched ;)
naviculz more broadly truncate than in preceding variety. Monema
lacustre (Agardh.)
Var. (¢.) effusum.—Tubules distinct, diffused through a gelatinous
stratum ; navicule as in var. (a.)
Although this is perhaps the commonest species of all the Schizo-
nemata, since it occurs, during the spring, in almost every ditch and
running stream, yet it does not appear to have hitherto been de-
scribed, unless the Monema lacustre (Ag.) should prove to be one of
its forms. This species is most abundant in shallow streams, covering
stones, &c., with a dark brown gelatinous coating, butin which a linear
arrangement of the frustules may frequently be detected. When the
plant occurs in deeper water, the ordinary Schizonema filaments make
their appearance, which are much branched when growing in rapid
streams, but in still water are simple or nearly so. In the last
named form of the species, perhaps the Monema lacustre, there is also
504, DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastriea.
a slight difference in the form of the frustules, which are rather
shorter compared with their width, and are more truncated at their
extremities.
Scuizonema neglectum (Thwaites.)—Tubules ramose, mucous ; na-
vicule lanceolate, delicately striated. In brackish water near Bristol.
The filaments of this species are branched, especially towards the base,
and easily escape detection, owing to particles of sand and other
substances adhering to their tenacious surface, and being with
difficulty removed from it. The frustules are very like those of
S. floccosum, (Kiitz.) but the latter are not striated, and are included
in a gelatinous sheath of much greater thickness.
At the conclusion of his description of the Schizonemea, Kiitzing
has appended the names of fifteen species, collected from various
authors which are doubtful, members of the genus; for these we
must refer to that writer’s monograph.
Genus Syncycr1a (Ehr.)—Envelope double; inner one, or lorica,
siliceous, navicular; external envelope amorphous, gelatinous. The
navicule develope in clusters by self-fission, within the gelatinous
investment. Ehrenberg states, that there are two openings near the
middle, on one side, but they are indistinct.
The following characters are from Kiitzing.
‘“‘ Individuals cymbelliform ; transversely connate, in curved cir-
cular bands (bundles), imbedded in a soft amorphous and gelatinous
substance.”
In Kiitzing’s arrangement, Syncyclia is one of the family
Cymbellee.
S. quaternaria.—Corpuscles in pairs, or in fours, smooth, en-
veloped in a hyaline jelly, contents of a golden or reddish-brown
colour. Length 1-864th. The frustules have the form of Cocconema
cistula, but are destitute of strie and pedicles.
S. salpa.—Lorica semi-ovate, mostly connected in sixes within the
gelatinous substance, and so that on a transverse or end view they
appear like a group of corpuscles in the form of a ring. Colouring
matter green. Length 1-2300th. to 1-570th.; group 206, showing
to the right a single frustule, several side views; and below, an end
view of a ring-like cluster,
This form occurs as a mucous film upon sea-weed.
Naviculacea.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 505
Appended sub-section LrrHoTmEcta.
This term was contrived by Ehrenberg, when he described
the genus Mesocena. The beings constituting this sub-section of
Naviculacea are far removed by general characters from the rest of
the family, and scem to form a transition group between Naviculacea
and Phytolitharia, which are illustrated by the siliceous skeletons of
sponges.
Genus Actiniscus. — Individuals solid, with rays; their figure
recalling that of a star.
It differs from Dictyocha and Mesocena, in having a solid centre
or body, from which rays, varying in number and form, procecd.
Actiniscus, together with DJesocena and Dictyocha, form the family
Actiniscee of Kiitzing ; who observes, that these beings were first
made known by Ehrenberg, in 1838 and 1840; and that, by their
peculiar form, they have little or no resemblance to other Diatomee.
They are all marine; abundant in a fossil state ; and their shells have
numerous foramina piercing them.
A. Stella.—Characters unknown.
A. Discus.—Disciform; centre smooth; eight marginal rays, not
exserted. Diameter 1-2304th. Oran, in Africa.
A. quinarius. —Stellate, with five exserted rays. Diameter
1-3120th, Aigina.
A. Rota.—Discoid; centre smooth, with ten exserted (projecting)
rays from its margin. Diameter 1-1920th. Oran.
A. Tetrasterias.—Stellate, with four exserted rays. Diameter
1-1008th. Richmond, Virginia. This may belong perhaps to
Phytolitharia.
A. (?) Lancearius.—Stellate, with eight free (exserted) lanceolate
rays standing out from the margin, and some central shorter ones on
one side. Diameter 1-240th.
A. Pentasterias.—Stellate, with five siliceous rays ; centre solid,
concave. Diameter 1-1150th. Alive in Norway, and fossil in
Greek marl.
A. Strius.—Stellate, with six acute rays expanded (alate) at the
base, centre solid. Diameter 1-1150th. Alive, Christiana, Norway.
Genus Dicrrocua.—Individuals reticulate, spinous, free, solitary.
(Kiitz.) Characters by Ehrenberg, unknown. Marine.
LE
506 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Concerning these peculiar, yet distinct organisms, almost nothing
is known, save their external configuration.
Dicryocua aculeata.—Cells in the form of a ring, each cell spiny on
its inner aspect. External spines long, but unequal in length, and
radiating from the circumference. Fossil in the chalk marl of Oran,
Caltanisetta, Zante, and Greece; alive in the waters of the Cattegat,
near Tjorn. Diameter of fossil forms 1-2804th to 1-1150th; of
living, 1-1440th to 1-1150th, without reckoning the horns.
D. Fibula. — Form concave, rhomboid or
square, with four spiny angles externally,
and four interspaces. Fossil in chalk marl, ®
Oran, Caltanisetta, &c. Alive in sea-water Z
near Christiana. Locomotion not observed. CV
Diameter 1-1150th to 1-560th.
D. Speculum.—In form of a ring, spines six,
long, but unequal in size, radiating from the circumference, cells
not spiny within, six open spaces surround a central one. Fossil in
chalk marl of Caltanisetta, Oran, and Greece. Alive in the Baltic.
Contains, when living, green granules, and locomotion is perceptible
after long observation. Diameter 1-860th (P. 15, fig. 62 a front
view ; fig. 63 a side view (living.)
D. Crux.—Cells five, combined in a quadrate form around a central
foramen; angles spinous. Diameter 1-624th. Fossil in chalk marl
of Caltanisetta, Sicily.
D. heptacanthus—Cells thirteen, in an heptagonal form ; seven of
the cells marginal; each of the seven angles furnished with radi-
ating spines. Diameter 1-552nd. Fossil in Greek marl.
D. Navicula.—Cells eight, figure oblong, obtuse, cylindrical, reti-
cular, with a median septum like a Navicula. Fossil in chalk mazl.
D. polyactis.—Unarmed, with nine rays, ten marginal cells, and
one central, arranged in a reticulate stellate form. In chalk marl.
D. (?) splendens.—Oblong, tabular, with dentate apertures (cells)
thirteen in number. If it be calcareous, it is similar to Comiopelta.
D. trifenestra.—Quadrilateral, with elongated aculeate
angles, and three internal dentate cells. St. Domingo.
Naviculacea.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 507
Droryvocna Binoculus.—Habit of D. aculeata, but with a double
central cell. Diameter 1-444th. Aigina, fossil.
D. elegans.—Pentagonal, not dentate; angles acute but unarmed ;
perforated by numerous small cells, and seven central large ones, of
which one occupies the centre. Diameter 1-912th. Fossil, Caltani-
setta, Sicily.
D. bipartita.— Habit of D. Crux, but with the central cell bipartite.
Diameter 1-504th. Oran, in Africa.
D. Monodon.—Habit of D. Fibula, with four spines (aculei), but
each cell remarkable by a single tooth (denticulus.) Diameter 1-576th
Richmond, in Virginia. Ehrenberg described, subsequently, a species
under this same name, as being very turgid and hemispherical, with
an erect central denticle, peculiar to it; hence he thinks it may con-
stitute the type of a new species. This species, or variety, was
found in African Guano.
D. Haliomma.—Habit of D. speculum, with six spines, and ten
irregular cells, of which three are median, and seven marginal.
Diameter. 1-840th. Oran.
D. Hexathyra.—Habit of D. Speculum, with six spines, of which
five are marginal, and enclose the remaining one in their midst.
Diameter 1-864th. Caltanisetta, Sicily. Fossil.
D. mesophthalma.—Habit of D. Crux, and of D. Staurodon, but
with two denticles, one superior, the other inferior, on each marginal
cell. Diameter 1-372nd. Caltanisetta. Fossil.
D. Ornamentum.—Presents seven spinous rays, each of the seven
marginal cells furnished with a denticle ; one median cell. Diameter
1-444th. Fossil at Caltanisetta. Allied to D. septenaria.
D. Pons.—Annular, oblong, divided into two cells by a single
median arch; with four external spines. Diameter 1-504th. Oran.
D. Septenaria.—Habit of D. Speculum, but with seven spines, and
seven marginal cells, round a single central, unarmed one; it thus
approaches D. Ornamentum, furnished with teeth. Diameter 1-864th.
Oran.
D. staurodon.—Habit of D. Crux and of D. mesophthalma, but
having each marginal cell provided with a denticle. Diameter
1-576th. Richmond, Virginia.
D. Superstructa.—Quadrangular, with spinous angles, and con-
LL2
508 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
sisting of nine cells, of which four are exterior (marginal), and
surrounding other four, having the remaining one in the centre.
Diameter 1-600th. Caltanisetta. Fossil.
Dicryocua triacantha.—Regularly triangular, with spinous angles;
marginal cells three, unarmed on their inner border. Diameter
1-864th. Maryland.
D. tripyla.—Unequal, with three unarmed cells prolonged as rays
to the middle; four irregular marginal, cells with spines. Diameter
1-492nd. Oran.
D. ubera.—Hexangular ; seven marginal cells, and six spines; the
two central cells unarmed. Diameter 1-600th. Maryland.
Ehrenberg appends the following remark to the description of the
sixteen immediately preceding species, ‘‘I have studied to dis-
tinguish the forms of this genus, but have not yet been able to
determine species and varieties.”
D. hemispherica.—Hemispherical but hexagonal in outline, with
six lateral spines; six opposite marginal cells with spines, and six
internal cells surrounding a central one; the lower aperture half
closed by six marginal teeth. Diameter 1-744th. Bermuda.
D. Ponticulus.—Lanceolate-oblong, divided by a simple transverse
median arch into two cells; margin unarmed. Diameter 1-432nd.
Bermuda,
D. Quadratum.—Quadrate or subquadrate, oblong; divided into
two cells by a simple median arch; a single spine on each side.
Diameter 1-480th. Bermuda. The two preceding forms were first
observed and figured by Dr. Bailey of New York.
D. biternaria.—Habit of D. aculeata, with short spines and six
marginal cells, of which three are larger and adjoin the three others;
consequently, not alternating; no median cell. Diameter, without
spines, 1-432nd- Antarctic Ocean.
D. octonaria.—Habit of D. ornamentum of Sicily, with eight
spines, one larger than the rest; marginal cells irregular, fewer in
number at that part where the spines are increased, and with a very
large central cell. Diameter, exclusive of spines, 1-1152nd. If a
monstrous variety of D. ornamentum ?
D. abnormis.—Quadrangular, with spinous angles; five internal,
Naviculacea.] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 509
but no central cell. Diameter 1-1080th. In African Guano, con-
sidered as fossil.
There is, too, a variety with five spines, of which two are smaller ;
and have the inner margin of the cells dentate. Diameter 1-648th.
This may be another species.
Dicryocua diommata. — Hexangular, with spinous angles; eight
internal cells, and two central, unarmed. Diameter 1-660th. Fossil
in Virginia.
D. Stawracanthus.—Kight-sided ; spinous angles alternately longer ;
five inner cells, one median and four marginal, each armed with a
tooth. Diameter 1-648th. Fossil. Virginia and Connecticut.
D. triommata.—Hexangular, with spinous angles; nine inner un-~
armed cells; three median. Diameter 1-864th. Virginia. This
species, and also D. diommata, resemble, in their turgid habit, D.
hemispherica, of which they may be but varieties.]
D. gracilis (Kiitz.)—Slender, small, with elongated slender spines,
cells internally unarmed. Resembles in the main D. Speculum.
Genus Mrsocuna.—Lorica simple, siliceous, univalve, occurring as
a ring, perfectly circular, or angular, and often armed with pro-
jecting spines (teeth.)
This genus resembles Dictyocha, but is destitute of its central
organization. Ehrenberg remarks that Iesocena would be referrable
to the family Desmidiacea, had not that family a membranous lorica,
whilst it possesses a siliceous one.
This genus, in Kiitzing’s arrangement, belongs to the family
Actiniscea.
M. Cwculus.—A single circular cell with a dentated margin.
Diameter 1-576th. Fossil in Greek marl,
M. elliptiea.—A single elliptical cell obscurely quadrangular, with
four spines disposed in a quadrate manner on its margin. Diameter
1-624th to 1-456th. Fossil in marl from the island of Zante.
M. triangula —Triangular, with rough sides, and mucronate apices.
Fossil in chalk marl.
M. Diodon.—In the form of a smooth elliptic ring, armed at each
end with a small tooth. Diameter 1-396th. Maryland.
M. Spongiolithis. — An elliptic ring with four slight alternating
swellings. Diameter 1-492nd.
510 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
It exactly resembles a perfectly annular Spongiolithis brachata,
and is a doubtful member of the genus Mesocena. The Spongiolithis
belongs to the class Phytolitharia.
Mesocena binonaria.—A slender ring with nine angles, each armed
with a denticle, and these alternating with the same number of den-
ticles on the inside, Diameter 1-768th. Fossil in Peruvian guano.
M. dioctonaria—aA slender ring with eight exterior spines and
angles, and as many alternating internal denticles. Diameter 1-768th.
Fossil in Peruvian guano.
M. heptagona.—The ring with seven external teeth. Peru (P. 15, f. 71.)
M. octogona.—The ring with eight external teeth or spines. Peru.
00 oolZeon welo® Wo OT o f90Ke oO, 25 }fo09
00 || Oo}oc0 28 oll ee 292 }o,) elo 099
OOF Col P [G0 BON s ONeto LOO (oP jI0.9}) 0 0 [LOO
Cyelidina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 511
Famiry.—CYCLIDINA.
The Infusoria of this small family are polygastric, devoid of true
alimentary canal, and have but one opening. They have no lorica;
their bodies are furnished with cilia or bristles, which perform the
function of locomotion, and the various groupings and relations of
these, afford characters for the discrimination of the genera; a dis-
tinct proboscis has been seen. The system of nutrition has been
distinctly observed in two species of Cyclidium ; ova have been seen
only in Pantotrichum Enchelys. No visual organs have been observed.
The genera are distributed as follows :—
( Body compressed—cilia arranged in at Cyclidium.
single circle
Body furnished with cilia
Body round—cilia seattered allover ......... Pantotrichum.
ear Mane GGWAGIT DEISGICS sctncocccsecsscusth tose ch aceees seeeame nese ecaae oem r ence Chaetomonas.
_ This family Cyclidina has no corresponding one in the system of
Dujardin. Some of its members are represented in the family of
the Hncheliens of that author, among the examples of the genera
Acoma and Enchelys.
On the other hand, the genus Cyclidium (Duj.), is included in his
family Monadina (page 133), and, consequently, is made to include
beings furnished with a filament (proboscis), but destitute of mouth
and cilia—characters not at all analogous to those given by Ehren-
berg to his genus of this name
Genus Cycriprum.—TZhe disc Animalcules have a compressed body,
provided with cilia, placed in a simple cireular row. In C. glaucoma,
the polygastric apparatus (stomach-cells) is distinct. The mouth is
a roundish opening, situated upon the under surface of the body,
either close at the anterior extremity, or towards the centre. The
organs of locomotion are neither proboscides nor oral cilia, but con-
sist, as in Aerona and Stylonychia, of a number of cilia-like feet,
situated on the margin of the abdomen. Lately it has been thought
that longitudinal lines, produced by rows of very delicate cilia, were
present ; if so, and an anal opening be discovered, C. glaucoma would
512 DESCRIFTION OF [ Polygastrica.
rank among the Oxytrichina. Transverse self-division is very common,
but longitudinal has not yet been observed. The female sexual
apparatus is unknown, but a large round gland is seen in C. glaucoma
and C. lentiforme.
Cycrrprum glaucoma (M.)—Body oblong-elliptic, abdomen fringed with
cilia, and delicate longitudinal strize are observed upon the back. In
swimming, they resemble Gyrinus, or Notonecta, a well-known little
black water beetle (see Microscopie Cabinet, plate 4), which swims
in flocks, glancing like silver upon the surface of the water of shady
ditches. Sometimes the movement is very quick; at other times the
animalcules remain for a while stationary, and then presently spring
with a curvetting motion to another spot. Formerly this species was
confounded with Gyrinus scintillans ; but the latter is much larger.
(P. 4, f. 209 is a side view, showing the cilia; fig. 211 a dorsal
view ; and fig. 210 a specimen undergoing transverse self-division. )
They are represented as fed with indigo. Abundant in vegetable
infusions in the spring. Length 1-2880th to 1-1150th.
C. margaritaceum.—Body orbicular, elliptical; the posterior end
slightly excised; the dorsal surface has distinct longitudinal lines,
the cilia not distinct. Length 1-1500th to 1-1000th.
C. (?) planum.— Body oblong-elliptic, smooth; cilia but little
marked, Size 1-2640th.
C. (?) lentiforme is smaller than the preceding, and has no distinct
strive or cilia. Size 1-3180th.
Genus Pantorricnum. Zhe muff -Animalcules.— Body turgid,
covered with moveable cilia. In P. Enchelys stomach-cells are dis-
tinctly visible. Ova are not satisfactorily seen, though the green
colour of P. volvox, and the yellow-coloured matter of the other
species, probably indicate their presence. \jEKhrenberg says, ‘‘ the
absence of a double opening is not yet proved, nor, on the other
hand, is its existence.”
P. Enchelys.—Body cylindrical, oblong, rounded at both ends. It
is of a pale yellow colour, but hyaline at the two extremities, and
turbid at the centre. Fig. 212 is a cluster of animalcules; those to
the left, are more highly magnified than the others. In swimming
they revolve and glide along in the direction of the longer axis of
the body. Found in infusions of raw flesh. Length 1-1150th.
Peridinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES 513
Pantorricuum volvox ( Leucophryaviridis, M.)—Body ovate, spherical ,
of agreen colour. Found in brackish water. Size 1-860th.
P. Lagenula.—Body ovate, equally rounded at the two ends, and
having the anterior ciliated portion produced in the form of a neck
or beak. Found amongst Conferva. Size 1-1080th to 1-570th.
Genus Cuartomonas. The bristle Monad Animaleules——Oral cilia
vibratory ; motion slow, and leaping by means of the bristles on the
body, which are not vibratile. Very little is known of their organiza-
tion. They are parasites, living on the dead bodies of other Infusoria,
and in infusions of flesh or of animal matter. Whether the delicate
vibration seen at the mouth is produced by a proboscis or by cilia, is
uncertain. In C. constricta, transverse self-division is thought to
have been seen.
C. globulus is almost spherical, of an ash colour, and possesses sete,
or bristles. This animalcule has often the figure of Monas guttula,
though the latter is smaller ; sometimes two cluster together. Found
in bad smelling infusions of animal matter along with Pantotrichum
Enchelys, Monas termo, &c.; also in the dead bodies of Closterium
acerosum, as shown at fig. 113, which represents part of the latter,
with several animalcules around it. Size 1-2880th.
C. constricta is transparent, oblong, slightly constricted at the
middle, and haying two sete, or bristles. Found in dead Hydatina
senta. Size 1-5760th.
Famity.—PERIDINAEA.
Comprehends vibrating animalcules, distinctly or apparently poly-
gastric, devoid of an alimentary canal, covered with a shell, or lorica,
upon which, or upon the body, are cilia or sete: these are often
arranged in the form of a girdle or crown—hence the name. The
lorica has only one opening. In three out of the four genera an
organ of locomotion is present, in the form of a delicate proboscis,
independent of the wreath of cilia around the middle of the body, or
scattered cilia or bristles. In only Peredimium pulvisculus and P. cinctum
have artificial means succeeded in demonstrating the nutritive appa-
514 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
ratus; for it is mostly covered by clusters of ova. In Peridinium
tripos the seminal glands are evident. In four species, a system of
sensation is indicated by the presence of a red-coloured visual point.
The genera are disposed as follows :—
Lorica having stiff bristles or short spines— } apatiege wee Chase ea.
no transverse furrowed zone
eye present ... Chaetoglena,
\
Lorica smooth or rough—a ciliated transverse
zone present
NlO €YEC......5.+500000-+:k CLIGTONUAIAS
eye present ......... Glenodinium.
Some of the species have been found only in a fossil state; these
are obtained from the chalk formations in flint, but are not figured
in Dre Infusionsthierchen,
Dujardin constitutes a family Peridiniens, agreeing in the main
with that of Ehrenberg. He thus narrates its characters: ‘‘ Animals
without known internal organs; enveloped in a regular, resistant,
membranous lorica, which sends off a long flagelliform filament, and,
in addition, has one or more furrows beset with vibratile cilia.
‘‘The lorica would appear to have no opening, for foreign bodies
and colouring matter are not seen to enter it. Several have their
lorica prolonged into horn-like processes; and some exhibit a coloured
point (eye speck.) They are distinguished from Ten by
the ciliated furrow or furrows.
“Of the two first of Ehrenberg’s genera, Dujardin observes,
these being without the furrow and vibratile cilia, and having only
a filament as a locomotive organ, are evidently akin to, and not to be
separated from the Zhecamonadina, unless spines or asperities of the
lorica are to be taken for cilia. Again the so-called eye-speck is
not a sufficient generic distinction between Perzdinium and Gileno-
dinium ; the former genus, moreover, should only include spherical
animalcules, whilst those concave on one side, and exhibiting horns,
will rightly form a distinct genus—Ceratium.”
Genus CuartotypHisa. The bur Animaleules—Lorica siliceous,
hispid or spinous, destitute of a transverse furrow or zone, and visual
organ. The surface is covered with little spines and bristles, which
appear stronger at the posterior portion of the body. By pressing
the animalcule between the plates of an aquatic live-box, the lorica
bursts, and sets the little creature in the interior of it at liberty.
Peridinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 515
In swimming it revolves upon the longitudinal axis; this motion is
probably produced by a delicate filiform proboscis, or by cilia at its
mouth, but though evident, the organs producing it have not been
seen. Of the nutritive, sensitive systems, &c., nothing positive is
known. One species has been discovered in flint, which so closely
resembles Xanthidiwm, that it is often mistaken for it.
CuarroryPata armata.—lIs of a brown colour, ellipsoidal form, with
rounded ends; the posterior is covered with short spines, and has a
circlet of black spots, as shewn in the end view, fig, 215. The anterior
cilia or fine bristles, are sometimes very indistinct; fig. 214 is a
variety in which they are strongly marked. Found in clear water,
amongst Conferva. Length 1-620th.
C. aspera.—Is brown; body oblong, rounded at both ends, and
rough, with short bristles; the little spines are scattered without
order at the posterior end. Found with the preceding. Length
1-570th.
C. (?) pyritae.—Body oblong cylindrical, rounded at both ends, and
provided with delicate elongated bristles, but destitute of spines.
Found fossil, in fiint, near Delitzsch. Size 1-1150th.
Genus Cuarroerena.—TZhe bristled and eyed Animalcules have a
siliceous lorica, striped or covered with spines or stiff hairs, and an eye;
they are destitute of a transverse zone or furrow. The organ of loco-
motion is a simple flabelliform proboscis. The interior contains
scattered transparent vesicles, probably stomach-cells. The ova
cluster is a brownish-green granular mass; a large bright spot or
spermatic gland is also visible. Self-division has not been observed.
C. volvocina.—Body ovate, with brownish-green oval and a red
eye; between the lorica aud the soft body a beautiful red ring is
visible in the live specimens. (See fig. 216, 217, and 218.) Found
amongst Conferva, at Hampstead and Hackney. Length 1-1150th,
C. caudata.—Body hispid, ovate, with a short tail; ovules green ;
ocellus (eye) clear red; oral margin urceolate and dentate. Size
1-864th. Berlin.
Genus Perrprntum. The wreath Animalcules.—Lorica membranous,
with a transverse ciliated zone; noeye. The locomotive organs are
a filiform proboscis, and the zone or wreath of cilia. In P. pulvisculus
516 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
and P. einctum the digestive apparatus can be demonstrated, by em-
ploying indigo and carmine as food ; but in P. acuminatum, P. fulvum,
and P. cornutum, it is visible without having recourse to artificial
means, The oral aperture is found in a hollow near the centre, as
in Bursaria. The ova cluster is generally of a brown or yellowish-
brown colour, though sometimes green, or even almost colourless.
Tn P. tripos, and P. fusus an oval seminal gland is visible. Self-
division is longitudinal in P. pulviseulus and P. fusewm ; and, according
to some observers, transverse in P. fusus and P. tripos.
(a). Wreath Animalcules without horns.—PERIDINIUM.
Perrprntoum cinctum (Vorticella cincta, M.)—Is nearly globular, or
slightly three-lobed and smooth, with a zone of cilia; it is not
luminous at night. It swims slowly, with a vacillating and rolling
motion. Found amongst Conferva. Size 1-570th.
P. pulviseulus—Small, of a brown colour, and not luminous at
night; lorica almost spherical, or slightly three-lobed; a delicate
proboscis may be observed, as well as numerous stomach-cells, by
feeding it on indigo. Found with Chlamidomonas pulvisculus. Length
1-2300th. to 1-1150th.
P. fuscum.—Is not luminous at night; the lorica is oval, slightly
compressed and pointed anteriorly. Length 1-480th. to 1-280th.
(b). Wreath Animateules with horns.—CERatiuM.
P. (?) pyrophorum.—Lorica ovate, spherical, with two little points
at its anterior extremity. It is very delicately urceolate and granu-
lar. Found fossil in the flints of the chalk formation at Berlin.
Size 1-570th. to 1-480th.
P. (?) Delitiense.— Lorica ovate, spherical; with a little stiff
point near the middle laterally. Fossil in the flints of Delitasch.
Size 1-480th, to 1-280th.
P. acuminatum.—Colour brownish-yellow ; lorica ovate, spherical,
slightly three-lobed, and having a little process at the posterior end.
*‘T observed this species,” says Ehrenberg, ‘‘in phosphorescent
sea-water from Kiel, and it is very probable that the light proceeded
from this animalcule. It is the smallest phosphorescent sea animal-
cule thatisknown. Length 1-600th. to 1-570th.
P. cornutum (Bursaria hirudinella, M. Ceratium hirudinella,
Peridinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 517
Duj.)—Colour greenish ; it is not luminous; its rhomboidal rough
lorica has one, two, or three straight horn-like processes in front,
and a single one (often curved) posteriorly. Length 1-280th. to
1-140th.
Prermrnivm trios ( Cercaria tripos, M. Ceratium tripos, Duj.)—Colour
’ yellow; very brilliant in the night (phosphorescent). Lorica urceolate,
broadly concave, smooth, and three-horned; the two frontal horns
very long and recurved, the third, or posterior one straight. Ehren-
berg says, ‘‘ The power of this creature to evolve light is placed
beyond all doubt, as I took up nine phosphorescent drops, one after
the other, from the water, and I saw nothing else in each than a
single animalcule of this species.” It is rigid, and swims with a
vacillating rolling motion upon the longitudinal axis. The length of
the horns is not constant, sometimes being scarcely so long as the
body; at other times much longer. Figs, 219 and 220 represent an
under and side view. Found in the sea, near Copenhagen and Kiel.
Length 1-140th.; without the horns, 1-430th.
P. Michaelis—Was discovered by Dr. Michaelis; it is of a yellow
colour, and intensely phosphorescent. The lorica is ovate, and
smooth, with three short, straight horns, as shewn in fig. 221. A
proboscis is not visible. Found in phosphorescent sea-water. Length
1-570th.
P. fusus. Ceratium fusus (Duj.)—Is of a yellow colour; intensely
phosphorescent, and brilliant at night. Lorica ovate, oblong, and
smooth. The two horns are straight and opposed, giving the creature
the form of a spindle, as shewn at figs. 222 and 223; in the latter
the proboscis is in the usual vibrating state, Ehrenberg states that
he has seen the cilia of the furrowed zone, and the single proboscis
when at rest; also an opening or mouth in the lorica, near the insertion
of the proboscis. Length, with horns, 1-120th. to 1-90th.
P. furca.—lIs of a yellow colour, and very phosphorescent; lorica
urceolate with three horns; two in front short, and in the form of a
fork; the posterior longer. Found in phosphorescent water, at Kiel.
Length 1-120th.
P. divergens. — Yellow; lorica cordate-ovate, smooth; with
two divergent frontal acute spines, dentate at the base; posterior
518 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
portion attenuated, looking as ifshortly horned. Diameter 1-576th.
Found in the Baltic.
PERIDNIUM macroceros.—Yellow; habit of P. tripos, but more
slender, and with longer horns, which are four times the length
of the body. Length 1-216th. In the Baltic Sea.
P. monas.—Very small, oblong, obtuse, without horns, remarkably
social. Diameter 1-1728th. In the Baltic.
P. Tridens.—Yellow, with the habit of P. flavum, P. divergens, and
of P. Michaelis; surface granular, with three acute frontal horns ;
and its posterior portion attenuate. Size 1-576th. In the Baltic.
Genus Gienopinium. The wreath Animaleules, with eyes.—Peri-
dinzea with mobile cilia, placed in a transverse furrow, or zone, and
provided with an eye. The organization is much the same, in other
respects, as in the preceding genus. In G. einetum only is a filiform
proboscis seen; this emanates from the middle, and, like the wreath
of cilia vibrates. This organ, though hitherto unobserved, is pro-
bably present in the other species. The lorica is combustible. The
stomach-cells, and minutely-granulated ova are visible in all the
species, but the former are very distinct in G. apiculatum. The red
eye is in the form of an elongated or horse-shoe shaped spot, and forms
an essential character of the genus. Longitudinal self-division has
been observed only in G. cinctum.
G. cinctum = Peridinium oculatum (Duj.)—Lorica oval, or nearly
spherical and smooth; eye large, semi-lunar, and transverse. Found
in fresh water, amongst Oscillatoria. Size 1-570th.
G. tabulatum.—Is oval, of a yellowish-green colour; lorica granu-
lar and reticulate with elevated lines, but not spinous; truncate
and denticulate posteriorly, and bidentate anteriorly ; eye oblong.
Size 1-570th. to 1-430th.
G. apiculatum.—Is oval, of a yellowish green colour ; lorica smooth,
but with hispid furrows on the margin, as shewn in figs. 224, 225,
and 226. The eyeis oblong, and extremities obtuse. Found amongst
Conferva, where Chara grows. Size 1-570th. to 1-430th.
Vorticellina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 519
Famity.—VORTICELLINA.
These polygastric animalcules are provided with an alimentary
canal, the extremities of which are distinct, though they approximate,
in consequence of its curvature (anopisthia.) They have no lorica;
when free, they are solitary, but when attached to a pedicle they are
social, often assuming elegant ramose forms, like little trees, an
animalcule surmounting and terminating each branch or pedicle.
These arborescent clusters are produced by imperfect self-division,
(see Plates 5 and 22.)
The animal organization of this family is very distinct, with the
exception of vessels and nerves. All the species possess numerous
cilia; those of Stentor are covered with them; others have them at
the mouth, where they are mostly disposed in the form of a wreath;
and by their vibratile action locomotion is effected. In some genera,
as in Vorticella, Carchesium, and Opercularia, longitudinal and trans-
verse muscles are seen. The polygastric nutritive apparatus may be
observed in all the genera, by feeding them upon artificial colouring
food. The course of the alimentary canal has been observed in all
the genera, except Ziichodina and Urocentrum; the mouth and dis-
charging opening, both lying in the same lateral cavity, have also been
demonstrated in all. The sexual system is ‘hermaphrodite, and
self-division is known in all; in Zoothamniwm it is rare. In four
genera self-division is imperfect ; hence they form beautiful little tree-
like clusters. Another mode of propagation is observable, namely,
the growth of gemme on the side of the animalcules, or of their
pedicles. Although a system of sensation is not indicated by the
presence of eyes, we may presume its existence by their great irri-
tability when approached,
Some systematists consider that this family affords a connecting
link between the classes Polygastrica and Rotatoria.
This account of the organization of Vorticellina, chiefly from Ehren-
berg, must, according to later, and most pains taking investigations
of other naturalists, be much modified. The result of those
520 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
investigations is attached to the account of each genus to which
they refer.
The genera are distributed as follows :—
[ Body covered with cilia ............ . Stentor.
Tail absent......
Body without stalk < : Body smooth, cilia anterior ......... Trichodina.
|
(eilaalpresemt ccs-cnenetevesacsessatevercaccsedeccuncastarvedeneceerael Urocentrum.
( Stalk flexible, § Simple Vorticella.
form of stalked deflection spiral l 5
Py EEE Branched Carchesium.
Body periodically bodies similar |
stalked—often Stalk inflexible:s .J.c. ssccsssseestseetee Epistylis.
branched like a tree ; ; i
Bodies with Stalk inflexible <2.:-is-scssssessendeu aves Opercularia.
different forms | sta flexible, deflection spiral ...... Zoothamnium.
The following curious particulars relating to metamorphosis are
appended to this family by Ehrenberg :—
“The Vorticella developes a pedicle; divides (casts its exuvia) ;
developes posterior cilia ; loosens itself from the pedicle, rambles about;
draws in (after shedding a second exuvia) the posterior cilia, sheds
them, and firmly attaches itself, in order to put forth another stalk
and build a trunk. This cycle of phenomena is repeated again and
again, and possesses high physiological interest; it is a returning
circle of transformations, a return to an early condition similar to that
of a butterfly, if it suddenly lost its wings and antennae, and again
became a caterpillar, in order once more to return to the state of
pupa and butterfly ; or to that of an old man becoming a child, in order
to run again his course of life anew.”
Dujardin describes the Vorticellina under two phases of existence,
in the first of which, they are attached by a contractile pedicle, and
furnished with a wreath of cilia, interrupted at one point by the
mouth ; whilst, in the second stage, they for the most part become
detached from their stalk, and swim freely about, whilst the anterior
wreath of cilia disappears. At this stage some undulating filaments
are developed, from the posterior extremity, as locomotive organs.
In the first stage, again, the shape of the body is more or less conical,
in the second, more elongated or cylindrical. ‘The metamorphoses
of Vorticelle during their development, as likewise those of Epistylis,
have been elaborately investigated by Dr. Stein, of Berlin, whilst
those of Zoothammum, have been as ably illustrated by our country-
Vorticellina.] INFUSCRIAL ANIMALCELES. 521
man, Mr. Brightwell, of Norwich. Their several researches are
given, with the special account of the genus to which they relate.
Of the several genera named and distinguished by Ehrenberg, two
only are accepted by Dujardin, viz., Hpistylis with a rigid pedicle, and
Vorticella with a contractile stalk, simple or branched. ‘‘ He woul
comprehend the genus Carchesium with the latter,” for a generic
character is not to be found in the simple or branched condition of
the stalk, the bodies being similar. ‘‘ As to the genera Opercularia
and Zoothamnium, we have not met with them, having the character
” A third genus, under the name of Scyphi=
assigned by Ehrenberg.
dium, is established by us for the sessile species; whilst a fourth,
Vaginicola, comprises all those species invested with a membranous
sheath. Dr. Stein, in his researches on the development of Vagi-
nicola, shows that the presence or absence of a pedicle is accidental,
depending upen the stage of development, and that it cannot be
employed as a generic distinction. This being the case, Seyphidium
must merge with Vaginicola.
The genera Stentor, Trichodina and Urocentrum enter into the for-
mation of the family Urceolariens, of Dujardin; and, on the other
hand, the Vaginicola of this naturalist are placed by Ehrenberg in
the family Ophrydina.
The Vortteclla live for the most parts in sweet water, fresh, or
marine, in which they are met with, attached to plants or shells to
some Crustacea, or to larvee of insects. There are, however, Vor-
ticelle and Scyphidee produced in infusions, and even in fetid ones.
Genus Stentor.— The trumpet Animaleules comprehend cilated tail-
less Vorticellina which have no pedicle or stalk, but are free, or
attached by the posterior extremity of their bodies. The body is
conical, but admits of very considerable modifications of form, and
is entirely covered with cilia: a wreath of larger ones surmounts
the forepart. The function of locomotion is performed by the cilia;
the anterior wreath likewise constitutes a special organ for purvey-
ance. Ehrenberg considers the longitudinal striz along the body,
and the circular ones at the anterior part, muscular fibres. The
anterior wreath of cilia is coiled in a spiral form, about the mouth ;
and in some species a row of long ones proceed from the mouth, in
a fringe-like manner, to the middle of the body, The nutritive
MM
522 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
apparatus consists of numerous berry-like stomach-cells, connected
together, and presenting a moniliform or necklace-like alimentary
canal, which commences at the mouth, and, having made a detour
through the body, returns to it. Oscillatoria, Rotatoria, and Monads,
are often found abundantly in the stomach-cells. The Stentors
increase by self-division, either longitudinally or oblique; and by
ova, which form a net-like granular mass, cover the stomach-cells,
and vary in colour in different species. There is, besides, a gland-like
sexual body, resembling the soft roe of a fish, whose shape is band-
like, moniliform, or round. A contractile bladder is also present.
The Stentors are among the largest of the Infusoria, and all the
species are visible to unassisted vision. They are best examined
between the plates of a large live-box, a portion of the decayed stem
or leaf on which they are found being put in with them.
‘Tt is in the Stentors (says M. Dujardin), where we can view the
several supposed internal organs isolately, that new observations will
make known their real nature.”
The Stentors are exclusively found in fresh standing water, or
between plants where the water is still. They are coloured green,
black, or clear blue.
Srentor Jiller?.—This is the white funnel-like polype discovered
by Trembley ; it is large, the crown or wreath of cilia interrupted, and
the lateral crest or fringe indistinct. When swimming, the animal-
cule is usually contracted in the form of an egg, but when attached,
it stretches itself out, like a trumpet, When several are swimming,
in a glass vessel, they will gradually congregate, and select some
particular spot, and then attach themselves, evincing, as it were,
not only a degree of socialty, but (says Ehrenberg) a mental activity.
These animalcules feed upon coloured food very readily; the ova
are white, the spermatic gland moniliform. When kept a long time
in cylindrical glass vessels they fasten themselves to the sides, form
a slimy covering around themselves, and die. Found upon Lemna
and other water-plants, even under ice. Size, stretched out, 1-20th.;
contracted, 1-120th.
S. Roeselii.—In form, size, and crest, this resembles the preceding
species, as shewn, elongated, at fig. 233 ; and contracted, as it swims,
at fig. 234; the latter representation is rather more magnified. The
Vorticellina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 523
seminal gland is long, non-articulated, ribbon-shaped, as seen in the
engraving. Above the gland are seen two of the stomach-cells, and
the crest or fringe; at (*) is the contractile vesicle. In colour this
Species is more of a yellowish white than the preceding. Found
upon decaying reeds, leaves, &. Common, in summer, in standing
water on stones. Length 1-140th; extended, 1-24th.
Srenror cacruleus.—Resembles, exteriorly, the two preceding species,
but the ova are blue; the gland is articulated and chain-like, as
seen in figs. 235 and 236, ( plate 5), It is trumpet-shaped when
extended, ovoid when contracted; white or semi-transparent, except
when coloured by food. The lateral crest and frontal wreath, or
crown of cilia, are continuous. When kept in glass vessels they often
fix themselves to the sides in clusters. Self-division has not yet
been observed. They are best examined under a microscope,
when placed in a large live-box. A magnifying power of 100 dia-
meters is sufficient. Found amongst Vaucheria. Length 1-480th.
S. polymorphus resembles the preceding in form. Ova of a beau-
tiful green colour; gland articulated and chain-like; lateral crest
indistinct; frontal wreath of cilia interrupted. This species will
not receive indigo readily. Transverse self-division has been ob-
served. Found upon stones, decayed sticks, and leaves, in standing
water. Length 1-120th to 1-24th.
S. agneus.—Is less than the preceding; the ova are of a yellowish
green colour; skin bright yellow or vermilion; gland spherical ;
lateral plume or crest absent; frontal wreath of cilia interrupted.
Found by Ehrenberg upon the water violet (Hottonia palustris).
Length 1-72nd.
8. niger (Vorticella nigra, M.)\—Small, of a dark brownish-yellow
or blackish colour; ova olive coloured ; gland spherical ; lateral crest
absent; frontal wreath of cilia continuous. This species is often so
abundant that it colours large pools, in turfy hollows, of a dark black
hue, resembling an infusion of coffee. The swimming movement
of this species is readily seen (as in the others) with the naked eye,
Size 1-96th.
Genus Tricnopina. The wrn Animaleules.—Vorticellina destitute
both of tail and pedicle. They are distinguished from the preceding
MM 2
524 DESCRIPTION OF ( Polygastrica.
genus by the surface of the body being destitute of cilia; they pos-
sess a vibrating fasciculus or wreath of cilia anteriorly; the oral
opening is simple, and not spiral. They are mostly disc-shaped or
conical. Three species have a wreath of cilia around the anterior
part, and on one side of its margin is asimple oralopening. T. pedi-
culus has the posterior end abruptly truncated, like the front, and also
surrounded with a wreath of curved sets, which it employs as feet.
In T. tentaculata there is a kind of proboscis. The polygastric structure
can be demostrated in T. pediculus and T. grandinella, by coloured
food ; in the other species it may be observed without artificial aid.
In all, the ova are clear and limpid as water. A kidney-shaped
gland is seen in T. pediculus.
This genus, Zrichodina, agrees in the main with that of Urceolaria
(Duj.); but also includes “some Keronia (Halteria) with several doubt-
ful Infusoria.”—Dujardin, however, defines his Urceolaria as having
the wreath of cilia extended spirally to reach the mouth; whilst in
his Trichodina, that the oral opening is not spiral.
Many species live parasitic on fresh-water Mollusea, or Zoophytes ;
but others have been found in sea-water.
Tricnoprna tentaculata.—Body discoid, as shewn at P. 4, f. 227;
it is destitute of the wreath of cilia, but it has a fasciculus of
vibratile cilia, and a styliform proboscis, as seen in the engraving.
Size 1-280th.
T. Pediculus ( Cyclidium pediculus, M.) = Urceolaria Stellina, (Duj.)
—Body depressed, of an urceolate and discoid shape, as shewn at
figs. 228, 229, and 230; with a wreath of vibratile cilia anteriorly, and
another of short moveable uncinate cilia, or hooked sete, posteriorly.
Ehrenberg remarks, ‘‘I have fed this species many times with
indigo, and have seen numerous stomachs filled with the blue matter ;
it always runs upon the back, where there is a wreath of twenty-
four to twenty-eight mobile hooks (or uncinate cilia), and has the
mouth and vibrating wreath of forty-eight to sixty-four cilia directed
upwards.” It appears to feed upon the little granules of the body
of the fresh-water Polypi (7Zydra) drawn in Plate 7, of the Mheros-
copic Cabinet. Figs. 228 and 229 are side views, attached to a portion
of a polype; fig. 230 isa top view. Size 1-570th to 1-280th.
Vorticellina. |} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 525
Tricnoptna vorax.— Body oblong, cylindrical, slightly conical ;
anterior part convex, and crowned with cilia; the back rather atten-
uated and smooth. Size 1-570th.
T. grandinella (M.)—Is nearly spherical ; the back sharply attenu-
ated; a wreath of cilia surrounds the truncated forepart. This
species is liable to be mistaken, by an inexperienced observer, for a
free Vorticella ; its true character appears to be in its open wreath
of cilia. Size 1-1500th to 1-860th.
We may here describe, owing to the general correspondence
between the Urceolaria of Dujardin, and the Zrichodina of Ehrenberg,
twospecies of Urceolaria described by the former naturalist after Miiller
Urceolaria limacina ( Vorticella limacina, Mill.) —Sessile, cylindrical,
diaphanous, sending out from its truncated orifice two to four cilia
(difficult to be seen, says Miiller); but we may rather suppose the
broader anterior end to have a crown of cilia; whilst the narrower
base, by which the animal is affixed, is furnished with the cilia des-
eribed. Found on the tentacula and head of Planorbis contortus and
Bulla fontanalis, by Miiller.
Urceolaria—( Vorticella bursata, and V. utriculata, Mill.) — Dilated
posteriorly, truncate and ciliated in front, of a green colour. Found
in sea-water, Miiller distinguishes two species; one having a
papilla, capable of being extended in the form of a long neck; the
other presenting a truncate front with a projecting papilla, from its
centre, giving a notched figure to the animalcule when at rest.
Genus Urocentrum.—The top Animaleules are free, have a tail-like
style, but are destitute of pedicle and cilia, except a wreath ante-
riorly ; oral aperture simple. The internal organization, as far as it
is known, is similar to that of the preceding genera. Perfect trans-
verse self-division has been observed. Ehrenberg thinks the eyes,
supposed to have been seen by Miiller, were most probably the
vestigia of some of the cilia, none of which he appears to have seen.
U. turbo (Cercaria turbo, M.)—Is hyaline, and has an ovate, tri-
lateral body, with a style, or setaceous tail, one third of its length.
Ehrenberg says, ‘ The little tail is not a separable Vorticella-stalk,
but an articulated style on the back—perhaps a foot. Found
amongst Lemna and Conferva, Fig. 232 is a dorsal view, and 231
aside view. Size 1-430th to 1-280th.
526 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Genus Vorricerta.— The bell-shaped Animalcules are crowned with
cilia anteriorly, and have a pedicle or stalk, when young, but which,
at a later period, and also after the first self-division, is wanting.
Their shape, when pediculated, is similar; the pedicle can be sud-
denly deflected, spirally, by means of the long muscle within it, but
it is never branched. The wreath of cilia and the long musele, with the
hollow pedicle, are the organs of locomotion. At eertain periods a second
wreath of cilia is produced at the posterior part of the body. Not
only can numerous stomach-cells be seen, but likewise (according to
Ehrenberg,) the gradual passage of the food onwards, in a twining
sort of intestinal canal, though he says the latter is not easily
observed, on account of the periodical deflection of the pedicle.
But in the genera Epistylis and Opercularia, whose pedicles are com-
paratively motionless, the nutritive apparatus may be much more
accurately investigated. The mouth and discharging orifice are
separate, but lie in the same hollow, at the anterior margin. The
propagative structures are variously coloured; clusters of ova, an
elongated gland, and a round contractile bladder, exist ; in fine, the
animalcules are androgynous. The supposed increase by the growth
of young animalcules out of the pedicle, like flowers on the stem of
a plant, has arisen from erroneous observation. When the animai-
cule loosens itself from its pedicle or stalk, a circumstance, which
(says Ehrenberg) ‘“ takes place at certain periods, the stalks die, or
disappear, just like the shells of crabs, or as the nails and hair.”
The muscular fibre within the stem, requires stops, or an achromatic
condenser, under the stage, to render it distinct.
The Vorticelle being of so considerable size, and easily pro-
curable, have formed the subject of numerous investigations into their
organism; but yet no observers have been able to coincide entirely with —
the views of Ehrenberg. Among the most recent researches are
those of Dr, Stein, of Berlin, which are devoted chiefly to the eluci-
dation of the phases of development of Vorticellma; but which
refer also to their general organization. Stein describes a canal,
extending from the mouth into the interior of the body, and lined
with cilia; this tube, however, does not curve on itself, so as to
approximate its two extremities, but having advanced to about the
centre of the body, ends abruptly by an open extremity, (P. 22, f. 1.)
Vorticellina. ] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 527
During the passage of food through this gullet, it is seen to adapt
itself to its calibre, by assuming an elongated or cylindrical form ;
but when it arrives at its open extremity, it assumes a globular figure,
and is detached in the general homogeneous mass of the animal, as a
free globule or vesicle, forming what Ehrenberg described as a
stomach-sac. Besides the alimentary tube and globules, there are
also seen, scattered, variable granules (ova, Ehr.) a contractile sac
(seminal vesicle, Ehr.) and a ribbon or band-shaped, curved, and
rather opaque body,—the testes, Ehr.—but which Stein calls the
nucleus. (P. 22, f. 2.)
The commonly observed modes of propagation of the Vorticella,
are self-division (fission) and gemmation ; the latter the less frequent.
When fission is about to proceed, the Vorticella contracts its body
into a globular shape, draws its ciliated front within the body, whilst
the nucleus assumes a transverse position, and an increase in the
breadth of the animal proceeds. Division commences at the fore-
part of the body, but also soon evidences itself posteriorly; the
nucleus in the mean while shows in itself signs of division, which
increase, and ultimately the nucleus becomes like the body, divided
in half. During this process, the fine granules of the interior dis-
appear; a semilunar cayity is hollowed out at the anterior conical
extremity (P. 22, f. 3) of each segment, with slowly vibrating cilia
on its convex edge ; this cavity is the rudiment of the future frontal
wreath, into which it finally expands by being opened up anteriorly
by a fissure.
When fission is complete, the appearance is that of two contracted
Vorticellze, seated on the same stem, and often placed at nearly right
angles with one another (P. 22, f.4.) The newly developed being
further presents a furrow near its base, oceupied by cilia; and by its
movements, presently detaches itself from its fellow, and swims
abroad freely, but with the previously hinder end forwards, the pos-
terior wreath of cilia now forming its organ of locomotion. By and
bye the new being comes to a stand still, fixes itself, pushes out a
stem (P. 22, f. 2) the posterior furrow and cilia then vanish, whilst
the common frontal wreath unfolds itself. These phenomena are
briefly referred to in a preceding page, 520.
Propagation by gemmation takes place from one side of the base of
528 DESCRIPTION OF { Polygastrica.
the parent; the bud is first egg-shaped, ovate, (P. 22, f. 1); but
even when completed, does not attain the size of its parent. More
than one bud may be in process of development, from the same indi-
vidual, at the same time. In their course of growth, buds resemble
the beings resulting from fission, both in the formation of the frontal
wreath, and in the production and subsequent disappearance of a
posterior ciliated zone.
These two modes of propagation are not peculiar to the most
complete and largest animals, but appertain also to the smaller forms :
this fact, together with the minute size and rudimentary character
of vorticella-like forms in the vicinity of larger ones, led Dr. Stein to
believe the existence of a third method of reproduction. He met
with examples of V. microstoma from 1-76th. to 1-126th., of a line,
and others from 1-190th. to 1-880th. ; but in such there was no con-
tractile stem, and they possessed but the general outline of form of
Vorticella ; yet between these extremes in magnitude there was
every intermediate size (P. 22, f. 6, a. b. ¢. d. e.)
In the smallest specimens no anterior cilia could be detected,
(P. 22, f. 6, d. ¢.); yet they could detach themselves from the
granular mass to which they adhered, and swim freely about, ex-
tending and contracting themselves like larger forms.
Together with the various sizes of Vorticella microstoma, and amid
the granular nidus in which they existed, Dr. Stein further found
humerous nucleated cysts, 1-50th lime in diameter, ae about half
the length of full grown Vorticelle.
These cysts had a clear, double outline, and contained a homo-
genous, transparent, colourless substance, having mostly numerous
granules. (P. 22, f. 5, 6.) These were in fact contracted Vorticelle,
each cyst containing a single being. In most, the characteristic
band-like nucleus could be detected; in many, also, the imvoluted
frontal wreath, with the oral cavity and gullet, looking like a fissure
in the anterior part of the cyst; and, moreover, the contractile sac,
yet active (P. 22, f. 5 and 7); on the other hand, he never ob-
served the globules of food seen in the uncontracted (un-encysted)
animaleules.
In other cysts, again, the frontal portion and alimentary tube could
not be traced ; but they possessed the contractile vesicle,—sometimes
Vorticellina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 529
divided, (P. 22, f. 8), and the nucleus. In others, lastly, all dis-
tinction of organs was lost; the nucleus being the last to disappear.
RES 22, 'f. 9.)
The process whereby Vorticelle so retract themselves within their
case, and become totally included within it, Stein calls the encysting-
process. With this phenomenon before him, and the obliteration of
organs witnessed, coupled with the fact of finding empty, rent cysts,
Dr. Stein was led to believe, that, by the breaking up of special
organs, and particularly by the peculiar agency of the nucleus, a
granular germ-mass was developed, the several portions of which
resolved themselves into spores, which subsequently escaped through
a hole in the enclosing integument, and formed a granular sub-stratum
similar to that to which he saw the rudimentary Vorticelle adhering.
(P. 22, f. 6, d.) and from which the elements of new forms seemed
to be produced, these new forms finally passing through certain
phases of development until they attained the characters of perfect
Vorticellea. (See p. 522.)
His subsequent researches, however, compelled Stein to set aside
this hypothesis, for he found that Vorticelle, like Vaginicola and
Epistylis, after the encysted stage were transformed into Acineta-like
individuals, and then assumed the figure of Podophrya fixa. Under
this last guise an apparent, marvellous act of conjugation took place
between two individuals ; the coalesced beings continuing to be sup-
ported on their two pedicles. Beyond this point this curious history
of the transformation of Vorticella has not been pushed. We may,
however, refer the reader to the account of the metamorphoses of
Epistylis by Dr. Stein, and would especially direct his attention to
the previously published observations of M. Pineau, (see Part L.,
page 52) on the transitions of Vorticella into Oxytricha.
Vorticetiina nebulifera (V. nebulifera et convallaria, M.)—The body
has the form of a bell (campanulate) ; the expanded part, answering to
the mouth of the bell, being fringed with cilia; the pedicle or stalk,
which is about five times the length of the body, is attached to the
convex apex, which is rather conical, when the creature is in health
but hemispherical when otherwise. The mouth is situated near the
margin, where the wreath of cilia is interrupted. These creatures
usually congregate together, though each is independent of its neigh-
530 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
bour ; for on the approach of any foreign body to one, it withdraws,
by coiling up its pedicle, while the others remain stretched out in
search of food. The pedicle is not contracted, but merely deflected,
by means of the long muscle within it, so that it can form as many as
ten coils, like the spring of a bell. The body of the animalcule does
not contract or become wrinkled, but the ciliated margin appears
sometimes bent inwards. In colour, when seen in masses about the
rooty of Lemna, they appear white. An amplification of 300 diame-
ters is necessary to exhibit the cilia. Longitudinal self-division may
often be observed, during which the body becomes broader. Gemmae,
or buds, shoot out from the sides of the other species, but have not
been noticed in this. Found abundantly on the stalks of Lemna and
other water-plants, even in winter under ice. Length of body
1-570th. to 1-280th.
VorricELiina citrina (M.)—The body is more hemispherical than
the preceding, and the frontal margin more expanded. Found upon
Lemna, rarely with the former species. Length of body 1-430th. to
1-210th. ; stalk three to four times that length.
V. microstoma.—Has an ovate body, attenuated at both ends, and
having the frontal margin narrow, not expanded. The body, during
contraction, 1s annulated; its colour whitish-grey. The mouth,
stomach, reception of coloured food, male glands, ova, and long
muscle of the stalk, have all been observed in this species, as also
spontaneous longitudinal and transverse self-division, and the
growth of gemme. Ehrenberg counted from twenty to twenty-four
cilia in the frontal wreath. Found in stagnant water. Length
of body 1-2300th. to 1-240th.; length of stalk six times that of
the body.
V. campanula (Vorticella lunaris, M.)—Body hemispherical, bell-
shaped, with the frontal margin broad and truncated; not expanded.
Colour whitish-brown. (ring, none.) This species forms a thick
blucish matter upon water-plants, and the single animalcules are
discoverable with the naked eye. Size 1-120th.; stalk seven times
longer than the body.
V. hamata.—Body small, ovate, hyaline, attenuated at both ends ;
pedicle obliquely attached to the body, so as to form something of a
fish-hook appearance. Length of body 1-570th.
Vorticellina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 531
Vorricetiia chlorostigma ( Vorticella fisciculata, M.)—DBody green,
ovate, conical, campanulate, and annulated (wrinkled). The frontal
margin is expanded ; the cilia contractile bladder, and green ova, are to
be seen, but the seminal gland, self-division, and growth of gemmie,
have not been observed. In water this creature often covers grasses
and rushes with a beautiful green layer. Length 1-240th.; stalk
five times the length of the body.
V. patellida (M.)—Body hemispherical, campanulate; frontal portion
very much dilated; its margin expanding greatly, and often reflexed.
Length 1-480th. ; stalk about seven times the length of the body.
V. convallaria (V. eraterformis, citrina, gemella, globularia, hiaris,
nasuta et truncatella: Enchelys fritillus, Trichoda gyrinus, M.)\—Body
ovate, conical, campanulate; frontal portion dilated, and its margin
slightly expanded. It is annulated, and of a hyaline or whitish hue.
This appears to have been the first infusorial animalcule discovered.
Leeuwenhoek, the discoverer, found it in stagnant rain-water, at Delft,
in April, 1675. It is found in considerable abundance, upon the
surface of vegetable infusions, with V. mcrostoma, from which it is
distinguished by its broad front, which gives to it a bell-shaped or cam-
panulate appearance. Carus, in 1823, represented it as arising from
spontaneons generation in oil, or an accidental mixture of oil colour and
spring water ; but Ehrenberg remarks, the appearance arose in a very
natural way. It has been described under various names by different
naturalists. Ehrenberg gives thirty-eight references to different works
treating on it. Figure 237 (plate 5.) is a group of three, with the
pedicle of another, to shew the manner in which it is deflected
spirally. Figures 238 and 289 two stalkless creatures; from their
diiferent appearances in the latter state, Miiller has described them
not only as different species, but under different gencra. In Jie
Infusionsthierchen, there are eighteen names under which that author
has described them. Length 1-430th. to 1-24th.; stalk six times
its length.
This entertaining and well-known animalcule is usually found
attached to any extraneous body, as the leaves of duck-weed, small
aquatic shells, clusters of the ova, or the larvie of insects ; au example
of the latter is shewn in the Jhcroscoyre Lliustrations, lig. 80, wlcre
532 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
it may be considered as a parasite, or rather an epiphyte. As they are,
when fully developed, attached mostly to some stationary object,
they afford many facilities to the microscopist for observation ; they
form a good object also for ascertaining the defining power of his
instrument, and his expertness in its management, as much of the
effect will depend on the manner in which he manages the illumina-
tion. If this be not attended to, and the instrument has not
suffidient power and penetration, it will only exhibit two cilia
instead of a circular row; indeed, this animalcule is described and
drawn in this manner by the old authors, an error which recent
improvements in the microscope have demonstrated.
When in search of prey they stretch out the stem, and by means
of a vibratory motion communicated to the cilia they agitate the
water, and occasion a current towards them ; this brings along with
it the small particles of matter on which they feed. Should any
circumstance disturb the water, or a large animal approach them, they
instantly retvact, bending the stem into a number of coils; this
operation is performed so quickly, that the eye cannot detect it; im
afew seconds, the creature may be observed slowly uncoiling the.
stem. These curious animalcules are endowed with several methods
of propagation, the observation of which has thrown much light upon
this interesting subject, and enlarged our views of the operations of
Nature in her minute productions: many creatures, which we
formerly considered as belonging to distinct genera, are now ascer-
tained to be the same in different conditions. One method of
increase is probably from ova; but of this we have no direct
evidence. Dr. E. considers that the spawn is ejected, as with Aol-
poda ; the first appearance of the young is like several little specks,
rather darker than the surrounding mass, and possessing a tremulous
motion; they are then not more than the 1-12000th. of an inch in
diameter, and are clustered about the roots or stems of the old ones ;
they do not change their situation, and are probably connected to
the parent group by invisible filaments; they soon increase im size,
when delicate stems may be perceived, as may also a current im the
water towards the bell, indicating the presence of cilia. At this
stage of their growth, they have been considered as a distinct species
Vorticellina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 533
by Schrank, under the title of V. monadica, because at this period
the stems do not contract spirally, as in the old ones. From some of
the specimens observed by Miiller, it is evident that they are also
produced by buds.
The next method of propagation is by a division of the parent.
When this is to be effected longitudinally, the bell increases in
breadth ; a separation then commences, and two circles of cilia are
formed; the body of the animal then divides, and other cilia grow
around the dome of the bell; by constantly whirling, one or both of
the bells separate from the stem, and swim about, in which condition
they have been classed as a distinct genus, under the name Urceolaria.
Should it happen that both the bells are twisted off, the stem re-
mains stationary, and does not contract afterwards, or produce a new
bell. The most striking peculiarity which next presents itself is,
that the end formerly attached to the stem swims foremost, and from
the other extremity proceeds the new stem; before, however, this is
effected, it changes its form, and sometimes buds out, or separates;
the latter is the genus Zelissa of Schrank, and the former, with the
small protuberance, Finella of Bory St. Vincent. If the ereature
retain its bell-shape, be not inverted, and exhibit the lower cilia, it
forms the genus Aerobalina of the latter naturalist, and when all the
cilia are invisible, then it forms his genus Craterina. Again, it con-
stitutes the genus Urceolaria, when the anterior cilia are alone
observed. Besides those already mentioned, there are many other
changes in its form ; sometimes it stretches itself out in length, and
becomes cylindrical, so that it is readily mistaken fora species of the
genus Enchelys ; in this condition, one or both ends bend themselves,
while it is swimming past a hard body; finally it separates trans-
versely in twain.
The next method of propagation is by the formation of buds, and is
common both to the animalcules with, and to those without, a stem.
During this process it passes through a variety of shapes, moves
briskly in the water, and forms the genus Ophrydia of Bory St. Vin-
cent. Ehrenberg has divided this species into two varieties, founded
on the shape of the bell; when they are nearly globular, he calls
them V. campanulata; when pointed, V. pyriformis.
VY. pocta. — Body ovate, conical, campanulate; frontal portion
534 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
dilated, and its margin slightly expanded, The pedicle is very
slender, and curiously marked throughout its length with red dots.
Length 1-1150th to 1-570th; stalk four to five times as long.
Genus Carcuestum. The tree and trumpet Animaleules are closely
allied to the preceding genus, from which they are distinguished by
having their spirally flexible pedicle branched, in consequence of im-
perfect self-division. The bodies upon the pedicle are all of the
same form. The organization of this genus is not so well known as
that of Vorticella and Epistylis. A simple wreath of cilia, which
during quick vibration appears double, is observable; and another,
at certain periods, at the posterior part of the body; within the
pedicle, a transversely folded thread-like muscle is observed during
contraction ; the mouth (which is lateral), and a polygastric alimen-
tary canal are distinct. Of the propagative system, whitish ova,
granules, and a contractile bladder, are seen; but a spermatic gland
is not very distinct. Imperfect longitudinal self-division is a very
marked character; the growth of the gemme has been observed, and
the periodical separation of the body from the stalk gives rise to
free animalcules, asin Vorticella.
C. polypinum (VY. polypina, M. and Duj.) of Leeuwenhoek
has a conical, campanulate body, the frontal portion broad, trun-
cate, and the margin expanded. Colour white; pedicle branched,
the division being sub-umbellate. The stomach-cells are easily
discerned when indigo is mixed with the water, and the mouth is
thus indicated by the particles congregated near it. The reception
of coloured food into the cesophagus is observable ; but its passage
from one digestive sac to the other is so quick, that the alimentary
canal has not been seen and traced as a continuous tube; it is similar
to the act of swallowing in large animals, the food not remaining
for any length of time in the cesophagus before it passes into the
stomach. Figs. 240 to 245 represent tree-like clusters, except fig.
244, which is a single free animalcule. Figs. 240 and 241 are only
slightly magnified ; the latter exhibits an animal contracted. In
figs. 242 and 245, as also the free pedicle, fig. 243, the muscle is
very distinct. This muscle was first observed by Mr. Varley. Size
1-570th to 1-430th; ova granules 1-24000th.
C. pygmeum.—Body very small, ovate, white, rather dilated in
Vorticellina. | INFUSORTAL ANIMALCULES. 535
front, pedicle branched in a trifid, rarely ina trifid manner. Body
1-2400th. Berlin. On Cyclops quadricornis.
Carcuestum spectabile. — Body conical, campanulate, dilated in
front; branching in an oblique conical figure, attaining two lines in
height. Berlin.
Genus Eprstryus. The pillar Animaleules. — Vorticellina with a
rigid pedicle, cither simple or branched, and having all the cor-
puscles of the same figure ; or, in other words, they are Vorticelle or
Carchesia with a rigid pedicle, and without an internal muscle. The
pedicle, or stalk, appears to be a hollow tube. The polygastric
structure, and the situation of the united mouth and anal opening,
are easily demonstrated by the employment of coloured food. In
E. plicatilis, the whole course of the alimentary canal can be seen.
The granular ova, says Ehrenberg, have been measured in several
species ; a contractile bladder, and a short band-like male gland, are
observable in many ; the latter, however, is spherical in E. nutans.
Longitudinal self-division has been seen in E. anastitica, E. galea,
EK. plicatilis, EK. flavicans, ¥. leucoa, EB. digitalis, and K. nutans ; and
it is probable that the free forms transversely divide. In E. nutans
and E. plicatilis, gemme have been seen; but these are never pro-
duced by the stalk.
The Epistylide are among the largest of the Vorticellina; and
are exclusively found in pure water, on aquatic plants or animals.
The researches of Dr. Stein have made us well acquainted with
the organization of Hpistylis, and especially with a peculiar mode of
propagation by a metamorphosis or an ‘alteration of generation.’
The subject of his observations was the E. nutans (P. 22, f. 16), of
which he well displays the ciliated frontal apparatus of two lips,
with a wide oral cavity between them. These so-called lips, when
protruded, doubtless are the organ alluded to by Ehrenberg, as the
projecting velum palati (gaumen segel). But the animal possesses
the power, like a Rotifer, of withdrawing these ciliated whorls, and
when this is accomplished, the double character of the lip vanishes
and is replaced by an apparent single ciliary cylinder, or whorl
(P. 22,f.18). The mouth opens into a large oral cavity, or gullet,
extending half the length of the body, and continued by a very
narrow prolongation, as an alimentary canal, nearly to its attached
536 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastricd.
base. Close to the bottom of the oral sac lies a contractile vesicle,
and near this a larger finely granular spot, well defined, and higher
up than this again, a similar but smaller spot. The two latter spots
are the opposite extremities of the band-like nucleus, lying on one
side the mouth.
The stem or pedicle is inflexible, and apparently hollowed inter-
nally by acanal; the animals seated on its branches have considerable
latitude of motion by their mode of articulation; and they also are
able, in some degree, to shorten themselves by the annular segments
of their base.
Both animals and pedicles undergo spontaneous fission, which
happens just as in Vorticella ; however, the new forms produced, do
not, in Hpistylis, develope posterior cilia, but progress by means of
their usual frontal apparatus.
All the members of the same little-tree (polypidom) are of nearly
equal size; the largest noticed were 1-20th. of a line in length;
whilst in other polypidoms, whose stems and branches were propor-
tionately thinner, examples were met with of very minute size
(P. 22, f. 22, 23). In the smallest, no anterior cilia, and no
contained globules were visible ; in larger ones, though only 1-150th.
of a line in length (P. 22, f. 23) such were found. These latter
forms constitute the Hpistylis Botrylis (Khr.)
Besides fission, Dr. Stein presumes Epzstylis has another mode of
generation by metagenesis, wherein it is transformed into an acineta-
like individual, which again becomes the parent of ciliated vesicular
embryos. The change of an Epistylis into an Acineta has not been
actually witnessed, and neither is the further history of the sub-
sequently developed, ciliated embryo cell, known. But Dr. Stein
rests his opinion chiefly upon an analogy with Vorticella and Vaginicola,
in which he has actually seen the transformation into Acinete, and
also upon the similarity of the pedicle, and the movements of the
Acineta body upon it.
The supposed Aecmeta of Epistylis nutans appears to have escaped
notice, although of common occurrence at all seasons of the year,
even under the ice, growing upon duckweed and other aquatic
plants (P. 22, f. 18). The normal shape of the Acmeta is ovate or
pyriform (P. 22, f. 17, 18); but may be variously and greatly
Vorticellina.] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 537
modified by contraction (figs. 19, 20, 21.) The largest are not above
1-24th of a line in length; the smallest 1-100th. The enclosing
tunic is elastic and colourless, and stronger behind than in front.
The divergent fibres are disposed in two bundles, one at each anterior
angle; (fig. 16), they enjoy a considerable degree of motion; and
often, by their intertwining or crossing, entangle small Infusoria or
other bodies. ;
In many large Acineta forms, the divergent fibres are wanting
(fig. 17); such probably are in an earlier stage of metamorphosis ;
and subsequent to the completion of the encysting process of the
original Hpistylis.
The Acineta-bodies have no mouth; it is indeed difficult, from the
toughness of their tunic, to effect a rupture; no food or stomach sacs,
likewise, ean be found in them, their substance being homogeneous,
granular, soft, and containing, besides its very fine granules, some
larger globules, probably of oil (fat), a contractile sac anteriorly,
and an elliptic discoid granular nucleus, often accompanied by another
smaller, finely granular, discoid globule, well defined. Both nuclei
are seen in fig. 18.
The larger nucleus is the one destined to undergo the first change ;
this it does by the development of fine cilia around its periphery,
which actively vibrate, and so cause its rotation. Whilst this goes on,
it increases in size, advances towards the anterior of the Acineta,
which takes on active contractions, and thereby ultimately ruptures
its integument, allowimg the embryo (ciliated nucleus) to escape.
On its emergence, the embryo swims away rapidly by means of its
cilia: what further changes it undergoes it is yet to be discovered.
However, the part the Acineta-body has to perform, is not com-
pleted by the production of the one embryo; but the same process is
to be repeated again and again, until its formative granular mass is
used up, when the Acineta becomes a contracted, shrivelled, empty
sac (as seen in fig. 21), seated upon the persistent stalk.
After the emission of an embryo, the Acineta-body contracts strongly;
some of its diverging fibres shorten, whilst others are entirely with-
drawn. This contracted condition, after lasting for a time, relaxes ;
the Acineta resumes its usual movements, the fibres spread out anew,
moying about as usual, in various directions; and it finally regains
NN
538 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
its original characters, save that it is smaller, and instead of a smooth,
even surface, it has its tunic thrown into folds or undulations (fig. 19).
The spot from whence the embryo escaped, soon becomes im-
perceptible.
The embryonic being developed from the Acineta-form stage of
Epistylis anastatica, is similar to the Trichodina grandinella (Ehr.), and
probably is identical with it. Besides the Acineta condition of E.
nutans and KE. anastatica, discovered by Stein, that of E. Grandis,
E. Berberiformis, K. Barba, and of E. plicatilis, has also been noticed,
less certainly, by the same observer.
Eprstyiis galea.—Large, body conical, contractile by transverse folds;
mouth lateral and projecting; pedicle thick, branched, and articu-
lated. Found upon Ceratophyllum. Size of body 1-120th.
E. anastatica (V. anastatica crategaria et ringens, M.)—Body oval,
without folds; frontal margin dilated and projecting ; pedicle dicho-
tomous, smooth, or squamous, with foreign particles. Stomach-cells,
and a united mouth and anus, are observable, but the alimentary canal
has not yet been seen. The granules of ova are white by reflected,
and yellowish by transmitted light. The clear vesicle is often to be
seen, but not its contraction. Growth of gemmez unknown ; self-
division longitudinal. Found upon Ceratophyllum, and also upon
small water Mollusca. Size 1-280th.; heighth of little tree 1-140th. ;
ova 1-12000th; range of development 1-12,000th to 1-280th.
E. plicatilis (V. annularis et pyraria, M.)\—Body conical and elon-
gated, contractile in folds; frontal margin dilated, truncated, and
slightly projecting ; pedicle dichotomous, smooth, or, when foreign
bodies adhere, having a scaly appearance. It is often corymbose.
This species is white to the naked eye, but somewhat yellow beneath
the microscope ; it is very much like the preceding, is often found
with it, but is distinguished by being larger, by its ring-like folds
when contracted, and by the tasselled or tufted appearance of the
cluster. Size 1-280th. to 1-210th.
E. grandis.—Body broadly campanulate, stalk decumbent, slender,
smooth; the branches flexible and without articulations, but much
tufted. This is not only the largest fresh-water species of Hpistyls,
but it also forms the greatest masses. Its proper colour is a blueish
white, but it often appears of a yellow or greenish hue, from the
Vorticellina.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 539
colour of its food. Found upon Ceratophyllum and Nymphea, often in
masses several feet long, and two to three inches thick; it appears
like a blueish-white slime, which is easily broken up. Size 1-140th.
to 1-120th.
Eprsryiis flavicans (V. acinosa et bellis, M.)—Body large, broadly
campanulate ; pedicle smooth, its branches coarctate. The branches are
dilated at the axille, and the ova are of a yellow colour. In this
species, the alimentary canal is very evident. Size (stretched out)
1-190th.; tree 1-9th high.
KE. leucoa ( Volvox spherula, M.)—Body large, broadly campanulate ;
pedicle erect, smooth, and articulated; the branches capitate or
collected in a head; ova white. These animalcules are convex an-
teriorly, have distinct ova granules, a simple wreath of cilia, and a
round mouth at the margin. The seminal gland is bent in the form
of the letter 8. Size 1-120th; tree 1-24th; ova 1-5760th to
1-6000th ; range of development, consequently, 1-600th to 1-120th.
E. digitalis (V. digitalis, ringens et inclinans, M.)—Body small,
cylindrical, campanulate, dichotomous, and finely annulated. This
well-marked form infests the Cyclops quadricornis, drawn and des-
eribed in the Meroscopie Cabinet. It sometimes completely envelopes
it. Ehrenberg says it does not appear to be deadly to it; but I
consider it a disease. In the beautiful little tree this species pro-
duces, the Wotommata petromyzon nestles just like a bird in a bush,
and fastens its eggs to its branches. Coloured food is readily taken,
and fifteen large stomach-ceils have been counted. Size 1-430th;
tree 1-20th.
E. (?) nutans.—Body ovate, attenuated at both ends; mouth dis-
tinctly two-lipped and prominent. The pedicle is branched and an-
nulated (see fig. 245 and 246; and P. 22, fig. 16, 22, 23.) “ This
animalcule (says Ehrenberg) can push forth a bladder between its
lips, like (si parva licet componere magnis) a camel can its palate-veil
(gaumen segel)?”’ Size 1-480th; tree 1-24th.
E. botritis—Body very small, ovate, crowned with cilia. They
resemble grapes upon a simple hyaline pedicle. Size 1-2400th;
tree 1-240th. (See Stein’s remarks, p. 536.)
E. vegetans (Volvox vegetans, M.)—Body very small, ovate, crowned
with cilia (?) ; disposed in clusters, like the preceding, upon a bran-
NN 2
540 DESCRIPTION OF { Polygastrica.
ched pedicle, of a yellow colour. When the water containing this
species is coloured with indigo, strong eurrents are seen at the front
or head of each animalcule, caused by a vibratile organ, also ob-
servable; but whether the latter is a wreath of cilia or a simple
proboscis, is undetermined ; if a proboscis, this creature would belong
to the Monads, where it would form the type of a new genus. Found
im river-water. Size 1-8450th; tree 1-140th.
Brightwell says (Fauna Infusoria of Norfolk, 1848) the armed or
oral animalcules are furnished with a long filament, that when the
water is shallow, they detach themselves, and swim about with a
revolving motion. The organ of motion, he states to be a long
filament (proboscis.)
Episryuts parasitica,—Body small, conical,campanulate, and solitary ;
pedicle simple and smooth. Found upon Zoobotryon pellucidus.
Length 1-570th; with pedicle 1-120th to 1-24th.
E. Arabica.—Body small, oval, campanulate ; pedicle but little
branched, smooth, and hyaline. Found in the Red Sea. Size of
tree, 1-140th.
E. Barba.—Body ovate, oblong, white; branches dichotomous;
longitudinally and regularly striated. Found on Larvee of insects.
E. berberiformis. — Body oblong, sub-cylindrieal, white; stem
dichotomous, articulated, and striated, its divisions dilated at their
apices. Found also Parasitic, Berlin.
E. euchlora.—Body oblong, rather expanded in front, with green
ova; stem branching, dichotomous, 1-13th inch in height, smooth.
Parasitic, on Planorbis cornea, Berlin.
KE. pavonina.—Body very large, helmet-shaped, elongated in front ;
stem very high, dichotomous, striated, and hence decomposing light,
and displaying many hues. Often 1-3rd inch in height, Berlin.
Genus Oprercutarta. Zhe parasol little bell Animaleules have a
stiff rigid pedicle, branched, from imperfect spontaneous division.
The pediculated corpuscles are of different forms; they have two
lips—the superior one, supported by a muscle, is somewhat like a
parasol, or lid (operculum) which is a characteristic. Operewlaria =
Fpistylis with dissimilar corpuscles. The. organs of locomotion con-
sist of a wreath of cilia, and a long muscle within the body; this
rises or depresses the frontal surface, in the form of an upper lip.
Vorticellina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 541
At the large, lateral, somewhat anterior mouth, to and from which
the alimentary canal is seen running, the discharge of matter also
takes place. They are hermaphrodite ; self-division, and free sepa-
ration of the body from the stalk, have been observed. It is very
remarkable that below its proper bodies, more especially in the axille
of the branches, there are seen large single bodies, and even larger egg-
shaped ones, having hairs at their point, and only a small round, but
not vibratile opening. The latter ones are most probably parasitical
bodies, the others are not. This genus is not figured by Ehrenberg.
OrercuLarta articulata (V. Opercularia, M.)—Occurs as a little
shrub, 1-6th to 1-4th high, white and dichotomous. This animalcule
readily takes in carmine and indigo; and Ehrenberg states, he saw as
many as forty-four stomach-cells filled, resembling a girdle in the
middle of the body. The stalk is very delicately striated in a longi-
tudinal direction, and shews, at its divarications, a transverse line, or
joint. Found upon Dyticus marginatus. Size 1-430th.
Genus Zoornamntum. The double-shaped little bell Animatcules
comprehend Vorticellina with a flexible spiral pedicle, having an
internal muscle, and becoming branched, from imperfect spontaneous
division. The stalked corpuscles are of different shapes, and have a
simple, lateral, oral opening. In one species, a wreath of cilia placed
around the frontal region, constitutes the locomotive apparatus;
and a special muscle or fibre runs along the branches and stem.
Artificial means are able to demonstrate numerous round stomach-
cells. No reproductive organs have been detected; but simple and
compound self-division have been observed.
Z. arbuscula ( Vorticella racemosa, M. and Duj.)—Has the branches
of the little tree in racemes or umbels; the corpuscles being white,
and the pedicle very thick. (See fig. 247, which is more highly
magnified than 248). These beautiful little trees resemble plumes
of feathers, at once distinguishing themselves by their strong branches,
bunt having the characters of Carchesium and Cpercularia, as respects
the presence of globular bodics in the axille of the branches. When
full grown, all the animalcules free themselves from the pedicle,
which afterwards withers and disappears. Found upon Ceratophyllum,
stalks of the water lily and of other aquatic plants; it is visible to the
naked eye. It contracts itself on every alarm, by the muscle which runs
542 DESCRIPTION OF { Polygastrica.
down the sheath. It lives but a short time when removed from its
native place—Brightwell. Size 1-430th; tree 1-4th; stalk 1-4th.
the thickness of the body.
We are happy to quote the valuable observations of our countryman,
Mr. Brightwell, of Norwich, as given in his original little work, en-
titled Fauna Infusoria of Norfolk, 1848.
* Sept. 16th, 1846. Early in the morning of this day, we observed
one of the Zoothamnium arbuscula, a large old specimen, which had lest
all its small bell-shaped animals, but had several medlar-shaped buds
or ova remaining uponit. It was seen to detach from its stalks nearly
all these ova, which went off as free animais; one of them soon after
settled at the side of the water-trough, and after agitating its anterior
cilia, it suddenly, and with a kind of violent effort, opened into a
cup-shaped form, and darted about with great rapidity, occasionally
settling, and darting off again.
‘¢ At nine in the morning, one of these buds, or ova, was observed
fixed to the glass by a sheathed pedicle, a ciliary motion became
perceptible at the top of the bulb, and at ten it had divided longi-
tudinally into two buds, each supported by a short stalk. The eiliary
motion continued in the centre of each of these two buds, which by
degrees expanded longitudinally, and at twelve had become four
buds. By four, p. m., these four buds had divided in like manner
and increased to nine, with an elongated foot stalk, and interior
contractile muscle.
‘¢ During the development of another specimen, the stalk appeared
to have transverse ribs or joints, and whilst a drawing was making,
gradually bent downwards, and all the buds severally detached them-
selves from it, and went off as free animals, leaving only the
bent stalk. ‘In this interesting process we see something analogous
to what Steenstrup describes as ‘a mode of development by means of
nurses or intermediate generations.’
‘This mode is described as that in which an animal produces a
progeny permanently dissimilar to itself, but which progeny produces
a new generation in itself, or its offspring, returning to the form of the
parent animal. It will be seen that this development differs from
that of metamorphosis, in the circumstance of the intermediate
animal (the nurse) being itself a permanent and producing form.
“To shew this to be the case with Zoothamnium, it would be
Vorticellina.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 543
necessary to provethat the medlar-shaped animals were a permanent
form, producing a race, which in themselves, or in what they produced,
returned to the form of the parent animal.
““We have not been able to carry the de-
velopment of these buds or ova further than
P. 15, f. 67, 68, 69, and wood cut. And itis
remarkable that in all these the buds have pro-
duced, not the little bell-shaped animalcules,
like the parent animal, but other buds like them-
selves. Mayit not be the case, that these medlar-
shaped bodies are propagated at the close of the
year; and that, when the plant to which the
Zoothamnia bearing these bodies are attached,
die away, they remain in the mud, protected
by the cold of the winter, and in the spring
burst forth, and settle upon the new growing
plants, and produce animals of the parent-form.
They would thus form an intermediate nursing
race answering to Steenstrup’s description.”
ZOOTHAMNIUM niveum.—Branches short, alter-
nate, and almost verticillate; bodies oblong,
white, clustered at the ends of the branches ;
some are round and attached to the trunk; the
branches are filiform, the lower ones often de-
serted, while the upper bear clusters of club-
shaped little bodies, rounded anteriorly. Size
1-210th.
The genus Seyphidiwm, appended by Dujardin
to the family of the Vorticellina, is thus cha-
racterized :—
Scyruiprum.—Body sessile, cup-shaped, taper-
ing at the base, covered with reticulated integu-
ment.
8. rugosa.—Body oblong, marked with distant oblique striz, deep,
and looking like furrows. Length 1-565th. Found in pond-water,
amo nest vegetable debris. To this genus Dujardin would attach the
Vorticella ringens, and V. inclinans, of Miiller, and possibly also the
V. pyriformis, of the same author,
544 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Famity.—OPHRYDINA.
Comprehends loricated polygastric animalcules, solitary or aggre-
gate, possessing a distinct alimentary canal, a separate mouth and
discharging orifice, which approximate and terminate in the same
spot. In organization it resembles the family Vorticellina ; in fact,
says Ehrenberg, it includes true Vorticelle or Stentores, inclosed in a
gelatinous membranous combustible little box (shell.) The loco-
motive apparatus consists of a frontal wreath of cilia; the genus
Ophrydium has a second wreath placed posteriorly, and Tintinnus an
elastic muscular stalk or tail. Although the polygastric organs of
nutrition can be demonstrated im all the tribe by using coloured
food, only in Ophrydium has an alimentary canal been distinctly seen
by Ehrenberg. In Vaginicola and Cothurnia longitudinal division of
the body without the lorica has been observed. In Ophrydiwm trans-
verse division without the lorica is known.
The genera are disposed as follows :—
Form? ig Monad elusters, through incomplete self-division of the lorica..........., Ophrydium,
[ body furnished with an elastic pedicle attached
to loriea. Tintinnus.
Single animalcules, no
self-division of the lorica lorica stalkless:: .)....--<.sseee Vaginicola.
body stalkless.
loriea, stalked) . .:..,:s<.s,ssseeeee Cothurnia.
The genera composing this family are otherwise arranged by
Dujardin, the Ophrydium (Ophrydia, Duj.) with the Urceolaria, and
Vaginicola with the Vorticella. This author writes:
“The so-called lorica of Ophrydia is an amorphous gelatinous
investment, unlike that of Vaginicola, which is a truly resistant
enveloping membrane. The individual beings in the gelatinous ball
of Ophrydia are elongated, cylindrical, or fusiform, and capable of
varying their figure.”
Further, the genus Vaginicola of Dujardin, includes, besides, the
genus of the same name in Ehrenberg’s arrangement, Zimtinnus and
Cothurnia.
Ophrydina. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 545
Dr. Stein says, (Archiy. fiir Naturgeschichte, 1849) that the
members of Vagrnicola are not actually or necessarily without pedi-
cles, and cannot be rightly separated from Cothurnia. From the
tenor of his essay, it may be also gathered, that he regards Vagi-
nicola as a genus of the family Vorttcellina. To the same indus-
trious observer, we owe some very accurate researches into the
organization and reproduction of Vaginicola, which are detailed in
the account of that genus.
Genus Oprurypium. The gelatinous little bell Animalcules possess
a gelatinous lorica, and are clustered (resembling gelatinous balls),
in consequence of perfect self-division of the body, but imperfect of
the lorica. This circumstance gives rise to very peculiar external
appearances, for each body very frequently divides itself, the two
portions separating entirely; the gelatinous lorica forming only a
separating wall. In this manner thousands and millions of connected
animal cells are quickly formed, appearing as gelatinous masses.
They resemble minute Algie of the genus Wostoc, and have been placed
with Ulva, Fucus, Conferva, &c., by different botanists.
O. versatile (Trichoda inguillanus et Vorticella versatilis, M.)
—Has elongated corpuscles, attenuated at both ends, vividly green,
and associated in smooth and globular polypi clusters or masses, which
vary in size from that of a pea to that of'a ball five inches in diameter;
they are either free or attached. Ehrenberg states, that in May, 1837,
he saw hundreds of clusters as large as the fist, which, by the
evolution of gas, were at intervals elevated to the surface, and driven
by the wind to the edge of the water. Longitudinal self-division has
been seen by the same observer, and he is inclined to believe that
Schrank’s representation of transverse division is erroneous; figs. 249,
250, represent quarters as small globular masses of clustered animal-
cules not magnified. Figs. 251 and 252, parts of such a mass
magnified ; and figs. 253 and 254 single animalcules, in the former
stretched out. Found in sea-water. Found by Brightwell in fresh-
water, also in a small turf pit, upon tendrils of roots of marsh plants,
as also upon the stalks of the white water-lily. Length of single
animalcule, stretched out, 1-120th.
Genus Trytinnus. The clapper little bell Animaleules.— Ophrydina
which possess divisibility of the body, but not of the urceolate lorica ;
546 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
the body is attached to the interior of the lorica by a flexible pedicle
(somewhat similar to the clapper of a bell.) The organs of locomotion
are a wreath of cilia and an elastic pedicle; the mouth serves both
asa receiving and discharging orifice; and stomach cells, traces of a
yellowish ova cluster, are more or less visible; self-division was
known to Miiller.
Tintinnvs inguilinus.—Body hyaline or yellowish coloured ; lorica
cylindrical, glass-like, bell-shaped. (See group 255.) Length of body,
without the stalk, 1-570th ; with, 1-240th. In sea-water on Algee.
T. subulatus ( Vorticella vaginata, M.)—Body hyaline, lorica conical,
with a posterior subulate elongation. Ehrenberg observes, that if this
elongation or pointing of the lorica should be called astalk, we should
require a new generic name for the animal. Length of lorica
1-90th.
T. cothurnia.—Body hyaline, lorica cylindrical, hyaline, indistinetly
annular; rather attenuate and truncate posteriorly, Size 1-440th.
In the Baltic.
T. campanula.—Body hyaline, lorica widely campanulate, dilated
in front, pointed behind. Size 1-290th. In North Sea and
Baltic. : :
T. denticulatus. — Lorica cylindrical, hyaline, sculptured with
oblique rows of dots, front margin acutely dentate; posterior ex-
tremity pointed. Size 1-220th. In the North Sea.
Genus Vacrnicora. Zhe Sheathed little bell Animalecules com-
prehend Ophrydina, distinguished by divisibility of the body, but not
of the lorica, and neither of the two pediculated ; a wreath of cilia
surrounds the truncated frontal portion, within which, at the margin,
is the orifice or mouth. The polygastric apparatus, the passage of
the food onwards, its return, and the exit of the refuse near the
mouth, have been seen by Ehrenberg. One species (V. erystallina)
has coloured ova granules. No other reproductive organs have been
observed satisfactorily. Increase by longitudinal self-division has
been seen in all the species.
In all the particulars of internal organization, says Dr. Stein
(Archiv. fiir Naturgeschichte, 1849), Vaginicola resembles Vorticella,
except that its nucleus is discoid, not band-shaped, as in the latter.
Propagation by fission and gemmation is likewise very distinct ; by
Ophrydina.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 547
the former process more commonly (P. 22, f. 10, 11.) The develop-
ment of the bud takes place from the base of the parent, and within
its sheath. The young being, produced by either process, is furnished,
as in Vorticella, with a posterior wreath of cilia, whilst it is endowed
with free locomotion (P. 22, f. 11.) It frequently happens, as re-
presented in the last quoted figure, that the new being formed
assumes a contracted ovoid form, with its frontal wreath retracted.
Upon the appearance of the posterior whorl of cilia, and aided by
their movements, the young animal loosens itself and escapes from
its parent case, and swims freely away, elongating itself, it may be,
if previously contracted, and assuming finally all the characters of a
perfect Vaginicola, by developing around it its own special sheath.
On the other hand, the contracted individual may become actually
encased within its integument, in other words, encysted, and pass
through a peculiar cycle of changes, by assuming all the characters
of an Acineta. In the encysting process, the animal sinks towards
the bottom of the case produced around it, and thus drags on its
anterior part, bringing the sides of its original opening into approxi-
mation. In effecting this closure, a substance appears to be thrown
out anteriorly, which, by reason of its acting as the medium for
closing the case and connecting this with the contained body, Dr.
Stein designates the ‘ binding-substance.’ This substance appears in
the form of plaits or folds crossing each other (P. 22, f. 12, 13.)
The animal is now seen as a motionless granular mass, not entirely
filling its case, without trace of its mouth and frontal wreath, but
still possessing a contractile vesicle, or a nucleus, or both. From
between each of the angles of the binding substance, filiform fibres
proceed, with rounded knobs at their apices, flexible, and capable of
elongation or retraction. These fibres, Stem believes, are of the
same nature as the variable processes of Amaba and Arcellina; they
move freely about, crossing one another, and often entangling small
Infusoria, or other floating particles, which they draw towards the
surface of the Acineta. However, neither such captured particles,
nor any others, are ever seen to enter within the cyst; nor are any
food globules to be detected within the body ; for there is no mouth,
all communication with the exterior being cut off by the outer tough
case or integument, and also by the subjacent binding-substance. It
548 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
may be that nutriment is derived from the substances caught by the
fibres, by means of absorbing powers resident in the bulbous ex-
tremities of the latter.
The beings of the form now described resemble the Acineta
mystacina (Ehr.) In this Acineta, Ehrenberg designated the outer
sheath, a lorica; the diverging fibres, the tentacles; the contained
globules, stomachs; the nucleus, a testes; and the fine granules,
ova; whilst he also supposed the existence of a mouth at the an-
terior extremity.
In different examples the length of the pedicle varies much, In
some cases, the enclosing case was nearly filled by the granular body ;
in such, the diverging fibres were few and small, the contained
granules and globules large, whilst the nucleus was indistinct or in-
visible (P. 22, f. 11.) These forms are an early condition of the
Acineta, which is destined to undergo progressive changes, chiefly
observable in the growing diminution in volume of the granular
animal mass, which proceeds until diverging fibres, nucleus, and
contractile vesicle, are no longer to be traced in the mere speck re-
maining (P. 22, figs. 13, 14, 15.)
As in Zpistylis, so in Vaginicola, the Acineta-body developes a
discoid, ciliated embryo, but there is no contraction of the outer case
(sheath) as happens in the former.
Vaarnicora erystallina ( Vorticella stentorea et Trichoda ingenita, M.)
—Lorica crystalline, straight, pitcher-shaped, slightly contracted near
the open end; ova green. Found upon Lemna, &c. Length of lorica
1-210th (P. 22, f. 19, 24.)
V. tincta.—Lorica brownish-yellow, urceolate, and nearly cylin-
drical; body hyaline. Found upon Zygnema decimum. Size of
lorica 1-280th.
V. decumbens. —Lorica brownish-yellow, oval and compressed, as
shown in the engraving, group 256. The lorica is decumbent, the
body hyaline. Lives with the preceding. Length of lorica 1-280th.
V. vaginata.—Under the name Vorticella vaginata, Miiller has
described a Vaginicola found in the Baltic, having a delicate pedicle
as long as the body, and inserted at the upper end of a sheath six
times longer than itself, into the orifice of which the body can with
difficulty cuter.
Ophrydina.) INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 549
Vacrntcora Ampulla.—Miiller described this as larger than most
animalcules dwelling in a bottle-shaped sheath, very contractile, grey,
and soft, and occupying various positions within the case. Found
in the Baltic, and, by Mr. Brightwell, at Lowestoff.
V. ovata (Duj.)—Body of a lengthened ovoid figure, placed in an
urceolate case. Length of body 1-1000th, of case 1-550th. Appa-
rently distinct from V. erystallina. Found on Zygnemain pond water.
Vv. ————? (Brightwell). — Body double, of a green colour.
Probably undescribed. Found on duck weed and other small aquatic
plants. It is doubtful whether this being is other than a Vaginicola
in process of spontaneous fission.
Genus Cornurnia. The stilt little bell Animatcules possess divisbility
of the body, but not of the lorica, which is urceolate in shape, and
supported on a rigid pedicle. A wreath of cilia is placed upon the
flat frontal region; and the mouth, joined with the anal opening, lies
sideway within it. The body is elastic, and can withdraw itself
within the stiff lorica; polygastric apparatus and longitudinal self-
division have been observed in two species. The sexual structures
are not satisfactorily seen.
C. imberbis ( Vorticella folliculata, M.)—Pedicle much shorter than
the lorica, the body of a yellowish colour. Ehrenberg remarks,
“This animalcule had often swallowed green Monads, and yet
accepted indigo. TZrichodina voraw is the enemy of this species.”
Found upon Cyclops quadricornis. (Ihe. Cab., plate viii. group 257.)
Length of lorica 1-280th.
C. maritima.—Pedicle much shorter than the hyaline lorica; body
hyaline and whitish. Length of lorica 1-570th.
C. Havniensis.—Pedicle much longer than the hyaline lorica;
body whitish. Size, without the stalk, 1-280th
Famiy.—ENCHELIA.
We now arrive at Infusoria which possess a much higher organiza-
tion than those hitherto described, having a distinct alimentary
canal, with a mouth and discharging opening at opposite extremities
of the body. These animalcules are destitute of lorica; organs of
550 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
locomotion have been observed in all the genera, and in all the species
except two, but in no case do they consist of simple vibrating pro-
boscides, but generally of numerous vibratile cilia. In the genera
Actinophrys, Trichodiseus, and Podophrya, locomotion is performed by
slow-moving feelers. In seven genera the organs of nutrition have
been satisfactorily demonstrated, by the employment of coloured
food, but only in one has the entire course of an alimentary canal
been traced, though in most its course is indicated by the discharge
at the end of the body. Ehrenberg states the polygastric structure
is to be seen in all except the Arabian Disoma. A double condition
as regards the sexual apparatus, is seen in Enchelys, Leucophrys, and
Prorodon. Complete self-division, both longitudinal and transverse
has been observed; but neither gemme or polypi clusters. The
members of this family appear to me to resemble each other less than
any membranous one that has preceded. The most curious animal-
cules among them are the double-bodied Disoma and the teeth-
bearing Prorodon.
The genera are distributed as follows :—
‘ ( vibratile ( body simple ..,.......scc-seseeceees Enchelys.
cilia at the
mouth
body double ...<....0-ccsosssseear¥e Disoma.
direct
truncated sets 4
mouth (the body covere .
(no lip) ray-like | with rays } Actinophrys,
surface of tentacula | stalkless
body desti- not vibra- }
= tute of vi- tile rays at the edge ...Trichodiscus.
g bratile cilia
2
a BtAUKEG i. waseccvetetsccgeneeel aioe Podophrya.
3
2 oblique Layne ra neocon nesaortacennos Caosecocrniucecacara Trichoda.
truncated
mouth
L (with lip) \ with neck ............... saline sop cetaaeenesec pee Lacrymaria.
surface of oblique truncated mouth, With Lip ..........cccseeeeeeeerreees Leucophrys.
body with
vibratile
L cilia. direct truncated mouth, NO Lip ........:eceeeesteeeeeeen eens t..... Holophrya.
Teeth present ........ccsecereressees Acne ROR. ice cau dest cdecenenreuassastnsaees an senenenimas Prorodon.
In the arrangement of Dujardin, and under his fourth order com-
prehending ‘ciliated Infusoria without a contractile integument,
and with or without a mouth’—A family having the same name
Pnrchelia. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 551
Enchelia (Enchelyens) and named after a genus Lnchelys, is instituted.
But most unfortunately for science, this family and this genus, in the
animaleules they include, in no way correspond with the similarly
named family and genus of Ehrenberg. This is remarked by
Dujardin himself, and he adds, with reference to the genus Enchelys,
that, in the whole course of his observations, he has never met with
any Infusoria bearing the characters attributed by Ehrenberg to that
genus, and he is led to conclude that the beings described by that
observer are Paramacia, with a terminal mouth, or else Bursaria
imperfectly examined, and the cilia of the surface overlooked.
Moreover, the family Cyclidina (Ehr.) seems much more neatly allied
to the Enchelys of Dujardin, but its characters, as given by Ehren-
berg, are not sufficiently definite to attempt an identification.
Dujardin defines his genus Hnchelys as having a cylindrical, oblong,
or ovoid body, covered with erect uniform cilia, irregularly disposed.
Genus Encuetys. The cylinder Animaleules—Body single, no
vibratile cilia upon its surface ; mouth truncated (direct, not oblique),
devoid of teeth. A wreath of cilia is distinctly to be observed
around the mouth in three species ; in one it is indistinct. In E. pupa
the form of the alimentary canal is accurately seen; the polygastric
cells, mouth, and discharging orifice, are recognized in all. In E. pupa
and nebulosa, very delicate ova granules are observable, and in E.
forcimen a contractile bladder. Self-division is transverse and
complete.
E. pupa (M.)—Body turgid, club-shaped, attenuated anteriorly.
The granular ova are of a pale yellowish-green colour, and disposed
around the stomach cells; neither glands nor contractile bladder are
visible. Figs. 258 and 259 represent two specimens: in the first
the currents produced by the cilia around the mouth are distinct ;
they are both represented as fed on coloured substances. It is
remarkable that this is the only species of Polygastrica of which
Dr. Ehrenberg has figured, in his large work, the form of the
nutritive system separately. Common in stagnant bog water.
Length 1-140th.
E. farcimen (K. fareimen et Vibrio intestinum, M.\—Is smaller,
more cylindrical and slender than the preceding ; the ova are whitish.
These creatures prey on other animalcules nearly as large as them-
’ 552 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
selves, which they deyour entire; this will account for the variety of
forms which they assume, and require an observer to be very watchful
and cautious before he can pronounce on the identity of a species.
Dr. Ehrenberg, by patient observation, saw one individual undergo a
great variety of forms when it had swallowed a young SJolpoda
cucullus. To illustrate this, fig. 260 shews a young specimen with
open mouth, about to devour an animalcule; this it accomplishes by
the motion of the fringe of cilia producing a current in the water ;
the prey by this means is brought into contact with the mouth,
which gradually dilates till the animalcule is entirely inclosed.
During this operation it swims about, and a casual observer would
imagine the form shewn at fig. 261 as the normal shape of another
animalcule, while, in fact, it is occasioned by its food; as the di-
gestion proceeds the lower part dilates, and the anterior contracts into
its former shape ; the animalcule then assumes an egg shape (fig. 262
to 265); and finally returns to its true form. Found in stagnant
water. Length 1-430th.
Encurtys ifuscata.— Body oval or spherical, and whitish;
mouth encircled by a brownish ring, and not prominent. When fed
with indigo numerous digestive cells become filled. Found in bog
water. Size 1-280th. to 1-240th.
E_ nebulosa (M.)—Body ovate, hyaline, with a projecting mouth.
This species receives carmine and indigo very readily. Ehrenberg
has counted as many as nineteen digestive cells. Filled with the
coloured food. Size 1-230th. to 1-570th.
Genus Disoma (?) Zhe double-bodied Animalcules.—This curious
genus is characterized by a double body, destitute of cilia; that part
at which the mouth is situated is truncated (direct.) The mouth is
ciliated, but devoid of teeth. Within the bodies numerous little
vesicular cells (stomachs) are observed, and the discharge of ex-
crement may be seen to take place at the posterior extremity of
each body.
D. vacillans.—Consists of two corpuscles, filiform, and slenderly
club-shaped; hyaline and attenuated at the anterior extremity.
Ehrenberg remarks, ‘‘ Both bodies frequently swam parallel beside
each other, so that they turned on their long axis and moved onwards
quickly, though vacillating; sometimes both bodies gaped widely
Eachelia. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 553
apart from each other, but never so widely as to form a straight line.
(See fig. 265.*) Found on Mount Sinai. Size 1-380th.
Genus Acrrnopurys. The sun Animaleules—Enchelian Infusoria,
of a globular shape, covered with setaceous tentacula, but without
vibratile cilia. The part at which the mouth is situated is trun-
cated (direct.) The progress of the discovery of the organization of
this genus is as follows:—In 1773 the mouth was indistinctly ob-
served; in 1783 both the mouth and reception of coloured food were
distinctly seen by Eickhorn; in 1777 Eickhorn noticed the erection
and depression of the tentacles or rays, and locomotion produced
thereby ; in 1830 Ehrenberg saw the polygastric structure, and the
discharging orifice opposite to the mouth; also a short proboscis in
A. sol. Granular matter, probably representing ova, is seen in all
the species. Miller saw a round gland, and LEickhorn self-
division.
Dujardin has a genus Actinophrys which agrees in the main with
that of Ehrenberg, but occupies a much lower place in his system,
its affinities being rather with the 4mede than with animalcules of
so high an organization as the nchelia described by Ehrenberg.
The following are the characters of the family Actinophryens, in-
cluding Actinophrys, Acineta, and Dendrosoma. ‘‘ Animals without
appreciable organization, motionless or fixed, provided with variable
expansions, very slowly contractile, always simple, and the ex-
tremities of which, in contracting, often become globular’ —and
it is added :—
“The Actinophryens, whose organization seems as simple as that
of the Amebee and Lhizopoda, are distinguished from these animals
by the extreme slowness with which they extend or retract their
expansions. This slowness is such that one would many times doubt
their animality, were it not that by agitation of the liquid, or by the
contact of other bodies, the soft, glutinous consistence of their
bodies can be detected,” and the variation, the retraction or elonga-
tion of their expansions, witnessed. In the interior, granules of
various sizes and vacuole, often very large, are to be seen. The
thicker prolongations are called by Ehrenberg proboscides (trunks.) ”
Kolliker has of late investigated the organization of Actinophrys
00
554. DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
(Zeitschift f. Wissenschaft, Zoologie von V. Siebold, and Kolliker,
1849.) He does not admit the existence of a mouth, but supposes
particles of food to enter the body at any part, by means of the
pressure exerted by them on its integuments, through the agency
chiefly of the radiating fibres compressing them. Dr. Stein, on the
contrary, asserts that no foreign matters are ever found within the
interior of Actinophrys. -Actinophrys is closely allied to Acmeta ;
some of the forms of the latter found by Dr. Stein, are scarcely dis-
tinguishable from the former; like which, too, they possess a
nucleus and contractile vesicle.
Dujardin further remarks, ‘‘ Ehrenberg has placed the Actino-
phryens, although wanting cilia, among the Enchelia, all of which are
furnished with those organs, and he attributes to them a mouth, di-
gestive canal, and anus, notwithstanding his having failed to feed
them on coloured substances. His grounds for such disposition of
these animals, are, that by their processes (tentacula) they affix
themselves to other beings, which, by contact with their surface, they
seem to absorb. At the same time he inserts the Acineta at the end
of the family Bacillaria, and as an appended genus. However,
during the printing of his work, he discovered the allied genus
Dendrosoma, and was then led to the belief that Podophrya, Acti-
nophrys, and Acineta, should be combined with that new genus in a
distinct family, which he proposed to name Acinetina.” This, save
in the definition, would nearly correspond to the Actinophryens of
Dujardin. The <Actinophryens are found both in fresh and salt
water, among Algze and Confervee, but not in artificial infusions,
Actinopurys sol (Zrichoda sol, M.)—Body of a whitish colour,
of a flat pancake form; the rays diverge from every part of its
body, and in length about equal the diameter of the body. Ehrenberg
says, ‘‘The rays or tentacles serve to feel, to move, and to catch.”
Meyen states he has seen the rays, or tentacles, when cut off, twist
themselves, but Ehrenberg considers that eminent botanist to have
mistaken Vibrio bacillus for them, which is mostly present with this
species. The mouth is large and round, and has a proboscis. Eick-
horn appears to have seen much larger forms, which could be seen
with the naked eye, and found within them whole (!) forms of small
Enchelia.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULTS. 555
Entomostraca! Found in the dust-like matter upon the surface of
infusions; among Conferve ‘and other plants in soft water. Size
1-1200th to 1-430th.
Brightwell gives the following account of the tentacula and the
reproduction of Actinophrys Sol. There tentacula appear to have the
property of attaching to themselves any Infusoria which touches
them; when this is the case, they contract, and the entangled
Tnfusorium is absorbed into the body of the animal by its surface, or by
the thicker expansions of its body. They multiply by division,
so that two, and sometimes three, individnals are seen adhering
together, by their outer edge—the middle one—the parent being
the largest. They differ much in size, and are not unfrequently
large enough to be seen by the naked eye. (Fauna Infusoria’
Norfolk.)
The apparent property of the tentacula of Actinophrys, like that of
the tentacules of Actinie and Meduse, to attach to themselves
Infusoria, which come within their reach, and to thereby kill them
previously to absorption in their own substances, is mentioned also
by Dujardin.
Actrrinopnrys viridis.—Body spherical, greenish, rays numerous
and shorter than the diameter of the body, as shewn in fig. 266.
Found amongst Conferva. Diameter of the body, exclusive of rays,
1-620th to 1-280th.
A. difformis.—Body irregularly lobed, depressed and hyaline;
rays variable in length, some longer than the diameter of the
body. Diameter without rays, 1-570th to 1-280th.
A. Hichornit.—Body large, white, globose, rays shorter than the
diameter of the body ; conical. Size 1-100th. Berlin.
Dujardin gives the following species, in addition to those described
by Ehrenberg :—
A. marina.—Differs from A. Sol, only in its habitat, and in the
more marked contractility of its rays. Found amongst micro-
scopic marine Alge in the Mediterranean, and probably but a
variety of A. Sol.
A. digitata.—Body depressed, rays flexible, thickened at the base,
and forming, by contraction, short, thick, finger-like processes.
Diameter 1-750th. Found in fresh water containing marsh plants.
00 2
556 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Its discoid body would rather place it in the Trichodiscus of
Ehrenberg.
Actinopurys granata (Trichoda granata, M.)— Body globular,
opaque at its centre, surrounded by rays of less length than its own
diameter.
Genus Tricnopiscus. The rayed-dise Animalcules. — Body de-
pressed, with a single marginal row of setaceous tentacles ; vibratile
cilia, and teeth absent ; no pedicle ; mouth truncated (direct.)
These Infusoria, by their flat disciform shape, resemble the genus
Arcella, but, unlike the latter, are soft and shell-less, with stiff
bristle-like rays. A central opening, and a large lateral gland, have
been recorded by Ehrenberg, who likewise states that he has seen,
though indistinctly, numerous digestive cells, but neither the re-
ception of coloured food, nor the anal orifice.
T. sol. (<Actinophrys Discus, D.) Figs. 267 and 268.—Body de-
pressed, almost flat, hyaline or yellowish, with variable rays. The
motion of this species is very sluggish; it often remains for a long
time inert. Found amongst Conferva. Diameter, without rays,
1-430th to 1-210th.
Genus Popopurya. Zhe pedicled and rayed Animaleules—Enchelia,
devoid of vibrating cilia and teeth; their bodies are spherical, and
covered with setaceous tentacles; mouth truncated (direct.) In
organization they are similar to Actinophrys, with a stiff stalk.
P. fixa (Trichoda fixa, M.—Actinophrys pedicellata, D.)—Has a
spherical, turbid, whitish body, with a diaphanous pedicle, slightly
excised at the extremity. The rays or sete have their extremities
capitate, and equal the diameter of the body in length, as represented
at figs. 269, 270: the latter exhibits it with two animalcules it has
seized. Ehrenberg states, the seizing or catching power of this
animalcule is very interesting to observe. So soon as a quickly
vibrating Zrichodina grandinella approaches to and comes in contact
with, its tentacula, it is immediately taken prisoner, ceases to vibrate,
and stretches out its cilia backwards. On the whole, this species
resembles Acineta, from which it is separated by Dr. Ehrenberg, who
supposes it to possess a discharging orifice, though its situation is
unknown. Found among dust-like matter upon the surface of pond
Enchelia. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 557
water, and perhaps, says Dr. Ehrenberg, in the sea (Copenhagen. )
Diameter 1-430th.
Genus Acryera.“ The rayed little tree Animalcules —This genuss
was placed by Ehrenberg, in his great work in 1838, as an appended
tribe to the Bacillaria, with which, indeed, its affinities were very
slight, and hypothetical. In a communication since made, upon
the discovery of the genus Dendrosoma, Ehrenberg stated, that Acineta,
and the new genus, are allied to Actinophrys, and proposed to include
all those three genera with the intimately associated ones, Trichodiscus
and Podophrya, in a new family, to be called Acinetina, ranging
itself between Bacillaria and Vorticellina. In accordance with these
views, the genus Acineta is transferred from its former place to the
present.
The genus Acineta is especially characterized by having a mem-
branous lorica, a simple pedicle, and numerous retractile, non-
vibrating tentacula. ,
In A. Lyngbyei, and A. mystacina, Ehrenberg describes stomach-
cells; and in A. tuberosa and A. mystacina, a seminal gland. Self-
division not observed.
The recent elaborate researches of Dr. Stein, have rendered the
existence of Acinefa, as an independent genus and organism, exceed-
ingly doubtful; and go to show, on the other hand, that Acineta is
but a transitional stage of development of Vorticella, Vaginicola, and
Lpistylis. (See the account of these genera, and P. 22.)
A. Lynybyet.— Lorica spherical, pedicle thick. It resembles a
stalked Actinophrys, while the circular, radiating, pale yellow coloured
body, with its thick crystalline stalk, is similar to a retracted
Vorticella. Found on Polypes, as Sertularia. Length, including
stalk, 1-100th to 1-170th.
A. tuberosa (Vorticella tuberosa, M.) — Lorica triangular, com-
pressed ; dilated and truncate anteriorly, with three obtuse tubercles
or horns, of which the two lateral are more constant, and furnished
with tentacula. Pedicle simple and slender. Size 1-210th to
1-100th Found in marsh and sea-water, on Ceramium diaphanum.
CE), t. 3, 4.)
A. mystacina ( Vorticella, Schrank. )—Subglobose, obtusely horned,
558 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygqastrica.
with two elongated bundles of tentacula; pedicle slender, fig. 205.
Found upon Lemna minor. Length of entire body 1-860th
to 1-120th.
Actyeta ferrum equinum.—Body ovate, white, tentacula disposed at
its front ; pedicle small, thick; a central gland of a horse-shoe shape.
Size 1-240th. Berlin.
A. (?) — Brightwell describes an animalcule with an oval sheath,
of a dark colour, opaque and granulated, and having a bundle of
diverging rays proceeding from each extremity, many of which, by
contraction or otherwise, have a globular tip. They were not ob-
served to move or catch other animalcules. Found in fresh-water at
Oulton, Norfolk.
Genus Denprosoma.—This includes beings whieh resemble Aeti-
nophrys, supported on a branching pedicle. The base of the thick
pedicle or trunk is fixed, and its divisions bear at their extremities
the animalcules. In appearance, therefore, it resembles a micro-
scopieal Sertularian polype.
D. radians. —Corpuscles (animacules) conical, dense; on soft,
smooth, and alternately disposed branches; and furnished with
tentacula.
Genus Atprrta.—Mr. Alder has deseribed and figured (Ann. Nat.
Hist. vol. vii, 1851, p. 427) three new species of Infusoria, which
he esteems to be most akin to Acieta. Unfortunately for any
systematic arrangement, he has contrived no names for them; if we
might be allowed, we would suggest the generic appellation ALDERIA,
in honour of the discoverer.
The following characteristics are condensed from Mr. Alder’s
account, and, for convenience sake, we have ventured upon specific
or trivial names, for the three species indicated.
A. apiculosa—Body vase—or cup—form, expanded at the top, and
set round with numerous pointed tentacles, abruptly thickened to-
wards the base, and forming more than one row; they had very
little motion, but were occasionally bent forwards, and the whole
were sometimes slowly retracted. The body was attached by a
tolerably stout stem. Found parasitic on Sertularia.
A. ovata.—Body ovate, with a very slender and short stem; ten-
Enchelia. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 559
tacles capitate or knobbed at the end, not so numerous as in the first
species, and placed in a single row round a narrow disc. Parasitic on
Sertularia.
AQpERIA pyriformis.—Body pear-shaped, or perhaps rather bell-
shaped, with a distinct rim round the top, and a single circle of delicate
capitate feelers (tentacula), which, as in the former instance, were
retractile. Stem long and slender. Parasitic on Paludicella, and,
unlike the preceding, inhabiting fresh water.
Mr. Alder’s first impression, regarding these creatures, was, that
they were new forms of Campanularian Zoophytes (¢. ¢., of Polypes.)
A more careful examination, however, convinced him that their
organization was much more simple than is to be found in the true
Polypes, and that they must be considered to belong to the class
Infusoria. Their relation to the Vorticelle is remote, and they come
nearest to Acineta. The Acineta mystacina (Eh.) somewhat resembles
the last species, but its form appears much more simple, and the
tentacles rise irregularly from different parts of the body. These
animalcules are of interest, as forming a more perfect link between
the Infusoria and the Campanularian Zoophytes, than any hitherto
known. We ourselves feel more disposed to range this genus in the
family Vorticellina, than with Acineta.
Genus Tricnopa. The hair Animalcules.— Body (?) devoid of
hairs or cilia; mouth truncated (oblique), destitute of teeth, but
provided with vibratile cilia, and a lip, but no neck. The polygas-
tric apparatus is satisfactorily proved by the employment of coloured
food, and the posterior anal spot is also known. The oblique direc-
tion of the mouth gives rise to a very characteristic upper lip-like
projection. In T. pyrum only has self-division been observed. All
the species are colourless.
T. pura (Kolpoda pyrum, M. figs. 271, 272, 273.)—Body oblong,
club-shaped, with small vesicles. The anterior part attenuated, and
the mouth lateral. Common in vegetable infusions; usually with
Cyclidium glaucoma. Size 1-720th.
T. Wasamonum. — Body cylindrical, extremities equally obtuse,
mouth large, and elongated laterally. Size 1-288th.
T. ovata.—Body ovate, turgid, attenuated anteriorly ; mouth small
and lateral. Size 1-480th
560 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Tricnopa (?) thiopica.—Body oblong, attenuated posteriorly ;
under side flat; mouth large. Size 1-600th.
T. Asiatica—Body oval, oblong, cylindrical, rounded at both ends ;
mouth small. Size 1-860th.
T. pyrum (Kolpoda pyrum, M.)—Body ovate, turgid, acute ante-
riorly. Found amongst Conferva and in infasion of eelery-
Size 1-1200th.
In the system of Dujardin there is both a family Trichodiens, and a
genus Trichoda. Speaking of the relations between them and the genns
Trichoda of Ehrenberg, he observes: ‘‘ M. Ehrenberg has placed in
his family Enchelia, a genus Trichoda, which in part corresponds with
ours; and he has, besides, dispersed among Leucophrys, Enchelys,
Trachelius, Loxodes, &c., many Infusoria which we have brought
together in this family (viz., Ziichodiens}, since we, unlike him, are
unable to see their digestive organs.”
The TZrichodiens are soft, variable, flexible animaleules, ciliated,
and either with an evident mouth, or one indicated by a varying
arrangement of longer cilia. Dujardin would have it understood, that
this family is only provisional; to comprise a tribe of animals in-
termediate in organization between the Exchylens—the most simple of
ciliated—and the Acroniens, which conduct to the highest forms of
infusorial life, having defined mouths, and an armature of styles,
hooks, &c. The genera included by Dujardin in this family—
Trichodiens, are, Trichoda, Trachelius, Acineria, Pelecida, and Dileptus ;
the two last having a higher grade of organization.
TricHopa (Duj.)—Body ovoid-oblong, or pyriform, rather flexible
anteriorly, with a row of cilia directed backwards, and appearing to
indicate the presence of a mouth. Their surface does not appear
reticulated, or ciliated in rows, as it is in Acomia and Enchelys. The
Trichoda are chiefly found in Infusions and in stale marsh water.
T. angulata. — Body oblong, obliquely and regularly plaited or
angular, often with one or more superficial vacuole. Size 1-900th.
T. Pyrum (Kolpoda Pyrum ? M.)—Probably Zrichoda Carnium.
Genus Lacrymarta. The tear Animalcules—Body with a long
narrow neck, slightly enlarged near the termination, where the
ciliated and lateral (lipped) mouth, destitute of teeth, is situated
Enchelia. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 561
Body not ciliated. Locomotion is performed by means of the neck,
the distensible body, and the oral cilia. The proboscis-like lip is
very short, sometimes distinctly articulated, and projects but little
beyond the oral orifice. The polygastric structure can be demon-
strated by employing coloured food, and its discharge at the end re-
cognized in one species ; in another, green (ova) granules are present.
The genus Lacrymaria of Dujardin, agrees mainly with that of
Ehrenberg, but is ranged with the ‘Parameciens.’ The French
author differs entirely from Ehrenberg, in the statement that the
Lacrymaria are distinctly ciliated on their surface, that the cilia are
disposed in regular series among the reticulations of the integument ;
and he also affirms that the mouth is not visible, but only presumed
from the appearance and arrangement of the larger cilia near the
extremity of the neck; and he mentions the variability of their form,
as remarked by Baker, and other old observers; whence the appella-
tion Proteus, originally given them.
The Zacrymaria, of Dujardin, are distributed by Ehrenberg among
the Lacrymaria, the Phialina, and in the genus Trachelocerca.
Lacrymaria proteus (Trichoda proteus, M.\—Body oblong, turgid,
with delicate transverse folds. The neck is capable of considerable ex-
tension (see engraving P. 6, f. 274, 275; in the former it is extended,
in the latter contracted.) It resembles Zrachelocerca olor, but its
posterior extremity is rounded, and has at its centre the discharging
orifice. Reproductive organs unknown. Found amongst Lemna.
Size stretched out, 1-140th.
L. gutta.—Has a smooth and nearly spherical body, with a very
long neck. Found with Conferva. Size 1-1150th; including neck,
1-210th.
L. rugosa.—The body of this animalcule is nearly globular, and
wrinkled; the neck is of a medium length, and the ova green. In
swimming it often revolves on its longitudinal axis; neither cilia nor
an enlargement is observable near the mouth. Size 1-570th; in-
cluding neck, 1-288th.
The additional species given by Dujardin are :—Zacrymaria versa-
tilts (Trichoda versatilis, M.)—Fusiform; neck retractile; ciliated
beneath its extremity; neck shorter than in L. proéeus; and, unlike
it, pointed posteriorly, and lives in sea- water.
ti >
562 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica,
Lacrymaria tornatilis—Neck retractile, sometimes disappearing
entirely, presenting then only the cilia crowning its extremity.
L. farcta.—Flask-shaped, with a short neck. Found in ditch-
water about Paris. Length 1-260th.
Genus Lrucopnrys.—Body with vibratile cilia, covering its whole
surface ; mouth obliquely terminal, without teeth. From the ob-
liquity of the mouth the upper part appears like a lip. The cilia
which cover the body, are short and disposed in rows; those around
the mouth are longer, and produce very powerful currents. In
swimming all the specics revolve upon the longer axis. A serpentine
alimentary canal (with numerous grape-like stomach-cells, more than
fifty), terminating at the opposite extremity to the mouth, is present.
In three species, numerous ova granules are observed, and in some,
one or two globular glands and simple contractile bladders. Transverse
and longitudinal self-division have been observed.
Leucophrys forms, in the system of Dujardin, with Spathidium and
Opalina, the family ‘ Leucophryens;’ characterized by having an
oval or oblong depressed body, covered with cilia densely, but regu-
larly disposed. They have no evident mouth; if one be present,
it can only imbibe fluid, for foreign solid particles are not to be found
in their vacuole ; hence they probably live only by absorption. Most
of them are parasitic in Annelida and Batrachia, and soon perish in
pure water, like Helminthoid (tape) worms. In Opatina, an anterior
oblique cleft probably indicates a mouth, Dujardin says—“ It is to
the genus Bursaria that Ehrenberg has transferred most of the true
‘ Leucophryens,’ in conjunction with other Infusoria having a very
?
distinct mouth.”
Dujardin’s characters of Leucophrys are:—Body depressed, oval)
or oblong, equally rounded at the two ends, covered by long, very
numerous, vibratile cilia, in parallel rows; no mouth—‘ I have
restricted the term to animalcules parasitic in Zumbrici ; but should
probably include the form met with by Ehrenberg in the Anodonte.”’
L. patula (Trichoda patula, M.—Bursarva patula, Duj.)—Body oval,
campanulate, turgid, as shewn in fig. 276, 277. It is sometimes
quite pellucid, at others of a whitish colour; mouth ample and
gaping; the stomach-cells are very large, and fill themselves in an
irregular manner. When the animalcule is quict, the passage of the
Enchelia. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 563
food onwards is seen in the serpentine canal, to which the stomachs are
attached like berries ; even, says Dr. Ehrenberg, the stalk or short tube
connecting them is visible when they receive or discharge coloured
food. The longitudinal rows of cilia are very numerous in full-
grown specimens. The ova are white by incident light, brownish
by transmitted. In the middle of the body isa small globular male
gland. Found both in fresh and sea-water. Size 1-280th to 1-96th.
Lrvcornrys Spathula =Encurrys Spathula, M.)—Body lanceolate,
compressed, whitish, membrane-like at its anterior extremity, where it
is obliquely truncated, and a narrow mouth situated. Found amongst
Lemna. Length 1-140th.
L. sanguinea ( Trichoda striata, M) fig. 279.—Body cylindrical, roun-
ded at both extremities, and of the colour of blood. Ehrenberg remarks
that within it are two bright contractile round bladders, and that
when the creature undergoes self-division, (fig. 280), there is always
one ineach part. Length 1-144th; ova granules 1-12000th.
L. pyriformis (Kolpoda pyrum, M.)— Body ovate, whitish, rather
more acute anteriorly; ventricles large. Size 1-570th to 1-280th.
L. carnium (Kolpoda pyrum, M.)— Body oval, oblong, acute
anteriorly, and of a whitish colour; ventricles narrow, Found in
putrescent animal water, and draining of manure. Size 1-1440th
to 1-430th.
L. (?) anodonte (Leucophra flinda, M.)—Body oval, turgid, and
transparent; rounded at both extremities. Found in Siberia and
Copenhagen. Size 1-430th
L. striata (Duj.)—Body oblong, marked by thirty-five longitudinal
granular strie. Length 1-325th to 1-200th. Found in Lumbrici
(worms) of gardens.
L. nodulata (Duj.)—Body oblong, regularly ciliated ; without distinct
strize ; but having two series of vacuole. Found also in Lumbrici.
The two other genera of Dujardin’s family ‘ Leucophryens,’ are
Spathidium and Opalina: the latter we shall speak of under the
genus Bursaria, 11 which some of its examples are included by
Ehrenberg.
Genus Spraruimium. — Body oblong, thicker and more rounded
behind ; thinner, expanded, and truncated in front.
S. Ayalinum.—Body oblong, lanceolate, hyaline; thin, and almost
564 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
membranous anteriorly, and terminated by an oblique margin; along
which some small black nodules may be seen. In pond-water, near
Paris. The Enchelys Spathula, of Miiller, would seem to be the
same species; but the Leucophrys Spathula, of Ehrenberg, differs
from it in having a row of cilia on the anterior margin, with striz on
each side; as also in receiving indigo in its stomach-sacs,
(Patt, 275)
Genus Hotopurya.— The wooly Animaleules comprehend Enchelia
covered with vibratile cilia; body ovoid, oblong, or even cylindrical ;
mouth anterior, directly truncated or terminal, and without lip or
teeth. Digestive cells have been seen in all the species; and in two,
the mouth and discharging orifice. The cilia are disposed in longi-
tudinal rows. In H. ovum green granules and a posterior contractile
bladder are observable; self-division appears to be transverse in
H. discolor.
H. ovum (Leucophra bursata, M.)—Body ovate, somewhat cylin-
drical, extremities sub-truncate (fig. 281); ova green. Found
amongst Lemna and Conferva. Size 1-570th to 1-210th.
H. discolor (Trichoda horrida, M.)—Body white, ovate, conical,
subacute at the posterior extremity ; cilia long and scattered. Found
amongst Conferva. Size 1-240th.
H. coleps (Leucophra globulifera, M.)—Body oblong, cylindrical ;
rounded at both extremities. It is of a white hue. Size 1-430th
to 1-280th.
Holophrya, and the following genus Prorodon, are included in
Dujardin’sfamily, Parameciens.’ One new species is described, viz. :—
H. brunnea.—Body brown, changing from a cylinder to a globular
form, when filled with food; and also then altering in colour.
Genus Proropon. oothed cylinder Animalcules.—This remarkable
genus is distinguished by its directly truncated mouth, furnished with
a circlet of internal teeth. The body is covered with vibratile cilia.
A polygastric system of nutrition (with anterior and posterior orifices
of the alimentary canal) has been observed, by feeding with,colouring
matter. A long band-like gland and contractile bladder, with a
granulated mass, are seen in P. nweus.
P. niveus. — Body large, elliptical, and compressed; colour
white ; circlet of teeth compressed, as shewn separate at fig. 283.
Enchelia. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 565
Amongst Conferva in turf pools. Length 1-72nd; ova granules
1-2400th.
Proxovon ¢teves.—Body ovate, cylindrical, (fig. 282); colour white;
eirclet of teeth cylindrical. Ehrenberg counted twenty teeth; when
broken up, forty-five. In swimming it revolves upon the long axis
of the body. Size 1-140th.
P. viridis.—Body large, elliptic, compressed, green, with a nearly
cylindrical crown of teeth. Size 1-120th. Berlin.
Besides the new or newly-styled genera of the family Enchelia, we
have yet to append some genera (whose affinity is with the foregoing)
described by Dujardin in his family ‘ Enchelyens,’ called by him
Acomia Gastrocheta, Alyscum, and Uronema; and which, with the
genus Enchelys, constitute the family Enchélyens.
The Acoma and Gastrocheta are only ciliated partially, the former
at one end, the latter along a longitudinal furrow on the under surface;
whilst Enchelys, Alyscum, and Uronema, are ciliated throughout ;
the first having but one form of cilia; the second, cilia, together with
some long, contractile, trailing filaments; and the last, cilia, with a
single, straight, and long posterior filament.
The Enchelyéns are found in infusions, or in stagnant water.
Genus Acomra.—Body oval or irregular, oblong, colourless or cloudy,
formed of a homogeneous, glutinous substance, containing unequally-
sized granules, and ciliated at one end. No mouth.
A. eyclidium.—Body oval, oblong, depressed, containing large
granules and some vacuole; dividing transversely. In external
form approaches Cyclidiwm (Ehr.) Marine. Size 1-650th. (P. 21
f. 16a, b.)
A vitrea.—Body ovoid, in part crystalline, rendered cloudy by
granules in its posterior half; anterior border ciliated; division,
longitudinal, Size 1-1250th. In fetid water. (P. 21, f. 17).
A. ovale.—Differs from the preceding by the granules occupying
the antervor half, and by its length, 1-868th. In fetid marsh water.
A. ovulum.—Body ovoid, presenting a nodular or granular portion,
which seems to contract itself within the interior af a diaphanous
envelope. Revolves inmoying. Length 1-300th.
Its motion was that of a Doxococcus.
A. (°) vorticella—Body ovoid, nearly globular, colourless, cloudy ;
566 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
ciliated in its anterior half; cilia curved backwards. Revolves on its
axis in progressing forwards. Length 1-1000th. In sea water.
Acomra (?) costata.—Body ovoid-oblong, narrower in front; appa-
rently inclosed by a thick membrane, or a more consistent layer,
nodular ; nodules often arranged in rows, as ribs. Division transverse.
Length 1-650th to 1-500th. In sea water, among Algz.
A. varians.—Body oblong, cylindrical; truncated and angular in
front; dilated and compressed, by turns, in different parts of its
length, and, consequently, alternately constricted behind, and termi-
nated by a pointed tail, or rounded. evolves on its axis. Length
1-1000th to 1-450th.
Genus GasrrocH#TA.—Body oval, convex on one side, and hollowed
by a longitudinal furrow on the other; cilia seated in the furrow,
chiefly at the two ends.
G. fissa.—Body semi-transparent, oval, truncate in front. Length
1-408th. In the water of the Seine (P. 21, f. 18.)
Genus Atyscum. — Body ovoid-oblong, irregular, surrounded by
radiating cilia, and having, besides, a lateral bundle of long retractile
cilia, by means of which it leaps briskly from place to place.
The single species resembles much Enchelys nodulosa (Paramecium
milium, or Pantotrichum Enchelys, Ehr.) from which it is distinguished
by its retractile filaments.
A. saltans.—Body colourless, oblong, rounded at the ends, rather
concave along the side, bearing the retractile filaments, with some
almost invisible longitudinal furrows. Length 1-1300th to 1-1130th
Tn infusions and in the Seine (P. 21, f. 20.)
Genus Uronema.—Body long, narrower in front, rather curved ;
surrounded by radiating cilia, and bearing a long straight cilium
behind.
U. marina.—Body colourless, semi-transparent, nodular, elongated ;
contracted in front; slightly curved, with from four to five slightly
marked longitudinal striz. Length 1-595th. In the Mediterranean.
(P. 21, f. 25.)
Colepina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 567
Famity COLEPINA.
The animalcules of this small family are loricated, and possess a
polygastric alimentary canal, whose orifices are placed at the opposite
extremities of the body. The lorica is in the form of a small cask,
composed either of minute plates, placed in a row, or of little rings,
between which cilia are situated. Anteriorly the lorica is truncated,
smooth, or toothed; mouth ciliated; it terminates posteriorly in from
three to five little points. The digestive cells in these creatures are
readily filled with coloured food, and its remains ejected posteriorly.
The ova granules are coloured in C. viridis; in the other species
colourless; complete transverse self-division has been observed in one
species. A distinguishing character of Infusoria is their asymmetri-
cal figure; but the genus Coleps is an exception to this general rule.
Genus Corers. Zhe little box Animaleules—This being the only
genus, its characteristics are identical with those of its family.
C. hurtus (Cercaria hirta, M.)— This brisk little creature has
an oval white body. Its lorica is apparently composed of small
polygonal plates, and between them, both transversely and longitu-
dinally, are rows of cilia. The tablets terminate anteriorly in nine-
teen pointed processes, and posteriorly in three, f. 284. The mouth
is furnished with cilia. f. 285; (f. 286 is an end view of the lorica.)
In my work on Animalcules, [ have stated the difficulty there
Was in examining it, from its restless habits; and Ehrenberg makes
a similar statement, and says, in swimming it is difficult to perceive
its lorica, but when dried, or pressed between glasses, the little
shields composing it are rendered visible. Found amongst Conferva.
Rather scarce. Length 1-570th to 1-430th.
C. viridis.—Body green, oval and ciliated; lorica composed of
plates terminating in three points. Found amongst Conferva. Size
1-960th to 1-570th.
C. elongatus.—Body cylindrical, elongated ; lorica tabulated, white,
and terminating in three points; transverse self-division has been
observed. Size 1-570th to 1-430th.
C. amphicanthus.—Has an ovate, shorter body; lorica composed
of rings; the anterior part crowned with unequal teeth, the posterior
568 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
having three strong spines. Found in the body of Spirostomum
virens. Size 1-280th.
C. inewrvus.—Body oblong, nearly cylindrical, and slightly curved ;
lorica tabulated and terminating in five points. Found amongst
Conferva. Size 1-430th.
Famity TRACHELINA
This extensive family includes those animalcules which have an
alimentary canal with two distinct orifices, the receiving one lateral,
the discharging one terminal; but have no lorica. The bodies of all
the genera, except Phialina, are covered with vibrating cilia, gene-
rally disposed in longitudinal rows, and those near the mouth longest.
The cilia serve as organs of locomotion. TZrachelius has no neck, but
the frontal portion of the body is prolonged in the form of a long
proboscis-like lip; in Loxodes and Chilodon it is like a hatchet-shaped
broad lip. In Glaucoma there is a tremulous flap to the mouth; and
in Chilodon and Nassula the teeth sometimes project before the mouth.
The genera Bursaria and Nassula have a thick frontal protuberance,
caused by the alimentary canal being curved anteriorly ; numerous
stomach-cells are observable, and their reception and discharge of
coloured matter can be seen in all the genera. The teeth m Chilo-
don and Nassula, and the violet-coloured bile (gall) of the latter
genus, are worthy of notice. In Spirostomum the mouth is of a
spiral shape. Reproductive organs are of a double kind in all the
genera. Complete transverse and longitudinal self-division is fre-
quent, but neither the formation of gemmae nor clusters are
observed.
The genera are disposed as follows :—
x witha ( lip long, proboscis-like ., Trachelius.
| e | brow-like
_———_
a brow ‘% 4 upper lip. ( lip broad, hatchet-shaped ..Loxodes.
5 no continuous~ &
4 tremulous \ withthe | 3 | brow-like prominent back ..........Bursaria,
. mouth body. 3
3 | flap. Mouth spiral sccccestsccccecccces soe ce SplrOstoOmum
vu
a)
Brow discontinued in a peg-like manner ........,.-+.. Phialina.
\ Mouth having a tremulous flap......cceececerececcecereceessees «Glaucoma,
A brow-like prominent upper lip, ....e.seeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeChilodon.
Teeth
present
A brow-like prominent back ...cccecceseerereess cece eevee less EBSA,
Trachelina. } INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 569
Genus Tracuettus. Zhe neck Animaleules.—Body ciliated, mouth
simple, destitute of teeth, upper lip very much elongated, in the
form of a proboscis. The last organ and the cilia serve for the pur-
pose of locomotion ; in three species, however, no cilia are to be seen.
The mouth is seated at the base of the proboscis in four species. In
four species, also, the polygastric structure of the alimentary canal
has been demonstrated by coloured food, and in three the discharging
orifice; but, from the rounding off of the extremities of the others,
the latter has only been presumed. In 7. meleagris the gall is of a
pale red colour. The propagating apparatus of two species is her-
maphroditic; in the others it is only partially demonstrable. In 7.
ovum and 7. meleagris the expulsion of ova granules has been seen.
Two species increase by transverse self-division.
The account given by Dujardin, of the animals of this genus
Trachelius, differs much from the foregomg. According to it,
Trachelius is destitute of a contractile, or reticulated integument ;
and is composed of a glutinous substance, containing granules which
are oftentimes agglomerated in the form of nodules, disposed in
rows. The oviposition, Ehrenberg believed he witnessed, in 7.
ovum, and ZT. meleagris, was, according to Dujardin, nothing more
than the breaking up of part of the animalcule by ‘ diffluence,’ and
the supposed ova only particles of ‘sarcode.’
‘“‘ The cilia at the anterior extremity are larger than those on the
rest of the body. Posteriorly a large vacuole is often to be seen.
There is no distinct mouth.”
This genus Zrachelius forms a member of the family ‘ Trichodiéns,’
(Duj.) along with Zrchoda, and genera named Aeimeria, Pelecida,
and Dileptus.
T. anas (Trichoda anas et index, M.)\—Body white, clavate, and
cylindrical; proboscis thick, obtuse, and shorter than half the body ;
mouth situated close to the base of the proboscis. F. 287, 287%,
exhibit two full-grown Infusoria; the former shows the current pro-
duced to bring the food within its reach; f. 288 is a specimen under-
going transverse self-diyvision; and f. 289 a young one. Found in
exposed infusions, and amongst Conferva. Size 1-280th to 1-120th.
T. vorax.—Body clavate, ovate, turgid, colour white; thick obtuse
proboscis, shorter than half the body; mouth situated near the
PP
570 DESCRIPTION OF { Polygastrica.
middle of the body, and not at the base of the proboscis. Found
amongst Conferva. Size 1-120th.
TracHeELtius meleagris.—Body compressed, lanceolate, often curved
in the form of the letter 8; proboscis thick obtuse, shorter than
half the body; it has along the back a series of vesicles, like a
string of pearls. Size 1-96th to 1-72nd.
T. lamella (Kolpoda lamella, M.)—Body depressed laminated,
linear-lanceolate, often truncated anteriorly, and rounded, with the
margin ciliated. Size 1-900th to 1-280th. In sea-water (f. 24 a.b.,
Plate 21.
T. anaticula.—Body white, small, ovate, pyriform, attenuated and
diaphanous anteriorly. Dujardin believes he has seen several of
these animalcules simply agglutinated together, which if so, would
indicate the absence of a true integument. Found amongst Conferva.
Size 1-570th to 1-280th.
T. (?) tricophorus (Vibrio strictus, M.).—Body cylindrical change-
able, often clavate ; proboscis capitate, of the form of a very delicate
whip. Size 1-1200th to 1-480th.
T. (?) globulifer.—Body spherical, hyaline, with a very delicate
whip-like acute proboscis. Found amongst Conferva. Size 1-200th.
T. ovum. (Fig. 290).—Body ample, ovate, broadly open, or campanu-
late anteriorly ; proboscis short, in the form of a beak; colour white.
In no infusorial animalcule is the alimentary canal so easily seen as
in this; the large mouth and contractile vesicle lying over the lower
part of the alimentary canal, are equally evident; numerous small
digestive cells and ova-granules appear in every part. Found in
stagnant bog-water. Size 1-72nd.
T. (?) laticeps.—Body flattened, elliptical; anterior part (head)
membranous, variable and wide, with a notch from which a flagelli-
form proboscis proceeds double almost, in length that of the body.
Size 1-912th. In North Sea.
x* Although the names of some of the species of Zrachelius
described by Dujardin, differ from those given by Ehrenberg, yet
the definitions indicate no new species.
Genus Loxopes.—TZhe lipped Animalcules.—Bodies covered with
cilia, mouth simple, devoid of teeth; upper lip continuous and broad,
hatchet-shaped; the organs of locomotion are the rows of cilia on
Trachelina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 571
the body generally and the long ones near the mouth. Coloured
food has demonstrated the polygastric structure of three species, and
in one has shown the point of expulsion. In Z. Bursaria propagating
apparatus of a double kind, viz., ova-granules, an oval gland, and
two contractile globular vesicles, have been seen, and in two others
the granules only; self-division transverse.
Dujardin’s characters of Zoxodes are,—‘‘ Body flat, membranous, or
with an apparent membranous lorica, flexible but not contractile,
expanded at the centre of its superior or dorsal surface; often con-
cave on the under surface; contour irregularly oval, sinuous and
obliquely prolonged anteriorly, furnished with very fine cilia confined
to its anterior margin.”” In general characters it approaches nearest
to Zrachelius (family Trichodiens), but the signs of an integument are
so clear as to sever it from that genus and family. The Lozodes,
described by the French author, are almost all of them distributed
by Ehrenberg among other genera and families, and hence there
unfortunately is but the slightest relation between the similarly
named genus of the two writers. Thus the Lovodes rostrum of
Ehrenberg, is the representative of a genus Pelecida, of the family
Trichodiens (see page 580), in the system of Dujardin, and bears the
name of Pelecida rostrum. In this position it is brought into close
relation with the genera Zrichoda and Trachelius, (Ehr.) and with
two others, named by Dujardin, Acineria and Dileptus.
The last mentioned genus comprises Infusoria placed by Ehrenberg
with Amphileptus, in describing which we shall take the opportunity
to give the characters of Dileptus, whilst Acineria and Pelecida will
be included among the appended genera at the end of the present
family Trachelia.
Loxonss rostrum (Kolpoda rostrum, M. Pelecida rostrum D.)—Body
compressed, white, lanceolate, slightly curved in the form of an§, in
consequence of the lip being a little uncinated. Ehrenberg states
that he has very often seen large Navicule and Synedre@ within this
creature, but that it would not feed on coloured food. The cilia are
very delicate. Fig. 291 represents an animalcule which has fed
upon Bacillaria; fig. 292 another creeping along Conferva; and fig.
293 a specimen undergoing transverse self-division. Found amongst
Conferva. Size 1-144th to 1-60th; ova granules less than 1-24000th.
PP 2
572 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Loxoprs cithara (Trichoda aurantia, M.\—Body triangular and
compressed ; anteriorly dilated and obliquely truncated, but pointed at
the posterior extremity. Colour white. Size 1-430th to 1-210th.
L. bursaria.—Body oblong; anteriorly, obliquely truncated and
depressed ; posteriorly hemispherical. Found in bogs. Size 1-280th.
L. plicatus. Body elliptical, depressed, convex on the back, and
slightly plicated; the lip uncinate. Found on Confervya. Size
1-430th.
The species of Zoxodes mentioned by Dujardin, are L. eucullulus =
Chilodon cucullus (Khr.); ZL. cucullis = (?) Kolpoda cucullis M., and
seemingly placed by Ehrenberg among the Kolpoda.
L. reticulatus, having an oval body, more slender and sinuous
anteriorly, as also more flexible ; surface granular. In marsh water
long kept.
L. marinus. —Body depressed, oval, almost reniform; with internal
fine granules, and a row of puncta near both the anterior and pos-
terior margins. Length 1-350th. Found in salt water.
L. dentatus, similar to L. cuccullulus, but having a bundle of bristles
about the mouth, as in Chzlodon, from which it differs by the lorica
(cuirasse) and by the absence of cilia on the surface.
Genus Bursarta. Zhe purse Animalcules.—This interesting genus
is composed of creatures covered with cilia; anterior part convex;
mouth not terminal, though simple, toothless, and devoid of tremu-
lous flap. The cilia serve as organs of locomotion, and are distinctly
seen in coloured water; they are generally disposed in rows, those
around the mouth are longer than the others. The nutritive system
consists of an alimentary canal, curved forwards; it is furnished with
digestive cells resembling little purses, which are attached to it by
short stalks. The mouth is large, situated, not as in Leucophrys,
obliquely at the anterior extremity of the body, but laterally, so that,
as it were, a brow either projects over it or else forms the end.
Their bile is white or reddish, the propagative apparatus hermaphro-
dite in three species, and in five but partly known. Self-division,
longitudinal or transverse, has been observed in five species.
M. Dujardin has the following remarks on this genus Bursaria.
‘Ehrenberg, whilst admitting a genus Bursaria, separates from it
several true species, and places some of them in his genus Leucophrys,
Trachelina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 573
others in his family Molpodea; whilst the closely allied genera
Kondylostoma and Plagiotoma are confounded with other families ;
the former with Oxytricha, the latter with Paramecium.
“Moreover, the obliquity of the mouth in Bursaria is not a suffi-
cient distinction between that genus and Leucophrys; and whilst
assigning a large mouth to Bursaria, he includes among them several
species in which the existence of a mouth, to say the least, is
doubtful.”
Dujardin creates a family ‘ Bursariéns,’ which he divides into five
genera, viz., Plagiotoma, Ophryoglena, Bursaria, Spirostomum, and
Kondylostoma.
The first new genus Plagiotoma, is characterized by being much
flattened, or lamellar; ciliated, and parasitic, and appears corres-
pondent with the Paramecium compressum of Ehrenberg. The other
new genus, /fondylostoma has an elongated compressed form, with a
large lateral mouth and marginal cilia; = Oxytricha caudata. hy.
(a.) Sub-genus Bursaria.—The inferior (not anterior) lip reaching to
the frontal margin.
Bursaria truncatella (M.) The truncated Bursaria.—Body large,
white, ovate, turgid, truncated, and broadly excavated in front, where is
a simple row of cilia. In some specimens, Ehrenberg saw half-digested
Rotiferae, and large quantities of vegetable matter in the nutritive
cells, and was able to see the canal fill itself with carmine, but could
not follow the whole course of it. In each cell the food is surrounded
by a clear fluid, which Ehrenberg calls bile. A large bright bladder
is seen below the mouth, and somewhat to the left of it, on which
side is also a large curved but not articulated gland, reaching to the
brow or front. They are visible to the naked eye. Found in ditches,
in woods, amongst rotten beech leaves. Size 1-48th to 1-36th.
B. vorticella.—Body white, large, nearly spherical, and turgid;
anteriorly truncated, and widely excavated, with a double row of
cilia. Found with Chlamidomonas pulvisculus and Gonium pectorale,
some of which are seen within it in fig. 294. Size 1-108th.
B. vorax.—Body large, oblong, rounded at the ends; mouth ample,
being one third the length of the body, and touching the summit of
the frontal region. This species has great resemblance to Urostyla
grandis and Stylonychia lanceolata, when their claws and styles are
574 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
withdrawn. Found in summer in muddy water. Size 1-140th to
1-108th.
Bursarra entozoon.—Body large, cylindrical, turgid, nearly equally
rounded at the extremities; mouth small, situated near the frontal
apex. Found, with the following, in the rectum of Rana temporaria
(the Frog), in summer and winter.
B. intestinalis (Vibrio vermiculus, M.)—Body slender, cylindrical,
attenuated posteriorly ; mouth small, below the frontal apex. In this
species, as well as in others, Ehrenberg has seen transverse self-
division. Size 1-240th to 1-120th.
B. (?) cordiformis.—Body reniform, front depressed, mouth slightly
curved in a spiral manner; colour white. Size 1-210th.
B. lateritia (Trichoda ignita, M.) The brick-red coloured Bursaria.
—Body compressed, ovato-triangular, with the front sharply crested.
Found with Lemna, Conferva, &e. Size 1-430th to 1-144th.
(b.) Frontonta.— Anterior part of the body (brow) projects beyond
the mouth, and is convex.
B. vernalis (Leucophra virescens, M.)—Body oval, turgid, rounded
at the ends, and attenuated posteriorly. The mouth has a wreath
of stiff short bristles, resembling teeth; numerous stomach vesicles
are often filled with large Oscillatoriz, Navicule, &c., and contain a
reddish bile. The process of digesting the Oscillatorize is interest-
ing to follow: —they are at first elastic and rigid, and of a beautiful
blue green colour, then distinctly lax, flexible, and bright green,
becoming afterwards yellowish-green, and falling into separate
articulations, which at length turn yellow. Found amongst Oscil-
latoria in spring. Length 1-144th to 1-120th.
B. leucos.—Body oblong, cylindrical extremities nearly equi-con-
vex, bile colourless (see f. 295). This creature has a contractile
bladder, with a curious jagged margin near the long open mouth.
Found with Oscillatoria, and on the surface of water. Size 1-144th.
B. pupa.—Body white, ovato-oblong, rather acute posteriorly ;
mouth aperture inferior, and near the frontal apex (see f. 296).
Found in chalybeate water in Germany. Size 1-280th.
B. flava.—Body ovato-oblong, often acute at the posterior ex-
tremity; the mouth appears as a flat cavity immediately behind the
round brow. Found in bog water. Size 1-140th to 1-96th.
Trachelina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 575
Bursaria nucleus.—Body small, white, ovate, attenuated ante-
riorly; extremities convex. Found in Rana temporaria and Roescu-
lenta. Size 1-240th.
B. ranarum.—Body ovate, lenticular, and compressed, sub-acute
anteriorly ; the back and belly carinated, and often truncated poste-
riorly ; mouth inferior, situated near the frontal apex. Size 1-210th
to 1-72nd.
B. (?) aurantiaca.—Body ovato-oblong ; anteriorly obtuse; poste-
riorly acute; it has an ash-coloured spot near the mouth. Found
amongst Oscillatoria. Size 1-280th.
Genus Sprrrostomum. Zhe snail Animalcules.—Body very elon-
gated, flexible, and ciliated, the frontal region continuous; mouth
lateral, spirally shaped, devoid of teeth, but with a tremulous flap.
The cilia, which are disposed in rows, serve as organs of locomotion ;
those at the oblique frontal ridge are longer, and form, as in Stentor,
a spiral wreath around the mouth; in 8. ambiguum the brow and
wreath are remarkably long. Digestive cells, to the number of
ninety, have been demonstrated by coloured food, and the discharge
of the latter observed. They are hermaphrodite. A band-like thick
gland is seen in S. virens, and a bead-like one in other species; the
former likewise possess a large contractile bladder, and green ova
granules; but in 8. ambiguum the latter are white. Self-division
has not been observed, but Ehrenberg presumes a transverse mode
exists.
S. virens. (Bursaria Spirigera, D.)—Body egg-shaped, depressed,
truncated anteriorly, and rounded posteriorly. The back is arched,
and the under side flat. The green ova granules are sometimes
absent. (f. 296*.) Size 1-120th; ova 1-6000th.
S. ambiguum (Leucophrys, Trichoda ambigua, M.)—Body white,
cylindrical, filiform, and pliant, obtuse anteriorly, and truncated
posteriorly; the body extends very much beyond the mouth,
forming an elongated frontal region or brow. The long vibrating
cilia in front often appear like a proboscis, and were mistaken for
such by Muller. The structure of this creature is remarkable,
especially the mouth, which is only one-fifth from the tail; thus
the front or brow is very long, and the alimentary canal, first
inflected forwards, returns along the body. From the mouth to the
576 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
anterior or top of the brow runs a long ciliated furrow. Figures
297 and 298 represent this creature. In swimming they extend
themselves, and are thus readily perceived by the naked eye. Found
in ditches, among decaying oak leaves and rotten wood. Length
1-12th; ova 1-12000. It is visible to the naked eye.
Genus Putatina. The bottle Animalcules have the frontal ciliated
portion separated from the body by a constriction, forming a sort of
neck; body destitute of cilia; mouth lateral, and devoid of teeth.
The motion of these creatures is produced by the vibration of the
powerful wreath of cilia over the mouth. Ehrenberg says cilia may
be present upon the surface of the body, as Miller saw them in
Trichoda mellitea. The propagative organs are green or white ova
granules, and a contractile bladder (perhaps two), situated poste-
riorly. Self-division probably transverse.
P. vermicularis (TLrichoda vermicularis, M.)—Body egg-shaped,
attenuated anteriorly, neck very short; colour white, caused by its
ova. Found with Lemna. Size 1-240th.
P. viridis.—Body bottled-shaped, anterior part acute, the poste-
rior gradually attenuated; neck very short. (f. 299.) Length
1-280th.
Genus Gravcoma. The pearl Animalcules.—Body oval, compressed,
covered with cilia; mouth provided with a tremulous flap, but no
teeth. The reception and discharge of food, and the presence of
digestive cells, indicate, according to Ehrenberg, the existence of an
alimentary canal. The large mouth, with its vibratory valve, is
situated on the inferior side, near the middle. The reproductive
organs are a large ovate gland, a star-like contractile bladder, and
ova granules. Self-division transverse or longitudinal.
Glaucoma is comprised by Dujardin among his ‘ Parameciens.’
G. scintillans (Cychidium bulla, M.)—Body elliptical or ovate
colourless, slightly depressed; ventricles large. The vibrating flap
appears to be a semi-oval proboscis, with stiff margin, The cilia
are seen by employing colour, or by pressing or drying them.
Figures 300, 301, and 302, represent different views of this crea-
ture; the latter shows it while undergoing transverse self-division.
Found both in natural and artificial infusion. Size 1-280th.
G. viridis (Duj.)—Body green, oval, short, mouth large, situated
Trachelina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. O17
nearer the centre than the anterior margin. Length 1-860th to
1-520th. Found in a rain water-butt.
Genus Cuttopon. Zhe lateral-beaked Animatleules.—Body irregu-
larly oval, flattened, regularly ciliated; frontal region produced in
the form of a broad membranous lip, expanded on one side, resem-
bling a beak; the mouth, situated at its base, is furnished with a
tabular fascicle of teeth. In one species a straight alimentary canal,
with digestive cells attached to it, is seen; ova granules, and a
contractile vesicle are visible in three species; an oval gland in all;
in one only has transverse and longitudinal self-division been
observed, and in this the parts separated are so small that they
may be considered as gemmee or buds.
C. cucullus (Kolpoda cucullus, M.)—Figs. 303 to 807. Body de-
pressed, oblong, rounded at the ends; frontal region advancing on
the right side. Ehrenberg states he has often seen the straight
alimentary canal, with its grape-like cells, filled with large Navi-
cule. Three contractile vesicles and a large oval gland near the
middle have been observed. The circlet of teeth (figs. 308 and 309)
consists of little hard wand-like bodies; these the creature can
separate so as to admit into its mouth large living bodies, after
which it contracts or closes them. (See the engravings.) In swim-
ming, or creeping upon the surface of Conferva, the mouth is turned
under or below. Its motion is gliding, and it does not revolve in
swimming. When the water is coloured, the cilia may be easily
perceived, and their disposition when it is dried up. Figs. 305 and
306 exhibit it while undergoing longitudinal, and 307 transverse,
self-division. Found both in fresh and salt water. Size 1-1150th
to 1-140th.
C. uncinatus.— Body depressed, oblong, rounded at the ends. The
right side of the anterior part is produced, so as to appear like a
hook or beak. Found in vegetable infusions. Size 1-430th.
C. aureus.—Body ovate, conical, turgid, of a golden yellow colour,
dilated and obtusely rostrated anteriorly, attenuated posteriorly.
Size 1-140th.
C. ornatus.— Body ovate sub-cylindrical, of a golden yellow
colour, equally rounded at both ends, slightly beaked; it has a
bright violet spot. Size 1-180th.
o78 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Genus Nassuta.—Body covered with cilia, ovoid or oblong, turgid
and prominent in front, but without the expansion or beak on one
side; mouth lateral provided with a circlet of teeth, in the form of
a wheel (Nassa). Numerous polygastric cells are seen, and in two
species the discharging orifice. Ehrenberg states that the existence
of a new system of organs subservient to digestion becomes evident
in this genus: these are of a violet colour, and probably biliary
glands ; one is present in Chilodon ornatus, Bursaria vernalis, Tra-
chelius meleagris, Amphileptus margaritifer, meleagris, and longicollis ;
they resemble the vesicular glands around the stomachs of the
Rotatoria. The propagative system is double; two species have the
ova granules, and all possess a large oval or spherical gland, and
one or more contractile vesicles. Only transverse self-division has
been observed. They are found in stagnant water, especially where
Conferva and Oscillatoria are present.
N. elegans.—Body cylindrical or oval, slightly attenuated in front,
extremities very obtuse. It is white or greenish, spotted with
violet vesicles. Digestive cells, containing Chlamidomonas, or other
food, may often be observed; and from fifteen to twenty rows of
cilia may be seen at one view. The animalcule swims backward
and forward, turning upon its longitudinal axis. The mouth is
easily perceived by the currents, when indigo is mixed with the
water: it has a circlet containing twenty-six little wands or tegth,
which can voluntarily diverge or converge anteriorly. When self-
division ensues the large central gland divides. Figs. 310 and 311
represent this creature; the latter is a young one. Found with
Lemna and Conferva. Length 1-140th to 1-120th.
N. ornata (N. viridis ? D.)—Body ovate or globular, depressed, of a
brownish-green colour, variegated with numerous violet vesicles.
The posterior part of the body has a small excavation. Ehrenberg
says there are from six to eight groups of vesicles, forming a wide
circle round the mouth; these are filled with a violet-coloured juice,
which is discharged with the excrement, and appears like drops of
oil, but soon mixes with and colours the water. Found amongst
swimming clusters of Oscillatoria by Ehrenberg. Size to 1-96th;
ova 1-4800th.
N. awrea.—Body ovato-oblong, nearly cylindrical, very obtuse at
Trachelina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 579
the extremities. The special organs for digestive juice not distinct.
Size 1-120th.
We here append those genera, named by Dujardin, having a near
affinity with Bursaria. These are, Plagiotoma, Kondylostoma, Opalina,
and Panophrys. Here too must be described the genera Acineria and
Pelecida (Duj.) as allies of Zrachelius.
With reference to the two first named genera, Plagiotoma and
Kondylostoma, sufficient has been said in the remarks on #Bursaria.
The third, Oparrna, is a genus constituted by M. M. Purkinje and
Valentin, and accepted by Siebold as well as by Dujardin. The
species called by Ehrenberg Bursaria ranarum, is the Opalina ranarum
of those other authors; or indeed this Opalina appears the representa-
tive of B. ranarum, B. intestinalis, B. nucleus, and it may be also of
other Bursarie of Ehrenberg, if, as some maintain, they are only
varieties and not species. (Ann. N. H. v. 18, p. 441.)
The Opaline are characterized by being oval or oblong, with an
oblique cleft indicating a mouth towards the anterior extremity
(Duj.); though, according to Siebold, they have no mouth. “They
are parasitic chiefly in Frogs and Annelida, and form but an artifi-
cial and provisional genus, for if mouthless, they belong to the
Parameciéns ; if they possess a mouth, to Leucophrys.”
Opatina Lumbrici.—Body oval; depressed; narrower in front,
truncated behind. Length 1-185th to 1-145th. Found in Lumbricus.
O. nazdum.—Body oblong, or very elongated, nearly cylindrical,
marked with longitudinal and transverse strie and with scattered
vacuole ; a fold, proceeding from the anterior extremity, extends to
nearly the middle. Length 1-260th to 1-130th. Found in the
Nais (one of the Annelida) f. 28-29, pl. xxi.
Genus Panorurys.—Body ciliated throughout; oval, depressed,
contractile ; becoming ovoid, or even globular during contraction ;
surface marked by straight or oblique strize, crossing one another, and
beset with corresponding rows of cilia; mouth lateral. Dujardin
writes,—‘‘ Being deSirous of characterizing Bursaria by the row of
large cilia—en moustache, which lead to the mouth, I have thought
it right to establish a new genus for certain Bursaria of Ehrenberg,
which are devoid of this character, and whose mouth is surrounded
by only ordinary cilia.” Unlike the Paramecia, they have no ante-
580 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
rior oblique fold, and are able to contract themselves into a ball.
They differ from Zolophrya by their lateral mouth. They live either
in fresh, smooth water, or in sea water among plants.
Panopnrys Chrysalis.—Body ovoid, oblong, depressed, mouth ac-
companied by an enlargement, and placed near the front extremity.
Length 1-145th. Found in sea water (f. 33, pl. xxi).
P. rubra (?)—Figure reniform, covered with fine cilia, and pro-
vided with a lateral mouth near the front extremity. Length
1-370th to 1-325th. In sea water. Only provisionally named.
P. farcta.—Body ovoid, oblong, filled with particles swallowed,
giving it a green, a reddish-yellow, or various mingled colours;
mouth lateral, placed between the centre and the anterior third of
the body. Length 1-145th to 1-115th. In marsh water among
plants. I think it is the animalcule described under three names by
Ehrenberg, viz., Bursaria vernalis, B. leucas, and B. flava ; and pro-
bably the Leucophra virescens of Muller.
Genus Actnerta.—Body oblong, depressed, or lanceolate, with a
row of cilia extending forwards on one side, which is curved like a
sabre. Distinguished from Zrachelius by the disposition of the row
of cilia and the curvature forwards. Like TZirachelius, they seem
destitute of a mouth, and in this respect they especially differ from
Pelecida.
A. incurvata.—Body contractile, oblong, compressed, almost lamel-
lar, round, or obtuse behind; contracted and curved in front; a row
of cilia runs along the convex edge, and there are five or six granular
stripes, and one or more variable vacule. Length 1-590th (f. 21 a.b.
pl. xxi). In the Mediterranean. It appeared to be without a ren-
ticulated and contractile integument.
A. acuta.—Body diaphanous with granules dispersed in its interior,
oblong, compressed ; pointed at its two ends, or lanceolate with one
side more convex in front and fringed with a cilia. Length 1-580th.
In pond water.
Genus Petecrpa. (Duj.)—Body flexible contractile, oblong, com-
pressed, rounded behind, curved in the form of an axe in front,
ciliated throughout, and furnished with a mouth either visible or
demonstrable from the various objects met with in the interior of the
animal.
Ophryocercina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 581
The animaleule assumed as the type of this genus, is the Zoxodes
rostrum of Ehrenberg. It is stated to differ from the Parameciéns by
the absence of a contractile integument.
Perecipa rostrum. (Duj.) = Lowvodes rostrum (Ehr.)
Famiry OPHRYOCERCINA.
The animalcules of this small family have no lorica; they possess
an alimentary canal, with two distinct orifices, the anal one only
being terminal. Although their motion is rapid, vibratile organs are
only perceived near the mouth, but their long neck assists them in
swimming, and indeed is sufficient alone for that purpose. Perhaps,
remarks Ehrenberg, the body is covered with delicate cilia. Ova
granules are seen in all the species, and a contractile vesicle in 7. biceps.
Neither self-division nor a development in clusters has been observed.
Genus Tracuenocerca. Swan-like animalcules.
T. olor (Vibrio proteus, cygnus, et olor, M. Lacrymaria olor, D.) —
Body spindle-shaped; neck simple, very long and flexible, dilated
and ciliated at the mouth. This creature (figs. 317, 318, 319,)
creeps at the bottom of the vessel containing it, and twines itself
gracefully about Conferva, or the roots of Lemna, but swims awk-
wardly. It elongates and contracts its neck at pleasure, and is
altogether an interesting object for the microscope. Greatest length,
1-36th ; length of body, 1-280th.
T. viridis (Lacrymaria viridis, D.)—Body spindle-shaped, neck
simple, very mobile, long, and dilated at the mouth, which has a
ciliated lip. Found amongst Lemna. Length 1-120th; contracted,
1-380th.
T. biceps. The double-headed Trichelocerca.—Body spindle-shaped,
white; neck long, forked, each segment with a mouth. Length,
1-190th.
T. sagitta— Vibrio sagitta, M.—Body fusiform, white, with a very
long neck; head terminal, opaque. Size 1-120th. North and
Baltic Seas.
isi
io)
bo
DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Famity ASPIDISCINA.
This family is distinguished from the preceding by the presence
of a lorica; alimentary canal distinct, with two orifices, the dis-
charging one only being terminal. The lorica is a firm, very trans-
parent, combustible little shield, somewhat resembling the shell which
covers the back of a tortoise; it projects anteriorly a little before the
body. Long flexible bristle-like organs attached to the abdomen,
enable the animalcule to climb, while the delicate cilia near the
mouth, serve as swimming and purveying organs. Numerous
stomach-cells have been filled with coloured food by Ehrenberg, who
has also seen the discharge of matter posteriorly. In one species of
Aspidisca, ova and an oval gland are seen; in both a contractile
vesicle. Miller observed self-division, but mistook it for copulation.
They are not developed in large masses.
Genus Asprpisca. Zhe shield Animatcules.
A. lynceus. (Trichoda lynceus, M.)—Lorica nearly circular, trun-
cated at the posterior end, and formed into a hook or beak in front.
This animalcule generally swims or creeps with its back underwards.
The mouth has very delicate cilia; the body five or six bristles
(styles) posteriorly, and from five to eight hooks anteriorly, resem-
bling, in this respect, Huplotes or Stylonychia. A contractile vesicle
near the mouth, and twenty digestive cells have been seen. When
burnt upon platina no traces remain. Found amongst duck-weed
and Conferva. Size 1-1000th to 1-576th.
A. denticulata.—Lorica nearly circular, ends rounded, left side
truncated and denticulated; the back is arched, the abdomen flat,
and its hooked bristles are only visible when climbing. Fig. 321,
pl. vii., is an under view; and figs. 322 and 323, side views. Size
1-576th.
Kolpodea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 583
Famity.—KOLPODEA.
Animalcules furnished with an alimentary canal, the orifices of
which are not at opposite extremities of the body. They have no
shell or lorica; they are furnished with cilia disposed in longitu-
dinal series, which are subservient to locomotion and purveyance.
In all of them, numerous digestive cells have been demonstrated by
means of coloured food, as likewise both orifices of the alimentary
canal; the digestive juice (bile) is colourless. The ova are scattered
and numerous; in the genus Kolpoda expulsion of the ova has
been seen. The male generative structure is of a double kind, and
complete self-division is frequent, but no formation of clusters or
gemmz is seen. A sensitive system is indicated in one genus
(Ophryoglena) by the presence of a visual point.
The genera are disposed as follows :—
absent on the back........... Kolpoda
Short protruding tongue—Cilia :
present every where ......... Paramecium.
Eye absent. : ; : F
with tail and proboscis ...... Amphileptus.
HVGRUOHPUE eencsaccsereacecaree aman 5
with tail, no proboscis ...... Uroleptus.
BYE Present .......cecccercescccccssssccccccesscccccsssssseconscceeaae seseccnensescssaacescess Ophryoglena.
Genus Kotpopa. The bosom Animalcules.—Body ovoid, some-
times reniform, anteriorly with a little tongue-like member; under
surface furnished with cilia (none on the back); no eye. Their
motion is not active, the cilia being few. The mouth, posterior
termination of the alimentary canal, and numerous polygastric
cells, may be demonstrated in one species by coloured food. The
mouth and discharging orifice are both on the ventral surface, the
former having a protruding tongue-like member. The ova occur in
delicate strings, forming a sort of network; their exclusion has
been seen in one species; a bright contractile round vesicle is ob-
servable in two species, and in another species two vesicles or
sexual bladders are present. A large round or oval gland in the
centre of the body has been seen in two species. ‘Transverse and
longitudinal self-division has been noticed by several observers, and
in K. cucullus a skin or envelope.
584 DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Dujardin, speaking of this genus in Ehrenberg’s system, says,
* among his Kolpode which should possess a short tongue, and be
ciliated only on the ventral surface, this author includes but one
species with certainty, the AK. ren. and K. cucullio having formerly
been referred by him to the genus Lowodes, in which, indeed, we
still leave them. But he places among the Paramecia, under the
appellation of P. kolpoda, some larger animalcules, ciliated through-
out, which we regard but as more developed forms of Kolpoda
cucullus.”
Korropa cucullus (M.)—Body turgid, slightly compressed ; kid-
ney-shaped, reniform, often attenuated anteriorly. Ehrenberg states
the mouth is closed by a little fleshy tongue; this is most dis-
tinctly seen in Paramecium aurelia. When the ova are deposited,
a collapse of the body ensues, and hence a change of form. When
very young they are difficult to distinguish from Monads. P. 7,
fig. 324, represents the normal form of this species. Fig. 325 repre-
sents the animalcule depositing its ova in a net-like mass, and
figs. 326, 327, and 328, are three young animalcules, which re-
semble Tvrichoda pyriformis. Common in vegetable infusions.
Size 1-1800th to 1-280th.
K. (?) ren.—Body ovato-cylindrical, kidney-shaped, and rounded
at the ends. Found in river water. Size 1-288th.
K. (?) eueullio (M.)—Body compressed, plane, elliptical, slightly
sinuated anteriorly. Ehrenberg remarks neither cilia nor tongue-
like member was observable by him: hence its generic situation is
uncertain. Size 1-900th.
Genus Paramecium. The oblong Animalcules.—Body oblong,
compressed, ciliated on all sides; mouth lateral, with a (wart-like)
tongue-like process; no visual point. The cilia are disposed in
longitudinal series, those near the mouth are sometimes longer than
the others, and are alone subservient to locomotion, except in two
doubtful species. In P. chrysalis the long oral cilia are remark-
able. The digestive cells are numerous, amounting to more than a
hundred ; they are arranged in a berry-like manner along the curved
alimentary canal: in five species they have been demonstrated by
artificial means, in a sixth by its usual green food. The ova in two
species are seen asa granular mass. In all, except one species, male
Kolpodea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 585
organs are visible. The curious star-like contractile vesicle in the
larger species is highly interesting, when physiologically considered,
as are also the little black bodies seen in P. aurelia. In four species
complete self-division, transverse and longitudinal, has been ob-
served alternately.
Deriving its name from this genus, M. Dujardin establishes a
family ‘Parameciéns, partly correspondent with that of the
Kolpodea of Ehrenberg. This family comprehends ‘‘animals with a
soft, flexible body, of variable form, but mostly oblong, and more or
less depressed, provided with a loose reticulated integument, upon
which numerous vibratile cilia are distributed in regular series.
They also possess a mouth.”
*‘Lacrymaria, and Pleuronema, would probably be more correctly
placed in distinct families, the mouth in these being rather presumed
than demonstrated. The other genera properly referable to the
Parameciéns are Glaucoma, Kolpoda, Paramecium, Amphileptus,
Loxophyllum, Chilodon, Panophrys, Nassula, Holophrya, and
Prorodon ; of these, all but the last two have the mouth lateral.
Chilodon, Nassula, and Prorodon, have teeth.”
Those genera, which are peculiar to Dujardin, will be found
appended at the end of the families of Ehrenberg, with which they
have the nearest relation.
ParaMEciIuM aurelia (M.)— Body club-shaped cylindrical, slightly
attenuated anteriorly. An oblique longitudinal fold borders upon
the very receding mouth. Ehrenberg states that he has seen small
dark crystalline bodies abundant in the frontal region, which, he
conceives, are indications of the presence of nervous matter, as such
crystalline bodies often accompany it. These creatures appear to
have the sense of taste; and in the same group some individuals
prefer one kind of food, and others another. This interesting fact
may be observed by mixing blue and red colours together, when some
will feed upon the former, others upon the latter, as indicated by the
colour of the digestive cells: in some the cells have a violet hue.
These animalcules, fed with colour, may be dried upon glass or
mica, and thus preserved. The rays of the star-like vesicle
Ehrenberg considers as ductus spermatici; they are long, and enter
the ovarium at many points. The expulsion of ova has frequently
QQ
586 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
been observed. The colour of these animalcules, when bearing ova, is
white by reflected light, and yellow by transmitted, hence the names
oe]
*‘oold and silver little fishes,’ so often applied to them by Joblot and
others; those devoid of ova are colourless. The cilia are best seen
when the water is coloured; there are from twenty-six to fifty-two
longitudinal rows along each side of the body; in some rows
Ehrenberg counted from sixty to seventy cilia which gives 3640
organs of locomotion; each cilium is placed upon a sort of little
knot. Fig. 329 represents an animalcule dried from clear water;
fig. 330 is a view of a creature feeding upon indigo, which latter
indicates the currents produced by its cilia; fig. 332 is an ideal
view, to show the structure of the nutritive organs, as stated by
Ehrenberg ; fig. 331 is a young specimen of the normal shape,
hence not produced by self-division. ‘This species is abundant in
vegetable infusions, and increases so rapidly in stagnant waters, both
by ova and self-division, that some have thought they were produced
spontaneously from elementary primal matter. Size 1-120th to
1-96th.
Paramecium caudatum.—Body spindle-shaped, obtuse anteriorly,
but attenuated posteriorly. Not found in infusions, but in ponds
amongst decayed sedge leaves and Conferva. Size 1-120th.
P. chrysalis (M.)—Body oblong and cylindrical, equally rounded
at both ends; cilia about the mouth very long. This species, like
P. aurelia, is often developed in such vast myriads that the water
has a milky hue, the masses ascending or descending in the fluid:
this appearance may be produced by slightly shaking the water.
Found in infusions and in salt water. Size 1-240th to 1-190th.
P. Kolpoda (Kolpoda ren, M., K. cucullus, D.)—Body ovate,
slightly compressed; ends obtuse, the anterior attenuated and
slightly bent like a hook. Found especially in infusions of Urtica
dioica (the stinging-nettle). Size 1-240th.
P. (?) Sinaiticum.—Body elliptical, compressed, the back and
under side carinated (keeled) ; frontal cilia indistinct. Found,
amongst Conferva, in a brook on Mount Sinai. Size 1-288th.
P. (?) ovatum.—Body ovate, turgid; anteriorly attenuated and
rounded. Found in stagnant river water. Size 1-288th.
P. compressum (P. aurelia, M., Plagiotoma compressum, D.)—
Kolpodea.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 587
Body elliptical or reniform, compressed. An oblique wreath of
long cilia reaches to the middle, where the mouth, with its slight
tongue-like process, is situated. Found in the river mussel (Mya).
Size 1-240th to 1-210th.
PARAMECIUM milium (Cyclidium milium, M.)—Body small, ob-
long, trilateral; rounded equally at both ends. In coloured water
the body is seen vibrating. Size 1-1150th.
Genus Ampuiteptus.— The double-necked Animalcules have
neither tongue-like process nor eye, but are provided with a pro-
boscis and tail. Body elongated, fusiform or lanceolate. In three
Species the organs of locomotion are numerous cilia disposed in
longitudinal series; in one, cilia are not visible, but in this the
flexible attenuated extremities of the body serve their office. In
some, the tail (foot) and proboscis (brow) are rudimentary. In five
species numerous digestive cells, filled with food, may be seen; in
seven the mouth is distinct; and in five of them a discharging
opening. All have acolourless digestive juice, except 4. margaritifer,
in which it is pale rose-red. Ova granules are observable in seven
species, in one are green, in the others whitish. In four species a
contractile vesicle is seen; in three sexual glands, which in two are
globular, double, and moniliform in the third self-division, has been
observed: in one species it occurs transversely and longitudinally,
and in another transversely only. The figures of this genus were
engraved before I discovered Dr. Ehrenberg had not arranged his
illustrations according to the classification.
Speaking of M. Ehrenberg’s distribution of this genus, Dujardin
remarks, ‘this author whilst assigning as characteristic, the pre-
sence of a proboscis and tail, yet places among it, as species, animal-
ecules without tail, and dilated or rounded posteriorly ; and on the
other hand, ever seeking a distinctive character for his different
families, in the position of the anus, which he attributes to all his
enterodelous Infusoria, he has left in his genus Trachelius, several
species, which to us appear to belong to Amphileptus, and has him-
self several times transferred some species from one genus to the
other.”
The Amphileptus anser is taken by Dujardin as the type of a
genus termed Dileptus, and A. meleagris of a genus Loxophyllum.
588 DESCRIPTION OF Polygastrica.
The <Amphilepti are commonly found in the limpid water of
marshes or brooks, among aquatic plants.
AMPHILEPTUS anser (Vibrio anser et cygnus, M. dileptus, D. me
Body turgid, spindle-shaped; proboscis obtuse, same length as
body; tail short and acute. The neck-like proboscis is truly a
brow or upper lip, the mouth being at the base. Ehrenberg thinks
he has seen the anal opening upon the dorsal surface, near the
tail. The motion of the body is slow, but that of the proboscis
more active. Figs. 312, 313, represent two views of this creature.
Found amongst dead sedge leaves, &c. Size 1-120th.
A. margaritifer.— Body white, slender, spindle-shaped; proboscis
acute equals the length of the body; tail short. The most striking
features are the swollen margin of the mouth, and necklace-like
series of vesicles disposed along the body. It feeds upon green
Monads, like the preceding species. Cilia are absent in Ehrenberg’s
figures. Found amongst colonies of Vorticella, &e. Size 1-72nd.
A. moniliger.—Body turgid, ample, white; proboscis and tail
short ; it has a necklace-like gland. Found amongst duck-weed.
Size 1-96th to 1-72nd.
A. viridis. —Body turgid, spindle-shaped, and of a green colour;
proboscis and tail short and transparent. Found amongst Lemna
minor. Size 1-120th to 1-96th.
A. fasciola (Vibrio anas fasciola et intermedius. Paramecium
fasciola, M.)—Body white, depressed, linear, lanceolate, convex
above, flat beneath. When viewed from above, from ten to twelve
longitudinal series of delicate cilia may be seen, and in the middle
of the body two round glands, posterior to which is a sexual vesicle,
and ova granules between the digestive cells. Figs. 314, 315,
316 represent three views of this creature. Found in infusions.
Size 1-720th to 1-144th.
A. meleagris (Kolpoda, M., Lowophyllum melagris, D.)—Body
large, compressed, membranous, broadly lanceolate in shape, with
the crest of the back denticulated. The colour of this interesting
animalcule is white. On the under side there is a more or less
distinct row of eight to ten bright colourless spots (juice-bladders).
Found with Lemna. Size 1-72nd.
A, longicollis (Kolpodavchrea, Trichoda felis, M.)—Body dilated ;
Kolpodea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 589
turgid posteriorly; attenuated and elongated anteriorly, like a
sword. Found amongst Lemna. Size 1-120th to 1-96th.
AMPHILEPTUS (?) papillosus.—Body depressed, lanceolate, fringed
with papille ; tail and proboscis smooth. Found amongst Conferva.
Size 1-600th to 1-430th.
Genus Uro.tertus.—The train Animaleules have a tail, but
neither eye, tonguc-like process, nor proboscis. Locomotion is
effected by cilia, which in three species are disposed in rows. The
polygastrie apparatis has been demonstrated by coloured food in
two species, and the mouth in all of them, but a discharging orifice
has not been satisfactorily determined. Green coloured ova granules
are evident in two species, but no male organs.
This genus of Ehrenberg, says M. Dujardin, judging from the
figures of most of its species, should be in part united with Oxytricha.
Thus Uroleptus piscis seems identical with Oxytricha caudata (Duj.);
U. musculus (Ehr.) is, in figure, an Ovytricha, whilst U. (2) lamella
is probably a Trachelius, and U. filum is rather allied to Spirostomum
ambiguum.
Thus if Dujardin’s views be correct, Uroleptus should be erased
from the list of genera. 3
U. piscis (Trichoda piscis, M.)—-Body like an elongated top ;
gradually attenuated posteriorly, forming a thick tail; ova greenish.
Body covered with cilia, those at the mouth largest. Found, in
February and March, amongst the floccose brown coat upon
dead sedge leaves, along with Chlamidomonas and Cryptomonas.
Hampstead ponds. Size 1-288th to 1-44th.
U. musculus (Trichoda musculus, M.)—Body white, cylindrical,
pear-shaped, thickened posteriorly, where it abruptly terminates
in a tail, (fig. 333, P. 7.) The movement is rolling. It is inactive
and rigid. Found with Oscillatoria. Size 1-220th.
U. hospes.—Body greenish, ovato-oblong, and turbinate in shape;
obliquely truncated and excavated anteriorly; posteriorly terminated
by a styliform, acute tail. Found in the cells of frog and snail
spawn. Size 1-240th.
U. (2) lamella.—Body transparent, linear-lanceolate, depressed,
flat, very thin. Found in infusions. Size 1-220th.
U. filum (Enchelys caudata, M.)—Body white, filiform, cylin:
590 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
drical, rounded anteriorly, attenuated posteriorly, forming a straight
long tail. It is considered a Spirostomum by Dujardm. Found in
stagnant spring water, &c. Size 1-48th.
Genus OPpHRYOGLENA derives its name from the animalcules
possessing an eye anteriorly, and having a ciliated ovoid body.
Locomotion is effected by numerous regular longitudinal series of
cilia. The numerous digestive cells are often filled with Navicule,
and in one species they have been demonstrated by indigo. The
mouth is situated in a cavity beneath the brow to one side, and the
discharging orifice upon the dorsal surface, at the base of the little
tail. The ova granules are brown in one species, black in another,
and yellow in the third. A large central gland exists in one
species, and contractile sexual vesicles in the others; transverse
and longitudinal self-division has been observed in one species.
A system of sensation is indicated by the presence of a large
red or black visual organ, always present on the frontal region.
These Infusoria are found in stagnant fresh water, but not in
infusions.
O. aira (Leucophra mamilla, M.)—Body blackish, ovoid, com-
pressed, acute posteriorly. The cilia are white, the eye black, and
situated near the frontal dorsal margin. The mouth aperture
forms a funnel shaped cavity, commencing immediately beneath
the brow; within this cavity Ehrenberg thinks he has lately seen
an oval bright gland. The white cilia appear like silver fringe,
especially those in front. Found in turf hollows. Size 1-180th.
O. acuminata.—Body brown-coloured, ovate, and compressed ;
tail short and acute; eye red. The brow projects beyond the
mouth about the length of the body, or, in other words, is situated
about the middle, Figs. 334, 335, are two views of the same animal-
cule. Found in turf hollows. Size 1-180th.
O. flavicans.—Body yellow, turgid, ovate, attenuated and rounded
posteriorly, eye red; the cilia near the mouth longer than in the
preceding species ; Ehrenberg counted from twelve to sixteen rows
at one view. Found in turf hollows. Size 1-144th.
The additional genera to be here added from Dujardin are,
Dileptus and Lo«ophyllum.
Genus Diterrus.—This genus belongs to the family ‘Tricho-
i
Oxytrichina.] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 591
diéns,’ and is thus defined: animal with a fusiform body, much
elongated anteriorly, like a long neck, with a mouth seated at the
base of the prolongation; vibratile cilia cover the surface, and are
of larger size in front and near the mouth.
Ehrenberg has arranged the Dileptus with the Parameciéns,
although, unlike the latter, destitute of a contractile reticulated
integument.
The type of this genus Dileptus is the Amphileptus anser of
Ehrenberg ; and the 4. Margaritifer (Ehr.) is referable also to it.
A new animalcule is thus described, under the name of Dileptus
folium: body very flexible, lanceolate, contracted in front, with
nodular reticulated and irregular stripes, like the veins of a leaf.
Length 1-175th to 1-130th. Found in river water. (P. 21, fig. 26.)
Genus LoxopnHytitum (Duj.)—Body very depressed, lamellar,
oblique, very flexible, and sinuous, or undulated along the borders ;
mouth lateral ; cilia in wide parallel rows.
M. Ehrenberg has comprehended Lowvophyllum with Amphileptus.
Loxophyllum meleagris, the type of the genus, is the Amphileptus
meleagris (Ehr.) (P. 21, fig. 32.)
The Trachelius meleagris (Ehr.) it is probable also represents
another Loxophyllum, as also the Kolpoda ochrea of Miiller, which
Ehrenberg represents as agreeing with his dAmphileptus longi-
collis.
Famrty.—OXYTRICHINA.
This family contains all polygastric animalcules which possess an
alimentary canal with two separate orifices, neither of them situated
at the extremities, without lorica, but provided with setze, vibratile
cilia, and non-vibratile styles or uncini. These locomotive organs
are variously situated, and render the creature active. The poly-
gastric cells, disposed upon an alimentary tube, have been demon-
strated by Ehrenberg, and in Ceratidium only are indistinct. The
mouth and discharging orifice, ova-like granules (at certain periods),
and male organs (glands and vesicles), are each seen in four genera.
Complete transverse and longitudinal self-division is observed in
592 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
three genera, but no gemmz or buds. Eyes have not been de-
tected.
brow without horns .........sccereeeeees Oxytricha.
Sita gailh eter — 0 byes Os eee { Drow with horns). ...:.:.sccsecsecssasebes Ceratidium.
with uncini—no styles.........-...-000 Kerona.
Styles, or uncini, or both ............ with styles—no uncini..............000 Urostyla.
with styles and wncini................. Stylony chia.
This family Oxytrichina is generally similar to the Keroniéns of
Dujardin, a family of animalcules, according to this observer, much
lower in the scale than many in the families previously described,
such as Kolpoda, Paramecium, Coleps, &c.
** Processes in the form of styles or hooks, characterise both the
‘ Keroniens’ and the ‘ Plesconiéns,’ but the latter have a shield
(lorica), whilst the former are soft, and have no sign of an inte-
gument. Of the ‘Keroniéns,’ the Oxytricha have no horns or hooks,
but only cirrhi or straight processes, and in appearance rigid ;
another genus, ‘ Halteria,’ has large cirrhi like the preceding, but
differs considerably in its mode of life and its movements.
«The Urostyla of Ehrenberg, with styles only and no hooks
(uncini), we unite with Oxytricha, and his Stylonychia, provided
with both styles and hooks, with Kerona ; another genus described
by Ehrenberg under the name of Ceratidium, horned anteriorly, but
wanting both styles and hooks, seems to be but altered or mutilated
Kerone. On the other hand the Halteria appear to be included
by Ehrenberg among true Urceolaria, in his genus Trichodina,
although it possesses none of the characters. The Keroniéns are
found in stagnant water, fresh and salt.”
Genus Oxytricua.—The hatchet Animalcules are destitute of
styles and uncini, and unprovided with horns. The body is soft,
flexible, oval or oblong, and more or less flattened. They possess
cilia and setze, the latter resembling rigid hairs; their movements
are forwards and backwards, often by impulses, creeping, swimming,
and climbing ; locomotion is effected by the cilia. In all the species
polygastric cells are evident, in five ova-like granules, in four male
glands, and in five round sexual vesicles. Transverse and longitudinal
division is observed in O. /epus and O. pelionella; longitudinal only
Oxytrichina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 593
in O. cicada, and perhaps O. pullaster. The Trichoda nasamomum,
and 7’. ethiopica (Ehr.) belong, in Dujardin’s opinion, to Oxytricha,
so also the Urostyla, whilst Oxytricha cicada (Khr.), becomes a
species of Plesconiéns.
Oxyrricua rubra (Trichoda piscis et patens, M.)—Body of a
brick-red colour, linear in shape, plane on the under side, and equally
rounded at the ends; posterior end provided with sete. Found
in sea water. Size 1-140th.
O. pelionella (Trichoda pelionella, M.)—Body white, smooth,
slightly depressed, equally rounded at both ends, often broader in
the middle ; head not separate ; mouth ciliated ; tail provided with
setze. Each animalcule has two oval male glands, and between them
a single round sexual vesicle. When self-division commences four
glands are developed, and then the vesicle divides. Ehrenberg
counted ten cilia anteriorly, and four or five sete posteriorly ; the
anal outlet is at the base of the sete. Found in infusions. Size
1-720th to 1-280th.
O. caudata.—Smooth, white, linear-lanceolate in shape, rounded
anteriorly, attenuated posteriorly in the form of a tail, which is
provided with sete. Found in fresh water and sea water. Size
1-576th to 1-120th.
O. platystoma.—Body white, ovato-oblong, under side flat, with
marginal setee ; mouth large and ciliated. It swims with a revolving
and yascillating motion, and often upon the back. It creeps upon
water plants. Found in standing bog water. Size 1-240th.
O. gibba (Trichoda gibba et feta, M.)—Body white, lanceolate,
ends obtuse, middle enlarged, under side flat and furnished with
two series of setee, and a largeround mouth. This species resembles
O. pelionella, but is distinguished by the sete, the two or three
contractile vesicles, and sexual glands. This creature is active, and
runs nimbly along aquatic plants in fresh and brackish water.
Fig. 336 is an under view, fig. 337 aside view. Size 1-240th.
O. pullaster (Trichoda pullaster, Kerona pullaster, M.)—Body
whitish, lanceolate, ends obtuse; ventral surface naked at the
middle; the head, indicated by a constriction, is hairy, like the
tail. The mouth is a narrow fossa. Found in water vessels and
infusions. Size 1-430th.
594. DESCRIPTION OF [ Polygastrica.
Oxytricua cicada (Trichoda cicada, M.)—Body ovate or almost
hemispherical, back furrowed and notched, under surface flat.
Found upon the surface of stagnant water. Size 1-1440th to
1-860th.
O. lepus.—Body whitish, elliptical, smooth, flat; ciliated an-
teriorly ; provided with sete posteriorly ; the mouth and discharging
orifices not distinct; Ehrenberg has not seen the male generative
apparatus. Found in standing water. Size 1-540th to 1-96th.
The following additional species of Owytricha are given by
Dujardin.
O. incrassata.—Body ovoid, long, colourless, fringed pos-
teriorly, with rigid sete. It is not so long as O. pelionella,
and unlike it is marine. Length 1-350th. In Mediterranean.
O. lingua.—Body diaphanous, flattened, flexible, elongated,
rounded at each end without sete or apparent cilia posteriorly;
granules of surface in nearly regular rows. Length 1-212th. In
ditch water with Confervee.
O. ambigua.—Body colourless, oval, oblong, depressed in the
middle, concave on one side, margin tumid; furnished with very
strong locomotive cilia, on the concave surface and with rigid setze
behind. Length 1-350th. Found in sea water.
O. radians.—Body discoid, red, surrounded by long radiating
setee. Length 1-520th. In salt or brackish water.
Genus CeratipIumM.—The horned Animalcules have cilia, horns
on the frontal region, but no styles or uncini. But little of their
organization is known, and therefore the situation of the species is
uncertain. It requires a power not less than 350 to exhibit it.
C. cuneatum.—Body triangular, front truncated, as also the two
horns, upper side smooth. Ehrenberg found this whitish animal-
cule in 1820 amongst Conferva, but has not lately seen it. Dujardin
believes it to have been a mutilated Oxytricha. It vibrates, runs,
and climbs quickly. Figs. 338, 339, represent two views of this
animalecule. Size 1-430th.
Genus Knrrona.—The claw Animalcules are provided with cilia —
and uncini, but not with styles. The body is soft, flexible, oval
and flattened, and ciliated, and has upon the under surface claws,
and perhaps setee. Numerous digestive cells indicate the polygastri¢
——
Oxytrichina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 595
structure; the mouth, and probably the anal spot, are upon the
ventral surface. The propagative system is double, consisting of
ova glands, and a contractile vesicle. Self-division has not been
observed.
In this genus Kerona, Dujardin also includes the Stylonychia of
Ehrenberg, not considering the slight difference in their appendages,
sufficiently distinctive to separate them into two genera.
The Kerona thus understood, differ from Owytricha only in the
form of their cirrhi or processes, the base of which is commonly
dilated in the form of a transparent ball, and moveable withal.
They are, however, equally voracious and abundant in stagnant
water and infusions.
Kerona pustulata, (Duj.) = Stylonycha pustulata, (Khr.,)
K. histrio = 8S. histrio; K. mytilus = 8S. mytilus. But K. pullaster
would rather seem analogous to Oxytricha pullaster, (Ehr.)
The only species of Kerona mentioned in Dujardin’s work, and
not included in that genus, or in Stylonychia by Ehrenberg, are—
Kerona calvitium, and Trichoda faveata of Miiller, two names
indicating varieties of the same species, which varies in the number
and size of its appendages. It is oblong, with styles projecting
anteriorly ; flattened and obtuse at each end.
Kerona polyporum.—Body whitish, depressed, elliptical, and
reniform ; it has a series of cilia around the frontal region, produced
from below the mouth; Ehrenberg counted above forty digestive
cells, many of them filled with brownish (half-digested green)
Monads. Between the cells are ova granules. Fig. 340 is a back
view, and fig. 341 aside view, climbing. Parasitic on Hydra vulgaris.
-(See ‘Microscopic Cabinet,’ pl. 7.) Animals infested with them
die. Size 1-144th.
Genus Urostyita.—The style Animalcules are provided with cilia
and styles, but are destitute of uncini; the cilia are thickly disposed in
numerous series, those near the mouth being longest. On the
ventral surface, at the posterior end, is a small cleft, provided with
non-vibratile sete. The numerous digestive cells receive colour and
large bodies; a gland, a contractile sexual vesicle, and delicate
granular ova, represent the propagative system. ‘Transverse self-
division also has been observed.
596 DESCRIPTION OF [Polygastrica.
Urostyia grandis.—Body white, semi-cylindrical, rounded at the
ends; anteriorly slightly enlarged, hence club-shaped ; styles short,
mouth cleft, large, 1-4th to 1-3rd the length of the body; it has long
cilia on both sides ; the discharging orifice has from five to eight little
styles on the left side only; the stomach juice is colourless. The
young animalcules are flatter than the old ones. Fig. 342 represents
an under view with glands, vesicle, and the cells filled with Bacillaria
and coloured matter. Currents produced by the vibration of the
cilia about the mouth are also indicated in the drawing. Found on
slimy dead sedge leaves. Size 1-144th to 1-96th.
Genus Stytonycuta.—The armed Animalcules are ciliated, and
armed with styles and uncini. These organs of locomotion are
variously disposed. In one species the course of the alimentary
canal, with its numerous digestive cells, has been seen ; in the others
coloured food is received in the cells; a thick granular ova cluster
exists in all the species; in two of them two glands; and in four,
contractile vesicles. Transverse and longitudinal self-division occurs
in two species ; transverse only in a third, and in S.' pustulata, the
formation of gemmae is seen.
S. mytilus (Trichoda mytilus, Kerona mytilus, M.)—Body white,
flat, oblong, slightly constricted in the middle, obliquely dilated
anteriorly in the form of a mussel. The extremities are so trans-
parent that they give it the appearance of being covered with a
shield, but they are soft, flexible, and furnished with cilia. The
stomach juice is colourless, the middle of the body is sometimes
filled with delicate white granules (ova). This animalcule generally
has a peculiar thrusting forward and back movement, but can climb,
run, and swim nimbly, usually with the back undermost. Dr.
Ehrenberg found a single animalcule lived nine days: during the
first twenty-four hours it was developed by transverse self-division,
into three animals; these in twenty-four hours more formed two,
in the same manner; so that, by self-divison only (without ova),
these animalcules increase three or four-fold in twenty-four hours,
and thus a million may be produced froma single animalcule in ten
days. An abundant supply of food favours self-division. Found
in infusions and amongst Oscillatoria. Size 1-240th to 1-96th.
8. pustulata (Trichoda acarus, M.)—Body white, turbid, ellip-
Oxytrichina.} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES, 597
tical, attenuated at both ends; and having a band of uncini at the
middle of the belly. Ehrenberg has seen transverse and longi-
tudinal division, and the growth of gemmae. Found in infusions.
Size 1-144th ; ova granules 1-24000th.
Stytonycuta silurus (Trichoda silurus, Kerona silurus, Hymen-
topus lava, §c., M.)—Body small, white, of the form of a mussel ;
cilia and uncini rather long. Found in fresh water. Size 1-280th.
S. appendiculata.—Body elliptical, white, small, and flat; cilia
and styles long; the setze disposed obliquely in fascicles. Found
in fresh water. Size 1-280th.
S. histrio. (Paramecium histrio, Kerona histrio, M.)—Body el-
liptical, white, middle slightly turgid, finished anteriorly with a
cluster of uncini; no sete. Dr. Ehrenberg states the absence of
the three posterior sete in this and the following species is
remarkable, inasmuch as the others possess them. Found amongst
Conferva. Size 1-280th.
S. lanceolata.—Body pale greenish, lanceolate in shape, ex-
tremities equally obtuse, under side flat; it has uncini in a cluster
near the mouth, but no styles. Ehrenberg saw in one specimen a
simple contractile vesicle on the left side, below the mouth, and
near it a large oval gland. Green Monads and Bacillaria may be
seen in this voracious animal, surrounded with colourless stomach
juice. Fig. 343 represents an under view, and fig. 344 the side
view of another. Found amongst Conferva. Size 1-144th to
1-120th.
The only genus to be appended to this family is the one called
by Dujardin—
Hatreria.—Body nearly globular or turbinate, surrounded by
long, very fine retractile cilia, which adhere to the glass, and then
contracting suddenly, enable the animal to change its place briskly,
as if by leaping ; a row of very strong oblique cilize occupies the
circumference.
The type of this genus is Halteria grandinella, (f. 31, a, b, c,
P. 21,) called by Ehrenberg Trichodina, and placed by him in the
family Vorticellina, along with species totally different, and which
Dujardin terms Urceolaria.
598 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Famity.—EUPLOTA
Have a lorica and alimentary canal, with two separate orifices,
neither of which are terminal. They possess powerful organs of
locomotion, similar to those of the preceding family.
This family resembles in many respects the genus Asellus of the
Entomostraca, whose organization is so highly developed: hence
this family very properly closes the grand division Polygastrica.
Organs subservient to nutrition are distinctly seen in three genera—
one is marked by having a cylinder of wand-like teeth, and a
beautiful rose-coloured digestive juice, like the genus Nassula.
The propagative apparatus is double in three genera, ova granules
are found in two, male glands in two, a contractile vesicle in three ;
self-division, transverse and longitudinal, is observed in one, but
gemmae are not produced. One form is green, the others are
colourless and whitish.
This family comprises the following genera :—
head distinguished from the body ...... Discocephalus.
With cilia—no } teeth absent { 453 ;
styles. head not distinguished from the body... Himantophorus.
UGLY Fn}: 8) capcooneadonenghocosogbuadaccapaencdeancéneeconedenotaccs Chlamidodon.
Withiciliay claws and! HUVLES! 9. se..-c00-:secccasdsscenunsientnevesteacansatartansesaneetses Euplotes.
This family Huplota in part corresponds with that of the
Plesconiéns of Dujardin, which includes animalcules of an oval or
reniform depressed figure, not contractile, and only slightly flexible,
but invested with an apparent shield (lorica), which, however, un-
dergoes diffluence like the softer parts. Mouth furnished with
vibratile cilia, and often also with cirrhi, in the form of styles or
moveable hooks. They swim by means of the vibratile cilia, or
crawl by the aid of the other appendages.
The Plasconiéns form five genera: —Plesconia and Chlamidodon,
with a visible mouth, the latter also having teeth; Diophrys and
Coccudina, without visible mouth; the cirrhi or processes in the
former, grouped at the two ends, in the latter covering the under
surface. Lowodes has only vibratile cilia.
Euplota.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 599
The animalcules of the genus ‘ Plasconia’ seem for the most part
identical with the Euplotes of Ehrenberg, but as the identification
is in some cases uncertain, and as several new species are described
by Dujardin, we shall subjoin the Plosconia, as constituting an
appended genus along with Diophrys and Coccudina.
Genus DiscocepHatus.—-The disc-headed Animalcules have
neither styles nor teeth, but possess uncini, and have the head
distinguished from the body (capitate). The organization is un-
known, only the non-vibratile uncinated locomotive organs having
been specially observed.
D. rotatorius.—Body transparent, flat; head smaller than the
body; both rounded. Fig. 345 is an under, and fig. 346 a side
view. Found in the Red Sea. Size 1-380th.
Genus HimantopHorus.—The whip-footed Animalcules are dis-
tinguished by the absence of styles and teeth, by having numerous
uncini, and not having the head distinct from the body. The long
bent hooks, generally in pairs, appear like a broad band upon the
under side, serving as organs of locomotion; near them is a row of
cilia extending from the mouth to the middle. The mouth, dis-
charging orifice, and numerous digestive cells, are distinct. At the
posterior margin is a large contractile vesicle; between the row of
cilia and margin on the right is a series of glandular spots. Self-
division has not been observed.
H. charon (M.)—Body transparent, flat, elliptical, anterior
slightly truncated obliquely, cilia short, uncini long and slender.
The mouth commences anteriorly at the lower angle of the tri-
angular bright spot, but the true cesophageal opening appears to be
at the end of the row of cilia within the curved lorica ; the posterior
alimentary opening is nearly at the base of the last cluster of four
to six comb-like uncini, which supply the place of styles. Fig. 347
is a side, and fig. 348 an under view. Found in water vessels that
have stood some time. Size 1-180th.
Genus CuLamipopon.—The toothed Animalcules possess cilia
and teeth at the mouth, but no styles or uncini; an oval trans-
parent lorica or shield covers the back, and projects around it; a
margin of cilia surrounds the body, these are longer near the brow;
short climbing setz probably exist posteriorly, between the cilia.
600 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
Polygastric cells are distinct, as also vesicles containing a beautiful
rose-coloured digestive fluid; the mouth has a hollow cylinder of
wand-like teeth. Minute green ova granules (?) and a large oval
bright central gland represent the propagative organs. Self-division
unknown.
CHLAMIDODON mnemosyne.—Body flat, elliptical, sometimes di-
lated anteriorly, as shown at fig. 349. It is of a clear green or
hyaline hue, with brilliant rose-coloured vesicles ; delicate longitu-
dinal lines are seen upon the surface of the animalcule, and appear
to be on the lorica. Ehrenberg counted sixteen wand-like teeth
disposed cylindrically. The movement is quick and powerful, as
in Luplotes. Found with Zostera and Scytosiphon. Size 1-570th.
Genus Evpitotres.—The skiff-like or boat Animalcules possess
cilia, styles, and uncini, which are powerful locomotive instruments,
but no teeth. Polygastric cells have been filled in four species with
coloured food; in the others bright vesicles evidence them; the
termination of the alimentary canal is indicated in one species by
the discharge, in the rest by the projecting little shield; the
digestive juice is colourless; the propagative organs are probably
double in seven species, in one completely so. White ova are seen
in four species; oval or round simple glands exist in three; a
single contractile vesicle in five; and in a sixth two vesicles are
observed. Self-division, transverse and longitudinal, has been
observed in one species, and transverse only in two or four
others.
E. patella.—Lorica large, nearly circular, slightly truncated
anteriorly; margin transparent, broad; back elevated, gibbous,
and covered with a few delicate smooth striz. The mouth is
ciliated on each side, the cesophagus is near the side, lower than
the middle, the discharging orifice behind the base of the styles.
Found with Lemna. Size 1-280th.
E. Charon (Trichoda Charon, M.)—Lorica small, ovato-elliptical,
slightly truncated anteriorly, and having granular striz on the
back; twenty to forty cilia were counted by Ehrenberg, but no
setee; white ova, propagative glands, and a contractile vesicle, have
been seen. Figs. 350—353 represent different views. Found in
standing water and infusions. Size 1-1150th to 1-280th.
Euplota. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 601
Evp.ores striatus.—Lorica oblong, elliptical, slightly truncated
anteriorly, uncini only upon the posterior part of the body; four
smooth strize upon the back. Found in sea water. Size 1-240th.
E. appendiculatus.—Lorica ovato-oblong, ends rounded, provided
with oblique styles, and four straight setee upon the posterior part
of the body. Found in sea water. Size 1-240th.
E. truncatus.—Lorica oblong, with smooth strie, unequally trun-
cated, and notched anteriorly. It has setae and numerous uncini.
The styles are straight. Found in sea water. Size 1-240th.
E. monostylus.—Lorica elliptical, ends rounded, no strie. It
has a single style, like a tail, but no uncini. Found in sea water.
Size 1-400th.
E. aculeatus.—Lorica oblong, nearly square, ends rounded ; it
has two crests upon the back, one bearing a little spine in the
middle. Found in sea water. Size 1-430th.
E. turritus.—Lorica smooth, nearly circular; it has a long
erect spine on the centre of the back. Size 1-600th to 1-430th.
E. cimex (Trichoda cimex, M.)—Lorica oblong, elliptical, and
smooth, provided with cilia, styles, and uncini. Found in sea
water. Size 1-430th.
E. viridis.—Lorica large (ample), oblong, truncate in front, with
a central obtuse tooth, dorsum flat; ova green. Size 1-480th.
Berlin.
Genus PLorsconta (Duj.)—Body oval, more or less flattened,
enclosed by an apparent lorica, marked by longitudinal ribs, fur-
nished mostly on one of its plane surfaces with scattered cilia,
fleshy, thick, and in the form of stiff hairs, or of non-vibratile
hooks, yet moveable, and serving the purpose of feet ; on the other
surface, having a row of vibratile cilia regularly placed, and be-
coming finer as they recede from the anterior to the posterior end,
where the mouth is situated, and towards which they vibrate.
In my opinion, adds Dujardin, a Ploesconia, notwithstanding its
apparent complexity of structure, is yet an animal as simply
organised as those previously considered ; having a simple, fleshy,
homogenous substance, assuming during life a rather complex
form, which is lost at the moment of death, no membrane or fibre
sustaining it. The cilia or cirrhi of varied form are still of the
RR
602 DESCRIPTION OF | Polygastrica.
same nature, and I would say, of nearly the same consistence.
They have a mouth also, but no anus; vacuole formed at the
bottom of the mouth, as a result of an impulsive force, produced by
the vibratile cilia on the surrounding liquid, hollowed out in any
part; and lastly granules, varying in kind, desseminated through
the mass, and which I cannot admit as determinate organs, or as
ova. This account varies materially from that of Ehrenberg.
Piorsconia patella = Euplotes patella.—P. vannus.—Body
depressed, oblong, oval; very transparent, smooth, without striee,
5—8 anterior hooks; and 7—8 straight styles behind. Length
1-218th. In sea water.
P. (?) sentum.—Larger than the preceding, with the band of
vibratile cilia extending farther backwards, and the posterior styles
inflected and sinuous.
P. balteata.—Body oval, rather narrower in front, diaphanous,
with 5 strize (ribs); the band of cilia extending 5-6ths the length of
the body; cirrhi few, feeble. Length 1-325th. In sea water; no
hooks, as in P. vannus.
P. cithara.—Body oval, with ten regularly disposed ribs, well
marked; the row of cilia semicircular, extending two thirds its
length; cirrhi not long, and almost confined to the posterior
extremity. Length 1-290th to 1-275th. In stagnant sea water.
P. crassa.— Body oval, oblong ; thick, but diaphanous, with some
faint signs of ribs ; the band of cilia little curved, and extending one
half the length; 6—8 curved cirrhi at anterior, and 5—7 straight
ones at posterior extremity. Length 1-362d. Found with the pre-
ceding in sea water.
P. Charon.—Body irregularly oval, truncate in front, narrower
behind, with well marked irregular ribs; cirrhi long, not curved.
Differs much from Euplotes Charon (Ehr.)
P. affinis differs from P. Charon, by its habitat being in fresh
water, and by having its anterior portion narrower, whilst its pos-
terior is more rounded and less plaited.
P. (?) subrotunda.—Body oval, thick, granular within ; no distinct
ribs; truncated and fissured in front, styles long and thin at each
end. Length 1-535th to 1-475th. In infusions.
P. (?) radiosa. Longer than the preceding, 1-520th to 1-395th,
Euplota. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 603
with long styles radiating from each extremity. In river
water.
Piogsconta longiremis.—Body very depressed, irregularly oval,
dilated on the side supporting the cilia, where it is more transparent,
with 3—4 large ribs, but slightly prominent ; cirrhi numerous, very
long and flexible. Length 1-400th to 1-306th. In sea water.
P. aculeata = Euplotes aculeatus (Ehr.)
Genus Diopnrys.—Body discoid, irregular, thick; concave on
one side, convex on the other; with long cirrhi grouped at each end,
no mouth.
D. marina.—Body oval, with a longitudinal excavation; terminated
in front by 5 great vibratile cilia, and behind by 4—5 very long
geniculate cirrhi. Length 1-580th. In sea water. (Fig. 22a,
P, 21.)
Genus Coccup1na.—Body oval, depressed, or nearly discoid, often
rather sinuous on the margin; convex, pitted or granular, and
glabrous above; concave below, with vibratile cilia and cirrhi or
hooks, serving as feet: without mouth.
Intermediate between Lowodes and Ploesconia, having the ap-
pendages of the latter, and the general figure of the former.
Ehrenberg has left the Coccudina known to him dispersed among
Oxytricha and Euplotes.
C. costata.—Body oval, obliquely contracted, and sinuous in
front; convex and furrowed beneath, where from 5—6 very promi-
nent tubercular ribs are found, processes grouped at each end;
the anterior thinner and vibratile. Length 1-965th. In marsh
water.
C. crassa.—Body oval; larger, and seemingly truncated behind ;
contracted and sinuous in front ; convex above, with feebly marked
ribs ; anterior processes in the form of hooks; posterior, of straight
styles. Length 1-20th. Marine among corallines.
C. polypoda.—Body oval, sinuous in front; convex, and marked
above with from 7—8 narrow ribs; flat below, and furnished with
numerous long and flexible cirrhi. In stagnant sea water. (Fig.
30 abc, P. 21.)
C. cicada.—Body oval, granular, very convex, margin rounded;
concave beneath, and there provided with long and flexible cirrhi.
604 DESCRIPTION OF - | Rotatoria.
Length 1-812th. Appears the same as the Trichoda acada of
Miiller, but not as its supposed synonyme Oxytricha cicada (Ehr.)
which is like the Coccudina costata rather than C. cicada.
Coccupina (?) cimea = Stylonychia cimex (Ehr.)
C. reticulata—a name provisionally applied to an animalcule
found in the Seine, having a granular and reticulated surface, and
large cirrhi at each end. Length 1-578th.
The genus Aspidisca (Ehr.) should, Dujardin believes, be num-
bered among the Coccudina.
Crass I].—ROTATORIA.
Those infusorial animalcules which are included under the great
division Rotatoria are distinguished by being destitute of a true
nervous system, and of vascular pulsation ; by possessing a simple
tubular alimentary canal, a definite form of body, (that is, not
alterable by the formation of gemmae, or spontaneous division, as in
the Polygastrica;) by being androgynous, or hermaphrodite; pro-
vided with rotatory organs, and, though destitute of true articulated
feet, often with a single false foot, or pediform process.
The magnifying power most useful for the examination of the
Rotatoria is 200; and with a power of 400 times, all that has been
discovered in their internal organization (except in one or two cases)
may be seen.
The following table represents the analysis of the class Rotatoria
into families :—
margin of cilia wreath ¢ illoricated ..............006 Icthydina.
entire. 4
With a simple Holotrocha. LOVICAUED.| 5.ccttecewaadeaie Oecistina.
continuous wreath
of cilia
(MonorrocHa.) margin of cilia wreath f illoricated ..........scse0e Megalotrochaea.
lobed or notched. {
Schizotrocha. lOMIGAtEd cse.cocuscorbsares Floscularia.
with the cilia wreath f illoricated .............0006 Hydatinea.
divided into several {
With a compound / series. Polytrocha. \loricated ......ccc.ccceeees Euchlanidota.
or divided wreath
of cilia
(SOROTROCHA.) with the cilia wreath ¢ illoricated .........cceceeees Philodinaea.
divided into two series. {
LZygotrocha. JOVICAbED! 4.Viseserecorssscts Brachionaea.
Rotatoria. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 605
The above characters are according to Ehrenberg. With regard
to the affinities of the class with respect to other groups of the
animal kingdom, the reader is referred to Part I. of this Work ; but,
it may be remarked that Professor Owen considers the members of
this class have the strongest affinity with the Crustacea, and con-
sequently belong to the Province ArticuLata, occupying a higher
position than Radiata and Entéozoa. On the other side, the Rotatoria
has the nearest aflinity with the Polygastrica through the Vorticella
family.
Siebold adopts the classification of Ehrenberg for the Rotatorta,
omitting, however, a few genera. Dujardin, on the contrary, regards
the principles employed by Ehrenberg in framing his division of
these animals as faulty and uncertain, and consequently puts
forward one of his own. But he includes among his Systolides,
for so he calls the Rotatoria, the curious animals named Tardigrada,
which, although having some affinity with the true Rotatoria, are so
wanting in all the essential characteristics of the latter, that no
naturalist now thinks of associating the two together. Indeed at
the time of publishing his book, Dujardin himself expressed doubts
as to so placing them.
To resume, however, Dujardin formed four grand divisions of the
Rotatoria, viz. 1. Those which live fixed by their posterior extremity.
2. Those which have but one mode of locomotion by means of their
vibratile cilia, and are always swimmers. 3. Those which exhibit
two modes of progression by crawling after the manner of leeches,
and by swimming. 4. Those which creep by uncini, and are
destitute of vibratile cilia.
This last division is constituted by the Tardigrades ; the third
comprises only the Rotifera: the first includes but two families,
the Flosculariéns and Melicertiéns, whilst the second contains by
far the largest number, which are distributed under two sections,
according as the integument is flexible throughout, or in part solid,
or otherwise constitutes a shield.
The last section so characterised is made up of the Brachioniéns,
and of the less characteristic families, Polyarthra, Rattula. The
soft-skinned Systolides are represented in the families Furculariéns
and Albertiens.
606 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotutoria.
Mr. Howard has proposed the name Anneloida, to include the
Rotatoria, Annelida, Echinodermata, and Trematoda, which he thinks
form a natural group of anynals.
The reader is referred for an account of the structure, and of
other matters relating to the Rotatoria generally, to the several
sections devoted to their consideration in Part I. In the following
systematic account of these animals, the text of the first edition is
generally followed, and consequently the description of the organi-
zation is in accordance with that given by Ehrenberg in his great
work of 1838. More recent investigations, indeed, have brought
into doubt some of the views entertained by Ehrenberg concerning
the structure of Rotatoria, but still the present amount of knowledge
on this point is not sufficiently extended and precise to warrant its
employment to the exclusion of the matter supplied by the great
naturalist of Berlin.
The reader must therefore bear in mind that Ehrenberg’s hypo-
theses of organization colour the majority of the ensuing generic
and specific description, whilst the general account of Rotatoria in
Part I., represents the opinions of the structure and functions of
particular organs entertained by others as opposed to those held by
Ehrenberg. To aright understanding of this systematic description
of the Rotatoria, the reader should be familiarly acquainted with the
details of structure and function given in Part I., and then he may,
if he pleases, read the description of organs, according to recent
views of their function, in place of those advanced by Ehrenberg.
Thus, when male vesicles, sexual glands, transverse vessels, respi-
ratory tubes, &c., are spoken of, it would be remembered that others
prefer to call the first named circulatory organs; the second, simply
glands; the third, transverse or circular muscles; and the fourth,
a solid process, or rudimentary antennee.
Famity.—ICHTHYDINA.
Rotatoria with a single continuous rotatory organ, not cut or
lobed at the margin. They are destitute of lorica or shell. In
Ptygura and Glenophora the wheel-like organ is in the form of a
circle, and serves for the purposes of locomotion; in the other
Ichthydina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 607
genera it is band-like, long, elliptical, and upon the ventral surface.
A forked foot-like process is met with in Chaetonotus and Ichthydium,
and a simple one in the others. A simple conical alimentary canal,
with a long thin cesophagus, without teeth (?), is seen in Ichthydium
and Chaetonotus; Glenophora has a short cesophageal portion, and
two single teeth, and Ptygura an elongated stomach and three
teeth. Pancreatic glands are seen only in Chaetonotus and Ptygura;
neither czecum nor gall-ducts are visible in any of the genera, The
male reproductive organs not observed; the female consist, in two
genera, of a large ovarium, with afew large ova. The two red
frontal eyes, seen in Glenophora, are indications of the existence of
a neryous system, and the bristly hairiness of the back of Chaetonotus
is worthy of notice.
This family comprises the following genera:
with a simple truncated tail-like foot Pt
<2 ae Haspedeent { (Pseudopodium)...s.cevevecsevees } yeura.
aa with a forked tail-like foot........... Ichthydium.
hair (bristle-like) present co)... 5 + elec ~ nics we wiplsee nie Chaetonotus,
PUVERMpMESEMts (Uw OrCONtAL) |= (6 s.s.50 oic1m o\a\c)e:a1m «iole'o alain)» /n:0\gtaiplais alolels]olaa) s\are Glenophora.
This family is not admitted in Dujardin’s system; but the genera
Ichthydium and Chaetonotus are included among Infusoria (Poly-
gastrica) ; whilst Ptygura is placed in the family ‘Melicertiens ;’
and Glenophora not recognised. Siebold likewise does not accept
the genus Glenophora.
Genus Prycura.—The wrinkle-tailed Animalcules are destitute
of eyes and hair, but have a simple, truncated, cylindrical false foot.
Body campanulate, oblong. Rotatory organ simple, and nearly
circular. Numerous teeth-like bodies, adhering to the bulb of the
cesophagus, two pancreatic glands, a small narrow cesophagus, an
elongated stomach, and a globular-like rectum, constitute the appa-
ratus of nutrition. An ovarium and a contractile vesicle have been
observed; but neither longitudinal muscles nor visual organs,
although carefully sought for,
This genus Ptygura is comprehended in the family Melicertiens
of Dujardin, along with Lacinularia, Tubicolaria, and Melicerta,
and is made to include the species distributed by Ehrenberg in the
608 DESCRIPTION OF | Rotatoria.
several families Ptygura, Oecistes, and Conochilus. For Dujardin
states that the individuals of these three genera present no further
differences than in the gelatinous envelope, which surrounds the two
last, forming in Oecistes a distinct tube for each individual, whilst
it includes the individuals of Conochilus ina common globular mass,
and is absent in Ptygura. The same author would name Oecistes,
Ptygura crystallina, and the several Conochili, Ptygura volvoz.
Pryaura melicerta.—Transparent ; body cylindrical, club-shaped,
turgid anteriorly, with two little curved horns at the mouth, and a
single short tube at the neck (?). The tail-like foot always re-
mains transversely folded (wrinkled), as seen in fig. 354, P. 7,
which represents the under side. When swimming, a ring-like
simple vibratile organ is thrust out with a lateral notch. The two
jaw-like parts of the cesophageal bulb have numerous teeth, as
represented at fig. 355. Size 1-140th.
Genus Dasypytxs (Gosse.)—Eyes absent; body furnished with
bristle-like hairs; tail simple, truncate.
This genus, according to Ehrenberg’s description of Icthydina,
must follow after Ptygura.
D. goniothriz.—Hairs long, each hair bent with an abrupt angle ;
neck constricted. Length 1-146th. Found at Leamington.
D. antenniger.—Hair short, downy; a pencil of long hairs at
each angle of the posterior extremity of the body; head furnished
with two club-shaped organs resembling antennee. Length 1-170th.
Genus Icutuyp1um.—The ciliated fish Animalcules have a cleft
or forked foot-like tail; no eyes or hair; currents at the mouth,
and along the ventral side, indicate the existence of a vibratile organ,
which not only serves for swimming, but likewise for creeping. A
long cesophagus, a thick simple conical alimentary canal, and
sometimes a large single ovum, comprise our knowledge of their
organization. It is probable that a cylinder of little wand-lke
teeth exists.
I. podura (Cercaria podura, M.)—Body straight, oblong, often
slightly constricted anteriorly, where it is turgid, and sometimes
three-lobed. It is colourless or whitish, but during repletion some-
times appears yellowish ; the ventral surface is flat and ciliated, the
dorsal arched and smooth. ‘The large dark ovum has been seen by
Ichthydina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 609
Ehrenberg. Itseldom swims, but mostly creeps. Fig. 356 exhibits
a full-grown animalcule (ventral side). Found among Conferva and
Oscillatoria. Length 1-440th to 1-140th.
Genus Cuanronotus.—The brushed fish-Animalcules have hairs
upon their dorsal surface, possess a forked tail, but no eyes. Loco-
motion is performed by a double row of cilia upon the ventral
surface, forming a band-like rotatory organ. The nutritive organs
consist of a tubular mouth, probably provided with a cylinder of
teeth, a long thin cesophagus, and a long conical stomach (trachelo-
gastricum), upon whose upper thick end (in the large species) two
semi-globular glands are seen; at certain periods, from one to three
large ova are formed posteriorly, but the ovarium in which they are
developed has not been directly observed ; male reproductive organs
unknown. They are sluggish in their movements, except in creeping ;
they rarely swim.
C. maximus.—Body elongated, slightly constricted anteriorly,
turgid and obtusely three-lobed; hairs upon the back short and
equal. From the latest observations, Ehrenberg states the mouth
to possess teeth, of which he has counted more than eight ; he once
saw the exclusion of ova immediately over the hinder foot-lke tail.
It creeps but slowly. Size 1-216th to 1-120th.
C. larus (Trichoda acarus anas et larus, M.)—Body elongated,
slightly constricted anteriorly, where it is turgid and obtusely tri-
angular; the posterior hair on the dorsal surface is longest.
Ehrenberg has seen only one large ovum; he states that the bodies
of those bearing ova were thick posteriorly, though, under other
circumstances, the head is broadest. It appears to have eight teeth.
Pancreatic glands unknown; the dorsal hairs, which are arranged
in longitudinal rows, destroy the transparency of the body. Fig. 357
is a dorsal, and fig. 358 a side view. Ova 1-3rd the length of the
body. Found in muddy water. Size 1-720th.
C. brevis—Body ovato-oblong, slightly constricted near the
turgid front; dorsal hairs few, the posterior longest; ova small.
Size 1-340th.
As before stated, Dujardin places this genus Chaetonotus, together
with Ichthydium, among the Infusoria (Polygastrica, Ehr.); in,
however, a sub-class of them, called symmetrical, along with Coleps
610 DESCRIPTION OF | Rotatoria.
and a doubtful genus, named Planariola. These genera in having
a symmetrical figure, are distinguished by him from all other
Infusoria.
One species of Chaetonotus described by Dujardin is probably new,
although it may be, as he remarks, but the C. maximus of Ehrenberg.
The following are its characters :
CHAETONOTUS sguamatus.—Body elongate, narrowed on its an-
terior third, but expanded in its posterior half. Length 1-130th to
1-135th. Covered with short hairs; dilated in a scale-like form
toward the base, and regularly imbricated. Found in sea water
brought from Toulouse, long kept.
Genus SaccuLus (Gosse).—One eye, frontal; body destitute of
hair, and without a foot; rotatory organ a simple wreath; alimen-
tary canal very large ; jaws set far forward, apparently consisting of
two delicate unequal mallet and a slender incus; very evanescent ;
eggs attached behind, after deposition. :
This genus comes nearest to Glenophora, but, unlike the latter,
has but one eye. ,
S. viridis.—Body pear-shaped ; flattened ventrally, the anterior
end the narrower; head conical pointed, surrounded by a wreath of
long cilia; digestive canal occupying nearly the whole body, and
always filled with a substance of a rich green hue in masses.
Length 1-150th. This curious animal (found in considerable num-
ber in a little pool on Hampstead Heath) must be placed in this
family, according to Ehrenberg’s system, but the mode of carrying
its eggs indicates an affinity with the Brachionoea.
Genus GLeNopHORA.—The eye Animalcule is characterised (as
its name imports) by the presence of two eyes, placed anteriorly;
it has a frontal circular rotatory organ, and a truncated bifid tail,
or false foot. The alimentary canal is short, thick, and conical ; it
sometimes contains green matter. The two protruding forceps-
like bodies, in the middle of the rotatory organ, may, says Dr.
Ehrenberg, be considered teeth; pancreatic glands are indicated by
knot-like turbid bodies. The eyes are sharply circumscribed,
and situated at the frontal region; a respiratory tube unknown.
Dujardin believes this genus based on young animals, and as such
unsatisfactory.
Occistina. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 611
GiEnoPHoRA trochus.—Body ovato-conical, truncated, and turgid
anteriorly, attenuated posteriorly into a false foot; the eyes are
blackish. It swims quickly, like a Trichodina or free Vorticella.
The genera Monolabis and Microcodon have similar forms.
Figs. 359, 360, represent two animalcules, the latter having the
stomach filled with a green substance, Size 1-570th.
Famrity.—OECISTINA.
Rotatoria with a single rotatory organ entire at the margin, with
a gelatinous envelope or lorica. This family contains only two
genera, which possess an organization more developed than any yet
described, Locomotive organs, with internal muscles, (says Ehren-
berg,) and a tail foot, not pincer-like, nutritive organs, with a
chewing apparatus, consisting of teeth in rows, two pancreatic
glands, as well as the development and expulsion of ova, are
observed. Male organs, vessels, two filiform tremulous organs
gills), and nervous fibrille, along with ganglia, are elicited in
Conochilus, and red visual spots in both genera. They are thus
tabulated :
special and distinct to each single animalcule................ Oecistes.
Lorica {
conglomerate, or common to many single animalcules........ Conochilus.
Genus Oxrcistes.—The sheathed little fish Animalcules are
characterised by each animalcule having a separate lorica. They
have two eyes, situated anteriorly, which become effaced as age
advances. A simple wreath of cilia is observed in the frontal
region of the body; the long tail-like foot has internal longitudinal
muscles. A simple tubular contracted alimentary canal, with an
elongated stomach, teeth in rows, attached to two jaws, situated at
the head or bulb of the cesophagus, and two pancreatic glands,
compose the apparatus of nutrition. The visual organs are red
when the animalcule is young, and colourless in old age. The
ovarium has only a single ovum. ‘The lorica is a viscid, gelatinous,
cylindrical box (urceolus), into which the animalcule can entirely
withdraw itself, or which it may quit when a new one is desirable.
612 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
The attachment to the bottom of the lorica is by the under surface
of the end of the foot-like tail.
OrcistEs crystallinus.—Lorica hyaline, viscid, floccose; body erys-
talline. The structure it is difficult to see. Each jaw has three dis-
tinct teeth. The development of the young from the egg is interesting
to observe: Dr. Ehrenberg saw within the shell two dark points
(eyes) near the already-developed jaws, and on giving the egg a
gentle pressure it burst, and the free young animal came forth.
Fig. 361 represents a full-grown animalcule in the act of unfolding
itself; fig. 362 is another with its rotatory organ expanded. Their
shells are incrusted, and within may be seen a number of eggs;
figs. 363, 364, represent them attached to the pectinated leaves of
the water-violet, as they appear under a shallow pocket magnifier.
Length, with tail, 1-36th; without, 1-140th; lorica 1-70th.
Genus ConocuiLus.—The lipped-top Animalcules are social,
having conglomerate and contiguous lorice; each animalcule has
two permanent eyes. Only one species is known; its description,
therefore, will include that of the genus.
C. volvox.—The compound masses white; lorica gelatinous,
hyaline, within which from ten to forty animalcules unite, and form
a radiating sphere, that revolves in swimming, like the Volvox.
The brow, or frontal region of the animalcule, is broad, truncated,
and surrounded with a wreath of cilia, interrupted at the mouth,
which is lateral. On the frontal plane arise four thick conical
papillee, often furnished with an articulated bristle, especially the
two anterior, as seen in figs. 365, 366, and 368. The cesophagus ig
short and narrow, its head, or bulb, has jaws, with teeth, and four
muscles ; it lies immediately within the mouth. The stomach and
rectum are oval. Two spherical, pancreatic, or salivary glands, are
observed near the cesophagus, and posteriorly an ovarium, often
containing a large ovum, which is expelled near the base of the tail.
The ovate or shortly-cylindrical body terminates in a long, thin,
and strong cylindrical foot-like tail, the end having a suction disc.
The gelatinous Jorica, is only perceptible in coloured water, except
when infested with green parasitical Monads ; within it the animal-
cules can completely withdraw themselves, their tails becoming
thickened and bent. (In the group, figs. 365 to 368, the lorica is
Megalotrochaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 613
not shown.) There are no anterior muscles, but three pairs of
posterior ones, which disappear near the rotatory organ; there is
also a back and two lateral pairs. Several transverse vessels appear
connected with two anterior, lateral, longitudinal vessels, which,
Dr. Ehrenberg states, must arise from a vascular network near the
head, as in Hydatina. He has also seen two spiral bands (gills),
situated posteriorly. Two beautiful red visual organs lie immedi-
ately beneath the wreath of cilia, and behind them little oval
nervous ganglia. In the foot-like tail are two large wedge-shaped
glands, probably male organs. These creatures will feed upon
carmine and indigo, but are mostly filled with a golden-coloured
food. Fig. 370 represents a cluster of animalcules magnified about
ten diameters, of which figs. 365 to 368 represent a portion, highly
magnified ; the first is an under view, the two next dorsal views,
and the last a side view. Fig. 369 shows the jaws, teeth, and part
of the cesophagus-bulb separate. Size 1-60th; sphere 1-9th.
Famity.—MEGALOTROCHABEA.
No envelope or lorica; rotatory organ simple, incised, or flexuose
at the margin; it constitutes the purveying and locomotive appa-
ratus. Distinct muscular bands are seen, which can change the
shape of the body. In Megalotrocha, the alimentary canal is pro-
vided with two jaws, a stomach, two cceca, and two pancreatic
glands. In the other genera, it is a simple canal, without stomach
and cceca; Microcodon has two single-toothed jaws, but no pan-
creatic glands ; and Cyphonautes is toothless. The ovarium in all
the genera developes a few large ova. In Megalotrocha, the ovum
is attached to a thread; vessels and tremulous gills are observed in
that genus; organs of sensation are indicated by the red eyes in
two genera; in the third, a ganglion is seen in their place. In Mega-
lotrocha radiating nervous ganglia, analogous to a brain, and four
dark glandular spheres, in the neighbourhood of the mouth are seen.
The genera are thus related :
SEH USE NLU ate nneusxeancsuacnpacSenaacususss=sntsntinesansvesiusatsersestedasssscesairarsae Cyphonantes.
QUERCV Gl aweascancatent can esesscanstaasnsdarastnansncacashsanentaseasae Microcodon.
Eyes present {
UWO CVCS i ercsssasevcenresecncaneosandeutversatiseteccanveeruvecsrcenres Megalotrocha.
614 DESCRIPTION OF | Rotatoria.
These genera are undescribed by Dujardin, Cyphonautes he con-
siders a doubtful member of the Rotatoria, and would transfer
Microcodon to another family, its caudal process being rather an
articulated flexible tail than a contractile pedicle. Only Megalo-
trocha is admitted by Siebold.
Genus CypHonauTres. The hump-backed Animalcules are desti-
tute of eyes. Locomotion is performed by the continuous but
notched cilia wreath and internal band-like muscles. The nutritive
apparatus consists of a toothless cesophagus, an alimentary canal,
with probably a pancreatic gland; an ovarium, with a single
large ovum is visible; vessels and tremulous gills unknown; a
nervous system is indicated by a round glandular knot at the
cesophagus.
C. compressus.—Body ,white, compressed, obtusely triangular,
truncated anteriorly, and sub-acutely gibbous upon the back; near
the cesophageal head is a spherical gland, probably a brain; no eye
with coloured pigment is present ; on each side a band-like muscle
proceeds to the end of the back, which terminates in a changeable
tuberosity (perhaps suction disc). It swims with a vacillating
motion. Fig. 373, P. 8, represents a full-grown animalcule. Found
in sea water. Size 1-100th.
Genus Microcopon. The bell little fish Animalcules.—Eye
single; wreath of cilia simple, bent in the middle, so as to resemble
the figure 8 lying transversely ; alimentary canal thick and straight,
without a stomach ; no ceesophageal tube, but a sort of cesophageal
bulb and a couple of single-toothed jaws; also a turbid ovarium.
Immediately behind the rotatory apparatus is a small red visual
organ, and at the frontal region beside it is a reddish knot whose
function is unknown.
M. clavus.—Body campauulate, pedicled, the styliform foot-like
tail as long as the body; in the middle of the brow are two bundles
of stiff bristles, two pincer-like points, evidently teeth, project out
of the middle of the rotatory organ, and are in connection with
the reddish jaws. Fig. 371 is a back, and fig. 372 a left side
view. Size 1-280th.
Genus Mrecatotrocua. The parasol or great wheeled Ani-
malcules.—Eyes two, sometimes becoming effaced by age: rotatory
Negalotrochaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 615
organ has two lappets. The nutritive system consists of a stomach,
czecum, rectum, and cesophageal head, having two jaws, with teeth,
and two pancreatic glands; reproductive organs, a short knotted
ovarium, with a few ova; muscles, three pair anterior, two pair
posterior, longitudinal; two contractile muscles for the rotatory
organ, and four cesophageal. The eyes are frontal, of a red colour
when young ; two, many-partite, radiant nervous masses are dis-
tributed in the disc of the rotatory organ; these represent the
nervous structures and organs of sensation, four circular transverse-
lying vessels (muscles?) are also seen. The nature of the four opaque
white spherical bodies at the base of the rotatory organ is unknown.
Mecatorrocua albo-flavicans (Vorticella socialis, M.)—White and
free, when young ; yellowish, and attached in radiating clusters, when
old. Ehrenberg states he has often perceived the red eyes within
the unbroken egg, and the jaws, as if in the act of chewing, move
laterally and horizontally against each other. Two ova are rarely
produced at one time; the egg, when expelled from the body, re-
mains attached to it by a thread, and the parent has often four or
five thus attached, and in process of further development. Ehren-
berg’s observations on the embryo are highly interesting: he says,
“In the ovum, whilst within the ovarium, a bright germ makes its
appearance as a round clear spot; within this a turbid nucleus
developes itself, which at first is surrounded with a bright broad
margin of fluidity; within the nucleus a central pellucid vesicle,
like a yolk, is gradually developed; the ovum is then expelled.
The embryo is now quickly developed within the vesicle of the
nucleus or yolk, and becomes visible when this latter is consumed ;
a turbid central spot then appears, which becomes the cesophageal
bulb and teeth; a blackish granular oval body is also seen pos-
teriorly, the eyes gradually become red, and a motion of the cilia is
visible: after some hours the whole fcetus, which is folded up,
turns itself round, the shell bursts, and the young animalcule
creeps out; it then fixes itself between the older ones, but in a
little time the young creature detaches itself and swims about as a
rolling sphere, and at the expiration of a certain period attaches
itself to some firm body.” Figs. 374 to 376 represent different
specimens; fig. 377 merely the teeth and jaws separate. Found
616 DESCRIPTION OF | Rotatoria.
upon water plants. Size of single animalcule 1-36th; of the
spheres 1-6th. (P. 23, Fig. 1.)
Mrcatorrocua velata (Gosse).—Animals separate ; dise partially
enveloped in a cleft granular integument; eggs not attached to
the parent after deposition. Length 1-55th.
Famity.—FLOSCULARIA.
Rotatoria enveloped in a case, and provided with a single rotatory
organ, flexuose at the margin, and lobed or divided, with from two
to six clefts; when the latter number, it appears compound. The
cilia of this organ in some genera are quiescent, and only vibratile
occasionally. The alimentary canal has toothed jaws, and generally
a stomach; the genus Lacinularia only has cecal appendages to
the latter, but in all of them oval or semi-spherical pancreatic
glands are seen. The reproductive organs are, a short ovarium, in
which only a few ova are developed at a time, and in Lacinularia,
Melicerta, and perhaps in Floscularia and Stephanoceros, male
glands. In Lacinularia four transverse circular vessels, and a
strong vascular network at the base of the rotatory organ, are seen ;
internal tremulous gill-like organs in Lacinularia and Stephanoceros
only; eyes are distinct in all, except Tubicolaria. In Lacinularia,
Limnias, and Melicerta, brain and masses of nervous matter are
seen. Touching their muscular structure, two pairs of muscles
seemingly contract the body posteriorly; the rotatory organs of
Lacinularia and Melicerta have special ones. The evolution of
young in the ovum takes place as in Hydatina.
The family is disposed in genera, thus:
Hyes absent .-ccescaccveces een ene eeerevccccnccceneccececscccaceeacs Tubicolaria.
One eye present (When YOUNG) ....seeceeeeseccseevceccees alaiaialetalelsyetetetere Stephanoceros.
envelope of the single animal- Tanne
rotatory organ two-parted cules distinct or separated } ee
Two eyes when full-grown 1 remand oa
resent envelope of the single animal- . .
Te Hien cules conglomerated. } Lacinularia.
young.) P
rotatory organ four-parted when full-grown ............ Melicerta.
rotatory organ five to six-parted when full-grown ........ Floscularia.
Dujardin has a family Flosculariens, which, however, differs much
Floscularia. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 617
in the characters assigned it, and in the species included in it from
the Floscularia of Ehrenberg. Only two genera are placed by the
French naturalist in his family: viz. Floscularia and Stephanoceros.
Contrary to Ehrenberg’s assertion, those two genera are stated by
Dujardin to be destitute of a rotatory organ—indeed, of vibratile
cilia; and are described as having a campanulate, contractile body,
tapering towards the base so as to form a long pedicle, by which
they are affixed to solid bodies. The mouth furnished with horny
jaws. Speaking of their affinities, he remarks, ‘‘ The Flosculariens,
like the Melicerticus also, have a certain affinity in form with the
Vorticelliéns and the Stentors, and also with the Campanularia
among Polypes; they jive in the same way, fixed to water plants by
the pedicle of their campanulate body, the margin of which presents
five or six lobes, terminated by appendages or cilia, without, how-
ever, indication of a vibratile movement. At the bottom of this
wide opening is situated the mouth, provided with jaws attached
to a muscular bulb, less frequent and regular in its movements than
the like organ in other Rotatoria. In Floscularia the jaws are
simple, and the lobes of the (anterior) margin short, but with
long radiating cilia; whilst in Stephanoceros the jaws are com-
pound, and the marginal lobes very long and covered with short
cilia.”
Dujardin states further, that the gelatinous case of Floscularia
may disappear, and therefore cannot be used asa generic distinction,
either in the case of that genus, or indeed of the other genera
included in Ehrenberg’s family of that name. Entertaining this
opinion of the differences of the gelatinous envelope being accidental,
not constant, Dujardin rejects the genus Limnias as not distinct
from Lacinularia. Of the remaining examples of Ehrenberg’s
family Floscularia, viz. Tubicolaria, Lacinularia, and Melicerta,
with Ptygura, previously described, Dujardin constitutes a family
he calls Melicertiéns.
Genus TUBICOLARIA.—The encased wheel Animalcules are destitute
of eyes at all ages (?), have a four-lobed rotatory organ, and a trans-
parent gelatinous case (wrceolus). Internally are four posterior
longitudinal muscles, an alimentary canal, with a long stomach,
devoid of czecal appendages ; a short rectum, an cesophageal head
Ss
618 DESCRIPTION OF | Rotatoria.
with four muscles; two jaws with teeth; two semi-spherical pan-
creatic glands; and an ovarium, with a single ovum; anteriorly,
upon the ventral surface, are two respiratory tubes.
TUBICOLARIA xajas.—The jaws have four teeth, and the respi-
ratory tubes are hairy anteriorly. It is described fully in the
account of the genus, and figs. 379 to 382 will illustrate it; 381
represents the animals of natural size, as found attached to the
roots of Lemna polyrhiza, with those of the following genus;
379 represents an animalcule within its case, the rotatory organ
withdrawn ; 380, another animalcule extended, and without its
lorica. Fig. 382 shows the cesophagus, with the jaws and teeth
separate. Length 1-36th.
Genus SterHanoceros.—The crown-wheel Animaleules have one
eye, and a rotatory organ, deeply divided into lobes, and furnished
with verticellate cilia: this organ performs the office of locomotion.
Alimentary canal simple, with a stomach and small rectum; the
cesophageal head has jaws, with four teeth; before it is a large
crop-like structure, and two glands at the stomach; the ovarium
developes only a few ova at a time; perhaps two male glands exist
at the commencement of the row of tremulous gills; a red visual
point, with a row of nervous ganglia, in pairs, are visible at the base
of the rotatory organ; young animalcules possess a small glandular
dark body internally.
S. Hickhornii.—The case transparent, like glass; rotatory organ
has five lobes or arms, each furnished with fifteen verticellate cilia ;
these arms act as a prehensile instrument occasionally, and are
spread out, as shown in the engraving, fig. 383, which represents
a full-grown animalcule, with four ova within it; two have the
young developed, which are only expelled when in this state; hence
Ehrenberg considers this creature viviparous. In this figure the
eye and gills are visible, and over the latter the ganglia. The case
is difficult to be discerned under the microscope, from its very
transparent nature, unless indigo is mixed with the water. Length
1-36th.
Genus Limntas.—Eyes two; case (urceolus) solitary; rotatory
organ two-lobed when full-grown, being then constricted in the
middle ; alimentary canal simple, terminating at the base of the tail ;
Floscularia. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 619
stomach, two jaws with teeth, and two pancreatic glands, also
present. The ovaare deposited within the case, and there developed ;
neither male organs, gills, nor vessels discovered ; two visual organs
indicate a system of sensation ; these, in the young animalcules, are
red, and are even visible within the ovum, but in old age the colour
disappears, and hence they are not seen; in the middle of the
rotatory organ, when expanded, are seen four large globules, which
Dr. Ehrenberg considers nervous ganglia, or brain.
Limntas ceratophylli.—Case white at first, afterwards brown, or
blackish ; smooth, but being viscid, often covered with extraneous
particles; its connection with the animalcule is a voluntary act of .
the latter; the two red eyes and the jaws may be observed in the
ova, when developed; by giving the latter a gentle pressure, the
shell bursts. Fig. 389 exhibits an animalcule just emerged from
the egg, 392; fig. 391 is a young specimen, with the rotatory organ
nearly circular; it also shows the two eyes. Fig. 390 is a full-
grown specimen, without its case, fed on indigo, the jaws (each of
which has three strong teeth), the ova, and traces of two (four ?)
longitudinal muscles, are seen: the wheel is folded up. Fig. 388
is another within its case, having the lobed rotatory organ expanded.
(P. 23, fig. 2, more magnified.) Found upon hornwort (Cerato-
phyllum), and other aquatic plants. Length about 1-20th;
case ]-40th. ji
L.
find described. The case is ribbed and semi-transparent, and is
? appears to be a distinct species which I do not
composed of a series of lateral rings. Found in a ditch near
Witlingham, Norwich, on duck-weed, (Brightwell.)
Genus LactnuLarta.—The horse-shoe Animalcules have two eyes
(in the young state); the cases (wrceoli) conglomerate, or grown
together; rotatory organ two-lobed, when full-grown, but circular
when young; this organ is the chief instrament of locomotion :
band-like longitudinal muscles run within the body. Cisophageal
head large, with two jaws, and teeth in rows; cesophagus short,
narrow; stomach elongated, but with no czca-like appendages ;
pancreatic glands two, ovate; rectum short, globose. The ovarium
is situate about the middle of the body, and contains but a few large
ova; four fecundating glands appear below the discharging orifice,
620 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
which latter is common to the ovarium and alimentary canal;
transverse circular canals, vascular network at the base of the
rotatory organs, and tremulous gill-like bodies, are observable.
The system of sensation is indicated by the visual organs, which rest
on ganglia; they are red in the developed ovum and young
animalcule, but become blackish or disappear with age. Near the
cesophagus is situated a nervous mass (analogous to brain), divided
into four or six lobes; also (as in Megalotrocha) two ring-like
radiant processes with a row of ganglia, these lie beneath the
muscles of the cilia wreath; the longest lobes (ganglia) are seen
from the ventral surface.
LactnuLarta socialis (Vorticella socialis et flosculosa, M.)—Lorica
gelatinous, of a yellowish colour, and conglomerate, several (from ten
to sixty) uniting to form a spherical mass. Each animaleule is fixed
by its tail to a separate cell, within which it can entirely withdraw it-
self. It has a large horseshoe-shaped rotatory organ ; seven or eight
eggs are deposited, free, within each cell; the young, when hatched,
form a new cluster, swim away, and form loricze ; when only one is
born, it attaches itself at the side of the parent. In a recent paper
by Mr. Howard on this species, he states there are two kinds of
reproductive bodies, one the ordinary ova, the others twice their
size representing gemmae. Fig. 378 is an animalcule separated
from the mass; it is highly magnified, and exhibits the organization
described under its genus. Found on Chara and other aquatic
plants near the margin of rivers. Length 1-36th.
Genus Meticerta.—The four-leaved Animalcules ; eyes two (at
least when young) ; cases solitary; rotatory organ single, with four
lobes, when expanded. It has free longitudinal muscles for the
contraction of the body; alimentary canal broad and simple, with a
stomach-like division ; its cesophageal head has four muscles, two
jaws, with teeth in rows, and two pancreatic glands; the mouth is
situated under the large leaves or lobes of the rotatory organ; the
discharging orifice is at the base of the prehensile tail: in its propa-
gative system it resembles the preceding genus, but the male portion
is not satisfactorily known. A vascular system not observed, but
the two tubular processes beneath the mouth are probably sub-
servient to respiration; the two frontal eyes in the ova and young
Flosculariu. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 621
animalcules, together with the curved glandular band of nervous
matter in each leaflet of the vibratile organ, represent the system of
sensation ; the chewing movement of the mouth has been often
mistaken for the action of a heart.
MELIcERTA ringens.—Case conical, granulated, resembling a
honey-comb of a brownish-red colour; it is composed of small
lenticular bodies, expressly deposited by the animalcule from the
posterior alimentary opening, (and not foreign matter, like the
habitations of the larvee of the Phryganea;) these are aggluti-
nated by a peculiar viscid matter, also exuded, and afterwards
hardened in the water. Into this tube the soft crystalline or
whitish animalcule can withdraw itself; when its flower-like
wheelwork is expanded, the vibratile cilia appear to run along
the margin of this organ, but, in fact, each single cilium only
turns itself upon its base, and the aggregate motion causes a
little whirlpool in the water, directed towards the mouth, situated
in the middle of the two large leaflets of this organ; the eyes
are placed near the two other bent leaflets, which, according to
Dr. Ehrenberg, are analogous to a cleft upper lip of the dorsal
surface; the discharging orifice is on the same side, and there-
fore the dorsal tail-like portion becomes a ventral member, or
foot. Fig. 386 exhibits an animalcule within its case, and having
the rotatory organ contracted: fig. 387 is another, with the latter
fully expanded ; in this drawing, an outline only of the case is given,
in order to show the internal structure. Two of the ova exhibit the
eyes and teeth, the latter are formed first. (P. 23, fig. 1.) Found
upon Lemna and other aquatic plants. Length 1-12th; case 1-24th;
egg 1-150th.
“The case of M. ringens is formed of lenticular particles of
reddish-brown matter, thrown up by the animal from its discharging
orifice (which is at the upper part), and glued together by it in
lateral rows. This curious process may be detected on a careful
patient observation, and the animal may be made to build a coloured
case by mixing carmine or indigo with the water; or a case com-
posed of alternate rows of blue and red, if the colours are carefully
changed.” (Brightwell.)
That the coloured pellets of the outer case are extended from the
622 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
intestinal outlet, as above supposed, appears, from the careful
researches of Mr. Gosse, to be an error, (Trans. Micros. Soc.,
vol. i, part ii, 1851, p. 62.) That observer points out the existence
of a special rotating organ of a cup-like figure, seated immediately
above the projecting tube. (P. 23, fig. 1, the dise seen above, b.)
This organ he saw fill and empty itself ‘‘ many times in succession,
until a goodly array of dark pellets were laid’’ down irregularly ;
the animal effecting their distribution by bending downward its
head, so as to bring this cup and the margin of its sheath into
apposition. ‘After a certain number were deposited in one part,
the animal would suddenly turn itself round in its case, and deposit
some in another part. It took from two and a half to three and a
half minutes to make and deposit a pellet.’’ Coloured particles in
the water “are hurled round the margin of the ciliated dise, until
they pass off in front through the great sinus between the large
petals:”” and the atoms, if few, “glide along the facial surface,
following the irregularities of the outline with great precision, dash
round the projecting chin, and lodge themselves one after another
in the little cup-like receptacle beneath,”’ in which again they are
whorled round with great rapidity, and prepared into pellets for the
building up of the case of the animal.
Genus FLoscuLarta.—The flower-wheel Animalcules possess (when
young at least) two eyes, and a rotatory organ, four or five (?) or
more lobed. These elegant animalcules have each a distinct gela-
tinous case, attached to water plants. They are often so very
diaphanous as to escape observation, unless the water is rendered
turbid with colour ; the rotatory organ is so very peculiar in struc-
ture that some observers do not consider it as such. The alimen-
tary canal is simple and conical (Coelogastrica), but is remarkable
as possessing a second cesophageal bulb or head, the lower one
only having jaws and teeth; two pancreatic glands are present
anteriorly. The propagative system resembles that of Lacinularia.
The ova are deposited in the case; vessels unknown. The red
eyes indicate sensation. They somewhat resemble in appearance
Acineta.
F. proboscidea.—Case cylindrical, hyaline, gelatinous ; rotatory
organ six-lobed, with short cilia surrounding a ciliated flexible
Floscularia. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 623
proboscis, which has apparently an opening at its end. Dujardin
thinks this proboscis may be nothing more than one of the ciliated
lobes advanced towards the centre. Body ovate; has a long sty-
liform contractile foot-like tail attached to the base of its case ;
when extended, the body and part of this foot are protruded.
Found upon the leaves of Hottonia palustris. Length, when
extended, 1-18th; case 1-36th.
FrLoscuLartia ornata (Cercaria, M.)—Case hyaline, rotatory organ
five or six-lobed, no proboscis. Itis sluggish and unfolds itself slowly,
but often contracts quickly within its case. The end of each lobe of
the rotatory organ is thickened, and has from five to eight very long
cilia generally stretched stiffly out. They are very fond of Chlami-
domonas, and in swallowing large bodies, as Navicule, contract the
whole body. Ehrenberg has numbered as many as five ova in the
case at one time: some were generally quite developed, showing the
movement of the young, with the two red eyes. Under a moderate
pressure the shell burst, and the young animalcule crawled out,
slightly vibrating; the cilia were short and not very distinct, but
the cesophageal head was in action. When old the foot-tail is
truncated. Found upon Ceratophyllum. Size of body 1-108th.
Dr. Dobie writes (‘Annals of Nat. Hist.,’ October, 1849,)
“Ehrenberg regards the Floscularia, described and figured by
M. Peltier, as identical with his F, ornata. Both Dujardin and
Peltier found the rotatory organ five-lobed in the species observed
in France, so wé must either hold with Pritchard, that F. ornata
has sometimes five, at others six lobes, or consider the five-lobed
species a variety of F. ornata. . . . My friend Mr. Hallett
writes me that he finds F. orvata with a six-lobed rotatory organ
and no process.”
The two next species and accompanying remarks are taken
from a paper by Dr. W. M. Dobie, (‘ Annals of Nat. Hist.,’ October,
1849.)
F. campanulata.—Case diaphanous, rotatory organ with five
flattened lobes, fringed with very long cilia; body ovate, without
proboscis ; tail long and terminating abruptly in a transparent
filament, spread out in a kind of sucker at the point of attachment.
Length 1-50th when extended. Egg with two red eye spots, con-
624 DESCRIPTION OF | Rotatoria.
tained in alarge ovary. Found near Chester on Ceratophyllum and
Conferva.
FLoscuLaria cornuéa.—Case short, diaphanous, not very distinct ;
rotatory organ furnished with five rounded lobes, surrounded with
extremely long and delicate cilia; a short, narrow, non-ciliated,
flexible process (cornu) is attached to the outside of one of the
lobes, Egg with two red eye spots; young animal with vibratile
cilia on the head, and rapidly locomotive. Length 1-40th when
extended. In same locality as the preceding. (See wood-cuts.)
Floscularia cornuta, Dobie.
Hydatinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 625
The lobes of the rotatory organ of F. cornuta resemble very much
those of F. ornata : only five exist, while in the other there are six,
according to Ehrenberg. The F. campanulata is gregarious, but I’.
cornuta solitary ; and the former, too, is stronger and more active
than the latter.
Famity.—HYDATINAEA.
The members of this highly-organized and extensive family of
rotatory animalcules are destitute of lorica; their wheel-like apparatus
is divided into several distinct lobes or parts, always more than two
in number. The compound state of this organ is best expressed by
saying that it is not a mere circular or semi-circular row of cilia,
but several groups, completely separated from each other, and
situated on the anterior part of these soft-bodied animalcules. All
the genera, Polyarthra excepted, have a tail-like foot, or a styliform
or pincer-formed process on the abdominal surface—hence not
properly a tail, that member being always a prolongation of the
dorsal surface. In several of the genera, the muscles for altering
the form of the body are distinct. The nutritive system is com-
pletely elicited in all; it consists mostly of a simple conical
alimentary canal, without a stomach-like division (Coelogastrica) ;
but Diglena catellina, Polyarthra, and Triarthra longiseta, have
true constricted stomachs. Enteroplea, Notommata myrmeleo, N.
syrinx, N. clavulata, the Synchaetae, and Diglena lacustris, have a
long cesophagus or stomach, and a suddenly-attenuated discharging
canal (Gasterodela). Hnteroplea alone has radiant vessels at the
cesophagus. Notommata clavulata and Diglena lacustris have
special ceca at the stomach. Hnferoplea is the only genus destitute
of teeth, though their presence is doubtful in Rattulus. Pancreatic
glands, under different modifications, are present in all the genera.
The propagative system is distinctly hermaphroditic in fifteen
genera. The ovarium, which only evolves a few large ova at a time,
is mostly ovate: in Notommata myrmeleo, in N. clavulata, and so also
in Diglena lacustris, it is very long. It communicates, by a short
oviduct, with the alimentary canal near its termination. None of
the species are viviparous. There are two filiform, extended, wedge-
626 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
shaped glands, and a contractile vesicle. The egg is worthy of
notice, having sometimes a smooth soft shell, at others a hard
spinous one; the latter is termed the winter ovum, and considered
by M. Turpin as constituting the genera Bursella and Erithrinella (?)
of plants. In eleven genera, a vascular system, composed of
transverse and longitudinal vessels, a cervical net-work and free
tremulous organs, like gills, with respiratory tubes or openings in
the neck, are observed. The system of sensation is indicated by
the presence of eyes, mostly red, with a ganglion beneath them;
these organs, seated anteriorly upon the edge of the upper surface
of the body, or in the neck opposite to the mouth, indicate the
back or dorsal surface of the animaleule. Nerve-like fibrillz
also exist in several species of Notommata, Diglena, Enteroplea,
Triarthra, and especially in Hydatina. Some species of Synchaeta
evolve light and give rise to the phosphorescence of the sea.
Hydatina senta, Diglena catellina, and Triarthra, are sometimes so
- numerous as to render the pools of water in which they reside
milky and turbid.
The genera are related as follow :—
HE GHA SMG atetelnretatelelelalathininialsin/elale(slors sleielele’=\eleveiefelels/ele wieita\<jele .. Enteroplea.
Byes -
jaw many-toothed ............0.-. sécenosd0ads Hydatina.
absent teeth present i
jaw single-tcothed ............. Soddocosddasoc6 Pleurotrocha.
(i ( MOWLAM ere raelsiela cls! /ale)=)ainte Saseacacoacgdcd SAS o onaeoSs. .- Furcularia.
| i styliform ..... pjetelsi)etaloletateleletats emo Monocerca.
front cilia, no uncini or styles .... Notommata.
one | foot:
cervical 1 furcated *) {ontal cilia and styles ......... . Synchaeta.
| frontal cilia and uncini.......... Scaridium,
se foot, but a many partile beard, or fins .... Polyarthra.
FOOD SUL CALE imicyatetaleteleleicletetatetate sein take /afatiataiaie Diglena.
Eyes 4 (pine foot ene Saeemooddosodcec Soacasccc Triarthra,
present two
' te MO Heard sie sis aiersie:s vis ayascteletslas . Rattulus.
Lcervical RaLODUILECALEChoisivoeis)a|sialele\sipim ojainislefeinistels(slelete «... Distemma.
norte Cervical .....+.0. ove wrece nev cccccasecvenss Triophthalmus.
pedicelled aaa ri
three two frontal, one cervical ..........-.... « Eosphora.
hee pence frontal eyes, one non-pedicelled pede Otoglena.
with many simply conglomerate eyes, more than three....... «eee. Cycloglena.
Lith many doubly-conglomerate eyes, more than three.......++.6- Theorus.
Hydatinaea. | _ INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 627
Besides the two families of Rotatoria, Flosculariens, and Meli-
certiens, constituted by M. Dujardin, he makes but four others,
and one of these, ‘‘ dlbertiens,’ represented by a single genus
peculiar to his work. These four families are ‘‘ Brachioniens,”’
** Furculariens,’ ‘‘ Albertiens,’ and “ Rotifera.’ The family
Rotifera comprises but two genera, Rotifer and Callidina, conse-
quently ail the genera of Ehrenberg yet undescribed, and which are
admitted by Dujardin, fali under the two families Brachioniens and
Furculariens. Excepting two genera, the last named family includes
several of Ehrenberg’s Hydatinaea, whilst the other family Brachio-
niens is represented by examples taken from the families Brachionaea,
Luchlanidota, and Hydatinaea, of Ehrenberg’s arrangement.
The great differences of classification adopted by the two natu-
ralists referred to, are traceable to the different systematic value
assigned by each to particular parts or organs, and especially to the
eye specks, the use of which in framing distinctions is entirely
ignored by Dujardin.
Genus ENTEROPLEA.—Without eyes or teeth; foot fork-like; the
cilia of the vibratile organ disposed in bundles, implanted in semi-
globular muscles. Several longitudinal muscles move the body,
others the foot-like pincers. Cisophagus long, with a bulb or head
surrounded by a radiant (vascular?) wreath; alimentary canal
conical anteriorly, with two ear-like pancreatic glands; posteriorly
it suddenly diminishes, and terminates where the muscles of the foot
commence. The propagative structures are a large ovarium, two
thin wedge-shaped glands, anda contractile vesicle. The vascular
system is indicated by many parallel transverse circular canals, and
a large tremulous organ, similar to a gill, near the contractile
vesicle. A brain-like knot, situated near the cesophagus, sends off
a thick tortuous thread along the dorsal surface to the second trans-
verse vessel, where the respiratory opening probably exists. Pos-
teriorly, near the alimentary canal, is a dark granular organ, whose
function is unknown.
E. hyalina.—Body conical, transparent, with a little forked foot.
Anteriorly, four longitudinal muscles reach to the middle of the
body, and one dorsal, one ventral, and two opposed lateral ones, are
also seen, Two internal short wedge-shaped muscles move the
628 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
pincer-like foot. Ehrenberg counted ten or eleven circular canals.
This animalcule is always smaller than Hydatina senta, which it
greatly resembles. Fig. 393 represents this animalcule, in which
the internal parts, named in the generic description, are shown.
Length 1-120th.
Genus Hypatina.—The crystal Animalcules are destitute of eyes, —
but have two many-toothed jaws (fig. 383*) and a fork-like foot ;
locomotion is effected by the compound wheel organ, the pincer-like
foot, and internal muscles ; the last are most numerous in H. senta.
The alimentary canal has a globose cesophageal head, with four
muscles and jaws, and with two to five teeth. In H. senta the jaws
are connected by a short cesophagus to a simple conical alimentary
canal; inthe other species, to a constricted one. The large anterior
extremity? of the canal has two spherical glands. The ovarium is
globular. Two thin wedge-shaped glands open into a contractile
vesicle. The vascular system and gills are observed in H. senta.
In both species the central ganglia, with cervical threads or loops,
are visible.
H. senta (Vorticella senta, M.)—Body conical, hyaline; margin
of the rotatory organ ciliated; foot truncate and robust. The
vibratile organ, when extended, is always in motion ; it consists of
a simple external wreath of cilia somewhat interrupted at the mouth,
and eleven internal bundles of cilia each enveloped in a muscular
sheath. The body has nine muscular bands, situated thus :—one
upper or anterior dorsal muscle (no under or posterior one), two
anterior ventral, and two posterior ones closing thereon; one right,
and one left anterior lateral, with posterior ones in continuation.
The five anterior muscles arise between the muscular bundles of the
rotatory organ, mostly at the margin; the dorsal ones arise from
the centre, near the central ganglion, and are collectively attached
to the internal skin of the abdomen, between the fourth and fifth
transverse bands, their inserted extremities being enlarged. Here
the four posterior muscles arise, and are inserted where the pincer-
like foot projects; two longitudinally-striated muscular sheaths
encase the inner root of the divided foot; and there is a sphincter
to the anal opening. The fibrous structure of the band-like longi-
tudinal muscles, as sometimes also transverse corrugations of the
Hydatinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES? 629
fibres, are as distinct as in the larger animals. During the contrac-
tion of the body, they become shorter and broader, by which they
are easily distinguished from the other band-like and filiform
organs, which only become curved during contraction of the body
(maintaining themselves passive). The alimentary canal has no
true stomach ; it diminishes posteriorly, and the internal surface is
provided with delicate vibratile cilia; it sometimes appears grape-
like, which form little lateral pockets or stomachs: the ova often
occupy a large portion of the body. In most cases, the creature
fixes itself to a spot by its foot, and lays several eggs upon the same |
place, one after another, by a sudden contraction ; sometimes, when
it is going to lay more eggs, it returns to the original spot. In
eleven hours after the eggs were laid, vibration of the anterior cilia
was observed, by Ehrenberg, within them; and in twenty-four
hours the young escaped from the shell. Many of the ova havea
double shell, and leave a bright space between the two at one of the
extremities; similar ova are found in other Rotatoria, having different
shapes. In these double shelled ova the young are slowly developed.
Ehrenberg names them “lasting eggs, or winter eggs.” Some
eggs are covered with Hygrocrocis, and appear quite hairy; these
have been regarded as the normal state of other ciliated animalcules.
Two kinds of disease destroy the Hydatina, and most of the Rota-
toria: Ist, the formation of vesicles, or little bladders, which give
rise to the appearance of small rings all over the creature; 2nd, the
formation of granules, from which all the internal organs appear as
if composed of delicate granules and shagreened ; 3rd, the overgrowth
of Algz upon their bodies. Foul water likewise kills them. Fig.
394 represents a vibratile animalcule completely unfolded, seen
from the ventral surface. The arrows in the alimentary canal
indicate a decussating, or circulating movement ofits contents,
produced by delicate internal cilia, and must not be mistaken for
the motion of Monads.
Hypatina brachydactyla.—Body cylindrical, truncated anteriorly,
and suddenly attenuated at the base of the foot; claws short.
Found on Hottonia, &e. Length 1-144th. Dujardin would include
in this genus Hydatina several Rotatoria distributed by Ehrenberg
among other genera. He says: ‘‘ Notwithstanding the presence
630 DESCRIPTION OF { Rotatoria.
of a red eye speck, we must consider as Hydatinae,—1. Notommata
tuba; 2. N. brachionus; 3. N. tripus; N. clavulata,” and, though
doubtfully, N. saccigera, for this species in form resembles a true
Furcularia. ‘‘The Synchoetoe (Ehr.) characterized by their stiff
setae or styles, are true Hydatina from their conical or campanulate
form, if their jaws are really pectinated, but if not they will con-
stitute a genusapart.” . . . “The Distemna maximum, represented
by Ehrenberg with pectinated jaws, and placed as doubtful by him
in the genus Distemma, characterized by a double eye speck, appears
to be a true Hydatina.”
Genus PLevRoTRocHA.— The awl-shaped tooth Rotatoria have no
eyes, but possess a single tooth in each jaw, and a furcate foot. The
rotatory organ consists, not of a simple wreath of cilia, but of cilia
distributed in bundles near each other, the bundles being placed in
muscular cases. In P. gibba there are two muscles for moving
the foot, and in all the species the cesophageal head has four.
This head is globular; it has two single-toothed jaws (fig. 396) ;
these, and the short cesophagus, the simple conical alimentary
canal, having anteriorly two spherical pancreatic glands, con-
stitute the nutritive apparatus. The posterior opening of the
canal is at the base of the foot, upon the dorsal surface. The
propagative system consists of a globular ovarium. In P. Jeptura
a contractile vesicle is seen. Organs of sensation are not satis-
factorily known, and the nervous loop in the neck of the Hydatina
appears wanting in this genus. This genus is not admitted by
Dujardin.
P. gibba.—Body truncated anteriorly, enlarging from the front
towards the base of the foot, where it is suddenly attenuated, the
toes, or claws, short and turgid; near the mouth is a beak-like
projection, forming an under lip. Fig. 395 is a right side view,
and fig. 396 the teeth and cesophageal head dissected out. Found
with Hydatina brachydactyla, Length 1-216th.
P. constricta.—Body elongated, conical, and separated from the
head by a stricture ; front oblique, toes straight and slender. This
animalcule is very active and powerful. Found upon Ceratophyllum.
Length 1-144th.
P. leptura.—Body turgid in the centre, front oblique, foot
Hydatinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 631
slender, toes thin and slightly curved. Found amongst Conferva.
Length 1-144th.
Prevrorrocua renalis (Ehr.) — Body elongate, slightly con-
stricted in front, toes short, frontal portion rather oblique, truncate,
pancreatic glands kidney-shaped (reniform). Length 1-240th.
Berlin.
P. truncata (Gosse.)—Body sub-cylindrical; truncate behind
above the foot; toes short, straight, slender. Length 1-175th.
Genus Furcutarta.—The forked-fish Rotatoria have a single
frontal eye, and a forked foot. Rotatory organ compound. Longi-
tudinal muscles exist in F. gibba, and foot muscles in three species.
The cesophagus is very short, its head has two jaws, single toothed
(monogomphia) in two species, but not in the others ; asimple conical
alimentary canal (coelogastrica), with two ear-like glands, exists in
all the species, and a distinct ovarium, except in F. gitba, which
has only a contractile vesicle. Vessels, respiratory tubes, gills, &c.,
are not recognizable. The eye in F. Reinhardti is placed upon a
brain-like mass.
Dujardin has the following remarks on the Genus Furcularia :
“The genus Furcularia, one of the most numerous, undoubtedly
requires to be divided after new observations, but not according to
the number and disposition of the red points, as has. been done by
Ehrenberg. This author has indeed distributed some Systolides,
which appear to us to have the closest relations in form and mode of
living, into eight genera,” viz., Plewrotrocha, Furcularia, Notommata,
Scaridium, Diglena, Distemma, Eosphorus, and Theorus, ‘ but many
of these are purely nominal, and require a rigid revision.”
“The following are the principal species to be classed with
certainty among the Furcularia: 1. F. furcata = Diglena caudata
(Ehr.), Diglena capitata, and Furcularia gracilis. 2. F. marina,
of the same size and form as the preceding, but marine, and dis-
tinguished further by the styles of its tail, which are twice as short,
and by its three-toothed but acute jaws, resembling a hook. 3. F.
forcipata, placed by Ehrenberg among the Diglena. 4. F. grandis
= Diglena grandis (Ehr.) 5. F. forficula, with which must also
be associated Distemma forficula. 6. F. eanicula, which Ehrenberg
with doubt refers to Diglena? aurita, 7. ¥. najas, to which belong
632 DESCRIPTION OF | Rotatoria.
the various Systolides more or less like Hydatina, in their club-
shaped form and articulated tail, such as Notommata petromyzon,
N. najas, N. gibba, and probably also Hosphora najas, E. dignitata,
and E. elongata (Ehr.) We moreover refer provisionally to the
genus Furcularia several other Systolides considerably dissimilar in
form, some being very long, with two very long styles, of which
Ehrenberg makes his Notommata longiseta, and N. oequalis, and
his genus Scaridium,; whilst others have an ovoid, thick body,
rounded posteriorly, truncate in front, and with a short oblique
tail, which Ehrenberg calls Notommata myrimeleo, and N. syrina.
All these Furcularia except F. marina, to which F. Reinhardti of
Ehrenberg must probably be added, have been found in fresh water;
but it is most likely the number of those living in the sea are much
more numerous, and I have indeed myself met with three or four
distinct species, which I have from want of time not yet described.
Furcuuaria gibba.—Body oblong; slightly compressed, under
side flat, back convex, toes forked, long (styliform), equal to half
the body; the eye is placed upon a nervous ganglion over the
mouth, clearly, indicating the dorsal surface; the ovarium has,
generally, one large and ripe ovum; the movement of this ani-
malcule is somewhat slow. Found in green water, and amongst
Conferva. Length 1-96th.
F. Reinhardti.—Body fusiform, truncated in front, foot elongated,
cylindrical, and shortly furcate at the end; a slight stricture divides
the body andhead. P. 9, fig. 397, represents an animal extended,
and fig. 398, another, contracted ; the former is a side (right), the
latter a back, view. Found as a parasite upon Monopyxis (Sertu-
laria) geniculata, in sea water. Length 1-120th.
F. forficula.—Body cylindrical, obtusely pointed in front, rounded,
and dentated at the base, on the upper side; the toes very long;
the rotatory organ appears to have two frontal clusters of cilia near
the eye, and a wheel-like bundle on each side. Length 1-144th.
F. gracilis.—Body slender, cylindrical, suddenly attenuated at
the base of the furcate foot; toes straight, long, but shorter than
half the body. The rotatory organ appears disposed on six
muscular masses, between, and superior to which, is a longish
central ganglion, with a red eye. In green water. Length 1-180th.
~
THydatinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 633
Furcutarta coeca (Gosse).—Body cylindrical ; eye wanting, or
not discernible; toes slender, obtuse. Length, including toes,
1-135th. Leamington.
Genus Monocerca—The filiform-tailed Rotatoria, seated upon a
ganglionic mass, eye single, situate in the neck, foot simple, sty-
liform, resembling a tail. In two species the vibratile cilia are
distributed into about six bundles, their bandlike longitudinal
muscles, and those,of the foot, producing locomotion; the sides of
the cesophageal head are unequal, as also the two jaws, which have
one or two teeth; the cesophageal tube is curved and long, and the
simple alimentary canal conical, with two ear-like pancreatic glands
anteriorly. An ovarium and acontractile vesicle are evident. In two
species a projecting respiratory tube at the frontal region indicates
the existence of the vascular system.
M. rattus (Trichoda rattus, M.)—Body ovate, oblong, truncated
anteriorly, and unarmed; foot styliform, the length of the body.
This creature swims slowly, in a stiff manner; when stationary, it
throws the styliform foot backwards and forwards. The ovarium
has a reddish colour; behind it lies a roundish contractile vesicle.
The foot has a short base, with a cordate internal muscle, and
four unequal bristles. Amongst Conferva, &c. Length 1-120th.
M. bicornis.—Body ovate, oblong, truncated in front, armed with
two spines; foot styliform,.a little shorter than the body; the
oblique cesophageal head exhibits delicate transverse corrugations ;
it has a bent and a straight jaw, with probably three teeth in each.
Fig. 399 represents an animalcule (right side) ; fig. 417 another,
contracted, and having its rat-like tail bent. Length 1-72nd.
M. (?) valga (Vorticella valga, M.)—Body small, almost cubical,
with distinct head, an elevation on the back, and a conical foot,
unequally forked; the rotatory organ, during contraction, shows
four muscular sheaths, and the distinct red eye is placed upon
a less distinct ganglion; the cesophageal head is not evident.
Length 1-288th.
M. brachyura (Gosse.)—Form that of M. rattus, but the foot
short (one fourth of total length), slightly curved, and horizontally
flattened ; a large eye in the occiput, and another small one in the
breast. Length, including foot, 1-135th.
Ty
a
634 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotator ia
Monocerca porcellus.—Body thick and plump; foot short, much
curved and bent under the body, dilated, flattened horizontally, and
carrying a smaller spine beneath it as in a sheath; front and chin each
armed with a short sharp spine. Length, including foot, 1-110th.
M. stylata.—Body short, irregularly oval; foot a nearly straight
spine, less than one third of total length; eye large, red, set like a
wart on the back of the occipital sac; forehead conical, pointed.
Length, including foot, 1-170th. E
Genus Notrommata.—The nech-eyed Rotatoria have a single eye
upon the neck, a bisuleate foot, resembling a forked tail. The
rotatory organ compound, its cilia forming in bundles on the frontal
region ; eight of the larger species have numerous muscles ; eighteen
or nineteen have two jaws, each furnished with a single tooth; in
eight the jaws have many teeth; the cesophagus is mostly short,
with a simple wide conical alimentary canal (coelogastrica) ; in N.
tuba only is there a stomach-like division, with a constriction
(gasterodela,a), and inN. myrmeleo, N. syrinz, and N. clavulata,
there is also a stomach-like enlarged place, but no constriction
(gasterodela, b); czecal appendages are observed only in N. clavulata.
The two earlike anterior appendages of the alimentary canal, re-
garded as pancreatic glands, exist in twenty-four species. The
propagative system, says Ehrenberg, is hermaphroditie in sixteen
species; in the others the ovarium only is seen; none are Vivi-
parous: N. syrinv alone was observed by Ehrenberg to contain
fully developed ova. The vascular system is represented, in ten
species, by delicate tubes, with flexible and tremulous gills; only
three of the smaller species have gills: in N. myrmeleo and N. syrinz,
a broad vascular network is distinct about the head: a prominent
respiratory (?) tube in the neck is present in four or five species ;
in some others an opening alone is seen. The visual point is red,
except in N. felis, where it is colourless; a ganglion is placed
beneath the eye in twenty-six species. In N. copeus and N. cené-
rura, the brain is three-lobed, and placed over the cesophageal head;
in the rest it consists of one or more nervous ganglia, situated
amongst the ciliary muscles of the frontal region; free nervous
threads and ganglia are also observed in different species. This
genus is especially remarkable for the parasitical habits of its members.
Hydatinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANTMALCULES. 635
They live upon other Rotatoria, upon the Polygastric Infusoria, and
even within the globular masses of Volvox globator; “but,” says
Ehrenberg, ‘not like a cuckoo’s egg in a hedge-sparrow’s nest, but
like the bear and the bee-hive, ora bird’s nest in a wasp’s nest.”
Dujardin has the following criticisms on this genus Votommata :—
‘‘ Five of the species appear to be Hydatina: nine others, more or
less distinct, are, in our opinion, Furcularia; three others Plagiog-
natht, some are imperfectly known, and only six at most offer
sufficiently precise characters to retain the name Notommata. Such
are—1l. N. Copeus. 2. N. centrura. 3. N. brachyota. 4. N. collaris.
5. N. aurita, and—6. N. ansata. To these species must be added a
seventh, called by Ehrenberg Cycloglena lupus. . . and an eighth, which
we distinguish as Notommata vermicularis.
(a.) Sub-genus Lasrpopon.— One tooth in each jaw.
Norommara myrmeleo.—Body large, bell-shaped ; foot short, lateral
teeth curved in a circular forceps-like manner. (See fig. 420.) There are
two varieties: in the one (var. a), a long thin cesophagus, a globular
thick stomach, and a long rectum, constitute the alimentary organs.
Ehrenberg, by pressure, made an animalcule, whose dark stomach
nearly filled the body, disgorge two large specimens of Lynceus
minutus (described and figured in the Dicroscopie Cabinet) ; the ani-
malcule afterwards vibrated away in a lively manner. No respiratory
tubes exist, but five transverse vessels and four longitudinal ones (a
pair uniting to each of the first two transverse ones,) represent a
vascular system in this variety. In the other (var. 6.) a distinct
vascular net-work is seen at the head, but only four transverse ves-
sels, and two longitudinal ones going to the first. The red eye is
much larger in this variety. Fig. 418 represents a side view of the
variety 6., in which the various parts of its organization are clearly
seen, as also asmall Crustacean, withinits stomach. Fig. 420 shews
the structure of the manducatory organs separated. Fig. 419 is the
upper part of an animalcule (var. a), shewing the smaller eye, rota-
tory organs, teeth, and network. Found in clear water, in turf
hollows. Length 1-40th.
N. syrinx.—Body large, bell-shaped; lateral foot scarcely visible ;
teeth curved and bifid at the points. This species is very similar to
the former, and only distinguished from it by its small foot and the
a
636 DESCRIPTION OF | Rotatoria
spaces within the cilia cluster (mouth) being convex, not concave.
Found in a turf pool. Length 1-40th.
Norommata /yptopus.—Body bell-shaped, nearly globular, rather
large; foot slightly prominent at the middle, teeth small; vibra-
tile organ composed of four or five muscular bundles; cesophagus
very short. Length 1-72nd.
N. parasita.—Body small, oval ; foot short, teeth small; rotatory
apparatus, three or four lobes; cesophageal head globose ; cesophagus
short; alimentary canal stout, simple, usually filled with green
matter. This curious animalcule lives in the globes of Volvox globator,
where it deposits its eggs, which are therein hatched ; and when of
proper age, the creatures eat their way out through the hollow
sphere. Length 1-40th.
N. granularis.—Body short, cylindrical, truncated at both ends ;
foot slender. The body has always a few dark granular bodies within
it. Dr. E. discovered itin 1831. In 1835 he observed eggs of two
sizes on the dorsal surface of N. brachionus ; the smaller ones were
distinguished by dark granules within them, and produced N. granu-
laris. From other observations, he concludes these eggs of N. granu-
lavis are deposited by the parent upon N. brachionus, like the cuckoo,
who lays her eggs in the nests of other birds. Length 1-280th.
N. petromyzon.—Body elongated, attenuated at both ends; mouth
and rotatory organ lateral. Ehrenberg says, in May, 1835, he found
one in a Volvox globator, whose gemmifcrous masses it eats likes N.
parasitica. The eggs are often deposited on pistylis. Length
1-180th to 1-144th.
N. lacinulata ( Vorticella auriculata, et arcinulata, M.)—Body small,
conical, truncated, and slightly lobed in front; teeth extended, often
bicuspid. This species is very active. Found with Chlamidomonas
pulvisculus in clear water ; also in water tubs. Length 1-280th.
N. forcipata.—Body small, elongated ; toes long, and often crossed ;
eye very large. The vibratile organ appears sometimes like a simple
wreath. Found amongst Lemna. Length 1-180th.
N. collaris—Body clongated, large, gradually attenuated at both
ends; neck turgid; toes short. It swims slowly, the vibratile organ
being small in comparison with the body. Length 1-48th.
N. Wernecku.—Body elongated, gradually attenuated at both ends
Hydatinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 637
toes short. It has two sete near the mouth. This animalcule
resembles N. collaris, but is smaller, and lives in the club-like ex-
crescences of Vaucheria as an entophyte. Length 1-90th.
Norommata najas.—Body conical, cylindrical, stout, truncated in
front ; no auricles. It resembles Hydatina senta and Eosphora nagas ;
it is distinguished from the first by its cervical eye, from the
latter by want of frontal eyes. Amongst Lemna. Length 1-120th.
N. aurita (Vorticella aurita, M.)—Back swollen near the tail, and
thus gibbous; the corners at the front project like ears. Beneath
the eye is an obscure white, globular, purse-shaped organ. Found
amongst Conferva, &c.; also beneath ice. Length 1-200th. (P. 23,
fea, 5, 6°)
N. gibba.—Back swollen, front truncated, not auricled, no cerebral
sacculi below the eye; toes short; the vibratile organs compound.
Found in eld exposed infusions. Length 1-200th.
N. ansata (Vorticella aurita, M.)\— Body turgid in the middle,
suddenly truncated at both ends; the front auricled, no cerebral
sacculi below the eye; toes thick. Found in bog-water amongst
Conferva. Length 1-120th.
N. decipiens. — Body cylindrical, not auricled; toes short; the
ovarium often contains four large eggs. Length 1-180th.
N. (?) felis —Body small, slender; one horn in front; eye colour-
less; back attenuated posteriorly, and forked. Length 1-240th.
N. (?) tigris (Trichoda tigris, M.)—Body cylindrical, curved, foot
half the length of body; toes very long, and curved downwards; it
has a little horn in front ; the eye is large and red. Found amongst
Oscillatoria. Length 1-72nd.
N. longiseta ( Vorticella longiseta, M.)—Body cylindrical, truncated
anteriorly; toes styliform, unequal, and two to four times longer
than the body ; it is active, and frequently leaps, being assisted by
its long claws, which resemble tails. Fig. 421 is a full-grown
specimen. Entire length 1-60th.
N. aqualis (Vorticella longiseta, M.)—Body cylindrical, obtuse in
front ; toes styliform, equal the length of the body. Length 1-120th.
(6.) Sub-genus Crunopon.—Jaws many-toothed,
N. clavulata. — Body bell-shaped, foot conical, very short; pan-
ereatie glands of a club-shape. This creature presents great facility
638 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria:
for observing its internal structure, but the limits to which I am
restricted preclude my entering into its interesting details. Length
1-96th.
Norommata tuba.—Body conical, trumpet-shaped, dilated ante-
riorly ; foot fureated and acute. It resembles, in form, Stentor Milleri,
but is more active. Length 1-120th.
N. brachionus.—Body dilated, nearly square, depressed, foot slender,
eggs pendulous. This creature appears to have a shell, but Dr. E.
says it has not: N. granularis, as before remarked, lays its eggs upon
it. Length 1-96th.
N. tripus.—Body oval, sub-truncated, and slightly auricled in
front; it has a short, styliform, true tail, and forked foot. Length
1-200th.
N. saccigera.—Body elongated, cylindrical, attenuated posteriorly ;
fork short. It has a curious internal pouch beneath the eye; vibra-
tile organ lateral, as in Pleurotrocha. Length 1-144th.
N. copeus.—Body large, attenuated at both ends; tail small, and
indurated. This curious creature has a long bristle on each side
of its body; and on each side of the head a stout branch, called, by
Dr, Ehrenberg, an auricle, having vibratile cilia around the ends,
and, like the sete, standing out, so as to appear like across; a thick
gelatinous substance covers the body; the back terminates in a some-
what hard point, which is a true tail, between which and the foot
the discharging opening is situated. When creeping, the large vibra-
tile arms are withdrawn, but it vibrates with the frontal cilia and
proboscis. Fig. 416 represents the creature extended. Length 1-36th.
N. centrura. Body large, attenuated at both ends; tail small,
indurated; auricles small, and no lateral sete present. It is often
enveloped in a thick slime, in which articulated threads of Hygro-
cocis vegetate, giving the animal a hairy appearance. It swims
awkwardly. Length 1-36th.
N. brachyota.—Body small, slightly attenuated towards the ends ;
no tail, auricles very small; it has two dark spots near the eye;
foot forked, Length 1-120th.
N. Plewrotrocha.—Body slender, cylindrical, not auricled; foot
with very short toes; eye obscure, ovate, large; jaw with one tooth.
Length 1-144th. Berlin. Has the form of Pleurotrocha.
Hydatinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 639
Norommara vermicularis (Duj.)—Body vermiform,very contractile ; of
variable form, with a kidnoy-shaped red speck, in which is partly
imbedded a white transparent globule. Length 1-118th. Found
in the Seine.
Genus Syncnarra. The bristle-headed Rotatoria have a single
eervical eye; compound rotatory organs, of six to ten lobes, and
armed with from two to four styles; foot furecate. The strong styles,
or bristles, are situated between the clusters of cilia, and, probably,
act as organs of prehension; the body is very short, and broad
anteriorly, tapering to a point posteriorly, so as to resemble a cone.
Internal longitudinal muscles exist in all the species; those of the
foot are seen in three species: the cesophageal head is large, with
single-toothed jaws, and exists in all the species; but in two only is
the whole chewing apparatus distinctly seen. The thin cesophageal
tube is long in two species, short in the rest; it leads to a simple,
wide, conical, alimentary canal, which has two roundish, or, in one
species, conical pancreatic glands. The ovarium is rolled up like a
ball ; contractile vesicles exist in three, and glands in two species;
transverse bands (four to ten) are visible in two species; and a respi-
ratory tube, probably, in 8. pectinata and 8S. tremula, a tremulous
gill being also present in the former. The principal nervous matter
is a knotty mass surrounding the head of the cesophagus, and in the
middle of it is a large, roundish, red eye. In S. pectinata three pair
of ganglia and strong nerves are also seen. (For remarks on the
genus, see Zydatina, p. 628.)
S. pectinata.—Body short, conical, with two styles, and two crest-
like horns anteriorly. ‘‘ Are these horns,” asks Ehrenberg, “ respi-
ratory tubes, as in Polyarthra, and in Anuraca?”’ The liveliness and
uniform transparency of this animalcule render it difficult to dis-
tinguish its various organs. The styles arise from the muscle of- the
cesophageal head, and appear as if belonging to simple-toothed jaws.
Fig. 422 represents a view of this creature (dorsal side), and of its
organization. Found amongst Conferva. Length 1-120th.
S. Baltica.—Body ovate ; rotatory clusters and styles, four each ;
crest single, sessile. This creature is supposed to occasion phospho-
rescent light in the ocean. In two samples of water reecived by
640 DESCRIPTION OF { Rotatoria.
Dr. Ehrenberg at Berlin, from Kiel, the luminous property existed,
but this species, though present, did not evolve any light. Dr.
Michaelis, however, has noticed the production of light from this
Synchaeta, and Dr, Ehrenberg thinks it only takes place when
developing ova. Length 1-100th.
SyncuaEta 0blonga.—Body oblong, with six rotatory clusters, and
four styles ; crest sessile and single. Distinguished from the following
by the form of the pancreatic glands. Found amongst Conferva, in
spring. Length about 1-100th.
S. tremula (Vorticella tremula, M.)—Body truly conical, with six
rotatory clusters, four styles; crest none. Length about 1-160th.
S. mordax (Gosse.).—Body conical, subventricose ; toes minute ;
auricles large, pendent ; principal styles four; the larger (or lateral)
pair sometimes branched ; eye rather small, briliant; two pairs of
protrusile snapping jaws. Length 1-72nd.
Genus Scaripium. The Springer.— Eye cervical, single, flat,
lenticular, the compound rotatory organ armed in front with an
uncinus, or hooked bristle ; foot forked, very long, and adapted for
leaping or springing—hence the name. An oblique cesophageal head,
with unequal, deuble-pointed (single) teeth to the jaws ; a short,
narrow cesophagus, opening into a simple, wide, conical, alimentary
canal, with two spherical pancreatic glands, constitute the nutritive
system. Posteriorly, about the intestine, are a ball-like ovarium
and a contractile vesicle; the foot has two club-shaped muscles; a
central ganglion exists between the rotatory lobes; the apparent
articulations of the foot are very remarkable.
8. longicaudum (Trichoda longicauda, M.)—Foot twice as long as
the body, toes half as long as the foot; the animal springs or leaps
quickly, by a rapid movement of the foot; it does not appear to
have a lorica, and is remarkable from all other Rotatoria by the
length and bending in of the foot, which, as also the body, is covered
with a stiff skim. Behind the eye is a transverse fold in the neck,
where the head draws itself into the body; the foot has also a trans-
verse fold when it bends. Fig. 423 represents the animalcule ex-
tended (right side); fig. 424 the cesophageal head, with unequal
jaws, &c., extended by pressure. Found amongst Oscillatoria.
Entire length of the body 1-72nd; without the foot, 1-216th.
Hydatinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 641
Genus Potyartura. The many-finned Rotatoria have a single
ceryical eye, no foot, but are provided with cirrhi, or pectoral fins ;
the rotatory organ consists of four bundles of cilia, inserted in as
many muscular sheaths; they sometimes appear like the double
rotatory organ of a Brachionus, and the form of the body resembles
Anure; but it is, however, soft, and the rotatory organ double ;
laterally, two longitudinal dorsal muscles are known; the frontal
region has little horns, provided with bristles, and upon the breast
six strong styles, or barbs, forming two clusters, which move in a
fin-like manner. The system of nutrition consists of an cesophageal
head, having two single-toothed jaws, a short cesophagus, an
alimentary canal, with a stomach-like division, produced by a con-
striction, and two pancreatic glands. An ovarium exists in both
species, and in one of them a contractile vesicle; nothing is known
of the vascular system, unless the two soft horns at the brow are
respiratory tubes; a large frontal ganglion, and a round red eye,
indicate the system of sensation.
The preceding genera of this family Hydatinea, form, together
with two peculiar to himself, viz., Plagiognatha and Lindia, in the
system of Dujardin, the family Floseulariens ; but this genus Poly-
arthra, and a few others in this family of Ehrenberg, belong to the
Brachioniens of the above-named author.
From the remarks of the French naturalist, it is to be inferred
that he regards the distinction between Polyarthra and Triarthra, as
insufficient to characterize them generically.
P. trigla.— Body oval, almost square, having six setaceous pinne.
It swims quickly, and often leaps, like the water-flea; this last
motion is produced by the fins, or pinne, the former by the vibratile
organs. Fig. 425 represents the under side, while the animalcule is
swimming, with the pinne depressed ; fig. 400 a dorsal view, while
leaping, or springing; and fig. 401 a side view (right.) This crea-
ture is infested with Colacium. Found amongst Conferva. (1-140th.)
P. platyptera.—Body oval, almost square, with six serrated broad
sword-shaped pinne. It is represented at fig. 402. Found amongst
Chlamidomonas. Length 1-190th.
Genus Dierena (?). The two-eyed Rotatoria.—Kyes two, frontal ;
foot forked. Excepting the foot, and rotatory organ, they have no
642 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
external prominent organ, though some protrude the teeth im a
pincer-like manner. The nutritive apparatus is a muscular cesopha-
geal head, having single-toothed jaws; an cesophageal tube, very
short, except in D. lacustris; a simple conical alimentary canal im
six species; and a constricted one, or stomach, in two species. In
all, two pancreatic glands are present, which, in D. lacustris, are
long, cylindrical, and two-horned; in the rest they are spherical.
The ovarium, in D. lacustris, is band-like; in the others, like a ball;
contractile vesicles are observed in four species; sexual glands in
three. No species is viviparous; none carry their egg hanging to
them ; transverse vessels are seen in three species, and in one a
vascular net-work at the head; tremulous gills are found in three
species, in two of which they are evidently attached to the sexual
glands. The nervous system is more especially developed in D.
lacustris, but indicated in all the species by the coloured eyes. (For
observations on this genus, vide ante, p. 626.)
Dieena lacustris.—Body stout, oval, crystalline; the front straightly
truncated ; foot suddenly attenuated, in length one-fourth of the
body ; the toes one-third the length of the foot. The transparency
of this animalcule is often a great hindrance to the discrimination
of its internal organs, though they are very large; the superficial
skin is delicately shagreened. Fig. 403 represents a side view (left)
of this interesting animalcule, with a Lynceus (see Dheroscopie
Cabinet, plate vil.) in its stomach; its curious internal organization
is clearly depicted. Often found in green-coloured water. (1-70th.)
D. grandis.—Body long, slender, and cylindrical, obliquely trun-
cated anteriorly; toes straight, longer than the stout foot. The
forked central cacculus, between the two ocular ganglia, is remarkable.
Fig. 404 is a side view (right) of an extended animaleule; fig. 405
another, contracted, with the jaws pushed out. Length 1-120th
to 1-72nd.
D. forcipata (Vorticella vermicularis, Cercaria foreipata et E. vermi-
cularis M.)—Body cylindrical, slender, obliquely truncated anteriorly ;
toes decurved, and longer than the stout foot. Length 1-110th.
D. (?) aurita (Vorticella canicula, M.)—Body cylindrical, slender ;
front straightly truncated, auricled; foot suddenly constricted, toes
small. The tremulous organ (heart) obscrved by Corti was merely
Hydatinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 643
the vibratile lining membrane of the anterior portion of the alimentary
canal. Found amongst Conferva. Length 1-160th.
DierEens catellina (Cercaria catellina, Vorticella larva, M.)—Body
oblong, short, ends truncated; foot short, and inferior. The small size of
this animalcule is unfavourable for observing its internal organization.
It is found at all seasons of the year in open water, and in infusions
covered with a green pellicle, which is often filled with its eggs;
these, when rapidly developed by genial weather, cause a milky
turbidity in the water. Length 1-360th.
D. conura.—Body ovato-oblong, straightly truncated in front, and
gradually attenuated to a conical foot. Found amongst Oscillatoria.
Length 1-144th.
D. capitata.—Body oblong, conical, obliquely truncated, and dilated
in front ; toes long, without apparent base, or foot. This animalcule
feeds upon Chlamidomonas and Navicule. Length 1-800th.
D. caudata (Vorticella furcata, M.) — Body elongated, conical,
obliquely truncated anteriorly, but not dilated; foot distinct, short ;
toes long. Found in green water. Length 1-200th.
D. () biraphis (Gosse.)—Body oblong, the head and abdomen
gently swelling; toes long, slender, straight, and perfectly even in
thickness; eyes placed close together, frontally; jaws protrusile ;
alimentary canal very large, projecting behind and above the gizzard,
always filled with green matter. Length including toes 1-110th.
Genus TrrartHra. Zhe three-bearded Rotatoria possess two frontal
eyes, a simple styliform foot, and beard, or breast fins. Beside the
rotary organ, internal band-like muscles are observed, and two
bristles, or fins, which assist in leaping, as in Polyarthra. The nu-
tritive apparatus consists of an cesophageal head, having four muscles,
and two double-toothed jaws, as in Rotifer ; an cesophageal tube,
long in one species, short in the other; and a simple, conical, or
constricted alimentary canal, with two spherical glands. Both
ovarium and contractile vesicles are seen; the eggs, when expelled,
remain attached by threads. A vascular system is unknown,—the
nervous is indicated by the two red eyes, placed upon ganglia.
Both species often produce a niiky turbid appearance in the water,
when developed in masses.
T. longiseta (Trwhoda, M.)—yes distant, the cirrhi or beards,
644 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
and the foot, are nearly three times the length of the body. This
species is distinguished from the following one by the greater length
of cirrhi; by larger eyes, further removed from each other; by a
distinct stomach, with a constriction separating it from the long
portion of the alimentary canal ; and, lastly, by its long cesophageal
tube. It is readily distinguished by its leaping movement whilst
swimming. Fig 408 represents one of these creatures emerging
from the egg, the cirrhi or styles being, as yet, soft: fig 407 isa
back view of a young specimen; it shews the great separation of
the eyes and the styles, in the position they occupy when the animal
is swimming; and fig. 406 is a side (right) view of a full-grown
specimen; the styles are advanced, preparatory to leaping. Found
with Hydatina senta and Brachionus urceolaris. Length, without
cirrhi, 1-140th.
TrrartHra mystacina (Brachionus passus, M.)—Eyes close to-
gcther ; two anterior cirrhi, or bristles; foot nearly double the
length of the body; jaws very soft. Found in water-tubs. Length
1-216th.
T. breviseta (Gosse.) — Body cylindrical; pectoral and caudal
spines each about one fifth of total length, and very slender. Length,
including foot, 1-185th. Leamington.
Genns Ratrutus. The rat Rotatoria.—Frontal eyes, two; foot
simple, styliform; no cirrhi or beard. Several undefined rotary
muscles, an oesophageal head, without distinct teeth or cesophageal
tube, a simple conical alimentary canal, with two round glands, an
ovarium, and eyes, constitute the organization at present discovered.
This genus Rattulus or Ratulus was established by Lamarck ; but
was subdivided by Ehrenberg who made two genera, Mastigocerca
and Monocerca, to comprise the animals described by Lamarck, and
reserved the term Rattulus for an animal placed by the latter among
Cerearia, and called by Miiller, Zrichoda lunaris. The Mastigocerca
carinata (Ehr.) is described as loricated, and enters into the family
Euchlanidota, and Monocerca rattus without lorica, is placed among
the Hydatinea ; but the beings described under these two appellations
represent but a single species, Ratulus .... The Monocerca bicornis of
Ehrenberg would seem to be a distinct specics, by reason of the horns
with which it is armed in front.
Hydatinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 646
Rarroxus lunaris ( Trichoda lunaris, M.) Body small ; eyes remote
from the frontal margin; foot decurved, lunate. No tecth are seen.
Group 409 represents two of these animalcules. Found in turfy
pools. Length 1-288th.
Genus Distrmua. The double-star Rotatoria have two cervical eyes
and a forked foot; the rotary organ is compound. The nutritive
apparatus consists of an cesophageal head, which in three species has
jaws, with two teeth each; in one species with more than two, a
short cesophageal tube, and a simple conical alimentary canal, with
two spherical glands. An ovarium, and in D. (?) marinum glands
and a contractile vesicle are seen. No satisfactory details ofa vascular
system are ascertained, but that of sensation is illustrated by the
presence of eyes, which are red, except in one species, in which they
are colourless. In all the species, except D. marinwm, the eyes are
situated behind the head of the csophagus, but in that one they
are anterior, but below the rotary organ. The eggs are never
attached to the parent, nor are they developed in large masses.
D. forficula. — Body cylindrico-conical; eyes red; toes thick,
recurved and dentate at the base. The eyes are placed at the
end of a long cylindrical nervous ganglion ; the rotary organ consists
of four parts. Fig. 411 is a side (left) view, and fig, 410 shews
the jaws extended for seizing prey. Length 1-120th.
D. setigerum.—Body ovato-oblong ; eyes red; toes setaceous and
decurved. Length 1-216th.
D. (?) marinum.—Body ovato-conical; eyes red, close together ;
foot long; toes thick, the length of the foot; jaws many-toothed.
Found in sea-water. Length 1-144th.
D. (2) foreipatum. — Body ovato-oblong; eyes colourless; foot
short, with stout toes. If the two colourless vesicles are not eyes
it must be placed in the genus Plewrotrocha. Length 1-288th.
Genus TrioputHatmus. The row-eyed Rotatory Animaleules.—Kyes
three, cervical, sessile, ina row; foot forked; rotatory organ com-
pound. It has a large cesophageal head, with two (single-toothed ?)
jaws, a long thin cesophagus, a globose stomach-like protuberance,
with two oval glands, and thin posterior alimentary canal; two
muscles move the foot.
646) DESCRIPTION OF | Rotatoria.
Trrorutmatmus dorsalis.—Body crystalline, turgid ; foot suddenly
attenuated, its length half that of the body. This species, in form,
resembles Votommata ansata, but in size N. myrmeleo. Fig 412
represents (dorsal side) an animalcule extended as it appears when
swimming and vibrating ; fig 413, one in the act of unfolding itself ;
and fig. 414, another contracted. Length 1-40th.
Genus Hospnora. Zhe three-eyed Rotatoria.—Eyes three, sessile,
two frontal, one cervical, foot forked. The rotatory organ is com-
posed of numerous muscular portions, and distinctly striated longi-
tudinal muscles are seen in all. An cesophageal head, provided with
two single toothed jaws, a short cesophagus, a simple conical
alimentary canal, with two ovate glands anteriorly, an ovarium,
somewhat extended, sexual glands, and a contractile vesicle, are also
discoverable. Transverse vessels are observable in two species, and
in the third, gills. No respiratory tube has been discovered. Beside
the three red coloured eyes, a cerebral ganglion is seen.
E. najas—Body conical, transparent, not auricled; toes much
shorter than the foot. Fig. 415 represents an animaleule fed upon
indigo. Found amongst Conferva. Length 1-12th
E. digitata. —Body conical, hyaline, not auricled ; toes a third the
length of the foot. Found amongst Conferva. Length 1-96th.
Ki. elongata.—Body elongated, almost fusiform, not auricled, front
truncated; toes short. Length 1-72nd.
Genus Orocrmna. The pedicle-eyed Rotatory Animalcules.—Kyes
three, one being sessile and cervical, the others pedicled and frontal ;
foot furcated. This large animalcule has considerable resemblance
to Notommata myrmeleo, or N. clavulata. Four lateral longitudinal
muscles, six moving the rotary organ, and two muscles of the foot,
are present; a toothless, and apparently jawless, cesophageal canal,
leads to a somewhat thickened stomach, ending in a very thin ali-
mentary canal. Ovarium, contractile vesicles, and two sexual
elands, exist. In the middle of the back appears to be a respiratory
opening; this, with a vascular net-work at the neck, and four trans-
verse circular canals, represent a vascular system. An oval cerebral
ganglion, with two dark appendages, a red eye, a long nervous
loop on the neck, that runs back to a second ganglion in the brow,
ydatinaea. | INFUSORTAL ANIMALCULES. 647
and a forked ventral nerve (?), together with two little horn-like
or auricular frontal protuberances, bearing two visual points, re-
present the sensitive system. This genus has not been figured.
Oroctena papillosa.—Body bell-shaped, turgid, scabrous with
papilla. Found with Volvor globator and Notommata myrmeleo.
Length 1-96th.
Genus Cyctocuna. The ring-eyed Rotatoria.—Eyes numerous,
(more than three), simply conglomerate at the neck, foot furcate.
The vibratile organ is compound; and with the internal muscles of
the foot, serve for locomotion. There is an cesophageal head,
with two single-toothed (perhaps three-toothed) jaws, a very short
esophagus, and a simple conical alimentary canal, with two round-
ish glands. Anovarium, two sexual glands, and a contractile
vesicle are also present. Transverse circular vessels, and six pair
of tremulous organs attached to the seminal glands, constitute the
vascular system. A purse-shaped dark (colourless) body in the
neck, connected by a narrow process to a large frontal ganglion,
containing from six to twelve red points, of which the anterior
one is most marked, indicate a sensitive system.
C. lupus (Cerearia lupus. M.)\—Body ovato-oblong, or conical,
not auricled; foot terminal, and short. Plate 10, fig. 425,* re-
presents a back view, and fig. 426 a side view. Length 1-120th.
C. (?) elegans.—Body ovate, not auricled; foot inferior; toes
long. Length 1-190th.
Genus Torus. Zhe many-eyed Hydatinaea—Kyes numerous,
(more than three), disposed in two groups at the neck; foot furcate.
A compound rotary organ, together with two muscles of the foot, an
cesophageal head, with two one-toothed jaws, a short cesophagus, a
simple conical alimentary canal, with two glands, a ball-like ovarium,
with two male sexual glands, and a double group of colourless
cervical eyes, are the details of the organization at present known.
The frontal uncinus, or hook, is perhaps a respiratory tube.
T. vernalis—Toes small; no frontal uncinus. The movement of
this creature is active and vehement, like that of an animal of
prey. Fig. 427 represents a back view of this animalcule extended,
with six colourless eyes in each group; fig. 428 is another specimen
648 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
with four eyes; and fig. 429 an animalcule with body contracted,
but jaws extended. Found amongst Oscillatoria. Length 1-140th.
TuEorvs uncinatus.—Toes long, a frontal uncinus or hook present.
Six visual points have been seen by Ehrenberg. Found amongst
Oscillatoria. Length 1-240th.
The two next genera mentioned are from Mr. Gosse, who,
however, adduces the latter as a doubtful member of the present
family.
Genus Asprancuna (Gosse.) (Annals Nat. Hist., vol. 6, July,
1850.)—Rotatorial hydatinea destitute of foot, intestine, and anus ;
but possessing eyes (oceilli) and jaws; sexes disjoined.
This new genus, instituted by Mr. Gosse, embraces the Rotatorial
animal which Mr. Brightwell introduced to notice as ‘‘a supposed
new species of Wotommata:’’—(Fauna Infusoria, Norfolk 1849), and
in which he first detected the existence of male animals, distinet in
organization and character from the female. It was soon perceived
that the new forms represented by Mr. Brightwell, could not belong
to the genus Wotommata of Ehrenberg; and the discovery of other
similar beings has led to the creation of this genus Asplanchna.
A. Brightwellii.— Jaws (mandibles) one-toothed; eye single;
stomach oval, longitudinal; vesicle lobed, larger; tremulous cor-
puscles (gills, Ehr.) affixed to a long filament; ovary two-horned.
Length about 1-24th. (P. 15, f. 65,66.) Males with jaws, pharynx
and stomach absent; body truncate. Length about 1-40th. Found
at Norwich, Leamington, Hampstead Heath, &c.”
Mr. Brightwell’s account is embraced in the following extracts :—
‘“‘It (the female) is furnished with an ovisac, in which the young
may be clearly detected, and from which they are expelled through
the sides of the animal. Some of the young appear to differ in
form from the others, and there appear to be two kinds of ova;
one, and that by far the greater number, transparent, and hatched
in the body of the parent; the other, more opaque, perhaps re-
maining unhatched, or deposited till vivified under favourable
circumstances, in some ensuing season. Should this, on further
Tydatinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 649
investigation, turn out to be the case, we shall have, among the
Rotifera, the same mode of preserving the ova during the winter,
as is found in some of the Hntomostraca, the Daphnia for instance.”
“These (the males) are smaller than the females, and have a
pyriform sac below, from which there is an opening, and which is
filled with spermatozoa; and they have neither jaws, nor gullet,
nor stomach; and it would seem they are designed, as is the case
with the males of some insects, to continue the race and then to
perish. ... I have lately repeatedly seen the male in connection
with the female. He attaches himself to her side by his sperm-
tube, and remains attached from twenty to seventy seconds.”
For a more complete description of these very interesting forms?
we may refer the reader to the elaborate details and figures
of their organization, by Mr. Dalrymple, in the “ Philosophical
Transactions” for 1849.
Asprancunsa Priodonta (Gosse.) Females.—Jaws serrated; eyes
three ; stomach hemispherical, transverse ; vesicle spherical, smaller ;
tremulous, bodies attached to a twisted and plicate filament ; ovary
subglobose, (P. 23, f. 9.) Length about 1-48th. Males.—Body
acute. (P.23,f 7, 8.) Length 1-110th. Found in the Serpentine
River, (P. 23, and f. 11, 12, exhibit the jaws of the female
detached.)
Genus Tarurocampa (Gosse.)—Rotary organs wanting, body fusi-
form, annulose ; tail forked; gizzard oval; mallei incurved, shorter
than ineus, which is also incurved.
T. annulosa.—Occipital mass opaque, white; alimentary canal
simple, wide, cylindrical; points of tail short, conical. Length
1-110th. This species is evidently allied to M. Dujardin’s Lindia
torulosa, but differs from it in the structure of the dental apparatus,
and of the digestive canal. It seems to connect the genus Choe-
tonotus with the Hydatinceous genera Votommata and Furcularia, for
it has the jaws of these larviform ofzfera, and the glandular
occipital mass found in some of them, with the form, simple
digestive canal and manners of Choetonotus. Found at Leamington.
We will append here two genera of the family Fwrculariens, of
Dujardin, which that naturalist has created either to embrace new
UU
650 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria-
species, or to dispose of those described by Ehrenberg, which Dujardin
cannot include with other of his genera. Likewise, before com-
mencing with the next family Huchlanidota, of Ehrenberg, we shall
take the opportunity to detail the characters of a family discovered
and named by Dujardin, viz. Albertiens.
Genus Plagiognatha.—Body oblong, curved and convex on one
side, or cornet shaped and obliquely truncate in front; terminated
posteriorly by a more or less distinct tail, bearing two styles. Jaws
with parellel branches turned the same way, and recurved towards
the ciliated margin with a straight central stem (fulcrum), very long
and enlarged at its base; eye specks one or two. We propose this
as a genus of Purculariens,
Although possessing a curved figure, with a characteristic form of
jaws, Ehrenberg has distributed them in his genera Votommata, Diglena,
and Distemma, according to the number and disposition of their red
pints, and without consideration of the characters we employ.
The species we regard as the type of this genus is, the P. Felis,
called by Miller, Vortccella felis, but not answerable to the Wotommata
felis of Ehrenberg. Its two styles are one fourth of its entire
length, and are curved backwards; the back is convex, abruptly
truncate behind. Length 1-118th.,
A second species, P. lancinulata, has been classed by Ehrenberg
among the Notommata. A variety of this species with two eye
specks may be referred to the Distemma setigerum. (hr.)
One must also regard as distinct species of Plagiognatka the
Notommata tigris, and the Diglena catellina of Ehrenberg. The
Diglena lacustris of the same author also corresponds in form; but
its jaws are not sufficiently described to determine its position ;
whilst his Wotommata hyptopus, represented with one-toothed jaws,
analagous to those of our Furcularia, appears the same as a Systolide
known to us, evidently possessing the jaws of a Plagiognatha.
Genus Lryp1a.—Body oblong, almost vermiform, with transverse
folds, rounded in front, but not ciliated, terminated posteriorly by
two short conical tocs, Jaws very complicated, with a triple branch.
I propose this as a genus of Systoldes.
L. tortulosa, having the general form of DVotommata vermicularis,
Buchlanidota. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 651
from which it is distinguished by the absence of vibratile cilia, and of
a red eye speck, and especially by the singular structure of its jaws’
Length 1-76th. Found near Paris.
Famiry —ALBERTIENS,
Body cylindrical, vermiform, round in front, with an oblique
opening, from which a ciliated organ protrudes itself, almost larger
than the body; terminated posteriorly by a short conical tail. Jaws
in the form of hooks, simple, or with one tooth each.
This family comprises but one genus, and one species, Albertia
vermicularis, which is found parasitic in the intestine of Zumbrici and
snails. Length 1-79th to 1-47th.
The ova with their embryos are seen in its interior, in various
stages of development.
The ciliated apparatus, in advance of the mouth, is surrounded by
an appendage in the shape of a spur (calcar.)
Famity.—EUCHLANIDOTA.
Comprehends loricated Rotatoria whose rotary organ is compound,
being divided into several parts, always more than two. The shell-
like covering, says Dr. E., resembles either that of tortoises or that of
crabs; the former when only open at the ends (testa testula), the
latter when open also on the under side, or back, forming a little
shield (scutellum.) As appendages, we find sete in Huchlanis and
Stephanops; uncini in Colurus; little horns in Dimocharis ; spurs,
or respiratory tubes, in Huchlans and Salpina; and a hood in
Stephanops. They also possess a foot, mostly furcate, but in a very
few simple and styliform. Only three species are destitute of eyes.
Separate muscles for moving the rotary organs exist in all the genera,
and internal free ones in three species of the genus LHuchlanis ;
muscles for moving the foot are also visible. The nutritive apparatus
consists of a muscular cesophageal head, with two jaws provided
with teeth; these are free (gymnogomphia) im all the species
examined. They have a very short esophagus. Eight genera haye
vv 2
652 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
either a simple conical stomach (coelogastrica), or else one produced
by a constriction of the alimentary canal /gasterodela.) Two round
or ovate intestinal glands are also seen. The discharging opening is
at the base of the foot, upon the dorsal surface, which latter is
clearly indicated by the situation of the eyes, when present. The
ovarium developes but few large ova at a time; two sexual glands
and a contractile vesicle exist in the genera Huchlanis, Monostyla,
Stephanops, and Squamella—the latter only in Metopidia, Lepadella,
and Mastigocerca. They do not carry their ova externally. Traces of
a vascular system are seen in two species of Zuchlanis, and perhaps
also gills in Dinocharis, whilst the respiratory tube in Salpima and
Euchlanis must be considered as such. The nervous system is indi-
cated in ten genera by the presence of red visual points, whose
situation and number are useful in establishing generic characters ;
an evident cerebral ganglion (as a nervous layer to the eyes) is found
in ELuchlanis, Monostyla, Mastigocerca, and Salpina. The genus Lepa-
della developes itself occasionally in such myriads, in stagnant water,
as to give a whitish turbidity to it.
The genera are disposed as follow :—
Noleyes, foot LUrcated. 0. vccoss cccocedcesscaseqsts-cormisntscssecuseces s¢sncnosses cee eth eee ene Lepadella.
lorica depressed ........2-<..0.s:0-sene see Monostyla.
foot
styliform
lorica prismatic. .22..¢2.é0..c.00-es0ee eee Mastigocerca
one eye lorica gaping beneath ...............c0eec000s Euchlanis.
(cervical. )
foot lorica horned ............ Salpina.
furcate lorica closed
beneath
without horns ............ Dinocharis.
Eyes
present.
( foot styliform
lorica compressed laterally or cylindrical.Colurus.
two eyes
(frontal. ) foot head not hooded ...... Metopidia.
fureated lorica depressed
[ or prismatic
( head hooded ............ Stephanops.
four eyes, foot Purcate, 556.22 css swesnscnas<cevscatnsasestees «stas incest eee Squamella.
These genera are mostly included in the family Brachioniens of
Dujardin.
Euchlanidota.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 653
Genus Leraperia. Zhe scaled Rotatoria are devoid of eyes, but
possess a furcate foot. Several rotatory muscles are seen, and foot
ones in two species. The jaws of the cesophageal head are single-
toothed in L. ovalis and L. emarginata; in L. salpina, triple-toothed.
The tube of the csophagus is very short in all. The alimentary
canal is constricted, except in L. salpina, in which it is simple. The
ovarium is globular in all, and a male sexual vesicle is present in
L. salpina, in which species, “probably, a cerebral ganglion (no eye)
also exists. LL. ovalis is sometimes developed in myriads in stagnant
water.
Dujardin has the following criticisms on the genus Lepadella,
“Wishing to derive his generic characters too exclusively from the
eye specks, Ehrenberg has separated all those having such specks
into several genera; constituting of those with two eye points, the
genera Stephanops, and Metopidia, and of those with four red specks,
the genus Sguamella. But we are convinced that these red points
may be present or absent in the same species at different periods of
development. We believe, for instance, that the Zepadella ovalis and
Stephanops muticus, Ehr., are but a single species. Lepadella patella
with or without red dots; so also the Jetopidia lepadella and
Squamella bractea are the same, and what we name Lepadella rotun-
data. Moreover, the Sguamella oblonga, and Metopidia acuminata,
are two distinct species of Lepadella.”
L. ovalis (Brachionus ovalis, M.) — Lorica depressed, oval, at-
tennated anteriorly, the ends truncated; it is not emarginate. The
alimentary canal of this animalcule is generally filled with a yellowish
substance, except when it feeds upon colourless Monads. Fig. 430
represents a back view; fig. 431 a side (right) view of a young
specimen ; fig. 432 the lorica ; fig. 433 the cesophageal head (1-240th.)
L. emarginata ( Brachionus spatella et ovalis, M.)—Lorica depressed,
oval, broad anteriorly, extremities emarginate. Found amongst Con-
ferva. Length, without foot, 1-576th.
L. (?) salpina.—Lorica oblong, prismatic, obtusely triangular, back
crested, denticulated. Found amongst Conferva. Length of lorica
1-200th.
Genus Drprax (Gosse.)—Resembles Salpina, but the eye is wanting,
and the lorica (which, as in that genus, is cleft down the back) is
654 DESCRIPTION OF { Rotatoria.
destitute of spines both in front and rear; foot and toes long and
slender. It forms a connecting link between Salpina and Dinocharts.
The name signifying double, alludes to the gaping lorica, which forms
two parallel plates.
In accordance with the tabular disposition of the family, this
genus follows next after Lepadella.
Diptax compressa. — Form of lorica (viewed laterally) nearly a
parallelogram, greatly compressed. Lorica 1-176th.
D. trigona.—Lorica three sided, a section forming a nearly equi-
lateral triangle, surface delicately punctured or stippled; toes long
and slender. Lorica 1-160th. Leamington.
Genus Monostyia. The spinous-footed Rotatoria.—Kye single, cer-
vical ; foot simple, styliform ; lorica (testula) depressed. Numerous
rotatory muscles are seen in two species, and also an cesophageal
head, having four muscles; in one species the jaws are single-
toothed, in the other two-toothed. They have a very short cesophagus,
and a constricted stomach (gasterodela), with two glands. The ovarium
is globular; an ovum, with the vesicle of the germ within it, is
seen in two species. No male organs, vessels, nor respiratory tubes,
are seen. Owing to the almost constant vibration of the foot-like
tail, it is difficult to observe the true form of its termination, the
motion producing an optical deception: hence it appears double,
though in reality it is single. :
M. cornuta (Trichoda cornuta, M.\—Lorica hyaline, unarmed, and
truncated anteriorly. Found amongst Chara and Conferva. Length
1-250th.
M. quadridentata. — Lorica yellowish, anteriorly deeply dentated,
resembling four horns. It is generally of a yellow leather colour,
but Ehrenberg has seen it colourless. Figs, 484 and 435 represent
ventral views of this animalcule; in the latter it is extended beyond
its lorica, which happens when the rotatory cilia are in motion.
Fig. 436 shews a side view, and fig. 437 the jaws and teeth separate.
Found in floccose matter about Conferva and the leaves of water-
plants. Length 1-120th.
M. (?) lunaris.—Lorica hyaline, anteriorly crescent-shaped. Length
1-144th.
M. bulla (Gosse.)—Body ovate, inflated, the back very gibbous;
Buchlanidota.) INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 655
lorica plicated on each side with a deep furrow; the occipital and
mental deeply incised. Colour yellowish-brown. Length of lorica
1-175th.
Genus Masrieocerca. The whip-tailed Rotatory Animalcule—Kye
single, cervical; foot simple, styliform ; lorica prismatic and crested
on the back. It has a four-partite rotatory organ, a small muscle to
move the foot, an oblique cesophageal head, with unequal jaws,
two-toothed; a short esophagus, simple intestine, with two
spherical glands, a globular ovarium, a contractile vesicle, and a
long ganglion.
M. carinata (Trichodus rattus, M.)—Lorica anteriorly crested on
the back ; foot the same length as body; it swims slowly, and resem-
bles Monocerca rattus. Figs, 438, 439, are side views, showing the
delicate ridge of the lorica projecting on the back, and fig. 440 a
dorsal view. Found amongst Ceratophyllum. Length 1-72nd.
Genus Evcutanis. Zhe mantle Rotatoria.—kKye single, cervical ;
foot furcate ; lorica oval and flexible, longitudinally gaping upon the
ventral surface. Compound vibratile muscles, with their cilia, com-
pose the rotatory organ: the other muscles are those for moving the
foot, and for manducation, and fibrous longitudinal ones, presenting
transyerse corrugations. An cesophageal head, with one or many-
toothed jaws (perhaps four jaws in E. maecrura), (gymnogomphia), a
very short cesophagus, an alimentary canal (simple in five species,
constricted in one), having two glands, compose the nutritive appa-
ratus. An ovarium is observed in five; and two small glands, with
a contractile vesicle, in two of the larger species. Two species have
perhaps transverse vessels, and in the larger forms tremulous gills
are observed, attached to the sexual glands; a respiratory tube is
seen in E. lynceus only. All the species have a red-coloured cervical
eye, which, in five species, is connected with a large ganglion. They
do not carry about their eggs externally, nor are they developed in
large numbers. Dujardin does not admit the genus Monostylus, but
places its three species in the present one—Euchlanis.
E. (?) triquetra.—Lorica very large, trilateral, with a dorsal crest ;
sete: on foot none. This species is very diaphanous, and “ therefore,”’
remarks Ehrenberg, ‘ I was never able to see the line of division on
“3?
the ventral surface of the lorica; the relationship of the fibres of
656 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
the lateral muscles is physiologically and anatomieally interesting :
they form three bundles, on each side, and show as distmet corruga-
tions as do the muscles of larger animals.” Fig. 443 represents a
fore-shortened view. Fig. 442 a left side view, shewing the dorsal
crest of the lorica. At the base of the foot an external empty fold
of the skin is visible. Fig. 441 exhibits the ventral surface, and an
opening for the foot, but no division of the lorica is visible. Fig. 444
shows the teeth and jaws separate. Found in turf pools. Length
1-48th ; ovum 1-192nd.
Evearanis(?) Hornemannt.—Lorica thin, short, cup-shaped, truncate
in front, the anterior part of the body soft (pliant) and elongated. This
creature appears able to draw within the lorica both foot and head.
Sometimes longitudinal muscles are apparent, and Ehrenberg has seen
three delicate parallel transverse lines, which he states to be vessels.
Length 1-432nd to 1-240th.
E. luna (Cercaria luna, M.)\—Lorica cup-shaped, the front excised
in a lunate manner, toes with claws. The single-toothed jaw, the
constriction of the alimentary canal, and the claws, distinguish it
from the other species. Found amongst Ceratophyllum and Conferya.
Length 1-144th.
E. macrura.—Lorica large, ovate, depressed; bristles at the base of
the foot; toes long, styliform. This species is distinguished from
the following one by its stronger and longer toes. ‘‘ Lately,” says
Ehrenberg, ‘‘I saw the division of the lorica along the ventral sur-
face.” Each jaw has five teeth, and there are two soft maxillary
appendages, each with two tecth. Found amongst Conferva, in clear
water. Length, withont foot, 1-96th.
EK. dilatata (Brachionus, M.)—Lorica broad, depressed, folded on
the under side; foot without sete; toes long. This animalcule,
when it emerges from the egg, has a very soft lorica, and resembles
Notommata. Length of lorica 1-96th.
E. lynceus.—Lorica ovate, turgid, deeply fluted; two little horns
project anteriorly. Fig. 445 represents a back view, and 446 a side
view; the lorica is open along the middle of the under side. Length
of lorica 1-216th.
K. defleca (Gosse)—Body semi-oval; ventral surface of the lorica
divided longitudinally, and the edges of the fissure bent out at right
Euchlanidota.| INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 657
angles; foot furnished with two pairs of bristles; toes spindle-shaped.
Lorica 1-80th.
Evucutanis pyriformis.—Outline of body (viewed dorsally) nearly
oval, with a slight constriction in the middle; lorica divided
longitudinally along the ventral surface, the gape widening anteriorly ;
toes parallel, edged; eye minute. Lorica 1-62nd.
E. hipposideros.—Body nearly oval in outline; the ventral side flat ;
the dorsal greatly arched, and ridged down the middle ; lorica formed
of two distinct plates; the dorsal plate enveloping the back and half
down the sides; the ventral separated from it by a wide space, and
hollowed in the middle, so as to present the figure of a narrow horse-
shoe, whose points are forwards; foot armed with one pair of bristles.
Lorica 1-110th.
Genus Satrina.—TZhe Stock-fish Rotateria.—Kye single, cervical ;
foot furcate; lorica closed below, and terminated by spine-like pro-
cesses or teeth. ‘The lorica,” says Dr. Ehrenberg, ‘‘ resembles a
three-sided little casket, with arched sides, flat below, and haying,
anteriorly and posteriorly, at the truncated extremities, little
points.” The animalcule can entirely withdraw itself within the
lorica. All the species have an elevated ridge upon the back, which
in two species appears to be double. (Ehrenberg is somewhat inclined
to think the lorica is open, its whole length, upon the dorsal surface. )
A compound rotatory organ, two short anterior lateral, and two foot
muscles, in 8. mucronata, are seen, as locomotive agents. An ceso-
phageal head, with three or four toothed jaws, a short cesophagus,
aud a simple conical alimentary canal, exist in all the species; in
five species the conical intestine has two spherical glands. The ovarium
is distinct. A respiratory spur or tube is observed at the neck in
three species ; the red eye in connexion with a cerebral ganglion is
always present. They do not increase in large masses.
S. mucronata (Brachionus mucronatus, M.)—Lorica very minutely
scabrous, anteriorly four and posteriorly three-horned; horns gene-
rally straight and of equal length. The lorica, when the creature
is young, is soft and bent, but soon hardens, and produces horns.
The spur, or respiratory tube, in the neck, terminates in a little
bristle, as seen in fig. 450, , Insome specimens, Ehrenberg says,
the lorica appears as if punctate or stippled. Figs. 447, 448, repre-
658 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
sent full-grown specimens, with the head withdrawn; the latter
figure is a back view, the former an under one. Fig. 449 is a side
view, head extended. Fig. 451 is an egg, just deposited on Lemna ;
fig. 452 an egg, with the young vibrating; and fig. 450 shows the
young one just escaped from the shell; fig. 453 represents the teeth
separately. Length of lorica 1-144th.
Sapna spinigera.—Lorica horned, four frontal, three posterior horns;
the posterior dorsal one longest, and a little recurved. Glands on the
alimentary canal not observed. Found amongst Ceratophyllum.
Length of lorica 1-140th.
S. ventralis.—Lorica stippled, horns two in front, three behind, the
dorsal one short and decurved. Found amongst Conferva, &e.
Length 1-120th.
S. redunca.—Lorica smooth, horns two in front, three behind, two
of the latter (the under ones) hooked, the dorsal crest bifid and
gaping ; teeth four to each jaw. Found amongst Conferva. Length
1-200th.
S. brevispina.—Lorica scabrous, horns two (small) in front, and
three behind, short dorsal crest not gaping; lorica milky and turbid,
but appearing bright; respiratory tube unknown. Found amongst
Ceratophyllum. Length 1-144th.
8. bicarinata.—Lorica smooth, horns four in front, three behind,
short; neither lateral muscles nor respiratory tubes known. Length
1-216th.
Salpina spinigera, 8. ventralis, 8. redunea, and S. bicarinata, are
considered as slightly variable forms of one and the same animal.
Genus Dinocuaris.—TZhe goblet Rotatoria.—Kye single, cervical ;
foot furcate, and lorica closed below, and unarmed at both ends.
The compound rotatory organ has five or six muscles, and the foot
two in two species. An cesophageal head, with single-toothed jaws,
is found, except in D. tetractis, which Dr. E. thinks has four teeth ;
cesophagus very short, alimentary canal constricted, except in D.
pocillum (gasteredela), which is constricted: two oval glands exist in
D. pocillum and D. tetractis. Glandular portions of ovarium are seen
in all, and a contractile vesicle at the base of the foot in D. poecllum.
Traces of a vascular system are perhaps to be seen in D. pocillum,
though even here it is doubtful, for the apparent tremulous organ,
Buchlanidota.) INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULTS. 659
just behind the cesophagus, may be only a tremulous condition of an
internal fold of the stomach. The only evidences of a nervous system
are the eye and the long ganglion which supports it.
Dryocuanis pocillum ( Trichoda pocitlum, M.)\—Lorica nearly cylin-
drical ; two long spines at the base of the foot ; toes three ; it has a slight
dorsal ridge. Figs. 454, 455, represent this creature in different
positions; and fig. 456 the cesophageal head. Found amongst Cera-
tophyllum, &e. Length 1-120th.
D. tetractis.—Lorica acute, triangular; horns two, at the base of
the foot; toes two. This species has longer toes than the others
and the body is comparatively shorter. Found with Lemna and
Ceratophyllum. Length 1-120th.
D. paupera.—Lorica acute, triangular; horns two, at the base
of the foot, scarcely perceptible; toes two, short. Length 1-120th.
Genus Monvura. The styliform-footed Rotatoria.— Eyes two,
frontal; foot simple, styliform. The lorica is somewhat compressed
and open upon the ventral surface: anteriorly is a hook-like process,
which can be withdrawn. In one species the vibratile organ has
four to six muscular bulbs; in both an cesophageal head, with two
jaws toothed, a very short csophagus, and a simple alimentary
canal, with two spherical glands, are observed; an ovarium, with a
single large ovum, and, in one species, the vesicle of the germ, have
been seen. The eyes are red, moveable, and seated upon nervous
masses. The species are not only difficult to distinguish from each
other, but also from the genus Colwrus; the toes of the latter ap-
pearing single until pressure is used.
M. colurus.—Lorica oval, obtuse, obliquely truncated posteriorly, eyes
near to each other. Lorica 1-280th. Siberian specimens, 1-400th.
M. dulcis.—Lorica ovate, anteriorly acute, posteriorly obliquely
truncate ; eyes distant from each other; the alimentary canal is often
filled with green matter. They increase rapidly in glass vessels,
Figs. 457 to 459 represent three views of this animal. Found
amongst Conferva. Length of lorica 1-288th.
The two species of Monura are referred by Dujardin to Colurus,
or, to adopt his appellation, to Colurella.
Genus Coturus.. Zhe pincer-footed Rotatoria have two frontal
eyes, a furcate foot, and a compressed or cylindrical lorica. The
660 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
lorica is open upon the under side (seutellwm) ; this is distinctly seen
in four species; a compound rotary organ is present in all, over it
projects a retractile frontal hook (respiratory tube) ; an cesophageal
head with two jaws, in two species with two or three teeth; the
cesophagus very short; two species have a constricted stomach
(gasterodela), the others have a simple alimentary canal (celogastrica),
all with glands. The red frontal eyes are delicate; in C. unematus
and C. bieuspidatus they have escaped observation ; all have peculiar
vesicles at the back. They resemble Monura.
Coturus (?) wncinatus (Brachionus uncinatus, M.)—Lorica ovate,
compressed, posterior and bi-pointed toes, very short ; at the middle of
the back is generally a circlet of vesicles, which at one time Ehren-
berg considered eyes, but he now regards them as vesicles of oil, as
they are seen in all the species, and abundantly im the Cyelopida.
Found both in fresh and sea water. Length 1-430th to 1-288th.
C. (?) dicuspidatus.—Lorica ovate. compressed, the two points
posteriorly strong; toes short. Length 1-288th.
C. caudatus.—Lorica ovate, compressed, posterior points distinct; toes
longer than the foot. The shell resembles C. weeinatus, but the toes are
much longer. Found both in fresh and sea water. Lorica 1-288th.
C. deflexus.—Lorica ovate, compressed ; the shell is more rounded,
and very transparent. Figs. 460 to 462 represent back, under, and
side views; the former shews the vesicles. Found in the clear
water of a peaty moor. Length 1-240th.
Genus Meroripia. The frontal-eyed Rotatoria have two eyes in
front, a furcate foot, and a depressed or prismatic lorica; the frontal
portion naked or uncinate (not provided with a hood) ; indeed they
may be termed Lepadella, with two red frontal eyes; the lorica ap-
pears to be closed on the under side (testula.) In two species the
rotary organ has from three to four muscles, and in one species two
foot muscles are observed. Two species have a frontal hook (respi-
ratory tube), like Colwrus. The cesophageal head in one species has
two, in another four, but in the third no distinct teeth; a short
cesophagus, and two spherical glands, are present in all. Two species
have a distinct constricted stomach (gasterodela.) An ovarium is
present, and M. ¢riptera has a contractile vesicle.
M. /epadella.— Lorica depressed, nearly flat, broadly ovate,
Buchlanidota. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 661
excised in a lunate manner in front, rounded posteriorly; toes
somewhat longer than foot. This species resembles in form Lepa-
della ovalis (fig. 207) and Sguamella bractea, but is distinguished from
the former, which has two-toothed jaws and no eyes ; from the latter,
which has four eyes and indistinctly-toothed jaws. Figs. 463 to 465
represent different views of this animalcule—viz., back, under, and
side, the first and last having the rotary organs extended and in
motion. Length 1-240th.
Merorrm1a acuminata.—Lorica depressed, nearly flat, oval in shape ;
anteriorly slightly excised, posteriorly pomted. This species re-
sembles Colwrus, but in that genus the eyes are very close together,
and the lorica open beneath. Found amongst Oscillatoria. (1-240th.)
M. triptera.—Lorica oval, triangular, back crested: a section
would resemble fig. 443. Found amongst Conferva. (1-200th.)
M. solidus (Gosse.)—Much resembles M. lepadella, but is con-
siderably larger ; lorica circular, brilliantly transparent; a slight
puncturing runs round near the edge, like the legend on a coin.
Lorica 1-150th.
M. oxysternon.—Resembles M. triptera, but the dorsal keel is much
higher and thinner; the anterior, two-thirds of the ventral surface,
form a prominent ridge, terminating abrubtly, like the breast bone of
a bird, and the posterior portion is hollowed out remarkably.
Viewed laterally, the outline of the back is very gibbous behind.
Lorica 1-175th.
Genus Srepnanors. Zhe diadem or coronet Rotatoria.—Eyes two,
in front; foot furcate; lorica depressed or prismatic; the front pro-
vided with a hood or diadem. The lorica, in two species, has
thorn-like processes posteriorly. In one species a longitudinal muscle
is observed on each side (anteriorly), two muscles for moving the foot,
and trom three to five belonging to the compound rotary organ.
The cesophageal head has single-toothed jaws, and a short ceso-
phagus. One species has a two-partite alimentary canal, the others
a simple one; two species have glands; an ovarium exists inall; a
contractile vesicle in two. Thered eyes are situated on each side, near
the frontal head in two species; in one they are yet unknown.
The hood remains extended, even when the creature withdraws
within its shell.
662 DESCRIPTION OF | Rolatoria.
SrepHanops lamellaris (Brachionus lamellaris, M.)—Lorica with three
spines posteriorly. The rapid movement and transparency of this ani-
malcule renders its organization difficult to observe. Figs. 466, 467,
represent different views with the crystalline hood or diadem.
Found amongst Conferva. Length of lorica about 1-300th.
S. (?) muticus. —Lorica unarmed posteriorly, entire. Ehrenberg
remarks it is active, and that he has not seen the eyes satisfac-
torily. Length 1-144th.
S. cirratus (Brachionus cirratus, M.)— Lorica with two spines
posteriorly. This species has a contractile vesicle. Length 1-240th.
Genus Seuametta. The four-eyed Huchlanidota. — Eyes four,
frontal; foot furcate. The lorica is closed (testula); the rotary
organ consists of five or six muscular bulbs. In one species the
cesophageal head has jaws, with two or three teeth each ; its tube in
one is short, in the other long, and bent like the letter 8. Both have
a two-partite intestine (gasterodela), with small glands, also an
ovarium and contractile vesicle. The eyes are disposed in pairs on
each side the brow.
S. bractea (Brachionus bractea, M.)— Lorica depressed, broadly
ovate. It is very transparent; the toes thick and short, not evident.
Length of lorica 1-144th.
S. oblonga.—Lorica depressed, either elliptical or ovato-oblong,
hyaline, toes long and slender; eyes larger than in the foregoing
species. Figs. 468, 469, represent back and side views of this
animalcule. Found in green-coloured water, with Chlamidomonas
pulvisculus. Length of lorica 1-280th.
Famity.—PHILODINAEA.
This family comprehends Rotatoria devoid of lorica, but possessing
two simple rotatory organs, resembling wheels. The body of most
species is worm-like, or spindle-shaped (fusiform.) Portions of the
body can be thrust in and out, like the tubes of a telescope; this is
effected by a sort of false joint, caused by a peculiar insertion of the
muscles. In all the species the foot is furcate; and in Calhdina,
Rotifer, Actinurus, and Philodina, it is provided with soft processes,
resembling, in shape, horns, near the false joints, as in the genus
Philodinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 663
Dinocharis (fig. 455.) Muscles are seen in the genera just named.
The nutritive apparatus consists of an cesophageal head, with two
jaws; in three genera these are double-toothed (zygogomphia) ; in
two the teeth are in rows (lochogomphia.) In the four principal
genera the alimentary canal is filiform; it is furnished with a
bladder-like expansion at its commencement (trachelocystea), and
surrounded by a turbid cellular or glandular mass. In one genus
the alimentary canal is conical (coclogastrica), in the two African
generait is unknown. In four genera the intestine has glands; in a
like number, an ovarium and glands are present; a contractile
vesicle exists only in Rotifer and Philodina, which, together
with <Actinurus, are also sometimes viviparous. In Rotifer and
Philodina portions of a vascular system are visible, in the form of
from nine to twelve transverse vessels; the same genera, as also
Actinurus and Monolabis, have spur-like respiratory tubes. In
thirteen species red eyes are present, and beneath these organs only,
is nervous matter apparent.
The genera are disposed as follows :
PYOUOsCIS and foot ‘Processes: PLESENE |<... .2.consearsenceveccvesecssoenseess Callidina.
( rotary organ pedicled! 1.050 eiite.s..ccceesueceeaes Hydrias.
Eyes absent. no proboscis or
horn-like processes | ;
rotary organ not pedicled ................ssce000s Typhlina.
LORSIUWO: jo sserdecers Rotifer.
foot haying horn-like
processes
toes three: ..:.......: Actinurus.
two frontal ......
j . wie o
Eyes present foot biccenaas re processes, } Monolahia
EMOICONVICAI: .: 03). sehassecevasseeateracranceen drasee rac ds creat ecu neet naan cenae Philodina.
‘*The characters employed,” says Dujardin, ‘‘ by M. Ehrenberg,
for the distinction of his genera of Philodinea, have certainly too
slight a constancy to be admitted; that author has himself scen the
red specks, which he calls eyes, vary in number and position in his
Rotifers. As to the appendages of the tail (toes), they are not
always alike visible, although actually present, because the animal
does not extend them except at certain moments ; the central terminal
appendage—that by which the Rotifers affix themselves to solid
664 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
bodies, is itself of greater or less length, but always present. We
therefore think that but two genera can be rightly established; one,
Callidina, characterized by the feeble development of its ciliated
rotary organ, and by entirely wanting red specks; the other, Rotifer,
with two or several red points placed more or less near the exterior
extremity, and, what is of more importance, with very highly de-
veloped rotary organs.”’
“The genera Hydrias and Typhlina are founded on imperfect ob-
servations made by the author during his journey in Egypt; and the
genus Monolabis ought to be placed elsewhere.”
The family Philodinza thus formed, is arranged parallel with
Brachionea, as though the absence of a lorica were the only differ-
ence between them.
So far as Dujardin accepts of the same species, his family Rotifera
and that of Philodinea of Ehrenberg correspond.
Genus Catuipina. The beautiful Rotatorial Animalcule.—Charac-
terized by wanting visual organs, and by possessing a proboscis, and
a foot, furnished with processes resembling horns. The vibratile, or
rotatory organ, is double, but not pedicled; anteriorly is a thickly
ciliated proboscis. The furcate foot has two elongated toes, four
little horns or processes, and six points. Two muscles for moving
the foot are also visible. The cesophageal head has two jaws, with
numerous delicate teeth. The filiform alimentary canal has a bladder-
like expansion posteriorly, but is not provided with glands; it is
surrounded by a granular and cellular mass, whose function is un-
known; Ehrenberg thinks it connected with reproduction; an
ovarium, with single large ova, is seen; a little spur-like process,
projecting from the neck, may be a respiratory tube; no indication
of a nervous system is observable.
C. elegans.—Body spindle-shaped, crystalline; rotatory organs, or
wheels, small. Figs. 470 to 472 represent this animalcule in different
states of extension or contraction. Fig. 473 shows the eggs. Found
in bog water and infusions of oak bark. Length 1-72nd.
C. rediviva (Ehr.) — Body fusiform, diffusely granular or else
fleshy ; with red, distinct ova, and strong rotary organs. Length
1-60th to 1-48th. Of ova 1-576th. Berlin, in the sediment of
water-spouts of houses.
Philodinaea.] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 665
Dujardin figures a species of Callidina, which he would name
CaLiipina constricta, on account of the contracted form of its rotary
apparatus. Its jaws present a row of closely set parallel teeth.
Length 1-52nd.
Cartipina bidens (Gosse.)—Body spindle-shaped, jaws furnished
with two distinct teeth. Length 1-45th. Perhaps this is no other than
Professor Ehrenberg’s C. elegans, of which he describes the jaws as
having many delicate teeth. I have, however, examined numerous
specimens, and have always found them distinctly two-toothed.
Genus Hyorras. Zhe Water-turner is African. It is devoid of
eyes, proboscis, and the little horn-like processes at the foot; the two
small rotatory organs, or wheels, are supported on pedicles or arms.
An cesophageal head, and an ovarium, with a large ovum, have
been seen by Ehrenberg. The form is like a naked Pterodina.
H. cornigera.—Body ovate, hyaline ; foot attenuated, resembling a
furcate tail. Fig. 474 represents an animalcule extended. Found
with Oscillatoria, in standing water, from a small spring by Siva, in
the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon. Length 1-190th.
Genus Tyentma. The blind Vibrator, like the last, is African.
Devoid of eyes, proboscis, and horn-like processes at the base of the
foot; but its little wheels are sessile. It resembles a very small
Rotifer, without frontal proboscis or eyes.
T. viridis. — Body oblongo-conical, small: it is represented in
group 475. Found by Drs. Hemprich and Ehrenberg in a pool near
Cairo in Egypt, in such numbers as to colour the water green.
Length 1-720th.
Genus Rorrrer. The proboscised Rotatoria. — Eyes two, placed
upon the frontal proboscis ; foot provided with little horn-like pro-
cesses, and the two toes bisuleate at their apices. A double rotatory
organ (considered by Cuvier, and others, as a respiratory apparatus),
furnished with muscles, is seen in all the species; also longitudinal
and foot muscles in three of them; a furcate foot and horn-lke pro-
cesses in four species; in R. evtrinus, the pincer-like portions of the
foot appear to be tri-pointed ; in R. erythracus, they were seen to be
drawn in. In four species a muscular cesophageal head, with jaws,
each two-toothed, is seen; in three species the alimentary canal is
filiform, with a vesicular expansion at the extremity; it has no
ai
666 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
cesophageal tube, but is surrounded by a cellular glandulose turbid
mass; one species has a conical, tubular, alimentary canal, without
the surrounding mass or expansion at the end; the four European
species have two spherical alimentary glands, and an ovarium, with
a few large ova; occasionally these species are viviparous. In three
of them a contractile vesicle is present. In R. macrurus, near the
alimentary canal, are two glands. In three species from nine to
twelve parallel transverse vessels have been observed by Ehrenberg ;
and besides these, in the four European species, styliform respiratory
tubes, emanating from the neck, which in one species are ciliated
anteriorly. The indications of a nervous system are two red frontal
eyes, in the four European forms; and beneath them, in R. vulgaris,
are two ganglia.
Rorrrer vulgaris (Vorticella Rotatoria, M.)—This creature, which
was discovered by Leeuwenhoek, has a fusiform white body, gradually
attenuated towards the foot; the eyes round. ‘‘ This animalcule was
described and illustrated in the Iheroscopic Cabinet some years ago,
and prior to the appearance of Ehrenberg’s observations. It has the
power of contracting or extending the length of the body in the
following remarkable manner :— When the creature is about to
shorten itself, transverse folds or joints are observable, which do not
appear to be confined in number or situation ; the integuments, when
a joint is produced, are drawn within the parts above, and slide out
like the tubes of a telescope, when the joints disappear. It is this
power that enables it to assume the form of a sphere, the head and
tail being drawn within the body.” Anteriorly it has a proboscis-
like process, with a ciliated extremity, and a soft hook; near its end
are two dark red points. The body terminates in a moderately-long
tail-like foot, having six processes, disposed in pairs ; two wreaths of
cilia (the wheels), voluntarily moveable, are placed upon short thick
arms (pedicled), which can be drawn in and out at pleasure; these
wreaths serve for swimming and purveying, the food approaching the
mouth by the currents produced in the water by the cilia. On the
dorsal surface is a styliform horn (Speculum collare, M.) destitute of
cilia at its end. During vibration the neck has a circular fold, ap-
pearing like lateral styles. Four longitudinal muscles, two anterior
and two posterior, are seen; laterally, also, two club-shaped, for
Philodinaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 667
moving the foot, and two belonging to the rotary organ. Sometimes,
says Dr. Ehrenberg, four anterior longitudinal muscles, and a
dorsal and ventral muscle appear tobe present. It has two kinds of
locomotion, one by alternately attaching the mouth and foot, and, as
it were, stepping along; the other by swimming, from the action of
the rotatory apparatus. If the creature attaches itself by the foot,
and the rotatory apparatus is in motion, a strong current or vortex is
produced on each side the wheels, resembling two spirals in the
water, which bring the nutritive particles to the mouth, from which
some are chosen, and the rest flow away. For observing this action
with effect, finely divided carmine or indigo must be mixed in the
water. The nutritive apparatus commences with a ciliated mouth,
opening anteriorly, just beneath the hook-like proboscis ; the cavity
of the mouth is a long extensible tube, having posteriorly an ceso-
phageal head, with four muscles, and two striated jaws with double
teeth (zygogomplia). The cesophagus communicates with a filiform
alimentary canal, which runs along the body, and has posteriorly an
oval expansion near its opening, at the basis of the tail-like foot. A
thick glandular cellulose mass, often yellowish or greenish, surrounds
the alimentary canal; its use is unknown; Dr. Ebrenberg thinks it
may be a ccecal appendage, or sexual glands; anteriorly are two
biliary glands. The propagative system is very interesting; the
ovarium is a globose glandular mass ; in it four or five ova sometimes
so completely develope themselves, that the young creep out of their
envelopes, extend themselves, and put their wheels in motion while
in it. They sometimes occupy two-thirds the length of the parent.
In the ovum the young are coiled up in a spiral manner. A con-
tractile vesicle exists, along with a vascular system, indicated by eleven
or twelve parallel transverse vessels, and the respiratory tube at the
neck. The latter was formerly considered a sexual organ. The two
red frontal eyes, with ganglion beneath them, are evidences of a
nervous system. These eyes are cells, filled with a granular pig-
ment, and sometimes separate abnormally into several; so that
Dr. Ehrenberg thinks no crystalline lens exists, but, it may be, they
are compound, like the eyes of insects, to determine which will re-
quire a microscope possessing enormous penetrating power ; a quality
discovered by Dr. Goring, and amply explained and illustrated in
DUNS. We
668 DESCRIPTION OF [| Rotatoria.
chapters xvi. and xvii. of the Mieroscopic Cabinet. Fig. 476 repre-
sents a full-grown animalcule extended, with the wheels vibrating,
and the currents visible when indigo is put in the water; it is sup-
posed to be attached to a fixed body. Fig. 477 is an under view of
the same, with the wheels withdrawn, and the body contracted;
tig. 478 is another, extended, but wheels withdrawn, which has,
with figs. 479 and 480, which represent the upper portions more highly
magnified, been submitted to different degrees of pressure between
the plates of a compressor. In figures 476 to 478 ova are seen,
some are developed, and their eyes and esophageal bulb visible.
The respiratory transverse vessels and tube, projecting from the neck,
are seen in the engravings.
The following interesting observations of Dr. Morren, are extracted
from the Annals of Natural History, vol. vi. :—
“‘The labours of the Reeper show that the cells of Sphagnum are
sometimes furnished with openings, which place their interior cavity
in communication with the air, or water, in which they are immersed.
This skilful observer satisfied himself that, when circumstances are
favourable, the Rotifer vulgaris exists in the cells of the Sphagnum
obtusifolium. This grew in the air, in the middle of a turf pit, but
Reeper observed its leaves in water; he does not mention whether
the infusorial animaleule came from thence, or whether it was pre-
viously contained in the cavities of the cells. The general purport
of the paper seems to imply that these Rotifers exist in the cells of
that portion of the plant which was exposed to the air, and, in this
case, the presence of an animal so complicated, living as a parasite
in the cells of an aérial utricular tissue, is a phenomenon of the
most curious kind in the physiology of plants, and the more so as
this animal is an aquatic one.
“‘T recollected that the last year of my residence in Flanders, I
found, near Ghent, the Vaucheria clavata, in which I observed some-
thing similar. M. Unger had already published the following details
respecting this plant in 1828 :—‘ Beneath the emptied tubercles, and
at several points of the principal stalk, at different angles, rather
narrower branches are produced; these branches are generally very
long, and greatly exceed the principal stalk in length. At the end
of ten or twelve days after their development, there are scen, towards
Philodinaea.]} INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 669
one or the other of their extremities, here and there, at different
distances from the summit, protuberances of a clavate form, more or
less regular, straight, or slightly bent back; and others on the sides
of the stalk, which have the form of a capsule, or vesicle. These
vesicles are, at first, of a uniform bright green colour, and without
increase of size, which exceeds several times that of the branches ;
they always become of a blackish-green colour, darker towards the
base, and then one or two globules, of a reddish-brown, may be
clearly distinguished there, often surrounded by smaller granules,
evidently destitute of motion, whilst the great ones move spontane-
ously and slowly, here and there, in the interior of the capsule, by
unequal contractions and dilatations, whence arise remarkable changes
of form. I saw these globules at the end of eight or ten days after
their appearance, still inclosed in the capsule, moving more and
more slowly, receiving no very decided increase, whilst the base of
the capsule became more transparent ; at last I observed that, instead
of their expulsion, which I was watching for, the extremity of the
capsule, at the end of some days, took an angular form, and sub-
sequently gave birth to two expansions, in the form of horns; it
remained in this state, and became more and more pale, whilst the
animaleule became darker, and died, and afterwards it ended by
perishing at the same time as the other parts of the conferva.’
“‘Subsequent researches have not succeeded in informing us what
this animal might be of which Unger spoke. As this author drew
so much attention to the spontaneous movement of the propagula
spores of the Vaucheria, and as he admitted the passage from vege-
table life, characterized, according to him,by immobility, to animal life,
the principal criterion of which was motion, his animalcule was con-
founded with the propagula; and no one, so far as I know, has
returned to this very interesting subject.
‘‘ When, therefore, I found the Vaucheria clavata at Everghem, I
was as much surprised as pleased to see the mobile body, noticed by
Unger, better than he did: with the aid of a higher magnifying
power, I found it easy to ascertain the true nature of the animal, for
it was not a propagulum, but a real animal, the Rotifer vulgaris, with
its cilia, wheels, tail, &c,
« The first protuberances, or vesicles, which I saw, containing this
670 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
animal, inclosed but one of them; afterwards they laid eggs, and
multiplied ; but it seems that then they descend the tubes of the
Vaucheria, and lodge themselves in new protuberances, whose deve-
lopment they may possibly stimulate, as galls and oak-apple s are
organic transformations, attributable to the influence of parasitic beings.
“The Rotifer vulgaris travels quite at his ease in these protube-
rances; he traverses the partitions, displaces the chromule, and
pushes it to the two extremities of the vesicle, so that this appears
darker at these parts. One day I opened a protuberance gently ;
I waited to see the Rotifer spring out, and enjoy the liberty so dear
to all creatures, even to infusorial animals, but no—he preferred
to bury himself in his prison, descending into the tubes of the plant,
and to nestle himself in the middle of a mass of green matter,
rather than swim about freely in the neighbourhood of his dwelling.
“Some of these protuberances had greenish threads, appended
to their free end, and others had none; I thought at first that these
threads were some mucus from within, escaped through some opening
which might have served the Rotifer as an entrance, but an attentive
and lengthened observation convinced me that in this there was no
solution of continuity, and that the arrival of the Rotifers in the
Vaucheria was not at all to be explained in this way. How are these
parasitic animalcules generated within them? This is what further
research has some day to show. Meanwhile I have thought that
it should be made known that the animalcule, found in the Vaua-
cherie, by Unger, was the Rotifer vulgaris of Zoologists.”
Found both in fresh and sea-water, in infusions, on the flocculent
matters of water plants, &e Length 1-50th to 1-24th.
Rotreer (?) citrinus.—Body fusiform, lower part gradually attenuated
into a foot; its horn-like processes elongated, eyes round, respiratory
tube toothed. The extremities are transparent, the middle of the
body of a citron colour; it often exhibits longitudinal folds, and is
then less transparent. Found amongst Oscillatoria.. Length 1-24th.
R. (?) erythracus.—Body small, oblong, suddenly attenuated into a
long foot. Length 1-240th.
t. macrurus (Vorticella macrura, M.)—Body transparent, ovato-
oblong, suddenly attenuated into a long foot; this is distinguished
from Actinurus by its small toes, horn-like processes, and suddenly-
Philodinaea.] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 671
attenuated body. The style, or respiratory tube, is ciliated in a star-
like manner. The wheels are prominent, and it is altogether a choice
subject for the microscope. Found in boggy water. Length 1-350th.
Rortrer tardus—Body hyaline, fusiform, gradually attenuated to
a foot, and having deep strictures in the form of square false articu-
lations or joints; eyes oblong. It resembles internally R. vulgaris.
Length 1-80th.
Of the several species of Rotifer, and of the following one of Acéi-
nurus, described by Ehrenberg, M. Dujardin confesses his inability
to discover the specific differences, although he admits the differences
of habitat, and of resistance to the process of dessication. He how-
ever believes he has discovered a Rotifer certainly specifically distinct
from any variety of Rotifer vulgaris ; this he would designate
Its form is less slender than R. vulgaris, its
Rotrrer inflatus.
rotatory organs of less size, and its red specks seated very near the
jaws. Length 1-58th. Found in water or wet moss.
Of this species he infers that Ehrenberg has constructed at least
four others, according to the rose or yellow colour it presents, the
form of the eyes, and the length of the caudal appendages, which
are, to wit, Philodina eryophalma, P. roseola, P. citrina, P. macrostyla.
At the same time he would regard P. collaris, P. megalotrocha, and P.
aculeata, as distinct forms of Rotifera.
R. macroceros (Gosse.)—Wheels large ; antennal process (the res-
piratory tube) of Ehrenberg, very long and mobile. (1-100th.)
Genus Actinurus.—The three- toed Rotatoria.—Eyes two, frontal;
foot furnished with two little horn-like processes, and three toes. In
other respects the organization resembles Rotifer vulgaris.
A. Neptunius (Vorticella Rotatoria, M.) — Body white, fusiform,
gradually attenuated into a long foot, having three equal toes exceeding
the horn-like processes in length. The chewing action of the jaws in
the cesophageal head is often distinctly seen. Fig. 481 represents this
animalecule extended, with the wheels withdrawn, which is the case
when crawling; the respirator tube is then seen, terminated by a single
delicate hair-like point; fig. 482 shews one contracted, but the head
partially withdrawn; fig. 484 represents the upper part, when the
wheels are extended and in action; fig. 483 the cesophagus and jaws,
separated and extended under pressure. Length 1-36th to 1-18th.
f
672 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
Genus Monotanis.—These Philodinean Rotatoria have two frontal
red eyes, and a foot with two toes, but no horn-like processes. They
are provided with muscles for moving the double rotatory apparatus,
two for moving the foot, and four belong to the cesophageal head
and jaws, which last are furnished with double teeth, or teeth in
rows. A very short cesophageal tube, and a simple conical alimen-
tary canal, are seen in both species, one of them has two spherical
biliary glands; an ovarium is seen in both, but in neither have fully-
developed ova or male organs been observed. In one species, a
respiratory tube is present.
M. conica.—Body stout, provided with a respiratory tube, or spur,
and three teeth in each jaw. Between the rotatory organs the brow
can project and resemble a proboscis. Figures 485, 486, represent
different views from the under side. Length 1-120th.
M. gracilis—Has a move slender body than the last, and two teeth
in each jaw, but no respiratory tube or spur. Length about 1-200th.
Genus Puitopina.— The necked Rotatoria have two cervical eyes,
and horn-like processes to the foot. All the species possess two
vibratile or wheel organs upon the breast, and five of them have a
frontal ciliated proboscis. Longitudinal muscles are distinct in one
species, and two for moving the foot in six. The cesophageal head
has four muscles; its jaws are two-toothed in four species, three-
toothed in two species; but in one species the cesophageal head
has not been satisfactorily seen. The alimentary canal is filiform,
with a posterior enlargement in six species; in one it appears to have
pouches or pockets. The glandular or cellular mass surrounding the
liform part of the canal sometimes becomes distinctly coloured when
the creature eats coloured food, and therefore seems connected with
the nutritive system, and is probably a convolution of coecal appen-
dages. Biliary glands are found in six species. The ovarium deve-
lopes eggs, but very seldom living young, hence they are only
occasionally viviparous; three species possess a contractile vesicle ;
one, sexual glands, A respiratory tube at the neck is always present,
in some cases it is ciliated. Transverse vessels are seen only in P,
erythropthalma., Eyes are found in all the species, and nervous gang-
lia connected with them in P. erythropthaima; sometimes the eyes
are very pale, hence a single specimen may be mistaken for Calldina.
Philodinea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 673
Purtopina erythropthalma.—White and smooth, eyes round, horn-
like processes of the foot short, jaws two-toothed. This species is
common, and found abundantly during the spring and summer in water
tubs and amongst Conferva. In glass vessels it increases rapidly, and if
supplied occasionally with two or three stems of hay, the breed may
be preserved for years. It is often met with in vegetable infusions of
different kinds; in these, however, it never originates, but only
increases in number. Length 1-120th to 1-48th.
P. roseola.—Body smooth, eyes oval, horn-like processes of the
foot short. ‘ Ihave observed,” says Ehrenberg, ‘‘ that this animal-
cule, when kept in glasses, deposits its eggs in heaps, and the parent
remains a long time with the young ones produced from them,
forming a sort of family or colony, and which we are not to be hin-
dered from ascribing to a sense of company or family, though the
pride of man may laugh at it.” Fig. 490 represents one with the
wheels extended. Length 1-72nd to 1-48th.
P. collaris.—Is hyaline, or white, body smooth, eyes round, a pro-
minent annulus or collar surrounds the neck. It is especially
characterized by the extent of the alimentary canal, and coecal
appendages attached to it, so that, when the animalcule is fed upon
indigo, it appears like a polygastric animalcule. Length 1-120th.
P. macrostyla.—W hite and smooth, with oblong eyes; it has three
teeth in each jaw; horn-like processes of the base of the foot, long.
Found amongst Osciilatoria. Length 1-70th.
P. citrina.—Body smooth, citron-coloured in the middle, extremi-
tics white, eyes variable in form, horn-like processes slightly elongated.
Found amongst Oscillatoria. Length 1-70th.
P. aculeata.—Body white, provided with soft spines, eyes round.
The respiratory tube is thickened anteriorly in a globose manner, the
jaws have each three teeth. Figs. 487, 488, represent this animalcule ;
and fig. 489, the jaws and teeth separate. Length 1-70th.
P. megalotrocha.—White, body smooth and short, wheels large ;
the proboscis between them long, eyes oval, and the jaws two-toothed.
Length 1-216th to 1-108th.
P. dirsuia.—Of a pale yellow colour, and covered by a short down ;
eyes oblong; foot prolonged by dorsal spines, viviparous. Length
1-72nd; of egg, 1-480th. Berlin.
674 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
Famity.—BRACHIONAEA.
The concluding family of the Rotatoria, Brachionaea, is dis-
tinguished by its members having two rotatory organs, and a lorica.
The lorica is a festula, and not a scutellum. The rotatory
apparatus is often apparently composed of five parts, three central
and two lateral. The latter alone constitute the rotatory organs, the
others are only ciliated frontal portions, which during the vibration
of the rotatory organs, remain stiffly extended as feelers. Some
(perhaps all) have two setee at the rotatory apparatus, asin Synchaeta.
The genera Woteus and Brachionus have a forked foot, Anuraea is
destitute of foot, and Pterodina has a suctorial disc at the end of the
foot, but no toes. All the genera have jaws, with teeth attached to
an oesophageal head, having four muscles. In Pterodina the jaws
are partly two-toothed and the teeth in a line (zygogomphia locho-
gomplhia), in the other genera they are many-toothed (polygomphia. )
In Noteus and Pterodina, the alimentary canal is constricted, forming
stomachs (gasterodela) ; in the rest it is partly simple (coelogastrica),
partly with stomachs. Biliary glands have been observed in all the
genera, as also an ovarium, male glands, and contractile vesicle.
Many species of Anuraea, Brachionus, and Noteus, carry their eggs
attached to them, after expulsion. In all the genera, except Pterodina,
internal tremulous gill-like organs, attached to the glands, have been
observed ; respiratory tubes exist in some species of the genera
Anuraea, Brachicnus, and Noteus. A nervous system is indicated by
the presence of red visual points in all, except Voteus, which,
however, possesses a cerebral ganglion,
Some of the Lrachionaea may become so numerous, as to render
the water milky and turbid.
The genera are disposed as follow :—
Eyes absent, with avfurcate footer, cveccc.sseren<spes sbucretevsycverssn eaves sesscrn in stecann eee Noteus.
( (i) MOMOOtt.cc..ccscne see tccsaccaeet seen Anuraea.
one (cervical) eye
Eyes present \itfootiircate ect ives ces- eremes nena Brachionus.
(. ‘two frontal eyes; foot styliformy) iic.sscsrecsiuvesceedersdowssstwieyents Pterodina,
Brachionaca. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 675
Genus Norevs. Zhe egg-carrying Brachionaea are destitute of
visual organs, but provided with a furcate foot (Brachiont wanting
eyes.) The two-wheeled vibratory organ has between its portions
a three-lobed ciliated brow, but has no long feeler bristles; it
possesses (as also the furcate foot), distinct muscles. The lorica has
spines both anteriorly and posteriorly; an cesophageal head, with
jaws, having many teeth (polygomphia), a constricted alimentary
canal or stomach (gasterodela), with two large glands; an ovarium,
two sexual glands, and a contractile vesicle, are to be recognized.
There is also a trace of tremulous gills, a short and thick respiratory
tube, and a large central ganglion, lying between the muscles of the
vibratory organs. The absence of eyes Dujardin considers in-
sufficient to constitute this genus, apart from Brachionus.
N. quadricornis—Lorica sub-orbicular, depressed, rough (scabrous),
and urceolated; it has anteriorly four horns, posteriorly two spines.
This animalcule is large, very transparent, and of a whitish colour.
Figs. 491 to 493 represent dorsal, ventral, and side views; and fig.
494 the jaws separate, and under pressure. Found amongst decayed
sedge-leaves and Oscillatoria. Length 1-120th to 1-72nd.
Genus Anurars.—Includes Brachionea having a single cervical
eye, but no foot (Brachiont without feet.) In seven species the lorica
has facettes upon the back, in four longitudinal lines: in three it is
smooth ; in thirteen species it is spinous anteriorly ; and in seven
posterierly also, A. dvremis has a moveable spine on each side: one
species is found as an empty shell only; in the rest rotatory organs,
with their cilia, as often also their muscles, are seen; but no longi-
tudinal muscles have been observed in any of the species. Jaws
and teeth are seen in nine species. Alimentary canal constricted
(gasterodela) in four ; simple and conical (coelogastrica) in nine. They
have two biliary glands at the commencement of the alimentary
canal ; an ovarium is scen in twelve species, but sexual glands and a
contractile vesicle only in one of the larger and smooth species, in
which also four tremulous gill-like organs are found. In three species
respiratory tubes emanate from the neck. The eye, which is always
present, indicates the existence of a nervous system. In A. sguamula,
A. curvicornis, A. biremis, A. striata, and A. foliacea, nervous matter
is seen below it. Eight species have their eggs attached to them
676 DESCRIPTION OF | Rotatoria.
after they are expelled. They swim freely, though not very
quickly.
This genus has the name of Anourella, given it by Bory St.
Vincent, retained by Dujardin.
(a.)—Species posterrorly devoid of spines and pediele.
Anuraza (?) guadridentata. — Lorica oblong, with four horns
anteriorly, its posterior end obtuse, back tesselated. Length 1-216th,
without the horns.
A. squamula (Brachionus squamula, M.)—Smooth, obtusely square,
with six horns in front, obtuse behind. Figs. 495 to 497 represent
different views of this animalcule, the two latter with an egg
attached. Length 1-240th.
A. falcata.—Oblong, has six spines anteriorly, the two central
ones curved outwards, like sickles. Surface of the lorica not ridged,
but rough, posterior extremity obtuse. Length 1-144th.
A. curvicornis.—Nearly square, with six frontal horns, the two
middle ones larger, and curved outwards and downwards. Dorsal
surface tesselated; its large red round eye is seated upon a large
Nervous ganglion ; the cesophageal head has three-toothed jaws.
This animalcule also carries the eggs attached. Length 1-216th.
A. biremis.—Linear and elongated, with four horns anteriorly ;
back very smooth, and having two lateral spines, like oars. The
esophageal head has three-toothed jaws. Found in phosphorescent
sea water. Length 1-144th.
A. striata (Brachionus striata, M.)—Linear and elongated, with
six horns in front, the back with twelve longitudinal flutings or rays,
and obtuse at the end. This species is very changeable im form,
owing to the membranous lorica yielding to the contraction of the
body, hence it is sometimes long, at others short, sometimes urn-
shaped, bell-shaped, and even almost disc-shaped ; the first, however,
seems to be the normal form. Found in fresh and salt water. Length
1-130th.
(b.)—Spinous, or attenuated in pedicle-like manner posteriorly
A. inermis.—Lorica oblong, attenuated and truncated posteriorly ;
no spines anteriorly ; back furnished with faint longitudinal rays.
Found in peat water. Length when extended, 1-144th.
A. acuminata.—Lorica oblong, attenuated and truncated at the
Brachionaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 677
posterior extremity, having anteriorly six sharp-pointed horns or
spines, twelve longitudinal rays on the back. Found amongst
Conferva. Length about 1-120th.
Ayvrakza foliacea.—Lorica oblong, six spines anteriorly, posteriorly
terminating in a spinous manner, like a pedicle, dorsal and ventral
surfaces longitudinally striated, frontal region rough. It has four-
toothed jaws, and a central ganglion below the eye. Length
1-180th.
A. stipitata (Brachionus.)—Lorica nearly square, or triangular,
anteriorly six spines; posterior pointed like a pedicle, the back tesse-
lated. Fig 498 represents a dorsal view, with the wheels extended.
Length about 1-200th.
A. testudo.—Lorica square, having anteriorly six straight spines,
all nearly the same length, and posteriorly a short one at each corner,
The upper and under surfaces are rough, the former tessclated like
Noteus. Length about 1-200th.
A. serrulata.—Lorica ovate, square, with six unequal spines an-
teriorly, the two middle ones long and curved; it has two short
spines at the posterior angles, which are sometimes scarcely appa-
rent. The surfaces are rough, and the dorsal also tesselated, like
the preceding species. Independently of the two wheels, the brow
has three cylindrical ciliated processes, truncate at their extremities.
Length 1-216th.
A. aculeata (Brachionus quadratus, M.)—Worica square, with six
spines anteriorly, the two middle longest ; at the posterior angles are
two long and equal spines; back rough and tesselated, under side
smooth. At the brow, between the two wheels, isa single ciliated
frontal process; a little respiratory tube is situated in front of the
eye. Length 1-144th; including the spines, 1-96th.
A. valga.—Lorica nearly square, with six spines anteriorly, the
two middle ones the longest: at the two posterior angles is a spine
of unequal length; dorsal and ventral surfaces rough, the former
tesselated. The jaws are five-toothed, the red eye oval, its longer
axis transverse. Length, without the spines, 1-210th.
The following species are given by Mr. Gosse (Annals Nat. Hist.,
yol. 8, 1851.)
A. fissa (Gosse.)—Lorica smooth, hyaline, swollen at the sides
678 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria-
and at the back; flattish on the belly, truncate in front, without any
spines, attenuated and truncate posteriorly. There is a deep fold
running down each side, or else the ventral plate is distinct from the
dorsal; the ventral is also cleft through its medial line; eye very
large, pale. Length 1-220th.
Anvrata tecta nearly agrees in form with A. eurvicornis, but the
posterior extremity is rather more pointed, and the tesselations are
different; being larger and arranged on each side of a menial dorsal
ridge, which gives to the back the form of a vaulted roof. Length
1-200th.
A. brevispina nearly agrees with A. aculeata, but the posterior
spines are very short; the frontal spines are much less curved
forwards; the surface is not punctated ; and it is colourless. Length
1-146th.
A. cochlearis, — Lorica spoon-shaped, with six spines in front;
the medial pair curving strongly forwards; posterior extremity
attenuated into a long slender spine, inclined forwards ; back ridged
and tesselated, as in A. tecta.
Genus Bracutonus.—Brachionaca which have a single cervical eye
and a furcate foot. In all the species the lorica is a closed shell,
with two openings like a tortoise-shell (testula), the margin of the
anterior opening dentate, as is also, sometimes, that of the posterior.
In B. Bakeri and B. militaris, the lorica isrough, and in the former
tesselated ; in all the other species it is smooth ; the animaleule can
completely withdraw itself within its lorica. The locomotive organs
consist of a double rotatory apparatus, and a wrinkled and very
flexible furcate foot. Between the rotatory organs are from one to
three frontal processes, which are provided with long cilia or feeler-
like hairs; between these processes, in six species, are from two to
four long styles or bristles. The rotatory organs, when not com-
pletely extended, sometimes appear as if two or three-lobed. In
all the species, from two to eight internal muscles, for moving the
vibratory organs, are observed; also two foot muscles; and in six
species from two to eight internal longitudinal ones. The digestive
system comprises a large muscular cesophageal head, with two many-
toothed jaws, (mostly five, but in B. polyacanthus four-toothed) ; a
short cesophagus, and a constricted alimentary canal (gasterodela) ;
Brachionaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 679
except in B. mlitarts, where it is simple and conical (coclogastrica) ;
and two biliary glands, variously modified in form, present in all.
Seven species exhibit glands, a contractile vesicle, and an ovarium ;
in the others, their roughness precludes those organs being satis-
factorily perceived. No species is viviparous. All of them carry
their eggs attached, often as many as eight or ten at a time. B. pala
allows the eggs of another creature to be attached to its back, which
it carries about until the young creep out. Traces of a vascular
system are indicated in all by the presence of a respiratory tube in the
neck; in B. pala are transverse vessels, and in four species from six
to eight tremulous gill-like organs are attached to the sexual glands
Of the nervous system, the chief ganglion, that beneath the red eye,
is distinct in all. In four, the pigment of the eye is inclosed in a
sharply four-cornered cell (as in Cyclops), of apparently two cells
connected together laterally. In the cell the pigment is variously
distributed, so that, in a physiological sense, there is no lens or
cornea. In B. pala, B. urceolaris, and B. rubens, sometimes increase
in such quantities as torender the water milky and turbid. Several
species are infested with Vorticella, Epistylis, and other parasites,
which attach themselves to their shells.
Bracuionvs pala.—Lorica smooth, with four spines in front, and
two obtuse ones near the opening for the foot. This creature swims in
a perpendicular position, the brow being directed upwards. Each
jaw has five teeth ; the alimentary canal, being constricted, forms a
- stomach. Length 1-36th; lorica only 1-48th.
B. amphiceros.—Has a smooth lorica, with four spines, both in
front, and posteriorly ; four sharp posterior teeth are characteristic.
Length 1-72nd.
B. ureeolaris (Brachionus urceolaris, M.)—Whitish, lorica smooth,
with’ six very short spines in front, posterior extremity rounded ;
lorica slightly granulated; its points are shorter and less sharp
than in the following species; delicate longitudinal ridges proceed
from the spines ; the jaws have each five teeth. Both sexual glands
and contractile vesicle, as well as an ovarium, are seen. Found in
fresh and brackish water. Length 1-96th to 1-72nd.
B. rubens (Lrachionus urceolaris, M.)\—Lorica smooth, with six
680 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria.
sharp spines in front, posteriorly rounded; the body is red. Length
1-50th.
Bracutonus Millert. Miller’s Brachionus.—Lorica smooth, with six
obtuse spines in front, two short ones behind, resembling papilla. This
species is somewhat larger than B. wrceolaris, and has peculiarly-
shaped frontal spines. The margin of the chin (brow) is smoothly
truncate, with three faint indentations. The loricais very transparent.
Length 1-60th.
B. brevispinus.—Lorica smooth, having six acute unequal spines
in front, and four stout spines posteriorly, the two inner ones short ;
two sexual glands and a contractile vesicle are present. Found in
slow running clear water, with Conferva, Length 1-65th.
B. Bakeri (M.)—~Lorica rough, its middle tessclated on the dorsal
surface ; six unequal acute teeth anteriorly, two elongated (lateral
and dorsal) spines posteriorly, and short ones at the sheath of the
foot. The lorica is covered with delicate granules; those upon the
middle of the ventral surface are arranged in parallel but somewhat
curved lines. Length 1-120th to 1-60th.
The following interesting observations as to the development of
this species, have been communicated to me by a friend, an accurate
and diligent observer of nature. ‘‘ About two o’clock, B. Bakeri was
observed with one egg placed externally between the two posterior
spincs of the shell, and another small egg in the left side of the
animal, which inereased much in size in the course of the day. At
nine in the evening, a motion was perceived in the exterior egg, like
that of the muscular cesophagus of the parent; and about this time
the internal egg was protruded and placed by the side of the other,
being longer than it. At eleven, the young LBrachionus burst with a
bound from the egg in which the motion was perceived, and affixed
itself by its tail to the lunette. At first it had the appearance of an
oblong ball; by degrees, the anterior part spread, and the wheel pro-
cesses were developed. Soon after, the posterior shell processes were
visible in a semilunar shape, with the points nearly touching each
other, which gradually expanded. The shell of the egg remained
attached to the parent in the same position, quite transparent, with a
longitudinal split through the whole length.” (Brighktwell, op. cit.)
Brachionava.] INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. osi
Bracutonvs polyacanthus (M.)—Loricasmooth, having anteriorly four
long dorsal teeth or spines, six short ones at the margin of the chin.
(ventral), and, posteriorly, five dorsal spines, the two external or
lateral ones very long. Figures 499 to 501 represent dorsal, side,
and under views of this animal; the first having the whecls
extended, and the side view showing the respiratory tube and an
ovum attached. (Length, without spines, 1-110th.)
B. militaris—Lorica rough (scabrous), with twelve long and
nearly equal spines anteriorly, and four posteriorly; the two middle
ones unequal, and shorter than those of the preceding specics.
Length, without spines, 1-120th,
B. @on (Gosse.)—Lorica ovate, the back swelling with an uniform
eurve, by which it is distinguished from B. pala, which is truncate
or slightly cavate posteriorly ; anterior spines four, straight, wide at
the base, and pointed; the occipital pair taller than the lateral.
Lorica 1-125th.
B. dorcas.—tLorica ovate, or sub-coni¢al occipital edge, with four
long slender spines, the middle pair curving forwards, and bent first
from, and then towards each other, like the horns of an antelope ;
mental edge undulated, with a notch in the centre. Lorica 1-60th.
B. heptatomus.—Lorica ovate, recipital edge cut into six saw-like
teeth, much shallower than in B. Miller’, with the central notch
deeper and rounder than the rest; mental edge with four rounded
lobes, separated by notches; posterior extremity with two nipple-like
points, biliary (or pancreatic) glands very large, and cleft into two
lobes almost to their base; hence the name (heptatemus—seven
cleft.) Lorica 1-103rd. In sea-water, mouth of the Neeze, Essex.
B. angularis.—Lorica hexagonal-oval, in a dorsal aspect; occipital
edge with two small teeth, divided by a rounded notch (in some
specimens there are obsolescent traces of a lateral pair); mental edge
slightly undulated, sometimes with two low points, divided by a notch
like the occiput, but still more faintly ; posterior extremity with two
short, blunt, well-marked processes. The general surface is roughened
with angular ridges, and is sometimes sub-opaque and brown:
Torica 1-200th. This curious species has relations with Noteus and
with Pterodina. ;
Genns Preropina. The winged Rotatoria include Brachionaea,
XY
682 DESCRIPTION OF [ Rotatoria,
which havetwo frontal eyes, and a simple styliform foot. All thespecies
have, a smooth, flat, and soft lorica, like a tortoise-shell (testula) ;
curved at the margin. A double rotatory apparatus, a simple conical
foot, having a suction disc at the end, and sometimes cilia, are common
to all. BP. eliptica alone has a hairy frontal process between the
wheels. Transverse or longitudinal muscles exist in all the species.
The four-muscled esophageal head has jaws, with teeth in rows in
two species (Jocogomphia), and double-toothed (sygogomphia) in P.
elliptica ; the alimentary canal is constricted (gasterodela), and pos-
sesses, anteriorly, two glands; an ovarium is also seen in all the
species. Sexual glands and a contractile vesicle are present in
P. patina. No evidences of a vascular system have been discovered,
and two red frontal points (probably eyes) are the only indications of
a system of sensation.
Preropina patina (Brachionus patina, M.)—Lorica membranous, or-
bicular, and crystalline, slightly scabrous near the broad margin, and
excised anteriorly between the wheels. This species is very delicate
and transparent. Fig. 502 represents a side view, and figs. 503 and
504 under views; the latter having the wheels extended, the former
haying them withdrawn, and the anterior margin bent in, so that the
eyes appear near the middle of the lorica. Found in summer, among
Lemna and Ceratophyllum. Length about 1-120th.
P. elliptica.—Lorica membranous, elliptical, with a narrow, smooth
margin, front entire (not excised). The two wheels united by a
brow furnished with sete. Eyes distant. Found amongst Conferva.
Length 1-120th to 1-108th.
P. clypeata (Brachionus clypeatus, M.)—Lorica membranous, oblong,
narrow, smooth at the margin; there is a frontal portion, or brow,
connecting the two wheels, but no sete. The eyes approximate.
Fig. 505 a dorsal view, with the wheels extended. Found in sea-
water. Length 1-120th; the shell, 1-144th.
The next genus, Pompholyx, instituted by Mr. Gosse, is considered
by him a member of this family Brachionea.
Genus Pompnotyx. (Gosse.) (Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, 1851.)—
Two frontal eyes; foot wanting; rotatory organ double in the rear,
entire in front; eggs attached behind after deposition. The
Brachionaea. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 683
name alludes to the resemblance of the lorica to a round flat smel-
ling-bottle.
Pomenotyx complanata.—Lorica much depressed, nearly circular,
with the lateral edges ronnded; anteriorly truncate; occipital edge
gradually rising to a central blunt point; mental ridge with two roun-
ded lobes, divided by a central notch. Lorica 1-300th.
Of the ensuing genera, established by Ehrenberg, we have only
met with the description of species; of one, indeed, with only a
sketch of its relations.
Genus Laretxa, (Ehr.)—The following species of this new genus,
the characters of which we have not met with, is named by
Ehrenberg,—
L. Piscis.—Body with equal set, and three long fine hairs placed
on each side the mouth, with two frontal eyes. Length 1-190th to
1-280th. Berlin.
Werneck has also seen this species.
Genus Trrrasrpron, (Ehr.)—We have not met with the detail of
the generic characters; but they may be gathered from the descrip-
tion of the following species :—
T. Hydrocora.—Very large, hyaline, with two prominent tubular
occipital organs, and other two near the termination of the back ,
pancreatic glands, four, globose; jaws bidentate, with the oblique
rotatory organ of Pleurotrocha. Foot with slender, long, and acute
toes; eye occipital. Length 1-36th and upwards. Berlin.
Genus Drroprna, characters unknown.
D. artiscon (Ehr.) (Mentioned in Reports of Zoology, Ray
Society.) Approaches WVotommata, but differs by a particular’con-
striction of its tarsal nippers (toes). Found by Ehrenberg, at
Wismar, on the Baltic.
684 DESCRIPTION OF | Tardigrada.
Crass III.—TARDIGRADA.
4 \
Uy i \ Ww
| i AIR a \
Wild NEN
AX Al Sy
LS
Gin
TARDIGRADA, OR LITTLE WATER BEARS.
Figure 1.— Hmydium, magnified 130 diameters. Figure 2.—
Head of the same, magnified 300 times. Figures 3, 4. — Zardigrada
magnified 160 times. Figure 5.— Head of same, magnified 300
times. Figure 6.— Mouth apparatus of MZuacrobiotus, greatly
magnified.
The creatures named above, are introduced here as a class, inasmuch
as they cannot be included with the Rotatoria. Some remarks on
their organization will be found in Part I. of this work; and here
I shall introduce further particulars, chiefly from my work of 1834,
page 182, and from that of Dujardin’s (ist. des Infusoiresp.661.) They
have oblong bodies, contracting into a ball ; furnished with four pairs of
short feet or mammilliform processes, each terminated by simple or
double hooked claws; mouth very narrow, syphon-shaped ; with an
internal maxillary apparatus composed of two lateral moveable pieces,
and of a strong muscular cesophageal bulb, furnished with horn-
like dental articulated processes
Tardigrada. | INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. 685
The Zurdigrada on the one side stand between the Rotatoria
(Systolides Duj.) and the Helminthides; and on the other, the
Annelida and Arachnida.
These creatures are usually found attached to aquatic plants, which
float upon still water. I first obtained them from ponds in the
Regent’s Park. By placing some water with the plants in a common
white hand-basin, and shaking the vegetation, they are detached, and
fall to the bottom of the basin, from whence they are readily taken
They are generally met with, in company with the larger kinds of
Rotatoria, in moss. They are very sluggish in their movements, and
are commonly known under the name of ‘little waterbears.” Under
the polarizing microscope, the manducatory apparatus exhibits the
same appearance as horn. They are capable of resuscitation after
being dried. They vary in length from the 1-20th to 1-50th of an inch,
M. Doyére, in an elaborate Memoir in the Annales des Sciences,
has divided the Tardigrada into four genera :—
Genus Emyprum.—Body oval, anterior part narrow, and ter-
minating in a pointed mouth, near to which, on each side, are flesh-
like papilla. Feet armed with four distinct claws; colour reddish,
Found among moss (Bryum). Figures 1 and 2.
Genus Macrosiorus.—Body more cylindrical ; obtuse anteriorly ;
no sete; each foot furnished with two claws. Found with the pre-
ceding; also in rivulets (see figure 6.)
Genus TarpierapA.—Body stout, oblong; mouth not so sharply
pointed. Found in stagnant water, on aquatic plants, and on the
Hypnum fluitans. (See figures 3, 4, and 5.)
Genus Mitnestum.—Characters unknown.
For further particulars consult Ann. des Sciences, t. 14, p. 269.
686 LIST OF PAPERS ON INFUSORIA, ETC.
LIST OF PAPERS ON INFUSORIA AND ALLIED ORGANISMS,
Published in the Annals of Natural History, and referred to in the
preceding pages.
On ye <i on of Infusoria in Plants, by Professor Morren, vol. vi. p. 344,
an. 1841.
On Bets and Animals found in the Sulphureous Waters of Harrowgate and
skern, by Dr. E. Lankester, vol. vii., p. 105, April, 1841.
On Red and Green Snow, by Prof. Meyen, vol. vii, p. 245, June, 1841.
On the Sacculi of the Polygastrica, by Dr. J. W. Griffith, vol. xi. p. 438,
June, 1843.
On the Production of Infusoria in the Stomachs of Herbivorous and Carnivorous
Animals, by M. M. Gruby and Delafond, vol. xiii., p. 154, Feb. 1844.
On Microscopic Life in the Ocean, by Professor Ehrenberg, vol. xiy., p. 169,
Sept. 1844.
Abundant Occurrence of Rare Infusoria in the Scallop, by H. Lee, vol. xv.,
p. 371, May, 1845,
Microscopical Examination of the Chalk and Flint of the South East of England,
by Dr. Mantell, vol. xvi., p. 73, Aug. 1849.
On the Organization of the Polygastric Infusoria, by C. Eckhard, vol. xviiL,
p. 433, Jan, 1847.
On Conjugation in the Diatomacee, by G. H. K. Thwaites (with a plate), ditto
(with two plates) vol. xx., p. 9, July 1847. Vol. xx, p. 343, Noy. 1847.
On the Siliceous Polycystina of Barbadoes, by Professor Ehrenberg (with two
plates), vol. xx., p. 115, Aug. 1847.
Here Commences the New Series of the Annals.
On the British Lagense (with two plates), by W.C. Williamson, vol. i, p. 1,
Jan. 1848.
On the Diatomacez (with two plates). by G. H. K. Thwaites, vol. i, p. 161,
March i848.
On anew British Species of Campylodiscus, by W. C. Williamson, vol. i, p. 321,
May, 1848.
Notes on Diatomacew, by Professor Dickie, vol. i., p. 322, May, 1848.
On Fossil Diatomacez in Aberdeenshire, by Professor Dickie, vol. ii., p. 93,
Aug. 1848.
On a Dicecious Rotifer, by T. Brightwell (with a plate), vol, ii, p. 153,
Sept. 1848.
On the Colour of a Freshwater Loch, by Professor Dickie, vol iii., p. 20,
Jan. 1849,
On the Mode of Growth in Oscillatorie, by J. Ralfs, vol. iii., p. 39, Jan. 1849.
Observations on Recent Foraminifera, by W. Clark, vol. iii., p. 380, May, 1849.
LIST OF PAPERS ON INFUSORIA, ETC. 687
On two new Species of Floscularia, by Dr. W. M. Dobie (with a plate), vol. iv.,
p. 233, Oct. 1849.
On the Development of Trichodina pediculus, (?) by J. T. Arlidge (with a plate),
vol. iv., p. 269, Oct. 1849.
On the Conjugation of Closterium Ehrenbergii, by the Rey. W. Smith (with a
plate), vol. v., p. 1, Jan. 1850.
On Deposits of Diatomaceous Earth on the Shores of Lough Morne, County
Antrim, by the Rey. W. Smith, vol. v., p. 121, Feb. 1850.
On Nyctotherus, a new genus of Polygastrica, by Dr. Leidy, vol. v., p. 156,
Feb. 1850.
On the Recent Foraminifera by W. Clark, vol. v., p. 161, March, 1850.
On the Nostochinex, by J. Ralfs (with two plates), vol. v., p. 321, May, 1850.
On Asplanchna priodonta, by P. H. Gosse (with two plates), vol. vi, p. 18,
July, 1850.
Notes on the Diatomacex, with Descriptions of the British species included in
the genera Campylodiscus, Surirella, and Cymatopleura, by the Rey. W.
Smith, (with three plates) vol. vii., p.1, Jan 1851.
On three new species of Animalcules, by J. Alder, vol. vii., p. 426, May, 1851.
On the Germination of the Spore in the Conjugate, by the Rev. W. Smith, vol.
vili., p. 302, Dee. 1851.
On the cell-membrane of Diatomaceous Shells, by J. W. Bailey, vol. viii.,
p. 157, Aug. 1851.
Remarks on Dickieia, by J. Ralfs, (with a plate) vol. vii., p. 204, Sept, 1851.
Catalogue of the Rotifera found in Britain, with descriptions of five new genera,
and thirty-two new species, by P. H. Gosse, vol. viii. p. 197, Sept. 1851.
On Chantransia, by J. Ralfs. vol. viii., p. 302, Oct. 1851.
Notes on the Diatomacex, with Descriptions of the British Species, included in
the genus Pleurosigma, by the Rey. W. Smith, (with two plates) vol. ix, p. 1,
Jan. 1852.
N.B. The papers of Mr. Ralfs, which appeared before the publication of his
work on British Desmidicew, are omitted.
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGRAVINGS.
NOTE.—The figures represent magnified views; the generic and specific characters will
be found in Part III, by reference to the index.
Group 1.
2
Cluster 3.
Figures 7
12
15
Group 18.
19
20.
Figures 21,
Group 29.
Figures 30
34.
35
38
43.
44
47.
48,
50,
Group 81.
2
PLATE I.
Monas crepusculum
Group 52. Chlamidomonas pulvisculus
punctum Figures 53, 54. Uroglena volyox
andfigs. 4,5,6, Uvellaglaucoma 55 to 57. Volyox globator
to 11. Polytoma Uvella Group 58. Bacterium triloculare
to 14. Microglena monadina
Bodo intestinalis 63
22, 23. Cryptomonas ovata. 66.
25. Proroecentrum micans Group 67.
27, 28. Lagenella euchlora Figure 68.
Cryptoglena conica 69
to 33 'Trachelomonas yolvocina 70
Gyges granulum Gil
to 37. Pandorina morum Group 74.
to 42. Gonium pectorale Figures75,
> tranquillum :
to 46. Synerypta volvox Group 78.
Eudorina elegans 79.
49. Sphacrosira volyox
51, Synura uyella
PLATE II,
Distigma proteus Figs.
82. Epipyxis utriculus
Figures 83,
85
95
Group 99.
Figs. 100,
102,
104.
105,
107.
108,
84. Dinobryon sertularia
to 87. Amceba princeps
88* radiosa
to 91. Difflugia proteiformis
to 94. Arecella aculeata
to 98. Cyphidium aureolum
Desmidinm hexaceros
101. Staurastrum dilatatum
103. —— paradoxum
Pentasterias margaritacea
106. Tessarthra moniliformis
Odontella ? filiformis
-————- desmidium
Figs,
59.
to 17. Glenomorum tingens Figure 60,
Doxococcus ruber 61.
. Chilomonas paramecium 62.
80.
109.
110.
Ul,
112,
114.
115,
117,
119,
121
124.
125,
126.
Group 127.
128,
129,
Vibrio bacillus
Spirochaeta plicatilis
Spirillum undula
Spirodiscus fulvus
to 65, Closterium acerosum
turgidum
—— setaceum
Astasia haematodes
’ pusilla
. Amblyophis viridis
to 73. Euglena sanguinea
pyrum
76, longicauda
— triquetra
acus
Chlorogonium euchlorum
Colacium > yesiculosum
Xanthidium aculeatum
furcatum
> difforme
113. Arthrodesmus convergens
Micrasterias heptactis
116, Boryara
118. Napoleonis
120. Microtheca octoceros
to 123. Euastrum rota
crux melitensis
verrucosum.
margaritiferum
Pyxidicula operculata
Gallionella lineata
130. —— ferruginea
Group 131.
*131.
132.
133.
137,
Fig.
Group 139.
140.
Fig.
Group 141,
Fig.
143.
144,
Group 145.
146,
147.
148.
149,
150
153.
Group 154,
Fig.
Fig. 183.
Group 184.
185.
*185.
156.
187
191
194
196
199
203,
Fig. 208.
Group 206.
Fig.
Figs. 253
237
240
#245
247
249
Group 255.
256,
142.
DESCRIPTION
PLATE III.
Gallionella sulcata
———— varians Fig.
Actinocylus senarius
to 136. Navicula viridis
138, striatula *157.
Phoenicenterou 162,
— — ? pellucida 164.
amphisbaena 165.
platystoma 166,
nodosa 168.
- Baltica 169.
hippocampus 170.
sigma 171.
acus 172.
sigmoidea 173,
> undulata 175.
to 152. > splendida 176.
> amphora 177
ineequalis 180
PLATE IY.
Isthmia enervis Fig. 208.
Synedra ulna 209.
capitata 212.
lunaris 213.
Podosphenia gracilis 214,
to190. Gomphonema truncatum 216.
to193.Echinella flabellata 219,
195. Cocconema lanceolatum 221.
to198. cistula Figs. 222,
to 202. Achnanthes brevipes 224,
204. Striatella arcuata 227.
Acineta mystacina 228.
Syncyclia salpa 231,
Naunema Balticum 233,
PLATE V.
236, Stentor caeruleus Group 257.
to 239. Vorticella convallaria Figs. 258,
to 245. Carchesium polypinum 260
246. Epistylis > nutans *265.
248. Zoothamnium arbuscula 266.
to 254. Ophrydium versatile 267,
Tintinnus inquilinus 269,
Vaginicola decumbens 271
OF ENGRAVINGS.
689
Group 155. Navicula ? librile
156 to 161 (except in group 157
those figures marked with a
cross) Eunotia turgida
—— Westermanni
163. Cocconeis scutellum
Eunotia triodon
granulata
167. Bacillaria paradoxa
——- vulgaris
elongata
cuneata,
Fragilaria grandis
turgidula
174. —— rhabdosoma
— bipunctata
— pectinalis
to 179. Meridon vernale
to 182. Tessella catena
Schizonema ? Agardhi
to 211. Cyclidium glaucoma
Pantotrichum enchelys
Chactomonas globulus
215. Chaetotyphla armata
to 218. Chactoglena volvocina
220. Peridinium tripos.
Michealis
223. Peridinium fusus
to 226. Glenodinium apiculatum
Trichodina tentaculata
to 230.——pediculus
232. Urocentrum turbo
234. Stentor Roeselii
Cothurnia imberbis
259. Enchelys pupa
to 265. farc:men -
Disoma vacillans
Actinophrys viridis
268. 'Trichodiscus sol
270. Podophrya fixa
to 273, Trichoda pura
690 DESCRIPTION OF ENGRAVINGS.
PLATE VI.
Figs. 274, 275. Lacrymaria proteus Fig. 295. ———-—leucas
276, 277. Leucophrys patula 296. —————pupa
278. ———_ spathula *296 Spirostomum virens
279, 280. — sanguinea 297, 298.———_——ambignum
281. Holophrya ovum 299. Phialina viridis
282, 288. Prorodon teres 300 to 302. Glaucoma scintillans
284 to 286. Coleps hirtus 303 to 309. Chilodon cucullulus
287, 287* 288, and 289. Trachelius 310, 311. Nassula elegans
anas 312, 313. Amphileptus anser
290. ————_-_———_-ovum 314 to 316. — — faciola
291 to 293. L.oxodes rostrum 317 to 319. Trachelocerca olor
294, Bursaria vorticella 320, biceps
PLATE Vie:
Figs. 321 to 323. Aspidisca denticulata Figs. 345, 346. Discocephalus rotatorius
324 to 328. Kolpoda cucullus 347, 348. Himantophorus charon
~ 329 to 332. Paramecium aurelia. 349. Chlamidodon mnemosyne
338. Uroleptus musculus 350 to 353. Euplotes charon
334, 3385. Ophryoglena acuminata 354, 355. Ptygura melicerta
336, 3387. Oxytricha gibba 356. Ichthydium podura
338, 339. Ceratidium cuneatum 357, 358. Chaetonotus larus
340, 341. Kerona polyporum 359, 360. Glenophora trochus
842. Urostyla grandis 361 to 364. Occistes erystallinus
<i. |848, 344. Stylonchia lanceolata 365 to 370. Conochilus yolyox
PLATE VIII.
Figs. 871, 372. Micropodon clayus Figs. 384, 385. Floscularia ornata
373. Cyphonautes compressus 386, 387. Melicerta ringens
374 to 378. Megalotrocha albo flayi- 388 to 392. Limnias ceratophylli
cans 393. Enteroplea hydatina
379 to 382. Tubicolaria najas 394. Hydatina senta
383, 288* Stephanoceros Eichhornii 335, 896. Pleurotrocha gibba
PLATE IX.
Figs. 397, 398. Furcularia Reinhardti Figs. 410, 411. Distemma forficula
399, 417. Monocerca bicornis 412, 414. 'Triopthalmus dorsualis
460, 401 and 426. Polyarthra trigla 415, Eosphora najas
402. Polyarthra platyptera 416. Notonmata copeus
403. Diglena lacustris 418 to 420. Notommata myrmeleo
404, 405.— grandis 4200 °° — tigris
406 to 408. ‘Triarthra longiscta 422 Synchacta pectinata
Group. 490 Ratulus lunaris 423, 424. Scaridium longicaudum
DESCRIPTION OF ENGRAVINGS. 691
PLATE X.
= Figs. 425* 4 6, Cyeloglena lupus Figs. 454 to 456. Dinocharis pocillum
427 to 429. Theorus vernalis 457 to 459. Monura dulcis
430 to 433. Lepadella ovalis 460 to 462. Colurus deflexus
434 to 437. Monostylaquadridentata 463 to 465. Metopidia lapidella
438 to 440. Mastigocerca carmata 466, 467. Stephanops lamelaris
441 to 444. Euchlanis > triquetra 468, 469. Squamella oblonga
445, 446. —— lynceus 470 to 473. Callidina elegans
447 to 453. Salpina mucronata :
PLATE XI.
Fig. 474.. Hydrias cornigera Figs. 491 to 494. Noteus quadricornis
Group 475 Typhlina viridis , 495 to 497. Anuraea squamula
Figs. 476 to 480. Rotifer vulgaris © 498. stipitata
481 to 484. Actinurus Neptunius 499 to501.Brachionus polyacanthus
485, 486. Monolabis conica 502 to504.Pterodina patina
487 to 489. Philodina aculeata 505. —clypeata
490. —— Roseola
PLATE XII.
Figs. 506 to 509. Pyxidicula globator Figs. 516 to 518. Campilodiscus ? clypeus
é11, 515, Xanthidium ? ramosum 519 to 531. Spirillum Bryozoon
513, 514. —————_? difforme 532, 533. Astasia navalis
512, ————hirsutum Group 534. Gyges sanguineus
PLATE XIII.
Figs. 1] and 5. Closterium Leibleinii (Ralfs.)—Fig. 1—A frond filled with endochrome,
and an empty one lying across it ; the latter shows the central suture. Fig. 5—
A sporangium lying between the broken conjugated, and now empty fronds.
2and 6. Closterium striolatum (Ralfs.)—Fig. 2—A frond filled with eadochrome,
showing the longitudinal fillets and the single row of vesicles. Fig. 6—Two
empty conjugated fronds, showing the striz, and an orbicular sporangium
lying between them, enveloped in mucus.
. Staurastrum (Desmidium, Ehr.)—eustephanum,
. Spirotenia condensata (Ralfs)—The spiral frond or cell is seen, surrounded by
a mucous hyaline sheath, and its endochrome within rolled spirally.
. Staurastrum (Desmidium, Ehr.)—senarium.
8 and 11.—Docidium, Ehrenbergii (Ralfs )—Fig. 8. Conjugating fronds; the
sporangium in an early stage of development. Fig. 11, shows the process of
development by fission.
9. Docidium clavatum (Ralfs.)—The granular vesicles at the extremities are
well seen.
10 and 30. Euastrum pectinatum (Ralfs.)—Fig. 10. A single frond. Fig. 30.
The spinous sporangium.
12 and 13. Tetmemorus Brebissonii (Ralfs.)—Fig 12, a front view; fig. 13, a
side view.
14 and 15. Penium margaritaceum (Ralfs )—Fig. 14, a front view ; fig. 15, aside
view of two empty fronds, with their pearly-dotted surface, after the formation
of the sporangium between them by their conjugation.
a1 Pw
692
DESCRIPTION OF ENGRAVINGS.
PLATE XIII (continued.)
Figs,16 and 17. Staurastrum ‘alternans (Ralfs )—Fig. 16, a front view ; fig. 17, an
end view.
18 and aes Xanthidium cristatum (Ralfs )—Fig. 18, a front view; fig. 23, an
end view.
19 and 36. Scenedesmus quadricauda (Ralfs.)—Fig. 19, a frond of two cells;
fig. si a A four cells: the number in combination is mostly from four
o eight.
20, 21, 24, 25 and 31. Staurastrum polymorphum (Ralfs.)—Fig. 20, an end
view ; figs. 21 and 31, front views; fig. 24, a frond, multiplying by self-
division; fig, 25, a sporangium with its fureate spines or tubular
processes; and around it the empty and previously-conjugated fronds.
22. Micrasterias denticulata (Ralfs.)—Its spinous sporangium; the spines bifid
and trifid.
26. Cosmarium coelatum.—Front view of frond multiplying by self-division.
27. Pediastrum (Micrasterias, Ehr.) Tetras (Ralfs.)—Front view of a frond.
28 and 29. Micrasterias oscitans (Ralfs.)—Fig. 28, a front view of frond; fig.
29, transverse view of an empty frond.
32 and 35. Hyalotheca dissiliens (Ralfs.)—Fig. 32, a transverse view with
inyesting hyaline sheath; fig, 35, a front view, also showing the sheath.
33 and 34. Cosmarium undulatum (Ralfs.)—Fig. 33, a front view; fig. 34, its
orbicular, spinous sporangium, with the empty but once conjugated frond.
87 and 40. Desmidium quadrangulatum (Ralfs.)—Fig. 37, a front view of
filament, with two longitudinal waved lines ; fig. 40, a transverse section,
showing disposition of endochrome.
38 and 33. Didymoprium Borreri (Ralfs.)—Fig. 38, a transverse section; fig.
39, a filament, view in front,
41 and 42. Lithodesmium undulatum (Ehr.)—Fig. 41, a transverse section,
fig. 42, concatenated fronds; front view.
43. Eucampia Zodiaca (Khr.)—A filament; front view.
44. Euastrum Americanum (Ehr.)—Frond; front view.
45. Podosira moniliformis (Ehr.)—Concatenated and single fronds (frustules)
attached to Polysiphonia,
46, 47, 49 and 50. Biddulphia pulchella (Ehr.)—A front view of two frus-
tules (testules) conjoined, and also adherent by a stipes (pedicle) ; fig. 47,
an end view; fig. 49, a lateral view.
48. Denticella Biddulphia (Ehr.)—Front view of a frustule.
PLATE XIV.
Figs. 1 to 8 inclusive. Eunotia Turgida (Thwaites.)—Fig. 1, a view of concave sur-
face; fig. 2, a side view; fig. 3, apposition of concave surfaces in the
first stage of conjugation; fig. 4, a front view of a single endochrome,
showing it to have divided into two segments ; fig. 5, the young sporangia
lying transversely between the cleft parent frustules; fig. 6, the same,
viewed end ways, showing their cylindrical figure; fig. 7, increased
growth of the sporangia; fig. 8, the produced sporangia ultimately
much larger than parent fronds, and now striated like the latter. At
the commencement of conjugation the fronds are enyeloped in mucus,
as shown.
9,10, 11,12 and 17. Gomphonema minutissimum (Thwaites) illustrate the
process of conjugation in this being, which generally resembles that in
Eunotia,
14, Gallionella nummaloides (Ralfs.)—A front view of concatenated frustules,
z, ¢., of a filament.
DESCRIPTION OF ENGRAVINGS. 693
PLATE XIV (continued.)
Figs. 18. Dinophysis acuta (Ehr.)—A front view.
19. Dinophysis limbata (Ehr.)—A front view. ,
20 and 27. Gallionella coarctata (Khr.)—Front views.
21 and 22. Amphitetras antediluviana (Ralfs.)\—Fig, 21, a single frustule;
fig. 22, a chain of seven frustules, seen in front. ,
24 and 25. Tetracyclus lacustris (Ralfs.)—Fig. 24, front view of a filament;
fig. 25, a marginal view
26. Gallionella suleata (Ehr.)—A front view of a chain or filament.
28. Actinoptychus Jupiter (Ebr.)
29. Gallionella crenulata (Ehr.)—Front view of a chain.
30. Sphenosira Catena (Ehr.)—Front view of a chain.
31. Actinoptychus ? hexaptera (Ehr.)
32. Amphipentas ? alternans (Khr.)
33. Asterolampra Marylandica (Ehr.)
84. Asteromphalus Humboldtii (Ehr.)
35. Heliopelta Leeuwenhoekii (Ehr.)
36. Symbolophora Trinitatis (Ehr.)
37. Spirillina vivipara (Ehr.)—A member ofthe family Arcellina, having a
close affinity with the caleareous-shelled Polythalamia or Foraminifera,
88. Craspedodiscus elegans (Ehr.)
39 and 40. Coscinodiscus radiatus (Ehr.)—Fig. 39, a front view; fig. 40, a
side view
41 and 42. Eupodiscus Germanicus (Ehr.)—Fig. 41, a front view; fig, 42, a
side view. In fig. 41, the site of the three tubular processes, which led
Ehrenherg at first to call it Tripodiscus, are seen.
43 and 44. Triceratium flavus (Ehr.) — Fig. 48, a front view; fig. 44, a
side view.
45 and 46. Climacosphenia moniligera (Ehr.)—Fig. 45, a front view; fig. 46,
a side view.
47. Terpsinée musica (Ehr.)
48 and 49. Grammatophora gibba (Ehr.\—Fig. 48, a front view, showing the
two imperfect septa (vittee, Kutz.) at each end; fig. 49, a side view.
50 and 51. Zygoceros Surirella (Ehr.) — Fig. 50, a side view; fig. 51, a
front view.
92 and 93. Grammatophora oceanica (Ehr.)—Fig. 52, a front view; fig. 53, a
side view
54, Hemiaulus antarcticus (Ehr.)—A front view.
PLATE XY.
1. Amphiprora constricta (Ehr.)—A front view.
2,3, and 4. Surirella Gemma (Ehr.)—Fig. 2, lateral aspect; fig. 3, seen on
one margin; fig. 4, ventral or dorsal aspect. These figures were in-
tended to especially represent the foot-like processes (cilia?) and the
foramina through which these are protruded.
5, Nayicula fulva (Ehr.)—Ventral aspect.
6. Navicula amphirhyncus (Ehr.)—Ventral surface. r
7, 8, and 9. Stauroneis phyllodes (Ehr,)—Figs. 7 and 8, ventral aspect; fig. 9,
a lateral view.
10, 14, and 30. Stauroptera scalaris (Ehr).—Fig. 10, ventral surface ; fig. 14,
process of self-division seen on lateral aspect; fig. 30, side view of a
single frustule.
694: DESCRIPTION OF ENGRAVINGS.
PLATE XV _ (continued.)
Figs. 11. Surirella flexuosa (Ehr.)—A side view.
12, 13, 22, and 23. Surirella Campylodiscus (EKhr.)—Figs. 12 and 22, side
views; fig. 23, seen on face; fig. 13, viewed lying on one end.
15 and 31. Pinnularia viridis (Ehr.)—Fig. 15, ventral surface ; fig. 31, viewed
laterally.
16. Stauroneis dilatata (Ehr.)—A dorsal or ventral view.
17 and 18. Stauroneis phoenicenteron (Ehr)—F ig. 17, lateral surface; fig. 18,
ventral aspect.
19 and 20. Surirella Craticula (Ehr.)—Fig. 19, lateral; fig. 20, ventral surface.
21. Pinnularia Tabellaria (EKhr.)—Ventral aspect.
24 and 25. Eunotia Librile (Ehr.)—Fig. 24, ventral surface; fig. 25, front
view (lateral surface.)
26. Amphora gracilis (Ehr.)—Ventral aspect.
27. Eunotia gibba (Ehr.)—Ventral surface.
28 and 53. Gomphonema apiculatum (Ehr.)—Fig. 28, a front view of two con-
catenated frustules; fig. 53, ventral surface.
29. Eunotia Monodon (Khr.)—A front view.
32. Navicula affinis (Khr.)—Ventral surface.
33. Pinnularia Chilensis (Ehr.)—Ventral surface.
34 and 36. Synedra Gallionii (Ehr.)—Fig. 34, front view of four conjoined ;
fig. 36, a lateral view.
35. Gomphonema Vibrio (Ehr.)—Dorsal or ventral aspect. This aspect is,
strictly speaking, that of the junction-surfaces.
37. Amphora Nayicularis (Ehr.)—Ventral surface.
38. Amphora Lybica (Khr.)—Ventral surface.
39. Eunotia quinaria (Ehr.)—Viewed laterally, so that the five dentations
(teeth) on the dorsum are exhibited.
40. Tabellaria levis (Ehr.)—A front view of four conjoined.
*41. Cocconeis Finnica (Ehr.)—Ventral surface.
42. Cocconeis Oceanica (Ehr.)—Dorsal surface.
8. Pinnularia Esox (Ehr.)—Ventral aspect.
44. Synedra Valens (Ehr.)—Front view.
45, 49, 50, 51 and 52. Himantidium Papilio (Ehr.)—Figs. 45 and 51, several
conjoined segments viewed from above; fig. 49, a single frustule seen
on ventral surface; figs. 50 and 52, end view, or a single frustule
in section.
46. Cocconema Cymbiforme (Ehr.)—Ventral surface.
47. Peridinium constrictum (Ehr.)—The median sulcus or constriction is well
seen dividing the lorica into two segments.—patelle or valves, each of
which is here again composed of several facettes. A distinct nucleus
(sexual gland, Ehr.) is shown.
48a. and 6. Cocconeis Mexicana (Ehr )—Fig. 48a, a single frustule seen on
ventral surface ; fig. 48 b, several frustules adherent to a portion of
Conferva.
54. Himantidium Guianense (Ehr.)—Front view of several concatenated
frustules.
55, 56 and 57. Naunema Amphioxys (Ehr.)—Fig. 55, a single frustule on
dorsum ; fig. 56, on its side; fig. 57, a collection enclosed in their
mucous investment, seen in different positions.
58. Spherozosma? ... (Brightwell.)—This production was found by Mr.
Brightwell (see Fauna Infusoria of Norfolk.) We cannot perceive any
affinity between his drawing and the members of the genus Sphoerozosma ,
to which he has surmised it might belong.
59. Ceratoneis Closterium (Ehr.)—Dorsal or yentral surface.
DESCRIPTION OF ENGRAVINGS. 695
PLATE XV (continued.)
Figs. 60 and 61. Ceratoneis Fasciola (Ehr.) '
62 and 63. Dictyocha Speculum (Ehr.)—Fig. 62, viewed in front; fig. 63,
Figs,
viewed sideways.
64. Difflugia acanthophora (Ehr.)—Its surface illustrates what is ‘termed an
imbricate disposition of the scale-like markings. A navicular body is
represented in its interior, as seen through its tr. ransparent lorica.
69 and 66. Asplanchna Brightwellii (Brightwell. )—These two figures are from
Mr. Brightwell’s Book; fig. 69, is there described as ‘a young
specimen (female), just emerged, in which the red eye and germs of
other organs are seen;”’ in fig. 66, “may be seen the cesophagus leading
to the stomach, and above the stomach two small bodies, (either salivary
or hepatic glands), and under it the opaque oyisac.’
67, 68 and 69. Zoothamnium arbuscula (Brightwell.)—These three figures
from Mr. Brightwell, illustrate the curious cycle in development, referred
to in the text,
70. Vaginicola..? (Brightwell. )—Apparently a Vaginicola undergoing spon-
taneous fission.
71. Mesocena heptagona (Ehr.
72. Stauroptera Cardinalis (Ehr.)—A lateral view.
73. Stauroptera isostauron (Ehr.)—Dorsal or ventral aspect.
PLATE XVI.—(The figures are after Kiitzing.)
1. Amphipleura pellucida Figs. 17. Rhiphidophora nubecula
2. Amphipleura rigida 18. Epithemia Musculus
3. Denticula constricta 19, Rhiphidophora Meneghiniana
4. Denticula elegans 20. Licmophora fulgens
5, 6, and 7. Amphipr ora (Ento- 21. Meridion Znickeni
moneis, Ehr.) a'ata 22. Grammatophora hannulifera
8. Epithemia alpestris 23. Grammatophora constrictum
9. Ceratoneis spiralis 24. Odontidium mesodon
10. Cocconema gibbum 25. Odontidium turzidulum
11. Gomphonema curvatum 26, Tabellaria ventricosa
12. KEpithemia porcellus 27. Rhabdonema Adriaticum
13. (left) Podosphenia hyalina 28. Pododiscus Jamaicensis
(right) P. Lyngbyei 29. Tabellaria flocculosa
14. Podosphenia Ehrenbergii 30, 31, 32 and 32 a. Odontella ob-
15. Rhiphidophora tenella tusa
16, Licmophora divisa 33. Pyxidicula adriatica
PLATE XVII—(The Figures are after Kiitzing.)
1 to 12 inclusive. Fragillaria ; Figs.16. Achnanthidium delicatulum
Capucina 17. Cyclotella Seotica
13. Himantidium Soleirolii
18,19 and 20. Cymbella gustroides
14. Cymbosira Agardhii 21. Doryphora Amphiceros
15. Achnanthidium microcephalum 22, Eneyonema prostratum
696
DESCRIPTION OF ENGRAVINGS.
PLATE XVII. (continued.)
Figs. 23. Hyalosira rectangula
Figs. 87 and 38a, 6, c. Homceocladia
24 to 28 inclusive. Cymbella pumila
Helvetica 39 to 42 inclusive, Micromega
29. Hyalosira obtusangula pallidum
30. Sphenella augustata 43 to 46 inclusive. Micfomega
31. Sphenella obtusata Bombycinum
32 and 33. Diadésmis conferyacea
34 and 35a 6b. Berkeleya Adriatica
47 to 49 inclusive. Homeeocladia
Martiana
36. Gomphonema coronatum
PLATE XVIII.
Figs. 1 to 6 inclusive. Navicula (Pinnularia, Ehr.) viridis From Schleiden’s
Principles of Botany, to illustrate the structure of the siliceous lorica;
fig. 1, anterior view (venter, Ehr.) ‘‘ In the middle line are two clefts,
terminating at the centre, as well as at the other ends, with a little
circular enlargement, more clearly seen in figs. 3 and 5. The rounded
spot in the middle, and at the two ends, is not a hole as represented
by Ehrenberg. That such a hole is decidedly sometimes not present,
is seen in such fragments, as figs. 3 and 5. In the position of the oblique
lateral clefts, (striae or coste, Ehr.), the shield consists of two leaves;
penetrated by the clefts, which, where both the lamelle touch each
other, are somewhat broader, which explains the varying breadth of the
clefts according to the alteration of the foci. Fragments in which this
structure is clearly represented, may be frequently obtained by crushing
the shield (fig. 6.) Fig. 2, a lateral view, showing that the rounded
enlargements of the median line aré but depressions on the external
surface. The double contour, denoting the thickness of the wall, is well
seen. This clearly shows that a passage exists from the top to the
bottom of the shield. which may be easily confirmed, if the shield,
or better still an oblique section of it, be looked at from above; fig. 3
is such a section.”
7 and 8. Cymatopleura elliptica (Smith.)
9. Cymatopleura solea.
10 to 19 inclusive. Closterium Ehrenbergii (Smith.)—Showing the stages in its
conjugation, and the formation of the sporangia; fig. 10, a single frond
in its ordinary condition; fig. 11, two fronds approaching to conjugate ;
fig. 12, conjugating fronds undergoing self-division, the upper showing
the protuberances through the torn apices of which the contents of the
divided fronds pass into the sporangia; fig. 13, shows the passage of the
endochrome sac and its contents; fig. 14, conjugated fronds having
perfected their sporangia ; fig. 15, after M. Morren, developmont of the
“ propagules’’ into young fronds; figs. 16, 17, 18, 19, from Morren,
development of a sporangium into a Closterium with unequal segments.
The figures are all magnified 100 times.
20 to 26 inclusive. Surirella biseriata (Smith.)—To illustrate the structure and
self-division of the lorica ; fig. 24, side view (dorsum or venter, Ehr.) ;
figs. 23, a front (lateral, Ehr.) view, The broad median longitudinal
band is the connecting membrane of the two valves; fig. 25, an end
view of fig, 24; fig. 26, transverse section of empty frustule; fig. 22,
silex of connecting membrane after maceration in acid; fig. 21, aper-
tures of costal canals seen in front; fig. 20, view of frustules on the
completion of self-division,
DESCRIPTION OF ENGRAVINGS. 697
PLATE XIX. (Rev. W. Smith.)
All the figures in this Plate are magnified 400 diameters (except fig. 2.)
Figs. 1. Pleurosigma (Nayicula) formosum, average length 1-66th.
2. A piece of the same shell, magnified 5,500 diameters.
3. Pleurosigma (Navicula) speciosum
4 - —————_— elongatum
5. delicatulum
6. strigosum
7, 8, 9 ———— angulatum
10. distortum
ee obscurum.
PLATE XX. (Rev. W. Smith.)
All the Figures in this Plate are magnified 400 diameters (except figs. 1,
8, and 11, which are magnified 3,200 diameters. )
Figs. 1, 2, 3. Pleurosigma (Navicula) Balticum
J
ae ______~ Strigilis
5. acuminatum
6. Fasciola
7 ———__—_______——_ prolongatum
8... ——_—__________________ ittorale
9. ——______________—- Hippocampus
11,..§ ———_——_____________. atenuatum
young specimen
young specimen ;
13. ————______Y_____——- frontviewshowing self-division
14, ——_______—_________ Jacustre
15,16, ——________________ Spencerii,
17. A piece of Shell, fig. 1
PLATE XXI.
The following figures are derived from M. Dujardin’s excellent treatise,
“* Histoire des Infusoires.”’
Figs. 1. Hexamita nodulosa 13. Peranema globulosa
2. Anthophyra Mulleri 14. Cyclidium distortam
3 and 4. Acineta tuberosa. In 15, Cyclidium abscissum
fig. 4 the cilia included 16. a, 6. Acomia cyclidium. Fig,
5. Heteromita ovata B, self-dividing
6. Crumenula texta Figs17. a. 6. Acomia vitrea. Fig. 8,
7. Polyselmis viridis self-dividing
8 Anisonema sulcata 18. Gastrocheta fissa
9. a.6. Oxyrrhis marina 19. a.6. Enchelys corrugata
Figs 10. a. 6. Ploeotia vitrea 20. Alysam saltans
11. Heteronema marina 21. a. 6. Acineria incurvata
12. a. 6. Zyzoselmis nebulosa 22, a. b, Diophrys marina
ZZ
698 DESCRIPTION OF ENGRAVINGS.
PLATE XXI (continued.)
Figs 23. Pleuronema crassa 28 and 29. Opalina naidum
24, a. b. Trachelius lamella 30. a. b.c. Coccudina polypoda
29. Uronema marina 31. a.b.c. Halteria grandinella
26. Dileptus folium 32. Loxophyllum meleagris
27. Sparthidium hyalinum 33. Panophrys chrysalis
PLATE XXII.
The figures in this plate are from Mr. Stein’s papers in the “ Archiv. fiir
Naturgeschichte,” for 1849 ; and are magnified 300 linear measure.
igs. 1. Vorticella microstoma. A full grown specimen exhibiting the contractile
vesical, the alimentary tuke, and ciliated front and mouth, also the
growth of a bud from the base.
2. A specimen with the posterior circlet of cilia, prepared to detach itself
from its stalk. The contractile vesicle and band-like nucleus (testes,
Ehr.) are well seen.
8. An individual undergoing self-division ; the nucleus has already divided; a
new frontal wreath is in process of formation in the semi-lunar spaces
atthe anterior angle of each half,
4. A specimen in which self-division has been completed. One newly de-
veloped being has its posterior cilia produced,—its anterior wreath at
the same time included, ready to detach itself.
5D. a. b. c. d. e,; figs. a. b. ec. d. illustrate the progress of the encysting-process.
The enclosing tunic is well shown in fig. d, and also in fig. e.; in the
latter this tunic is supposed to have been ruptured by pressure, and the
encysted animal to have protruded itself, showing it to have not lost its
original condition in its larya-like state.
6. This group illustrates the many transition-forms between the simple cam-
panulate organisms, springing apparently from the granular matrix
to which they are attached, and the larger and unmistakeable furms of
Vorticella.
7,8 and 9. Represent the encysted examples of Vorticella, and the gradual
obliteration of special organs by the advance of the process; in fig. 9 alk
traces of organs being lost.
10. Vaginicola crystallina. A large specimen, undergoing self-division.
11. Anold and young specimen in the same case: the latter with its “ front’
included, whilst the posterior wreath of cilia is developed to enable it
to swim about. It also represents the first stage in the encysting
process.
12, 13,14 and 15. Various degrees of development of the Acineta-body of the
Vaginicola; the first stage following the encysting process, is seen
in fig. 12.
16. Epistylis nutans. Two large individuals supported on a stem. The one to
the left with its ciliated lip protruded : that to the right, with it included.
The large oesophageal cavity is well seen, with its abrupt contraction
into a linear narrow intestine. The nucleus is seen lying transyersely
across the oesophagus, and the contractile vesicle below.
17. The Acineta-hody of the Epistylis. The wavy outline indicates the con-
tractions taking place in the integument
18. An Acineta-body of Epistylis, with the outstretched ciliary fibres or pro-
cesses. Two nuclei are visible, and a large contractile vesicle.
19, Another such body, with its surface much contracted, and its contained
substance wasted by the deyelopn.ent of embryonic nuclei.
DESCRIPTION OF ENGRAVINGS. 699
PLATE XXII (continued.)
20. Another figure assumed by the Acineta-body. att
21. The ultimately withered state arrived at by the Acineta-body of an Epistylis,
after the exhaustion of its contained formative blastema by the repeated
production of embryos.
22 and 23, Very young forms (probably) of the Epistylis nutans, and apparently
the Epistylis Botrytis of Ehrenberg.
PLATE XXIII.
The figures in this Plate are after those of Mr. Gosse, (Trans. of the
Microscopical Society, and Annals of Natural History. )
Figs. 1. Melicerta ringens magnified 300 diameters; protruded and fully expanded ;
with the upper part of its tube at @; 4, one of the respiratory (?) tubes.
The circular dise above 0 is the pellet-cup. More in the centre are the
jaws and gizzard (cesophageal head), and below portions of intestine.
Fig. c, is a much less magnified specimen, but partially protruded from
its tube, which is here shown entire.
2. Limnias ceratophylli—The head is protruded beyond the smooth tube or
sheath At e¢. is the projecting chin.
3. Notommata aurita—Viewed laterally and contracted. It exhibits the
cesophageal head and jaws, the intestine, the large ovarium, the con-
tractile bladder below, the grape-like ganglionic mass in the head,
and the tortuous vessels on each side, running the length of the body.
4. The same animal extended and rotating ; the ear-like ciliated appendage,
whence the specific name, is seen on each side the head.
5. Notommata aurita.—The muscular system viewed dorsally ; the transverse
muscles are seen as at ¢, and the longitudinal crossing them; the grape-
like ganglionic mass is seen furnished with special muscles, as also the
gizzard, traced in dotted outline, and the telescopic-working tail or foot.
The looped band at the head indicates the tubular cayities in the
head mass
6. The same animal, showing chiefly its vascular system ; the large sac near
the bottom of its cavity is the contractile bladder, from which proceed,
on each side, convoluted tubes (tortuous vessels) furnished, with tremu-
lous respiratory tags, as near a and e.
6.* The dental apparatus of the gizzard is seen in action,
7 and 8. The male of Asplanchna priodonta.—Fig. 7, a side; fig. 8, a front
view. The cayity is seen occupied chiefly by the larger testes in fig. 7;
the sperm-duct is represented opening externally at the pointed base.
9. The female of Asplanchna priodonta—At a, are the gill-like fissures; a
large oral cavity opeus into a narrow oesophagus, which ends below ina
stomach. One of the strong longitudinal muscles is displayed; also
tortuous vessels and ciliated tags with an ovary
10 and 11. The jaws of the Asplanchna detached.
PLATE XXIV.
Figs. 1 and 2. Discoplea atmospherica (Ehr.)
3. Discoplea Atlantica (ihr.)
4. Discoplea sinensis (hr.)
5. Staurosira construens (Ehr.)
700 DESCRIPTION OF ENGRAVINGS.
PLATE XXIV /continued.)
Figs. 6, 7,8 and 9. Eunotia longicornis (Ehr.)
10. Goniothecium crenatum (Khr.)
11. Eunotia argus (Ehr.)
12. Pinnularia (Diploneis) Didymus (Ehr.)
13. Desmogonium Guianense (Khr.)
15. Pinnularia teniata (Ehr.)
16. Himantidium monodon (Ehr.)—Two frustules conjoined, in front view.
17. Himantidium monodon (Ehr.)—A side view, or a frustule seen in section ;
having but one elevation on its upper margin (dorsum, Ehr.) it derived
its specific name
18, 19, 20 and 21. Arachnoidiscus Japonicus (Shadbolt.)\—Fie. 18, external
membrane, as seen when detached from the inner framework, or when
viewed from the outside of the shell as an opaque object; 19, the inner
framework is exhibited on a black disk as an opaque object; 20, the
membrane and framework united, as seen by transmitted light, 200
linear ; fig. 21, the same, more amplified, 500 linear
22 and 23. Campylodiscus parvulus (Smith.)—Fig. 22, a dise of valve; fig. 23,
view presenting the connecting membrane, and valvular ridges
24 and 25. Grammonema Jurgensii (Ralfs )—Fig. 24, a front and lateral view
of a single frustule; fig. 25, a band of concatenated frustules
26 and 27. Gallionella (Nageli)—A series of figures to illustrate the distri-
bution of the chlorophylle (endochrome), and the presence of a nucleus ;
fig. 26 a, viewed from the base; 0b, from the lateral surface. Two bands
ef chlorophylle are seen on eacn side, and their section at the angles ;
c, from the base; fig. 27a, seen from below. Nucleus with nucleoli
and sap currents; large and small chlorophylle globules; 4, seen from
the side. The two lateral bands of chlorophylle are seen, and a parietal
nucleus with sap-currents from it, in the ceutre of one side; ¢, an
individual after division, seen from the side. The chlorophylle
band appear only in section. Each secoudary cell has a parietal nucleus
28 a. b.c.d. Bacillaria (Nageli.) Fig. a. viewed from the broad side. A granu-
lar nucleus in the centre; fig. b. also the broad side; an individual before
division. The nucleus primarily divided; fig. c, division complete ;
fig. d- viewed from the base (in section )
29. a. b.c. d. Orthoseira Dickieii (Thwaites) ; fig. a. filament, in ordinary state ;
fig. b. filament, the terminal cells of which are becoming converted into
sporangia; fig. c. sporangia; fig. d. sporangial frustules becoming
developed from one of the halves of a previously divided Sporangium.
(magnified 220 linear.)
30. a.b. Dickieia Danseii (Thwaites); fig. a. portion of frond (thirty-five
linear) ; fig. b- a part of some magnified 220 linear. In it two frustules
are shown; one in front, the other on side aspect. Mr. Ralfs has sub-
sequently shown this to be one of the Algz, not of the Diatomee; not
a Dickieia.
31.4. b. c. d. e. Dickieia ulvoides (Ralfs). Group a. Natural size in different
stages of growth; fig. b. frustules (navicular-bodies) highly magnified,
when fresh; fig. c. one when dried; fig. d. a lateral view of the same ;
(group e. a portion of frond, less magnified), showing the simple and
binate frustules. .
32. Meloseira vyarians (Thwaites), Gallionella, Ehr.) Filament with sporangia
(220 linear.)
33. Aulacoseira crenulata (Thwaites.)—Filament with sporangia (220 linear)
34. Dictyocha Tibula (Ehr )
35. Dictyocha trifenestrata (hr )
INDEX.
INDEX
TO THE
701
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FAMILIES & GENERA OF INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES
Nore.—The names of Families are printed in Italics.
Achnanthes
Achnanthidium
Acineria
Acineta
Acomia .
Actiniscus .
Actinocyclus .
Actinogonium
Actinophrys .
Actinoptychus
Actinurus
Albertiens
Alderia
Amblyophis .
Amoeba. .«
A moebuea
Amphimonas
Amphipentas
Amphipleura
Amphora
Amphiprora
Amphileptus
Amphitetras
Anaulus
Aneyrium.
Anisonema .
Ankistrodesmus
Anuraea
Aptogonum .
Arachnoidiscus .
Arcella
Areellina .
Arthrodesmus
Aspidisca
Aspidiscina
Asplanchna
DESCRIBED IN PART Ill,
Astasia
Astasiaca .
Asterodictyon
Asterodiscus
Asterolampra
Asteromphalus .
Aulacodiscus
Aulacoseira
Auliscus
Authophysa
Bacillaria
Bacillaria .
Bacterium
Berkeleya
Biblarium .
Biddulphia
Bodo ‘
Brachionaea
Brachionus
Bursaria .
Cala
Callidina .
Campylodiscus
Carchesium
Cerataulus
Ceratidium
Ceratoneis
Cercomonas
Cheetoceros
Chaetomonas
Chaetonotus .
Chaetotyphla
Chaetoglena .
Chilodon .
Chilomonas
Chlamidodon
702
Chlamidomonas
Chloraster
Chlorogonium
Clenodon .
Climacosphenia
Closterina
Closterium
Cocconeis..
Cocconema
Coccudina
Colacium 5
Celcpina
Coleps .
Colurus
Conochilus
Coscinodiscus .
Cosmarium .
Cothurnia
Craspedodiscus
Crumenula
Cryptoglena .
Cryptomonadina
Cyptomonas .
Cyclidina .
Cyclidium
Cycloglena
Cyclotella
Cymatopleura .
Cymbella
Cymbosira
Cyphidium .
Cyphonautes
Cyphoderia
Dasydytes
Denticella
Denticula .
Desinridiacea .
Desmidium
Desmogonium
Diadesmis.
Diatoma
Diatomacea
Diatomeze
Dickieia .
Dicladia
Dictyocha
Dictyolampra .
Dictyopyxis .
Didymocladon .
Didymoprium
Difflugia .
Diglena
Dileptus .
Dinobryon
Dinocharis
Diophrys
Diplax
Diploncis
INDEX.
Pace.
161 Discocephalus
128 Discoplea
191 Diselmis
637 Disoma
457 = Distemma
179 = Distigma
276 ~=Docidium.
331 Doryphora
457 Doxococcus
603 Dinobryina
192 Kchinella
567 = Echinellee .
567 Emydium
659 Enchelia
612 Enchelys .
336 Encyonema .
251 LEndictya .
549 Enteroplea
340 Entomoneis
149 LEntopyla
146 ~=Eosphora .
141 = Epipyxis
142 Epistylis .
. 511 Epithemia
133 511 Eretes
. 647 Euastrum
4 341 Eucampia
. -342 LEuchlanidota .
342 KEuchlanis.
460 Eudorina
: 212 Euglena
. 614 Euglypha
215 Eumeridion
608 Eunotia
344 Luplota.
845 Euplotes
229 Eupodiscus
240 Floscularia
346 Foraminifera
346 ~=—- Fragilaria
347 ~—s- Frrustulia
294 Fureularia
294 Gallionella
484 Gastrocheta
349 Glaucoma. :
505 Glenodinium.
349 Glenomorum
435 Glenophora
270 Gloeonema
239 Gomphonema .
207 Goniothecium
641 Gonium
590 Grammatophora
196 Grammonema .
658 Gromia
603 Gyges .
. 653 Halionyx .
350 422 Halteria
a Oe a ee
Heliopelta ; - :
Hemiaulus : :
Hemiptychus
Hemizoster : ‘
Hercotheca . - 3
Heteromita
Heteronema . :
Hexamita : :
Himantidium s =
Himantophorus - :
Holophrya_ . : :
Homoeocladia
Hyalodiscus .
Hyalosira - .
Hyalotheca
Hydatina .
Hydotinaea .
Hydromorina . - .
Hydrias
Ichthydina . .
Ichthydium .
Isthmia
Kerona . - :
Kolpoda . :
Kolpodea . :
Labidodon
Lacernate .
Lacrymaria
Lagenello
Lecquereusia . -
Leucophrys
Licmophora
Liostephania .
Lithodesmium .
Lithothecia
Loxodes . :
Loxophyllum
Limnias < -
Lacinularia . : .
Liparogyra -
Lepadella .
Lindia i
Macrobiotus .
Mastigocerca .
Mastogonia
Megalotrocha
Megalotrochea
Melicerta ‘
Melosira 2 “
Meridon A é
Mesocena .
Metopidia
Micrasteriags . . :
Microgodon . :
Microglena 4 R
icromega . . °
Micro theca
Miliola .
.
INDEX.
Paar.
885 Monactinus
385 Monadina
386 Monas
886 Monocerca
387 Monogramma
137. Monostyla
195 Monura .
137. Monolabis
387 Milnesium
599 Nassula.
564 Naunema
489 Navicula .
388 Naviculacea .
490 Naviculee
238 Noteus . c
628 Notommata
625 Odontella .
139 Odontidium
665 Odontodiscus
606 Occistes
608 Occistina
490 Omphalopelta
594 Oncosphenia .
583 Opalina
583 Opercularia
535 Ophidomonas
484 Ophrydina
560 Ophrydium
146 Ophryocercina
214 Ophryoglena
562 Orthoseira .
491 Otoglena
492 Oxyrrhis
292 Oxytricha
505 Oxytrichina
570 Pandorina
591 Panophrys
618 Pantotrichum
619 Paramecium
389 ~=Pediastrum
653 ~—sC-Peilecida
650 Penium
685 Pentasterias
655. Peranema
389 Leridinaea
614 ‘Peridinium
613 Periptera .
629 Phacelomonas
375 Phacus
399 ~—‘Phialina A
509 Philodina .
660 Lhilodinea
244 Pinnularia
614 Plagiognatha
127 Pleurosigma .
492 Pleurotrocha .
291 Pleotia
214 Pododiscus .
151
592
591
579
512
272
704
Podophrya
Podosira
Podosphenia
Polyarthra
Polyselmis
Polysolenia
Polythalamia
Polytoma
Porocyclia
Prorocentrum
Prorodon .
Prorostaurus .
Pseudo-difflugia
Ptygura.
Pyxidicula
Ploesconia
Pterodina
Rattulus
Rhabdomena .
Rhaphidogloea
Rhaphoneis
Rhiphidophora
Rhizonotia
Rhizopoda
Rhizoselenia .
Rotifer
Sacculus
Salpina
Scaridium
Scenedesmus
Sceptroneis
Schizonema
Squamella
Spathidium
Spherastrum .
Spherosira
Spherozosma .
Spirillina .
Spuillum
Spirocheeta
Spirostomum
Sphenella .
Sphenoderia .
Sphenosira
Spirotenia
Spondylomorum
Staurastrum .
Stauroneis
Stauroptera
Staurosira
Stentor .
Stephanoceros
Stephanodiscus
Stephanogonia .
Stephanops
Stephancpyxis .
Stephanosira .
Striatella .
INDEX.
Pace.
556 ~=Stylobiblium .
470 = Stylonychia
7 471 Surirella
641 Svmbolophora
195 Syncheata
- 293 Syncrypta
198, 206 Syncyclia
: 140 Syndendrium
431 Synedra
145 Synura
564 Systephania
432 Tabellaria
215 Taphrocampa
607 ‘Tardigrada
432 Terpsinoe
601 ‘Tessella
681 Tetmemorus .
644 Tetracyclus
472 Thachelomonas
496 Theorus
436 Tintinnus
472 Trachelius
: 437 Trachelina
198, 206 ‘Trachelocerca
‘ 438 Triarthra
665 Trichoda
610 Trichodina
657 ~=Trichodiscus
640 ‘Trichomonas .
289 ~=Triceratium
474 Trinema F
497 Triophthalmus .
662 ‘Triploceras
563 Tubicolaria
291 Tetragramma
162 Trepomonas
243 Tetrabsna
210 Typhlina .
172 Urceolaria
172. Urocentrum
575 Uroglena
439 Uroleptus .
215 Uronema
440 Urostyla
284 + Uvella .
140 Vaginicola
261 ~=~Vibrio
422 Vibrionia .
425 Volvocina
440 Volvox
521 ~=—«*Voorticella
618 Vorticellina
440 Xanthidium .
440 Xanthiopyxis
661 Zoothamnium
435 Zygoceros .
441 Zygoxanthium
474
8. SrrakuR, 80, BisnorscAre STREET WITHIN.
559,
ERRATA.
——
Page Line For Read
104 6 M. Natchet ..» M, Nachet.
145 31 PROGNOCENTRUM ... PROROCENTRUM.
146 «618 LAGENELLA ..- LAGENELLO.
193 10 CHLOROGONIUM ... ConLActum.
220 6 Flagilaria ... LFragilaria.
243 «17 unindentata «.. wnidentata.
389, insert Genus LrostrPHantA from page 492.
469, insert three genera as named at page 490.
529, 530 and 531 for VortTICcELLINA vead VoRTICELLA.
647 line 7 for CycLogENa read CycLOGLENA.
The Appendix mentioned at page 92, will be included in a supplement and
published separately.
WORKS
' PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. WHITTAKER & Co.
MICROSCOPIC ILLUSTRATIONS, with descriptions of the New
Microscopes, and ample instructions for use. By AnpREw
Prirenarp. TZhird Edition: to which is appended Essays
on Microscopic Phenomena, and an exact method of testing
Microscopes. By. C. R. Gormne, M. D.—Price 7s. 6d.
ALSO BY THE SAME AUTHOR :-—
MICROGRAPHIA, containing Essays on Reflecting, Solar and Gas
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Also, Price 2s. 6d.
NOTES ON NATURAL HISTORY, selected from the Microscopic
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Also, Price 5s.
MICROSCOPIC OBJECTS, Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral.
Also, Price 18s.
ENGLISH PATENTS, being a register of all those granted in the
Arts, Manufactures, Chemistry, Agriculture, &c. from 1800 to
1845, inclusive. Edited by AnpRrew Prircnarp, Esq., M.R.I.
———
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8. L. STRAKER respectfully informs the Public that he would be
_ happy to supply Priced Lists of the Microscopes and Microscopic
Apparatus, invented by Mr. Prrrcwarp ; also Coloured Impressions
ot the Plates of the Work, entitled—“4A History of Infusorial
- Animatontes, living and fossil.”
_ Pritehard?s Optical Instrument
and Spectacle Manufactory,
162, Freer Street, Lonpon.
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Fisetory of infusorial animalcules,
livirg and fossil.
28088
=—___-**,
————
BOUND BY
AKER,
TREET,| |
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100019776
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