History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, from the earliest times until the present day

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

RIVERSIDE

HISTORY OF THE JEWS
IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES
UNTIL THE PRESENT DAY

HISTORY OF THE JEWS

IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES
UNTIL THE PRESENT DAY

S. M. DUBNOW

TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN
BY

I. FRIEDLAENDER

VOLUME III

FROM THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. UNTIL THE PRESENT DAY
WITH BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX

Philadelphia

The Jewish Publication Society of America

1920

T^S

Copyright, 1920, by
The Jewish Publication Society of America

NOTE

The present volume, which concludes Dubnow's " History
of the Jews in Kussia-Poland," contains, in addition to the
text, an extensive bibliography and an index to the entire work.
In the bibliography an enormous amount of material has been
collected, and it is arranged in such a way as to enable the
reader to ascertain the sources upon which the author drew.
It is thus in the nature of notes, and is therefore arranged
according to the chapters of the book. The index, which has
been prepared with the utmost care by the translator, is really
a synopsis of Jewish history in Eussia and Poland, and its
usefulness cannot be over-rated.

Professor Friedlaender, the translator of this work, who
left the United States at the beginning of this year, did not
see the proof of the bibliography and index.

The tragic news has just reached this country that Professor
Friedlaender was murdered under the most revolting circum-
stances. An eminent scholar and writer has thus been re-
moved from American Jewry, and the entire house of Israel
together with the Jewish Publication Society of America, on
whose committee Professor Friedlaender served with conspicu-
ous merit for a number of years, mourns this irreparable
loss.

July, 1920.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

XXXI. The Accession of Nicholas II.

1. Continued Policy of Oppression 7

2. The Martyrdom of the Moscow Community. . 12

3. Restrictions in the Right of Residence 15

4. The Economic Collapse of Russian Jewry. ... 22

5. Professional and Educational Restrictions... 2G

6. Anti-Semitic Propaganda and Pogroms 31

XXXII. The National Awakening.

1. The Rise of Political Zionism 40

2. Spiritual Zionism, or Ahad-Ha'amism 48

3. Spiritual Nationalism, or National-Cultural

Autonomism 51

4. The Jewish Socialistic Movement 55

5. The Revival of Jewish Letters 58

XXXIII. The Kishinev Massacre.

1. Pogroms as a Counter-Revolutionary Measure 66

2. The Organized Kishinev Butchery 60

3. Echoes of the Kishinev Tragedy 76

4. Doctor Herzl's Visit to Russia 82

XXXIV. Continued Pogroms and the Russo-Japanese Was.

1. The Pogrom at Homel and the Jewish Self-

Defence 87

2. The Kishinev Massacre at the Bar of Russian

Justice 90

3. The Jews in the Russo-Japanese War 94

4. The " Political Spring " 97

5. The Homel Pogrom Before the Russian Courts 101
XXXV. The Revolution of 1905 and the Fight for Eman-
cipation.

1. The Jews in the Revolutionary Movement... 105

2. The Struggle for Equal Rights 10S

3. The " Black Hundred " and the " Patriotic "

Pogroms 113

4. The Jewish Franchise 121

5 CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

XXXVI. The Counter-Revolution and the October Mas-
sacres.

1. The Fiendish Designs of the " Black Hun-

dred " 124

2. The Russian St. Bartholomew Night 127

3. The Undaunted Struggle for Equal Rights 131

4. The Jewish Question Before the First Duma 135

5. The Spread of Anarchy and the Second Duma 139

XXXVII. External Oppression and Internal Consolidation.

1. The New Alignments Within Russian Jewry. . 143

2. The Triumph of the " Black Hundred " 149

3. The Third, or Black, Duma 153

4. New Jewish Disabilities 156

5. The Spiritual Revival of Russian Jewry 160

Russian Jewry Since 1911 164

Bibliography 171

Index 205

CHAPTER XXXI

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II.

1. Continued Policy of Oppression

. In the course of the nineteenth century every change of
throne in Russia was accompanied by a change of policy. Each
new reign formed, at least in its beginning, a contrast to the
one which had preceded it. The reigns of Alexander I. and
Alexander II. marked a departure in the direction of liberal-
ism; those of Nicholas I. and Alexander III. were a return
to the ideas of reaction. In accordance with this historic
schedule, Alexander III. should have been followed by a sov-
ereign of liberal tendencies. But in this case the optimistic
expectations with which the new ruler was welcomed both by
his Eussian and his Jewish subjects were doomed to disappoint-
ment. The reign of Nicholas II. proved the most gloomy and
most reactionary of all. A man of limited intelligence, he
attempted to play the role of an unlimited autocrat, fighting
in blind rage against the cause of liberty.

This reactionary tendency came to light in the very begin-
ning of the new reign. During the first few months after the
accession of Nicholas II. to the throne — between November,
1894, and January, 1S95 — the liberal Zemstvo assemblies of
nine governments,1 in presenting addresses of loyalty to the new
Tzar, were bold enough to voice the hope that he would event-
ually invite the representatives of these autonomous institutions

[1See on the Zemstvos, vol. II, p. 173, n. 1.]

8 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

to participate in the legislative acts of the Government. This
first timid request for constitutional rights met with a harsh
and clumsy rebuff. In his reply to the deputation representing
the nobility, the Zemstvos, and the municipalities, which
appeared in the Winter Palace on January 17, 1895, to convey
to him the greetings of the Russian people, the Tzar made the
following pronouncement :

In several Zemstvo assemblies there have been heard lately the
voices of men carried away by preposterous delusions concerning
the participation of the representatives of the Zemstvos in the
affairs of the inner administration. Let everybody know that I
shall guard the principle of autocracy as firmly and uncom-
promisingly as it was guarded by my never-to-be-forgotten deceased
parent.

This veiled threat was enough to intimidate the faint-hearted
constitutionalists. It was universally felt that the autocratic
regime was still firmly entrenched and that the old constitution
of " enforced safety " l — this charter of privileges bestowed
upon the police to the disadvantage of the people — was still
unshaken. The hope of seeing Kussia transformed from a
state based upon brute force into a body politic resting upon law
and order was dashed to the ground.

The Jews, too, were quick to realize tbat the war which had
been waged against them by Alexander III. for fourteen long
years was far from being at an end. True, the addresses of
welcome presented in 1895 by the Jewish communities of Kus-
sia to the young Tzar on the occasion of his marriage elicited
an official expression of thanks, which was not marred by any
rebuke for harboring " preposterous delusions." But this was
purely for the reason that these addresses were not tainted by

TSee vol. II, p. 246.]

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 9

any allusions to the hopes for emancipation entertained by the
Jews. There was nothing, indeed, which might have warranted
such hopes. The same dignitaries who, under Alexander III.,
had stood forth as the champions of savage anti-Semitic
policies, remained at the helm of Russian affairs : Pobyed-
onostzev, the head of the Holy Synod, Durnovo, the Min-
ister of the Interior — towards the end of 1895 he made room for
Goremykin, who was not a whit less reactionary — and Witte,
the double-faced Minister of Finance, who was anxious at that
time to fall in line with the reactionary influences then in
vogue. The thoughts which occupied Pobyedonostzev's mind
at the beginning of the new reign may be gauged from the
report submitted by him to the Tzar in 1895, concerning the
state of affairs in the Greek-Orthodox Church. The " Grand
Inquisitor " was deeply worried by the alleged fact that the
Jews were exercising a dangerous influence over the religious
life of their Christian domestics :

The minors, after living among Jews for several years, prove
entirely forgetful of the Greek-Orthodox faith. But even the
beliefs of the adults are being undermined. The priests who
listen to the confessions of the domestics employed in Jewish
homes are stricken with horror on learning of the abominable
blasphemies uttered by the Jews against Christianity, the Savior,
and the Holy Virgin, which, through the domestics, are likely to
gain currency among the people.

These charges, which might have been bodily quoted from
the sinister writings of the mediaeval guardians of the Church,
were intended as a means of preparing the young sovereign
for a proper understanding of the Jewish problem. They
were brought forward by the procurator-in-chief of the Holy
Synod, the same ecclesiastical functionary who inflicted severe

*

10 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

persecutions on the Russian dissidents and soon afterwards
forced the Dukhobortzy, an Evangelistic sect, to leave their
native land and to seek refuge in Canada. Having failed
to realize his great ambition — to clear Russia of its Jewish
population, with the help of Baron Hirsch's millions1 —
Pobyedonostzev resumed his professional duties, which were
those of a procurator * of Jewry on behalf of the Holy Synod,
the sanctum offtcium of the militant Greek-Orthodox Church.

Not content with brandishing his rusty ecclesiastical sword,
Pobyedonostzev resorted to secular weapons in his fight against
the hated tribe. When, in 1898, the Council of the Jewish
Colonization Association in Paris sent a delegation to St.
Petersburg to apply to the Government for permission to settle
Russian Jews as agricultural farmers in Russia itself, Pobye-
donostzev replied: " Nos cadres ne sont pas prets pour vous
recevoir," s and he went out of his way to explain to the dele-
gates that the Jews were a very clever people, intellectually and
culturally superior to the Russians, and, therefore, dangerous to
them : " The Jews are displacing us, and this does not suit
us." When questioned as to the future of Russian Jewry under
the system of uninterrupted persecutions, Pobyedonostzev on
one occasion made the following candid statement : " One-
third will die out, one-third will leave the country, and one-
third will be completely dissolved in the surrounding
population."

Such being the attitude towards the Jewish problem of the
ruling spheres of Russia, any improvement in the situation of

pSee vol. II, p. 421.1

['The Russian title for a prosecuting attorney.]

["" Our frame (of society) is not ready to receive you."]

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. H

Russian Jewry was manifestly out of the question. Even where
such an improvement might have heen found to tally with the
anti-Semitic policies of the Government, it was ruled out as
soon as it bade fair to benefit the Jews. Thus, when in 1895,
the governor of Vilna, in his " most humble report " to
the Tzar, advocated the desirability of abrogating the Pale
of Settlement for the purpose " of weakening the detrimental
influence of Jewry/' since the latter constituted a majority of
the population in the cities of the Western region,1 Nicholas II.
penned the following resolution : 2 "I am far from sharing
this view of the governor." The leaders of Russian Jewry
knew full well that the wind which was blowing from the
heights of the Russian throne was unfavorable to them, and
their initial hopefulness gave way speedily to a feeling of
depression. A memorandum drafted at that time by prom-
inent Jews of St. Petersburg, with the intention of submitting
it to one of the highest functionaries at the Russian court,
mirrors this pessimistic frame of mind :

The Russian Jews are deprived of that powerful lever for
intellectual and moral advancement which is designated as the
hope for a better future. They are fully aware of the fact that the
highest authority in the land, influenced by the distorted informa-
tion concerning the Jews, which is systematically presented to it
by officials acting from avaricious or other selfish motives, is
exceedingly unfavorable to the Jews. They must resign themselves
to the fact that there is actually no possibility of directing the
attention of the Tzar and Sovereign to the true state of affairs, and
that even those dignitaries who themselves act justly and toler-
antly towards the Jews are afraid of putting in a good word for
them for fear of being charged with favoritism towards them.

[* See on this term vol. II, p. 16, n. 1.]

[* See on the meaning of this term, vol. I, p. 25, n. 1.]

12 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

2. The Martyrdom of the Moscow Community
The attitude which officials of high rank were prone to
adopt towards the Jews was luridly illustrated at that time
in Moscow. It will be remembered that the small Jewish
colony which had been left in the second Russian capital after
the cruel expulsions of 1891 was barred from holding re-
ligious services in its large synagogue which had been closed
by order of Alexander III.1 In view of the forthcoming festivi-
ties in honor of the coronation of Nicholas II., which were to be
held in Moscow in the spring of 1896, the representatives of the
Jewish community of the second Russian capital petitioned the
governor-general of Moscow, Grand Duke Sergius Alexandro-
vitch, to secure for them the Tzar's permission to have their
synagogue open at least during the coronation days, " as a spe-
cial act of grace, in order that the Jews of Moscow may be given
a chance to celebrate the joyful event with due solemnity."
But the grand duke, maddened by Jew-hatred, notified the
petitioners through the Chief of Police that their petition was
" an insolent violation of the imperial will " and could not be
considered.

The martyrdom of the Moscow community, the heritage of
the past reign, stood out like a black stain even upon the
gloomy background of the new era. An imperial ukase issued
in 1892 had decreed that the structure of the sealed-up Mos-
cow synagogue should be sold to the highest bidder unless it
was converted into a charitable institution.2 The community
was naturally anxious to prevent the desecration of its sanc-
tuary and to preserve the edifice for better days to come.
With this end in view it placed in the synagogue building

I^See vol. II, p. 423.]
['See vol. II, p. 424.]

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 13

the trade school for Jewish children which had been es-
tablished in memory of Alexander II. The anti-Semitic
authorities of Moscow scented in this step a wicked design.
The governor-general got into communication with the Min-
isters of the Interior and of Public Instruction, and, as a
result, on May 27, 1896, the executive board of the Moscow
community received the following order: To stop the admis-
sion of pupils to the trade school and to close the school alto-
gether after the completion of the prescribed course of studies
by the present contingent of students. Thereupon the Jews of
Moscow made another attempt to save their synagogue by trans-
ferring hither their school and asylum for poor and orphaned
children, the so-called Talmud Torah. This attempt, too, was
frustrated by the Muscovite Hamans. On October 28, 1897,
the governor-general announced that, after consultation with
the Minister of the Interior, the decision had been reached to
close the asylum, which sheltered about one hundred poor
children, on the fanciful ground that these children might just
as well receive their instruction in Eussian educational estab-
lishments. The underlying motive of the new order was unmis-
takably revealed in its latter part : Unless in the course of two
months the building of the synagogue will be reconstructed and
so altered as to be fitted for a hospital or a similar charitable
institution, it will be sold at public auction.

Once more the Jewish community endeavored to save its
sanctuary, which its enemies had made up their minds to de-
stroy. The synagogue structure was rebuilt to meet the pur-
poses of a hospital and a shelter. But the commission appointed
by the governor-general to examine the alterations found that
they were not sufficiently extensive and therefore suggested
2

14 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

that the interior of the synagogue should be entirely remodelled
so as to exclude the possibility of its ever being used for devo-
tional purposes. The struggle centering around the alterations
dragged on for another eight years — until the revolution of
1905 and the assassination of the ferocious governor-general.
It was then that the Jews finally succeeded in releasing their
sanctuary from the death sentence which had been passed
upon it.

The motive which animated the Muscovite Jew-haters
was perfectly evident : it was their fervent desire to wipe out
the last remnants of the local Jewish community by subjecting
the Jews to religious and administrative persecutions and
thereby compelling them to flee from the center of Greek
Orthodoxy. The growth of the Jewish settlement at Moscow
was checked in ruthless fashion. The Jewish artisans had
been expelled as far back as 1891, but the Jewish merchants
who purchased their right of residence in the second Russian
capital at the annual cost of one thousand rubles — the tax
levied on first guild members — had been allowed to remain.
Moreover, as the largest industrial center of Russia, Moscow
naturally attracted a goodly number of Jewish merchants who
came there temporarily on business. These " newcomers "
were handled more severely than are alien enemies in war-time.
Police detectives prowled about on the streets and at the rail-
road stations, seizing passers-by who happened to exhibit a
" Semitic " countenance, and dragging them to the police sta-
tions, " with a view to the examination of their right of resi-
dence in Moscow." The unfortunate Jews, whose documents
did not comply with all the technicalities of the law, were ex-
pelled at once. The Moscow Police News carried a regular

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 15

advertisement offering a reward for the capture of " rightless "
Jews. In October, 1897, the Moscow Chief of Police announced
a premium of equal amount for the capture of one Jew or of
two burglars.1

Finally, the Eussian Government took a most effective
step towards preventing the increase of the Jewish population
of Moscow. On January 22, 1899, an imperial ukase was issued
forthwith prohibiting Jewish merchants of the first guild from
settling in Moscow, unless they shall have obtained special
permission from the Minister of Finance and from the gov-
ernor-general of Moscow, it being beforehand agreed that no
such permission should be granted. The same ukase enacted a
number of offensive discriminations against the Jewish mer-
chants already settled in Moscow by depriving them of their
vote in the commercial associations, and by other similar
devices. On a subsequent occasion the admission was candidly
made that all these measures were prompted by the desire " to
rid as far as possible the government of Moscow of the Jews
already settled there on a legal basis."

3. Restrictions in the Right of Residence

Whereas the regime of Grand Duke Sergius in Moscow rep-
resented an acute stage of Judaeophobia, manifesting itself
in cruelties of an exceptional character, the central Govern-
ment in St. Petersburg exhibited the same disease in a more

1 These barbarities were suspended only for a few days during
that year, while the International Congress of Medicine was hold-
ing its sessions in Moscow. The police were ordered to stop these
street raids upon the Jews for fear of compromising Russia in
the eyes of Western Europe, since it was to be expected that the
membership of the Congress would include medical celebrities with
" Semitic " features.

16 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

" normal " form. Here, the oppression of the Jews was pur-
sued systematically and quietly, and was carried on as one of
the most important functions of the public administration.
The sacrosanct institution of the Pale of Settlement and the
other mainstays of political anti-Semitism were zealously
guarded by the faithful watchdogs of Eussian reaction — the
various Ministers of the Interior who followed one another
between the years 1895 and 1904: Durnovo (until the autumn
of 1895), Goremykin (1896-1899), Sipyaghin (1899-1902),
and Plehve (1902-1904). True, during the regime of the last
two Ministers the anti-Semitic temperature rose above normal,
but it was only due to the fact that the increased revolutionary
propaganda of those days had generally stimulated the powers
of reaction to a greater display of energy. Quite aside
from these exceptional conditions, the rigid consistency in en-
forcing the restrictive laws was sufficient to account for many
tragedies in the life of the Jews, while the despotism of the
provincial authorities aggravated the situation still further
and turned the tragedies into catastrophes.

As far as the Pale of Settlement is concerned, the Govern-
ment continued its old-time policy of cooping up the Jews
within the area of the cities and towns by shielding the villages
carefully against the influx of Jews. Since the promulgation
of the " Temporary Rules " in 1882, the authorities of St.
Petersburg had been aiming at the gradual elimination of those
rural Jewish " old timers " who had been allowed under those
rules to remain in the villages.1 They had been looking for-

1 The " Temporary Rules " were not given retroactive force,
and those settled in the villages before the promulgation of the
law of May 3, 1882, were accordingly permitted to stay there.
[See vol. II, p. 311.]

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 17

ward to the time when the eyes of the Russian moujik would
no more be offended by the sight of a Jew. But this pious
wish did not materialize quickly enough. Several governors
put forth the simple proposition to expel all Jews from the
villages, not excluding those who had been settled there for a
long time. This step, however, was deemed too radical. The
Minister of Finance, Witte, wished to solve the problem in a
different way. He sought to persuade the Tzar that the intro-
duction of the state liquor monopoly would automatically have
the effect of forcing the Jews to leave the country-side, inas-
much as the liquor traffic formed the principal occupation of
the village Jews.

Witte's conjecture was to a certain degree borne out by the
facts. By the end of the nineties the Jewish country population
of Russia had been considerably reduced. Nevertheless there
was no relief in sight. For the lust of the administration had
grown in proportion. The governors and the other guberna-
torial authorities resorted to all kinds of cunning devices to
force the Jews out of the villages or out of the railroad stations
which were situated outside the town limits. The Christian
land-owners frequently complained about these deportations,
and petitioned the governors to permit the Jewish grain mer-
chants, who were engaged in buying and shipping the grain
from the manorial store-houses, to reside at the railroad sta-
tions. The Senate was compelled over and over again to pass
upon the appeals of illegally deported Jews and to enter into
an examination of all kinds of hair-splitting questions involved
in the manipulation of the anti-Jewish laws by the lower
courts, whether, for instance, an old-time Jewish villager who
returns to his home after a brief absence is to be regarded as

18 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

a new settler who has no right to live in the country, or
whether a Jew who lives on an estate which happens to be
situated in two contiguous villages is allowed to remove from
the one to the other. As a rule the authorities decided these
questions against the Jews, though the most revolting deci-
sions of this kind were later reversed by the Senate.

In connection with the prohibition of residence outside the
cities, a new problem had arisen in Jewish life — the " summer
resort question.'' The authorities frequently prohibited Jewish
families from spending the summer in the outskirts of the
cities if a particular resort or cottage was found to be situated
outside the city line. Thousands of Jewish families were thus
deprived of an opportunity to rest in God's free nature dur-
ing the summer months, and to breathe the fresh air of the
fields and forests, for no other reason than that they were
Jews — a new variety of territorially affixed city serfs.

The law was just as merciless in the case of Jews afflicted
with disease. The watering-places situated outside the towns
were barred to Jewish sufferers who wished to take a cure there.
The Crimean watering-place Yalta, in the neighborhood of the
imperial summer resort Livadia, was the object of particular
vigilance, having been barred to the Jews by order of the dying
Alexander III.1 The Jewish consumptives who had managed
to obtain " illegal " access to this spa were pitilessly expelled.
The following incident, which was reported at that time in the
Eussian press, may serve as an illustration of this ruthless
policy :

The wife of a [Jewish] physician had come to Yalta to improve
her shattered health. While she was suffering from severe blood-

[* See vol. II, p. 428 et seq.]

THE ACCESSION OP NICHOLAS II. 19

spitting, a policeman invaded the bedroom of the sick woman,
insisting on her giving a written pledge to leave the place within
twenty-four hours. The patient was terribly frightened. On the
following day the deportation was stopped, in consequence of the
testimony of her physician that the slightest motion was fraught
with danger to the invalid. But the fright and uncertainty had
intensified the cough; the young woman became worse, and soon
afterwards died.

As it happened, the action of the police was subsequently
found to be entirely unwarranted; for, as the wife of a
physician, this victim of bureaucratic heartlessness was, even
according to the letter of the law, entitled to the right of
residence in Yalta.

A similar case was that of a sick Jewish student who had
been sent by his physicians to Yalta to cure his lungs. He
was expelled in the dead of winter and deported under a polioe
convoy, together with a batch of prisoners, to Sevastopol, not-
withstanding the fact that he was in a feverish condition.
The correspondent of a local paper in Sevastopol reported that
" along the entire road from the harbor to the prison, which
was traversed by the batch, passers-by would stop in their
walk, staggered by the extraordinary spectacle." The sufferer
appealed to the Senate, but the latter found that the orders
of the police " contained nothing contrary to the law." The
highest tribunal of the empire went with equanimity on record
that a Jewish student was liable to the penalty of being arrested
and marched under a police escort, together with criminal
offenders, for an attempt to heal his lungs in the warm
southern climate.

But no place in the empire could vie as regards hostility
to the Jews with the city of Kiev — this inferno of Russian

20 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Israel. Though surrounded on all sides by a string of towns
and townlets with a dense Jewish population, the south-
western metropolis was guarded by a host oi police watchdogs
against the invasion of " aliens." Apart from the " priv-
ileged " Jews who formed part of the permanent population,
the police were forced to admit into the city Jewish visitors
who came to Kiev for a few days to attend to their affairs.
Yet, haunted by the fear lest these visitors might stay there
too long, the police arranged oblavas, or raids, to hunt them
down like stray dogs. About once a week, during the night,
the police would raid certain hostelries in which the Jews
were wont to stop, put those that were caught under arrest,
and then expel them from the confines of the city. This
additional heavy " night work " called for a larger police staff,
and to meet this increased expenditure, an annual sum of
15,000 rubles was appropriated — from the proceeds of the Jew-
ish meat tax. This revenue, collected from the Jews for the
purpose of maintaining the charitable and educational insti-
tutions of the Jewish communities, was now used to pay the
police agents to enable them to hunt down these Jews and expel
them in merciless fashion. To put it more plainly, the convict,
after being sentenced to be hanged, was forced to buy the rope.
The methods of the Eussian inquisition gradually reached
the top notch of efficiency. Even the " Kievlanin" ("The
Kievian "), the anti-Semitic official organ of Kiev, was bound
to confess on one occasion that " in the course of the month
of July (of the year 1901) things have taken place in Kiev
which are hardly conceivable."

As far as the general disabilities are concerned, the entire
area of the Russian empire outside the Pale of Settlement,

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 21

though open to foreigners of all nationalities, remained her-
metically closed to the Jewish citizens of Bussia, and the
borders of that prohibited area were guarded even more rigor-
ously than they had been during the previous reign. In the
consistent enforcement of this principle the Government did
not shrink from the most revolting extremes. A law passed
in 1896 interdicted Jewish soldiers from spending outside the
Pale of Settlement even the brief leave of absence which
they were granted during their term of military service. A
Jewish soldier serving in a regiment which was stationed, let
us say, in St. Petersburg, Moscow, or even in far-off Siberia,
was forced, under this law, to travel hundreds and even thou-
sands of miles to the Pale of Settlement to spend his month of
furlough there, being denied the right to remain in the city
in which he was discharging his military duty, and it made
no difference even if the furlough was granted to him for
the purpose of recuperating his health.

In many places of the empire, the whimsicality of the local
authorities in construing the law of residence was of a nature
to suggest that they had no other end in view except that of
making sport of the Jews. The administration of Siberia, for
instance, invented the following regulation : a Jewish mer-
chant or artisan who is registered in one of the Siberian
cities shall have the right only to live in the particular city of
his registration, and in no other. Since very many Jews re-
sided outside the localities of their accidental registration, a
transmigration of Siberian Jewry was the result. The Jews
registered, e. g., in Tomsk, though they might have lived from
the day of their birth in Irkutsk, were deported in batches
to Tomsk, meeting on the way parties of exiled Jews from

22 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Tomsk who had the misfortune of having their names entered
upon the records of Irkutsk. Human beings were shuffled like
a pack of cards. This revolting practice of the Siberian au-
thorities, which had begun at the end of the preceding reign,
was sustained by the Senate in a decision handed down in 1897.

4. The Economic Collapse of Eussian Jewry
The result of all these persecutions was the complete eco-
nomic collapse of Eussian Jewry. Speaking generally, the
economic structure of the Eussian Jews experienced violent
upheavals during the first years of Nicholas II.'s reign. The
range of Jewish economic endeavor, circumscribed though it
was, was narrowed more and more. In 1894, the law placing
the liquor trade under Government control was put into effect
by Witte, the Minister of Finance. Catering to the prejudices
of the ruling spheres of Eussia, Witte had already endeavored
to convince Alexander III. that the liquor state monopoly
would have the effect of completely undermining " Jewish ex-
ploitation," the latter being primarily bound up with the sale
of liquor in the towns and villages. In view of this, the
monopoly was introduced with particular zeal in the western
governments, where a little later, in the course of 1896-1898,
during the reign of Nicholas II., all private pot-houses were
replaced by official liquor stores, the so-called " imperial bar-
rooms." In consequence of this reform, tens of thousands of
Jewish families who had derived their livelihood either directly
from the liquor trade, or indirectly from occupations connected
with it, such as the keeping of inns and hostelries, were
deprived of their means of subsistence. It goes without saying
that, as far as the moral aspect of the problem was concerned,
the best elements of Eussian Jewry welcomed this reform,

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 23

which bade fair to wipe out an ugly stain on the escutcheon
of the Jewish people — the liquor traffic bequeathed to the Jews
by ancient Poland. Known as the most sober people on earth,
the Jews had been placed in the tragic position that thousands
of them, in their search for a piece of bread, were forced
to serve as a medium for promoting the pernicious Eussian
drunkenness. The memory of the days when the Jewish
saloon was the breeding-place of pogroms, in which the Eus-
sian peasants and burghers filled themselves with Jewish
alcohol to fortify themselves in their infamous work of demol-
ishing the homes of the Jews, was still fresh in their minds.
Cheerfully would the Jewish people have yielded its monop-
oly of the liquor trade to the Eussian bar-room keepers and
to the Eussian Government who seemed genuinely attracted
toward it, had it only been allowed to pursue other methods
of earning a livelihood. But in closing the avenue of the
liquor traffic to two hundred thousand Jews, the Government
did not even think of removing the special restrictions which
barred their way to other lines of endeavor. Having been
robbed of the scanty livelihood they derived from their country
inns, thousands of rural victims of the state monopoly flocked
into the cities, only to clash with a host of urban victims of
the same reform who had also been deprived of their means of
sustenance. The growth of the proletariat within the Pale
of Settlement, both in business and in the trades, assumed
appalling proportions. The observers of economic life in the
Pale, such as the well-known Eussian economist Subbotin and
others, called attention to the frightful increase of pauperism
in that region. Between 1894 and 1898 the number of Jewish
families in need of assistance increased twenty-seven per cent,
as compared with former years. In 1897, the number of Jews

24 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

without definite occupations amounted in certain cities to fifty
per cent and more. The number of destitute Jews applying
for help before the Passover festival reached unheard of pro-
portions, amounting in Odessa, Vilna, Minsk, Kovno, and
other cities to forty and even fifty per cent of the total Jew-
ish population. The crop failures of 1899 and 1900 in the
south of Eussia resulted in a terrible famine among the im-
pecunious Jewish masses. Whereas the peasants who suf-
fered from the same calamity received financial assistance
from the Government, the Jews had to resort to self-help,
to the collection of funds throughout the empire to which only
here and there liberal Christians added their mites.

Many of these Jewish proletarians were willing to take up
agriculture, but the " Temporary Rules " of 1882 blocked their
way to the country-side, and made it impossible for them to buy
or even lease a piece of land. Prominent Jews of St. Peters-
burg, such as Baron Giinzburg and others, petitioned the
Government to allow the Jews to purchase small parcels of
land for personal use, but, after long deliberations, their peti-
tion was rejected. Thus, at the end of the nineteenth century,
the ruling spheres of the Russian empire proved more anti-
Semitic than at the beginning of the same century, when the
Government of Alexander I. and even that of Nicholas I. had
endeavored to promote agriculture among the Jews and had
established the Jewish agricultural colonies in the south of
Russia.1 The mania of oppression went so far as to prohibit

1 According to the statistics of 1898-1901, some 150,000 Jews in
Russia engaged in agrarian pursuits. Of these, 51,539 were occu-
pied with raising corn in the colonies, 64,563 engaged in special
branches of agrarian economy, 19,930 held land as owners or
lessees, and 12,901 were engaged in temporary farm labor.

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 25

the Jews from buying or leasing parcels of land which were
part of a city, but happened to be situated outside the city
line. A rich Jew of Minsk, by the name of Pollak, petitioned,
in 1897, the local Town Council to sell him a piece of suburban
property for the establishment of a Jewish agricultural farm,
but his petition was refused. This refusal was thoroughly
consistent. For the fact that the Jews were forbidden to own
land made the training of Jews in the art of agriculture
entirely superfluous. It may be added that this prohibition of
land ownership was upheld by the Government even in the case
of the Jewish students who had completed their course in
the school of the Jewish Agricultural Farm near Odessa.

Similar methods were employed to check the development
of arts and crafts, which were widely represented among the
Jews, but stood on a very low technical level. Even the efforts
to organize mutual help among the working classes were
blocked by the Government in all kinds of ways. The well-
known Jewish millionaire, Brodski, of Kiev, wishing to assist
the toiling masses without distinction of creed, offered to open
a trade bank in that city and to contribute towards that pur-
pose the sum of 120,000 rubles. When, in 1895, he submitted
the constitution of the proposed bank to the local authorities
for their approval, he was required to insert a clause to the
effect that the directors and the chairman of the bank council
should always be Christians and that the council itself should
not include more than one Jewish member. To this insolent
demand Brodski made the only fitting retort: "Being
myself a Jew, I cannot possibly agree that the constitution
of an establishment which is to be founded with the money
contributed by me and which is to bear my name shall contain

26 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

restrictions affecting my coreligionists." He naturally with-
drew his offer, and Kiev was deprived of a trade bank. The
fact that the failure of the project also affected the Christian
artisans did not disturb the authorities in the least. It was
enough of a compensation that the Jews were made to suffer
not only materially, but also morally, and the purpose of the
highly-placed Jew-baiters was accomplished.

5. Professional and Educational Eestrictions

In the domain of those liberal professions to which the
Jewish intellectuals, being barred from entering the civil ser-
vice, were particularly attracted, the law went to almost any
length in its endeavor to keep them closed to the Jews. The
legal career had been blocked to them ever since the passage of
the law of 1889, which made the admission of a properly
qualified Jew to the bar dependent upon the granting of a
special permission by the Minister of Justice. In the course
of a whole decade, the Minister found it possible to grant this
permission only to one Jew, who, it may be added, had
sat on the bench for twenty-five years — there were two or
three such " relics," dating back to the liberal era of Alex-
ander II. In consequence of this provision, the proportion
of Jews at the bar, which prior to the enactment of the restric-
tion had reached from fourteen to twenty-two per cent, was
reduced to nine per cent. In 1897, a committee appointed by
the Government was considering the proposal to place the dis-
ability on the statute books and to establish a ten per cent norm
for Jewish lawyers. The reasons advanced by the committee
for the proposed restriction were of the distinctly mediaeval
variety :

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 27

The conduct of a lawyer is determined by the impulses of his
will, of his conscience, — in other words, that sphere of his inner
life which finds its manifestation in religion. Now the admission
of Jews constitutes a menace, resulting from views peculiar to
the Jewish race, which are contrary to Christian morality.

Subsequently, the champions of " Christian^ morality " on
the staff of the Ministry of Justice bethought themselves that
it might even be better and nobler to stop the admission
of Jews to the bar altogether, and the proposal regarding the
percentage norm was tabled. Hundreds upon hundreds of
young Jews who had completed their legal education at the
universities, or who had acted as assistants to sworn attorneys,
saw once more their hopes for the legitimate pursuit of their
profession vanish into the air.

Jewish physicians were restricted to private practice and
robbed of their right to occupy a Government or public posi-
tion. Even the autonomous Zemstvo institutions adopted
more and more the practice of refusing to appoint Jews, and
very frequently the printed advertisements of the Zemstvos
offering medical positions contained the stipulation kromye
yevreyev (" except the Jews ") .

The scholastic education of the Jewish children was throttled
in the same pitiless manner as theretofore. The disgraceful
school norm which had been introduced in 1SS7 * performed
with ever-increasing relentlessness its task of dooming to spirit-
ual death the Jewish youths who were knocking at the doors of
the gymnazia and universities. In the beginning of 1898,
the post of Minister of Public Instruction, which had been
occupied by Dyelanov, was entrusted to Professor Bogolepov
of Moscow. While Dyelanov had been occasionally inclined

1 See vol. II, p. 350.

28 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

to soften the rigor of the school norm — it was commonly
rumored that this good-natured dignitary could not bear to
see a woman cry, and the tearful entreaties of the mothers of
the rejected scholars made him sanction the admission of a
certain number of Jewish children over and above the estab-
lished percentage norm — his successor Bogolepov, an academic
teacher who had become a gendarme of education, was imper-
vious to any sentiment of pity. In the course of the three years
of his administration, he not only refused to admit the slight-
est departure from the established norm, but attempted to cur-
tail it still further. Thus, orders were issued to calculate the
percentage norm of the Jewish applicants for admission to the
universities not in its relation to the total number of the an-
nual admissions, but separately for each faculty (1898-1899).
This provision was designed to limit the number of Jewish
students who flocked to the medical and legal faculties, since,
in view of the fact that the Jews were entirely barred from
appointments in the general educational institutions, the other
faculties did not offer them even a sporting chance of
earning a livelihood. The ruthlessness displayed by the Min-
istry of Public Instruction towards the Jewish youth was
officially justified on the ground that certain elements among
them were affiliated with the revolutionary movement which,
just at that time, had assumed particular intensity in the Rus-
sian student body. This sentiment was openly voiced in a
circular of the Ministry, issued on May 26, 1901, which makes
the following statement : " The disorders which took place at
the end of the nineties in the institutions of higher learning
testified to the fact that the instigators of these disorders were,
to a large extent, persons of non-Eussian extraction."

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 29

Bogolepov himself, the reactionary Minister of enlighten-
ment, fell a victim of this agitation among the student body.
He died from the bullet of a Terrorist who happened to be of
unadulterated Eussian extraction. His successor, General Van-
novski (1901-1902), though endeavoring to assuage the uni-
versity disorders by a policy of " kindly solicitude," main-
tained the former uncompromising attitude as far as the Jews
were concerned. In view of the fact that, in spite of all
restrictions, the ratio of Jewish students at all universities
actually exceeded the norm prescribed by law, the new Minister
decreed that the percentage of Jewish admissions be tempor-
arily curtailed in the following proportion : Two per cent for
the capitals (instead of the former three per cent), three per
cent for the universities outside of the Pale of Settlement (in-
stead of five per cent), and seven per cent for the Pale of
Settlement (instead of ten per cent).

Even the restrictions placed upon the admission of the Jews
to the gymnazia were intensified. In 1901, Jewish children
who had graduated from a pro-gymnazium * were forbidden to
continue their education in the advanced classes of a gym-
nazium unless there was a free Jewish vacancy within the
percentage norm — a truly miraculous contingency. The same
policy was extended to the commercial schools established with
funds which were provided by the merchant class and the bulk
of which came from Jews. In the commercial schools main-
tained by the commercial associations Jewish children were ad-
mitted only in proportion to the contributions of the Jewish
merchants towards the upkeep of the particular school. In

E1 A pro-gymnazium is made up of the six (originally four)
lower grades of a gymnazium which embraces eight grades.]
3

30 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

private commercial schools, however, percentages of all kinds,
varying from ten to fifty per cent, were fixed in the case of
Jewish pupils. This provision had the effect that Jewish
parents were vitally interested in securing the entrance of as
many Christian children as possible in order to increase there-
by the number of Jewish vacancies. Occasionally, a Jewish
father, in the hope of creating a vacancy for his son, would in-
duce a Christian to send his boy to a commercial school —
though the latter, as a rule, offered little attraction for the
Christian population — by undertaking to defray all expenses
connected with his education. Yet many Jewish children,
though enduring all these humiliations, found themselves out-
side the doors of the intermediate Eussian schools.

It is worthy of note that in this attempt at the spiritual ex-
termination of the Jewish children by barring them from
intermediate educational institutions the Eussian law followed
strictly the ancient rule of the Pharaohs : " If it be a son,
then ye shall kill him ; but if it be a daughter, then she shall
live." The Government schools for girls were opened to the
Jewish population without any restriction, and the influx of
Jewesses to these gymnazia was only checked unofficially
by the anti-Semitic authorities of this or that institution,
thereby turning the tide of applicants in the direction of pri-
vate girls' schools. But as far as the higlier schools were
concerned, Jewish girls were subjected to the same restric-
tions as the boys. The Higher Courses for Women and the
Pedagogic Courses in St. Petersburg restricted the admission
of Jewesses to five per cent. The constitution of the Medical
Institute for Women, founded in 1895, provided at first for
the entire exclusion of Jewesses. But in 1897, the doors of

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 31

this institution were opened to the hated tribe — just enough
to admit them to the extent of three per cent.

It was scarcely to be expected that the Jewish youths who
had been locked out of the Eussian school should entertain
particularly friendly sentiments towards a regime which
wasted their lives, humiliated their dignity, and sullied their
souls. The Jewish lad, driven from the doors of the gymnazia,
became an embittered " extern," who was forced to study at
home and from year to year present himself for examination
before the school authorities. An immense host of young
men and women who found their way blocked to the higher
educational institutions in Russia went abroad, flocking to
foreign universities and higher professional schools, where they
learned to estimate at its full value a regime which in their own
country denied them the advantages granted to them outside
of it. A large number of these college youths returned home
permeated with revolutionary ideas — living witnesses to the
sagacity of a Government which saw its reason for existence in
the suppression of all revolutionary strivings.

6. Anti-Semitic Propaganda and Pogroms
The reactionary Russian press, encouraged and stimulated
by the official Jew-baiters, engaged in an increasingly ferocious
campaign against the Jews. The Russian censorship, known
all over for its merciless cruelty, which was throttling the
printed word and trembling at the criminal thought of " incit-
ing hatred toward the Government," yet granted untrammeled
freedom to those who propagated hatred to Judaism, and
thereby committed the equally criminal offence of " inciting
one part of the population against the other." The Novoye

32 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Vremya, the most wide-spread semi-official press organ, and its
satellites in the provincial capitals were permitted to do what
they pleased. They were free to slander the Jewish religion,
the Jewish people, and the Jewish communities. When the
famous Dreyfus affair had started in France, the Novo'je
Vremya, the oracle of Eussia's ruling spheres, arrayed itself
on the side of the Jew-baiters from among the French general
staff, and launched a savage campaign of slander against the
Jews of the entire globe. Many an article published in the
anti-Semitic press was scarcely distinguishable from the proc-
lamations calling upon the mob to massacre the Jews.

By far the most effective propaganda on behalf of pogroms
was carried on, sometimes without a conscious realization of the
consequences, by the Government itself: by persisting in its
anti-Jewish policy. Observing this uninterrupted maltreat-
ment of the Jews on the part of the Eussian legislation and
administration, which treated the Jews as if they were crim-
inals, witnessing the expulsions inflicted upon the " ille-
gally residing " Jews and the raids engineered against them,
watching the constant mockery at the Jewish children who
were driven from the doors of the educational institutions,
and seeing the endless multitude of other humiliating dis-
abilities, the unenlightened Eussian populace necessarily
gained the conviction that the extermination of Jewry was a
noble and patriotic duty. Coupled with the usual economic
and national conflicts, this trend of mind could not but lead to
acts of violence.

At the end of the nineties the Eussian horizon was darkened
again by the ominous shadow of the beginning of the eighties :
pogroms, at first sporadic and within circumscribed limits,

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 33

broke out again in various parts of the Pale. On February
18 and 19, 1897, an anti-Jewish riot took place in Shpola, a
town in the government of Kiev. The following officially
inspired account of the excesses, in which the facts were un-
doubtedly toned down, appeared in the Novo ye Vremya:

At three o'clock in the afternoon an immense crowd of peasants
rushed into our town, and wrecked completely the stores, homes, and
warehouses belonging exclusively to the Jews. A large number of
rich business places and small stores, as well as hundreds of houses,
were demolished by the crowd, which acted, one might say, with
elemental passion, dooming to destruction everything that fell into
its hands. The town of Shpola, which is celebrated for its
flourishing trade and its comparative prosperity, now presents the
picture of a city which has been ravaged by a hostile army. Lines
of old women and children may be seen moving [into the town]
to carry home with them the property of the " Zhyds." Of essen-
tial importance is the fact that these disorders were undoubtedly
prearranged. The local Jews knew of the impending disaster
four days before it took place; they spoke about it to the local
police chief, but the latter assured them that " nothing is going to
happen."

Two months later, on A-pril 16 and 17, the Christian inhabi-
tants of the town of Kantakuzenka, in the government of
Kherson, indulged in a similar " amusement " at the expense
of the Jews. To quote the words of a semi-official report :

A cruel pogrom has taken place. Almost the entire town has
been destroyed by an infuriated mob. All Jewish stores were
wrecked and the goods found there were thrown about. A part of
the merchandise was looted by the rabble. The synagogue alone
remained unscathed.

Here, too, it was known beforehand that a pogrom was in the
course of preparation. The Jews petitioned the authorities

34 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

to avert the catastrophe, but the local police force was found
inadequate to cope with the situation.

In both devastated towns the governors of the respective
provinces eventually appeared on the scene with detachments
of troops, but in the meantime the revolting performances were
over. Many rioters were placed under arrest and put on trial.
More than sixty were sentenced by the courts to a term in
prison from eight to fourteen months. One of the defendants,
a Littk-Eussian peasant, who had been arrested for having
taken part in an anti-Jewish riot, voiced his amazement in these
characteristic words : " They told us we had permission to
beat the Jews, and now it appears that it is all a lie."

A pogrom on a more comprehensive scale, arranged in honor
of the Easter festival, and lasting for three days (April
19-21, 1899), was allowed to take place in the city of Nicho-
layev, the South-Eussian port of entry. Bands of rioters, to the
number of several thousand, among them many newly arrived
Great-Eussian day laborers, and a few " intellectual " ring-
leaders, fell upon Jewish stores and residences and destroyed
or looted their contents, complying faithfully with the estab-
lished pogrom ritual, while the police and Cossack forces
proved " powerless." On the third day, when the news of the
freedom accorded to the rioters and robbers at Nicholayev
reached the villages in the vicinity, a whole army of peasants,
both men and women, numbering some ten thousand, started
towards the city on their wagons, with the intention of carrying
off the property of the Jews — but they were too late; for
in the meantime Cossacks and soldiers had been ordered to
stop the pogroms and disperse the rioters. The peasants
were driven off and had to return to their villages on their

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 35

empty wagons. Exasperated by their failure, the peasants
vented their fury upon the Jewish cemetery outside the city,
demolishing a large number of tombstones, and then, scat-
tering all over the district, made an attack upon the Jewish
population in the neighboring settlements and villages. In
the Jewish agricultural colony of Nagartava all farm-houses
and stores were wrecked and looted, and the agricultural imple-
ments demolished. The Eussian peasant was unscrupulously
ruining and robbing his Jewish fellow-peasant. In the ad-
jacent colonies, the Jews, being of a robust physique, were
able to put up an effective defence.

The only protest against this new outbreak of barbarism was
voiced by the "Son of the Fatherland" (Syn Otyechestva),
a liberal Russian press organ :

When at last — questioned the paper — will that terrible relic of
^he gloomy era of the Middle Ages take an end? When will there
be a stop to this breaking of windows, this beating of men and
this wrecking of houses and stores?

This time the orders from St. Petersburg were explicit : the
local authorities were commanded to prevent the further spread
of the pogrom agitation. The reason for this unaccustomed
attitude is not difficult to guess. Two weeks after the Nicho-
layev atrocities, the first International Hague Conference
opened its sessions (May 6-18), having been called at the initia-
tive of the Russian emperor to discuss the question of disarma-
ment, and this Conference must have suggested to the Tzar
the advisability of first disarming the anti-Jewish rioters in
Russia itself. However, he failed to draw the more important
conclusion from the Conference called by him : that it was
necessary to step, or at least to reduce, the constant arming of

36 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

his own Government against the Jews and to discard the
mediaeval weapons of oppression and persecution which spelled
destruction to an entire nation. This alone is enough to expose
the hollowness of the spectacle at the Hague> which had been
designed by the feeble-minded Nicholas as a sort of diplomatic
entertainment.

That the Eussian authorities, when so minded, were fully
capable of grappling with the pogrom agitation was demon-
strated by the rapidity with which, on a later occasion, they
suppressed the anti-Jewish excesses in the Polish city of
Chenstokhov (August 19, 1902). In this hotbed of dismal
Polish clericalism, the goal of thousands of Catholic pilgrims,
who arrive there to worship the Holy Virgin on the " Bright
Mountain," a street brawl between a Jewish tradesman and a
Polish woman grew, owing to the instigations of Catholic
priests, into a monstrous assault upon Jewish houses and stores
by a crowd of fifteen thousand Poles. Here, too, the cus-
tomary shouts were heard : " Beat the Jews ! Nothing will
happen to us." But the Chenstokhov rioters made a grievous
error in their calculation. The protection of the Russian au-
thorities did not extend to the Poles who were not considered
politically " dependable," and were known to be equally hostile
to the Zhyds and the " Moskals." ' The excesses had started
in the morning, and in the evening they were at an end, a
volley from the soldiers having put the iremendous crowd to
flight. When the case came up before the courts, the public
prosecutor pleaded for the severe punishment of the culprits.
The guilty Poles were sentenced to penal servitude and to terms

P A contemptuous nickname for Russians customary among the
Poles.]

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 37

in prison, and in some cases even damages were a warded to the
Jewish victims — an extraordinarily rare occurrence in legal
proceedings of this kind.

The union of Polish anti-Semitism with Eussian Judaeo-
phobia brought again to life the old monstrous accusation
against the Jews — the ritual murder libel. A Polish servant
girl in the employ of David Blondes, a Jewish barber in Vilna,
steeped, as she was, in gross superstition and being a pliant
tool in the hands of fanatical priests, ran out one night
(March, 1900) into the street, shouting that her master had
wounded her and had tried to squeeze blood from her for the
Matzah. A crowd of Christians quickly assembled, and seeing
the scratches on the neck and hands of the girl, fell upon
Blondes and gave him a severe beating. The " criminal " was
thrown into prison, and the prosecuting authorities, listening
to the u voice of the people," were zealous in their search for
the threads of the crime. The anti-Semitic press launched a
well-planned campaign against the Jews in the hope of in-
fluencing the judicial verdict. The lower court recognized
the fact of the assault, but denied the presence of any mur-
derous intent, and, leaving aside the possibility of a ritual
motive, sentenced Blondes to imprisonment for four months.
The counsel for the defence, the well-known lawyer Gruzen-
berg, and others, fearing lest this sentence might be con-
strued by the enemies of Judaism as a corroboration of the
ritual murder libel, appealed from the verdict of the court,
and proved victorious : a decision handed down by the Senate
ordered the case to be sent back for a second trial to the Dis-
trict Court of Vilna, and the court of jurymen, after lis-
tening to the statements of authoritative experts and the

38 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

brilliant speeches of the defence, rendered a verdict of not
guilty (February 1, 1902). The prisoner was set at liberty,
and the nightmare of the " ritual murder Dreyfusiad " was
dispelled for the time being.

Even the Russian stage was made subservient to the pur-
poses of Jew-baiting. A converted Jew by the name of Efron-
Litvin, who had joined the anti-Semitic business firm of the
Novoye Vremya, wrote a libelous play under the title " The
Sons of Israel," or " The Smugglers/' in which Jews and
Judaism were made the subject of the most horrible calumnies.
The play was first produced at St. Petersburg, in the theatre
controlled by Suvorin, the publisher of the Novoye Vremya,
and in the course of 1901-1902 it made the rounds of the
provincial stage. Everywhere, the Russian Jew-haters wel-
comed this talentless production, which pictured the Jews
as rogues and criminals, and represented the Jewish religion
and morality as the fountain-head whence the supposed hatred
of the Jews against the Christians derived its origin. Natur-
ally enough the Jews and the best elements among the Russian
intelligenzia looked upon the mere staging of such a play as
an incitement to pogroms. They appealed repeatedly to the
police, calling upon them to stop the production of a play which
was sure to fan national and religious hatred. The police,
however, were not guided by the wishes of the Jews, but by
those of their enemies. As a result, in a considerable num-
ber of cities where the play was presented, such as Smo-
lensk, Oryol, Kishinev, Tiflis, and others, violent demonstra-
tions took place in the theatres. The Jewish spectators and a
part of the Russian public, particularly from among the college
youth, hissed and hooted, demanding the removal from the

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II. 33

stage of this libel on a whole people. The anti-Semites, in
turn, shouted : " Down with the Jews ! ", and started a fight
with the demonstrators. The police, of course, sided with the
anti-Semites, attacking the demonstrators and dragging them
to the police stations. This agitation led to a number of legal
proceedings against the Jews who were charged with disturb-
ing the peace. During the trial of one of these cases (in the
city of Oryol), the counsel for the defence used the following
argument :

The play inflames the national passions, and makes the national
traits of a people the object of ridicule and mockery, — of a people,
moreover, which is denied equal rights and has no means of voicing
its protest. The production of such a play should never have been
permitted, the more so as the police were well acquainted with the
agitated state of the public mind.

The argument of the defending attorney was scarcely con-
vincing. For the article of the Eussian law which forbids the
" incitement of one part of the population against the other "
loses its validity when the " other part " means the Jews.

CHAPTER XXXII

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING
1. The Eise of Political Zionism

For two decades the sledge hammer of Eussian reaction had
been descending with crushing force upon the vast commu-
nity of the six million Eussian Jews. Yet in the end it was
found that the heavy hammer, to use the well-known simile
of Pushkin, instead of shattering the national organism of
Jewry, had only helped to steel it and to harden its indestruc-
tible spiritual self. The Jewry of Eussia showed to the world
that it was endowed with an iron constitution, and those that
had hoped to crush it by the strokes of their hammer were ulti-
mately forced to admit that they had produced the opposite
result. At first it seemed as if the effect of these blows would
be to turn Jewry into a shapeless mass. There were moments
of despair and complete prostration, when the approaching
darkness threatened to obliterate all paths. This stage was fol-
lowed by a period of mental haziness, marked by dim yearnings
for regeneration, which were bound to remain fruitless because
unaccompanied by organizing energy.

This transitional state of affairs lasted throughout the
eigbties and during the first half of the nineties. But by and
by, out of the chaos of these nebulous social tendencies, there
emerged more and more clearly the outlines of definite politico-
national doctrines and organizations, and new paths were
blazed which, leading in different directions, converged toward
one goal — that of the regeneration of the Jewish people from
within, both in its national and social life.

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 41

The turning-point of this process is marked by the year
1897. That year, in which the first International Zionist
Congress held its sessions, inaugurated not only the political
Zionist movement, but also the development of other currents
of Jewish national and political thought The entire gamut of
public slogans rang through the air, all bearing testimony to
one and the same fact : that the era of national prostration had
come to an end, and that the vague longings for liberation and
regeneration had assumed the character of a conscious endeavor
pursuing a well-defined course. The careful observer could
scarcely fail to perceive that beneath the hammer of history
the formless mass of Jewry was being forged into a well-shaped
instrument of great power. The organization of the Jewish
people had made its beginning.

Among the movements which arose at the end of the nine-
teenth century there were some which came to the surface of
Jewish life rather noisily, attracting the attention of the Jewish
masses as well as that of the outside world. Others, however,
were imbedded more deeply in the consciousness of the educated
classes and were productive of a new outlook upon the national
Jewish problem. The former were an answer to the question
of the " Jewish misery," of the Judennot, in its practical aspect.
The latter offered a solution of the national-cultural problem
of Judaism in its totality. The movements of the first kind
are represented by Political Zionism and Territorialism. In
the second category stand Spiritual Zionism and National-
Cultural Autonomism. On a parallel line with both varieties
of the national movement, and frequently intersecting it, went
the Jewish socialistic movement, tinged to a lesser or larger
degree by nationalistic tendencies.

42 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

For fifteen years, the " Lovers of Zion," or the Ilibbat Zion
movement, had been pursuing its course in Russia, without
showing marked progress in the direction of that universal
Jewish goal which had been formulated by its champions,
Lilienblum and Pinsker.1 During that period some fifteen
Jewish agricultural colonies had sprung up in Palestine. The
Jewish population of the Holy Land had been increased by
some twenty thousand souls, and an effort had been made to
create a national model school and to revive the ancient Hebrew
tongue; but needless to say all this was far from solving the
burning question of the six million Russian Jews who were
clamoring for relief from their intolerable condition. At the
slow rate of progress which had hitherto characterized the
Jewish endeavors in Palestine any attempt to transfer a con-
siderable portion of the Russian center to the Holy Land was
doomed to failure, particularly in view of the hostility of the
Turkish Government which was anxious to check even this
insignificant growth of Jewish colonization.

At that juncture, the air of Europe resounded with the
clarion tones of Theodor Herzl's appeal to the Jews to establish
a " Jewish State." The appeal came from Western Europe,
from the circles in which the sufferings of their " Eastern
brethren " had hitherto been viewed entirely from the philan-
thropic point of view. It came from a young Viennese journal-
ist who had been aroused by the orgy of anti-Semitism in the
capital of Austria (the agitation of Burgomaster Lueger, and
others), and by the exciting anti-Jewish scenes enacted in the
capital of France, where, as a correspondent of the Viennese
daily " Die Neu Freie Presse," he followed the Dreyfus affair

1 See vol. II, p. 332.

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 43

in its first early stages. Herzl became suddenly conscious of
the acute pain of the Jewish misery. He saw the anti-Semitism
of Western Europe closing ranks with the Judaeophobia of
Eastern Europe. He saw the ideal of assimilation crumbling
to pieces, and he made up his mind to hoist the flag of Jewish
nationalism, scarcely aware of the fact that it had already been
hoisted in the East.1 His pamphlet ("The Jewish State"),
which appeared in the beginning of 1896, was in its funda-
mental premises a repetition of the old appeal of Pinsker. The
author of the new publication was convinced, like his predeces-
sor, that the only relief from the Jewish misery lay in the con-
centration of the Jewish people upon a separate territory,
without determining the question whether that territory should
be Palestine or Argentina. But, in contradistinction to Pins-
ker, Herzl was not satisfied with formulating the problem theo-
retically; he offered at the same time a plan of political and
economic organization by means of which the problem was to
be solved : the creation of special representative bodies which
were to enter into negotiations with rulers and Governments
concerning the cession of an appropriate territory to the Jews
under an international protectorate, and were also to obtain
huge funds to carry out the transplantation and resettlement
of vast Jewish masses. Eepresenting a combination of theo-
retic enthusiasm and practical Utopias, the " Jewish State " of
Herzl revived the nearly smothered political hopes which had
been cherished by the Hobebe Zion circles in Eussia. The Rus-
sian Jews, groaning under the yoke of an Egyptian bondage,

1 After the publication of his Judenstaat, Herzl openly confessed
that at the time of writing he did not know of the existence of
Pinsker's " Autoemancipation."

44 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

flocked to the new Moses who announced the glad tidings of the
Exodus, and Herzl, beholding the ready hosts in the shape of
the Hobebe Zion societies, was quick to adjust his territori-
alistic scheme to the existing Palestinian movement.

In this wise, the organization of political Zionism sprang into
life, using as its medium of expression the international party
congresses, most of which convened in Switzerland, in the
city of Basle. The first Basle Congress held in August, 1897,
was an impressive demonstration of the national awakening of
the Jewish people. For the first time, the united representatives
of Eastern and Western Jewry proclaimed before the world
that the scattered sections of Jewry looked upon themselves
as one national organism striving for national regeneration.
From the center of Western assimilation, advocating the disap-
pearance of Jewry, came the war-cry, proclaiming the con-
tinued existence of the Jewish nation, though that existence
was conditioned by the establishment of a separate " publicly
and legally assured " territorial center. Of the four articles
of the " Basle program," which were adopted by the first
Congress, three deal with the fundamental task of the party,
the political and financial endeavors looking to the coloniza-
tion of large Jewish masses in Palestine, and only one voices
the need "of strengthening the Jewish national feeling and
self-respect."

In the further progress of the Zionist organization, these
two principles, the political and the cultural, were constantly
struggling for mastery, the Zionists of the West gravitating
toward political activities and diplomatic negotiations, while
the Zionists of the East laid greater emphasis upon internal
cultural work along national lines, looking upon it as an

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 45

indispensable prerequisite for national rebirth. The struggle
between these two principles continued at each succeeding
annual Congress (at the second and third held in Basle in 1898
and 1899, at the fourth in London in 1900, and at the fifth
in Basle in 1901). On the one hand, the Zionists were
feverishly engaged in the external organization of the move-
ment: the consolidation of the Shekel-payer societies, the
creation of the Jewish Colonial Trust and the Jewish National
Fund, the conduct of diplomatic negotiations with the Turk-
ish Government and with the political representatives of other
countries for the purpose of obtaining a guaranteed " charter "
for a wholesale colonization in Palestine. On the other hand,
endeavors were made to nationalize the Jewish intellectual
classes, to promote the Hebrew language, to create a national
school, and " to conquer the communities " for Zionism, that
is, to strengthen the influence of the party in the administra-
tion of the Jewish communities. The Convention of Russian
Zionists, held at Minsk in 1902, paid particular attention to
the cultural aspirations of the party, and adopted a resolu-
tion calling for the appointment of two committees, an ortho-
dox and a progressive, to find ways and means for placing
Jewish education on a national basis. The same Convention
demonstrated the growth of the movement, for, during the
first five years of its existence, the Zionist organization in
Eussia had succeeded in securing about seventy thousand
Shekel-payers who were organized in approximately five hun-
dred societies.

Yet the political and financial achievements of Zionism dur-
ing that period of bloom — prior to the crisis of 1903 — were
insignificant. The diplomatic negotiations of the Zionist
4

46 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

leader, Dr. Theodor Herzl, with the Sultan of Turkey and his
Government, as well as with the German emperor and several
other European sovereigns, failed of their purpose — the obtain-
ing of a Turkish charter for the wholesale colonization of Pales-
tine. The financial instrument of the party, the Jewish
Colonial Trust, proved as yet too weak to collect the proposed
fund of ten million dollars — a modest sum when compared
with the purpose for which it was destined. The colonization
of Palestine proceeded at a slow pace, and its miniature scale
was entirely out of proportion to the grand plan of establishing
a national autonomous center in Palestine. Withal, Zionism
proved during that brief interval a potent factor in the na-
tional awakening of Jewry. The strength of the move-
ment lay, not in the political aims of the organization, which
were mostly beyond reach, but in the very fact that tens of
thousands of Jews were organized with a national end in
view. It lay, moreover, in the current national-cultural activi-
ties, in the Gegenivartsarbeit, which, yielding to necessity, had
been raised from a means to an end. In Western Europe, the
principal significance of Zionism lay in its effect as a counter-
balance to assimilation, Herzl having declared that " Zionism
aims at the establishment of a publicly and legally assured
home for those Jews who, in their present places of residence,
are not able, or not willing, to assimilate themselves." In Eus-
s-ia, however, where Jewish life was dominated by more power-
ful nationalizing influences, the chief importance of political
Zionism lay in this very propaganda of a national rebirth in the
midst of those whom militant Judaeophobia was endeavoring
to reduce by intolerable oppression to the level of moral degen-
erates. The apathy and faint-heartedness which had charac-

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 47

terized public Jewish life during the eighties and the first half
of the nineties was followed by a period of noisy bustle, of
organizing activity, and of great animation. The Pale of
Settlement resounded with the din of its hundreds of Zionist
societies, with the speeches of Zionist agitators at public meet-
ings and in the synagogues, with the intense agitation preceding
the elections for each Zionist congress, with the heated debates
about the program between the political and the cultural Zion-
ists, between the Mizrahists (the faction of orthodox Zionists)
and the Progressives. The public utterances of the Zionist
leaders, Herzl and ISFordau, were the subject of interminable
discussion and comment. The Bussian Jews were particularly
stirred by the annual Congress addresses of Xordau on the
" General Situation in Jewry," in which the famous writer
pictured with characteristic vividness the tragedy of the Golus,
the boundless extent of Jewish misery, having a material aspect
in the lands of oppression and a moral aspect among the eman-
cipated sections of Jewry, and which culminated in the thought
that Jewry could not exist without Zion.

Nordau's motto, " Jewry will be Zionistic, or it will not be,"
was differently interpreted in the different circles of the Rus-
sian Jewish intelligenzia. Among the Russian leaders of the
party only a minority (Dr. Mandelstamm of Kiev, and others)
were fully in accord with the extreme political views of the
Western leaders. The majority of the former workers in the
ranks of the Hobebe Zion movement (Ussishkin, Chlenov, and
others) sought to harmonize the political functions of Zionism
with its cultural aspirations and combine the diplomatic nego-
tiations concerning a charter with the up-keep of the existing
colonization work in Palestine, which latter was contemptuously

48 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

branded by the hide-bound adherents of political Zionism as
" infiltration." This Babel of opinions within the ranks of the
organization could not fail to weaken its effectiveness as an
agency for the attainment of the ultimate Zionist goal. At the
same time, it brought life and animation into the movement.
The crack of the whip of the Egyptian taskmasters remained
unheard amidst the clash of ideas and the proud slogans of
national liberation which resounded throughout the Jewish
Pale.

2. Spihitual Zionism, or Ahad-Ha'amism

And yet, political Zionism viewed as a theory failed to offer
a satisfactory solution of the great Jewish problem in all its
historic complexity. Born of the reaction against anti-Semit-
ism, and endeavoring to soothe the pain of the wounded Jewish
heart, it was marked by all the merits and demerits of a theory
which was substantially Messianic in character and was entirely
dependent on subjective forces, on faith and will-power. " If
you only will it, then it is no fairy tale " 1 — in these words the
ultimate goal of political Zionism is indicated by its founder,
who firmly believed that an extraordinary exertion of the
national will would transform the fairy tale of a " Jewish
state " into reality. When confronted with the question as to
the future of the Jewish nation in case faith and will-power
should prove unable to grapple with the conditions over which it
had no control, and tho " fairy tale " of a united political auton-
omous center should not be realized, political Zionism either
remained silent or indulged in a polemical retort which was

C1 The motto prefixed to Herzl's Zionistic novel Altneuland.]

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 49

in flagrant contradiction to Jewish history : " Without Zion,
Judaism is bound to perish." The national conscience, how-
ever, could not be reconciled to such an answer. A more or
less satisfactory solution of the problem of Judaism could
not spring from the external reaction against anti-Semitism,
but could only mature as the fruit of profound contempla-
tion of the course of development pursued by the Jewish people
in the Diaspora; such a solution could only be found in the
endeavor to adapt the new national movement to this historic
course. From this point of view political Zionism was rectified
by " Spiritual Zionism," the teaching of the publicist and
philosopher Ahad Ha'am (U. Ginzberg).

Even before political Zionism, or " Herzlianism," appeared
on the scene, Ahad Ha'am had succeeded in substantially modi-
fying the Palestinian idea as formulated by Lilienblum and
Pinsker. In the program of the semi-Masonic order Bne
Moshe (" Sons of Moses "), established by him in Odessa,1 he
laid down the fundamental principle that the preparation of
the land for the people must be preceded by the transformation
of the people into a firmly-knit national organization : " We
must propagate the national idea, and convert it into a
lofty moral ideal." Having become associated with the Pales-
tinian colonization in a practical manner, as a leading member
of the Odessa Palestine Society, founded in 1890/ Ahad Ha'am
indefatigably preached that the significance of this microscopic
colonization was not to be sought in its economic results, but
in its spiritual and cultural effects, in establishing upon the
historic soil of Judaism a nursing-ground for a pure national

1 It was founded in 1889 and disbanded in 1S97.
[a See vol. II, p. 421 et seq.]

50 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

culture which should be free from foreign admixture, and
from the inevitable cultural eclecticism of the Diaspora. After
the spectacular appearance of political Zionism on the Jewish
stage this fundamental idea of " Neo-Palestinianism " was
more fully elaborated by Ahad Ha'am, assuming the shape of
a comprehensive doctrine, known as the doctrine of " Spiritual
Zionism." When the first Basle Congress was over, Ahad
Ha'am declared that the " Jewish State," as formulated by
Herzl, was beyond realization, for the reason that, under the
prevailing circumstances, it was entirely impossible to transfer
to Palestine the whole Diaspora, or even a substantial part of it.
Consequently, the Palestinian colonization could not put an
end to the material " Jewish misery," whereas a small Jewish
center, gradually rising in Palestine, might, with the help of a
proper organization, solve the national-spiritual problem of
Judaism. The formation of a spiritual center in the historic
homeland of the nation, the creation in that center of a Jewish
national school, the revival of the Hebrew language as a me-
dium of daily speech, the untrammelled devalopment of a
Jewish culture, without the pressure of a foreign environ-
ment— such in short he held to be the true goal of the Palestine
idea. A " publicly and legally assured home for the Jewish
spirit " of this kind would exert an uninterrupted nationaliz-
ing influence upon the Diaspora, serving as a living center of
attraction for a genuine Jewish culture, and acting like a focus
which scatters its rays over a large periphery.

The Zionist doctrine of Ahad Ha'am, as a counterbalance
to official Zionism which was hall-marked by the " Basle Pro-
gram," led to interminable discussions among the partisans of
the movement. It did not succeed in creating a separate party

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 51

or a special public agency for its realization ; yet the elements
of that doctrine have mingled in a larger or lesser degree with
the views of the political Zionists in Russia, and manifested
themselves in the protests of the cultural Zionists against the
extreme political advocates of the movement at the Zionist
Congresses. The Zionist Convention at Minsk, referred to
previously, resulted in a partial triumph for the ideas
championed by Ahad Ha'am, who submitted a report on
the " Spiritual Regeneration of Judaism." * The Convention
adopted a resolution calling for a larger measure of cultural
work in the schedule of the party activities, but rejected at
the same time the proposal of the referee to create a Jewish
world organization for the revival of Jewish culture, on the
ground that such an organization might destroy the political
equilibrium of Zionism.

3. Spiritual Nationalism, or National-Cultural
Autoxomism
Both political and spiritual Zionism have their roots in the
same common ground, in " the negation of the Golus " : in
the conviction that outside of Palestine — in the lands of the
Diaspora — the Jewish people has no possibility of continuing
its existence as a normal national entity. Both political and
spiritual Zionists have their eyes equally fixed upon Zion as
the anchor of safety for Judaism, whether it be in its material

f1 Ahad Ha'am's report is embodied in the second volume of his
collected essays (Berlin, 1903) under the title Tehiyyat Ka-Ru'ah,
" The Spiritual Revival." An English version of this article is
found in Leon Simon's translation of Ahad Ha'am's essays (Jew-
ish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1912), p. 253
et seq.]

52 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

or in its spiritual aspect. Neither doctrine had formulated a
clear idea of the future destinies of the Jewish Diaspora, that
is, of the destinies of the entire Jewry of the world, minus
the section settled in Palestine. The political Zionists evaded
the question as to the fate of the Jewish people in case their
aspirations should not materialize, and, faithful to the motto
proclaimed by Nordau, were ready, as it were, to sentence
the entire Diaspora to death, or to a life worse than death,
in the eventuality of the Palestine charter being refused. The
cultural Zionists protested against this hypothetical Zionism,
insisting that the Diaspora would preserve its national vitality
by mere contact with a small cultural center in Palestine.
But how the tremendous bulk of the Diaspora Jewry should
be organized for a Jewish life on the spot, how it should be
enabled to liberate itself from the political and cultural pres-
sure of the environment — that question remained unanswered
by both wings of Zionism. An answer to this question could
not be found by considering merely the last stage of Jewish
history, but by viewing the latter in all its phases, beginning
with the ancient Greco-Roman and Eastern Diaspora. Such an
answer, based upon the entire Jewish past, was attempted by
the doctrine of " Spiritual Nationalism," or, more correctly,
" National-Cultural Autonomism." Its fundamental prin-
ciples have been formulated by the present writer in his
" Letters Concerning Ancient and Modern Judaism." *

f1 A number of articles under that title appeared originally in
the Russian-Jewish monthly Voskhod. They were subsequently
enlarged and published in book form in 1907. The first two
" Letters " were rendered into German by the translator of this
volume and published in 1905 by the Jiidischer Verlag in Berlin,
under the title Die Grundlagen des National judentums.]

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 53

The theory of Autonomism takes as its point of departure
the historic fact that at all times, with the exception of a few
brief and partial deflections, the Jewish Diaspora, taken as
a whole, represented a national organism, in which the absence
of political or territorial unity was made up by the stronger
cohesion of its spiritual and cultural ties and the greater
intensity of its social and autonomous life. For many cen-
turies the entire culture of Judaism assumed a religious color-
ing and its communal autonomy was centered in the syna-
gogue— which circumstance gave the modern champions of
assimilation reason for thinking that the Jews were only a
religious group scattered among various nations. It was a
fatal error on the part of the Parisian Synhedrion convoked
by Napoleon when, in its declaration of 1807, it proclaimed
that " Jewry to-day does not constitute a nation," an error
which during the nineteenth century became an article of
faith with the Jews of Western Europe. The latest develop-
ment of the national movement has shown that Jewry, though
scattered among various political states, is a nation full of
vitality, and that the Jewish religion is only one of its func-
tions. The Jewish national idea, secularized to a certain
degree, is based on the assumption that all sections of the
Jewish people, though divided in their political allegiance, form
one spiritual or historico-cultural nation, which, like all na-
tional minority groups in countries with a mixed population,
are in duty bound to fight in their several lands at one and
the same time not only for their civil equality, but also for
their national rights — the autonomy of the Jewish community,
school, and language. What Jewish orthodoxy has for cen-
turies stood for and still stands for, under the guise of religious

54 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Judaism, progressive Jews should fight for under the banner
of a national Jewish culture. The fate of universal Jewry
ought not to be bound up with one single center. We should
take into account the historic fact of a multiplicity of centers
of which those that have the largest numbers and can boast
of the most genuine development of a national Jewish life
are entitled to the hegemony of the Jewish people. In those
lands in which civil emancipation has been achieved the fight
must go on for national emancipation, the recognition of the
Jews as a nation which is entitled to a comprehensive com-
munal and cultural autonomy. In Russia, the struggle must
be carried on simultaneously for civil as well as national rights.
Temporary set-backs in this struggle for a national existence
ought not to discourage a nation which has endured the most
terrible sufferings for centuries and has been able to preserve
its spiritual freedom even in the midst of slavery.

A certain measure of relief from these sufferings might be
found in the old-time remedy of Jewish history, in the emigra-
tion from the lands of bondage to countries enjoying a greater
amount of freedom. If in one of the centers the Jews are
subject to prolonged persecution, then their gradual trans-
plantation, be it partial or complete, to another center offering
more favorable opportunities in the struggle for existence
ought to be attempted. Thus, during the last decades, the
partial exodus of the Jews from Russia has helped to create
an important Jewish center in North America and a smaller,
yet spiritually valuable center, in Palestine. The latter may
become a medium for the nationalization of the entire Dia-
spora, but only then when the Diaspora itself will be organized
directly upon the foundations of a cultural autonomy. Zion-

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 55

ism, when reduced to its concrete possibilities, can form only
one plank in the universal platform of the Jewish nation. The
Palestinian center may strengthen the national development
of the Diaspora, but it does not constitute a conditio sine qua
non for its autonomous existence.

Similar to Spiritual Zionism which had not succeeded in
forming a special party, and yet acted as a lever in the general
Zionist movement, Autonomism, too, failed to find its em-
bodiment in a party organization, and yet became an integral
part of the politico-national movements of Russian Jewry at
the beginning of the present century. During the revolution-
ary struggle in Russia, in 1905 and 1906, the demand for a
national-cultural autonomy was embodied in various degrees
by nearly all Jewish parties and groups in their platforms,
aside from, and in addition to, the demand for civil equality.*

4. The Jewish Socialistic Movement
On a parallel line with the nationalistic ideology, which
formed a counterbalance to the assimilationist theory of West-
ern Europe, the doctrine of Socialism came gradually to the
fore, emphasizing the principle of the class struggle in a more
or less intimate connection with the national idea. The Jewish
labor movement was born at the end of the eighties in Lithu-
ania— in Vilna, and other cities; its adherents were recruited
from among the Jewish workingmen who were mainly engaged
in handicrafts. In the nineties, the movement spread to the
growing manufacturing centers of Lithuania and Poland —
Bialystok, Smorgon, Warsaw, and Lodz. At first, the labor
societies were established with a purely economic end in view —

1 See later, p. 108 et seq.

56 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

the organization of strikes for fewer working hours, increased
wages, and the like. The leaders of these societies who were
recruited from among the young Jewish intelligenzia, some of
whom had received a university education abroad, endeavored
to model the movement upon the pattern of the West-
European Social-Democracy. The doctrine of Marxian Social-
ism was applied, sometimes rather hastily, to the primitive
stage of capitalistic production in the Pale of Settlement where
it was still very difficult to draw a line of demarcation between
the poverty-stricken " petty bourgeoisie," forming the bulk of
the Jewish population, and the labor proletariat.

In the second half of the nineties, the Jewish Socialistic
societies were drawn into the maelstrom of the Russian
revolutionary movement. In 1897, all these societies were
consolidated in the " League of the Jewish Workingmen of
Lithuania, Poland, and Russia," known under its abbreviated
name as Der Bund ("The League"). The first secret con-
vention of the " League " took place in Vilna in the month
of September, just one month after the first Zionist Congress
at Basle. Various party centers were organized in Russia —
clandestinely, of course; the party organ, published in the
language of the Jewish masses, in Yiddish, appeared abroad
under the name of Die Arbeiter Stimme. It is worthy of note
that the formation of the Jewish " Bund " gave a year later
the stimulus to the organization of the " Russian Social-
Democratic Party," which united the formerly existing Russian
labor societies. The " Bund " now joined the ranks of Russian
Social Democracy as a separate autonomous group, although
a number of Jewish Social Democrats who had adopted the

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 57

viewpoint of assimilation or cosmopolitanism occupied a con-
spicuous place in the leadership of the Russian party at large.
At subsequent conventions the " Bund " endeavored to
formulate its national program. At first, the tendency pre-
vailed to limit the national element in the party platform to
the use of the popular Jewish vernacular as a propaganda
medium among the masses. At the third convention of the
" Bund," which took place in Kovno in 1899, the proposal
to demand national equality for the Jews was voted down on
the ground that the attention of the workingmen should be
concentrated upon their class interests and ought not to be
diverted in the direction of national aspirations. The fourth
convention of the party, held in 1901, similarly declared " that
it was premature, under the present circumstances, to put
forward the demand for a national autonomy for the Jews,''
although it realized at the same time that " the concept of
nationality is also applicable to the Jewish people." Only
after prolonged debates in the party press, and after a violent
struggle with the centralizing tendencies of the Russian Social-
Democratic Party, the convention of the " Bund," held in
1905, adopted a resolution, demanding " national-cultural
autonomy " in the domain of popular education as well as
public rights for the language spoken by the Jews.

In this wise, the national element gradually permeated even
the doctrine of Socialism which, in its essence, had always
been opposed to it and had placed in its stead the principle
of internationalism and class interests On the other hand,
an attempt was made to inject the Socialistic element into
Zionism. Beginning with 1901, the •Poale-Zion (" The Zion-
ist Workingmen ") began to organize themselves in separate

58 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

societies which proclaimed the territorial principle of Zionism
as the only means of solving the Jewish social-economic ques-
tion, proceeding from the assumption that in the lands of the
Diaspora the Jewish masses would always be barred from the
domain of big industry.

5. The Revival of Jewish Letters

This national revival of Eussian Jewry found its expression
also in Jewish literature. The periodical press, particularly
in the Hebrew language, exhibited new life and vigor, and
in other domains of literary productivity various big talents
made their appearance. As early as the end of the eighties,
the two weekly Hebrew organs, the ha-Melitz in St Peters-
burg, and the ha-Tzefirah in Warsaw, were transformed into
dailies. The Hebrew annuals pursuing purely literary and
scientific aims, such as the ha-Asif (" The Harvest"), Kene-
set Israel ("The Community of Israel"), Pardes ("The
Garden"), and others, made way for the more energetic
ha-Shilodh, a monthly publication which reacted more rapidly
on the questions of the day.1 This review, which is the equal
of the leading periodicals of Europe, exercised considerable
influence upon the views of the nationalist Jewish youth durirg
the period of transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth
century.

At one and the same time, considerable headway was made
by the periodical press in the popular vernacular, called Jargon,
or Yiddish. The Judisches Volksblatt, a weekly publica-

1 The ha-Shiloah was edited from 1896 to 1902 by Ahad Ha'am in
Odessa, though it was published in Berlin. Beginning with 1903,
it was edited by Dr. Joseph Klausner, also in Odessa.

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 59

tion, appeared in St. Petersburg from 1881 to 1890. The
Hausfreund, the Jiidische Vollcsbibliothek, the Jiidische Bih-
liothek, edited by Spektor, Shalom Aleichem, and I. L. PeTez,
respectively, were published in Warsaw and Kiev between 1888
and 1895. Der Jud, a Yiddish weekly, was issued in Warsaw
in 1899-1902.

As for the Jewish press in the Eussian language, the former
mouthpiece of the progressive intelligenzia, the Voskhod, which
appeared at the same time as a weekly and as a monthly publi-
cation, leaned more and more towards the national move-
ment. Another Eussian-Jewish weekly, Budushchnost, "The
Future," which appeared in St. Petersburg from 1899 to 1903,
was Zionistic in tendency.

In the theoretic branch of publicistic literature the domi-
nant figure during that period was Ahad Ha'am, whose articles
endeavored to answer not only the exciting questions of the
day, but also the perpetual problems of Judaism. His brief
semi-philosophic, semi-publicistic essays, under the general
heading Perurim (" Titbits "), served as a lode star for those
who hoped to find the synthesis of " Jew " and " man " in
modern Jewish nationalism. In a series of articles he lashes
" slavery in freedom," 1 or the assimilation of the emancipated
Jews of Western Europe ; he criticizes the theory of " Nation-
alism without Zion," and the manifestations of a Jewish
Nietzscheanism with its denial of the Jewish ethical doctrine.
Not satisfied with mere criticism, he formulates in these articles
the principles of a " spiritual revival " 2 in the sense of a

f1 'Abdut be-tok Herat, the title of one of these articles.]
[2 Tehiyyat ha-Ru'ah, the title of another article, based upon his
report at the Zionist Convention at Minsk. See above, p. 51.]

60 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

nationalization of Jewish culture. The essays of Ahad Ha'ara,
which were subsequently collected under the title 'Al Parashat
Derakim, " At the Parting of the Ways," * represent a pro-
found and closely reasoned system of thought which is firmly
grounded in historico-philosophical premises.

In the forefront of publicists of a less theoretic turn of
mind stood the talented Nahum Sokolow, the editor of the
ho-Tzefirali in Warsaw, who, after some vacillation, joined the
ranks of political Zionism. In the border-land between jour-
nalism and literary criticism the most conspicuous figures were
David Frischman and Micah Joseph Berdychevsky. The
former emphasized in his brilliant literary essays the necessity
of a " Europeanization " of Judaism, while the latter cham-
pioned the cause of Nietzcheanism, protesting against the
suppression of the " man " in the " Jew," and against the pre-
dominance of the spiritual over the material in the doctrine of
Judaism. Berdychevsky is also the author of a number of
sketches portraying the tragic split in the soul of the Jewish
intellectual and the primitive harmoniousness of the old hasi-
dic world.

In the realm of Jewish belles lettres S. J. Abramovich,
known under his pen-name Mendele Mokher Sforim, the writer
of the " Era of Reforms," remained as theretofore the acknowl-
edged leader. The creative energy of this author, who mastered
with equal skill both the national and the popular language,

•The first three volumes appeared in 1S95-1904. [The fourth
volume appeared in 1913. A German rendering of Ahad Ha'am's
selected essays by the translator of the present volume was pub-
lished in Berlin in 1904; a second enlarged edition appeared in
1913. An English translation by Leon Simon was issued by the
Jewish Publication Society of America in 1912.]

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 61

attained to even greater heights during the period of the new
Jewish martyrdom. His novel Wilnschfingerl, " The Wishing
Eing," which was originally written in Yiddish, and, in its
Hebrew version, grew into a large volume, Be-'EmcJc ha-Bakha,
"In the Valley of Tears," (1897-1907), constitutes a great
epic depicting Jewish life during the gloomy reign of Nicho-
las I. and the " Era of Enlightenment " under Alexander II.
A series of sketches, marked by inimitable humor, portray the
disintegration of the old mode of life under the influence
of the pogroms of 1881 and the subsequent emigration from
Eussia (Bime ha-Ba'ash, " In Stormy Days," and others). His
autobiographical series (Bayyamim Hahem, " In Those Days " )
and his incomplete Shloime Feb Hayyims (" Solomon the
son of Hayyim ") reveal the power of rare psychological
analysis.

Abramovich's literary activity, extending over half a cen-
tury,1 earned for him the title of " Grandfather of Neo-Hebrew
Literature" (Der Zeide).' He was privileged to witness the
brilliant successes of his " sons and grandsons " who came
gradually to the fore, particularly in Yiddish literature. His
younger contemporary, Isaac Leib Perez, wrote, during the
first period of his literary endeavors, clever stories, portraying
the life of the Jewish masses in Poland and distinguished by a
powerful realism, often tinged with satire (his series Reise-
bilder, " Travel Pictures," and other sketches which were
written mostly during the nineties). Later on, Perez leaned
more and more towards modern literary symbolism, drawing

[* He died, after the completion of the present volume by the
author, on December 15, 1917.]

[3The Yiddish equivalent for "Grandfather."]
5

62

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

his inspiration mostly from the mystic legends of the Hasidim
(his series Hasidish, which was subsequently expanded into two
volumes under the title V olkstumliche Geschichten, " Popu-
lar Stories," 1909).1

Towards the end of the century, the talent of the great Jew-
ish humorist Shalom Aleichem (S. Eabinovitz) a attained
its full bloom. He was particularly successful in his masterly
delineation of the Luftmensch type of the' Pale of Settlement,
who is constantly on the hunt for a piece of bread, who clutches
at every possible profession and subsists on illusions (his
sketches Menahem Mendel). Using the popular vernacular
with its characteristic idioms and witticisms as his vehicle
of expression, Shalom Aleichem draws the pictures of the
" Little People " of the Russian ghetto (his series Kleine
Menshelelch), describes the joys and sorrows of their children
(Maassios far Jiidislie Kinder, " Stories for Jewish Chil-
dren"), and puts into the mouth of the unsophisticated
philosopher of the ghetto, " Tevye (Tobias) the Dairyman,"
the soul-stirring epic of the great upheavals in this secluded
little world (the series of sketches under the name Tevye Der
Milchiger). To these big stars on the sky of Jewish belles-let-
tres may be added the host of lesser luminaries who write in
the rejuvenated ancient language of the nation or in the ver-
nacular of the masses, the Yiddish.

The literary revival manifested itself with particular vigor
in the domain of poetry. At the beginning of the nineties, the

f1 A collection of his sketches, translated into English by Helena
Frank, was issued by the Jewish Publication Society of America
in 1906.]

PDied in New York on May 13, 1916.]

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 63

voice of Judah Leib Gordon, the poet of the " Era of Re-
forms"1 was silenced (he died in 1892). The singer of the
national sorrow, Simon Frug,2 who was carried away by the
new ideas of Zionism, began to sing his " Zionids " in the
Russian language, writing at the same time for the masses
sonorous poems in Yiddish, though neither of them reveals the
poetic charm of his older national elegies.

New stars now glisten on the horizon. The middle of the
nineties saw the ripening of the mighty talent of Hayyim
Nahman Bialik, who brought the poetical forms of ancient
Hebrew speech to unprecedented perfection. The magnifi-
cence of form is matched by the wealth of content. The great-
est creative power of Bialik is displayed in his treatment of
national motifs. Himself the product of the rabbinical
Yeshibah and Bet ha-Midrash, he sings of the spiritual beauty
hidden behind these ancient and outwardly unattractive walls,
in this antiquated citadel of the Jewish spirit, where the
cult of intellectual knighthood reigned supreme, where the
spiritual shield was forged which preserved a nation of lambs
amidst a horde of wolves (his wonderful poems Ira Yesh Et
Nafsheka la-Da'at? ha-Matmid, " the Diligent Student,"
and others) . The sufferings and humiliations heaped upon his
people by its enemies bring the poet to the brink of despair,
for he realizes that the old shield has been laid aside, and
no new shield has taken its place. He is filled with indignation
at the indifference of the Jewish masses to the appeal for

[* See vol II, p. 228 et seq.]
['See vol. II, p. 330, n. 1.]

[3 " If thou wishes to know the fountain — whence thy martyred
brethren drew their inspiration."]

64 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

regeneration sounded by Zionism (AJcen Hatzir ha-'Am,
" Verily, the People are like Grass," and others) . At a later
stage, beginning with the Kishinev pogrom of 1903, Bialik's
lyre becomes more and more pessimistic, adopting the tone
of wrathful rebuke and fiery denunciation.

In contra- distinction to this singer of the national soul,
another contemporary poet, Saul Chernikhovsky, sounds the
keynote of general human experience and the joy of living.
He demonstratively prostrates himself before the statue
of Apollo (Lenokah Pesel Apollo, " Before the Statue of
Apollo"), offering to it the repentant prayer of the Jew for
having denied the ideal of beauty. He raves about " Hellen-
ism," the cult of joy and light, repudiating the one-sided
spirituality and rigorism of old Judaism. Erotic motifs, de-
scriptions of nature, ballads, rustic idylls — such are the char-
acteristic features of Chernokhovsky's poetry which forms, as
it were, a general human pendant to the poetry of Bialik,
though yielding to it in the depth of literary conception.
Both Bialik and Chernikhovsky fructified the field of Jewish
poetry, which in the beginning of the twentieth century found
a whole host of more or less talented cultivators, most of them
writing in the ancient national language, though in a rejuve-
nated form.

Less rapid was the progress of Jewish scholarly endeavors.
Yet, beginning with the eighties, even this domain is marked
by an uninterrupted activity which forms a continuation of
the scientific achievements of the West. The nineties inaugu-
rate systematic efforts directed toward the elucidation of the
history of the Jews in Russia and Poland. A series of
scholarly researches, monographs, and general accounts of Jew-

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING 65

ish history, written mostly in Eussian, make their appearance.
Particularly noteworthy are the efforts to blaze new paths of
Jewish historiography converging towards the national con-
ception of Judaism. The Jewish historians of the nineteenth
century in Western Europe, who were swayed by assimila-
tionist ideas, viewed Jewish history primarily from the theo-
logical or spiritualistic point of view. The scholarly endeavors
of Eussian Jewry constitute an attempt to understand the
social development of the Diaspora as a peculiar, internally-
autonomous nation which, at all times, has sought to preserve
not only its religious treasures, but also the genuine com-
plexion of its diversified national life.

CHAPTER XXXIII

THE KISHINEV MASSACRE

1. Pogroms as a Counter-Revolutionary Measure

The frenzy of political reaction, which raged for two decades,
was grist to the mill of the Revolution. Stunned by the blow it
had received at the beginning of the eighties, the Russian revo-
lutionary movement came back to consciousness at the begin-
ning of the twentieth century, when the hopes for a change
of policy on the part of Nicholas II. had been completely
blasted. The agitation among the students and the working-
men, the " disorders " at the universities, the strikes at the
factories, the revolutionary propaganda carried on in the under-
ground press at home and in the public press abroad — all
these endeavors were gradually co-ordinated within the frame
of the two revolutionary organizations, the Social-Democratic
and the Social-Revolutionary parties, both of which assumed
definite shape between 1898 and 1900. The Social-Revolu-
tionary party favored terrorism as a weapon in its struggle
with the Russian Government, which had made use of all the
appliances of police terrorism to suppress the faintest stirring
for liberty. This official terrorism raged with unrestricted
violence. Nocturnal raids, arrests, prisons, and places of depor-
tation or of penal servitude, filled to overflowing with " politi-
cal criminals/' mostly young men and women — such were the
agencies by means of which the Government hoped to stamp out
the " revolutionary hydra," even when manifesting itself in the
form of moderate constitutional demands. The revolutionaries
fought terrorism with terrorism, and one of their victims was
the reactionary Minister of the Interior, Sipyaghin, who was

THE KISHINEV MASSACRE 67

assassinated in April, 1902. The exasperated Tzar retorted
by appointing to the same office von Plehve, one of the most
experienced henchmen of the Russian political inquisition,
who had long before, in his capacity of Chief of the Political
Police, brought its mechanism to the top notch of efficiency/
He was destined to play an ill-fated role in the martyrology of
Russian Jewry.

It was easily to be foreseen that the Russian revolutionary
movement would make a strong appeal to the Russian Jewish
youth. Had any other cultured nation been tormented and
humiliated as cruelly and as systematically as were the Jews
in Russia it would surely have given birth to an immense
host of desperate terrorists. True, the Jews supplied the
revolutionary army with a larger number of fighters than was
warranted by their numerical proportion to the rest of the
Russian population. Yet their number was insignificant when
compared with the atrocities which were constantly perpetrated
against them. As a rule, the Jewish college youth joined the
ranks of the Social-Democratic organization, which disap-
proved of political assassination. There were particularly
numerous Marxists among the Jewish young men and women
who had been turned away from the Russian institutions of
learning and had gone to Western Europe where they imbibed
the doctrines and methods of German Social Democracy.
There were fewer Jews among the Social Revolutionaries (Ger-
shuni, Gotz, and others), and these, too, did not as a rule
take a direct part in the terroristic plots. As a matter of
fact, the only terrorist act committed by a Jew was that of
the workingman Hirsh Lekkert, in Vilna. Stung by the

P See vol. II, p. 381.]

68 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

barbarous conduct of the governor of Vilna, von Wahl, who
had given orders to flog the Jewish workingmen in public
for having arranged a demonstration on May 1, 1902, Lekkert
fired upon that official. The governor escaped unscathed, and
Lekkert paid with his life for the attempt. But on the whole,
the revolutionary activity of the Jews was limited to the fre-
quent political demonstrations arranged by the " Bund," and
to the organizing endeavors of a certain section of the Jewish
intellectuals who had joined the ranks of both Eussian Social-
istic parties.

Had the Russian Government been guided by a genuine
interest in the body politic, the spread of the revolutionary
movement among the Jews, which was the child of its own
system of oppression, would have inevitably induced it to miti-
gate a system which was bound to turn millions of people into
desperadoes. But the Eussian Government was, properly speak-
ing, not a Government. It was a caste of officials who had
degraded the administration of the country to the systema-
tic endeavor of saving their own personal careers and class
interests, both of which were indissolubly bound up with
unlimited autocracy. The Eussian bureaucracy regarded the
revolution as a personal threat, as a menace to its existence,
and looked upon the Jewish participants in the revolution
as their own individual enemies whose deeds were to be
avenged upon the whole Jewish people. Thus there ripened
in the mind of Plehve, the head of the bureaucratic inquisi-
tion, a truly devilish plan : to wage war against the Eussian
revolution by waging war against the Jews, and to divert the
attention of the Eussian public, which was honeycombed with
the revolutionary propaganda, in the direction of the " aliens/'

THE KISHINEV MASSACRE (J J)

thereby stigmatizing the entire emancipatory movement in Rus-
sia as " the work of Jewish hands/' as an anti-patriotic cause
which was foreign to the Russian people. It was part of this
plan to engineer somewhere a barbarous anti-Jewish pogrom
in order to intimidate the Jewish revolutionaries and to put
it forward as a protest of the " Russian people " against
the " Jewish revolution." " Drown the revolution in Jewish
blood ! " — this motto underlay the terrible scheme which, begin-
ning with 1903, was put into execution by the underlings of
Nicholas II. at the most crucial moments in the Russian revo-
lutionary movement.

2. The Organized Kishinev Butchery

Needless to say, there was plenty of inflammable material
for such an anti-Jewish conflagration. One of the criminal
haunts of these incendiaries was situated at thai" time in
Kishinev, the capital of semi-Moldavian Bessarabia. Until
the end of the nineteenth century, the fifty thousand Jews of
that city had lived in peace and harmony with their Christian
neighbors who numbered some sixty thousand. At the begin-
ning of the new century, these friendly relations were severed,
owing to the untrammelled anti-Semitic agitation of a local
yellow journalist, a petty official by the name of Krushevan.
This official had been publishing in Kishinev since 1897 a local
sheet under the name of Bessarabetz ("The Bessarabian ").
Having originally embarked upon a moderately progressive
policy, the paper soon sold itself to the local anti-Semitic
reactionaries from among the nobility and bureaucracy, and
was thenceforth subventioned by the Government. For a
number of years Krushevan's paper carried on an unbridled

70 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

agitation against the Jews. The Jews were accused of
every possible crime, of economic " exploitation," of Social-
ism, of " hatred towards the Christians," of ritual murders,
and of fathering the " Godless revolution." Favored by the
powers that be, the Bessardbetz could do what it pleased. The
censorship of the paper lay in the hands of the deputy-governor
of Kishinev, Ustrugov, who during his administrative activity
had proved himself a past master in the art of persecuting the
Jews and curtailing the crumbs of rights that were still left to
them. Under the auspices of such a censor, who was in reality
a contributor to the paper, the latter was sure of immunity even
when it proceeded to print appeals calling on the Christian
population to make pogroms upon the Jews.

This agitation was particularly dangerous in view of the
fact that the Bessarabetz was the only press organ in the
province, the Government consistently refusing to license the
publication of any other newspaper. As a matter of fact,
Krushevan's activity in Bessarabia was so well thought of by
Plehve that in 1902 the mercenary journalist received con-
siderable sums from a special slush fund for the publication
of a newspaper in St. Petersburg, under the name Znamya
("The Banner"), with a similarly reactionary anti-Semitic
tendency. However, in the capital, the filthy sheet was unable
to find readers. But as far as the Bessarabetz was concerned,
its influence was clearly felt. Russian public opinion was
affected by the poisonous doses administered to it daily. The
sinister instincts of the mob became inflamed more and more,
and there was the foreboding of a storm in the air.

In the beginning of 1903, Krushevan found an occasion to
give a definite turn to his accustomed pogrom propaganda.
In the town of Dubossary the mutilated body of a Eussian

THE KISHINEV MASSACRE 71

peasant boy, Rybalenko, had been found, who, as was subse-
quently brought out by the judicial inquiry, had been slain
by his uncle in the hope of appropriating his portion of a
bequest. The Bessarabetz immediately launched a cam-
paign against the Jews, accusing them of ritual murder.
" Death to the Jews ! Let all Zhyds be massacred ! " — such
appeals were almost daily repeated in the paper which was
read in all the saloons and public-houses of Bessarabia. The
unenlightened Eussian mob itched for an occasion to lay its
hands upon the Jews. An attempt at a pogrom was made
at Dubossary, but it was frustrated by the local Jews who
were of a sturdy physique.

On the eve of the Easter festival of 1903, mysterious rumors
were set afloat in Kishinev itself telling of the murder of
a Christian servant girl, whose death was ascribed to the
Jews. In reality the girl had taken poison and died, despite
the efforts of her Jewish master to save her life. The
goings-on in Kishinev on the eve of that Easter bore the ear-
marks of an energetic activity on the part of some secret
organization which was hatching an elaborate fiendish scheme.
That criminal organization was centered in the local Eussian
club which was the rallying-point of the officials of the prov-
ince. Shortly before the holiday, there suddenly appeared in
the city an emissary of the political police, the gendarmerie
officer Levendahl, who had been despatched from St. Peters-
burg; after Easter, when the sanguinary crime had already
been committed, the same mysterious envoy vanished just
as suddenly.

The triumvirate Krushevan-Ustrugov-Levendahl vas evi-
dently the soul of the terrible anti-Semitic conspiracy.
Printed hand-bills were scattered about in the city, telling the

72 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

people that an imperial ukase had been published, granting
permission to inflict a " bloody punishment " upon the Jews
in the course of the three days of the Christian Passover.
The police made no attempt to suppress these circulars, for,
as was subsequently brought out, they were in the conspiracy.
Several police officials even hinted at the impending events
in their talks with Jewish acquaintances. In the saloons and
in the tea-houses, the approaching pogrom was the subject of
public discussion. The Jews were fully aware of the coming
storm, though they scarcely realized that it would take the
form not merely of an ordinary pogrom, but of a regular
butchery. On the eve of the festival of Passover, the representa-
tives of the Jewish community waited upon the governor and
the Chief of Police, praying for protection, and received the
cool reply that the necessary instructions had already been
given and that the proper measures for their safety had been
adopted. The local Greek-Orthodox bishop asked the rabbi,
who came to see him on the subject, whether it was true that
there was a Jewish sect which used Christian blood for ritual
purposes.

The conflagration which was openly prepared by the in-
cendiaries broke out at the moment determined upon. On
Sunday, April 6, the first day of the Christian Passover and
the seventh day of the Jewish holiday, the church bells began
to ring at noontime, and a large crowd of Eussian burghers
and artisans, acting undoubtedly upon a given signal scattered
all over the town, and fell upon the Jewish houses and stores.
The bands were preceded by street urchins who were throw-
ing stones at the windows. The rioters, whose number was
swelled by these youthful " fighters," seeing that the police

THE KISHINEV MASSACRE 73

made no attempt to interfere, began to break into the houses
and stores, and to throw the contents on the street where every-
thing was destroyed or plundered by the festive crowd. But
even then the police and soldier detachments who were sta-
tioned on the streets remained passive, and made no attempt to
arrest the rioters. This attitude served in the eyes of the
mob as a final proof that the rumors concerning the permis-
sion of the Tzar " to beat the Jews " were correct. An immense
riff-raff, in a state of intoxication, crowded the streets, shout-
ing " Death to the Zhyds ! Beat the Zhyds ! "

In the evening looting gave way to killing. The murderers,
armed with clubs and knives, assailed the Jews in the cars,
on the streets, and in the houses, wounding them severely,
sometimes even fatally. Even then, the police and military
remained inactive; only when in one place a group of Jews,
armed with sticks, attempted to drive off the murderers, the
police stepped in at once and disarmed the defenders.

At ten o'clock in the evening the looting and killing were
suddenly stopped. Eumor had it that the general staff of
the rioters were holding a meeting concerning the further plan
of military operations, and were making arrangements for a
systematic butchery. The " army " soon received the neces-
sary orders, and in the course of the entire day of April 7,
from daybreak until eight o'clock in the evening, Kishinev
was the scene of bestialities such as find few parallels even
in the history of the most barbarous ages. Finding them-
selves defenceless and exposed to the passions of a savage
crowd, many Jewish families hid themselves in their cellars,
or in their garrets, and sometimes sought safety in the houses
of their Christian neighbors, but the murderers succeeded in

74 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

hunting down their unfortunate victims. The Jews were slain
in most barbarous fashion. Many of them were not killed
at once, but were left writhing in pre-mortal agonies. Some
had nails driven into their heads or had their eyes put out.
Little children were thrown from garrets to the pavement,
and their brains dashed out upon the stones. Women had
their stomachs ripped open or their breasts cut off. Many of
them became the victims of rape. One gymnazium pupil who
saw his mother attacked by these fiends threw himself single-
handed upon them, and saved at the cost of his life his mother's
honor; he himself was slain, and his mother's eyes were put
out. The drunken hordes broke into the synagogue, and,
getting hold of the Torah scrolls, tore them to shreds, defiled
them, and trampled upon them. In one synagogue, the old
Shammes (beadle), arrayed in his prayer-shawl, and shielding
with his body the Ark containing the sacred scrolls, was
savagely murdered by the desecrators on the threshhold of the
sanctuary.

Throughout the entire day, wagons were seen moving in
the streets, carrying wounded and slain Jews to the hospitals
which had been converted into field-lazarettes.

But even this sight did not induce the police to step in. The
Russian population, outside of a few isolated cases, made no
attempt to defend the tormented Jews. The so-called " intel-
ligent " public, the officials with their wives and children, the
students, the lawyers, the physicians, walked leisurely upon
the streets and looked on indifferently, and sometimes even
sympathetically, while the terrible " work " was going on. The
governor of Bessarabia, von Baaben, who, on the morning
of the second day of the pogrom, was waited upon by a Jewish

THE KISHINEV MASSACRE 75

deputation begging for protection, replied that he could do
nothing since he had received no instructions from St. Peters-
burg.

At last at five o'clock in the afternoon, a telegram was re-
ceived from Plehve, and at six o'clock large detachments of
troops, fully armed, appeared on the central streets. No
sooner had the crowd noticed that the soldiers were ready to
act than it took to its heels, without a single shot being fired.
Only in the outskirts of the town, which had not yet been
reached by the troops, the plunder and massacre continued
until late in the evening.

It is needless to point out that had this readiness of the
police and military to attend to their duty been displayed in
Kishinev at the inception of the pogrom, not a single Jew would
have been murdered nor a single house destroyed. As it
was, the murderers and rioters were given a free hand for
two days, and the result was that forty-five Jews were slain,
eighty-six severely wounded or crippled, five hundred slightly
wounded, apart from cases of rape, the number of which could
not be determined. Fifteen hundred houses and stores were
demolished and looted. The victims were mostly among the
lower classes of the Jewish population, since many well-to-do
Jewish families were able, by bribing the police heavily, to
secure the protection of the latter and to have the rioters turned
away from their houses. As against the enormous number of
Jewish victims, there were only two fatalities among the intoxi-
cated rioters. The Kishinev Jews seemed unable to resist the
murderers and sell their lives dearly.

76 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

3. Echoes of the Kishinev Tragedy

A cry of horror rang throughout Russia and the more or
less civilized countries of the world when the news of the
Kishinev butchery became known. The entire liberal Russian
press voiced its indignation against the Kishinev atrocities.
The most prominent Russian writers expressed their sympathy
with the victims in letters and telegrams. Leo Tolstoi voiced
his sentiments in a letter which could not be published on
account of the censorship.1 The humanitarian writer Koro-
lenko portrayed the horrors of Kishinev in a heart-rending
story under the title " House No. 13," in which, on the
basis of personal observation, he pictured how the Jewish resi-
dents of one house were tortured to death by the rioters. The
story was circulated in an illegal edition, its publication having

1 The following extract may show that the great writer had a
profound insight into the causes of the Kishinev barbarities:

" My opinion concerning the Kishinev crime is the result also of
my religious convictions. Upon the receipt of the first news which
was published in the papers, not yet knowing all the appalling
details which were communicated subsequently, I fully realized
the horror of what had taken place, and experienced simul-
taneously a burning feeling of pity for the innocent victims of
the cruelty of the populace, amazement at the bestiality of all these
so-called Christians, revulsion at all these so-called cultured people
who instigated the mob and sympathized with its actions. But I
felt a particular horror for the principal culprit, our Government
with its clergy which fosters in the people bestial sentiments and
fanaticism, with its horde of murderous officials. The crime com-
mitted at Kishinev is nothing but a direct consequence of that
propaganda of falsehood and violence which is conducted by the
Russian Government with such energy. The attitude adopted by
the Russian Government in relation to this question may only
serve as a new proof of the class egotism of this Government,
which stops at no cruelty whenever it finds it necessary to check
movements that are deemed dangerous by it. Like the Turkish
Government at the time of the Armenian massacres, it remains
entirely indifferent to the most horrible acts of cruelty, as long as
these acts do not affect its interests."

THE KISHINEV MASSACRE 77

been strictly forbidden by the censor. But in Russia itself,
the cry was stifled by the heavy hand of Plehve's censorship.
and wherever a fraction of the terrible truth managed to slip
through the barriers of the censor, Plehve sent out warnings
to the papers threatening to discontinue their publication for
the " pursuit of an injurious policy." Such a fate actually
overtook the Eussian- Jewish Voskliod, in St. Petersburg, the
legal journal Pravo ("The Law"), and others. The entire
Eussian press was forced by the Government to publish the
falsified version embodied in its official reports, in which the
organized massacre was toned down to a casual brawl, and
the inactivity of the troops was explained either by the inade-
quacy of their numbers — despite the fact that several battalions
were stationed in the city — or by the incapacity of the police,
while the dead and wounded were referred to in a vague man-
ner so as to suggest that the victims of the " brawl " were
to be found on both sides.

But the revelations in the foreign press were of a nature to
stagger all Europe and America. The correspondent of the
London Times published the text of a secret letter addressed
by Plehve to the governor of Bessarabia, in which, two weeks
before the pogrom, the latter official was told that, in the case
of anti-Jewish " disorders," " no recourse shall be taken to
armed interference with the urban population, so as not to
arouse hostility to the Government in a population which has
not yet been affected by the revolutionary propaganda." The
authenticity of this letter is not entirely beyond suspicion.
But there can be no doubt that instructions to that effect,
rather by word of mouth than in writing, probably through
the secret agent LevendahL had been actually transmitted to
the authorities in Kishinev.
6

78 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

From the fact that on the second day of the pogrom the
governor was still waiting for instructions from St. Peters-
burg permitting him to discontinue the massacre it is evident
that he must have received previous orders to allow it to pro-
ceed up to a certain point. The horrors of the Armenian mas-
sacres in Turkey, against which even Eussian diplomacy had
protested more than once, faded into insignificance before the
wholesale butchery at Kishinev. Europe and America were
deeply agitated. The Jews outside of Russia collected large
funds for their unhappy Eussian brethren, but their efforts
exhausted themselves in sympathy and philanthropy.

The effect of the catastrophe upon Eussian Jewry was more
lasting. A mixed feeling of wrath and shame seized the Jew-
ish public — wrath against the organizers and abetters of the
terrible crime, and shame for the tortured and degraded
brethren who, not having a chance to save their lives, had
failed to save their honor by offering stout resistance to
these beasts in human shape, who were sure of immunity.
The poet Frug poured forth his sentiments in a Yiddish poem,
voicing his sorrow at the physical helplessness of his nation
and confining himself to an appeal to the kind Jewish heart :

Too keen and grievous is our pain, too weak our hand the blow

to parry.
Come on, then, tender Jewish heart, and love and comfort to us

carry !
Brothers, sisters, pray, have pity; dire and dreadful is our need:
Shrouds we want the dead to bury, and bread that the living we

may feed.1

1 Schlaff is unser Hand zu streiten, stark un schwer is unser

Schmerz,
Kum-zhe du rait Treist un Liebe, gutes heisses jiidisch Herz!
Briider, Schwester, hot rachmones : groiss un schrecklich is di Noit,
Giebt di Toite oif Tachrichim, giebt di Lebedige Broit!

THE KISHINEV MASSACRE 79

A little later, the young poet Bialik gave powerful utter-
ance to his feeling of wrath and shame in his " Burden of
Nemirov." * He makes God address these words to the mar-
tyred nation :

Your dead have died in vain, and neither you nor I

Can say for what they gave their lives, and why ....

No tears shall flow for you! — the Lord swears by His Name —

For though the pain be great, great also is the shame,

And which of them the greater, thou, son of man, decide ....

In picturing the memorial services held in honor of the
Kishinev victims at the synagogues, he angrily exclaims in
the name of God :

Lift thine eyes and look how steeped they are in grief.
You hear them cry and sob and mournful prayers read.
You see them beat their breasts and for forgiveness plead ....
What are they praying for ? . . . . Tell them to protest!
To shake their fists at Me and justice to demand!
Justice for all they've suffered throughout the generations,
So that My Heaven and Throne shall quake to their founda-
tions !

Neither the pogroms at the beginning of the eighties, nor
the Moscow atrocities at the beginning of the nineties can
compare, in their soul-stirring effect upon Kussian Jewry, with
the massacre of Kishinev. It awakened the burning feeling
of martyrdom, but with it also the feeling of heroism. All
were seized by one and the same impulse — the organization

1 Massa Nemirov. This heading was chosen to appease the cen-
sor. As the name Kishinev could not be mentioned, Nemirov
was chosen, being the name of the town which yielded the largest
number of victims during the Cossack massacres of 164S. [See
vol. I, p. 146, et seq. — In a later edition the poem was renamed
Be-'Ir ha-Haregah, " In the city of Slaughter."]

80 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

of self-defence, as if to say : " Since the Government fails to
defend our life and honor, then we ourselves are bound to
defend it." The pogrom panic which spread over the entire
South following upon the terrible days of April 6-7 led to
the organization of self-defence societies in a number of cities.
Plehve knew of these preparations, and found himself in a
difficult position. He realized that these endeavors might in-
terfere with the engineering of the pogroms, since the latter
would no longer be safe for the murderers and plunderers,
and he was, moreover, full of apprehension that these self-
defence societies might become hotbeds of a revolutionary prop-
aganda and provide a training ground for political demonstra-
tions. These apprehensions were voiced in a circular issued
at the end of April, in which the Minister instructed the
governors, first, that " no self-defence societies should be toler-
ated," and, second, that the authorities should adopt measures
for the " prevention of violence " and the " suppression of
lawlessness." Subsequent events showed that the latter order
was never put into effect. The first instruction, however, was
carried out with relentless cruelty, and, during the following
pogroms, the troops made it their first business to shoot down
the members of the self-defence.

Such being the frame of mind of Eussian Jewry, the ukase
of May 10, 1903, opening up to the Jews for " free domicile "
one hundred and one localities in various governments of the.
Pale of Settlement, which had hitherto been barred to them
under the " Temporary Eules " of 1882, was received with
complete indifference. As a matter of fact, many of the rural
settlements, included in that ukase, were in reality towns which
had been converted into " villages," at the instigation of spite-

THE KISHINEV MASSACRE 81

ful officials, for the sole purpose of rendering them inaccessible
to the Jews. The stolen property was now returned with a
slight surplus. The Danaid gift, which seemed to be offered
to the Jews as a compensation for the Kishinev horrors, could
not but fill them with disgust. Parenthetically it may be
remarked that the Government itself nullified the moral effect
of its "act of grace " by issuing on the same day a new repres-
sive law prohibiting the privileged Jews who were entitled to
the right of domicile outside the Pale of Settlement from ac-
quiring real property in the villages and hamlets. The knot
of rightlessness was loosened by a hair's breadth in one place,
and tightened in another.

Grief and shame over " the Kishinev days " armed the hand
of Pincus Dashevski, a high-minded Jewish youth, against the
most culpable instigator of the massacre — Krushevan. Dashev-
ski, the son of a military surgeon, travelled from Kiev, where he
was a student at the Polytechnicum, to St. Petersburg to
inflict punishment on the miserable hireling of Juda?ophobia,
who had caused the Kishinev conflagration by his criminal
newspaper agitation. On June 4, 1903, he assailed Krushevan
in the heart of the capital, on the so-called Nevski Prospect,
wounding him in the neck with a knife. The wound proved
of no consequence, and the " victim " was able to go home,
without accepting the first aid proffered to him in a Jewish
drug store nearby. Dashevski was arrested and brought to
trial. At the preliminary examination he frankly confessed
that he had intended to avenge the Kishinev massacre by kill-
ing Krushevan. Krushevan, now more ferocious than ever,
demanded in his newspaper Znamya that the Jewish avenger
be court-martialled and executed, and his demand was echoed

82 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

by the entire anti-Semitic press. The case was tried in a
district court behind closed doors, the Government of Plehve
evidently fearing the appearance of the sanguinary ghost of
Kishinev in the court-room.

Krushevan was represented by the anti-Semitic lawyer
Shmakov, who subsequently figured in the Beilis trial. The
counsel for Dashevski (the lawyer Gruzenberg and others)
pleaded that his client's act had been inspired by the in-
tention not to kill, but merely to voice his protest against the
unbridled criminal activity of Krushevan. Dashevski received
the severe sentence of penal military service for five years
(August 26). An appeal was taken to the Senate, but the
judgment of the lower court was sustained. The youth who,
in a fit of righteous indignation, had given vent to the out-
raged feelings of his martyred nation, was put in chains and
sent into the midst of murderers and thieves, while the venal
instigator, whose hands were stained with the blood of numer-
ous victims, escaped unscathed, and assisted by public funds,
continued his criminal activity of fanning the hatred of the
populace against the Jews.

4. Doctor Herzl's Visit to Edssia

The alert bureaucratic mind of Plehve was quick to make
its deductions from the Dashevski case. He realized that the
Kishinev massacre would inflame the national Jewish senti-
ment and divert the national or Zionist cause into the channel
of the revolutionary movement. Accordingly, on June 24,
1903, Plehve issued a circular to the governors, which was
marked " strictly confidential," and sent out through the Police
Department, ordering the adoption of energetic measures

THE KISHINEV MASSACRE 83

against " the propaganda of the ideas of Zionism," which had
departed from its original aim — the transfer of Jews to Pales-
tine— and " had directed its activity towards strengthening the
Jewish national idea," preaching "the organization of the
Jews in secluded societies in the places of their present
domicile." Acting upon these orders, the police began to
persecute the Zionists in a number of cities, prohibiting the
sale of Jewish Colonial Trust shares, collections for the Jew-
ish National Fund, and meetings and conferences of the Zionist
societies.

Shortly thereafter, on July 25, the leader of the Zionists,
Dr. Herzl, arrived in St. Petersburg to induce the Eussian
authorities to discontinue these persecutions. Apart from this
immediate object, Herzl had another more important mission
in mind. He hoped to obtain a promise from the Eussian
Government to exert a diplomatic pressure upon Turkey in
favor of permitting the settlement of Jews in Palestine on a
large scale. During his four interviews with Plehve, the Zion-
ist leader succeeded in convincing the minister that " it was in
keeping with the interests of the Eussian Government to assist
the Zionist movement." Plehve replied — and subsequently
confirmed his reply in writing — that the Eussian Government
was willing to help Zionism so long as its political activity
would be directed towards the attainment of its aims outside of
Eussia, towards the creation of a Jewish center in Palestine and
the emigration of the Jews from Eussia, but that as soon as the
movement would be turned inwards, that is, towards the propa-
ganda of the Jewish national idea and the organization of
Jewry in Eussia itself, it would not be tolerated, being sub-
versive of the Eussian national policies. Herzl assured Plehve

84 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

that political Zionism sans phrase had no other aim in view,
except the creation of a center outside of the Diaspora.

Both Plehve and Herzl seemed to be satisfied with the results
of their conversation. Herzl saw also the Minister of Finance,
Witte, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Lamsdorff, and left
St. Petersburg in a hopeful mood. On his way to St. Peters-
burg, particularly during his stay in Vilna, Herzl was the object
of stormy ovations by the Zionists. At the same time, he was
severely criticized by the representatives of other Jewish polit-
ical groups who thought that he had lowered the national
dignity of the Jewish people by conducting negotiations for the
salvation of Jewry with the man on whose forehead was
stamped the Cain's mark of Kishinev.

It seems that the severe crisis which had set in for political
Zionism, when the hope for obtaining a charter from the Sultan
had receded into a distance, had impelled Herzl to catch at a
straw, at negotiations with the Eussian Government. He was
evidently of the opinion that the Eussian Pharaohs who had
countenanced the methods of reducing the Jewish population
in Eussia, such as had been practised at Kishinev, might be
willing to achieve the same object by rendering its diplomatic
assistance to the Zionist plans. A pledge in this direction was
actually given to Herzl. But Herzl overestimated the im-
portance of the promises made to him by potentates who merely
looked upon him as a noble-minded dreamer.

Two weeks after Herzl's visit to St. Petersburg, the acute-
ness of the Zionist crisis manifested itself at the sixth Con-
gress at Basle (August 11-16, 1903). On that occasion
Herzl announced his new project, the colonization of Uganda,
in British East Africa, by virtue of a charter which had been

THE KISHINEV MASSACRE 85

offered to him by the British Government. He pointed out that
this project had a definite aim in view — the amelioration of the
terrible condition of Eussian Jewry, for which purpose Zion
at that particular moment was not available. Herzl's pro-
nouncement rent the Congress in twain : one section seized
enthusiastically upon the Uganda project, which held out the
promise of at least a temporary shelter in Africa, a Nachtasyl,
for a part of the agonized nation. The other section protested
violently against this attempt to create a " Zionism without
Zion," against the abandonment of Palestine and the higher
aspirations of the movement. x\fter many stormy and soul-
stirring scenes, the majority of the Congress adopted a
resolution to send an expedition to Uganda to investigate the
proffered country from the point of view of its fitness for
Jewish colonization. Thereupon, all the opponents of the
Uganda project, the so-called Neinsager (the " Nay-sayers "),
mostly Eussian Zionists, left the Congress hall in a body.

The movement was now rent by a severe conflict, the result of
the struggle between the two principles which had long been
intermingled in the theoretic foundations of Zionism : Pales-
tinianism and Territorialism. This internal conflict cul-
minated in an open split between these two principles. Out
of the Zionist movement was born the Territorialist Organiza-
tion, which proclaimed as its object the creation of a Jewish
autonomous center on any available point of the globe. For the
blood of Kishinev cried out for an exodus from the new Egypt.
The emigration to the United States, where the prisoners of
Tzardom had in the course of twenty years, beginning with
1881, succeeded in forming a big Jewish center, had passed
the million mark, and was expected to assume larger and

86 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

larger dimensions. The Jewish public press insisted on the
necessity " of regulating the emigration to America not only
as a social-economic, but also as a national factor." It was
pointed out that a considerable portion of the historic national
center in Eussia and Poland was, under the pressure of external
events, in the process of removing to North America, and that
practical Jewish politics had the direct duty of organizing this
great rising center of Jewry.

CHAPTER XXXIV

CONTINUED POGROMS AND THE RUSSO-
JAPANESE WAR

1. The Pogrom at Homel and the Jewish Self-Defence

No sooner had the Zionist Congress, at which the heated dis-
cussions concerning the salvation of Judaism were inter-
mingled with sobs bemoaning the martyrs of Kishinev, con-
cluded its sessions than a new catastrophe broke out in the
dominions of the Tzar — the pogrom at Homel, in the Govern-
ment of Moghilev. In this lively White-Russian town, in
which the twenty thousand Jews formed fully one-half of
the population, public Jewish life was marked by great vigor.
There existed in the city important societies of Zionists and
Socialists. Both of these parties had organized several self-
defence contingents, and it was to be expected that the dis-
grace of Kishinev would not be repeated at Homel, and that,
in the case of an attack, the Jews would give a good account of
themselves.

On August 29, 1903, a fight broke out on the market-place
between a crowd of Jews and Christians. The cause of the
quarrel was a trivial incident, one peasant trying to carry off
from a Jewish store a barrel of herrings at a lower price than
the one demanded by the storekeeper. The rowdyish purchaser
was pushed out of the store, but the peasants on the market-
place took sides with him, and in the ensuing fight between
them and the Jew, one peasant was accidently killed. The peas-
ants were scared and took to their heels, while the police began
to make arrests among the Jews. The Jews might have been

88 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

satisfied with the fact that their energetic attitude had suc-
ceeded in preventing a pogrom, did they not anticipate the
revenge which was sure to be wreaked upon them.

Two days passed in a state of tense agitation. On the third
day, on September 1, a crowd of Russian workingmen, number-
ing about two hundred, issued forth from the railroad shops,
and began to demolish Jewish residences and houses of wor-
ship. The rioters were joined by a mob of stone-cutters, day-
laborers, and ragamuffins. Here and there the crowd was
incited by a few " intellectuals " : a merchant, a student, and a
teacher. On the Konnaya Square, the mob was checked by a
large detachment of the Jewish self-defence, consisting of
several hundred men. The rioters were on the point of giving
way before the gallant attack of the self-defence; but at that
moment the troops appeared on the scene, and fired a volley
in the direction of the Jews, resulting in three killed and several
wounded. The assistance rendered by the troops rilled the
rioters with fresh courage, and they continued their work of
destruction with renewed vigor. All over the town a chain of
soldiers shielded the attacking hordes against the Jewish self-
defence contingents which tried in vain to break through the
chain. The defenders were driven off with rifle butts and
bayonets, while the rioters were allowed to destroy and murder
without let or hindrance. In the evening, the pogrom was
stopped ; the results were twelve killed or dangerously wounded
Jews, eight killed or dangerously wounded Christians, a large
number of maltreated and slightly wounded Jews and over two
hundred and fifty devastated Jewish residences and stores.
Among those arrested by the police was a considerably larger
number of self-defending Jews than of attacking Christians.

CONTINUED POGROMS AND RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 89

Two days later, the governor of Moghilev came to Honiel,
and, having summoned the Jews to the Town Council, treated
them to the following harangue :

I am sorry for the unhappy victims, but how could such bitter-
ness have arisen? Religious toleration in Russia is complete.
The causes of the latest events lie deeper. The Jews have now
become the leaders and instigators in all movements directed
against the Government. This entire " 3und " and the Social-
Democrats — they are all Jews. You are yourselves to blame for
all that has happened. You do not educate your children prop-
erly. You have no influence over them. But at least you can
surrender them, pointing them out to the Government, whereas
you conceal them. You propagate disobedience and opposition to
the Government among an uncivilized population. But the Rus-
sian populace does not care for it and turns against you.

It would seem as if Plehve himself had spoken through the
mouth of the governor. The Eussian functionary expressed
with naive and clumsy frankness the hidden thought of the
Chief of the Political Inquisition — the idea of punishing the
fathers for the revolutionary leanings of their children, who
were to be surrendered to the police, and of discrediting the
entire Eussian liberty movement as a " Jewish cause." In a
Government communication which appeared after the pogrom
the events at Homel were reported in such a way as to suggest
that they were brought about by an attack of the Jews upon
Christian residents and upon the troops, in consequence of
which the latter had been forced to fire in " self-defence." The
final deduction was formulated thus : " The cause of the dis-
orders lies in the extremely hostile and defiant attitude of the
local Jews toward the Christians." Thus were the actual
facts distorted in an official document, and the tortured were
put forward as the torturers.

90 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

The Homel pogrom did not attain to the dimensions of
the Kishinev massacre, nor was it as painful to the moral
consciousness of the Jews. For in Homel the Jews did not
allow themselves to be beaten and slaughtered like sheep, but
put up a valiant defence. Had the troops not turned against
the self-defence, the pogrom would not have taken place, and
the cowardly rabble would have taken to flight before the gal-
lant defenders of their national honor. Already in the spring,
Plehve had foreseen that the Jews would attempt to organize
a self-defence of their own, and he had in his previously men-
tioned circular declared in advance that this most fundamental
right of human beings to defend their lives was " inadmis-
sible." Accordingly, several Jewish heroes paid with their
lives for having violated this ministerial circular. Their death
was the foreboding of a new Jewish martyrdom. All this had
the natural effect of enormously intensifying the revolutionary
sentiments of the Jewish youth and of inspiring them with
hatred towards a regime which permitted some of its citizens
to commit murder and prohibited others to defend their lives.

2. The Kishinev Massacre at the Bar oe Russian
Justice

In the fall of 1903 the judicial investigation in connection
with the spring pogrom in Kishinev was nearing its end. The
investigation was conducted with a view to obliterating
the traces of the deliberate organization of the pogrom. The
representatives of Government authority and of the better
classes whose complicity in the Kishinev massacre had been
clearly established were carefully eliminated from the trial,
and only the hired assassins and plunderers from among the

CONTINUED POGROMS AND RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 91

lower classes, numbering about four hundred men, were
brought to justice. Prompted by fear lest the terrible truth
might leak out in the court, the Ministry of Justice ordered
the case to be tried behind closed doors. By this act, the
blood-stained Eussian Government refused in advance to re-
habilitate itself before the civilized world, which looked upon
it as the instigator of the catastrophe.

In the court proceedings, the echo of which penetrated be-
yond the walls of the closed court-room, the counsel for the de-
fence from among the best representatives of the Eussian bar
(Karabchevski, Sokolov, and others, who were Christians, and
the Jews Gruzenberg, Kalmanovich, and others) succeeded in
proving that the prisoners at the bar were only blind tools
in the commission of the crime, whereas the organizers of the
butchery and the ring-leaders of the mob were escaping jus-
tice.1 They demanded that the case be probed to the bottom.
The court refused their demand, whereupon the lawyers, hav-
ing stated their reasons, withdrew from the court-room one
after the other.2 The only advocates left were the anti-Semite

1 One of the instigators, Pisarevski, a notary public, had blown
out his brains before the beginning of the trial. Other instigators

. from among the Kishinev intelligenzia appeared merely as wit-
nesses.

2 The speech of Karabchevski justifying his withdrawal was
particularly powerful. He openly declared that the pogrom was
only " the fulfilment of a criminal order given from above." " The
whole of Kishinev," he said, " was converted during the excesses
into an immense circus of antiquity, where, before the eyes of
curious spectators from among the administration and the army,
before a festively attired crowd, a terrible drama was enacted
in the depth of the arena. From the one side defenceless
victims were driven upon the arena, and from the other maddened
beasts were set at them, until the signal to stop was given, and
the frightful spectacle was ended at once."

92 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Shinakov and other whole-hearted defenders of the Kishinev
massacre, who regarded the latter as a manifestation of the
honor and conscience of the Russian people. In the end, the
court sentenced a score of murderers and rioters of the first
group to hard labor or penal service, dismissing at the same
time the civil actions for damages presented by the Jews.

Six months later the Kishinev case came up before the
Senate, the Jews appearing as complainants against Governor
von Eaaben (who had been dismissed after the pogrom),
Deputy-Governor Ustrugov, and the Kishinev Chief of Police,
upon whom they fastened the responsibility. The bureau-
cratic defendants cynically declared " that the losses suffered
by the Jews have been covered many times over by con-
tributions from Eussia, Western Europe, and America." All
the eloquence of the well-known lawyer Vinaver and of his
associates failed to convince the judges of the Senate, and the
petition for damages was dismissed. The Government did not
wish to create a precedent for compensating pogrom victims
out of public funds, for " this might place the representatives
of the administration in an impossible position," as was
stated with naive frankness by von Eaaben, since it might
become necessary to increase the imperial budget by several
million rubles a year.

In the midst of these ghastly proceedings Plehve conceived
the plan of " regulating the legislation concerning the Jews."
In August, 1903, he sent out a circular to the governors, calling
upon them, in view of the extraordinarily complex and tangled
condition of the Eussian laws affecting the Jews, to point out
ways and means " of bringing these legal enactments into
proper order and into as harmonious a system as possible."

CONTINUED POGROMS AND RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 93

In reply to this circular, the governor of Vilna, Pahlen, sub-
mitted an extensive memorial, in which he pointed out that
all the restrictive laws within the boundaries of the Pale of
Settlement ought to be repealed on account of their pernicious
political influence, since they were driving the Jews into the
ranks of the paupers or revolutionaries. At the same time he
suggested to retain the repressive measures " against the
manifestation of the injurious characteristics of Judaism on
the part of certain individuals " and also to exclude the Jewish
youth from the Christian schools and establish for them
special elementary and intermediate schools under the super-
vision of Christian teachers. A few other governors, among
them the new governor of Bessarabia, Urussov, also expressed
themselves in favor of mitigating the repressive policy against
the Jews.

In January, 1904, a committee of governors and of several
high officials representing the Ministry of the Interior met to
consider the Jewish question. From the very beginning the
conferees were given to understand that in " the highest
spheres " every thought of the slightest mitigation of the con-
dition of Jewry was taboo. The only liberal member of the
committee, Governor Urussov, subsequently stated that after
the Kishinev pogrom and the agitation raised by it " one could
feel quite tangibly the unfriendly attitude of the highest
spheres toward the Jews " — in other words, that the hatred
toward the Jews was shared personally by the Tzar and by his
camarilla. The committee therefore applied itself to the task,
not of reforming Jewish legislation, but rather of systematizing
the anti-Jewish code of laws. Its labors were interrupted by
the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, on January 27, 1904.
7

94 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

3. The Jews in the Russo-Japanese War

On the day following the declaration of war, the organ of
Russian Jewry, the Voskliod, wrote as follows:

This is not the time to irritate the old wounds. Let us en-
deavor, as far as it is in our power, to forget also the recent
expulsion from Port Arthur,1 the pogroms of Kishinev and Homel,

and many, many other things Let the Jewish parents not

think of the bitter fate of their children who had been thrown
overboard [by being barred from the educational establishments].
The Jews will go forth into battle as plain soldiers, without any
hope of attaining an officer's rank, or shoulder-straps, or distinc-
tions— the blood of our sons will flow as freely as that of the
Russians.

The Jews marched to the Far EaSt to assist Russia in making
the province of Manchuria part of Siberia in which they were
forbidden to reside. The number of Jews at the front was
disproportionately large — it amounted to some thirty thou-
sand, owing to the fact that, in accordance with the usual mili-
tary regulations, the Jewish recruits from the Western govern-
ments were generally despatched to Siberia, so that, at the very
outset, they were near the theatre of military operations.
Disproportionately large was also the number of Jewish
physicians in the reserves. They were mobilized at once, evi-
dently for the reason that they lived on their private practice
and were not allowed to occupy any state or public office,
whereas the Russian physicians were not drawn upon to the
same extent, so as not to divert them from their administra-

1 About two months before the war, the Russian viceroy of the
Far East had prohibited the Jews from residing in Port Arthur
and upon the Kuantung Peninsula, whence the Russians were
expelled by the Japanese a year later.

CONTINUED POGROMS AND RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 95

tive, municipal, or Zemstvo services.1 Hundreds of Jewish
physicians had to work and to encounter the murderous fire
of the Japanese because of the fact that an unjust law deprived
them of the right of civil service in time of peace.

While scores of thousands of disfranchised Jews were fight-
ing for the prestige of Eussia in the Far East, the whip of
rightlessness did not cease to lash their brethren at home. In
a number of places the authorities began to expel the families
of the soldiers and physicians who had been sent to the war, on
the ground that with the departure of the head of the family
the wife and children had forfeited the right of residence, the
latter being conditioned by the profession of the husband or
father. This policy, however, was too monstrous even for St.
Petersburg, and Plehve was soon forced to decree that the
families of the mobilized Jews should be left in their places
of residence, " pending the termination of the war."

Though the Government was compelled to relax for a while
its oppression of the Jews, social Juda?ophobia, fanned by
the chauvinism incident to war time, broke out with greater
violence than ever. Irritated by the rapid failures of the Eus-
sian arms and by the unexpected military superiority of the
Japanese, the reactionary press, headed by the Novoye Vremya,
began to circulate preposterous rumors to the effect that the
Jews were secretly helping the Japanese, their " kinsmen by
race," in order to wreak their vengeance upon Eussia for having
perpetrated the Kishinev massacres. The story of the Jewish-
Japanese alliance issued from the public press of the capital to

1 Out of the thirty physicians who were mobilized in Kiev
twenty-six were Jews. In Odessa, the Jews furnished twenty-one
physicians out of thirty.

96 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

make its rounds through the provinces, and each day gave birth
to a rumor more absurd than the other : the Jews are exporting
gold abroad, they are purchasing horses for Japan, they are
collecting money to build cruisers for the Mikado, they are
provoking England and America against Eussia, and similar
preposterous stories. It was clear that these rumors were the
work of a gang of unscrupulous agitators a la Krushevan, who
were eager to instigate anti-Jewish pogroms on a modern
basis — the accusation of " treachery." This assumption is
confirmed by the additional fact that these incendiary rumors
were particularly circulated in February and March, befoTe
the Easter festival, the old-time pogrom season, just as in the
preceding year the ritual murder libel of Dubossary had been
kept afloat during the same months. " The incendiaries have
already set out upon their work " — with these words the Jewish
organ Voskhod warned its readers in its issue of March 11. A
week later, the same paper had occasion to publish accounts of
the panic which had spread among the Jewish population, par-
ticularly in the South. In Kishinev, a second pogrom was
feared, calling forth an intensified emigration to America. In
Odessa, the Jews were agitated by sinister rumors, and began
to prepare themselves for self-defence. This state of alarm was
reflected in the foreign press. It was rumored that the
American ambassador at St. Petersburg had received instruc-
tions to make representations to the Eussian Government —
which rumor was subsequently officially denied.

Fortunately the Government itself came to the conclu-
sion that the time of war was not a fit opportunity for
arranging pogroms. The governors received orders to adopt
energetic measures for the prevention of Passover excesses.

CONTINUED POGROMS AND RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 97

Governor Urussov of Bessarabia and the city-governor of
Odessa addressed serious warnings to the Eussian population.
These steps had the desired effect. As soon as the police and
population realized that the pogroms were not desired from
above, the agitation collapsed; and in April the papers were
able to tell their readers that " Passover has passed quietly
everywhere." In his Memoirs Urussov tells us that, during the
restless day preceding the Easter festival in Kishinev, he
had been engaged, together with the Chief of Police, in working
out a plan looking to the maintenance of public order in the
city; during this conference he noticed that the Chief of
Police was rather hesitant and puzzled. This hesitation con-
tinued until the governor received from Plehve a telegram in
cipher, calling upon him to prevent pogroms. No sooner had
Urussov shown the Chief of Police the deciphered telegram
than the latter exclaimed : " Don't trouble yourself — now there
will be no disorders in Kishinev.'' Such was the spirit in
which the provincial administrators had been trained. With-
out a special order from St. Petersburg, they did not have the
courage to suppress the pogroms.

4. The " Political Sprixg "
On the morning of July 15, 1904, the square before the
Warsaw depot in St. Petersburg presented a terrible sight.
Upon the pavement lay the blood-stained body of Plehve, who
had been smitten by the bomb of the Eussian terrorist Sazonov
while on his way to Peterhof where he was to report to the Tzar.
This meant that the revolution had again raised its head.
After two years of frenzied police terrorism, and in spite of all
attempts to divert the attention of the public from the neces-

98 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

sity of reforms, first by pogroms and then by the war against
Japan — Plehve had insisted upon the declaration of war, hop-
ing to drown the " seditious " movement in chauvinism — the
revolutionary spectre was once more haunting the country.
The martyrs of the autocratic inquisition perceived the " finger
of God " in the calamities caused by the war and in the miser-
able end of Plehve. In Februaiy, 1904, the Eussian censor
confiscated an issue of the Voskhod in which a young Jewish
sibyl, in a poem entitled " To Hainan," referring to the bibli-
cal Mene, Mene, Tehel u-Farsin, predicted a shameful death
for the new Haman who was easily identified as the hero of
Kishinev. One could feel in the air the coming of a cleansing
tempest. Even the reactionary Government was taken aback
by the approaching storm. It did not dare to answer the
terrorism of the revolution with police terrorism. On the
contrary, it made an attempt to moderate the regime of
serfdom.

On August 11, on the occasion of the birth of the heir-
apparent Alexis, an imperial manifesto was issued, granting
" favors " and " privileges " to the population, the most im-
portant of which consisted in the abrogation of corporal pun-
ishment for peasants and soldiers. On the same day, a ukase
was promulgated in which the Tzar " thought it just to intro-
duce, pending the general revision of the legislation affecting
the Jews, several amendments in the enactments concerning
their rights of residence at present in force." The amend-
ments were trifling: the Jews with a higher education were
permitted to live in the villages and acquire real property there,
as well as to carry on business everywhere. Those who had
participated in the Japanese war, and had distinguished them-

CONTINUED POGROMS AND RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 99

selves or had conducted themselves irreproachably were to
be accorded the right of universal domicile. The wives
and under-aged children of the Jews with a higher education
were granted the right of residence even after the death
of their husbands and fathers. These rights were the only
ones which the Government thought it " just " to confer
upon the Jews, who had sent thirty thousand people into
the active army to fight on the fields of Manchuria. The
Jewish public received this niggardly gift with chilly indiffer-
ence, and turned its gaze to wider horizons which were then
opening up before Eussia. The country was on the eve of a
" political spring/'

On August 26 the post of Minister of the Interior was en-
trusted to Svyatopolk-Mirski, who in his previous capacity of
governor-general of Vilna had displayed comparative admini-
strative leniency. The new leader of internal Russian politics
promised that he would strive for the restoration of " con-
fidence " between the Government and the people by adjusting
his actions to the demands of " true progress." The Jewish
deputation which waited upon him at Vilna and the representa-
tives of the foreign press were told that as far as the Jewish
question was concerned, he would be guided by justice and
" kindness." Unfortunately, at the very beginning he showed
himself powerless to stem the new tide of pogroms. At the
end of August, the Eussian South was the scene of several
" regular " pogroms, beginning with a quarrel in a Jewish
store and ending with the demolition of Jewish stores and
houses — as was the case in the town of Smyela, in the govern-
ment of Kiev, on August 22, or in the city of Eovno, in Vol-
hynia, where a similar attempt was made on the same day.

100 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Soon these " regular " riots gave way to a new variety of po-
groms, which were distinguished by a peculiar coloring and
might be termed " mobilization pogroms." The mobilized Eus-
sian reserve troops, wrought up over their impending depart-
ure to the fields of death in Manchuria where the Eussian army
suffered defeat after defeat, directed their protest along the
line of least resistance — against the Jews. The soldiers, forti-
fying themselves with goodly doses of alcohol, began their
" gallant exploits," and, accompanied by the street mobs,
engaged in the task of devastating Jewish homes, maltreating
their inmates, and looting their property. A sanguinary
pogrom took place in Alexandria, in the government of Kher-
son, on September 6 and 7. On the sacred day of Yom
Kippur a horde of intoxicated assassins invaded the synagogue
which was crowded with worshippers, and butchered there
twenty people in a most barbarous fashion. Among the
severely wounded, who soon afterwards died from the wounds,
were several gymnazium and university students. The police
made no attempt to stop the killing and looting, and only on
the second day, when the excesses were renewed, the Cossacks
were summoned from an adjacent town, and succeeded in
restoring order.

A month later, the mobilized Eussian reservists began to
perpetrate a series of pogroms in the North, in the region
of White Eussia. In the city of Moghilev the lawlessness of
the soldiers and the local hooligans assumed appalling dimen-
sions (October 10). The poorest quarters of the town suffered
most. Among the victims of the riots were also the families
of Jewish reservists who had gone to war. From the capital
of the government the pogrom epidemic spread all over the

CONTINUED POGROMS AND RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 101

region. Everywhere the intoxicated " crusaders," prior to
their departure for Manchuria, engaged in destruction, looting,
and incendiarism. In some places, as was the case in the gov-
ernment of Vitebsk, the rioters acted with perfect religious
toleration, and even attacked the police, although the center of
the " stage " was still occupied by the Jews.

The Government was manifestly unwilling to adopt energetic
measures against the " defenders of the Fatherland " for fear
of irritating them still further and spoiling the progress of
mobilization. It was not until the end of October that the
mobilization pogroms died out.

5. The Homel Pogrom Before the Eussian Courts

In the same month of October, 1904, the case of the Homel
pogrom of the previous year came up before the Court of
Appeals of the Government of Kiev, which held its sessions
at Homel. The department of justice had taken a whole year
to prepare the evidence, prompted by the desire not so much
to investigate the case as to entangle it and present it in a
perverted political interpretation. The investigation which
had started in the lifetime of Plehve and proceeded under the
pressure of the anti-Semitic reactionary, Minister of Justice
Muravyov, resulted in a bill of indictment which was a flagrant
example of deliberate misrepresentation. The whole affair was
pictured as an anti-Russian pogrom which had been perpetrated
by the Jews. According to this version, the Jews of Homel,
wishing to avenge the Kishinev massacre, had taken up arms
and attacked the Christian population on August 29, thereby
calling forth a counter-pogrom on the part of the Eussian
workingmen on September 1, when again the armed Jewish

102 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

self-defence had taken an aggressive attitude and thereby
forced the soldiers to shoot at them. Sixty people were indicted
on this charge, among them thirty-six Jews, representing
the part of the population which had been the victims of the
pogrom. The Jews who had dared to defend themselves stood
at the prisoners' bar side by side with their assailants. Yield-
ing to the pressure of public opinion, the Government decided
to have the Homel case tried in open court, but the presi-
dent of the tribunal was instructed to eliminate from the judi-
cial proceedings all political revelations which might embarrass
the Government. The elite of the legal profession, both among
Jews and non-Jews (Vinaver, Sliosberg, Kalmanovich, Ratner,
Sokolov, Kupernik, Zarudny, and others), assembled at Homel
to plead the cause of the indicted Jews and to defend the action
for damages brought by the Jewish pogrom victims. The
trial was drawn out for nearly three months, reducing itself
to a duel between the counsel who endeavored to bring out
the facts, and the bench which was anxious to suppress
them. The depositions of the witnesses and the cross-examina-
tions of the Jewish lawyers succeeded in demolishing the
entire structure of the indictment, but when the case reached
the stage which was bound to lead to the detection of the real
authors of the pogrom and lay bare the conduct of the authori-
ties, the president stopped the counsel despotically, denying
them the floor. The gross partiality manifested by the presi-
dent of the court had the effect that the counsel for the defence
lost their patience, and on December 21, after a violent scene,
refused to participate in the trial and demonstratively left the
court-room.

CONTINUED POGROMS AND RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 103

This action aroused public opinion throughout Russia to
an extraordinary degree; it caused a storm of indignation
against this official miscarriage of justice, and the fearless
defenders received innumerable expressions of sympathy. The
indicted Jews, too, joined in the noble demonstration of their
lawyers, which was in itself an eloquent plea for a righteous
cause. The trial terminated in January, 1905, and ended in
the acquittal of half of the accused Jews and Christians and
a verdict of guilty against the other half from among both
groups. The guilty were sentenced to comparatively light
penalties — to imprisonment for brief terms — and, in addition,
the court decided to petition the Tzar for a mitigation even
of these penalties.

This verdict displayed the Jesuitic character of Russian poli-
tics. The reprobate murderers and plunderers from among
the Russian group were either acquitted altogether, or were
sentenced to trifling penalties and placed on the same level of
culpability with the members of the Jewish self-defence whose
only crime was that they had stood up for their life, honor,
and property. The Russian law journal Pravo (" The Law "),
the organ of the progressive Russian intellig enzia, published on
this occasion a strong article which concluded with the follow-
ing words :

The truth stands out in bold relief even in this verdict, and it
does so against the wish of its authors. If, as is implied in
this verdict, both the Jews and Christians are guilty of murder,
violence, and plunder to a minimum degree only — for how could
otherwise the extraordinary leniency of the verdict be justified? —
then everybody is bound to ask himself the question: Who then
is the real author of all the horrors that were perpetrated at
Homel? Those who have followed the course of the judicial in-

104 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

vestigation with some degree of attention can only have one
answer: Besides the Christians and the Jews, there is still a
third culprit, the politically rotten officialdom. This culprit did
not stand at the prisoners' bar, but the verdict is against him. . . .
The best elements of the Russian public, and the Jews in par-
ticular, have been thirsting for justice and for the disclosure of
the truth, but it was just that third accomplice who was afraid
of justice and has managed to cover it up by a general amnesty.

Such was the end of the two ill-fated years of Russian-
Jewish history (1903-1904) — years, marked by the internal
war against the Jews and by the external war against Japan,
filled with the victories of the reaction at Kishinev and Homel
and the defeats of the Eussian arms at Port Arthur, Liao-
Yang, and Mukden. This ghastly interval of reactionary
terrorism, which began to subside only towards the end of
1904, drove from Eussia to America more than 125,000 Jewish
emigrants who fled for their very lives from the dominions of
the Tzar.

However, at the end of the long nightmare, the political
horizon began to clear up. The tide of the liberty movement
surged forward again and it looked as if the Eussian people,
and with it tormented Eussian Jewry, would soon behold the
new dawn. Yet the six million Jews of Eussia were destined
to pass through two more stormy years, standing between the
firing lines of autocratic despotism and the revolutionary move-
ment, and suffering the excruciating agonies of suspense, while
hovering between degradation and emancipation.

CHAPTER XXXV

THE REVOLUTION OF 1905 AND THE FIGHT FOR
EMANCIPATION

1. The Jews in the Revolutionary Movement

The " political spring," manifesting itself in the attempt of
the Government, headed by Svyatopolk-Mirski, to establish
friendly relations with the liberal elements of Russia, gave
the first impetus to an open movement for political emanci-
pation. The liberal " conspirators," who had hitherto been
secretly dreaming of a constitution, gave public utterance to
this tabooed aspiration. In November, 1904, the conference
of Zemstvo workers, assembled in St. Petersburg, adopted a
resolution pointing out " the anomaly of the political order "
of Russia which is founded on autocracy and proclaiming the
necessity of associating the representatives of the people in
the work of legislation. About the same time, a large mass-
meeting, which took the form of a public banquet, attended by
lawyers and litterateurs, adopted a similar resolution calling
for " the repeal of all national and denominational restric-
tions." Taking advantage of the temporary relaxation of
police despotism, the press spoke up more boldly, while the
better elements of the population began to organize themselves
in all kinds of public bodies.

The Government was slow in making concessions, and
harshly condemned the " boisterous assemblages " which called

106 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

for changes in " the unshakable foundations of our political
order." Nevertheless, an imperial ukase, published on Decem-
ber 12, 1904, promised a number of partial reforms — improve-
ment of the legal status of the peasantry, enlargement of the
activities of the Zemstvos, the establishment of a state insur-
ance for workingmen, relaxation of the severities of police
and censorship, and likewise " a revision of the laws iestricting
the rights of aliens," with the retention of those provisions
only " which are called forth by the genuine interests of the
state and the manifest needs of the Eussian people." It is
almost needless to add that the latter clause held forth no
promises to the Jews. For their disfranchisement could always
be justified by " the genuine interests of the state " — a state
built upon the foundations not of law, but of police force.
The carrying into effect of the promised semi-reforms was
entrusted to a bureaucratic body, the Committee of Ministers.
The services of the popular representatives were repudiated.
The new movement for liberty forced further concessions
from Russian officialdom, but these concessions could only be
wrested from it in small doses and were granted only after
a desperate resistance. The " bloody Sunday " of January 9,
1905, marked the beginning of the open revolution in which
social, economic, and political demands were interwoven with
one another. The demonstration of the striking workingmen
of St. Petersburg, who marched in immense numbers to the
Winter Palace to present a petition to the Tzar for economic
and political reforms, ended in a tragedy. The petitioners
who marched with crosses in their hands, under the leader-
ship of the priest and demagogue Gapon, were received with
a shower of bullets, resulting in a large number of victims

REVOLUTION OF 1905 107

from among the participants in the demonstration, as well as
from among the public. There were also several Jews among
them — a first-aid nurse, a dentist, a pharmacy student and a
journalist. This scandalous conduct of the Tzar, who replied
with bullets to a peaceful appeal for reforms, led to a series
of demonstrations, labor strikes, and terrorist acts in the
provinces.

In the Western governments and in the Kingdom of Poland
the Jews played a conspicuous role in the revolutionary move-
ment, counting as they did a large nnmber of organized work-
ingmen. In Odessa, a Jewish workingman by the name of
Stillman fired at the Chief of Police and wounded him
(January 19). In Moghilev, a Jewish youth made a vain
attempt upon the life of the local Chief of Police who was ac-
cused of having instigated the pogrom which had taken place
there in the fall of 1904. These incidents served in the hands
of the reactionary Government — on January 9, Svyatopolk-
Mirski had been dismissed for his excessive leaning toward
liberalism — as an excuse for continuing its oppression of the
Jews as the " ringleaders of the revolution." The president of
the Committee of Ministers, Witte, was the only one who advo-
cated a different point of view. At the meeting of the Com-
mittee, held on February 11, he contended that " the hostile
attitude toward the Government, now noticeable among the
Jews, is due to the sad material conditions in which the bulk of
Eussian Jewry lives, being weighed down by the pressure of
restrictive laws." Witte prophesied that the police authorities
would be bound " to fight with redoubled zeal against the anti-
governmental activity of the Jews, until the amelioration of the

108 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

condition of the aliens, promised in the ukase of December 12,
would be carried into effect."

2. The Struggle for Equal Rights

Notwithstanding these pleas, the Government was slow in
realizing even the moderate reforms which had been outlined
in the imperial ukase. In the meantime the representatives
of Russian Jewry had decided to place before it their own more
comprehensive demands. In February, 1905, several mass pe-
titions, demanding equal rights for Jews, were addressed to
Witte. A petition signed by thirty-two Jewish communities —
St. Petersburg, Vilna, Kovno, Homel, Berdychev, and others —
began with these words :

The measures adopted for the last twenty-five years toward the
Russian Jews were designed with the deliberate end in view to
convert them into a mass of beggars, deprived of all means of
sustenance, and of the light of education and human dignity.
Consistency and comprehensiveness marked the system of oppres-
sion and violence which was skilfully planned and carefully
executed .... The entire machinery of the state was directed to
one end — that of making the life of the Jews in Russia impossible.

The petition repudiates the idea, voiced in the ukase of
December 12, 1904, of a gradual amelioration of the position
of the Jews, and of a few " mitigations " ; for " the insulted
dignity of man cannot be reconciled to half measures; it de-
mands the complete removal of rightlessness."

All the Jews of Russia are permeated at the present moment by
one thought: that the cruel system of endless restrictions and
disabilities undermines the very basis of their existence, that it is
impossible to continue such a life .... Worn out by all they have
had to go through, and filled with grave anxiety about their future

REVOLUTION OF 1905

destinies, the Jews are waiting at last for their entire enfranchise-
ment; they are waiting for a radical repeal of all restrictive laws,
so that, enjoying freedom and equality with all others, they may,
shoulder to shoulder with the other citizens of this great country,
work for its welfare and prosperity.

A memorandum couched in more resolute terms was sent
by twenty-six Jewish communities — Moscow, Odessa, and
others — and by the radical groups of the communities which
had signed the first petition.

We declare — the memorandum states — that we look upon the at-
tempt to satisfy and appease the Jewish population by any partial
measures of improvement as doomed to failure. We expect equal
rights, as human beings in whom the feeling of human dignity is
alive, as conscious citizens in a modern body politic.

The memorandum of the Vilna community made the fol-
lowing addition to the last clause: "As a cultured nation,
we demand the same rights of national-cultural self-determi-
nation which ought to be granted to all the nationalities that
go to make up the Eussian body politic."

Memorials and telegrams, addressed to the president of the
Committee of Ministers, with the demand for equal rights,
were also sent by many individual Jewish communities.

In the meantime, the general revolutionary movement in
Eussia proceeded apace. Professional organizations were
springing into existence, such as the leagues of railroad
workers, engineers, and lawyers. Here and there, huge rail-
road strikes were called. The college youth were in a state of
ferment, and often went on strike. The agitation was answered
by rifle shots and Cossack whips which were used to disperse
the demonstrators. The extreme wing of the Socialist party
resorted to terroristic acts. A tremendous sensation was caused
8

HO THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

by the assassination of Grand Duke Sergius, the governor-
general of Moscow (February 4), one of the most detestable
members of the house of Romanov. The grand duke, whose
name was bound up with the expulsion of tens of thousands of
Jews from Moscow in 1891 and with the cruel oppression of
the Jewish colony still left there, was the victim of a bomb
thrown by a non-Jew, the Social-Revolutionist Kalayev.

The surging tide of the revolution intimidated Nicholas IL,
and wrested from him still another concession. On February
18, 1905, three enactments were published: an imperial mani-
festo condemning the revolutionary " unrest " at a time when
" the sanguinary war in the Far East " was going on, and call-
ing upon all " well-intentioned persons " to wage war against
" the internal sedition." A rescript addressed to Bulyghin,
Minister of the Interior, announced the decision of the Tzar " to
invite the worthiest men, invested with the confidence of the
nation and chosen by the population, to participate in the
consideration of legislative projects " — in other words, a popu-
lar representation with merely consultative rights. Finally, an
ukase addressed to the Senate granted permission to private
persons and institutions to lay before the Government their
" views and suggestions relating to the perfection of the well-
being of the state."

The progressive elements of Russia were not in a mood to
be reconciled to the duplicity of these enactments in which
threats and concessions followed upon one another, or to the
pettiness of the concessions in themselves. They took, how-
ever, full advantage of the permission to " lay " their views
before the Government, and indulged in an avalanche of reso-
lutions and declarations, demanding the substitution of a

REVOLUTION OF 1905 HI

parliamentary system of government for the existing system of
autocracy. The Jewish institutions joined in this general
campaign. The oldest Jewish organization, the " Society for
the Diffusion of Enlightenment Among the Jews," in St.
Petersburg, at a meeting, held on February 27, adopted the
following resolution :

The proper organization of Jewish education such as would be in
keeping with the social and cultural peculiarities of the Jewish
people, will only be possible when the Jews will be placed on a
footing of complete equality of rights with the rest of the Russian
population. As a firm guarantee of the untrammelled cultural
development and the complete equality of all nationalities, it is
necessary that the legislative power and the administrative con-
trol of the country shall have the co-operation of popular represen-
tatives, to be elected upon the basis of the universal, direct, and
secret vote of all citizens of the country, without any distinction
of nationality, denomination or calling.

The need of a non-partisan political organization to direct
the struggle for Jewish emancipation which was to be waged
by all classes of Jewry — outside the small fraction which
had already been united in the labor organization of the
" Bund " — was universally felt.

Such an organization was formed at the conference of public-
spirited Jews which took place in Vilna at the end of March,
1905. It assumed the name of " The League for the Attain-
ment of Equal Rights for the Jewish People in Russia," and
proclaimed as its object "the realization to their full extent
of the civil, political, and national rights of the Jewish people
in Russia." The complete civil emancipation of the Jews, the
assurance of their proportionate participation in the Russian
popular representation, " the freedom of national-cultural self-

112 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

determination in all its manifestations," in the shape of " a
comprehensive system of communal self-government, the free-
dom of language and school education " — such was the three-
fold program of the League.

It was the first attempt of a Jewish organization in modern
history to inscribe upon its banner not only the demand for
the civil and political, but also for the national emancipation
of the Jewish people, the first attempt to obtain liberty for
Jewry as a nationality, and not as a mere denominational
group, forming part of the dominant nation, as had been the
case in Western Europe during the nineteenth century. The
central bureau of the League was located in St. Petersburg,
composed of twenty-two elective members, half of whom lived
in the capital (M. Vinaver, G. Sliosberg, L. Bramson, and
others), and the ether half in the provinces (Dr. Shmaryahu
Levin, S. M. Dubnow,1 M. Eatner, and others).

The first resolutions adopted by the League were in sub-
stance as follows :

To demand universal suffrage at the elections to the future
parliament, with a guarantee of proper representation for the
national minorities; to influence the Russian public to the end that
the general resolutions demanding equality for all citizens should
contain an explicit reference to the emancipation of the Jews;
to call upon all the Jewish aldermen in the municipal Dumas to
resign their posts, in view of the fact that under the law of 1892,
which had deprived the Jews of their franchise at the municipal
elections,2 these aldermen had not been elected by the Jewish
population, but had been appointed by the administration — an
act which implied an insult to the civic and national dignity of
the Jewish people.

f1 The author of the present volume, who resided in Vilna at that
time.]

P See vol. II, p. 246.]

REVOLUTION OF 1905 113

The last-mentioned clause of this resolution, adopted at the
first conference of the League, proved effective. In the ma-
jority of cities, the Jewish members of the municipal Dumas
began to tender their resignations, by way of protest against
the disfranchisement of the Jews in the municipal self-govern-
ment. At first, the authorities were somewhat embarrassed and
made an attempt to appoint other Jews in lieu of those that
had resigned, but seeing that the Jewish boycott continued,
they became " reconciled " to the entire absence of Jewish
representatives in municipal self-government. The protest of
the Jewish aldermen was drowned in the general noise of pro-
tests and demonstrations which filled the air during the revolu-
tionary year.

3. The " Black Hundred " and the " Patriotic "
Pogroms

In this wise did the Jewish people, though chafing under
thraldom and well-nigh crushed by it, strive for the light of
liberty. But the forces of reaction were preparing to wreak
terrible vengeance upon the prisoner for his endeavor to throw
off his bonds. As the revolutionary tide, which had engulfed
the best elements of the Kussian people, was rolling on, it
clashed with the filthy wave of the Black Hundred, which
the underlings of Tzardom had called to the surface from
the lowest depths of the Russian underworld. Aclieronta
movebo 1 — this threat was now carried out systematically
by the Government of Nicholas II. in its struggle with the
emancipatory movement. By letting loose the Eussian
" nether-world " against the liberal intelligenzia and the Zhyds,

P " I shall set the nether-world in motion."]

H4 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

the reactionaries hoped to achieve three objects at once: to
intimidate the liberals and revolutionaries; to demonstrate
the unwillingness of the " people " to abolish autocracy in
favor of constitutional government, and, finally, to discredit the
entire revolutionary movement as " the work of Jewish hands."'
The latter end could, in the opinion of the reactionaries, be
obtained best by convincing the Russian masses that " the
enemies of Christ are the only enemies of the Tzar." An
open anti-Jewish agitation was set in motion. Proclamations
of the Black Hundred with the appeals, " Slay the students and
the Zhyds ! " " Remember Kishinev and Homel ! " were scat-
tered broadcast. The proclamation of the " Nationalist So-
ciety " of Kiev, Odessa, Kishinev, and other cities contained
the following sentences :

The shouts " Down with autocracy ! " are the shouts of those
blood-suckers who call themselves Zhyds, Armenians, and
Poles .... Be on your guard against the Zhyds! All the mis-
fortunes in our lives are due to the Zhyds. Soon, very soon, the
great time will come when there will be no Zhyds in Russia.
Down with the traitors I Down with the constitution!

With the approaching Passover season, pogroms were openly
organized. The papers were flooded with telegrams from many
cities stating that riots were imminent. In some places the
governors adopted measures to check the excesses of the savage
crowd, but in many localities the pogroms were deliberately
permitted or even directly engineered by the police. In the
manufacturing city of Bialystok, the center of the Jewish
labor movement, the Cossacks assaulted Jewish passers-by on
the streets, invaded the synagogues and Jewish homes, cruelly
maltreating their inmates and frequently searching them and

REVOLUTION OF 1905 115

taking away their money (April 9-10). During the Passover
holidays, peasants made an attack upon the Jews in the town
of Dusyaty, in the government of Kovno, looting their property
and beating those that dared to oppose them. In the city of
Melitopol, in the government of Tavrida, an intoxicated mob
demolished and set fire to Jewish stores, and thereupon started
to attack the houses of Christians, but the self-defence con-
sisting of Jewish and Christian young men checked the po-
grom (April 18-19). In Simferopol, in the same government,
the Black Hundred spread a rumor that a Jewish boy, the son
of a pharmacist, had desecrated a Christian ikon. A pogrom
was set in motion which met with the resistance of the armed
Jewish youth and was afterwards checked by the troops
(April 22).

The most terrible outbreak took place in Zhitomir. In this
quiet center of Volhynia the progressive elements of both the
Jewish and the Eussian population revelled in the joy of their
political honeymoon. As had been the case in other large cities,
here, too, the " bloody Sunday " of January called forth politi-
cal strikes on the part of the workingmen, demonstrations on
the part of the college youth, and the circulation of revolution-
ary appeals. The fact that the movement was headed by the
Jewish youth was enough to inspire the Black Hundred to
embark upon their criminal task. All kinds of rumors were
set afloat, such as that the Jews had been firing at the Tzar's
portrait on the field behind the city, that they were preparing
to slaughter the Christians, and other absurd stories. At
the approach of Passover, the pogrom organizers summoned
to their aid a group of " Katzaps," Great-Russian laborers,
from Moscow. The Jews, anticipating the danger, began to

116 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

arm themselves in self-defence, and made their preparations
openly. A clash between the " Black " and the " Eed " was
inevitable. It came in the form of a sanguinary battle which
was fought on April 23-26, matching by its cruelty the
pogrom at Homel, though exceeding it vastly by its dimensions.

In the course of three days, the city was in the hands of
the black hordes who plundered, murdered and mutilated the
Jews. They were fortified not only by quantities of alcohol,
but also by the conviction that they were fighting for the Tzar
against the " Sicilists," x who clamored for u freedom " and a
" republic." The Jewish self-defence performed prodigies of
valor wherever they were not interfered with by the police and
military, and died gallantly where the authorities actively as-
sisted the savage work of the infuriated rioters. During the
three pogrom days fifteen Jews were killed and nearly one
hundred wounded, many of thean severely. The casualties
were mostly among young workingmen and handicraftsmen.
But there were also some students among the victims, one of
them a Christian, named Blinov, who stood up nobly for the as-
saulted Jews. The inhuman fiends fell upon Blinov, shouting :
" Though you are a Russian, you are a Sicilist and worse than
the Zhyds, now that you've come to defend them." The young
hero was beaten to death, and the murderers were actively
assisted by soldiers and policemen.

On one of those days, on April 25, a heart-rending tragedy
took place in the town of Troyanov, in the government of
Volhynia, not far from Zhitomir. Having learned of the mas-
sacre that was going on in Zhitomir, fourteen brave Jewish

1 A mutilated form of " Socialists " which is in vogue among
the ignorant Russian masses.

REVOLUTION OF 1905 117

young men from the neighboring town of Chudnov armed
themselves with cheap pistols, and proceeded to bring aid to
their endangered fellow-Jews. On the way, while passing
through Troyanov, they were met by a crowd of peasants and
workingmen who had been aroused by a rumor that Jewish
" slaughterers " were marching in order to exterminate the
Eussians. The infuriated mob fell upon the youths, and, in
the presence of the local Jews, savagely killed ten of them,
while the others were cruelly beaten. The following account
of this ghastly occurrence was given by one of the survivors :

There were fourteen of us. We were on the way from Chudnov
to Zhitomir. In Troyanov we were surrounded by Katzaps. They
began to search us, taking away everything we had, and then
started to beat us with hatchets and clubs. I saw my comrades
fall down dead one after the other. Before the constabulary ap-
peared, only four had remained alive, I and three other men. The
constabulary ordered us to be carried to the hospital at Zhitomir,
but on the way we were wrested by the Katzaps from the rural
police and were tortured again .... I was roped and dragged
to the priest. He begged that I should be left alone. The Katzaps
made fun of him, dragged me out again, and started to beat me.
The policemen began to tell them that " they would answer for
me," since the constabulary had ordered them to get me to Zhito-
mir. " Well," said the Katzaps, " if that be the case, we will let
him go, but before we do this, that hound of a Jew must have a
look at his fellow-Zhyds." I was then dragged in an unconscious
state to my comrades. I found myself in a pool of water. I had
been drenched so as to make me regain consciousness. Then I
beheld the dead bodies of my ten comrades .... No matter how
long I may live, I shall never forget that sight .... One of them
lay with his head chopped off; another with a ripped stomach ....
cut off hands .... I fell into a swoon, and found myself here in
this bed.

118 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

In the cemetery of Troyanov one may still behold the ten
graves of the youthful martyrs who unselfishly went to the
rescue of their brethren against beasts in human form, and
were on the way torn to pieces by these beasts — ten graves
which ought to become sacred to the entire Jewish people.

The Government reacted upon the Zhitomir massacre by an
official communication in which the facts were deliberately
garbled in order to prove that the Jews had called forth the
pogrom by their conduct. It was alleged in this communica-
tion that, during their shooting exercises in the woods, the Jews
had discharged their pistols at the portrait of the Tzar, had
hurled insulting remarks at the police escort which was
conveying a band of political prisoners, had issued a proc-
lamation in the name of " the criminal party of the Social-
Revolutionaries " in which the authorities of Zhitomir were
accused of preparing the pogrom, and similar charges. The
concrete object of the official communication is betrayed
in its concluding part in which the governors are enjoined
" to explain to the sober-minded section of the Jewish popu-
lation that, in the interest of the safety of the Jewish masses,
it is in duty bound to inspire their coreligionists who
have been drawn into the political struggle with the conscious-
ness of the absolute necessity of refraining from arousing by
their behavior the hatred of the Christian population against
them." Translated into plain terms, the Government order
meant : " If you do not wish to have pogroms and massacres,
then keep your hands off the liberty movement; but if you
will persist in playing a part in it, then the Christian popula-
tion will make short work of you, dealing with you as with
enemies of the Fatherland."

REVOLUTION OF 1905 119

Caught in the general revolutionary conflagration which
flared up with particular violence in the summer of 1905, after
the destruction of the Eussian fleet by the Japanese near
Tsushima, the Jews reacted upon the pogroms by intensifying
their revolutionary activity and swelling the number of self-
defence organizations. Russian Jewry played an active part
in the two wings of the emancipation army, the Constitutional-
Democratic as well as the Social-Democratic party, and was
represented even in the extreme wing occupied by the Social-
Revolutionaries. The majority of these Jewish revolutionaries
were actuated by general Russian aspirations, and were often
entirely oblivious of the national interests of Judaism. This,
however, did not prevent the henchmen of the Tzar from visit-
ing the " sin " of the revolution upon the Jewish masses. A
vicious circle was the result of this policy : As victims of the
old despotism, the Jews naturally threw in their lot with the
revolution which promised to do away with it; thereupon un-
civilized Russia vented its fury upon them by instituting po-
groms which, in turn, pushed them more and more into the
ranks of the revolution.

During the summer months of 1905, a new succession of
pogroms took place, this time of the military variety. Wrought
up over the defeats of the Russian army in Manchuria, and
roused by the vile proclamations of the Black Hundred which
pictured the Jews as the inner enemy, soldiers and Cossacks
began to wreak their vengeance upon this inner enemy, assault-
ing and killing or wounding Jews on the streets of Minsk
(May 26), Brest-Litovsk (May 29-31), Syedletz and Lodz
(June 9). In the first three cities, the soldiers plundered and
murdered only the Jews. In Lodz, they fired at a mixed Polish-

120 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Jewish demonstration of workingmen. A regular butchery was
engineered by the soldiery in Bialystok (June 30). During
the entire day, the city resounded with the rifle shots of mad-
dened soldiers who were firing into peaceful Jewish crowds.
Fifty dead and a still larger, number of wounded were the
result of these military exploits.

During the same time a regularly organized pogrom oc-
curred in the southern outskirts of Russia, in the city of Kerch,
in the Crimea. On July 27, a peaceful political demonstra-
tion of the kind then generally in vogue took place in that
city ; among the participants were also the Jewish youth. By
way of protest, the city-governor and gendarmerie chief
organized a " patriotic " counter-demonstration, which was
held a few days later, on July 31. Carrying a banner with the
portrait of the Tzar and singing the Russian national hymn,
the " patriotic " hordes, with the notorious local thieves and
hooligans as the predominating element, sacked Jewish houses
and stores, and, in the name of patriotism, looted Jewish prop-
erty— even the so-called respectable public participating in the
latter act. When the armed Jewish self-defence began to
oppose the rioters, they were scattered by a volley from the
soldiers, ten of them being killed on the spot. The subse-
quent inquiry established the fact that the pogrom had been
fully prepared by the police and gendarmerie authorities, which
had been in telegraphic communication in regard to it with
the Police Department in St. Petersburg. It was a rehearsal
of the monstrous October pogroms which were to take place a
few months later.

REVOLUTION OF 1905 121

4. The Jewish Franchise

In the midst of the noise caused by the revolution on the
one hand and by the pogroms on the other, the question of
popular representation, promised in the ukase of February
18, 1905, was discussed in the highest Government spheres of
Eussia. A committee, which met under the chairmanship of
M. Bulyghin, was drafting a scheme of a consultative popular
assembly; as far as the Jews were concerned, it was proposed
to exclude them from the franchise, on the ground that the
latter would not be compatible with their civil disfranchise-
ment. This proposition, which was in entire accord with
the general reactionary trend of Eussian politics, called
forth a storm of indignation in all circles of Eussian Jewry.
During the month of June protest resolutions against the
contemplated measure were adopted by the Jewish com-
munities of St. Petersburg, Eiga, Kishinev, Bobruisk, Zhito-
mir, Nieholayev, Minsk, Vitebsk, Vilna, and other cities.
Many resolutions were couched in violent terms betraying
the outraged sentiments of Eussian Jewry. As an illustration,
the following extract from the Vilna resolution may be quoted :

In the proposed scheme of popular representation, we Jews, a
cultured nation of six millions, are placed below the semi-savage
aliens of Eastern Russia. The policy of pacification applied to
other suppressed nationalities has given way to a policy of terrori-
zation when the Jews are concerned. The mad system, consisting
in the endeavor to irritate and infuriate the Jews by mediaeval
persecutions and thereupon wreak vengeance on them for the
manifestation of that irritation, has now reached its climax ....
We appeal to the Russian people, which is now called upon to
renovate the antiquated political structure of the country ....
We are of the hope that the malign vindictiveness toward the Jews

122 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

on the part of the retiring bureaucracy, which is eager to carry over
the ferments of corruption into the healthy atmosphere of the
future popular representation, will not be realized.

Professor Trubetzkoy, who waited upon the Tzar on June 6,
at the head of a combined deputation of Zemstvos and
municipalities, pointed out in his famous speech that no one
should be excluded from popular representation : " It is im-
portant that there should not be any disfranchised and dis-
inherited." The Government was shaken in its resolution, and
the Council of Ministers eliminated from the Bulyghin project
the clause barring the Jews from voting, justifying this step
by the un desirability " to irritate the Jews still further."

The Jewish question was also touched upon in the con-
ferences at Peterhof, which were held during the month of July
under the chairmanship of the Tzar, to formulate plans for
an Imperial Duma. Naryshkin, a reactionary dignitary,
demanded that " the dangerous Jewish nation " be barred from
the Duma. But a number of other dignitaries — the Minister
of Finance, Kokovtzev, the Assistant-Minister of the Interior,
Trepov, and Obolenski and Chikhachev, members of the
Council of State — advocated their admission, and the discus-
sions were terminated by the brief remark of the Tzar : " The
project [with the insertion of the Council of Ministers in
favor of the Jews] shall be left unaltered."

By this action, the Government made itself guilty of a
flagrant inconsistency. It conferred upon the Jews the
highest political privilege — the right of voting for popular
representatives — but left them at the same time in a state of
complete civil disfranchisement, even with regard to such
elementary liberties as the right of domicile, the right of

REVOLUTION OF 1905 123

transit, and so on. Only one month previously, on June 8, the
Tzar had approved the " Opinion " of the Committee of
Ministers — in pursuance of the ukase of December 12, 1904,
the Committee had been busy discussing the Jewish problem —
to the effect that the consideration of the question of amelior-
ating the condition of the Jews should be deferred until the
convocation of the new Parliament. Evidently, the anti-
Jewish conscience of the Tzar made it impossible for him to
grant even the slightest relief to the Jews who from pariahs
had been turned into revolutionaries.

CHAPTER XXXVI

THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND THE OCTOBER
MASSACRES

1. The Fiendish Designs of the " Black Hundred "

Soon afterwards, on August 6, 1905, the so-called " Buly-
ghin Constitution " was made public, providing for a truncated
Imperial Duma with a system of representation based on class
qualifications and limited to advisory functions but without
any restrictions as far as the franchise of the Jews was con-
cerned. " Now," wrote the Voshhod, " the Jew has the
right to be a popular representative, but he has no right to
reside in the place in which the Imperial Duma assembles —
in the capital." Russian Jewry, with the exception of its
Left wing, was on the point of starting an election cam-
paign to send its representatives to this mutilated Duma,
in the hope of attaining through it to a more perfeet form
of representation, when the stormy course of events brought
to the fore new threatening questions. This counterfeit of a
national parliament failed to satisfy the Russian democracy,
and the struggle with the Government broke out anew with
unprecedented energy. Stormy political meetings were held at
the universities and at the other institutions of higher learn-
ing, which, by an ukase of August 27, had been granted aca-
demic self-government. The autonomous professorial councils
began to admit Jewish students to the schools, without any re-
strictive percentage, and the wave of an agitated Jewish youth
was drawn into the whirling sea of the Russian student body.

COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND OCTOBER MASSACRES 125

A new succession of strikes followed, arranged by the students,
workingmen, and railroad workers. A general Russian
strike was being carefully prepared as a last resort in the
struggle for a democratic constitution. The army of the
emancipation movement was instituting a bloodless revolution,
the temporary stoppage of all railroad movements and of all
other activities in the country, in the hope of forcing Tzardom
to an act of self-abnegation and the proclamation of civil
liberties.

The month of September and the beginning of October were
spent in these feverish preparations, but at the same time, the
black army of absolutism was making its own 'arrangements for
a sanguinary counter-revolution, for regular St. Bartholomew
nights, directed against the participants in the emancipation
movement, and particularly against the Jews. The plans of
the emancipation army were universally known, but the terrible
designs of the dark forces of reaction were effectively concealed.
Only when the bloody undertaking was accomplished, was it
possible to uncover the threads of the criminal pogrom organi-
zation, which led from the palaces of the Tzar and the highest
dignitaries of state, by way of the Police Department, to the
slums of murderers and hooligans. In the disclosures made by
Lvov, in Xovember, 1905, in his memorandum to Witte, the
president of the Council of Ministers, the officials in the im-
mediate environment of Nicholas II. who had organized the
October pogroms were pointed out by name. They were the
" patriotic " General Bogdanovich in St. Petersburg, who acted
with the blessing of Archbishop * Vladimir and with the as-

t1 In Russian, Mitropolit, the highest ecclesiastical dignitary in
the Greek-Orthodox Church. There are three Mitropolits in
Russia, residing in Petrograd, Moscow, and Kiev.]

9

126 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

sistance of the Imperial camarilla and of many governors and
governors-general in the provinces. During the month of Sep-
tember " fighting contingents " of the Black Hundred, whose
number, as Bogdanovich boasted in the highest government
spheres, amounted to one hundred thousand, were organized
all over Russia. In every city the parts to be enacted by the ad-
ministrators, the police and the pogrom hirelings from among
the local riff-raff were carefully prepared and assigned. The po-
grom proclamations were printed openly ; the " manufactur-
ing " center of this propaganda literature, as was afterwards
disclosed in the Imperial Duma by deputy Urussov (formerly
Assistant-Minister of the Interior), was located in the printing
office of the Police Department. There can be no question that
the Tzar was acquainted, if not with all the details of these
preparations, at least with the general plan of arranging a
counter-revolution by means of carefully engineered massacres
of which the Jews were to become the chief victims. Millions
of rubles for the organization of the pogroms were appro-
priated from a secret ten-million ruble fund, the disposition of
which lay entirely in the hands of the Tzar.

Such were the conditions which ushered in the month of
October, 1905. The first days of the month saw the beginning
of the railroad strike; by the middle of the month it had
already seized the entire country, accompanied in the industrial
centers by a general strike in all lines of productive endeavor.
In many cities, collisions took place between the revolutionaries
and the military. At first, the Government made an attempt
to resort to threats, and all over Russia rang the blood-thirsty
cry of the Chief of Police Trepov : " No cartridges shall be
spared ! " But at the last moment, autocracy recoiled before

COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND OCTOBER MASSACRES 127

the revolutionary tempest and gave way. On October 17, an
imperial manifesto was issued, solemnly promising to bestow
all civil liberties upon the Eussian people — inviolability of
person, freedom of conscience, liberty of speech, assemblage and
organization, and a legislative Duma in which the representa-
tives of all classes of the population were to have a voice. The
manifesto made no mention, however, of the equality of all
citizens before the law or of the bestowal of equal rights on
the various nationalities, and even in the accompanying memo-
randum of Premier Witte, the author of the enactment of
October 17, the subject was disposed of in a few nebulous
phrases.

Nevertheless, even in this hazy form, the manifesto made a
tremendous impression. Everybody believed that autocratic
Tzardom had been vanquished by the army of liberty and that
Bussia had been finally converted from a state founded on
police force into a body politic based on law. But, on the day
following, all these hopes were cruelly shattered. On October
18, in hundreds of cities the carefully concealed army of
counter-revolutionaries, evidently obeying a prearranged sig-
nal, crawled out from beneath the ground, to indulge in an
orgy of blood, lasting a full week (October 18-25), which in
its horrors finds no parallel in the entire history of humanity.

2. The Eussian St. Bartholomew Night

The principal victims of this protracted St. Bartholomew
night were the new Huguenots of the emancipation move-
ment— the Jews. They were to pay the penalty for having
assisted in wresting from the despotic Government the mani-
festo with its promise of liberties. In the course of one week,

128 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

nearly fifty anti-Jewish pogroms, accompanied by bloodshed,
took place in various cities (Odessa, Kiev, Kishinev, Kalarash,
Simferopol, Eomny, Kremenchug, Chernigov, Nicholayev,
Yekaterinoslav, Kamenetz-Podolsk, Yelisavetgrad, Orsha,
etc.), in addition to several hundred "bloodless" pogroms,
marked in regular fashion by the destruction of property,
plunder, and incendiarism. The pogroms directed against the
Christian participants in the emancipation movement, such
as intellectuals, students, etc., in Tver, Tomsk, and other
interior Eussian cities, amounted in all to a score or two. This
disproportion alone shows the direction in which the organized
dark forces were active. The strict uniformity and consistency
in the carrying out of the counter-revolutionary conspiracy was
too palpable to be overlooked.

The customary procedure was as follows : In connection
with the manifesto of October 17, the progressive elements
would arrange a street procession, frequently adorned by the
red flags of the left parties and accompanied by appropriate
acclamations and speeches expressive of the new liberty.
Simultaneously, the participants in the " patriotic demonstra-
tion " — consisting mostly of the scum of society, of detectives
and police officials in plain clothes — would emerge from their
nooks and crannies, carrying the portrait of the Tzar under the
shadow of the national flag, singing the national hymn and
shouting, " Hurrah, beat the Zhyds ! The Zhyds are eager for
liberty. They go against our Tzar to put a Zhyd in his place."
These " patriotic " demonstrators would be accompanied by
police and Cossack patrols (or soldiers), ostensibly to preserve
order, but in reality to enable the hooligans to attack and
maltreat the Jews and prevent the victims from defending

COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND OCTOBER MASSACRES 129

themselves. As soon as the Jews assembled for self-defence,
they would he driven off by the police and troops. Thereupon,
the " patriotic " demonstrators and the accomplices, joining
them on the way, would break up into small bands and disperse
all over the city, invading Jewish houses and stores, ruin,
plunder, beat, and sometimes slaughter entire families.

The most terrible pogrom took place in Odessa. It lasted
fully four days. The rioters were openly assisted by the police
and troops, and were encouraged by the active support of city-
governor ISTeidthart, and the criminal inactivity of the military
governor, Kaulbars. The heroism displayed by the Jewish
self-defence was strong enough to beat off the hooligans, but it
was powerless to defeat the troops and police. Over three
hundred dead, thousands of wounded or crippled Jews, among
them many who lost their minds from the horrors, one hun-
dred and forty widows, five hundred and ninety-three orphans,
and more than forty thousand Jews materially ruined — such
were the results of the battle which was fought against the Jews
of Odessa during October 18-21.

Approximately along the same lines the pogrom campaign
was conducted in scores of other cities, with a few lurid
departures from the customary ritual, as, for instance, in
Nyezhin, in the government of Chernigov, where the Jewish
community, headed by the rabbi, was forced by the rioters,
under the pain of death, to pronounce publicly the oath of
allegiance to the Tzar. As a rule the pogroms which occurred
in hundreds of cities, towns, and villages, were limited to the
destruction of property, although even in small localities, such
as in Semyonovka, in the government of Chernigov, the riots
were occasionally accompanied by massacres. It may be added

130 THB JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

that the outbreaks were not confined to the Pale of Settlement.
In a number of cities outside the Pale, such as in Saratov,
Voronyezh, and other places with a small Jewish population,
the Jewish communities were ruthlessly attacked.

Contemporary history is not yet in a position to depict all the
horrors which were perpetrated upon the Jews in Russia in
the latter half of October, 1905, or to trace with any amount
of accuracy their underlying causes. Let us draw a veil over
this bloody spectacle. There will come a time when the world
will shudder on learning the truth about the bloody happenings
and about the real culprits of this prolonged Bartholomew
night at the beginning of the twentieth century.

The sinister counter-revolution which broke out on October
17, the day on which the manifesto of the Tzar was promulgated,
threatened to drag the revolution into the abyss of anarchy.
All were profoundly aroused by the perfidious Byzantine policy
of Nicholas II., who with one hand waved the peace banner
before the progressive section of the Russian people, and with
the other plunged a knife into its heart — a knife which most
of all was to slash Jewry. Not only the parties of the extreme
Left, but even the Constitutionists who were willing to accept
the promises of the October manifesto, had little faith in their
ultimate realization. A reign of chaos ensued. The parties of
the Left demanded now a democratic, now even a social, repub-
lic. The political and labor strikes, among them those arranged
by the Jewish " Bund," assumed the character of anarchy. The
peasant or agrarian movement burst forth, accompanied by the
burning of manors and estates. Poland and the Baltic region
were in the throes of terrorism. Moscow witnessed an armed
uprising with barricades and with all the paraphernalia of a

COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND OCTOBER MASSACRES 131

popular revolution (December, 1905). The Government
quelled the Moscow rebellion, and resolutely adopted a policy
of repression. Arrests, executions, punitive military expedi-
tions, were the means by which the program of the Witte-
Durnovo Cabinet was to be carried into effect.

The reactionary camarilla around the Tzar operated in full
force, fanning the hatred against the Jews. On December 23,
the Tzar received a deputation of the ringleaders of the Black
Hundred, who had organized themselves in the " League of the
Eussian People." One of the speeches appealing to the Tzar
to preserve autocracy was devoted to the Jewish question. The
deputation begged the Tzar " not to give equal rights to the
Jews." To this Nicholas replied laconically : " I shall think
it over."

3. The Undaunted Struggle for Equal Eights
The terrible October calamities were faced by Eussian Jewry
in a spirit of courage and fortitude. It stood alone in its
sorrow. The progressive elements of Eussian society which
were themselves in the throes of a great crisis reacted feebly
upon the sufferings of the Jewish people which had become
the scape-goat of the counter-revolution. The indifference of
the outside world, however, was counteracted by the rise of the
Jewish national sentiment among the better classes of Eussian
Jewry. One month after the pogrom bacchanalia, the " League
for the Attainment of Equal Eights for the Jewish People "
held its second convention in St. Petersburg. The Convention
which lasted four days (November 22-25) gave public utter-
ance to the feeling of profound national indignation. It voted
down the motion to send a deputation to Count Witte, asking

132 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

for the immediate grant of equal rights to the Jews. In the
resolution repudiating this step the policy of the Government
was characterized in these words :

The facts have incontrovertibly proved that the recent pogroms,
appalling by their dimensions and by the number of their victims,
have been staged with the open connivance and, in many cases,
with the immediate assistance and sometimes even under the
direction of the police and highest local administration; that the
Government, not at all abashed by the monstrous crimes of its
executive organs, the local representatives of State authority,
has not removed from office a single one of the suspected function-
aries, and has taken no measures to bring them to justice.

In view of the fact that Count Witte has repeatedly stated that
the Government does not see its way clear to proclaim at the
present moment the emancipation of the Jews, supposedly in the
interest of the Jews themselves, against whom the agitation of
the popular masses might be intensified by such a measure,
whereas, in reality, the pogroms are a result of that very right-
lessness of the Jews which is fully realized by the masses of the
Russian people and by the so-called Black Hundred — the Con-
vention resolves that the sending of a deputation to Count Witte
and the entering into negotiations with him will achieve no pur-
pose, and that, instead, all efforts shall be concentrated upon
organizing Russian Jewry in the struggle for its equality of
citizenship by joining the ranks of the general movement for
liberty.

Imbued with the spirit of martyrdom, the Convention re-
membered the martyr Dashevski, the avenger of the Kishinev
massacre,1 and passed a resolution to convey to the youthful
sufferer, who was then languishing in a penal military com-
pany, its " enthusiastic greetings."

[l See above, p. 81.]

COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND OCTOBER MASSACRES 133

In an outburst of national enthusiasm the Convention
adopted the following bold resolution :

In the interest of realizing to their full extent the civil, political,
and national rights of the Jewish nationality in Russia, the
Convention resolves as follows:

To proceed without delay to call, on the basis of universal and
equal suffrage, without discrimination of sex, and by a direct
secret vote, an All-Russian Jewish National Assembly in order to
establish, in accordance with the will of the entire Jewish popu-
lation, the forms and principles of its national self-determination
as well as the foundations of its internal organization.

It was the project of a national S}Tiedrion, radically differ-
ent in its conception from the Napoleonic S'ynedrion convened
in 1807.

The third convention of the " League of Equal Eights " was
held on February 10-13, 1906, during the election campaign to
the first Imperial Duma. The proposal of the Left wing of the
League to boycott the Duma, on the grouud that it " will prove
a bulwark of reaction " — a prediction which was fully justified
by events — and to refrain from taking part in the elections,
was voted down. On the contrary, a resolution was passed, call-
ing upon the Jews to take a most active part in the elections, to
nominate everywhere their own Jewish candidates, and, wher-
ever this was impossible, to give their votes to the non-Jewish
candidates on condition that they pledge themselves to support
in the Duma the civil, political, and national rights of the Jew-
ish people. The resolution, moreover, contained this clause:
" To insist that the Jewish question in the Duma shall be
settled unconditionally in connection with the fundamental
articles of the Constitution and with the questions of ele-
mentary liberties to be granted to all citizens."

134 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

An election campaign was set in motion and carried on under
the most difficult circumstances. The police authorities took
advantage of the state of war which had been proclaimed in
many places to interfere with a comprehensive pre-election
propaganda, and at the same time the Black Hundred tried to
intimidate the Jews by holding out the menace of pogroms
during the approaching Passover season. In Poland, the anti-
Semitic chauvinists threatened the Jews with all possible
reprisals for their " audacious intention " to nominate their
own candidates for the Duma, alongside of the candidates of the
Christian Poles. Simultaneously, the Jewish group of the
Left, the " Bund " and others, followed the policy of boycotting
the Duma and did their best to interfere with the elections.
However, all these apprehensions proved groundless. The
Passover and election pogroms did not take place, and Eussian
Jewry displayed a vigorous activity in the elections, with the
result that twelve Jewish deputies were sent to the first Duma.
The most active among these deputies were M. Vinaver, one
of the leaders of the general Eussian Constitutional-Democratic
party and president of the " League for the Attainment of
Equal Eights"; Dr. Shmaryahu Levin, the well-known Zion-
ist; L. Bramson, actively identified with Jewish educational
activities, who was affiliated with the Eussian Democratic
group, known as the Trudovilci, or " Laborites." All the Jew-
ish deputies were united on the nationalistic platform formu-
lated by the " League for the Attainment of Equal Eights."
By a resolution passed at the fourth Convention of the League,
held on May 9-13, 1906, they pledged themselves to co-ordinate
their actions in all questions pertaining to Jewish emancipa-
tion and to abide by a common discipline, without, however,
forming a separate parliamentary fraction.

COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND OCTOBER MASSACRES 135

4. The Jewish Question Before the First Duma

The first Duma was convened on April 27, 1906, and barely
three months later, on July 8, it was dissolved, or rather dis-
persed by the Tzar, for having displayed a spirit of excessive
opposition. The prevailing element in the first Duma was the
Constitutional-Democratic majority to which, by their political
sympathies, the bulk of Russian Jewry and ten of its twelve
representatives in the Duma — the other two stood a little more
to the Left — belonged. It was natural for the Jews to expect-
that a Parliament of this complexion would have no diffi-
culty in solving the question of equal rights for the Jews
as one of the most fundamental prerequisites of civil liberty.
Unfortunately, this expectation was not justified. The entire
brief session of the Duma was spent in an uninterrupted
struggle of the Opposition with the unscrupulous Government
which was then headed by Goremykin, a hide-bound reaction-
ary. True, in its reply to the speech from the throne, the
Duma declared that " neither liberty nor order can be firmly
established without the equality of all citizens before the law."
But in the pronouncement of the Government of May 13 no
word was said about this equality of citizenship. The Jewish
deputy Vinaver delivered a powerful speech, in which, among
other things, he spoke as follows :

From this platform, from which so much has been said about
political liberties, we Jews, the representatives of one of the most
tortured nationalities in the land, have not uttered a single word
about ourselves, because we did not consider it seemly to speak
here of civil inequality .... Now, however, it is becoming clear
to us that the Government has made up its mind to continue on
the same road on which it has gone until now, and we are. there-
fore, bound to declare that, so long as you will connive at civil
slavery, there will be no peace in the land.

136 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

The mistake made by the Jewish deputies consisted just in
the fact that they had not " uttered a single word " about
themselves on a former occasion, in reply to the speech from
the Throne which had equally failed to make the slightest men-
tion of civil equality— practically affecting only the Jews — and
that they did not utter that word with that feeling of righteous
indignation to which the representatives of " the most tor-
tured nationality " in Russia were morally entitled.

Later on, the debates in the Duma concerning the Jewish
question were, by the force of events, concentrated upon the
pogrom policy of the Government. On May 8 an interpellation
was introduced regarding the complicity of the Imperial Police
Department in instigating the pogroms of 1905. Stolypin,
the Minister of the Interior, promised to reply to the interpel-
lation, which was substantiated by documentary evidence, a
month later. But before that term had elapsed a new sangui-
nary pogrom broke out in Bialystok.

In this center of the Jewish revolutionary and labor move-
ment, where, in 1905, the police and troops had already twice
staged a Jewish massacre, a new conspiracy was being hatched
by the police and military against " the authors of the liberty
movement." An accidental act of terrorism, the assassina-
tion of the Chief of Police by an unknown culprit, gave
the police conspirators a proper occasion to execute their
terrible design. On June 1, during a church procession, a
pistol was discharged by an agent provocateur from among
the Black Hundred, and at once a rumor spread like wild-
fire among the crowd that " the Jewish anarchists are firing
at the Christians." The pogrom flared up on the spot. In the
course of two days the mob was busy demolishing Jewish houses
and stores and attacking; the Jews, while at the same time the

COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND OCTOBER MASSACRES 13 7

police and military were systematically firing at the Jews not
only on the streets but also in the houses, in which the unfortu-
nate tried to hide. The bestialities of Kishinev were enacted
again. Entire families were slaughtered, human beings were
tortured, and hacked to pieces; limbs were cut off from the

body, nails driven into the heads Eighty dead and

hundreds of wounded Jews were the result of this new exploit
of the counter-revolutionaries.

On June 2, the Imperial Duma received the heart-rending
news of the Bialystok massacre, and right there, after the
passionate speeches of Dr. Levin, Eodichev, and other deputies,
passed a resolution to bring in an interpellation to be answered
by the Government within a fixed date, and to appoint a
parliamentary commission which was to investigate the events
on the spot. Three Duma deputies left at once for Bialystok,
and on their return submitted to the Duma an unvarnished
account which incontrovertibly established the fact that the
Bialystok crime had been carefully prepared as a counter-
revolutionary act, and that the peaceful Jewish population had
been pitilessly shot down by the police and soldiery.

On June 5, three days after the appearance of the bloody
spectre of Bialystok in the Duma hall, a bill dealing with civil
equality for the Jews came up for discussion. The burning
problem involving the disfranchisement of six million human
beings was discussed side by side with the question of a few
petty class discriminations and with the entirely separate ques-
tion of women's rights. The entire treatment of the subject by
the deputies showed a distinct lack of warm-hearted sympathy.
Only the speech of the Jewish deputy Levin reverberated with
indignation, Avhen he reminded the Russian Assembly that he
himself, being a Jew, would in ordinary times be denied the

138 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

right of residence in the capital, and that, as soon as the Duma
would be dissolved, he, a representative of the people and a
former legislator, would be evicted from St. Petersburg by the
police. The bill was referred to a committee to receive its final
shape.

After an interval of three days, on June 8, the Duma had
again occasion to discuss the subject of pogroms. Premier
Stolypin replied to the interpellation of May 8 concerning the
complicity of the Government in the pogrom of 1905. His
lame attempt to exonerate the authorities called forth a strong
rebuttal from a former member of the Government, the erst-
while Assistant-Minister of the Interior, Deputy Urussov, who
bravely disclosed the full truth. Fortified by documentary evi-
dence, he proved the existence of a secret printing-press in the
Police Department which was issuing " patriotic " proclama-
tions calling upon the populace to exterminate the Jews. He
quoted the words of the gendarmerie officer who was in charge
of that particular activity : " A pogrom may be arranged on
whatever scale you please, whether it be against ten people or
against ten thousand," and he concluded his speech with these
words: " The danger will not disappear, so long as the affairs
of the state and the destinies of the land will be subject to the
influence of people who, by their training, are corporals and
policemen, and by their convictions pogrom makers." These
words were accompanied by a storm of applause, and the
Government bench was showered with cries, " Kesign, you
pogrom fiends ! " The Duma finally adopted a resolution
echoing these cries of indignation.

A more passionate tone characterized the discussions of the
Duma during the days of June 23-26, in connection with the
report of the parliamentary commission which had been ap-

COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND OCTOBER MASSACRES 139

pointed to investigate the Bialystok massacre. The Duma was
scandalized by the lying official communication, in which the
Jews were put forward as the authors of the pogrom, and by the
shameful military order of the day, in which the troops of the
Bialystok garrison were thanked " for their splendid services
during the time of the pogrom." The speeches delivered by the
Jewish deputies, by Jacobson, who had visited Bialystok as one
of the members of the parliamentary commission, and by
Vinaver and Levin, gave vent to their burning national wrath.
The Eussian Mirabeau, Bodiehev, pilloried the highly placed
instigators of the Bialystok butchery. On July 7, the Duma
concluded the debate by adopting a resolution denouncing in
violent terms the policy of the Government, a policy of oppres-
sion, frightfulness and extermination, which had created " a
situation unprecedented in the history of civilized countries,"
and demanding, moreover, the immediate resignation of the
reactionary Ministry.

5. The Spread of Anarchy and the Second Duma

Two days later, when the deputies appeared before the Duma,
they found the building closed, and on the doors was displayed
an imperial manifesto dissolving the Duma which " has en-
croached upon a domain outside its jurisdiction, and has en-
gaged in investigating the acts of the authorities appointed by
us." The sudden dissolution of the Duma was answered by
the " Vyborg Manifesto " which was signed by the entire
parliamentary Opposition, calling upon the people to refuse to
pay taxes to furnish soldiers to a Government winch had
driven asunder their representatives. The manifesto was also
signed by all the Jewish deputies who subsequently had to pay
for it with imprisonment and the loss of their electoral rights.

140 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

The revolutionary terrorism which had subsided during the
sessions of the Duma broke out with redoubled violence after
its dissolution. Attempts upon the lives of high officials — the
most terrible being the explosion of a bomb in the summer resi-
dence of Stolypin, who had been appointed Prime Minister at
the dissolution of the Duma — " expropriations," i. e., the
plunder of state fuuds and private moneys for revolutionary
purposes, anarchistic labor strikes, were the order of the day.
The Government retorted with monstrous measures of oppres-
sion. A political court-martial was instituted which, in the
course of five months (September, 1906-January, 1907) sen-
tenced over one thousand people to death, among them many
who were innocent or under age. Needless to say, a consider-
able portion of these victims were Jews.

Yet as far as the revolutionary attitude of the Jewish popula-
tion was concerned, the Government was not satisfied to cope
with it by " legal " executions, and therefore resorted, in addi-
tion, to the well-tried contrivance of wholesale executions,
in other words, of pogroms. The chief of the political police in
the city of Syedletz, Tikhanovich, engineered on August 27-28
a bloody military pogrom in that city, netting thirty dead and
more than one hundred and fifty wounded Jews. The signal
for the pogrom were shots fired at a sentry by an agent 'pro-
vocateur, whereupon the troops started an aimless musketry fire
on the streets and even bombarded Jewish houses with grenades.
Many soldiers, in a state of intoxication, committed incredible
barbarities and looted Jewish property. Notwithstanding the
official report of another agent of the local political police,
Captain Pyetukhov, in which he asserted that the Jews had
not given the slightest reason for the butchery and that the
latter had been entirely engineered by the military and political

COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND OCTOBER MASSACRES 141

authorities, the perpetrator of the pogrom, Tikhanovich, was
not only allowed to go unpunished, but received from the
governor-general of Warsaw an expression of thanks for his
" energy and executive skill."

This being the attitude of the ruling spheres of Eussia, it
was out of the question to expect any initiative from that
quarter in regard to the solution of the Jewish question. The
Government of Stolypin, in a circular issued on August 24,
1906, had promised " to find out without delay which restric-
tions, being a source of irritation and manifestly obsolete, could
be immediately repealed, and which others, affecting basically
the relationship of the Jewish nationality to the native popula-
tion, seem to be a matter of popular conscience, and should
therefore be referred to the legislative institutions." The
Council of Ministers laid before the Tzar a draft of moderate
reforms in favor of the Jews, pointing to the necessity of
appeasing the Jews who, as a result of their grievous restric-
tions, " had been forced to carry on a desperate struggle
against the existing order." But these representations had no
effect. Nicholas II. is reported to have said on that occasion :
" So long as I am Tzar, the Zhyds of Eussia shall not have
equal rights." During that time, the power of the so-called
" Second Government," the horrible camarilla around the
Tzar, was in the ascendancy, and their mainstay were the Black
Hundred now organized in the reactionary " League of the
Eussian People." These reactionary terrorists knew only of
one way to solve the Jewish question — by exterminating the
Jews.

There was only one ray of hope left — the second Duma which
was to be convoked in February, 1907. The election campaign
was carried on under Government pressure and was hampered
10

142 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

by the threat of reprisals and pogroms on the part of the
" Black." The elections resulted in a Duma with an anomalous
complexion. The two extreme wings, the Socialists and Black
Hundred, had gained in strength, whereas the Constitutional
Democratic center had been weakened. The Jews had managed
to elect only three deputies, apart from one Jewish Social-
Democrat who ran on the ticket of his party. They were men of
little renown, whereas of the deputies of the first Duma
who were prosecuted for signing the Vyborg Manifesto not one
was elected.

The entire energy of the new Parliament spent itself
in the struggle between its left and right wing. The Jewish
question was entirely relegated to the " Committee on the
Freedom of Conscience." The Government had brought in a
bill repealing all denominational restrictions, " except those
affecting the Jews," but the Committee decided to eliminate
this discriminating clause and in this manner carry through the
emancipation of the Jews under the guise of the " Freedom of
Conscience."

But this time, too, the hope for Jewish emancipation proved
an illusion. The Duma was soon dissolved, under the pretext
that a revolutionary conspiracy of the Socialistic deputies had
been uncovered. On June 3, 1907, another coup d'etat took
place. The former electoral law which made it possible for the
Bussian democracy and the oppressed nationalities to send
their representatives to the Duma was arbitrarily changed by
the Tzar in order to insure a conservative pro-Government
majority in the Bussian parliament. There followed an era of
dismal reaction.

CHAPTER XXXVII

EXTERNAL OPPRESSION AND INTERNAL
CONSOLIDATION

1. The New Alignments Within Russian Jewey

The terrible quatrennium of 1903-1906 had an extraordi-
narily quickening effect upon the national and political thought
of the classes as well as of the masses of Russian Jewry. The
year of Kishinev and Homel, when the rightless Jews were
made defenceless; the year of the Russo-Japanese War, when
these rightless and defenceless pariahs were called upon to
fight for their fatherland against the enemy from without ; the
year of the revolution when after the sanguinary struggle for
liberty the Jews received a " constitutional charter wrapped up
in pogroms " ; finally, the first year of the Duma when in-
dignant utterances of the Jewish deputies from the platform
of the Duma were accompanied by the moans of the wounded
Jews of Bialystok — these terrible upheavals might have proved
fatal to Russian Israel had it not, during the preceding period,
worked out for itself a definite nationalistic attitude towards
the non-Jewish world. There were several varieties of this
national-political formula. At the one pole stood Zionism,
with its theory of a new " exodus." At the other pole was the
Social-Democratic party with its premise that " the blood of
the Jew must serve as lubricating oil upon the wheels of the
Russian Revolution." But even these two poles came somewhat
closer to one another at the moment of the great national

144 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

danger, converging, in spite of all their differences in program
and tactics, toward the central line above which floated the
banner proclaiming the fight for the civil, political, and
national rights of the Jewish people. Disfranchised, battered
by pogroms, victimized by tyrannous Tzardom, the Jews of
Eussia never thought of degrading themselves to the point of
begging equal rights " in instalments." They demanded their
rights in full, and demanded them not merely as " the Jewish
population/' but as the Jewish people, as an autonomous nation
among other nations with a culture of its own. The doctrine of
" National-Cultural Autonomism " * was crystallized in definite
slogans. These slogans were proclaimed, as we have seen, by
the " League for the Attainment of Equal Eights for the Jew-
ish People," which united on its platform all political Jewish
groups, with the exception of the Social-Democratic partisans.

The years of storm and stress also forced Zionism to recede
from its original position of denying the possibility of a
national struggle in the Diaspora. Meeting during the
most exciting days of the Eussian Eevolution, the Seventh
Zionist Congress at Basle, held in July, 1905, mourned the
loss of its prematurely cut-off leader, Theodor Herzl, and
adopted a resolution voicing its strict allegiance to the Palestine
idea and rejecting the temptations of Territorialism. This
led to a formal split within the party, "the Territorialists,
headed by Zangwill, seceding and forming an organization of
their own.

A year later, in November, 1906, the Eussian Zionists met at
Helsingfors, and adopted the platform of a " synthetic Zion-

1 See above, p. 51 et seq.

OPPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION 145

ism," that is, a combination of the Palestine idea with the fight
for national and cultural autonomy in the Diaspora. The
guiding resolution of the Zionist Convention was couched in
the following terms :

The Zionist organization of Russia sanctions the affiliation of
the Zionists with the movement for liberty among the territorial
nationalities of Russia, and advocates the necessity of uniting
Russian Jewry upon the principles of the recognition of the
Jewish nationality and its self-government in all the affairs affect-
ing Jewish national life.

This slogan of " national rights " was followed by the Zion-
ists during the elections to the first Imperial Duma. It was
acted upon to a lesser extent by the two Socialistic factions
affiliated with Zionism, the Poale Zion and the Zionistic
Socialists 1 ; both groups confined themselves to the demand of
a minimum of cultural autonomy in the Diaspora, concentrat-
ing their entire energy upon emigration, whether it be into
Palestine, as advocated by the Poale Zion, or into any other
territory, as preached by the Zionistic Socialists. During 1905-
1906, a new Socialistic party with strong nationalistic lean-
ings came into existence. In distinction from the other two
Socialistic factions, it demanded a maximum of national
autonomy in the Diaspora, including even a Jewish Diet as the
central organ of Jewish self-government. The members of
this party called themselves "Saymists" (from Saym,
"Diet"), or went by the name of the "Jewish Socialistic
La,bor Party."

In the midst of all these partisan platforms stood the
" League for the Attainment of Equal Eights for the Jewish

['Called by their Russian initials S. S.]

146 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

People," disregarding all party and class affiliations.1 During
the revolutionary period, this organization endeavored to unite
all public-spirited Jews in the general Russian and national
Jewish struggle for liberty, but with the decline of the revolu-
tionary movement, the centrifugal forces within the League
began to assert themselves. The divergence of views and tac-
tics among the various groups composing the League proved
stronger than their common interest in the nearest aim, which,
with the advent of the political reaction, had become more
remote.

Thus it came about that, at the beginning of 1907, the
" League for the Attainment of Equal Rights " fell asunder
into its component parts. The first to secede from it was the
Zionist party, which preferred to carry on its own Gegenwarts-
arbeit under a separate party flag — although, properly con-
sidered, a far-reaching activity on behalf of national-Jewish
rejuvenation in the lands of the Diaspora was scarcely com-
patible with the fundamental principle of political Zionism,
the " negation of the Golus." The Helsingfors program of
" synthetic Zionism," the child of the liberty movement,
shrank more and more, as the hopes for a Jewish emancipation
in Russia receded into the distance.

Out of the " League for Equal Rights " came further the
" Jewish People's Group," a party which opposed the Zionist
idea altogether and repudiated the attempt to find new Jewish
centers outside of Russia. This group, headed by the well-
known political leader, M. Vinaver, placed in the center of its
program the fight for civil emancipation, in close contact with

1 See above, p. Ill et seq.

OPPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION 147

the progressive elements of the Kussian people, whereas in the
question of national-Jewish interests it confined itself to the
principle of " self-determination " and to the freedom of
Jewish culture in general outlines, without putting forward
concrete demands of Jewish autonomy. The People's Group
counted among its adherents many representatives of the
Jewish intelligenzia who had more or less discarded the idea of
assimilation and had come to recognize the necessity of a mini-
mum of " Jewish-national rights."

The third group, which also took its rise in the " League for
Equal Eights," and received the name Volkspartei, or Jewish
National Earty, stood firmly on the platform of national Jew-
ish policies. The underlying principle of this organization, or,
more correctly, of this far-reaching social current, which has
its origin in the historic development of the Jewish people,
was the same principle of national-cultural autonomism which
had long before the revolution pursued its own line of develop-
ment parallel to Zionism.1 The simultaneous struggle for civil
and national rights, the creation of a full-fledged national com-
munity, instead of the Kultusgemeinde of Western Europe,
an autonomous national school, and the rights of both lan-
guages, the Hebrew and the Yiddish — such was, in general out-
lines, the program of the Volkspartei. At the same time, this
party, taking the historic idea of the transplantation of Jewish
centers in the Diaspora as its point of departure, recognized
the emigration to America and the colonization of Falestine as
great national factors destined to create two new centers of
Judaism, one quantitatively powerful center in North Amer-

1 See above, p. 51.

148 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

ica, and a smaller national center, but qualitatively, from the
point of view of cultural purity, more valuable, in Palestine.1

Finally, the " League for Equal Eights " gave birth to a
fourth party, the Jewish Democratic Group, which is dis-
tinguished from the People's Group by its stronger leaning
towards the political parties of the Left, the Eussian radicals
and Socialists.

Since the dissolution of the "League," these four groups
have, as a rule, united in various coalitions. They are all repre-
sented on the permanent council at St. Petersburg which,
together with the deputies of the Imperial Duma, discusses
Jewish political questions as they arise from time to time.
Thus, there emerged in Jewish public life a form of repre-
sentation reflecting the national and political ideas which
had assumed concrete shape during the years of the Eussian
revolution and counter-revolution. The only organization
standing outside these federated groups and their common
platform of national Jewish politics is the Jewish Social-
Democratic party, known as the " Bund," which is tied down
by its class program and is barred by it from co-operating with
the bourgeoisie,, or a non-class organization, even within the
domain of national Jewish interests.

1 Beginning with the year 1905, the emigration to America once
more assumed enormous proportions. During 1905-1906, the years
of revolution and pogroms, nearly 230,000 Jews left Russia for the
United States. During the following years the figure was some-
what lower, but still continued on a fairly high level, amounting to
50,000-75,000 annually. In Palestine, the colonization went apace,
and with it the cultural activities. Several schools, with a purely
national program, such as the gymnazia in Jaffa and Jerusalem,
and other institutions, came into being.

OPPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION 149

2. The Triumph of the " Black Hundred "
All these strivings and slogans were severely hit by the
coup d'etat of June 3, 1907, when a large part of what the
revolution had achieved was rendered null and void. Owing
to the amendment of the suffrage law by this clumsy act of
autocratic despotism, the constitution became the handmaid
of Tzardom. The ruling power slipped into the hands of the
Black Hundred, the extreme monarchistic groups, which
were organized in the " League of the Russian People " and
openly advocated the restoration of autocracy. The head of the
League, Dubrovin, congratulated the emperor upon his act of
violence of June 3, and was assured in reply that henceforth
the " League of the Russian People " would be the " trusted
bulwark " of the Throne. Nicholas might have said with
greater justification that the Throne was the bulwark of the
League of the Black Hundred, the hirelings of the reaction,
who were supplied with millions of rubles from the imperial
counter-revolutionary fund, the so-called " black money."
Street heroes and pogrom perpetrators became the masters of
Russian politics. The sinister forces began the liquidation of
the emancipation movement. Day after day the newspaper
columns were crammed with reports concerning the arrests of
politically " un dependable " persons and the executions of
revolutionaries. The gallows and the jails became, as it were,
the emblems of governmental authority. The spectacle of
daily executions which continued for two years (1907-1909)
forced from the breast of the grand old man, Leo Tolstoi, the
desperate cry : " I cannot keep silent."

Yet Nicholas II. continued his role of hangman. While
young men and women, among them a great number of Jews,

150 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

met their fate on the scaffold, the rioters and murderers from
among the Black Hundred, who during the days of October,
1905, alone had ruined hundreds of Jewish communities, re-
mained unpunished. The majority of them were not even put
on trial, for the local authorities who were charged with that
duty were afraid lest the judicial inquiry might establish their
own complicity in the pogroms. But even those who were
prosecuted and convicted on the charge of murder and plunder
were released from punishment by orders from St. Petersburg.
As a rule, the local branch of the League of the Russian People
would appeal to the Tzar to pardon the participants in the
" patriotic demonstrations " — the official euphemism for anti-
Jewish riots — and the invariable response was an immediate
pardon which was ostentatiously published in the newspapers.
The petitions to the Tzar applying for the pardon of convicted
perpetrators of violence went regularly through the Minister
of Justice, the ferocious reactionary and anti-Semite Shcheglo-
vitov. No one doubted that this amnesty was granted by
virtue of an agreement concluded in 1905 between the Gov-
ernment and the pogrom ringleaders, guaranteeing immunity
to the anti-Jewish rioters.

A different treatment was meted out to the Jewish self-
defence contingents, which had the courage to oppose the
murderers. They were dealt with ruthlessly. In Odessa, a
court-martial sentenced six young Jews, members of a self-
defence group which was active during the October pogroms,
to long terms of hard labor, characterizing the " crime " of
these Jews in the following words : " For having participated
in a conspiracy having for its object the overthrow of the
existing order by means of arming the Jewish proletariat for
an attack upon the police and troops." This characterization

OPPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION 151

was not far from the mark. The men engaged in defending the
lives of their brothers and sisters against the murderous hordes
were indeed guilty of a criminal offence against the " existing
order," since the latter sought its support in these hordes, of
whom " the police and troops," as was shown by the judicial
inquiries, had formed a part. The appeal taken from this
judgment to the highest military court was dismissed and the
sentence sustained (August, 1907). The Jews who had done
nothing beyond defending life and property could expect
neither pardon nor mitigation. This lurid contrast between
the release of the pogrom perpetrators and the conviction of
the pogrom victims was interpreted as a direct challenge to the
Jewish population on the part of Nicholas II. and his frenzied
accomplices.

The Black Hundred had a right to feel that it was their
day. They knew that the League of the Russian People formed,
to use the phrase then frequently applied to it in the press, a
" Second Government," which wielded greater power than the
official quasi-constitutional Government of Stolypin. The
dregs of the Eussian populace gave full vent to their base
instincts. In Odessa, hordes of League members made it a
regular practice to assault the Jews upon the streets with
rubber sticks, and, in case of resistance, to fire at them with
pistols. Grigoryev, the city-governor, one of the few honest
administrators, who made an attempt to restrain this black
terrorism, was dismissed in August, 1907,1 with the result that

1 When the same official waited upon the Tzar with his report
concerning the events at Odessa, he was amazed to see the Tzar
come out to him with the badge of the League of the Russian
People upon his chest — the same badge which was worn by the
rioters in Odessa. He was subsequently given to understand that
the Tzar had done so demonstratively to show his solidarity with
the hordes of the Black Hundred.

152 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

the assaults upon the Jews in the streets assumed an even more
sanguinary character. All complaints of the Jews were dis-
missed by the authorities with the remark : " All this is taking
place because the Jews were most prominent in the revolution."

The Government represented by Stolypin, which was anxious
to save at least the appearance of a constitutional regime, was
often forced to give way before the secret Government of the
Black League, which commanded the full sympathy of the
Tzar. By orders of the League, Stolypin decreed that one
hundred Jewish students who had passed the competitive ex-
amination at the Kiev Poly technicum should be excluded from
that institution and that a like number of Russian students who
had failed to pass should be admitted instead. The director
and dean of the institution protested against this clumsy vio-
lation of academic freedom, but their protest was left un-
heeded, whereupon they tendered their resignation (September,
1907). Following upon this, the Ministry of Public Instruc-
tion, yielding to the pressure of the " Second Government,"
restored the shameful percentage norm, restricting the admis-
sion of Jews to institutions of higher learning, which, during
the preceding years, had been disregarded by the autonomous
professorial councils.

About the same time the Senate handed down a decision de-
claring the Zionist organization, which had been active in
Eussia for many years, to be illegal, and giving full scope
to the police authorities to proceed with repressive measures
against the members of the movement.

OPPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION 153

3. The Third, or Black, Duma
Such was the atmosphere which surrounded the elections to
the third Imperial Duma in the fall of 1907. The reactionary
electoral law of June 3 barred from the Russian Parliament the
most progressive and democratic elements of the Empire.
Moreover, by splitting the electoral assemblies into class and
national curias, the Government succeeded in preventing the
election of any considerable number of Jewish deputies. The
elections took place under severe pressure from the authorities.
Many " dangerous " nominees of the Left were arbitrarily put
under arrest on framed-up political charges and, pending the
conclusion of the investigation, were temporarily barred from
running for office. In some places, the Black Hundred openly
threatened the Jews with pogroms, if they dared to nominate
their own candidates. As a result, only two Jewish deputies
managed to get into the Duma — Friedman from the govern-
ment of Kovno, and Nisselovich from Courland.

The third Duma, nicknamed the Black, assembled in Novem-
ber, 1907. It had an overwhelming majority of reactionaries
and anti-Semites. This majority of the Right was made up of
the coalition of the conservative Center, represented by the
" Octobrist " party,1 with the extreme Right wing, the Russian
" Nationalists," and Black Hundred. Whenever the Jewish
question came up for discussion, the reactionary bloc was
always able to drown the voices of the weak opposition, the
"Cadet" party (Constitutional Democrats), the Trudoviki
("the Labor Party "), and the handful of Socialists.

The attitude of this reactionary Duma toward the Jewish
question was revealed at its early sessions when the bill concern-

l1 So called because it based its program on the imperial mani-
festo of October 17, 1905. See above, p. 127.]

154 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

ing the inviolability of the person was the subject of discussion.
The opposition demanded the establishment of the full freedom
of movement as the most fundamental condition of the inviol-
ability of the person, but the majority of the Eight managed to
insert in the bill the following stipulation : " No one shall be
limited in the right of choosing his place of residence and in
moving from place to place, except in the cases set forth in the
law, and excepting the Jews who arrive in localities situated
outside the Pale of Settlement" (1908). In this wise the Rus-
sian legislators cleverly succeeded in harmonizing the principle
of the inviolability of the person with the life-long imprison-
ment of millions of people in the huge prison house known as
the Pale of Settlement.

Their solicitude for the maintenance of this vast ghetto
was so intense that the reactionary Government of Stolypin
was often the butt of criticism because it did not always show
sufficient regard for this holy institution. The fact of the
matter was that in May, 1907, Stolypin had issued a circular
ordering the governors to stop the expulsion from the interior
governments of those Jews who had settled there before
August, 1906, and possessed " a family and a domestic estab-
lishment " in those provinces, provided they were " harmless
to the public order and do not arouse the dissatisfaction of
the Christian population." As a result of this circular, sev-
eral hundred, possibly several thousand, Jewish families were
saved from expulsion. In consequence, the Eight brought in
an interpellation calling upon the Government to explain on
what ground it had dared to issue this " charter of privileges "
to the Jews. The interpellation, of course, proved effective,
and the Government did its utmost to nullify the exemptive

OPPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION 155

provisions of the circular. The anti-Semitic Duma betrayed
the same spirit on another occasion by rejecting in the same
year (1908) the bill, introduced by the Opposition, conferring
the right of visiting the health resorts or watering-places upon
all sufferers, without distinction of nationality.

Yet these legal discriminations were not the worst feature
of the third Duma. Even more excruciating was the way in
which the Eight wing of the Eussian Parliament permitted
itself to make sport of Judaism and things Jewish. It almost
seemed as if the devotees of autocracy, the members of the ex-
treme Eight, had come to the Eussian Parliament for the
express purpose of showering abuse not only on the Eussian
constitution but also on parliamentary government in general.
The hirelings of Nicholas II. danced like a horde of savages
over the dead body of the emancipation movement, singing
hymns in praise of slavery and despotism. Creatures of the
street, the reactionary deputies drenched the tribune of the Im-
perial Duma with mud and filth, and, when dealing with the
Jews, they resorted to methods similar to those which were in
vogue among their accomplices upon the streets of the devas-
tated cities. The term Zhyd and the adjective ZhydovsJci, in
addition to other scurrilous epithets, became the most favored
terms of their vocabulary. They inserted formulas and
amendments in various bills submitted to the Duma which
were deliberately intended to insult the Jews. They called
upon the Ministry of War to bring in a bill excluding the Jews
from the army, in view of the fact that the Jewish soldiers had
proved an element " which corrupts the army in the time of
peace and is extremely unreliable in the time of war " (1908).
They supported a law barring the Jews from the military

156 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Academy of Medicine, on the ground that the Jewish surgeons
had carried on a revolutionary propaganda in the army
during the Eusso-Japanese War (1910). The Octobrists
demanded the exclusion of the Jews from the office of Justice
of the Peace, for the reason that their admission was sub-
versive of the principles of a "Christian State" (1909).
The remark made on that occasion by Karaulov, a deputy of
the Opposition, " Where there is no equality, where there are
pariah nationalities, there is no room for a constitutional
order," was met from the benches of the Eight with the retort :
" Thank God for it ; we don't want it." A similar cynical
outburst of laughter greeted the warning of Eodichev:
" Without the abolition of the Jewish disabilities, there is no
access to the Temple of Freedom."

The two Jewish Duma deputies did their utmost to get a
hearing, but the Black Hundred generally interrupted their
speeches by wild and offensive exclamations. In 1910, the
Jewish deputy Nisselovich succeeded in obtaining the signa-
tures of one hundred and sixty-six deputies for a legal draft,
abrogating the Pale of Settlement. It was laid before the
Duma, but resulted merely in fruitless debates. It was re-
ferred to a committee which quietly strangled the bill.

4. New Jewish Disabilities

Spurred on by the reactionary Duma, the Government went
to even greater lengths in its policy of Jewish discrimination.
Premier Stolypin, who was getting constantly nearer to the
Eight, was entirely oblivious of the promise, made by him in
1905, to remove immediately all restrictions which are "the
source of irritation and are manifestly obsolete." On the con-

OPPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION 15?

trary, the Ministry presided over by him was systematically
engaged in inventing new grievous disabilities. The Jewish
deputy Friedman was fully justified in declaring, in a speech
delivered in February, 1910, that even " during the most ter-
rible time which the Jews had to live through under Plehve no
such cruelties and barbarities were practised as at the present
moment." Wholesale expulsions of Jews from the cities situ-
ated outside the Pale of Settlement and from the villages
within the Pale assumed the character of an epidemic. In the
spring of 1910 the Government decided on sacrificing to the
Moloch of Jew-hatred a whole hecatomb by expelling twelve
hundred Jewish families from Kiev — a measure which aroused
a cry of indignation beyond the confines of Eussia. The acts of
the Government were marked by a refinement of cruelty, for
even little children, invalids, and aged people were pitilessly
evicted. Particular enmity was shown in the ejection of Jews
who had committed the " crime " of visiting summer resorts
outside the city lines. The Senate handed down a decision to
the effect that the Jewish soldiers who had participated in the
defence of the besieged fortress of Port Arthur during the
Japanese War were not entitled to the right of residence which
had been granted by a former decree * to the Jewish soldiers
who had taken part in the war.

The spiritual murder of Jewish school children was the
function of the black Minister of Enlightenment, with the
significant name of Schwartz. The school norm, which, before
the revolution, had been applied merely as a Government order,
without legislative sanction, was formulated by him into a law
and ratified by the Tzar in September, 1908. Henceforth, all

1 See p. 98 et seg.
11

158 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

institutions of higher learning in the Empire wore open to the
Jews only in a proportion not exceeding three per cent, of the
total number of students for the capitals, five per cent, for the
educational establishments outside the Pale, and ten per
cent, for the Pale of Settlement. In view of the fact that
during the emancipation movement the influx of Jews to
the higher schools had been very great, so that their num-
ber was now vastly in excess of the established norm, it would
have become necessary for the higher schools to bar completely
all new candidates until the number of Jewish students had
been reduced io the prescribed percentage limits. For a while
the Minister recoiled from taking this cruel step, and permit-
ted for the next few years the admission of Jewish students
within the limits of the percentage norm, calculating the latter
in relation to the number of the newly admitted Christian stu-
dents during a given year, without regard to the Jewish
students admitted previously. Subsequently, however, many
educational institutions closed their doors completely to the
Jews, referring, by way of explanation, to the " completion
of the norm " by the former pupils. Once more, bands of the
" martyrs of learning " could be seen wending their ways
toward the universities in foreign lands.

A year later, in 1909, the percentage restrictions governing
the secondary schools were also placed on the statute books.
The proportion of Jewish admissions was fixed between five
and fifteen per cent. — i. e., slightly in excess of the old norm —
and was extended in its application to private educational in-
stitutions with the prerogatives of government schools. This
law spelled ruin to many gymnazia and schools of commerce
which, though directed by Christians, were almost entirely

OPPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION 159

dependent on Jewish support, eighty per cent, of their school
population consisting of Jews. As for the gymnazia main-
tained by Jews, with very few exceptions, they never were able
to obtain from the Ministry the status of government institu-
tions.

The educational Hamans, however, went a step further,
and in March, 1911, secured an ukase of the Tzar extending the
percentage norm to the " externs " : 1 henceforward Jews were
to be admitted to the examination for the " certificate of
maturity " 2 or for the completion of a part of the curriculum
only in a certain proportion to the number of Christian externs.
In point of fact, however, there were no Christian externs, since
only the Jews who had failed to find admission to the schools
were forced to present themselves for examination as externs.
In consequence, the enormous number of Jewish children who
had been barred from the schools by the percentage norm
were deprived of their right to receive a testimonial from a
secondary school. This law was passed during a brief inter-
ruption in the sessions of the Duma and was never submitted to
it. The deputies of the Opposition brought in an interpella-
tion concerning this action, but the " Black Parliament" laid
the matter on the table, and the law which lacked all legal
basis went into operation.

Swayed more and more by the tendencies of a reactionary
Eussian nationalism, Stolypin's Government set out to uproot
the national-cultural institutions of the " alien " races in
Eussia. The Poles, the Finns, and other nationalities became

t1 See vol. II, p. 351.]

t* The name given to the graduation certificate of a gymnazium.
In German it is similarly called Reifezeugnis.]

160 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

the victims of this policy. The lash of oppression was also
applied to Jewish cultural life. In 1910, Stolypin issued a
circular impressing Russian officialdom with the idea that the
cultural and educational societies of the " aliens " contributed
towards arousing in them " a narrow national-political self-
consciousness " and towards " the strengthening of national
separatism," and that for this reason all the societies of the
Ukrainians and Jews which were established for the purpose
of fostering a separate national culture should be prohibited.

5. TriE Spiritual Revival of Eussian Jewry
This new blow was aimed right at the heart of Judaism.
For after the revolution, when the political struggle had sub-
sided, the Jewish intelligenzia directed its entire energy into
the channel of national-cultural endeavors. Profiting by the
law of 1906, granting the freedom of assemblies and meetings,
they founded everywhere cultural, educational, and economic
(co-operative and credit) societies. In 1908, the Jewish
Literary Society was established in St. Petersburg, which
soon counted over a hundred branches in the provinces.
The same year saw the formation of the Jewish Historico-
Ethnographic Society which began to publish a quarterly re-
view under the name Yevreyskaya Starina (" Jewish Antiq-
uity).1 The oldest educational organization among the Jews,
the' Society for the Diffusion of Enlightenment, enlarged its
activity and was endeavoring to create a new type of national
Jewish school.

A multitude of other cultural societies and circles sprang
into life with the sanction of the authorities throughout the

t1 It was edited by the writer of the present work, S. M. Dubnow.]

OPPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION 161

length and breadth of the Pale. Everywhere lectures and con-
ferences were held and heated debates were carried on, center-
ing around national-cultural problems. Particularly pas-
sionate were the discussions about the position of Hebrew and
Yiddish in public life, in school and in literature, leading to
the alignment of two parties, the Hebraists and the Yiddishists.
The lectures, conferences and debates themselves were gen-
erally carried on in one of these languages, mostly in the
Yiddish vernacular.

In spite of their crudities, these partisan conflicts were
a clear indication of the advance of national self-consciousness
and of the desire for the upbuilding of a genuine Jewish life
upon the concrete foundations of a cultural autonomy. Of
course, anti-Semitic Tzardom could not be expected to sym-
pathize with this inner regeneration of Jewry, and, as in the
time of Plehve, it directed its blow at the Jewish-national
organizations. Here and there the blow was effective. In 1911,
the Jewish Literary Society, with its one hundred and twenty
branches, which had displayed an energetic activity in the
establishment of libraries and the arrangement of public lec-
tures, went out of existence. In general, however, the attacks
directed against the Jewish spirit proved much more difficult
of realization than the attacks upon Jewish property. The
cultural activities continued in their course, defying all ex-
ternal restrictions and persecutions.

The literary revival, which had started in the nineties, and
was but temporarily interrupted by the stormy events of the
revolutionary period, also came into its own again. The
rejuvenation of both the national and the popular language,
finding its expression in a widely ramified Jewish literature,

162 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

proceeded along paralled lines. The periodical press in He-
brew, represented by the two dailies, ha-Tzefirah in Warsaw,
and ha-Zeman in Vilna, and the monthly ha-ShiloaJi in
Odessa, found its counterpart in a popular press in Yiddish,
reaching hundreds of thousands of readers, such as the dailies
Fraind (" The Friend," published since 1903 in St. Peters-
burg), Haint ("To-day"), Moment, and others, in Warsaw.
In addition there was the Jewish press in Russian : the week-
lies Voshhod, Razsvyet, Yevrey&ki Mir in St. Petersburg, and
a few other publications.

In the domain of higher literary productivity, new forces
were being constantly added to the old ones. Besides the great
national bard Bialik there appeared a number of gifted poets :
Slmeor, the singer of " storm and stress," of doubts and ne-
gations, the romantically inclined Jacob Kohan, Fichman,
Reisin, David Einhorn, and many other youthful, as yet
scarcely unfolded talents. J. L. Perez found a rival in Shalom
Asch, the portrayer of patriarchal Jewish life in the provincial
towns of Poland (Die Stddtel, " The Provincial Town," 1904),
and the author of charming sketches from Jewish life, as well as
a playwright of note whose productions have met with tumul-
tuous applause both on the Jewish and the non-Jewish stage
(Mosliiah's Zeiten, " Messianic Times," Gott von Nekomo,
" God of Revenge," Shabbetai Zewi, Yihus, " Blue Blood ").
His numerous co-workers in Yiddish letters have devoted them-
selves with youthful enthusiasm to the cultivation of this
branch of Jewish literature.

In Hebrew fiction a number of talented writers and a group
of novelists, who publish their works mostly in the ha-Shiloah,
came to the fore. The successor of Ahad Ha'am in the editor-

OPPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION 163

ship of this periodical, Dr. Joseph Klausner, occupies a prom-
inent place in Jewish literature as publicist, critic, and partit-
as historian. If we add to these talents the not inconsiderable
number of writers who are domiciled in Galicia, Palestine,
Germany, and America, and draw their inspiration from the
vast Eussian-Jewish reservoir, the growth of Jewish literature
during the last decade stands forth in bold relief.

This progress of inner Jewish life in Eussia is truly remark-
able. In spite of the catastrophes which have descended upon
Eussian Jewry during the first decade of the twentieth century,
the productivity of the Jewish national spirit has gone on un-
checked, and the national-Jewish culture has struck out in all
directions. The assimilationist positions, which have been
generally abandoned, are only held by a few loyal devotees
of a past age. It is true that the process of elemental as-
similation, which penetrates from the surrounding atmos-
phere into Judaism through the medium of language, school
and literature continues to affect Jewish life with the same
force as of old. But there can be no doubt that it is effectively
counterbalanced by the centripetal factor of a national culture
which is becoming more and more powerful. Large as is the
number of religious apostates who have deserted Judaism under
the effect of external pressure, and of moral renegades who have
abandoned the national ethical ideals of Judaism in favor of a
new-fangled decadent asstheticism, it is negligible when com-
pared with the compact mass of Eussian Jewry and with the
army of intellectuals whose national self -consciousness has been
deepened by suffering. As in all previous critical moments in
the history of the Jews, the spirit of the nation, defying its
new tormentors, has grown stronger in the worn-out body.

164 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

The Hamans of Russia who have attempted to crush the
Eternal People have failed as signally as their predecessors in
Persia, Syria and Byzantium.

RUSSIAN JEWRY SINCE 1911

Being loath to cross the threshold of the present, we shall
stop at the year 1911, terminating the first decade of the
Thirty Years' War waged by Russian Tzardom against
Jewry since 1881. The more recent phases of this war
are still fresh in our memory. To put the new campaign
of Jew-hatred in its proper light, it will suffice to point out
its most conspicuous landmarks which stand out by their ex-
traordinarily sinister features. In 1911, the organizations
of the Black Hundred, with the help of their accomplices
in the Duma and in the Government circles, manufac-
tured the monstrous " Beilis case." The murder of a Rus-
sian boy in Kiev, of a family belonging to a band of thieves,
and the discovery of the body in the neighborhood of a brick-
kiln owned by a Jew provided the anti-Semites with an oppor-
tunity to bring forward the old charge of ritual murder. In the
beginning the Government was somewhat uncertain as to the
attitude it should adopt towards the mysterious Kiev murder.
But a political occurrence which took place at the time put
an end to its vacillation. In September, 1911, Premier
Stolypin was assassinated in a Kiev theatre in the presence of
the Tzar and the dignitaries of State. The assassin, by the
name of Bogrov, proved to be the son of a lawyer who was of
Jewish extraction, though he had long before turned his back
upcn his people — a semi-anarchist, who at one time had been

OPPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION 165

active as police agent for some mysterious revolutionary pur-
poses. The Jewish extraction of the father of the assassin was
enough to produce a paroxysm of fury in the camp of the
anti-Semitic reactionaries who had lost in the person of
Stolypin an exalted patron. In Kiev preparations were openly
made for a Jewish massacre, but the Government was afraid
that the proposed wholesale execution of Jews would mar the
festive solemnity of the Tzar's visit to Kiev. The authorities
made it known that the Tzar was not in favor of riots, and a
bloody street pogrom was averted.

In its place, however, a bloodless pogrom, extending over
two years, was arranged in the form of the Beilis case. Minis-
ter of Justice Shcheglovitov, a former Liberal, who had become
a fanatical partisan of the Black Hundred, made up his mind
to impart to the trial a glaring ritual coloring. The original
Judicial inquiry having failed to uncover any traces of Jewish
complicity, the Minister of Justice ordered a new special in-
quiry and constantly changed the personnel of the investigating
and prosecuting officials, until he finally secured a bill of
indictment in which the whole case was represented as a
ritual crime, committed by the Jew Beilis with the participa-
tion of "undiscovered persons."

For two years, the Beilis case provided the pabulum for a
wild anti-Semitic campaign which was carried on among the
so-called better classes, on the streets, in the press, and in the
Imperial Duma. The court trial which took place in Kiev in
October, 1913, was expected to crown with success the criminal
design harbored by the Minister of Justice and the Black Hun-
dred, but the expectations of the Government were disap-
pointed. In spite of a carefully selected court personnel, which

166 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

consisted of anti-Semitic judges representing the Crown, and
of sworn jurymen, ignorant peasants and burghers who be-
lieved in the ritual murder legend, Beilis was acquitted, and
the authorities found it impossible to fasten the guilt upon the
Jews.

Exasperated by the failure, the Government wreaked its ven-
geance upon the liberal-minded intellectuals and newspaper
men, who, by their agitation against the hideous libel, had
wrested the prey from the hands of the Black Hundred. Scores
of legal actions were instituted not only against newspaper
editors and contributors but also against the St. Petersburg
Bar Association, which had adopted a resolution protesting
against the method pursued by Shcheglovitov in the Beilis
trial. The sensational case against the metropolitan lawyers
was tried in June, 1914, one month before the declaration of
the World War, and terminated in a verdict of guilty for
twenty-five lawyers, on the charge of " having agitated against
the Government/'

The triennium preceding the World War witnessed the rise
of a new danger for Judaism, this time coming from Poland.
The extraordinary intensity of the national and religious
sentiment of the Poles, accentuated by the political oppression
which for more than a hundred years had been inflicted upon
them, particularly by the hands of Russian despotism, has, dur-
ing the last decade, been directed against the Jewish people.
The economic progress made by the Jews in the two industrial
centers of Russian Poland, in Warsaw and Lodz, gave rise to
the boycott agitation. Polish anti-Semites proclaimed the
slogan " Do not buy from Jews ! ", aiming the cry specifically
against the " Litvaks," that is, the hundreds of thousands of

OPPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION 167

Russian Jews who, in the course of the last few decades,
had been chiefly instrumental in the economic advancement of
those two centers. The cloak beneath which this agitation was
carried on was purely that of Polish nationalism : the Russian
Jews were alleged, on the one hand, " to Russify Poland," and,
accused, on the other hand, of an opposite tendency, of assert-
ing themselves as the members of a separate Jewish nation-
ality, with a press and a social organization of their own,
which refuses to be merged in the Polish people.

The anti-Semitic movement in Poland, which began
shortly after the revolution of 1905, assumed extraordinary
dimensions in 1910-1911, when the boycott became a fierce
economic pogrom, reaching its culmination in 1912, during the
election campaign to the fourth Imperial Duma. The Jewish
electors of Warsaw formed a majority, and were, therefore, in
a position to send a Jewish deputy to the Duma. Yet out of
consideration for the national susceptibilities of the Poles who
insisted on sending as a representative of the Polish capital
one of their " own," a Christian, the Jews were willing to
accept a Polish candidate, provided the latter was not an anti-
Semite. When, however, the Polish election committee, dis-
regarding the feelings of the Jews, nominated the anti-
Semitic candidate Kukhazhevski, the Jews gave their votes
to the Polish Socialistic nominee Yaghello, who carried the
election. This attitude of the Jews aroused a storm of
indignation among the higher classes of Polish society. An
anti-Jewish campaign, marked by extraordinary bitterness,
was set in motion, and in the press and on the streets the Jews
were nicknamed " Beilises," an echo of the ritual murder
legend which had given rise to such horrors in ancient Catholic

1G8 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Poland. The economic boycott was carried on with incredible
fury, and in a number of towns and villages the cowardly
enemies of the Jews, being afraid of attacking them openly,
set fire to Jewish houses, with the result that in many cases
entire families were consumed in the flames.

The furor Polonicus assumed more and more dangerous
forms, so that at the beginning of the World War, in 1914,
almost the entire Polish nation, from the " progressive anti-
Semites " down to the clericals, were up in arms against the
Jews. Prom this armed camp came the defiant war cry : " On
the banks of the Vistula there is no room for two nationalities,"
thus sentencing to death the two millions of Polish Jewry
who consider themselves a part of the Jewish, and not of the
Polish nation. Out of this soil of national hatred crawled forth
the snake of the terrible "military libel," which during the
first year of the war drenched Polish Jewry in rivers of blood.
Over the bleeding body of the Jewish people Polish and Rus-
sian anti-Semitism joined hands. Horrors upon horrors were
perpetrated before which the ancient annals of Jewish martyr-
dom fade into insignificance.

Nearly twenty centuries have passed since the ancient
Judaeo-Hellenic Diaspora sent forth a handful of men who es-
tablished a Jewish colony upon the northern Scythian, now
Russian, shores of the Black Sea. More than a thousand years
ago the Jews of Byzantium from one direction, and those of the
Arabian Caliphate from another, went forth to colonize the
land of the Scythians. The Jew stood at the cradle of ancient
Kiovian Russia, which received Christianity from the hands

OPPRESSION AND CONSOLIDATION 169

of the Byzantines. The Jew witnessed the birth of Catholic
Poland, and, during the stormy days of the Crusades, fled from
the West of Europe to this haven of refuge which was not
yet entirely in the hands of the Catholic Church. He has
seen Poland in its bloom and decay ; he has witnessed the rise
of Muscovite Eussia, tying the fate of one-half of his nation
to the new Eussian Empire. Here the power that dominates
history opened up before the Jewish people a black abyss of
mediaevalism in the midst of the blazing light of modern civili-
zation, and finally threw it into the flames of the gigantic
struggle of nations. What may the World War be expected to
bring to the World-Nation ? Full of agitation, the Jew is look-
ing into the future, and the question of his ancient prophet
is trembling on his lips : " Ah Lord God ! wilt Thou make a full
end of the remnant of Israel ? " * . . . . Let the entire past of
the Jewish people serve as an answer to this question — a people
which, in the maelstrom of human history, has succeeded in
conquering the two cosmic forces : Time and Space.

PEzekiel XI, 13.]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

VOLUME I

[Yevr. Bibl. = Yevreyskaya Bibliotyeka ;
Yevr. St. = Yevreyskaya Starina.]

Chapter I

The Jewish Diaspora in Eastern Europe

(pp. 13-38)

Latyschew, Inscriptions antiquae orae Septentrionalis Ponti Euxini,

vols. I-II, St. Petersburg, 1885, 1890 [R].
Reghesty i Nadpisi. Svod materialov dla istoriyi yevreyev v Rossiyi

("Documents and Inscriptions. Collection of Materials for the

History of the Jews in Russia"). Vol. I, St. Petersburg, 1899,

Nos. 1-218 [R].
Dubnow, " The Historical Mystery of the Crimea," Yevr. St., 1914,

No. 1.
Harkavy, Skazaniya Musulmanskikh pisatyeley o Slavianakh i Russ-

kikh ("The Accounts of the Mohammedan Writers concerning

the Slavs and Russians") St. Petersburg, 1870 [R].
, Mitteilungen iiber die Chasaren, Russische Revue, 1S77; also

Yevr. Bibl., vols. VII-VIII, St. Petersburg, 1878.
, Altjiidische Denkmiiler aus der Krim, St. Petersburg, 1876.

Firkovich, Abne Zikkaron. Matzebot 'al Kibre Bne Israel bi-Krim,

Vilna, 1872.
Chwolson, Corpus inscriptionum hebraicarum. Grabschriften aus

der Krim, St. Petersburg, 1882.
Petahiah of Ratisbon, Sibbub, edited by Griinhut, Jerusalem, 1904.
Benjamin of Tudela, Sefer ha-Massa'ot, ed. Griinhut, Jerusalem, 1903;

ed. Marcus Adler, London.
Hoker, "The Jews in Kaffa under the Genoese Regime (1455),"

Yevr. St. 1912, p. 66 et seq.
12

174 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Sobranie russkih letopisey (" Collection of Russian Chronicles ") [R].
Solovyov, Historiya Rossiyi ("The History of Russia"). Vol. I,
Moscow, 1863-75 [R]

Chapter II

The Jewish Colonies in Poland and Lithuania

(pp. 39-65)

Volumina legum. Leges et constitutiones Regni Poloniae, vol. I,
St. Petersburg, 1859 (sub anno 1347, 1420, 1496, 1505).

Bershadski, Russko-yevreyski arkhiv ("Russian-Jewish Archives")
St. Petersburg, vol. I (1882), Nos. 1-39, and vol. Ill (1903)
Nos. 1-15.

Bersohn, Dyplomataryusz dotyczacy zydow w dawniej Polsce ("Dip
lomatic Documents relating to the Jews in Ancient Poland")
Warsaw, 1910, Nos. 1-4, 386-402 [P].

Hube, Constitutiones synodales provinciae Gnesnensis, St. Petersburg
1856, pp. 68-70, 159-161.

Czacki, Rozprawa o Zydach ("An Inquiry concerning the Jews")
Cracow, 1860 [P].

Gumplowicz, Prawodawstwie Polskie wzgledem zydow (" Polish Legis-
lation relating to Jews"), Cracow, 1867 [P].

Sternberg, Geschichte der Juden in Polen, Leipzig, 1878.

Bershadski, Litovskiye yevreyi (" The Lithuanian Jews "), St. Peters-
burg, 1883 [R].

Schipper, Studya nad stosunkami gospodarczymi zydow w Polsce
podczas sredniowiecza ("A Study of the Economic Relations of
the Jews in Poland during the Middle Ages"), Lemberg, 1911
[PL

Chapter III

The Autonomous Centee in Poland at Its Zenith

(pp. 66-102)

Volumina legum (1859-1860), vol. I, pp. 309, 375, 506, 524-525, 550;
vol. II, pp. 624, 690-692, 725, 1052, 1243; vol. Ill, pp. 289, 809-
810; vol. IV, pp. 39-40.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 175

Bershadski, Russo-yevreyski arkhiv, vol. I, pp. 62-337; vol. II (St.
Petersburg, 18S2) ; vol. Ill (1903), pp. 36-260 [R].

Reghesty i Nadpisi, vol. I, pp. 95-871 [R].

Akty Vilenskoy kommissiyi dla razbora drevnikh aktov ("Records
of the Vilna Commission for the Examination of Ancient Docu-
ments"), vol. XXVIII, containing documents relating to Jews
(Vilna, 1901), Xos. 1-278 [R].

Bersohn, Dyploinataryusz, Nos. 5-246, 351-356, 401-552 [P].

Schorr, " The Cracow Collection of the Jewish Statutes and Charters
of the Fifteenth to the Sixteenth Century," Yevr. St., vol. I,
pp. 247 et seq., vol. II, pp. 76, 223 et seq.

Czacki, Rozprawa o Zydach, pp. 44-54 [P].

Kraushar, Historya Zyduw w Polsce ("History of the Jews in Po-
land"), vol. II, Warsaw, 1866, pp. 144-318 [P].

Gumplowiez, Prawodawstwie Polskie, etc., pp. 36-45, 50-52, 5S-76,
103 [P].

Nussbaum, Historya Zydow (" History of the Jews "), vol. V, pp. 108-
223 [P].

Bershadski, Litovskiye yevreyi, chapters VT-VI [R"|.

Dubnow, " The Jews and the Reformation in Poland during the
Sixteenth Century," Voskhod, 1895, Books V-VIII.

, " The Victims of Fictitious Accusations during the years

1636-1639," Voskhod, 1895, Books III.

Perles, Geschichte der Juden in Posen, Breslau, 1865. Comp. Frankel's
Monatssclirift, 1864-1865.

Balaban, " The Jewish Physicians in Cracow and Tragedies of the
Ghetto," Yevr. tit., 1912, p. 38 et seq.

, " Episodes from the History of Ritual-Murder Trials," Yevr.

St., 1914, p. 163 et seq.

, " The Legal Status of the Jews in Poland during the Middle

Ages and in more Recent Times," Yevr. St., 1910-1911.

, Dzieje Zydow w Krakowie ("History of the Jews in Cra-
cow"), vol. I, Cracow, 1913 [P].

, Zydyi lwowscy na przelomie XVI i XVII wieku ("The Jews

of Lemberg on the Border-Line between the Sixteenth and Seven-
teenth Century"), Lemberg, 1906 [P].

176 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Chapter IV
The Inner Life oe Polish Jewry at Its Zenith
(pp. 103-138)
Dubnow, " Kahal Constitutions," etc., Voskhod, 1894, Books II-XII.

, " Documents of the Council of Four Lands," Yevr. St., 1912,

pp. 70, 178, 453.

, " The Record Book of the Lithuanian Provincial Assembly,"

Yevr. St., 1909-1915.

, Wa'ad Arba 'Aratzot be-Polen, article in Sefer ha-Yobel le-Rab

Nahum Sokolow, Warsaw, 1904.

— , " Council of Four Lands," article in Jewish Encyclopedia,
vol. IV, p. 304 el seq.

, " The Inner Life of Polish Jewry during the Sixteenth Cen-
tury," Voskhod, 1900, Books II and IV.

, " The Vernacular of the Polish-Lithuanian Jews during the

Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century," Yevr. St., 1909, p. 1 et scq.
Harkavy, Hadashim gam Yeshanim. Appendix to Rabbinowitz's

Hebrew translation of Griitz's History, vol. VII, Warsaw, 1899.
Schorr, Organizacya Zydow w Polsce (" The Organization of the Jews

in Poland"), Lemberg, 1899.

Zydzi w Przemyslu ("The Jews in Pshemyshl"), 1903.

Perles, Geschichte der Juden in Posen, 1S65.
Balaban, Zydzi lwowscy, etc.

, Dzieye Zydo\V w Krakowie.

, " Jacob Pollak, the Father of Polish Rabbinism, and His

Age," Yevr. St., 1912, p. 225 et seq.
, " Die Krakauer Judengemeinde-Ordnung von 1595," Jahrbuch

der Jildisch-Literarisdien Gesellschaft, vol. X, Frankfurt-on-the-

Maine, 1913.
Horodezki, Le-Korot ha-Rabbanut, Warsaw, 1911, containing the

biographies of Moses Isserles, Solomon Luria, Mordecai Joffe,

Meir of Lublin, Samuel Edels, and others.
, " Rabbi Nathan Shapiro, a Kabbalist of the Seventeenth

Century," Yevr. St., 1910, pp. 192 et seq.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 177

, " The Age of the Ascetic Kabbalah " (Isaiah Horvitz and his

family), Yevr. St., 1913, pp. 145, 367, 455.

Rabbinovich, " Traces of Free-thinking in Polish Rabbinism of the
Sixteenth Century," Yevr. St., 1911, p. 1 et seq.

Warchel, " Polish Jews at the University of Padua," Ewartalnik
historyi Zydoiv (" Jewish Historical Quarterly"), Warsaw, 1913,
No. 3.

Bruckner, " From the History of Polish Dissidents," Ateneum, War-
saw, 1898, No. 2.

Isaac Troki, Hizzuk Emunah, edited with German translation by
D. Deutsch, Breslau, 1873.

Chapter V

The Autonomous Center in Poland During Its Decline

(pp. 139-1S7)

Nathan Hannover, Yewen Mezulah, Venice 1653. The other Jewish
chronicles and records will be found in the collection of I. Gur-
land, Le-Korot ha-Gezerot 'al Israel, Parts I -VI, Cracow, 1S87-
1892, and the posthumous edition, Odessa, 1892.

Kostomarov, Bogdan Ivhmelnitzki, vols. I -III, St. Petersburg, 1884

[R].

Arkhiv Yugo-zapadnoy Rossiyi ("Archives of South-western Rus-
sia"), Part III, volume 3, Kiev 1876, containing the documents
relating to the Haidamacks, with a preface by V. Antonovich [R].

, Part V, volume II, Kiev 1890, concerning the censuses of the

Jewish population of the South-western region, taken during the
years 1765-1791 [R].

Volumina Legum, vols. IV-VIII, passim.

Bersohn, Dyplomataryusz, Nos. 247-350, 357-3S4.

Schorr, " The Cracow Collection, etc.," see bibliography to Chapter
III.

Akty Vilenskoy kommissiyi (see bibliography to Chapter III), vols.
XXVIII-XXIX, containing Jewish records, Vilna, 1901-1902.

Reghesty i Nadpisi, vol. I, Nos. 872:1111; vol. II; vol. Ill, Nos. 1850-
2224, St. Petersburg, 1913.

178 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Levin, Judenverfolgungen im Schwedisch-polnisehen Kriege 1655-

1659, Posen, 1901.
Dubnow, " The Ruzhan Martyrs of 1659," Voskhod, 1S93, Book I.
Balaban, "The Jewish Physicians in Cracow, etc." (concerning Cala-

hora), Yevr. St., 1912, pp. 51-53.

, Skizzen zur Geschichte der Juden in Polen, Berlin, 1911.

, " From the Past of a Jewish Street in Lemherg," Yevr. St.,

1909, p. 237.
, '• The Ritual Murder Trial in Posen of 1736-1740," Yevr. St.,

1913, p. 4G9 et seq.
, " An Episode from the History of the Ritual Murder Trials

and of the anti-Jewish Literature in Poland," Yevr. St., 1914,
p. 318 et seq.

Galant, " The Ritual Murder Trial in Dunaigorod of 1748," Yevr. St.,
1911, p. 268.

, " The Victims of the Blood Accusation in Zaslav of 1747,"

Yevr. St., 1912, p. 202 et seq.

G. E., On the trials of Stupnitza and Voyslavitza, Yevr. St., 1912.
p. 26 et seq.

The Papal Bulls concerning the Blood Accusation, Russian transla-
tion of Stern's book, pp. 29-105, containing Ganganelli's memo-
randum and the appended documents, Kiev, 1912.

Hekker, " Anti-Semitism in Poland during the Eighteenth Century,"
Yevr. St., 1913, p. 439 et seq.
Concerning the Haidamack uprising and the massacre at Uman, see

Gurland's Le-Korot ha-Gezerot and Reghesty i Nadpisi, sub an mi

1768.

ClIAPTKR VI
The Inner Life oe Polish Jewry During the Period of Decline

(pp. 1SS-241)
Dubnow, "Records of the Council of Four Lands during 1621-1699,"
Yevr. St., 1912, pp. 178, 453.

, " The Record Book of the Lithuanian Provincial Assembly

during 1623-1761," Yevr. St., 1910-1915.
, Article on the Provincial Assemblies, Yoskliod, 1894, Books

IV and XII.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 179

Schipper, Beitriige zur Geschichte der partiellen Judentage in Polen

im XVII-XVIII Jalirbundert bis 1764.
Griitz, Geschichte der Juden, vol. X, Index sub " Polen," particularly

the chapter on Sabbatai Zevi.

, Frank und die Frankisten, Breslau, 1868.

Dubnow, "Jacob Frank and his Christianizing Sect," Yoskhod, 1883,

Book I et seq.
, " The History of Frankism according to newly discovered

sources," Yoskhod, 1896, Books III-IV.
Kraushar, Frank i Frankisci ("Frank and the Polish Frankists"),

Cracow, 1895. Two volumes [P].
Balaban, "Notes on the History of the Frankist Sect," He-'Atid,

vol. V, Berlin, 1913.
Horodezki, Mystisch-religiose Stromungen unter den Juden in Polen

im XVI -XVIII Jalirbundert, Leipzig, 1914.
Dulinow, " The Social and Spiritual Life of the Jews in Poland in the

First Half of the Eighteenth Century," Yoskhod, 1899, Books I-II.
, " Introduction to the History of Hasidism," He-'Aiid, vol.

Ill, Berlin, 1911.
, " The Rise of Hasidism and Tzaddikism. History of the

Hasidic Schism. The Religious Struggle, etc.," Yoskhod, 1888-

1893.
Lewin, " Aliyyot Eliyyahu " (a biography of the Gaon of Vilna),

Vilna, 1875.
Yatzkan, Rabbenu Eliyyahu (another biography), Warsaw, 1900.
Solomon Maimon, Lebensgeschichte, Berlin, 1792.

Chapter VII

The Russian Quarantine Against Jews

(pp. 242-261)

Reghesty i Nadpisi, vol. I, Nos. 462, 470, 527, 653, 654, 757, 877-878,
897-898.

Levanda, Sbornik zakonov o yevreyakh ot 1649 do 1873 ("Com-
pendium of the Laws relating to Jews from 1649 to 1873"),
Nos. 1-29.

180 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Solovyov, Historya Rossiyi (" History of Russia "), Book III, edition

1910, p. 1345.
Dubnow, " Peter the Great and the Jews."
, Article on the Moghilev massacre of 1655, Pardes, vol. Ill,

Odessa, 1896.
Orshanski, Russkoye zakonodatyelstvo o yevreyakh ("The Russian

Legislation relating to Jews"), St. Petersburg, 1877.
Golitzin, Istoriya russkavo zakonodatyelstva o yevreyakh ("History

of the Russian Legislation relating to Jews " ) , St. Petersburg,

1886.
Kunin, " The Jews of Moscow in the Seventeenth Century," Yevr. St.,

1913, p. 96 et seq.
S. D., " The Expulsion of the Jews from Little Russia in the Second

Quarter of the Eighteenth Century," Yevr. St., 1913, pp. 193, 123

et seq.
, " The Census taken of the Jews of Little Russia in 1736,"

Yevr. St., 1913, pp. 400, 526.
, " The Petition of the Nobility and the Elders of Little Russia

for the Restoration of the Ancient Rights of Little Russia, pre-
sented to Catherine II. in 1764," Kievskaya Starina, 1883, Book 6.

Chapter VIII

Polish Jewry During the Period of the Partitions

(pp. 262-305)

Czacki, Rozprawa o Zydach (see bibliography to Chapter II), 9,

pp. 117-134 [P].
Korzon, Wewnetvzne dzieje Polskie za Stanislawa Augusta ("The

Inner History of Poland under Stanislav Augustus"), Cracow,

1882, vol. I, pp. 164-167, 230-232, 240 et seq. [P].
Solomon Maimon, Lebensgeschichte.
Okhotski, " Stories from Poland's Past," Russian translation, St.

Petersburg, 1874, vol. I, pp. 54-55.
Volumina Legum (see bibliography to Chapter II), vol. VII, pp. 333,

352; vol. VIII, p. 95.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 181

Nussbaum, Szkice historyczne z zycia zydow w Warszawie (" Historic

Sketch from the Life of the Jews in Warsaw"), Warsaw, 1881,

pp. 13-15 [P].
Smolenski, Stan i sprawa zydow polskich w XVIII wieku ("The

Status and the Cause of the Polish Jews in the Eighteenth

Century"), Warsaw, 187G [P].
Maciejowski, Zydzi w Polsce, na Rusi i Litwie (" The Jews in Poland,

Russia and Lithuania "), Warsaw, 1878 [P].
Bershadski, Litovskiye yevreyi ("The Jews of Lithuania"), St.

Petersburg, 1883, pp. 46-48 [R].
Akty Vilenskoy kommissiyi (see bibliography to Chapter III), vol.

29, pp. 463-480 [R].
Hekker, " The Jews in the Polish Cities in the Second Half of the

XVIII. Century," Yevr. St., 1913.
Dubnow, "History of the Hasidic Schism," Voskhod, 1890-1891.
Fiinn, Kiryah Neemanah (history of the Vilna community), Vilna,

1860, pp. 27, 130, 273.
Katz, " History of the Haskalah Movement in Russia," Ha-Zeman,

1903, vol. I, pp. 97-102.
Kraushar, Frank i Frankisci (see 1 ibliography to Chapter VI), vol.

I, pp. 139-149 [P].
Paperna, article on Hirshovitz's memorandum, Toskhod, Book VI,

1902.
Kraszewski, Polska w czasie trzech rozbiorow ("Poland during the

Time of the Three Partitions"), vol. II, pp. 318-320; vol. Ill,

pp. 108, 122 [P].
Gumplowicz, Stanislawa Augusta proekt ref ormy zydowstwa ( " Stan-

islav Augustus' Project of Jewish Reform"), Cracow, 1875 [P].
Deiches, Sprawa zydowska podczas Sejmu Weilkiego ("The Jewish

Cause at the Time of the Great, or Quadrennial Diet"), 1891.
Luninski, Berek Joselwicz, Warsaw, 1909 [P]. Comp. Yevr. St., 1909,

vol. II, p. 128 et seq.
Moscicki, " Polish Jewry under the Sceptre of Catherine II," Kwar-

talnik poswiacony badajiiu przeszlo'sci zydow 10 Polsce (" Quar-
terly devoted to the Study of the History of Polish Jewry"),

Warsaw, vol. I, 1912. Pages 61-65 describe the attitude of the

Jews in Vilna and Grodno in the Polish revolution of 1794 [P].

182 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Skarbek, Dzieje ksiestwa Warszawskiego ("History of the Duchy of
Warsaw"). Three volumes, Posen, 1860 [P].

Golitzin, Istoriya russkavo zakonodatyelstva (see bibliography to
Chapter VII), pp. 1001 et seq., containing a list of the laws
passed by the Duchy of Warsaw during 1807-1812 [R].

Vishnitzer, " A Plan of Reforming Jewish Life in the Duchy of War-
saw and in the Kingdom of Poland," Perezhytoye, vol. I, pp. 166-
171, St. Petersburg, 1908 [R].

Hessen, " In an Ephemeral Body Politic," Yevr. St., 1910, p. 6 et seq.

Askenazy, " The Era of the Duchy of W7arsaw," Kwartalnik, etc.,
1912, vol. 1 [P].

Chapter IX

The Beginnings of the Russian Regime

(pp. 306-334)

Shugurov, " History of the Jews in Poissia," Russki Arkhiv, 1894,

vol. I, pp. 163-167. The petition of the Moscow merchants is

reprinted, Yoskhod, 1895, Book I, pp. 31-33 of the second

division [R].
Orshanski, Russkoye zakonodatyelstvo (see bibliography to Chapter

VII), pp. 183-184.
Golitzin, Istoriya russkavo zakonodatelstva, p. 136 [R].
Levanda, Sbornik, etc. (see bibliography to Chapter VII), Nos. 30-47,

55.
Bershadski, "The Jewish Statute of 1804" (containing the official

correspondence and plans relating to the Jewish question during

1797-1801), Yoskhod, 1895, Books I-IV.
Dyerzhavin, Collected Writings, 1878, vol. VI, pp. 113-114, 124,

715; vol. VII ("Opinion concerning the Jews ") [R].
Hessen, Yevreyi v Rossiyi ("The Jews in Russia"), St. Petersburg,

1906 [R].

BIBLIOGRAPHY 183

Chapter X

The " Enlightened Absolutism " of Alexander I.

(pp. 335-365)

Brafman, Kniga Kahala ("The Book of the Kahal"), vol. II, Nos.

335, 339, 340, 352.
Hessen, Yevreyi v Rossiyi, pp. 77-78, 322.
, "The Deputies of the Jewish People," Yevr. St., 1009, vol. II,

pp. 19-20.
Gordon, " Note on the History of the Settlement of the Jews in

St. Petersburg," Voskhod, 1881, Book II, pp. 29, 39-40.
Levanda, Sbornik zakonov, Nos. 59 (the Statute of 1804), G4, 69-70.
" The Report of the Jewish Committee in 1812," Russki Arhhiv, 190.'!.

Book II, pp. 253-274.
Orshanski, Russkoye zakonodatelstvo, p. 271 et seq.
Golitzin, Istoriya russkavo zakonodatelstva, pp. 543 et seq., 587, 590,

981, 985 [R].
Ginsburg, Otyechestvennaya Voyna 1812 goda i russkiye yevreyi

("The Patriotic War of 1812 and the Russian Jews," St. Peters-
burg, 1912 [R].
Nikitin, Yevreyi-zemledyeltzy ("The Jewish Agriculturists"), St.

Petersburg, 1887 [R].
Helman, Bet Rabbi (a biography of Shneor Zalman and his children),

Berdychev, 1901, fol. 47.

Chapter XI

The Inner Life of Russian Jewry During the Period of
" Enlightened Absolutism "

(pp. 366-389)

Bershadski, "The Jewish Statute of 1804," Voskhod. 1895, Book VI.

pp. 46-63.
Hessen, Yevreyi v Rossiyi, pp. 220, 237 [R].
Golitzin, Istoriya, pp. 348-355 [R].
Dubnow, " History of the Hasidic Schism," Voskhod, 1890, Books

XI-XII; 1891, Book I.

184 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

"The Religious Struggle," Voskhod, 1893, Book I, pp. 37-49.
" The Intervention of the Russian Government in the War

against Hasidism," Yevr. St., 1910, Books I-II.

Hessen, Yevreyi v Rossiyi, p. 164 et seq. [R].

Fiinn, Kiryah Neemanah (history of the Vilna community), Vilna,
1S60, p. 134 et seq.

, Safah le-Neemanim, Vilna, 1881. §§91, 94, 98.

Horodezki, " Levi Itzhok of Berdychev," Yen: St., 1909, vol. I, p. 205
et seq.

■ -, '• Nahman of Bratzlav," Ha-Goren, IV (1903).

Zederbaum, Keter Kehunnah, Odessa, 1S66.

Frenk, Yehude Polin bime Napoleon, Warsaw, 1912.

Calmanson, Essai sur l'etat aetuel des Juifs, Warsaw, 179G; comp.
Ha-Meassef, 1809, pp. 286-291.

Nyevakhovich, Vopl dochery yudyeyskoy (" The Moan of the
Daughter of Judah"), St. Petersburg, 1803. Reprinted in the
collective volume published by the Russian-Jewish weekly Budu-
shchnost, St. Petersburg, 1902 [R]. The same in Hebrew, under
the title Kol shaw'at bat Yehudah, Shklov, 1804.

Stanislavski, "Mendel Lewin," Voskhod, 1881, Book III.

Chapter XII

The Last Years of Alexander I.

(pp. 390-413)

Levanda, Sbornik zakonov, sub anno 1815-1825.

Pen, " The Deputation of the Jewish People," Voskhod, 1905, Books
1-3.

Hessen, " The Deputies of the Jewish People," Yevr. St., 1909, vol. II.

Way, Lewis, Memoires sur l'etat des Israelites, dedies et presented a
leurs Majestes imperiales et royales reunies au Congres d'Aix-la-
Chapelle, Paris, 1819.

Lerner, Yevreyi v Novo-rossiyskom kraye ( " The Jews in the New-
Russian Region"), Odessa, 1901 [R].

Golitzin, Istoriya, etc., pp. 608, 686 [R].

BIBLIOGRAPHY 185

Kozmin, "Past and Present of the Siberian Subbotniks (Sabba-

tharians)," Yevr. St., 1913, Book I, p. 3 et seq.
Dubnow, "Historical Communications," Voslchod, 1901, Book IV,

p. 37.
"A Inquiry into the Jewish Question," published by the Chancellery

of the United Societies of the Nobility, St. Petersburg, 1910,

vol. I, pp. 3, 18 [R].
Pestel, Russkaya Pravda ("Russian Truth"'), edited by Shchogolev,

St. Petersburg, 1906, pp. 50-52 [R].
Semyovski, Politicheskiya i obshchestvennyia idyeyi Dyekabristov

("The Political and Social Ideas of the Decembrists"), St.

Petersburg, 1910, pp. 517-523 [R].

VOLUME II

Chapter XIII

The Military Despotism of Nicholas I.

(pp. 13-45)

Yevr. St., 1911, p. 589 (Nicholas' Opinions of the Jews).

, 1909, p. 256 ff., (an account of Tziprinus, a Russian official,

about the introduction of military service).
Levanda, Sbornik zakonov, Nos. 153, 154, 159, etc. (see Index s. v.

" Recruits ") .
Volhynian Legends, Yevr. St., 1911, p. 389.
Ginzburg and Marek, Yevreyskiya Narodniya Pyesni ("Jewish Folk-

Songs "), St. Petersburg, 1901, p. 42 et seq. [R].
Recollections of former Cantonists in Yevr. St., 1909, vol. II, pp. 115

et seq.; 1911, pp. 249 et seq.; 1912, pp. 54 et seq.
Hertzen, Byloye i Dumy ("Recollections and Reflections"), foreign

edition, vol. I, 30S [R].
Korobkov, " Jewish Conscription during the Reign of Nicholas I.,"

Yevr. St., 1913, Books I-II.
Nikitin, Mnogostradalnyie ("The Martyrs"), St. Petersburg, 1871.
, Reminiscences, Yevr. Bibl., St. Petersburg, 1873.

186 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

On the Beholoh, see Bogrov, Zapiski Yevreya (" Memoirs of a Jew "),
St. Petersburg, 1874, p. 114 [R] ; Smolenskin, Ha-To*eh, vol. II,
p. 169; and Kotik, Meine Zichroines ("My Reminiscences"),
Warsaw, 1913, pp. 99 et seq.

Levanda, Sbornik zakonov, sub anno 1827-1840.

Spravka po yevreyskomu voprosu (" Inquiry into the Jewish Ques-
tion"), Part I, pp. 1-43 (containing archival documents on
the work preliminary to the Statute of 1835).

Hessen, " The Memoranda Submitted by the Kahal of Vilna and
L. Feigin," Yevr. St., 1911, 96 et seq. and 394 et seq.

Yevr. St., 1909, p. 112, and 1911, pp. 417-418.

Chapter XIV

Compulsory Enlightenment and Increased Oppression

(pp. 46-87)

Dubnow, "Historical Communications," Voskhod, 1901, Books 4-5

(dealing with the work of the committee of 1840).
Georgievski, Doklad po voprosu ob obrazovaniyi yevreyev ("Report

on the Question of Educating the Jews"), St. Petersburg, 1886.

Not published [R].
Morgulis, Voprosy yevreyskoy zhizni ("Problems of Jewish Life"),

St. Petersburg, 1889, pp. 33 et seq. [R].
Mandelstamm, Hazon la-Mo'ed ("A Vision for the Appointed

Time "), Vienna, 1877. Part II [H].
Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums, 1842-1848, articles describing

Lilienthal's mission.
Scheinhaus, Ein deutscher Pioneer (on Lilienthal's mission), Berlin,

1911.
Tzinberg, " Levinsohn and his Time," Yevr. St., 1910, pp. 520 et seq.

Comp. ibid., 1912, p. 91.
Levanda, Sbornik zakonov, Nos. 462, 475, 509-510, 575.
Die Juden in Russland, Hamburg, 1844.
Lerner, Yevreyi v Novorossiyi ( " The Jews in New Russia " ) , Odessa,

1901, pp. 46 et seq. [R].

BIBLIOGRAPHY 18?

Loewe, Diaries of Sir Moses Montefiore, London, 1890. Hebrew
edition, Warsaw, 1899.

Ginzburg, "A Forerunner of Baron Hirsch " (on Altaras), Voskhod,
1897, Book XL

Leket Amarim ("Collection of Essays"), edited Ha-Melitz, St.
Petersburg, 1889, pp. 81 et seq.

Nikitin, Yevreyi zemledyeltzy ("Jews as Agriculturists"), St.
Petersburg, 1887, pp. 103 et seq. [R].

Spravka k dokladu po yevreyskomu voprosu ("Inquiry in connec-
tion witb the Report on the Jewish Question "). Part V: The
Ritual Murder Trials, edited by the United Societies of the
Nobility, St. Petersburg, 1912 [R].

A memorandum on the Velizh case by the Senate. Not published.

Hessen, Velizhskaya Drama ("The Drama of Velizh"), St. Peters-
burg, 1905 [R].

Ryvkin, " The Velizh Case as reflected in local legends," Perezhytoye,
vol. Ill, St. Petersburg, 1911 [R].

Dubnow's articles on Velizh, Luah Ahiasaf, 1 895-1 S96; on Novaya
Ushitza, Perezhytoye, vol. I (1909); on Mstislavl, Voskhod,
1899, Book 9.

Hessen, " The Mstislavl Disturbances," Perezhytoye, vol. II.

An-ski, " Some of the Legends Connected with the Mstislavl Inci-
dent," ibid.

Chapter XV

The Jews in the Kingdom of Poland

(pp. 88-110)

S. Askenazy, " Concerning Jewish Affairs during the Era of Con-
gresses," Kwartalnik, etc., vol. I, No. 3, Warsaw, 1913.

Vishnitzer, " Reform Projects in the Kingdom of Poland," Pere-
zhytoye, vol. I, St. Petersburg, 1908.

Friedliinder, David, Die Verbesserung der Israeliten im Konigreich
Polen, Berlin, 1819.

Inquiry into the Jewish Question, etc. (the utterances of Zaionchek),
vol. I, 43.

138 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

The Legal Journal of the Kingdom of Poland (during the years indi-
cated in the text).

Golitzin, Istoria Russkavo zakonodatyelstva o yevreyakh (" The His-
tory of Russian Legislation relating to Jews," pp. 1001-1005 [R].

Luninski, Berek Joselowicz, Warsaw, 1909.

"The Ritual Murder Trials during the Year 1816," Yevr. St., 1912,
pp. 144-163.

Nussbaum, Historya Zydow, V, 390-399 [P].

" From the History of the Rabbinical School in Warsaw," Perezhy-
toye, vol. I.

Kandel, " The Committee of Old Testament Believers," Ktcartalnik,
1912, No. 12, pp. 85-103.

Jost, 11. II, 302 (on Chiarini).

Mstislavskaya, "The Jews in the Polish Insurrection of 1831,"
Yevr. St., 1910.

Myakotin, "The Tovyanski Movement," Yoskhod, 1888, Books 11-12.

Die Juden in Russland, Hamburg, 1844, pp. 35, 38-40 (on conscrip-
tion in the kingdom of Poland) .

Chapter XVI

The Inker Life of Russian Jewry During the Period of Military

Despotism

(pp. 111-139)

Gottlober, Autobiography, in the Hebrew periodical Ha-Boker Or,

1880-1881.
Ginzburg, M. A., Abi'ezer (autobiography), Vilna, 1883.
Plungian, Ben Porat (biography of Menashe Ilyer), Vilna, 1858.
Hilman, Beth Rabbi (biography of Shneor Zalman and descendants),

Berdychev, 1901.
Horodezki, Rabbi Nahum mi-Chernobyl u-Banaw ("R. Nahum of

Chernobyl and his Descendants"), Berdychev, 1902.
Sternholz, 'Alim li-Tetrufah ("Leaves for Healing," letters of Rabbi

Nahman of Bratzlav), Berdychev, 1896.
Nathansohn, Sefer ha-Zikronot ("Book of Recollections," on I. B.

Levinsohn), Warsaw, 1878.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 189

Wengeroff, P., Memoiren einer Grossmutter, Berlin, 1908.
Horodezki, " The Sadagora Dynasty," Yevr. St., 1909, vol. II.
Zederbaum, Keter Kehunnah ( " The Crown of Priesthood," on the

Tzaddiks of Poland), Odessa, 1866.
Magid, "M. A. Ginzburg," St. Petersburg, 1897 [H].
Fiinn, Safah le-Neenianim ("Speech of the. Trustworthy"), pp. 149

et seq., Vilna, 1881.
Gordon, " A. B. Lebensohn," Yevr. Bibl., vol. VIII, St. Petersburg,

1880.

Chapter XA^II

The Last Yeaks of Nicholas I.

(pp. 140-153)

Levanda, Sbornik zakonov (for the years 1848-1854).

Ginzburg, " A forgotten Era," Toskhod, 1896, Book 2.

Ginzburg and Marek, Yevreyskiya Narodnya Pyesni ("Jewish Folk-
Songs"), St. Petersburg, 1901, No. 53 [R].

Osip Rabinovich, " The Penal Recruit " and " The Inherited Candle-
stick," collected works, vol. I, St. Petersburg, 1880 [R].

Bogrov, " The Captured Recruit," Yevr. Bibl., vol. IV, St. Peters-
burg, 1874, pp. 2-7, preface.

Friedberg, " The Captured Recruits," Sefer ha-Shanah, edited by
Sokolow, vol. Ill, Warsaw, 1901.

Spiegel, "From the Diary of a Cantonist," Yevr. St., 1911, pp. 249
et seq.

Itzkovich, " Reminiscences of a Cantonist," Yevr. St., 1912, pp. 54
et seq.

Korobkov, " Jewish Conscription during the Reign of Nicholas I.,"
Yevr. St., 1913.

On the Ritual Murder Trial of Saratov, see " Inquiry into the Jewish
Question, etc." Part V, pp. 208-243 [R].

Trivus^jf' Ritual Murder Trials before the pre-Reformatory Courts,"
Yevr. St., 1912, pp. 252-262 et seq.

13

190 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Chapter XVIII

The Era of Reforms Under Alexander II.

(pp. 154-183)

Levanda, Sbornik zakonov (for the years 1855-1865).

" Inquiry into the Jewish Question," etc. Part I, pp. 55-102, 105, 112;
Part III, pp. 10-17, 79-02 (discussion of the projected legal bills
in the Council of State, etc. ) .

K stoletyu komityeta ministrov ("The Centenary of the Committee
of Ministers"), St. Petersburg, 1902 [R] ; the "resolutions" of
Alexander II. are recorded in Voskhod, 1903, Book III.

" Some Resolutions of Alexander II. on the Jewish Question in 1861,"
Yevr. St., 1912, p. 472.

Hessen, " An Attempt at Jewish Emancipation in Russia," Perezhy-
toye, vol. I, p. 153 ff.

Orshanski, Yevreyi v Rossiyi ("The Jews in Russia"), St. Peters-
burg, 1877 [R].

, Russkoye zakonodatyelstvo o yevreyakh ("The Russian Leg-
islation relating to Jews"), St. Petersburg, 1877, pp. 214, 309-
334 [R].

Georgievski, Doklad po voprosu ob obrazovaniyi yevreyev ("Report
on the Question of educating the Jews"), St. Petersburg, 1886,
pp. 92, 134 et seq. [R].

Marek, Ocherki po istoriyi prosvyeshchenya v Rossiyi ("Sketches
from the History of Enlightenment among the Jews of Russia "),
Moscow, 1909 [R].

Kandel, " The Petition of 1857," Kwartalnik, 1913, 147-159.

Sternberg, Geschichte der Juden in Polen, Leipsic, 1878, Beilage G,
pp. 186-191 (the Jewish agitation of 1859 in Warsaw, and
Lelevel's reply).

Jutrzenka ("The Dawn"), Polish-Jewish weekly in Warsaw, for the
years 1861-1863.

Berg, Zapiski o polskikh zagovorakh i powstaniakh ("Memoirs con-
cerning Polish Conspiracies and Revolutions"), St. Petersburg,
1873 [R].

BIBLIOGRAPHY 191

"The Experiences of a Jew during the Polish Insurrection of 1863,"

Yevr. St., 1910, pp. 378-390.
Inquiry into the Jewish Question, Part VII, pp. 63, 70, 89, 95.
Spasovski, Zhizn i politika markiza Vyelepolskavo ("Life and

Policies of Marquis Vyelepolski ") , St. Petersburg, 18S2 [R].

Chapter XIX

The Reaction Under Alexander II.

(pp. 184-205)

Spravka po yevreyskomu voprosu ( " Inquiry into the Jewish Ques-
tion "), Part VII, pp. 63, 70, 89, 95 [R].

Brafman, Kniga Kahala, 3d edition, St. Petersburg, 18SS [R].

" The Jewish Delegation in the Vilna Commission of 1S69," Yevr. St.,
1912, pp. 187 et seq.; comp. Perezhytoye, II, pp. 306 et seq. and
III, pp. 385 et seq.

" The Enactments against the Jewish Dress in 1871," Yevr. St., 1912,
pp. 334-338; comp. "The Struggle with the Jewish Dress,"
Perezhytoye, I, 2d Section, pp. 16-18.

Orshanski, " On the Nature of the Odessa Pogrom," in the collective
volume Yevreyi v Rossiyi ("The Jews in Russia"), 1S77,
pp. 156 et seq. [R].

Margulis, "The Odessa Riots of 1871," in the collective volume
Yevreyski Mir ("The Jewish World"), St. Petersburg, 1910.

Levanda, Sbornik zakonov, for the years 1865-1873.

For the additional laws for 1874-18S0 see Sobranie zakonov ("Col-
lection of Laws " ) , edited by the Government Senate. Comp.
Systyematicheski ukazatyel literatury o yevreyakh ("A Sys-
tematic Index of the Literature dealing with the Jews " ) , St.
Petersburg, 1892, pp. 59-60.

" Analysis of the Legislation relating to the Jews during the past
Decade," Yevr. Bibl., vol. VII, 1879.

The memorandum of Xyekhludov " On the Emancipation of the
Jews" is found in Spravka po yevreyskomu voprosu, Part VII,
pp. 103-122; appeared also as a separate publication, St. Peters-
burg, 1907.

192 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

On the Municipal Statute of 1870 and on the Conscription Statute of
1874, see Spravka, Part II, pp. 127-138, 142-209.

An account of the Congress of Berlin, based on the French text of the
Proceedings, Spravka, Part III, pp. 151-154; see also Yevr. Bibl.,
vol. VI, 1878, p. 145 et seq. [R].

On the Jews in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, see Criticus (pen-
name of S. M. Dubnow) in Voskhod, 1891, Book I, pp. 32-38.

The full proceedings of the Kutais case are found in a supplement to
Yevr. Bibl, vol. VI, pp. 1-188.

Chwolson, Upotreblayut-li yevreyi khristianskuyu krov? ("Do the
Jews use Christian Blood? "), 2d edition, with a reply to Kcfsto-
marov, St. Petersburg, 1879 [R].

Borissov, " Ippolit Lutostanski," Kiev, 1912 [R].

Chapter XX

The Inner Life of Russian Jewry During the Reign of
Alexander II.

(pp. 206-242)

S. Ginzburg, "A forgotten Era," Voskhod, 1896, Books III and V.

Margulis, article on " N. I. Pirogov," in Yoprosy yevreyskoy zhizni
("Questions of Jewish Life"), St. Petersburg, 1889.

Criticus (pen-name of S. M. Dubnow), " I. S. Aksakov and the Jews,"
Voskhod, 1887, Book II.

Dostoyevski, Yevreyski vopros ("The Jewish Question"), in his
collected writings, edited by Marx, vol. XI, pp. 85-102; also in
his Dnyevnik pisatyela ( " The Diary of an Author," autobio-
graphical sketches), during 1873-1877, in various places [R].

Orshanski, Yevreyi v Rossiyi ("The Jews in Russia").

Margulis, Voprosy yevreyskoy zhizni, pp. 149-195, on the Crown
rabbis and teachers of the sixties.

Tarnopol, Opyt osmotrityelnoy reformy v oblasti iudaizma ("Attempt
at Cautious Reforms in the Domain of Judaism "), Odessa, 1868,

[R].
Gumplovich's article is found in Jutzenka ("The Dawn"), 1891,
No. 19 [P].

BIBLIOGRAPHY 193

Leon Rosenthal, Toldot Hebrat Marbe Haskalah be-Israel ( " History

of the Society for the Diffusion of Enlightenment among the

Jews"), two volumes, St. Petersburg, 1885-1890; comp. Criticus,

Voskhod, 1891, Books X-XI.
Levanda, " The Establishment of the First Periodical of Russian

Jewry," Voskhod, 1881, Book VI.
The Letters of Ossip Rabinovich, published in Yevr. St., 1911, p. 71

et seq.
Dubnow, " The Change of Tendencies in Jewish Journalism," in

" Letters on Ancient and Modern Judaism," St. Petersburg, 1907,

pp. 205-226 [R].
Frumkin, " From the History of the Revolutionary Movement among

the Jews during the Seventies," Yevr. St., 1911, pp. 221 et seq.,

513 et seq.
Tzinberg, " The First Socialistic Periodicals in Hebrew Literature,"

Perezhytoye, I, pp. 233-263.
Sosis, " Social Currents during the Period of Reforms," Yevr. St.,

1914.
Mandelkern, " Micah Joseph Lebensohn," Ha-Asif, III, 1886.
Brainin, " Micah Joseph Lebensohn," Voskhod, 1902, Book III.

, "Abraham Mapu," Warsaw, 1900 [H].

Cantor, "Gordon and His 25 years of Activity," Voskhod, 1881,

Books XI-XII.
S. D. (= S. Dubnow), " The Jewish Nyekrassov " (on J. L. Gordon),

Voskhod, 1884, Book VII.
lggerot Jelag ("Letters of J. L. Gordon"), two volumes, Warsaw,

1894.
Bienstock, "A Festival in Yiddish Literature" (a biography of

Abramovich), Voskhod, 1884, Book XII.
Frischmann, " Mendele Mokher Sforim," in Introduction to the col-
lected Hebrew works of Abramovich, vol. II, Odessa, 1911.
Brainin, "Perez Smolenskin," Warsaw, 1896 [H].
M. Kahan, Me-'Ereb 'ad 'Ereb, vol. I, Vilna, 1904, pp. 186-244. The

same volume also contains an analysis of Lilienblum's work and

of the literary currents of the seventies in general.
Gottlieb, "P. M. Smolenskin" ("Gallery of Jewish Worthies"),

Part II, St. Petersburg, 1899 [R].

194 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Lilienblum, Hattot Ne'urim ("Sins of Youth"), Vienna, 1876; also
in his collected works, Cracow, 1910-1912, vol. II.

Klausner, " Moshe Leib Lilienblum" (a biographical analysis, pre-
facing the first volume of Lilienblum's collected works).

Hessen, " Q. Rabinivich and I. Orshanski " ("Gallery of Jewish
Worthies"), Part I, St. Petersburg, 1898 [R].

" Ilya Grigorievich Orshanski, an Autobiographical Sketch," Yevr.
Bibl., vol. VI, pp. 1-43, St. Petersburg, 1878.

Yampolski, " Pv.ecollections of I. G. Orshanski," Yevr. St., 1911, p.
55 et seq.

Volynski, " The Portrayer of Russian Jewry " (on the stories of
Levanda), Yoskhod, 1888.

" From the Correspondence of L. 0. Levanda," Yevr. Bibl., vols. IX-X,
St. Petersburg, 1901-1903, containing also some letters from
Bogrov; Comp. Yevr. St., 1913, pp. 279-281.

Wengeroff, Memoiren einer Grossmutter, vol. II, Berlin, 1910, con-
taining valuable material for the understanding of the transition
period of the fifties and sixties.

Chapter XXI

The Accession of Alexander III and the Inauguration of
Pogroms

(pp. 243-258)

Razsvyet, 1881, pp. 494, 650, 653; 846, 1255-57.
Yevr. St., I. pp. 9193; II. pp. 207 ff.

Chronique du movement socialiste en Russie, 1878-1887. Byloye
(historical journal), 1907, Book VI, p. 305.

Chapter XXII

The Anti-Jewish Policies of Ignatyev

(pp. 259-283)

Travityelstvyenny vyestnik (1SS1), No. 98.

Razsvyet, No. 19.

Yevr. St., V, p. 346.

Archives of Historical Society.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 195

Voskhod (1881), Book V, p. 83 (II part).

Sagasty's letter, Razsvyet, 1881, p. 1105; Campos' letter, ibid., p.

1148.
" Inquiry into the Jewish question " (ed. by the Council of the

United Nobility, St. Petersburg, 1910), Part II, pp. 125-126;

Russian Jew. Encycl., I, pp. 826-827.
Dr. Mandelstamm's Reminiscences, Perezhitnoye, vol. IV, p. 53 et

seq. (St. Petersburg, 1913).
Report of the Gubernatorial Commissions on the Jewish Question,

vols. I-II, St. Petersburg, 1884.
Istoria Revolutzionnavo Dvizhenia v Rossiyi (" The History of the

Revolutionary Movement in Russia"), St. Petersburg, 190G, pp.

260-262.
Die Judenpogromen in Russland, I, pp. 46-66 (Koln, 1910).

Chapter XXIII

New Measures of Oppression and Public Protests

(pp. 284-308)

" Historical review of the activities of the Committee of Ministers,"

vol. IV, p. 183 (St. Petersburg, 1902).
Yoskhod, 1903, Book III, p. 154.

Razsvyet (18S2), No. 3 (supplement), and No. 4, p. 125.
Yevr. St. (1909), I. pp. 93-97.

Judische Welt (Yiddish monthly, St. Petersburg, 1912), No. 2.
Archives, Nos. 10, 12, 13, 15.

Chapter XXIV

Legislative Pogroms

(pp. 309-323)

Yevr. St., I, pp. 265-267.

Russian Jew. Encycl., I, p. 829.

Historical Review of the activities of the Commission of Ministers,

IV, pp. 20-21, 183.
Yoskhod, 1903, Book III, p. 155.

196 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Razsvyet, No. 20.

Razsvyet, 1882, pp. 1125, 1417.

" Diary of a Palestinian Immigrant,." Voskhod Chron., 1882.

Yevr. St., 1915, pp. 100, 201 ff.

Voskhod, 1883, Book I, p. 69 (II part).

Chapter XXV

Inner Upheavals

(pp. 324-335)

Razsvyet, 1882, pp. 506, 1301.
Voskhod Chron., 1882, p. 645.
Bez Illuzii ("Without Illusion"), Razsvyet, 1881, p. 1988; 1882,

p. 152 ff.
Dubnow, Razsvyet, 1881, Nos. 34, 35.

Gordon, Kol Schire Jelag, I, pp. 115-116, St. Petersburg, 1884.
Dubnow, " The Question of the Day," Razsvyet, 1881, Nos. 34-35.
Hamzefot, Chto Zhe Dielat? ("What is to be done?"), Razsvyet,

1882, Nos. 2-5.
Razsvyet, 1881, Nos. 41-42, "The General Jewish Question and

Palestine."
Ben-Zion (Priluker), Yevreyi Reformatory ("Jewish Reformers"),

St. Petersburg, 1882.

Chapter XXVI

Incjieased Jewish Disabilities

(pp. 336-357)

" Inquiry into the Report on the Jewish question," vol. II, pp. 20-21.

Pahlen's Commission, pp. 175, 251 et seq.

Yevr. St., I, p. 88 et seq.

Gieorgievski, Doklad po voprosu ob obrazovani Yevreyev ("Report

on the question of the Education of Jews " ) , St. Petersburg,

1886.
Pozner, Yevrei v Obshchey Shkolie ("JeWs in Secular Schoola"),

St. Petersburg, 1914, pp. 58-59.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 197

"History of Ministers' Commission" (Government publication),

vol. IV, p. 433, St. Petersburg, 1902.
"Review of the Last Year" (Annual reviews of the first books of

the Voskhod for 1884-1889; especially 1884, Book I, pp. 27, 30-31,

36-37; 1885, Book I, p. 47 et seq.) .
Voskhod, 1891, Book II, p. 40 (II part).

Frederic, "The New Exodus," London, 1902, pp. 175, 248-252.
Frug, "Two Generals" (a page of reminiscences), Yevreyskaya

Zhizn, 1915, No. 14.
Mysh, Rukovodstvo k zakonodatielstvu o Yevreyakh v Rossiyi

("Guide to the Laws about Jews in Russia"), p. 384, St.

Petersburg, 1892.
Yevreyskaia Bill., vol. IV, p. 469, St. Petersburg, 1901.
Usov, Yevreyi v Armii ("Jews in the Army"), St. Petersburg, 1911,

pp. 14-92.

Chapter XXVII

Russian Reaction and Jewish Emigration

(pp. 358-377)

Voskhod Chron. (1883), Nos. 19, 20; 1884, Book VI, p. 30 et seq. (II

part) .
Orshanski, "Review for the Last Lear," Voskhod, 1884, Book II,

pp. 40-49.
Pahlem Commission, pp. 78-79.

Margulis, "Reminiscences," Yevreyski Mir (1909), Book VI; Vosk-
hod (1895), Book I, p. 50 (II part).
Pozner, Yevreyi v Vysshey Shkolie (" Jews in Higher Institutions "),

p. 56.
" Russian Jews in America : Results of the Emigration Movement."

Voskhod, 1890, Book X.
"Jewish Agricultural Colonies in America," Voskhod, 1891, Books

I-IV.
Fornberg, Yevreyskaya Emigratzia ( " Jewish Emigration " ) , Kiev,

1908.
Lilienblum, Derekh la-'avor Golim, Warsaw, 1893.

198 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

M. Kahan, Me-'Erev 'ad 'Erev ("From Evening to Evening"), vol.

II, Vilno, 1904.
Kliisin, " From the Diary of a Palestinian Emigrant," Vohkhod,

1889, Books I-XXII.
Sapir, " Zionism," Vilno, 1903, Yevr. St., 1915, Books III.

Chapter XXVIII

Jud^ophobia Triumphant

(pp. 378-398)

H. Frederic, " The New Exodus: A Study of Israel in Russia," p. 173
(London, 1892; the author visited Russia in 1891, and heard
about the Tzar's resolution from a man who saw the document).

Voskhod Chron., 1890, No. 21 (p. 528), 23 (p. 569), 30 (pp. 475, 752).

Voskhod (1891), Book I, p. 63 (II part) ; II, pp. 42-47.

" Judenpogromem in Russland," I, p. 119.

" Spravka k dokladu po yevreyskomu voprosu ("Incuiiry of the Re-
port on the Jewish Question"), II, pp. 138-140.

Letters from V. Solovyev to F. Getz (St. Petersburg, 1909), pp. 27-40,
55 et seq.

Chapter XXIX

The Expulsion feom Moscow

(pp. 399-413)

" Mysterious References to the Work of the Councils," Voskhod

Chron., 1891, No. 11, p. 2SS, and No. 12, p. 315.
Toskh od ( 1 895 ) , Book I, p. 50 (II part ) .
Archives of the Jew. Hist. Soc. (interview between Baron Gunzburg

and the Minister of Finance in September, 1891).
Weber-Kempner, La Situation des Juifs en Russie. Rapport addresse

au Gouvernement des Etats-Unis (Paris, 1892), p. 17.
Goldovski, " Jews in Moscow."
" Beyond the Border," Voskhod (1891), Books IV-XI, pp. 5-6.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 199

Chapter XXX

Baron Hirsch's Emigration Scheme and Unrelieved Suffering

(pp. 414-429)

Istoricheski Obzor Dieyatielnosti Comitieta Ministrov ("Historical

Study of the Activity of the Ministers' Committee"), vol. IV,

p. 1S4 (St. Petersburg, 1902).
Jew. Encycl., VI, p. 415.
Russian Jew. Encycl., VI, p. 564.
Voskhod (1888), No. 2.
A. White, Jewish Colonization and the Russian Persecution, New

Review, London, 1891, No. 27, August, pp. 97-105.
Voskhod, 1891, Books IV-IX.
Lietopisiets, " Beyond the Border."
Lapin, Nastoyashchiye i Budushchiye Colouisatsii v Argentinie

("The Present and Future Colonisation in Argentine"), St.

Petersburg, 1S94.
Fornberg, Yevreyskaya Emigratzia ("Jewish Emigration"), Kiev,

1908.
Jewish Colonisation Association Rapports de L'administration Cen-

trale, Paris, 1891-94.
M. Kahan, Me-'Erev 'ad 'Erev, I, pp. 55-118, Vilno, 1904.
Berkenheim, " Colonisation Movement," Voskhod, 1895, Books I, V,

VII, XL
Katzenelson, " The Martyrdom in the Moscow Synagogues," Yevr.

St., 1909, I, pp. 175-186.
Goldovski, "Jews in Moscow," Byloye, 1907, Book IX, 161-163.
Yevr. St. (1911), IV, p. 109 et scq.
Dubnow, Novieyshaya Istoria Yevreyev (" The New History of the

Jews"), p. 552 (1914 ed.).
Voskhod Chron., 1894.

200 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

VOLUME III

Chapter XXXI

The Accession of Nicholas II.

(pp. 7-39)

Yoskhod, 1896, Book I, p. 38 (II part).

Yevr. St. (1914), VIII, p. 400.

Judenpogromen in Russland, vol. I, p. 98.

" Memoirs of the commission on the Jewish question under Plehve "

(1903-1904), pp. 6-7 (not published).
Archives of Jew. Hist. Soc, coll. S. P. E., No. 134, I.
Byloye (1907), Book IX, p. 162.
Levine, Svornik Zakonov o Yevreyakh ("Collection of Laws about

Jews"), St. Petersburg, 1902.
Voytanski, Yevreyi v Irkutskie ("Jews in Irkutsk"), 1915, pp. 30,

264.
Yevr. Bibl., IX, p. 467 et seq. (St. Petersburg, 1901, London ed.).
Pozner, Yevreyi v Obshchey Shkolie ("Jews in Secular Schools"),

St. Petersburg, 1914, pp. 89-92, 105, 119-129, 127-129.
Budushchmost (weekly), 1902, Nos. 5-6.
Russian Jew. Encycl., IV, pp. 661-664.

Chapter XXXII

The National Awakening

(pp. 40-65)

Theodor Herzl, Zionistische Schriften, vol. I, Berlin, 1905.

Friedemann, Das Leben Th. Herzl's, Berlin, 1904.

R. Gottheil, Zionism, Philadelphia, 1914.

Protokolle der Zionisten-Kongresse 1897-1901 (Die Welt, official

party organ, 1897-1902, Vienna).
Yoskhod (weekly), 1897-1902.

Ha-Shiloah (Ahad Ha'am's monthly), Berlin-Odessa, 1896-1902.
Max Nordau, Zionistische Schriften, Koln, 1909.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 301

Dubnow, Letters about the Old and New Judaism, St. Petersburg,
1907, pp. 164 et seq., 181 ff., 230 et seq. (The first two " letters "
were translated into German, Jud. Verlag, Berlin, 1903.)

Ahad Ha'am, 'Al Parashat Derakhim. vols. I-III, 1895-1904 (partly
in English and partly in German translation).

J. Klausner, Dukhovny Sionisme ("Spiritual Zionism"), St. Peters-
burg, 1900.

Frumkin, " Sketches from the History of the Jewish Workingmen's
Movement, 1885-97," Yevr. St., 1913.

Geschichte vun d. Judische Arbeiter-Bewegung in Russland (Yid-
dish), Geneva, 1900.

Medem, Natzionalnost i Proletariat ("Nationalism and the Pro-
letariat") in Kastelanski's collection, Formy natzionalnavo
dvizhenia v sovremiennykh gosudarstvakh ("The Forms of the
National Movement in Contemporary Governments"), St.
Petersburg, 1910, pp. 772 et seq.

" Bund " in Russian Jew. Encycl., vol. V, p. 93 et seq.

M. Philippson, Neueste Geschichte d. Jiidischen Bewegung, Berlin,
1911.

Borokhov, Klassovye momenty natzionalnavo voprosa ("Classic
Moments of the National Question"), St. Petersburg, 1906.

J. Klausner, Novoyevreyskaya literatura ( " The New Jewish Litera-
ture"), 2d edition, Odessa, 1912; M. Pines, Historie de la
Litterature Judeo-Allemande, Paris, 1910.

Chapter XXXIII

The Kishinev Massacre

(pp. 66-S6)

Die Judenpogromen in Russland, vol. II, pp. 6-8.

Voskhod (weekly), 1903, pp. 11 et seq., 16 et seq., 18, 20, 22, 24, 25,

28, 31, 32, 33, 38.
Urusov, Zapiski Gubernatora ("A Gubernator's Memoirs"), St.

Petersburg, 1907.

202 THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Chemu uchit pokushenie Dashevskavo? ("What Do We Learn from
Dashevski's Temptation?"), London, 1903, edition of Molodoi
Israel (" Young Israel ") .

Yevr. St. (1915), VIII, p. 412.

Protokoll d. VI Zionisten-Congresses, 1903.

Chlenov, Sion i Africa na Vi Congressie (" Zion and Africa at the
VI Congress"), Moscow, 1905.

Dubnow, "Historical Moment," Voskhod, 1903, Nos. 21-22.

Chapter XXXIV

Continued Pogroms and the Russo-Japanese Was

(pp. 87-104)

Voskhod, 1905, pp. 3-35.

Memoirs of Pahlen, governor of Vilna, Geneva, 1904 ("Bund"

edition) .
Voskhod Booklets, 1904, IX, pp. 134 et seq., 140 et seq., 14G et seq.
Fornberg, Yevreyskaya Emigratzia ("Jewish Emigration"), p. 19,

Kiev, 1908.

Chapter XXXV
The Revolution of 1905 and the Fight foe Emancipation
(pp. 105-123)
Voskhod, 1905, Nos. 3-35.

Chapter XXXVI

The Countf,r-Pv.evolution and the October Massacre

(pp. 124-142)

Voskhod, 1905, No. 47; 1906, Nos. 10, 14, 18-21, 26, 42, 47, 49, 50.
" Sources for the History of the Russian Counter-Revolution," vol. I,

St. Petersburg, 1908 (Pogroms according to official documents).
Judenpogromen, vol. I, pp. 1S7-223, 267-327, 383-400; vol. II, pp.

8-536.
Archives of the League of Equal Rights, St. Petersburg, 1906.

BIBLIOGRAPIIY 203

Vinaver, Yevreyski Vopros v Gosudarstvyennoy Dumie ("The Jew-
ish Question in the Duma"), in Svoboda i liavienstvo, 1907,
Nos. 2-3.

Yevreyskaya Zhizn (weekly), 1906, Nos. 25-28, 32.

L. Wolf, The Legal Sufferings of the Jews in Russia, London, 1902,
pp. 49-50.

Chapter XXXVII

External Oppression and Internal Consolidation

(pp. 143-169)

Formy natzionalnavo dvizhenia v sovremiennykh gosudarstvakh,
St. Petersburg., 1910, pp. 399-423, 778-783.

Dubnow, " Letters," St. Petersburg, introduction and pp. 294-361.

Svoboda i Ravienstvo, 1907, Nos. 30 32, 3S, 39, 40, 41, 43-45, 46.

Stenographic Reports of the Duma for 190S-1909.

"A Study of Internal Affairs," in Yevr. Mir., 1909, Book I.

Russian Jew. Encycl., vol. VII, p. 374.

J. Klausner, Novoyevreyskaya Literatura ("The New Jewish Lit-
erature"), 2d edition, Odessa, 1912.

M. Pines, Kistoire de la Litterature Judeo-Allemande, Paris, 1910.

INDEX

14

INDEX

Aaron (I.), king of Khazars, I 26

Aaron (II.), king of Kliazars, I
26

Aaron, rabbi of Tulchyn, I 148

Aaron, of Karlin, hasidic leader,
1234

Aaron Samuel Kaidanover, see
Kaidanover

Abderrahman III., caliph of Cor-
dova, I 24

Abraham, son of Isaac, Polish
minter, I 42

Abraham Prokhovnik, see Pro-
khovnik

Abrahams, Israel, quoted, I 160

Abramius, Russian priest, objects
to erection of synagogue, I
252

Abramovich, Shalom Jacob ( Men-
dele Mokher Sforim) , He-
brew and Yiddish writer, II
231 ff, III 60 f

Abydos, near Constantinople, seat
of Sabbatai Zevi, I 206, 219

Adam, see Lebensohn, Abraham
Baer

Adamovich, Mary, alleged victim
of ritual murder, II 73

Adrianople, Sabbatai Zevi active
in, I 207

Agriculture, among Jews in Lith-
uania, I 60, 68, II 72
in Poland, I 68, 264, II 89
championed by Nota Shklover,

I 338; by Isaac Baer Levin-
sohn and by Maskilim in
general, II 126

promoted by Russian Govern-
ment, I 342 f, II 20, 61, 71

hampered by it, II 48, 197, III
10, 24 f ; see also Coloniza-
tion
Ahad Ha'am, pen-name of Asher
Ginzberg, II 423

Hebrew writer and thinker, II
423, III 59 f

exponent of Spiritual Zionism,

II 48 IF

associated with Palestinian

colonization, III 49
founder of Order Bne Moshe,

III 49

participates in Zionist Conven-
tion, III 51
founder and editor of Ha-Shi-
loah, III 58, 162 f
Ahijah, the prophet, alleged

teacher of Besht, I 228
Aix-la-Chapelle, Jewish question
discussed at Congress of, I
398 f

208

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Akhal-Tekke, oasis in Central
Asia, offered to Jews for
settlement, II 30G

Akmolinsk, territory of, in
Siberia, II 367

Aksavok, Ivan, Russian publicist,
advocates limited emancipa-
tion of Jews, II 208
defends pogroms, II 278

Aktziznik, Russian name for
farmer of excise dues, II 186,
241

Albedinski, governor-general of
Warsaw, suppresses pogrom,
II 282

Albo, Joseph, philosophic work
of, studied in Poland, I 133 f

Alexander the Great, indirectly
responsible for Jewish im-
migration into Eastern
Europe, I 13 f

Alexander (Taghello), grand
duke of Lithuania (1492-
1506) and king of Poland
(1501-1506), grants au-
tonomy to Karaites, I 64 f
favors Jewish capitalists, I 65,

71
expels Jews from Lithuania,
and confiscates their prop-
erty (1495), I 65
allows Jews to return to Lith-
uania and restores their
property (1503), I 65, 70 f
attended by Jewish body-phy-
sician, I 132

Alexander I., emperor of Russia
(1801-1825), I 335-413

receives report of " Jewish
Committee," I 341 f

sanctions Jewish Statute of
1804, I 342

agrees to postponement of ex-
pulsion from villages, I 347

invites Jews to send deputies,
I 351

establishes friendly relations
with Napoleon, I 350 f

orders again expulsion from
villages, I 361

again postpones it, I 352

Hasidim indebted to, I 356

releases Shneor Zalman, ha-
sidic leader, I 378

praises patriotism of Jews, I
358

accords friendly reception to
Jewish deputations, I 358,
359, 392 f

appealed to by Christian resi-
dents of Vilna and Kovno
against Jews, I 369 f

orders investigation of ritual
murder, II 74

issues deeree forbidding charge
of ritual murder, II 74

grants autonomy to Poland, II
88

appoints his brother Constan-
tine military commander of
Poland, II 16

INDEX

209

receives report on Jews of

Poland, II 94
appealed to by Poles against

Jews, II 97, 99
vetoes Polish law barring Jews

from liquor trade, II 94
reaction under, I 390 ff, 395 ff
favors conversion of Jews, I

396
establishes " Society of Israe-

litish Christians," I 396 f
refuses to dissolve it, I 400
sanction severe measures

against " Judaizers," I 403
receives memorandum of Lewis

Way on Jews of Russia, I

398
renews oppression of Jews, I

404
decrees expulsion from villages

in White Russia, I 406
appoints new " Jewish Com-
mittee," I 407
objects to residence of Jews in

Russian Interior, I 409
contemplates introduction of

military service among Jews,

II 15
favors agriculture among Jews,

II 197, III 24; see I 363 11
beginnings of revolutionary

movement under, I 410
Alexander II., emperor of Russia
(1855-1881), II 154-242
decendants of Jewish converts

prominent during reign of,

I 388

releases imprisoned Jewish
printer, II 124

confirms sentence of Jews
accused of ritual murder, II
152

pardons them later, II 153

abolishes juvenile conscription,
II 155 f

sanctions opening of Russian
Interior to first guild mer-
chants, II 162; to university
graduates, II 160, 348; to
artisans, II 170

promotes handicrafts among
Jews, II 346 f

Jewish trade school named
after, III 13

does not favor agriculture
among Jews, II 197

refuses right of universal resi-
dence to " Nicholas Sol-
diers," II 171 IT; finally
grants it, II 29, 172

restricts appointment of rabbis
and teachers, II 175

sanctions removal of Jewish
disabilities in Poland, II 95,
181 f

admits Jews to bench, III 26

receives memorandum from
Brafman, II 187

approves of popular represen-
tation, II 245

grants liberties to Zemstvos,
II 386

assassinated, II 243, 279

210

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

influence of, on succeeding
reign, II 349

laws in favor of Jews enacted
by, repealed by successor, II
399

Jewish policy of, declared in-
effective, II 271, 309

era of, depicted by Mendele
Mokher Sforim, III 61
Alexander III., emporor of
Russia (1881-1894), II 243-
429

prejudiced against Jews while
yet crown prince, II 202,
203, 244

influenced by Pobyedonostzev,
II 243

holds conferences to decide
policy of state, II 244

promises to maintain autoc-
racy, II 246

receives Jewish deputation, II
260 f

endorses Ignatyev's anti-Jew-
ish policy, II 272

appoints Gubernatorial Com-
missions, II 272

regrets necessity of suppress-
ing pogroms, II 2S4

disregards Jews in coronation
manifesto, II 338

bent on limiting admission of
Jews to schools, II 339 f, 349

closes Jewish school of handi-
crafts, II 347

supports anti-Jewish minority
of Pahlen Commission, II
370

affected by " miraculous " es-
cape in railroad accident, II
378

condemns Jews for Crucifixion,
II 379

reads and supports anti-
Semitic papers, II 380

disregards Solovyov's appeal
in favor of Jews, II 390

appealed to by Mayor of Lon-
don in favor of Jews, II 390

angered by London appeal, II
393

United States Congress decides
to appeal to, II 395

endorses emigration of Jewish
proletariat, II 414

favors liquor state monopoly
as anti-Jewish measure, III
22

refuses petition of Jewish sol-
diers to remain in Moscow,

II 404

expels heads of Moscow Jewish

community, II 424
threatens to sell at auction

Moscow synagogue, II 424,

III 12

causes expulsion of Jews from

Yalta, II 429, III 18
death of, II 429
Jewish sect promises to name

children after, II 334

INDEX

211

Alexandria, Egypt, emigration
from, to South Russia, I 16

Alexandra (government of Kher-
son), pogrom at, III 100

Alexandrovka, village in Podolia,
II 301

Alexeyev, member of Russian
Senate, investigates condi-
tion of Jews, I 347 f, 352

Alexeyev, burgomaster of Mos-
cow, opposes Jews, II 400 f

Alexis Michaelovich, Russian

Tzar, annexes Little Russia,

I 152 f, 244

invades Polish provinces, I 245

expels Jews from Moghilev, I

153
persecutes Jews of Vilna, I 154
imposes death penalty on con-
verts to Judaism, I 253

Alexis, son of Nicholas II, birth
of, occasions manifesto, III
98

Alexius, Russian priest, con-
verted to Judaism, I 36

Alfasi, work of, studied in Po-
land, I 118

Algiers, emigration of Russian
Jews to, II 69

Aliens, Jews in Russian law
designated as, II 367

Allgemeine Zeitung des Juden-
tums, quoted, II 55
founded by Ludwig Philipp-

son, II 67, 219
hails end of persecution in
Russia, II 67

Alliance, the Holy, inaugurates
European reaction, I 390
assembles in Aix-la-Chapelle, I
398

Alliance Israelite TJniverselle,
headed by Cremieux, II 153
suspected by Russian anti-
Semites, II 189, 194
assists Russian- Jewish emi-
grants, II 268 f, 297
establishes agricultural settle-
ment in Palestine, II 322

Alma, locality in Crimea, I 26

Altaras, Isaac, of Marseilles,
visits Russia, II 69

Alter, Isaac Itche Meier, hasidic
leader in Poland, II 122

Alubika, locality in Crimea, I 26

Ahis, locality in Crimea, I 26

America, see Argentina and
United States

American Hebrew, The, quoted,
II 296

Amoraim, names of, collected by
Polish rabbi, I 200

Amsterdam, emissary of Sab-
batai Zevi active in, I 204
Jews of, petition Peter the
Great, I 246

Ananyev (government of Kher-
son), pogrom at, II 251

Anapa, see Gorgippia

Andreas, of Brixen, alleged vic-
tim of ritual murder, I 179

Andrusovo, Treaty of (1667),
provides for cession of Po-
lish territory to Russia,

•212

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

I 159; and release of prison-
ers, I 245
Anna (or Anne), Russian em-
press, permits retail trade to
Jews, I 251
expels Jews from Little Russia,

I 254
attended by Jewish body-phy-
sician, I 258
Anti-Semitism, in Poland, I
281 f, II 94 ff, III 166 ff
German A., referred to by

Russian dignitaries, II 309
contrasted with Russian, III

6f
in Russia, condemned by Rus-
sian writers, II 208
denounced by Solovyov, II 387
effect on Zionism, III 48 f
Anti-Trinitarians, Christian ra-
tionalistic sect in Poland,
I 79, 136
Antwerp, Russian Jews in, II 420
Apostol, see Daniel Apostol; see

also Conversion
Apter, Joshua Keshel, hasidic

leader, II 121
Arabs, backward condition of, II
375
Jews in Palestine buy land
from, II 422
Arakcheyev, Alexis, Prussian re-
actionary, I 395, 406, II 19
Arbeiter Stimme, socialistic or-
gan in Yiddish, III 56
Archangel, government of, II 367

Arendar, name explained, I 93
position of, I 93, 112, 265 f
in the Ukraine, I 141 f, 152
maltreated by Poles, I 169 f
Arendator, see Arendar
Argentina, emigration of Rus-
sian Jews to, II 413, 416 ff,
419
Arians, heterodox Christian sect
in Poland, I 91, 136, 104
Isaac Troki argues with, I 137
Aristotle, studied in Polish yeshi-

bahs, I 120, 126
Arisu, Slavonic tribe, I 26
Armenians, in Crimea, I 34

in Lemberg, I 53
Armleder, persecution of, drives

Jews to Poland, I 50
Army, Jews volunteer in Polish
A., I 152, 293 ff, II 105 f
Jews assist Polish A., in de-
fence of country, I 147 f, 154,
293
Jews barred from advance-
ment in Russian A., II 157,
354
number of Jews dispropor-
tionately large in Russian
A., II 355 ff, 394.
promotion of Jews in Russian
A., limited to rank of ser-
geant, II 157
Third Russian Duma proposes
exclusion of Jews from, III
155 f
See Military Service, Recruits,
and Soldiers

INDEX

213

Aronovich, Joseph, Polish-Jew-
ish patriot, I 394

Artemisia, name of Jewess in
Crimea, I 16

Arthur, president of United
States, submits to Congress
papers relating to Russian
Jews, II 294

Artisans, Jews form 50% of A.,
in Poland, I 264
excluded from Christian trade-
guilds, I 266
form special estate in Russia,

I 308

form part of " burgher class,"

II 405

encouraged in Jewish Statute
of 1804, I 344

opposed by Christian trade-
guilds, I 360

exempted from military ser-
vice, II 20

granted right of residence out-
side Pale, II 161, 168, 170

fictitious A., in St. Petersburg,
II 343 f

restricted to products of their
own workmanship, II 347

wives of, forbidden to engage
in trade, II 385

attempt to withdraw from,
right of residence outside
Pale, II 399

school for A., closed, II 347

bank for A., opposed, III 25 f

expelled from Moscow, II 402,

III 14
Baron Hirsch's gift in favor
of, declined, II 415

Asefat Hakamim, Hebrew maga-
zine, II 223

Ash, Shalom, Yiddish novelist
and playright, III 162

Asher, rabbi in Cracow, I 104 f

Ashkenasi, Solomon, Polish court
physician, I 132

Asia, Central, steppes of, sug-
gested for settlement of Rus-
sian Jews, II 285, 306

Asia Minor, emigration from, to
Black Sea coast, I 13 f, 16
establishment of Jewish state
in, advocated, I 412; see also
Turkey

Assimilation, see Polonization
and Russification

" Assortment " ( classification ) ,
of Jews, decreed by Nicholas
I., II 64 ff, 141 ff
reflected in manifesto of Alex-
ander II., II 157

Astrakhan (city), ancient Kha-
zar capital situated near, I
19

Astrakhan (government),
mosques destroyed in, I 254
opened to Jewish agricul-
turists, I 342
villages in, forbidden to Jews,

I 343
Jews compared with Kalmycks
in, II 367

214

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Atyeney ("Athenaeum"), Rus-
sian magazine, defends Jews,
II 20S
Augustus II., king of Poland
(1697-1704), I 167

ratines Jewish privileges, I
168

expels Jews from Sandomir, I
173
Augustus III., king of Poland
(1733-1763), I 167

ratifies Jewish privileges, I
168, ISO

appealed to by Jews of Posen,
I 175

acquits Jews of ritual murder
charge, I 176

grants safe conduct to Frank -
ists, I 215

acts as God-father to Frank,
I 218
Austria, Jews flee from, to Po-
land, I 66

Polish Jews export goods to,
I 67

Polish Jews pass, on way to
Palestine, I 209

shares in partitioning of Po-
lish territory, I 186, 262,
274, 371

Frank stays in, I 220

Berek Yoselevich arrested in,
I 297

wages war against duchy of
Warsaw, I 303

forbids Jews to communicate
with Paris, I 346 f

represented at Congress of Aix-

la-Chapelle, I 398 f
Jews of, forbidden to settle in

Russia (1824), I 409
grants emancipation to Jews,

II 30
imposes military duty on Jews,

II 30
Jewish policy of, serves as

model for Russia, II 46, 49
Israel of Ruzhin escapes to, II

121
Parliament of, meets in Krem-

sier, II 177
Jewish socialists expelled from,

II 224
Russian-Jewish students in, II

351
Government of, supports plan*

of Baron Hirsch, II 416
anti-Semitism rampant in, III

42
Autocracy, upheld by Alexander

III., II 246; by Nicholas II.,

III 8
re-establishment of, favored by

Black Hundred, III 149
Autoemancipation, doctrine of,
propounded by Leo Pinsker,
II 330 ff
contrasted with emancipation,

II 331

Autonomism, national-cultural,
doctrine of, propounded by
Dulmow, III 41, 51 ff
adopted as political platform,

III 144

INDEX

215

Autonomy, Jewish, in ancient

Tauris, I 16
granted, or confirmed, by kings

of Poland, I 52, 53, 62, 72 f,

83 f, 98, 104, 105
rise and development of, I

103 IT, 188 ff
magna cliarta of (1551), I

105 ff
curtailment of, advocated by

Poles, I 273, 280 f, 282
Jews of Poland plead for

preservation of, I 291
recognized by Russian Govern-
ment (1776), I 308 ff
curtailed by it (1795), I 319 f
recognized in modified form in

Statute of 1804, I 344
larger amount of, demanded by

Jews, I 349
abolition of, recommended by

Council of State (1840), II

49
abolished by Nicholas I.

(1S44), II 59 ff
scheme of, proposed for king-
dom of Poland, II 92
abolished in Poland (1822), II

102
abolition of last remnants of,

recommended by Committee

of Russian Government, II

195
St. Petersburg Jews, plead for,

II 370
demanded by adherents of

national-cultural Autonom-

ism, III 53 f; by "Bund,"
III 57; by Vilna community,
III 109; by League for Equal
Rights, III 112; by Russian
Jewry in general, III 161;
see also Kahal

Azariah, alleged biblical prophet,
quoted to substantiate ritual
murder libel, II 73

Azov, Sea of, Jewish settlements
on shores of, I 14 f
movement of Khazars towards,
I 19

Eaal-Sheni, name explained, I
223
Joel, I 203
founder of Hasidism acting as,

I 224
Israel Baal-Shem-Tob, see
Israel
Bab Al-Abwab (now Derbent),

city in Caucasia, I 26
Babunj, land of, synagogue de-
stroyed in, I 22
Babylonia, Judaism of, influ-
ences Khazars, I 20
scholars of, invited by Khazars

21, I 27
Poland compared with, I 122
Baer, of Lubavici, head of Habad

sect, II 117
Baer, of Mezherich, disciple of
Israel Baal-Shem-Tob, I 227,
I 229 f, I 232

disciples of, carry Hasidism
to North, I 234; establish
Hasidism in Poland, I 33, 34

216

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

great-grandson of Israel of

Ruzhin, II 120
Bagdad, caliphate of, relation of

Kliazars to, I 22
city of, threatened by Russians,

I 26 f
Gaon of, communicates with

Jewish scholars in Russia,

I 33

Bahurs, or Yeshibah students,
supported by Jewish com-
munities in Poland, I 116
large number of in Lithuania,

II 113

affected by pilpul method, I

119
study Aristotle, I 120
Eak-Tadlud, city in Caucasia, I

26
Bakchi-Sarai, Tartar capital, I

35
Bakst, professor, attends Jewish
conference in St. Petersburg,
II 304
opposes Jewish emigration
from Russia, II 306
Balkan Peninsula, movement of

Khazars towards, I 20
Balta (Podolia), pogrom at, II
299 ff, 314, 316, 321
rabbi of, pleads for rioters, II

316
visited by governor-general, II

310 f
Jewish community of, sends
deputation to St. Petersburg,
II 316 f

Baltic Provinces, number of
Jews in, II 168
new Jewish settlers expelled

from, II 32
Jews barred from (1835), II

40
expulsion of old settlers from,

repealed, II 428
in throes of terrorism (1905),
III 130; see Courland and
Livonia
Bank, St. Petersburg lawyer,
member of Jewish deputa-
tion to Alexander III., II 261
Baptism, see Conversion
Bar (Podolia), massacre at, I
149
Polish conference of, I 183
Bar, the Russian, established
1864, II 173
Jews admitted to, II 73
excluded from, II 352 f; III

26 f
Bar Association of St. Peters-
burg protests against Beilis
case, II 166
Baranov, Russian Senator, dis-
patched to White Russia, I
406
" Bare-Footed Brigade," the,
nickname for tramps, II 253
active in pogroms, 253, 256
Bartnit, city in Crimea, I 26
Baruch, see Boruch

INDEX

217

Bashi-Buzuks, Turkish irregular
troops, II 253
pogrom makers compared with,
II 253, 289
Basil, the Macedonian, emperor
of Byzantium, persecutes
Jews, I 23
Basil, Christian martyr, I 17
Basil, grand duke of Moscow, I

242
Basle, Council of, adopts canoni-
cal laws against Jews, I 63
Zionist Congresses at, III 44 f,

84 f, 144
" Program," III 44 ; modified
by Ahad Ha'am, 50
Basurman, Russian name for

non-Orthodox, I 35
Batory, Stephen, king of Poland
(1576-1586), forbids charge
of ritual murder and dese-
cration, I 89, 96
ratines and amplifies Jewish

privileges, I 89
defends Jews of Posen, I 90
patronizes Jesuites, I 90 f
grants license to Jewish

printer, I 131
attended by Jewish body-phy-
sician, I 132
recaptures city of Polotzk, I
243
Bavaria, Wagenseil, anti-Jewish
writer, native of, I 138
Max Lilienthal, native of, II
52

Beaconsfield, Earl of, champions
equal rights for Jews, II 202
hostile to Russia, II 288
Beards, shaving of (and of ear-
locks ) , recommended by Po-
lish reformers, I 282, and by
Kalmansohn, I 385
" bearded regiment " in War-
saw, II 106; see Earlocks
Beilis, Mendel, accused of ritual
murder, III 82, 164 ff
nickname for Jews in Poland,
III 167
Bekri, A1-, Arabic writer, quoted,

I 21

Belza, Polish judge, arranges
libel against Jews, I 101

Belzhytz (Pro^nee of Lublin),
Jacob of, author of polemical
treatise in Polish, I 136

Bench, the Russian, Jews ex-
cluded from, II 352 f, III 26

Benckendorff, chief of Russian
gendarmerie, II 21

Benedict XIV., appealed to by
Jews of Poland, I 179

Benjacob, bibliographer in Vilna,

II 136

Benjamin, king of Khazars, I 26
Eenjamin of Tudela, Jewish

traveller, I 32; II 233
Benjamin II. (Joseph Israel),

Jewish traveller, II 233
Benjamin III., name of fictitious

traveller in Yiddish and

Hebrew novel, II 233

£18

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Eerdychev (government of
Kiev), Levi Itzbok, hasidic
leader, resident of, I 232 f,
382
Jews of, release fellow-Jews

from prison, I 266
Jews of, support Polish cause,

I 292

Tobias Feder, Hebrew writer,

of, I 3S8
Max Lilienthal accorded

friendly reception at, II 56
Halperin, resident of, member

of Rabbinical Commission,

II 57

Mendele Mokher Sforim, resi-
dent of, II 232
pogrom at, averted by Jewish

self-defence, II 256 f
visited by White, representa-
tive of Baron Hirsch, II 418
Jewish community of, signs
petition for equal rights, III
108
Berdychevsky, Micah Joseph,

Hebrew writer, III 60
Berek, Kahal elder, I 172
Berek Yoselovich, see Yoselovich
Eergson, Jacob, prominent Jew

of Warsaw, II 103
Eerkovich, Joseph, son of Berek
Yoselovich, calls for Jewish
volunteers to Polish army,
II 105
Berlin (Germany), Mendelssohn
circle in, centre of enlighten-
ment, I 238

attracts Jewish students from

Poland and Russia, I 239,

388, II 114
" Berliner " synonymous witb

heretic, I 278, 384
enlightenment of, hated by ha-
sidic leaders, I 383
influences Warsaw, I 300 f,

384 f
epidemic of conversions in,

I 388
Congress of, II 202
Jewish socialists in, II 223
stock-exchange of, affected by

pogrom at Rostov, II 358
refugees from Moscow arrive

in, II 408
Russian Jews emigrate to, II

420
place of publication, I 386; III

51, 52, 58, 60
Berlin, Shmerka, of Velizh, ac-
cused of ritual murder, II

75, 77
Berlin, Slava, wife of former,

arrested on same charge, II

77
Eerlin, Jewish scholar, member

of Jewish deputation to

Alexander III., II 261
Berliner, A., quoted, I 179
Bernardine Monks, in Poland,

active in ritual murder libel,

I 100 f, 177
Bersohn, Polish-Jewish writer,

quoted, I 105

INDEX

210

Eerthenson, I., converted Jew,

Russian court physician, II

214

Besht, see Israel Baal-Shem-Tob

Bessarabetz, anti-Semitic paper

in Kishinev, III 169 If
Bessarabia, included in Pale
(1835), II 40
Jewish agricultural colonies

in, II 72
expulsions from, II 385
anti-Semitic agitation in, III

69 ff
von Raaben, governor of, III

74, 77
Urussov, governor of, III 93,
97 ; see Kishinev
Bezalel, Jewish tax-farmer in Po-
land, I 167
Bezalel, of Kobrin, Hebrew

author, I 201
Bialocerkiew, see Byelaya Tzer-

kov
Bibikov, governor-general of
Kiev, criticises Jews in
official report, II 47
arrests Israel of Rnzhyn, II
120 f
Bialik, Hayyim Nahman, He-
brew poet, III 63, 162
composes poem on Kishinev
massacre, III 79 f
Eialystok, province of, annexed
by Prussia (1795), I 297

Bialystok (city, government of

Grodno), Samuel Mohilever.

rabbi of, II 378
Poles threaten massacre of

Russians and Jews in, I 357
Jewish labor movement in, III

55
pogroms at, III 114 f, 120.

136 f; discussed by First

Russian Duma, 137 f
Bible, studied by Khazars, I 21
taught in Yiddish translation

in Poland, I 114
study of, encouraged by Isaac

Baer Levinsohn, II 126
Eible Society, of London, model

of Russian Bible Society-, I

396
Lewis Way, representative of,

champions cause of Russian

Jews, I 397
Bible Society, the Russian, es-
tablished under Alexander

L, I 396
Bielsk (Lithuania), Jew of.

accused of ritual murder, I

87
Bielski, Polish chronicler, quoted,

180
" Bilu," society of Palestinian

pioneers, organized in Khar-
kov, II 321 f
Bismarck, German chancellor,

favors equal rights for Jews,

II 202

220

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Black Death, the, stimulates
immigration of Jews into
Poland, I 50

penetrates to Poland, I 52

ravages of 1648 compared with
those of, I 157
Black Hundred, the, patronized
by Nicholas II., Ill 113, 151

deputation of, received by
Nicholas II., Ill 131

supposed to number 100,000,
III 126

organized as " League of Rus-
sian People," III 141

gain in Second Duma, III 142

triumph of, III 149 ff

active in organizing pogroms,
III 113 ff, 124 ff, 126 ff, 136

engineer Beilis case, III 164 ff

take advantage of Jewish
rightlessness, III 132

intimidate Jews during elec-
tions, III 134, 153

insult Jewish deputies i n
Duma, III 156; see League
of the Russian People
Black Sea, the, ancient Jewish
settlements on shores of, I
13ff

Khazars move in direction of,
I 19, 28

Petahiah of Ratisbon travels
to, I 33

establishment of Jewish col-
onies in neighborhood of,
advocated, I 331

Blaine, James G., American Sec-
retary of State, expresses
resentment at persecution of
Russian Jews, II 395 f

Blinov, Russian student, killed
while defending Jews, III
116

Blondes, David, Jewish barber in
Vilna, accused of ritual mur-
der, III 37

Board of Deputies, Jewish or-
ganization in London, pleads
for Russian Jews, II 262

Bobovnya (government of

Minsk), Jewish convert
from, slanders Jews, II 80
Jewish community of, protests
against denial of Jewish
franchise, III 121

Eobrov, District of (government
of Voronyezh ) , Judaizing
sect spreads to, I 401

Bogdanov, Russian soldier, ac-
cuses Jews of ritual murder,
II 151

Bogdanovich, Russian general,
organizes pogroms, III 125 f

Bogolepov, Minister of Public
Instruction, bars Jews from
schools, III 27 f
assassinated by Russian ter-
rorist, 29

Bogrov, Grigory, Russian-Jewish
writer, II 241 f

INDEX

221

Bogrov, assassinates Stolypin,
III 164 f

Bohemia, visited by Pethahiah of
Eatisbon, I 33
oppressed Jews of, emigrate to

Poland, I 41
Jews from, form community in

Cracow, I 104
Magdenburg Law adopted in

many parts of, I 41
talmudic learning carried

from, to Poland, I 122
Mordecai Jaffe, native of,
famous rabbi in Poland, I
127
Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis
for religious guidance, I 125

Boleslav the Pious (Polish, Bole-
slav Pobozny), of Kalish,
prince of Great Poland,
grants charter to Jews, I
45 ff
charter of, ratified by suc-
cessors, I 51, 59; embodied
in Polish code of law, I 71

Boleslav the Shy (Polish, Bole-
slav Wstydliwy), Polish
prince, encourages immigra-
tion of Germans, I 44

Bona Sporza, Polish queen, sells
office of state, I 76

Bonaparte, see Napoleon

Border Zone, along Polish-Prus-
sian and Polish-Austrian
border ( Twenty-one-V erst

15

Zone ) , barred to Jews by
Polish Government (1823),
II 95
law excluding Jews from, re-
pealed by Alexander II., II
95, 181
along Western Russian border
( Fifty -Verst Zone), villages
in, barred to new Jewish
settlers (1835), II 40, 366
expulsion of Jews from entire
B. Z. ordered, II 63 ; but not
executed, II 64
new attempt to expel Jews
from, II 385

Borispol (government of Pol-
tava), pogrom at, II 267

Borki (government of Kherson),
railroad accident to Alex-
ander III., in neighborhood
of, affects his policies, II 378

Borukh Leibov, Jewish tax-
farmer, I 249
publicly executed, I 251 ff

Borukh Shklover, translates
Euclid into Hebrew, I 3S1

Borukh of Tulchyn, hasidic
leader, I 232
succeeded by Joshua Heshel, II
121

Bosporan Era, The, I 15

Bosporus, the Cimmerian, or
Taurian, also called Panti-
capaeum ( now Kerch ) , an-
cient Jewish community in,
I 14 f

222

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Greco-Jewish inscription found
in, I 15

bishop of, instructed to con-
vert Jews, I 18
Boycott, economic, against Jews

in Poland, III 166 ff
Brafman, Jacob, Jewish apostate,
accuses Jews of forming
illegal Kahal organization,
II 187 ff

author of " Book of the
Kahal," I 189

accuses Alliance Israelite of
heading world Kahal, II 18!)

accuses Society for Diffusion of
Enlightenment of forming
part of Kahal, II 216

influences Prussian authorities,

II 190, 193 ff, 240
example of, followed by Lute-

stanski, II 202
Braxnson, L., member of Central
Committee of League for
Equal Rights, III 112
deputy to First Russian Duma,

III 134

Bratzlav (Podolia), Polish dep-
uty from, objects to exten-
sion of Jewish rights, I 288
Nahman of, leader of " Bratz-
lav Hasidim," I 382 f; II
121 f
former name for government of
Pololia, I 317

Breslau, Church Council of,
adopts anti-Jewish restric-

tions, I 47 ff; ratified by
Church Council of Kalish,
I 57
visited by Solomon Maimon,
I 239
Brest-Xuyavsk, name explained,
I 75
anti-Jewish riot in, I 75
home of Jacob Koppelman, He-
brew author, I 133
Brest-Litovsk, name explained, I
75
Jews of, form important com-
munity, I 59, 73
Jewish community of, repre-
sented in Polish Federation
of Kahals, I 110; and later
in Lithuanian Federation, I
112
Jewish community of, headed
by Saul Udich (Saul Wahl),
I 94
Michael Yosefovich, tax-
farmer, native of, I 72
Mendel Frank, rabbi of, I 73,

104
supposed former rabbi of, ac-
cuses Jews of ritual murder,
I 173
Jews expelled from (1495), I

65
Jews of, express loyalty to

Sigismund I., I 81
Jews of, protected by Sigis-
mund III., I 94

INDEX

223

Jews of, import goods to Mos-
cow, I 243
Starosta of, upholds authority

of Kahal, I 190
Kahal of, upbraided by Polish
authorities for delaying elec-
tions, I 192
pogroms in (17th century), I
99, 161 (May, 1905), III 119

Briskin, Arye, Jewish apostate,
informs against Jews of
Mstislavl, II 85

British East Africa, see Uganda

British Government, The, see
England

Brodski, Jewish merchant of
Kiev, offers to establish
trade bank, III 25 f

Brody (Galicia), rabbis assem-
bled at, excommunicate
Frankists, I 214; and Ha-
sidim, I 237
Besht settles in, 223
Jewish merchants of, settling
in Odessa, spread Haskalah,
II 133
rallying-point of pogrom refu-
gees, II 268 f, 321

Bmchsaal (Germany), Alex-
ander I., receives Jewish
deputation at, I 359, 391

Bruhl, Polish Prime Minister, I
180

Brann, capital of Moravia, Jacob
Frank settles in, I 219

Brussels, newspaper in, defends
Russian Government, II 393
place of publication, II 178

Eryce, James, English statesman,
addresses London protest
meeting against pogroms, II
290

Buarezm, see Khwarizm

Buchner, Abraham, Polish assim-
ilationist, II 103 f

Buckee, influences Russian-Jew-
ish intelligenzia, II 209

Euda (Ofen), Hungary, Church
Council of, passes anti-Jew-
ish restrictions, I 49 ; rati-
fied by Council of Kalish, I
57

Eudak, city in Crimea, I 26

Budberg, Russian Minister for
Foreign Affairs, member of
Committee to consider Jew-
ish legislation, I 347

Budek, Polish priest, foments
anti-Jewish agitation in Cra-
cow, I 56

Budny, Simon, Polish theologian,
holds disputations with
Jews, I 136

Budushchnost (" The Future ") ,
Zioniot weekly in Russian,
III 59

Buenos Ayres, Russian Jewish
immigrants settle in, II 421

Eukovina, The, I 150

Hasidism gains footing in, II
121

224

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Bulan, King of Khazars, em-
braces Judaism, I 21, 25
Bulgar, The, Slav tribe, I 26
Bulgaria, on the way to Kha-
zaria, I 25
called upon by Congress of
Berlin to grant equality to
Jews, II 202
villages in, attacked by Bashi-
buzuks, II 253, 289
Bulgarin, Thaddeus, Russian

anti-Semitic writer, II 139
Bulyghin, Russian Minister of
Interior, receives rescript
from Nicholas II. concern-
ing Duma, III 110
Chairman of Committee to dis-
cuss Jewish franchise, III 121
recommends denial of Jewish

franchise, III 122
"the Bulyghin Constitution"
published, III 124
" Bund," League of the Jewish
Workingmen of Lithuania,
Poland, and Russia, organ-
ized (1897), III 56 ff
holds secret conventions, III

56 f
demands Jewish-national

rights, III 57
arranges demonstrations, III

68; and strikes, III 130
held responsible for pogroms,

III 89
boycotts First Duma, III 134
refuses co-operation with other
Jewish parties, III 111, 148;

see Revolutionary Movement

and Socialism
Burghers form estate in Poland,

I 44
hostile to Jews, I 70
enter into relations with, I 84 f
receive civil rights from Polish

Diet, I 279
form estate in Russia, I 308
restricted in right of transit,

I 322

bear burden of conscription, II
23, 29 ; later relieved, II 200

subject to corporal punish-
ment, II 405

artisans included in estate of,

II 405

segregation of Jews as un-
settled B. proposed by Nicho-
las I., 142 f
Burgomaster, office of, barred to

Jews, II 199, 425
Burtas, Slav tribe, I 26
Butrymovich (Polish, Butrymo-
wicz), Polish deputy, mem-
ber of Jewish Commission,
I 264, 287 f
offers plan of Jewish reform,

I 271, 274, 281 ff, 283
his plan used as a model, I
326 f, 385
Byelaya Tzerkov (Polish, Bialo-
ccrkiew), Treaty of (1651),
readmits Jews to Ukraina,
I 152

INDEX

225

Byzantine Sea, The, see Black

Sea
Byzantium, Empire of, influences

Jewish colonies in Tauris,

I 17 ff
Jews persecuted in, I 23 f
Jews emigrate from, to Tauris,

I 2S
relation of, to Khazars, I 19 ff
defeats Khazars in Crimea, I

28
relation of, to Russia, I 30
relations of Hasdai Ibn Shap-

rut with, I 24

Cabala, firmly entrenched in Po-
land, I 134 f

attracts Solomon Luria, I 126

esteemed and defended by Joel
Sirkis, I 130, 133

vies with Rabbinism, I 199

study of, forbidden before the
age of forty, I 214

adopted by sect of Frankists,
I 214

studied by Elijah of Vilna, I
235

preached by Nohum of Cher-
nobyl, I 382
Cabala, Practical, name ex-
plained, I 134

spreads in Poland, I 134 f,
202 ff

introduced from Italy, I 208

studied and pursued by Besht,
I 222 f, 224

Cadets, The, see Constitutional
Democrats

Calahora, Arie-Leib, Jewish mar-
tyr in Posen, I 174 f

Calahora, Mattathiah, Jewish
martyr in Cracow, I 164 f

Calahora, Solomon, Polish court
physician, I 132

Caliphate, Eastern, or Caliphate
of Bagdad, checks movement
of Khazars, 119
relation of, to Khazars, I 22

Caliphate, of Cordova, connected
by Hasdai ibn Shaprut with
other lands, I 24

Calvinists, in Poland, welcome
invading Swedes, I 155

Candia, Delmedigo, author, born
in, I 134

Campe, German author, work of,
translated into Hebrew, II
134

Canada, Jewish emigration from
Russia to, II 421
immigration of Dukhobortzy,
Russian sect, to, III 10

Candidate, learned degree in Rus-
sia, term explained, II 165

Candle Tax, see Tax

Canterbury, Archbishop of.
sends representative to Lon-
don protest meeting against
pogroms, II 2S9
joins pogrom relief committee,
II 291

226

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Cantonists, or juvenile recruits,
name explained, II 19

institution by Nicholas I., II
19

sent to outlying Russian prov-
inces, II 24 f

hunters, or " captors," of, II 23

martyrdom of, II 24 ff

forced conversion of, II 26, 45

institution of, not extended to
Poland, II 109

abolished by Alexander II., II
156; see Conscription, Mili-
tary Service, Recruits, and
Soldiers
Capistrano, papal legate,

" Scourge of the Jews," I 62
Capitals, the Russian (St. Peters-
burg and Moscow), Jewish
first and second guild mer-
chants permitted to visit
(1835), II 40

Jewish physicians, though ad-
mitted into Interior, ex-
cluded from (1865), III 167

admission of Jews to schools
of, restricted to 3%, II 350

admission of Jews to universi-
ties of, restricted to 2%, III
29
Capiton, Christian martyr, I 17
Garlowitz, Treaty of (1699), re-
turns Podolia to Poland, I
20S
Carmelites, Church of, in Posen,
holds demonstration against
Jews, I 95

monk, member of, accuses Jews

of ritual murder, I 100
bring law suit against Jews of

Posen, I 174
Caro, Joseph, author of Beth-

Yoseph, I 123
author of Shulhan-Arukh, see

Shulhan-Arukh
Carpathian Mountains, The,

Besht retires to, I 223
Casimir the Great (1333-1370),

king of Poland, rejuvenates

country, I 50 f
ratifies and amplifies Jewish

charter of Boleslav, I 51 f
annexes Red Russia, I 42, 53
grants autonomy to Jews of

Lemberg, I 53
infatuated with Jewess, I 53 f
charter of, ratified by Vitovt,

I 59

referred to as patron of Jews,

II 98

Casimir IV., king of Poland
(1447-1492), pursues liberal
policy towards Jews, I 61 f

grants Jews new charter, I 61 f

attacked by archbishop of Cra-
cow, I 62

forced to rescind Jewish privi-
leges, I 63

fines magistracy of Cracow for
permitting riots against
Jews, I 64

charter of, ratified by Sigis-
mund II., I 83

INDEX

227

Casimir the Just, Polish ruler,

Jews active as ministers

during reign of, I 42
Caspian Sea, The, called Sea of

Jorjan, I 23
Khazars settled on shores of,

I 19, 26; dislodged from, I

28
Castellan, title of Polish official,

explained, I 287
Catherine I., empress of Russia,

changes and deports Jewish

tax-farmer (1727), I 249
Catherine II., The Great (1762-

1796), empress of Russia,

fictitious ukase of, permit-
ting pogroms, I 183
refuses to admit Jews into

Russia, I 259 f; and into

Little Russia, I 260 f
attitude of, towards Jews of

annexed Polish provinces, I

306 ff
appealed to by the Jews of

White Russia, I 311 f
attitude of, towards Jews,

changes for worse, I 314 ff
lays foundation of Pale of

Settlement, I 314 ff
favors removal of Jews from

villages, I 319, 366
curtails Jewish autonomy, I

319, 366
endeavors to destroy " Jewish

separateness," I 367
admits Jews to South Russia,

I 316

substitutes term " Yevrey " for
" Zhyd," I 320
Caucasus, The, ancient trade
route leading through, I 23
Khazars originate from, I 19
Khazars occupy cities in, I 26
Jewish agriculturists per-
mitted to settle in (1804).
I 342 ; but not in villages of,

I 343

" Judaizers " deported to, I 403
ritual murder trial in, II 204
Censorship, over Hebrew books,

exercised by Council of Four

Lands, I 195 f
Government C. advocated by

Polish reformers, I 723, 281
disregard of, severely punished,

II 123

enforcement of, advocated by
I. B. Levinsohn, II 130

hasidic books subjected to, II
212

Russian C, hampers Maskilim
in Vilna, II 136

interferes with Jewish press,
I 219 f

suppresses ha-Emet, II 223;
Voskhod, 407, III 9S; .A'o-
vosti, II 407

rages throughout Russia, II
371

suppresses news of pogroms, II
302, 358 ; and of Moscow ex-
pulsion, II 407

228

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

prevents Russian press from
expressing sympathy with
Jews, II 387
forbids Russian press to pub-
lish collective statements
concerning Jews, II 387
confiscates pamphlet defending

Jews, II 388
grants full scope to anti-
Semitic press, III 31 ; see
also Printing
Census, of the Jewish population,
in Poland (1764), I 197
in White Russia (1772), I 307
in Russia (1816-1819), I 390
Jews of Vilna released from
municipal C. (1682), I 166;
see Statistics
Central Committee, see Commit-
tee
Chanipagny, French Cabinet
Minister, conducts negotia-
tions with Polish Govern-
ment, I 299
Charles IX., French king, suc-
ceeded by Henry, Polish
king, I 89
Charles XII., Swedish king, in-
vades Poland, I 154 IT, 169
Charnetzki, Polish general, mas-
sacres Jews, I 155 f
Charter, granted to Jews by
Leshek, prince of Poland
(905), I 40
issued by Boleslav of Kalish
(1264), I 45 ff

included in Polish code of law

(1505), I 71
ratified and amplified by Casi-

mir the Great, I 51 f;

burned, I 61
issued by Vitovt, grand duke

of Lithuania (1388), I 59 f
granted by Casimir IV. ( 1447 ) ,

I 61 f
granted to Jews of Lithuania

by Sigismund I (1540), I 81
ratified by Sigismund II.

(1548), I 83f
old Ch's. ratified by Stephen

Batory, I 89 ; by Vishnio-

vetzki, I 160; by Augustus

II., I 16S; by Augustus III.,

I 168, 180
Ch. of Jewish autonomy issued

by Sigismund II. (1551), I

105 ff
Ch. demanding admission of

Jews into Russia sent by

Sigismund II. to Ivan the

Terrible (1550), I 243
granted to Jews of Cracow by

John Casimir (1661), I 159
" Golden Ch." by Catherine the

Great, permitting pogroms,

I 183
Theodor Herzl seeks to obtain

Ch. from Sultan, III 84
offered by British Government

for colonization of Uganda,

III 84; see also Statute

INDEX

229

Chartoriski (or Chartoryski),
Adam, member of Committee
for Amelioration of Jews, I
335
chairman of Committee to con-
sider Jewish question in Po-
land, II 89, 91
opposes liberal project of No-
vosiltzev, II 93

Chatzki, Thaddeus, Polish his-
torian, makes special study
of Jewish problem, I 263 ff
proposes Jewish reforms, I 271,

288
suggestions of, adopted by
others, I 327, 385

Chatzkin, Russian-Jewish jour-
nalist, II 207

Chazars, see Khazars

Chekhovich, Martin, Polish theo-
logian, holds disputations
with Jews, I 136 f

Chenstokhov {Polish, Czensto-
chowa), province of Piotr-
kov, Jacob Frank imprison-
ed in, I 218 f
occupied by Russian troops, I

219
pogrom at, III 36 f

Cherkaski, Count, burgomaster
of Moscow, favors limitation
of Jews in municipal gov-
ernment, II 199

Cherkassy (government of Kiev),
hasidic center, II 120

Chernigov (city), Jews of, ex-
terminated, I 149

pogrom at, III 128

ritual murder at Gorodnya, in
neighborhood of, I 247

home of Isaac, early Russian-
Jewish scholar, I 33

home of Litman Veigin, mer-
chant, II 38
Chernigov (province or govern-
ment), subject to Poland, I
140

closed to Jews (1649), I 151

opened again to Jews (1651),

I 152

Jews of, exterminated, I 157
ceded to Russia (1667), I 159
few Jews left in, I 246
made part of Pale (1794), I

317, II 40
pogroms in localities of, II 257,

267, 315, 411, III 129
court of, sentences rioters, II

315
Jews expelled from villages of,

II 341

governor of, misapplies laws

relating to Jews, II 341
governor of, permits Jews to

open stores on Christian

holidays, II 411
localities in :

Gorodnya. I 247

Karpovich, II 315

Konotop, II -2.">7

Nyezhin, II 267, III 129

Semyonovka, III 129

Starodub, II 411

230

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Chernikhovski, Saul, Hebrew
poet, III 64

Chernobyl (government of Kiev),
basidic center, I 232, 382
" dynasty " of, widely ramified,
I 382, II 119 ff

Chernovitz (Bukowina), Sada-
gora, in neighborhood of,
hasidic center, II 121

Chernyshev, Count, governor-
general of White Russia,
assures Jews of former
liberties, I 306 f
sets apart Jews as an estate,
I 309

Chemyshevski, radical Russian
author, influences Jewish
Intelligenzia, II 207, 209
effect of, on Lilienblum, 237

Chersonesus, near Sevastopol,
bishops of, force Jews into
baptism, I 17
scene of rivalry between Jews
and Byzantines, I 30

Chetvertinski, Count, betrays
Jews of Tulchyn, I 147 f

Chiarini, Abbe, Polish anti-
Semitic writer, II 104

Chigirin (province of Kiev),
home of Khmelnitzki, I 144

Chikhachev, Russian Navy Min-
ister, favors emigration of
Jews from Russia, II 419

Chikhachev, member of Council
of State, favors Jewish fran-
chise, III 12

Chlenov, Zionist leader, III 47
Chmelnicki, see Khmelnitzki
Chresta, name of Greco-Jewish

woman, I 15
Christianity, propaganda of, in
Tauris, I 17 f; among Kha-
zars, I 20
fusion of Judaism and Ch. at-
tempted by Jewish sect in
Russia, II 335; see Church
and Conversion
Chudnov (Volhynia), young

Jews of, martyred, III 117
Chufut-Kale (Crimea), harbors
old Karaite community, I 35
Church, the Greek -Orthodox,
persecutes Jews in Byzan-
tine empire, I 18
Pobyedonostzev reports on
affairs of, III 9
Church, the Roman-Catholic, in
Poland, spreads hatred of
Jews, I 44, 47 ff
gains strength under Yaguello,

I 54 f
opposes Casimir IV., I 62 f
hostile to Jews during Refor-
mation, I 79, 85 f
agitates against Jews, I 99 ff
prompts anti-Jewish legisla-
tion of Polish Diets, I 160
responsible for anti-Jewish

riots, I 161
Jews forbidden to leave houses
during Ch. processions, I 160

INDEX

231

Church Council, or Synod, of
Breslau (1266), introduces
canonical laws into Poland,
I 47 f

of Buda (1279), passes anti-
Jewish restrictions, I 49

of Constance (1420), attended
by Polish ecclesiastics, I 57

of Kalish (1420), ratifies
former canonical enactments
against Jews, I 57 f

of Piotrkov (1542), adopts
" Constitution " against
Jews, I 82 f, 171

of Lovich (1720), forbids
building of new synagogues,
I 171

of Plotzk (1733), insists on
necessity of Jewish suffer-
ing, I 171
Chwolson, Daniel, professor, con-
verted Jew, member of Com-
mittee to investigate ritual
murder, II 151

disproves ritual murder, II
205

member of Executive Commit-
tee of Society for Diffusion
of Enlightenment, II 214
Cilicia (Asia Minor), harbors

Jewish communities, 114
Cimmerian Bosporus, see Bos-
porus
Cincinnati, Max Lilienthal, rabbi
of, II 59

" Circular Jews," name ex-
plained, II 404
privileges of, withdrawn, II
428
City Government, see Munici-
palities
Civil Service, Jews barred from
by Church councils, I 49
Jews in Prussian army prom-
ised admission to, II 29
possessors of learned degrees

admitted to, II 165
Jewish physicians admitted to,
II 167; barred from, III 27
Jews in general barred from,
II 352; III 26; see Tax-
Fa rmer
Clement XIII., pope, protects

Polish Jews, I 180
Clement XIV., see Ganganelli
Cohen, Jacob Joseph, disciple of
Besht, I 227, 230 f
stirs wrath of Elijah Gaon, I
237
Cohen, Joshua Falk, rabbi of
Lublin, I 111 f
presides over Council of Four

Lands, I 128
head of talmudic academy in
Lemberg, I 128
Cohen, Naphtali, Polish rabbi,
engages in magic and enters
into relations with Sabba-
tians, I 204
Cohen, Tvfehemiah, Messianic
propagandist, I 207

232

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Cohen, Sabbatai, called Shak, of
Vilna, author of commen-
tary on Shulhun Arukh, 1
130
issues epistle picturing perse-
cutions of 164S, I 157 f
Colchians, tribe, I 15
Colonies, Jewish, in South Rus-
sia, visited by emissary of
Baron Hirsch, II 418
pogroms in, II 271; III 35
Colonization, of Jews, under-
taken by Russian Govern-
ment in New (South) Rus-
sia, I 35? 363 ff; II 70 ff;
checked by Government, II
3G5
in White Russia, II 72
in Siberia, II 71
in Palestine, II 321 f; III 42,
46, 49 , promoted by Baron
Rothschild. II 375
in United States, II 328, 374
in Russia, proposed by Baron
Hirsch, II 415; and by ICA
of Paris, III 10; but dis
couraged by Russian Gov-
ernment, HI 24 f
in Argentina, II 416, 421 ; see
Agriculture
Commerce, Jews as mediators in,
between Europe and Asia, I
23
Jews engage in, with Slav

countries, I 39
Jews in Polish C, I 264, 266 f
Polish kings encourage Jews
in, I 85

Sigismund III. confirms Jew-
ish rights of (1588), I 93
Jews restricted in, in Posen,
I 74 f; Lemberg, I 75; Cra-
cow, I 9S ; Vilna, I 99

restrictions in, imposed upon
Jews by Polish Diets (1538),
I 78; (1768), I 182; (1643),
I 99

anti -Jewish restrictions in, de-
manded by Synod of Piotr-
kov (1542), I 82; and by
.Polish journalist (1798), I
281

Russian Government permits
Jews to engage in, at fairs
of Little Russia and Khar-
kov government, I 250 ff

Little Russians plead for ad-
mission of Jews in interest
of, I 260 f

Jews in Russian C, I 359 f ;
II 366

deprecated by I. B. Levinsohn,
II 126; and other Maskilim,
II 137

attitude of Russian Govern-
ment towards Jewish C, II
185

Jews with higher education
granted unrestricted right
of (1904), III 98; see also
Economic Life and Mer-
chants
Commission, " C. for Jewish Re-
form,'' appointed by Polish
Diet (1790), I 287 ff

INDEX

233

project of, submitted to Diet

and postponed, I 289
resumes labors but fails, I 290
Butrymovich, member of, I

264
project of, adopted by Friesel,

Russian governor of Vilna,

I 326 f

Commission, " Higb C. for re-
vision of current Laws con-
cerning Jews" ("Pahlen
C"), appointed 1SS3, II 336

composition of, II 336

examines material of " Guber-
natorial Commissions," II
337, 363

futility of, II 337

serves as screen for anti-Jew-
ish legislation, II 338

discusses projected educational
restrictions against Jews
("school norm"), II 339;
votes against them, II 349

conclusions of, II 363 fT

deprecates Jewish disabilities,

II 364, 366

refers to revolutionary lean-
ings of Jews, II 364 f

criticize Jewish separation and
exploitation, II 365

describes poverty of Jews, II
366 f

favors gradual emancipa-
tion of Jews, II 368 f

minority of, favors continua-
tion of repression policy, II

369 ; supported by Alexander
III., II 370
invites Jewish experts, II 369 f
disbanded, II 380
Commissions, the Gubernatorial,
appointed to counteract " in-
jurious influence" of Jews
(1881), II 272ff
circular of Ignatyev concern-
ing appointment of, II 273;
quoted by Cardinal Mann-
ing, II 2S9
anti-Jewish recommendations

of, II 275
influence Central Committee
for Revision of Jewish Ques-
tion, II 277, 309
material of, examined and dis-
carded by Pahlen Commis-
sion, II 337, 363
charges of, denied by Jewish
Conference, II 307
Commission, the Rabbinical, see

Rabbinical Commission
Committee, to consider Jewish
questions, appointed by Po-
lish Government (1815), II
89 f; (1825), II 103 f
to investigate ritual murder

(1864), II 151
to investigate Brafman's
charges against Kahals
(1866), II lS9f, 240
Russo-Jewish C. in London, II
3S8f

234

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Central C. of ICA in St. Peters-
burg, II 420

secret C. under Plehve plans

Jewish counter-reforms
(1891), II 399

C. of governors and high
officials appointed with anti-
Semitic instructions (1904),
III 93
Committee for Amelioration of
Jews, called " Jewish Com-
mittee " (1802), I 335 ff

appointment of, causes alarm
among Jews, I 336

invites deputies from Jewish
Kahals, I 337

Nota Shklover invited to assist,
I 33S

elaborates plan of Jewish re-
form, I 338; and submits it
to Kahals, I 339

conflicting tendencies within,
I 339 f

submits report to Alexander I.,
I 341 f

supplies basis for Statute of
1804, I 342

reappointed 1809, advises
against expulsion of Jews
from villages, I 352 ff, 405

reappointed 1823, plans to re-
duce number of Jews in Rus-
sia, I 407 f

drafts principal enactments
concerning Jews, II 31

suggest expulsion of Jews from
Courland, II 32

frame Statute of 1835, II 34

appointed 1871, II 191

charged to consider Kahal or-
ganization and economic ex-
ploitation, II 193 ff
Committee for Radical Transfor-
mation of Jews, appointed
1840, II 49 f, 157

presided over by Kisselev, II
50, 157

considers plan of " assorting "
Jews, II 64 ff

Moses Montefiore permitted to
communicate with Nicholas
I. through, II 68

suggests modification of con-
scription system, II 155

resuscitated (1856), II 161

discusses right of residence
outside Pale, II 161 ff, 163 ff,
169

favors opening of Interior to
retired soldiers, II 171

suggests law demanding secu-
lar education of teachers and
rabbis, II 175
Committee for Revision of Jew-
ish Question, appointed 1881,
II 277

suggests unpopulated localities
for Jewish settlement, II 285

plans expulsion of Jews from
villages, II 285

frames " Temporary Laws " of
18S2, II 309 ff

INDEX

235

Committee of Ministers approves
measures against " Juda-
izers," I 402

approves expulsion of Jews
from villages of White Rus-
sia, I 406

instructed to provide relief for
expelled Jews, I 406

advised to stop expulsion, I
407

formulates function of " Jew-
ish Committee," I 408

question of admitting artisans
into Interior transferred to,
II 169 f

modifies " temporary Rules "
of Ignatyev, II 311 f, 318

objects to pogroms, II 312 f

advocates school norm for
Jews, II 339, 349

discusses emigration to Argen-
tina, II 419

entrusted by Nicholas II. with
execution of constitutional
reforms, III 106

presided over by Witte, III 107

discusses Jewish question, III
123; see Council of Ministers
Committee on Freedom of Con-
science, appointed by Second
Duma, favors Jewish eman-
cipation, III 142
Conference of Jewish Notables,
in St. Petersburg (Septem-
ber, 1881), II 277; (April,
1882), II 304 ff

refuses to regulate emigration,
II 307

disastrous results of decision
of, II 321
Congregation of New Testament
Israelites, Judeo-Christian
sect in Kishinev, II 335
Congregational Board, super-
sedes Kahal in Poland, II
102 f

(of Warsaw), objects to sepa-
rate lewish regiment, II 106

sends deputation to St. Peters-
burg to plead for equal
rights, II 110

president of, arrested by Rus-
sian Government, II 181
Congress, of Aix-la-Chapelle, dis-
cusses Jewish question, I
39Sf

of Berlin, demands equal
rights for Balkan Jews, II
202

of Vienna, see Vienna, Con-
gress of

Jewish C. proposed by Pinsker,
II 331

of Medicine, in Moscow, III 15

Zionist C, III 41, 44 f, 84 f,
144

of United States, see United
States

of Poland, see Poland, kingdom
of
Congressional Record, quoted, II
294, 296, 395

236

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Conscription, see Cantonists,
Military Service, and Re-
cruits
Constance, Synod of, attended by

Polish clergy, I 57
Constantine, Old, see Constan-

tinov
Constantine Pavlovich, grand
duke, Russian lieir-apparent,
II 13, 129

proclaimed emperor but re-
signs, II 13

appointed commander of Po-
land, II 13, 16, 91

suggests expulsion of Jews
from border zone, I 408

expels Jews from villages, II
31

Isaac Baer Levinsohn submits
memorandum to, II 129
Constantinople, capital of By-
zantium, I 17

captured by Turks, I 35

patriarchs of, carry on Chris-
tian propaganda in Tauris,
I 18

Church of, hopes for conversion
of Khazars, I 20

Spanish exiles in, I 27

Abydos, seat of Sabbatai Zevi,
in neighborhood of, I 206

Jewish pilgrims on way to
Palestine arrive in, I 209

Ignetyev, Russian ambassador
at, II 259

Constantinov, Old, or Staro-
(Volhynia), Cossack mas-
sacre at, I 149

" protest " against conscrip-
tion at, II 21 f
Constitution, " anti-Jewish C,"
passed by Polish Diet of
1538, T 77 f

adopted by Piotrkov Church
Council of 1542, I 82 f

Polish C. of May 3, 1791, 289 f

introduced by Napoleon into
duchy of Warsaw, I 398

violated by Government of
duchy, I 299 ff

"Jewish C." of 1804, I 342 ff
Constitutional Democratic Party,
the (Cadets), in Russia, mis-
trusts Government, III 130

forms majority in First Duma,
III 135

loses in Second Duma, III 142

weak in Third Duma, III 153

Jews in, III 119

Vinaver, leader of, III 134

majority of Jewish deputies
belong to, III 135
Contra-Talmudists, name for

Frankists, I 214 f
Conversion, of Jews, to Christi-
anity, recommended by patri-
arch of Constantinople and
bishop of Bosporus, I 18, 20

forced upon Jews of Byzan-
tium, I 23

INDEX

237

forcible C. of children punished
by Polish law (1264), I 47

of Jewish Messianic pilgrims
in Palestine, I 210

of Jacob Frank and followers,
I 217 f; deplored by Besht,

I 229

carried on through military

service, II 26 f, 45, 156 f
feared by Jews of Vilna, II 54 f
endeavors of Russians towards,

stopped, II 173 f
of Haskalah pioneers, II 132
of disillusioned intelligenzia,

II 327

as result of expulsions in St.
Petersburg, II 344; and
Moscow, II 425; see Society
of Israelitisch Christians
C. epidemic in Berlin, I 388
forced by Ivan the Terrible
upon Jews of Vitebsk, I 154;
and upon Jews of Polotzk,
I 243
Russian Government aims at,

I 396 ff; II 44 f, 188
of Khazars, to Judaism, I 20
attempted C. of Vladimir, I 30
of Turkish Sabbatians, to
Mohammedanism, I 210
Converts, to Christianity, per-
mitted by King John Casi-
mir to return to Judaism, I
151
accuse Jews of ritual murder,
I 173 f; II 73, 80

16

inform against Hebrew books,

II 42
in city of Saratov, II 150
individual converts:

Abraham Yosefovich, I 73

Berthenson, II 214

Bogrov, II 242

Brafman, II 187 ff

Briskin, II 85

Chwolson, II 151, 205, 214

EfronJ^itvin, III 38

Grudinski, II 80

Horvitz, II 202, 244

Kronenberg, II 178

Nyevakhovich, I 38S

Peretz. I 388

Pfefferkorn, II 189

Priluker, II 335

Savitzki, II 73

Serafinovich, I 173 f
See also, Judaizers
Cordova, Caliphate of, see Cali-
phate
Coronation Diets, see Diets,

Coronation
Cosmopolitanism, advocated by

Jewish socialists, II 222 ; by

Levanda, II 240; by Bogrov,

II 241
Cossacks, name explained, I 142
origin of, I 142 ff
Ukrainian C's., I 142
Zaporozhian C's., see Zaporo-

zhians
massacre Jews (1637), I 144;

(1648), I 144 ff, 154, 246

238

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

exclude Jews from their
country (1649), I 151

readmit Jews to their territory
(1651), I 152

ally themselves with Russia
(1654), I 152 IT

invade Polish territories, I 154,
156, 244 ff

rise against Poles and Jews,
I 182 ff

Jews visit territory of, despite
prohibition, I 246

C's. of Little Russia plead for
admission of Jews, I 250

See also Khmelnitzki
Costanda, military governor of
Moscow, inaugurates expul-
sion of Jews, II 401
Council, Church C, see Church

Council
Council of Ministers, in duchy of
Warsaw, opposes Jewish
emancipation, I 299

in Russia, Nicholas I. appends
resolution to report of, II 62

reports to Tzar on Jewish agri-
cultural colonization, II 71

recommends appointment of
" High Commission " on Jew-
ish question, II 336

passes anti-Jewish laws, II 338

not consulted in expulsion
from Moscow, II 402

favors grant of franchise to
Jews, III 122

presided over by Witte, II 125
suggests moderate Jewish re-
forms to Nicholas II., II 141
Council of State, in Poland, dis-
cusses Jewish question, II
93 f
formation of, in Russia, I 335
bars Jews from Russian In-
terior, I 316
condemns expulsion of Jews
from White Russian villages,

I 407; II 34

objects to further expulsions,

II 34 f

discusses right of residence

outside Pale, II 35 f, 161 ff,

163 ff, 169 f
recommends alleviation in mili-
tary service, II 36
disagrees on expulsion from

Kiev, II 36 f
passes Statute of 1835, II 37
receives memoranda on Jewish

question, II 38
discusses Jewish question and

suggests measures (1840),

II 47 ff
discusses exact limits of Pale,

II 70
acquits Velizh Jews of ritual

murder charge, II 81 ff
convicts Jews of Saratov, II

152
discusses Jewish separatism,

under influence of Brafman's

charges, II 190

INDEX

239

recommends appointment of
Commission of Amelioration
of Jews, II 191, 193

material on Jewish question
prepared for, II 336

plans of Pahlen Commission
said to have been brought
before, II 320

disregarded by Alexander III.
i n issuing " Temporary
Rules," II 312, 386; in pass-
ing anti-Jewish restrictions,

II 338; in passing school
norm, II 349 ; in expulsion
from Moscow, II 402

confirms exclusion of Jews
from Zemstvos, II 386

members of, favor Jewish fran-
chise, III 122
Courland, added to Pale, I 321

Jews settled in, I 341

new Jewish settler expelled
from, II 32

Lipman Levy, Russian financial
agent, native of, I 24 S

Mordecai Aaron Ginzburg, He-
brew writer, resident of, II
133

Nisselovich, Duma deputy for,

III 153

Courts, Jews of Poland exempted
from jurisdiction of munici-
pal and ecclesiastic C's., I
45 f, 51 f, 84, 94, 103
cases between Jews tried by
royal Cs., or Voyevoda C.

(in Lithuania, Starosta C),
I 45 f, 51 f, 59 f

" Jewish Judge," Polish official
nominated by Jews, attached
to Voyevoda C, I 46, 52, 192

Voyevoda C. tries cases be-
tween Jews and Christians,
I 84, 191; acts as Court of
Appeals, I 191 ; Kahal elders
attached to, I 84

tax-farmer Yosko and employ-
ees placed under jurisdiction
of royal C, I 71

Jews on noble estates placed
under C's. of nobles, I 84

Municipal C's. claim jurisdic-
tion over Jews, I 93 f

ritual murder cases tried by
C's. without proper jurisdic-
tion, I 95 f

civil and partly criminal cases
between Jews tried by C. of
rabbis and Kahal elders, I
83, 105 f

Kahal C. granted right of im-
posing herem and other
penalties, I 73, 105 f

Kahal C. granted exclusive
jurisdiction in cases between
Jews, I 191

Kahal C. consists of rabbis as
judges and Kahal elders as
jury, I 191

Council of Four Lands acts as
C, I 111; appoints pro-
vincial judges, I 111

240

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Kahal C. of Vilna issues hcrem
against Hasidim ( 1772 x. , I
237
Kahals recognized as C's. by
Russian Senate (1776), I
309

cases between Jews tried by
C's. of District and Guber-
natorial Kahals, I 309

Gubernatorial Kahals act as
C's. of Appeal, I 309

cases between Jews and Chris-
tians tried by municipal C's.,
I 309

Senate questions legality of
special Jewish C's. (1782), I
310

Jews admitted to membership
in municipal C's. (1783), I
310

cases between Jews tried by
municipal C's. (1786), I 313

Jews represented on munici-
pal C's. by elective jurymen,
I 313

Kahal C's. limited to spiritual
affairs (1786), I 313; (1795),
I 319

Jews of Lithuania plead for
preservation of Kahal C's.
(1795), I 320

Statute of 1804 places Jews
under jurisdiction of Rus-
sian C's., I 344

Jews continue to resort to
Kahal C, I 367; see Kahal,
Jewish Judge, and Rabbi

Cox, Samuel S., of New York,
protests in Congress against
pogroms, II 294 ff
Cracow, leading city of Little
Poland, I 42, 110, 196

capital of Western Galicia, I
53

election diets held in, I 98

superseded as Polish capital by
Warsaw, I 85

conquered by Swedes, I 154

surrendered by Shlakhta, I 155

Province of, annexed by
Austria, I 297

Jewish refugees from Crusades
seek shelter in, I 41

Jewish Community of, repre-
sented on Council of Four
Lands, I 110

Jewish communities in Prov-
ince of, destroyed, I 156

Jewish charter ratified by
Casimir the Great, in, I 51

Jews of, receive charter from
John Casimir, I 159

anti-Jewish riots in, I 56 f,
63 f, 75 f, 102, 161, 166

Jews of, subjected to com-
mercial restrictions, I 74 f,
98

restrictions for Jews of, de-
manded by Church Synod, I
82

ghetto established in, I 64, 85
ritual murder trial in, I 164 f

host trial in, I 101 f

INDEX

241

" Judaizing " tendencies in,

I 79 f
anti-Semitic writers in, 96 f
Oleslinitzki, archbishop of, I

62
Gamrat, bishop of, I 79
Kmita, Voyevoda of, I 76
Hebrew printing-press in, I

131, 195
Delacruta, Cabalist, resident

of, I 134
Horowitz, Isaiah, Cabalist,

studies in. I 135
Pollak, Jacob, head of yesbibah

in, I 122
Spira, Nathan, head of yesbi-
bah in, I 135
Rabbis of:
Asher, I 104
tFishel, I 105, 132
Heller, I 15S
Isserles, I 123
Kaidanover, Samuel, I 200
Meir of Lublin, I 129
Meisels, II 179
Peretz, I 104
Sirkis, I 133
Cremieux, Adolf, president of
Alliance Israelite, corre-
sponds with Lilienthal, II 67
petitions Alexander II. on be-
half cf Jews accused of
ritual murder, II 153
criticized by governor-general
of Kiev, II 194

Crimea, The, name defined, I 13
Greeks in, I 13 f
conquered by Khazars, I 19 f
last refuge of Khazars, I 28
known as Khazaria, I 28 f
ruled by Pechenegs and Po-

lovtzis, I 29
conquered by Tatars, I 33
Tataric Khanate of, I 35 f, 142
Tatars of, ally themselves with

Cossacks, I 143 ff
Kaffa, Genoese colony in, I 33 f
list of cities in, I 26
visited by Petahiah of Ratis-

bon, I 33
Taman peninsula, in neighbor-
hood of, I 23
Jews in, I 14 ff, 33 ff
Karaite communities in, I 35
Jews of, settle in Kiev, I 30;

in Lithuania, I 35
expelled Lithuanian Jews emi-
grate to, I 65
Jewish State in, suggested, I
412; see Tavrida, govern-
ment of
Crimean War, stops plan of Jew-
ish " Assortment," II 143
effect of, on Jewish situation
II 149 f, 154
Crown, the, signifying Poland as
contrasted with Lithuania, 1
72, 88, 110, 113, 127, 162,
193

242

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Crown Rabbis ("official," or
kazyonny, rabbis ) , name ex-
plained, II 176
forced upon congregations, II

176
act as Government agents
See Rabbis
Crown Schools, see Schools
Crusades, the, stimulate immi-
gration of Jews into Poland,
I 33, 41
give rise to Teutonic order, I

63
victims of Cossack massacres
(1648) compared with those
of, I 156
Cyril, Christian missionary, dis-
putes with Jews, I 18

Daitzelman, Jewish merchant in

Nizhni-Novgorod, victim of

pogrom, II 361
Dakota, jSTerth and South, Jewish

agricultural colonies in, II

374
Damascus, ritual murder trial

of, II 68
Daniel Apostol, Hetman of Little

Russia, pleads for admission

of Jewish salesman, I 250
Dantzic, annexed by Prussia, I

292
Danube, The, Jewish emigration

form provinces of, to Poland,

141

Dardanelles, The, commerce be-
tween Genoa and Crimea
through, I 34

Darkest Russia, periodical pub-
lished in England, II 381

Darshanim (Preachers), in Po-
land, I 201 f

Darvin, Charles, influences Rus-
sian-Jewish intelligenzia, II
209

Dashevski, Pincus, assaults
Krushevan to avenge Kishi-
nev massacre, III 81 f
trial of, induces Plehve to for-
bid Zionism, III 82
receives greetings of Russian-
Jewish convention, III 132

Davidov, Russian military
leader, praises Jews, I 357

Davis, Noah, Judge, speaks at
New York protest meeting.
II 297

Decembrists (Russian, Dyeka-
brist), Russian revolution-
aries, name explained, I 410
suppressed by Nicholas I., II

13
attitude of, towards Jews, I
409 ff

Dekert, John, mayor of Warsaw,
champion of burgher class, I
286

Delacruta, Mattathiah, Italian
Cabalist in Cracow, I 134

INDEX

243

Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon,
called Yasliar, of Candia,
arraigns Polish Jews for
opposing secular culture, I
134
Dembrovski, Polish bishop, ar-
ranges disputations between
Frankists and Talmudist, I
214 f

orders burning of Talmud, I
215
Demiovka, suburb of Kier, pog-
rom at, II 254 f
De non Tolerandis Iudaeis, right
of excluding Jews

in Warsaw (and other Polish
cities ) , I 85

in Kiev, I 94 f

abolished in Zhitomir, Vilna
(and other cities), II 172

abolished throughout Poland
(1862), II 181
Denis, Greek-orthodox priest,

converted to Judaism, I 36
Department of Law, part of
Council of State, considers
Jewish legislation, II 34 ff
Deputation of the Jewish People,
The, created by Alexander I.,
I 392 ff

disbanded in 1825, I 395

instrumental in stopping ritual
murder trial in Grodno, II
74

induces Alexander I. to veto
prohibition of liquor trade
in Poland, II 94

Derbent, see Bab Al-Abwab
Diaspora, Jewish, neglected by
Zionism, III 52

as conceived by National-Cul-
tural Autonomism, III 53 (T

as conceived by Russian-Jewish
historians, II 65
Diet, The, in Poland, term de-
fined, I 76

controlled by Shlakhta, I 58,
77, 160

authority of, undermined by
liberum veto, I 92, 168

Jews represented at, by " syn-
dics," I 111

anti-Jewish tendency of, I 76 f,
160

preceded by anti-Jewish propa-
ganda, I 165

counteracts benevolent inten-
tions of kings, I 160

censures King Sobieski for
interest in Jews, I 167

condemns anti-Jewish riots, I
166 f, 171

fixes amount of Jewish head-
tax, I 194

granted right to elect govern-
ment, I 263

Jews admitted to Warsaw dur-
ing sessions of, I 268 ff

re-established in duchy of War-
saw, I 298

Coronation D's., name explain-
ed, I 98

Jewish privileges ratified at,
I 98, 160, 168

244

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Election D's., name explained,

I 98
Individual Diets, according
to years:

1423 (of Varta), restricts
financial operations of
Jews, I 58

1454 (of Nyeshava), re-
scinds Jewish privileges,
I 63

1496 (of Piotrkov), con-
firms restrictions o f
Nyeshava Diet, I 64

1521 (of Piotrkov), limits
commerce of Lemberg
Jews, I 75

1538 (of Piotrkov), passes
anti-Jewish " constitu-
tion," I 77; confirmed
by Diet of 1562, 1565
and 1768, I 87

1548 (of Piotrkov), Sig-
ismund II. ratifies Jew-
ish charter at, I 83

1618, discusses passion-
ately Jewish question, I
97

1643 (of Warsaw), re-
stricts profits of Jews,
I 99

1658 (of Warsaw), expels
sectarians from Poland,
I 91

1670 (of Warsaw), re-
stricts financial opera-
tions of Jews, I 160

1693 (of Grodno), ar-
raigns Bezalel, Jewish
tax-farmer, I 167

1717 (of Warsaw), in-
creases Jewish head tax,
I 169; protests against
anti- Jewish riots, I 171

1740, rejects resolution
turning Jews into serfs,
I 170

1764 (of Warsaw), alters
system of Jewish taxa-
tion, I 181, 197; pro-
hibits conventions of
Jewish District elders,
I 198

1768 (of Warsaw), renews
commercial restrictions
of 1538, I 182, 267;
admits Jews temporarily
to Warsaw, I 268

1788-1791, see Diet, Quad-
rennial

1808, elections to, force
Government to take up
Jewish question, I 299

1818, first D. of kingdom
of Poland, displays anti-
Jewish attitude, II 96,
99

1831, releases Jews from
conscription, II 107
Diet, The Quadrennial, or Great
(1788-1791), name explain-
ed, I 263
reflects liberal ideas, I 278

INDEX

245

elaborates modern constitu-
tion, I 263

equalizes burgher class, I 278

discusses agrarian question, I
279

prepares for struggle with
Russia, I 279

attitude of, towards Jewish
question, I 263 ff, 279 ff, 285,
288 ff

refers Jewish question to
special commission, I 264,
279, 287, 327

finance committee of, reports
on Jews, 263 ff

Chatzki, Polish historian, mem-
ber of, I 263, 288

Butrymovich, champion of Po-
lish Jews, member of, I 264,
274, 280 f, 285, 289

Chatzki and Butrymovich sub-
mit proposals to, I 271

Jews admitted to Warsaw dur-
ing, I 285

notified of anti-Jewish demon-
stration in Warsaw, I 2S6;
and investigates it, I 287

literature centering around, I
279 ff

appealed to by Simeon Wolfo-
vich against Kahals, I 276

project of Jewish reforms sub-
mitted to king during, I 284
Dietines, the, Polish provincial
diets, I 76

provide occasions for anti-Jew-
ish riots, I 170
serve as pattern for Jewish D.,

I 113, 196 f

Jewish D., called officially

" synagogues," I 196

Dilke, Sir Charles, English

Under-Secretary of State,

interpellated about pogroms,

II 262

Dillon, Eliezer, army purveyor,
represents Jews before Rus-
sian Government, I 358
member of Deputation of Jew-
ish People, I 392 f
Disabilities, see Restrictions
Disputations, religious, between
Jews and Christians, I 136 f
between Frankists and ortho-
dox Jews, I 214 f, 216 f;
attended byBesht, I 229
Disraeli, see Beaconsfield
Distillers, Jewish, admitted to

Russian Interior, II 170
Distilling, see Propinatzya
Dlugosh, Jan, called Longinus,
Polish historian, quoted, I
57
Dnieper, the, river, Petahiah of
Ratisbon reaches banks of,
I 33
Jews disappear from left bank

of, I 157
Jews decimated on right bank
of, I 157

246

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

southern basin of, subject to

Poland, I 140
left bank of, called Little
Russia, ceded to Russia, I
159
Jews penetrate into Little Rus-
sia " from other side of," I
253
Cossacks beyond Falls of, I

143 fif
uprising against Poles and
Jews on right bank of, I 182
Cossack army " on both side3
of," plead for admission of
Jewish salesmen, I 250
central river of Pale, I 317
See Moghilev on the Dnieper
Dniester, The, river, Moghilev

on, I 98
Dobrolubov, Russian critic, influ-
ences Jewish intelligentsia,
II 207, 209
Doctor, official title of rabbis in
ancient Poland, I 72, 104,
109
Dolgoruki, Count, governor-gen-
eral of Moscow, friendly to
Jews, II 400 f
Dombrovski, Polish revolution-
ary leader, I 303
Domestics, Christian, the keep-
ing of, prohibited by Church
Council of Breslau (1266),
I 49
by Synod of Piotrkov (1542),
I 82

by " Lithuanian Statute "

(1566), I 87
by Diet of Warsaw (1070), I

160
prohibition of, in Russia, sug-
gested by Dyerzhavin, I 333,

and Golitzin, 404
prohibited by Russian Senate

(1820), I 404 f
prohibited for permanent em

ployment (1835), II 40
Christians of Pereyaslav call

upon Jews to refrain from,

II 266
Pobyedonostzev deplores influ-
ence of Jews on their D.,

III 9

Domestics, Jewish, outside Pale.
Jewish merchants allowed
limited number of, II 162

Jewish university graduates
allowed two, II 166. 344

fictitious D. in St. Petersburg,
II 344 f
Dominican Order, the, church of,
in Posen, collects regular
fine from Jews, I 55

priest of, in Cracow, causes
execution of Jews, I 164

general of, in Rome, calls upon
head of, in Cracow, to de-
fend Jews, I 165
Don, the, river, Khazars move
towards, I 19

Territory of D. Army closed to
Jews, II 346

INDEX

247

Dondukov-Korsakov, governor-
general of Kiev, criticizes
Jews, II 193 f

Drabkin, rabbi of St. Peters-
burg, reports conversation
witb Ignatyev, II 305

Drenteln, governor-general o f
Kiev, ferocious Jew-baiter,
abets pogroms, II 252, 254
recommends severe repression

of Jews, II 276
upbraids Jews of Balta, II

316 f
misconstrues " Temporary-
Rules " against Jews, II 341

Dresden, Jews of, appeal to
Augustus III. against ritual
murder libel, I 176

Dress, Christian, forbidden to
Jews by " Lithuanian Sta-
tute " (1566), I 87
deprecated by rabbis (1607),

I 112

prescribed for Jewish visitors
to Russian Interior (1835),

II 40

prescribed for Jewish members

of municipalities (1804), I

345
German D. adopted by " Ber-

liners," I 384
Russian D. preferred by Jews

to German D., I 350 ; see

Dress, Jewish
Dress, Jewish (hat or badge),

prescribed by Synod of Bres-

lau (1266), I 48

by Synod of Buda (1279) , I 49

by Synod of Kalish (1420), 1
57

by Diet of Piotrkov (1538), I
78

by Synod of Piotrkov (1542),
I 83

abandoned by some Jews in
Warsaw, I 300 f

defended by Polish rabbi, I 283

Jews of Warsaw demand equal
rights as reward for discard-
ing, I 385 f

prohibition of, recommended
by Butrymovich, I 281 ; by
Polish nobility of Lithuania,

I 326: by Friesel, governor
of Vilna, I 327; and Dyer-
zhavin, I 333

tax imposed on, in Russia
(1S43), I 110; extended to
Poland (1845), I 110

Russian Council of State finds
principal source of Jewish
separatism in (1840), II 48;
and suggests prohibition, II
49 ; but modifies view ( 1 870 ) ,

II 190 f
governors-general advised of

impending prohibition of, II
66

prohibition of, enacted (1S50),
I 144; and extended to fe-
male attire (1851), I 144

prohibition of, remains in-
effective, I 144 f

248

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Alexander II. displeased with,

in Poland, II 190
luxury in, forbidden (1566), I
87 ; deprecated by Abraham
Hirshovich, I 284; by I. B.
Levinsohn, II 128; by Chris-
tians of Pereyaslav, II 266
white D. favored by early " Ha-
sidim," I 209, 231, 237; ob-
jected to by assembly of
rabbis, I 237; see Dress,
Christian

Dreyfus Affair, the, exploited by
Russian press, III 32
witnessed by Doctor Herzl, III
42

Druskeniki (government of
Grodno), Conference of
" Lovers of Zion " at, II
377

Drusus, name of Greek Jew, I 15

Dubnow, S. M„ author of present
work, quoted, I 114, 163, 235
champions national rejuvena-
tion of Judaism in Russia,

II 327

formulates theory of Spiritual
Nationalism, or National-
Cultural Autonomism, III
52

member of central committee
of League for Equal Rights,

III 42

editor of periodical Yevrey-
skaya Starina, III 160

Dubossary, ritual murder libel
at, III 70 f
pogrom at, frustrated by Jews,
III 71
Dubrovin, head of Black Hun-
dred, received by Nicholas
II., Ill 149
Dubrovna (government of Mo-
ghilev), Voznitzin, captain
of navy, converted to Juda-
ism at, I 252
Duchy of Warsaw, see Warsaw,

Duchy of
Dukhobortzy, Russian sect, flees
from persecution to Canada,
III 10
Duma, Imperial Russian, plans
for, formulated, III 122; and
published, III 124
manifesto of October 17 prom-
ises establishment of, III
127
First D., elections to, III 133
League for Equal Rights par-
ticipates in elections to, III
133 f
Zionists participate in elec-
tions to, III 145
boycotted by Left, III 134
Jewish deputies to, III 134
Jewish question before, III

135 ff

pogroms discussed by, III 126,

136 ff

appoints commission to investi-
gate Bialystok pogrom, III
137

INDEX

249

adopts resolution condemning
pogroms, III 139

dissolved, III 139

Second D., convoked, III 141

only three Jewish deputies
elected to, III 142

Jewish question referred by, to
committee, III 142

dissolved, III 142

Third D., called the Black, III
153

only two Jewish deputies
elected to, III 153

violently anti-Semitic, III
153 ff

discusses Beilis case, III 16.3

Fourth D., anti-Semitic agita-
tion in Poland during elec-
tions to, III 167

Jewish D. deputies co-operate
with joint Jewish Council in
St. Petersburg, III 148
Dunaigrod (Podolia), ritual

murder trial at, I 178
Durnovo, Russian official, inves-
tigates ritual murder trial
at Saratov, II 150
Durnovo, Russian Minister of
Interior, fanatic reactionary,
II 379

bars Jews from local self-gov-
ernment (Zemstvos), II
386; and municipal self-
government, II 425

suggests expulsion of Jews
from Moscow, II 402

revokes decree of 1880, caus-
ing expulsion of " circular
Jews/' II 428
continues in office under Nicho-

las II., Ill 9, 16
member of Witte cabinet, III
31
Dusyaty (government of Kovno) ,

pogrom at, III 115
Dvina, river, Jews drowned by

Russian troops in, I 243
Dyekabristy, see Decembrists
Dyelanov, Minister of Public In-
struction, decrees " school
norm," limiting admission
of Jews to schools and uni-
versities, II 349 ff
applies school norm leniently,
III 27 f
Dyen ("The Day"), Russian-
Jewish weekly, II 218, 220,
238
Dyerzhavin, Gabriel, member of
Russian Senate,, becomes in-
terested in Jewish question,
I 327
meets Jews for first time on
tour to White Russia, I 328
meets modernized Jewish phy-
sician in White Russia, I
386
pursues anti-Jewish purpose

on tour, I 329 f
prepares elaborate " Opinion "
on Jews, I 330 ff

250

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

appointed Minister of Justice,

I 335

" Opinion " of, studied by Com-
mittee for Amelioration of
Jews, I 335 f

retires, I 337

example of, followed later in
White Russia, 405

Earlocks (Pcies) , discarded by
modernized Jews, I 384

cutting off of, recommended in
Poland, I 385

wearing of, prohibited by
Nicholas I., II 144 f

See Beards
Easter, Russian, duration of, II
249

season of pogroms, II 248, 299 ;
III 34, 71 ff, 96 f, 114 f, 134
Economic life, of Jews, in Po-
land, I 42, 44 f, 07 f, 100,
204 ff, 270

in Polish Silesia, I 42

in Lithuania, I 00

in Russia, I 353 f, 359 ff

in White Russia, I 310 ff ; II 14

in Russian South-west, II 193 f

in Kiev, II 264

undermined under Nicholas I.,

II 70, 72

improved under Alexander II.,

II 185 f
E. importance of Russian Jews

pointed out by Vorontzov, II

64 f ; by Pahlen Commission.
II 366 ; and by foreign press,

II 408

Russian Jews accused of E.

exploitation, II 193 f, 270 ff
restricted under Alexander

III., II 318, 346 ff
E. misery of Russian Jews, II

318, 366 f
collapse of, under Nicholas II.,

III 22 ff

in America, II 374

E. boycott in Poland, III 100 11

Edels, Samuel, called Mabarsho,

famous Polish talmudist, I

129 f

Education, Jewish, see Heder

and Yeshibah

modernization of, in Poland,
urged by Kalmansohn, I
385; by David Friedliinder
II 90 ; by Polish assimila-
tionists, II 101

criticized by Russian Council
of State, II 48

negative effects of, pointed out.
by author, II 113

national E. demanded by Zion-
ist Convention at Minsk, III
45

fostered by Society for Diffu-
sion of Enlightenment, III
160

autonomy of, demanded by
League for Equal Rights, III
112

INDEX

251

progress of, in Palestine, III

148
See School
Education, Secular, promotion

of, among Jews, urged by

Russian dignitaries, I 327,

333
championed by Frank, Jewish

physician, I 331; by I. B.

Levinsohn, II 128; and by

Maskilim of Vilna, II 137
encouraged by Alexander I.,

I 344 i ; by Nicholas I., II 20,
57 f; and by Alexander II.,

II 163 ff, 166, 175, 216
shunned by Russian Jews, I

350, 380; II 48, 53 ff, 175
spreads under Alexander II.,

II 176 f, 216
promoted by Society for Diffu-
sion of Enlightenment
spread of, among Jews feared
by Russian authorities, II
339, 348
disparaged in general by
Pobyedonostzev, II- 34S
Educational Restrictions, de-
manded by Alexander III.,
II 349
issued by Minister of Instruc-
tion (1S87), II 350
disastrous effects of, II 350 f
compel Jewish youth to study

abroad, II 351; III 31
stimulate emigration, II 373
applied with increasing rigor
under Nicholas II., Ill 27 ff

abolished in institutions of
higher learning (1905), III
124
restored (1907), III 152
placed on Statute books in

1908, III 157 f
See Enlightenment, School, and
University

Efron-Litvin, converted Jew.
anti-Semitic playwright, III
38

Egypt, emigration of Jews from,
into Tauris, 116
Sabbatian propaganda in, I 205

Eibeschiitz, upheld by Polish
rabbis in struggle with
Emden, I 204

Einhorn, David, modern Jewish
writer, III 162

Eisenbaum, Anton, Polish-Jew-
ish assimilationist, head of
rabbinical seminary, II 103

Eisenmenger, anti-Jewish writer,
II 104

Eisenstadt, Michael, represents
Kahals before Russian Gov-
ernment, I 393

Ekaterinoslav, see Yekaterinoslav

Ekron, Jewish colony in Pales-
tine, II 375

Eliezer, Bohemian scholar,
quoted, I 43

Elijah, the prophet, believed to
associate with Besht, I 228
Russian church festival in
honor of, II 35S

252

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Elijah of Vilna, called the Gaon,
idolized by rabbis of Lithu-
ania and other countries, I
235 f

familiar with Cabala, I 235

studied secular sciences, I 235 f

tolerant towards pursuit of
secular sciences, I 381

avoids pilpul and cultivates
method of textual analysis,
I 236

introduces method into yeshi-
bahs of Lithuania, I 380;
particularly into yeshibah of
Volozhin, I 381

fragmentary nature of literary
work of, I 236

rigorist in religious practice,
I 236

opposes Hasidism, I 236

causes issuance of herem
against Hasidism, I 237

reaffirms herem, I 373

checks growth of Hasidism in
Vilna, I 372

refuses to see Shneor Zalman,
I 374 f

death of, I 375

Hasidim of Vilna rejoice over
death of, I 375
Elimelech of Lizno, hasidic

leader, I 232
Elizabeth Petrovna, Russian em-
press (1741-1761), perse-
cutes non-Orthodox, I 254

.decrees expulsion of Jews from
entire Russian empire
(1727), I 255

refuses plea of Ukrainians and
Livonians for admission of
Jews, I 257

pens famous resolution against
Jews (1743), I 257

decrees again unconditional ex-
pulsion of Jews (1744), I
257 f

dismisses Sanches, Jewish
court physician, I 258

policy of, followed by Cath-
erine II., I 259
Elizabethgrad, see Yelisavetgrad
Emancipation (Equal Rights),
introduced by Napoleon into
duchy of Warsaw, I 298

not applied to Jews, I 298 f

Warsaw Jews apply to Polish
Government for, I 299

opposed by Polish Council of
Ministers, I 299

suspended by duke of Warsaw
for ten years, I 299

17 Jews of Warsaw apply for,
as reward for assimilation,
I 300

refused by Polish Minister of
Justice, I 300 f

representatives o f Warsaw
community plead for, I 301 f

opposed by Polish Senate, I 302

Warsaw Jews apply to Nicho-
las I. for, II 110

INDEX

253

granted to Jews of Poland by
Alexander II (1862), II
181 ff

promised to Jews by early Rus-
sian revolutionaries, I 413

prominent St. Petersburg Jews
apply to Alexander II. for,

II 159 f

recommended by Stroganov,
governor-general of New
Russia, II 168 f

advocated by Russian-Jewish
press, II 219 f, 23S, 332

claimed b y Young Israel,
heterodox Jewish sect, II
334

recommended by Pahlen Com-
mission, II 364, 368

urged by Guildhall meeting in
London, II 391

demanded by Russian lawyers
and writers for all citizens,

III 105

partial E. promised by Rus-
sian Government, III 106

unrestricted E. demanded by
Russian Jews, III 108 ff

demanded by Soeiety for Diffu-
sion of Enlightenment, III
111

urged by League for Equal
Rights, III 111 f

adopted for all citizens by
First Duma, III 135

17

bill providing for E. of Jews
referred by First Duma to
Committee, III 137 f

opposed by Nicholas II., Ill
141

bill providing for, passed by
Committee of Second Duma.
Ill 142

forms platforms of Jewish
people's group, III 146 f

See League for Attainment of
Equal Rights
Emden, Jacob, opposed by Po-
lish rabbis in fight with
Eibeshutz, I 204
Emigration, of Jews, from Lithu-
ania, prevented by Sigis
mund I. (1540), I 81

from Poland, caused by Khmel-
nitzki massacres ( 1648 ff) , I
157

from Russia, caused by perse-
cutions and pogroms, II 268,
327 ff, 413, 420; III 96

causes shortage of Jewish re-
cruits, II 356

prompts imposition of military
fine, II 373, 414

stimulated by educational re-
strictions, I 373

welcomed by Russian Govern-
ment as solution of Jewish
problem, II 419 f; III 10

encouraged by Russian Gov-
ernment, II 285, 414, 417 f,
420

254

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

old Russian law prohibiting E.
not enforced, II 69, 285

Plehve promises to support E.,
Ill 83

to Algiers, proposed by French
Jews, II 69

to Argentina, II 413, 416 ff,
419 f

to Canada, II 421

to Palestine, I 269 f; II 321 f,
419 ff, 421 ff; advocated bv
Poale Zion, III 145; im-
portance of, recognized by
Russian Jewry, III 54, 147

to United States, II 297 f,320 f,
373 ff, 409, 413, 420 f; III 96,
104; calls forth protest of
U. S. Government, II 396,
importance of, recognized by
Russian Jewish parties, III
54, 145, 147
Emigration, Regulation of, at-
tempted by emigrant
societies, II 297 f

urged by Mandelstamm and
part of Jewish press, II 298

feared by prominent St. Peters-
burg Jews, II 298

deprecated by Voskhod as sub-
versive of emancipation, II
298 f

rejected by Jewish Conference
in St. Petersburg (April,
1882), II 307; disastrous re-
sults of rejection, II 420

proposed by Baron Hirsch, II
416, 419

sanctioned by Russian Govern-
ment, II 420

Encyclopedists, French, praise
polemical treatise of Isaac
Troki, I 138

England, represented at Con-
gress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I
398
Parliament in, discusses pog-
roms, II 262 f, 281 f, 287 ff,
388 ff
prominent men in, approach
Nicholas I. on behalf of Rus-
sian Jews, II 63
Priluker, Russian Jew, mis-
sionary in, II 335
Russian-Jewish students in, II

351
offers Uganda to Zionists, III

85
See London

Enlightenment, see Haskalah

Equal Rights, see Emancipation

Ephes-Dammim, name of bib-
lical place, used as book
title, II 131

Ephesus, city in Asia Minor,
Jewish community in, I 14

Epstein, Samuel, represents Jews
before Russian Government,
I 393

Eshet Hayil, term explained, II
113

Estate, Real, see Property, Real

Estherka, concubine of Casimir
the Great, I 53 f

INDEX

255

Euclid, geometry of, translated

into Hebrew, I 381
Euler, German mathematician,

criticizes dismissal of Jew-
ish court physician in St.

Petersburg, I 258
Europe, Eastern, beginnings of

Diaspora in, I 13
Euxine Colonies, see Black Sea
Evangelists, Protestant sect in

Poland, I 91
Evarts, William II., American

Secretary of State, makes

representations to Russian

Government, II 293
Eve, daughter of Jacob Frank,

head of Frankist sect, I 220
Excise Farmers, called aktziz-

niks, II 1S6
Excommunication, see Herein
Execution, or forcible seizure,

term explained, II 20
Exilarchs, heads of Babylonian

Jewry, I 20
Exploitation, economic, Russian

Jews accused of, II 193
used as pretext for pogroms,

II 261 f, 264, 270 ff, 315
handicrafts stigmatized as, I

347
Expulsion, of Jews, by Polish

Government from Lithuania

(1495), I 65
from Sandomir, I 173
from Warsaw, I 260, 286 f

by Russian troops, from in-
vaded Polish cities (1654),
I 153 f, 245

by Russian Government, from
Little Russia (1727), I 249 f,
253 ff

from Russia in general (1741),

I 255; (1744), I 257 f

from Courland and Livonia

(1829), II 32
from Port Arthur and Kuan-

tung Peninsula (1904) ,111 94
from Russian Interior (outside

of Pale), in general, I 402 f;

II 264, 399, 428; III 95, 154,
157; foreign Jews expelled
from, II 262, 293, 345

from Kharkov, II 319
from Moscow, II 264, 319,
396 f, 399 ff, 402, 408, 424 f;

III 14 f

from Oryol, II 264
from Riga, II 256
from St. Petersburg, II 319,

344, 399, 410
from Pale of Settlement ;

Fifty-Verst Zone, I 408; II

62 ff, 385
from Kiev, II 31, 33, 263 f, 319,

346; III 157
from Nicholayev. II 32

from Sevastopol, II 32
from Yalta, II 428 f ; III 18 f
from villages, 1319, 323 f, 326

343, 345 ff, 349, 351 f, 354 f.

405 ff; II 30 f, 32 f, 35, 48,

310 f, 318 f. 385; III 17, 157

256

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

For particulars see special
headings ; see also Residence,
Right of, and Temporary
Rules
Externs, extra muros pupils, re-
sult of educational restric-
tions, II 351; III 31

school norm applied to, with-
out sanction of Duma, III
159

join revolutionary ranks, III
31

Factor, Polish name for agent,

I 170; II 55
Fair, commercial, Jews per-
mitted to visit P's.

of Little Russia, for wholesale
trade (1728), I 250; and for
retail trade (1734), I 251

of government of Smolensk
(1731), I 251

of government of Kharkov, for
retail trade (1734), I 251

of Warsaw (17G8), I 268

of Nizhni-Nevgorod, Kharlov,
and other cities (1835), II
40

Jews travel to F's. abroad, par-
ticularly Leipsic, I 359

Polish F's. provide occasion for
Jewish conferences, I 109 f

F. of Lublin, chief meeting-
place of Council of Four
Lands, I 109

F. of Lantzkrona, mystical
services of Frankists during,
I 213, 215
F's. of Brody and Z e 1 v a ,
rabbis assembled at, excom-
municate Hasidim, I 237

Farrar, Canon, addresses Man-
sion House Meeting in Lon-
don, II 290

Feder, Tobias, Hebrew writer, I
388
criticizes translation of Bible
into Yiddish, I 388

Feigin, Litman, of Chernigov,
submits memorandum on
Jewish question to Council
of State, II 38 f

Feldshers, Jewish, name ex-
plained, II 167
granted right of universal resi-
dence (1879), II 167
admission of, into army re-
stricted, II 319

Fergusson, English Under-Secre-
tary for Foreign Affairs, re-
plies to interpellation con-
cerning Russian Jews, II 382

Fez (Morocco), Alfasi native of,
I 118

Fichman, modern Hebrew writer,
III 162

Fifty-Verst Zone, see Border
Zone

Finkelstein, Nahum, delegate of
Jews wishing to engage in
agriculture, I 363

INDEX

257

Finns, oppressed by Russian

Government, III 159
Fishel, Moses, chief-rabbi of Cra-
cow, I 105
studied medicine in Padua, I
132
Foreign Jews forbidden to settle
in Russia (1824), I 409
expelled from Russia, II 262,
293, 345
Foster, John W., United States
Minister to Russia, reports
about pogroms, II 2G0
Fox, Polish tailor, starts anti-
Jewish riot at Warsaw, I
286 f
Fraind, Yiddish daily in St.

Petersburg, III 162
France (and French), Napoleon's
policy towards Jews of, I
298
Jews killed by French for
loyalty to Russia (1812), I
358
represented at Congress of Aix-

la-Chapelle, I 398
high officials of, favor immi-
gration of Russian Jews to
Algiers, II 69
Polish-Jewish patriots, pur-
sued by Russia, flee to, I
298; II 105, 109
French witness protest against

pogroms, II 326
Russian Jews, in search of uni-
versity education, go to, II
351

Dreyfus Affair in, III 32, 42;
see Paris
Franchise, Jewish, discussed by
Russian officials, III 121
proposed denial of, elicits pro-
tests from Jewish communi-
ties in Russia, III 121; and
representatives of Russian
people, III 122

finally granted, III 122
Frank, physician in White Rus-
sia, adherent of Mendels-
sohn, suggests Jewish re-
forms, I 331, 386
Frank, Helena, English trans-
lator of Peretz' works, III
62
Frank, Jacob, Polish-Jewish sec-
tarian, born in Podolia, I 211

settles in Wallachia, I 212

travels as salesman in Turkey,
I 212

joins, and later heads, Turkish
Sabbatians, I 212

banished by Polish authorities
to Turkey, I 213

regarded as reincarnation of
Sabbatai Zevi, I 214

reappears in Podolia, I 216

submits to preliminary bap-
tism in Lemberg, I 217

appears for final baptism in
Warsaw, I 217 f

Polish king acts as godfather
of, I 218

258

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

poses as Messiah, I 218

arrested in Warsaw, I 218

imprisoned in Chenstokhov, I
219 f

freed by invading Russian
troops, I 219

escapes to Briinn (Moravia),
1219

moves to Vienna, I 220

settles in Offenbach (Ger-
many), I 220

supported in Offenbach by ad-
herents in Poland, I 283

See Frankists
Frank, Mendel, rabbi of Brest,
receives large powers from
Polish king, I 73, 104 f
Frankfort-on-the-Main, Naph-
tali Cohen, Polish Gabalist
and Sabbatian, settles in, I
204

Offenbach, in neighborhood of,
residence of Jacob Frank, I
220

Oppenheim, Jewish painter,
resident of, II 67

place of publication, II 202
Frankists, adherents of Jacob
Frank, hold mystical ser-
vices and engage in excesses,
I 213 f

excommunicated by rabbis, I
214

address themselves to Dembo-
viski, Catholic bishop, I 214

denounce Talmud and recog-
nize Trinity, I 214

call themselves " Contra-Tal-
mudists," and " Zoharists,"
I 214

bishop arranges disputation
between, and rabbis, 214 f

acknowledged victorious in dis-
putation and awarded fine,
I 215

obtain safe-conduct from Po-
lish king, I 215

offer to embrace Christianity,
I 216

hold second disputation with
rabbis, I 216 f

accuse Jews of ritual murder,
I 216 f

large number of, baptized at
Lemberg, I 217

remain loyal to Frank, I 218,
283

follow Frank to Chenstokhov,
his place of imprisonment,
I 219

settle with Frank in Offenbach,
I 220

Sabbatian movement compro-
mised by, I 222

shunned and despised by Poles,
I 283

ultimately absorbed by Poles,
I 230
Frederic, Harold, quoted, II 378
Freeman, see Lieberman, A.
Frederick of Austria, Jewish
charter of, used as model by
Polish rulers, I 45

INDEX

259

Frederick II., The Great, annexes
Polish territory, I 262

Frederick Augustus, Saxon king,
made ruler of duchy of War-
saw, I 297
receives report of Council of
Ministers, opposing Jewish
emancipation, I 209
issues decree, postponing Jew-
ish emancipation for ten
years (1808), I 299
receives anti-Jewish report
from Polish Senate, I 302

Frelinghuysen, Frederic T.,

American Secretary of State,
expresses regret at treat-
ment of Russian Jews, II
294

Friedlaender, Israel, quoted, II
235
translator of Dubnow, III 52
translator of Ahad Ha'ain, III
60

Friedlander, David, submits
memorandum to Polish Gov-
ernment, suggesting reform
of Polish Jewry, II 90 f
followers of, in Warsaw, plead
for secular culture, I 386

Friedman, Jewish deputy to
Third Duma, III 153
complains about Jewish dis-
abilities, III 157

Friesel, governor of Vilna, in-
vites Polish nobility of
Lithuania to express opinion
on Jews, I 325 f

submits opinion of nobility to
Senate with his own memo-
randum, 326

urges Jewish cultural reforms.
327
Frischman, David, Hebrew

writer, III 60
Frug, Simon, Russian and Yid-
dish poet, III 63

resides in St. Petersburg as
"flunkey," II 345

glorifies emigration, II 330

pictures despair of Russian
Jewry, II 371

appeals for victims of Kishinev-
massacres, III 78
Fiinn, Samuel Joseph, Jewish his-
torian and writer, II 136

editor of Pirhe Tzafon, II 136;
and ha-Karmel, II 217

Gabbaim, directors of Kahal in-
stitutions, I 107
" gentlemen in waiting " of
Tzaddiks, II 120
Galatia (Asia Minor), Jewish

communities in, I 14
Galatovski, Ukrainian writer,

quoted, I 205
Galicia, divided into Eastern and
Western, I 53
annexed by Austria (17721, 1

187, 262
Sabbatian propaganda in, 1
208, 2101

260

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

intellectual development o f
Jews in, contrasted with
North-west, I 221

Besht, founder of Hasidism,
active in, I 223

Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274

type of Tzaddik in, I 233

rabbis of, excommunicate Ha-
sidim, I 237

Tzaddik of Sadagora (Buko-
vina ) attracts Hasidim from,
II 121

I. B. Levinsohn associates with
Maskilim of, II 125 f; con-
trasted with them, II 127

Haskalah carried from, to
Odessa, II 133

Hebrew publications of, imi-
tated in Vilna, II 136

Meisels, rabbi of Cracow, joins
Polish patriots in, II 179

Baron Hirsch establishes
schools in, II 416

Hebrew writers in, III 163; see
Russia ( Red ) , Lemberg, and
. Yaroslav
Galicia, Eastern, see Russia, Red

Uniat Church in, I 141
Galilee, Jewish colonies in, II

375
Gamrat, Peter, bishop of Cracow,
condemns woman to death
for adhering to Jewish doc-
trine, I 79

leads agitation against Jews, I
81 f

Ganganelli, cardinal, later Pope
Clement XIV., defends Po-
lish Jews against ritual
murder charges, I 179 f

Gania, Cossack leader, perpe-
trates Jewish massacre in
Niemirov, I 146

Gans, David, work of, copied by
Halperin, Polish-J e w i s h
chronicler, I 201

Gaons, heads of Babylonian
Jewry, I 20
Gaon of Bagdad corresponds
with early Russian rabbis,

I 33

Gaon of Vilna, see Elijah of
Vilna

Gapon, Russian priest and dema-
gogue, III 106

Gatchina, near St. Petersburg,
secret conferences of high
Russian dignitaries held at,

II 244 f

Jewish deputation received by
Alexander III. at, II 261

Geiger, Abraham, quoted, I 136
corresponds with Lilienthal, II
67

Gemara, term explained, II 114;
see Talmud

Gendarmerie, see Police

Genoa, commercial colony of, in
Crimea, I 33 f

Germany, Poland commercially
dependent on, I 39; and
religiously, I 40 f, 44

INDEX

261

Polish rulers welcome settlers
from, I 43 f; bestow upon
them autonomy ( Magde-
burg Law), I 44

Jews of, carry on commerce
with Slav countries, I 39

Jewish delegation from, pleads
for admission of Jews to Po-
land, I 40

Jews of, immigrate to Poland,
I 33, 41, 66

anti-Jewish hatred in Poland
fed from, I 57; fostered by
German burghers in Poland,
I 95

Polish-Jewish pilgrims to Pal-
estine pass through, I 209

Jacob Frank settles in. I 220

Jews of Slav lands culturally
dependent on, I 33 ; invite
rabbis from, I 43

Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis
for religious advice, I 125

grandfather of Solomon Luria
native of, I 124

Haskalah originates in, I 239,
384 ff

Polish Jews contrasted with
Jews of, I 386

Hebrew publications of, imi-
tated in Vilna, II 136

Russian-Jewish students in, II
381

Hebrew writers in, III 163

Doctor Herzl negotiates with
emperor of, III 46

penalty of Spiessruten intro-
duced into Russia from, II
85
See Prussia and Berlin
Gershon Kutover, see Kutover
Gershuni, member of Social-revo-
lutionary party, III 67
Ghederah, Jewish colony in

Judea, II 375
Gher (Poland), see Goora Kal-

varia
Ghetto, separate Jewish quarter
in cities, creation of, de-
manded by Polish Church,
I 48, 57
in Cracow, I 64, 85
in Moghilev (on the Dnieper),

I 98 f
in Posen, I 85
in Vilna, I 99
in Warsaw, I 269
former Moscow Gh. called
Glebov Yard, II 403
Gicatilla, Joseph, Cabalist, work
of, published in Poland, I
134
Giers, De, Russian minister for
Foreign Affairs, discusses
Jewish question with Ameri-
can Government, II 293, 396
Ginzberg, Asher, see Ahad Ha'am
Ginzburg, Mordecai Aaron, He-
brew writer, II 133 f
translates German works into

Hebrew, II 134
influences formation of neo-
Hebraic style, II 134

262

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Giovio, Paolo, Italian scholar, I
242

Gladkov, instigator of pogrom in
Starodub, II 411 f

Gladstone, English Prime Minis-
ter, cultivates friendly rela-
tions with Russia, II 287 f
appealed to by Mansion House
Meeting on behalf of Rus-
sian Jews, II 290
answers interpellation concern-
ing Russian Jews, II 291 f

Giebov Yard, former Ghetto in
Moscow, raided by police, II
403

Glogau (Germany), Solomon
Maimon buried in, I 240

Gmina, Polish name for Congre-
gation, II 102

Gnesen (Province of Posen),
oldest Polish diocese, I 47
seat of Polish primate, I 82
Council of Breslau demands
introduction of canonical
laws into diocese of, I 47 f
archbishop of, attends Synod
of Constance and presides
over Synod of Kalish, I 57
John Casimir, primate of, be-
comes Polish king, I 151

God, conception of, by Besht, I
225 f

Goeje, De, quoted, I 23

Goethe, impressed by autobiog-
raphy of Solomon Maimon,
I 240

Gcetz, F., author of pamphlet de-
fending Jews, II 389
Gogol, Russian writer, anti-Jew-
ish tendency of, 138 f
" Going to the People," phase of
Russian revolutionary move-
ment, term explained, II 222

practised by Russian-Jewish
intelhgenzia, II 222
Golitzin, Count, Minister of
Ecclesiastic Affairs, associ-
ate of Alexander I. in Chris-
tian mysticism, I 392, 396

president of Russian Bible
Society, I 396

all Jewish matters transferred
to, I 394

communicates with Kahals
through " Deputies of Jew-
ish People," I 394

receives protest of deputies
against blood accusation, II
74

prohibits blood accusation by
decree, II 74 f

extends prohibition of blood
accusation to Poland, II 99

advises dissolution of Society
of Israelitish Christians, I
400

orders investigation of " Juda-
izing heresy," I 401

accuses Jews of proselytizing,
I 404

suggests prohibition of keeping
Christian domestics, I 404

discharged, I 395

INDEX

263

Gonta, Cossack leader, engineers
Jewish massacre, I 184 ff

Goora Kalvaria (Polish, Gora
Kalwarza; Yiddish, Glier),
hasidic dynasty of, popular
in Warsaw, II 122

Gorchakov, viceroy of Poland,
receives deputation of revo-
lutionary Poles, II 180
opposes Jewish rights at Ber-
lin Congress, II 202

Gordin, Jacob, founds anti-tal-
mudie sect, II 333 f
becomes Jewish playwright in
America, II 325

Gordon, Judah Leib, Hebrew
poet, champion of Haskalah,
II 228
secretary of Society of Diffu-
sion of Enlightenment, II
229
attacks traditional Judaism,

II 129 ff

champions emigration from

Russia, II 323
dies (1392), III 63
Goremykin, Minister of Interior,

pursues reactionary policy,

III 9, 16, 135

Gorgippia (Crimea), now called
Anapa, ancient Jewish settle-
ment in, I 14

Gorodnya (near Chernigov),
alleged ritual murder at, re-
ported to Peter the Great,
I 247 f

Gotovtzev, Assistant-Minister of
Interior, chairman of Cen-
tral Committee for Revision
of Jewish Question, II 227

Gotz, member of Social Revolu-
tionary party, III 67

Government (province), gov-
ernor, and governor-general,
terms explained, I 308

Grace, William B,., mayor of
New York, presides at pro-
test meeting, II 296

Granville, Lord, English Secre-
tary for Foreign Affairs, re-
ceives Anglo-Jewish deputa-
tion on subject of pogroms,
II 262 f
receives resolutions of Man-
sion House Meeting, II 290

Grazdanin ( " The Citizen " ) ,
anti-Semitic Russian paper,
II 380, 3S1, 412

Great Poland, see Poland, Great

Greeks, immigration of ancient
Greeks into Tauris and
Crimea, I 13 f
export grain from Tauris and

Crimea, I 14
Jews follow in wake of, I 14
language of, spoken by Jews

of Tauris, I 16
compete with Jews in Odessa,

II 191
make pogrom upon Jews of
Odessa, II 192 f

264

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Greek-Orthodox Church, oppress-
ed in Poland, I 91 f; and
Ukraine, I 140 ff

" Gregor, Horowitz & Kohan,"
semi-Jewish firm of Russian
army purveyors, II 202, 244

Greig, Russian Admiral, member
of Council of State, pleads
for Jews, II 37

Gresser, city-governor of St.
Petersburg, persecutes Jews,

II 343 f

issues ordinance concerning

Jewish names, II 397 f
deports Moscow fugitives, II
410

Grigoryev, member of Committee
for Amelioration of Jews,
pleads for maintenance of
Pale, I 196

Grigoreyev, city-governor o f
Odessa, dismissed for re-
straining " Black Hundred,"

III 151

Grodno (city), meeting-place of
Polish Diet, I 76

important Jewish community
in, I 59, 73

Jews of, expelled, I 65 ; and
allowed to return, I 70 f

Jews of, assure Sigismund I.
of loyalty to country, I 81

Poles of, antagonistic to Rus-
sia (1812), I 357

Jews of, entrusted with police
duty, I 357

blood accusation in, II 73, 80

Jewish community of, repre-
sented on Polish Council,
(Waad Arba Aratzoth) , I
110; and later on Lithu-
anian Council, I 112

Mordecai Jaffe rabbi of, I 127

Sundel Sonnenberg, army pur-
veyor and Jewish deputy,
native of, I 358
Grodno (province, or govern-
ment), annexed by Russia
(1795), I 297

included in Pale (1795), I 317;
(1835), II 39

invited by Russian Govern-
ment to send deputies, I 349

Jews expelled from villages of
(1827), II 30 f

placed under military dictator-
ship of Muravyov, II 188
Cities in:

Druskeniki, II 377
Ruzhany, I 162
Zelva, I 237
Grudinski, convert, accuses Jews

of ritual murder, II 80
Gruzenberg, Russian-J ewish
lawyer, acts as counsel for
Blondes, accused of ritual
murder, III 37

defends Dashevski, assailant of
Krushevan, III 82

defends Jews of Kishinev, III
91

INDEX

265

Gruzin (Crimea), I 26

Gudovich, Count, governor-gen-
eral of South-west, rebuked
for interfering with Jewish
deputation to Paul I., I 325

Guido, papal legate, convenes
Church Council of Breslau,
I 47

Guilds, mercantile, in Poland,
I 44; see Merchants trade
Guilds, in Poland, I 44; see
Trade-Unions

Guizolfi, Zechariah, Italian Jew,
owns Taman Peninsula, I 36
corresponds with Ivan III. of
Moscow, I 36

Guizot, French Premier, supports
schemes of Russian-Jewish
emigration to Algiers, II 69

Gumbiner, Abel, head of yeshi-
bah in Kalish, Hebrew
author, I 200

Gumplovich, Polish-Jewish writ-
er and assimilator, II 213

Giinzberg, Baron Joseph Yozel,
leader of St. Petersburg com-
munity, petitions Alexander
II. on behalf of victim of
ritual murder accusation, II
152
petitions Alexander II. for

privileges to Jews, II 159 f
founder of Society for Diffusion
of Enlightenment, II 214

Giinzburg, Baron Horace, son of
former, waits on Vladimir,
brother of Alexander III.,
II 200

member of Jewish deputation
to Alexander III., 261

calls conference of notables in
St. Petersburg, II 277, 304

acts as link between Jews and
Pahlen Commission, I 337

petitions Government to allow
Jews purchase of land for
personal use, III 24
Gurko, governor-general of
Odessa, suggests restrictive
school-norm for Jews, II 339
Gurnitzki, Lucas, Polish writer,

quoted, I 79 f
Gymnazium, secondary school,
name explained, II 164

right of residence outside Pale
proposed for graduates of,
II 164

restrictive percentage at, in-
tensified, III 29, 15S; but
not applied to girls, III 30

award of graduation certifi-
cates restricted in case of
Jews, III 159

Pro-gymnazium, name ex-
plained, III 29

See Education and School
Gzheslik, Jewish tailor, accused
of desecrating host, I 101

26G

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Ha-Asif, Hebrew Periodical, II

372, III 58
Habad, adherents of " rational

Hasidism," term explained,

I 234
centered in White Russia, I

234, II 117
Polish Tzaddiks compared with

those of, II 123
See Shneorsohn, Zalman
Haber, title of Jewish educated

layman, I 117
Ha-Emel, socialistic periodical in

Hebrew, II 223
Hague Conference, the, calling

of, prompts Nicholas II. to

stop pogroms, III 35 f
Haidamacks, rebellious Ukrain-
ian peasants, name explain-
ed, I 182, II 138
massacre Jews ( 1 648 ) , I 49 ;

(1734 and 1750), I 182;

(1768), I 182 ft"
massacres of, described by

Gogol, II 138 f
Haimovich, Avigdor, rabbi of

Pinsk, informs against Ha-

sidim, I 377 f
Eaint, Yiddish daily in Warsaw,

III 162
Ha-Karmel, Hebrew weekly, in

Vilna, II 217
Ha-Kol, Hebrew periodical in

Konigsberg, II 223
Halevi, David, called Taz, rabbi

of Lemberg and Ostrog, 1

130

author of commentary on
Shulhan Arukh, I 130

receives letter and present

from Sabbatai Zevi, I 206 f

Halevi, Isaiah, son of former.

member of Polish-Jewish

delegation to Sabbatai Zevi,

I 206

Halperin, banker of Berdychev,
member of rabbinical com-
mission, II 57

Halperin, Jehiel, rabbi of Minsk,
Hebrew chronicler, I 200 f

Ha-Maggid, Hebrew weekly, II
217

Hamburg, Solomon Maimon re-
sides in, I 239
Moscow refugees in, II 420

Ea-Melitz, Hebrew weekly, in St.
Petersburg, edited by Zeder-
baum, II 204, 217 f
publishes Lilienblum's articles,

II 236

champions " Love of Zion "

movement, II 332
becomes daily, II 372, III 58
Handicrafts; see Artisans
Hannover, Nathan, of Zaslav,
historian, describes Council
of Four Lands, I 111
pictures Jewish intellectual

life in Poland, I 116 11"
gives account of Khmelnitzki
massacres, I 157
Hanukkah, king of Khazars, I
26

INDEX

267

Hardenberg, Prussian represen-
tatives at Congress at Aix-
la-Chapelle, I 399
Harkavy, quoted, I 23
Harrison, President of United
States, publishes diplomatic
papers bearing on Russian
Jews, II 294, 394

describes, in message to Con-
gress, plight of Russian
Jewry, II 408 f
Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, of Cordova,
corresponds with king of
Khazars, I 24 ff
Ea-Shahar, Hebrew monthly,
edited by Smolenskin, II
218, 234

publishes Gordon's epics, II
229

champions " Love of Zion "
movement, II 332
Ha-Shiloah, Hebrew monthly,
edited by Ahad Ha'am. and
later by Klausner, III 58,
162 f
Hasidim, adherents of Judah
Hasid, I 209

emigrate to Palestine, I 209 ff

adherents of Hasidism ; see
Hasidism

struggle between H. and old-
orthodox {Mithnagdim) , I
238, 274, 278, 375 f

H. of Vilna rejoice over death
of Gaon, I 375

granted right of secession by
Statute of 1804, I 356, 379

H. of Old-Constantinov " pro-
test " against Nicholas I., II
22

H. of Poland refuse to dis-
card Jewish dress, II 145
Hasidism, founded by Besht, I
222

doctrine of, expounded by
Besht, I 22, 224 ff

counteracts Rabbinism, 1
224 f; and Messianism, L
222; and Asceticism, I 227

propagated by Besht's apostles,
I 229 ff

opposes Haskalah, I 238 f

bitterly opposed by Elijah of
Vilna, I 236 ff, 372 ff

spread of, I 231 f

triumph of, I 371 f

growtli of, under Alexander I.,

I 381 ff

stagnation of, under Nicholas

I., II 116 ff
in North (White Russia and

Lithuania), I 381 f, II 117 f
in South (Ukraina), I 382 f,

II 119 ff

in Poland, I 3S4, II 122 f
retrogressive character of, I

278, II 124
encourages use of alcohol, II

124 f
restrictions against, suggested

by Friesel, governor of Vilna,

I 327

268

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

denounced by rabbi of Pinsk,
as dangerous to Russian
Government, I 378

extermination of, recommended
by Kalmansohn, I 385

criticized by David Fried-
lander, II 90

attacked, or silently opposed,
by I. B. Levinsobn, II 127 f

subjected to rigorous censor-
ship (1864), II 212

literature of, declared by I. B.
Levinsohn as dangerous to
State, II 130

See Hasidim, Tzaddiks, and
Shneor Zalman
Haskalah, attempt to harmonize
Jewish and secular culture,
term explained, II 125

originated by Mendelssohn in
Germany, I 238 f, II 125

opposed by Rabbinism and
Hasidism, I 238 f

hated by Nahman of Bratzlav,
I 383

Solomon Maimon influenced by,
I 239

effect of, on Jews of Warsaw,
I 284, 384 ff

championed by Jacques Kal-
mansohn, I 385

need of, for Polish Jews, em-
phasized by David Fried-
liinder, II 90; and followers,
I 386

advocated by Frank in White
Russia, I 331, 386

carried to St. Petersburg, I

386 ff
Max Lilienthal appeals to ad-
herents of (Maskilim) , II 53
preached by Isaac Baer Levin-
sohn, II 125 ff
center of, in Odessa, II 132 f
center of, in Vilna, II 134, 136 f
aims of adherents of, in Vilna,

II 136 f.

persecuted adherents of, escape
through haptism, II 132

adherents of, lean on Russian
Government, II 137

Russian H. compared with Ger-
man, II 137 f

becomes more aggressive, II
210, 224

stimulates neo-Hebraic style
and literature, II 132 ff, 210

advocated by Jewish press, II
217, 332 f

championed by M. L. Lilien-
blum, II 236

adherents of, portrayed by
Mapu, II 228

See Education, Neo-Hebraic
Literature, and School
Ha-Tzefirah, Hebrew weekly in
Warsaw, advocates Haska-
lah, II 333

edited by Sokolow, III 60

becomes a daily, II 372, III 58,
162
Hausfreund, Yiddish periodical,

III 59

INDEX

269

Hayynn, emissary of Sabbatai

Zevi, I 204
Hazakah, priority of possession,

term explained, II 188
grant of, must be sanctioned by

Kahal, I 190, II 188
matters relating to, decided by

Council of Four Lands, 1111
Ha-Zeman, Hebrew daily in

Vilna, III 162
Hebrew, language, importance of,

emphasized by Smolenskin,

II 134 f
position of, in Jewish life,

forms party issue, III 101
promoted by Zionism, III 45
restoration of, II 133, 135, 225
modern H. (Neo-IIebraic) lit-
erature, beginnings of, I 388 f
rise of, II 132 ff
renaissance of, II 224 ff, III

58 ff, 162 f
cultivated by Haskalah, II

132-ff, 210, 224
H. writers hail form Lithuania,

II 238
H. press, beginnings of, II 21 7 f
preaches Haskalah, II 217
recent revival of, III 58 f
See also Language
Heder, traditional Jewish school,

imparts elementary educa-
tion, I 114
Bible and Talmud principal

subjects of instruction at,

I 114, 121
18

secular subjects excluded from,

I 277

left to private initiative, but
supervised by Kahal, I 114

pupils of, examined weekly by
head of yeshibah, I 118

attendance at, compulsory for
boys, I 114, 121

negative effects of, I 277

shortened attendance at, sug-
gested by Dyerzhavin, I 333

criticised by Russian Council
of State, II 49

abolition of, suggested by
Lilienthal, II 53

defended by Rabbinical Com-
mission, II 57

placed under Government
supervision (1S42), II 56;
(1856), II 176

keepers of (Melammeds) re-
quired to possess secular edu-
cation (1844), II 5S

recognized by ukase of 1S79,

II 177

6,000 H's. in Russian South-
west, II 194

legalized and restricted to re-
ligious subjects (1893), II
427 f

See Education, School, and
Yeshibah
Heder, for poor children, called
Talmud Torah, maintained
by public funds, I 114 f

270

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND TOLAND

pupils of, examined weekly by
trustee, I 118

provided for, by Council of
Four Lands, I 195

established in Moscow, III 13
Helena, Russian princess, sym-
pathizes with " Judaizing
heresy," I 36
Helfman, Hesia, participates in
plot against Alexander II.,

II 244

Heliconias, name of Greek-speak-
ing Jew, I 115

Heller, Lipman, rabbi of Cracow,
describes persecutions of
1648, I 58

Helsingfors (Finland), Russian
Zionists hold Convention at,

III 144 f

" H. Program " gradually
weakened, III 146

Heniochi, tribe, I 15

Hennadius, archbishop of Novgo-
rod, combats " Judaizing
heresy," I 37

Henry of Valois, elected king of
Poland, I 89

Heracles, name of slave freed by
Crimean Jewess, I 15

Herem (Excommunication),

right of, granted by Polish
kings to rabbi of Brest
(1531), I 73, 105; to rabbis
of Great Poland (1551), 1
106; to Kahals of Lithuania
(1672), I 190

proclaimed against Sabbatians
by rabbis assembled at Lem-
berg (1722), I 211; (1725),
I 211

issued against Frankists by
rabbis assembled at Brody.
I 214

issued against Hasidim by
rabbinical court of Vilna
(1722), I 237; by rabbis as-
sembled at Brody, I 237 ; and
at Zelva (Grodno), I 237:
reaffirmed by Elijah of Vilna
(1796), I 373f

new H. against Hasidim con-
templated by Kahal of Vilna
(1797), I 375

issued by Kahal of Vilna
against Simeon Volfovich
(1788), I 276

Jews of Minsk complain about
abuse of (1782), I 275

prohibited by Statute of 1804,
I 344

prohibition of, occasionally dis-
regarded, I 367

power of, criticised by Polish
assimilationists, II 101

secret exercise of, alleged by
Brafman, II 188
Hernish, Stanislav, Polish-Jew-
ish patriot, II 105

refutes Polish attacks upon
Jews, II 109
Hershel, Ostropoler, See Ostro-
poler

INDEX

271

Hershko, name of Jewish " aren-

dar," I 266
Hertzen, Alexander, liberal Rus-
sian writer, describes suffer-
ings of cantonists, II 24 f
influences Russian-Jewish in-
telligenzia, II 207
Kerzl, Theodor, aroused by Drey-
fus Affair, III 42 f
publishes Judenstaat, III 43
compared with Pinsker, III 43
revives hopes of Hobebe Zion,

III 43 f
speeches of, discussed in Rus-
sia, III 47
author of Altneuland, III 48
visit of, to Russia, III 82 ff
negotiates with Plehve, III

83 f ; and Lansdorf, III 84
greeted enthusiastically by

Russian Zionist, III 84
criticized by non-Zionists, III

84
lays Uganda project before
Sixth Zionist Congress, III
84
death of, mourned by Seventh
Zionist Congress, III 144
Hetman, name explained, I 143,
192, 250
head of Cossacks, I 143
Khmelnitzki elected to post of,

I 144
H. of Lithuania sends instruc-
tions to Kahal of Brest, I
192

H. of Little Russia pleads for
admission of Jews, I 250, 260
Hezekiah, king of Khazars, I 26
Hirsch, Baron Maurice, II 413

proposes to establish arts and
crafts schools in Russia, II
415

proposal of, declined by Rus-
sian Government, II 415

representatives of, offer Pobye-
donostzev large contribution,
II 415

applies funds intended for Rus-
sia to schools in Galicia, II
416

sends expedition to Argentina,
II 416

sends Arnold ^liite to Russia,
II 416 ff

founds Jewish Colonization As-
sociation, II 414, 419

obtains permission of Russian
Government to regulate emi-
gration, II 420

issues appeal, warning against
emigration, II 420

scheme of, results in failure,
II 421, III 10
Eirsh Kaidanover, see Kaidan-

over
Hirshovich, Abraham, Polish
court broker, submits project
of Jewish reforms to King
Stanislav Augustus, I 2S4
Historiography, Jewish, in Rus-
sia, III 65

272

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Hobebe Zion, see Zionism
Hollaenderski, Polish-Jewish pa-
triot and writer, lives as
exile in Paris, II 109
Holland, Peter the Great in, I 246

Antonio Sanchez, Russian
court physician, invited
from, I 258

See Amsterdam
Horodno, Nehman of, disciple of

Besht, I 227
Homel (government of Mog-
hilev), massacre under
Khmelnitzki at (1648),
I 149

pogrom at (1903), III 87 ff

self-defence organized by Jews
of, III 87 f

pogrom at, condoned by gov-
ernor of Moghilev, III 89

misrepresented in official docu-
ments, III 89

described as act of revenge by
Jews, III 101

tried by Russian court, III
101 ff

Jewish community of, signs
petition for equal rights,
III 108
Horowitz, Isaiah, Cabalist,

author of Sheloh, I 135
Horowitz, Sheftel, son of former,
rabbi of Posen and Hebrew
author, I 135

author of liturgy describing
catastrophe of 1648, I 158

Horvitz, Russian-Jewish writer,
attacked by Russian period-
ical, II 207 f
defended in public protest of
Russian writers, II 208
Host Desecration, Charge of,
causes death of Jews in
Posen (1399), I 55, 95 174;
and Sokhachev (1556), I
86 f
forbidden by Sigismund II.
(1566),. I 88; and Stephen
Batory (1576), I 89
used as pretext to expel Jews

of Cracow (1635), I 101
of frequent occurrence at end
of 17th century, I 172
Hoym, Prussian minister, carries
out Jewish reforms in an-
nexed Polish provinces, I 3S5
Hugo, Victor, protests against
Jewish persecutions in Rus-
sia, II 326
Hungary, geographical position
of, I 25, 150
adopts Magdeburg Law, I 44
Church Council (of Buda) in,

I 49
Louis of, king of Poland, per-
secutes Jews, I 54
Husiatyn (Galicia) , place of pub-
lication, I 123
Huss, influence of, penetrates in-
to Poland, I 57
adherents of, persecuted, I 62
Ibn Fakih, Arabic geographer,
quoted, I 23

INDEX

273

Ibn Khordadbeh, Arabic geo-
grapher, quoted, I 23
Ibn Shaprut, see Hasdai I
Ibn Sharzi, Arabic writer, quot-
ed, I 23
Ignatyev, Nicholas Pavlovich,
Russian statesman, militant
pan-Slavist, II 259

ambassador at Constantinople,
II 259

nicknamed " Father of Lies,"
II 259

member of reactionary " Sacred
League," II 248

appointed Minister of Interior,
II 259

ascribes pogroms to revolu-
tionary propaganda, II 259 f

changes attitude, II 261

refuses to submit memorandum
in defence of Jews to Tzar,
II 262

shows indifference to pogrom
victims, II 263

ascribes pogroms to economic
exploitation of Jews, II 271 f

issues circular condemning eco-
nomic activities of Jews, II
273

influences Central Committee
for Revision of Jewish Ques-
tion, II 277

receives deputation of Jewish
Notables, II 277

calls upon Jews to leave Rus-
sia, II 285, 297

Ignatyev directed to appoint
Gubernatorial Commissions,
II 272, 363

circular of, read to Guber-
natorial Commissions, II
274; quoted by Cardinal
Manning at London protest
meeting, II 289

disregards protests in England,
II 292

permits holding of Jewish Con-
ference in St. Petersburg, II
304

holds Jews responsible for
pogroms, II 305

considers settlement of Jews on
steppes of Central Asia, II
306

suggests " Temporary Rules,"
II 311

makes concessions to Com-
mittee of Ministers, II 311,
318

connivance at pogroms causes
downfall of, II 314

downfall of, checks plan of
Jewish emigration from Rus-
sia, II 414
Illarion, Metropolitan of,
preaches hatred against
Jews, I 31
Illustratzia, Russian magazine,
attacks Jews, II 207 f

causes public protest of Rus-
sian literateurs, II 208

274

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Ilovaiski, professor, of Moscow,

opposed to Jews, II 387
Hya (government of Vilna),
home of Menashe Ilyer, II
114
Ilyer, Menashe (Manasseh),
Talmudist with modern ten-
dencies, II 114 ff

acquires modern culture, II 114

criticises spiritual leaders, II
115

book of, burned, II 115

pleads for modifications of re-
ligious law, II 115

unappreciated by contempor-
aries, II 116
Imperial Messenger (Pravityel-
stvenny Vyestnik) , official
organ of Russian Govern-
ment, minimizes pogroms, II
255

warns against pogrom protests,
II 291

foreshadows new pogroms, II
299

criticised by Moscow News,
II 299
Informing and Informers, see

Mesirah
Inkerman, Heights of, near
Sevastopol, Jewish soldiers
killed at, II 149
Inns (and Taverns), keeping of,
forms important Jewish pur-
suit, I 265, 362

Jews in White Russia forbid-
den from, I 311

permitted by Senate, I 312
forbidden by Statute of 1804,

I 342 f

See Arendar, Propinatzia, and
Villages
Innocent IV., pope, bull of, con-
demning ritual murder libel
(1247), referred to, I 179
Intelligenzia, Jewish, in Russia,
assimilation of, II 206 ff
in league with Russian Govern-
ment, II 211 f
indifferent to things Jewish,

II 212

Society for Diffusion of En-
lightenment acts on behalf
of, II 215

disillusionment of, II 324 ff
Interior, Russian, the (Russian
empire outside Pale of Set-
tlement), barred to Jews of
annexed White Russia (1790,
1791), I 316

Jewish manufacturers, mer-
chants, and artisans per-
mitted to sojourn tempor-
arily in (1804), 1344

Governments of Astrakhan and
Caucasia in, opened to Jew-
ish agriculturists (1804), I
342 f

Council of State considers ad-
mission of Jewish merchants
into, II 35 f ; negatived by
Nicholas I., II 36

INDEX

275

Jews admitted into, on tem-
porary "furlough" (1835),
II 40
Jews, illegally residing in,
severely punished (1838),
II 42
prominent Jews of St. Peters-
burg plead for opening of
(1856), II 160
admission of Jews into, dis-
cussed by Council of State
and " Jewish Committee," II
161 ff
Jewish guild merchants ad-
mitted into (1859), II 162
Jews with learned degrees ad-
mitted into (1861), II 166
Jews with higher education ad-
mitted into (1879), II 167
Jewish artisans (mechanics
and distillers) admitted into
(1865), II 170
Jews begin to settle in, II 171
Alexander II. refuses to admit
" Nicholas soldiers " into, II
171; but yields (1867), II
172
discharged Jewish soldiers
barred from (1874), II 354 f
" Jewish Committee " discusses
admission of Jews into
(1880), II 196 ff
five " Gubernatorial Commis-
sions " advocate opening of,
II 275

" illegal " Jews in, persecuted.
II 342 ff, 385

old settlers from among " il-
legal " Jews permitted to re-
main in (1SS0), II 404

admission of Jews to schools
in, restricted to 5% (1887).
II 350; restriction placed on
Statute books (1908), III
158

admission of Jews to universi-
ties in, restricted to 3%
(189S), III 29

pogrom in (Nizhni-Novgorod),

II 360

Government endeavors to an-
nul admission of privileged
Jews into, II 399

expulsion of Jews from, II 428

barred to Jews (under
Nicholas II.), Ill 20 f

Jewish soldiers forbidden to
spend furlough in (1S96),

III 21

Jews in, forbidden to acquire
real estate in villages
(1903), III 81

attempt to expel families of
mobilized Jewish soldiers
from, III 95

Jewish veterans of Russian-
Japanese War and families
of other privileged Jews ad-
mitted into (1904), III 98 f

pogroms in (October, 1905),
III 130

276

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

expulsion of Jews from (under

Nicholas II.), Ill 157
See Pale of Settlement, and
Residence, Right of
Ionian Islands, emigration from,
to Black Sea settlements, I
13 f
Iphicleides, name of Greek-
speaking Jew, I 15
Isaac, king of Khazars, I 26
Isaac, of Chernigov, corresponds

with Gaon in Bagdad, I 33
Isaac, Jewish physician at Polish

court, I 132
Isaac ben Jacob, see Alfasi
Isaacs, Henry, Lord Mayor of
London, disapproves of pro-
test meeting against po-
groms, II 3S2
Ishmaelites, see Muhammedans
Ispravnik, title of Russian

official, II 301, 409
Israel, son of Shakhna, succeeds
his father as rabbi of Lublin,
I 123
Israel, of Ruzhany, executed on
ritual murder charge, I 162 f
Israel, Baal-Shem-Tob, called
Besht, founder of Hasidism,
I 222 ff
born in Podolia, I 222
sent to heder, I 222
neglects studies, I 222
strange conduct of, I 222
studies Practical Cabala, I

222 f
settles in Brody, I 223

marries sister of rabbi, I 223

retires to solitude in Carpa-
thian mountains, I 223

occupies humble position in
Tlusta (Galicia), I 223

considered an ignoramus, I
223

begins to practise as Baal-
Shem, I 223

reputed as miracle-worker, I
224

called " good Baal-Shem," or
Baal-Shem-Tob, I 224

disparages exclusive Talmud
study, I 224, 226

recognizes authority of Cabala,
I 224

objects to Cabalistic ascestic-
ism, I 224, 226

inculcates cheerfulness, I 225

emphasizes faith and prayer, I
225, 226 f

settles in Medzhibozh (Podo-
lia), I 225

doctrine of, I 225 f

evolves belief in Tsaddik, I 227

disciples of, I 227 f

acknowledged by rabbi of
Brody, I 228

sends epistle to Palestine, I 228

believed to associate with bib-
lical prophets, I 228

popular discourses of, I 228

laments conversion of Frank-
ists, I 229

takes part in Frankist disputa-
tion, I 229

INDEX

277

sayings of, eellected by dis-
ciple, I 230, 237

See also Hasidism and Ha-
sidim
Israel, of Kozkenitz, leader of
Hasidim in duchy of War-
saw, I 384

successors of, II 122
Israel, of Ruzhin (government of
Kiev), hasidic leader, keeps
magnificent court, II 120

arouses suspicions of governor-
general, I 120 f

arrested, I 121

flees to Sadagora (Bukovina),
I 121

dynasty of, branches out, I 221

contests supremacy of Joshua
Heshel Apter, II 121
Isserles, Moses (Remo) , son of
Kahal elder in Cracow, I 123

pupil of Shakhna of Lublin, I
123

judge and head of yeshibah in
Cracow, I 123

writes commentary on Turim,
I 123

adds notes to Shulhan Arukh,
I 124

makes Shulhan Arukh great
factor in Polish Jewry, 1 130

differs from Solomon Luria,
I 126

disparages mysticism, I 126

favors moderate philosophy,
I 126

studies Maimonides' Moreh,

I 126, 132
teacher of Mordecai Jaffe, I 127
method of, contrasted with

that of Jaffe, I 128
method of, looked down upon

by Meir of Lublin, I 129
unequalled by successors, I 199
Istumin, Pobyedonostzev's agent

in Moscow, II 401
Italy, influence of, extends to

Crimea, I 34
Guizolfi, Jew from Italy, owns

Tanan Peninsula, I 36
Master Leon, Jew from, physi-
cian at Moscow court, I 37
Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis

for religious advice, I 125
Jewish physicians in Poland

originate from, I 132, or re-
ceive medical training in,

I 132
Delacruta, founder of Polish

Cabala, born in, I 134
work of Recanati, Italian Ca-

balist, studied in Poland,

I 134
Calahora, native of, executed

in Cracow, I 164 f
Judah Hasid studies Practical

Cabala in, I 208
Polish-Jewish pilgrims to

Palestine pass through, I

209
Itche (Isaac) Meier Alter, head

of Gher Hasidim, has many

adherents in Warsaw, II 122

278

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Ityl, ancient name for Volga,

I 19, 26

name of Khazar capital, I 19
Ttzele, Rabbi, see Zelikin
Itzhaki, Itzhok (Isaac), head of
Volozhin yeshibah, member
of Rabbinical Commission,

II 57

Ivan III., grand duke of Moscow,
I 29

assisted by Crimean Jews in
negotiations with Khan, I 3.">

corresponds with Guizolii, Ital-
ian Jew, I 36

orders burning of " Judaizers,"
I 37

executes his Jewish body-phy-
sician, I 37
Ivan IV., The Terrible, Tzar of
Moscow, I 29

refuses to admit Lithuanian
Jews into Russia, I 243

orders drowning of Jews of
Polotzk, I 243
Izyaslav, former name for gov-
ernment of Volhynia, I 317

Jacob Itzhok (Isaac), of Lublin,
pioneer of Hasidism in Po-
land, I 384

Jacob (Nahman), of Belzhytz,

Polish court physician, I 136

author of polemical treatise

against Christianity, I 136 f

Jacob Zelig (Selek, or Jelek),
presents petition of Polish
Jews to pope, I 179 f

Jacob Ben Asher, author of
Turim, work of, studied in
Poland, I 118
Jacobs, Joseph, quoted, II 287
Jacobsohn, deputy to F irst
Duma, reports on Bialystok
pogrom, III 139
Jaffa (Palestine), Jewish agri-
cultural settlements in
neighborhood of, II 322

representative of Odessa Pales-
tine Society in, II 422

gymnazium in, III 148
Jaffe, Mordecai, native of Bo-
hemia, I 126

pupil of Isserles, I 126

rabbi of various Polish com-
munities, I 126

presides over Council of Four
Lands, I 126

author of elaborate code, en-
titled Lebushim, I 126 f

method of, differs from that of
Caro and Isserles, I 27 ; look-
ed down upon by Meir of
Lublin, 129

comments on Maimonides'
Moreh, I 132

pupil of Delacruta, Cabalist,
I 134

author of cabalistic com-
mentary, I 134

unequalled by successors, I 199
Japanese, expel Russians from
Kuantung ( Shantung ) Pe-
ninsula, III 94

INDEX

279

destroy Russian fleet, III 110
Jews accused of alliance with,

III 95 f
Jastrow, Marcus, preacher in

Warsaw, active in Polish In-
surrection, II 179 If
rabbi in Philadelphia, II 179
Jehiel Michael, rabbi and head of

yeshibah in Niemirov, killed

in massacre (1648), I 146
Jelek, see Jacob Zelig
Jeremiah, the prophet, teachings

of, attacked by Judah Leib

Gordon, II 230
Jerome, The Holy, quoted, I 17
Jerusalem, referred to by Khazar

king, I 27 ; and Khazar

Jews, I 30
Polish -Jewish pilgrims arrive

in, I 205
Gymnazium in, III 148
Jesuits, patronized by Stephen

Batory, I 90
establish academy at Vilna,

I 90 f
grow in influence, I 91
derive financial benefit from

ritual murder libel, I 96
hostile to Jews, I 97, 99 f
effect of, on Polish people, 1171
invited in Posen to exorcise

evil spirits, I 203
students of colleges of, assault

Jews, I 95, 161 ; but in Vilna

protect Jews, I 166

college of, in Vitebsk supplies
anti-Jewish information, I
330
Jewish Chronicle, of London,
quoted, II 262, 290, 292, 382
Jewish Colonial Trust, created
by Zionists, III 45

financial weakness of, III 46

sale of shares of, forbidden in
Russia, III 83
Jewish Colonization Association
(ICA), founded by Baron
Hirsch in London, II 414,
419

Central Committee of, estab-
lished in St. Petersburg, II
420

transplants Jews to Argentina,

II 421

refused permission to settle
Jews as farmers in Russia,

III 10

Jewish Historico-Ethnographic
Society, in St. Petersburg,
founded 190S, III 160

publishes periodical, III 160
Jewish Judge, attached to court
of voyevoda, I 46

nominated by Jewish elders, I
191

appointed by voyevoda, I 46,
191

functions of, I 46, 191

tries cases between Jews, I 46,
52

280

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

sits in Kahal chamber, near

synagogue, I 46, 52, 191
officiates in presence of Kahal

elders, I 191
guided, in part, by Jewish law,
I 191

Jewish Literary Society, in St.
Petersburg, founded in 1908,
III 160
dissolved (1911), III 161

Jewish National Fund, created
by Zionists, III 45
collections for, forbidden in
Russia, III 83

Jewish National Party (Volks-
partei), in Russia based on
principle of National-Cul-
tural Autonomism, III 147
recognizes Jewish centers in
America and Palestine, III
147 f

Jewish People's Group, in Russia,
opposes Zionism, III 146
satisfied with minimum of Jew-
ish national rights, III 147

Jewish Publication Society of
America, referred to, III 51,
60, 62

Joel Baal-Shem (miracle work-
er), of Zamoshch, I 203

John, Russian ecclesiastic,
preaches hatred against
Jews, I 31

John Albrecht, king of Poland
(1492-1501), establishes
ghetto in Cracow, I 64

permits expelled Lithuanian
Jews to settle in Poland,
I 65
grants right of distilling
(propinatzya) to nobles
(1496), I 67
attended by Jewish body-phy-
sician, 132
John Casimir (1648-1668), con-
cludes peace with Klimelnit-
zki, I 151
permits baptized Jews to re-
turn to Judaism, I 151
anxious to compensate Jews for

past sufferings, I 158
grants right of free commerce

to Jews of Cracow, I 159
grants privileges to other com-
munities, I 159
John Sobieski (1674-1696), pro-
tects Jews against enemies,
I 165 f
protects Jews of Vilna, I 166
Jorjan, Sea of, see Caspian Sea
Joseph, king of Khazars, replies
to letter of Hasdai Ibn
Shaprut, I 25 IT
Joseph II., emperor of Austria,
engages in " reformatory "
experiments, I 262
project of Jewish reforms in
Poland influenced by policy
of, I 271, 273
Toleration Act of (1782), H
30
Joseph Israel, see Benjamin III

INDEX

281

Joseph Kalish, Polish minter, I
42

Joseph, N. S., secretary of Russo-
Jewish Committee in Lon-
don, II 388

Josephus, historian, quoted, I
14 f

Joshua Heshel Apter, see Apter

Jost, refutes anti-Semitic book
of Abbe Chiarini, II 104,
quoted, I 390

Journal De St. Petersbourg, Rus-
sian official organ, refutes
charge of pogroms, II 287 f

Jnd, Der, Yiddish weekly in War-
saw, III 59

Judsecphobia, name for Russian
anti-Semitism, II 247
growth of, II 378 ff
contrasted with German anti-
Semitism, II 6

Judah Ha-Nasi, compiler of
the Mishnah, II 114

Judah Hasid, founds sect in Po-
land, I 208 f
heads pilgrims to Palestine,

I 209
dies in Jerusalem, I 210

Judah Leib, father of Jacob
Frank, I 211
settles with son in Wallachia,
I 212

" Judaizing Heresy," originated
in Novgorod by Zechariah
(15th century), I 36
carried to Moscow (1480), I
36

finds adherents at court, I 36

leaders of, burned at stake,
I 37

checked, I 37

instils fear of Jews, I 37, 242,
249

spreads in Central Russia
(1796), I 401 f

severe measures adopted
against (1823), I 402 f

quoted by Senate as proof of
Jewish proselytism, I 404

Reformation in Poland re-
garded as, I 79 f

Christian rationalists in Po-
land nicknamed "Judaizers,"

I 136

Jude, Der, German-Jewish peri-
odical, published by Riesser,

II 219

Judea, part of Hellenistic Orient,
I 14
Jewish colonies, in, II 375

Judicial Authority, see Courts

Jtidisch-Deutsch, see Yiddish

Jiidische Bibliothek, Yiddish
periodical, edited by I. L.
Peretz, III 59.

Jiidische Volksbibliothek, Yid-
dish periodical, edited by
Shalom Aleichem, III 59

Jiidischer Verlag, in Berlin, re-
ferred to, III 52

Jiidisches Volksblatt, Yiddish
weekly in St. Petersburg, III
58 f

282

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Justinian, emperor of Byzant-
ium, persecutes Jews, I 18

Jutrzenka ( "The Dawn" ), organ
of Polish-Jewish assimila-
tionists, II 213

Kaffa (now Theodosia), Crimea,
maintains commercial rela-
tions with Kiev, I 33

becomes Genoese colony and
international emporium, I
33 f

Jews flock to, I 34

taken by Turks (1475), I 34

Khoza-Kokos, Jewish native
of, exercises great influence,
I 35

Jews, expelled from Lithuania,
emigrate to, I 65
Kahal (Jewish community), un-
der Polish regime, forms cul-
tural, national, and civil
entity, I 1.03

signifies " community " and
"communal administration,"
I 105

autonomy of, recognized by
Casimir the Great, I 52

fully established by Sigismund
II. (1551), I 106 f

organization of, I 106 f

elections to, I 192

oligarchic character of, I 192 f

functions of, I 107 f

acts as fiscal agency, I 107,
181 ; and valued as such by
Government, 189 f

manages Jewish institutions,
I 107

executes civil acts, I 107, 190

supervises elementary educa-
tion, I 114 f

has separate judiciary, I 83.
191

elders of, attached to general
courts, I 84

K. chamber serves as a seat of
judiciary, I 191 f

relation of, to Polish authori-
ties, I 191

federation of K's., I 104, 108 f,
112, 193, 196 f

Conferences (or Waads) , of
federated K's., I 108 ff

relation of K's. to one another,
I 193

minor K's. called Pri-Kahalki,
I 108, 193

autonomy of, stimulates learn-
ing, I 121 ; exerts beneficient
effect on Jewish life, I 189

Polish Jews exhorted by rabbis
to obey K's., I 188 f

Blackmailed by Polish officials,
I 169

K. of Brest ordered by authori-
ties to hold elections (1719),
I 192

K. of Lemberg receives consti-
tution from voyevoda
(1692), I 191 f

court of Vilna K. excommuni-
cates Hasidim (1772), I 237

IXDEX

283

K. of Vilna engages in litiga-
tion with rabbis, I 275 f

financial indebtedness of K's.,
I 290

degeneration of, I 274 ff

Jews of Minsk complain
against (1782), I 275

Simeon Volfovich of Vilna
urges abolition of (178S),
I 276

abolition or curtailment of,
urged by Poles, I 280 ff

weakening of, recommended by
Kalmansohn (1796), I 385

defended by Hirsch Yosefovich,
rabbi of Khelm, I 283

supervision over, recommended
by Abraham Hirschovich,
I 284

abolition of, recommended by
Committee of Polish Govern-
ment (1815), II 89

abolition of, favored by Polish-
Jewish assimilationists, II
101

criticised by David Fried-
lander, II 90

abolished in Poland (Decem-
ber 20, 1821-January 1,
1822), II 102

superseded by " Congrega-
tional Board," II 102 f

See also Autonomy and Courts
Kahal (Jewish Community), un-
der Russian regime, atti-
tude of Government towards,
I 308 ff

admission of Jews to city gov-
ernment conflicts with sepa-
rate organization, I 308

Jews of annexed White Russia
in K's. (1772), I 308

sanctioned by Senate (1776),
I 309

granted right to issue pass-
ports, I 309

charged with collection of state
taxes, I 309

endowed with judicial powers,
I 309

Government changes attitude
towards, 1310

confined to religious and fis-
cal functions (1786), I 313

deprived of civil and judicial
powers (1795), I 319

promise of Government to
maintain judicial powers of,
violated, I 320

preservation of, due to fiscal
considerations, I 320, 366

establishment of, in Courland,
due to same motives (1799),
I 321

curtailed status of, recognized
in Statute of 1804, I 344

admission to city government
fails to weaken power of, I
368 ff

Government forced to extend
functions of, I 367

Government communicates
with K's., I 336, 339

284

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

K. of Minsk decides to send
delegation to St. Petersburg
(1802), I 336

BJ's, invited by Government to
elect deputies (1803), I 337;
(1806), I 349

ordered to assist Jews expelled
from villages (1810), I 351

represented at army head-
quarters (1812), I 358

elected representatives of K's.,
called " Deputation of Jew-
ish People," act as advisory
council to Government
(1818-1825), I 393 ff

K. of Grodno entrusted with
police duties (1812), I 357

Alexander I. receives K. of
Kalish, I 35S

Alexander I. assures K's. of his
high favor (1814), I 359

K. of Minsk inquires about
attitude of Vilna G a o n
towards Hasidism, I 373

Gaon issues appeal to K's.
against Hasidism (1796),
I 373

Hasidim kept within K. by
Statute of 1S04, I 379

demoralized by hasidic schism,
I 371, 379

suppression of, advocated by
nobility of Lithuania
(1800), I 326; and Dyerz-
havin (1800), I 332

made responsible for supply of
recruits (1827), II 19 f

K's. directed to elect recruiting
trustees, II 19

trustees of, turned into police
agents, II 22 f

K. of Vilna complains to Coun-
cil of State about oppression
of Jews, II 38 f ; pleads for
abolition of cantonists, II
36 f

functions of, regulated by
Statute of 1835, II 41

Council of State criticises
power of (1840), II 47; and
suggests dissolution of, II 49

abolished by Nicholas I. (De-
cember 19, 1844), II 59 ff

retained as fiscal and recruit-
ing agency, I 60 ff

demoralized condition of, II
112

elders of, made personally re-
sponsible for quota of re-
cruits (1850), 147 f

misdeeds of, portrayed by
Mapu, II 227 ; by Gordon, II
230; by Bogrov, II 241

Brafman accuses Jews of
secret continuation of, in
Russia, II 188; and of or-
ganizing international
"World K.," II 189

minutes of K. of Minsk serve
as incriminating material,
II 189

Brafman's " Book of K."
printed and distributed by
Government, II 190; serves

INDEX

285

as material for " Jewish
Committee," II 193; influ-
ences reports of governors,
II 194
Russian officials repeat Braf-
man's charges concerning
K's., II 194 f
Alliance Israelite of Paris
accused of constituting
World K., II 189, 194
Society for Diffusion of En-
lightenment accused of
forming part of, II 216
Jewish Conference in St.
Petersburg solemnly denies
charges concerning K.
(1882), II 307 f
Pahlen Commission questions
Jewish experts in regard to
(1888), II 369 f
See also Municipality and
Autonomy

Kaidanover, Aaron Samuel, rabbi
of Cracow, Hebrew author,
I 200

Kaidanover, Hirsch, son of
former, Hebrew author, I
202

Kakkanov, governor -general of
Vilna, rebukes Jewish depu-
tation of welcome, II 383

Kalarash (government of) pog-
rom at, III 128

Kalayev, Russian revolutionary,
assassinates Grand Duke
Sergius, III 110
19

Kalinovski, Polish commander,

defeated by Cossacks, I 145
Kalish, leading city of Great
Poland, I 42
Synod of, issues canonical laws

against Jews, I 57, 02
surrenders to Swedes, I 155
city and province of, annexed

by Prussia, I 292
Jews settle in, I 41
Jews of, petition Casimir IV
for renewal of charter, I 61
communities in province of,

destroyed, I 156
Alexander I. receives Kahal of,

I 358
Abel Gumbiner, head of yeshi-

bah in, I 200
Warta, in province of, place of
Polish Diet, I 58
Kalkreuth, Count, patron o f

Solomon Maimon, I 240
Kalman, Jewish printer in Lub-
lin, I 131
Kalmansohn, Jacques, author of
pamphlet advocating Jewish
reforms in Poland, I 385
Kalmanovich, Jewish lawyer,
acts as council for Jewish
victims of Kishinev pogrom,
III 91; and of Homel pog-
rom, III 102
Kalmycks, tribe of, I 367
Kamenetz-Podolsk ( Podolia ) ,
Dembrovski, bishop of, ar-
ranges disputation at, I .
214 f

286

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Talmud burned at, I 215

Vilna Gaon appeals against
Hasidim to Kahal of, I 373

pogrom at, III 128
Kaniev (Ukraina), Starosta of,

maltreats Jews, I 1G9
Kant, Immanuel, praises Solo-
mon Maimon, I 240
Kantakuzenka (government of
Kherson), pogrom at, III 33
Karabchevski, Russian lawyer,
acts as council for Jewish
victims of Kishinev pogrom,
III 91
Karaites, in Byzantine empire,
I 28

in Crimea, I 28 f

in Chufut-Kale (Crimea), I 35

in Lithuania, I 60

K. of Lithuania, receive auto-
nomy from Casimir IV., I 61

autonomy of K's. of Troki con-
firmed by Alexander Yag-
uello, I 64

form separate municipality in
Troki, I 73

K's. of Tavrida granted equal
rights, I 318 f; II 160

excluded from bar but in-
officially admitted, II 352 f

Isaac Troki, Karaite, author
of anti-Christian treatise, I
137 f

Simha Pinsker, historian of, II
160
Karaulov, deputy to Third
Duma, defends Jews, III 156

Karlin, near Pinsk (government
of Minsk), Hasidim estab-
lish themselves in, I 372
Aaron of, hasidic leader, I 234
Solomon of, hasidic leader, I
372

" Karliners," nickname for Ha-
sidim in Lithuania, I 372,
375

Karnyeyev, governor of Minsk,
inquires into condition of
peasantry, I 322 f

Karpov, member of " Jewish
Committees," advocates Jew-
ish emancipation, II 196 IT

Karpovich (government of Cher-
nigov), pogrom at, II 315

Kattowitz ( Prussia ) , confer-
ence of " Lovers of Zion," at,
II 376

Katzaps, nickname for Great-
Russians in Little Russia,
II 248; III 115, 117

Katzenellenbogen, Saul, rabbi of
Vilna, objects to heterodoxy
of Menashe Ilyer, II 115 f

Kauffmanji, governor-general of
Vilna, appoints commission
to investigate Brafman's
charges, II 189

Kaulbars, military governor of
Odessa, fails to check pog-
rom, III 129

Kazan (Central Russia), Jews of
Vitebsk exiled to (1654), I
154

INDEX

287

cantonists stationed in, II 25
suicide of cantonists in, II 27
mosques destroyed in govern-
ment of, I 254
Kazimiezh (Polish, Kazimierz),
suburb of Cracow, estab-
lished as Jewish ghetto, I 64
Jews of, restricted in business,
I 75
Kedars, name for Polovtzis, con-
querors of Crimea, I 29
Kempster, United States com-
missioner, sent to Russia, II
407
Keneset Israel, Hebrew period-
ical, II 372, III 58
Kerch, pogrom at, III 120; see

Bosporus
Kertz, Crimean city, probably
identical with Kerch, I 26
Khagan, title of Khazar king, I

20 ff
Khappers, Yiddish name for re-
cruiting agents, II 23
Kharkov (city), Jews permitted
to visit fair of (1835), II 40
Jews expelled from, II 319
merchants of, protest against

exclusion of Jews, II 319
Bilu, organization of Palestine
pioneers, formed in, II 321
Kharkov (government), Jews
permitted to visit fairs of
(1734)*, I 251
Gubernatorial Commission ap-
pointed for, I 273

governor of, condemns Jews,
II 276; advocates school-
norm, II 339
Khazars, various forms of name,
I 18

appear in Caucasus, I 19

establish kingdom on Volga, I
19

penetrate as far as Kiev, I 19

establish another center in
Crimea, I 19 f

church attempts conversion of,
I 20

converted to Judaism, I 20 f

invite teachers from Baby-
lonia, I 21

inner life of, I 22

Jewish merchants travel
through kingdom of, I 23

Jews of Byzantium flee to, I
23 f

Hasdai Ibn Shaprut corre-
sponds with king of, I 24 II

K's. defeated by Russians, I 28

withdraw to Crimea, I 28

K's. in Crimea destroyed by
Russians and Byzantines, I
28

relatives of last king of, flee
to Spain, I 28

Jews from kingdom of, attempt
conversion of Vladimir, I
30

settle in principality of Kiev,
I 31

The text has 1774 by mistake.

288

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

civilizing influence of, on Kiev,
II 252
Khazars, Sea of, name for Cas-
pian Sea, I 23
Khazaria, name for Crimea, I

28 ff
Khelm (province of Lublin),
bishop of, imprisons Jews on
charge of host desecration,
I 86
rabbi of, author of Polish
pamphlet defending Jews, I
283
Kherson (city), visited by
White, emissary of Baron
Hirsch, II 418
Kherson (government), seat of
Zaporozhian Cossacks, I 143
Jews settled as agriculturists

in, I 363 f, II 71
included in Pale (Statute of

1835), II 40
pogroms in, II 251, 304, III

33, 100
governor of, deplores effect of
Jews on their domestics, I
404
Localities in:

Alexandria, III 100
Anayev, II 251
Borki, II 378
Kantakuzenka, III 33
Khlopitzki, Polish dictator, de-
clines offer of Jewish volun-
teers, II 105

Khlops, nickname for Polish

peasants, I 140, 182; see

Serfs
Khmelnitzki (Polish, Chmel-

nicki), Bogdan, I 144 ff
elected Hetman by Cossacks,

I 144
forms alliance with Tartars of

Crimea, I 144
defeats Polish army, I 145
heads rebellion of Ukrainians

against Poles, I 145
organizes massacre of Jews, I

145
sends detachment of Cossacks

against Niemirov, I 146
derides Polish generals, I 149
besieges Lemberg, I 150 f
demands delivery of Jews, I

151
receives ransom and with-
draws, I 151
defeated by Poles, I 152
signs Treaty of Byelaya Tzer-

kov (1651), I 152
enters into negotiations with

Tzar Alexis, I 152 f
extent of K. massacres, I 157
recollection of K. massacres

stirs later Ukrainians, I 182,

185
reports of K. massacres arouses

Sabbatai Zevi, I 205
K. massacres described by

Gogol, II 139; and Bogrov,

II 242
See Cossacks

INDEX

289

Kholonyevski, member of Polish
Diet, objects to extension of
Jewish rights, I 28S
Khomyakov, Russian poet, con-
demns regime of Nicholas I.,
II 141
Khovanski, governor-general of
White Russia, ordered to
provide livelihood for Jews
expelled from villages, I 400

recommends discontinuation of
expulsion, I 407

recommends proceedings in
ritual murder trial of Ve-
lish, II 76 ff

believes to have discovered
monstrous crime, II 78

asks governors of Pale for in-
criminating material, II 80

censured by Nicholas I., II 80

exposed as Jew-baiter by
Council of State, I 81
Khoza Kokos, Jew of Crimea,
agent of Grand Duke Ivan
III. of Moscow, I 35

arranges alliance between
grand duke and Khan of
Crimea, I 35

writes to Ivan III. in Hebrew,
I 35
Xhwarism, city in Asia, I 26
Kiev (city), Khazars make raids
on, I 19

captured by Lithuanians
(1320), I 94

forms part of Polish empire,
I 94, 140

incorporated, together with

Little Russia, in Russian

empire (1654), I 94
ceded to Russia by Poland

(1667), I 159
Metropolitan of Greek-Ortho-
dox Church resides in, III

125
Jews settle in, I 31
Jews and Khazars in, II 252
Khazar Jews appear in, to con-
vert Prince Vladimir (986),

I 30 f
Greek-Orthodox priests in,

preach hatred against Jews,

I 31
pogroms at (12th century), I

32
Jews of, protected by Prince

Svyatopolk II., I 32
fire at, damages Jews (1124),

I 32
" Jewish Gate " at, mentioned

in Russian Chronicles, I 32
visited by early Jewish

travellers, I 32 f
Jews, fleeing from Germany,

settle in, I 33
Moses, rabbi of, mentioned in

early Hebrew sources, I 33
" Skharia," Jew of, settles in

Novgorod (15th century), I

36
burghers of, obtain right of

excluding Jews (1619), I 95
Jews permitted to settle in

(1794), I 317, II 31

290

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Nicholas I. orders expulsion
of Jews from ( 1827 ) , II 30 ff

authorities of, secure postpone-
ment of expulsion, II 33

Nicholas I. insists on expul-
sion from, IT 36

closed to Jews by Statute of
1835, II 40

Jews permitted to visit K. tem-
porarily, II 172

privileged categories of Jews
settle in (under Alexander
II.) , II 264

Government agents prepare
pogrom at (after accession
of Alexander III.), II 248

pogrom at (April, 1881), II
251 ff, 287; tried in court,
II 264

" illegal " Jews expelled from
(May, 1881), II 263 f

wholesale expulsions of Jews
from (1882), II 319;
(1886), II 346

Jews of, subjected to raids, or
oblavas, II 346; III 20

wives of Jewish artisans in,
forbidden to trade, II 385

visited by White, emissary of
Baron Hirsch, II 418

persecution of Jews in (under
Nicholas II.), Ill 19 f

Jews made to pay for night
raids, III 20

Government frustrates project
of trade bank in, III 25 f

Russian Nationalist Society of,

incites to pogroms, III 114
pogrom at (October, 1905), III

128
Jewish students excluded from

Polytechnicum at (1907)

111*152
1200 Jewish families expelled

from (1910), III 157
Stolypin assassinated at

(1911), III 164
impending pogrom at, stopped.

Ill 165
Beilis ritual murder case in,

III 165 f
Jewish printing-press in, II

43; transferred to Zhitomir,

II 43
Jewish printers of Slavuta im-
prisoned in, II 123
Censorship Committee i n ,

ordered to examine Jewish

books, II 44
Professor Mandelstamm, resi-
dent of, II 298, 304, III 47
Dashevski, avenger of Kishinev

pogrom, student in, III 81
Jiidisches Volksblatt appears

in, III 59
Kiev (province, or government),

subject to Poland, I 140
estate in, owned by Polish

nobles, I 140
ceded to Russia (1667), I 159
part of, annexed by Russia

(1793), I 292

INDEX

291

Jews of, flee to Tatars (1648),

I 145
Jews forbidden to settle in

(1649), I 151
Jews in part of, exterminated,

I 157

few Jewish survivors in, I 246
Haidamacks massacre Jews
in (1768), I 183f

included in Pale (1794), I
317; (1804), I 342; (1835),

II 40

Jewish deputies from, arrive
in St. Petersburg (1803), I
337

Jews of, invited to send dele-
gates to city of Kiev (1807 ) ,

I 349

Hasidism spreads in, I 3S2 ;

II 119 f

Jews expelled from villages in

(1830), II 32; expulsion

postponed until 1835, II 33
number of Jewish artisans in,

II 168
Poles and Jews forbidden to

acquire estates in (1864),

II 173
economic activity of Jews in,

II 194
pogroms in ( 1881 ) , II 256 f
Court of Appeals of, tries
Homel pogrom, III 101

Localities in :

Berdychev, II 256 f
Chernobyl, I 382, II 119

Ruzhin, II 120
Shpola, III 33
Smyela, II 256
Uman, I 184 f, 383, II 122
Bibikow, governor-general of,
condemns Jews, II 47 ; ar-
rests Israel of Ruzhin, II
120 f
Vasilchikov, Count, favors
transfer of Jewish artisans
to Russian Interior, II 168
Dondukov, Korsakov, points
out economic danger of Jews,
II 193 f
Drenteln, fierce anti-Semite, II
276, 316 f, 319, 341
Kiev, principality of, claims over-
lordship over Russian lands,
I 29
influenced by Byzantium, I

29 ff
passes under sovereignty of
Tatars, I 33 ; see Kiev ( city )
Kievlanin, anti-Semitic paper in

Kiev, III 20
Kings, Polish, favor Jews be-
cause of financial advan-
tages, I 69
elected by Poles, I 89
keep Jewish body-physicians,

I 132
counteracted by Diets, I 160
lose their authority, I 168
Kirgiz, tribe, placed in Russian
law above Jews, II 367

392

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Kiselev, count, appointed chair-
man of Committee for Radi-
cal Transformation of Jews
(1840), II 50, 157

addressess circular to gov-
e r n o r s-general concerning
projected Jewish reforms
(1845)*, II 65 f

receives petitions in favor of
Jews from Moses Montefiore,
II 688

advocates mitigation of Jewish
restrictions (1856), II 157
Kishinev, modern Jewish school
in, II 52

Jews of, accord friendly recep-
tion to Max Lilienthal, II 56

" Congregation of New Testa-
ment Israelites " in, II 225

"Smugglers," anti-Semitic
play, produced in, III 38

pogrom at (1903), III 69 ff;
stirs Jewish national senti-
ment, III 82; avenged by
Jewish youth, II 81, 132;
stimulates emigration, III
85 ; intensifies animosity of
Nicholas II., Ill 93; tried
in court, III 90 ff

authorities of, impeached be-
fore Senate, III 92

Jews accused of seeking to
avenge K. massacre, III 95,
101

fear of new pogrom at, causes
emigration, III 96 f

Russian Nationalist Society of,

incites to pogroms, III 114

pogrom at (October, 1905), III

128

Jewish community of, protests

against denial of Jewish

franchise, III 121

Kitovich, Polish writer, accuses

Jews of ritual murder, I 180

Klaus, name for hasidic house of

prayer, II 124
Klausner, Joseph, Hebrew writer,
editor of ha-Shiloah, III 58,
163
Klopstock, German poet, imi-
tated in Hebrew, II 135
Kmita, Peter, voyevoda of Cra-
cow, accepts bribes from
Jewish merchants, I 76
Kobrin (province of Grodno),
Bezalel of, Hebrew author, I
201
Kochubay, Minister of Interior,
appointed chairman of Com-
mittees for Amelioration of
Jews (1802), I 335 f
instructs governors to allay

fears of Jews, I 336
assisted by Speranski, I 340
recommends postponement of
expulsion of Jews from
villages, I 347
assists settlement of Jewish
agriculturists in New Rus-
sia, I 363

The text has 1815 by mistake.

INDEX

293

accepts dedication of pamphlet

by Nyevakhovich, I 387
recommends severe measures

against " Judaizers," I 402
Koenigsburg (Prussia), visited

by Solomon Maimon, I 239
visited by Menashe Ilyer, II

114
Jewish socialists arrested in,

III 223 f
Hebrew periodicals published

in, II 223
Kohan, Jacob, Hebrew poet, III

162
Kohen, Sabbatai, see Cohen
Kokovtzev, Minister of Finance,

favors Jewish franchise, III

122
Kol Mebasser, Yiddish periodi-
cal, II 218
Kollontay (Polish, Kollontaj),

radical member of Polish

Diet, I 280
suggests abolition of Jewish

autonomy, I 282
assists Jews in struggle for

rights, I 291
Kolomea (Galicia), capital of

Pokutye province, I 150
Konigsberg, see Koenigsberg
Konotop (government of Cherni-
gov), pogrom at, intensified

by Jewish self-defence, II

257
Koppelman, Jacob, Hebrew

author, I 133

Koretz (Volhynia), Phineas of,

disciple of Besht, I 227
Korff, Baron, advocates admis-
sion of Jewish artisans into
Russian Interior, II 170
Korobka, or basket tax, name ex-
plained, II 61 ; see Tax
Korolenko, Russian writer, signs
protest against Jewish per-
secutions, II 387
writes public letter in defence

of Jews, II 388
portrays Kishinev massacre,
III 76 f
Korostyshev, hasidic center, II

120
Korsun (province), Poles de-
feated b y Cossacks a t
(1648), I 145
Kosciuszko, spelling and pronun-
ciation of name, I 292
leads Polish uprising of 1794,

I 292
liberal and democratic, I 292 f
permits formation of Jewish

regiment, I 294
announces it in special army

order, I 294 f
captured by Russians, I 296
Zayonchek, general under, I
296, II 91
Kosovo (Galicia), Besht settles
in, I 223
Nahman of, disciple of Besht,
I 227
Kostantinia, Sea of, name for
Black Sea, I 26

294

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Kostomarov, Russian historian,
defends ritual murder libel,
II 205
Kotzebue, governor-general o f
New Russia, fails to check
Odessa pogrom (1871), II
192
Kotzk (Polish, Kock) , near War-
saw, Berek Yoselevich killed
in vicinity of, I 303

hasidic dynasty of, II 122
Kovalevski, Minister of Public
Instruction, advocates ad-
mission into Russian In-
terior of graduates of sec-
ondary schools, II 164
Kovno (city), Jews of, barred
from city government
(1805), I 370

growth of pauperism in, III 24

" Bund " holds convention in
(1899), III 57

Jewish community of, signs
petition for equal rights
(1905), III 108

Abraham Mapu, Hebrew
writer, native of, II 226 ff

Isaac Elhanan Spector, rabbi
of, II 304
Kovno (government), part of,
called Zhmud, I 293, II 133

formed originally part of gov-
ernment of Vilna, I 317

constituted 1872, I 317

forms part of Lithuania, II 39

vitally affected by expulsion of
Jews from border zone
(1843), II 63
placed under military dictator-
ship of Muravyov (1803), II
188
Lutostanski, anti-Semitic
writer, priest in, II 203
Friedman from, deputy to
Third Duma, III 153
Localities in:
Dusyaty, III 115
Salant, II 133
Vilkomir, II 236
Kozhenitz (Poland), Israel of,
hasidic leader in Poland, I
384, II 122
Kozhmyan, member of Polish
Council of State, objects to
emancipation of Jews, II 93
Kozlovska, witness in ritual
murder case of Velizh, II 82
Kozodavlev, Russian assistant-
minister of Interior, member
of " Jewish Committee," I
352
Kozubales, tax to Catholic
academies in Poland, I 161,
166
Kramshtyk, president of War-
saw community, arrested for
participating in Polish In-
surrection, II 181
Krasinski, Vincent, Polish gen-
eral, author of pamphlet on
Jews of Poland, II 96 f

INDEX

295

Kraushar, quoted, I 136

Krechatinikov, Russian general,
captures Haidamack leaders,
I 186

Kremenchug (government o f
Poltava ) , pogrom at ( Oc-
tober, 1905), III 128

Kremenetz (Volhynia), Jewish
community of, represented
on Council of Four Lands,
I 110
massacre at (1648), I 149
Mordecai Jaffe, rabbi of, I 127
native place of Isaac Baer
Levinsohn, II 125 ff *

ILremsier (Moravia), meeting-
place of Austrian Parlia-
ment, II 179

Kreslavka (government of Vite-
bsk), Frank, Jewish phy-
sician, resident of, I 331, 386

Krestentzya, form of lease, for-
bidden to Jews, I 404 f

Kretingen (province of Zhmud),
Berek Yoselovich born at, I
293

Krochmal, Nahman, Galician

thinker, associates with

Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 126

work of, compared with that

of Levinsohn, II 127

Kronenberg, convert, protests
against Polish anti-Semit-
ism, II 178

Kronenstadt, fortress near St.
Petersburg, place of im-
prisonment, II 42
Krueger, Russian official, accuses
Jews of Saratov of ritual
murder, II 151
Krushevan, journalist and petty
official in Kishinev, III 69
editor of Bessarabetz, III 69 ff
carries on violent agitation

against Jews, III 69 ff
invited by Plehve to publish
Znamya, anti-Semitic paper,
in St. Petersburg, III 70
accuses Jews of ritual murder,

III 71
incites to pogroms, III 71
wounded by Dashevski, III 81 f
Krushnitza, ancient Polish capi-
tal, Jew elected king at, I 40
Krysa, Leib, represents Frank-
ists at religious disputation,
I 217
baptized, I 217
Kuantting (Shantung) Penin-
sula, Jews expelled by Rus-
sians from, III 94
Kukhazhevski (Polisli, Kuchar-
zewski), Polish anti-Semitic
candidate to Russian Duma,
defeated by Warsaw Jews,
III 167
Kulak, Russian name for village
boss, II 318, 325

*P. 125, line 3 from below, read "Volhynia," instead of "Podolia.

296

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Kupcrnik, Jewish lawyer, acts as
council for victims of Honiel
pogrom, III 102

Kursk (government), number of
artisans in, II 16S

Kut, Crimean city, I 26

Kutais (city in Caucasia), ritual
murder case at, II 204

Kutaysov, Count, declares po-
groms result of Jewish " ex-
ploitation," II 271

Kutover, Gershon, rabbi of
Brody, brother-in-law o f
Besht, I 223
receives message from Besht in
Palestine, I 228

Kuty (Galicia), Besht settles in
neighborhood of, I 223

Euyavia, former Polish province,
I 75; II 90

Ladi (government of Moghilev),
residence of Shneor Zalman,
founder of Habad, and his
successors, I 234; II 117

Lakh, Ukrainian nickname for
Pole, I 142, 184

Lambat, Crimean city, I 26

Lamsdorff, Russian Minister of
Foreign Affairs, has inter-
view with Herzl, III 84

Landed Property, see Villages

Landau, Adolph, Russian-Jewish
publicist, II 221

Language, use of Polish L., aban-
donment of Yiddish, and re-
striction of Hebrew advo-

cated by Poles (1788-1791),

I 273, 281

use of Polish in business [and
elimination of Hebrew and
Yiddish] advocated by
Friesel, governor of Vilna
(1800), I 327

use of Russian, Polish, or Ger-
man in legal documents and
in business suggested by
Dyerzhavin (1800), I 333

Russian, Polish, or German
made obligatory for Jewish
schools and for public docu-
ments and business [Statute
of 1804], I 345

reading and writing knowledge
of Russian, Polish, or Ger-
man required for Jewish
members of municipalities
[Statute of 1804], I 345

Jewish deputies plead for use
of Hebrew in business, I
349 f

followers of David Friedlander
call upon Polish Jews to
abandon Yiddish and adopt
L. of country, I 3S6

Statute of 1S35 requires use of
Russian, or other local dia-
lect, for public and business
documents, and forbids He-
brew categorically, II 40

Kahal elders required to read
and write Russian [1835],

II 41

INDEX

297

Isaac Baer Levinsohn calls on
Jews to study L. of country,
II 126

Jews of Poland forbidden use
of Hebrew and Yiddish in
civil affairs, legal docu-
ments, and business corre-
spondence [Act of 1862], II
182

Jews of Poland retain use of
their L., II 195

freedom of L. demanded by
League for Equal Rights
[1905], III 112

fight between Hebrew and Yid-
dish (1908), III 161

See Hebrew, Polish, Russian,
and Yiddish
Lanskoy, Minister of Interior,
favors admission into Rus-
sian Interior of Jewish
graduates o f secondary
schools, II 164

corresponds with officials con-
cerning admission of Jewish
artisans into Russian In-
terior, II 168
Lantzkorona ( Polish, Lancko-
rona, Podolia ) , assembly of
Frankists at fair of, I 213,
215
Lapin, Shalom, of Grodno, sus-
pected of ritual murder, II
73
Lapkovski, Benish, from govern-
ment of Vitebsk, elected Jew-
ish deputy, I 393

Laski, John, Polish chancellor,

edits Polish code of laws, I

71
Laschenko organizes pogrom at

Ananyev, government o f

Kherson, II 251
Lavrov, Russian revolutionary in

London, II 223
Layze (Lazarus), son of Jewish

arendar, I 266
Lazhentzka, Dorothy, of Sokha-

chev, sentenced on charge of

having sold host to Jews, I

86
League for the Attainment of

Equal Rights for the Jewish

People in Russia, the, or-
ganized in Vilna (1905), III

111
program of, III 111 f
establishes Central Bureau in

St. Petersburg, III 112
conventions of, III 131, 133 f
protests against pogroms, III

132
sends greetings to Dashevski,

avenger of Kishinev pogrom,

III 132
decides to call All-Poissian

Jewish National Assembly,

III 133
Jewish Duma deputies accept

program of, III 13-4
presided over by Yinaver, III

134

298

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

represents doctrine of Na-
tional-Cultural Autonomism,
III 144
stands above class and party

affiliations, III 145 f
disintegration of, III 146 f
League of Jewish Socialists, in

London, II 223
league of Jewish Workingmen,

see " Bund "
League of Russian People, or-
ganization of Black Hun-
dred, III 141
favors re-establishment of un-
limited autocracy, III 149
secures pardon for pogrom

makers, III 150
forms " Second Government,"

III 141, 151
badge of, demonstratively worn

by Nicholas II., Ill 151
See Black Hundred
" Learned Jew " (U ch ony
yevrey) , Russian title for
Jewish Government expert,
II 239
Lebensohn, Abraham B a e r
(called " Adam ") , Hebrew
poet, II 134 f
prominent in Maskilim circle
of Vilna, II 136
Lebensohn, Micah Joseph, son of
former, Hebrew poet, II 226
Legal Profession, see Bar
Leipsic, Russian-Jewish mer-
chants visit fair of, I 359 f
place of publication, II 135

Lekkert, Hirsch, shoots at gov-
ernor of Vilna, III 67
Lelevel (Polish, Lelewel), Polish
historian, issues manifesto
to Jews, II 107 f

calls upon Poles to be friendly
to Jews, II 178

eulogized by Jews at memorial
service, II 180
Lemberg (Lvov, Polish, Lwow),
leading city of Red Russia,
I 74, 196

anti -Jewish riots in (1463), I
63 f

Jews of, restricted in com-
merce, I 74

besieged by Khmelnitzki
(1648), I 150 f

authorities of, refuse to deliver
Jews, I 151

Jesuit college students in,
attack Jews, I 161

Jews of, organize self-defence,
I 161; but are massacred
(1664), I 162

Pikolski, monk in, conducts
agitation against Jews, I
174

Jews of, receive communal
autonomy (1356), I 53;
granted communal constitu-
tion (1692), I 191

rights of Kahal elders upheld
by voyevoda of, I 190

Jewish community of, repre-
sented on Council of Four
Lands, I 110

INDEX

299

rabbis assembled at, excom-
municate adherents of Sab-
batai Zevi, I 211
disputation betwen Frankists
and Orthodox at, I 216 f, 229
conversion of Frankists at, I

217
Isaiah Horowitz (Sheloh) edu-
cated in, I 135
Rabbis of:

Joshua Falk Cohen, head

of yeshibah, I 128
David Halevi (Taz), I

130, 206
Meir of Lublin, I 129
Hayyim Rapoport, I 21 G
Solomon, I 115
Le Nord, newspaper in Brussels,
organ of Russian Govern-
ment, II 393
Lenchitza (Polish, Leckyca,
province of Kalish ) , Jews
of, executed on ritual mur-
der charge, I 100
Solomon Ephraim of, criticises
yeshibahs, I 119 f
Leon, Jewish physician, executed

by Ivan III., I 37
Leshek, Polish prince, receives
Jewish delegation from Ger-
many, I 40
Leshek The White, Polish ruler,

favorable to Jews, I 42
Lesnaya (White Russia), battle
at, I 248

Lessing, referred to by Nye-
vakhovich, Russian-Jewish
writer, I 387
Levanda, Leon (Lev), Russian-
Jewish writer, native of
Lithuania, II 238

teacher in Jewish Crown
school, II 239

" Learned Jew " in Vilna, II
239 f

novels by, II 239 f

joins Palestine movement, II
240, 332

corresponds with Bogrov, II
241
Levendahl, Russian official, in-
spires Kishinev massacre,
III 71, 77
Levi Itzhok, of Berdychev, ha-
sidic leader, I 232 f

saintliness of, I 233, 382

Hebrew author, I 3S2
Levin, Shrnaryahu, member of
Central Committee of League
for Equal Rights, III 112

deputy to First Duma, III 134

denounces Bialystok pogrom,
III 137, 139

demands equal rights for Jews,
III 137
Levinsohn, Isaac Baer, called
" the Russian Mendelssohn,"
II 125 ff

born in Volhynia, II 125

associates with Maskilim of
Galicia, II 125 f

300

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

author of Te'udah be-Israel, II
126; conclusions of, II 126

author of anonymous anti-
hasidic satire, II 127

author of Bet Yehudah, II 127 f

suggests plan of Jewish re-
forms, II 128; and modifica-
tions in Jewish religious
life, II 129

keeps in contact with Russian
dignitaries, II 129 f

receives subsidies from Rus-
sian Government, II 129,
132

advocates prohibition of
" harmful " books, II 129 f

naivete of, II 130

publishes refutation of blood
accusation, II 131

author of apologetic treatise
Zerubbabel, defending the
Talmud, II 131

compared with scholars in
other lands, II 131

dies unappreciated, II 132
levita, Benedict, of Cracow,
granted monopoly of import-
ing Hebrew books, I 131
Levy, Lipman, financial agent at

Russian Court, I 248
Lewin, L., quoted, 1111
Lewin, Mendel, of Satanov (Po-
dolia), Hebrew writer, I 388
liberum Veto, Polish parlia-
mentary law, source o f
anarchy, I 92, 168

Lieberman, A. (Freeman), Jew-
ish socialist, II 223 f
Lieders, Russian viceroy in Po-
land, arrests Jewish leaders,
II 181
Lieven, Russian Minister of Pub-
lic Instruction, receives
memorandum from Isaac
Baer Levinsohn, II 129
Lifschitz, Gedaliah, of Lublin,

Hebrew author, I 133
Lilienblum, Moses Leib, advo-
cates religious reforms, II
236

joins Russified intelligentzia, II
237

writes " Sins of Youth," II 237

joins " Love of Zion " and
later Zionist movement, II
237, 328 f, 376, III 42, 49
Lilienthal, Max, native of Ba-
varia, II 52

director of modern Jewish
school in Riga, II 52

commissioned by Russian Gov-
ernment to carry out school
reforms, II 53

visits Vilna, II 54 ; meets with
approval of local Maskilim,
II 136 f

meets with opposition in
Minsk, II 55

presents report to Uvarov,
Minister of Public Instruc-
tion, II 55

tours Russian South and
South-west, II 56

INDEX

301

assured by Jewish communi-
ties of co-operation, II 56

campaign of, hailed by Jewish
leaders of western Europe,
II 67

not supported by Isaac Baer
Levinsohn, II 136

emigrates to America, II 59

quoted, II 55
Lippomano, papal nuncio, insti-
gates host trial of Sokhachev,
I 86 f
Liquor, use of, encouraged by

Hasidim, II 124 f
Liquor Trade, see Propination
Literature, rabbinic L. in Po-
land, I 121 ff; see also He-
brew, Yiddish, and Russian
Lithuania, Kiev incorporated in,
I 94

Volhynia annexed by, I 59

"Union of Lublin," between
Poland and L. (1569), I 88

annexed by Russia (1795), I
297

Jews emigrate from Crimea
into, I 35

important Jewish communities
in, I 59

Jews of, obtain charter from
Vitovt (1388), I 59

favorable economic condition
of Jews in, I 60, 72 f

Jewish tax farmers in, I 72, 94

Karaites in, I 60

20

Jews expelled from (1493),
and allowed to return
(1503), I 65, 70 f

Jews of, suspected of shelter-
ing proselytes, I 80; and of
planning to leave country,
I 81

cleared of suspicion by royal
charter (1540), I 81
"Lithuanian Statute" (1566)
imposes restrictions on Jews,
I 87

blood accusations in, I S7 f, 96,
162 ff

" Union of Lublin " affects un-
favorably Jews of, I 88

Ukrainian rebels penetrate
into, I 149

invaded by Russians (1654ff),
I 153 ff, 156, 264

Jews, persecuted by Cossacks,
flee to, I 157

Jewish cultural center moves
to, I 159 f

Jewish conditions in, described
by Solomon Maimon, I 239 f

Jews of, barred from Russia,

I 243 f; yet penetrate into
Moscow, I 245

numbers of Jews in, I 263 f
included in Pale (1795), I
317; (1804), I 342; (1835),

II 39

Polish nobility of, advocate
Jewish reforms (1800), I
325 f

302

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Jews establish woolen mills in,
I 363

Jewish agricultural colonies
in, II 72

Jews admitted to municipal
government in, I 369 ; but
speedily disfranchised, I 370

Jews of, loyal to Russia in Po-
lish insurrections of 1861
and 1863, II 107, 182 f

Russian authorities of, believe
Brafman's charges against
Jews, II 189

pogroms checked in, II 267, 276

Jewish labor movement in, III
55

Jews of, called Litvaks, object
of Polish anti-Semitism, III
166 f

Jewish communities of, repre-
sented on Council of Four
Lands, I 110; but later form
separate Council (1623), I
112, 193 f, 195

Michael Yosefovich appointed
" senior " of Jews of, I 72

Kahals of, granted right of
herem (1672), I 190

different intellectual develop-
ment in, I 221

strong position of Rabbinism
and Talmudism in, I 199 f,
221, II 113

Elijah of Vilna, champion of
Rabbinism in, see Elijah of
Vilna

yeshibahs of, adopt method of

Elijah of Vilna, I 381 f
Messianism preached among

Jews of, I 208
Hasidim penetrates into, 1

230 ff, 237
type of Hasidism in, I 232 f
rabbis of, oppose Hasidism, II

233, 237 f
Kahals of, appealed to against

Hasidism, I 373
Hasidism weak in, I 274, 372
Hasidim of, denounced to Rus-
sian authorities, I 376
spirit of denunciation (mesi-

rah) among Jews of, I 377 £
disintegration of Kahals in, I

275 f
Jews of, plead for preservation

of Kahal courts, I 320
greater political sense among

Jews of, I 379
rabbis of, arbitrate between

Kahal and rabbi of Vilna, I

276
rabbis of, appeal to I. B. Levin-

sohn to refute blood accusa-
tion, II 131
opposition to secular learning

among Jews of, II 114 f
Haskalah movement in, see

Haskalah and Vilna
Hebrew writers originate from,

II 238
Little Poland, see Poland, Little
Little Russia, see Russia, Little

INDEX

303

Livadia, summer residence of

Alexander III., II 429, III

18
Livonia, inhabitants of, demand

admission of Jews, I 256
Empress Elizabeth refuses to

admit Jews into, I 257
Jews expelled from (1744), I

257
Jewish newcomers expelled

from (1829), II 32; see

Baltic Provinces
Lizno (Galicia), Elimelech of,

hasidic leader, I 232
Lobanov-Rostoveki, chairman of

Committee for Amelioration

of Jews (1871), II 191
Lobzovo, near Cracow, residence

of Estherka, favorite of

Casimir the Great, I 53
Lodz, Jewish labor movement in,

III 55
pogrom at, III 119 f
economic success of Jews in,

stimulate Polish boycott, II

166
Loewenthal, professor, sent by

Baron Hirsch to Argentina,

II 416
Lokhvitz (province), massacre

at (1648), I 145
London, Moses Montefiore of,

goes to Russia, II 68
M'Caul, missionary in, II 131
Jewish Socialist Society in, II

223

( Mansion House Meeting held
in (February 1, 1882), II
288 ff

Lord Mayor of, presides at
meeting, II 288; and joins
pogrom committee, II 291

bishop of, joins pogrom com-
mittee, II 291

secret circular of Plehve circu-
lated in, II 381

new protest meeting planned
in, II 382

Guildhall Meeting held in ( De-
cember 10, 1890), II 388 ff

effect of protest meeting in,
felt in St. Petersburg, II
397 f

Moscow refugees in, II 408

Jewish Colonization Associa-
tion in, II 414, 419

Fourth Zionist Congress held
in, III 45

L. Times publishes account of
pogroms and persecutions,
II 287; attacks Russia, II
381, 389 f; publishes secret
letter of Plehve, III 77
Longinus, see Dlogosh
Lopukhin, Russian prosecutor-
general, receives denuncia-
tion against Ilasidim, I 375 f
Loris-Melikov, Russian states-
man, favors popular repre-
sentation, II 245

discusses Jewish question with
American Minister, II 293

304

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Louis of Hungary, Polish king
(1370-1382), persecutes
Jews, I 54

Louisiana, Jewish agricultural
colonies, in, II 374

" Love of Zion," see Zionism

Lovich, Synod of (1720), forbids
building or repairing of
synagogues, I 171

Lozno (government of Moghilev),
residence of Shneor Zalman,
founder of Habad, I 234, 330,
372, 376, 378, II 117

lubavichi (government of Mog-
hilev), residence of Sbneor
Zalman's successors, II 117

Lubbock, Sir John, protests
against pogroms, II 288

Lubenski, Polish Minister of
Justice, objects to emancipa-
tion of Jews, I 300 f
suggests law barring Jews
from liquor trade, I 304

Lublin, leading city of Little Po-
land and capital of Poland,
I 42, 110
"Union of" (1569), I 88

Lublin (province), annexed by
Austria (1795), I 297
ritual murder cases in, I 96,

100
Crown Tribunal in, tries ritual
murder cases, I 96, 100, 172
conference of rabbis and Kahal
elders meet at, I 109 f, 123

Council of Four Lands meets

periodically at, I 110, 152,

194
community of, receives royal

permission to open yeshibah

(1567), I 115
printing-press in, I 131, 196
disputations between Jews and

Christians at, I 136
Gedaliah Lifschitz, Hebrew

author, of, I 133
Jacob Itzhok, hasidic leader,

of, I 384
Martm Chekhovich, Christian

theologian, of, I 136
Rabbis of:

Shalom Shakhna, father of
Polish Talmudism, I 105,
122 f
Israel, son of former, I 123

Joshua Falk Cohen, I 112,
128

Solomon Luria (Mahar-
shal), I 125

Mordecai Jaffe, I 127

Meir of (Maharam) , I 128 f,
199

Samuel Edels ( Maharsho ) ,

I 129
Towns in:

Shchebreshin, I 158

Voistovitza, I 178

Zamoshch, I 203
Lubliner, Polish-Jewish writer

and patriot, II 109

INDEX

305

lubny (province of Poltava),
Cossack massacres at
(1637), I 144; (1648), I 145

Lubomirski, Polish Crown Mar-
shal, imposes tax on Jews
sojourning in Warsaw, I
268 f

Lueger, anti-Semitic burgo-
master of Vienna, III 32

Lnga (government of St. Peters-
burg), Alexander I. causes
expulsion of Jews from, I
409

Lukasinski, Valerian, Polish
army officer, defends Jews.
II 97 f

lukov (province of Shedletz), I
287

Luria, Isaac (Ari), name ex-
plained, I 134
influence of Cabala system of,

on Poland, I 134, 202
study of writings of, forbidden

before age of forty, I 214
writings of, studied by Besht,

I 223
prayer-book of, accepted by
Hasidim, I 231

Luria, Solomon (Reshal or Ma-
harshal) native of Posen, I
124
rabbi in Ostrog and Lublin, I

125
follows casuistic method of

Tosafists, I 125
criticises Shulhan Arukh, I
125

gravitates towards mysticism,

I 126
criticises study of Aristotle in

yeshibahs, I 120
leaves profound impress on
posterity, I 199
Lutherans, Isaac Troki argues
with, I 137; see Reformation
Lutostanski, Hippolyte, aceuses
Jews of ritual murder, II
203 f
receives acknowledgment from
Alexander III., 203, 244
Lutzk (Volhynia), Crimean Jews
settle in, I 35
important Jewish community

in, I 59
Karaites in, I 60
Jews of, expelled (1495), I 65
Lvov, see Lemberg
Lvov, Russian statesman, dis-
closes connection between
Government and pogroms,
III 125 f
Lyck (Prussia), ha-Maggid, pub-
lished in, II 217
Lysyanka (province of Kiev),
massacre at, I 184

Maeotis, see Azov, Sea of
" Magdeburg Law," name ex-
plained, I 44
granted to Germans in Poland,

I 44
bestowed on city of Lemberg,
I 53

30(J

THK JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

granted to Karaites of Lithu-
ania, I 61 ; and confirmed,
I 64

taken advantage of by Polish
estates to oppress Jews, I 74

Jews exempted from jurisdic-
tion of, I 94

Jewish Kahal forms counter-
part to, I 1 03 ; see also
Autonomy
Magister, Russian university de-
gree, explained, II 165
Magistracies, see Municipalities
Maimon, Solomon, born in Lithu-
ania, I 239

receives talmudic education, I
239

studies in Germany, I 239 f

student of Kantian philosophy,
I 240

writes " Autobiography," I 240

quoted, I 221
Maimonides, philosophic writ-
ings of, studied by Moses
Isserles, I 126; and Mordecai
Jaffe, I 132

studied and interpreted by
Solomon Maimon, I 240

influences Shneor Zalmon, I
382

does not appeal to Nahman of
Bratzlav, I 383

invoked by Maskilim in sup-
port of secular learning, II
126

quoted, II 119

Makarov (government of Kiev).
hasidic center, II 120

Makov, chairman of Commission
for Revision of Laws con-
cerning Jews, II 336

Malakh, Hayyim, Sabbatian pro
pagandist, I 208
joins Judah Hasid, I 209
heads party of pilgrims to Pal-
estine, I 209
holds Sabbatian services in
Jerusalem, I 210

Melchevski, Polish bishop, in
vites David Friedliinder to
render opinion on Polish-
Jewish question, II 90

Maliss, Eda, victim of pogrom,
II 302

Manasseh, I., and II., kings of
Khazars, I 26

Manassein, Minister of Justice,
excludes Jews from Russian
bar, II 352

Mandelstamm, successor to Max
Lilienthal, II 118

Mandelstamm, professor, of Kiev,
insists on necessity of organ-
izing emigration, II 298
attends conference of Jewish
notables in St. Petersburg,
II 304
denounces Ignatyev's offer to
settle Jews in Central Asia,
II 306
supports Zionist leaders in
Western Europe, III 47

INDEX

J07

Manifesto, name explained, II
246
coronation M. of Alexander II.
abolishes Jewish conscrip-
tion, II 155 f
M. of Alexander III. promising
to uphold autocracy, II 246
coronation M. of Alexander
III. disregards Jews, II 338
M. of Nicholas II., on birth of
heir-apparent Alexis, offers
trifling alleviations to Jews,
III 98
M. of October 17, promising
Constitution, III 127; fol-
lowed by pogroms, III 127 fT
Vyborg M., see Vyborg
Mankup (Hangup), Crimean

city, I 26
Manning, cardinal, protests at
Mansion House Meeting
against pogroms, II 289 f
joins pogrom committee, II 291
expresses sympathy with
Guildhall Meeting, II 390
Mansion House Meeting, see

London
Mapu, Abraham, Hebrew writer,

II 226 ff
Margolis, M., Jewish expert, in-
vited by Pahlen Commission,
II 369
Marini, general of Dominican
Order, deprecates persecu-
tion of Polish Jews, I 165

Mark (Mordecai), victim of
blood accusation, I 100

Markovich, Moses, " general syn-
dic " of Polish Jews, I 160

Marriage, among Jews, restric-
tions placed upon, by Polish
Diet (1775), I 267; disre-
garded, I 268
limitation of number of M's

proposed by Poles, I 282
age of, restricted by Russian

law (1835), II 40
early M's in vogue, II 112

Marseilles, Altaras of. visits
Russia. II 69

Masalski, bishop of Vilna, em-
ploys Berek Yoselovich. I
294

Maskilim. see Haskalah

Massacres, see Pogroms

Masudi, Arabic writer, quoted,
I 23 f

May Laws, see Temporary Rules

Maximova, witness in ritual
murder case, II 82

Mazovia, Polish principality and
province, I 42, 85
annexed by Prussia (1795), I
297

M'Caul, London missionary, at-
tacks Talmud, II 131

Me'assef, Hebrew periodical, I
3S6; II 137

Meat Tax, see Tax

Meath, Earl of, addresses Guild-
hall Meeting, II 391

308

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Mechanics, see Artisans

Mecliislav, prince of Great Po-
land, forbids violence against
Jews, I 42

Mechislav (Meshko), Polish
king, mentioned on coins, I
42

Medicine, see Physicians

Medzhibozh (Podolia), Besht
settles in, I 225
visited by his disciples,. I 228
residence of Borukh Tul-
chinski, I 384; and his dis-
ciples, II 121

Meir of Lublin (Maharam) ,
rabbi and scholar, I 128 f
leaves profound impress on
posterity, I 199

Meir, of Shchebreshin, describes
Cossack persecutions, I 158

Meir, of Tarnopol, Hebrew
author, I 201

Meisels, Bemsh, rabbi in Cracow,
and member of Austrian par-
liament, II 179
rabbi in Warsaw, and active in
Polish Insurrection (1863),
II 179 ff

Melammed, see Heder

Melitopol (government of Tav-
rida), pogrom at, III 115

Melitzah, conventionalized He-
brew style, II 225, 228

Menahem, king of Khazars, I 26

Mendel, chief rabbi of Great Po-
land, I 104

Mendel Kotzker, hasidlc leader,

II 122
Mendel, of Lubavichi, see Shneor-

sohn
Mendel, of Vitebsk, hasidic

leader, I 234
Mendele Mokher Sforim, see

Abramovich
Mendelssohn, Moses, " Father of
Enlightenment," I 238, II
125
" Enlightenment " of, con-
trasted with Russian Has-
kalah, II 137
followers of, among Polish and
Russian Jews, I 239, 331,
384, 385, 387
Isaac Baer Levinsohn, called

" the Russian M.," II 125
Bible translation of, rendered

into Russian, II 118
David Friedliinder, pupil of,
approaehed by Polish Gov-
ernment, II 90
attacked by Smolenskin, II 235
Wessely, associate of, II 135
Mengli-Guiray, Khan of Crimea,
communicates with prince of
Moscow through Jewish
agents, I 35 f
Menorah, represented on tomb-
stones in Tauris, I 16
Merchants, the, form separate
estate in Russia, I 308
exempted from military ser-
vice, II 20

INDEX

309

called to military service
(1874), II 200

few first-guild Jewish M's. in
Pale, II 162

Jewish M. permitted tempo-
rary visit to Interior ( 1835 ) ,
II 40

admission of, into Interior
voted down by Council of
State, II 35 f ; discussed by
Committee for Amelioration
of Jews, II 161 f

Jewish first-guild M's. ad-
mitted into Interior (1S59),
II 62, 343

attempt to exclude Jewish M's.
from Interior (under Alex-
ander III.), II 399

permitted to remain in Mos-
cow, III 14; but restricted
in rights, III 15

See Commerce
Keshcherski, Count, editor of
anti-semitic weekly Gra-
zhdanin, II 380, 413
Meshko, see Mechislav
Mesirah ("Informing") de-
velops among Jews under
Russian rule, I 377

discharged rabbi of Pinsk en-
gages in, I 377 f

in Novaya Ushitza, II 84 f, 121

in Mstislavl, II 85 ff
Messianism, preached in Poland,
I 204 ff

superseded by Hasidism, I 222

defended by Smotenskin, II 235
" Love of Zion " viewed with
suspicion by Orthodox as
rival of, II 377
Messianic character of Politi-
cal Zionism, III 48

Methodius, Slavonian mission-
ary, engages in disputation
with Jews, I 18

Metternich, represents Austria
at Congress of Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, I 399

Mezherich (or Mezhirich), Vol-

hynia, hasidic center, I 229 f

Baer of M., called " Mazhiri-

cher Maggid," I 227, 229 f,

384, II 120

Michinski, Sebastian, Polish
anti-Semitic writer, I 97

Mickiewicz, see Mitzkevich

Mikhailishok (government of
Vilna), residence of Abra-
ham Lebensohn, II 134

Mikolski, Polish priest, favors
Frankists, I 216

Mikweh Israel, agricultural
settlement in Palestine, II
322

Miletus (Asia Minor), Jewish
community in, I 14

Military Service (or Conscrip-
tion), Jews of Poland free
from, I 304
payment of ransom in lieu of,
confirmed by Polish law
(1812), I 304; (1817), II
95; (1S31), II 107

310

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

imposed on Jews of Poland
(1843), II 109

imposed on Jews of Austria, II
30

merchants in Russia exempted
from, by paying conscription
tax, I 318; II 15

merchants subjected to (1874),
II 200

imposition of, on Jews planned
by Alexander I., II 15

conceived by Nicholas I. as
means of de-Judaization, II
15

danger of imposition of, on
Jews set forth by Novo-
siltzev, II 16

Jews alarmed by rumors con-
cerning imposition of, II 17

imposed upon Jews by con-
scription ukase of August
26, 1827, II 18 ff, ukaso re-
affirmed in Statute of 1835,
II 41

juvenile M. S., see Cantonists

certain classes of Jews ex-
empted from, II 20

weight of, falls principally on
burghers, II 29

horrors of, II 24 ff, 27 ff, 145 ff

Jews of Old-Constantinov
" protest " against, II 21 f

early marriages due to fear of,
II 28

alleviations in, proposed by
Council of State and rejected
by Nicholas I., II 36

ineffectiveness of, in reform-
ing Jews pointed out by
Council of State (1840), II
48

term of, reduced for gradu-
ates of Crown schools (1 844 ) ,
II 58

Jewish agriculturists ex-
empted from, II 71

shunned by Russians in gen-
eral, II 146

evaded by Jews, II 146

barbarous penalties decreed
for evasion of (1850), II
147 f

severities of, repealed by Alex-
ander II. (1856), II 155 ff

tax in lieu of, proposed for
graduates of secular schools
and rejected (1859), II 164

newly regulated by Law of
1874, II 199 ff

discriminations against Jews
in new M. S. Statute of 1874,
II 200 f, 355

evasion of, punished by fining
family of recruit (1886), II
356

fine for evasion of, stimulates
emigration, II 373, 414

Jewish emigrants relieved
from, II 420

See Army, Recruits, and Sol-
diers
Milton, indirect effect of, on He-
brew literature, II 135

INDEX

311

Minor, rabbi of Moscow, refuses
blackmail offer of Lutostan-
ski, II 203
dismissed from office and ex-
iled by Russian Government,

II 423 f

Minsk (city), Jews of, complain

against abuses of Kahal, I

275
Kahal of, decides to send depu-
tation to Tzar, I 336
Jews of, communicate with

Jews of Vilna concerning

Hasidism, I 373
Max Lilienthal opposed by

Jews of, II 55
visited by Alexander II., II 187
minutes of Kahal of, used by

Brafman as incriminating

material, II 189
growth of pauperism in, III 24
Convention of Russian Zionists

at, III 45, 51, 59
pogrom at, III 119
Jewish community of, protests

against denial of Jewish

franchise, III 121
Jehiel Halperin, rabbi of, I 200
Naphtali, resident of, Hebrew

author, I 201
Pollak, resident of, offers to

establish agricultural farms,

III 25

Minsk (province, or govern-
ment), annexed by Russia
(1793), I 292

included in Pale (1794), I
316f; (1804), I 342;(1835),
II 39
famine in, I 322 f
Polish nobles of, propose re-
strictions for Jews, I 322 IT
Jewish deputies from, active in

St. Petersburg, I 337
Jews of, asked to elect dele-
gates, I 349
massacre of Jews and Russians
threatened by Poles in, I 357
Solomon of Karlin killed by

troops in, I 372
placed under military dictator-
ship of Muravvov, II 188
Brafman, accuser of Jews,
native of, II 187
Localities in:
Bobovnia, II 80
Mir, II 113
Nesvizh, I 239
Mint, Polish, administered by

Jews, I 42
Mir (government of Minsk),

yeshibah at, II 113
Mishnah, term explained, II 114
Mithnagdim, name of opponents
of Hasidim, I 238, 372
oppose Hasidim, I 274, 27S,
372, 375
Mitropolit, highest ecclesiastic

title in Russia, III 125
Mitzkevich (Polish, Myekie-
wicz), Adam, Polish poet
friendly to Jews, II 108

312

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Mizrahi, Orthodox Zionists, III

47
Mladanovich, Polish governor of
Uman, betrays Jews, I 184

killed by Haidamucks, I 185
Mocatta, Moses, English trans-
lator of Isaac Troki's work,
I 130
Modebadze, Sarre, Gruzinian girl,
alleged victim of ritual mur-
der, II 204
Moghilev, on the Dnieper (city),
I 98

Jews of, transferred to out-
skirts of city (1633), I 98;
and barred from Christian
neighborhood (1646), I 98 f

Jews of, expelled by invading
Russians (1654), I 153; and
massacred by Russian sol-
diers, I 154, 245

echo of Sabbatian propaganda,
in, I 205

rabbinical conference at, pro-
tests against Hasidism, I 238

Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna
Gaon against Hasidism, I
373

Shmerling, deputy from, dies
at St. Petersburg Conference
(1882), II 304

pogrom at (1904), III 100 f;
avenged by Jewish youth,
III 107
Moghilev (government), forms
part of White Russia, I 187,
262, 307

communities of, form federa-
tion, I 196
Polish Jewish prisoners of war
from, form nucleus of Mos-
cow community, I 245
Jews of, visit Smolensk and

Moscow, I 315
made part of Pale (1794), I

317; (1835), II 40
Jewish deputies from, arrive
in St. Petersburg (1803), I
337
Jews of, invited to send dele-
gates (1807), I 349
Jews from apply to be settled
as agriculturists in New
Russia, I 363
Jews elected to municipal

offices in, I 368
Jews expelled from villages of

(1823), I 406
governor of, reprimanded for
accusing Jews falsely, II 87
governor of, decrees " polite
manners " for Jews, II 383
governor of, censures Jews of
Homel, III 89
Localities in:
Dubrovna, I 252
Homel, III 87 ff
Ladi, I 239, II 117
Lozno, I 234, II 117
Lubavichi, II 117
Monostyrchina, II 86
Mstislavl, II 85 ff, 383
Moghilev, on the Dniester (Po-
dolia), I 98

INDEX

313

Mohammedans, king of Khazars
invites representative of, I
21
destroy Synagogue and are
punished by Khazar king, I
22
protected by Khazars against

Russians, I 26
persecuted in Russia, I 254
excluded from Russian bar, II
252 f
Mohilever, Samuel, rabbi of
Bialystok, joins " Love of
Zion " movement, II 376 f
Moldavo-Wallachia, Jews export
goods from Poland to, I 67 i
Moldavia, Lithuanian Jews ac-
cused of sending proselytes
to, I 81
Moment, Yiddish daily in War-
saw, III 162
Monastyrchina (government of
Moghilev), Itzele of, pleads
for Jews, II 86
Montagu, Sir Samuel, of London,
expelled from Moscow, II
345
Montefiore Sir Moses, corre-
sponds with Max Lilienthal,
II 67
visits Russia and pleads for

Jews, II 68
fund in honor of, established
by "Lovers of Zion," II 376
Moravia, Jacob Frank moves to,
I 219
Kremsier, city in, II 179

Moravski, Polish Minister of
War, objects to Jewish vol-
unteers, II 105
Mordecai (Motele), of Chernobyl,

hasidic leader, II 119
Mordvinov, member of Council
of State, saves Jews of
Velizh from ritual murder
charge, II 81 f
Morenu, title of ordained rabbi,

I 117
Moscow, Principality (Tzar-
dom) of [Muscovy], growth
of, I 29
Jews of Tauris brought into

contract with, I 33
Crimean Jews render services

to rulers of, I 35 f
closed to Jews, I 60, 242
Little Russia incorporated in
(1654), I 94, 153; (1657),
I 159
Jews barred from (1610), I

244
rulers of Muscovy invade Po-
lish provinces, I 153 f, 244;
and troops of, expel or
massacre Jews, I 154, 243,
245 f
See Moscow (city)
Moscow (city), " Judaizing
heresy " spreads in, I 36 f
Jewish court-physician burned

in, 37
Jewish merchants from Poland
and Lithuania penetrate in-
to, I 242 f

314

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Ivan the Terrible refuses to
admit Jews to (1550), I 243

influx of Poles and Jews into,
I 244

Polish-Jewish prisoners of war
permitted to stay in, I 245

Jewish cloth merchants per-
mitted to visit, I 245

Jews barred from (1670), I
245

Borukh Leibov pays visit to,
I 251; and converts Voznit-
zin to Judaism, I 251 f

Jewish merchants of White
Russia pay visits to, I 315

Russian merchants of, protest
against admission of Jews,

I 315

Jewish merchants excluded
from (1790, 1791), I 316

Jewish merchants permitted
temporary sojourn in ( 1835 ) ,

II 40

Jewish physicians, though ad-
mitted to Interior, excluded
from, II 1G7

burgomaster of, objects to ad-
mission of Jews to city gov-
ernment, II 199

Jews expelled from (under
Ignatyev), II 264, 319

Russian merchants plead for
admission of Jews to, II 319

Sir Samuel Montagu, of Lon-
don, expelled from, II 345

admission of Jews to schools
and university of, restricted

to 3% (1887), II 350; re-
striction placed on statute
books ( 1908), III 157 f

Jews harassed in, II 385, 397

Russian celebrities of, sign pro-
test against Jewish persecu-
tion, II 387

Dolgoruki, governor-general of,
lenient towards Jews, II 401

Grand Duke Sergius appointed
governor-general of, II 400

Alexeyov, burgomaster, o f ,
agitates against Jews, II
400 f

Istomin, agent of Pobyedono-
stzev, appointed to impor-
tant post in, II 401

ukase, expelling Jews from
city and government of, de-
creed (March 28, 1891), II
402 ; wording of ukase
affected by hope for foreign
loan, II 408

" illegal " Jews raided and im-
prisoned, II 403

Alexander III. pays visit to,
II 404

discharged Jewish soldiers for-
bidden to remain in, II 404

Jewish artisans and tradesmen
expelled from, II 404 f

horrors of expulsion from, II
405 f

news of expulsion from, sup-
pressed in Russian press, II
407 ; reported in foreign
press, II 407

INDEX

315

expulsion from, witnessed by
United States commis-
sioners, II 407 ; causes pro-
test of President Harrison of
United States, II 408 f

expulsion from, affects un-
favorably Russian loan in
Paris, II 408

M. refugees deported from St.
Petersburg, II 410

expulsion of Jews from, con-
tinued, II 413; causes emi-
gration to Western Europe
and America, II 410, 413,
420

visited by White, representa-
tive of Baron Hirsch, II 418

synagogue of, closed (1892),
II 423

Minor, rabbi of M., and Schnei-
der expelled from, II 423 f

conversion of synagogue of,
into charitable institution
ordered by Alexander III.,

II 424

" Marranos " in, II 425
request of Jews of, to open
synagogue for Coronation
services, refused, II 112
complete fashioning of syna-
gogue of, ordered (1897),

III 13 f

Jewish merchants left in, per-
secuted and expelled, III 14 f

new settlement of Jewish mer-
chants in, prohibited ( 1899) ,
III 15

International Congress o f
Medicine held in, III 15

Jewish community of, signs
petition for equal rights, III
109

Grand Duke Sergius, governor-
general of, assassinated, III
110

Russian laborers from, assist
in Zhitomir pogrom, III 115

armed uprising in (December,
1905), III 131

Troitza monastery, in vicinity
of, II 203

Minor, rabbi of, II 203, 423 f

Pobyedonostzev, professor at
University of, III 245

Buss, newspaper in, depre-
cates sympathy with pog-
rom victims, II 278

headquarters of People's Free-
dom, revolutionary party, II
279 f

Moscow Neios criticises Im-
perial Messenger for conniv-
ance at pogroms, II 279

Bogolyepov, professor in, anti-
Jewish minister of Public
Instruction, III 27 f

Mitroplolit, head of Russian
Church, resides in, III 125
Moser, see Mesirah
Moses, king of Khazars, I 26
Moses, of Kiev, early Jewish
scholar, corresponds with
Gaon in Bagdad, I 133

316

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Moses, rabbi of Great Poland,
confirmed in office by Polish
king (1518), I 104

Moses Ben Abraham, rabbi,
author of Polish pamphlet
defending Jews, II 98

Moskal, nickname for Russians
among Poles, III 36

Motele, see Mordecai

Moyetzki, Polish priest, anti-
Jewish writer, I 96

Moyshe (Moses), Jewish martyr
in Zaslav, I 177

Mstislavl (government of Mogh-

ilev), anti-Jewish riot at,

stopped by Peter the Great,

I 248

Jews of, accused of mutiny

(1844), II 85 ff
Jews of, threatened with pub-
lic whipping, II 383

Munich (Bavaria), Max Lilien-
thal born in, II 52

Municipalities (Magistracies),
autonomy of Polish M. guar-
anteed by Magdeburg Law,
I 44
subject Jews to economic re-
strictions, I 70, 74 f
of several cities combine

against Jews, I 75
form compacts with Kahals, I

84 f
obtain right of excluding Jews,

I 85
arrogate jurisdiction over
Jews, I 93 f

Jews engaged in litigations

with, 1171
Jews placed under control of

(176S), I 267
Russian Government regulates

relation of Jews to ( 1785 ff ) ,

I 308 ff

Jewish merchants of White
Russia admitted as members
of (1783), I 310, 367 f

Jews complain against oppres-
sion of, I 311 f

hostility of Christian burghers
bars Jews from, I 320, 369 ff

Jewish membership in, re-
stricted to one-third, I 368 ;
(1836), II 41; (1870), II
199, 425

Jews of Lithuania declared
eligible to (1802), I 369

Jews of Lithuania barred from
(1805), II 41

participation of Jews in, dis-
cussed by special Govern-
ment Committee, II 198 f

Jews of Pereyaslav invited to
resign from, II 266

Jews take conspicuous part in,

II 425

Jews deprived of votes in

(1892), II 425 f
local a\xthorities ordered to

appoint Jewish members, II

426
League for Equal Rights calls

on Jewish appointees in, to

resign (1905), III 112

INDEX

317

Jewish Government appointees

resign, III 113
combined deputation of Zem-
stvos and M. favors uni-
versal suffrage, III 122
See Kahals and Zemstvos
Muravyov, Minister of Justice,
misrepresents facts of Homel
pogrom, III 101
Muravyov, Michael, governor-
general of Vilna, subdues
Poles, II 183
appointed military dictator of

six governments, II 188
pursues policy of Falsifica-
tion, II 188, 239
Muravyov, Nikita, leader of
" Northern " revolutionaries,
I 410
limits political rights of Jews
to Pale, I 413
Musar (Ethical Literature),
name explained, I 201
flourishes in Poland, I 201 f
Muscovy, see Moscow, princi-
pality of
Mysticism, see Cabala

Nagatava, agricultural Jewish

colony, pogrom at, III 35
Nahman, of Belzhytz, see Jacob

of Belshytz
Nahman, of Bratzlav, hasidic
leader, I 382
makes pilgrimage to Palestine,

I 383
deprecates rationalism, I 383
21

dies at Uman, I 383

grave of, visited annually by

devotees, II 122
adherents of, persecuted by

other Hasidim, II 122
Nahman, of Horodno, disciple of

Besht, I 227
Nahman, of Kosovo, disciple of

Besht, I 227
Nahum, see Nohum
Names, Jews of St. Petersburg

ordered to use mutilated

first N. (1890), II 397 f
Jews prohibited from using

Russian first N. (1893), II

427
Naphtali, of Minsk, Hebrew

author, I 201
Napoleon, creates duchy of War-
saw, I 297 f
" Code of N." introduced into

duchy of Warsaw, I 298
" suspensory decree" of

(1808), duplicated in duchy

of Warsaw, I 299
announces to Jews of Europe

convocation of " Great Syn-

hedrion," I 346
marches towards ^Russia

(1S06), I 347
influence of, over Jews feared

by Russian Government, I

347
presented by Russian authori-
ties to Jews as enemy of

Judaism, I 348

318

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

denounced by Holy Synod as
" savior " of Jews, I 348 f

wins friendship of Alexander
I., I 350 f

invades Russia (1812), I 354

meets with sympathy of Poles,

I 355

Russian Jews prejudiced

against, I 356 f
marches through Palestine, I
383
Narodnaya Vola (" The People's
Freedom"), revolutionary
party, II 279; see Revolu-
tion
Narodnichestov ("Populism"),

II 222; see Revolution
Narol (Volhynia), massacre at

(1648), I 149
Naryshkin, Russian dignitary,
opposes Jewish suffrage,

III 122

Nathan, successor of Nahman of

Bratzlav, II 122
Nationalism, Jewish, preached
by Smolenskin, II 233 ff

growth of, in Russia, II 372

rise of, III 40 ff

National -cultural Autonomism
(spiritual nationalism), II
327, 332, III 41, 51 ff, 144

effect of, on Jewish Labor
Movement, III 57

national emancipation (and
self-determination) demand-
ed by League for Equal
Rights, III 112, 133

calling of Russian-Jewish Na-
tional Assembly decided
upon by League, III 133
national-cultural Jewish insti-
tutions prohibited and sup-
pressed, III 160 f
strength of, III 163

Nationalist Society, organization
of Russiaa Black Hundred,
III 114

Neidthart, eity-governor of
Odessa, assists pogrom, III
129

Nekhludov, member of Commit-
tee for Amelioration of Jews,
favors emancipation of Jews,
II 196 ff

Nemirov, see Niemirov

Neo-Nebraic Literature, see He-
brew

Nesselrode, Russian Minister of
Foreign Affairs, forwards
memorandum on Jews to
Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle,
I 398
discusses plan of settling Rus-
sian Jews in Algiers, II 69

Nestor, Russian chronicler, re-
fers to Jews, I 31

Nesvizh (government of Minsk),
Solomon Maimon born in
vicinity of, I 239
Simeon Volfovich, opponent of
Viina Kahal, imprisoned in,
1276
Eliezer Dillon, Jewish deputy,
native of, I 358

INDEX

319

Netter, Charles, sent by Alliance
Israelite to help emigrants
in Brody, II 2G9

Neue Freie Presse, Vienna daily,
Dr. Herzl acts as correspond-
ent of, in Paris, III 42

Neuman, rabbi in St. Petersburg,
member of Executive Com-
mittee of Society for Diffu-
sion of Enlightenment, II
214

Nevel, Jews, driven from vil-
lages, huddled together in, I
407

New Israel, Jewish sect in
Odessa, II 334 f

New Jersey, Jewish agricultural
colonies in, II 374

New Russia, see Russia, New

New York, Max Lilienthal ac-
cepts post as rabbi in, II 59
Joseph Jacobs settles in, II

287
Cox, Congressman from, ad-
dresses Congress on persecu-
tions in Russia, III 284 f
protest meeting against pog-
roms held in, II 296 f
Jewish emigrants settle in, II

374
Shalom Aleichem dies in, III

62
place of publication, II 290,
297

Nicholas I., emperor of Russia
(1825-1855), II 13-153

policy of, foreshadowed by
Alexander I., I 390

character of reign of, I 391,
II 13, 140 f

era of, depicted by llendele
Mokher Sforim, III 61

coronation of, celebrated by
Hebrew poet, II 135

ascends throne through resig-
nation of brother, II 13

suppresses uprising of Decem-
brists, I 410, II 13

characterizes Jews as
" leeches," II 14

plans to de-Judaize Jews
through military conscrip-
tion, II 15 f

signs Conscription Ukase
(August 26, 1S27), II 17

decrees expulsions of Jews, II
30 ff

rejects plea for postponement
of expulsion, II 33

rejects recommendations of
Council of State in favor of
Jews, II 35 ff

signs " Statute concerning
Jews" (1835), II 39

sentences Jews with expired
passports to penal service,
II 42

subjects Hebrew books to cen-
sorship (1836), II 42 ff

dissolves " Society of Israe-
litish Christians," I 400

interested in conversion of
Jews, II 44 f

320

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

appoints Committee for Radi-
cal Transformation of Jews
(1840), II 49

places Jewish schools under
Government supervision
(1842), II 56

orders opening of Government
schools for Jews (1844), II
57 f

expels Jews from 51-verst zone
(1843), II 62

approached on behalf of Jews
during stay in England, II
63

German Jews plan gift to, II
67

receives Moses Montefiore, II
68

prohibits Jews from leaving
Pale, II 70

interested in spreading agri-
culture among Jews, II 71 f,
197, III 24

closes synagogues in Velizh on
ritual murder charge ( 1826) ,
II 78

believes ritual murder accusa-
tion, II 78 f

warns Commission of Inquiry,
at Velizh, against exaggera-
tions, II 80

sanctions acquittal of Velizh
Jews (1835), II 82

reiterates belief in ritual mur-
der, II 83

inflicts severe punishment on
Jews of Mstislavl. II 86

deports Jewish printers to

Siberia, 123
orders " assortment " of Jews

(1851), II 142 f
prohibits Jewish dress (1851),

II 144 f
issues draconian conscription

measures (1850), II 147;

(1853), 148 f
appoints committee to investi-
gate blood accusation ( 1854 ) ,

II 151, 203
eclipsed by Alexander III.,

II 354

See " Nicholas Soldiers "
Nicholas II., emperor of Russia
(1894-1917), III 7-169

reign of, characterized, III 7

ascends throne, III 7

pledges himself to uphold
autocracy, III 8

thanks Jews for address of
welcome, III 8

surrounds himself with reac-
tionaries, III 9

influenced by Pobyedonostzev,

III 9f

objects to abrogation of Pale,

III 11
Jews of Moscow restrained

from celebrating coronation

of, III 12
economic collapse of Russian

Jewry during reign of, III

22 ff
Jews barred from liquor trade,

III 22

INDEX

321

calls Hague Conference, III 35

disappoints hopes of liberals,
III 66

appoints Plehve, III 67

hatred of, toward Jews, in-
tensified by Kishinev massa-
cre, III 93

grants trifling privileges to
Jews on birth of heir-appar-
ent, III 99

makes partial concession to
revolution (1904), III 106

orders shooting of demon-
strators (January, 1905),
III, 106 f

forced to make further conces-
sions (February 18, 1905),
III 110

patronizes Black Hundred, III
113 f

receives deputation of Zemst-
vos and municipalities, III
122

defers consideration of Jewish
question, III 123

abets counter-revolutionary
pogroms (October, 1905),
III 127

pursues double-faced policy,
III 130

receives deputation of Black
Hundred, III 131

dissolves First Duma, III 135,
139

objects to mitigation of Jewish
disabilities, III 141

changes electoral law, III 142
expresses confidence in Black

Hundred, III 149
pardons pogrom perpetrators,

III 150
wears ostentatiously badge of

Black Hundred, III 151
ratines restrictive school norm

of 1SS7 (1908), III 157
extends school norm to Jewish

"externs" (1911), III 159
witnesses assassination of

Stolypin at Kiev, III 164
checks pogrom at Kiev, and

stirs up Beilis case, III 165
•• Ilicholas Soldiers," term ex-
plained, II 29
forbidden to live outside Pale,

II 29

permitted to live outside Pale

(1867), II 29, 172
Nicholayev (government o f

Kherson), Jews expelled

from (1829), II 32 f
excluded from Pale and closed

to Jews (1835), II 4
included in Pale by Alexander

II., II 172
pogrom at (April 19, 1899),

III 34 ; (October, 1905), III
128

Jewish community of, protests
against denial of Jewish
franchise, III 128
ITiemen, river, Lithuanians
settled on banks of, I 59

part of Jewish Pale, I 317

322

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Niemirov (Podolia), Khmel-
nitzki massacre at (1G48),
I 146 f
pogrom a t , commemorated

annually, I 152
Jacob Joseph Cohen, rabbi of;

I 227, 230
name of, used as substitute for
Kishinev, III 79

Nietzscheanism, preached by He-
brew writer, III 60

Nikitin, Russian-Jewish writer,
quoted, I 315

Nisselovich, Jewish deputy to
Third Duma, III 153
collects signatures for abroga-
tion of Pale, III 156

Nissi, king of Khazars, I 26

Nizhni-Novgorod, Jews per-
mitted to visit fair of
(1835), II 40
pogrom at (1884) , II 360 f

Nobility, in Poland, see Shlakhta

Nohum, of Chernobyl, hasidic
preacher and leader, I 232,
382; II 119

Nordau, Max, Zionist discourses
of, discussed in Russia, III
47
denies future of diaspora, 111
52

Norov, Minister of Public In-
struction, suggests admis-
sion into Russian Interior of
Jewish graduates of Russian
schools (1857), II 163

North-West (Lithuania and
White Russia), rabbinism
of, contrasted with Hasidism
of South-west (Ukraina and
Poland), I 199, 221, 274
Hasidism weak in, I 371 f; and
different from Hasidism of
South-west, I 233 ff
Kahals in, stronger than in
South-west, I 274, 379

Notkin, see Shklover

Novaya Ushitza (Podolia), Jews

of, accused of collective

crime, II 84 f

Israel of Ruzhin implicated in

case against Jews of, II 121

Novgorod, Jews of Kiev emigrate
to, I 36 f
Jews of Vitebsk exiled by Rus-
sians to (1654), I 154

Novgorod-Seversk, former name
of government of Poltava, I
321
included in Pale (1794), I 317

Novo-Moskovsk (government of
Yekaterinoslav) , pogrom at
(1883), II 360

Novoshelski, burgomaster o f
Odessa, favors admission of
Jews to municipal govern-
ment, II 199

Novosiltzev, Nicholas, Russian
Commissary in Poland, II 16
warns against imposing con-
scription on Jews, II 16 f

INDEX

323

proposes plan of reorganiza-
tion of Polish Jews, II 92 f

plan of, discussed and rejected
by Polish Council of State,
II 93 f
Novosti ("The News"), liberal
paper in St. Petersburg, II
379

suppressed for expressing sym-
pathy with Moscow exiles,
II 407
Novoye Vremya (" The New
Time"), St. Petersburg
daily, adopts anti-Semitic
policy, II 205

becomes organ of reaction, II
247

advocates repression of Jews,
II 278, 381

commends pogrom at Warsaw,
II 282

exerts anti-Jewish influence on
Government circles, II 3S0

read by Alexander III., II 3S0

attacks Rothschild of Paris, II
410

utilizes Dreyfus Affair for
attack upon Jews, III 32

report of Shpola pogrom in,
quoted, III 33

Suvorin, publisher of, produces

anti-Semitic play, II 38

libels Jews in Russo-Japanese
war, III 95
Nyeshava (Polish, Nieszawa),
Diet of, adopts anti-Jewish
"Statute" (1454), I 63

" Statute " of, confirmed by
Piotrkov Diet (1496), I 64
Nyevakhovich, Judah L e i b
(Lev), author of Russian
pamphlet on Jewish ques-
tion, I 386 f

becomes Russian playwright, I
388

embraces Christianity, I 388

descendants of, occupy promi-
nent Government positions, I
388
Nyezhin (government of Cherni-
gov), pogrom at (18S1), II
267; October, 1905), III 129

Obadiah, king of Khazars, I 26
invites Jewish sages from
Babylonia, I 21

Oblavas, or raids, on Jews of
Moscow, II 403
on Jews of Kiev, III 20

Obolanin, procurator-general of
Senate, gives anti-Jewish in-
structions to Dyerzhavin, I
229

Obolenski, member of Council of
State, favors Jewish fran-
chise, III 122

Octobrists, conservative Russian
party, name explained. III
153
demand exclusion of Jews from
office of Justice of Peace, I
156

Odessa, Jewish families in, con-
verted to Christianity, I 400

324

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Jewish model school in, II 52,
133, 137

Lilienthal kindly received by
Jews of, II 56

Bezalel Stern, resident of, ap-
pointed on Rabbinical Com-
mission, II 57

center of Haskalah, II 132 f

pogrom at (1871), II 191 ff,
215 f; effects of, II 216, 239

burgomaster of, advocates ad-
mission of Jews to munici-
pal government, II 199

Pirogov, school superintendent
of, encourages Jewish cul-
tural aspirations, II 207, 209

branch of Society for Diffusion
of Enlightenment establish-
ed in, II 215 f ; discontinued
as result of pogrom, II 216

ha-Melitz, published in, II 217

Jewish periodicals in Russian
published in, II 219

Smolenskin removes to, II 234

Lilienblum settles in, II 237

Osip Rabinovich, founder of
Russian-Jewish literature,
resides in, II 238

Government emissaries prepare
pogrom in, II 248

pogrom at (May, 1881), II
257 f

Jewish students of, organize
self-defence, II 258

" New Israel," Judeo-Christian
sect, founded in, I 334

center of " Love of Zion "
movement, II 376

headquarters of Palestine Re-
lief Society, II 422

Jews of, warned by city-gov-
ernor, II 383

visited by White, representa-
tive of Baron Hirsch, II 418

growth of pauperism among
Jews of, III 24

pupils of Jewish Agricultural
School in vicinity of, barred
from land ownership, III 25

Order Bne Moshe founded by
Ahad Ha'am in, III 49

ha-Shiloah edited in, III 58,
162

Jews of, organize self-defence
(1904), III 96

Grigoryev, city-governor of,
prevents pogrom, III 97 ;
dismissed, III 151

chief-of-police of, fired at by
Jew, III 107

Jewish community of, signs
petition for equal rights, III
109

Russian Nationalist Society of,
incites to pogrom, III 114

pogrom at (October, 1905), III
128 f

Jewish self-defence of, sen-
tenced by court-martial, III
150 f

Jews of, assaulted by Black
Hundred, III 151

INDEX

325

governor-general of, condemns

Jews, II 276
Gurko, governor-general of,
suggests restrictive school
norm, II 339
governor of, recommends for-
bidding Jewish emigrants to
return to Russia, II 414

Odoyevski, Count, advises Cath-
erine II. concerning admis-
sion of Jews into Russia, I
259

Ofen, see Buda

Offenbach (Germany), Jacob
Frank settles in, I 220

Olbia, on Black Sea, Jewish
settlement in, I 14

Old-Constantine (Staro-Constan-
tine), see Constantinov

" Old Testament Believers," term
of assimilated Polish Jews,
II 96, 100 ff

Oleshnitzki, Zbignyev, arch-
bishop of Cracow, denounces
Casimir IV. for protecting
Jews, I 62
starts campaign against Jews,

I 62 f
dictates anti-Jewish " Sta-
tute " of Nyeshava, I 63

Omsk, Territory of (Siberia),
lands in, set aside for Jew-
ish colonists, II 71

Oppenheim, German -Jewish
painter, stops painting
ordered for Nicholas I., II 67

Orlov (government), "Juda-
izers " in, I 402

Orlov, Count, president of Coun-
cil of State, urges punish-
ment of Jews accused of
ritual murder, II 162

Crsha (government of Moghilev),
pogrom at, III 128

Orshanski, Ilya (Elias), Rus-
sian-Jewish writer, II 238 f

Orshanski, Dr., brother o f
former, reports interview
with Ignatyev, II 284 f, 297

Oryol (city), Jews expelled from,

II 264

anti-Semitic play produced at,

III 38 f

Ostrog (Volhynia), Jewish com-
munity of, represented on
Council of Four Lands, 1110
Cossack massacre at (1648), I

149
bombarded by Russian army

(1792), I 292
Jewish conference at (1798),
I 324
Rabbis of:

Solomon Luria (Reshal),

I 125
Samuel Edels ( Maharsho ) ,

I 129
David Halevi (!Faz), I 130
Naphtali Cohen, I 204
Ostropol, Samson of, Cabalist
and martyr, I 148 f

326

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Ostropoler, Hershel, "court-
fool" of Tzaddik Borukh
Tulchinski, I 348

Ostrov, at extreme end of Jewish
Pale, II 70

Ostrovski, Anton, commander of
National Guard in Warsaw,
II 106
defends Jews, II 107

Ottocar, of Bohemia, Jewish
charter of, serves as model
for Boleslav of Kalish, I 45

Otyechstvennyia Zapiski ("Rec-
ords of the Fatherland"),
radical Russian magazine,
records Jewish question as
economic problem, II 325
quoted, II 325

Oxman, Jewish informer, II 84

Padua, Polish Jews study medi-
cine at University of, I 105,
132

Pahlen, Count, chairman o f
" Pahlen Commission," II
336 f

Pahlen, governor of Vilna, sug-
gests removal of Jewish dis-
abilities, III 93

Pale of Settlement (Russian,
cherta osyedlosti ) , fore-
shadowed in decree of May
7, 1786, restricting Jews to
annexed White Russia, I
314 f
enlarged as result of second
partition of Poland (1793),
I 316 f

formally sanctioned by Law of

June 23, 1794, I 317
enlarged as result of third

partition of Poland (1795),

I 317 f

Courland added to (1795), I
321

denned in Statute of 1804, 1 342

Kiev excluded from (1827), II
31 ff

Courland [and Livonia] ex-
cluded from (1829), II 32

Sevastopol and Nicholayev ex-
cluded from (1829), II 32

accurately defined in Statute
of 1805, II 39 f

Nicholas I. watches over strict
maintenance of, II 70

number of Jews and Jewish
artisans in, II 168

Commission for Amelioration
of Jews considers thinning
out of (1871), II 193

gubernatorial commission
appointed for every govern-
ment of (1881), II 273

Ignatyev refuses to add to, II
285, 306

Rostov and Taganrog excluded
from (1887), II 346

admission of Jews to schools
in, restricted to 10% ( 1887 ) ,

II 350; restriction placed on
Statute books (1908-1909),

III 157 f

admission of Jews to universi-
ties in, restricted to 7%, III
29

INDEX

327

disproportionately large num-
ber of Jewish recruits in, II
355 f

congestion in cities of, II 385

Jews in, compared with pris-
oner in cell, II 389

Moscow refugees driven into,
II 406

visited by United States com-
missioners, II 407

visited by Arnold White, emis-
sary of Baron Hirsch, II 417

Yalta excluded from (1893),
II 428 f

governor of Vilna recommends
abrogation of, III 11

zealously maintained under
Nicholas II., Ill 16, 20 f

growth of pauperism in, III
23 f

localities in, barred to Jews in
1882, reopened to them
(1903), III 80 f

preservation of, affirmed by
Third Duma (1908), III 154

one hundred and six Duma
deputies favor abrogation
(1910), III 156

exclusion of Jews from villages
in, see Villages

See also Interior, and Resi-
dence, Right of
Palestine, Teutonic Order origi-
nates in, I 63
Cabalists of, influence Polish
Jewry, I 134

Sabbatian propaganda carried
on in, II 205

mass emigration of Polish
Jews to (1700), I 209 f

Shneor Zalman accused of col-
lecting money for, I 376

Nahman of Bratzlav makes pil-
grimage to, I 383

Lelevel, Polish historian, prom-
ises Polish help in restora-
tion of, II 108

restoration of Jews to,
preached by Smolenskin, II
236; advocated by Levanda,
II 240

Bilu pioneers emigrate to
(1882), II 321 f

beginnings of Jewish coloniza-
tion in, II 322

" Lovers of Zion " establish
colonies, in, III 42

Jewish national center in,
championed by Lilienblum,
II 328 ff; and, as an alter-
native, by Pinsker, II 331

expulsion from Moscow stimu-
lates emigration to, II 416

attempt at mass emigration to
(1891), II 421 f

feeble results of colonization
in, III 42

colonization of, made part of
Basle program, III 44

modern Hebrew writers in, III
163

See also Zionism
Palestinophilstvo, Russian name
for "Love of Zion," II 328:
see also Zionism

328

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Pan, noble landowner in Poland,

name explained, I 93
Panticapaeum, see Kerch
Pardes, Hebrew annual, III 58
Paris, Sanchez, Jewish court-phy-
sician in St. Petersburg, re-
moves to, I 258

Berek Yoselovich pays visit to,
I 294

" Jewish Parliament " meets
in, I 346 ff; III 53

Rothschilds of, II 69, 375, 407,
410

Lelevel, Polish historian, refu-
gee in, II 107

Polish refugees in, II 108

anti-Semitism among Polish
refugees in, II 109

Alliance Israelite Universelle
in, II 189, 194, 297, 322

Plehve's secret circular made
known in, II 381

Moscow refugees arrive in, II
408

Jewish Colonization Associa-
tion in, sends deputation to
Pobyedonostzev, III 10

Herzl resides in, III 42
Paskevich, Russian viceroy in
Poland, pacifies Poland
(after 1831), II 109

Moses Montefiore communi-
cates with, II 68

Altaras of Marseilles negoti-
ates with, II 69

Passek, governor-general o f
White Russia, questioned by
Senate concerning Jewish
law courts, I 310

restricts Jews of White Russia
in economic pursuits, I 310 f
Passover, Christian, see Easter
Passover, lawyer, member of Jew-
ish deputation to Alexander
III., II 261
Passports, Jews with expired P's.
severely punished, II 42

Jews found without P's. sent
into army, II 148 f

Jewish P's. examined in St.
Petersburg, II 343

Jewish emigrants relieved from
tax on, II 418

disabilities imposed by P. Reg-
ulations of 1894, II 427
Paul IV., pope, encourages anti-
Jewish policy in Poland, I 86
Paul I., emperor of Russia (1796-
1801), I 321-334

includes Courland in area of
Jewish settlement, I 321

imposes restrictions on Jews of
government of Minsk, I 323

Jews of Volhynia prepare to
send deputation to, I 324 f

dispatches Dyerzhavin to
White Russia, I 328 f

releases Shneor Zalman from
prison, I 376

receives denunciation against
Hasidim, I 378

INDEX

329

Arakcheyev prominent in mili-
tary affairs during reign of,
I 395

Pavlovsk, District of (govern-
ment of Voroneyezh ) , " Ju-
daizing " sect spreads in, I
401

Pavluk, Cossack leader, insti-
gates attacks upon Jews, I
144

Pavolochi (province of Kiev),
Jews of, accused of ritual
murder, I 178

Pecheneges succeed Khazars in
Crimea, I 29

Pechera Monastery, in Kiev,
Abbot of, preaches hatred
toward Jews, I 31

"People's Freedom" (in Rus-
sian, Narodnaya Vola ) , revo-
lutionary party, responsible
for assassination of Alex-
ander II., II 279
pursues anti-Jewish policy, II
279 f

Perekop, gulf and isthmus of, I
13, 29

Peretz, rabbi of Bohemian Com-
munity in Cracow, I 104

Peretz, Abraham, of St. Peters-
burg, assists Jewish
deputies, I 338
acts as Jewish Maecenas, I 3SG
converted to Christianity, I
388

Peretz, Gregory, son of former,
Russian revolutionary, I 412

Pereyaslav (province, or govern-
ment of Poltava), Cossack
massacre at (1648), I 145
pogrom at (1881), II 265 f

Perez, I. L., editor of Yiddish
magazine, III 59
Yiddish and Hebrew writer,
III 61 f, 162

Perl, Joseph, Hebrew writer in
Galicia, II 126 f

Perm (Central Russia), Jewish
cantonists driven to, II 25

Perovksi, Russian statesman,
considers emigration of Rus-
sian Jews to Algiers, II 69

Persia, Khazars make inroads
into, I 19
Jewish merchants travel
through, I 23

Pestel, Paul, leader of early Rus-
sian revolutionaries, I 410
discusses Jewish problem, I

410 ff
favors establishment of sepa-
rate Jewish Commonwealth,
I 412

Peter, Carmelite monk in Lublin,
alleged victim of ritual mur-
der, I 100

Peter I., The Great, emperor of
Russia (1688-1725), extends
influence of Russia over Po-
land
refuses to admit Jews into

Russia, I 246 f
prejudiced against Jews, 1
247 f

330

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

stops military riot against

Jews, I 248
admits Jewish financiers to St.

Petersburg, I 248
quoted in favor of barring Jews

from Russia, II 35 f
originator of penalty by Spiess-
ruten, II S5
Peter II., emperor of Russia
(1727-1730), permits Jews
to visit fairs in Little Rus-
sia, I 250
Peter III., emperor of Russia
(1761), dethroned by Cath-
erine II., I 259
Peterhof, near St. Petersburg,
Plehve killed on way to,III 97
Jewish franchise discussed at
conferences in, III 122
Petersburg, see St. Petersburg
Pethahiah, of Ratisbon, Jewish
traveller, I 29
refers to Russia, I 32 f
Petrograd, Greco-Jewish inscrip-
tion kept in Hermitage at,

I 15

Russian Mitropolit resides at,

II 125; see St. Petersburg
Pfefferkorn, Jewishconvert.il 189
Phanagoria (Taman Peninsula),

Jews settled in, I 14, 18
Philadelphia, Marcus Jastrow

accepts post of rabbi in, II 179
place of publication, III 51
Philippson, Ludwig, founder of

Allgemeine Zeitung des Ju-

dentums, II 67

corresponds with Max Lilien-

thal, II 67
serves as model for Russian-
Jewish publicists, II 219
Philipson, David, quoted, I 54
Philosophy, Jewish, studied in
Poland, I 132 f
opposed by Joel Sirkis, I 133
reflected in doctrine of Besht,

I 225 f
imbedded in doctrine of Shneor

Zalman, I 374, 382
opposed by Rabbinism, I 381
regarded as destructive by
Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383
Phineas, of Koretz, disciple of
Besht, I 227
descendants of, II 123
Photius, Patriarch of Constanti-
nople, hopes for conversion
of Crimean Jews, 118
Physicians, Jewish, in Poland,
attacked by Christian phy-
sician, I 96
originally natives of Spain or

Italy, I 131 f
study at University of Padua,

I 105, 132
at Polish court, I 132, 136
at Russian court, I 258
in White Russia, I 331, 386
admitted to residence in Rus-
sian Interior and to civil
service (1861), II 165, 167
excluded from civil service, III
27

INDEX

331

Physicians, Jewish, in Russian
army:
number of, restricted, II 319 f
first to be mobilized in Russo-
Japanese war, III 94 f
families of mobilized P. ex-
pelled, III 95
accused of revolutionary pro-
paganda, III 156
Piast, progenitor of Piast dy-
nasty in Poland, I 40
Piatoli, secretary of Polish king,

assists Jews, I 291
Pidyon, contribution of Hasidim,

term explained, II 119
Pikolski, monk at Lemberg, con-
ducts agitation against Jews,

I 174

Pilpul, method of talmudic dia-
lectics, fostered in Poland, I
119 f

carried from Bohemia to Po-
land, I 122

opposed by Solomon Luria, I
256

grafted upon by Cabala, I 135,

II 117

shunned by Elijah of Vilna, I
236
Pinkasevich, Jacob, Jewish

martyr in Posen, I 175
Pinsk, important community in
Lithuania, I 73

Jewish community of, repre-
sented in Lithuanian Waad,
I 112

Avigdor, rabbi of, I 377 f

Pinsker, Leon, editor of Sion, II
220

author of Autoemancipation,
II 330 f

ideas of, affect " Love of
Zion " movement, II 332

becomes its leader, II 376, III
42, 49

elected president of Society for
Granting Relief in Syria
and Palestine, II 422

contrasted with Herzl, III 43
Pinsker, Simha, father of former,
teacher in Odessa school, II
133
Piotrkov, Diet of (1496), con-
firms anti-Jewish Statute, I
64 ; restricts commercial
rights of Lemberg Jews
(1521), I 75

Sigismund II. confirms liberal
Jewish Statute at Diet of
(1548), I 83

Church Synod of, passes anti-
Jewish " Constitution "
(1542), I 82 f

Crown Tribunal of, tries ritual
murder cases, I 95 f ; and
Jews accused of blasphemy,
I 164 f

Jewish communities in prov-
ince of, destroyed, I 156

Tobias Feder, Hebrew writer,
native of, I 388
Pirhe Tzafon, Hebrew periodical
in Vilna, II 136

332

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Pirogov, Nicholas, Odessa phy-
sician, friend of Jews, II 207,
209
Piryatin (province of Poltavia),
Cossack massacre at (1648),
I 145
Pisarevski, instigator of Kishi-
nev pogrom, commits suicide,
III 91
Pisaryev, radical Russian writer,
influences Russian-Jewish
intelligenzia, II 209

influences M. L. Lilienblum, II
238
Plehve, Russian assistant-minis-
ter of Interior, II 379

chief of political police, II 381

objects to Jewish participation
in Zemstvos, II 386

chairman of secret anti-Jewish
Committee, II 399

suggests expulsion of Jews
from Moscow, II 402

bars Jews from municipal gov-
ernment, II 425

appointed Minister of Interior,
III 16, 67

plans to cheok revolution by
pogroms, III 68 f

subventions Krushevan's anti-
Semitic paper, III 70

sends telegram to stop Kishi-
nev massacre, III 75, 97

stifles press protests against
Kishinev massacre, III 77

suspected of sending orders
encouraging massacre, III 77

forbids Jewish self-defence, III

80, 90
forbids Zionism, III 82 f
negotiates with Herzl, III 83 f
plans regulating Jewish legis-
lation, III 92 f
stops expulsion of families of

mobilized Jews, III 95
assassinated, III 97
urges Russo-Japanese War as

anti-revolutionary measure,

III 98
death of, predicted in Voskhod,

III 98
investigation of Homel pogrom

started during lifetime of,

III 101
Plotzk (Polish, Plock), city in

Poland, I 243
city and province of, annexed

by Prussia (1793), I 292
Synod of, passes anti-Jewisb

resolution (1733), I 171
archbishop of, endorses project

of Jewish reforms, I 292
Poale Zion, see Zionism
Pobyedonostzev, Constantine

Petrovich, professor at Mos-
cow University, II 245
tutor of Alexander III., II 245
head of Holy Synod, II 245
defends autocratic regime, II

245
member of reactionary Sacred

League, II 248
disparages popular education,

II 348 f

INDEX

333

inspires educational restric-
tions for Jews, II 349

utilizes railroad accident at
Borki for purposes of reac-
tion, III 378

opposes Jewish participation
in Zemstvos, II 386

endorses expulsion of Jews
from Moscow, II 401

receives gift for ecclesiastic
schools from Baron Hirsch,

II 415

receives White, emissary of
Baron Hirsch, II 417

recommends him to officials, II
418

condemns Jews as parasites, II
417

bars Jews from municipal self-
government, II 425

all powerful under Nicholas
II., Ill 9

continues fight against Jews,

III 9f

Podol, Jewish quarter in Kiev,

pogrom in, II 252 ff
Podolia, part of Red Russia, I 53
subject to Poland, I 140
uprising against Poles in

(1648), I 145
regained by Poland (1667), I

159
annexed by Turkey (1672), I

208
returned to Poland (1699), I
208
22

strip of, annexed by Austria
(1772), I 187

annexed by Russia (1793), I
292

included in Pale (1794), I
317; (1804), I 342; (1835),
II 39

Jews prohibited from selling
cloth in, I 75

Jews massacred by Cossacks in
(1648), I 14611, 157

part of, forbidden to Jews
(1649), I 151

Jews massacred by h a i d a -
macks (176S), I 183 ff

Talmudic culture deteriorates
in, I 199

Sabbatian movement propa-
gated in, I 208, 210 f

Jacob Frank active in, I 211,
212 f, 216

rabbis of, summoned to dispu-
tation with Frankists, I 214 f

difference of intellectual de-
velopment in, I 221

Besht, founder of Hasidism.
active in, I 222, 224 f, 228

Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274

type of Tzaddik in, I 233

conquered by Hasidim, I 371,
383

Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna
Gaon against Hasidism, I
373

remains hotbed of Hasidism,
II 121 f

334

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Jews of, suffer from civil war

in Poland (1792), I 292
Shlakhta of, suggests anti-Jew-
ish measures (1798), I 324
Jews of, decide to appeal to

Paul I., I 325
Jews of, send delegate to St.

Petersburg (1803), I 337
Jews of, invited by Govern-
ment to elect deputies
(1807), I 349
Jews of, protest against dis-
crimination i n municipal
government, I 369
Jews of, indifferent towards
Polish insurrection (1831),
II 107
Jewish economic activity in,

II 194
pogroms in (1881), II 256;

(1882), 299 ff, 304
governor of, favors emigration
of Jewish proletariat, II
414
Localities in:
Balta, II 299 ff
Bratzlav, I 288, 383
Kamenitz, I 215, 324
Lantzkorona, I 213
Moghilev (on the Dnies-
ter),! 98
Satanov, I 213, 388
Pogroms (under Polish regime),
occasioned by Black Death,
I 52
at Cracow, I 56 f, 63 f, 97, 102,
161, 166

at Lemberg, I 64
at Posen, I 64, 75, 90, 95, 166
at Brest-Kuyavsk, I 75
at Brest-Litovsk, I 99
at Vilna, I 94, 99
at Warsaw (1790) , I 285 ff
occasioned by meetings of pro-
vincial diets, or dietines, I

170
perpetrated by Polish irregular

troops (1656), I 155 f
suppressed by Sigismund I., I

76
energetically opposed by Ste-
phen Batory, I 90
forestalled by Sigismund III.,

I 97
prevented by Vladislav IV., I

98
forbidden by diet of Warsaw

(1717), I 171
perpetrated by theological stu-
dents (Schiilergelauf) , I

161
student P's. forbidden by

Mechislav III. (1173), I 42;

and condemned by Polish

diet, I 166 f
Pogroms (in the Ukraina) , under

Pavluk, Cossack leader,

(1637), I 144
under Khmelnitzki, Cossack

leader, (1648), I 145 ff
by Haidamacks (1768), I 183 f
atUman, I 184 f

INDEX

335

(under Russian re-
, term explained, II

Pogroms

gime;
191

perpetrated in Poland by in-
vading Russians (1563), I
243; (1654), I 153 f, 245

cheeked by Peter the Great
(1708), I 248

at Odessa (1871), II 191 IT;
halts assimilation endeavors,
215 f; depicted by Smolen-
skin, II 245; produces stag-
gering effect on Orshanski,
II 239

initiation of policy of (1881),

I 247

carefully prepared by Govern-
ment agents, II 248

Katzaps, or Great Russians,
imported for perpetration of,

II 248, 256, 359, III 115

at Yelisavetgrad (April, 1881),
II 249 ff

in district of Yelisavetgrad and
government of Kherson, II
251

at Kiev (April, 1881), II 251 ff;
effects of, minimized by Gov-
ernment press, II 255 f ; tried
in court, II 264 f

new P's. in South Russia, II

256 ff

averted at Berdychev by Jew-
ish self-defence, II 256 f
at Odessa (May, 1881), II

257 f ; Jewish self-defence
punished, II 264

believed by peasants to have
been ordered by Tzar, II 257

ascribed by Government to
Russian revolutionary pro-
paganda, II 259 f, 269, 279

later attributed by it to Jewish
economic exploitation, II
261, 315

Government indifferent
towards victims of, II 263

perpetrators of, receive slight
sentences in court, II 264

outbreak of new P's. in South
Russia (summer 1881), II
265 ff

suppressed in Lithuania and
White Russia, II 267, 276

replaced there by incendiary
activities, II 267

give rise to emigration move-
ment, II 267 f

at Warsaw (December, 1881),
II 280 ff ; effect of, on Europe
and America, II 283 ; Lon-
don, II, 287; welcomed by
Government " Jewish Com-
mittee," II 310

Alexander III. regrets neces-
sity of suppressing. II 281

Jews hold public mourning for
victims of, II 286

cause agitation in England, II
287 f

Mansion House Meeting in Lon-
don protests against (Febru-
ary 1, 1S82), II 288 ff

336

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

committee to aid victims of,
organized in London, II 290 f

perpetrators of, arrested, II
291

at Balta (March, 1882), II
299 ff; horrors of, II 302 f,
terrifies Government, II 314;
tried in court, II 315 f; pro-
duces emigration panic, II
321

discussed by Jewish Conference
in St. Petersburg, II 306 f

justified in report of " Jewish
Committee," II 309

policy of, abandoned by Gov-
ernment, II 311 ff

perpetrators of, receive severe
sentences, II 315 f

Russian press and literature
react feebly on, II 325 f

effect of, on Russian-Jewish
intelligenzia, II 326

outbreak of new P's. in South
Russia (1883), II 358 ff

at Rostov (May, 1883), II
358; news of, suppressed, II
358

at Yekaterinoslav ( July,
1883), II 358 ff

at Nizhni-Novgorod (1884), II
360 ff; prompted by greed
and prospect of immunity, II
361

referred to by Pahlen Commis-
sion, II 367

at Starodub (government of
Chernigov, 1891), 411 ff;
displeases Government, II
412

bred in public houses, III 23

outbreak of new P's. in Rus-
sian South and South-west
(1897), III 32 ff

stopped by Government on ac-
count of Hague Conference,

II 35

at Chenstokhov ( by Poles ) ,
stopped by Russian Govern-
ment (1902), III 36

planned by Plehve as counter-
revolutionary measure, III

68 f

at Kishinev (April, 1903), III

69 ff ; see Kishinev

at Homel (August, 1903), III
87 ff ; tried in court and mis-
represented by Government,

III 101 ff

impending P's. stopped by Gov-
ernment (1904), III 96 f

in Russian South-west
(August, 1904), III 99

by mobilized soldiers (Sep-
tember, 1904), III 100

at Moghilev (October, 1904),
III 100 f; avenged by Jewish
youth, III 107

in government of Vitebsk
(October, 1904), III 101

organized by Black Hundred
(April, 1905), III 113 ff

INDEX

337

at Bialystok, III 114 f

at Dusyaty (government of

. Kovno), III 115

at Melitopol (government of
Tavrida), III 115

at Simferopol (government of
Tavrida), III 115

at Zhitomir (Volhynia), III
115 f ; followed by tragedy at
Troyanov, III 116 ff; mis-
represented by Government,
III 118

intensify revolutionary move-
ment among Jews, III 119

perpetrated by soldiers (sum-
mer, 1905), III 119 f

at Minsk, III 119

at Brest-Litovsk, III 119

at Syedletz, III 119

at Lodz, III 119 f

at Bialystok (June, 1905), III
120

at Kerch (Crimea) , July, 1905,
III 120 ; prepared by Govern-
ment, III 120

"October P's." (October 18-25,
1905), III 124 ff; organized
by Black Hundred, with help
of Tzar and police, III 125 f;
vast extent of, III 128; fol-
lowed by anarchy, III 130 f

at Odessa, III 129; assisted by
police, III 129

at Nyezhin (government of
Chernigov), III 129

outside Pale (October, 1905),
III 130

participation of Government
in, denounced by assembled
Russian Jews, III 132

Jews threatened with, during
elections to First Duma, III
135; to Third Duma, III 153

discussed by First Duma, III
136 ff; and condemned in
resolution (1906), III 139

at Bialystok (June, 1906), III
136 f; investigated and re-
ported upon by commis-
sion of First Duma, III 137

perpetrators of October P.
either untried or pardoned,
III 150

planned at Kiev but averted
(September, 1911), III 165

List of pogroms according to
cities and governments :
Alexandria (Kherson), III

100
Ananyev (Kherson), II 251
Balta" (Podolia), II 299 ff
Berdychev (Volhynia), II

256 f
Bialystok, III, 114 f, 120,

136 f
Borispol (Poltava), II 267
Chenstokhov (Poland), III

36 f
Chernigov (city), III 128
Chernigov (government), II

257
Dusyaty (Kovno), III 115
Homel (Moghilev), III 87 fl
Kalarash, III 128

338

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Kamenetz (Podolia), III

128
Kantakuzenka ( Kherson ) ,

III 33
Karpovieh (Chernigov), II

315
Kerch (Tavrida), III 120
Kherson (government), II

304
Kiev (city), I 32, II 251 ff,

III 128, 165
Kiev (government), II 256
Kishinev, III 69 ff, 128
Konotop (Chernigov), II

257
Lodz, III 119 f
Melitopol (Tavrida), III

115
Minsk, III 119
Moghilev (city), I 153 f,

245; III 100
Moghilev (government), III

100
Mstislavl (Moghilev), I 248
Nagartava, Jewish agricul-
tural colony, III 35
Nicholayev (Crimea), III

34 f, 128
Nizhni-Novgorod, II 360 f
Novo-Moskvosk (Yekateri-

noslav), II 360
Nyezhin (Chernigov), II

267, III 129
Odessa, II 191 ff, 257 f, III

128 f
Orsha (Moghilev), III 128

Pereyaslav (Poltava), II

265
Podolia (government), JI

256, 304
Polotzk (Vitebsk), I 243
Romny, III 128
Rostov, II 358
Rovno (Volhynia), III 99
Saratov, III 130
Semyonovka ( Chernigov ) ,

III 129
Shpola (Kiev), III 33
Simferopol (Tavrida), III

115, 128
Smyela (Kiev), II 256; III

99
Starodub (Chernigov), II

411 ff
Syedletz (Poland), III 119
Troyanov (Volhynia), III

116ff
Vilna, I 154, 245
Vitebsk (city), I 154, 245
Vitebsk (government), III

101
Volhynia (government), II

256
Voronyezh, III 130
Warsaw, II 280 ff
Yekaterinoslav, II 359 f, III

128
Yelisavetgrad, II 249 ff, III

128
Zhitomir (Volhynia), III

115 ff
See also Self-Defence

INDEX

339

Poklonski, Russian colonel, mas-
sacres Jews of Moghilev, I
153 f
Pokntye (Polish, Pokucie),

region in Poland, I 150
Polakov, Lazarus, Jewish finan-
cier in Moscow, II 400
Polakov, Samuel, Jewish finan-
cier in St. Petersburg, par-
ticipates in Jewish Confer-
ence, II 304

discusses Jewish question with
Ignatyev, II 305 f
Poland, first partition of (1772),
I 262

condition of Jews in, after first
partition, I 2G3 ff, 270

schemes for improving con-
dition of Jews in, I 271 ff,
284

inner life of Jews in, I 274 ff

Hasidism spreads in, I 231 f

problem of Jews in, discussed
in Polish literature, I 280 ff

Polish Diet appoints committee
to consider Jewish question,
I 287 f ; postpones action, I
290

second partition of (1793),
and revolution under Kos-
ciuszko, I 292 f

patriotism of Jews in, I 292 ff

third partition of (1795), I
297

reconstituted by Napoleon as
Duchy of Warsaw (1807), I
297

equality of all citizens pro-
claimed in, I 298

Government of, suspends eman-
cipation of Jews (1808), I
299, II 100 f

Government of, passes anti-
Jewish restrictions, I 300

assimilated Jews of, apply for
equal rights, I 300 ff; and
are refused, I 302

Jews of, released from military
service (1812), I 304

Jews of, barred from liquor
trade (1812), I 304, II 100

French influences among Jews
of, I 385 f

growth of Hasidism in, I 384,
II 122

Poles side with Napoleon in
Franco-Russian War, I 355;
and threaten to massacre
Jews and Russians, I 357

reconstituted as " Kingdom of
Poland," and assigned by
Congress of Vienna to Rus-
sia [Russian Poland, or
Congress Poland] (1815), I
390

granted complete autonomy by
Alexander I., II 88

number of Jews in kingdom of,
I 390

Government of, appoints Com-
mittee on Jewish Question
(1815), II 89

340

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

David Friedlander of Berlin
submits memorandum o n
Jews of, II 90

Zayonchek, viceroy of, opposed
to Jewish emancipation, II
91 f

Polish Diet unfriendly to Jews
of, II 93 f, 99 f

Government of, passes anti-
Jewish restrictions, II 94 f

condition of Jews in, discussed
in Polish literature, II 95 ff

blood accusation in, II 74 ; for-
bidden by Russian Govern-
ment, II 99

assimilationist tendencies
among Jews of, II 100 ff

Kahals abolished in, and re-
placed by Grninas (1S22), II
102

Government of, appoints Com-
mittee to Polonize Jews, II
103

anti-Semitism in, II 104 f, 178

Polish insurrection of 1831, II
33, 105

Jews volunteer in revolution-
ary army of, II 105 ff

Polish writers express sym-
pathy with Jews, II 108 f

Nicholas I. imposes conscrip-
tion on Jews of (1843), II
109 f

prohibition of Jewish dress in
Russia extended to (1845),
II 110

Jews of, continue to wear Jew-
ish dress, II 145

influence of Talmud prevails

in, II 51
Hasidism firmly established in,

II 122 f
Polish insurrection of 1863, II

178 ff, 182 f
patriotic attitude of Jews in,

II 179 ff
Jewish disabilities in, removed

by Alexander II. (1862), II

181 ; and re-established by

Alexander III., 367
Jews of, accused of separation,

II 195

Poles try to stop pogrom at
Warsaw (1881), II 283

Poles perpetrate pogrom on
Jews of Chenstokhov(1902),

III 36

Jewish labor movement in, III
55

Jews of, active in Russian
revolution of 1905, III 107

terrorism in (1905), III 130

Jews in, intimidated during
Duma elections, III 134
recrudescence of anti-Semi-
tism in (1905), III 166 ff

Jews of, subjected to economic
boycott (1912), III 167 f

Jewish life in, depicted by
Perez, III 61; and Ash, III
162

See also Poland (Great), Po-
land (Little), Polish Lan-
guage, Polonization, and
Warsaw

INDEX

341

Poland, Great, forms feudal
principality, I 41 f

Posen leading city of, I 74, 110,
196

part of, conquered by Swedes
(1655), I 154 f

part of, annexed by Prussia
(1772), I 187; (1793), I
292; (1795), I 297

formed by Napoleon into
Duchy of Warsaw (1807), I
297

tribunal of, at Piotrkov, I 96

provincial diet of, I 113

Boleslav, prince of, grants
charter to Jews of princi-
pality (1264), I 45, 51

Jews of, secure ratification of
charter (1548), I 83

Jewish communities of, receive
charter of autonomy ( 1551 ) ,
I 105 ff

" senior rabbis " of, confirmed
by Sigismund I. (1518), I
105

represented on Council of Four
Lands, I 110

federated Kahals of, meet peri-
odically, I 196

Jews of, massacred by Polish
troops (1656), I 155 f
Poland, Little, forms feudal prin-
cipality, I 41 f

Cracow, leading city of, I 74

includes Western Galicia, I 53

part of, conquered by Swedes
(1655), I 154 f

annexation of, completed by
Austria (1795), I 297

added by Napoleon to duchy
of Warsaw (1809), I 297

tribunal of, at Lublin, I 96

" senior rabbis " of, confirmed
by Sigismund I. (1541), I
105, 109, 122

represented on Council of Four
Lands, I 110

federated Kahals of, meet
periodically, I 196

Jews of, massacred by Polish
troops (1656), I 155 f

Jewish commercial activity
held to be injurious to, I 288
Polemics, and Political Litera-
ture, between Jews ' and
Christians in Poland, I 136 ff
Police, central department of, in
St. Petersburg co-operates
with rioters in Kerch, III
120

abets October pogroms (1905),
III 125 f

charged by First Duma with
complicity in pogroms, II
136

complicity of, in pogroms dis-
closed by Urussov, III 138
Police, Political, known as " The
Third Section," term ex-
plained, II 21

chief of, appointed on Com-
mittee for Radical Trans-
formation of Jews (1840),
II 50

342

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

crushes revolutionary en-
deavors, II 140

calls forth terrorism, II 184

distributes anti-Semitic book
among detectives, II 204

reports on revolutionary
activities of Jews, II 348
Polish Language used for liter-
ary purposes by Nahman
and Belzhytz, I 136 f

by rabbi of Khelm, I 283

by anonymous orthodox rabbi,
II 98

by Jewish weekly, II 213

See also Language and Poloni-
zation
Politz, Universal History by,
translated into Hebrew, II
134
Pollak, Jacob, of Prague, intro-
duces pilpul method into Po-
land, I 122
Pollak, of Minsk, offer of, to
establish Jewish agricultural
colony refused by Govern-
ment, III 25
Polonization, advocated by David
Friedlander and his fol-
lowers, I 386, II 90

champions of, advocate aboli-
tion of Jewish autonomy, II
100

rabbinical seminary at War-
saw established for, II 103

among Jewish intclligenzia in
Poland, II 182

extreme form of, in Warsaw,
II 213

Polonnoye (Volhynia), Khmel-
nitzki massacre in (1648),
I 148 f

Jacob Joseph Cohen, rabbi of,
I 227, 230
Polotzk (government of Vitebsk) ,
Jews of, drowned by Rus-
sian invaders (1654), I 243

Jewish coachmen of, forbidden
to drive beyond Pale, II 70

government of, former name
for government of Vitebsk ;
see Vitebsk (government)

Kahal of, appealed to by
Elijah of Vilna against
Hasidism, I 373
Polovtzis, succeed Khazars as

masters of Crimea, I 29
Poltava (city), Osip Rabinovich,
Russian- Jewish writer,
native of, II 238
Poltava (region, or government) ,
subject to Poland, I 140

ceded to Russia (1667), I 159

included in Pale ( 1794) , I 317 ;
(1835), II 40

Pavluk, Cossack leader, massa-
cres Jews of (1637), I 144

Jews forbidden residence in
(1649), I 151; readmitted
(1651), I 152

Jewish communities of, dis-
appear almost entirely
(1648), I 157

INDEX

343

few Jews survive in (after

1648), I 246
Jews of White Russia settle

in, 321
Jews expelled from villages of,
II 341
Localities in:
Borispol, II 267
Lokhvitz, I 145
Lubny, I 144, 145
Pereyaslav, I 145; II 265
Piryatin, I 145
Pomerania, annexed by Prussia

(1772), I 187, 262
Poniatovski, Stanislav Augustus,
king of Poland (1764-1795),
reign of, I 180 ff
election of, preceded by change
in system of Jewish tax-
ation, I 197
protects Simeon Volfovich,
spokesman of Vilna Jewish
masses, against Kahal, I 276
receives plan of Jewish reform
from Hirshovich, royal
broker, I 284
grants solemn audience to
Jews, I 290 f
Fontus Euxinus, see Black Sea
Populism (in Russian, narod-
nichestvo) , branch of Rus-
sian revolutionary move-
ment, II 222 f
anti-Semitic tendency of, II

279 f
influences Jacob Gordin, II 333
Popiel, ancient Polish ruler, I 40

Popov, member of " Jewish Com-
mittee " of Russian Govern-
ment, I 352
Port Arthur, Jews expelled from,
III 94; and denied right of
residence in, III 157
Posen (Polish, Poznan), leading
city of Great Poland, I 42,
74, 110, 116

surrendered by Shlakhta to in-
vading Swedes (1655), I 155

refugees from crusades settle
in, I 41

Jews of, petition Casimir IV.
to renew charter (1447), I
61

Jews of, petition Sigismund I.
to ratify election of rabbi;?
(1518), I 104

Jews of, persecuted on charge
of host desecration, I 55. 95

riots in, I 64, 75, 90, 95, 161

Jews of, restricted in economic
pursuits, I 74, 95

magistracy of, joins other
cities in economic fight
against Jews, I 75

Jews of, limited to separate
quarter, I 75 ; and forbidden
to increase number of houses,
I 85

rights of Jews of, enlarged by
Stephen Batory, I 89 f

Jews of, accused of ritual mur-
der (1730), I 172, 174 ff

344

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Jewish community of, repre-
sented on Council of Four
Lands, I 110
exorcism of devils in, I 203
rabbis of:

Naphtali Cohen, I 204
Solomon Edels (Maharsho) ,

I 129
Sheftel Horowitz, I 135, 158
Mordecai Jaffe, I 127
Solomon Luria (Maharshal) ,

native of, I 120
Arie Leib Calahora, preacher
in, I 175
Posen, province of, annexed by
Prussia (1772), I 187, 262
Polish troops destroy Jewish
communities in (1656), 1
156
Posner, Solomon, prominent Jew

in Warsaw, II 103
Potemkin, Nota Shklover pur-
veyor to army of, I 338
Pototz*ki {Polish, Potocki), com-
mander of Polisb army, I 145
Politzki, voyevoda of Kiev, I 184
Polotzki, Severin, member of
" Jewish Committee " o t
Russian Government (1802),
I 335
Politzki, Stanislav, delivers
eulogy on Berek Yoselovich,
I 303 f
Praga, suburb of Warsaw, at-
tached by Russian Govern-
ment (1802), I 335
home of Berek Yoselovich, I
294

Prague, capital of Bohemia,
visited by Pethabiah of
Ratisbon, I 33

Jews attacked by crusaders in,
I 41

Mordecai Jaffe, rabbi of, I 127
Pravo (" The Law "), Russian
journal, suppressed for pro-
testing against Kishinev
massacre, III 77

protests against court verdict
in Homel pogrom, III 103 f
Prayer, importance of, empha-
sized by Besht, I 226

Hasidim adopt Ari's form of,
I 231
Press, Russian, used euphemisti-
cally to designate Russian
Government, II 386

pursues anti-Semitic policy, II
278, 379, III 31 f

makes no reference to expul-
sion from Moscow, II 407

liberal P. protests against
Kishinev massacre, III 76 f

stifled by Plehve, III 77
Press, Jewish, in Russia, II 216 IT

in Hebrew, II 217 f, 372, III
58, 162

in Yiddish, III 58 f, 162

in Russian, II 218 ff, 277 f;
yields to press in Hebrew, II
372
Press, Foreign, protest against
Jewish disabilities, II 381

reports (together with Russian
P.) on anti-Semitic exploits
of Russian officials, II 384

INDEX

345

denounces expulsion of Jews
from Moscow, II 407 f

protests against Kishinev mas-
sacre, III 77

See Printing-Presses

Prikahalki, name for minor

Kahals, I 108, 193; see

Kahals

Priluker, Jacob, founder o f

Judeo-Christian sect, II 334 f

becomes Christian missionary,

II 335
Printing-Press, Hebrew, of Cra-
cow and Lublin, I 131

of Vilna, II 42, 115, 127

of Slavuta, II 42, 123

of Kiev, II 43 ; transferred to
Zhitomir, II 43

establishment of, by Russian
Government, suggested by
Dyerzhavin, I 333

See Censorship
Professions, restrictions in pur-
suit of, II 26 f; see Bar,
and Physicians; also Educa-
tion and University
Pro-Gymnazium, term explained,

III 29 ; see Gymnazium
Prokhonvik, Abraham, legendary

king of Poland, I 40
Property, Real; see Villages
Propination (Polish, Propi-
nacya), right of distilling
and selling liquor, term ex-
plained, I 67
carried on by Jews in Poland,
I 67; and Ukraine, I 141

forced upon Jews by economic
factors, I 266 f

from Polish pan by Jewish
arendar, I 93, 170, 265

connected with other economic
pursuits, I 93, 30 1 f

elimination of Jews from, advo-
cated by Polish reformers
(1782), I 272 f, 280; recom-
mended by Polish Govern-
ment Committee (1815), II
89 ; and demanded by Polish
Diet (1818), II 100

law barring Jews from, issued
by Duchy of Warsaw ( 1S12) ,
I 304 f ; but vetoed by Alex-
ander I. (1816), II 94

participation of Jews in, de-
fended by Polish officer, II
98

Jews of annexed White Russia
hampered in pursuit of
(1784), I 311 ff

Polish nobles of annexed Po-
lish provinces advocate elim-
ination of Jews from, I 323 ff

abuses of, set forth by Rus-
sian Government Committee
(1804), I 341 f

committee appointed to con-
sider elimination of Jews
from (1809), I 352 f; but
reports against it( 1S12).
I 353 f

economic mainstay of village
Jewry, I 361 f

346

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

nobility of White Russia de-
mands elimination of Jews
from, I 405 ; decreed for
villages of White Russia
(1823), I 406
occupies central place in eco-
nomic structure of Russian
Jewry, II 72
big Jewish capital transferred

from, to railroad, II 186
Government Committee recom-
mends elimination of Jew3
from (1882), II 310
Government monopoly o f ,
urged as means of removing
Jews from villages, III 17
effects of Government mo-
nopoly of, III 22 f
See Villages
Protestantism, see Reformation
Protoyerey, Russian ecclesiastic
title, term explained, II 301
Prussia shares in partition of
Poland, I 185 f, 262, 292, 297
participates in siege of War-
saw (1794), I 293
rules over Warsaw (1796-

1806), I 385
shattered by Napoleon, I 347
represented at Congress of Aix-

la-Chapelle, I 398 f
introduces Jewish reforms in
annexed Polish provinces, I
385
Jewish regulations of, serve as
model for Russian statemen,
I 331, II 46, 49

Jewish socialist expelled from,

II 224
See Berlin

Pshemyshl (Polish, Pszemysl),
see Stupnitza

Pskov, Jews exiled form (1654),
I 154
• situated outside Pale, II 70

Ptolemies, the Jewish center
under rule of, I 14

Pulavy, Poland, Jews of, mani-
fest Polish patriotism, I 292

Pushkin, Russian poet, relation
of, to Jews, II 138

Pyetukhov, member of political
police, exposes complicity of
Government in pogrom, III
140

Quadrennial Diet, see Diet,
Quadrennial

Raaben, von, governor of Bessa-
rabia, refuses to stop Kishi-
nev pogrom, III 74 f
sued for damages by Jews, III
92
Rabbanites, in Crimea, I 28, 34
Rabbinical Commission, appoint-
ed by Russian Government
(1842), II 56
Jews of Western Europe in-
vited to participate in, II 67
Rabbi Mendel of Lubavich
member of, II 118

INDEX

341

Rabbinical Schools (modern),
opened by assiinilationist
Jews in Warsaw (1826), II
103 f

opening of, decreased by Nicho-
las I. (1844), II 38

pupils of, promised allevia-
tions in military service, II
58

graduates of, intended to
supersede former type of
rabbis and teachers, II 58,
176

opened in Vilna and Zhitomir
(1847), II 59, 174 f

graduates of, act as Govern-
ment agents, II 212

graduates of, form revolution-
ary circle, II 223

Levanda, graduate of, II 239

closed (1873), II 177
Rabbinism opposes Hasidism, I
233 f, 235 ff

opposes enlightenment. I 23S f

firmly entrenched during reign
of Alexander I., 380

uncompromising attitude of,
II 111 ff
Rabbis (and Rabbinate), offici-
ally recognized by Polish
king, I 104 ff

clothed with wide powers, I 73,
105 ff

bear title of Morenu, 1117

relation of, to Kahal, I 107 f

conferences of, I 108 f

conference of, " tries " demons
in Posen, I 203

accused of purchasing offices
from pans, I 284

jurisdiction of, limited to
religious affairs (1804), I
344

deprived of right of imposing
her em (1804), I 344

highly respected by Jews of
Russia, II 112

exempted from military ser-
vice, II 20

reform of, recommended by
Council of State, II 49; by
I. B. Levinsohn, II 12S; and
by other Maskilim, II 136 f

fanaticism of, attacked by
Mapu, II 227 f

See Crown Rabbis
Rabinovich, I., founder of Con-
gregation of New Testament
Israelites, II 335
Rabinovich, Osip (Joseph),
editor of Raesvyet, II 219 f

author of Jewish novels (in
Russian), II 238
Rabinovitz, S., see Shalom

Aleichem
R.adom, see Shidlovitz
Radzieyevski, Polish sub-chan-
cellor, betrays Poland to
Swedes, I 155
Radzionovski, Gree k-Orthodox
priest, admonishes rioters at
Balta, I 301 f

348

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Radziwill, Prince, patron of Saul
Wahl, I 94

Radziwill, voyevoda of Vilna,
settles dispute between rab-
bis and Kahal, I 276

Railroads, Jews become inter-
ested in, II 186

Rakhmistorvka (government of
Kiev), hasidic center, II 120

Randar, see Arendar

Rashi, works of, studied in Po-
land, I 117

Ratisbon, see Pethahiah of Ratis-
bon

Ratner, M., counsel for victims
of Homel pogrom, III 102
member of Central Committee
of League for Equal Rights,
III 112

Rav (or Rov) , name for rabbi, II
120

Ravski, M., prominent Jew in
Warsaw, II 103

Razryaden, " Assortment " of
Jews; see Assortment

Razsvyet ("The Dawn"), Jew-
ish periodical in Russian, II
218, 219 f, 238
resumes publication, after in-
terruption, in St. Petersburg,
II 221, 277
publishes statement of Ignatyev
inviting Jews to emigrate,
II 285
favors organization of emigra-
tion movement, II 298

champions " Love of Zion," II
332

discontinued (1883), II 372

appears again in St. Peters-
burg, III 162
Razumovksi, president of Rus-
sian academy, deplores anti-
Jewish prejudice, I 258
Real Estate, see Villages
Rebbe, popular name for
Tzaddik, or hasidic leader,
II 120; see Tzaddik
Recanati, Menahem, Italian
Cabalist, work of, studied in
Poland, I 134
Recruits (and Recruiting), re-
cruiting ukase of 1827, II
. 18ff

minor recruits, see Cantonists

Jewish committee, or Kahals,
held responsible for quota of,
II 19 f

oath of allegiance of, marked
by great solemnity, II 20

kept apart from non-Jewish
recruits, II 21

recruiting (or conscription)
trustees of Kahals, II 19 f;
turned into police agents, II
22 f ; retained after abolition
of Kahal, II 60; made per-
sonally responsible for com-
pletion of quota, II 147

sent to recruiting jails, II 24

divorce wives before leaving
home, II 28

INDEX

349

drafting of " penal " recruits

decreed (1850), II 147 f
community of Mstislavl pun-
ished by drafting penal re-
cruits, II 86
individual Jews permitted to
capture recruits as substi-
tutes (1853), II 148 f
See Military Service and
Soldiers
Red Russia, see Russia, Red
Reforms, religious, in Judaism,
advocated by Lilienbhim, II
236
preached by Jacob Gordin (and

others), II 333 ff
reform Judaism attacked by
Smolenskin, II 234
Preformation affects unfavorably
position of Jews in Poland,
I 79 f, 85 ff
stimulates literary polemics, I

135 ff
Polish adherents of, welcome

invading Swedes, I 155
fear of, responsible for Jewish

tragedy in Cracow, I 164 f
Russian sect of Stundists trace-
able to influence of, II 333
Reisin, Yiddish writer, III 1G2
Renan protests against Jewish

persecutions, II 326
Repnin, governor-general of Lith-
uania, promises to respect
Jewish autonomy, I 320

23

''Republic" (Polish, Rzecz Pos-
polita), title applied to Po-
land (after 1572), I 88, 262
Residence, Right of, denied to
Jews in towns of ancient
Poland; see "Be non Toler-
andis ludoeis" ; particularly
in Warsaw, I 85, 268, 300;
II 94 f

tax paid by Jews for, in War-
saw, II 95

all restrictions in, abolished in
Poland (1862), II 181; re-
introduced by Alexander III.
(1891), II 367

withdrawn from Jews of
Ukraina (1649), I 151; and
returned to them (1651), II
152

withdrawn from Jews of Little
Russia (1727), I 250

in ancient Russia, see Moscow,
principality of

in modern Russia, see Interior.
Pale of Settlement, and Ex-
pulsions

outside of cities and towns, see
Villages

non-Jews plead before Govern-
ment for grant of, to Jews,
I 256, II 319

denied to Jews in health and
summer resorts, III 18 ff,
154, 157

See also Capitals, and under
Kiev and Moscow

350

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Resolution, term explained, I 253

by Empress Anna, sentencing
Borukhov and Voznitzin to
death (1738), I 253

by Empress Elizabeth, exclud-
ing Jews from Russia ( 1741 ) ,
I 257 ; referred to by Em-
press Catherine II., I 259,
261

by Paul I., approving of anti-
Jewish restrictions (1797),
I 323

by Nicholas I., postponing ex-
pulsion of Jews from vil-
lages, opposing admission
of Jewish merchants to In-
terior, II 36; expelling Jews
form 50-vert zone, II 62 ;
limiting Jewish coachmen to
Pale, II 70; closing syna-
gogues in Velizh, II 78: ex-
pressing doubt about exis-
tence of ritual murder, II
80 ; punishing Jews of
Mstislavl, II 86

R's. of Alexander III. assume
power of laws, II 339

by Nicholas II., opposing abro-
gation of Pale, III 11
Resorts, see Residence, Right of
Restrictions, against Jews, enor-
mous extent of, admitted by
Pahlen Commission, II 364

Guildhall meeting in London
protests against, II 391

Russian governors favor re-
peal of, III 93

regarded by Council of Minis-
ters as cause of revolution-
ary movement among Jews,
III 141

new R's. decreed by Third
Duma, III 156 f

in army, II 319 f, 354 ff

in commerce, see Commerce

in dress, see Dress

in keeping domestics, see
Domestics

in education, II 348 ff, III
27 ff; see Educational Re-
striction

in language, see Language

in professions, II 352 f, III
26 f

in trades, see Artisans

in rights of residence, see Resi-
dence, Right of, also In-
terior and Pale
Revolutionary Movement, i n
Russia, unfriendly attitude
of, towards Jews, I 409 ff

anti-Semitic tendency of, II
279 f

early pogroms ascribed to in-
fluence of, II 259 f, 269, 279

Jews participate in, II 198,
221 ff, 243 f, III 67 ff, 105 ff

Jewish college men join ranks
of, II 348; particularly
graduates of foreign uni-
versities, III 31

Jews held responsible for, III
70

INDEX

351

spread of, among Jews, ad-
mitted by Russian officials
as due to restrictive laws,

II 364 f, III 93, 141
participation of Jews in,

blamed for pogroms, II 305,

III 89 152; intensifies anti-
Semitism, III 16; prompts
anti-Jewish restrictions at
universities, III 28

pogroms engineered for sup-
pression of, III 66 ff, 137
pogroms intensify spread of,

among Jews, III 90
Zionism prohibited as con-
tributory to, III 82
intensified after death of

Plehve, III 98
combated by Black Hundred,

III 124 ff
Jewish participants in, exe-
cuted, III 140; see Bund and
Socialism
Rhescupondes, Dynasty of, rulers
of Jewish colonies in Crimea,
I 14 f
Rhine, the, Jewish immigration

into Poland from, I 41
Richelieu, Duke, governor of
Kherson, interested in Jew-
ish agriculture, I 363 f
Richter, De, aide-de-camp of
Alexander III., receives pro-
Jewish petition from Mayor
of London, II 393
Riesser, Gabriel, German-Jewish
publicist, II 219

compared with Osip Rabino-
vich, II 238
Riga, magistracy of, protests
against contemplated expul-
sion of Jews (1743), I 256

Jews of White Russia forbid-
den to settle in, I 313

Max Lilienthal resides in, II 52

Lilienthal's school in, pointed
to as model, II 137

Jewish community of, protests
against denial of Jewish
franchise (1905), III 121

See also Livonia
Rindfleisch, persecution of, in
Germany, drives Jews into
Poland, I 50
Riots, see Pogroms
Ripon, Bishop of, addresses
Guildhall meeting in favor
of Prussian Jews, II 391
Rishon-le-Zion, Jewish colony in

Palestine, II 322, 375
Ritual Murder Libel (blood accu-
sation), forbidden by Bole-
slav of Kalish (1264), I 47;
by Sigismund II. (1564 and
1566), I 88; by Stephen
Batory (1575), I 89

frequency of, in Poland, I 95,
172 ff, II 74, 99

General of Dominican Order in
Rome warns Poles against
(1664), I 165

Polish Jews appeal to pope
against ( 1758) , I 179

352

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

prohibition of, confirmed by

Augustus III. (17G3), I 180

supported by sect of Frankists.

I 216 f

forbidden in kingdom of Po-
land by Russian Government

(1817), II 99
repeated by Abbe Chiarini in

Warsaw, II 104
prejudices Peter the Great

against Jews, I 247 f
assumes malign aspect under

Nicholas I., II 73
believed by Nicholas I., I 79, 83
affects Jewish legislation in

Russia, II 79
refuted by Isaac Baer Levin-

sohn, II 131
commission for investigation

of, appointed by Nicholas I.

(1854), II 151
defended by Lutostanski, II

203 f, 244
Alexander III. gives credence

to, II 203, 244
championed by Novoye Yremya,

II 205

preached by Krushevan, III 70
cases of (in Poland) :

Bielsk, I 87

Cracow, I 5G f

Lenchitza, I 100 f

Lublin, I 96. 100

Posen, I 172

Ruzhany, I 162 IT

Sandomir, I 172 ff

Zaslav, I 172

Zhitomir, I 178

minor places, I 178
cases of (in Poissia) :

Dubossary, III 71

Gordonya, II 247 f

Grodno, II 73

Kiev (Beilis trial) , see Beilis

Kishinev, III 71

Kutais (Caucasus) , II 204

Nizhni-Novgorod, II 360 f

Saratov, II 150 ff

Velizh, II 75 ff

Vilna (Blondes trial), III 37
Rivkes, Moses, of Vilna, Hebrew

author, I 200
Rodiehev, Duma deputy, de-
nounces Bialystok pogrom,

II 137, 139
defends Jews, III 156
E.odkinson, publishes ha-Kol, II

223
Rogov, Anton, propagates " Ju-

daizing heresy," I 402
Roman Empire, immigration into

Western Europe proceeds

from, I 13
sovereignty of, acknowledged

b}' rulers of Crimea, I 14 f
menaced by Khazars, I 20
Rome, nuncio Lippomano dis-
patched from, to Poland, I 86
general of Dominican Order in,

defends Polish Jews, I 165
Ambassador of Muscovy at, I

242

INDEX

353

Romny, pogrom at (October
1905), III 128

Sonne and Simon, quoted, I 331

Rosenthal, Leon, founder of
Society for Diffusion of En-
lightenment, II 214

Rosenthal, N., leader of Vilna
Maskilim, II 136

Rosh-Pinah, Jewish colony in
Palestine, II 375

Rosh-Yeshibah, head of Tal-
mudic academy, recognized
by Polish Government, I
115f
position of in Jewish com-
munity, I 116 ff

Rossie, mythical philosopher,
quoted in support of blood
accusation, II 73

Rostov (on the Don), placed out-
side Pale and closed to Jews,
II 346
pogrom at, II 358

Rothschild, Alphonse de, of
Paris, refuses to participate
in Russian loan, II 408
attacked by Novoye Yremya,

II 410
refusal of, infuriates Russian
Government, II 417

Rothschild, Edmond de, of Paris,
supports Jewish colonization
of Palestine, II 375 f, 422

Rothschild, Nathaniel de, of
London, member of Commit-
tee for Pogrom Victims, II
291

Rothschilds, the, of Paris, offer
to pay transportation of
Russian Jews to Algiers, II
69

expected to participate in Rus-
sian loan, II 407 f
Roumania compelled by Con-
gress of Berlin to emanci-
pate Jews, II 202

Jews of, establish colonies in
Palestine, II 375
Rovno (Volhynia), pogrom at,

III 99
Rum, name for Byzantium, I 24
Russ, old name for Russia, I 33 ;

Red Russia, 1115
Russ, anti-Semitic newspaper in

Moscow, II 278, 325
Russia, ancient, see Moscow,
principality of, and Kiev,
principality of

exercises protectorate over Po-
land, I 181

Jews expelled from (1741), I
255

shares in partition of Poland,
I 186 f, 262, 292, 297, 314

joins Prussia in besieging War-
saw (1794), I 293

represented at Congress of Aix-
la-Chapelle, I 39S

Jews of Poland transferred to,
I 241

Jews of White Russia brought
under dominion of ( 1 7'J2 | .
I 306 ff

354

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

attitude of, towards Jews, I

242 ff
admission of Jews to, favored

by Senate and refused by

Catherine II., I 259 f
follows traditional Muscovite

policy in excluding Jews, I

246 f, 341, II 35 f
institutes Pale of Settlement,

I 314
adopts policy of exceptional

laws, I 314 ff
Jews loyal to, in Franco-Rus-
sian War (1812), I 355 ff
Zionists of, assemble at Minsk

Convention, III 45
importance of Zionism for

Jews of, II 146 ff
Russia, Great, laborers from,

active in pogroms, II 248,

256, 359
Russia, Little, population of, I 53
ceded to Russia (1654), I 94,

153
annexed by Russia ( 1 667 ) , I

159, 244
Jews barred from, I 246
ritual murder in, I 247 f
Jews expelled from (1727), I

249 f

Cossacks of, protest against

exclusion of Jews, I 250
Jews admitted to fairs of, I

250 f

Jews penetrate into, and settle
in. I 253, 255

expelled again from (1740), I

254
inhabitants of, protest against

exclusion of Jews, I 256
admission of Jews into, favored

by Senate, I 257
Empress Elizabeth insists on

expulsion of Jews from

(1844), I 257
representatives of, plead for

admission of Jews, I 260
Catherine II. refuses to admit

Jews into, I 261
included in Pale (1794), I 317;

(1804), 342; (1835), II 40
Jews of White Russia settle in,

I 321 f
Great Russians, or Katzaps,

prepare pogroms in, II 248,

256, 359
Russia, New (South Russia),

steppes of, inhabited by Cos-
sacks, I 142 f
Jews permitted to settle in

(1791 ), 1316
Karaites of, granted special

privileges (1795), I 318
included in Pale ( 1804) , I 342 ;

(1835), II 40
expelled village Jews beg to be

transferred to, I 352
Jews of White Russia settle as

farmers in, I 363 f
agricultural immigration into,

temporarily stopped (1810),

I 365

INDEX

355

Government attempts to settle
" Israelitish Christians " in,

I 400

Jewish agricultural colonies in,

II 70 f, 197

Max Lilienthal makes educa-
tional tour, through, II 56

represented on Rabbinical Com
mission of Bezalel Stern, II
57

Odessa, capital of, center of
Haskalah, II 132

Vorontzov, governor-general of,
defends Jews, II 64 ff

Stroganov, governor-general of,
advocates emancipation o f
Jews, II 168 f

pogroms in, II 249 ff

See Odessa
Russia, Red, occasionally called
Russia (or Russ), I 75, 115

corresponds to Eastern Galicia,
I 53

forms independent principality,
I 53

annexed by Casimir the Great,
I 42, 53

Lemberg, leading city of, I 74

invaded by Khmelnitzki, I 150 f

Jews forbidden to sell cloth in,
I 75

Jews of, represented on Coun-
cil of Four Lands, I 110

federated Kahals of, I 196

Solomon of Lemberg, chosen
spiritual head of, I 115

voyevoda of, grants constitu-
tion to Lemberg Jews, I 191

See Lemberg
Russia, White, Ukrainian bands
penetrate into (1648), I
149

invaded by Russian troops
(1654), I 153 f, 244 f

annexed by Russia (1772), I
186, 262, 306

divided into two governments
(Moghilev and Vitebsk), I
307

becomes Jewish intellectual
center, I 159 f

federated Kahals of, I 196

traces of Sabbatian propa-
ganda in, I 205

differs intellectually from
South-west, I 221

Hasidism spreads in, I 230,
238, 372; but excelled by
Rabbinism, I 274

distinct character of Hasidism
in, I 233 ff

Kahals of, appealed to by
Elijah Gaon against Hasi-
dism, I 373

Hasidism in, founded by
Shneor Zalman, I 234, 356,
II 57 ; and represented by his
dynasty, II 1 17

Jews of, penetrate into Mos-
cow, I 245; and Smolensk, I
249

356

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Russian Government promises
Jews of, preservation of
ancient liberties (1772), I
306 f, 366

Jews of, numbered and taxed.
I 307

internal organization of Jews
in, I 308 ff

Kahals of, recognized by Gov-
ernment, I 309 ; but re-
stricted to spiritual affairs
and collection of taxes. 1313

Jews of, oppressed by Passek,
governor-general, I 310 ff

Jews of, appeal to Catherine
II., I 311

Jews of, refused permission to
settle in Riga, I 313; and
outside of White Russia in
general, 315 f

included in Pale ( 1 794 ) , I 3 1 7 ;
(1804), I 342; (1835, except

» villages), II 40

Jews of, immigrate to New
Russia, I 364, II 70

famine in (1821), I 329

Dyerzhavin sent as investi-
gator to, I 328 f, 386

Jews of, emigrate to New Rus-
sia, I 364; II 70

Jews in, elected to municipal
offices, I 368

Jews of, marked by public
spirit, I 379

traces of " Enlightenment " in,
I 386

new famine in (1821), sug-
gests expulsion of Jews from
villages, I 405 f

expulsion of Jews from villages
of, decreed (1823), I 406;
and carried out, I 407 ; de-
nounced as useless by Coun-
cil of State (1835), I 407,
II 34 f

expelled village Jews of, settle
in New Russia, II 70

Jewish agricultural settle-
ments in, II 72

Khovanski, governor-general
of, active in ritual murder
trial, II 76 ff; see Velizh

pogroms checked by authorities
of (1881), II 267

pogroms spread in, III 87 ff,
100 f ; see Moghilev, Vitebsk,
and Villages
Russian Language, the, Jewish
literature in, II 238 ff

Jewish writers in, hail from
South, II 238

declared native language of
Jews by sect " New Israel,"

II 334

Jewish press in, III 59, 162
Frug, Jewish poet, writes in,

III 63

Jewish science in, III 65

See also Language
Russian Poland, see Poland
Russians, the, tribe, in land of
Khazars, I 22

INDEX

CO

relation of, to Khazars, I 26, 28 I
converted to Greek-Orthodoxy,

I 31
See Russia

Russification of Jews, under
Alexander II., II 174 ff,
206 ff, 215
advocated by Orshanski, II

239; and Levanda, II 239 f
discarded by Jewish intelli-
genzia, II 326 ff, III 103

Russkaya Zhizn ("Russian
Life"), newspaper in St.
Petersburg, pictures suffer-
ings of Moscow Jews, II 397

Russki Vyestnik ("Russian
Herald"), Russian maga-
zine, defends Jews, II 207 f

Russki Yevrey ( " The Russian
Jew"), Jewish weekly in
Russian, in St. Petersburg,

II 221, 277

pursues moderate policy, II 332
discontinued (1884), II 372
Russo-Japanese War interrupts
labor of Government Com-
mission on Jewish Question,

III 93

participation of Jews in, III

94 ff
Jewish veterans of, granted

universal right of residence,

III 98 f
Jewish surgeons in, accused of

revolutionary propaganda,

III 156

Jewish soldiers in, denied resi-
dence in Port Arthur, III
157

Ruthenians, or Little Russians,
the, I 53
belong to Uniat Church, I 141 ;
see Russia, Little

Ruzhany (province of Grodno),
ritual murder case of, I 162

Ruzhin, Israel of, hasidic leader,
II 120 f

Rybalenko, alleged victim of
ritual murder, III 71

Sabbatai Zevi, name of, left out
by Halperin, contemporary
Polish-Jewish chronicler, I
201
Hayyun, emissary of, I 204
Polish Jews respond to claims
of, I 204; and send deputa-
tion to, I 206 f
betrayed by Nekemiah Cohen,

I 207
Polish Jews loyal to, I 207
Jacob Frank considered rein-
carnation of, I 212 f, 214;
and follows example of, I
216
See Sabbat ians
Sabbatarians, the, " Sabbath ob-
servers," " Judaizing " sect
in Russia, I 401 ff
Sabbatians, the, adherents of
Sabbatai Zevi, movement of,
in Poland, I 204 ff

358

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Council of Four Lands objects

to, I 196
join adherents of Judah Hasid,

I 209
pose as Mohammedans, I 210
continue secretly in Podolia

and Galicia, I 210 f
Jacob Frank associates with, I

212 ff
Hasidim accused of continu-
ing work of, I 376
Sack, St. Petersburg banker,
member of Jewish deputa-
tion to Alexander III., II 261
" Sacred League," The, organiza-
tion of high Russian officials,
suspected of assisting po-
groms, II 248
Sadogora (Bukovina), Israel of
Ruzhin settles in, II 121
hasidic dynasty of, II 121
Safed (Palestine), Ari and Vital.

Cabalists, in, I 134, 134
Salant (government of Kovno),
M. A. Ginzburg, Hebrew
writer, native of, II 133
Salisbury, Lord, English pre-
mier, answers interpellation
concerning Jewish persecu-
tions in Russia, II 382
Saloniki, center of Sabbatian
movement, I 207
Jacob Frank resides in, I 212
Samkers, Jewish city on Taman

Peninsula, I 23
Samkrtz (Samkers), locality in
Crimea, I 26

Samogitia (Zhmud), Russian
province, name explained, I
293, II 133

Samson, of Ostropol, cabalist and
martyr, I 148 f

Samoyeds, tribe in government
of Archangel, II 367

Samuel Ben Ali, Gaon of Bagdad,
corresponds with Moses of
Kiev, I 33

San, river, provinces on, invaded
by Swedes, I 154

Sanchez, Antonio, Jewish court
physician in Russia, I 258

Sandomir (Galicia), ritual mur-
der of, I 172 ff
Jews expelled from, I 173

Saratov (city), ritual murder of,
II 150 ff
pogrom at, III 130

Saratov (government), " Judaiz-
ing " movement in, I 401 f

Sardis, city in Asia Minor, Jew-
ish community in, I 14

Sarkel, city in Crimea, I 26

Sarmatians, tribe, I 14

Sassanido, dynasty of, in Persia,
I 19

Satanov (Podolia), rabbis assem-
ble at, I 213
Mendel Lewin, Hebrew writer,
native of, I 388

Savitzki, convert, accuses Jews of
ritual murder, II 73

Savory, Sir Jospeh, Lord Mayor
of London, presides at Guild-
hall meeting, II 390 ff

INDEX

359

signs and forwards to Tzar
petition on behalf of Russian
Jews, II 392

Savranski, Moses, hasidic leader,
II 121

Saym (Polish, Sejm), see Diet

Saymists, the, name of Jewish
Socialistic Labor Party, III
145

Sazonov, Russian terrorist, kills
Plehve, III 97

Schechter, Solomon, quoted, I 27

Schiller, impressed by auto-
biography of Solomon Mai-
mon, I 240
works of, translated into He-
brew, II 226

Schiltberber, German traveller,
refers to Jews in Crimea, I
34

Schluesselburg, near St. Peters-
burg, prison at, II 97

Schneider, warden of Moscow
synagogue, exiled, II 424

School, traditional Jewish, see
Heeler and Yeshibah
modern Jewish S's. in Odessa
(1S26), II 133; and in Riga
and Kishinev, II 52
S. of Handicrafts (in Zhito-
mir) closed by Alexander
III. (18S4), II 347
large S. fund offered to Rus-
sian Government by Baron
Hirsch, II 415; transferred
to S's. in Galicia, II 416

Jewish trade S. in Moscow, III

13
Talmud Torah S. in Moscow,

III 13
sending of Jews to Russian

Government S's. urged by

Friesel, governor of Vilna,

I 327, and Dyerzhavin, I 333
Statute of 1804 permits Jews

to attend Government S's.,
or to open secular S's. of
their own, I 344 f

Jews shun secular S's., I 350,
380

graduates of Government S's.
exempted from military ser-
vice (1827), II 20

Council of State criticises tra-
ditional Jewish S. ( 1840 ) , II
48; and suggests special
Government ( or Crown i
S's. for Jews, II 49

opening of network of Jewish
Crown S's. urged by Uvarov,

II 51

S. of Lilienthal in Riga serves
as model, II 52

Lilienthal commissioned to or-
ganize Crown S's., II 56

opening of Crown S's. decreed
by Nicholas I. (1844), II 58

attendance at Crown S's. made
compulsory, II 58

attendance at Crown S's. stim-
ulated by alleviation in
military service, II 58, 164,
174

3G0

THE JEW'S IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

graduation from Crown S's.
made obligatory for rabbis
and teachers, II 58

Crown S's. expected to weaken
influence of Talmud, II 51,
58

Crown S's. opened (1847), II
59, 174

attendance at Crown S's. in-
significant, II 175

Crown S's. closed (1873), II
177

J. L. Gordon and Levanda
active as teachers in Crown
S's., II 228, 239

Russian Government abandons
fight against traditional
Jewish S. (1879), II 177

attendance at general Govern-
ment S's. urged by Russian
officials, II 163 ff

Jews begin to flock to Russian
S's., II 209

Russian S's. as assimilationist
factor, II 209

governors-general o f Odessa
and Kharkov suggest re-
strictive percentage for
Jews at gymnazia (school
norm), II 339

question of S. norm submitted
by Pahlen Commission, II
339; and disapproved by
majority thereof, II 348

Dyelanov, Minister of Public
Instruction, directed by

Alexander III. to frame en-
actment embodying S. norm,
II 339, 349
S. norm decreed by ministerial
circular (1S87), II 350 f;
without preliminary sub-
mission to Council of State,

II 349

S. norm results in large num-
ber of Jewish " externs," II
351, III 31

attendance at commercial S's.
and gymnazia further re-
stricted (1901), III 29 f

Jewish girls free to attend sec-
ondary S's. (gymnazia), but
restricted in higher S's., Ill
30 f

Pahlen, governor of Vilna,
advocates separate S's. for
Jews (1903), III 152

S. norm abolished in institu-
tions of higher learning
(1905), III 124; but re-
stored (1907), III 152

S. norm placed on Statute
books (1909), III 158

many higher S's. barred to
Jews, III 158

S. norm applied to private S's.,

III 158 f; and extended to
" externs" (1911), III 159

one hundred Jewish students
excluded from Kiev Poly-
technicum (1907), III 152

INDEX

361

Jews barred from Military
Academy of Medicine (1910),
III 156
See Education, Enlighten-
ment, and University

Schorr, Solomon, follower of
Jacob Frank, I 217

Schiilergelauf, see Pogroms (in
Poland)

Sclmssberg, Gabriel, describes
Cossack massacres of 1648,

I 158

Schwartz, informer against Jews,

II 48

Schwartz, Russian Minister of
Public Instruction, opposed
to Jews, III 157 f
Scythians, the, tribe, I 14
Sejm, see Saym
Selek, see Jacob Zelig
Seleucids, dynasty of, I 14
Self-Defence, organized by Jews,
in riot at Lemberg ( 1 664 ) ,
I 161 f
in Posen (1687), I 166
in massacre at Uman (1768),

I 184 f
averts pogrom at Berdychev

(1881), I 256 f
intensifies pogrom at Konotop

(Chernigov, 1881), II 257
checked by police in Odessa
(1881), II 258; and pun-
ished in court, II 264
active in pogrom at Warsaw
(1881), II 281

forbidden by authorities (dur-
ing Balta pogrom, 1882), II
300

organized after Kishinev mas-
sacre, III 80

forbidden by Plehve, III 80, 90

active in pogrom at Ilomel
(1903), III S7ff; attacked
by police, III 88; arraigned
in court, III 102

Jews of Odessa organize
(1904), III 96

pogroms checked by, at Melito-
pol and Simferopol (govern-
ment of Tavrida, 1905), III
115

displays heroism during po-
grom at Zhitomir (1905),
III 116 ff

movement for, intensified dur-
ing revolution of 1905, III
119

attacked by soldiers during
pogrom at Kerch (1905 ) , III
120

police and soldiers ordered to
drive off, III 129
displays heroism in Odessa
pogrom (October, 1905), III
129; court-martialed, III
150
Self-Government, Jewish, see
Autonomy

local and rural, see Zemstvos

urban, see Municipalities

362

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Selim II., Sultan of Turkey,
attended by Jewish body-
physician, I 132

Semender (Tarku), city in Cau-
casus, I 26

Semipalatinsk (territory), in
Central Asia, uncivilized
tribes of, placed on level
with Jews, II 367

Semiryechensk (territory), in
Central Asia, semi-civilized
tribes of, placed on level
with Jews, II 367

Semyonovka (government of
Chernigov), pogrom at, III
129

Senate, the, in Poland, forms
upper Chamber, I 167
censures King Sobieski for

favoring Jews, I 167
re-established by Napoleon in

duchy of Warsaw, I 298
refuses petition of Jews for
equal rights, I 301 f

Senate, the, in Russia, recom-
mends death penalty for con-
version to Judaism (1738),
I 253
decrees expulsion of Jews from

Little Russia (1739), I 254
recommends admission of Jews
to Little Russia and Livonia
(1743), I 257
favors admission of Jews into
Russian empire (1763), I
259

sanctions Kahals in White
Russia (1778), I 309; but
suddenly questions their
legality (1782), I 310; and
restricts them to spiritual
affairs and collection of
taxes (1786), I 313

restricts Jews of White Russia
in liquor trade (1786), I 312

refuses permission to White
Russian Jews to settle in
Riga, thus laying founda-
tion for Pale (1786), I 313 f

reaffirms Catherine's ukase or-
dering transfer of village
Jews to towns ( 1797 ) , I 323 f

Friesel, governor of Vilna, for-
wards suggestions of Jewish
reforms to, I 326 f

declares Jews not subject to
serfdom, I 328

Dyerzhavin's memorandum on
Jews laid before (1800), I
334

loses executive power with cre-
ation of Council of State
(1801), I 335

case against Shneor Zalman
transferred to, I 378

Jewish communal affairs trans
ferred from, to Minister of
Ecclesiastic Affairs (1817),
I 392

prohibits keeping of Christian
domestics (1820), I 404

INDEX

363

puts harsh interpretation on
decree of Nicholas I. expel-
ling Jews from Fifty-Verst
Zone (1843), II 62 f

takes over ritual murder case
of Velizh (1830), II 81

sends ukase to governors warn-
ing against pogroms (18S2),

II 313

sets aside misconstruction of
Temporary Rules (1884), II
341

sustains law of 1874 denying
universal right of residence
to discharged Jewish soldiers
(1885), II 355

passes upon complaints against
misapplication of Temporary
Rules, III 17; and reverses
decisions of lower courts,

III 18

sustains expulsion of con-
sumptive Jewish student
from health resort, III 19

sustains practice of confining
Jews of Siberia to their
places of registration ( 1 897 ) ,
III 22

orders second trial of Blondes,
III 37

sustains sentence against
Dashevski, assailant o f
Krushevan, II 82

dismisses complaint of victims
of Kishinev massacres, III
92

receives ukase from Nicholas

II. permitting submission of

suggestions to Government

(1905), III 110
declares Zionism illegal (1907 ) ,

III 152
prohibits Jewish soldiers from

residing in Port Arthur, III

157
' Senior," the, title for elder in

Poland, I 72 f, 94
title for chief rabbi in Poland,

I 105

Separatism, of Jews, ascribed by
Russian Government to their
inferior " moral status," II
158

combated by Russian Govern-
ment, II 190ff

commented upon unfavorably
by Ignatyev, II 273; by
Gubernatorial Commissions,

II 275; and by Pahlen Com-
mission, II 365

Serafinovich, Jewish convert, up-
holds blood accusation, I
173 f
Serfs, or Khlops, form separate
estate in Poland, I 442

S's. of Ukraina, resent Polish
rule, I 140

Jews in Ukraina mediators be-
tween pans and, I 142

S's. of Ukraina rise against
Poles and Jews, I 182

364

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

conversion of Jews into, re-
jected by Polish Diet, I 170

subjection of Jews to serfdom
not recognized by Russian
Senate, I 328
Sergius, grand duke, appointed
governor-general of Moscow,
II 400 f

entrance into Moscow of, pre-
ceded by expulsion of Jews,
II

closes Moscow synagogue, II
423 f

refuses petition of Jews to re-
open it, III 12 f

assassinated, III 110
Serra, papal nuncio, skeptical

towards Frankists, I 216
Servia instructed by Berlin Con-
gress to grant equality to
Jews, II 202
Service, Military, see Military

service
Sevastopol (Crimea), ancient
Jewish Community in neigh-
borhood of, I 17

Jews expelled from (1829), II
32

barred to Jews (1835), II 40

reopened to Jews by Alexander
II., II 172

thousands of Jewish soldiers
fall at (in Crimean War),

II 149

consumptive Jewish student
marched through streets of,

III 19

Sever, Slav tribe, subject to

Kliazars, I 26
Sforza, see Bona Sforza
Shaftsbury, Earl of, addresses

Mansion House meeting in

London on behalf of Russian

Jews, II 288
Shakhna, see Shalom Shakhna
Shaizari, Ash-, Arabic writer,

quoted, I 23
Shak, see Cohen, Sabbatai
Shalom Aleichem (S. Rabino-

vitz), editor of Jiidische

Tolksbibliothek, III 59
Yiddish writer, III 62
Shalom Shakhna, rabbi of Lub-
lin and Little Poland, I 105,

109
pioneer of Talmud study in

Poland, I 122 f
rabbinical conferences initiated

by, I 123
responsa of, I 123
Shamir-Khan-Shur, city in

Caucasus, I 26
Shantung Peninsula, see Kuan-

tung
Shapiro, Samuel Abba and

Phinehas, Russian-J ewish

printers, II 123 f
Shargorod (Volhynia), Jacob

Joseph Cohen, rabbi of, I

227, 230
" Shabsitzvinnikes," nickname

for adherents of Sabbatai

Zevi, I 210

INDEX

365

Shaving of heads by Jewish
women forbidden by Nicho-
las I. (1852), II 144

Shchebreshin (Polish, Szczebrze-
szyn), Meir, Hebrew author,
native of, I 158

Shchedrin-Saltykov, Russian

satirist, protests against

persecution of Jews, II 325 f

denounces Novoye Vremya, I

380

Shcheglovitov, anti-Semitic Min-
ister of Justice, secures par-
don for pogrom makers, III
150
engineers Beilis case, III 165
St. Petersburg Bar Association
protests against, III 166

" Shebsen," nickname for adher-
ents of Sabbatai Zevi, I 211

Shedletz ( Polish, Siedlce), Judah

Hasid, native of, I 208

Lukov, in province of, I 287

Sheitel, Jewish name for wig, II
144

Shekel, societies of Sh. prayers
organized by Zionists, III 45

Shidlovitz (Polish, Szydlowiec),
near Radom, Poland, home
of Judah Hasid, I 208

Shishkov, Minister of Public In-
struction, advocates aboli-
tion of institution of Jewish
deputies, I 395
I. B. Levinsohn applies for
subsidy to, II 129
24

Shklov, rabbis assembled at,
condemn Shneor Zalman,
I 238

Dyerzhavin sent to, in response

to complaints of Jews, I 328

Shklover, Borukh, see Borukh

Shklover
Shklover, Nota, of St. Petersburg
(family name Notkin), I 338

purveyor to Potemkin's army,
I 330

proposes establishment of Jew-
ish colonies near Black Sea,
I 331

participates in work of Jewish
Government Commission, I
33S
Shlakhovski, Baruch, killed in

pogrom, II 303
Shlakhta (Polish, Szlachta: Po-
lish nobility), term explain-
ed, I 58

forms separate estate, I 44

growing influence of, I 58

favors Jews on account of
financial advantages, I 69

controls diets, I 77

attitude of, towards Jews, I 77

granted jurisdiction over Jews
of its estates, I 84

elects kings, I 89

usurps power, I 91 ff

resorts to services of Jews, I 93

represented among sect of
Socinians, I 91

acts contemptuously towards
serfs in Ukraina, I 141 f

366

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

surrenders cities to Swedes, I

155
diets, controlled by clergy and

S., impose restrictions on,

I 1G0
oppresses Jewish arendars, I

170
tries to turn Jews into serfs,

I 170

forces kings to impose restric-
tions on Jews, I 181 f

exterminated in Ukraina, I
183 ff

Kahals warn Jews against act-
ing as stewards of, I 188

controls Quadrennial Diet, I
278

bars Jews from buying crown
lands, I 296

Jews forbidden to acquire es-
tates of (1808), I 300

proposes anti-Jewish restric-
tions to Russian Govern-
ment, I 322 ff, 324 ff

hypocrisy of, exposed by Polish
writer, II 98
Shleshkovski, Polish physician,
attacks Jewish physicians in
Poland in anti-S e m i t i c
pamphlet, I 96
Shlieferman, Jewish soldier in
Saratov, accused of ritual
murder, II 151

sentenced to penal servitude,

II 152

Shmakov, anti-Semitic lawyer,
defends Krushevan, III 82

appears in Beilis case, III 82

acts a3 counsel for Kishinev
rioters, III 91 f
Shmerling, of Moghilev, dies
while attending Jewish Con-
ference in St. Petersburg, II
304
Shneor Zalman, founder of " ra-
tional Hasidism," or Habad,
I 234

resides at Ladi (government of
Moghilev), I 234, II 117

moves to Lozno (government of
Moghilev), I 234, II 117, 330

favors Russian arms in Franco-
Russian War, I 356 f

establishes hasidic center in
White Russia, I 372

arouses ire of Vilna Gaon, I
374

denounced to Russian Govern-
ment, I 376

dispatched as prisoner to St.
Petersburg and liberated by
Paul I., I 376

dispatched again to St. Peters-
burg and liberated by Alex-
ander I., I 378

author of philosophic work
entitled Tanyo, I 374

philosophy of, I 381 f

rejects Tzaddik cult, I 382

Mendel, grandson of, II 57

successors of, II 117 f

See Shneorsohn
Shneor, Hebrew poet, III 162

INDEX

367

Shneorsohn, Mendel, leader of
White Russian Hasidim, II
57

establishes residence at Luba-
vichi, II 117

member of Rabbinical Commis-
sion, II 118

forced to approve Mendels-
sohn's Bible translation, II
118

rejects innovations in Jewish
education, II 118 f
Shpola (government of Kiev),

pogrom at, III 33
Shtadlan, representative of Jews
before Government, term ex-
plained, 1111

officially designated in Poland
as " general syndic," I 111,
160

appointed by Council of Four
Lands, I 111, 193

secures ratification of Jewish
privileges, I 160

presents applications of Polish
Jews to King Sobieski, I
167
Shtar Isko, rabbinical form of
promissory note, term ex-
plained, I 350
Shtiblach, name for hasidic

houses of prayer, II 124
Shnlhan Arukh, rabbinical code
of law, composed by Joseph
Caro, I 123

arrangement of, I 128

supplemented by Isserles, I 124

criticised by Solomon Luria, I
125

rivalled by code of Mordecai
Jaffe, I 127 f

Polish rabbis write commen-
taries on, I 128, 130, 200

firmly established in Poland,
I 130

amplified by Gaon in Vilna,
I 236
Siberia, Jewish prisoners i n
Russo-Polish War deported
to (1654), I 245

" Judaizing " sectarians de-
ported to, I 402 ff

Jewish juvenile recruits, or
cantonists, sent to, II 24

failure of Courland Jews to
leave province punished by
deportation to, II 34

colonization of Jews in, started
by Government (1836) ; and
stopped (1S37), II 71

swamps of, considered for Jew-
ish settlement (1882), II
285

accusers of Jews, in ritual mur-
der trial of Velizh, deported
to (1835), II 82

accused Jews of N o v o y a
Ushitza (Podolia) deported
to (1S36), II 85

Jewish printers of Slavuta
(Volhynia) deported to, II
123

368

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

revolutionaries exiled to, II
243

Jewish revolutionaries exiled
to, II 224

governors granted right of
deportation to, II 246

criminals sentenced to deporta-
tion to, placed in transpor-
tation prisons, II 403

"aliens" (semi-savage tribes)
in, placed on level with Jews,

II 367

Jews of, denied right of move-
ment, III 21 f
Jewish recruits dispatched to,

III 94

Sicilist, vulgar pronunciation for

Socialist, III 116
Sigismund (Polish, Zygmynt), I.,
king of Poland and duke of
Lithuania (1606-1548),
favorable to Jews, I 71 f
appoints Jewish tax-farmers in

Lithuania, I 72
warns authorities of Posen to
respect Jewish privileges, I
74
forbids Jews of Posen to keep
stores on market-place, I 74;
and restricts Jews of Posen
to separate quarters, I 75
restricts Jews of Lemberg in

pursuit of commerce, I 75
prevents anti-Jewish riot in

Cracow, I 76
wife of, accepts bribes from
Jews, I 76

appoints commission to inves-
tigate charges against Jews
of Lithuania, I 80
exonerates Lithuanian Jews, I

81

places Jews on estates under

jurisdiction of nobles, I 84

appoints Michael Yosefovich

" senior," or chief rabbi of

Lithuanian Jews, I 72 f, 104

confirms election of other chief

rabbis, I 104 f, 122
confers large powers on rabbis,

I 73, 104 f
rabbinical conferences meet

during reign of, I 109 f
kindness of, to Jews com-
mented upon by Polish
writer, II 98
Sigismund (Polish, Zygmunt)
II. Augustus, king of Poland
(1548-1572), ratifies Jewish
privileges, I 83
enlarges and establishes Jew-
ish autonomy, I 83
places Jews on estates under
jurisdiction of nobles, I 84
endeavors to stop execution of
Jews accused of host desecra-
tion, I 86 f
forbids ritual murder and host

trials, I 88
bestows on Jews of Great Po-
land charter of autonomy
(1551), I 105ff

INDEX

3G9

confers on Jews right of estab-
lishing yeshibalis, and he-
stows large powers on presi-
dents of yeshibahs, I 115

grants Jews of Cracow mo-
nopoly of importing Hebrew
books, I 131

attended by Jewish body phy-
sician, I 132

writes to Ivan the Terrible de-
manding admission of Jews
to Russia, I 243

last king of Yaguello dynasty,
I 88
Sigismund (Polish, Zygmunt)
III,, king of Poland (1588-
1632), I 91

ratifies Jewish privileges, I 93

protects Jews against magis-
tracies, I 94

reaction against " Arian "
heresy during reign of, I 91

requires consent of clergy for
erection of synagogues, I 98

attended by Jewish court phy-
sician, I 136
Silesia, Jews fleeing from Cru-
sades seek shelter in, I 41

Jews own estates in, I 42

John Casimir, king of Poland,
flees to, I 155

Solomon Maimon ends days in,
I 240
Simferopol (government of Tav-
rida ) , pogrom at, checked
(April, 1905), III 115

pogrom at (October, 1905), III
128

Simeon Volfovich, see Volfovich
Simon, of Trent, alleged victim of

ritual murder, I 179
Simon, Sir John, interpellates

Gladstone concerning Rus-
sian Jews, II 291
Simon, Leon, quoted, III 51, 60
Sion ("Zion"), Jewish periodi-
cal in Russian, II 218, 220
Sipyaghin, Russian Minister of

Interior, pursues reactionary

policy, III 16
assassinated, III 66
Sirkis, Joel, called Bah, Polish

rabbi and Talmudist, I 130,

206
opposed to philosophy, I 133
Sittenfeld, manager of secular

Jewish school in Odessa, II

133
Skarga, Peter, leading Jesuit in

Poland, I 90
Skharia (Zechariah) converts

Russian priests to Judaism,

I 36
Skvir (government of Kiev), ha-

sidic center, II 120
Slaves, manumission of, among

Jews of ancientCriniea, 1 15 f
Slavium, Slav tribe, tributary to

Khazars, I 26
Slavs, the, tributary to Khazars,

I 26
treated tolerantly by Khazars,

122
throw off Khazar yoke, I 28
German Jews visit lands of, I

33, 39

370

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Slavuta (Volhynia), Jewish

printing-press in, II 42 f, 123
Sliosberg, G., counsel for Jewish
victims of Homel pogrom,
III 102
members of Central Committee
of League for Equal Rights,
III 112
Sloboda, older name for govern-
ment of Kharkov, I 251
Slutzk, Jewish community of,
represented on Lithuanian
Waad, I 112
Smith, Charles Emory, United
States Minister at St. Peters-
burg, II 395 f
Smolensk, Polish king appoints
Jewish convert starosta of,
I 73
visited by Jewish merchants of
Poland and Lithuania, I 242
colony of White Russian Jews

in, I 249
Borukh Leibov, resident of,
converts captain of navy to
Judaism, I 249, 251
visited by Jewish merchants of
White Russia, I 315 f; but
Jews barred from settling in,
I 316
anti-Semitic play produced in,
III 38
Smolenskin, Perez, editor of ha-
Shahar, II 218, 234
Hebrew writer, II 234 ff
theory of Judaism by, II 235 f
joins " Love of Zion " move-
ment, II 232

Smorgoni or Smorgon (govern-
ment of Vilna), home of
Menashe Uyer, II 114

Jewish labor movement in, III
55
Smyela (government of Kiev),
pogrom at (1881), II 256;
(1904), III 99
Smyrna, Asia Minor, Sabbatai
Zevi appears in, I 205

center of Sabbatian movement,
I 206
Sobieski, king of Poland (1674-
1696), protects Jews, I 165 f

enlarges autonomy of Jews, I
166

rebuked by Polish diet for pro-
tection of Jews, I 167

protects Jewish tax-farmer
Bezalel, I 167

upholds authority of Waads, 1
194
Socialism (and Socialists), in
Russia, propaganda of, in
Hebrew, II 223 f

rise of, among Jews, III 55 ff

championed by " League of
Jewish Workingmen "
("Bund"), III 56

combined with Zionism by
Poale Zion, III 57, 145

represented in Russia by Social -
Democrats and Social Revo-
lutionaries, III 66, 119

Jews active in both wings of,
III 67

extreme wing of, resorts to
terrorism, III 66, 109 f

INDEX

371

Socialists and Zionists organ-
ize self-defence at Homel, II
87
spread of, among Jews blamed

for pogroms, III 89
gains in Second Duma, III 142
loses in Third Duma, III 153
Jewish socialists refuse co-op-
eration with other Jewish

parties, III 144
socialistic factions among

Jews, III 145
socialistic candidate elected in
Warsaw with help of Jews,
III 167
See Bund and Revolutionary
Movement
Society of Israelitish Christians,
designed for conversion of
Jews, I 396, II 74
Alexander I. looked to, for
solution of Jewish problem,
I 399
endeavors of, futile, I 400
disbandment of, recommended

by Golitzin (1824), I 400
disbanded (1833), I 400
Society for Diffusion of Enlight-
enment established in St.
Petersburg (1867), II 214 f
branch of, established i n

Odessa, II 215 f
accused by Brafman of form-
ing part of World Kahal, II
316
employs J. L. Gordon as secre-
tary, II 229

adopts resolution demanding
constitution for Russia, III
111
creates new type of Jewish
school, III 160
Society for Granting Assistance
to Jewish Colonists and
Artisans in Syria and Pales-
tine legalized by Russian
Government (1891) , II 421 f
Socinians, the, Christian ra-
tionalistic sect in Poland, I
91, 136
Socinus, Faustns, founder of

» Socinian sect, I 91
Sokhachev, host trial in, I 86 f
Jews of, display Polish
patriotism, I 292
Sokolov, Russian lawyer, acts as
council for Jewish victims of
Kishinev pogrom, III 91;
and of Homel pogrom, III
102
Sokolow, Nahum, editor of ha-
Tgefirah, III 60
joins political Zionism, III 60
Soldiers, Jewish, refused right of
universal residence by Alex-
ander II., II 171
permitted to remain in St.
Petersburg, II 172
forbidden to return to native

villages, II 384
forbidden to remain in Moscow,

II 404
forbidden to spend furlough
outside of Pale, III 21

372

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

stationed in Siberia, III 94
families of, expelled, III 95
forbidden to reside in Port

Arthur, III 157
Russian S's. make pogroms, III

100 f
See Conscription, Military
Service, " Nicholas S o 1 -
diers," and Recruiting
Solkhat (now Eski Krym,
Crimea), ancient capital of
Tatar Khans, Jewish com-
munities in, I 34 f
Solomon (Shelomo), of Karlin,

hasidic leader, I 372

Solomon, of Lemberg, recognized

by Polish king as Rosh-

Yeshibah, I 115

Solomon Ephraim, of Lenchytaa,

criticises system of Jewish

education in Poland, I 119 f

Solovaychik, editor of Sion, II

220
Solovyov, Vladimir, Russian his-
torian, quoted, I 247
collects signatures for public
protest against persecution
of Jews, II 386 ff
appeals to Alexander III. on
behalf of Jews, II 388
Sonnenberg, Sundel, of Grodno,
represents Jews at Russian
army headquarters, I 358
acts as deputy of Russian Jews
in St. Petersburg, I 392 ff

deprived of office, I 395
active against ritual murder
libel, II 74, 99
South (and South-west), of Rus-
sia, forms part of Pale
(1835), II 342
Max Lilienthal tours through,

II 56

represented on Rabbinical Com-
mission, II 57

Tzaddiks in, II 119 ff

Jewish writers in Russian
language hail from, II 238

pogroms in, II 267 f, 209, 258 f,

III 99 ff
emigration from, II 297 f
agricultural colonies in, III

24; see Agriculture; see
also North-west and Russia,
White
Spain, Caliphate of Cordova in,

I 24

epistle of king of Khazara

arrives in, I 27
Jewish physicians in Poland

natives of, I 131
offers shelter to Russian Jews,

II 268

Spector, Isaac Elhanan, rabbi of
Kovno, attends Jewish Con-
ference in St. Petersburg, II
304

Spektor, editor of Yiddish maga-
zine, III 59

Spencer, Herbert, influences Rus-
sian-Jewish intelligenzia, II
209

INDEX

Speranski, Russian statesman,
recommends liberal policy
towards Jews, I 399 ff

Statute of 1804 contravenes
policy of, I 345
Spiessruten (running the gaunt-
let), term explained, II 85

applied as punishment, II 85,
123

abolished in 1863, II 85
Spira, Nathan, Cabalist, I 135
Spiritual Biblical Brotherhood,
Jewish reform sect in Yelisa-
vetgrad, II 333 f
St. Bartholomew Night, I 89
St. Petersburg, capital of Russia,
Jewish financial agents ad-
mitted by Peter the Great
to, I 248

Borukh and Vornitzin tried at,
and burned, I 252 f

delegates o f Gubernatorial
Kahals assembled at (1803),
I 337, 386

beginnings of Jewish com-
munity in, I 337 f

Committee for Jewish Affairs
appointed in (1809), I 352

Finkelstein, delegate of Moghi-
lev Jews, proceeds to, I 363

Shneor Zalman arrested and
dispatched to, I 376, 378

Deputies of Jewish People re-
side in, I 393 f; II 74

temporary residence in, per-
mitted to Jewish merchants
(1835), II 40

Jews illegally residing in,
severely punished, II 42

" harmful " Hebrew books
ordered sent to, II 43

Max Lilienthal invited to, II 53

Rabbinical Commission sum-
moned to, II 56, 118

influential Jews of Western
Europe invited to, II 67

visited by Moses Montefiore, II
68

visited by Altaras of Mar-
seilles, II 69

Congregation Board of War-
saw sends deputation to, II
110

Baron Joseph Giinzburg pre-
sides over Jewish community
of, II 152

influential Jews of, apply for
equal rights, II 159 f

Jewish physicians barred from,
II 167

Jewish soldiers in body-guard
of, permitted to remain in,
II 172

Lutostanski, accuser of Jews,
welcomed in, II 203

lllustratzia, Russian magazine
in, attacks Jews, II 207 f

Jewish intellectuals in, II 214

Society for Diffusion of En-
lightenment established in.

II 214 f
Russian-Jewish press in St.

Petersburg, II 221, 332 f, 59,

III 77, 162

:;m

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Yiddish press in, III 59, 162

Hebrew press in, see ha-Melitz

Alexander II. assassinated in,
III 243

governor of, granted wide dis-
cretionary powers, II 246

emissaries from, prepare po-
groms in South, II 248

Jewish community of, presided
over by Baron Horace Giinz-
burg, II 260

English Jew expelled from, II
262

Jews of, forbidden to collect
pogrom fund, II 263

Conference of Jewish Notables
in (1881), II 277; (1882),
II 299, 304 ff

Jewish demonstration against
pogroms in, II 286

Dr. Drabkin, rabbi of, inter-
views Ignatyev, II 305

Jews of Balta, send deputa-
tion to, II 316 f

Jews expelled from, II 319

Jews of, persecuted by Gresser,
city-governor, II 343 ff, 397 f

admission of Jews to edu-
cational institutions o f ,
limited to 3%, II 350, III
158

Jews prominent at bar of, II
352

Jewish notables of, consulted
by Pahlen Commission, II
369 f

British ambassador at, assured
of discontinuation of Jew-
ish persecutions, II 382

Jews of, harassed anew, II 385

Solovyov collects signatures
for public protest against
Jewish persecutions in, II
387

petition of Guildhall meeting
in London sent to, II 392

American Minister at, in-
structed to exert influence on
behalf of Jews, II 395

Russkaya Zhizn ("Russian
Life"), paper in, depicts
Jewish sufferings, II 397

Novosti (" The News "), paper
in, confiscated for defending
Jews, II 407

expulsion of all Jews from,
contemplated, II 410 f

visited by White, representa-
tive of Baron Hirsch, II
416 f, 419

Central Committee of Jewish
Colonization Association es-
tablished in, II 420

Jewish Colonization Associa-
tion sends deputation to,
III 10

Jews of, submit memorandum
to Government, III 11

Jews of, ask permission to
acquire land for agriculture,
III 24

INDEX

375

new educational restrictions in,
III 30

" Smugglers," anti-Semitic
play, produced in, III 38

Znamya ("The Banner"),
anti-Semitic paper, appears
in, III 70

Levendahl, Government agent
dispatched from, to arrange
pogroms, III 71

visited by Dr. Herzl, III 89

American ambassadors in, re-
ported to have protested
against persecution, III 96

Plehve assassinated in, III 97

Conference of Zemstvo work-
ers in, opposes autocracy
(1904), III 105

" Bloody Sunday " in, III 106

Jewish community of, signs
petition for equal rights, III
108

Society for Diffusion of En-
lightenment in, demands
constitution for Russia, III
111

League for Equal Rights estab-
lishes central bureau in, III
112

Jewish community of, protests
against denial of Jewish
franchise, III 121

Bogdanovich, general in, assists
October pogroms, III 125

League for Equal Rights holds
convention in, III 131

Jewish parties form perma-
nent council in, III 148
Jewish Literary Society

founded in, III 160 f
Bar Association of, protests
against Beilis trial, III 166
Natives and residents of:
J. L. Gordon, Hebrew poet,

II 229
Nyevakhovich, convert, Rus-
sian poet, I 386 f
Abraham Peretz, Jewish
merchant (convert), 1
338, 386, 412
Antonio Sanchez, court phy-
sician, I 258
Nota Shklover, Jewish mer-
chant, I 330
St. Petersburg (government),
Jews expelled from villages
of, I 409
Localities in:
Luga, I 409
Schliisselburg, II 97
Stage, Russian, anti-Semitism

on, III 38 f
Stanislav Augustus Poniatovski,

see Poniatovski
Staro-Constantinov, see Constan-

tinov
Starodub (government of Cherni-
gov), Cossack massacre at
(1648), I 149
pogrom at (1891), II 411 f
Starosta, high Polish office, name
explained, I 60

376

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

encroaches on duties of voye-

voda, I 46
Lithuanian Jews subject to

jurisdiction of, I 60, 94, 104
S. of Sokhachev ordered by

king to stop execution of

Jews, I 86
S. of Brest supports Kahal, I

190
S. of Kaniev makes sport of

Jews, I 1 69 f
S's. administer Ukraina, I 142
S's. begin to oppress Jews, I

169
determines extent of Jewish

autonomy, I 191
Stashitz (Polish, Stashyc), Po-
lish priest and statesman,
anti-Semitic author, I 281 f,

II 95 f

opposes plan of reform favor-
able to Jews, II 93
Statistics, of Jews, in Poland,
I 66, 187, 263 f, 390

in Russia, II 341, 415

in White Russia, I 307

in Pale, II 168

of Jewish first-guild merchants
in Pale, II 162

of Jewish artisans in Pale, II
168

of Jewish economic activity in
Russian South-west, II 194

of Jews in agrarian pursuits,

III 24

of Jewish recruits, II 355 f

of Jewish physicians in Rus-
sian army, III 95

of Jewish pauperism, III 23 f

of Jews expelled from Russia,
I 254, 258

of Jewish emigration to United
States, II 373, 421, III 148

of Jewish emigration to Argen-
tina, II 419
Statute, " Lithuanian S." (1566),
I 87

" S. concerning the Organiza-
tion of the Jews" (1804), I
342 ff; criticized by Jewish
representatives, I 349 ff

" S. of Conscription and Mili-
tary Service" (1827), II
18 ff, 29; extended to Poland
(1843), II 109; leaves inner
life of Jews unchanged, II 48

Military S. (1874), II 199 ff,
355

"S. on the Jews" (1835), II
28, 33, 34 ff, 39 ff; fixes age
of marriage, II 112; fails to
assimilate Jews, II 47
" S. concerning Zemstvos Or-
ganizations " ( 1864 ) , admits
Jews to local self-govern-
ment, II 173
" S. concerning Zemstvos Or-
ganizations " (1890) bars
Jews from local self-govern-
ment, II 385 f

INDEX

377

Municipal S. (1870) limits
admission of Jews to one-
third and bars Jews from
office of burgomaster, II
198 f
" S. concerning Enforced Pub-
lic Safety" (1881), II 246
See Charter
Stavropol (government), nomads
of, placed on level with
Jews, II 367
Stephen Batory, see Batory
Stern, Abraham, Jewish scholar
and mathematician in War-
saw, II 103
Stern, Bezalel, principal of mod-
ern Jewish school in Odessa,
II 57, 133
Stillman, Jewish workingman,
fires at Odessa Chief of
Police, III 107
Stolypin, Russian Minister of
Interior, answers interpella-
tion concerning pogroms, III
136, 138
appointed Prime Minister, III

138, 140
attacked by terrorist, III 140
promises mitigation of Jewish

disabilities, III 141
controlled by League of Rus-
sian People, III 151
excludes Jewish students from
Kiev Polytechnicum, III 152
stops expulsion of Jews from
Interior, III 154

becomes more reactionary, III

156 f
determines to uproot alien cul-
tures in Russia, III 159 f
assassinated at Kiev, III 164

Strakhov, Russian official en-
trusted with conduct of
Velizh ritual murder case,
II 76 ff

Strashun, Mattathiah, Talmudist
and Maskil in Vilna, II 136

Strelnikov, Russian public prose-
cutor, calls upon Jews to
leave Russia, II 264 f

Strigolnik, Carp, founder of
Strigolniki sect, I 36

Strikes adopted as revolutionary
weapon, III 125 f
arranged by " Bund," III 130

Stroganov, Russian Minister of
Interior, advocates liberal
attitude towards Jews, II 47

Stroganov, Count, governor-gen
eral of New Russia, advo-
cates emancipation of Jews,
II 168 f

Studzienski, alleged victim of
ritual murder, I 178 f

Stundists, the, rationalistic
Christian sect in Russia, II 333
Jacob Gordin influenced by, II
333

Stupnitza, near Pshemysl
(Galicia), ritual murder
libel at, I 178

378

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Sub-Starosta, Polish official, Jews
subject to jurisdiction of, I
60 ; see Starosta

Subbotin, Russian economist,
points out pauperism in
Pale, III 23

Sudak, locality in Crimea, sub-
ject to Kbazars, I 26

Sugdas, locality in Crimea, sub-
ject to Khazars, I 26

Summer Resorts, Jews barred
from, III 18 f
bill admitting Jews to, re-
jected, III 154
Jews expelled from, III 157
See Residence, Right of

Superstition rampant in Poland,
I 203 f

Supreme Secret Council, official
body in Russia (18th cen-
tury), I 249 f

Surgeons, see Physicians

Suvar, Slav tribe, subject to
Khazars, I 26

Suvarov, Russian general, at-
tacks Praga, suburb of War-
saw, I 296

Suvorin, editor of N o v o y e
Vremya, II 380
produces anti-Semitic play, III
38

Svyatopolk II., prince of Kiev
(1093-1113), favors Jews, I
32

Svyatopolk-Mirski, governor-gen-
eral of Vilna and later Rus-

sian Minister of Interior,
pursues liberal policy, III
99, 105
dismissed, III 107
Svyatoslav, prince of Kiev, de-
feats Khazars, I 28
Swedes, the, invade Poland, I

154 ff
Switzerland, Zionist Congresses

held in, III 44
Syech, name of Cossack Republic,

I 143
Syedletz {Polish, Siedlce), po-
groms at (1905), III 119,
140 f
Syn Otyechestva (" Son of the
Fatherland "), Russian mag-
azine, protests against po-
groms, III 35
Synagogue, in Bosporus, I 15 f
erection of, in Poland, requires

royal permission, I 98
building of new S's., in Poland,

forbidden (1720), I 171
erection of, near church in
Russia, forbidden (1835), II
41
S's. in Moscow closed, II 397
Great S. of Moscow closed, II

423 ff, III 12
Jews fight for preservation of
Moscow S., Ill 12 ff
Synhedrion, convoked by Napo-
leon, I 298, 351
convocation of, viewed with
suspicion by Austria and
Russia, I 346 ff

INDEX

379

represented by Russian Gov-
ernment both as anti-Jewish
and anti-Christian, I 348

influences Jews of Warsaw, I
386

fatal error of, in denying Jew-
ish nationality, III 53

creation of, in Russia, advo-
cated by Dyerzhavin, I 333

convocation of, in Russia sug-
gested by Pestel, Russian
revolutionary, I 412
Synod, the, see Church Council
Synod, Holy, in Russia, issues
circular against Napoleon,
I 348

deals severely with " Juda-
izers," I 402 f

appoints Brafman, Jewish in-
former, instructor of He-
brew, II 187

presided over by Pobyedono-
stzev, II 245 ; III 9 f
Syria, emigration of Jews from,
to Tauris, I 16

Taganrog (government of Yeka-

terinoslav), excluded from

Pale, II 346
Talmud, the, studied by Kha-

zars, I 21
study of, pursued by early

Russian Jews in Germany,

I 33
predominant factor in Jewish

education, I 114 ff

study of, stimulated by Jewish

autonomy, I 121 IT
reigns supreme in Russia and

Poland, I 195, 221, 264,

198 ff, 380, II 51
rejected by Frankists, I 214 f
burned at Kamenetz-Podolsk,

1215
importance of study of, mini-
mized by Besht, founder of

Hasidism, I 224 ff
arrogance of students of,

attacked by Besht's disciple,

I 230
neglected by Hasidim, I 235
burning of, recommended by

Polish reformers, I 282
opposed by Frank of Kreslavka,

Jewish Mendelssohnian, I

331
regarded by Russian Council of

State as source of Jewish

suffering, II 47
accused by Uvarov of demoral-
izing Jews, II 51
weakening and uprooting of,

aimed at by Nicholas I., II

58, 66
criticised by David Fried-
lander, II 90
assailed by Abbe Chiarini in

Warsaw, II 104
defended by I. B. Levinsohn,

II 131
injuriousness of, emphasized

by Russian Commission, II

195

380

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

attacked by Lutostanski, II 204
conceived by Lilienblum as
factor in Jewish reform, II 236
attacked b y Gubernatorial

Commissions, II 275
rejected by New Israel Sect, II
334
Talmud Torah, Jewish public
school in Poland, I 114, 118
maintained by Waads, I 195
in Moscow, placed in Syna-
gogue, III 13
Talno (government of Kiev), ha-

sidic center, II 120
Taman Peninsula, Greek city-
republic on, I 14
Samkers, Jewish city on, I 23
owned by Guizolfi, Italian Jew,
I 36
Tannaim, names of, collected by

Polish rabbi, I 200
Tanyo, philosophic work b y
Shneor Zalman, I 372, II 117
Tarashkevich, anti-Semitic priest

in Velizh, II 77
Targovitza (Polish, Targowica),
confederacy of, between Rus-
sians and Poles (1792), I
292
Tarku (Semender), Caucasian
city, subject to Khazars, I 26
Tarnopol (Galicia), Meir of, He-
brew author, I 201
Tarsus (Asia Minor), Jewish

community in, I 14
Tatars, the, Russia under do-
minion of, I 29

conquer Crimea, I 33

Jews of Crimea under rule of,
I 34 ff

T. of Lemberg granted auto-
nomy by Casimir the Great,
I 53

barred from office and from
keeping Christian domestics
in Lithuania, I 87

invade Polish border provinces
and combated by Cossacks,
I 142 f

form alliance with Cossacks
under Khmelnitzki, I 144 ff,
150

spare Jewish prisoners, I 145,
157, 205

take Jews of Polonnoye cap-
tive, I 148

cause spread of Mohammedan-
ism, I 254
Tauri, or Taurians, tribe, I 13 ff
Taurian Bosporus, see Kerch
Taurian Chersonesus, see Bos-
porus
Tauris, northern shores of Black-
Sea, I 13

immigration of Jews into, 1 13 ff

Khazars move towards, I 19

bishops of, try to proselytize
Khazars, I 20

remnant of Khazar kingdom
in, I 28

ruled by Pechenegs and Po-
lovtzis, I 29

retains name Khazaria, I 29

in relations with Kiev, I 33 ff

INDEX

381

Tavrida (region, or govern-
ment), extent of, I 13

Jews permitted to settle in
(1791), I 316 f

Karaites settled in, I 318

included in Pale (1835), II 40,
428

pogroms in, III 115, 120, 128

Cities in:

Kerch, III 115, 120
Melitopol, III 115
Simferopol, III 115, 128
Mylta, II 428 f
Tax, under Polish regime, paid
by Jews to Church, I 57 f

paid by Jews to Catholic
academies (called Kozu-
bales),I 161, 166

Polish king conditions protec-
tion to Jews on payment of,
I 84

collected by Jews on estates of
Shlakhta, I 93

apportioned by Waads and col-
lected by Kahals, I 107, 181,
189 f, 197 f

Council of Four Lands declines
responsibility for collection
of, I 194

increased (1717), I 169

changed into individual T. of
two gulden per head (1764),
I 197

raised to three gulden per head
(1775), I 267

25

disproportionately assessed by
Kahals, I 275

Jews of Minsk complain about
abuses in collection of, I 275

paid on taking possession of
real estate, I 190

paid for right of sojourn in
Warsaw, I 269, II 95

imposed on Jews in lieu of con-
scription (1817), I 95;
(1831), I 107
Tax, under Russian regime, per
capita T. of one rubel im-
posed on Jews of White Rus-
sia (1772), I 307

Kahals of White Russia
charged with collection of,
I 309

Jews of annexed Polish prov-
inces required to pay double
T. (1794), I 318

payment of double T. confirmed
by Paul L, I 321

Karaites relieved from pay-
ment of double T., I 318

payment of double T. by Jews
commented upon by " Jew-
ish Committee" (1S04), I
341

manufacturers and arti.-ians re-
lieved from payment of
double T. (1804), I 344

Jewish deputies plead for
abolition of double T., I 349

Kahals in Courland organized
for collection of, I 321

382

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

estates, subject to payment of
(so-called taxable estates),
hindered in right of transit,

I 322

alleviations in payment of,

promised to converts, I 397

in lieu of conscription, I 318;

II 15, 20

irregularity in payment of,
punished by conscription, II
19

modification in payment of,
suggested by Council of
State, II 49

Kahals limited to conscription
and collection of (1844), I
60

revenue from meat or basket
T., called Eorobka, placed
under control of Russian
authorities (1844), I 61

"auxiliary basket T." (on im-
movable property, etc.), in-
stituted, II 61

levied on Sabbath candles for
maintenance of Crown
schools, I 61 f

levied on traditional Jewish
dress in Russia (1843), II
110; extended to Poland, I
110, 144

T. on passports waived in case
of Jewish immigrants, I 418,
420

basket T. represented as Jew-
ish system of finance, II 194

abuses of basket T. depicted
by Mendele Mokher Sforim,
II 232

Pahlen Commission inquires
about purposes of basket T.,
II 370

use of basket T. for defraying
emigration suggested b y
Russian official, II 420

basket and candle T. for non-
Jewish purposes, II 426 f

basket T. used to defray night
raids upon Jews, III 20
Tax Farming (and Tax Farm-
ers), Jews engage in, in Po-
land, I 44, 67, 69, 71

in Lithuania, I 60, 65

forbidden by Cburch Councils,
I 49

opposed by petty Shlakhta, I
77

forbidden by Piotrkov Diet of
1538, I 77 f

Shlakhta forces king to bar
Jews from, I 182

law barring Jews from, upheld
by rabbis, I 110

Kahals call upon Jews to re-
frain from, I 188

Jews from White Russia en-
gage in, in Smolensk, I 249

class of Jewish tax farmers in
Russia, II 72

Individual tax farmers:
Bezalel, I 167
Borukh Leibov, I 249

INDEX

383

Abraham and Michael Yose-

fovich, I 73
Yosko, I 71
Saul Yudich, I 94
Teachers, Jewish, see Heder and

School
" Temporary Rules " of May 3,
1882, known as May Laws,
genesis of, II 309 ff
contents of, II 312
effect of, II 318 f
old settlers permitted to stay

in villages under, II 16
misconstrued to apply to old

settlers, II 340 ff
check agriculture among Jews,
III 24 f
Tennyson, English poet, ex-
presses sympathy with Rus-
sian Jews, II 258
Teplitz, T., prominent Jew of

Warsaw, II 103
Terentyeva, Mary, accuses Jews
of ritual murder, II 75 ff
exiled to Siberia for false
accusation, II 82
Territorialism accepts idea of
Pinsker's Autoemancipation,
II 332
rise of, III 41

born out of Zionist organiza-
tion, III 185
secedes from Zionist organiza-
tion, III 144
Terrorism, rampant under Alex-
ander II., II 243

favored by Social-Revolution-
ary party, III 66, 109 f
Jews take small part in, III 67
acts of, committed by Jews, III

107
rampant in Poland and Baltic

provinces (1905), III 130
used as pretext for pogroms,

III 136
intensified after dissolution of
First Duma, III 140
Tetyev (government of Kiev),

massacre at, I 184
Teutonic Order, the, name ex-
plained, I 63
engages in war with Poland, I
63
Theodosia, see Kaffa
Theodosius II., emperor of By-
zantium,persecutes Jews, 1 18
Theodosius, Abbot of Kiev mon-
astery, persecutes Jews, I 31
Theophanes, Byzantine writer,

quoted, I 18
" Third Section," the, see Police,

Political
Thorn (Polish, Torun), annexed

by Prussia (1793), 1292
Tiberias (Palestine), visited by

Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383
Tiflis (Caucasia), anti-Semitic

play produced at, III 3S
Tikhanovich, chief of political
police in Syedletz, engineers
pogrom, III 140
thanked by governor-general of
Warsaw, III 141

384

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Tilsit, Peace of (1807), leads to

establishment of duchy of

Warsaw, I 297

affects policy of Alexander I.

towards Jews, I 350

Tlusta (Galicia), Besht settles

in, I 223
Tobias, of Ruzhany, martyr, I

162 f
Tobolsk (government), lands in,
set aside for colonization of
Jews, II 71
Toledo (Spain), Jacob ben Asher

rabbi of, I 118
Tolstoi, Demetrius, Minister of
Interior, II 314
adopts energetic measures

against pogroms, II 315
anti-pogrom circular of,
quoted by United States
Minister, II 293
destroys plans of Pahlen Com-
mission, II 370
takes into consideration eco-
nomic importance of Jews,

II 428

Tolstoi, Leo, preaches " Going to
the People," II 222

keeps silent on Jewish persecu-
tions, II 325

preaches doctrine of non-resis-
tance, II 371

protests against Jewish perse-
cutions in Russia, II 387 f

condemns Kishinev massacre,

III 76

protests against atrocities of

Russian Government, III 149

Tomsk (Siberia), pogrom against

intellectuals at, III 128
Tosafists, the, name explained, I
• 117
Rabbi Eliezer, of school of,

quoted, I 43
work of, studied in Poland, I

117
method of, followed by Solo-
mon Luria, I 125
Totleben, Russian governor-gen-
eral of Vilna, opposes set-
tling of Jews in villages, II
276
checks pogroms, II 276
Tovyanski (Polish, Towianski),
Polish mystic, preaches
union of Jews and Poles
peoples, II 108
Trades, see Artisans
Trade-Unions, or Trade-Guilds,
in Poland, hostile to Jews,

I 70, 74
Trans-Caspian Region, Akhal-

Tekke, oasis in, suggested
for settlement of Jews, II
306

alien tribes of, placed on level
with Jews, II 367
Transportation Prisons, term ex-
plained, II 403

exiled Moscow Jews placed in,

II 403, 405 f

INDEX

385

Trepov, Assistant-Minister of In-
terior, favors Jewish fran-
chise, III 122

Trepov, Chief of Police, orders
suppression of revolution,
III 126

Tribunal, Crown T. in Poland,
name explained, I 96
tries ritual murder cases, I 96,
100, 172 f

Troitza Monastery, near Moscow,

II 203

Troki (province of Vilna),
Crimean Jews settle in, I 35
Jewish community in, I 59
Karaites settle in, I 60
Jews expelled from (1495), I
65

Troki, Isaac, author of anti-
Christian treatise, I 137 f

Tromba, Nicholas, archbishop of
Gnesen, attends Synod of
Constance and presides over
Synod of Kalish, I 57

Troyanov (Volhynia), tragic
fate of Jewish self-defence
at, III 116 ff

Trubetzkoy, Russian commis-
sioner, exonerates Jews of
Mstislavl, II 87

Trubetzkoy, professor, head of
delegation to Nicholas II.,

III 122

Trudoviki ( " Laborites " ) ,

Bramson, Jewish member of,
III 134
lose in Third Duma, III 153

Tsushima, Russian fleet de-
stroyed by Japanese i n

vicinity of, III 119
Tudela (Spain), Benjamin of,

Jewish traveller, I 32
Tugendhold, Jacob, Jewish

assimilationist in Warsaw,

II 98 f
refutes Abbe Chiarini, II 104
Tugendhold, Wolf, brother of

former, censor in Vilna, II

136
Tula (government), " J u d a •

izers " in, I 401 f
Tulchinski, Borukh, see Borukh

of Tulchin
Tulchyn (Podolia), Khmelnitzki

massacre at, 146 f
residence of Pestel, Russian

revolutionary, II 411
Turgay, Territory of (Central

Asia), semi-civilized tribes

of, placed on level with Jews,

II 367
Turgenieff (Turgeniev), Russian

writer, II 210
influences S. J. Abramovich,

II 231
keeps silent on Jewish persecu-
tions, II 325
Turish, hasidic center, II 120
Turkey, takes over colony in

Kaffa, I 34
Jewish center in, I 66
Polish Jews export goods to, I

68

386

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Jews of Lithuania suspected
of preparing to flee to, I 51

raided by Cossacks, I 143

Jewish prisoners of war car-
ried by Tatars to, I 145, 157,
205

lays claim to Ukraina, I 159

Sabbatai Zevi carries on propa-
ganda in, I 205, 210

influence of, on Polish Jewry, I
207 f

annexes part of P o d o 1 i a
(1672), I 208; returns it to
Poland (1699), I 208

Jacob Frank travels about in,

I 212; sent back from Poland
to, I 213; returns to Poland
from, I 216

engages in war with Russia

(1739), I 253 f
establishment of Jewish State

in, suggested by Russian

revolutionary, I 412
Moses Montefiore pays visit to,

II 68

Bilu pioneers enter into nego-
tiations with, II 322

hampers Palestinian coloniza-
tion, II 375, 422, III 42

Dr. Herzl enters into negotia-
tions with, III 45 f

Russian Government promises
to exert influence over, in
favor of Zionism, II 83
Twenty-One-Verst Zone, see
Border Zone

Twer (Central Russia), pogrom
against intellectuals at, III
128
Typography, see Printing-Press
Tzaddik ("The Righteous
Man"), title of hasidic
leader, rival of rabbi, I 235

revered by Jewish masses, I
274; II 112

controls rabbinate in Russian
South-west, I 371

gains foothold in Lithuania, I
372

type of, in Poland, resembles
that of Habad, II 123

miraculous stories about, cir-
culate among Hasidim, II
124

firmly entrenched, II 116 ft"

forbidden by Russian Govern-
ment to travel about, II 212

See Tzaddikism and Hasidism

Tzaddikism (cult of Tzaddik),

as conceived by Besht, I 227

developed by Baer of Mezhe-
rich, I 230

practical consequences of, I
231 f

extreme formulation of, I 232 f

viewed with apprehension by
Elijah of Vilna, I 374

triumphant in South-west, I
381

vulgar form of, rejected by
Shneor Zalman, I 382

degeneration of, I 382 f

INDEX

387

extermination of, advocated by

Kalmansohn, I 385
criticised by Pestel, Russian

revolutionary, I 411
attacked by Maskilim, II 210;

see Tzaddik and Hasidism
Tzarmis, Slav tribe, subject to

Khazars, I 26

Uganda (British East Africa).

offered as Jewish settlement

to Zionists, III 84 f
TJkase, term explained, I 249;

spelling of word, I 6
TJkraina (Ukraine), name ex-
plained, I 140
part of, called Little Russia,

invaded and annexed by Rus-
sia (1654), I 153, 244 f
divided between Poland and

Russia (1667), I 159
Jewish massacres in (164S),

I 139 ff
part of, barred to Jews (1649 ) ,

I 151; reopened to Jews

(1651), I 152
Jews decimated in, I 157
uprisings against Poles and

Jews in (18th century), I

182 ff
Jewish massacres in, stimulate

propaganda o f Sabbatai

Zevi, I 205
talmudic culture deteriorates

in, I 199
intellectual development o f

Jews in, differs from that in

North-west, I 221

character of Hasidism in, I
232, II 119 ff

type of Tzaddik in, I 233;
differs from that in Poland.
II 123

Tzaddik dynasty of Chernobyl
widely ramified in, I 3S2

Jews expelled from (1727), I
249

transfer of Polish Jews to, sug-
gested, I 284

included in Pale (1794), I 317

Galatovski, Ukrainian writer,
refers to Sabbatai Zevi, I 205

Russian revolutionaries appeal
to Ukrainian people, II 274

Ukrainian cultural institu-
tions suppressed by Russian
Government, III 160
, See Russia, Little
Ulrich Von Hutten, epistles of,

imitated in Hebrew, II 126
Uman (Polish, Human, province
of Kiev), massacre at, I 184

Nahman of Bratzlav dies at,

I 383

place of pilgrimage for Bratz-
lav Hasidim, I 383, II 122

Uniat Church, the, I 141

Union of American Hebrew Con-
gregations appeals to
United States Government
on behalf of Russian Jews,

II 293

" Union of Lublin " ( 1569) , I 88
Unitarians, the. Christian

rationalistic sect in Poland.

I 136

3S8

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

United States of America, Max

Lilienthal emigrates to, II
59
Marcus Jastrow emigrates to,

II 179
emigration of Russian Jews to,

II 268 f, 297 f, 321, 327 f,

373 ff, 421, III 104
stirred by Warsaw pogrom, II

283
Government of, protests

against Jewish persecutions

in Russia, II 292 ff, 394 ff,

408 ff
Congress of, protests against

Jewish persecutions in Rus-
sia, II 294 ff, 394
Jewish center in, suggested as

alternative by Pinsker, II

331
Jacob Gordin settles in, II 335
Jewish agricultural colonies in,

II 374
economic condition of Jews in,

II 374
Jewish emigrants in, said to

wish for return to Russia,

II 393

Government of, sends two

Commissioners to Russia, II

407
exiled Moscow Jews emigrate

to, II 413, 416
emigration to, embodied in

Jewish pogrom of Dubnow,

III 54

agitated over Kishinev massa-
cre, III 78

Kishinev massacre stimulates
emigration to, III 85 f

fear of new Kishinev pogrom
intensifies emigration to, III
96

ambassador of, in St. Peters-
burg, reported to have pro-
tested against Jewish perse-
cutions, III 96

emigration to, embodied in po-
grom of Jewish National
Party in Russia, III 147 f

statistics of Jewish emigration
to, III 148

Hebrew writers in, III 1G3
University, Polish Jews study at
U. of Padua, I 132

" Statute of 1804 " admits
Jews to Russian U's., I 345

Jewish U. graduates admitted
into Russian Interior and to
civil service (1861), II 166;
required to possess learned
degree, II 165, 167; require-
ment dropped (1879), II 167

Jewish U. graduates permitted
to keep two Jewish servants
in Russian Interior, II 166;
fictitious servants of, II
344 ff

Jews with U. education per-
mitted to live in villages and
own property (1904), III
98; privilege extended to
wives and children, III 99

INDEX

389

Jewish U. students suspected
of revolutionary leanings, II
348, III 28

admission of Jews to, re-
stricted (1887), II 350;
placed on Statute books
(1908), III 157 f

restricted admission drives
JeAvs into foreign U's, II 351,
III 31, 158; and makes them
antagonistic to Government,
III 31

restricted admission to, abol-
ished by professional coun-
cils (1905), III 124; re-
stored (1907), III 152;
placed on Statute books

" (1908), III 157 f

See Education and School
Ural, territory of, semi-civilized
tribes of placed on level with
Jews, II 367
Urussov, governor of Bessarabia,
and later Assistant-Minister
of Interior, favors mitiga-
tion of Jewish disabilities,
III 93

discloses personal animosity of
Nicholas II. against Jews,
III 93

issues warning against po-
groms, III 97

reveals in Memoirs Plehve's

share in pogroms, III 97
discloses in Duma share of
Russian Government in Octo-
ber pogroms, III 126, 138

Ushitza, see Novaya Ushitza
Ussishkin, Russian Zionist

leader, III 47
Ustrugov, deputy-governor of
Bessarabia, persecutes Jews,
III 70

assists in arranging Kishinev
massacre, VIII 71

sued by Jews, III 92
TTvarov, Sergius, Minister of
Public Instruction, endeav-
ors to spread enlightenment
among Russian Jews, II
46 ft"

lays plans before " Jewish
Committee," II 50 ff

visits LilienthaPs school in
Riga, II 52

negotiates with Li lienthal, II 53

instructs Lilienthal to enter
into correspondence with
Jewish leaders in Western
Europe, II 67

petitioned by Moses Montefiore
on behalf of Russian Jews,
II 68

plans of, received favorably by
Jews of Vilna, II 136 f

See Lilienthal
Valnyev, Minister of Interior,
favors admission of Jewish
artisans and mechanics into
Russian Interior, II 169 f
Vannovski, Minister of War, re-
stricts number of Jewish
surgeons in Russian army.
II 319 f

390

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

accepts post o'f Minister of
Public Instruction and cur-
tails admission of Jews to
universities, III 29

Varta (Polish, Warta), Diet of
(1423), restricts commercial
operations of Jews, I 58

Varta (Polish, Warta), river,
lands on banks of, attract
Jews, I 39

Vasa Dynasty, of Swedish origin,
rules in Poland, 191

Vasilchikov, Count, governor-
general of Kiev, favors ad-
mission of Jewish artisans
into Russian Interior, II 168

Veitelson, Marcus, Jewish deputy
in St. Petersburg, I 393

Velizh (government of Vitebsk),
ritual murder trial at, II
75 ff
Alexander I. passes through,
and orders opening of case,
II 76
Jews of, acquitted, II 83

Venentit, Slav tribe, subject to
Khazars, I 26

Venice, Jewish Palestine pil-
grims from Poland pass
through, I 209
Master Leon, Russian court
physician, invited from, I 37

Victoria, Queen of England, rec-
ommends Moses Montefiore
to Nicholas I., II 68

Vienna, Jewisli bankers in, peti-
tion Polish king on behalf
of Posen Jews, I 176

Jews of, assist Jewisli Pales-
tine pilgrims from Poland
to reach Constantinople, I
209

Congress of, inaugurates Euro-
pean reaction, I 359

Congress of, transfers duchy
of Warsaw to Russia, I 390,
II 88

Lieberman, Russian-Jewish so-
cialist, publishes ha-Emet in,
II 223

Smolenskin resides in, II 234;
and publishes ha-Shahar in,
II 218

secret circular of Plehve made
known in, II 381

Dr. Herzl resides in, III 42
Vigdorovich, Samuel, rabbi of
Vilna, engages in litigation
with Kahal, I 275 f
Vilenski Vyestnik ("The Vilna
Herald"), publishes Braf-
man's articles against
Kahal, II 189
Vilkomir (government of
Kovno), home of M. L.
Lilienblum, II 236
Villages, transfer of Jews from,
to towns ordered by Cather-
ine II. (1795), I 319

Jews retained in, by land-
owners, I 323

INDEX

391

Russian officials given wide
powers in dislodging Jews
from (1797), I 323 f

expulsion of Jews from, de-
creed in Statute of 1804, I
343

projected expulsion from,
affects half million Jews, I
346

expulsion checked by fear of
Napoleon's invasion (1807),
I 347 f

Jewish deputies plead for re-
peal, or postponement of ex-
pulsion from, I 349

expulsion of Jews from, re-
affirmed (1808), I 351

expulsion from, started, I 351

Alexander I. admits impossi-
bility of removing Jews from
(1809), I 352

" Jewish Committee " advises
against expulsion of Jews
from (1812), I 353 f

economic importance of Jews
in, I 361 f

evil effects of endeavors to dis-
lodge Jews from, I 362 f

renewal of effort to remove
Jews from, I 405

Jews expelled from, in White
Russia (1823), I 406 f

uselessness of expulsion from,
in White Russia pointed out
by Council of State (1835),
I 407 f, II 34 f

Jews expelled from, in govern-
ment of Grodno (1827), II
30 f

expulsion of Jews from, in
government of Kiev, decreed
(1830), II 33; delayed, II
33 ; objected to by Council of
State and indefinitely post-
poned, II 35

barred to Jews in government
of Kiev and Little Russia in
Statute of 1835, II 40

barred to Jews in Fifty-Verst-
Zone under same law, II 40

Jews of Poland permitted to
live in (1S62), II 181, 367;
permission invalidated by re-
striction of property rights
(1891), 367

Jews of Poland permitted to
acquire land in ( 1 S62 ) , II
172, 181; permission with-
drawn as result of Polish in-
surrection (1864), II 173

exclusion of Jews from, recom-
mended by Totleben, gov-
ernor-general of Vilna, II
276

complete elimination of Jews
from, recommended by " Jew-
ish Committee" (1S82), II
310

expulsion of old settlers ob-
jected to by Committee of
Ministers, II 311

392

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Jews forbidden to settle anew
in, and to acquire property
in ("Temporary Rules" of
May 3, 1882), II 312

remain closed to Jews, II 318

old Jewish settlers expelled
from, by peasant communes,
II 318 f

peasants encouraged to expel
old Jewish settlers from, II
319, 340

Jews in, harassed by Russian
officials, II 340 ff

thousands of Jews expelled
from, in governments of
Chernigov and Poltava, II
341

disabilities of Jews in, com-
mented upon by Pahlen Com-
mission, II 366

discharged Jewish soldiers,
being regarded as " new
settlers," barred from re-
turning to, II 384

towns transferred into, and
barred to Jews (1S90), II
385 ; reopened to Jews
(1903), III 80 f

policy of eliminating Jews
from, continued under
Nicholas II., Ill 16 ff

Jews dislodged from, by intro-
duction of liquor monopoly
(1894) III 23

privileged Jews, though ad-
mitted into Interior, prohi-

bited from acquiring prop-
erty in (1903), III 81; ex-
ception made for Jews with
higher education (1904), III
98

wholesale expulsions of Jews
from (1910), III 157

See Expulsion, and Residence,
Right of
Villani, Matteo, Italian chronic-
ler, quoted, I 52
Vilna (Polish, Wilna, city), su-
perseded by Warsaw as capi-
tal, I 85

conquered by Russians (1654),
I 154, 245

surrendered by Poles, I 155

Lithuanian Hetman resides in,
I 192

anti- Jewish riots in (under
Polish Regime), I 94, 99,
161, 166; by invading Rus-
sian troops, I 245

Jews of, permitted to engage
in petty trade, I 99

Jews of, restricted to " Jewish
Street " and placed under
jurisdiction of Municipal
Courts (1633), I 99

Jewish community of, repre-
sented on Lithuanian Waad,
I 112

Kahal of, engaged in litigation
with rabbi of, I 275 f

Jews of, support Polish troops
fighting against Russians
(1792), I 292

INDEX

393

Christian burghers of, protest
to Alexander I., against ad-
mission of Jews to city-gov-
ernment (1805), I 370

Jews of, barred from city-gov-
ernment in (1805), I 370

exclusion of Jews from city-
government of, confirmed in
Statute of 1835, II 41

hasidic societies secretly organ-
ized in, I 237

visited by Shneor Zalman to
request interview with Gaon,
I 238

K a h a 1 of, excommunicates
Hasidim (1772), I 237, 371;
(1796), II 371, 373

Hasidim reside " illegally " in,
I 372

Kahal of, sends out messengers
to stir up anti-hasidic agita-
tion, I 373

Hasidim of, rejoice over death
of Gaon, I 375

Kahal elders of, vow to avenge
insult to Gaon, I 375; and
denounce Hasidism to Gov-
ernment, I 375 f

Hasidim arrested in, I 376

Hasidim of, depose Kahal
elders, I 377

conference of Jewish deputies
at (1815), I 393f

Kahal of, pleads for abolition
of cantonists, II 36

Kahal of, complains to Council
of State about Jewish dis-

abilities, II 38 ; and begs per-
mission to send spokesmen
to St. Petersburg, II 39

printing-press in, II 42, 127

censorship committee in, II 44

visited by Max Lilienthal, II
54

Maskilim of, promise support
to Lilienthal, II 55; and
form his mainstay, II 136

Rabbinical Institute opened in
(1847), II 59, 174; closed
(1873), II 177; gradutes of,
un-Jewish, II 212

Teachers' Institute in, II 177

pupils of both Institutes form
revolutionary circle in, II
223

visited by Moses Montefiore, II
68

center of Haskalah, II 132 ff

Maskilim circle in, II 136 ff

residential restrictions in, abol-
ished by Alexander II., II
172

Brafman carries on anti-Jew-
ish agitation in, II 187 ff,
240

pauperism among Jews of, III
24

Blondes, Jewish barber in, ac-
cused of ritual murder, II 37

Jewish labor movement in, III
55

" Bund " holds convention in
(1897), III 56

394

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Lekkert, Jewish workingman
in, assails governor of Vilna,
III 66 f

Dr. Herzl enthusiastically re-
ceived by Jews of, III 84

Jews of, assured by Svyatopolk-
Mirski of just treatment, III
99

Jewish community of, signs
petition for equal rights, III
108; and demands self-deter-
mination, III 109

league for Attainment of Equal
Rights formed in (1905), III
111

Jewish community of, protests
against denial of Jewish
franchise, III 121 f

place of publication, II 115,
126, 131, 134, 136, 226

ha-Karmel, published in, II 217

ha-Zeman, Hebrew daily, pub-
lished in, III 162

Sabbatai Cohen (Shak), fam-
ous Talmudist, native of, I
130, 157 f

Budny, Christian theologian,
of, I 136

Moses Rivkes, Talmudist, of, I
200

Elijah of; see Elijah of Vilna

Masalski, bishop of, employs
Berek Yoselovich, I 294

Saul Katzenellenbogen, rabbi
of, II 115

M. A. Ginzberg, Hebrew writer,
resident of, II 133 f

Abraham Baer Lebensohn, He-
brew poet, resident of, II
134 f

Micah Joseph Lebensohn, He-
brew poet, native of, II 226

Levanda, Russian-Jewish writ-
er, resident of, II 239

S. M. Dubnow, author of pres-
ent work, resident of, III
112

See Vilna (government)
Vilna (province or government),
annexed by Russia (1795),
I 297

included in Pale ( 1794 ) , I 317 ;
(1835), I 39

includes later government of
Kovno, I 317

Jews of, invited to elect depu-
ties (1807), I 349

Poles threaten to massacres
Russians and Jews in, I 357

Samuel Epstein elected Jewish
deputy from, I 393

Poles and Jews forbidden to
acquire estate in (1864), II
173

placed under jurisdiction of
Muravyov, II 188

Friesel, governor of, suggests
Jewish reforms, I 325 ff

governor of, testifies to loyalty
of Jews to Russia (1812),
I 357

governor-general of, opposes
admission of Jewish artisans
into Russian Interior, II 16S

INDEX

395

Muravyov, governor-general of,
pursues policy of Russifica-
tion, II 183, 239

Totleben, governor-general of,
favors forbidding Jews to
settle in villages, II 276

Kakhanov, governor-general of,
insults Jewish deputation of
welcome, II 383

governor of, favors abrogation
of Pale (1895), III 11

Pahlen, governor of, favors
mitigation of restrictive
laws, III 93

Svyatopolk-llirski, governor-
general, promises Jewish
deputation favorable treat-
ment of Jews, III 99

Localities in:
Ilya, II 114
Mikhailishok, II 134
Troki, see Troki
Volozhin, I 380, II 57, 113
Vinaver, M., Russian-Jewish law-
yer, acts as counsel for Jew-
ish victims of Kishinev po-
grom, III 92; and Homel po-
grom, III 102

member of Central Bureau of
League for Equal Rights, III
112

elected president of League
for Equal Rights, III 134

deputy to First Duma, III 134

leader of Constitutional Demo-
cratic party, III 134

denounces in Duma oppression
of Jews, III 136; and po-
groms, III 139
head of Jewish People's Group,
III 146

Vinchevski, M., publishes Hebrew
periodical Asefat Hakamim,
II 223

Vinnitza, Kahal of, appealed to
by Vilna Gaon against Ha-
sidim, I 373

Virgil, Aeneid of, translated
into Hebrew, II 226

Visconti, papal nuncio at War-
saw, ordered to report on
ritual murder trial in
Poland, I 179

Vishniovetzki {Polish, Wisnio-
wiecki), Count Jeremiah.
Polish commander, protects
Jews against Cossacks, I 149,
161

Vishniovetzki (Polish, Wisnio-
wiecki), Michael, Polish
king (1669-1673), son of
former, ratifies Jewish privi-
leges, I 160

Vistula, river, lands on banks
of, attract Jews, I 39
provinces on banks of, invaded

by Swedes, I 154
Plotzk, on banks of, I 243
Poles perish in, defending War-
saw against Russians, I 296
Hasidism established on banks
of, I 384

396

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Gher, or Goora Kalvarya, on

left bank of, II 122
Poles admit only " one nation

on banks of," III 168
Vital, Hayyim, Cabalist, I 134
Vitebsk (city), Jews of, defend

city against invading Rus-
sians, I 154
Jews of, robbed by Cossacks

and maltreated or exiled, I

154
Jews of, made prisoners of

war by Russians, I 245
Mendel of, hasidic leader, I 234,

II 117
Dyerzhavin writes " Opinion "

on Jews in, I 330
pogrom at, III 101
Jewish community of, protests

against denial of Jewish

franchise, III 121
See Vitebsk (government)
Vitebsk (government), annexed

by Russia (1772), I 18G,

262
Jews from, made prisoners of

war by Russia, I 245
formerly called government of

Polotzk, I 307, 315, 317
forms part of White Russia, I

307, 315
included in Pale (1794), I 317;

(1S35), II 40
Jews of, visit Smolensk and

Moscow, I 315
Jews of, invited to elect depu-
ties, I 349

Jewish deputies from, I 393
expulsion of Jews from villages

of, begun (1808), I 351
Jews, expelled from villages of,

economically ruined, I 364
Jews elected to municipal

offices in, I 368
expulsion of Jews from villages

of, decreed (1823), I 406
Supreme Court acquits Velizh

Jews accused of ritual mur-
der, II 76
placed under jurisdiction of

Muravyov, II 188
Cities in:

Kreslavka, I 331

Polotzk, I 243

Velizh, II 75
See Vitebsk (city), and Rus-
sia, White
Vitovt (also Vitold, or Witold;

Polish, Witowt), grand duke

of Lithuania (1388-1430),

protects Jews of Lithuania,

I 35
grants Jews charter (1388),

and additional privileges
(1389), I 59
Vladimir (Polish, Wlodzimierz;

Volhynia ) , early Jewish

community in, I 59
Vladimir, prince of Kiev, receives

Khazar Jews (986), I 30
Vladimir, Monomakh, prince of

Kiev, stops anti -Jewish riots,

I 32

INDEX

397

Vladimir, grand duke, brother of
Alexander III., holds Rus-
sian revolutionaries respon-
sible for pogroms, II 260

Vladimir, archbishop (Mitro-
polit) of St. Petersburg, en-
courages pogroms. III 125

Vladislav (also Wladislaus and
Leidislaus ; Polish, Wladys-
law ) , Lokietek, Polish
ruler, unites Great Poland
and Little Poland, and as-
sumes royal title (1319), I
42, 50

Vladislav (Polish, Wladyslaw)
IV., Polish king (1632-
1648), I 91
tolerant to other creeds, I 97
confirms Jewish privileges, I 98
makes erection of synagogues
and establishment of ceme-
teries dependent on royal
permission, I 98
restricts Jews in response to
anti-Jewish petitions, I 98 f
uprising of Khmelnitzki dur-
ing reign of, I 144
dies during uprising, I 145
offered, as crown prince, Rus-
sian throne (1610), I 244

Voislovitza, near Lublin, Jews
of, accused of ritual murder,
I 178 f

Volfovich, Simeon, denounces
abuses of Vilna Kahal, I 276

persecuted and imprisoned, I

276
advocates abolition of Kahal,

I 276
Volga, river, Khazars move

towards banks of, I 19
Khazar capital situated at

mouth of, I 23, 26, 28
called Ityl by Khazars, I 26. 28
bodies of alleged ritual murder

victims found in, II 150
Volhynia (Polish, Volyn), forms

part of Lithuania, I 59
ceded to Poland (1569), I 110
controlled economically by Pol-
ish magnates, I 140
uprising against Poles in

(164S), I 145
returned to Poland (1667), I

159
annexed by Russia (1793), I

292
included in Pale (1794), I 317,

(1804), I 342; (1835), II 39
called formerly government of

Izyaslav, I 317
Cossack massacres in (1648),

I 148 f
Jews decimated in, I 157
Jews of, slain by haidamacks

(18th century), I 182 f
Jewish arendar of, oppressed

by Polish squire, I 286
Jews of, suffer from Polish

civil war (1792), I 292

26

398

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Polish nobility of, advocates

anti-Jewish restrictions, I

324
Jews of, hold conference and

decide to appeal to Tzar

(1798), I 32-4 f
Jews of, invited by Alexander

I. to elect deputies, I 349
woolen mills established by

Jews in, I 363
Jews of, indifferent towards

Polish revolution (1831),

I 107
statistics of Jews in, II 194
pogroms in, II 256
represented on Council of Four

Lands, I 110
Jewish Provincial Assembly

(or Dietine) of, I 113; called

" Volhynia Synagogue," I

196
Talmudism deteriorates in, I

199
intellectual development of

Jews of, differs from that in

North-west, I 221
Besht travels about in, I 224
Baer of Mezherich, hasidic

preacher in, I 227
Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274
becomes hasidic headquarters,

I 229 f

Hasidism triumphant in, I 371,

II 119 f

Gubernatorial Kahal of, ap-
pealed to by Vilna Gaon,
against Hasidism, I 373

Isaiah Horowitz (Shelo), Ca-
balist, rabbi in, I 135

Levi Itzhok of Berdychev,
leader of Hasidim in, I 382

Menashe Ilyer, Talmudist and
writer, resides in, II 115

Isaac Baer Levinsohn, native
of, II 125 ff

rabbis of, request Levinsohn to
refute blood accusation, II
131

Localities in:

Chudnov, III 117

Kremenetz, II 125 *

Old ( Staro- ) -Constantinov,

II 21 f
Ostrog, I 125
Rovno, III 99
Slavuta, II 42, 123
Troyanov, III 116
Zaslav, I 116, 177
Zhitomir, see Zhitomir
Volkspartei, see Jewish National

Party
Volozhin (government of Vilna) ,
yeshibah of, established by
Hayyim Volozhiner, pupil of
Vilna Gaon (1803), I 380 f

sends forth large number of
pupils, II 113

* Pa-_re 125, line 3 from bottom, read Volhynia, instead of Podolia.
The mistake is due to a confusion with Kamenetz.

INDEX

399

Itzhok Itzliaki, president of,
member of Rabbinical Com-
mission, II 57
Volozhiner, Hayyim; see Volo-

zhin
Voltaire, praises polemical
treatise of Isaac Troki, I 138
Vorontzov, governor-general of
New Russia, protests against
proposed " assortment " of
Jews by Nicholas I., II 64 ff,
142
Voronyezh (city and govern-
ment), " Judaizers " spread
in, I 401
archbishop of, reports to Gov-
ernment on " Judaizers," I
401 f
Senate refers to " Judaizers "

in, I 404
pogrom in city of (1005) , III 130
Voskhod ("The Sunrise"), Jew-
ish weekly and monthly, in
Russian, published in St.
Petersburg, II 221, 277. 332,
372, III 162
opposes organizing of emigra-
tion, as subversive of emanci-
pation, II 29S f
protests against anti-Semitic
speech of governor-general of
Kiev, II 317
opposes " Love of Zion " move-
ment, II 332

suppressed by censor, II 407

publishes Dubnow's " Letters
on Old and New Judaism,"
III 52

leaning towards nationalism,
III 59

suppressed for protesting
against Kishinev massacre,
III 77

appeals to patriotism of Jews
in Russio-Japanese War, III
94

warns against impending po-
groms, III 96

confiscated by censor, III 98

points out rightlessness of
Jews, III 124
Voyevodas (Polish, Wojewoda) ,
high Polish officials, name
and functions of, explained,
I 46

correspond to Starostas in
Lithuania, I 60

exercise, as representatives of
sovereign, special jurisdic-
tion over Jews, I 46, 94

V. courts, see Courts

Jewish Dietines assemble by

order of, I 196 f
instructed by Stephen Batory

to protect Jews, 18 9
accept bribes, I 76
begin to oppress Jews, I 169

400

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

V. of Cracow accepts bribes
from Jews and their op-
ponents, I 76
V. of Kiev owns city of Uman,

I 184
V. of Lemberg, or Red Russia,
upholds prestige of Kahal,
I 190; grants constitution to
Kahal of Lemberg (1692),
I 191
V. of Vilna sides with Kahal
against rabbi, I 276; im-
prisons Simeon Volfovich,
opponent of Kahal, I 276

Voyevodstvo (Polish, Wojewod-
stwo ) , name for Polish prov-
ince, term explained, I 46, 76

Voznitzin, Alexander, captain in
Russian navy, converted by
Borukh Leibov to Judaism,
I 251 f
burned at stake in St. Peters-
burg (1738), I 253

Vperyod ("Forward"), Russian
revolutionary periodical in
London, II 223

Vratislav, prince of Bohemia,
robs Jews fleeing to Poland,
I 41

Vyatka (government) canton -
ists carried to, II 24

Vyberg (Finland), V. Manifesto,
protesting against dissolu-
tion of First Duma, signed
by Jewish deputies, III 139
signatories to, prosecuted, III
142

Vyelepolski, Marquis, Polish
statesman, secures assent of
Alexander II. to Act of
Emancipation o f Polish
Jews (1862), II 181, 195

Vyestnik Russkikh Yevreyev
("Herald of Russian
Jews"), Russian Jewish
periodical, II 221

Waad Arba Aratzoth (" Council
of Four Lands " ) , central
organization of Polish
Jewry, pronunciation of
word Waad, I 108

grows out of conferences of
rabbis and Kahal leaders, I
108 f; which meet at fair of
Lublin, I 109; at initiative
of Shalom Shakhna, rabbi of
Lublin, I 123; exercising
judicial as well as admini-
strative and legislative func-
tions, I 109 f

presided over by Mordecai
Jaffe, I 127

presided over by Joshua Falk
Cohen, I 128

meets periodically at Lublin
and Yaroslav, I 110, 194

composition of, I 110

provincial Waads represented
on, I 113, 196 f

oligarchic character of, I 195

acts as court of appeals, I 111

decides litigations between
Kahals, I 193

INDEX

401

activities of, stimulate rab-
binical learning, I 12G f

regulates inner life of Jews,
I 111 f, 152, 188 f

concerned about maintenance
of Talmud Torahs and yeshi-
bahs, I 195

exercises censorship over He-
brew books, I 195 f

issues herem against Frank-
ists, I 214

appoints Shtadlans to repre-
sent Jews before Govern-
ment, I 111, 193

apportions head-tax among
Kahals, I 181, 189 f, 194

authority of, in apportioning
head-tax upheld by King
Sobieski (1687), I 194

authority of, undermined by
withdrawing right of appor-
tioning head-tax (1764), I
181, 197

meetings of, forbidden by diet
of 1764, I 198
Waad Kehilloth Rashioth Di-
Medinath Lita ("Council
of the Principal Communi-
ties of the Province of Lith-
uania"), central organiza-
tion of Lithuanian Jews,
formed in 1623, I 112

provincial Waads represented
on, I 113, 196

meets periodically, I 194

functions of, I 112 f

cultivates Jewish education, I

195
appoints Bhtadlavs to repre-
sent Jews before Govern
ment, I 193
apportions head-tax among
Jews, I 181
Waddington, English representa-
tive at Berlin Congress,
favors emancipation of Jews,
I 202
Wagenseil, German professor,
publishes Isaac Troki's
Hizzuk Emuna, I 138
Wahl, Saul, legendary king of

Poland, I 94
Wahl, Von, governor of Vilna,
flogs Jewish wTorkingmen, I
67
Wallachia, Jacob Frank settles
in, I 212
Besht born on border of, I 222 ;
see Moldavo-Wallachia
Warsaw (Polish, Warszawa),
capital of Poland, I 85, 111
capital of duchy of Warsaw,

I 298
meeting-place of Polish diet,
I 76, 98, 99, 111, 160, 165,
169, 171, 181, 278, II 96;
see Diet
Khmelnitzki moves towards,

I 151
conquered by Swedes (1655),
I 154

102

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Russia maintains Resident at,
I 279

besieged by Russo-Russian
troops (1794), I 293

stormed by Suvarov, I 296

annexed by Prussia (1795), I
296; beld by it (1796-1806),
1385

granted right of excluding
Jews, I 85, 268

Jews permitted temporary
visits to, I 111, 268

Serafinovich, converted Jew,
invited to disputation in, to
prove blood accusation, I
173 f

Jews of, appeal to Polish king
on behalf of Posen Jews, I
176

Visconti, papal nuncio at, in-
structed to report on ritual
murder cases, I 177

Jacob Frank, baptized at, I
217 f; arrested at, and exiled
to Chenstokhov, I 218; re-
turns to, I 219

Jews permitted to stay in, dur-
ing sessions of diet (1768),
I 268

procedure in admitting Jews
to, I 269

Jews pay tax for sojourn in,
I 269, II 95

Polish dignitaries rent houses
to Jews in outskirts of, I 269

" New Jerusalem," district in,
I 269

Jews expelled from (1775), I
269

Jews return surreptitiously to,
I 269 f, 285

burghers of, demand, expulsion
of Jews, I 285 f

anti-Jewish riot at (1790), I
286 f

Jews expelled from (1790), I
287

Jews volunteer in defence of,
1293

siege of, arouses patriotism of
Berek Yoselovich, I 294; ap-
peal for special Jewish regi-
ment, II 295

Jews display heroism in de-
fence of, I 296

Jews barred from principal
streets of, (1809), I 300, II
94 ; exception made for
widow of Berek Yoselovich,

I 304

assimilated Jews of, plead for
special privileges, I 300

representatives of Jewish com-
munity of, complain about
disabilities, I 301 f

" Enlightenment " among Jews
of, I 385

visited by Moses Montefiore,

II 68

visited by Altaras of Marseil-
les, II 69

Tugendhold, Jewish assimila-
tor in, II 98

Jewish assimilators in, II 100 ff

INDEX

403

Congregational Board of, ob-
jects to special Jewish regi-
ment, II 10G

Jewish militia participates in
defence of (1831), II 106

Congregational Board of, sends
deputation to St. Petersburg
to plead for equal rights, II
110

adherents of hasidic dynasty ot
Gher numerous in, II 122

assimilation in, II 177 f ; as-
sumes menacing proportions,
II 213

Jews of, display Polish patriot-
ism in uprising against Rus-
sia (1861-1863), II 179 ff

pogrom at (1881), II 280 ff

archbishop of, endeavors to
check pogrom, II 283

prominent Poles of, offer to
organize civil guard for pro-
tection of Jews, II 2S3 ; offer
refused by governor-general
of, II 283

number of writers arrested at,
II 291

effect of pogrom in, upon
Western Europe and Amer-
ica, II 283, 287

governor-general of, reports to
Tzar on pogroms in, II 284

pogrom in, welcomed by Cen-
tral Jewish Committee, II
310

center of " Love of Zion " move-
ment, II 376

Jewish labor movement in, III

55
economic progress of Jews in,

III 166
Jews of, instrumental in elec-
tion of socialistic deputy to

Duma, III 167
Hebrew papers and periodicals

published in, II 333, 372, III

58, 60, 162
Yiddish papers and periodicals

published in, III 59, 162
Goora Kalvarya (Gher), in

vicinity of. II 122
Kotzk, in vicinity of, I 303, II

122
Praga, suburb of, I 294
Way, Lewis, representative of

London Bible Society, I 397
submits memorandum to Alex-
ander I. pleading for Jewish

emancipation, I 398
memorandum of, laid before

Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle,

I 398
Weber, United States Commis-
sioner to Russia, II 407
Wertheimer, banking house of, in

Vienna, exerts influence over

Polish king, I 176
Wessely, Naphtali Hirz. Hebrew

poet, compared with A. B.

Lebensohn, II 135
Western Euorpe, Jewish diaspora

in, I 13

40-i

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

emigration from, into Poland,

I 39 ff

leading Jews of, invited by
Russian Government to par-
ticipate in work of enlighten-
ment, II 67

Jews of, intercede on behalf of
Russian Jews, II 67 ff

public opinion of, influences
Russia, II 262

effect of Warsaw pogrom on,

II 283, 287

emigration from Russia to, II

321, 408, 413
Political Zionism originates in,

III 42, 46

Jews of, deny Jewish national-
ism, III 53

public opinion of, agitated over
Kishinev massacre, III 78
" Western Region," term ex-
plained, II 16

number of Jews in, II 168

Jews form majority of popula-
tion in cities of, III 11
Westminster, duke of, addresses
Guildhall meeting in London
against oppression of Rus-
sian Jews, II 390 f
White, Arnold, member of En-
glish parliament, sent by
Baron Hirsch to Russia, II
417

discusses Jewish question with
Russian dignitaries, II 417

visits Pale and is favorably im-
pressed by Jews, II 418

recommends regulation of emi-
gration, II 418

dispatched to Russia a second
time, II 419
White Russia, see Russia, White
Wine grown by Jews in Pales-
tine, II 376; see Liquor
Witsen, burgomaster of Amster-
dam, petitions Peter the
Great to admit Jews into
Russia, I 246
Witte, Russian Minister of Fi-
nance, advocates liquor
monopoly as means of dis-
lodging Jews from villages,
III 17; and eliminating Jew-
ish "exploitation," III 22

favors mitigation of Jewish
disabilities, III 107 f

Jews address petitions for
equal rights to, III 108 f

receives, as president of Coun-
cil of State, memorandum on
pogroms, III 125

appointed Prime Minister,
author of manifesto of Octo-
ber 17, 1905, III 127

adopts policy of oppression, III
131

League for Equal Rights votes
down proposal to send dele-
gation to, III 131
Wolff, Sir H. D., member of En-
glish parliament, interpel-
lates Government concern-
ing pogroms, II 262

INDEX

405

Worms, Baron Henry De, mem-
ber of English parliament,
interpellates Government
concerning pogroms, II 262
Gladstone replies to interpella-
tion of, II 292

Yadviga (Polish, Jadwiga), Pol-
ish queen, marries Yaguello,
grand duke of Lithuania
(1386), I 54

Yaguello, Vladislav II. {Polish,

Wladyslaw Jagiello) , king of

Poland and grand duke of

Lithuania (1386-1434), I 54

converted from paganism to

Catholicism, I 55
restricts commercial opera-
tions of Jews, I 58
Lithuania ruled by Vitovt, as

representative of, I 59
extinction of Y. dynasty, I 88 f,
91

Yalta, health resort in Crimea,
Jews expelled from, II 428 f,
III 18 f

Yampol (Volhynia), ritual mur-
der trial at, I 178

Yaroshevski, Russian-J e w i s h
novelist and physician, pro-
tests against affront to Jew-
ish army surgeons, II 320

Yaroslav (Polish, Jaroslaw ;
Galicia), meeting-place of
Council of Four Lands, I 110,
194

Yekaterinoslav (city), Orshan-
ski, Russian-Jewish writer,
native of, II 238

pogrom at (1883), II 358 ff;
(October, 1905), III 128
Yekaterinoslav (government),
territory of, raided by Turks
and defended by Cossacks,
I 143

territory of, opened to Jews
(1791), I 316

tract of land in, set aside for
Jewish converts (1S20), I
400

included in Pale ( 1794 ) , I 317 ;
(1835), II 403

Jewish agricultural colonies
in, II 72

Rostov and Taganrog trans-
ferred from, to territory of
Don army and barred to
Jews (1887), II 346

pogroms in (1883), II 360
Yelisavetgrad (government of
Kherson ), Government
agents appear in, to prepare
pogroms, II 248

pogroms at (1881), II 249 (T,
333; (October, 1905), III
128

" Spiritual Biblical Brother-
hood," heterodox Jewish sect,
founded by Jacob Gordin in
(1881). II 333 f
Yellow Waters (Polish, Zolte
Wody), Polish army de-
feated by Cossacks near. I
145

406

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Yemetyanov, Theodore, alleged

victim of ritual murder, II

75 f
Yeremyeyeva, Russian woman,

accuses Jews of Velizh of

ritual murder, II 75
convicted by Council of State,

II 82
Yeshibah, or Talmudic Academy,

imparts higher rabbinical

education, I 114 f
secular studies excluded from,

I 120, 277
maintained by Council of Four

Lands, I 195
sanctioned by Sigismund II.

under name of gymnasium,

I 115
head of, or rosh-yeshibah,

granted wide powers by

Polish kings, I 115 f; enjoys

great distinction, I 119
Y's spread all over Poland and

Lithuania, I 115 f
Y's of Lithuania adopt

method of Talmud study of

Vilna Gaon, I 380 f
important Y's in Lithuania, II

113 f
negative effect of, II 113 f
placed under Government

supervision (1842), II 56
Joshua Falk Cohen, head of,

in Lemberg, I 128
Moses Isserles, head of, in Cra-
cow, I 123

Nathan Spira, head of, in Cra-
cow, I 135

Isaiah Horowitz ( Shelo ) ,
studies in, of Lemberg and
Cracow, I 135

Eliezer, head of, in Homel,
I 150

Abel Gumbiner, head of, in
Kalish, I 200

Hayyim Volozhiner, head of, in
Volozhin, I 381

Itzhok Itzhaki, head of, in
Volozhin, II 57
Yesod Hama'Alah, Jewish colony

in Galilee, II 375
Yevrey, Russian term for Jew,
officially introduced, I 320
Yevreyskaya Bibliotyeka
("Jewish Library"), Jew-
ish periodical in Russian, II
221

Orshanski contributes to, II
238
Yeveryskaya Starina (" Jewish
Antiquity"), Jewish period-
ical in Russian, III 160
Yevreyski Mir ("Jewish
World"), Jewish weekly in
Russian, III 162
Yezierski, Polish statesman,
chairman of Jewish Com-
mission of Polish Diet, 1
287

recognizes economic impor-
tance of Polish Jews, I 287 f

defends Jews in Diet, I 289

].\i)i;x

407

Yiddish, brought by Jews from

Germany, I 43, 114
translations of prayers in, used

by women, I 121
read by women and lower

classes, I 202
Mendel Lewin translates Bible

into, I 388; attacked by

Tobias Feder, I 388
Y. press, II 217 f, III 58 f,

162
Y. literature, III 61 ff, 162
Mendele Mokher Sforim turns

to, II 232
Gordin writes plays in, II 335
Frug, Russian-Jewish poet,

writes in, III 63, 78
used as propaganda means by

Jewish Labor movement, III

56 f
position of, hotly discussed, III

161
adherents of (Yiddishists) , III

161
Yosefovich, Hirsh, rabbi of

Khelm, author of Polish

pamphlet defending Jews, I

283
Yosefovich, Abraham, Jewish

tax-farmer in Poland, I 73
converted to Christianity and

appointed Chancellor of Lith-
uanian Exchequer, I 73
Yosefovich, Michael, brother of

former, Jewish tax-farmer

in Poland, 172 f

appointed by Sigismund I.

"senior" of Lithuanian

Jews, I 72 f, 104
Yoselovich (Polish, Joselowicz)

Berek, Polish-Jewish patriot,

I 293 ff
accompanies Bishop Masalski

to Paris, I 294
offers to form special Jewish

regiment, I 294 f
regiment of, displays heroism,

I 296

flees to France, I 296 f
returns to Poland and dies

heroic death, I 303
eulogized by Pototzki, I 303 f
widow of, granted special per-
mission to sell liquor, I 304
Yosko, Jewish tax-farmer in

Poland, I 71
Yudich, Saul, Jewish tax-farmer
in Lithuania, I 94
possibly identical with Saul
Wahl, legendary king of
Poland, I 94
Yurkevich, Peter, accused of
stealing host for Jews, 1
101 f
Yurkovski, Moscow police com-
missioner, makes raid on
Jews, II 403
Yushkevicher, Yankel, of Sara-
tov, accused of ritual murder,

II 151

408

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

sentenced, with son, to penal

servitude, II 152
pardoned by Alexander II.

through intercession of

Cremieux, II 153

Zadok, Messianic propagandist in
Lithuania, I 208

Zaleshkovska, Catherine, sus-
pected of leanings towards
Judaism and burned at
stake, I 79 f

Zalman Shneorsohn, or Zalman
Borukhovich; see Shneor
Zalman

Zamyatin, Minister of Justice,
defends Jews of Saratov ac-
cused of ritual murder, II
152

Zamoiski, Andreas, Polish chan-
cellor, suggests reforms for
Jews of Poland, I 271 ff

Zamoshch (Polish, Zamosc),
Joel Baal-Shem of, I 203

Zangwill, Israel, founder of Ter-
ritorialism, III 144

Zaporozhians, the, or Zaporozh-
ian Cossacks, name ex-
plained, I 143
raid Turks and fight Tatars,

I 143
cultivate relations with Uk-
rainian Cossacks, I 143
form alliance with Tatars, I
144

exterminate Jews and Poles,

I 145 f
plunder Jews of Vitebsk, I 154
form bands attacking Poles and

Jews, I 182 f
petition Russian Government
to admit Jews to fairs of
Little Russia, I 250
See Cossacks
Zarudny, Counsel of Jewish vic-
tims of Homel pogrom, III
102
Zaryadye, part of Moscow illeg-
ally inhabited by Jews, II
403
Zaslav {Polish, Zaslaw; Vol-
hynia), Cossack massacre at
(1648), I 149
ritual murder case in (1747),

I 172, 177 f

Nathan Hannover of, see

Hannover, Nathan
Zayonchek, Polish general, flees

from Poland, I 296
appointed viceroy of Poland

II 91

opposes measures in favor of

Jews, II 93
makes insulting remark about
Jews, II 94
Zborov, Treaty of, between Poles
and Cossacks (1649), I 151
not kept by Polish Government,
I 152
Zebulun, king of Khazars, I 26

INDEX

409

Zederbaum, Alexander, editor of
ha-Melitz in St. Petersburg,
II 217
refutes charge of ritual mur-
der, I 204
publishes Vyestnik Russkikh
Yevreyev, I 221
Zelenoy, city-governor of, warns
Jews to use polite manners,
II 383
Zelig, see Jacob Selig
Zelikin, Isaac, called Rabbi
Itzele, secures acquittal of
Mstislavl Jews, II 86 f
Zelva (province of Grodno),
rabbis issue herem against
Hasidim at fair of, I 237
Zemstvos (local self-governments
in Russia), term explained,
II 173
Jews admitted to (1864), II

173
rights of, curtailed by Alex-
ander III., II 379, 386
Jews barred from (1890), II

385 f
liberal Z. voice desire for con-
stitution, III 7 f
refuse to appoint Jewish phy-
sicians, III 27
conference of, in St. Petersburg
protests against autocracy
(1904), III 105
combined deputation to Nicho-
las II. of municipalities and
Z. express desire for aboli-

tion of restrictions (1905),
III 122

Zetlin, Yevzik, of Velizh, ar-
rested on charge of ritual
murder, II 75, 77

Zetlin, Hannah, wife of former,
arrested on same charge, II
77

Zeno, emperor of Byzantium,
persecutes Jews, 118

Zhelezniak, Cossack leader, mas-
sacres Jews (1768), I 183 f

Zhitomir, see Zhytomir

Zhmnd (Samogitia) region in
North-west Russia, I 293,
II 133

Zhukhovski, Stephen, Polish
priest, accuses Jews o f
ritual murder, I 172 f

Zhyd (and Zhydovski), Russian
derogatory appellation for
Jew, I 184, 320, 403, II 14,
78, III 155
officially abolished by Cathe-
rine II., I 320

Zhytomir {Polish, Zytomir; Vol-
hynia), ritual murder trial
at (1753), I 178
Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna
Gaon against Hasidism, I
373
printing-press of, II 43
Rabbinical Institute opened in
(1847), II 59, 174; closed
(1873), II 177; graduates
of, un-Jewish, II 212

410

THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND

Teachers Institute in, closed
(1873), II 177

old privilege of, excluding Jews
from parts of town, abol-
lished by Alexander II., II
172

Mendele Mokher Sforim re-
moves to, II 232

School of Handicrafts in,
closed by Alexander III., II
347

pogrom in (1905), III 115 ff

Jews of Chudnov attempt to
defend Jews of Zhytomir and
are massacred, III 116 f

Jewish community of, protests
against denial of Jewish
franchise, III 121
Zikhron Jacob, Jewish colony in

Galilee, II 375
Zionism, before Herzl, called in
Hebrew Hibbat Zion (in
Russian, Palestinophilstvo)
" Love of Zion," preached by
Lilienblum, II 237, 328 ff

expounded by Pinsker, II 220,
330 ff

adopted by Lilienblum, II 237

engages in colonization of
Palestine, II 375 f, 422 f

adherents of, assemble in Kat-
towitz. (1884), II 376; and
Druskeniki (1887), II 377

legalized by Russian Govern-
ment (1890), II 377

center of, in Odessa and War-
saw, II 376

wins over orthodoxy, II 376 f
failure of, III 42
leaders of, join political Zion-
ism, III 47
modified by Ahad Ha'am, II

423, III 49 f
rise of political Z., Ill 41 ff
proclaimed by Herzl, III 42 f
First Zionist Congress (1897),

III 44
political and cultural tendency

within, III 44 f
effects of, III 46 f
Spiritual Z., or Ahad Ha'amism,

III 41, 48 ff
Russian Zionists Convention at

Minsk, III 51
inadequacy of, III 51 f
combined with Socialism by

Poale-Zion, III 57 f, 145
Nahum Sokolow declares al-
legiance to, III 60
reflected in poems of Frug, III

63
indifference to, denounced by

Bialik, III 63
forbidden in Russia by Plehve,

III 82 f
Plehve promises support of, as

result of Dr. Herzl's visit,

III 83
Vilna Zionists give ovation to

Dr. Herzl, III 84
crisis of, at Sixth Congress, III

84 f
Schism between Palestinianism

and Territorialism, III 85

INDEX

411

organize self-defence at Homel,
III 87

Shmaryahu Levin, representa-
tive of, deputy to First
Duma, III 134

forms contrast to Social De-
mocracy, III 143

Seventh Zionist Congress re-
affirms allegiance to Pales-
tine, III 144

Russian Zionist Convention at
Helsingfors (1906) recog-
nizes rights of diaspora, III
144 f

adherents of, secede from
League for Equal Rights,
III 146

declared illegal by Senate, III
152
Znamya. ("The Banner") anti-
Semitic paper in St. Peters-
burg, III 70

demands execution of Dashev-
ski, assailant of Krushevan,
III 81 f

Zchar, the, cabalistic standard
work, study of, not per-
mitted before the age of
thirty, I 214
Frankists recognize authority
of, I 214; call themselves
Zoharists, 214
used by Besht to foretell the
future, I 224

Zonch, Russian general, mal-
treats Jews on his estates,
I 328

Zubov, Count, governor-general
of New Russia, secures equal
rights for Karaites, I 318
member of " Jewish Commis-
sion " appointed by Alex-
ander I., I 335

Zunz, refutes charges of Abbe
Chiarini, II 104

Zverovich, synagogue built in,
by Borukh Leibov of Smo-
lensk, I 249, 252

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