Full text of "A history of Kansas"

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A HTSTOKY OF KANSAS.

Noble L. Prentis,

»F THE "Kansas City Stai

Prp.TJSHKD i!v Carolin'k Prkntis,
Toi'KKA, Kan.
IIS!)!). -

NOBLE L. PRENTIS,
Kansas City, Mo.

PREFACE.

1692874

The attempt has been made, in preparing this
volume, to give, within a convenient compass, the
most interesting and material occurrences and events
in the history of the rise of a great Free State from a
wilderness. Harrowing details and discreditable
happenings have been purposely omitted.

The story has been told as a record of courage and
steadfastness, and increasing devotion to the princi-
ples of human freedom and national union.

Events have been arranged, as nearly as possible,
in the order of the years, with an occasional arrange-
ment of the years in periods or groups, with no
further classification or subdivision.

No attempt has been made to ' ' write down ' ' to the
supposed intellectual capacity of children. Students
old enough to enter ui)on the study of the history
of an American State, it is believed, will find all the
statements and conclusions comprehensible.

b PREFACE.

It is to be hoped that the reader or student will
consider this small and necessarily limited history
of one State, as a help and introduction to the study
of the history of the American Union, which should
be the pride and privilege of every American citizen
in youth and age.

NOBLE L. PEENTIS.

CHAPTER

II.

III.

IV.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

• XV.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Natural Kansas 9

French and Spanish Kansas 12

The Discovered Country 15

The Great Highway 24

The Indian Territory 31

The Kansas-Nebraska Act 41

The Beginning of Government 49

War and Rumors of War 58

A Glimpse of Light 65

The Lecompton and Leavenworth Constitu-
tional Conventions 69

Events of 1858 73

The Wyandotte Constitutional CoisIvention. 77

The Tragedy of John Brown 82

Last of Territory and First of State ... 87

The First Legislature . 93

'Cradled in War '96

Quantrell's Raid 105

The Closing Scene . HO

Peace and Honor 120

Building the State 123

The Indian Wars 133

Immigration 140

The Centennial Year 150

Events of the Decade • • • 156

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER PA(4E

XXV. After Twenty-Five Years 164

XXVI. The Happenings of 1887 174

XXVII. A Prosperous Year 180

XXVIII. 1889.— The Developing Resources 188

XXIX. Kansas and Oklahoma 194

XXX New Political Forces 198

XXXI. The Legislature and Chronicles of 1891 . 205

XXXII. Annals of 1892 216

XXXIII. Legislation and Other Events of 1893 ... 220

XXXIV. Passing of the Pioneers 231

XXXV. The Story of 1895-96 240

XXXVI. The Years 1897 and 1898 248

XXXVII. Kansas in the War 256

XXXVIII. Events of 1899 271

XXXIX. A Chapter on Capitols 277

XL. Man and Nature 283

XLI. Kansas Literature 291

APPENDIX.

Description of Counties ; 301

Organic Act 326

Admission Into the Union 332

Constitution 336

Kansas Territorial Officers— 1854-1861 362

State Officers of Kansas— 1861-1899 363

Kansas in the Spanish War ,369

A HISTORY OF KANSAS.

CHAPTER I.

NATURAL KANSAS.

1. Character of Surface. — Kansas has been described
by geologists as a part of tlie gi-eat plain stretching from
the Mississippi river on the east to the Rocky Mountains on
the west. It is approximately 200 by 400 miles in extent,
and should be looked upon as a (block in the great plain,
constituting an essential part of it, and not specially differ-
ent from other portions lying on either side of it. The
average elevation above sea level of the eastern end is about
850 feet, with Bonita, 1,075 feet above, as the highest point,
and the Union Depot at Kansas City, 750 feet, the lowest.
The northern boundary line rises steadily and uniformly
westward from the Missouri river. The southern boundar}-
rises and falls. At Coffey ville, the elevation is 734 feet, six-
teen feet lower than at Kansas City. At the point of crossing
the Flint Hills west of Independence, the elevation is 1,700
feet, declining to the westward. The elevation at Arkansas
City is 1,066 feet. The lowest part of the State is where
the southern line crosses the Verdigris valley. From
Arkansas City, west, the ascent is gradual to the southwest
corner. The western boundary varies slightly from north to
south, but is between 3,500 and 4,000 feet above sea level.

2. Appearance to Observer.— The general effect is
that of an immense prairie, rising westward into a very high
prairie, but the appearance is not that of a flat and bound-
less plain. The waters of the State, which generally flow
eastward, have an average fall for the whole State of nearly

10 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

eight feet to the mile. Although the surface is a great
plain sloping eastward, its minute topography is often
rugged and varied ; valleys 200 feet deep, bluffs and mounds
with precipitous walls 300 feet high; overhanging rocky
ledges and remnants of cataracts and falls in numerous

Scene on the Marmaton, Bourbon Co., Kan.

streams, giving a variety of scenery, are to be observed all
over the eastern part of the State, and to even a greater
extent in some portions of the west.

3. Effect on Kansas Literature.— All the natural fea-
tures of this great rectangle; all the varying aspects of the
earth, as touched by the shaping hands of the seasons; all

NATURAL KANSAS. 11

the shifting panorama of the skies; all the myriad voices
of the winds; the shine of shallow, wide and wandering
streams; the fringing trees that watch the waters as they
pass ; the lovely charm of each rocky promontory that looks
out upon the sea of grass, all these have proved to be the
inspiring and informing spirit of Kansas literature.

4. Story of Kansas Nature Told in Prose and Verse.—

In all that has been wi'itten in prose and verse since first
the wide wilderness heard the cautious but advancing feet
of the pioneer, the story of Kansas nature has been told.
The reader of books written in, by, and for Kansas, will
find the journals of the' Kansas year, with the impressions
made on the minds and hearts of eye-witnesses by sun and
cloud, by drouth and rain, and calm and storm. Such
readers witness the procession of the days of the Kansas
year. Days when, as one has written, "the broad, wintry
landscape is flooded with that indescribable splendor that
never was on sea or shore — a purple silken softness that
half veils half discloses .the alien horizon, the vast curves
of the remote river, the transient architecture of the clouds,
and daj^s without clouds and nights without dew, when the
effulgent sun floods the dome with fierce and blinding radi-
ance, days of glittering leaves and burnished blades of corn,
days when the transparent air, purged of all earthly exhala-
tion and alloy, seems like a pure, powerful lens, revealing a
remoter horizon and a profounder sky."

SUMMARY.

1. In the north the surface rises uniformly from Missouri river,

while in the south it both rises and falls.

2. To an observer the surface is rugged and varied, and remnants

of cataracts are found.

CHAPTER II.

FRENCH AND SPANISH KANSAS.

5. Kansas in Louisiana Purchase.— The present State
of Kansas, with the exception of a small fraction in the
southwest corner, which continued to belong to Spain, then
to Mexico, and was finally ceded by Texas in 1850, formed
part of the Louisiana purchase made by Presixlent Thomas
Jefferson from Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of France.

6. Beg'inriing' of Political History.— The political his-
tory of Kansas was set in the way of
beginning on the April day in 1803,
when Napoleon said, with passion and
vehemence, as was his wont: "Irresolu-
tion and deliberation are no longer in
reason. It is not only New Orleans that
I will cede, it is the whole colony with-
out reservation."

7. United States Occupies Terri-
tory. — The treaty which made Kansas
American soil was concluded April 30, 1803, but St. Louis,
and the province of Upper Louisiana, remained in the hands
of the Spanish until March 9, 1804, nearly a year after. On
that day Major Amos Stoddard, of the United States army,
appeared at St. Louis, and acting as agent and commissary
of the French Republic, received from Don Carlos Dehault
Delassus, the Spanish Lieutenant-Governor, the fonnal
cession of the province from Spain to France. The Spanish
12

FRENCH AND SPANISH KANSAS.

Regiment of Louisiana moved out, a detachment of the
First United States Artillery marched in, the American flag
was raised, and the next day, March 10, 1804, Major Stoddard
began the rule of the United States under the title of
(commandant.

Coronado Crossing the lerntorj in 1541.

8. First American Ruler.— Major Amos Stoddard, who
was the descendant of the great divine, Jonathan Edwards,
and grand-uncle of Hon. John Sherman, of Ohio, was the
fii'st American ruler of Kansas He was a good man and
brave soldier, and was mortally wounded in ^the defence of
Fort Meigs, in Ohio, during the last war with Great Britain.

14 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

9. Evidence of Spanish Exploration.— The Kansas
that belonged to Spain and France was not entirely unknown
or un visited. It is believed that Coronado reached the
country from New Spain in 1541. Various French and
Spanish parties marched to and through the countrj^ in
some cases erecting crosses in token of sovereignty. They
met the Indians, the Osages, the Pawnees, and the Kansas
or Kaws, sometimes in peace, sometimes in war, but these
expeditions left no trace behind more than does the fish in
the water, the bird in the air.

10. Few Spanish or French Names.— The French
trappers and voyageurs gave names to a few of the streams
and islands, but neither Frenchman nor Spaniard contrib-
uted perceptibly to the nomenclature of Kansas; while to
the east of the river in Missouri, French names wiU remain
while water runs in the Chariton, the Femme Osage, the'
Pomme de Terre, the Moniteau and many more, in Kansas
the slight French occupation left few traces on the map.
Neither do the Indians who inhabited Kansas seem to have
l)een town-builders or name- givers. If the rivers of Kansas
ever bore Indian names, the appellations of most have been
changed, or so corrupted as to have become unrecognizable.

SUMMARY.

1. Kansas, except a small portion in the southwest, formed part

of Louisiana Purchase.

2. The United States takes possession of Territory, March 10, 1804.

3. Coronado crossed the Territory in 1541.

4. A few points bear French names, given by trappers.

CHAPTER III.

THE DISCOVERED COUNTRY.

11/ Lewis and Clark Expedition Planned by Jeffer-
son. — With the acquisition of Upper Louisiana by the
United States, came the spirit of enterprise and exploration.
In the latter direction the new government set the example.
Mr. Jefferson was full of interest and curiosity about the
new empire of which so little was really known, and wrote
with his own hand the directions governing the expedition
which was to set out under Capt. William Clark, brother of
Gen. George Rogers Clark, the conqueror
of Illinois, and Capt. Merri wether Lewis,
who had been the President's private sec-
retary. He selected both these guides and
leaders from personal acquaintance; both
were Virginians, and from his own neigh-
borhood.

12. Reached Kansas River. — The
expedition reached the rendezvous near St.
Louis early in the spring, and before the Spaniards were
willing to acknowledge the Missouri as an American river.
After the formal transfer the expedition, on the 10th of
May, 1804, started up the turbid Missouri, and on June 27th
reached the mouth of the Kansas river, landed and made a
camp within the present limits of Kansas City, Kan.
15

Capt. William Clark.

16' HISTORY or KANSAS.

13. Independence Day at Atchison.— Proceeding up
the stream, the different journals kept by the voyagers noted
objects on either shore which may still be recognized by the
description. On the 4th of July, 1804, the party landed at
or near the present site of Atchison at noon, and made brief

observance of their country's natal day.

Among those who joined in this first

Fourth of July celebration in Kansas, was

George Shannon, a brother of Wilson

Shannon, afterwards to be a Territorial

Governor of Kansas. The party named a

small stream near their landing place,

Fourth of July Creek, and going on up

capt. Merriwether Lewis. ^^^ ^.^^^^ f^^j. miles, Called another Kansas

stream Independence Creek, a name which it bears to this

day. So the Fourth of July came to Kansas.

14. Expedition West to Pacific. — A few days later,
and the boats had passed beyond the limits of Kansas, and
the voyagers were on their way to the ' 'land of the Dakotas, ' '
to the unknown springs of the Missouri, to the untrodden
passes of the Rocky Mountains, to the far Columbia, on to
the sounding surges of the Pacific, to return after two
years, with but the loss of a single man in all the perils of
the waste and wild, each voyager to his appointed fate —
William Clark to live for many years a prosperous gentle-
man and fourth Territorial Governor of Missouri, and
Merriwether Lewis to die a mysterious death in a Tennessee
wilderness.

^15. Pike's Expedition Starts.— On July 16, 1806, two
years and two months after the Lewis and Clark expedition
had gone up the Missouri, another expedition left Bellefon-

THE DISC'OVEEED COUNTRY. 17

taine under the command of Lieut. Zebulon Montgomery
Pike, a young and active officer of the United States Ai'my,
who, in the summer of 1805, had departed on an expedition
to the head waters of the Mississippi. He had returned to
St. Louis in April, 180G,,and now, in July, was ordered on a
mission destined to last longer, and to be fraught with more
important consequences than he could have imagined.

16. Purpose and Route Planned.— His instructions
were to take back to their tribe on the upper waters of the
Osage river, some Osages who had been redeemed from cap-
tivity among the Pottawatomies ; then to push on to the
Pawnee Republic on the upper waters of the Republican
river, then to go south to the Arkansas, and to the Red
river, interviewing on the way the Comanches.

17. Osag-e Villag-e Reached.— Pike followed the Mis-
souri, and turned into the Osage (a continuation of the
Kansas Marais des Cygnes), at that time, and for long-
afterward, a waterway to southern Kansas and Texas. He
followed that picturesque stream to the Osage villages near
the present line of Kansas and Missouri. He met there a
chief named White Hair, who survived to the present gen-
ei-ation of Kansas. Procuring horses at the Osage villages.
Pike mounted his party of some twenty, officers and soldiers,
and a number of Osages, and started to execute the remainder
of his mission.

i>/, 18. Beauty of Kansas Country.— Lieut. Pike entered
"ansas in what is now Linn county, and kept on to the
southwest, and climbing a high rise, came upon a sight
which has delighted millions of eyes since his. "The
prairie rising and falling in beautiful swells as far as the

Lieut. Zebnlon Montgomery Pike.

THE DISCOVERED COUNTRY. 19

sight can extend." The party came to a high ridge, which
Pike describes as the dividing line between the waters of
the Osage and the Arkansas (which Pike spells Arkansaw) .
Still marching westward, the" party reached the Neosho, and
crossing it followed the divide, as Pike says, between the
Neosho and the Verdigris. On the 17th of September,
going northward, they arrived at the main southwest branch
of the Kansas river, the Smoky Hill, and, two days later,
a large branch of the Kansas river strongly impregnated
with salt.

19. Crosses Trail of Spanish Troops.— It was at
about this time that Pike discovered that he was not alone
in Kansas. He came across the trail of 300 Spanish troops.
The Spanish authorities in New Spain, hearing from St.
Louis of his departure, had sent Lieut. Malgares with a
large party to intercept him. Malgares had gone down Red
river, thence north to the Arkansas, and so on to the Saline,
but the parties had missed each other. Lieut. Pike was
destined to meet Lieut. Malgares later.

20. Pawnee Village.— Pike's party reached the Pawnee
village on the 25th of September, 1806. The site of the
village has been a matter of some discussion, but the latest
investigation would locate it on portions of sections 2 and 3,
township 2, range 5 west, in White Rock township. Republic
county, Kan.

21. "Stars and Stripes" Replaces Spanish Flag.—
The spot was made memorable. Pike had but sixteen white
soldiers, his Osage allies he probably did not count for
much, since he describes them as "a faithless set of poltroons,
incapable of a great and generous action," but with his
little force he overawed the sullen and hostile village. He

20 " HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

met in council 500 Pawnee warriors. He found the Spanish
fiag flying from a pole in front of the council lodge, and he
ordered it lowered, and the American flag raised in its
place. It was done, and the Stars and Stripes for the fli'st
time was given to the Kansas breeze. Regardless of the
temper of the Indians, he remained in the neighborhood
until- the 9th of October, when he marched ofl^ in the direc;-
tion of the Great Bend of the Arkansas.

22. Party Divided at Arkansas River.— Arrived at the
Arkansas, Pike divided his party. Boats were constructed,
one canoe made of four buifalo hides and two elk skins, and
a wooden canoe of green cotton wood, and in these Lieut.
Wilkinson, son of Gen. James Wilkinson (under whose
orders Lieut. Pike had set out), six soldiers and two Osages
embarked with the intention of reaching Fort Adams on the
Mississippi. The party were soon obliged to abandon their
canoes and make their way on foot, suffering greatly from
the cold. Lower down the river, they made some wooden
boats, and, greatly hindered by sand bars and by floating-
ice, managed to reach Arkansas Post in safety by the yth of
January, 1807.

23. Re-crosses Spanish Trail to Westward.— Pike,
with the remainder of his party, now stood on the low,
bleak shore of the Arkansas, in the last of October, with snow
falling every day. Why he did not march south t<:» Red
river, according to his instructions, has never been made
clear; instead, he moved up the Arkansas, climbing the
long slope to the Rocky Mountains. The country was full
of wild horses; Indians were met frequently, and again the
Spanish trail was crossed that Pike had encountered in
Northern Kansas.

THE DISCOVERED COUNTRY.

24. Mexican Mountains Sig"hted.— On the 15111 of
November, Pike saw something- else. "At two o'clock in
the afternoon," he writes, "I thought I could distinguish a
mountain to our right, which appeared like a small blue
cloud; viewed it with a spy glass, and was still more con-
firmed in my conjecture, yet only communicated it to Dr.

Pike's Peak.

Robinson, who was in front of me, but in half an hour it
api)eared in full view before us. When our small part>-
arrived on the hill, they, with one accord, gave three cheers
for the Mexican Mountains."
/V 25. Pike's Peak.— What Pike saw at first as a "small
l)lue cloud," was the Great White Mountain of the Span-
iards, the majestic eminence afterward called, in his honor.
Pike's Peak. He measured the altitude of the mountain,

22 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

making it 18,581 feet above the sea, and made efforts to reach
the mountain itself, but without success. Afterwards he
records, "In our wanderings in the mountains it was never
out of our sight, except when we were in the valley."

26. Pike Taken Prisoner.— These "wanderings" en-
tailed fearful suffering from cold on the thinly-clad soldiers
and the animals Pike reached the west fork of the Rio
Grande del Norte and built a stockade, and here he was
captured by a party of Spanish soldiers, as an intruder on
Spanish territory. His instruments and papers were taken
from him, and the command were marched as prisoners to
Santa Fe, but were everywhere treated with kindness by
the people. The escort, as it might be called, was com-
manded for some time by Lieutenant Malgares, who had
sought for Pike in Kansas. The young American officer,
treated more as an honored guest than a prisoner, was
taken to Chihuahua, then a fine' city of 60,000 inhabitants;
thence he was taken to within three days' march of the
American frontier and liberated, reaching Natchitoches,
Louisiana, on the 15th of July, 1807, nearly a year after he
left Belief ontaine.

. 27. His Death— Toronto.— After his return to his own
country, he continued in the army, where his rise was rapid.
In the thirty-fourth year of his age he was a brigadier-
general in service on our Northern frontier, and we were at
war with Great Britain. He planned and carried out an
attack on York, now Toronto, Canada, on the 27th of
April, 1813, and was fatally wounded at the moment of
victory. At his request, the flag of the captured garrison
was placed beneath his head, and the chronicler of the time
wi-ote, "He happily expired on the conquered flag of the foe. "

THE DISCOVERED COUNTRY. 23

28. Prominent in Kansas History.— The name of
Zebulon Montgomery Pike forms a part of the history of
Kansas, and shonld be mentioned with honor, because he
was the first intelligent American explorer of the interior
of Kansas, and the first to raise the flag of the United
States within its present borders, and the first to record
observations of the Great Plains country of which Kansas is
a part. His journal was published in this country in 1810,
and an abridgement afterward published in London, and the
story of natural Kansas was thus spread about the world.

29. Papers Preserved at Larned.— A few years since
many of the papers of General Pike, including the precious
scrap on which were written the last words he addressed to
his wife, were still carefully preserved by his niece, the
venerable Mrs. Sturdevant, of Larned, Kansas.

30. Long-'s Expedition.— The expedition of Pike was
followed by that of Major Stephen H. Long, who, in 1S19,
ascended the Missouri in the first steamboat, the Wfstern
Engineer. Pike's narrative, however, continued to be for
a long time the most complete account of the regions em-
braced in Kaflsas, Colorado and Northern Mexico.

SUMMARY.

1. Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark expedition across Territory.

2. Fourth of July, 1804, was celebrated at Atchison.

3. Pike's expedition crossed Territory in 1806.

4. Spanish soldiers had not yet been withdrawn.

5. Spanish flag was lowered and the Stars and Stripes raised at

the Pawnee village. Supposed to be in what is now
Republic county.

6. Pike's Peak was sighted at 2 o'clock, P. M., November 15, 1806.

CHAPTER IV.

THE GREAT HIGHWAY.

OKJ

31. Kansas Receives Eastern Boundary.— By tlie
organization of Missouri as a State of the Union, Kansas,
which was before without form as part of Louisiana,
received an eastern "boundary. The west line of Missouri, as
^ first established, followed a meridian line north and south

drawn through the mouth of the Kansas river at Kansas

City to the Iowa line. This line was really a line between

white settlement and Indian occupation. The portion of

Indian ground between the Missouri line

and the Missouri river was ceded by the

Sacs and Foxes in 1836, and became a

part of the State of Missouri under the

name of the Platte Purchase, and the

Missouri river became the boundary,

but Kansas remained Indian ground.

32. Limitation of Settlement
Theory. — It seems to have been con-
sidei-ed that the Missouri was the limit

of possible white settlement. Pike had written of Kansas
in his journal in 1806, " From these immense prairies may
arise one great advantage to the United States, viz.: the
restriction of our population to certain limits, and therel)y
a continuation of the Union. Our citizens being so prone
to rambling and extending themselves on the frontiers,
will, through necessity, be constrained to limit their extent
on the West to the borders of the Missouri and Mississippi,
while they leave the prairies, incapable of cultivation, to
the wandering aborigines of the country."
24

THE (4RKAT HIGHWAY. SO

33. Prediction not Realized.— The prediction of Pike
was not destined to be realized; it was rendered impossible of
acconiplisliment by the Louisiana Purchase. Under French
or Spanish rule the ramblings of citizens on the frontiers
might have been restricted, under American rule it was
impossible that a great habitable and tillable area in the heart
of the country should remain a wilderness devoted to wild
beasts and wilder men. The signal to the buffalo and the
savage to move on, was really given when the ti-eaty of
Paris, ceding Louisiana, was signed. Missouri continued to
fill up with settlers, mainly from Virginia, Kentucky, Ten-
nessee and North Carolina, and the settlers extended them-
selves toward the western l)order.

34. Interest Aroused in New Mexico.— Pike, in his
narrative, had descril)ed the ancient city of Santa Fe, the
oldest city in the present United States. He was the first
not only to give intelligible account of Kansas, but of Colo-
rado, New Mexico and the northern provinces of Mexico,
then New Spain. Pike's relation aroused interest in those
countries, and many individual attempts were made to open
up commercial intercourse between the Missouri border and
Santa Fe. These attempts generally resulted in disaster.
The Spanish Government repressed all such, and desired no
intercourse.

^^35. Effect of Mexican Revolution.— The Mexican
revolution, which began in 1811 and triumphed in 1821,
broke down the non-intercourse rule, and in 1824 the first
wagon train passed over the road from the Missouri to Santa
Fe. There had been a Santa Fe trail before, but it had
been made by caravans, small trains of pack animals, buiTOs
and mules, but with the passage of this wagon train came

26 HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

the real Santa Fe trail, the first broad mark made by civili-
zation across the face of Kansas. It was a great road, 700
miles long, of which 400 miles were in Kansas, a hard,
smooth thoroughfare from sixty to 100 feet wide, it had not
a bridge in its whole length, was the best natural road of its
length ever known in the world, and in token that it had
come to stay," the broad-faced yellow sunflower, since
chosen by Kansas people as the emblem of their State, sprang
up on either side where the wheels had broken the soil,
from end to end.

36. Eastern Terminus of Santa Fe Trail.— The eastern
starting point of the Santa Fe traffic was, at first, Franklin,
Mo., on the Missouri river, which years ago undermined
and swept the town away. Later the seat of the trade
was removed to Independence, Mo., which, as early as
1832, was recognized as the great outfitting point for the
Santa Fe traders, and of the great fur companies. In time
the business was divided with Westport, a newer town built
on or near the line of Kansas. From the Missouri river
landing for Westport has since grown Kansas City.

37. Opening" of Trail Through Kansas.— After the
laying out of this highway, Kansas was no longer a solitude.
Kansas had been set apart for Indians, the Act of Congress
of May 26, 1830, formally defined Kansas as part of the
Indian Territory. The opening of the Santa Fe trail was
like the dedication of a business street through a wilderness.

38. Fires Gleam Nig-htly Along- Road.— A stream of
human life was, as it were, set to flowing through the
country. Trains going and coming in, over the long road,
were seldom out of sight of each other, or of the gleam of
the nightly fires. Millions of dollars' worth of property

THE GREAT HIGHWAY. 27

were transported by the pack trains and wagon trains. An
army of men was employed to drive and care for a host of
animals. This army included, beside Americans, many
Mexicans as teamsters and "packers," an art in which they
stood unrivaled, and the dark features and soot-black hair
of the "greaser" were made familiar from the Missouri to
the mountains. The Spanish words incorporated in the
English, as spoken in Kansas at this day, date back to the
days of the Santa Fe trail.

39. Route Branches at Great Bend.— Taking the his-
tory of the Santa Fe trail as part of the history of Kansas,
it furnishes a long and exciting chapter. Leaving the
Missouri line, the trail led a little south of west to Council
Grove, long a meeting place of whites and Indians, and
then across the country to strike the Arkansas at the center
of the arc of the Great Bend, where one road continued to
follow the river into what is now Colorado, while at the
Cimarron crossing a shorter road bore off to the southwest
to the Cimarron river and to New Mexico.

40. Pawnee Rock a Dang-erous Point.— The traveler
who now follows the trail by railroad, reaches the once
(lark and blood}^ ground at the bend of the Arkansas, where
is now the town of Great Bend; thence west every mile has
witnessed conflicts between the Indians and the caravans of
traders, or between different tribes of Indians. At Pawnee
Rock station are seen the now scarcely visible remains of
the Rock., once a landmark known from one end of the trail
to the other, and considered one of the most dangerous
points on the long and perilous road. The railroad
bridge, says Inman, crosses the Pawnee Fork at the pre-
cise spot where the old trail did, and here was a favorite

L>8

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

battle jj-i-ound l>etween the tri])es tlieinselves, and the

savages and all passers-by, the traders, the overland

coaches, and every thing that attempted to ford the stream.

On an island near Larned, according to Major Inman,

the latest historian of the

trail, occurred a savage

battle between the Pawnees

and Cheyennes, in which

the latter were severely

defeated, and so on through

scenes of blood to where

onc§ was old Fort Aubrey.

It may be said that the four

hundred miles of the Santa

Fe trail in Kansas, in the

more than forty yeai'S that it

was traversed by all classes

of travelers, from the soli-

, , _o j_ j_ Pawnee Rouk

tary horseman or story to

marching armies, witnessed the display of all the great
human qualities, patience, fortitude, and the most heroic
courage, as contrasted with the darkest treachery and the
most cowardly ferocity.

41. Oreg-on Trail.— The Santa Fe trail while, perhaps,
the most important, was not the only great highway existing
in Kansas before it was recognized as a white man's country.
The Oregon trail was a great thoroughfare, leading to the
valley of the Platte in Nebraska. There was the road made
through what became the northern tier of Kansas counties
to the crossing of the Blue at Marysville, by which a great
emigration moved on to California. The river valleys, as

30 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

the Smoky Hill, served as road beds. It has been said that
the valleys of the Kansas river and of the Arkansas were
the first to be used as thoroughfares by civilized men in
Kansas. But the great geographical truth was early dis-
covered that Kansas was in the center of the great highway
from the valleys of the Mississippi and Missouri to the
Mountains and the Pacific.

42. A Trail from the South.— In the days of the Cali-
fornia emigration a road, long visible after it ceased to be
used, was that coming from Fayetteville, Ark., northwest-
ward, and joining the Santa Fe trail at Turkey creek, in
McPherson county.

43. Dog" Trail became "White Man's Road."— The

faintest trail made, and perhaps the earliest, was that by
the Indian dog dragging lodge poles from place to place;
then came the first "white man's road," the trace of the
packers' loaded horses, mules, and burros; then the wide
roads made by the traders' trains and the army wagons.
All these left their mark in Kansas in the years while it was
not an undiscovered country, but lying open and void,
waiting for the rising of the Star of Empire.

SUMMARY.

1. American rule permitted the settlement of the territory, which

would not have been allowed by Spain.

2. The Santa Fe trail was a well-traveled, natural road, some sixty

feet wide, and 700 miles long, lined on either side with sun-
flowers, and its main branch extending from Independence,
Mo., directly across the territory to the Great Bend of the
Arkansas; thence by two branches, one by way of the Rocky
Mountains, the other directly to Santa Fe, N. M.

CHAPTER V.

THE INDIAN TERRITORY.

44. Occupied by Four Tribes.— The oldest authorities,
Marquette and others, represent the country now called
Kansas as occupied principally by four great tribes of
Indians, the Osages, the Pawnees, the Kansas, and a tribe
that no longer exists, and, in fact, has not been heard of
since the first quarter of the 18th century, the Padoucas.
These tribes seem to have claimed Kansas among them, and
U) have extended widely beyond its
present limits. The story of their
wars, and huntings, and migrations,
has little interest to civilized people.
When they moved away from Kansas
and from the earth, they left nothing
except mounds of earth, rings on the
sod, fragments of pottery, rudeweapons
and ruder implements. They fought
each other, disputed possession with
the wild beasts, were stricken down
with fell diseases, but their history
never became of interest or importance to the world, because
they did nothing for the world.

45. The Removal Policy.— As early as 1824, the United
States Government had entered upon a policy of removing
the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi, to a country which

Typical Indian.

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

should be their own, and where they should cultivate the
habits of civilized life and live happily ever afterward.

The Osages ceded nearly all their land in Missouri in
1808, and were all located in Kansas by 1825, and the
Shawnees removed to Kansas in the same year.

War Bauce ia the Interior of a Kanza Lodge.

The general removal of Indians to the West was deter-
mined by the Act of Congress of May 26, 1830, by which an
Indian Territory, with the following metes and bounds, was
organized: Beginning on the Red river east of the
Mexican boundary, and as far west as the country is habit-
able, thence down the Red river eastwardly to Arkansas
Territory; thence northwardly along the line of Arkansas
Territory to the State of Missouri; thence north along its

THE INDIAN TEERITOKY.

"westwardly line to the Missouri river; thence up the Mis-
souri river to Puncah river; thence •westwardly as far as
country is habitable; thence southwardly to place of
beginning. This gave a country 600 miles north and
south approximately, and 200 miles east and west, as the
country was not considered habitable over 200 miles west of
the Missouri line, on account of the absence of timber.

46. Indians Assured Permanent Homes.— These limits
included the present State of Kansas, and from -the passage
of this Act of May 26, 1830,
for twenty-four years after-
ward, Kansas was a part of
the Indian Territory. In
this Act of 1830 the In-
dians were assured , in almost
affectionate language, that
these lands which were given
in exchange for those they
were already occupying,
should be theirs forever,
and that the United States
would give them patents
for them if they so desired.

47. Northern Part of Territory Occupied.— In 1832
the Cherokees and other southern tribes, from Georgia and
other States, were removed to the present Indian Territory,
and the movement to fill the northern part of the Territory
began." The Kansas Indians, whose name was later given
to the State, once lived on the banks of the Missouri, where
Lewis and Clark saw the remains of their villages, but they
were driven westward to the Blue, Their former territory

Indian Peace Medals, 1837.

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

was occupied by the immigrating Indians. In 1831 the
Delawares came from- the James Fork of White river, in
Missouri, and occupied their afterwards famous reserve in
Kansas. In 1836 the Ottawas removed from Ohio to their
Kansas reservation, watered by the Marais des Cygnes. In
1842 the Wyandottes sold their
lands in Ohio and removed to the
forks of the Kansas and Missouri
rivers. In 1837 the Pottawatomies
began to gather in the Indian Ter-
ritory, and in 1847 a tract of 576,000
acres lying in the present counties
of Shawnee, Pottawatomie, Wabaun-
see and Jackson was occupied by
them . Here they were reinforced by
Col. Henry Leavenworth. Michigan Pottawatouiics in 1850.
The years 1846 and 1847 saw the location of the Miamis of
the Wabash valley, in the limits of the Kansas countj^ that
now bears their name. In 1836 the Sacs and Foxes removed
from the Missouri to the Kansas side of the river. The
year 1832 saw the removal of the Kickapoos from the Osage
river in Missouri to the neighborhood of Fort Leavenworth,
The Cherokees were granted lands in Kansas, but never
occupied them in force. Several small tribes, the Weas and
the Piankeshaws, the lowas and the Muncies, the Peorias
and the Kaskaskias, and a small l>and of Chippewas, were
granted lands in Kansas.

48. Forts Established.— In consequence of the presence
of the Indians, Fort Leavenworth was established as
Cantonment Leavenworth, in 1827, by a detachment of the
Third United States Infantrv, and named in honor of Col.

THE INDIAN TERRITOEY.

Heniy Leavenworth, of that regiment. Fort Scott was
located in 1842, and named in 1843. Fort Riley, the third
important post in Kansas, was not established till 1853, and
was named for Gen. Bennett Riley, who guarded the Santa
Fe trail and fonght in Mexico. 1692874

Baptist Mission, established in 1831. Here Heeker's printing press was first set np in 1833.

49. Deg-rees of Tribal Civilization.— In the days
between 1830 and 1854, the principal figures in Kansas were
the regular ai-my officer, the Indian trader, and the mis-
sionary. All these had important business with the Indian,
and seem to have been kind to him. In the Indian tribes
residing in the Territory there were great differences in con-
dition and character. The Wyandottes, the Shawnees, the
Delawares, and the Ottawas were far advanced on the road
to civilization; at least, that was the opinion of their

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Rev. Maurice Gailland, S. J.

enthusiastic friends, the missionaries. The Pottawatomies
had long been neighbors of the white people, and many
bore French names and showed French blood. In
Kansas they divided, those desiring to live as civilized
people settling about the Missions, those
^-«j^ who preferred the old ways going apart

j^^ as the Prairie band. Other tribes af-

f?3B'.«urpt fected but a shabby civilization, which

was readily dissolved and dissipated in
whisky; many individual Indians re-
mained, to the last, uncaring barbarians.
But for all Kansas Indians the govern-
ment farmer ploughed, the government
blacksmith heated his forge, the mis-
sionary preached in English and Indian,
and sang and prayed, and printed and taught.

50. Pioneer Missionary Work.— The first Catholic
baptisms of Kansas Indians were admin-
istered by Father Charles La Croix,
who had labored with the Missouri
Osages, and who came to the Osages on
the Neosho in Kansas, where the Presby-
terians had already established their
Harmony Mission, was given by them
a room for a chapel, and baptized several
Osage children. Later came to the
Neosho the Rev. John Schoenmakers,
with several other missionaries and
Sisters of Loretto, and began what proved for him a life-
time of labor for the spiritual and temporal benefit of the
Both these objects were sought at all missions,

'-m.

Father John Schoenmakers.

THE INDIAN TERRITOKY, 37

Protestant and Catholic. At the Mission were, beside the

chapel and the school, a saw mill and a grist mill. However

little the Indian may have cared, the labor in his behalf was

incessant. There is in the annals of Kansas no story of

more ntter devotion than that of Rev.

Jotham Meeker, who was aided in all his

labors by his wife. Mr. Meeker, called by

the Indians, "He that speaks good words,"

labored first in Michigan with the Ottawas

and Chipi^ewas. He came to the Shawnees,

in Indian Territory, 1833, and later went

to the Ottawas, in Franklin county, Kan.

He was a practical printer, and brought to

. ^ . . Rev. Jotham Meeker.

Kansas the first printing press and type.
He printed the first book in Kansas, and published an Indian
newspaper and many books in the Ottawa language. Mr.
Meeker, largely assisted by one of his converts, Mr. J. T.
"Tawa" Jones, gathered a church, a school, and opened a
fine farm. After years of patient labor, Jotham Meeker
died in 1854, and was followed in two years by his wife, and
both rest where they fell in the cause of religion and civili-
zation.

51. St. Mary's Mission.— While the Protestant mission-
aries established their centres, the Catholic missionaries
established their principal headquarters at St. Mary's, on
the Kansas river, and thence missionary priests visited the
different tribes while they remained. In Doniphan county,
Rev. Samuel M. Irvin began a Presbyterian Mission among
the lowas in 1837, erected substantial buildings, and wrote a
grammar of the Iowa language. A daughter of Missionary
Irvin is believed to have been the first white girl born in

HISTOEY OF KANSAS.

Isaac HcCoy.

Kansas, as a son of Missionary Thomas Johnson, Alexander
S. Johnson, was the first white boy. With Mr. Irvin in
the labor of the Mission was associated Rev. Wm. Hamilton.
62. McCoy's Advanced Explorations.— On the mis-
sionary roll of honor no name is to be
written above that of Isaac McCoy. He
began his work among the Miamis in
Indiana, in 1817, continned it among the
Pottawatomies near Fort Wayne, and fol-
lowed that tribe to Michigan, where he
also labored with Mr. Meeker and Dr.
Lykins at the Ottawa Mission. Mr. McCoy
was the effective advocate of the Act of
1830, for the removal of the Indians to
the West. He preceded the Indians to Kansas and explored
and surveyed their reservations. He was known to all the
tribes. He firmly believed in the possibilit>
of the Indian, and worked to that end to
the close of his life, which came at Louis-
ville, Ky., in 1846.

53. Shawnee Mission School.— The
Wyandottes attracted the good offices of
the Friends as long ago as the date of their
treaty with 'William Penn, and among the
religious teachers of these people, Henry
Harvey was honorably distinguished both
in Ohio and Kansas. Perhaps the most ambitious attempt
at mission building in Kansas, in the pre-territorial period,
was the erection, in 1839, of the Shawnee Mission Manual
Labor School, two miles from Westport, Mo. This was the
work of Rev. Thomas Johnson, who, with his wife, had

THE INDIAN TEKEITORY.

taught the Shawnees of the neighborhood siuee 1829.
This Mission became famous as the meeting place of the
first Territorial Legislature, Mr. Johnson
himself being President of the first Ter-
ritorial Council. The fine Kansas county
of Johnson was named in his honor.

54. Indian Language Written.— But
there were many names which should
be kept in honor — of Chapman and Vinall,
and Robert Simerwell and his wife;

Francis Barker and Ira

D. Blanchard, and Mrs. Webster and
Miss Harriet H. Morse, and Rev. Moses
Merrill and wife; the Hadleys, father
and son; the Rev. E. T. Peery and Mrs.
Peery; John G. Pratt, who was the
printer of the Shawnees and the
Delawares; and of Father Gailland,
long at the head of the Mission at
St. Mary's.

All these and many
more labored for the Indians. They
invented phonetic alphabets, they created
written languages. Father Gailland
wrote a Pottawatomie dictionary ; Father
Hoeken published a Pottawatomie prayer
book; Father Ponzilione wrote an Osage
_ prayer book.

Mrs. Robert Simerwell. Tj^^ ^^.^^ church-goiug bell that

ever sounded in Kansas was a Mission bell. It was
brought to the Baptist Mission near the present Mount

Robert Simerwell.

40 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Muncie Cemetery, Leavenworth, and hung in the fork of
a tree.

SUMMARY.

1. Kansas was originally occupied by four great tribes of Indians:

the Osages, the Pawnees, the Kansas, and the Padoucas
or Comanches.

2. The Government adopts the policy of removing the eastern

and southern tribes to the Territory.

3. Fort Leavenworth was established 1827, Fort Scott 1842, and

Fort Riley 1853, to afford protection to the frontier.

4. Missionaries aid in the advance of civilization by reducing

the Indian languages to writing.

5. St. Mary's was founded by the Catholics, and Shawnee Mission

by Protestants.

Implements and Ornaments of Kansas Aborigi

CHAPTER VI.

THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT.

55. Population Centres. — At the opening of the year
1853, the white population of Kansas was, as it had been for
twenty years, concentrated about the forts, trading posts,
missions, and reservations, from the Missouri to Council
Grove. The population of these centres ranged from ten
upwards, the largest number probably being located in and
around Uniontown, in what is now Shawnee county. The
population was small, scattered, and uninterested in public
affairs.

56. Deleg"ate not Received.— There were, from 1852,
occasional feeble attempts to induce action at Washington,
and, in 1853, Abelard Guthrie was nominated as delegate
in Congress by a convention at Wyandotte, while Rev.
Thomas Johnson was put in nomination at the Kickapoo
village. The latter was elected and went to Washington,
but was not received.

57. Doug'las' Bill. — The crisis came with the report,
on January 24, 1854, from the Committee on Territories,
by its chairman, Senator Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois,
of an amended bill to organize the territories of Kansas and
Nebraska, afterward to be known in history as the Kansas-
Nebraska Act, though, at the time of its introduction, it
was commonly called the Nebraska Bill.

The main feature of this long bill of thirty-eight sections,
was, that it abrogated the agreement of the Missouri Com-
41

HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

promise of 1820, prohibiting (as the price of the admission
of Missouri as a Slave State) slavery north of the line
36° 30\ and, in place of pro-
hibiting, left the question
of slavery or no slavery to
the people of the respecti\('
Territories when they should
come to frame their Stat(^
Constitutions . This bill was
discussed in Congress for
four months, and passed the
Senate at four o'clock on th<'
morning of March 4, 1854,
and the House at midnight
of May 22d, by a vote of 113
to 100, and was signed by
President Franklin Pierce
on the 30th of May— since
chosen as Decoration Day with all its memories.

58. Opposition to Bill.— The passage of the bill was
fought at every step, and its triumph was received throughout
the North with demonstrations of grief and anger, because a
great number of American citizens, after the experiences
of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Fugitive Slave
Law, the Dred Scott decision, and the Compromise of 1850,
did not believe that the bill meant an honest submission of
the question of slavery to the hona fide settlers of Kansas, or
meant anything except a determined purpose to force slavery
upon Kansas, and upon every Territory of the United States.

59. Author's Motive.— Senator Douglas, himself a
native of Vermont, and a Senator from the great Free State

A Meeker Title Page.

THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT. 43

of Illinois, disclaimed this as a purpose, and declared that
his main desire was to take from Congress the decision of a
local domestic question, and leave it to the people vitally
interested. For himself he declared that he did not care
whether slavery was voted up or voted down. If the pur-
pose of the enactment was to quiet the agitation of the
slavery question, it signally failed. The direct result of the
introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was to bring on a
discussion more violent and widespread than had ever been
before known in the country. As far as the conflict affected
the Nation at large, the details belong to the general political
history of the United States. The centre and most perilous
spot in the field was soon transferred to Kansas Territory.

60. Derivation of " Kansas."— The Kansas- Nebraska
Act defined the boundaries of the new Territory, and gave
to it the name of Kansas. The spelling and definition of the
word Kansas have been the cause of much discussion. Prof.
Dunbar, formerly of Kansas, a most accomplished Indian
linguist, states that the name of the Kansas river is derived
from the Kansas Indian word Kanza, meaning "swift."

61. Kansas Boundary.— The following are the limits
of the Territory as given in the act:

Beginning at a point on the western boundary of Missouri,
where the thirty- seventh parallel of north latitude crosses
the same; thence west on said parallel to the eastern
boundary of New Mexico ; thence north on boundary to lati-
tude thirty-eight north latitude, thence following said
boundary westward to the east boundary of the Territory of
Utah, on the summit of the Rocky Mountains; thence
northward on said summit to the fortieth i)arallel of lati-
tude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

of the State of Missouri, thence south with the western
boundary of said State to the place of beginning.

The south line was not made to conform with the line of
the Missouri Compromise, 36° 30', but Was fixed at the
thirty-seventh parallel, the boundary between the reserva-
tions of the Cherokees and the Osages . The fortieth parallel ,

Catholic Church at Osage Mission, built in 1847.

the north line, was established in 1853, the meridian point
being fixed at the Missouri river by Capt. Thomas J. Lee,
United States Engineers, and the line westward surveyed
by Mr. John P. Johnson, for many years, and until his
death, an honored citizen of Highland, Doniphan county,
Kan.

THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT.

62. Indian Land Opened to Settlers.— For months
prior to the passage of the Nebraska Act, the Goverument of
the United States had been engaged in securing the cession
of the lands of various Indian tribes in Kansas. The tract
purchased of the Shawnees alone amounted to 1,600,000
acres.

On the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act the lands
acquired by the Government became open to public settlement
and hundi'eds of persons from Missouri crossed over and
staked claims, some to remain as hona fide settlers, more to
return at once to Missouri.
These squatter claims became a
sufficient source of difficulty
N, ^ among claimants, had there been
no other.

63. Societies for Coloniza-
tion. — Taking the language of
the Kansas- Nebraska Act to mean
what it said, and " Popular
Sovereignty" as a contemplated
fact, both parties to the con-
troversy began to make preparation for the occupation
of the disputed country. The border counties of
Missouri rang with the note of preparation. "Defensive
Associations," "Squatters' Associations," "Blue Lodges,"
and various secret and open societies were formed on the
border for the purpose of occupying Kansas, and the repel-
ling of invaders of the abolition variety, and on the other
hand the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Society procured its
charter April 24, 1854, after the passage of the Kansas-
Nebraska Act by the House, but before its passage by the

Baptist Indian Mission, Shawnee County.
Erected in 1848.

46 HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

Senate. The Emigrant Aid Societj' of New York and Con-
necticut was chartered in July. A lengthy "report" issued
in May, 1854, set out at great length the objects of the New
England Society. One article urged the forwarding of
saw mills, grist mills and other machinery to the new
country. ' 'At the same time it is desirable, ' ' said the report,
"that there should be sent out a printing press ,^ and a news-
paper established. This would be the organ of the com-
pany's agents, and be from the start the index of that love
of freedom and good morals, which it is hoped may charac-
terize the State now to be formed."

64. Invitation to Settlers.— There is indeed a "real
estate" flavor, which has lingered about descriptions of the
country ever since, in the following article:

"It is to be remembered that all accounts agree that the
region of Kansas is the most desirable part of America now
open to the emigrant. It is accessible in five days' continu-
ous travel from Boston. Its crops are very bountiful ; its
soil being well adapted to the staples of Virginia and Ken-
tucky, and especially to the growth of hemp. In the east-
ern section the woodland and prairie land intermix in
proportions very well adapted to the purpose of the settler.
Its mineral resources, especially its coal, in the central and
western parts, are inexhaustible. A steamboat is already
plying on the Kansas river, and the Territory has an unin-
terrupted steamboat communication with New Orleans and
all the tributaries of the Mississippi."
. 65. Strug-g-le Between North and South.— The two
emigration societies mentioned were not all; there was,
))eside, the Union Emigration Society organized in the city
of Washington. The large associations organized auxiliary

THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT.

societies throughout the North. The issue was joined. The
border counties of Missouri stood for the South, far oflf and
remote . Behind the Emigrant Aid societies stood the North ,
according to the lines of communication, nearer, in popula-
tion and wealth vastly more powerful. The advocates of

Lawrence, Kan., 1855.

slavery had no issue except the establishment of human
bondage in a new, an unwilling country, and apparently no
conception of any means of accomplishing that end except
by force. The result may have been doubted, but it
was never doubtful. In the ears of those who marched
to Kansas from the conquering North, sounded a watch-
word which has always rung in men's ears like the note of a
trumpet, or breathed as the voice of a siren, it was —
"Freedom."

48 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

66. Towns Founded.— President Pierce signed the
Kansas-Nebraska Act on the 30th of May, 1854. On the
13th of June the Leavenworth town company was organ-
ized at Weston, Mo. On the 17th of July, the first party
of Free State emigrants left Boston and Worcester, arriv-
ing at the mouth of the Wakarusa eleven days later. The
party numbered thirty, under the direction of Mr. Charles
H. Branscomb. Two weeks later they were followed by a
larger party under the direction of Dr. Charles Robinson
and Samuel C. Pomeroy. The Atchison town company
was formed in Missouri, July 27th. Events moved rapidly.
In September the Lawrence Association was formed for the
government of the new city. In the same month the first
newspaper in Kansas, the Herald, was printed under a tree
in Leavenworth. In September the first sale of lots oc-
curred in Atchison. One Free State and two Pro- slavery
towns started, and the battle begun. Topeka, an addition
to the Free State strongholds, was founded December 5,
1854.

SUMMARY.

1. Rev. Thomas Johnson was elected, in 1853, delegate to Congress,

but was not received.

2. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill was passed May 30, 1854.

3. Professor John B. Dunbar states that the word Kansas was

derived from Kanza, which means "swift."

4. The Governmeni secured large tracts of Indian lands. Settlers

immediately began to move to the Territory.

5. Societies of the op|x>sing parties were formed for the occupa-

tion of the Territory.

6. Among the events of 1854 were the founding of Leavenworth,

Lawrence, Atchison, and Topeka.

7. The first newspaper was printed at Leavenworth.

CHAPTER VII.

THE BEGINNING OP GOVERNMENT.

67. First Territorial Governor.— Andiew H. Reeder,
first Governor of the Territory of Kansas, arrived at Fort
Leavenworth on the 7th of October, 1854. He was a Penn-
sylvania lawyer of high standing in his native county of
Northampton, from whence he came to Kansas, and through-
out the State, but had never held public office. He had
always been a member of the Democratic party, and thor-
oughly indorsed the doctrine of the Kansas- Nebraska Act.

68. Other Officers of Territory.— The

other appointed officers of the Territory
arrived at intervals. The Secretary of the
Territory, whose office was most important,
since under the organic act he assumed in
the Governor's absence all his powers and
functions, was Daniel Woodson, of Virginia;
the Chief Justice of the Territor}^ was Samuel got. a. h. Reeder. "
D. Lecompte, of Maryland; the Associate Justices, Saunders
W. Johnson, of Ohio, and Rush Elmore of Alabama; United
States Marshal, Israel B. Donalson of Illinois. Some of
these names were destined to a lasting recollection in Kan-
sas: one of them, that of Secretary Woodson, to a place
on the map of Kansas. Notwithstanding the amount of
explosive material lying about, Gov. Reeder received a
49

50 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

hearty welcome at Leavenworth, and his reception was quite
as kindly at Lawrence, which he soon after visited. He
took a tour of observation through the Territory to inform
himself concerning its topography and population. He was
urged to order an election of members of the Legislature,
lint took the ground that the common law, and the laws of
tlie United States, extended over the Territory, and that
there was no pressing need of legislation, and himself sat
as a magistrate in the case of a man charged with attempt
to kill, and Ijouiid the party over.

69. Election of Deleg-ate.— On the 10th of November,
Gov. Reeder issued his proclamation for an election for
delegate to Congress on the 29th of the same month. This
was the first election held in the Territory. The candidates
were Gen. John W. Whitfield, Pro-slavery; R. P. Flenniken,
Administration Democrat, and John A. Wakefield, Free
State. On the day of the election, as was afterwards
reported by an investigating committee, a large number
of persons came over from Missouri and voted, but
Gen. Wliitfield received a legal plurality. As this would
have happened, and he would have received a certificate
of election without it, the invasion was a causeless
and senseless outrage, which had no further effect than
to inflame the North, in which the determination that
Kansas should not be a slave State was daily growing
more resolute.

The name which assumed the most prominence in the
leadership of the Pro-slavery movement was that of David
R. Atchison, a United States Senator from Missouri, Presi-
dent of the Senate and acting Vice-President of the United
States

THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT. 51

70. First Census.— In February, 1855, Gov. Reeder
caused the lirst eensus of the Territory to be taken.
It showed a population of 8,501 persons, and 2,905
voters.

71. Fraudulent Voting". — Governor Reeder divided
the territory into districts, appointed judges of election and
ordered an election for a Territorial Legislatvire to be held
Mai'ch 30, 1855. At the election of March 30th most of
the voting places in the territory were occupied by armed
men from Missouri. At Lawrence the invading force was
estimated at 1,000 men, and they brought two pieces of
artillery. This force being larger than was deemed neces-
sary, squads were detached and sent to other voting places.
The judges of election appointed by the Governor were
driven from the polling places or resigned their offices.
The census of the • preceding month of February gave
Kansas Territory 2,905 voters. At this March election
(5,318 votes were cast, of which 1,410 were legal and 4,908
were fraudulent. The day after this election the actual
facts were known all over the Territory; within the week,
in every corner of the United States. The result was fuel
to the roaring fire; every means which had been before
used in the warfare against slavery was redoubled. The
betrayed people who had gone to the Territory under the
implied promise of the Kansas-Nebraska Act that the
l)eople of the Territories should be allowed to regulate their
institutions in their own wa}', became throughout the Free
States the objects of boundless sympathy; the story of the
invasion of March 30th was told in song and story, and by
artist's pencil, and still the Free State emigrants iiressed
into the Territory' of Kansas.

HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

72. Governor Reeder's Action.— Governor Reeder set
aside the elections in certain districts for informality, and
ordered an election to be held May 22d, to fill vacancies.

Governor Reeder had, according to his instructions,
removed his ofifice from Fort Leavenworth to the Shawnee
Manual Labor School, two miles west of Westport, Mo.

i i|n

Territorial Capitol, Shawnee, 1855.

He ordered the first Legislature of the Territory to con-
vene at Pawnee, a town which had been laid out near
Fort Riley. After his decision in regard to the elections,
and his proclamation for the meeting of the Legislature,
Governor Reeder went East to meet charges which the Pro-
slavery leaders had made in asking his removal. At the
election to fill va{!ancies in the Legislature, neither the Pro-

THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT. 53

slavery voters in the Territory or in Missonri took part.
The Free State voters alone participated.

73. First Legfislature.— The members of the Legisla-
ture met at Pawnee on July 2, 1855. The Pawnee town
company had erected a stone building for the use of the
Legislature, which stood for many years afterward within
sight of the Union Pacific railroad track. There was also
a hotel and some other conveniences.

The Legislature came, went into camp, remained four
days, unseated the Free State members, seated the members
declared elected on the 30th of March, and passed a bill
' ' to remove the capital temporarily to Shawnee Manual
Labor School," which act was vetoed by the Governor and
passed over his veto, and the Legislature adjourned.

On the re- assembling of the Legislature at the Shawnee
Manual Labor School, Governor Reeder informed the body
that it was in session where it had no right, in contraven-
tion of the Act of Congress, and that he could give no
sanction to any act it might pass.

74. Gov. Reeder Removed. — The Legislature, in both
branches, memorialized the President of the United States
to remove Governor Reeder, and on the 31st of July his
removal was officially announced, and on the 16th of August
the Governor announced his removal to the Legislature, and
so ended the term of the First Territorial Governor of
Kansas . Governor Reeder was informed that he was removed
for some irregular purchases of public lands. The departure
of Governor Reeder made Secretary Woodson acting Gover-
nor. His signature is affixed to all the laws passed by what
the Free State party called the "Bogus Legislature." This

HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

Leg-islature adopted the body of Missouri statutes, but
added thereto a series of "black laws" exceeding in ferocity

WM. BLAIR LORD. JOHN UPTON.

HON. MORDEf'AI OLIVER. HON. WM. A. HOWARD. HON. JNO. .SHERMAN.

Congressional Investigation Committee.*

anything ever before known in the United States. Anti-
slavery men were disqualified from holding office.

♦Represents the members and two of the otflcers of the Kansas Con-
gressional Investigating Committee of 185(i. The committee was appointed
under a resolution of the House of Representatives, passed March 19, 1856,
with Instructions to "Proceed to Inquire Into and collect evidence in
regard to the troubles in Kansas generally, and particularly In regard to
any fraud or force attempted or practiced in reference to any of the elec-
tions which had taken place In the Territory, etc."

THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT. 55

75. Capital Located.��� The Legislature organized a
large number of counties, and provided that every officer
in the Territory, executive and judicial, was to be
appointed by the Legislature, or by some officer appointed
by it. These appointments to hold until after the general
election of 1857. No session was to be held in 1856. The
Legislature fixed upon Lecompton as the Territorial seat
of government.

76. Topeka Government Org-anized.— The reply of the
unorganized Free State people of the Territory to the Pro-
slarery Legislature was organization. Whenever there was
a meeting, or a set of resolutions adopted — and there were
many meetings, and many resolutions — the Shawnee Legis-
lature was denounced as the offspring of fraud and force,
and its enactments of no validity. The movement finally
ended in what came to be known as the Topeka Govern-
ment. Delegates to the Topeka Constitutional Convention
were elected October 1, 1855. The Convention met on the
23d of October, completed the Topeka Constitution, the first
constitution of Kansas, on the 11th of November. The
constitution was submitted to a vote on.the 15th of Decem-
ber. At Leavenworth the poll books were destroyed by a
Pro-slavery mob, and also the office of a Free State news-
paper. Outside of Leavenworth 1,731 votes were cast for
the constitution, and 46 against it. The 4th of March,
1856, was set for an election of State officers under the
Topeka Constitution.

The Topeka Constitution provided, "There shall be no
slavery in this State, or involuntary servitude except for

HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

Wilson Shannon.

77. Shannon, Second Governor.— In September, 1855,
Wilson Shannon, of Ohio, Second Territorial Governor of
Kansas, appeared at Westport, Mo. Unlike Governor
Reeder, Governor Shannon had been much in public life.
He had been Governor of Ohio, United i
States Minister to Mexico, and Member
of the House of Representatives, where
he had voted for the Kansas- Nebraska
Act.

78. Election of Delegate Not Rec-
ognized. — On the 1st of October there
occurred an election for delegate in
Congress. The Free State voters took
no part in this election, and John W.
Whitfield received 2,721 votes. On the 9th of October the
Free State voters cast 2,849 votes for Andi-ew H. Reeder.
Congress refused to seat either contestant.

79. Mob Violence at Atchison.— During the spring
and summer of 1855 there was much disturbance. Many of
the collisions were doubtless incited by private and personal
enmity, but the outrages which created the most profound
impression throughout the country were those committed
for opinion's sake. Rev. Pardee Butler was seized at
Atchison, in August, and sent down the river on a raft
made of two logs, with many circumstances of injury and
insult. Returning the following spring, he was stripped,
tarred, and covered with cotton. He was a peaceable settler
of the county, he had only expressed his opinion upon a
question which, under the Kansas-Nebraska Act, was left
to the determination of the lawful voters of the Territory.
His story was told all through the North and roused a

THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT. 57

determination of resistance. While Pardee Butler was
going down the river on his raft, John Brown was moving
along the road to Kansas with his rifle.

SUMMARY.

Gov. Reeder and other territorial officers arrive.
First election for members of the Legislature takes place,
attended by invasion, fraud, and violence.

First Legislature meets at Pawnee, and removes to the
Shawnee Manual Labor School.

Gov. Reeder is succeeded by Gov. Shannon.

The first Constitution of Kansas was completed at Topeka,
November 11, 1855, and provided, "there shall be no slavery
in this State, or involuntary servitude except for crime."

Map of that portion of the Indian Territory West of the Mississippi,
within the present bounds of Kansas.

CHAPTER VIII.

WAR AND RUMORS OF WAR.

80. Contest Precipitated. — Governor Shaimon soon
found that the office of Governor of Kansas Territory was
not a bed of roses.

On the 21st of November, 1855, at Hickory Point, ten
miles south of Lawrence, a Free State settler named Dow
was killed by a Pro-slavery .man named Coleman. Dow,
whose body lay in the road for hours, was buried by his
Free State friends, who, at his funeral, declared they would
ferret out the murderer and his accomplices. That night,
Coleman, the slayer, having fled, his cabin was burned
down, and that of a friend of his named Buckley. This
man, in common parlance, "swore his life against" Jacob
Branson, a Free State man, a friend of Dow's. Sheriff
Jones (who, though a resident of Westport, Mo., was, by
appointment of the Territorial Legislature, Sheriff of
Douglas county, Kan.), with a posse, took Branson into
custody on the night of November 22. When the Sheriff's
l)arty had arrived near Blanton's Bridge, they were met by
a party of Free State men, among whom Major J. B. Abbott
and Samuel N. Wood were prominent, and the prisoner,
with little show of violence, was taken from his captors.

8 1 . The Wakarusa War.— Sheriff Jones rode to Franklin,
a Pro-slavery outpost, dispatched a messenger to Missouri,
and notified Governor Shannon that a rebellion had broken

WAR AND EUMORS OF WAR.

out in the Territory, and that 3,000 men were required to
suppress it. This was the beginning of the " Wakarusa
War." Tlie Governor ordered Generals Richardson and
Strickler, of the Territorial militia, to march to Lecomp-
ton, and report to the Sheriff all the force they could
collect. In the meautime, the Missouri border was stirred
with appeals, and a large force was raised to organize
another invasion.

A formidable Pro-slavery force collected at Franklin.
Free State companies gathered from the vicinity, and joined
the garrison of Lawrence . Sheriff Jones came into Lawrence ,
but failed to find the rescuers of Branson. Governor
Shannon wearied of the Missourians who had arrived to
assist the Sheriff, and besought them to disband and depart,
and in the meantime called on Colonel Sumner, of the
United States army, to bring troops. The Free State
leaders succeeded in opening up com-
munication with Governor Shannon,^
and as a final result the invaders in the
interest of "law and order" started back
to Missouri, the beleaguered garrison of
Lawrence was relieved, and Governor
Shannon affixed his signature to a treaty
signed by Cl^arles Robinson and James
H. Lane, and a few evenings later met
these gentlemen at an evening party
given by the ladies of Lawrence, at which even Sheriff Jones
was an invited guest.

82. Thomas W. Barber a Martyr.— But the "Wakar-
usa War" was not destined to end without bloodshed.
Thomas W. Barber, a young man, who had been among the

Colonel E. V. Sumner.

60 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

defenders of Lawrence, was on his way home with two
friends, when they were confronted by two horsemen, who
detached themselves from another party, and Barber was
killed. Murders had not been uncommon, but this excited
unusual horror. The funeral of Barber was attended by
every demonstration of respect, Charles Robinson and
James H. Lane speaking beside the coffin.

Whittier afterwards wrote the "Burial of Barber:"

Not in vain a heart shall break,
Not a tear for freedom's sake
Fall unheeded; God is true.

The Kansas county of Barber commemorates his name.

83. Whitfield Elected to Congress.— In October, 1855,
an election was held for delegate to Congress, in which
Free State men did not participate, and General John W.
Whitfield received 2,721 votes.

84. Election of State Officers.— On the 15th of January,
1856, occurred the election of State officers under the Topeka
Constitution: Charles Robinson was chosen Governor; W.
Y. Roberts, Lieutenant-Governor; P. C. Schuyler, Secretary
of State; G. A. Cutler, Auditor; John A. Wakefield, Treas-
urer; H. Miles Moore, Attorney- General; M. Hunt, M. F.
Conway, G. W. Smith, Supreme Judges; E. M. Thurston,
Reporter of Supreme Court; S. B. Floyd, Clerk of Supreme
Court; John Speer, Public Printer; Representative in Con-
gress, M. W. Delahay.

• 85. First Session of Topeka Leg-islature.— On the

4th of March, 1856, was held the first session of the Topeka
Legislature. Governor Robinson presented a message.
James H. Lane and Andrew H. Reader were chosen United

WAR AND RUMORS OF WAR. 61

States Senators, and a memorial was prepared asking admis-
sion into the Union. The Legislature adjourned to meet on
the 4th of July.

86. Topeka Constitution in Congress. — The Topeka
Constitution was presented in the Senate of the United
States, by Senator Lewis Cass, on March 24th, and in the
House by Hon. Daniel Mace, of Indiana.

87. Disbanding- of Topeka Legislature.— On the re-as-
sembling of the Legislature at Topeka, on the 4th day of
July, 1856, Colonel E. V. Sumner, U. S. A., appeared with
five companies of United States di-agoons and two pieces of
artillery. Colonel Sumner entered the halls of the Senate
and'House, and told the members that the Legislature must
disperse, and they obeyed. Colonel Sumner was accom-
panied by United States Marshal Donalson. Colonel
Sumner acted under the orders of Acting- Governor Woodson,
and Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis.

The Topeka Legislature re-assembled in January, 1857,
when some of the officers and members were arrested by a
Deputy United States Marshal, and taken to Tecumseh.
The Legislature again met in January, 1858, and adjourned
to Lawrence, and asked the Territorial Legislature, then in
session, to substitute the State for the Territorial organiza-
tion, which they refused to do.

On the 4th of March, 1858, the Legislature under the
Topeka Constitution met, found itself without a quorum,
and adjourned to meet no more. This was the end of the
"Topeka movement."

On the 3d of July, 1856, the House of Representatives
passed a bill for the admission of Kansas under the Topeka
Constitution, by a vote of ninety-nine to ninety-seven. The

62 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

opposition of the Senate to any five Constitution was
invincible.

88. Treason Progrramme. — The administration of
President Pierce, and that of Kansas Territory, early took the
position that adherence to the Topeka Government, or non-
obedience to the Shawnee Missouri Legislature, constituted
some form of treason and insurrection. The numberless
troubles of 185G had their origin in the attempts of the
National and Territorial authorities to arrest, prosecute and
punish Free State men for rebellion and high treason.

By May, the treason suppression ' programme was far
advanced. Governor Robinson , Governor Reeder, and many
others were indicted for high treason. Governor Reeder,
who was in the Territory in attendance on the Congressional
Investigating Committee, commonly called the "Howard
Committee," refused arrest, and made his way to Kansas
City, Mo., whence he escaped, in disguise, down the
Missouri, on the deck of a steamboat.

Many persons were arrested, during May, at different
points, refused bail by Judge Lecompte, and confined at
Lecompton. Governor Robinson, while traveling with his
wife, was arrested at Lexington, Mo., was brought back to
Lecompton, and held a prisoner for four months.

89. Events at Lawrence. — By the 17th of May, 1856,
a large armed force had collected in the vicinity of
Lawrence. On the 21st of May, Sheriff Jones entered the
town with armed followers, and by virtue of writs out of
the First District Court of the United States for Kansas
Territory, burned and battered down the Free- State hotel,
and destroyed the offices of the Herald of Freedom, and the
Kansas Free State newspapers. Stores were broken open.

WAR AND RUMORS OF WAR. 63

and robbed, and the residence of Cliarles Robinson was
l)urned. The force employed was some 800 cavahy and
infantry, with four pieces of cannon.

Conspicuous on this occasion, and in counseling and
directing destruction, was General David R. Ateliison, of
Missouri. The cavalry was commanded by Colonel H. C.
Titus, recently of Florida. A considerable part of the
force consisted of South Carolinians, under the X3ommand
of Major Buford. There w^as planted on the walls of the
Hentld of Freedom office, before its destruction, a blood red
flag, bearing a lone star and the words "South Carolina and
Southern Rights." The Government of the United States
was directly represented, on this occasion, by Deputy
United States Marshal Fain.

^ 90. John Brown Appears. — Among the witnesses of
these transactions of the 21st of May, was John Brown, his
five sons, and a son-in-law. On the night of the 24th of
May, on Pottawatomie creek, in Franklin county, James P.
Doyle, his two sons: William Sherman, commonly called
"Dutch Henry," and Allen Wilkinson, a member of the
Shawnee Mission Legislature, were called out of their
cabins and killed. John Brown led the party that did the
deed.

After this, Brown captured, at Black Ja(!k, Captain
H. Clay Pate and twenty-eight of his party who had started
out to capture Brown.

91. A Reig-n of Violence.— The Free State men
attacked the Pro-slavery headquarters at Franklin, wounded
several defenders, and took a considerable quantity of
munitions of war. On the other side, a party of Missourians
under General John W. Whitfield, plundered Osawatomie.

64 HISTOEY OF KANSAS.

Early in August, the Free State men broke up a camp of
Georgians near Osawatomie. On the 12th of August they
made a second attack on Franklin, smoked out the block-
house, and compelled the garrison to surrender. On the
16th of August, Captain Sam Walker, with the loss of one
man, captured the fortified house, near Lecompton, of
Colonel Titus, of Florida, and twenty prisoners. Prior to
this, a Free State party had captured a Georgia headquarters
on Washington creek, called "Fort Saunders."

The war never ceased in Linn county, and in August, in
a fight at Middle creek, the Free State partisans, under
Captains Anderson, Cline and Shore, routed a Pro- slavery
detachment under Captain Jesse Davis. On the 30th of
August, 400 men from Missouri, under General John W.
Reid, attacked Osawatomie. The place was defended by
forty- one men, under John Brown. In this action, Frederick
Brown, a son of John Brown, was killed by Rev. Martin
White. All the houses in Osawatomie save four were
burned.

In Leavenworth, a Pro-slavery mob murdered William
Phillips, a Free State lawyer, who had been tarred and
feathered the year before, and a Vigilance Committee com-
pelled Free State citizens to leave the city.

SUMMARY.

1. The border troubles.

2. Whitfield elected to Congress.

.3. First session of Topeka Legislature, March 4, 1856.

4. The sacking of Lawrence, and acts of retaliation.

5. Action under the Topeka Constitution, and dispersal of the

Topeka Legislature.

6. The treason arrests.

7. Free State citizens compelled to leave Leavenworth.

CHAPTER IX.

A GLIMPSE OF LIGHT.

92. Release of Three State Prisoners. — On the 5th

of September, 1856, a force from Lawrence with two guns
appeared at Lecompton on the heights about the town, and
were met by Colonel Phillip St. George Cooke, with a
detachment of United States troops, who demanded the
errand of the approaching army. It
was explained that the release of Free
State prisoners, not the "treason pris-
oners ' ' who were held by United States
authorities, but all others, was demanded,
and that the general protection of the
Free State population from robbery and
murder was the object of the demon-
stration. As a result of this interview
an exchange of prisoners was effected.

93. Accession of Governor Geary. — On the 21st of
August, 1856, Governor Shannon received notice of his
removal. On the 7th of September he met his succes-
sor at Glasgow, Mo., coming up the Missouri river, and
on the 9th of September, John W. Geary, third Gover-
nor of Kansas Territory, arrived at Fort Leavenworth.
He immediately reported to the President that he had to
contend against "armed ruffians and brigands"; that the
town of Leavenworth was in the hands of bodies of men,

Governor John W. Geary.

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

who, calling themselves militia, perpetrated the most atro-
cious outrages under the shadow of authority from the
Territorial government.

94. The Hickory Point Fig-ht. — Governor Geary
arrived at Lecompton on the lOtli of September, 1856.

The next day, Captain Har-
vey, a Free State partisan,
surprised a Pro-slavery force
at Slough creek, in Jeffer-
son county, and captured
the blood-red South Carolina
flag, which had been raised
at the sacking of Lawrence
in May, and which is now
South caroiiua Flag. ^j^ possessiou of the Kan-

sas State Historical Society. Captain Harvey, two days
after, captured Hickory Point, in Jefferson county. The
101 men under Harvey were taken prisoners by Colonel
Cooke, U. S. A., who marched them to Lecompton, where
they were held by Judge Cato for trial on the charge of
murder in the first degree. Twenty of these were after-
wards sentenced to five years in the penitentiary, though
they never were incarcerated.

95. Governor Geary's Action. — Governor Geary's
^ first act was to issue a proclamation disbanding the Terri-
torial militia, and ordering all other armed men to quit the
Territory. The Governor proceeded to Lawrence and found
the town in arms in prospect of another invasion. He left
United States troops there, and went to the junction of the
Wakarusa and the Kansas rivers, where he found a force
of 2,700 men from Missouri under the command of General

A GLIMPSE OF LIGHT. 67

Atchison, General Reid, General Whitfield, Sheriff Jones,
and others. This force he ordered to disband, and it
disappeared.

96. Tpeason Cases Abandoned.— Prior to Governor
Geary's arrival, the " treason prisoners" were released on
bail by Judge Lecompte in the sum of
$5,000 each. Governor Robinson gave
bail just four months from the day he
was taken prisoner. Of the remaining j
prisoners, some were tried and acquitted,
some escaped, and a nolle was entered in
the cases of others.

97. The Road Opened.— The Mis-
souri river had been for some time
closed against Free State travel, and Governor Robt. j. Waiker.
large parties of Free State immigrants had been entering
the Territory via Iowa and Nebraska. In October, a
party was arrested by Colonel Cooke and a Deputy
United States Marshal. Governor Geary met the immi-
grants and ordered their release. Afterward, immigration
was free.

98. Governor Geary Retires. — The Second Territorial
Legislature met at Lecompton. Governor Geary vetoed
some of the bills, which were passed over his veto. After
continuous troubles with the Legislature, and being con-
stantly threatened with personal violence, Governor Geary
announced that he would be absent from Lecompton for
awhile, left* the Territory quietly and never returned.
Many years after, in grateful remembrance of Governor
Geary's course in Kansas, the name of Davis county was
changed to Geary.

68 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

99. Walker's Appointment. — James Buchanan became
President of the United States, March 4, 1857.

Shortly after the departure of Governor Geary, Robert
J. Walker was appointed Governor of Kansas, March 26,
1857. He was preceded in the Territory by Frederick P.
Stanton, Secretary of the Territory, who became Acting
Governor. Governor Walker arrived in May. He com-
menced his labors to induce the entire mass of voters to
participate in the election for delegates to the Lecompton
Constitutional Convention, for which the late Legislature
had provided. The Free State voters generally declined
the invitation, and at the election in June, 1857, but 2,071
votes were cast for delegates.

SUMMARY.

1. Free State prisoners liberated.

2. John W. Geary appointed Governor.

3. Governor Geary disbands militia, and orders armed men to

leave the Territory.

4. Treason prisoners released.

5. Immigration made free.

6. Governor Geary leaves the Territory.

7. Walker appointed Governor.

8. Governor Walker urges citizens to vote for delegates to the

Leeompton Constitutional Convention, but the Free State
people decline to do so.

CHAPTER X.

THE LECOMPTON AND LEAVENWORTH CONSTITUTIONAL
CONVENTIONS.

100. The Lecompton Convention. — The Lecompton
Coustitutioual Convention met and framed the second Con-
stitution of Kansas between the 11th of September and the
3d of November, 1857. It was provided that the vote should
be taken on the "Constitution without slavery," or the
"Constitution with slavery," no vote being allowed against
the Constitution. The vote, taken on the 21st of December,
according to John Calhoun, President of the Lecompton
Constitutional Convention, stood, "for the Constitution with
slavery, ' ' 6,226 ; ' 'for the Constitution without slavery, ' ' 569.
At this election the Free State party did not vote, and an
enormous fraudulent vote was cast.

101. Territorial Election. —In October, while the
Lecompton Convention was in session, the regular election
for members of the Territorial Legislature, and a delegate
in Congress had taken place, and resulted in the election of
a majority of Free State members of both branches of the
Legislature, and of Marcus J. Parrott, Free State, as
delegate. Oxford precinct, near the Missouri line, a pre-
cinct containing eleven houses, cast 1,628 Pro- slavery votes.
Governor Walker and Secretary Stanton issued a proclama-
tion rejecting the whole return from Oxford precinct. This
settled the Free State character of the lawful returns.

HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

102. Special Session of the Legislature.— On the 7th

of December, the Legislature was called together in special
session at Lecompton. A message was received from Sec-
retary Stanton, Governor Walker having left the Territory,
in which he urged the submission
of the whole Constitution. But
the chance of the Lecompton Con-
stitution had passed away.

103. Second Submission. —
Under an act of the special session,
a vote was ordered, for or against
the Constitution, on the 4th of
January, the same day set for the
election of State officers under
the Lecompton Constitution. A
portion of the Free State party
supported a State ticket. The
vote on the Constitution as declared
by Secretary and Acting Governor Denver, who had suc-
ceeded Mr. Stanton, was 10,288 against the Constitution to
138 for it. Marcus J. Parrott was elected Member of Con-
gress, and, in spite of frauds, the Free State ticket received
a small majority. The ticket was as follows: Governor,
George W. Smith; Lieutenant-Governor, W. Y. Roberts;
Secretary of State, P. C. Schuyler; Auditor, JoelK. Goodiu;'
Treasurer, A. J. IMead.

104. Third Territorial Leg-islature.— The Free State
officers chosen, innnediately prepared a memorial to Con-
gress, disavowing all intention to serve under the Lecompton
Constitution, and urging that body not to admit Kansas
into the Union under it. The third Territorial (and first

GoTernor Frederick P. Stanton.

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS.

Free State) Legislature, met in regular session at Lecomptou
the 4tli of January. 1858 organized, and on the Gtli adjourned
to Lawrence.

The Territorial Legislature remained in session at Lawrence
for forty days. It passed bills to repeal the slave code, and
to abolish slavery in the Territory, over the veto of Governor
Denver, and an act to remove the Capital of the Territory
to Minneola, Franklin county. It also provided for . the
election of delegates to meet in a Constitutional Convention.

105. The Leavenworth Constitution.— The Conven-
tion assembled at Minneola on March 23d, and adjourned
to Leavenworth, re-assembling on the 25th. The Leaven-
worth Constitutional Convention adopted a Constitution
which did not contain the word
white . " The following ticket was
nominated for State officers under
the Leavenworth Constitution : Gov-
ernor, Henry J . Adams ; Lieutenant-
Governor, Cyrus K. Holliday; Sec-
retary of State, E. P. Bancroft;
Treasurer, J. B. Wheeler; Auditor,
George S. Hillyer; Attorney-Gen-
eral, Charles A. Foster; Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction, J. M.
Walden; Connnissioner of School
Lands, J. W. Robinson; Represen-
tative in Congress, M. F. Conway;

Supreme Judges, William A. Phillips, Lorenzo Dow, and
William McKay; Reporter of Supreme Court, Albert D.
Richardson; Clerk of Supreme Court, W. F. M. Arny.
At the election of May 18th, the Leavenworth Constitution

Governor James W. Denver.

72 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

and the officers nominated received an aggregate of 3,000
votes. It was presented, but never voted on by either
House of Congress.

Minneola, at which the Convention first assembled, did
not remain the capital of Kansas Territory. The bill remov-
ing the capital thither was declared illegal by Jeremiah S.
Black, Attorney- General of the United States.

106. Failure of Lecompton Constitution.— It was
evident by the beginning of 1858, that slavery could never
be established in Kansas with the consent of the people,
yet, nevertheless, President Buchanan urged upon Congress
the acceptance of the Lecompton Constitution, declaring
that Kansas was "already a slave State, as much as Georgia
or South Carolina." In this policy he was vigorously
opposed by Senator Douglas. After much discussion the
Lecompton Constitution was sent back to the Kansas
people. The vote was taken August 2, 1858, under the
propositions of the "English bill," and again the Constitu-
tion was repudiated by 11,812 to 1,926 votes.

SUMMARY.

1. Free State party refused to vote for delegates to the Lecomp-

ton Constitutional Convention.

2. Members of Territorial Legislature and delegate to Congress

elected by Free State party.

3. After special session of the Legislature, the Lecompton Consti-

tution was again submitted, and again defeated.

4. The Third Territorial Legislature prepared a memorial to

Congress, and passed bills to abolish slavery.

5. The Leavenworth Constitution adopted, and State officers

nominated.

6. The Lecompton Constitution submitted again in 1858, and for

the last time defeated.

CHAPTER XI.

EVENTS OF 1858.

107. Governors of 1858.— James W. Denver, who
succeeded Frederick P. Stanton (removed for calling the
special session of the Territorial Legislature), served as
Acting- Governor until the resignation of
Governor Walker, in May, 1858, when he
became Governor, with Hugh S. Walsh
as Secretary. Governor Denver resigned
in September, his resignation to take
effect October 10, 1858. After his depart-
ure, Secretary Walsh acted as Governor
until the arrival of Governor Samuel
Medary, in December.

108. The Marais des Cygcnes Mas- Governor Hugh s. waish.
sacre. — On May 19, 1858, occurred near Trading Post, in
Linn county, the tragedy known in Kansas annals as the
Marais des Cygnes massacre. A party of twenty- five men
from across the border, headed by Captain Charles Hamil-
ton, collected eleven Free State settlers, stood them up in a
line in a ravine and fired upon them. Five fell dead and
all the others save one were badly wounded; the five
wounded and one unwounded man feigned death and
escaped. The murdered men were William Stilwell, Patrick
Ross, William Colpetzer, Michael Robinson and John F.
Campbell. The wounded were William Hairgrove, Asa

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Hairgrove, B. L. Reed, Amos Hall and Asa Snyder; the
unharmed man was Austin Hall. The place of the bloody
deed is now marked by a public monument, and its memory
will be forever preserved by the lines of Whittier, with
their final prophecy:

LE MARAIS DU CYGNE.

A blush as of roses

Where rose never grew!
Great drops on the bunch
grass,

But not of the dew!
A taint in the sweet air

For wild bees to sWn!
A stain that shall never

Bleach out in the sun!

Back, steed of the prairies!

Sweet song-bird, fly back!
Wheel hither, bald vulture!

Gray wolf, call thy pack!
The foill human vultures

Have feasted and fled;
The wolves of the border

Have crept from the
dead.

In the homes of their rear-
ing,

Yet warm with their lives.
Ye wait the dead only.

Poor children and wives!
Put out the red forge fire,

The smith shall not come;
Unyoke the brown oxen.

The plowman lies dumb.

Wind slow from the Swan's
Marsh,

dreary death-train.
With pressed lips as bloodless

As lips of the slain!
Kiss down the young eyelids.

Smooth down the gray hairs ;
Let tears quench the curses

That burn thro' your prayers.

' From the hearths of their
cabins.
The fields of their corn.
Unwarned and unweaponed,

The victims were torn —

By the whirlwind of murder

Swooped up and swept on

To the low, reedy fenlands,

The Marsh of the Swan.

' With a vain plea for mercy
No stout knee was crooked;
In the mouths of the rifles
Right manly they looked.
How paled the May sunshine,

Green Marals dvi Cygne,
When the death-smoke blew
over
Thy lonely ravine.

EVENTS OF 1858.

Strong man of the prairies,

Mourn bitter and wild!
Wail, desolate woman!

Weep, fatherless child!
But the grain of God springs
up

From ashes beneath.
And the crown of His harvest

Is life out of death.

Not in vain on the dial
The shade moves along

To point the great contrasts
Of right and of wrong;

Free homes and free altars
And fields of ripe food;

The reeds of the Swan's
Marsh,
Whose bloom is of blood.

On the lintels of Kansas

That blood shall not dry,
Henceforth the Bad Angel

Shall harmless go by!
Henceforth to the sunset,

Unchecked on her way,
Shall liberty follow

The march of the day."

109. Retribution. — William Griffith, one of the mur-
derers, was arrested in Platte county, Mo., in 1863; was
tried, and convicted of murder at Mound City, Linn county,
Kan. He was executed October 30, 1863. William Hair-
grove, one of the survivors of the tragedy,
acted as executioner.

110. Fourth Territorial Leg"isla-
ture. — Governor Medary's position re-
quired him to pass in review the acts of
the Fourth Territorial Legislature. That
body met at Lecompton, and adjourned
at once to Lawrence. It repealed the
"Bogus Statutes" of 1855, which were

, , -1 . , 1 , , T Governor Samuel Medary.

afterwards burned m the streets; made
provision for a Constitutional Convention and a State Gov-
ernment if the people decided for it at a preliminary elec-
tion, and passed an act of amnesty for offenders in certain
counties who had been fighting over political differences.
Notwithstanding this peaceful measure, Captain James

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Montgomery and his men continued the war with the Pro-
slavery people in Linn and Bourbon counties, and Captain
John Brown carried off a number of persons lawfully bound
to servitude in Missouri, to freedom elsewhere.

SUMMARY.

Political c'hang'es of 1858.

The Marais des Cygnes' massacre.

Whittier's commemorative poem, "Le Marafs du Cygne."

The Wyandotte Convention and Constitution provided for.

^r??>-^.

The Old WinanuU at Lawrence.

CHAPTER XII.

THE WYANDOTTE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.

' 111. The Convention. — The vote on the proposition
to hold a Constitutional Convention at Wyandotte was held
March 28, 1859. The total vote was 6,731; 5,036 being
cast "for a Constitution," and 1,425 "against a Constitu-
tion."

The election of delegates to the Convention occurred on
the 7th of June, 1859.

The Convention which was to frame the Constitution
under which Kansas was destined to enter the Union of the
States, assembled at Wyandotte, July 5, 1859. It was
composed of fifty-two delegates.

In the election of these, the old appellations of "Free
State" and "Pro-slavery" were abandoned, and the elected
delegates were classified as thirty-five Republicans and
seventeen Democrats. It was the first Constitutional Con-
vention in Kansas which contained members of both
political parties. Historians of the Convention have
recorded that few of the heretofore prominent leaders of
political action in the Territory- were present in the Conven-
tion, and that a large proportion of the members were
young men. Many of the delegates were destined to
distinction in the civil and military history of Kansas in
the years to follow.

112. Officers. — The Convention was organized by the
choice of Samuel A. Kingman, as temporary President, and
77

78 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

John A. Martin, as Secretary. A permanent organization
was effected by the choice of James M. Winchell, as Presi-
dent; John A. Martin, as Secretary; J. L. Blanchard,
Assistant Secretary; George F. Warren, Sergeant- at- Arms;
J. M. Funk, Doorkeeper; Rev. Werter R. Davis, Chaplain;
President pro tem., Solon O. Thacher.

113. The Model.— The Constitution of the State of
Ohio was adopted as a model or basis of action."

1 14. Sixth Section. — The Convention was for freedom.
The Sixth Section of the Bill of Rights was made to read
"There shall be no slavery in this State,
and no involuntary servitude, except for
crime, whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted."

A proviso to suspend this section, for
one year after the admission of the State,
was voted down, twenty-eight to eleven.
This was the last suggestion made to
allow slavery to exist in Kansas, for a

, T ■,,,. ,, . , , Samuel A. Kingman.

day or an hour. Well said a member
of the Convention, "the Constitution will commend itself to
the good and true everywhere, because through every line
and syllable there glows the generous sunshine of liberty."

115. Boundary and Capital. — The Convention rejected
a proposition to embrace, in the new State, a portion
of Nebraska south of the Platte, and fixed the western line
at the twenty-fifth meridian, cutting off the Territorial
county of Arapahoe, which was afterwards embraced in the
Territory and State of Colorado. Thus, the boundaries of
Kansas were finally and permanently determined.

The temporary seat of Government was located at Topeka.

THE WYANDOTTE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.

The Convention ^substantially completed its work in
twenty-one days.

116.. The Constitution Adopted.— On the 12th of
September, 1859, James M. Winchell, President, and
John A. Martin, Secretary, called an election on the
Wyandotte Constitution, to ratify or reject it. The vote
was taken on the 4th of October, 1859, and stood: for the
Constitution, 10,421; against the Constitution, 5,530. The
"homestead clause" was submitted separately, and received
8,788 votes, as against 4,772. So the free people of Kansas
adopted the Wyandotte Constitution.

117. Men of the Convention.— The Wyandotte Con-
stitutional Convention has maintained a high place in
the regard of the people of Kansas, on account of the
strong and steadfast character of its membership, and the
solid quality of its work. Its labors were followed, inside
of two years, by the admission of Kansas
as a State, and by the outbreak of a war
in which the existence of the State, and
of the Union of the States had to be
maintained. In the councils of the civil
state, and in its armed defense, the
members of the Wyandotte Convention
bore a high and honorable part. In the
organization of the State's first Supreme
Court, Samuel A. Kingman served as an
Associate Justice, and after, as its Chief Justice.
Benjamin F. Simpson was chosen the first Attorney- General
of the State, and Samuel A. Stinson, another member, was
elected to that office in 1861. Two of the framers of the
Wyandotte Constitution, John J. Ingalls and Edmund G.

Solon 0. Thacher.

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Ross, lived to serve Kansas in the Senate of the United
States. John A. Martin, the youthful Secretary, was twice
chosen Governor of the State. Two of the lawyers of the
body, Solon O. Thacher and William C. McDowell, were
chosen District Judges at the first election under the Con-
stitution. These and many others served
the State long and well in various places
of responsibility, in the first and subse-
quent Legislatures, on the bench, and in
other capacities. W. R. Griffith, the
first State Superintendent of Public
Instruction, was a member of the Con-
vention.

When "war's wild deadly blast was
blown," the members of this Convention
rallied to the standard. James G. Blunt entered the service
at once and became a major-general. John P. Slough
became a brigadier- general, and Simpson, Ross, Hippie,
Martin, Ritchie,. Burris, Nash, Werter R. Davis, and
Middleton, officers and members of the Wyandotte Conven-
tion, entered the army as line and field officers of the Kansas
regiments.

118. Convention Stood for Law and Liberty.— The
Wyandotte Convention contained few of those who had
prior to its assemblage been recognized and conspicuous
leaders in controlling public opinion in the Territory, but
it framed a Constitution that met the Kansas idea of the
rights of man, the protection of the home, the establishment
of justice. A Kansas woman, Mrs. C. I. H. Nichols,
attended daily the sessions of the Convention, and coun-
seled for those provisions that protect the sacred rights of

THE WYANDOTTE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 81

the wife, the mother, the woman citizen. The spirit of the
Wyandotte Constitution has been preserved. None of the
amendments added to it have weakened or restricted its
original purpose. It remains, after forty years, the charter
of liberty, and the basis of law in Kansas.

SUMMARY.

1. The Wyandotte Constitutioual Convention convened at Wyan-

dotte, July 5, 1859.

2. The members of the Convention were for the first time from

both political parties.

3. James M. Winchell was chosen President of the Convention.

4. The Constitution of Ohio was the model for the Constitution of

Kansas.

5. The Sixth section stood for freedom.

6. The capital was located temporarily at Topeka.

7. The Constitution was accepted by the people October 4, 1859.

Golden medal presented in 1874 to Mrs. Mary A. Brown, widow of John Brown,
by Victor Hngo and otkers.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE TRAGEDY OF JOHN BROWN.

119. His Mig-ration and Settlement. — On the 2d of

December, 1859, Jobu Brown was executed at Charlestown,
Va.

It was on the 23d of August, 1855, that John Brown,
born at Torrington, Conn., May 9, 1800, a man then fifty-
five years of age, started from Chicago, 111., with a heavily
loaded one-horse wagon for Kansas. He walked beside his
wagon, shot game for food, passed through Rock Island,
Illinois; Iowa, and Missouri, aud reached a point on or
near Pottawatomie creek, and eight miles from Osa-
watomie, Kansas Territorj^ on the 6th of October, 1855.
He settled in the neighborhood of his sons, John Brown,
Jr., Salmon, Frederick, Jason, and Owen
Brown, who had come to the Territory
with their families early in the year.
From the day of his arrival, his name
became attached, for weal or woe, for
glory or for shame, with that of Kan-
sas. He was very generally known first
as "Osawatomie Brown."

His first public appearance in the

John Brown. troublcs of the Territory appears to

have been at Lawrence during the "Wakarusa War," in

December, 1855. That disturbance was ended by a

THE TRAGEDY OF JOHN BEOWN. 83

"treaty," as it was called, but "Osawatomie Brown"
wanted no treaty, and counseled resistance. On the 21st
of May, 1856, when occurred the "sacking of Lawrence,"
and the destruction of the Free State hotel, and the
Herald of Freedom and Free State newspaper offices, John
Brown, his sons, and a son-in-law, were in Lawrence and
witnessed all that happened, and on the night of the 24th
of May, five Pro-slavery settlers on Pottawatomie
creek were killed. This was the "Pottawatomie Massacre,"
over John Brown's complicity in which there has been
much controversy. John Brown, when asked by his son,
Jason Brown, who was horrified by the deed, "Father, did
you have anything to do with that bloody affair on the
Pottawatomie?" said, "I approved it."

120. John Brown in the Field. — From this time for-
ward, John Brown may be said to have taken and kept the
field. He seldom joined himself with what may be called
the masses of the Free State party. He did not aspire to
the civil or military leadership of that party, but, with a
small and chosen company, he kept the wood and prairie;
attacking and attacked. A few days after the "Potta-
watomie Massacre," Captain H. Clay Pate, a Deputy
United States Marshal, with a posse, captured John Brown,
Jr., and Jason Brown. They were turned over to the
United States troops and marched to Lecompton, prisoners.
On the road they were treated with such severity that John
Brown, Jr., was di-iven insane. On the 2d of June, Cap-
tain John Brown, at Black Jack, captured Captain Pate
and twenty- eight of his party, and held them prisoners till
they were taken from him by United States troops, but
treating them, as Captain Pate himself stated, with

84 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

huraanitj'. On the 3()th of August occurred the second
attack on Osawatomie. John Brown, with forty-two mei^,
unavailingly fought the assailants, the town was burned,
and his son Frederick was shot down in the road.

121. John Brown in Massachusetts. — In February
of the next year, 1857, John Brown appeared before a
committee of the Massachusetts Legislature and told of the
suffering in Kansas as he had seen it, the burnings, the
robberies, the murders, the houseless people, the fire,
smoke and desolation.

122. John Brown in Missouri. — After this Eastern
visit he appeared again in Kansas, made a raid into
Missouri, brought out fourteen slaves, and went away
to the North with them. The Governor of Missouri offered
$3,000 reward for him, and the President of the United
States $250. An attempt made to capture Brown on his
northward way at Holton, Kan., was a failure.

123. The Parallels. — In the early days of January,
there appeared in a Kansas paper, the Lawrence Bepublican,
a communication signed by Brown, and usuall}'' called ' 'John
Brown's Parallels." It was his farewell to Kansas. He
recited his action in carrying off the slaves from Missouri,
and contrasted it with the "Marais des Cygnes Massacre,"
which had happened in the May previous. When this article
appeared. Brown had gone from Kansas. In March, 1859,
he reached Canada with twelve fugitive slaves. The rest of
his histor\^ belongs to that of the country and of the world.

124. The Defense. — One rainy Sunday night, at the
Kennedy farm house, he said to his eighteen men: "Men,
get on your arms, we will proceed to the Ferry," and so

THE TRAGEDY OF JOHN BROWN. 85

they went. On the 1st of November, 1859, Captain Brown
stood up in court at Charlestown, Virginia, to answer, if
he might, why sentence of death should not be passed upon
him, and he drew some further "parallels."

"I have another objection, and that is, that it is unjust
that I should suffer such a penalty. Had I interfered in
the manner in which I admit, and which I admit has been
fairly proved (for I admire the truthfulness and candor of
the greater portion of the witnesses who have testified in
this case), had I so interfered in behalf of the rich, the
powerful, the intelligent, the so-called great, or in behalf
of any of their friends, either father, or mother, brother,
sister, wife, or children, or any of that class, and suffered
and sacrificed what I have in this interference, it would
have been all right, and every man in this court would have
deemed it an act worth}^ of reward rather than iDunishment.

"This court acknowledges, as I suppose, the validity of
the law of God. I see a book kissed here which I suppose
to be the Bible, or, at least, the New Testament. That
teaches me that all things 'Whatsoever I would that men
should do unto me, I should do even so to them. ' It teaches
me further, 'to remember them that are in bonds as bound
with them.' I endeavored to act up to that instruction. I
say, I am yet too young to understand that God is any
respecter of persons. I believe that to have interfered as I
have done, as I have always freely admitted I have done, in
behalf of His despised poor, was not wrong, but right.
Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life
for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my
blood further with the blood of my children, and with the
blood of millions in this slave country, whose rights are

86 HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I
submit, so let it be done."

1 25. He Lives in the Hearts of Kansans.— In Kansas,
the name of John Brown is held in remembrance in many
ways, both by the old who knew his face, and the young
who have but heard his name. In 1877 a marble monument
was reared to his name at Osawatomie, near the old field of
fearful odds. In the collection of the State Historical
Society are preserved the garments he wore, and some of
the last lines he is known to have written. A Kansas poet,
Eugene F. Ware, has written of him:

From boulevards,

O'erlooking both Nyanzas,
The statued bronze shall glitter in the sun,
With rugged lettering:
"John Brown, of Kansas;
He dared begin;
He lost.
But losing, won."

SUMMARY.

1. John Brown arrived in Kansas, October 6, 1855, a day memor-

able in the chronicles of freedom.

2. John Brown active in attack and defense at and near Osa-

watomie.

3. He pleads before a committee of the Massachusetts Legislature

in behalf of the suffering of Kansas.

4. He took fourteen slaves from Missouri to the North.

5. In court at Charlestown, Va., he gave as his defense, "I believe

that to have interfered as I have done, in behalf of the
despised poor, was not wrong but right."

6. His memory in Kansas.

^ CHAPTER XIV.

LAST OP TERRITORY AND FIRST OF STATE.

126. Action of Cong-ress.— The people of Kansas had
spoken, bnt the will of the people was not yet to be consum-
mated. The admission of Kansas as a Free State was yet
to be opposed in the Senate of the United States. On the
11th of April, 1860, the House passed the bill admitting
Kansas under the Wyandotte Constitution. The bill went to
the Senate and was there rejected. On the 21st of January,
1861, Jefferson Davis and other Southern Senators announced
their withdrawal from the Senate of the United States. On
the same day William H. Seward called up in the Senate the
bill for the admission of Kansas and it was passed, 36
to 16. It was then returned to the House and passed
out of the regular order, 117 to 42, and on the 29tli
of January, the Act was signed by James Buchanan, Presi-
dent of the United States, and that January day was there-
after "Kansas Day."

127. Action of Leg-islature.— The fifth and last Terri-
torial Legislature of Kansas met at Lecompton on the 2d of
January, 1860, and in spite of the protestsof Governor Medary ,
adjourned to Lawrence . The Governor and Secretary remain-
ing at Lecompton, the Legislature adjourned sine die. The
Governor called the Legislature to meet in special session at
Lecompton. The Legislature met and passed a bill adjourn-
ing to Lawrence; the Governor vetoed the bill and it was
passed over his veto, and the Legislature assembled in

88 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Lawrence. The Legislature passed a bill abolishing slavery
in the Territory. Governor Medary vetoed the bill and wrote
a long message. The bill was passed over his veto. This
was the last. Governor Medary resigned in December, 1860,
and was tendered a public dinner at Lawrence, in token of
the appreciation felt for the dignity, firmness and impar-
tiality with which he had performed his duties. George M.
Beebe, Secretary of the Territory, became acting Governor,
in which capacity he continued until the inauguration of the
State Government, February 9, 1861.

128. Territorial Governors. — With Samuel Medary
ended the succession of Kansas Territorial Governors. They
had nearly all been in a way distinguished men prior to their
appearance in Kansas. Andrew H. Reeder, before his
appointhient as Governor of Kansas, had never held office,
but had been for years one of the most eminent lawyers in
Pennsylvania. Wilson Shannon had been twice elected Gov-
ernor of Ohio, and a Representative in Congress, and had
served as American Minister to Mexico. John W. Geary was
a business man and the youngest of the company, but had
served in the war with Mexico. He became, after the Kansas
days, a Major-Genera;l in the Union array and Governor of
Pennsylvania. Robert J. Walker had been a United States
Senator from Mississippi, and Secretary of the Treasury
during President Polk's administration. During the Civil
War Robert J. Walker was the devoted advocate of the Union,
and negotiated the sale of $250,000,000 of United States
bonds abroad. James W. Denver had represented California
in Congress, and had served as Commissioner of Indian affairs.
Samuel Medary was an editor of national reputation, and
had served as Commissioner of Indian affairs.

LAST OF TERRITORY AND FIRST OF STATE. 89

129. Pony Express.— In April, 1859, started from St.
Joseph, Mo., and across Kansas, the first "Pony Express"
for San Francisco, to span the gap which then existed
between the Missouri river and the Pacific coast, when the
settlers demanded better mail and express facilities. The plan
was to carry the mail on horseback, and, as rapid time was
required, relays were stationed every twenty-five miles, at
which fresh horses and riders were kept. The mail carrier,
mounted on a spirited Indian pony, would leave St. Joseph
at break-neck speed for the first relay station, swing from
his pony, vault into the saddle of another standing ready,
and dash on toward the next station. At every third relay
a fresh rider took the mail. Through rain and sunshine,
night and day, over mountain and plain, the wild rider con-
tinued solitary and alone. The distance, 1,996 miles, was
made in ten daj's. Then came the Wells & Fargo Express,
next the Butterfield Overland Stage Company, and then the
great railways.

130. Lincoln Heralds the New Star.— The morning
of the 30th of January, 1861, found Kansas a Free State of
the Union. The first time the fiag of the United States wa:s
raised over Independence Hall, with the added star of
Kansas in the field, was on the 22d of February, 1861. In
raising the flag. President-elect Lincoln said: "I am invited
and called before you to participate in raising above Inde-
pendence Hall the fiag of our country with an additional
star upon it. I wish to call your attention to the fact that,
under the blessing of God, each additional star added to
that flag has given additional prosperity and happiness to
this country." The star of Kansas was raised above the

^yhl^^hx<r^.

LAST OF TERRITOKY AND FIRST OF STATE.

Martin F. Conway.

birthplace of Independence, on the birthday of Washington,
by the hands of Lincoln, the Emancipator.

131. Election of Officers. — On the 6th of December,
1859, an election had been held under the

e Wyandotte Constitution for State officers

and a Representative in Congress and
1^^ members of the Legislature. The follow-
ing persons were elected: Governor,
jj* Charles Robinson; Lieutenant-Governor,

Joseph P. Root; Secretary of State, John
P. Robinson; Treasurer, William Tholen;
Auditor, George S. Hillyer; Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction, Wm. B. Grif-
fiths ; Chief Justice, Thomas Ewing, Jr. ; Associate Justices,
Samuel A. Kingman, Lawrence D Bailey; Attorney- General,
Benjamin F. Simpson; Representative in Congress, Martin
F. Conway. The admission of Kansas as a State, under
the Wyandotte Constitution, made these the first State
officers. Governor Robinson was sworn into office on
the 9th of February, 1861, and requested the Legislature to
convene on the 26th of March.

132. Droug-ht of I860.- The year 1860 was a notable
one for the nation and for Kansas. Aside from the
political strife and anxiety, Kansas witnessed the
coming of the direst natural calamity recorded in the
country's history, ranking with the flood of '44. From
the 19th of June, 1859, until November, 1860, over
sixteen months, not a shower fell to soak the earth.
Vegetation perished save the prairie grass, which during
the early spring and midsummer flourished along the
ravines and creeks, and even when dried up by the

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

hot winds, cured suddenly into hay and so afforded feed
for cattle. It is estimated that in this awful time 30,000
emigrants left the country west of the Missouri, spreading
the story of the disaster. In time, arrangements for sys-
tematic aid for Kansas were organized in the East. Kansas
was divided into two aid districts, S. C.
Pomeroy being placed in charge of
Northern, and W. F. M. Arny of Southern
Kansas. The response from the great
States of New York, Wisconsin, Indiana,
Illinois, and Ohio was especially generous.
More than 8,000,000 pounds of provisions
aild clothing, $85,000 in money, and
2,500 bushels of seed wheat were received
by the constituted ' 'aid' ' authorities, and w. f. m. Amy.

great amounts of "aid goods" were received from churches,
societies and individuals.

133. Shadow of Coming- Events. — It was with the
shadow of great privation still hanging over the State that
the new State Government began its existence. There had
been civil strife; the steps of famine had followed, and now
were heard in the near distance the mutterings of war, which
was to wrap the Nation in smoke and flame.

SUMMARY.

The House passes a bill to admit Kansas under the Wyandotte

Constitution.
The Senate, after rejecting the bill, passes it January 1?1, 1861.
President Buchanan signs the bill, January 29, 1861, which

becomes "Kansas Day."
Coming of the drought of 1860.
Kansas on the verge of war. Q

CHAPTER XV.

-rl

THE FIRST LEGISLATURE.

134. Place of Meeting-.— The first State Legislature
met at Topeka, the temporary capital designated by the
Wyandotte Constitution, on the 26th of March, 1861.

The infant State possessed no build-
ings of its own, and the House assembled
in the Ritchie Block, burned many years
ago, which then stood on the southeast
corner of Sixth and Kansas Avenues,
and the Senate in the Gale Block, a short
distance south. The inconveniences of
a leaky roof forced an adjournment of
the House to the Congregational Church,
where it concluded its sessions. The Marcus j. Parrott.

Legislature organized with Lieutenant-Governor Root as
President of Senate, and Hon. W. W. Updegraff as Speaker
of the House.

135. Election of U. S. Senators.— On the 4th of April
the Legislature elected the first two United States Senators
from the State of Kansas. There was but one ballot, and
there were many changes of votes. James H. Lane and
Samuel C. Pomeroy were chosen. The final vote stood:
James H Lane, 55; Samuel C. Pomeroy, 52; Marcus J.
Parrott, 49; Fred. P. Stanton, 21; Mark W. Delahay, 2;
S. D. Houston, 1; S. A. Kingman, 3; A. J. Isaacks, 11;
Martin F. Conway, 1.

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

136. Leg-islative Acts.— The Legislature remained in
session until June. Its most important act was authorizing
the issue of $150,000 in bonds to meet the current expenses
of the State. Its most interesting historical act was the
adoption of the great seal of the State, for which many
designs were offered. The most striking feature of the
design chosen is the motto. Ad Astra per Aspera, with
which every Kansas child is familiar, and which was the
suggestion of Hon. John James Ingalls. But the main
business of this first Legislature of Kansas was with war.

A company was formed of officers and members of the
Legislature, which, during the recess, day after day, was
drilled by a member who had attended a military school
and knew something of tactics.

137. Kansas Responds to Lincoln's Call.— On the
15th of April President Lincoln issued his first call for
75,000 men.

On the 22nd of April the Legislature passed an act for
the organization of the militia. Under the act. Governor

THE FIRST LEGISLATURE. 95

Robinson organized 180 companies, divided into two divi-
sions, four brigades and eleven regiments. On the 17th of
April, five days after the firing on Sumter, Captain Samuel
Walker, of Lawrence, tendered Governor EJobinson a
company of one hundred men. Within a week seven mili-
tary companies had been formed in Douglas county alone.

By the end of the month companies had been formed in
nearly every county. In the latter days of May the
organization of the First Kansas Volunteers was begun in
Leavenworth. On the 3d of June, a party of volunteers
from the First Kansas crossed the Missouri river from
Leavenworth to latan, on the Missouri side, and captured
a Confederate flag. In the affair three men were wounded.
This was the first Kansas blood shed in the Civil War.
The next day the Legislature adjourned.

138. Topeka the CapitaL— The Legislature of 1861
provided for an election to be held on the 5th of November,
1861, to determine the location of the State capital.
Topeka received 7,996 votes, Lawrence 5,291, all others
1,184, and Topeka was declared the capital.

SUMMARY. *

1. The first Kansas Legislature met at Topeka, March 26, 18G1.

2. James H, Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy elected United States

Senators.

3. Legislature issued bonds, adopted a seal and motto, and formed

of its own members a military company.

4. Kansas vohmteeers are offered, and the militia is organized.

5. The State capital was located at Topeka, November 5, 1861.

CHAPTER XVI.

CRADLED IN WAR.

1 39. Kansas Soldiers.— The first year of Kansas as a
State, found her "soul in arms, and eager for the fray."
It may be said that for the four years that succeeded the
firing on Fort Sumter, the thought, the occupation, the
experience of Kansas was war. Everything gave place to
meeting the responsibilities, and enduring the anxieties,
sufferings, and losses of war.

The United States census of 1860, gave Kansas 143,643
inhabitants, of whom 34,242 were in the vicinity of Pike's
Peak. This population was greatly diminished by the
"drought of 1860." The entire quota assigned to Kansas
during the Civil War was 16,654 men, and the number raised
was 20,097; thus Kansas furnished a surplus of 3,433 men.
In proportion to the force furnished, Kansas lost, in killed,
more soldiers per 1,000 than any other State in the Union.

There was never in the course of the struggle a man
drafted in the State of Kansas, nor was there ever a bounty
offered either by the State, or any city or county in the
State. Troops were raised continually as called for from
the first to the last. The First Kansas regiment was mus-
tered June 3, 1861, the Seventeenth was mustered July
28, 1864.

140. The "Frontier Guard".— The "Frontier Guard"
was a body of men, who, foi- fifteen days, from April 18th

CRADLED IN WAR.

to May 3, 1861, before many troops had readied the city of
Washington, guarded the White House and Mr. Lineohi.
The "Guard" was commanded by General James H. Lane,
and D. R. Anthony; Marcus J. Parrott, Sidney Clark, A.
C. Wilder, Henry J. Adams, Mark W.
Dt'lahay, Samuel W. Greer, and many
other Kansas men belonged to it.

141. Volunteer Org-anizations.—

The volunteer organizations sworn into
the service of the United States were : The
First, Second, Eighth, Tenth, Twelfth,
Thirteenth, and Seventeenth Infantry,
and First and Second Colored Infantry.
Samuel w. Greer. rpj^^ Sccoud, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth,
Eleventh, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Cavalry.
The First, Second, and Third Batteries, and Independent
Colored Battery. In the course of the four years' war,
these commands saw service over a wide area. The First
Kansas took part in the siege of Vicksburg, and saw service
in Louisiana. The Seventh Cavalry took part in the opera-
tions about Corinth, Miss. , in western Tennessee and northern
Mississippi. The Eighth Infantry fought at Perry ville, Ky . ,
Chickamauga, and Mission Ridge, marched east to Atlanta,
and back again to Nashville, participated in the great battle
of December, 1864, and saw its last active service in Texas.
The Tenth Infantry took part in the battle of Nashville, the
siege of Mobile, and the assault on Fort Blakely, and was
mustered out at Montgomery, Ala. The Eleventh Cavalry
carried its guidons to far Wyoming, 1,000 miles from Fort
Leavenworth The First Kansas Battery was ordered to
Indiana to meet the famous "Morgan raid," and subse-

98 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

quently served with the armies of Tennessee and Missis-
si])])!. The detachment from the Second Kansas Cavalry,
known as Hollister's and Hojjkins' battery, served in Ken-
tucky, Tennessee, and Mississipi^i, attached to the command
of General Robert B. Mitchell of Kansas. The other com-
mands as well as these did their work in Kansas, Missouri,
Colorado, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory.

142. The War in Kansas.— Kansas was open to
attack on the east, south, and on the west, where the
Indians served as a perpetual menace. The soldiers of
Kansas were called alternately to repel invasion, and to
penetrate the fastnesses of the enemy. The war was waged
in a wide and almost wilderness country; a country of
mountains, defiles and tangled woods and canebrakes,
traversed by countless streams, rapid and roaring, or deep,
winding and sluggish; but, for the most part, without
bridges or ferries. In the thousands of miles of marching
the Kansas soldiers often saw not a rod of smooth and
settled highway; they moved by trails — by traces, over the
hills and far away across the prairies, guided by the sun,
the distant and random gun, the smoke of combat or
vengeful burning. They were far from the region of great
and decisive battles, of strategic combinations and foreseen
results. The columns came and went, making forced
marches for days and nights together; fighting a battle and
winning a dear bought victory, to return whence they came.
They fought, and marched, and camped in a region that
was neither North nor South, and so possessed a climate
with the evil features of both. They met the blinding sleet
and snow; were drenched with tropical rainstorms, and
braved alike the blazing fury of the sun, and the bitter.

CRADLED IN WAR. 99

malice of the frost. Far froni their bases of supplies; food
and powder must be brought a long, toilsome and
dangerous way, guarded at ever}' step, fought for at
every ford and pass. It was a hard and desperate warfare.
For Kansas, the Civil War was but the continuation of the
border troubles. The embers of that struggle had not been
covered with the ashes of forgetfulness when they blazed
again into direst flames. Along the border the war assumed
the character of a vendetta; a war of revenge, and over all
the wide field a war of combats; of ambushes and
ambuscades, of swift advances and hurried retreats ; of spies
and scouts; of stealth, darkness and murder. All along
the way men riding solitary were shot down; little
companies killed by their camp fires; men fighting on both
sides neither asking, giving, nor expecting mercy.

143. Away from Home. — The first regiment to leave
the soil of Kansas was the First Kansas
Infantry, under command of Colonel
George W. Deitzler, which moved from
Leavenworth to Kansas City, Mo., on the
13th of June, 1861. The Second, under
Colonel Robert Mitchell, from Lawrence,
followed, and later, both regiments became
a brigade of the army of General Nathaniel
Lyon , under command of Colonel Dietzler ,

eorge . ei z er. ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ 10th of AugUSt, 1861, StOOd

in battle array on "Bloody Hill," and fought out the battle
of Wilson's Creek. The Second was the last regiment to
leave the field. After the battle of Wilson's Creek, the
First Kansas served in Missouri until the end of the year
1861. The Second returned to Kansas to be reorganized.

100

HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

The field officers and several companies being assigned to
the command of the Second Kansas Cavalry. During 1861,
the Kansas regiments and batteries were rapidly filled.

144. Additional Reg-imentS.— Shortly after the battle
of Wilson's creek, it was reported that General Price had
organized a column for a demonstration
against Fort Scott. This increased the
interest in the organization of the Third,
Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Kansas
Regiments, of which, on the day of
Wilson's creek, scarcely a battalion for
each had been recruited. The companies
in Southern Kansas were ordered to
rendezvous at Fort Scott, and- most of
the companies in Northern Kansas were
equipped at Fort Leavenworth. Many Union men from
Missouri attempted, and some succeeded in reaching an
asylum in Kansas. These enlisted in numbers in the
forming Kansas regiments.

By the middle of August, what came to be known as
Lane's Kansas Brigade, composed of the Third Kansas
Infantry, Colonel Montgomery; the Fourth Kansas Infantry,
Colonel Weer; the Fifth Cavalry, Colonel Hampton P.
Johnson; the Sixth Cavalry, Colonel Wm. R. Judson;
and the Seventh Cavalry, Colonel Chas. R. Jennison,
numbered in all about 2,500 men. The brigade was gener-
ally collected at Fort Scott. To the brigade was attached
the First Kansas Battery.

145. General Price's Advance. — On the 1st of Sep-
tember, General Price's Confederate advance, under General
Rains, had reached Dry wood, twelve miles east of Fort

CEADLED IN WAR.

101

Scott, and a scouting party came in and drove off a herd
of United States mules, grazing within two miles of the
post. This piece of audacity led to the advance of a
Union force, under Colonels Jennison and Johnson, and a
sharp skirmish at Dry wood.

After this came various movements, including the with-
drawal of the Unio'n forces from Fort Scott in the direction
of the Little Osage, and the throwing up of the work
known as Fort Lincoln. In the midst of the preparations
for defense came the intelligence that General Price had
abandoned his proposed invasion of Kansas, and had
marched in the direction of Lexington.

146. Kansas Troops in Missouri.— General Price
accomplished his march to the Missouri, and forced the
surrender of Colonel Mulligan and 2,500 men at Lexington.
The Kansas brigade operated on the left flank of the enemy.

Colonel Judson broke up the Missoiu'i
marauders, who had invaded the neutral
lands, and the brigade advanced into
Missouri, fought at Morristown, where
Colonel Hampton P. Johnson, of the
Fifth Kansas Cavalry, was killed, and
on the 23rd of September, attacked
\4'W^ Y^ T^^4 Osceola, where a quantity of supplies
^ '^ had been accumulated for General Price's

array. These were burned, and also
Osceola. The Kansas Brigade moved to Kansas City,
arriving on the 30th of September, and at Fort Scott on
the 15th of November.

147. Service of the Indians.— In the early days of
1862, over 6,000 Indians in the Indian Territory, who

102

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

adhered to the Government of the United States, drew
together and fought the Indians who had joined the
Confederacy, and several regiments of Texas Cavahy. In
the dead of winter, and in the midst of a driving snow-
storm, the loyal Indians, with their aged chief, Hopoeith-
leyohola, fell back into Kansas. In their camps, on Fall
River, they suffered greatly during the winter, but in the
spring three mounted regiments were organized from these
Indians. They were officered from
Kansas regiments, many of the officers
being from the Tenth Kansas, and later
served in an Indian brigade commanded
by Colonel William A. Phillips.

148. Consolidation of Forces.— In
March, 1862, the Third Kansas Infantry
and the Fourth Kansas Infantry, and a
portion of the Fifth Kansas Cavalry,
were consolidated at Paola as the Tenth
Kansas Infantry. Colonel Mongomery, of the Third, was
transferred to the Second South Carolina Regiment, and
Colonel Weer, of the Fourth, assumed the command of the
new organization. The numbers " Third" and " Fourth "
do not again appear in Kansas military history.

In May, 1862, the First, Seventh and Eighth Kansas
Regiments left Leavenworth for Corinth, Miss.

149. Colored Soldiers.— In November, the First Kan-
sas colored regiment was organized at Fort Lincoln, near
Fort Scott. Kansas now had soldiers white, red and black.

1 50. Battle of Prairie Grove. — On the 5th of Decem-
ber, 1862, General James G. Blunt " marched to the sound
of the firing, ' ' joined his force to the already battling army

A. Carter Wilder.

CRADLED IN WAR.

103

of General Herron, and fought till the sun went down on
the battle of Prairie Grove, Ark. On this field were gath-
ered the largest number of Kansas troops,
up to that time ever di-awn together, there
being represented the Sixth and Ninth,
the Tenth and Eleventh and Thirteenth
Regiments, and the Second Kansas Cav-
alry. The guns of three Kansas batteries,
commanded by Smith, Tenney and Stock-
ton, did excellent service.

Within the year. Blunt defeated the
enemy at Newtonia, Old Fort Wayne, Gov. Thomas camey.
and Cane Hill, and closed it with the capture of Van
Buren .

151. Second State Election.— In November, 1862,
occurred the second State election in Kansas. Thomas
Carney was chosen Governor, with Thomas A. Osborn,
Lieutenant-Governor; W. H. H. Lawrence, Secretary of
State; Asa Hairgrove, Auditor; William
Spriggs, State Treasurer; Warren W.
Guthrie, Attorney General-, Isaac T.
Goodnow, Superintendent of Public
Instruction; John H. Watson, Chief
^^^ Justice of the Supreme Court; Lawrence

■ Jj^^^^^ D- Bailey, Associate Justice. A. Carter
^^^^^HBP' Wilder was elected Representative in

— JH^ 1 Congress.

Judge L.D. Bailey. ^^^ Strife in Indian Territory.-

In 1863, the Kansas fighting was transferred to the Indian
Territory. Colonel William A. Phillips with his Indians,
fought Colonel Coffey at Fort Gibson, which has been

104

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

changed to Fort Blunt. Colonel James M. Williams, with
the First Kansas, colored, 800 strong, and 300 Indians,
defeated General Stand Watie at Cabin creek.

SUMMARY.

The census of 1860 gave Kansas 143,643 inhabitants.

Kansas furnished a surphis of 3,433 men chiringthe Civil War.

Kansas lost more soldiers per 1,000 than any other State in

the Union.
The First and Second Kansas fight at Wilson's Creek.
The "Kansas Brigade" campaigned in Missouri.
Indian and colored troops gave their services to Kansas.
Kansas troops fought at Prairie Grove, Ark.
Second State election, November, 1862. Thomas Carney the
econd Governor.

A. Ogden, Ft. Riley.

CHAPTER XVII.

quantrell's raid.

153. Kansas' Position. — Kansas, during the war, was
exposed to three species of invasion and calamity: first, to
the hostile approach of the regular forces of the Con-
federacy; second, to the raids of Indians; and, third, to
the attacks of guerillas, irregular troops, the scourge and
curse of war. These predatory rangers, whose occupation
was robbery, and whose pastime was murder, broke in
many times. The places chosen were those without defences
or garrison, where it was possible to plunder and kill with
comparative safety. The most appalling of these disasters
was Quantrell's raid on Lawi'ence, on the morning of the
21st of August, 18G3.

154. Recorders of the Event. — The story of the
Quantrell raid has been written many times. No dire event
in Kansas history has been described with more painful care.
Rev. Dr. Richard Cordley, still of Lawrence, whose congre-
gation was filled with death, and who said the first hurried
prayers over the thronged and crowded corpses, wrote one of
the first accounts of the tragedy. Mr. Hovey A. Lowman, a
journalist, wrote another. After many years, Dr. Cordley, in
his "History of Lawrence," has retold the strange eventful
story, and Mr. John Speer, who was a witness and a sufferer,
two of his sons being murdered, has of recent years, in his
' 'Life of James H. Lane, ' ' referred to the destruction , though
shrinking from entering into the awful details.

155. Attack a Surprise. — Now aging people, who talk
over the Quantrell raid, as they still do, have not ceased to

105

106

HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

wonder at it, that a town which had served as a rendezvous
for troops through the war, should, on that morning, have
had at hand no single armed military organization for its
defense, and that an attacking force of between 300 or 400 men

RUINS OF EH

ILHCL, KANSAS

should have ridden through forty miles of settled country from
the Missouri border, without a single messenger reaching the
doomed place with word of warning. At one point a Federal
force was passed by the guerillas, and their character made
out, and word was sent to Kansas Cit3',but not to Lawrence.
It was five o'clock in the still, summer morning when
drowsy Lawrence was wakened by vengeful yells, the crash
of revolvers, and the pattering hoof of horses. There was
no defence. There were no defenders. The soldiers in the
town were but a small body of recruits who were in camp,
but had not yet received arms. These were nearly destroyed

quantrell's raid. 107

by what might be called a single volley. The militia com-
pany of the place had stored their arms in their armory, and
could not reach each other or their arms.

156. The Massacre. — There was first the hurried murder
of the charge, the guerillas firing on whoever they saw as they
rode past, and afterward the deliberate and painstaking
massacre, house by house, and man by man, which lasted
for four hours. As is often the case in seasons of terror, as
in shipwrecks, the women displayed the highest courage,
struggling with their bare hands to save their houses from
the flames, their sons and husbands from the swarming mur-
derers. The town was robbed and burned, the black smoke
rising in a great cloud in the still air. The Eldi'idge House,
the successor of the old Free State Hotel, burned in 1856,
was specially devoted to the flames. The safeguard given
the guests and inmates of this hotel by Quantrell himself,
was the one ray of mercy that illumined the darkness of the
time. These were protected while he remained in the town.
The guerillas, loaded with plunder, left unmolested. They
avoided places that looked defensible, and a few Union
soldiers on the north side of the river, firing across the
stream, kept the neighborhood near the river bank cleared
of enemies. There was no seeking for a combat. Those
who were killed were non-combatants who died without an
opportunity for defense. As the enemy di-ew off, General
Lane and Lieutenant John K. Rankin gathered a handful
of men, and pursued, but only sufficient in force to keep
the enemy moving.

157. Estimate of the Killed.— To this day the count
of the dead and wounded on that fatal day varies. Mr.
Speer estimates that 183 men and boys were killed. Dr.

108 . HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Cordley says: "The number killed can never be exactly
known. As nearly as can be ascertained there were 142.
This included the missing who never returned, two or three.
A few of the wounded died later, and possibly some were
killed wlio were never heard of. One hundi-ed and fifty
would not be far out of the way for the whole number. It is
estimated that the raid made eighty widows and 250 orphans . ' '
The inscription on the citizens' memorial monument, raised
in 1895 in Oak Hill cemetery, reads: "Dedicated to the
memory of the 150 citizens, who, defenceless, fell victims to
the inhuman ferocity of border guerillas, led by the infamous
Quantrell in his raid upon Lawrence, August 21, 1863."

158. The Burial.— Nearly a week was filled with the
gathering up and burial of the dead. Fifty- three bodies
were laid in one trench.

On the Sunday following the massacre, there was held in
the old stone Congregational Church a service by the pastor.
Rev. Dr. Cordley, and Rev. G. C. Morse of Emporia, whose
brother-in-law, Judge Carpenter, was among the slain.
There was no sermon, but instead there was read the Psalm:
"Oh God, the heathen are come into their inheritance.
They have laid Jerusalem in heaps. The dead bodies of thy
servants have they given to be meat unto the fowls of the
heaven, and the flesh of thy saints unto the beasts of the
earth. Their blood have they shed like water round about
Jerusalem, and there was none to bury them."

159. Loss and Help.— The aggregate of loss of prop-
erty would be hard to reach. "As careful an estimate
as could be made," says the early and late historian,
"was about $1,500,000." To the stricken city and its
people, Kansas, though war scourged and poor, displayed

QUANTKELL'S RAID.

109

the utmost generosity, and help came from far as well
as near.

160. Massacre near Baxter Springs. — On October 6,
1863, occurred the massacre of Blunt's staff, near Baxter
Springs. General Blunt and his escort were attacked by
600 guerillas under Quantrell. Eighty of
the party, with which were several civil-
ians, were killed. General Blunt and fif-
teen men held off the foe and escaped. The
guerillas attacked a small post near,
called Fort Blair, but were beaten off with
loss.

161. Battle of Pine Bluff.— On the
25th of October, Colonel Powell Clayton,
with the Fifth Kansas Cavalry and the Gen. jamesG.Biant.
First Indiana Cavalry, successfully defended Pine Bluff,
Ark., against a superior Confederate force under General
Marmaduke.

162. Battle of Poison Spring's. — Kansas troops took
part in the ill-fated Camden expedition under General Steele,
and portions of the Sixth, Second and Fourteenth Kansas
Cavalry and 500 men of the First Kansas, colored, with two
howitzers of the Sixth Cavalry, were engaged at the battle of
Poison Springs, Ark., and later in the severe fight at Jenkins
Ferry, at the crossing of the Saline river.

SUMMARY.

1. Kansas endangered on all sides.

2. Quantrell' s raid adds a dark chapter to the history.

3. The Kansas troops are engaged with varying fortune in Arkansas

and the Indian Territory.

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE CLOSING SCENE.

163. The Situation— Confederate.— In 1864, in con-
sequence of the failure of General Banks' Red river expedi-
tion, and of General Steele's Camden expedition, the
Confederate situation in Louisiana, the Indian Territory
and Arkansas became temporarily improved. The Con-
federate armies were strengthened in arms, clothing, and
even artillery, by captures made in the campaigns men-
tioned. General Sterling Price was reported to have 10,000
veteran troops in a good state of equipment, and his ranks
were nearly doubled, in numbers, at least, by a severe con-
scription in Arkansas.

164. Union Situation.— During the summer of 1864,
the Union forces in Arkansas were principall}^ concentrated
in Little Rock and Fort Smith. In September, 1864, when
the rumors of a move northward on the part of General
Price began to thicken, the forces available for the defence
of western Missouri and Kansas were scattered. General
Curtis had taken the field against the Indians, and was
operating from Fort Kearney, and General Blunt had
assumed command of the district of Upper Arkansas, and
was in pursuit of the Indians beyond Fort Larned.

Major- General Sykes, U. S. A., was in command at
Lawrence of a small and scattered force of Kansas troops
which was charged with the duty of keeping up communi-
110

THE CLOSING SCENE.

Ill

cations and supplies with Forts Gibson and Smith, and the
forces in southeastern Kansas, which lines were threatened
by the enterprising General Gano.

1 65. General Price Moves Northward.— General Price
crossed the Arkansas at Dardauelle, between Little Rock
and Fort Smith. His army was divided into three divisions
commanded by Generals Fagan, Marmaduke, and Shelby.
Among the generals of brigade and colonels were nearly all
the surviving officers who had fought west of the Missis-
sippi and north of Louisiana from 1861 to 1864. The
number of the Confederates at the crossing of the Arkansas
was estimated at 18,000 men. As General Price's main
body moved northward, the forces under General Gano,
Colonel Brooks, Major Buck Brown; and the Cherokee,
Stand Watie, manifested much activity as if to distract the
attention of the Union commanders. After Price entered
Missouri his force received large acces-
sions.

166. Major Hopkins' Train Cap-
tured.— Colonel Blair, at Fort Scott,
re(*eived early dispatches from Colo-nel
Wattles, of the Second Indian regiment
at Fort Gibson, stating that Gano,
Cooper, and Maxey were moving as if
to cross the Arkansas, and that Price
had 15,000 men. On the 12th of Sep-
tember the escort of a large supply train consisting of 610
cavalry and infantry. White and Indian, commanded by Major
Henry Hopkins, was attacked at Cabin Creek, Cherokee
Nation, by 2,500 of the enemy under General Gano, and
the train captured and burned. It was a very serious loss.

112

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

167. General Ewing-'s Retreat.— In the meantime,
General Rosecraus, commanding at St. Louis, seemed
uncertain as to the strength and direction of the enemy's
movement. But there was no longer room for doubt after
the 24th of September, and General Thomas Ewing pro-
ceeded to Pilot Knob, where he was
attacked, on the 27th of September, by
Price's army. General Ewing made a
steady defence, but finally blew up his
magazine at Pilot Knob, and fell back,
and from this point Kansas names begin
to figure in the history.

The rear guard of the little column
was placed under command of Major
General Thos. Ewing. Williams of the Tcuth Kansas. The
pursuing column was checked from time to time, and at
last General Ewing reached Rolla, where the infantry of
his force remained in garrison, and the cavalry marched
with General McNeil to Jefferson City. It is believed that
General Ewing's resistance saved St. Louis.

168. Concentration of Forces. — On the 2d of October
General Rosecraus reported to General Curtis that Price
was moving westward, and the concentration of Kansas
militia began at Olathe. A force of 6,000 men was col-
lected at Jefferson City, of which 4,000 were cavalry, com-
posing the Provisional Cavalry Division under General
Alfred Pleasonton.

169. Call for Volunteers.— On the 8th of October,
Governor Carney issued his proclamation calling out the
"men of Kansas," and announcing Major-General Deitzler
as commander-in-chief. This officer ordered the men to

THE CLOSING SCENE. 113

rendezvous at Atchison, under Brigadier- General Byron
Sherry; at Olathe, under Brigadier- General M. S. Grant;
and at Paola under Brigadier-General S. N. Wood.

170. The Response. — The response of the "men of
Kansas" was immediate. Says Adjutant- General Holliday
in his report: "Never was appeal for help answered so
promptly. In most instances, on the next day, or the
second, after the receipt of the proclamation at regimental
headquarters, the regiment itself in full force was on the
march for the rendezvous."

The whole number of Kansas militia who appeared for
active service exceeded 16,000 men. Many of the officers
serving in the militia had seen service in the volunteers.
The Twenty-third Regiment, 550 men, raised in Wyandotte,
chose as its commander, the veteran. Colonel William Weer.

171. Battle of Lexing-ton.— On the receipt of the news
that Price had passed Jefferson City, and occupied Lex-
ington, General Blunt relieved General Sykes at Olathe.
On the 16th of October, 1864, General Blunt moved to
Lexington with two brigades of cavalry. General Blunt,
early on his arrival, inspected the position with his aides,
Hon. James H. Lane and Lieutenant- Colonel Burris. On
the approach of Price's advance the tight was opened by a
portion of the Fifteenth Kansas under Lieutenant- Colonel
Hoyt. As the column fell back before the overwhelming
mass of the enemy, the movement was covered by the
Eleventh Kansas Cavalry, Colonel Moonlight, with four
howitzers, the Third Wisconsin Cavalry battalion, and
Companies A and D of the Sixteenth Kansas; a company
of Missouri enrolled militia under Captain Grover, and a
small body of Kansas State militia. As the little column

114 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

was flanked by the enemy it would fall back and form
another line, thus keeping up a flght for six miles, 2,000
against 28,000. In the darkness the command fell back
toward Independence, bivouacking a few miles from the
Little Blue. At sunrise, Colonel Moonlight was left to
defend the bridge at the Little Blue while possible, and the
balance of the division fell back on Independence.

1 72. Battle of the Little Blue.— In the morning began
the battle of the Little Blue. There were ready Colonel
Moonlight with 600 men and four mountain howitzers, and
then came Colonel James H. Ford (for whom the Kansas
Ford county is named) , and the Second Colorado Cavalry,
under Major Nelson H. Smith (destined to die that day,
and to give his name to Smith county) , and Lieutenant-
Colonel Sam Walker, the old "Border Troubles" fighter,
and the Colorado Battery, Captain McLain, and then came
up the Fourth, Twelfth, and Nineteenth Kansas militia
regiments, and then it was fire the bridge, and fall back
slowly and fight the enemy, who came swarming through
the shallow stream. After this hard work. General Blunt
came on the field and formed a new line, which did not
contain over 2,500 men. Then there was fighting, eight
hours of it in all, and our little army was back at Inde-
pendence. There were 600 men to begin, and 2,500 to
close, and a loss of about 200.

173. Battle of the Big- Blue.— The entire force under
General Curtis rested on the west bank of the Big Blue, on
the road leading from Independence to Kansas City, on the
night of October 21, 1864. The transportation was sent
back to Kansas City, where, and at Wyandotte, guns were
fired during the night to warn the militia. Among the

THE CLOSING SCENE.

115

troops on the Blue was the Sixth Kansas State militia,
commanded by Colonel James Montgomery, who, during
much of the war, had been away on the Atlantic Coast and
in Florida commanding a colored regiment. Before all who
camped that night along the winding
stream, there lay a troubled day.

The Big Blue may be crossed only at
fords, and the battle of the 21st consisted
largely of the attack and defence of these
fords. The point that became most
famous during the day was Byrom's
ford. Here the enemy, after a heavy
fight, succeeded in crossing, and the
Union forces were crowded back toward ^"^"'^"^ •'^■"^^ Montgomery.
Westport, but in turn the Confederates were themselves
pressed back. At sundown General Joe Shelby had retired
to the line of the Blue and the Union troops to Westport.

The tragedy of the day was the overwhelming of the
Second Kansas State Militia, Colonel Veale, supporting a
single gun at the Mocabee farm. The desperate fight around
the gun resulted in a loss to the battalion of thirty killed,
fifty wounded and 102 captured.

The command was from Shawnee county. The dead, at
the close of the war, were interred in the city cemetery at
Topeka, and a stately monument has been reared to mark
their resting place by their comrade, G. G. Gage.

v 174. Movements Before Westport.— At 4 o'clock on
Saturday evening, the 22d, the left and centre of the Union
army fell back to Kansas City and were placed in the
intrenchments there. General Curtis faced the foe with his
volunteers in Westport and his militia in Kansas City. The

116

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Confederate line ran along the Blue from Byrom's ford to
beyond Russell's ford.

General Pleasonton, spoken of before as being at Jefferson
City with the Provisional Division of Cavalry, had followed
after Price's army, and, attacking the enemy's rear division,
had occupied Independence. Three brigades, Sanborn's,
Brown's and Winslow's were on the road to Byrom's ford;
McNeil with another brigade was moving toward Hickman's
mill, and, beside, 10,000 infantry under Major-General
A. J. Smith were moving from Lexington to Indepen,dence.

175. Battle of Westport.— At five o'clock on the fate-
ful Sunday morning, the brigade of Colonel Blair, consisting
of the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Tenth and Nineteenth Kansas
State Militia, moved out of the intrenehments with the
Ninth Wisconsin Battery and the Kansas Colored Battery.
The First, Third and Fourth Brigades, under Colonels Jenni-
I son. Moonlight and Ford were already
moving. Soon the battle was resumed.
r " jSi^ There were charges and countercharges;

;^*^ jB hand to hand combats in some instances.

'U^l^m Fights stubborn behind the stone walls,

^BH^L^ and fights rapid to carry them. The
^^H^H^^^^^ artillery everywhere firing from every
^^V^^^^^H point of vantage, the guns sometimes in
^^^L^^^^K^^k danger and saved by a rush, and finally

Colonel Thos. Moonlight. a general movcmcut forward. Eighteen
brass Parrott guns and thirteen howitzers opened at once
on the lines of the enemy, who were falling back bravely
and steadily. There was great cheering; the militia came
pouring into the field and the open prairie was reached,
when a heavy column of cavalry emerged from the timber

THE CLOSING SCENE. 117

and deployed about a mile to the east, aud Pleasonton
charged.

176. Retreat of General Price.— The movement of
General Price's army southward had begun before this last
collision, and by sunrise on the 24th the rear had moved
eight or ten miles to the south of Westport, and that day a
column of 10,000 men was moving in pursuit through the
border of Missouri. While this movement was eifected.
Colonel Moonlight, with another division, moved southward
along the Kansas border, interposing, as far as possible,
between the enemy and the State, through a country abso-
lutely desolated by war. For fifty miles not an inhabitant
was to be seen.

1 77. Battle of Mine Creek.— The retreating army, how-
ever, crowded into Kansas near West Point, still moving
southward. The pursuit became closer, there were combats
at the Trading Post ford and at the Mounds, and on the
25th of October the decisive battle of Mine Creek was fought
on Kansas soil, where 800 prisoners and nine guns were
captured, and many officers of high rank, including Generals
Marmaduke and Cabell, fell into our hands, while General
Graham was killed and General Slemmons was mortally
wounded.

178. Defeat of Price at Newtonia.— From the fields of
Mine Creek and the Little Osage, the enemy was pressed
with such vigor as to force him to abandon the intention of
attacking Fort Scott, which was instead occupied by our
rescuing force, and he was followed back into Missouri and
finally defeated at Newtonia, where the prisoners of the
Second Kansas Militia, taken by the enemy at the Little Blue,-
were paroled and rejoined their friends.

118

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

179. Farewell of General Curtis. — From the head-
quarters of the Army of the Border, Camp Arkansas, on
the 8th of November, 1864, General Curtis issued his con-
gratulatory order, saying: "in parting, the General tenders
his thanks to the ofificers and soldiers for their generous
support and prompt obedience to orders, and to his staff
for their unceasing efforts to share the toil incident to the
campaign. The pursuit of Price in 1864, and the battles
of Lexington, Little Blue, Big Blue, Westport, Marais des
Cygnes, Osage, Chariot, and Newtonia, will be borne on
the banners of the regiments who shared in them; and the
States of Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana,
Wisconsin, and Arkansas, may glory in the achievement of

their sons in this short but eventful

campaign.'

On the 9th of November, 1864, the
day following the issuance of this order,
General Curtis moved toward Fort Scott
])y way of Fort Gibson, and General
Blunt moved to Fort Smith and thence
to Fort Leavenworth. The official and
authentic history of the part taken by
the Kansas volunteers and militia in this
campaign is contained in the report of Adjutant- General
C. K. HoUiday, published in December, 1864.

180. Election 1864.— November 8, 1864, occurred the
general election in Kansas, resulting in the choice of Samuel
J. Crawford, Governor; James McGrew, Lieutenant-Gover-
nor; R. A. Barker, Secretary of State; J. R. Swallow,
Auditor of State; William Spriggs, State Treasurer; J. D.
Brumbaugh, Attorney- General; Jacob Salford, Associate

Governor Samuel J. Crawford.

THE CLOSING SCENE. 119

Justice. Sidney Clark was elected Representative in Con-
gress. Abraham Lincoln received the first vote of Kansas
for President of the United States.

SUMMARY.

1. Outlook dark for Kansas and Missouri defence.

2. General Price, advancing northward with 18,000 men, gathers

recruits.

3. General Gano captures Major Hopkins' train at Cabin creek.

4. General Ewlng falls back, disputing the way with the enemy,

and saves St. Louis.

5. The men of Kansas respond to the call of Governor Carney,

and 16,000 take the field.

6. Stubborn fighting at Lexington, Little Blue, Big Blue, and

Westport, ends in victory.

7. A long pursuit of Price's army, and battles at Mine Creek,

Osage, and Newtonia.

8. General Curtis congratulates the Kansas soldiers.

9. Second State election; Samuel J. Crawford elected Governor.

CHAPTER XIX.

PEACE AND HONOR.

-td^y'

181. Advent of Peace. —With the closing of the ' ' Price
raid" campaign, ended, generally, the fighting days of the
Kansas regiments, althongh the Eighth Infantry fought at
Nashville, in December, and the Eleventh Cavalry had an
encounter with the Indians at Red Buttes, Dak., as late as
the 26th of March, 1865.

Then came the home-coming of the Kansas regiments and
batteries, and on the 8th of April, 1865, at Leavenworth,
was held a great jubilee over the Union victories and the
end of the war.

182. Kansas Officers Commissioned.— The following
general officers from Kansas were commissioned by Presi-
dent Lincoln during the war:

Major-General James G. Blunt, Brigadier-Generals Rob-
ert B. Mitchell, Albert L. Lee, George W. Deitzler, Thomas
Ewing, Jr., Powell Clayton.

The Kansas officers made Brigadier- Generals by brevet
were: Wm. R. Judson, Thomas Moonlight, Charles W.
Blair, James Ketner, John Ritchie, John A. Martin, Edward
F. Schneider, Charles W. Adams and Thomas M. Bowen.

1 83. Colonel Cloud Honored.— When, in 1865, it came
to the choice, by Governor Crawford, of officers of the State
militia, there was an abundance of military talent and
experience to choose from. Colonel William F. Cloud was

120

PEACE AND HONOR.

121

commissioned as Major- General. He had seen service as
Major and Colonel of the Second Kansas Cavalry, and then
as Colonel of the Tenth Kansas Infantry, and last had gone
through the "Price raid" campaign, on the staff. His civil
and military record is remembered in the name of a Kansas
county.

1 84. State Historical Society.— The record of the two
wars in which Kansas was so early in her history engaged,
the warfare forced on her people to make the State free, and
the war for the preservation of the
Union, has been well kept. Through
the exertions of the State Historical
Society, which has known through nearly
all its history but one secretary, Judge
Franklin G. Adams, there has been gath-
ered a great store of public reports and
private letters; the annals of the war;
journals written up by soldiers by the
camp-fire's light, and amid the echoes of
battle; here may be seen gathered the "bruised arms" used
in many a savage fray. In these collections is illustrated
all the story of Kansas from the earliest time; here are the
rude implements and weapons of the Indians; the stained
and worn manuscript journal of the missionary, who strove
to save the Indian from his fate; the maps and charts of
the early explorers; the account books of the fur traders;
the evidences of the first hard life of the pioneers, the
advanced guard; and so on, showing in outward and visible
signs the road followed to a finished and intense civilization.

185. State Treasures.— In the care of the State itself
are preserved the flags of the Kansas regiments and

Franklin G. Adams.

122 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

batteries; in the care of the Historical Society is kept their
written and printed story, and the mute evidences of its
truth.

The battle flags of the Kansas regiments and batteries
were formally presented to Governor Crawford, at a
Soldier's celebration, held at Topeka, on the 4th of July,
1866, and since have remained in the careful care of the
State.

On the map of the State are preserved, in the names of
counties, the names of Kansas soldiers — Mitchell, Cloud,
Trego, Norton, Clark, Harper, Rooks, Rush, Russell,
Stafford, Cowley, Graham, Jewell, Osborne, Ellis, Gove,
Pratt, Ness and Hodgeman. Governors Crawford and
Harvey, whose names are borne by counties, were officers in
Kansas regiments. Alfred Gray and Dudley Haskell saw
service with Kansas troops.

SUMMARY.

Peace is within thy walls aud prosperity in thy palaces.
President Lincoln commissions many Kansas Generals.
The State Historical Society has faithfully preserved the annals

of the war, and records of the progress of Kansas.
The map of Kansas is covered with brave names.

CHAPTER XX.

BUILDING THE STATE.

186. State Officials During- Civil War.— During the
years of the Civil War, Kansas made but slow progress in
the accumulation of population and material wealth. The
machinery of the civil State moved with regularity. Gover-
nor Robinson was succeeded, in 1863, by Governor Carney,
and Martin F. Conway by A. Carter Wilder as Representa-
tive in Congress. In 1865 Governor Carney was succeeded
by Governor Samuel J. Crawford, and James H. Lane
succeeded himself as United States Senator.

187. Educational Advancement.— Preliminary steps
were taken, in 1863, for the establishment of the State
University at LawTence, the State Agricultural College at
Manhattan, and the State Normal School at Emporia. It
was, in spite of war's alarms, a period of foundations and
beginnings. The State, even in the midst of war, contin-
ued the first works of the troubled Territorial period, when
Baker University, an institution still enjoying a prosperous
growth, was established as early as 1857.

188. Homestead Law. — An event having a most
important bearing on the life and prosperity of Kansas,
was the passage of the Homestead Law, on the 20th of May,
1862. The bill had been introduced in the House by
Mr. Grow, of Pennsylvania. It had once been vetoed by
President Buchanan. It whs signed by President Lincoln,

123

124 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

and took effect on the 1st of January, 1863. Within ten
years thereafter twenty-six millions of acres of the public
lands were entered by homestead settlers.

The law, in substance, gave a title from the United
States to the actual settler who held the 160 acres for five
years. The Homestead Law was an answer to those who
demanded " land for the landless," and who sang: "Uncle
Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm." At the close
of the Civil War, a great many men who had served in the
Union army were left with lands and homes to seek, and
the law was so amended that the homesteader might deduct
from the five years' residence required by the law, the time
passed by him in the military or naval service of his
country. With the close of the war, a great ex- soldier
immigration poured into Kansas.

189. First Railroad. — The system of land grant rail-
roads was also a great element in the settlement of the
country. Kansas went in early for railroads. The Terri-
torial Legislatures granted charters for extensive lines.
The first railroad iron ever laid in Kansas was put down at
Elwood, opposite St. Joseph, Mo., on the Marvsville &
Elwood Railroad, on the 20th of March, 1860, bui u'-ought
and war intervened to prevent extensive railroad Iwiiding
in Kansas at that time.

190. Grant to A. T. & S. F. Railroad.— The policy
of subsidizing the railroads in lands and bonds by the
general Government was diligently labored for bj^ Kansas
men at Washington. In 1863, Congress made to the State
of Kansas a grant of land, giving alternate sections, one
mile square, ten miles in width, amounting to 6,400 acres, a
mile on either side of a prpposed line running from Atchi-

BUILDING THE STATE. 125

son via Topeka, to some point on the southern or western
boundary of the State in the direction of Santa Fe, with a
branch from some point on the southern line of Kansas to
the City of Mexico. This grant the State of Kansas trans-
ferred to the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Com-
pany, February, 1864. This grant amounted, as it turned
out, to some 3,000,000 acres of land.

191. Grant to the Union Pacific Railroad.— The
Eastern Division of the Union Pacific, on which work was
begun on the State line of Kansas and Missouri in Novem-
ber, 1863, it being the first road started from the Missouri
to the Pacific — eventually received a grant of alternate
sections, twenty miles in width, and amounting to 12,800
acres to the mile. The grant extended 394 miles west from
the Missouri river, and amounted to some 6,000,000 acres.
Other lines extending through Kansas received subsidies,
but these two, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the
Union Pacific Eastern Division, later called the Kansas
Pacific, and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, were the lar-
gest grantees of land. Besides these grants the railroads
acquired large tracts of Indian lands.

192. Other Grants.— In February, 1866, the Legis-
lature gave to four different railroad companies, 500,000
acres granted to Kansas under the Act of September, 1841,
the lands to be sold for the benefit of the railroad com-
panies, by an agent appointed by the Governor. The
objection, however, being made, that Article VII, of the
Ordinance to the Constitution of Kansas, states, "that the
500,000 acres of land to which the State is entitled under
the Act of Congress, entitled 'an act to appropriate the
proceeds of the sale of public lands, and grant pre-emption

126

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

rights,' approved September 4, 1841, shall be granted to
the State for the support of common schools." The land
grant policy was in after years the subject of severe criti-

Stone Dugout, Osborne, Kan.

cism, and caused extensive litigation between the settlers
and the railroad companies, but at the time of its adoption
was popular in Kansas. The organized counties voted
large amounts of bonds to the roads, and the progress of
the roads for a time was the progress of the State. The
grants of land facilitated the building of the roads, and in
Kansas the railroads preceded instead of following the
settlement, greatly accelerating the old process of filling a
country with a wagon immigration. The land grant com-
panies sold their lands at low rates, and on long time, and
the alternate sections reserved by the Government were

BUILDING THE STATE.

12/

sold at $2.50 an acre, while beyond the "railroad limit,"
the homesteader pnshed in everywhere.

193. The Pioneer.— The United States land offices
which, in the Territorial days, were located along the line of
the Missouri river, were moved westward from time to time
to accommodate the host of claim seekers, who, in some
instances, remained abont the offices the entire night to
await their opening in the morning. In the Concordia
land district alone, in the year 1871, 932,715 acres of land
were entered under the Homestead Act.

The homesteader has been styled the "Pilgrim Father"
of Kansas. He left the great highways of travel and

Sod Schoolhoase, Osborne County, Kan.

sought the vast, open country. From the thin line of tim-
ber skirting the stream, he might gather a few logs to build
his cabin, but more often he shaped his habitation in or of

128 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

the earth itself, a dugout or a sodhouse, the walls built up
of strips of prairie sod turned over by the plow, the roof
often covered with marl, or natural lime, as it was called,
from the bottom of the prairie di-aw. Here, with his wife
and childi'en, lived in the first hard years the homesteader,
under the vast sky, girt about by an immense and remote
horizon. And not alone did the homesteader use the sod
wherewith to rear his residence and out-buildings ; the
"prairie lumber yard" had public uses also. The first
schoolhouse for the settlers' children was built of sod, and
in the settlement of Jewell county, a fort of sod fifty yards
square, with walls seven feet high and four feet thick, was
built; and within the enclosure was dug the first well in the
county.

At first the buffalo in their migrations came near, wander-
ing up to the settler's door, but as the vast herds which had
furnished the Indians with food and clothing for untold
centuries, without apparent diminution, retreated westward,
he followed them, making an annual campaign against
them in his wagon, which he loaded with meat. When
there was nothing left of them save their bleaching bones,
he gathered these up and hauled them to the distant rail-
road station, where they accumulated in great white piles.
Thus he added to his slender store of ready money. From
Hays City, in May, 1875, the shipments of bones amounted
to twenty tons a day.

1 94. Election of Senators.— The Legislature of 1867
re-elected Samuel C. Pomeroy to the United States Senate,
for the long term, and for the short term elected Edmund
G. Ross, who had been appointed by Governor Crawford to
fill the unexpired term of James H. Lane.

BUILDING THE STATE.

129

'^^

195. James H. Lane.— On the evening of Sunday

July 1, 1866, General James H. Lane, while riding in a
carriage with Mr. McCall and Captain Adams, on the
Government farm at Fort Leavenworth, sprang from the
vehicle as it stopped at a gate, uttered tlie Avords,
"Good-bye, Mac," placed the muzzle of
a pistol to his mouth and fired. The
l)all passed directly through the brain
and emerged from the upper center of
the cranium. With this terrible wound
he survived for ten days, at times appar-
ently conscious, dying at 11.55 a. m. of
Wednesday, July 11, 1866. At the time
of his death, General Lane was serving James h. Lane.

his second term as a United States Senator from Kansas,
and was in the prime of his years.

In his lifetime, the year and place of his birth was a
matter of controversy. In a list of the members of the
Topeka Constitutional Convention he is enrolled as a native
of Kentucky, thirty-three years of age, and a lawyer by
profession. He was born at Lawrenceburg, Ind., on the
22d of June, 1814. He was the son of Amos Lane, first
Speaker of the Indiana House of Representatives, and a
judge and member of Congress from that State. His
mother was of an old and honorable New England family.
At thirty years of age, he enlisted as a private in the Third
Indiana Volunteers, to serve in the Mexican War. He was
promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment, displayed con-
spicuous gallantry at Buena Vista, and later commanded
the Fifth Indiana Volunteers. After the war he was elected
Lieutenant-Governor of Indiana, Presidential Elector-at-

130 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Large, and a member of the Congress which passed the
Kansas- Nebraska Act, for which he voted.

In 1855, the year after the passage of that Act, he came
to Kansas and to Lawrence. His latest biographer, and
devoted and intimate friend, Hon. John Speer, speaks thus
of the event:

" One bright morning in April, 1855, as Lane was pass-
ing with his team over the hill where the State University
now stands, he halted and walked into the little hamlet now
called Lawi-ence, named but without a charter, carrying a
jug to fill with water to pursue his journey westward, but
meeting a man named Elwood Chapman, who offered to
sell him a 'claim,' he purchased and ended his journey."
He entered the town which was to be his home and the
field of an eventful and distinguished career, a Democrat
from Southern Indiana, who had voted in Congress for the
Kansas- Nebraska Act. On the 14th of August, 1855, he
participated in what is spoken of by tfie annalist as ' ' the
first convention in La^vTcnce of Free State men of all
parties," and from that time forward he was what he later
avowed himself, " a crusader of freedom." Tireless, inde-
fatigable, alert, full of audacity, endless in plans and
resources, he was everywhere, in war, in peace, in combat,
in diplomacy, in battle and treaty. He was early an advo-
cate of the " Topeka Government," the first organized
effort for the admission of Kansas as a Free State. He
was a member of the Free State Executive Committee, of
which Charles Robinson was chairman. He reported the
platform of the Big Springs Convention ; he was President
of the Topeka Constitutional Convention. When Kansas
appealed to the North he became a national character; he

BUILDING THE STATE. 131

was called "Jim Lane, of Kansas." In April, he addressed
the Legislature of Pennsylvania at Harrisbnrg; in May,
he spoke to a great meeting in Chicago, where $15,000 was
raised for Kansas.

When Kansas became a State of the Union, he was
elected, after a memorable struggle, one of the first United
States Senators; and then came the great Civil War, in
which he exhibited that strange blending of qualities,
capacities and dispositions, which belonged to him alone.
He raised whole l)rigades, and commanded one of them in
the field, even without a commission. He retained all
through the period of storm the confidence of the oom-
mander-in-chief of our armies, as well of the head of the
State. He saw the last of the fighting on the Kansas
border.

In 1865, he was re-elected United States Senator almost
without opposition.

A year later, as a Senator, he advocated the policy of
President Johnson, and broke with Kansas. He made a
bold fight for his long supremacy. It seemed, at times,
that he would win it back, but he knew at last that there
was nothing to hope. Those who knew him best said that
the thought drove him to madness and to death.

He was a remarkable man. In the strange power of his
speech there has been no other like him in Kansas. He
made many enemies, but attached friends to .himself as
with hooks of steel, who remember him only as the
" Crusader of Freedom."

The vacancy in the United States Senate, occasioned by
the death of General Lane, was filled temporarily by the
appointment, on the 20th of July, 1866, by Governor

132 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Samuel J. Crawford, of Hon. Edmuud G. Ross, who was
subsequently elected b}^ the Legislature to fill the unexpired
term of Senator Lane. Senator Ross had served the State,
in the field, in the Eleventh Kansas Cavalry, attaining the
rank of Major and brevet Lieutenant- Colonel, and was
one of the framers of the Wyandotte Constitution. He
remained in the Senate until 1871.

SUMMARY.

1. The Homestead law giving bona fide settlers 160 acres of land,

passed May 20, 1862.

2. Large grants of land were given to the A. , T. & S. F. , the Union

Pacific, and other railroad companies.

3. The railroads gave wonderful impetus to immigration, proving

one of the greatest factors in the development of Kansas.

4. The Pioneers, the Pilgrim Fathers of Kansas.

5. Samuel C. Pomeroy re-elected, and Edmund G. Ross elected to

the United States Senate,

6. The death of General James H. Lane removes from Kansas a

remarkable and distinguished personality.

- CHAPTER XXI.

THE INDIAN WARS.

196. The Early Peril.— While the Kansas frontiersman
was thus holding the picket line of civilization, he was
exposed for years to the incursions of a ruthless enemy,
who came and went with the uncertainty of the wind — the
Indian. The Civil War had not ended before the State was
endangered by the incursions of the savages. The Indians,
in 1864, had become so formidable that Generals Curtis and
Blunt had planned a campaign against them, but were
recalled from it to meet the advancing Confederates of
General Price.

197. Indian Raids.— In 1865 and 1866 the Indians
came into the northwestern valleys and murdered settlers
on White Rock creek in Republic county, and at Lake
Sibley in Cloud county, and these outrages were followed
by an Indian raid in the Solomon valley. Troops were
ordered from Fort Ellsworth to the Solomon valley by
General Hancock, and a company of State militia took the
field and held off the Indians for a time. The building of
the 'Union Pacific through Kansas, in 1867, excited the
savages, and the entire plains country seemed full of their
war parties. They attacked settlers in the Republican,
Smoky Hill and Solomon valleys, and raided in Marion,
Butler, and Greenwood counties. In June of 1867, the
Cheyennes, Arapahoes and Kiowas seemed to have united

133

134 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

to drive back the frontier line of settlement and close com-
munications across the plains.

198. Relief Comes. — Lieutenant - General Sherman
called on Governor Crawford for a battalion of volunteer
cavalry, and in obedience to the Governor's proclamation,
the Eighteenth Kansas Battalion of 358 men, commanded
by Colonel H. L. Moore, took the field. Colonel Moore
met and whipped the Indians, and in connection with a
force under Major Elliott, of the Seventh United States
Cavalry, di'ove them toward the headwaters of the Republi-
can. While the Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Kiowas, Sioux and
Comanches were operating in the northwest, bands of
Osages, Wichitas and others were raiding in the southern
and western portions of the State, necessitating the station-
ing of troops at Fort Larned and other points.

199. Treaty of 1867.— On the 28th of October, 1867,
Generals Sherman, Harney and Terry made a treaty with
the Cheyennes and Arapahoes, at Medicine Lodge creek,
which provided that these Indians should remove to a reser-
vation in the Indian Territory, and also provided that the
Indians should have the privilege of hunting in Kansas,
the Government furnishing them with arms.

200. Treaty Broken.— As soon as they were ready in
the spring, the Indians broke the treaty, a body of 500
Cheyennes penetrating the State nearly to Council Grove,
Morris county, murdering and robbing as thej^ went. At
the very time, in August, when the Indians were di-awing
arms at Fort Larned, a party of Cheyennes Avas murdering
men, women and childi-en in Ottawa, Mitchell and Republic
counties.

THE INDIAN WARS. 135

201. Governor Crawford to the Rescue.— Ou hear-
ing of the raid, Governor Crawford went by special
train to Salina, placed himself at the head of a company of
volunteers, and followed the trail of the Indians. It was
found that forty persons had been killed, numberless out-
rages committed, and for sixty miles the settlements
destroyed and the country laid waste. On his return to
Topeka he sent a dispatch to the President: "The savage
devils have become intolerable, and must and shall be
di'iven out of the State," and offered to furnish all the
volunteers necessary to "insure a permanent and lasting
peace." In reply. General Sheridan, at Fort Harker, gave
assurances that the line of settlement should be protected
and garrisoned with infantry, while a regular cavalry force
should scout the exposed country. Governor Cra^vford,
however, called for a force of five companies of cavalry
from the militia 'of the State, each man to furnish arms
and accoutrements, and be furnished with rations by Gen-
eral Sheridan. The companies were stationed at exposed
points from the Nebraska line to Wichita, relieving a regu-
lar force to operate against the Indians. General Sully
went south of the Arkansas with nine companies of cavalry,
and taught the Cheyennes and Arapahoes some useful
lessons.

202. Governor Crawford and the Nineteenth.— Con-
vinced that the Kiowas and Conumches were determined to
keep up the fight. General Sherman called on Governor
Crawford for a full regiment of volunteer cavalry. Gover-
nor Crawford issued his proclamation on the 10th of Octo-
ber, 1868, and on the 20th of October, ten days later, the
regiment of 1,200 men was mustered into service at Topeka.

136 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

The regiment was called the Nineteenth Kansas Volunteer
Cavalry. Governor Crawford, who had seen service in the
Civil War as a Captain in the Second Kansas Infantry;
Major in the Second Kansas Cavalry, and Colonel of the
Second Kansas Colored Infantry, resigned the Governor-
ship of the State on November 4, 1868, and assumed the
command of the Nineteenth, the Lieutenant-Colonel being
Horace L. Moore, who had commanded the Eighteenth
Kansas in a previous campaign against the Indians, and the
Major, William C. Jones, formerly of the Tenth Kansas
Volunteer Infantry. The regiment left Topeka on the 5th
of November, and on the 28th joined General Sheridan on
the North Canadian, but at one o'clock on the morning of
the 27th of November, General Custer had charged into
Black Kettle's village on the Washita, killed 103 warriors,
and captured fifty- one lodges and many horses and mules.
The Indians fell back, and, on the 24th of December, surren-
dered. The Nineteenth moved to Fort Hays in March,
having kept the open field all through the severe winter,
and in April was mustered out. This was the last call on
Kansas for so large a force as a regiment to repel or pursue
Indians.

203. Colonel Forsythe's Experience.— Om^ of the
thrilling i)assages of this Indian War of 18G8, was Colonel
Forsythe's fight with the Indians, beginning on the 17th of
September. Barricading himself with his dead horses on
an island in the north fork of the Republican, Colonel
Forsythe held at bay, for eight days, a large force of Indians;
his men living on the flesh of the horses. Colonel Forsythe
was severely wounded; Lieutenant Beecher and Surgeon
John Mooers were among the killed. A scout finally made

THE INDIAN WARS.

137

his way through the Indian lines to Fort Wallace, and
brought relief, on the approach of which the Indians with-
drew. It was one of the most desperate fights of the war,
and its scene was not far distant from the Kansas line.

204. Indian Troubles of 1869-70.— The still implac-
able red man harried the borders of the
State in the spring of 18G9 and 1870,
(ioming in at the northwest, and a
battalion of militia was sent to the
Republican, Saline, and Solomon valleys,
and United States troops were employed
in the same region.

205. Atrocities of the Cheyennes
in 1874.— In May, 1874, the Cheyennes

committed murders in Ford, Barber, Governor Nehemiah Green.

and Comanche counties, and threw the country into great
alarm, and hundreds of settlers left their claims. Stockades
were built, companies organized and armed. There was a
skirmish between the Indians and the militia, in which four
Indians were killed, but the Indians had still the best of
the bloody account, since between June and the end of the
year 1874, twenty-seven persons were murdered by Indians
within the State.

206. Cheyennes Start for Their Old Home.— In the
fall of 1878, a band of northern Cheyennes who had been
removed to the Indian Territory, resolved to return to their
former home. Taking their women and children, they
started northward through Kansas. When the news of
their departure reached Fort Dodge, a detachment left the
Fort, and attacked them at the caiion of the Famished
Woman's Fork. Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Lewis,

138 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

commanding" the troops, was killed, and the Indians pro-
ceeded on their way. As the Indians crossed several main
lines of railway and many telegraph lines, information of their
progress was constantly forwarded. The State Government
sent arms to the settlers in the threatened country, but
nothing in the way of assistance could be secured from
General Pope at Fort Leavenworth. On the 30th of Sep-
tember, the Indians appeared on the Sappa, in Decatur
count}^ and committed fearful atrocities, but made their
escape almost unmolested to the North. They were finally
overpowered, and a number of those identified as having
committed outrages, were sent, on demand of Governor
Anthony, to Kansas for trial before the civil courts for
murder and other crimes, but were never prosecuted. This
raid, in which forty white persons were reported killed,
was the last in Kansas.

207. The Indian in Kansas.— The Indian appears in
the history of Kansas, a grim and un-
'"y^Tib. li'^PPy figiii'e. No gentle or attractive

f ^^% traditions remain concerning him. He

* '*^Wftp ^ appears squalid and degraded, or brutal
*" " and terrifying, a beggar or a bandit.

For years he menaced the border, fight-
ing, with the ferocity of a wild beast,
the advance of civilization. He was
swept on and away from it, leaving

Governor James M. Harvey. behind UO Culogist to praisC a brave foC,

nor mourner for a generous enemy.

208. Election of State Officers.— On the resignation
of Governor Crawford, the official duties of Governor were
assumed by Lieutenant-Governor Green. In November,

THE INDIAN WARS. 139

1868, the following State officers were elected: Governor,
James M. Harvey; Lieutenant-Governor, C. V. Eskridge;
Secretary of State, Thomas Moonlight; Auditor, Alois
Thoman; Treasurer, George Graham; Attorney- General,
Addison Danford; Superintendent of Public Instruction,
Peter Mc Vicar; Daniel M. Valentine, Associate Justice.
Sidney Clark was re-elected Member of Congress. Kansas
cast her electoral vote for Grant and Colfax.

209. State Printer Elected.— The Legislature of 1869
elected S. S. Prouty to the newly created office of State
Printer.

SUMMARY.

1. The Indian raids of the GO's were many and atroeions. The

most remarkable occurred in the Republican, Smoky Hill,
and Solomon valleys.

2. Governor Crawford not only sent large forces to the field, but

he organized the Nineteenth Regiment, resigned his position,
and went himself to lead the regiment.

3. The Cheyennes, in 1874 and 1878, devastated three counties,

and on their route to the North laid waste the country, and
killed many people.

4. James M. Harvey was elected Governor.

5. Kansas cast electoral vote for Grant and Colfax.

6. S. S. Prouty elected State Printer.

CHAPTER XXII.

IMMIGRATION.

210. Dawning" of the Era of Pposperity.— With the

year 1870 tlie State of Kansas may be said to have passed
through a sea of troubles, and emerged upon the shore of
peace and prosperity.

In 1870 Governor Harvey was re-elected, with P. P. Elder
as Lieutenant-Governor; William H. Small wood, Secretary
of State; A. Thoman, Auditor; J. E. Hayes, Treasurer;
A. L. Williams, Attorney- General; H. D. McCarty, Super-
intendent of Public Instruction; David J. Brewer, Asso-
ciate Justice. D. P. Lowe was elected member of Congress.

211. Census of 1870. The United States census,
taken in June of that year, showed a population of 362,307.
The increase in population of Kansas from 1860 to 1870
was 235.99 per cent. The average increase for all of the
States and Territories was 21.52 per cent.

212. Founding- of State Institutions. — The end of the
first decade of the State's history saw it provided with the
most important State institutions. The Legislature of 1863
located the first State Insane Asylum at Osawatomie; pro-
vided for the building of a penitentiary at Lansing;
established a State University at Lawrence, and accepted
the Act of Congress giving lands for an Agricultural Col-
lege; accepted the cession of its lands from Bluemont
College, at Manhattan, and the State Agricultural College

140

IMMIGRATION.

141

itself was organized July 27, 1863. The amount of land
selected for the State University in 1861 was 46,080 acres.
The Legislatures of 1863 and 1869 gave the State Normal
School 38,400 acres; the grant to the Agricultural College
amounted to 82,315 acres. The Legislature of 1864 located
the State Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Olathe, and the Blind
Asylum at Wyandotte. The year saw the State charitable
and educational institutions thoroughly and efficiently
organized, and ready for the great advances to be made.

state Normal School Building.

213. State House.— The State Government, which had
occupied a brick building on Kansas avenue, erected by
private parties in 1863, and known as the " State Row,"
abandoned these primitive quarters in the later days of 1869
for the newly completed east wing of the present Capitol,
upon which structure work had fairly begun in the spring
of 1867. The first Legislature to meet in the State's own
house was that of 1870, James M. Harvey being the chief
magistrate of the Commonwealth.

IMMIGRATION. 143

214. State Institutions.— The State University, which
dedicated its first buikling- in 1866, in 1873 opened its
main building, considered, at the time, one of the finest
structures devoted to educational uses in
the United States.

The State Normal School completed a
new building in 1872. The State Agri-
cultural College removed to a point
nearer Manhattan in 1873. The State
did not, in its earliest years, neglect the
criminal and deficient population, since,
between its organization and the vear „, „ „ „ „

" - Chancellor F. I. Snow, Uni-

1870, it expended over $400,000 upon ^^rsity of Kansas.

the penitentiary. The Insane Asylum, at Topeka, was
added to the State institutions in 1875.
^^\5. Election and Appointment. — Alexander Cald-
well was chosen United States Senator by the Legislature
of 1871. Mr. Caldwell resigned March 24, 1873, and
Governor Osborn appointed Robert Crozier to fill the
vacancy. The Legislature also re-elected S. S. Prouty State
Printer.

216. Election of 1872.— At the election of 1872,
Thomas A. Osborn was chosen Governor; E. S. Stover,
Lieutenant-Governor; W. H. Smallwood, Secretary of
State; D. W. Wilder, Auditor; J. E. Hayes, Treasurer;
A. L. Williams, Attorney- General; H. D. McCarty,
Superintendent of Public Instruction; Samviel A. King-
man, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

217. Increased Representation.— Up to the year
1872, the State of Kansas had but one Representative in
Congress, the office being filled successively by Martin F.

State University Buildings.

IMMIGRATION. 145

Conway, A. Carter Wilder, Sidney Clarke, and D. P.
Lowe. Under the census of 1870, the State became enti-
tled to three Representatives in Congress, and in November,
1872, D. P. Lowe, of Fort Scott, William A. Phillips, of
Salina, and Stephen A. Cobb, of Wyandotte, were elected
from the State at large.

218. Railways in Kansas.— On the 1st oi September,
1870, the Kansas Pacific, originally called the Union Pacific
Railway, Eastern Division, and begun at the Kansas State
line in Wyandotte in 1863, reached Denver, being the first
railroad to cross Kansas from east to west. The first loco-
motive for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Com-
pany, the "C. K. Holliday," reached Topeka in March, 1869.

219. Kansas Invitation.— With the construction of
these railroads, with their enormous land grants to be dis-
posed of, ensued several years of such ' ' bold advertise-
ment ' ' as Kansas had never before received. The agents
of the land departments of the great railroad companies
visited Great Britain and the Continent; offices for the
dissemination of information were opened in every impor-
tant city in the United States and Europe. The bufi^alo
head, the especial symbol of the Kansas Pacific, became
visible in the most distant capitals; the advantages of the

Santa Fe ' ' and its lands were set forth in all modern
languages. All distinguished representatives of foreign
nations were invited to join excursions through Kansas,
and among these came the Grand Duke Alexis, of Russia,
and his suite, and were welcomed by Governor Harvey and
the Legislature at Topeka. The members of the press of
the United States and of the world were cordially invited,
and Kansas travelers, in remote- regions of Europe, often

146 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

found local communities greatl}' excited and interested over
the advent of a Kansas newspaper, describing the lands of
the Great West ready and waiting for the settler.

220. Colonization.— A favorite method of disposing
of the lands was in large tracts to "colonies." In 1871
the Kansas Pacific sold to a Swedish colony, in Saline
county, 22,000 acres; to a Scotch colony, in Dickinson
county, 47,000 acres; to an English colony, in Clay county,
32,000 acres, and to a Welsh colony, in Riley county,
19,000 acres. In 1873, George Grant, of England, pur-
chased of the Kansas Pacific Company 50,000 acres in the
eastern portion of Ellis county, with the design of coloniz-
ing English people of means.

221. The Mennonites.— With the addition of the
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company to the
land-selling corporations, came vigorous efforts to induce
emigration from Europe. Mr. C. B. Schmidt, on behalf of
the company, traversed the Russian empire, carefully watched
by the emissaries of the Government, and opened up com-
munication with the Mennonite communities in Southern
Russia, whose thoughts had been turned toward emigration
to America by the proposed revocation, by the Czar's Gov-
ernment, of the privileges under which their fathers had
settled in Russia.

In August, 1873, five leaders of these people (kindi-ed in
race and religion to the founders of Germantown and other
early German settlements in Pennsylvania) visited the
counties of Harvey, Sedgwick, Reno, Marion and McPher-
son, to select lands for a colony from Russia. The Legis-
lature of 1874, mindful of the peaceful principles of the
colonists, passed an act exempting Mennonites and Friends

IMMIGRATION. 147

from military duty. In September, 1874, 1,600 Mennonites
arrived at Topeka from Russia. In October the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe Company sold them 100,000 acres of land
in Harvey, Marion and Reno. The following summer they
were living in their villages of Gnadenau and Hoffnungsthal,
in Marion county, and located on their farms about.

222. Their Settlement. — In July, 1877, it was esti-
mated that 6,000 Mennonites had settled in the Arkansas
valley. Though for a time popularly called "Russians,"
they were Germans in language and lineage. They
brought with them from Russia the apricot and mulberry,
and also brought what they had retained in Russia, the
German thrift, industry, and belief in popular and univer-
sal education. They abandoned, after a brief trial, the
village and "common field" idea under which they lived in
Russia, and absorbed the American idea of individual
ownership and control. They have taken part in all the
business life of the communities amid which they came to
dwell, they have become prominent in it, and have dis-
tinguished themselves by their attachment to the cause of
education, fostering higher schools of their own, and
patronizing the State University and other educational
institutions of the first rank. The Mennonite immigration
continued for several years; the immigrants coming directly
from Russia and (Tormnny to the place where they would be.
/223. Russian Immig-ration. — In the years 1875-'76-'77
a large "Russian' ' immigration settled, under the auspices of
the Kansas Pacific, in Ellis county. These people, divided
into five settlements named after cities and towns in Russia ;
adhered to some extent to the village system, almost uni-
versal among the agricultural population of Russia, and to

148 HISTOEY OF KANSAS.

the Catholic faith, to which they have testified their devo-
tion by building commodious and substantial churches.
They have found Kansas a laud of promise and fulfilment.

224. John J. Ing-alls as Senator.— The Legislature of
1873 chose John James Ingalls as United States Senator
as the successor of Samuel C. Pomeroy, first elected to the
Senate in 1861. George W. Martin was elected State
Printer, and re-elected by the Legislature of 1875.

225. State Election.— In 1874, Thomas A. Osborn
was re-elected Governor; with M. J. Salter, Lieutenant-
Governor; T. H. Cavanaugh, Secretary of State; D. W.
Wilder, Auditor; Samuel Lappin, Treasurer; A. M. F.
Randolph, Attorney- General; John Fraser, Superintendent
of Public Instruction; D. M. Valentine, Associate Justice;
William A. Phillips, J. R. Goodin and W. R. Brown were
elected members of Congress.

226. Election of Senator.— James M. Harvey, who
had served two terms as Governor of the State, was elected
by the Legislature of 1874, United States Senator, to fill
the remainder of the term for which Alexander Caldwell
was elected, a portion of the term having been filled by
Hon. Robert Crozier, by appointment of the Governor.

In 1874 Kansas, taking an account of stock in resources
educational, noted that the school districts had grown in
number, since 1861, from 214 to 4,181; the school popula-
tion from 4,901 to 199,019. The number of teachers
employed had increased from 319 to 5,043. The value of
schoolhouses, which in 1862 was estimated at $10,432, was,
in 1874, set down as $3,989,085. This increase was made
from year to year, including the years of the Civil War,
no year being marked by a falling off or a cessation of

IMMIGRATION. 149

growth, showing that the people of Kansas were not to be
diverted by any vicissitude from the upbuilding of the
common and public school, the hope and security of free
government.

SUMMARY.

1. Dawning of better times.

2. The census of 1870 gives a population of 362,307 in Kansas.

3. The State institutions buih, during the first decade of Kansas

as a State, were the Insane Asylum, the Penitentiary, the
State University, the State Agricultural College, the State
Normal School, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and the Blind
Asylum.

4. The State House was occupied for the first time by the Legis-

lature in 1870, James M. Harvey, Governor.

5. Alexander Caldwell was chosen United States Senator in 1871.

6. Thomas A. Osborn was elected Governor in 1872.

7. Kansas became entitled to three Representatives in Congi-ess

under the census of 1870.

8. The Union Pacific was the first road to cross Kansas.

9. Kansas invited all the world into her borders.

10. John J. Ingalls was elected United States Senator in 1873.

11. Thomas A. Osborn was re-elected Governor in 1874,

12. James M. Harvey was elected United States Senator in 1874.

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE CENTENNIAL YEAR.

227. Kansas at the Centennial.— A feature of the
great "boom decade," 1870-1880, was the participation of
Kansas in the Centennial Exposition of 1876 at Philadel-
phia. The Legislatures of 1875 and 1876 appropriated
$30,000 for the exhibition, and a further sum of $8,625 to
be devoted to a report of the State Board of Agriculture,
which should also contain an account of the Exposition.
The women of Kansas manifested much interest in the part
Kansas should take in the National celebration. For the
$10,000 to which the building fund was limited, a frame
house was erected in an excellent location, and therein,
dividing the space with the State of Colorado, the State of
Kansas made a memorable exhibition. The attendance,
small at the opening of the Exposition, increased with its
progress, and at the close became a rush. Among the
visitors came Dom Pedro II, of Brazil, and his Empress,
and with them a countless crowd of American sovereigns.

Every feature of the Kansas exhibition was a success,
and a most admired map, showing by a star the location of
every Kansas school house, is still preserved in the Capitol
at Topeka.

228. Prizes Won by Exhibitors. — John A. Martin and
George A. Crawford were ai)pointed the National Centennial
Commissioners for Kansas. The display owed its effect to

150

THE CENTENNIAL YEAR. 151

the taste of the arraugement, largely the work of Henry
Worrall, of Topeka. Kansas received a certificate for the
best collective exhibit; a first premium on fruit; a medal
for a bound record book, exhibited by the State Printer,
George W. Martin, and a prize for the best farm wagon,
appropriate to the State where, by freighter's wagon and
farmer's wagon, the "Star of Empire" has taken its west-
ward way.

229. Centennial Year in Kansas. — The Centennial
year was marked in Kansas by the mildness of the season
with which it opened, with the ground unfrozen and blue-
birds singing in January and February.

The people throughout the State evinced a revived interest
in the history of their country and their State. The Fourth
of July, 1876, was celebrated with enthusiasm, and seventy-
five newspapers published local histories.

230. Calamity of 1874.— There is no rose without its
thorn, and the ten wonderful years for Kansas, 1870 to 1880,
were broken l)y one year of calamity, 1874. In that year
the drought came after the wheat harvest, and the grass-
hoppers became a burden. As a spectacle the approach of
the winged destroyers was sufficiently terrifying, and the
destruction of vegetation was complete. A special session
of the State Legislature was called, but concluded that relief
from the State treasury was impracticable, and that the
locusts must be met by issues of county bonds.

231., Relief. — In this juncture a State Relief Committee
was organized, composed of well-known and responsible
citizens of the State, who issued an address to the "citizens
of Kansas and the people of the Eastern States." This
committee received and disbursed money and goods to the

152

HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

amount of $235,000. This was the last grasshopper inva-
sion," and probably the last "aid campaign" in or from
Kansas. Owing to the conduct of "unauthorized, irrespon-
sible and mercenary parties," against whom the State Com-
mittee raised loud but ineffectual warning, the word "aid"
became quite as unpopular in Kansas as the word "locust."

232. The Hoppers Depart. In the early spring of
1875, the young locusts hatched out in large numbers in
Kansas and created much alarm. They evinced, however,
a delicacy of constitution unknown to their hardy, northern
progenitors, and on taking wings they took flight to the
northward, in time to allow late planting, and the season
which followed was one of the most fruitful in the history
of the State.

233. Election of 1876.— In 1876 George T.Anthony
was elected Governor; M. J. Salter, Lieu-
tenant-Governor; ThomasH. Cavanaugh,
Secretary of State; P. I. Bonebrake,
Auditor; John Francis, Treasurer; Wil-
lard Davis, Attorney- General; A. B.
Lemmon, Superintendent of Public In-
struction; David J. Brewer, Associate
Justice. William A. Phillips, Dudley C.
Haskell and Thomas Ryan were elected
to Congress.

234. The Exodus.— In the spring of 1874, it was noted
that parties of colored people were emigrating to the
State from the South, the larger number from Tennessee.
These immigrants located in southeastern Kansas, and
engaged in growing cotton. A settlement was also formed
in Morris countv.

Gov. George T. Anthony.

THE CENTENNIAL YEAR. 153

In the spring of 1879 occurred the rush from the South,
to which was given the name of the "Exodus," and the
"Exoduster" for a time became a prominent figure in
Kansas. Great numbers of black people, men, women, and
childi'en, arrived by rail at Parsons, from Texas, and on
steamboats at Wyandotte and Atchison. The later comers
represented the ex-slave population of Tennessee, Missis-
sippi, and Louisiana. They were set ashore with their
scanty household goods, strangers, houseless, foodless, but
seemingly cheerful and uncaring. Their story soon became
the talk of the country, and a Congressional committee was
formed to investigate the -'Exodus," and many witnesses
were summoned from Kansas.

In the meantime, the "Exodusters" cared for themselves,
and were cared for. Meetings were held in Lawrence,
Wyandotte, Leavenworth, and Topeka, to take measures
for their immediate relief. A Freedman's State Central
Association was formed, headed by Governor St. John.
Money and goods were received, $2,000 coming from Chicago,
and $3,000 from England. In Atchison the colored people
came generously, with the whites, to the rescue.

235. Settlement of the Neg-roes. — In the late fall of
1877, "Exodusters" gathered from Topeka and other points,
and founded the town of Nicodemus, in Graham county.
With but three horses in the entire settlement, the people
in the spring put in wheat and other crops, with hoes and
mattocks, and in the harvest pulled the grain with their
hands. The men afterwards walked to eastern Kansas and
to Colorado in search of work, and the women "held down
the claims. ' ' The "Exodusters" formed little suburbs in the
cities where they collected, and "Teunesseetowu, ' ' in Topeka,

154

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

is a relic of the ' 'Exodus. ' ' The entire body was aljsorbed in
the laboring population of the State. These immigrants
conducted probably the first successful attempt of the freed
people to occupy, under the Homestead Law, the public lands
of the United States. They came to Kansas not by invita-
tion or offered inducement, but moved by an impulse to
seek security in the pursuit of life, liberty and happiness.
236. Amendment to the Constitution.— In 1876 the
Constitution of the State was amended so as to provide for
biennial sessions of the Legislature, and the session of 1877
was the first held under the new amendment. On the 30th
of January, 1877, the Legislature, on the sixteenth ballot,
elected Preston B. Plumb United States Senator. George
W. Martin was elected State Printer for
the third term.

237. State Election, 1878.— The
November election of 1878 resulted in the
choice of John P. St. John as Governor;
L. U. Humphrey, Lieutenant-Governor;
James Smith, Secretary of State; P.
I. Bonebrake, Auditor; John Francis,
Treasurer; Willard Davis, Attorney-
General; A. B. Lemmon, Superintendent
of Public Instruction; Albert II. Horton, Chief Justice.
John A. Anderson, Dudley C. Haskell, and Thomas Ryan
were elected to Congress.

General John Fraser died at Pittsburgh, Pa., June 4,
1878. General Fraser was born in Scotland. He came a
young man to the United States, served with distinction in
the war for the Union, and rose to the command of a
brigade. After filling various educational positions of

Goveroor John P. St. John.

THE CENTENNIAL YEAR. 155

prominence in the State of Pennsylvania, he became
Chancellor of the University of Kansas, serving from
1868 to 1874. It was dnring the chancellorship of General
Fraser that the main bnilding of the University was bnilt,
and his name is preserved in Fraser Hall. In 1871 he was
elected State Snperintendent of Pnblic Instrnction, and
served one term. He was chosen a professor in the
Western University at Pittsburgh, in July, 1877, and there
died. His was the record of a soldier, gentleman and
scholar.

, SUMMARY.

1. Kansas participated in the Centennial Exposition at Philadel-

phia.

2. Kansas won sevei'al prizes.

3. The prosperity of the years from 1870-1880 was broken by the

grasshopper visitation in 1874.

4. The Eastern and Western States loyally gave assistance.

5. George T. Anthony was elected Governor in 187(5.

6. The Negro Exodus of 1874 resulted in the settlement of many

colored people in Kansas.

7. Biennial Sessions of the Legislature provided for by an amend-

ment to the Constitution.

8. John P. St. John was elected Governor in 1878.

CHAPTER XXIV.

EVENTS OF THE DECADE.

238. Cattle Trade.— The great Texas cattle trade
became a feature iu Kansas with the building of the rail-
roads. The "drive" being directed as conveniences for
shipping were afforded. In 1866 Mr. Joseph G. McCoy
came to Abilene and began his labors to attract the "di-ive"
from Texas to Kansas. He was successful, and from 1867
to 1872 Abilene was a cow-boy town; and the "boy" with
his jingling spurs, wide hat and other equipment was much
in evidence. Ready to meet and thrive upon the sunburned
traveler from Texas, and to share the burden of his money
and his sins, came a motley crowd of both sexes, and great
disorder prevailed, not only by night but by day. This, iu
time, led to the appointment of some person as city marshal,
or otherwise styled regulator of the peace, armed with sev-
eral revolvers and an unrivaled facility in their use. Thus
came, iu 1870, to Abilene, James G. Hickox, "Wild Bill,"
and the head and progenitor of the entire family of wild
and other Bills, who for jears held a sure place in the dime
novel literature of the country. The herds of long-horned
cattle held in prairies about, the herd of wild men who
haunted the "cow- towns," the stir of a really great commerce,
the cattle which were bought and sold, and shipped, greatly
attracted the use of the writer's pen. In 1871 the great
cattle trade tarried for a season at Newton. In 1872 the
156

EVENTS OF THE DECADE. 157

trade began to be a great feature at the new citj^ of Wichita,
and in 1875 at Dodge City. At all these points the sale and
shipment of cattle rarely fell under 200,000 a year.

239. John J. Ing-alls' Re-election.— The Legislature
of 1879, on the 31st of January, re-elected John J. Ingalls
United States Senator. The Legislature also elected George
W. Martin State Printer for the fourth term.

240. Prohibition Amendment.— The last public act of
Kansas in the decade of 1870-1880 which attracted the
attention of the country was the passage, by the Legislature
of 1879, of a joint resolution to submit to a vote of the
people an amendment to the State Constitution forever pro-
hibiting in Kansas the ' 'manufacture and sale of intoxicating
liquors," except for medical and scientific purposes. The
amendment was adopted at the general election in Novem-
ber, 1880, the vote standing 92,302 votes for the amend-
ment to 84,304 against it.

The Legislature of 1881 passed the Act to enforce the
provisions of the amendment, called the Prohibitory Law,
the final vote in both Houses standing 132 ayes to 21 noes.
After nearly twenty years the law has not been repealed, nor
has the Constitutional Amendment, upon which it is based,
been re-submitted to the people for their affirmation or
rejection.

241. Railroad System. — In the year 1870, the railroad
system of Kansas had but fairly commenced. In 1880 the
State had been crossed and recrossed, and Kansas roads
entered the Indian Territory and Colorado. In 1870 alone
the Kansas Pacific sold 700,000 acres of land for $2,000,000;
by the close of 1879, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe had
disposed of 1,000,000 of its 3,000,000 acres.

158 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

242. Orgranization of Counties.— In 1872 was organized
Rice county, in which the geograpliical center of the State
was afterwards defined at the corner of sections 5, 6, 7 and
8, township 18 south, range 9 west; and two years later
were organized the counties of Ford, Barber, Harper, Ness
and Comanche, far to the westward.

243. Production of Fruit and Wheat.— In those
days, Kansas began to be known in the East as a fruit
State, and received honorable mention from New Hamp-
shire, New York and Pennsylvania, and at Richmond, Va.,
the highest award of the American Pomological Society.
As the harvest approached in 1875, it was estimated that
1,000 reapers would be needed in the Arkansas valley. In
1878 Kansas stood at the head of the wheat States, with a
crop of 33,315,538 bushels.

244. Kansas Vote in 1872.— In 1872 it was discov-
ered that Kansas east a larger vote than any New England
State, save Massachusetts.

'24f5. Kansas-Nebraska Act Anniversary.— In 1879
was held at Bismarck (irove, Lawrence, the quarter centen-
nial of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The day
selected, the 15th of September, 1879, as it turned out, was
the twenty-fifth anniversary of the issue of the first news-
paper in Kansas. The meeting was marked by the number
present, of men and women, who took part in the stirring
scenes of 1854 to 1859. Among the honored guests and
speakers from abroad was Rev. Edward Everett Hale, of
Boston, whose story of "A Man Without a Country," had
taught a generation of young Kansans patriotism, and who
had himself labored with voice and pen for Kansas in the old
Territorial days, and whose book, " Kansas and Nebraska;

EVENTS OF THE DECADE. 159

the History, Geographical and Physical Characteristics and
Political Position of those Territories," published in 1854,
has been pronounced the ablest Kansas book of its time.

246. The First Ten Years.— It was in 1871 that
Kansas State bonds first sold above par. Kansas, in the
first ten years of peace (not counting the Indian invasions)
allowed her, laid firm the foundations of her future great-
ness; welcomed to her borders a great company from the
East, and North, and South, from our own countrj^ and from
beyond the seas; turning back no human being for poverty,
or race, religion or previous condition of servitude.

247. Kansas at National Celebration of 1876.—
Kansas appeared at the great national celebration of 1876,
where some of the oldest States of the Union ' ' made no
sign," and made a showing of her products so fine and
fair, arrayed with such brightness of fancy and skill of
hand, as to attract universal attention. " Kansas," said a
leading American journal in 1870, "is the best advertised
and most favorably known of the far western States.
Her prestige is due to three causes: First, her political
troubles and warfare for freedom, which elicited universal
sympathy; second, the fertility of her soil, the superior of
which does not exist in the West; and, third, to the activity
of her citizens."

248. Settlers of Kansas. — Kansas, in these formative
years, demonstrated the fitness of the American Republic's
form of Government, National, State and local, for the
uses of a free, intelligent and self-governing people.
Without charter or grant, or voice of herald or direction,
or proclamation, the home-seeking thousands came into the
country, selected the places for their rooftrees and their

160 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

fires; securing their titles thereto from the Government.
Coming from distant and different regions, meeting for the
first time as settlers in the Kansas prairies, they yet, as
native and adopted American citizens, knew their privileges,
and maintained their rights. They organized the institu-
tions of Government, the school district, the township, the
county, and affiliated with the State. In rude and primi-
tive temples they reared the altar of the law, and installed
its ministers. They commanded order, and they estab-
lished justice. Beginning with the wagons in which they
came as their first habitations, they built their cabins,
which soon grew into comfortable houses; they became
town and city builders; they abolished times and periods
as known in the settlement of older countries. In two or
three years after the first smoke darkened the prairie hori-
zon the "Old Settlers' Reunion" was called, and orations
were delivered from the perennial theme of "A(Z asfra per
asp era . ' '

249. Growth of Kansas. — In an address delivered at
the Quarter Centennial Celebration of the admission of
Kansas, Topeka, January 29, 1886, Governor Martin said:
"The growth of Kansas has had no parallel. The great
States of New York and Pennsylvania were nearly 150
years in attaining a population Kansas has reached in
thirty years. Kentucky was eighty years, Tennessee,
seventy-five; Alabama, ninety; Ohio, forty-five, and Massa-
chusetts, New Jersey, Georgia and North and South Caro-
lina each over 100 years, in reaching the present popula-
tion of Kansas. Even the marvelous growth of the great
States of the West has been surpassed by that of Kansas.
Illinois was organized as a Territory in 1810, and thirty

EVENTS OF THE DECADE. 161

years later had onlj^ 691,392 inhabitants, or not much more
than one-half the present pepulatiou of this State. Indiana
was organized in 1800, and sixty years later had a popula-
tion of only 1,350,428. Iowa was organized as a Territory
in 1838, and had, at that date, a population of nearly
40,000. In 1870 it had only 1,194,020 inhabitants. Mis-
souri was organized in 1812, with a population of over
40,000, and fifty years later had only 1,182,012. Michigan
and Wisconsin, after fifty years of growth, did not have as
many people as Kansas has to-day; and Texas, admitted
into the Union in 1845, with a population of 150,000, had,
thirty-five years later, only 815,579 inhabitants."

250. Census of 1880. — The United States census of
June, 1880, gave Kansas a population of 996,616. The
State census of March, 1885, reported the increased figures
1,268,562.

251. Election of 1880.— The State officers elected in
1880 were John P. St. John, Governor; D. W. Finney,
Lieutenant-Governor; James Smith, Secretary of State;
P. I. Bonebrake, Auditor; W. A. Johnston, Attorney-
General; H. C. Speer, Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion; D. M. Valentine, Associate Justice; John A. Ander-
son, Dudley C. Haskell and Thomas Ryan were re-elected
to Congress.

252. Death of Alfred Gray.— In the death of Alfred
Gray, who passed away on the 23d of January, 1880,
Kansas lost a most valuable citizen, who greatly added to
her honest fame. Born at Evans, Erie county, N. Y.,
December 5, 1830, he worked as a boy on a farm, and later
embarked as a sailor on Lake Erie. After rising to the
rank of first mate he came ashore, turned his mind to study

162 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

and books, and finally became a practicing lawyer in Buffalo,
N. Y. He abandoned excellent professional prospects to
become, in 1855, a farmer in Wyandotte county, Kansas
Territory. He took part in politics and war, and was chief
clerk of the last Territorial Legislature, and rose to the
rank of Division Quarter-Master in the Union army. It
was in 1866 that Alfred Gray began his career of usefulness
to the State. In that year he was elected a director of the
State Agricultural Society. From this society grew the
State Board of Agriculture, with Mr. Gray as its secre-
tary, and the system of biennial reports which he pre-
pared for years, and which have always been regarded as
authority on Kansas agriculture, industries and resources,
throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe. Mr.
Gray's services to Kansas in connection with the Centennial
Exhibition of 1876 were beyond price. He died the Victim
• of overwork. His memory is preserved by a public monu-
ment, and in the name of Gray county.

Through the years 1880 to 1885, the coming settler was
the main feature of the Kansas landscape. In 1881 it was
reported that 10,762,353 acres of land had already been
homesteaded in Kansas. There was in these years a reac-
tion against the indiscriminate and wholesale granting of
public lands to corporations; a disposition on the part of
the State to recover its own, and to overhaul the titles to
lands claimed and occupied by the great companies.

253. Osag-e Lands.— In March, 1880, the passage of
Congressman Ryan's Indian Trust Land Bill opened the whole
Kaw reserve to settlers. Bills for the relief of settlers on the
"Osage Ceded," and other lands, ))ecame more frequent than
measures for increasing the landed area of corporate owners.

EVENTS OF THE DECADE. 163

It was Oil May 27, 1869, that the Osage Indians made a
treaty, selling their lands to the Leavenworth, Lawrence and
Galveston Railroad Company, to the amount of 8,000,000
acres. The settlers, many of whom had located on these
lands prior to this sale, held great meetings at Osage
Mission, Parsons, and other points, and commenced agita-
tion. On the 19th of January, 1874, the Attorney- General
of the United States issued an order to the United States
District Attorney of Kansas to bring suit to test the validity
of patents issued to railroad companies for any part of the
Osage ceded lands. The case was argued in the United
States Circuit Court at Leavenworth, in June, 1874, and in
August decided for the settlers by Judges Miller and Dillon.
In April, 1876, the United States Supreme Court decided
the case for the settlers. After seven years or more of
waiting and anxiety, the settlers indulged in great rejoicing.

SUMMARY.

1. The cattle trade becomes a factor of Kansas commerce.

2. John J. IngalLs re-elected United States Senator in 1879.

3. Prohibition amendment adopted in 1880.

4. The raih-oad system is greatly extended.

5. The counties of Rice, Barber, Ford, Ness and Comanche were

organized in 1872.

6. The American Pomological Society awards the highest medal

to Kansas fruit,

7. Edward Everett Hale attends the celebration, at Lawrence, of

25th anniversary of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

8. The first ten years of Kansas history a prophecy of future

greatness.

9. John P. St. John re-elected Governor in 1880.

10. The Osage ceded lands opened for settlement in March, 1880.

^rif

CHAPTER XXV.

AFTER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS.

254. Death of Famous Men.— On the 27th of July,
1881, General James G. Blunt died in Washington City.
He was the only Kansas officer who attained the rank of
Major- General in the war for the Union. He was born in
Maine, and was in his early life a sailor. Prior to the com-
ing of the great war he was a country doctor in Kansas.
He was a bold and hardy soldier, and distinguished himself
at the battle of Prairie Grove, where he reinforced General
Herron at the critical time, and fought an overwhelming
force till darkness shut down on a field on which lay 4,000
dead, and wounded men. In the campaign against General
Sterling Price, in October, 1864, he fought, with a little
force of cavalry, the Eleventh and Fifteenth Kansas, and
the First Colorado, an advancing army of 28,000 men, and
held on for three days till reinforcements came, and the
border was saved.

General Robert B. Mitchell died in Washington City on
the 26th of January, 1882. He commanded the Second
Kansas at Wilson's creek, and was wounded there. Within
a month, Martin F. Conway, First Representative in Con-
gress of the State of Kansas, died, also in Washington.
General George W. Deitzler, of the First Kansas, at Wilson's
creek, died at Tucson, Ariz., in January, 1884. Colonel
Charles R. Jennison died in Leavenworth, June, 1884.
1G4

AFTER TWENTY-FIVE YEAES. 165

Thus passed away, within a brief time, five Kansans of the
brave days, and but one at home.

255. Quarter Centennial. — Kansas, a quarter of a cen-
tury after, was not forgetful, but remindful. The Quarter
Centennial of the admission was observed at Topeka, Janu-
ary 29, 1886, by an "all day" meeting of three sessions,
presided over respectively by Governor John A. Martin,
Charles Robinson, First Governor of Kansas, and Colonel
D. R. Anthony, President of the State Historical Society.

256. Reunion at Kansas City. — There was a reunion
at Kansas City, Kan., July 29, 1882, of the surviving
members of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention. At
this first meeting of the constitution builders since their
adjournment in 1859, it was discovered that but twenty-
nine were living, but nineteen still residents of Kansas,
and but ten were present. The proceedings were of the
highest interest, and a permanent asso-
ciation was formed.

257. Electionof 1882.— InNovem- f||^<^
ber, 1882, occurred the election of George
W. Glick as Governor, D. W. Finney,
Lieutenant-Governor; James Smith,
Secretary of State; W. A. Johnston,
Attorney- General; David J. Brewer,
Associate Justice ; H. C. Speer, Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction ; Samuel Governor George W. Click.

T. Howe was elected as Treasurer, and E. P. McCabe,
Auditor. The entire congressional delegation was re-
elected, andE. N. Morrill, B. W. Perkins, Lewis Hanback
and S. R. Peters were elected members at large.

166

HISTOEY OF KANSAS.

The Legislature of 1883 re-elected Preston B. Plumb
United States Senator, and elected T. D wight Thacher for
a second term as State Printer.

258. Kansas Aids the Suffering". — Kansas having,
in her earlier and dryer days, freely

jgjplh^ received, has in her more prosperous

f ^ years freely given. A destructive flood

' ^ ?*==* " prevailing in the Ohio valley in the

spring of 1884, a train of thirty-one
cars, loaded with corn by Sedgwick
county farmers, was dispatched from
Wichita. The cars were decked with
flags and banners gay, and contained
T. Dwight Thacher. ^^^400 bushcls, which brought $8,500 at
Cincinnati. The Sedgwick county train was followed by
the Butler county train, thirty cars of 400 bushels each,
which sold for $8,000. A G. A. R. Post at Fort Scott
shipped a load of corn to Richmond, Va., in aid of a Con-
federate Home. This was well done, but Kansas did not
miss a little corn more or less. The corn crop of 1885,
which was not a remarkable corn year, was estimated to be
worth more money than the entire gold and silver product
of Colorado, California and Nevada.

259. Kansas Day. — It became evident with the growth
of the State that the feeling of State pride pervaded its
older and younger population. The observance of the 29th
of January as "Kansas Day" became, in the early 80' s, a
custom in the schools of the State. In 1882 the observ-
ances in the public schools of Wichita and Junction City
were matters of State remark, and since that time the
"Kansas Day" celebration has become well nigh universal.

AFTER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS.

167

On "Kansas Day" elaborate programmes are prepared,
essays are read on various periods in the history of Kansas ;
Kansas songs are sung, Kansas poems recited, the favorites
being the "songs of freedom," with which, in the early and
doubtful days, Whittier, Lowell, Bryant and others were
inspired, and the verses, ranging from "grave to gay,"
descriptive of the Kansas earth and sky and life, which
have been evoked from Kansas writers. On these festive
occasions the walls are decorated with the national colors;
the motto of the State in evergreen letters, and everywhere
the sunflower.

260. Kansas Sunflower. — Without any statutory pro-
vision or formal adoption as the "State flower," there
came aljout through the "vox populi" the selection of the
sunflower as the emblem, and the "Sunflower State" as the

ifl<

familiar and household name of Kansas,
a pioneer in Kansas, coming with the
first breaking of the soil by the passing
wheel or other disturbing agency. The
"flower" sprang up on either side of the
Santa Fe trail for 800 miles. The sun-
flower comes wherever in Kansas man
comes to sow or reap, and marks the
. time and place, and if the claim is aban-
doned, the sunflower grows within the

roofless walls of sod. The sunflower is Governor John a. Martin.

the badge worn by Kansans on great occasions at home and

abroad.
^^^261. Election of 1884.— In 1884 John A. Martin was
' chosen Governor; A. P. Riddle, Lieutenant-Governor;

E. B. Allen, Secretary of State; E. P. McCabe, Auditor;

168 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Samuel T. Howe, Treasurer; S. B. Bradford, Attorney-
General; J. H. Lawhead, Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion; A. H. Horton, Chief Justice; W. A. Johnston,
Associate Justice. At this election J. A. Anderson, E. H.
Funston, Thomas Ryan, E. N. Morrill, B. W. Perkins,
Lewis Hanback, and Samuel R. Peters were elected to
Congress.

262. State Institutions.— Between the years 1880 and
1890 many additions were made to the number of State
institutions. In 1881 the State Asylum for Imbeciles was
established at Lawrence, and in 1886 was removed to
Winfleld.

The twenty- first session of the Kansas Legislature, which
assembled in January, 1885, was famous for the number of acts
and measures adopted. This Legislature re-elected John J.
Ingalls United States Senator, and re-elected T. Dwight
Thacher, State Printer. The Soldiers' Orphans' Home was
located at Atchison in 1885 and opened in 1887. The State
Reform School for Girls, at Beloit, began its work in 1889.
In the same year the State Soldiers' Home was established
near Dodge City, the United States granting the ground
and buildings at old Fort Dodge for the purpose. The
State Reformatory was located at Hutchinson, in 1886,
though not ready for the reception of inmates until 1895,
On the 15th of September, 1884, the Haskell Institute was
opened by the United States Government at Lawrence, with
twenty-three students, and has since taken a first rank among
the schools maintained by the Government for the education
of the Indians. It received its name in honor of Dudley
Chase Haskell, who died December 16, 1883, a representa-
tive of Kansas in the Congress of the United States. The

AFTER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS. 169

western branch of the United States Soldiers' Home was
located three miles below Leavenworth, in 1884. It has
grown in buildings, appointments, and number of inmates
to be one of the most important military asylums in the
country. Its management and the measure of its success
are matters of deep interest to the people of Kansas.

263. Kansas at New Orleans. — Kansas, at the New
Orleans Exposition, took first prizes on wheat, corn, flour,
sorghum, sugar, apples, and cattle; sixtj^-five first and
second prizes, leading every State in the Union.

264. Soldier Census.— The Legislature of 1885 made
provision for a census of the soldier population of the State.
It was discovered that not far from 100,000 Kansans had
been enrolled in the army of the Nation. Soldiers' reunions
became the most popular festivals.

265^ 'National Cemetery.— The National Cemetery at
Fort Leavenworth was dedicated May 30, 1886, with mili-
tary pomp and splendor.

266. Financial Speculation.— The decade, 1880tol890,
was a fairly prosperous period for Kansas, but not, perhaps,
so steady and unbroken in its advance as 1870-1880. There
was in the first five years a general prosperity which led up
to a "boom" in the larger towns and cities, and smaller
towns as well, for which, when it was over, there seemed to be
no reasonable explanation. Extensive additions, spreading
over a great area, extending in some instances miles from
the business centres of the towns and cities, were laid out;
real estate was held and sold at stupendous prices. Bonds
were profusely issued for all sorts of municipal improve-
ments. Waterworks were voted where the natural supply

170 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

of water was hardly appreciable, and hydrants arose amid
the prairie grass at immense distances from human habita-
tions. In cities of the minor class, massive and imposing
business blocks were erected worthy of the solid and long
established commercial centres of the country. In the
course of twelve months, extending into 1886, ninety-four
new towns were chartered. In ten months of the year 1886
453 railroad charters were filed in the office of the Secretary
of State, and by the end of the year 1,520 additional miles
of railroad track had been laid and Kansas led the States.
Railroad bonds were voted almost every day in towns, cities
and counties.

267. Captain Payne and Oklahoma.— In 1880, Cap-
tain David L. Payne appeared as the original "Oklahoma
boomer." Captain Payne was an old-time and well-known
citizen of Kansas. He had settled in Doniphan county in
1858. He enlisted early in the war, and served three years
as a private soldier in the Tenth Kansas Volunteers, and
subsequently was commissioned a captain in the Eighteenth
Kansas Cavalry to* serve against the Indians; he later joined
the Nineteenth Kansas Cavalry and took part in General
Sheridan's campaign against the savages in 1868. Captain
Payne was elected a member of the Kansas Legislature from
Doniphan county in 1865 ; was Postmaster at Fort Leaven-
worth in 1867, and was chosen a member of the Kansas
House from Sedgwick county (where he had established
"Payne's Ranch" in 1870), in the session of 1872. In 1879,
while an employe of the Government in Washington, he
made the discovery, as he believed, that the lands in the
western part of the Indian Territory which had been ceded
by the Creeks to the Government for occupation by other'

AFTER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS. 171

civilized tribes, and by the freedmen, formerly slaves in the
Territory, but had not been so occupied, belonged to the
public lands of the United States, and subject to entry
under the public land laws. Beginning in 1880, parties of
"boomers," as they came to be called, marched into the
coveted Territory on an average about twice a year under-
the command of Captain Payne. They were as often
arrested and turned out by the United States troops, and
held to appear in . the United States courts, but nothing
suppressed the boomers, and the name of their chief and his
portrait, as a far-famed western scout, adorned all the walls.
On the 28th of November, 1884, David L. Payne dropped
dead of heart disease at Wellington, Kan. But his work
prospered in the hands of Captain Couch and other lieuten-
ants, the agitation was transferred to Congress, and the
opening became first a probability and then a certainty.

268. Railroad Strike.— In March, 1886, began, on the
line of the Missouri Pacific Railway in Missouri and Kan-
sas, the most extensive strike in the history of railroads in
those States. The men in the operative department of the
road left work at Sedalia on the 6th of March, and thence the
strike spread to all the centres of extensive railroad employ-
ment, as Wyandotte, Atchison and Parsons. On the 30th
of March, thirty engines were disabled at Atchison. On
the 24th of April, a freight train was wrecked at Wyan-
dotte, and the engineer and fireman were killed. Governor
Martin held consultations with Governor Marmaduke of
Missouri, endeavored to bring about an arrangement
between the striking men and the railroad companies, and
had great hopes of success, but, in consequence of the
disturbed conditions at Parsons, ordered Colonel L. L.

172 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Patrick, of the First Kansas Militia, to call out companies
from Olathe, Humboldt, Columbus, Girard, Ottawa, Fort
Scott and Garnett. The strike was declared off and ended
in the last of April. It caused much suffering, both to the
working people and the general public. It was apparently
under the direction of a man named Martin Irons, who disap-
peared from the control of affairs after the strike was over.
The original cause was the discharge from employment
of a foreman in the Missouri Pacific car shops, at Marshall,
Tex.

269. Amos A. Lawrence. — The announcement of the
death, at Nahant, Mass., of Amos A. Lawrence, was received
with unusual tokens of respect at Lawrence, a city named
in his honor. Mr. Lawrence was one of the organizers of
the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Society. His name was
given to the new Free Soil settlement in the autumn of
1854. In 1856, at a meeting held in Lawrence to institute
a university, Mr. Lawrence was chosen a trustee. A gift
of $10,000 in notes by Mr. Lawrence for educational pur-
poses, and which was turned over to the Kansas State
University on its location at Lawrence, was the first endow-
ment of the institution.

Amos Lawrence was regarded, in a sense, as the father
of Lawrence and of the University. The manufacturing
city of Lawrence, Mass., was also named in his honor, and
he was the founder of Lawrence University at Appleton,
Wis.

270. Election of 1886. In November, 1886, John A.
Martin was re-elected Governor; A. P. Riddle, Lieutenant-
Governor; E. B. Allen, Secretary of State; S. B. Bradford,
Attorney- General; J. H. Lawhead, Superintendent of Public

AFTER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS. 173

Instruction; D. M. Valentine was elected Associate Justice;
J. W. Hamilton, Treasurer, and Timothy McCarthy, Auditor;
Congressmen Morrill, Anderson, Funston, Perkins, Ryan
and Peters were re-elected, and E. J. Turner was elected
from the Sixth District.

SUMMARY.

1. Death ravages the ranks of the old soldiers and pioneers of

Kansas.

2. The Quarter-Centennial of the admission of Kansas is cele-

brated at Topeka.

3. A reunion of the surviving members of the Wyandotte Consti-

tutional Convention is held at Kansas City, Kan.

4. In 1882, Geoi'ge W. Glick was elected Governor.

5. Kansas extended aid to suiiferers by flood in the Ohio valley.

6. "Kansas Day" is generally observed by the schools, and the

sunflower is adopted as the State emblem.

7. John A. Martin was elected Governor in 1884.

8. To. the list of State institutions were added, during the years

1880-1890, the Asylum for Imbeciles, the State Soldiers'
Home, the Reform School for Girls, the Soldiers' Orphans'
Home, and the State Reformatory. The United States
established the National Soldiers' Home and Haskell Insti-
tute.

^ CHAPTER XXVI.

THE HAPPENINGS OF 1887.

271. Governor Martin's Opinion on Indebtedness.—

Governor John A. Martin, on the opening- of the Legislature
of 1887, took occasion to remark in his message: "The
steady and enormous growth of bonded indebtedness amply
justifies alarm. It seems to me that in view of the facts and
figures presented, it is the imperative duty of the Legisla-
ture to repeal at ouce every law authorizing the creation of
municipal indebtedness for any purpose whatever, except,
perhaps, the building of schoolhouses."

272. Speculation.— On the 1st of January, 1887, the
great Kansas "boom" was booming, and it continued for
many mouths. On that date it was announced that the
manufactures of Wichita, the past year, had yielded $570,000;
the amount paid in mercantile salaries had reached
$1,910,180; her bank clearings were $18,870,598; the whole-
sale trade was $15,076,000; the real estate sales $16,793,527.
The list of real estate sales made a newspaper column a
day. Later in the season ninety-five acres of laud near
Wyandotte were sold for $450,000.

273. Improvements. — In Topeka, in the year 1887,
2,500 houses were erected, and $1,000,000 were devoted to
public improvements. Eighty-one newspapers were started
in a year. Natural gas was struck at Fort Scott, and many
other points, and Paola indulged in a great celebration.

174

THE HAPPENINGS OF 1887. 175

The "Santa Fe," the Missouri Pacific and Rock Ishind
built through and through the State.

274. State Building's Remodeled. — "Syndicates" were
organized to deal in real estate in many of the towns, and
waterworks and electric light plants and street railways
became numerous. During the "boom" period, the State
fully kept up with the general and public desire for improve-
ment. In that time the State University added to its build-
ings "Snow Hall of Natural History," costing $50,000.
The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb erected three build-
ings costing $82,000. The Asylum for Idiotic and Imbecile
Youth, at Winfield, completed a new building at a cost of
$25,000. On the two insane asylums at Osawatomie and
Topeka, in the four years closing with the year 1888, there
were expended $353,000.

The State Capitol, begun in 1866, grew apace. The old
east wing was remodeled at a cost of $140,000. In 1879
the west wing was begun, and occupied in 1881, and com-
pleted in 1882. Work was begun on the central building
in 1881, and still continues. A contract was let for a new
wing of the State Normal School building at Emporia. The
substantial completion of a building for a State Reformatory,
at Hutchinson, was announced, but some years were to
elapse before its occupation. The State continued its
interest in tree culture, and established a forestry station
near Fort Dodge.

275. State Reformatory .—The idea of a State Reforma-
tory was suggested to the Kansas State Board of Charities
by the celebrated Reformatory at Elmira, N. Y. The aim
and object of the institution being the reformation rather than
the punishment of youthful criminals between the ages of

176 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

sixteen and tweuty-flve; boys under the limit of age being
sent to the State Reform Sehool at Topeka. The system at
the Reformatory implies a graded course of treatment, the
condition and comfort of the prisoner being made depend-
ent on his conduct.
L/ 276. Educational Institutions. — The schools and
other public institutions of the State were remembered by
communities and by individuals. The library of the
Soldiers' Home was enlarged by 2,000 volumes, collected
for it before his death by Henry Ward Beecher. The
Catholic building and grounds at Atchison are valued at
$500,000. On the 5th of April, 1887, the Kansas Wesleyan
University at Salina was dedicated.

In March, ground was broken at Sterling for the
Cooper Memorial College. In July Bethany College,
at Lindsborg, announced the completion of a new and
splendid building. A German Baptist (Dunkard) Col-
lege was located at McPherson. The Hiawatha Academy
at Hiawatha was established. The Central Normal Col-
lege of Great Bend was established by Professor Wm.
Stryker.

Bethel College, located at Newton, is one of two Menno-
nite colleges in the United States. St. John's Military
School at Salina, a school for boys, under the control of
the Episcopal Church, was established in 1887.

The older and later educational institutions of the State,
as Baker University, Highland Academy, Ottawa University,
the College of Emporia, Midland College at Atchison,
Southwest Kansas College at Winfield, Fairmount College
at Wichita, St. John's Lutheran College at Winfield, and
many others, felt the impetus of this period.

THE HAPPENINGS OF 1887. 177

277. Inaug-uration Ceremonies. — On the 20th of
January, 1887, oecniTed the second inauguration of Gover-
nor Martin. The ceremonies were attended by Governors
Robinson, Carney, Osborn, Anthony and St. John. Gover-
nors Glick, Crawford and Harvey were absent.

278. Extension of Suffrag-e.— The Kansas Senate, on
the 28th of January, 1887, and the House, on the 11th of
February, passed the municipal suffrage bill, which con-
ferred on women in Kansas at school, bond and municipal
elections, the same right to vote possessed by men. The
bill received the signature of Governor Martin on the 14th
of February. About 26,000 women voted at the following
spring election, and Mrs. Medora Salter was elected Mayor
of Argonia, perhaps the first woman in the world to hold
the office.

279. Labor Leg"islation. — The Legislature, which
adjourned on the 5th of March, legislated in regard to the
arbitration of labor controversies, limited the amount of
bonds to be issued to railroads, and submitted two amend-
ments to the State Constitution ; one to strike out the word
"white," and one "concerning the purchase, enjoyment
and descent of property." Clifford C. Baker was elected
State Printer.

iTl 280. Centre of Population.— The centre of population
of tl:^e State, which in 1865 was in the western part of
Douglas County, was announced to be, in 1887, in the
northwest part of Marion County.

In the year 1887, 812 schoolhouses were built in Kansas.

281. Mrs. Northrup's Gift. — It was made known,
through the Historical Society, that by a contribution of
.$1,000 by Mrs. Margaret Northrup, of Brooklyn, N. Y., a

178 HISTOEY OF KANSAS.

pew for citizens of Kansas had been secured forever in the
Metropolitan M. E. Church, in Washington, D. C.

The largest individual land owner in Kansas is said to be
Mr. James P. Pomeroy, of Atchison, who owns 60,000 acres.

282. Explosion Near Fort Scott. — An explosion on
the 25th of January, on a Missouri Pacific train near Fort
Scott, caused probably the loudest and most frightful
noise ever known in Kansas. Two hundred cases of giant
powder exploded at a single blast. But one man, a brake-
man, was killed, but houses were shaken throughout Bour-
bon county, window panes were broken in Nevada, Mo.,
twenty-five miles distant, and $10,000 worth of plate and
other glass was destroj^ed in Fort Scott.

283. Remarkable Fossil Discovery. — Mr. S. S. Hand
sent to Chancellor Snow, of the State University, a fossil
fish, found in Hamilton county ^ and Professor Snow wrote:
"My view about your fine fish is, that it lived and died
when what is now Hamilton county, Kan., more than 3,000
feet above the present sea level, was under the salt water
ocean. Remains of fishes, sharks and great sea monsters
are found abundantly in the rocks of Western Kansas,
especially along the banks of the Smoky Hill river and its
branches. In fact, the ocean covered the entire western
portion of the United States. The Rocky Mountains were
not upheaved when your fish lived and died."

Kansas is an attractive field for the labors of the paleon-
tologist, especially in the Niobrara formation in Rooks,
Ellis and Trego counties. Of the thirteen fossilized birds
of the North American continent and Europe, catalogued
in 1873, seven species were found in Kansas. Of saurians,
or lizards, thirty-one are found in the small strip of the

THE HAPPENINGS OF 1887. 179

Niobrara in Kansas to four in all of Europe. In the ocean
which covered what is now Kansas, sharks swam numer-
ously, as many as three hundred of their teeth having been
found in a space of thirty inches square. The fossil beds
of Kansas have been intelligently and diligently searched
for many years, and invaluable specimens have been pre-
served in the collections of the State University and other
Kansas institutions of learning, and of Yale University,
where they have attracted the attention of the scientists of
the world.

SUMMARY.

1. Governor Martin advised the repeal of laws authorizing' the

creation of municipal indebtedness.

2. In 1887 the "Kansas Boom" was at its highest.

3. Snow Hall was built, the State Reformatory was completed,

new buildings were added to the Deaf and Dumb Asylum
and the Imbecile Asylum ; State Capitol remodeled.

4. Large number of colleges established and 812 schoolhouses

were built.
5.' On February 14, 1888, the municipal suffrage bill became a law.
(). Two amendments to the Constitution were submitted.
7. The center of population was announced to be in Marion county.

CHAPTER XXVII.

A PROSPEROUS YEAR.

284. Recovery.— The year 1888 was a year of recovery,
in au agricultural sense, from the disasters of 1887, a year
of di'ought in Kansas and throughout the Western States.
These periods of recovery have often been noticed in Kansas
history. The "bad years" in the first thirty years of
Kansas, viz., 1860, 1868, 1870, 1874, and 1887 were followed
by seasons of uncommon fruitfulness.

285. Mexican Pilg-rimag'e.— The passage through the
State, by rail, of a party of 250 Mexican people on a pil-
grimage to Rome, was a reminder of the changed order of
travel and transportation. Such pilgrimages had not been
unknown in Mexico before, but had been undertaken entirely
by sea from Mexican ports. These pilgrims recognized the
opening of a great continental route through the United
States via Kansas, eating, drinking, sleeping, and assembling
in the cars for their devotions as they journeyed.

286. Disappearance of the Buffalo.— It was announced
that the last buffalo remaining in Kansas was sold by Mr.
C.J. Jones to a party in New York, and was to leave the
State. The event created but a sentimental regret. The
disappearance of the buffalo, which existed in Kansas in
such numbers, even after the settlement of the State had
begun, as to delay the passage of railroad trains, was
regarded like the vanishing of the Indian, as inevitable and

180

A PROSPEKOUS YEAR. 181

not to be deplored. The buifalo served a purpose in earliest
days by furnishing his meat, hide and bones for the tem-
porary uses of the pioneer, but the latter found no difficulty
in subsisting without them after the supply was withdrawn .
Much more of a loss than the buffalo himself was that of
the buffalo grass, which formed the pasturage of countless
thousands of these animals both winter and summer. This
began to give way to a coarser and less nutritious herbage
with the disappearance of the tramping herds. On the other
hand, it was claimed by competent observers that the earth
became more absorptive of moisture and responsive to cul-
tivation. The disappearance ^ of the buffalo wallow, the
prairie dog town, and the botanic family of the cacti, marked
the surrender of the land to fertility and civilization.

287. Death of Judg-e Samuel D. Lecompte.— In April,
1888, died in Kansas City, Mo., Judge Samuel D. Lecompte,
first Chief Justice of Kansas Territory, appointed by Presi-
dent Pierce, in 1854. Judge Lecompte 's name was promi-
nent in the angry discussions of that troubled time, yet he
lived in peace in Kansas for many years afterward, in the
midst of the quieted disputants, and died at the age of
seventy-four.

288. Thomas Carney.— On the 30th of July, Thomas
(-arney, second Covernor of Kansas, and the first to fall
out of the line of Kansas chief magistrates, was buried in
honor at his long-time home, Leavenworth. Governor
Carney was born in Delaware county, Ohio, August 20,
1827. He came to Leavenworth in 1858 and became imme-
diately engaged in extensive mercantile business. He was
elected Governor in 1862, in the midst of the Civil War,
and was one of the Kansas "War Governors. ' ' At a critical

182 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

period in the financial history of the State he pledged his
private fortune to preserve the pnblic credit.
' 289. Stevens County Difficulties.— In Jnly, 1888,
Governor Martin issued his proclamation organizing the
county of Greeley, with Tribune as the county seat. This
completed the organization of Kansas counties, 106 in all.
Subsequently, the county of Garfield was attached to Finney
county, and the number reduced to 105.

In the last days of July, information reached Topeka that
the troubles in Stevens county had again broken out in an
aggravated form. Brigadier- General Myers and Attorne}-
General Bradford were sent to the county and learned that
Sheriff Cross, of Stevens county, and a party of four men
belonging to the Woodsdale faction, had gone over into the
section known as No- Man's Land, and coming to the camp
of some parties making hay, had asked permission to lie
down and sleep. While thus reposing, they were surprised
by a party of fourteen men from Hugoton — Woodsdale and
Hugoton being rival towns — and Sheriff Cross and three of
his men were killed and a fourth wounded.

290. Militia to Preserve Order.— The county was
found in a State of great excitement, and the Second Regi-
ment of Kansas militia was ordered to the county to pre-
serve order.

Six men were arrested at Hugoton by the United States
Marshal, who accompanied the troops, on complaint of
Samuel N. Wood, and arraigned before the United States
Commissioner, at Topeka, and released on bail. It was
decided that No-Man's Land was not within the jurisdic-
tion of Kansas, and they were subsequently brought to trial
at Paris, Tex.

A PROSPEROUS YEAR. 183

291. Effects of Stevens County War.— The "Stev-
ens county war," which was destined to have other evil
effects, caused much indignation and disgust throughout
the States. "County seat fights" with accompaniments of
fraud and violence, had not been unknown in Kansas, but
that the contentions' of rival villages should be carried to
the point of murder, and necessitate the interference of the
arm of the State, was felt to be a great hardship and disgrace.

292. Haskell Institute.— In September, 1888, Gover-
nor Charles Robinson resigned the Superintendency of the
Haskell Institute, at Lawrence, which, under his care, had
attained a high state of efficiency. Additions were made
to the institution, increasing its capacity by 300 more
students.

293. Natural Resources. — The search for gas and
other natural resources continued. Professor Robert Hay
estimated, in October, 1888, that $150,000 had been
expended in the various borings for coal, oil and gas. At
some points the search proved successful. In September,
natural gas was used for lighting and heating the State

■Insane Asylum at Osawatomie. A mill at Humboldt uses
gas for fuel, and the boundaries of the natural gas belt in
the State began to be defined.

In 1888 the first salt was made at Kingman, and it was
claimed that it would require ten years to exhaust an acre
of the natural rock salt supply at Hutchinson. One natural
resource after another was discovered, claimed or developed;
soapstone here, gypsum there. Atone place it was reported
that in boring for gas, coal and oil had been discovered.

294. Mine Disaster.— On the 19th of November, hap-
pened in Cherokee county, the most fatal mine disaster in

184 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

the history of Kansas. On the morning of that day 164
miners were lowered in Frontenac mine, No. 2, of the Santa
Fe Coal Company. At the noon intermission, the shots
were fired in safety, and the miners descended for their
afternoon work. At half past five, arrangements had been
made for firing, but before a man had been hoisted there
came a frightful explosion. At first it was believed that
no one had escaped, but the final count placed the loss of
lives at thirty-nine, with a large number of burned and
wounded. The explosion was deemed by the miners the
result of carelessness or incompetence on the part of the
State Mine Inspector, and a large convention of miners
demanded his removal.

295. Rev. Innocent Wolf an Arch Abbot.— The Right
Rev. Innocent Wolf, of Atchison, was raised to the position
of Arch Abbot of the Benedictine Order in the United States.
This Order is one of the oldest and most powerful of the
religious orders in the Catholic church, and its establish-
ment in Kansas one of the most important in the United
States.

296. Railroads in 1888.— In 1888 it was noted that
the present system of railroads in Kansas would make
twenty lines running parallel the length of the State. The
State is 400 miles long, and there are 8,000 miles of railroad.
Perhaps it was in view of the extent of Kansas railroad
facilities that fewer railroad bonds were voted by Kansas,
in 1888, than in any previous year of its history.

297. State Industrial School. — The city of Beloit
secured, in January, 1888, the Industrial School for Girls,
established by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union,
donating to the institution eighty acres of land. It was

A PKOSPEROUS YEAR.

185

opened temporarily in February. The school became a
State institution by the action of the Legislature of 1889.

298. Ppohibition Law Streng-thened.— The Prohibi-
tion Law received additional judicial sanction by the affirma-
tion by the State Supreme Court of the constitutionality of
the Metropolitan Police Law.

299. Death of David Ware.— David Ware, for twenty-
six years janitor of the Kansas State House, died in Topeka,
in September, 1888. He was born a
slave in Missouri, and came to Kansas
during the war. He took charge of
the Capitol on its first occupation by
the State, and continued its custodian
to the close of his life. His fidelity
and honesty were unimpeachable. His
funeral was attended by the officers of
the State, and his character was made
the subject of eulogy by the Governor. ^*"'' ^^"'

300. Gift to the Kansas State Medical Society.—
Mrs. Jane Stormont, widow of Dr. D. W. Stormont, a
pioneer physician of Topeka, gave to the Kansas State
Medical Society $5,000, to be used in maintaining a library
of medical books in connection with the State Librar3^

301. Election of 1888.— In November, 1888, occurred
the National and State election. The vote of Kansas was
given to Benjamin Harrison, who received 182,356 votes
to 102,725 for Grover Cleveland. For Governor, Hum-
phrey, Republican, received 181,318 votes; Martin, Demo-
crat, 107,822; Elder, Union Labor, . 36,230; Botkiu,
Prohibitionist, 6,452; plurality for Humi)hrey, 72,405.

,!«

■^ n.

■".n*

^w.

-m

186

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

The State officers chosen in 1888 were L. U. Humphrey,
Governor; Andrew J. Felt, Lieutenant-Governor; William
Higgins, Secretary of State; J. W. Hamilton, Treasurer;
Timothy McCarthy, Auditor; L. B.
Kellogg, Attorney- General; George W.
Winans, Superintendent of Public In-
struction ; William A . Johnston , Associate
Justice of Supreme Court. The entire
Congressional delegation chosen in 1886
was re-elected in 1888. The Republicans
carried every county in the State for
President, and all the counties, save
Governor L. u. Humphrey. Lcavcuworth and ElHs, for Governor.

302. Relics.— The Historical Society's collection was
increased by some interesting relics of ancient Kansas.
From a mound near Lindsborg was obtained, by one of the
professors in Bethany College, a frag-
ment of Spanish chain mail, dating
back, perhaps, to Coronado; and from
a point on the Arkansas river, near
Garden City, a peace medal, bearing
on one side a medallion of President
Van Buren, and the words "Martin
Van Buren, President of the United
States, A. D. 1837." On the obverse,
a soldier's hand clasping the hand of
an Indian, over which are a tomahawk
and pipe crossed, and the words, "Peace
and Friendship." '''''" '''^''•

The piece of chain mail is interesting as being the only
trace or relic ever found within the limits of Kansas of

A PROSPEKOUS YEAE. 187

Spanish occupation. While the history of the country as
a civilized possession commonly begins with the march of
Coronado, and Spain declared sovereignty even after the
Spanish flag had been lowered at St. Louis on the cession
of Upper Louisiana, March 9, 1804, as Lieutenant Pike
found it flying at the Pawnee village in Kansas in September
1806, this bit of rusty armor is all remaining to show that
the Spanish arms were ever carried into the limits of Kansas.

SUMMARY.

1. The year 1888 marked a revived agricultural prosperity in

Kansas.

2. Judge Samuel D. Lecompte, First Chief Justice of the Terri-

tory, and Thomas Carney, died in the year.

3. County seat contests result in bloodshed— militia called out

to preserve order.

4. Governor Robinson resigned the Superintendency of Haskell

Institute.

5. Disastrous mine explosion in Cherokee county, resulting in

the loss of many lives.

6. The Industrial School for Girls established at Beloit.

7. David Ware, Janitor of the Capitol, died in Topeka.

8. Mrs. Jane Stormont gave $5,000 to State Medical Society.

9. Benjamin Harrison received the electoral vote of Kansas.

10. Lyman U. Humphrey elected Governor.

11. Valuable relics of Spanish and Indian occupation found.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

1889. — THE DEVELOPING RESOURCES.

303. Messag-es to the Leg-islature.— The Legislature
of 1889 assembled on the 8tli of January, and the House was
organized bj^ the choice of Captain Henry Booth as Speaker,
and H. L. Millard as Clerk. Governor John A. Martin
delivered to the Legislature a retiring, and Governor L. U.
Humphrey an inaugural, message. The attention of the
Legislature was especially directed to the condition of the
debtor classes, and the need of legislation in. their behalf.
Governor Martin called attention to the mortgage laws.
He said: "It should require something more than a mort-
gage to steal a man's farm. Our chattel mortgage laws
invite outrages on property rights, that are as flagrant as
grand larceny, and the wrong and injustice that has been
done under the shield of these laws has been a disgrace to
civilized government."

304. Leg-islative Acts.— On the 23d of January, 1889,
the joint session of the Legislature elected Preston B.
Plumb United States Senator from the State of Kansas, for
a third term, by a unanimous vote. Clifford C. Baker was
re-elected State Printer. The most noticeable acts of the
Legislature were the creation of the office of Commissioner
of Elections, to be appointed by the Governor in cities of
the first-class, for a term of four years; an Act authorizing
cities and townships to issue bonds and to subscribe stock

188

1889. — THE DEVELOPING RESOURCES. 189

for sugar manufactories; to increase the amount of bounty
to be paid on sugar manufactured in Kansas fi-om $15,000
to $40,000.

There was an Act, also, appropriating $36,000 for build-
ings for the G.A. R., at Ellsworth; an appropriation to
establish a State Soldiers' Home, whenever Congress shall
give one of the National Military reservations as a site
therefor. The Legislature also passed an Act, which went
into effect May 25, 1889, reducing the rate of interest by
contract from twelve to ten per cent, and the legal rate from
seven to six per cent.

305. Manufacture of Sug^ar. — The industry which
most engaged the energies of Kansas in 1889 was the
manufacture of sugar from the sorghum cane. For several
years the attempt to manufacture sugar at a profit from the
native cane had been carried on, and factories erected at
various points. The United States Agricultural Depart-
ment had been enlisted, and Government chemists aided in
the experiments. The result of a series of costly experi-
ments at Ottawa, Sterling, and other places, was the dis-
covery and admission that sugar could not be made from
the sorghum cane in paying quantity by the "roller" pro-
cess employed in the treatment of the true, or Louisiana
cane, but the showing of a series of trials at Fort Scott
was claimed as demonstrating the efficiency of the "diffu-
sion" process. The Legislature offered a bounty of two
cents a pound on sugar manufactured in the State, to the
amount of $15,000. This bounty was afterwards reduced
to three-quarters of a cent per pound, but the total amount
raised to $40,000. In 1889, sugar factories were built at
Ness City, Meade Center and Liberal, in addition to a large

190 HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

number already in existence. In September, 1889, Jeremiah
M. Rusk, United States Secretary of Agriculture, visited
Kansas, and published that the manufacture of sugar was
a success beyond his anticipations; that at Conway Springs
the product of sugar had reached twelve per cent, a profit
of ten per cent. The sugar crop of 1889. on which the
State bounty was paid amounted to 1,293,274 pounds, and
in 1890 to 1,371,930 pounds.

306. Bonds Voted. — Bonds were voted by municipali-
ties in aid of sugar mills and refineries. The aid proposed
reaching, in some instances, $100,000 in bonds. In thne,
however, a plan to bond a large number of southwestern
counties, by townships, was denounced as fraudulent, and
checked to a considerable extent further bond issues in aid
of the sugar manufacture. The manufacture was continued
for some years. In 1892 but two sugar mills, those at Medi-
cine Lodge and Fort Scott, received the State subsidy, the
product being 998,100 pounds of sugar. In the course of
events the Government and State aid was withdi-awn. A
very large amount of useful information was obtained in
regard to the nature and uses of the Chinese cane, and on
other points of interest, for which a good price was paid.

307. Salt Industry.— The salt making industry, which
had received a considerable impetus in 1887, and, in fact,
had been carried on to some extent from the beginning of
the settlement of the State, but which produced but 13,000
bushels in 1880, was enormously increased in 1889. Early
in the year. Senator Plumb made the statement that "the
development of the salt industry in Kansas has had the
effect of reducing the price of salt in the Mississippi valley
west of Kansas, twenty- five per cent, from the prices pre-

1889.— THE DEVELOPING EESOURCES. 191

vailing twelve months ago." In January, Wellington
organized its eighth salt company. Hutchinson already had
ten salt plants in operation, with more in course of con-
struction. McPherson had made a promising start, and
Kingman, Lyons, Anthony, Sterling, Great Bend, and other
points were engaged in the manufacture. The salt deposit
was reached at depths varying from 420 to 925 feet.

Mill at Junction City, Kan

308. Corn.— The year 1889 was the greatest ' 'corn year, ' '
so far, in the agricultural annals of the State, the figures
being 6,820,693 acres, with a yield of 273,988,321 bushels;
valued at $r)l,649,876.18; an average yield of 40.15 bushels
to the acre. This insjiired a Kansas writer to write of
Kansas (H)rn:

192 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

"Corn is the sign and seal of a good American agricul-
tural country. Corn is an American institution; one of the
discoveries of the continent. It is of the American West.
It reaches its best estate between the Alleghanies and the
Rockies. It was known by the Indians, and to cultivate it
was one of the few agricultural temptations which overcame
their proud and haughty contempt for labor.

"Corn is the test. A good country, in a farming sense,
is one that 'bri-ngs' good corn. If it will not do that, then
it may be a good country for something else, but it is not
an American farmer's country. It requires a long season,
plenty of rain, a thorough-going sun that attends to busi-
ness, but knows when to stop; a generous soil, and the
best elemental treatment from the warm, soft day on which
it is planted, till the 'frost is on the pumpkin and the
fodder's in the shock.' Hence, when you say that a given
region is a good corn country, you have said it will raise
anything that grows in the temperate zone.

"Corn makes the country and the people who live in it.
It fattens hogs and cattle, and so fine-haired people, who
live on cracked wheat and philosophy, claim that it has a
coarseness about it that imparts itself to the people who eat
it; but, for all that, it is the food of men who turn wilder-
nesses to fruitful fields, span continents, and fight great
battles.

Kansas has corn, and so is in luck. Scofi'ers and
ribalds talk about the Kansas man burning corn; and it is
one of the merits of corn that it makes a good fire, but the
Kansas man knows better than that. Everywhere in every
farmer's dooryard is to be seen a great pile of red and white
corn cobs, clean and bright, which l)urn like tinder. The

1889.— THE DEVELOPING RESOURCES. 193

corn sheller goes around like the threshing machine, and
shells the corn and piles up the cobs. The cob is a com-
mercial fact. At Sedan there is a factory that turns out
millions of cob pipes. The Kansas man can burn his cob
or he can smoke it."

309. Harbor Convention. — In response to a call by
Governor Humphrey, a convention of delegates from many
of the Western and Southern States assembled at Topeka,
October 1, 1889, to devise means for securing a deep-water
harbor on the coast of Texas. 600 delegates responded,
including Governor Thayer, of Nebraska, Governor Francis,
of Missouri, seven ex- Governors, nine Congressmen, an^
many other men of prominence. Fifteen States and Terri-
tories were represented. United States Senator Plumb
presided over the deliberations of the convention.

310. Women Officials.— In 1889 five towns elected
women Mayors: Argonia, Oskaloosa, Cottonwood Falls,
Rossville and Baldwin.

SUMMARY.

1. Governor Martin condemns the mortgage laws.

2. Preston B. Plumb was unanimously elected United States

Senator for a third term. The Legislature passed acts
authorizing cities and townships to issue bonds, and sub-
scribe stock for sugar manufactories; appropriated $30,000
for G. A. R. building; reduced rate of interest by contract
from ten per cent to six per cent.

3. The manufacture of sorghum sugar was vigorously carried on.

4. The salt industry became greatly augmented.

5. The yield of corn averaged 40.15 per acre; the total crop being

valued at $51,649,676.18.

6. Deep-water convention convened at Topeka, October 1, 1880.

7. Five towns elected women Mayors.

^^-

, CHAPTER XXIX.

KANSAS AND OKLAHOMA.

311. Opening" of Oklahoma.— In the early months of
1889 there was an evident increase in the interest felt in the
opening of Oklahoma to settlement; the so-called boomers
collected in large numbers, at points on the border, more
especially Ai-kansas City and Caldwell. The active mem-
bers of the boomer element continued to make raids into
Oklahoma, and were as often removed by the military.

The progress of the Bill before Congress to open up
Oklahoma for settlement, was followed with alternations of
hope and fear. At last the suspense was ended by the
proclamation of the President announcing the date of the
opening of Oklahoma, and the regulations under which the
1,800,000 acres of land were to be taken.

312. Preparation.— The principal points from which
the Strip was to be entered from Kansas were Caldwell,
Hunnewell and Arkansas City.

The Strip was filled with people, and the night before the
eventful day a line of camp fires shone from the Oklahoma
boundary to the Kansas line. Everything was planned in
advance. The Government functionaries were waiting in
the land offices in Oklahoma. The town sites had been
selected and named. Guthrie, destined to be the capital,
named in honor of a citizen of Kansas, had its thousands
of foreordained citizens, as did other town sites. In at least
194

KANSAS AND OKLAHOMA. 195

one instance there was an announced candidate for Mayor
of one of the future cities, the day before the "rush."

313. The Rush.— At noon, on the 22d of April, 1889,
at sound of bugle came the instantaneous occupation of
Oklahoma. The United States cavalrymen, drawn up in
front of the multitude of vehicles, crowded with people,
and a great host of horsemen, mounted for the most part
on wiry prairie ponies, moved forward, wheeled to the
right and left to clear the way, and the occupying wave,
made up, as was estimated along the border, of 40,000
human beings, swept into Oklahoma. There was a moment
of peril at the line, and then the mass opened out like a
fan, and all was safe. From Arkansas City six great rail-
road trains, carrying 6,000 people, moved in the evening
into the new country.

314. Effect on Kansas. — Kansas bore a great part in
the opening and occupation of the Territory. It was esti-
mated that the population of Kansas was diminished by
50,000. But Kansas is like the wondrous bush in the
wilderness of old, burning, but never consumed. In the
year 1889, which saw the opening of Oklahoma, half of
the public lands taken in the United States were located in
the States of Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota and Colorado. In
1888, the report of the Secretary of the Interior showed
that 1,550,235 acres had been patented in Kansas.

315. County Seat Difficulties. — In January, 1889,
the contention of Ingalls and Cimarron for the seat of
justice of Gray county, rendered the presence of troops
necessary. After three men had been killed, General
Murray Myers, of the State troops, visited the disturbed
locality. The controversy was finally ended by the order

196 HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

of the Supreme Court compelling the removal of the county
records to Cimarrou.

316. Monument of General Grant.— On the 17th of
September was unveiled at Fort Leavenworth the first
monument erected in memory of General Grant. The
statue is by Laredo Taft. George R. Peck delivered on
the occasion an impressive dedicatory addi^ess.

317. Kansas at the Paris Exposition. — Kansas was
represented at the Paris Exposition, and received a gold
medal for the best agricultural report exhibited; a silver
medal for the publications of the State Labor Department,
and honorable mention for the exhibits of the Douglas and
Conway Springs sugar manufactories.

318. John A. Martin.— On the 2d of October, 1889,
John A. Martin, Tenth Governor of Kansas, died at Atchi-
son. He came to Kansas from Pennsylvania, his native
State, in 1857, his eighteenth year, and soon became editor
and proprietor of the AtcMson Champion, and was dis-
tinguished as a Kansas journalist, statesman and soldier
from his early youth. He was Secretary of the Wyan-
dotte Constitutional Convention, and a member of the
first State, Senate. He served in the Civil War as Colonel
of the Eighth Kansas Volunteer Infantry, and com-
manded the First Brigade, Third Division, Fourth Army
Corps, and the Third Brigade, First Division, Twentieth
Army Corps. He was elected Governor in 1884, and again
in 1886. He was buried with military and civic honors
of the most imposing character in Mount Vernon ceme-
tery, Atchison.

Among the many positions of honor and usefulness occu-
pied by Governor Martin, was for years that of member

KANSAS AND OKLAHOMA.

197

and Vice-President of the Board of Managers of the National
Soldiers' Home. He was deeply interested in the Nation's
provision for the care of its veteran soldiers and his counsel
and effort was given to the establishment of the Western
Branch, which was located near Leavenworth, and has grown
to be one of the finest military asylums in the country or
the world.

SUMMARY.

1. The opening of Oklahoma on the 22d of April, 1889, is partici-

pated in by a great crowd of Kansas people.

2. The county seat fight in Gray county excites attention.

3. A monument to General Grant is unveiled at Fort Leavenworth.

4. Kansas is recognized at the Paris Exposition.

5. John A. Martin, tenth Governor of Kansas, dies at Atchison.

First Cathedral of Kansas.

CHAPTER XXX.

NEW POLITICAL FORCES.

319. Reunion of the First Supreme Court.— In 1890
began the fourth decade of the history of Kansas.

Early in the year 1890, the meeting- of the Kansas State
Bar Association was made the occasion of a reunion of the
original Supreme Court of the State, composed of Thomas
Ewing, Jr., as Chief Justice, and Samuel A. Kingman and
Lawrence D. Bailey, Associate Justices. All the surviving
judges who had been members of the court were present,
and recollections were revived of the first session of the
tribunal, held in an upper room of the "Gale Block," in
Topeka, in 1861. It was remembered that the court was
opened with prayer by Rev. Mr. Steele, of Topeka, and
also that there were no causes ready for hearing. A very
impressive address was delivered by ex-Chief Justice Ewing.

320. Grippe. — In January, 1890, Kansas was visited
for the first time by the disease since known as the grippe,
though at first spoken of as influenza, and said to have
been introduced from Russia. In Atchison, 1,000 cases
were reported.

321. Honorable David J. Brewer, Associate Jus-
tice. — On Januar}' 6, 1890, Honorable David J. Brewer
was sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
of the United States. Judge Brewer for years had occu-
pied the District and Supreme Court bench of Kansas, and

198

NEW POLITICAL FORCES.

199

Colonel A. S. Johnson.

his choice to the highest court of the nation was regarded
as an honor paid the State.

322. Retirement of Colonel A. S. Johnson.— The
land agents of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Raih-oad
Company held a social session in Topeka,
and presented Colonel A. S. Johnson,
the Land Commissioner of the company,
with a silver service on the occasion of
his retirement. It was regarded as the
signal of the withdrawal of the company
from the great land selling enterpris
carried on for nearly twenty years, and
which had disposed of an empire. The
system by which millions of acres passed
from the hands of the Government, and of a corporation,
into the possession and ownership of individuals, with
scarcely a trace of friction, was a business miracle.

It was announced, in 1890, that Kansas Division, Union
Pacific, was the only railroad companj^ having any portion
of its original grant for sale.

323. Reverend Nehemiah Green. — The Reverend
Nehemiah Green died at Manhattan, January 13, 1890.
Governor Green was a native of Ohio, born March 8, 1837.
He came to Douglas county, Kan., in 1855, but returned
to Ohio, where he entered the ministry of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, and also the Union army. In 1865 he
returned to Kansas, and in 1866 was elected Lieutenant-
Governor. He assumed the executive chair on the resigna-
tion of Governor Samuel J. Crawford, to take command of
the Nineteenth Kansas Cavalry, and served to the end of
the term.

200 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

324. The Farmers' Alliance.— The Farmers' Alliance,
which had attained prominence, in 1889, as a secret and
social organization composed of farmers, and devoted to the
interests of all agriculturists, and admitting to its member-
ship men and women, became, in 1890, an active political
force.

The impelling and controlling sentiment that led to the
organization of the Alliance, was the belief that in the con-
duct of government, and the making of laws, the farming,
and, indeed, the laboring classes, generally, had been
neglected or discriminated against. That capital was
allowed undue weight, that corporations were allowed full
sweep for unjust, avaricious and oppressive disposition, and
escaped their just burden of taxation; that the loaner of
money had all the advantage in his transactions with the
borrower; the mortgagee of the mortgagor; and that a
Government originally designed on the basis of the free-
dom and equality of all men, had become perverted, and
was conducted on the principle that "to him that hath shall
be given, and from him that hath not shall be taken even
that which he hath."

325. Measures Urg-ed. — The Farmers' Alliance urged
measures of relief for the debtor class; a stay law for a
period of two years; various measures for the benefit of
mortgagors, especially an overhauling of the provisions of
the chattel mortgage law; for the help of the shipper and
the passenger as against the railroad companies, who, it was
claimed, were deriving an exorbitant income from their
rates, at the expense of the public.

The Alliance asked for a law requiring land sold under
foreclosure to bring the amount of the judgment and costs;

. NEW POLITICAL FORCES. 201

a law that should make the Stat« Railroad Commissioners
elective by the people; that should make United States
Senators elective by the people, and various enactments and
regulations that should give the people the opportunity to
exercise their power directly, rather than by delegated
agents. Doubtless many members of the Alliance asked
more than this; none, it may be believed, demanded less.

The complaint of all might be summed up as too much
taxation; too much mortgage; too much reign of the rich;
too little consideration of the poor; too much debt. The
county indebtedness of Kansas had doubled in the ten years
between 1880 and 1890.

>'326. A New Party. — While there were some dis-
avowals of any intention on the part of the Alliance, separ-
ately'^ or collectively, to take action after the manner of a
political party, it was quite impossible that it should
happen otherwise. Many local Alliances declared their
intention to act together in support of certain political
tenets, and particularly in opposition to certain political
leaders of the old parties. A ' 'new party' ' seemed inevitable.

At a convention assembled at Topeka, June 12, 1890,
delegates representing the Farmers' Alliance, the Industrial
Union, the Patrons of Husbandry, the Knights of Labor,
the Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association, and the Single
Tax Clubs, organized the "People's Party", as it called
itself in the State of Kansas, or the Populist Party, as it
came to be popularly designated. Honorable B. H. Clover,
President of the Farmers' Alliance, was Chairman of the
convention at which the People's Party was organized.

327. Orig-inal Packag-e Case. — The controversy be-
tween the advocates and opposers of the Prohibition Law

202 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

in the meantime increased in bitterness. The former were
greatly enraged by the sndden appearance in the State, at
many different points, of liquor stores, acting, as they
claimed, under the authority of a decision of the United
States Supreme Court, in what was called the "Original
Package Case," coming from Iowa. The Court, or a
majority, three justices dissenting, held that intoxicating
liquors formed an article of commerce to be transported
like any other article, and that no State had the power to
prevent the importation of liquors in unbroken original
packages.

328. Wilson Bill.— The excitement caused was great.
Large public meetings were held to denounce the original
package saloons; the keepers were in some instances
ordered out of town; in some cases the liquors were
shipped, by the citizens, back whence they came. Many
of the liquor sellers were arrested as violators of the law,
but were usually discharged by the courts by virtue of the
Supreme Court decision. At last remedial legislation was
sought. Congress was appealed to, and the result was the
passage of the "Anti-Original Package Law," or the Wilson
Bill, which established the right of a State to exercise its
police power over any articles sent into it, whether in the
original packages or otherwise. This ended one form of
attempt to do, in the State of Kansas, that which the State
says shall not be done.

329. Chancellor of State University.— The choice of
Professor Francis Huntington Snow, as Chancellor of the
Kansas State University, ended a period of uncertainty and
anxiety, and brought to the headship of the institution a
man learned in many things, and especially in all things

NEW POLITICAL FOKCES. 203

pertaining to Kansas. Professor Snow began his work in
the University in 1866, and employed the years to stndy
everything between the heavens and earth of Kansas.

Early in 1890 it was announced that Kansas was the first
State to apply for space at the approaching World's Colum-
bian Exposition at Chicago.

330. Eleventh Census. —In 1890 was taken the eleventh
census of the United States. A large number of persons
were employed in the work, and in obedience to a demand
in Congress, a great deal of time and money was employed
in collecting the amount of mortgage indebtedness, and, as
far as possible, the reasons and causes of debt.

The population of Kansas, as published by the Govern-
ment Census Department, was placed at 1,423,485. This
represents the population of the State June 1, 1890.

331. Parties in 1890.— At the State election in Novem-
ber, 1890, four tickets were placed in the field. The
Republican, headed by Governor Humphrey, who was nom-
inated for re-election ; the Democratic, headed by Ex-Gov-
ernor Charles Robinson; the People's Party, with John F.
Willitts as its candidate for Governor, and the Prohibitionist,
led by Rev. A. M. Richardson.

The official vote for Governor stood : Humphrey, 115,025;
Willitts, 106,972; Robinson, 71,357; Richardson, 1,230. The
entire Republican State ticket was elected — though by greatly
reduced majorities, as compared with those of 1888 — except
L. B. Kellogg, candidate for Attorney- General. The Demo-
crats, Populists, and Republican- Resubmissionists united
on John N. Ives, and elected him. To the Legislature,
ninety People's Party members, twenty- seven Republicans,
and seven Democrats were elected.

204 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

332. State Officials Elected, 1 890.— The State officers
elected in 1890 were L. U. Humphrey, Governor; A. J. Felt,
Lieutenant-Governor; William Higgins, Secretary of State;
C. M. Ho vey, Auditor; S.G. Stover, Treasurer; George W.
Winans, Superintendent of Public Instruction; John N.
Ives, Attorney- General; A. H. Horton, Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court.

333. Congressmen Elected.— Of the seven members
of Congress elected from Kansas in 1890, two were classified
as Republicans, four Fusion, and one Populist. The mem-
bers chosen were: First District, Case Broderick; Second,
E. H. Funston; Third, B. H. Clover; Fourth, John G.
Otis; Fifth, John Davis; Sixth, William Baker; Seventh,
Jerry Simpson.

SUMMARY.

1. Kansas was visited in 1890 by its first epidemic of grippe.

2. Honorable D. J. Brewer made Associate- Justice of the Supreme

Court of the United States.

3. The A., T. & S. F. Railway Company retired from real estate

business, after twenty-five years' persistent work.

4. Ex-Governor N. Green died at Manhattan.

5. The Farmers' Alliance became an active political force.

6. The Anti-Prohibitionists attempt to nullify the prohibition law

by the introduction of the Original Package.
7 The Eleventh Census was taken.

8. F. H. Snow chosen for Chancellor of the University.

9. Governor Humphrey was re-elected. ^-

CHAPTER XXXI.

THE LEGISLATURE AND CHRONICLES OF 1891.

334. Installation and Org-anization.— The State Gov-
ernment for the biennial period, beginning January 12, 1891,
was installed without any special ceremonies, and even the
inaugural ball was dispensed with. In these matters, Kan-
sas hardly ever deviates into pomp, and there is a constantly
recurring tendency to simplicity.

The House was organized by the choice of P. P. Elder, of
Franklin county, as Speaker, and Benjamin Rich, of Trego
county, as Chief Clerk. The House differed in political sen-
timent from the Senate and from the State administration.

335. Retirement of John J. Ing-alls.— On the 28th of
January, 1891, Wm. A. Peffer received 101 votes for United
States Senator, and was declared elected. Senator Ingalls
retired from a service of eighteen years in the United States
Senate, over which he was for four years the presiding
officer, and had been a prominent figure in the eye of the
nation.

336. William Alfred Peffer.— William Alfred Peffer,
who succeeded Mr. Ingalls, was, at the time of his election,
sixty years of age. He was born of a family of German
descent, in Cumberland county. Pa. He enjoyed limited
common school advantages and then extended them to
others, as a teacher, when still a boy. Lived in California
two years. Enlisted as a Union soldier, serving over two

205

206 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

years in the Eighty- Third Illinois Volnnteers, and attaining
the rank of second lieutenant. He was admitted to the bar,
came to Kansas, combined law and journalism, with a prefer-
ence for the latter; became an advocate of the principles of
the Farmers' Alliance, and was chosen to the Senate as their
representative and exponent. The Legislature elected E. H.
Snow, State Printer.

337. The Leg-islature.— The Legislature began its
regular biennial session on January 13th, and adjourned on
March 13th. As the adherents of the new People's, or
Farmers' Alliance, Party were in control of the lower House,
and of both Houses on joint ballot, the proceedings of the
session were watched by the public with great interest.

338. Irrigfation. — An important act of the session pro-
vided a system of law for the promotion of irrigation. It
declared that-all natural waters whether standing or running,
and whether surface or subterranean, in that portion of the
State west of the ninety-ninth meridian, shall be devoted,
first, to purposes of irrigation in aid of agriculture subject
to ordinary domestic uses, and second, to other industrial
purposes, and may be diverted from its natural beds, basins,
or channels for such purposes and uses, provided that exist-
ing vested rights in such waters shall not be affected without
due legal condemnation and compensation. Provision is
made for the creation of irrigation districts, which are
authorized to construct ditches and works, to borrow money
and issue bonds, and to levy taxes to pay for such works.
The charges for water supplied by any person or corpora-
tion to another for irrigation, shall be fixed in each county
by the county commissioners, and the rights and duties of
such persons and corporations, as well as of public irrigation

THE LEGISLATURE AND CHRONICLES OF 18fll. 207

districts, are defined at length. The sinking of artesian
wells and the rights of owners thereof are also regulated.

339. Grain Laws.— By another act the business of
public warehousemen is carefully defined and restricted.
The maximum rates for storage and handling of grain,
including cost of receiving and delivering, are fixed at one
cent a bushel for the first fifteen days, or parts thereof, one-
half cent a bushel for each fifteen days, or part thereof,
after the first fifteen, but not over four cents a bushel in
the aggregate for continuous storage from November 15th
to May 15th following.

Any board of trade issuing licenses hereunder shall appoint
a State weighmaster and such assistants as shall be needed
for the transaction of business in its locality.

There shall also be a State inspector of grain appointed
by the Govornor, who shall appoint deputy inspectors upon
the nomination of local boards of trade. The inspectors
shall determine the grade of grain offered to public ware-
houses, but an appeal may be taken from their decision.
^^^840. Appropriation. — The sum of $60,000 was appro-
priated to purchase seed grain for those farmers who lost
their crop by reason of the drought of 1890. The railroad
commissioners were authorized to purchase such grain, and
county commissioners of each county to distribute it, taking
the note of each beneficiary for the cost of the grain sup-
plied to him.

341. Eig-ht-Hour Day. — Eight hours were declared to
constitute a day's work for all laborers, workmen, mechanics,
or other persons employed by or in behalf of the State, or
by or in behalf of any county, city, township, or other
municipality of the State. Declaring the first Monday in

208 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

September of each year a legal holiday to be known as
' 'Labor Day . ' ' To protect associations and nnions of work-
ingmen in their labels, trade marks, and form of advertising.

342. Provision for a Convention.— Provision was

made for submitting to the people, at the November election
in 1892, the question whether a convention should be called
to revise, amend, or change the State Constitution.

343. Office of State Bank Commissioner.— Created

the office of State Bank Commissioner, with salary of $2,500,
and empowered him to close any bank that did not comply
with the law.

344. Alien Ownership of Land.— An act to prevent
ownership of land by non-resident aliens, provides that
every non-resident alien, firm of aliens, or corporations,
incorporated under the laws of any foreigii country, shall
be incapable of acquiring title to or taking or holding any
land or real estate in this State, by descent, devise, pur-
chase, or otherwise, except that the heirs of aliens who
have heretofore acquired lands in this State under the laws
thereof, and the heirs of aliens who may acquire lands
under the provisions of the act, may take such lands by
devise or descent, and hold them for the space of three
years and no longer, if such alien at the time of so acquir-
ing such lands is of the age of twenty-one years, and if not
twenty-one years of age, then for the term of five years
from the time of so acquiring such lands.

345. Alien Residents. — Corporations or associations in
which more than twenty per cent, of the stock is owned by
others than citizens of the United States, are prohibited
from holding real estate in the State. But alien residents

THE LEGISLATURE AND CHRONICLES OF 1891. 209

of the United States who have declared their intention to
become citizens may acqnire and hold real estate for six
years, when it shall escheat to the State if they have not
become full citizens. Minor alien residents of the United
States may acquire and hold real estate for six years after
they might have declared their intention of becoming citi-
zens under the Naturalization laws, subject to escheat if
they have not become full citizens in that time.
>^ 346. Improvement of State Building's.— Sixty thous-
and dollars was appropriated to continue the construction
of the main and central wings of the State House; the
further sum of $60,000 for building and equipping a cottage
and for other improvements at the Osawatomie Insane
Asylum, and the sum of $9,000 for an industrial building
at the Deaf and Dumb Institution at Olathe.

347. Other Acts of the Session.— Changing the bounty
on sugar manufactured in the State from beets, cane, or
other plant grown in the State, to three-fourths of one
cent a pound. Appropriating $3,500 to establish an experi-
ment station at the State University to propagate the con-
tagion or infection supposed to be destructive to chinch
bugs, and to furnish it to farmers free of charge. Prohibit-
ing combinations to prevent competition among persons
engaged in buying and selling live stock. Accepting the
provisions of an Act of Congress granting aid to State or
Territorial homes for disabled soldiers and sailors , Accepting
the Act of Congress granting aid for the endowment and
support of colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts.

348. Discovery of Alfalfa. — One of the discoveries of
agricultural Kansas for the }ear 1891, was that of alfalfa.
In the spring of that year the Secretary of the State Board

21(3

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

of Agriculture received such reports of its value, that he
arranged a place for it in his statistical rolls, and the assess-
ors were requested to give the acreage of alfalfa separate
from other tnmo grasses. Since, it has occupied an enlarg-
ing space in the agriculture especially of
western Kansas.

349. Samuel C. Pomeroy.— Samuel
C. Pomeroy died at Whitinsville, Mass.,
August 27, 1891. He came to Lawrence
with Dr. Robinson, and the "second"
company, in 1854; was active in pro-
moting Free State immigration to the
Territory, and in the counsels of the
Free State party.

Samuel C. Pomeroy.

His first residence in Kansas was at Lawrence, but when
the town site company of Atchison was reorganized on the
basis of political toleration, he fixed his habitation there,
was active in the affairs of the young city, and in 1859 was
its Mayor. In 1860, made memorable by the great drought,
when the Legislature of New York appropriated $50,000
for Kansas, and every Free State contributed generously in
money and goods, Mr. Pomeroy was the principal distribut-
ing agent of the aid. In 1861 he was elected, by the first
Legislature of the State, United States Senator. In 1867,
he was re-elected Senator on the first and only joint ballot.
He was prominent and powerful in Kansas affairs. In
1873 his political star set in darkness, and he was defeated
for re-election to the Senate. He was a native of South-
ampton, Mass., and was born January 3, 1816, and was
seventy-five years old at the time of his death.

THE LEGISLATURE AND CHRONICLES OF 1891. 211

350. John A. Anderson, United States Consul.— In

February, 1891, John A. Anderson, of Kansas, was con-
firmed as United States Consul- General to Egypt. He was
destined to never behold his native land again. He died
at Liverpool, Eng., while returning to the United States
on leave. He was a man of striking character and force
of purpose, who made his mark as President of the State
Agricultural College, and afterwards represented Kansas in
Congress for five terms.

351: Colonel N. S. Goss.— Colonel N. S. Goss fell
dead of heart disease, at Neosho Falls, where he was visit-
ing friends, on the 10th of March, 1891. He was an old
resident of Kansas, a man of business
and fortune, and an ornithologist of rare
attainments, the passion of whose life
was the study and collection of birds.
In his pursuit he ranged from Labrador
to Guatemala, and on his death left t(»
the State the fine collection of birds, all
mounted and arranged by himself, which
is preserved in the State Capitol at

„ , 1-1 J.1 "/-( Colonel N. S. Goss.

Topeka, and is known as the . Goss
Ornithological Collection." The last work of Colonel Goss'
life was the publication of the Birds of Kansas, a work of great
value, embodying the labors and personal observations of
years, and standing alone in the Kansas literature of its class.
352. Relief for Russia.— The settlers from Russia,
located in Ellis county, in view of the great famine pre-
vailing in the districts of Russia from whence they came,
sent $10,000 to the suffering, and an agent to bring a party
of over 300 families of their countrypeople to Kansas.

212 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

353. Demand for the Cherokee Strip. — The opeu-
ing of the Cherokee Strip was demanded, and large meet-
ings were hekl at Arkansas City, and at other points on the
border. The excitement, however, did not approach the
Oklahoma boom in its proportions.

354. Rain Making*.— The antnmn of 1891 witnessed
the appearance in Kansas of the "rain makers." A party
known as Melbourne, the rain maker, made arrangements
with the authorities of the Sherman county fair to produce
rain from the clouds, but unfortunately for the test, a heavy
rain had commenced prior to the arrival of the rain maker,
and continued to fall to the depth of an inch. Later, a
fine shower was produced, or claimed, through Mr. Mel-
bourne's efforts, and the Interstate Artificial Rain Com-
pany, of Goodland, was organized. The rain maker
appeared at other points, and in one case is said to have
nearly precipitated a snow storm. Kansas, in the experi-
mental season of 1891, was much interested in the art and
mystery of rain making.

355. General Joseph E. Johnston in Kansas.— Gen-
eral Joseph E. Johnston, an eminent commander in the
Confederate army, who died on the 26th of March, 1891,
had much to do when, as an ofl&eer of the "old army,"
he was stationed in Kansas Territory in the days of the
"border troubles." In common with the larger number of
the regular army officers on duty in Kansas at that time,
he won a reputation for humanity and fairness, obeying his
oftentimes disagreeable orders with as much impartiality
as possible. Nearly all of these officers who survived to the
Civil War rose to high command in the Union and Con-
federate armies.

THE LEGISLATURE AND CHRONICLES OF 1891. 213

356. General Phillip St. Georg-e Cooke.— General

Phillip St. George Cooke was for many years of his later
life an honorary member of the Kansas State Historical
Society.

357. Death of Samuel N. Wood. — ^A profound senti-
ment was created throughout the State by the death at
Hugo ton, on the 24th of June, 1891, by the hands of an
assassin, of Samuel N. Wood, known from the beginning
of the settlement of Kansas Territory as "Sam" Wood.
Letters written by him to a Cincinnati paper were among
the first, if not the very first, newspaper correspondence
published from the disturbed Ten-itory. He was engaged
in the rescue of Branson, which was made the excuse for
the "Wakarusa War." So in all the contests of Kansas
was he interested till the end. He was an Ohioan of a
Quaker family, and he suggested the names of the counties
of Marion, Chase and Morris, the first for his old "home
county," and the two others for dis-
tinguished Ohioans. He was buried in
Chase county, of which he was a
pioneer settler and long resident.

358. Preston B. Plumb.— Preston
B. Plumb, United States Senator from
Kansas, died after a brief sickness at
Washington, D. C, December 20, 1891.
He was born in Ohio, and in youth
learned the printer's trade, and read law
in that State, and was publishing a newspaper at Xenia, when,
in 1856, he was attracted to Kansas. He made a prelimi-
nary visit to the Territory, then returned to Ohio, and
came back to Kansas with a party of twenty-eight young

214 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

men, of which, though but eighteen years old, he was
chosen Captain. He sought work at his first trade, and
rose to be foreman of the Herald of Freedom office at
Lawrence, but in a short time determined to go farther
west in the Territory, and establish a town. After some
trials the town started was Emporia, ever afterwards to be
his home. Early in his town building labors, he was
called away by the war, joined the Eleventh Kansas regi-
ment, and rose to be its Lieutenant- Colonel. After the war
was over he went back to the Neosho valley, and his multi-
farious and endless labors, as lawyer, man of affairs, pro-
moter, occasional legislator, and builder of the new country.
He was widely known in Kansas, though not as an office
holder, when in 1877 he was elected to the United States
Senate, to which he was re-elected in 1883 and 1889. In
the Senate he was, as everywhere else, a man of action;
working constantly and powerfully to perform every task
committed to his hands.

He was blessed by Nature with a strong and vigorous
frame, and conscious of his strength, he knew no rest. In
Washington and at home, he was constantly at work. At
last the end came from overwork. He died in the fifty-
fourth year of his age, and in full maturity of his powers.
His death was regarded as a great loss to Kansas. There
were many people he had helped, and who depended upon
him. His death was received with every outward demon-
stration of respect. The Capitol at Topeka was draped in
mourning, while the remains of the dead Senator lay ^n
state in the Senate chamber, and the burial at Emporia was
attended by many thousands.

THE LEGISLATURE AND CHRONICLES OF 1891. 215

The vacancy in the United States Senate occasioned by
the death of Senator Phiinb was filled on the 1st of January,
1892, by the appointment by Governor Humphrey of Hon.
Bishop W. Perkins, making the third time in the history of
the State when this office had been filled by appointment of
the Governor. Mr. Perkins had served three years in Army
of the Union, in line and staff positions; and in Kansas on
the judicial bench and in the lower House of Congress.

In November, 1896, the bronze bust of Senator Pi^eston
B. Plumb was installed in the Governor's room in the Capitol
at Topeka, the gift of his widow.

SUMMARY.

1. William A. Peffer succeeds John J. Ingalls as United States

Senator.

2. Among the important Acts of the Legislature were those pro

viding for the encouragement of irrigation; for an eight-
hour working day; creating the office of bank commissioner;
in regard to land ownership by aliens.

3. Alfalfa recognized as an important Kansas product.

4. Colonel N. S. Goss died at Neosho Falls, March 10, 1891.

5. Former citizens of Russia in Kansas send relief to the famine

sufferers in that empire.

6. Rain makers experiment with the heavens above Kansas.

7. Deaths of Samuel C. Pomeroy, Colonel N. S. Goss, John A.

Anderson, Senator Plumb and S. N. Wood recorded.

CHAPTER XXXII.

ANNALS OF 1892.

359. Political Revolution Complete.— The year 1892
was the year of a Presidential election, a political year, and
business was affected in Kansas, as in all the rest of the
country. In Kansas the political revo-
lution was made complete. The entire
People's Party State ticket was elected
as follows: Governor, Lorenzo D.
Lewelling; Lieutenant-Governor, Percy
• ^™]^^^ Daniels; Secretary of State, R. S.
jjHMh^jSHHB|| Osborn; Auditor, Van Buren Prather;
^^RPl^^^H Treasurer, W. H. Biddle; Attorney-

^^m ^^^^Hl General, J. T. Little; Superintendent

of Public Instruction, Henry N. Gaines;
of the Supreme Court, S. H. Allen;

Governor Lewelling.

Associate Justice

Congressman -at- Large, William A. Harris.

Kansas cast her ten electoral votes for James B. Weaver,
of Iowa, for President, and James G. Fields, of Virginia,
for Vice-President. The other States casting electoral
votes with Kansas were Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, and North
Dakota, twenty-two votes in all

The eight Congressmen to which Kansas became entitled

under the census of 1890, and first elected in 1892, were

William A. Harris, Congressman-at-Large; Case Brgderick,

First District; E. H. Funston, Second District; T. J.

216

ANNALS OF 18«J2. 217

Hudson, Third District; Charles Curtis, Fourth District;
John Davis, Fifth District; William Baker, Sixth District;
Jerry Simpson, Seventh District. The Congressional
delegation stood five People's Party members and three
Republicans.

360. Cyclone at Harper and Welling"ton.— On the
27th of May, 1892, the t<»wns of Harper and Welling-
ton were visited by a tornado, and ten persons killed, a
large number wounded, and a vast amount of property
destroyed. The storm was among the most destructive
of the many which have visited the State, and excited
special horror from the fact that the fatal bolt was sped
after nightfall; at Wellington, within a few minutes of
nine o'clock.

361. Science and the Cyclone.— What has been
called the "Kansas cyclone" is not peculiar to Kansas, but
has been known in all parts of the United States; more
especially in the great area between the Alleghany and
Rocky Mountains.

The science of meteorology-, long as man has watched the
skies, is among the younger sciences. In the brief period
that meteorogical observations have been made in Kansas,
the phenomena of the "whirling storm," as it has been
called, has been very carefully noted. It has been observed'
that these calamitous visitations accompany the transition
from the temperature of winter to spring, beginning in the
southern States and advancing northward with the spring,
several of the most notable ^in Kansas having arrived in
May. The period of cyclones, or tornadoes (as they have
been called both), is from noon to sunset; and while they
are not unknown after darkness has fallen, they may be

218 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

called uiicominon. The course of the storm is, in a vast
majority of cases, from southwest to northeast, and the
appearances accompanying it alwaj^s the same The hours
of murky lowering in the distant sky; the heavy air; the
sudden falling of the barometer; the cellar-like chill; and
then the apparition of the enormous funnel-shaped cloud,
moving in its zigzag course, thrusting down its wavering
trunk like that of an elephant to the earth, its huge, black
bulk mounting to the clouds, and boiling and whirling
within itself; drawing to its blackness the lightest and
heaviest of objects; not only overthrowing human habita-
tions, but grinding and breaking them to fragments. All
these visible terrors attend the storm. Its track is narrow,
its passage swift. It is here, and, with a frightful roar, it
has gone, followed after by a deluge of rain. Often in its
track, as if deflected by some heavy object, it bounds into
the air, striking the earth again after a considerable inter-
val, until at last it rises in the viewless and trackless
atmosphere, and is lost in the "abyss of heaven."

It is believed and hoped that, while these dread visitants
will continue to come unbidden, they will not always come
unheralded, and that the advance of science will enable men
to foretell and, even at long distance, hear and see the
approach of this "power of the air."

362. Death of Mrs. Lucy B. Armstrong*. — Kansas,
.on the 1st of January, lost one of its oldest inhabitants.
Mrs. Lucy B. Armstrong died in Kansas City, Kan. She
was the widow of John M. Armstrong, Government inter-
preter to the Wyandottes. She came to Kansas, then the
Indian Territory, in 1843. Her father was the Rev. Russell
Bigelow, first presiding elder of the Methodist church in

ANNALS OF 1892. 219

Kansas. She saw, till for her the curtain fell, the whole
splendid drama of civilization in Kansas.

363. Conflict in Seward County. — The troul^les in
Seward county, in the early part of 1892, were connected
with the former disturbances in Stevens County. The
Seward county distresses included the savage murder of
the Sheriff and Deputy Sheriff; the dispatching of a body
of State troops to protect the Judge of the district and
enforce law and order. This was among the last of these
needed armed interferences by the State. It is hoped the
spread of civilization will make it the last.

364. Coal Production of 1892.— It was noted that
the production of coal in Kansas, in 1892, was the largest
in the history of the State, 68,843,114 bushels, of which
Crawford county mined 23,000,000 bushels. This increas-
ing production, however, had marked every year prior to
1892, beginning in 1880, and has every year since, with the
exception of two years. In 1897 the Kansas coal mines
yielded, according to the estimates of the United States
Geological Survey, 3,672,195 tons.

^ SUMMARY.

1. The entire People's Party ticket was elected.

2. Lorenzo D. Lewelling was elected Governor. Kansas cast her

electoral vote for James B. Weaver.

3. A very destructive cyclone visited Harper and Wellington

May 27, 1892. ^

4. A severe county seat conflict occurred in Seward county. The

militia were called out.

5. The coal production of 1892 was 08,843,114 bushels.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

LEGISLATION AND OTHER EVENTS OF 1893.

365. Inaug-uration of the Executive. — Governor
Lewelling was inaugurated on the 9tli of Januaiy, 1893.

366. Org-anization of the Senate.— On the 10th the
Legishitnre assembled, which was destined to a stormy, and,
at times, anxious existence.

The Senate was organized under the presidency of the
Lieutenant-Governor, Honorable Percy Daniels, at twelve
o'clock, noon, the hour fixed by law.

367. House Failed to Org-anize.— The members of the
House of Representatives assembled in their hall, when
Honorable R. S. Osborn, Secretary of State, appeared, and
stated that he did not wish to deliver the roll of members
certified as elected by the State Board of Canvassers, in the
absence of a presiding officer. A motion that the Secretary
of State preside temporarily was objected to, and he
departed, taking the roll with him. Both parties then pro-
ceeded to organize the House, the Republicans electing
Honorable Geo. L. Douglas, Speaker, and the Populists,
Honorable J. M. Duusmore. Both Speakers occupied the
same desk, and during the first night slept under the same
blanket on the floor in the rear of the Speaker's desk, each
one with a gavel in his hand.

368. Dunsmore House Recogriized.— On the third
day of the session. Governor Lewelling recognized the

220

LEGISLATION AND OTHER EVENTS OF 1893, 221

Dunsmore House as the legal body, and on the fourth day
the Senate took the same action, the Republican Senators
formally protesting. The two contending bodies continued
to sit on different sides of Representative Hall for some
days. In time an arrangement was made by which one
body met in the forenoon and the other in the afternoon.
Numerous attempts were made by various parties, one,
among others, by^the chairmen of the central committees
of the three parties, _^Republican, Populist, and Democratic,
to effect a settlement, but in vain.

369. Governor's Messag-e.— On the 17th of January
Governor Lewelling sent in his message to the Senate, where
it was read, and to the Dunsmore House, w^hich ordered it
printed.

370. Arrest of L. C. Gunn.- The arrest of L. C. Gunn
by a sergeant-at-arms of the Douglas House, on a warrant
signed by the Speaker and Clerk of that House, on a charge
of neglecting to obey a mandate of that body, brought an
issue before the Supreme Court. Mr. Gunn asked to be
discharged, on the ground that the Douglas House was not
the lawful and constitutional House of Representatives, and
had no authority to order his arrest.

371 . Contest for the Hall.— While this case was pend-
ing, stirring events were destined to occur. On the 14th of
February an attempt was made by two deputy sergeants-
at-arms of the Douglas House to arrest Ben C. Rich, Chief
Clerk of the Dunsmore House, on a charge of "contempt."
After a sharp scuffle, Mr. Rich was rescued by his friends,
and soon after appeared in triumph in the Dunsmore House.
Governor Lewelling directed the Adjutant-General to call
out a company of militia if necessary. On the night of the

222 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

14th, the officers of the Dunsmore House barricaded the
door of the Hall of Representatives. On the morning of
the 15th, the Douglas House, headed by their Speaker,
appeared, thrust aside the outer guards, smashed in the
door with a sledge hammer, and entered and took possession.

372. The Doug-las House Besiegred.— Governor Lewel-
ling called out several comi)anies of State militia, guns were
brought out of the State arsenal; a Gatling gun and
artillerists were ordered from Wichita. On the other side.
Sheriff Wilkinson, of Shawnee county, who had declined a
summons from both Speaker Dunsmore and the Governor,
announced himself as the regular custodian of the peace of
the county, marched a force of deputies into the State
House, and joined the large force of sergeants-at-arms of
the Douglas House. The Douglas House was, in a sense,
beleaguered, but was supplied with provisions passed through
the lines.

373. Colonel Hug-hes Refuses to Obey.— Colonel J.
W. F. Hughes, who had been ordered by the Governor to
take charge of the troops and clear out of the State House
all unauthorized persons, appeared in the midst of the
besieged Douglas House and said he should do nothing of
the sort, and w^as afterwards courtmartialed.

374. Close of the Contest.— The siege was not destined
to last long. On the 16th Governor Lewelling appeared,
and requested that the force occupying the Hall of Repre-
sentatives turn it over to him for the night. This was
refused. A committee of citizens of Topeka besought the
Douglas House to yield, and avoid a bloody contest with the
militia. This proposition was received with indifference.
Negotiations finally resulted in an agreement, on the 17th,

LEGISLATION AND OTHER EVENTS OF 1893. 223

that the Douglas House should coutinue to hold the hall;
that the Dunsmore House should meet elsewhere; that the
deputies aud the militia should retire, aud that the proceed-
ings against Chief Clerk Rich should be abandoned. This
ended what has been called the "Legislative War" of 1893,
in which, happily, no lives were lost, but which it is
earnestly hoped will never be repeated.

375. Decision of the Supreme Court. — On the 25th
was rendered the decision of the Supreme Court in the Gunn
case, Chief Justice Horton affirming the constitutionality
of the Douglas House, in which view Associate Justice
Johnston concurred, and from which Associate Justice
Allen dissented.

376. House Orgranized.— On the 28th of February, the
late Dunsmore House appeared, headed by their sergeant-
at-arms, carrying the American flag, and spread upon the
record their formal protest. The two Houses then became
the one House of Representatives of the State of Kansas.

An eye-witness remarks of the appearance of Topeka dur-
ing the "Legislative War' ' : "No other capital city on earth
could have passed through such a scene of conflict without
serious loss of life, and, it is also likely, great destruction of
property. -The absence of the saloon is the chief explanation. ' '

377. John Martin Elected U. S. Senator.— On Janu-
ary 25th, in the midst of the disturbances, the Senate and
House met in joint session, presided over by Lieutenant-
Governor Daniels, and John Martin received eighty-six
votes, and was declared elected United States Senator.
The Republican members held a joint session, and gave
Joseph W. Ady seventy-seven votes. E. H. Snow was
re-elected State Printer.

224 HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

378. Report of State Ag-ent. — In the earliest days of
Kansas there was a disposition, on the part of Legislative
bodies and all concerned, to grant to railroad companies all
that might be asked in the way of public lands in aid of
construction. In time, there came a disposition to correct
this generosity, and recover for the State a portion of its
lavished bounty. Ex- Governor Samuel J. Crawford, for
some years State Agent at Washington, in his report made
in 1892, showed that there had been secured for the State,
of school lands, 276,376 acres, and of railroad lands,
833,900 acres.

379. Erection of K. U. Library Building-.— In 1893
the Regents of the Kansas State University decided to
devote the bequest of $90,000, given to the University by
Mr. William B. Spooner, of Boston, to the erection of the
fine fireproof library building of the University, and which
bears Mr. Spooner' s name. Kansas institutions, in later
years, have been generously remembered bj^ Eastern men of
wealth, who befriended Kansas ' in her early days of
struggle.

380. Memorial to William B. Spooner.— On the occa-
sion of the dedication of the Spooner Library, in 1894,
Hon. D. W. Wilder wrote: "It is now too late to accept
your kind invitation. I shoidd be the only guest, probably,
who had seen Mr. Spooner, and seen him a great many
times. I was a schoolboy, the son. of an anti-slavery
father. I did not neglect my books, but I attended many
meetings of the anti- slavery folks, a very small band.
Not one person in ten thousand in Boston, in those days,
forty-six years ago, was an avowed Abolitionist. Some of
the meetings, in the days of mobs and violence, had a few

LEGISLATION AND OTHER EVENTS OF 1893.

dozen of the fearless and faithful present. The stalwart
figure of the sincere and fearless Wni. B. Spooner was
always to be seen. Sometimes he spoke. No doubt, he
always helped the feeble cause with his purse, as well as
his voice and influence. One unknown boy will never for-
get his face, his person, his heroism. He was as true as
his friends, Garrison and Phillips.

"Let the young men and women of Kansas, who now
enjoy the gift of this noble man, remember that it comes
from a pioneer in the cause of freedom, the cause that
made for them a new and glorious country. And let the
books upon the shelves of the Spooner
Library give a true history of the anti-
slavery conflict."

381. Death of Colonel Samuel
Walker.— On the Gth of February, 1893,
Colonel Samuel Walker, often desi;;-
nated in Kansas annals as "the bravest
of the brave," died at Lawrence. He
tendered for service, in the Civil War,
the first company organized in Kansas,

382. Early Teachers. — A discussion sprang up in the
^newspapers as to the first schoolmaster "abroad" in Kansas
after its organization as a Territory. J. B. McAfee, of
Topeka, claims to have opened the Leavenworth Collegiate
Institute May 14, 1855. Edward P. Fitch is named as
having opened the pioneer school of Kansas at Lawrence,
January 16, 1855. Mr. G. W. W. Yates notes as the
oldest country school that at the Union schoolhouse,
three miles north of Lawrence, begun in February,
1855.

Colonel Samuel Walker.

226 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

383. Kansas at the World's Fair.— The first steps for
the proper representation of Kansas at the Workl's Colum-
bian Exposition at Chicago were taken at a delegate conven-
tion, called by the State Board of Agriculture, at Topeka,
on the 23rd and 24th of April, 1891. Under the direction of
a Bureau of Promotion, appointed by the convention, and
later by a permanent Board of Managers, extensive collec-
tions were made and a building erected, which was formally
dedicated on the 22d of October, 1892. At noon of that
day, the Kansas Building stood, the first completed and
dedicated State building on the Exposition grounds.

The Legislature of 1893 passed an act in aid of the
Kansas Exposition, appropriating $65,000, and the work
was turned over to the Board of Managers of the Kansas
exhibit, representing the State.

384. The Kansas Building-.— The Kansas State Build-
ing was formally opened to the public by the festivities of
"Kansas Week," extending from the 11th to the 16th of
September, 1893. The addi-ess of welcome was delivered by
Hon. M. W. Cobun, President of the Board of Managers,
and the response by Governor L. D. Le welling. Everyday
of the "Week" a new progrannne was presented, and there
was a profusion of original Kansas poetry and music.

The building had an eligible location near the Fifty-
Seventh street entrance, and in the vicinity of the State
buildings of Arkansas and Utah, and of "Mount Vernon,"
a reduced copy of the home of Washington, presented by the
State of Virginia.

The ornamentation of the Kansas pavilion, which was
profuse and effective, was remarkable for the use made of
the "kindly fruits of the earth." The structure might

LEGISLATION AND OTHER EVENTS OF 1893. 227

have served in the old time as the temple of the goddess
Ceres. Corn, wheat, oats, all the grasses, and the seeds
thereof, made up innumerable designs, and in every possible
gradation of color. The word "Kansas" shone everywhere
wreathed in roses, and shaped of bold sunflowers, and amid
the vegetation of Kansas peered the prairie dogs and jack
rabbits, the admiration of the children.
^/385. Collection of Professor Dyche.— In the annex
^ to the main building was displayed the great collection of
Professor Dyche, of the State University, comprising 121
specimens of North American mammals, occupying an arti-
ficial landscape of rock and ravine, mountains and prairie
and swamp, extending apparently into the indefinite dis-
tance. Prominent, of course, was the mighty buffalo,
once lord of the Kansas plain. The bison was presented
as in life and death; standing in defiance, and overcome by
a gang of snarling wolves. Standing near the former
rangers of the plains and mountains, was the horse,
"Comanche," who, pierced with many wounds, survived
Custer's fight at the Little Big Horn, and passed his last
years in honorable ease at Fort Riley, and after his death,
whi(^h occurred in his thirty-first year, was mounted in the
taxidermic laboratory of the Kansas State University, with the
understanding that he might be shown at the Wcu-ld's Fair.
( 386. Railroad Exhibit. — The great Kansas railroads
were extensive exhibitors, as well as advertisers, presenting
in the way of pictures and specimens the agri(;ultural,
mineral and manufacturing resources of the countrj^ along
their lines.

387. Woman's Department.— The "Woman's Depart-
ment" had a "room" allotted to it in the Kansas Building,

228 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

but woman's taste, skill and industry were in evidence in
all of the rooms. There was a great art exhibition, covering
all work that may come under the classes of "art," an
interesting show of relics and souvenirs, and in all, the
pioneer woman, the "first woman," who builded with the
others in laying the foundations of the State, looked
from the canvas, and was represented by the work of liei-
toiling hands.

388. Educational Exhibit.— The educational exhibit
of Kansas was extensive, representing an expenditure of
$12,000. The Kansas schools of all grades, from the
common schools to the great State institutions, made a
remarkable showing in the immense exhibition, which in
the Liberal Arts Building alone covered four acres of wall
and floor space. It seemed that everything that brain and
hand may accomplish in the schoolroom was exhibited.

389. Ag-ricultural Exhibit. — Rugged utility was not
overlooked. The main agricultural exhibition was made in
a special pavilion in the Agricultural Building, near the
great displays of North Dakota and California. A remark-
ably ornate style of wall decoration was employed, but of
such a nature as to display in perfection the agricultural
resources of the State. Everything, even the twenty
windows of the pavilion, set forth the work of the Kansas
farmer. Part of the exhibition was made by the Kansas
State Agricultural College, which came out strong, among
other things, in a great display of onions. The exhibit
and decorations were made from the crop of 1892, but as
the season advanced it was renewed from the crop of 1893,
giving it an appearance of perennial freshness.

LEGISLATION AND OTHER EVENTS OF 1893. 229

390. Horticultural Exhibit.— The horticultural exhi-
bition was divided iuto two displays, one in the Kansas
Building, and the other in the Horticultural Building, and
in spite of an unfavorable season, a fine showing was made.

391. Live Stock Exhibit.— The live stock exhibit of
Kansas, under the rules of the Columbian Exposition, was
made a part of the general exhibition, and competed with
the world, and under these circumstances received forty
medals, premiums and ribbons.

392. Dairy and Forest.— The dairying exhibit was
limited to 104 exhibits, which received twenty-four diplo-
mas. A small exhibit did not interfere with the general
excellence. The forestry exhibition was confined prin-
cipally to one walnut log from Leavenworth county, but it
was the largest walnut log at Jackson Park, was forty years
old when Columbus discovered America, and was believed
to be the largest walniit log in America.

393. Mining" Exhibit. — The mining exhibit was one of
the earliest upon which work was begun, and was very
complete in everything except coal, which was interfered
with at a critical time by a strike in the coal mines. An
unexpectedly fine showing was made of lead and zinc.
Rock salt was present in beauty and plenty, and visitors
took away specimens, with the information that Kansas
had salt enough to supply the world for 1,000,000 years.
There was an instructive exhibition of Kansas building
stone, scientifically presented.

394. Visitors to Kansas Building*. — Kansas at the
World's Fair presented a great attraction. Five large
books were filled with the names of visitors, and thousands

230 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

were unable to register for want of time. The Kansas
Building was visited by from 10,000 to 12,000 persons
daily, at first, and during the last two months of the Fair,
the attendance reached from 18,000 to 20,000 every day.

SUMMARY.

1. Governor Lewelling was inaugurated January 9, 1893.

2. Senate organized on January 10.

3. The Republicans organized the Douglas House, the Populists,

the Dunsmore House.

4. Governor Lewelling recognized the Dunsmore House, the

Douglas House protesting.

5. After days of excitement and separate meetings, both houses

were united on February 28.

6. John Martin was elected United States Senator.

7. The Spooner library erected at Kansas University.

8. Colonel Samuel Walker died at Lawrence, February 6, 1893.

9. Kansas State Building at the World's Fair dedicated Octo-

ber 22d.
10. Kansas made fine exhibits in every department.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

PASSING OF THE TIONEERS.

395. Death of Two Early Governops.— In the year
1894 Kansas parted with two faithfnl friends, early guides
and advisers who had both held the helm of the ship of
State in the early and earliest part of the voyage. Governor
Charles Robinson and Governor James M. Harvey.

396. James M. Harvey.— The end came first to Gov-
ernor Harvey, who died at midnight on the 15th of April,
1894, near Junction City, Kan. He was born in Monroe
county, Va., but removed with his father's family to Adams
county. 111., and thence to Kansas. He had been but two
years in Kansas when the Civil War came, and he entered
the service with Company' "G," Tenth Kansas Volunteer
Infantry, a regiment which furnished eventually a remark-
able number of prominent men to the civil and official service
of the State and nation. Captain Harvey displayed in the
ranks of the Tenth the steady, patient valor which was
native to him, and almost immediatel}' on his return to his
home in 1865, he was elected to the Kansas House of Rep-
resentatives, and again in 1866. In 1867 and 1868 he was
elected to the State Senate, and in 1868 was elected Gov-
ernor of Kansas and re-elected in 1870. In 1874 he was
chosen to fill the vacancy in the United States Senate, occa-
sioned by the resignation of Alexander Caldwell, and he
remained in the Senate until March 4, 1877. With this

231

232 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

brilliant experience of official life he might have been
encouraged to press on, but, instead, he retired absolutely
to private life. He had early in life added to the calling of
farmer that of land surveyor, and his later years were
devoted to the hard and toilsome occupation of a Govern-
ment surveyor in New Mexico and the West. Admonished
by failing health of the necessity of living, if he would
live, in a milder climate, he sought tide- water Virginia, and'
remained in the neighborhood of Norfolk for some years, but
moved by that irresistible impulse which often comes to men
at last, to seek their home, he returned to Kansas, and near
the familiar acres he had redeemed from the wilderness, he
closed his honorable and useful life.

397. Charles Robinson.— The death of Charles Robin-
son, first Governor of Kansas, occurred on August 17, 1894.
Governor Robinson was born in Hardwick, Mass., July 21,
1818. He came of that New England
generation with whom life is a serious
and strenuous business, and, above all,
an exploration, if not of actual voyaging
to distant and unknown foreign parts,
then of independent excursions into all
the bays and inlets of thought and con-
viction. He commenced life as a physi-
cian, taught in the learning of the old
schools, but as a i)ractitioner venturing
into such paths as seemed to lead somewhere, to the grief
of his regular brethren. But he was destined to travels and
adventures. He went "overland" to California, crossing
the to-be site of Lawrence, and soon took sides in a fight
for "squatters' rights," which involved for him and his

Governor Charles Robinson.

PASSING OF THE PIONEEKS. 233

friends some actual fighting, followed by imprisonment. He
was accustomed to say, in later days, that he had been
indicted in California for murder, assault with intent to kill,
and conspiracy, and for treason in Kansas, but had not been
tried on any of the charges. He was, after the period of
combat was over, elected a member of the Legislature of
California from the Sacramento District. He was a sup-
porter of John C. Fremont, for United States Senator, and
an upbuilder of the Free State of California. In 1851 he
had an adventurous voyage to the States, involving ship-
wreck, and, as on the Missouri river years afterward, an
encounter with the cholera among his fellow voyagers, which
he met with skill and courage. On this voyage the steamer
touched at Havana and he saw the tragic end of the Lopez
filibusters. He got back to Massachusetts in safety and
scuttled down to the practice of medicine, when, in 1854, he
l^ecame interested in the Kansas question, which that year
l)ecame a burning question.

Dr. Robinson, as he was then, and for a long time after,
called, entered into the work of the New England Emigrant
Aid Society, and he led the second party of emigrants — the
first, it is said, who came to stay — to the Lawrence town-
site. Thenceforward he was a part of everything that went
on in Kansas Territory. He was a great believer in the
power of reason, in the virtue of the New England practice
of "talking it over," nevertheless, he "dwelt in the midst
of alarms," his house was burned, his property destrojed,
and he was himself arrested and held for months a prisoner
on the charge of treason. He was an advocate early and
late, of the Topeka Government, was chosen Governor under
it, and stood by it until the safetv of the Territorv as a

234 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

future Free State was assured. Under the Wyandotte Con-
stitution he became the first State Governor of free Kansas.
In 1851 Dr. Robinson had married Miss Sara T. L. Lawrence,
who accompanied him to Kansas, shared all the perils of
the time and hour, and became their very
clear and interesting historian.

On becoming Governor of Kansas,
after so many perils past, he found him-
self the head of the State in the midst
of a war for its life. He may be said to
have armed and equipped the State, and
sent it to battle.

After his service as Governor, the name

Mrs. Sara T. L. Robinson. _o /^i i t-» i • j. • i

ot Charles Kobmson contmued as promi-
nent as before in the State. He was always called on to fill
trusts, execute commissions, assume responsibilities. He
was sent to the Legislature when there was work to do.
One of the trusts he executed with great kindness and
fidelity, was the superintendency of the Haskell Institute,
the Indian school at Lawrence, and there were many other
labors.

He was the steadfast friend of the Kansas State Univer-
sity; he gave the original site; his gifts amounted, it was
estimated, to $150,000; and he made the University his final
heir after his wife, who survives him. The Legislature
appropriated $1,000 to secure his marble bust for the
University.

In his later years Governor Robinson resided on a fine
farm three miles north of Lawrence, dwelling in the shade
of noble trees which he planted with his own hands. Here
he dispensed a grateful hospitality. He was buried at Oak

PASSING OF THE PIONEERS. 235

Hill Cemetery, on a slope which faces the town which he
saw rise in the prairie grass, and pass throngh the vicissi
tudes of siege, and burning, and carnage, to well-ordered
peace, and a prosperous destiny at last.

398. State Election of 1894.— In November, 1894,
the Republicans succeeded in turning the tide which
had so strongly set against them in
prior years, and elected Edmuiid N.
Morrill, Governor; James A. Troutman,
Lieutenant-Governor; George E. Cole;
Auditor; Otis L. Atherton, Treasurer;
F. B. Dawes, Attorney-General; Edwin
Stanley, Superintendent of Public
Instruction; W. A. Johnston, Asso-
ciate Justice; Richard W. Blue, Con-

GoTernor E. N. Morrill.

gressman-at- Large.

399. Members of Congress. — At this election,
Kansas, for the second time, elected eight members of
Congress. The members chosen were: First District,
Case Broderick; Second, O. L. Miller; Third, S. S. Kirk-
patrick; Fourth, Chas. Curtis; Fifth, W. A. Calderhead;
Sixth, Wm. Baker; Seventh, Chester I. Long; At-Large,
R. W. Blue.

400. Suffrag-e Amendment Defeated.— The constitu-
tional amendment, conferring on women the full exercise
of suffrage, was defeated, the vote standing 95,300 votes
for, to 130,139 votes against.

401. Death of Bishop W. -Perkins. — Bishop W.
Perkins died, at his home in Washington, on the 20th of
June, 1894. He had been for years a prominent figure at
the bar, on the bench, and in the forum. He represented

236 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Kansas for several terms in the House of Representatives,
and, on the death of Senator Plumb, he was appointed by
Governor Humphrey his temporary successor.

402. State Normal School.— On the 14th of June,
the State Normal School held its thirtieth annual com-
mencement exercises, and conferred its diplomas on a class
of 100 graduates. The history of the State Normal School
is a counterpart of that of the State. It was founded in
1863, in the crisis of thfe Civil War, but first opened its
doors in 1865, with thirteen students. From that time
forward it advanced, like the State, "through difficulties,"
among them fire, which, in 1878, destroyed its building.
From the lowest point in its fortunes, which was reached
in the year of the fire, it has steadily risen, until the last
ten years its attendance has ranged above 1,000 students,
and the number of its annual graduates at 100 and upwards.
Since 1882 the State Normal has been under the guidance
of President A. R. Taylor.

On the 26th of June Haskell Institute, at Lawrence,
turned out a class of nine native Americans. Eight
different Indian tribes were represented among the gradu-
ates.

403. Death of Early Settlers.— In 1894 the early
settlers and founders of the State of Kansas were admon-
ished of the flight of time, by the departure from the scene
of life of many of their associate^; among the dead of the
year were numbered:

Isaac T. Goodnow, one of the founders of Manhattan,
third State Superintendent of Public Instruction, from
1863 to 1867, and a man distinguished for his services to
the educational interests of the State.

PASSING OF THE PIONEERS. 237

T. Dwight Thacher, long eminent in connection with the
journalism of Lawrence and of Kansas; a leader in the
ranks of thought, scholarship and literature.

Judge Joel K. Goodin, of Ottawa, the first Justice of
the Peace in the Territory, appointed by Governor Reeder
in 1855, and active in all the early history.

404. Coxey Army. — There was much unrest among the
laboring classes during the year. Strikes were reported,
especially among the coal miners and railroad men.
Another evidence of the popular discontent was the march-
ing of the "Coxey Army." The appearance of the detach-
ment called "General Sanders' " army, which camped at
Topeka in May, was involuntary. The men were brought
in from the West charged with having captured a railroad
train. The party remained several days in Topeka, and
were held by the United States Commissioner to appear for
trial before the United States Court at Leavenworth.
Their cause and condition elicited many expressions of
sympathy.

405. Valuable Fossil Found.— Collectors of fossil
remains in Kansas have for years enriched museums with
valuable specimens. It was announced in 1894 that
Mr. Charles H. Sternberg, of Lawrence, had made a very
valuable find in the northeast part of Lane county, a bed
of fossils containing nearly the entire skeleton of the hairy
mammoth, similar to that found in Siberia, and preserved
in St. Petersburg, a cast of which was exhibited at the
World's Fair. Over 150 elephants' teeth formed part of
Mr. Sternberg's discovery.

406. Oil and Gas Discovery.— The greatest discovery
and development in Kansas, in 1894, was in the oil and gas

288 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

field. Ill January, nineteen flowing wells were reported in
Wilson county. A Pennsylvania company, exploring in
that region, stated that of twenty-one wells they had bored,
but two were valueless. By May the Neodesha wells were
said to be equal to those of Lima, Ohio. Oil and gas were
struck at Sedan, Thayer, Cherry vale and other places, but
the Neodesha field remained the most important.

407. Apple Orchards in Kansas. — In 1894 one bear-
ing apple tree was reported in Wichita county, and one in
Greeley county, but in that year Judge Wellhouse, the
Kansas orchardist, planted a new orchard of 25,000 apple
trees on 270 acres . He is the owner of 1 , 700 acres in orchards ,
and is believed to be the largest apple grower in the world.

408. A Heavy Snow Storm.— A very heavy snow on
the 12th of February, revived the recollections of the old-
est inhabitants, and it was remembered that in the winter of
1855-56 the country between the Missouri river and Fort
Riley was covered with snow for nearly two months, and
that for six weeks the United States mail from Independ-
ence, Mo., to Fort Riley was carried in sleighs.

409. Report of Commissioner Harris.— The report of
Commissioner Harris, of the Bureau of Education, showed
that Kansas had the greatest proportion of her school
population enrolled in the schools of any State in the
Union, the per cent being 87.66. The next States in order
were Maine, 87.12; Iowa, 86.33; South Dakota, 81.04.
The percentage of New York was 70.40.

The large proportion of the attendance to the enrollment
in the schools of Kansas shows the interest felt by the
people of Kansas in education, and is not the result of
compulsory laws. Kansas received its earlier and later

PASSING OF THE PIONEERS. 239

settlers from the States iu the Union in which a system of
free public schools was earliest established and has been
most successfulh^ maintained. The free, the common school,
was in Kansas a heritage from the oldest and best educated
communities of the United States.

SUMMARY.

1. Charles Robinson and James M. Harvey, two pioneer Gov-

ernors of Kansas, died in 1894.

2. Edmund N. Morrill was elected Governor.

3. The amendment to the constitution giving women equal suffrage

was defeated. '

4. Haskell Institute graduated nine Indians.

5. The State Normal School granted 100 diplomas.

8. Among the early settlers of the State who died in 1894 were
Bishop Perkins, Isaac T. Goodnow, T. Dwight Tliacher and
Judge Joel K. Goodin.

7. The year of '94 was one of unrest and discontent among the

laboring classes.

8. Kansas has a larger proportion of her school population en-

rolled than any other State in the Union.

CHAPTER XXXV.

THE STORY OF 1895-90.

410. The Enforcement of Law. — Looking over a
brief abstract and chronicle of Kansas affairs in 1895, it
would appear that the subject of the prohibitory law and
its enforcement remained a matter of first interest. In
Emporia, a party, for selling liquor illegally, was sentenced
to a fine of $500 and 150 days in jail. In Arraourdale,
citizens demanded the enforcement of the law. In Wyan-
dotte county, the county Attorney ordered the joints to
close. In Arkansas City, the joints, which is by common
consent the Kansas name for places where liquor is sold,
were temporarily closed by agreement. In Dodge City, the
Mayor closed the joints. In Beloit, an offender against the
liquor law was convicted after four trials. The Sheriff
ordered a closing up in Wichita. In Topeka, six druggists'
permits were suspended. Wellington women knelt in whisky
joints and prayed for prohibition. A district judge decided
that the "so help me God" oath must be taken in all liquor
sales. There are many variations. In one place a local
liquor ordinance was declared un(!onstitutional. A jointist
in Seneca was fined $300. Weir City broke the record
by fining a fifteen- count violator of the law $1,500, with
450 days in jail. There were long lists of individual convic-
tions in many counties, but always discussions, and equally
confident assertions, that the law is, and is not, a failure.
240

THE STORY OF 1895-9G. 241

411. Case of John L. Waller. — As illustrating the
vicissitudes of human fortune, was presented to public
attention in Kansas the case of John L. Waller, born a
slave in Missouri, becoming a citizen of Kansas, and the
United States Consul to Madagascar. After serving his
term, he remained in the island, received valuable grants
from the native government, and on the overthrow of the
Malagassy Government by the French, he was arrested,
tried by court-martial, sent to France, and incarcerated in
a fortress. Kansas interested herself for her former citi-
zen; Mr. Waller's picture appeared in the papers, with
biographical sketches. Governor Morrill telegraphed the
President in regard to Mr. Waller's release. A petition
was sent to Congress containing 6,743 names. The United
States Ambassador at Paris was reached. John Waller
was liberated, and returned to his country to enter the
Twenty- Third Colored Kansas Infantry Volunteers, and
served as a captain in the regiment in Cuba.

412. Weather Phenomena of 1895.— In 1895 there
were given illustrations of the variability of the Kansas
temperature. In January the mercury was sixteen degrees
below zero; in February eighteen degrees; persons froze to
death at Newton, New Basle and Chanute, and three Stanton
county children perished. On the 9th of May the mercury
was ninety-three degrees above zero; on the night of the
12th of May there were hard frosts in many parts of Kansas.

413. Old People. — Kansas began to speak of herself as
an old country, and a country of old people. James White
died at Ottawa, aged 108 years. Elder John Burney, who
died at Abilene, left 147 descendants. Andrew Franklin,
a veteran of three wars, died at Burlington, aged 104 years

242 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

The death was announced at San Marcos, Tex., of Israel
B. Donalson, at the age of ninety- nine years. He was
United States Marshal in Kansas in the "Border Troubles"
days. He was appointed from Illinois. The death is
announced of Neodesha Fuller, the first white person born
in Neodesha. It was an early Kansas custom to name the
first babies after the town sites. Lawrence Carter and
Topeka Zimmerman are rememliered.

414. Monument to Kansas Heroes.— On May 30,
1895, Decoration Day, there was a monument dedicated in
the cemetery at Topeka, to the memory of the men of the
Second Kansas State militia, Shawnee county regiment,
who fell in the battle of the Blue, in October, 1864. The
remains of the brave militiamen were removed to Topeka
in 1866, but the graves were but slightly marked, and the
monument reared at this time was the gift of Mr. G. G.
Gage, of Topeka, who served in the Second Regiment, and
was taken prisoner at the Blue.

The address at the dedication was delivered by General
John C. Caldwell. General Joe Shelby, who commanded a
Confederate division in the battle opposed to the Kansans,
wrote a letter giving his recollections of the conflict.

At Lawrence a monument was dedicated to the slain in
the Quantrell raid. At Frankfort a monument to the Union
soldiers buried there was unveiled.

There was complaint of suffering and need in the western
counties. The State shipped coal in quantities. The State
Normal students contributed. Norton ville, Horton and
other towns donated to the relief of the destitute, as did
Shawnee and the eastern counties. The Railroad Commis-
sioners purchased 10,000 bushels of corn for seed. ♦

THE STORY OF 1895-96. 243

415. Lawrence Loses Two Prominent Men.— Law-
rence and the State lost two useful citizens in Judge Solon
O. Thacher and Professor David H. Robinson. Judge
Thacher had graced the bench and bar of the Territory and
the State, and was President pro tern, of the Wyandotte
Constitutional Convention, which formed the present Con-
stitution, an instrument which bore the impress of his
legal knowledge, and principles of justice to all men.
Professor David H. Robinson was a member of the original
faculty of the Kansas State University, and for thirty
years was the Latin professor. A man of learning, honor
and conscience.

416. Election of 1895.— The Legislature of 1895 was
Republican on joint ballot, and elected Lucien Baker, of
Leavenworth, United States Senator, as the successor of
John Martin in the "Lane line," as distinguished from the
"Pomeroy line" of senatorial succession. Joseph K. Hud-
son was elected State Printer.

417. Leg-islative Acts. — The Legislature did not
indulge in novel or excessive measures. The principal
acts were the establishment of appellate courts to relieve
the pressure of business on the Supreme Court; the pro-
viding for an irrigation commission consisting of the
President of the State Agricultural College, the State Geo-
logist, and three appointees; the making of an appropria-
tion of $30,000 for experiments in irrigation, the State
entering the business of irrigation in accordance with the
Act of the Legislature. In June the State irrigation plant
at Goodland was given a public trial. The thirteenth and
last of the State plants was located at Dodge City on the
3d of July. The season in which these plants were

244 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

located was marked by heavy raius throughout the State,
accompanied l)y washouts, and excessive thunder and light-
ning.

The Legislature al)olished the office of State Veterinarian,
but established the office of State Accountant. $3,000
was appropriated to buy coal for destitute settlers in the
western portion of the State. The Legislature failed to
divide the State into eight Congressional districts; in other
words, failed to make a Congressional apportionment.

A concurrent resolution was adopted, asking that the
statue of John Brown be placed, as representing Kansas, in
the Statuary Hall of the Capitol, at Washington.

418. Educational Interests.— The Kansas State Uni-
versity graduated a class of 130. "Washburn College cele-
brated its thirtieth anniversary. The Wesleyan University,
at Salina, secured the library of the late Colonel William
A. Phillips. Fifty- seven graduates formed the class at the
Agricultural College.

419. Issues Before the People. — The year 1896 was
devoted in Kansas, as in the other States of theUuion, to politi-
cal discussion and action. The national conventions of the
great political parties met, framed their platforms, and an-
nounced their candidates. The questions before the people
being largely financial; the "gold standard" as opposed to
"free silver," and "free trade" as against "protection,"
there was endless opportunity for discussion. In Kansas,
the canvass, one of the most thorough and earnest ever
inade in the history of the State, was conducted principally
m^ "home talent."

420. Result of Election. — The political combinations
uring the summer resulted in the fusion of the Democratic

THE STORY OF 1895-9G. 245

and People's parties, and Kansas cast her electoral vote for
Bryan and Sewall, and the following Populist State and
Congressional tickets were triumphant:

John W. Leedy, Governor; A. M. Harvey, Lieutenant-
Governor; W. E. Bush, Secretary of State; D. H. Heffle-
bower. Treasurer; L. C. Boj-le, Attor-
ney-General; W. H. Morris, Auditor;
Frank Doster, Chief Justice; William
Stryker, Superintendent of Public In-
struction; Congressman-at-Large, Rev.
J. D. Botkin.

The Congressmen elected were: First
District, Case Broderick, and Fourth,
Charles Curtis, Republicans; Second,

_, _. , _-, .,_,-__-,.- , Governor John W. Leedy.

Mason S. Peters; Third, E. R. Ridgely;

Fifth, W. D. Vincent; Seventh, Jerry Simpson, Populists;

Sixth, N. B. McCormick, Democratic.

The Bryan electors received 171,810 votes; McKinley,
159,541; Palmer, 1,209; Levering, 1,921; the vote for
Governor stood, Leedy, Democrat-Populist, 168,041; Morrill,
Republican, 160,530; Hurley, Prohibition, 2,347; Kepford,
Independent- Prohibition, 703; Douthard, National Prohibi-
tion, 752.

421. Natural Gas at lola. — In the matter of resources
tlie chief development in Kansas was in the line of natural
gas; the lola gas field coming into line with the Neodesha
oil field. Natural gas was first discovered at lola in boring
for coal to a great depth in 1871. Fifteen years later came
the discovery of the gas fields of Indiana and Ohio, and the
grand results which fliese States achieved in building up
manufacturing centers, proved the incentive by which the

246 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

people of Tola were induced to make efforts to test the
prospects shown in the "Acers well."

Near the end of 1895, the first great natural gas well was
opened. The gas rushed upward with a roar as if a hun-
dred locomotives were letting off steam at once. The gas
territory has since developed over an area of some eighty
square miles. Great flows have been struck at LaHarpe
and Gas City. Twenty-nine wells have been drilled which
furnish fuel for zinc smelters, many manufactories, and fuel
and light for the city of lola.

When Thomas Watson, the middle-of-the-road Populist
candidate for Vice-President, visited Tola in September, 1896,
ten million cubic feet of gas were consumed in honor of the
event.

422. Severe Storms.— The State was visited by severe
cyclones, costing several lives. The most fatal in their
effect were those at Clifton in April, and Seneca in May.
The month of May again seemed the month most subject to
these storms.

423. Georgre T. Anthony. — George T. Anthony died at
Topeka, on the night of August 5, 1896. He was born in
Fulton count}-, N. Y., in 1824, belonging to a family famous
in the history of political and social progress. He came
to Kansas after the close of the Civil War, in which he
served as a captain of artillery. It was in Kansas that he
entered upon a public career. He is said to have made his
first public speech after he was forty years old. In Kansas
he was almost continuously entrusted with official responsi-
])ilities. He was United States Collec^tor, President of the
State Board of Agi'iculture, in which capacity he contributed
to the success of the State at the Centennial Exhibition at

THE STORY OF 18JJ5-9G. 247

Philadelphia, and iu eonneetion with George A. Crawford
and Alfred Gray, compiled the third aunnal report of that
Board, said by competent authority at the time, to be the
finest agricultural report ever published in the world. He
was elected Governor of Kansas in 1876, serving in 1877-79.
He was afterwards Railroad Commissioner, and at the time
of his death was State Insurance Commissioner. His funeral
occurred in the State Senate Chamber at Topeka. He lived
seventy- two years.

SUMMARY.

1. Kansas stands for prohibition.

2. John L. Waller was released from a French prison by the

efforts of his fellow citizens of Kansas.

3. On May 30th a monument was unveiled at Topeka, in memory

of the men of the Second Kansas militia, who were killed
at the battle of the Blue.

4. Judge Thacher and Professor Robinson died in Lawrence.

5. Lueien Baker was elected -United States Senator iu 1895.

6. Among the Legislative acts were the establishment of an

Appellate Court, a commission on irrigation, with an
appropriation of $30,000 for experiments; aid to Western
settlers; resolution to place statue of John Brown in Capi-
tol at Washington.

7. The year 1896, a presidential year, was largely given up to

politics.

8. Kansas cast her electoral vote for Bryan and Sewall. John W.

Leedy was elected Governor, and Rev. J. D. Botkin,
( 'ongi-essman-at-Large.

9. George T. Anthony, ex-Governor, died at the age of 72 years,

at Topeka, August 5, 1896.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

THE YEARS 1897 AND 1898.

424. Leg-islative Session.— The Legislative sessiou of
1897 lasted sixty-seven days, being the longest on record in
Kansas.

January 26th, the joint session of the Legislature elected
Honorable Wm. A. Harris United States Senator. Mr.
Harris had previously served in the House of Representa-
tives. J. S. Parks was elected State Printer.

The Legislature repealed the Act which established the
State Board of Irrigation, and consolidated the duties
assigned it to an officer styled the Commissioner of Irriga-
tion and Forestry.

425. Accomplishments of Board of Irrig-ation.—
The Board, dviring its existence of two years, instituted an
extensive series of experiments, mostly in the western por-
tion of the State, boring thirteen wells to different depths,
and testing various pnmps and motive powers. The wells
were sunk at likely and unlikely places to find water, in
the low grounds and on the high plateaus, and in the sand
hills. One result of the operations conducted under the
patronage of the State was to encourage the efforts of
private parties. In the county of Sherman 150 reservoirs
for irrigating purposes were constructed in the year 1895.
Both northwestern and southwestern Kansas were included
in the State's experiments, and a great stimulus was given
the cause of irrigation in those sections.

248

THE YEARS 1897 AND 1898. 249

426. First Successful Irrig-ator. — In histories of irri-
gation in Kansas the credit of being the first successful
irrigator is usually accorded a settler named George
Allman, who, in 1873, near Fort Wallace, constructed a
ditch about a mile long, taking water from the Smoky Hill
river. He succeeded in raising garden vegetables in plenty,
which he sold at Fort Wallace. Since his time there have
been thousands of irrigating plants established by indi-
viduals, corporations and the State. The Arkansas has
been the stream most drawn upon for water, and the town
of Garden City, which derived its name from the irrigation
gardens early established in its neighborhood, has become
the center of the largest and most compact body of irri-
gated country. Kansas possesses an irrigation law
modeled on that of Colorado. The appearance and even
the climate of Kansas it is believed is to be greatly changed
by irrigation.

The search for an underground supply of water for
domestic and irrigating purposes has resulted in the dis-
covery in central Kansas of what seems a subterranean
river, with a slow but defined flow in a certain direction,
and apparently exhaustless in quantity.

427. Ag-ricultural Reports.— The carefully collated
and very conservative statistics collected by the Secretary
of the State Board of Agriculture, showed that the farm
products of Kansas for the years 1897-98 amounted in
value to $288,259,056; which was a gain of $43,506,301,
or nearly eighteen per cent over the preceding biennial
period. The reports show an increase in the value of
farm products in Kansas for every biennial period
from 1877-78 forward, except for 1885-86, and 1893-94. In

250 HISTOEY OF KANSAS.

other words there were four unproductive years in twenty-
one.

428. Wheat Production. — With 1897 came increased
signs of prosperity, following a period of depression. It
was estimated that Kansas raised, in 1897, enough wheat
for every man, woman and child in the State; to provide
seed for the coming year, and feed all of New England,
New York and Pennsylvania for twelve months.

429. Kansas Oil.— In April, 1897, a great oil refinery
was building at Neodesha, and eighty- seven wells produced
daily an average of four barrels of oil each. The stock of
oil accumulated at Neodesha before the opening of the new
refinery amounted to over 300,000 barrels. In July, oil
was piped from Neodesha to Chanute. Kansas began to
buy, in quantity, Kansas oil. In 1897, lola, Cofifeyville,
Independence, Cherryvale, Paola, Neodesha, Osawatomie,
Kansas City, Kan., and Chanute were noted as producers of
natural gas.

Kansas was rated as the eighth State in the Union in the
number of men employed in coal mining. The salt pro-
ducing capacity at Hutchinson was increased to over
1,650,000 barrels per annum.

430. Reduction of Indebtedness.— There were evi-
dences this year of the diminution of the euormousload of debt,
which Kansas had accumulated in the boom days. Early
in the year ten counties were reported as without indebtedness.
Estimates T)ased on reports from registers of deeds in thirty-
eight counties indicated that the mortgage indel>tedu(^ss of
the State was reduced in seven years over $100,000,000.

431. Necrolog'y of 1897.— The necrology of the year
included Mrs. Clotilda Hilton Greer, widow of Samuel W.

THE YEARS 1807 AND 18<J8. 251

Greer, second Territorial Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, and an early settler of Doniphan and Cowley counties.
Sol Miller, the veteran editor of the Kansas Chief, at Troy,
oldest in length of service, and best known of Kansas
editors. Judge N. C. McFarland, of Topeka, at one time
Commissioner of the General Land Office, and in that office
the friend of the homestead settler. Harrison Kelley, a
former Congressman and member of the Legislature.
Lewis Hanback, a veteran of the war for the Union, repre-
sentative of Kansas in Congress, and a prominent figure in
the Grand Army of the Republic. Major J. B. Abbott, a
pioneer Free State settler, who figured in the rescue of
Branson, the rescue of the Doys, and most of the stirring
events of the days of the "border troubles." Mrs. Mary
Ward, who came to Kansas long before it ceased to be the
Indian Territory, and was the first white woman settler in
what is now Shawnee county. Captain William J. Clark,
who died at Hobart, Delaware county. New York, was the
last survivor of John Brown's men. As a boy of nineteen
he took part in John Brown's last raid. On the 3d of August
State Senator Daniel McTaggart was murdered at Inde-
pendence. He was known for his services in the State
Legislature, and as the most extensive cultivator of cotton
in Kansas.

432. Sons of the Revolution.— In February, 1897,
was organized the first Kansas chapter of the Sons of the Revo-
lution. The patriotic societies having an historical origin
find a fertile soil in Kansas. The population is largely
American, and a great nmnber of families trace to a Revolu-
tionary, and even Colonial, ancestry. The "sword of Bun-
ker Hill" has been carefullv handed down in Kansas.

252 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

433. Relic of 1794. — The antiquity of the navigation
of the Kansas river was demonstrated by the finding, in
digging for the foundation of the bridge across the river at
Topeka, of the rudder of a boat, with the date "1794"
carved upon it.

434. Sunday School by Telephone.— Kansas, in 1897,
furnished the only example of a Sunday School conducted
by telephone. The school was that of the First Methodist
Church, at Wichita, which was directed through the phone
from his sick bed bj' Mr. W. E. Stanley, afterwards Gov-
ernor of Kansas.

The 29th of January was, in 1897, formally observed by
both branches of the Legislature as "Kansas Day."

435. Omaha Exposition. — The year 1898 was a period
of hope and prosperity, and one of the matters which
engaged early attention was a proper representation of the
State at the Omaha Exposition. A commission was
appointed, and the State divided into four districts for the
purpose of furnishing exhibits.

On the 27th of May, 1898, Professor Henry Worral, of
Topeka, who assisted in the arrangement of the Kansas
exhibit at the Centennial Exhibition of 1876, stated that
the Kansas display at Omaha would be ready on the day of
opening, the first State to have its exhibit prei)ai-ed. The
Exhibition closed in October, 1898; was visited by many
thousands of Kansas people; and throughout its continu-
ance the Kansas department, which was particularly fine
in its agricultural and mineral divisions, was a leading
attraction .

436. Tax Receipts. — An added evidence of the
renewed prosperity of the State was the receipt at the

THE YEAKS ISDT AND 18fl8.

State treasury, in the month of January, of $1,500,000 in
taxes. There had never been before an instance of so
large a payment of taxes due so early in the year.

437. Fipe at the State University.— On the 22d of
March, the powerhouse, engine-room, and machine shops
of the Kansas State University were destroyed by fire.
The citizens of Lawrence advanced $20,000 for machinery
and apparatus for the restoration, and Mr. George A.
Fowler, of Kansas City, Mo., generously erected a new
building, at a cost of $21,000.

438. Ev-Governop Thomas A. Osborn.— Ex- Gover-
nor Thomas A. Osborn died at Meadville, Pa., on the 4th
of February, 1898. He was born at Meadville, October
26, 1836. He learned the printer's
trade, and read law in Pennsylvania,
and came to Kansas Territory in 1857.
On his arrival he worked first at his
trade, in Lawrence, and received the
thanks of the editor and proprietor of
the Herald of Freedom for his efficiency
as foreman; afterwards he practised his
profession at Elwood, Doniphan county.
The bent of his genius lay, however, in e^-g°^«^"°^ Thomas a. osbom.
the direction of politics, and he was elected from Doniphan
county to the State Senate, and chosen president pro tern, of
that body. In 1862 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor.
In 1864 he was appointed United States Marshal. In 1872 he
was elected Governor, and re-elected in 1874. In 1877 he wa.s
appointed United States Minister to Chili, and in 1881 to
Brazil. After his return from abroad. Governor Osborn fixed
his residence in Topeka, and represented Shawnee county in

254 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

the State Senate. He was on a visit to his native plaee at
the time of his death. Governor Osborn was a man of
winning manners and distinguished appearance, one of the
most popuhxr of the public men of Kansas. His funeral
at Topeka was attended by the fast diminishing company of
Kansas Governors, and a great concourse of people.

439. State Election. — At the November election of
1898, the Republican ticket for State officers was elected:
Governor, W. E. Stanley; Lieutenant-Governor, H. E.
Richter; Secretary of State, George A. Clark; Treasurer,
Frank E. Grimes; Auditor, George E. Cole; Attorney-
General, A. A. Goddard; Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, Frank Nelson; Associate Justice, William R.
Smith.

Of the members of Congress, the Republicans elected:
W. J. Bailey, Congressman-at-Large; Charles Curtis, First
District; J. D. Bowersock, Second District; J. M. Miller,
Fourth District; W. A. Calderhead, Fifth District; W. A.
Reeder, Sixth District; Chester I. Long, Seventh District.
The Populists elected E. R. Ridgely, in the Third Dis-
trict.

440. War with Spain. — In Kansas, peaceful and pros-
perous during the year 1898, the thought of the people was
yet of war — the war with Spain, and the war in the Phil-
ippines, brought on by the attack on the United States
troops by the natives.

The event which created the most enthusiasm was the
victory of Admiral Dewey at Manila, on the 1st of May,
1898. Kansas never before saw so many American flags
unfurled to the air as in honor of the triumph of the
American navv.

THE YEARS 1S!)7 AND 1S!)S. 255

Kansas, far from the ocean, in the heart and centre of
the continent, coukl hardly be expected to fnrnish men for
the navy, and great enthnsiasm was aronsed by the discovery
that a nnmber of Kansas sailors participated in the battle
of Manila. Their names were published with great pride
throughout the length and breadth of the State.

SUMMARY.

1. The longest Legislative session held in Kansas was that of

1897; Wm. A. Harris was elected U. S, Senator.

2. Garden City illustrates successful irrigation; an underground

river discovered in Central Kansas.

3. Large oil refinery built at Neodesha.

4. The reduction of indebtedness in seven years was $100,000,000.

5. Many old citizens died in the year 1897.

n. The first chapter of the Sons of the Revolution organized in
February.

7. Kansas made good display in all departments at the Omaha

Exposition.

8. Fire at University destroyed valuable property.

9. W. E. Stanley elected Governor.

10. Ex-Governor Osborn died in Meadville, Pa.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

KANSAS IN THE WAR.

441 . Colonel Fred. Funston and Cuba. — Kansas people
sympathized from the first with the Cubans in their struggle
against the tyranny of Sjiain, and their knowledge of the
situation was increased by the arrival from Cuba, in
January, 1898, of Colonel Fred. Funston, a "Kansas boy,"
a former student of the State University, with home and
friends in Kansas, after a service of two years in the insur-
gent army in Cuba, and who spoke in many places on the
incidents and the lesson of the Cuban war for freedom.
The people of Kansas were deeply moved by the sufferings
of the hapless Cuban non-combatants ; the starving to death
of 150,000 people, and the evident determination of the
Spanish to exterminate the Cuban race.

442. Destruction of the Maine. — The treacherous
destruction of the Maine, in the harbor of Havana, stirred
the indignation of the citizens of Kansas, as it did of all
loyal Americans. They waited, however, the result of the
investigation, and in the meantime were generous partici-
pators in the effort to relieve the starving Cubans, especially
at Matanzas.

443. Events of Moment. — The succession of events
was watched with the most intense interest; the passage
of the emergency bill appropriating $50,000,000 for the
defence of the United States; the message of President

256

KANSAS IN THE WAE. 257

McKinley with the Maine report; the President's message
recommending the intervention of the United States; the
passage by Congress of the intervention resolutions ; the sub-
mission of the President's ultimatum to Spain ; the beginning
of the war by the act of Spain in breaking off diplomatic
relations with us. Kansas, in every step for the protection
of the honor of the United States, stood by the Government.

444. Volunteers.— The President's call for 125,000
men was issued on the 23d of April. But Kansas did not
wait for the call. On the 18th of April a company of eighty
men marched to the office of Governor Leedy, followed by
a great crowd, and offered their services for the war, which
the Governor promised to accept on the first call. On the
18th of April a tender was made Secretary of War Alger by
General Charles McCrum, of the Kansas National Guards,
for any needed service at any time.

The quota of Kansas when the call came was announced
as 2 , 230 men . Governor Leedy summoned to his aid Colonel
Fred. Funston, probably the only man in Kansas who had
seen military service in Cuba, and the work of recruiting
three regiments of volunteer infantry began at once.

445. Action of Kansas University and the State
Normal. — The desire to enlist ran high among the young
men of Kansas, and was manifested in the higher educational
institutions . The council of the State University felt impelled
to issue a circular, advising students to weigh the question
well in their hearts and consciences ^efore enlisting, but if
they heard the voice of honor and country call, to receive
the blessing of their alma mater and the admonition, "Go,
and God bless you." Members of the senior class enlisting
were granted their diplomas without waiting for graduation.

258 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

The state Normal School extended the same courtesy to its
soldier- students.

446. At Camp Leedy. — It was soon announced that in
Kansas the policy adopted in some of the States, of enlist-
ing the National Guard organizations into the volunteer
service, would not be followed, but that the regiments
would be raised without regard to existing militia organiza-
tions. The first Kansas company recruited at Kansas City,
Kan., was largely made up of men from Company B of the
First Regiment, Kansas National Guard. This company
was enrolled on the 29th of April, and left for Topeka on
the 30th, and would have been the first in "Camp Leedy,"
as the State Camp laid out at the Fair Grounds at Topeka
was called, had not the Topeka company marched out to
camp in the morning, before the Kansas City soldiers arrived.
The Topeka and Kansas City companies, however, "opened"
Camp Leedy. There was a vigorous effort made to have
Fort Leavenworth, where many of the Kansas regiments
were mustered in the Civil War, adopted as the State ren-
dezvous, but "Camp Leedy" continued during the war to
be the spot where the Kansas soldier entered his country's
service, while Fort Leavenworth was his place of exit
from it.

Recruiting offices were established at various points in
the State, but the recruiting officers had an easy task. To
raise a company was, at most, a matter of a few days. At
Emporia the quota was filled in four hours.

447. Major Joseph K. Hudson, a Brig-adier-GeneraL
— Governor Leedy, by the 5th of May, was able to inform the
War Department that two regiments were ready at Camp
Leedy.

KANSAS IN THE WAR. 259

On the 27th of May, Major Joseph K. Hudson, who had
won his title in the old Tenth Kansas and the Sixty- Second
United States Volunteers, was nominated as a Brigadier-
General from Kansas.

448. The Twentieth.— It was decided that in number-
ing the regiments, allowance would be
made for the seventeen regiments Kansas
raised in the Civil War, and the two
recruited afterwards to fight the Indians,
and accordingly the first Kansas regi-
ment enrolled in the war against Spain
should be numbered the Twentieth, which
number came to be heard of on both
sides of the world. The Twentieth Kan-

._.,,, , r? J.1 1. 1 General J. K. Hudson.

sas Volunteers was made up ot the twelve
companies recruited at Topeka, Kansas City, Kan.; Leaven-
worth, Fort Scott, Independence, Ottawa, Osawatomie, Abi-
lene, Salina, Lawrence, Leroy, and Pittsburg, and was
mustered into the service of the United States on the 13th
of May, 1898, with the following regimental officers : Colonel,
Frederick Funston; Lieutenant-Colonel, Edward C. Little;
Senior- Major, Frank H. Whitman; Junior- Major, Wilder
S. Metcalf; Adjutant, William A. Deford; Quartermaster,
Lafayette C. Smith; Surgeon, John A. Rafter; Assistant-
Surgeon, Charles S. Huffman; Assistant- Surgeon, Henry
D. Smith; Chaplain, John G. Schliermann.

449. The Twenty-First. — The companies from King-
man, Wichita, Eldoi-ado, Winfield, Great Bend, Larned,
Osage City, Hays City, Norton, Smith Centre, and
Wellington, contributed to form the Twenty-First Regi-
ment, and were mustered on the 14th of May, with

260

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Colonel Thomas G. Fitcb.

Colonel Thomas G. Fitch, commanding; Lieutenant-Colonel,
Charles McCrum; Senior- Major, Harry A. Smith; Junior-
Major, W. L. Brown; Adjutant, John Nicholson; Quarter-
master, John C. Little; Surgeon, Frank
C. Armstrong; Assistant- Surgeon, C.
E. Bidden ; Assistant- Surgeon, F. W.
Turner; Chaplain, W. E. Woodward.
450. The Twenty-Second. — The
Twenty- Second Regiment was mustered
on the 17th of May, made up of the"
companies from Columbus, Parsons,
Atchison, Seneca, Holtoii, Concordia,
Clay Centre, Blue Rapids, Beloit,
Emporia and McPherson. Company H of this regiment
was made up of students volunteering from the State
Normal School, the State Agricultural College, the State
University, Washburn College, and the College of Emporia.
The regimental officers of the Twenty-
Second were: Colonel, Henry C. Lind-
sey; Lieutenant-Colonel, James Graham;
Major, A. M. Harvey; Major, Charles
Doster; Adjutant, Clay Allen; Quarter-
master, H. A. Lamb; Surgeon, John
P. Stewart; Assistant- Surgeon, L. C.
Duncan; Assistant- Surgeon, W. F.
DeNeideman; Chaplain, V. H. Bidde-
son.

The three regiments were sworn into the service of the
United States by Lieutenant W. F. Clark, U. S. A., on
duty as professor of military science at Baker Universit}',
Baldwin City, Kan.

Colonel lindsey.

KANSAS IN THE WAE. 261

451. To the Field.— On the 16th of May, 1898, the
Twentieth Regiment broke camp at Topeka, and took the
Union Pacific for San Francisco, under the command of
Lieutenant- Colonel Little, Colonel Funston having been
called for a time to Washington. The regiment traveled
in a train of two sections to Junction City, and westward
from that point in three. All through Kansas the soldiers
were enthusiastically received. The regiment reached Oak-
land and San Francisco without accident, and began at once
their actual life as soldiers. The Twenty- First was the next
to leave, journeying to the great camp on the old field of
Chickamauga, and after a brief interval, on the 25th of
May, 1898, the Twenty- Second left Camp Leedy for Camp
Alger, near Falls Church, Va. Thus, by the 1st of June,
Kansas had three Regiments mustered into the service of
the United States, and in camps of instruction.

452. Colored Troops; the Twenty-Third.— On the
21st of June, Governor Leedy announced his intention of
raising two battalions of colored troops, under the Presi-
dent's call for 25,000 men. James Beck, of Riley county,
and John M. Brown, of Shawnee county, were bulletined
as Majors. It was given out that the command of the
battalions, as Lieutenant-Colonel, would be assumed by
Major H. H. Young, U. S. A., but that officer remained
with the Ninth Ohio, at Camp Alger. In face of many
predictions of its impossibility, the enlistment of colored
soldiers proceeded. By the 4th of July there were 400
men at Camp Leedy; two days later there were 550 men.
On the 13th of July Governor Leedy telegraphed the War
Department that two battalions were ready, and asked
permission to i-aise a third, and was informed that the

262

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Lieutenant-Colonel Beck.

volunteers under the President's call had been entirely
apportioned. On the 28th of July, Captain Reynolds,
U. S. A., mustering officer of the Twenty-Third Kansas,
as the command was now called, was notified that its arms
would be forwarded from Springfield, Mass., ammuni-
tion from the Frankfort arsenal, and
the remainder of the equipment from
Rock Island.

The regimental officers of the Twenty-
Third were: Lieutenant-Colonel, James
Beck, Sr.; Majors, John M. Brown and
George W. Ford; Assistant- Surgeons,
Charles S. Sunday and Frederick D.
G. Harvey; Adjutant, Samuel T. Jones;
Quartermaster, Frederick M. Stone.
453. At the Camps.— The summer of 1898 was a
period of suspense. The Kansas regiments went through
the first experience of new soldiers, including the measles.
The Twentieth had the advantage of being "in town," at
San Francisco, while the Twenty-First and Twenty-Second
were in the "country resorts" of Camp Alger and Camp
Thomas. The Kansas soldiers at San Francisco were, at
first, subjected to considerable newspaper criticism on the
matter of their external appearance; but it* was observed,
also, that more than half of the officers of the regiment
were graduates of the Kansas State University.

The Twentieth grew in grace and in favor with the people
of San Francisco. The Twenty- First and Twenty-
Second found themselves camped in historic localities.
"Camp Alger" was situated on the old plantation of
Lord Fairfax, with which Washington was familiar when a

KANSAS IN THE WAR. 263

young soldier, and Camp Thomas on the bloody field of
Chiekamauga in the old war.

During the summer, recruiting officers visited Kansas on
behalf of the Kansas regiments. In one day 100 men left
Lawrence to join the Twentieth.

454. The Twenty-Third to Santiag-o.— As it turned
out, the colored regiment, the Twenty- Third, was the first
to leave the soil of the United States. The regiment left
Topeka August 22, 1898, went directly to New York, and
sailed on the Vigilencia for Santiago, arriving there on the
1st of September. The Twenty-Third arrived at Santiago
850 strong, in time to see the embarkation of the last of
the Spanish troops for Spain. The Twenty-Third was
within twenty-four hours loaded on a railroad train and
transported to San Luis, an old Cuban town, where it was
destined to remain until its return to the United States.

455. The Delay. — On the 1st of September Kansas was
represented by four regiments, the Twentieth at San Fran-
cisco, the Twenty-First at Chickamauga, the Twenty-Second
at "Camp Alger," the Twenty-Third at San Luis in the
island of Cuba. Thus the situation remained for weeks.
The Kansas regiments were the objects of the solicitude
of the people of the State, and news from the camps was
eagerly sought for. As heard from, the Kansas regiments
bore well the test of camp life and discipline. The old
soldier population took a kemi interest in the progress of
the young soldiers. The Kansas troops soon overcame the
deficiencies and difficulties of the first days in camp, and won
the good will alike of their comrades and their commanders,
their only source of grief being what seemed to them the
unaccountable delay in sending them to meet the enemy.

264 HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

456. strike the Tents.— With the middle of August
came the signing of the protocol, and the evident end of
the war with Spain. Many of the enlisted men felt that
their mission was completed, as the foe had disappeared.
In addition, both Camp Alger and Camp Thomas became
subjects of complaint on account of their unheal thiness
and discomfort. With the reduction determined on by the
Government, of the volunteer force, came the order for the
discharge of the Twenty- Second. All the regiments had in
the meantime changed camps. The Twentieth had been
transferred from "Camp Merritt," a dreary and inhospit-
able spot, to "Camp Merriam' ' at the Presidio. The Twenty-
Second marched to Middletown, Pa., the Twenty-First was
transferred from Chattanooga to Lexington, Ky.

457. The Twenty- Second Arrives in Kansas.— The
first regiment to arrive at Fort Leavenworth, for muster
out, was the Twenty-Second. The regiment arrived from
Camp Meade, Middletown, Pa., on the 11th of September,
1898, in excellent condition, with but twelve men in
hospital. A most kindly and enthusiastic reception was
given the regiment by the people of Leavenworth. The
Twenty- Second went into camp on the reservation, but the
larger number of the men were given verbal furloughs for
thirty days, and departed for their homes. As the com-
panies reached the towns and cities of their enlistment they
were given a hearty welcome* home in the shape of dinners
and receptions.

458. The Twenty-First.— The Twenty-First Regiment
arrived at Leavenworth from Lexington, Ky., on the 28th
of September. The regiment had suffered severely at
Camp Thomas. The first section to arrive at Leavenworth

KANSAS IN THE WAR. 265

was the hospital train, with ninety sick men. The regi-
ment was not held at Fort Leavenworth, but the men,
sick and well, sent home on verbal furloughs. The men
returned to Fort Leavenworth at the expiration of their
leave, and were mustered out, the Twenty-Second on the
3d of November, and the Twenty-First on the 10th of
December.

459. The Twentieth at San Francisco.— The Twen-
tieth, which had left Topeka on the 16th of May, in the
meantime remained at San Francisco. Seven times in five
months, it is said, the regiment was assigned to transports,
and as often the orders were countermanded. The last of
October came, and still the regiment remained at San
Francisco.

Whatever deprivations the Kansas troops were subjected
to, they were not deprived of the elective franchise. As
the election in Kansas drew near, the regiments were sup-
plied with poll books and other voting conveniences.

460. To Manila.— On the 27th of October, the Second
and Third Battalions of the Twentieth Kansas Volunteer
Infantry, Colonel Funston in command, sailed on board
the transport Indiana for Manila, and the Philippines,
where the Filipino war had succeeded the Spanish War.
The Indiana arrived at Honolulu on the 8th of November,
election day, and the polls were opened on the Irmgard
wharf, and the legal voters of the Twentieth went ashore
and voted. On the same day the Newjwrt left San Fran-
cisco with the First Battalion under Lieutenant-Colonel
Little. The men went to the polls immediately after going
on board, and then, in company with the Wyoming Light
Battery, set sail across the wide Pacific.

266

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Lieutenant Alford.

The Second and Third Battalions passed four days at
Honolulu, and resumed their journey. Thanksgiving Day
was observed at sea, and on December 1, 1898, the Indiana
dropped anchor in the harbor of Manila. The Neivport,
with the First Battalion, arrived on the 6th of December.
The regiment was soon landed, and as-
signed to quarters in buildings in the
vicinity of the Pasig river.

461. The First to Fall.— More seri-
ous business was to follow. On the
night of the 7th of February, 1899, the
men of the Twentieth were engaged with
the Filipinos, and the gallant Lieutenant
Alford was killed, and, with Private
Charles Pratt, was the first to fall under
the colors of the Twentieth.

462. Battle of Caloocan. — In this, which may be
described as their first action, the Kansas soldiers displayed
the qualities which have since distinguished them. The
Filipinos were massed in front of the Kansans for a night
attack. Companies B, C, I, and a part of E were ordered
to charge the woods. With Colonel Funston on the right
and Major Metcalf on the left, the line moved forward for a
mile before the enemy opened fire. Company B, led by
Lieutenant Alford, answered the fire. "Keep going, but
move steadier," said the young officer, and fell within sixty
feet of the muzzles of the enemy's guns, but the hostile
line was driven. This was the fight which gave the Kansas
Twentieth the right to inscribe the name "Caloocan" on
its colors, for its charge carried it into the heart of that
town.

KANSAS IN THE WAK.

267

463. Death of Captain David G. Elliott.— Every day

during the operations folio win j^- the fight at Caloocau, the
Twentieth, with their comrades of General Harrison Gray
Otis' brigade, were kept at the front, when not taking the
offensive against the masses of the enemy, enduring the fire
of their hidden sharpshooters. It was thus, on the 20th
of February, that the gallant Captain
David G. Elliott was killed.

464. Colonel Funston at Malolos.—
The Kansas regiment took part in the
movement of March 25th, by which the
enemy's line was broken in two. In the
movement of March 27th, Colonel Fun-
ston and twenty of his men swam the
Marinao river and captured eighty of the
enemy. Colonel Funston and a party
of his men were first to enter Malolos, the Filipino capital.

465. Advance on Calumpit. — In the advance on Cal-
umpit the Twentieth Kansas moved along
the railroad guarding the armored train.
When the Bagbag river near the town
was reached, it was found that an attempt

I ad been made to destroy the railroad
bridge and that one span had sunk in
the river. Colonel Funston called for
volunteers, and with Lieutenant Ball,
Trumpeter Barsfield, Corporal Ferguson,
and two men from Companies K and E,
crawled along the iron girders, and when the broken span
was reached, slid down into the water and swam to the
opposite bank and di'ove the Filipinos, who had been

Captain Elliott.

General Fred. Funston.

268 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

broken by the fire of Company K, out of their trenches.
Company K, which covered the landing of Colonel Funston,
was commanded by Captain Boltwood, of Ottawa, a veteran
of the Civil War. The Twentieth was with the first to
enter Calumpit.

After Calumpit, the Twentieth advanced fighting almost
continuously. In the attack at San Tomas, on the 4th of
May, Lieutenant Wm. A. McTaggart, of Montgomery county,
was killed, the third commissioned officer lost in the brief
campaign. At the crossing of the Rio Grande river the
regiment highly distinguished itself. Under a heavy fire,
repeated efforts were made to reach the enemy. At last
Privates Trembly and White swam the river with a rope,
fastened it to the enemy's trenches, and by this, a raft was
towed over with Colonel Funston and his men, who swept
the Filipinos out of their works. The Kansas regiment
occupied San Fernando, and through the month of May
thereafter was engaged with parties of the enemy, the
latest recorded fight in the month being a victory at Santa
Anita, north of San Fernando. General Harrison Gray
Otis, in taking leave of the brigade, paid a high compliment
to the Kansas regiment and Colonel Funston. The command
was then assumed by General Lloyd Wheaton, U. S. A.
Early in May it was announced that Colonel Funston had
been promoted to be Brigadier- General. On the 20th of
May General Wheaton was assigned to other duty, and Gen-
eral Funston assumed the command of the brigade.

The casualties of the Twentieth regiment to the 13th of
May, 1899, one year from the date of muster, show the
severity of their service. Three commissioned officers and
twenty-seven enlisted men were killed in action, twenty-nine

KANSAS IN THE WAE. ' Zby

enlisted men died from disease, and nine commissioned offi-
cers and ninety-eight enlisted men were wounded in action.
When the record closed, the Twentieth was still obeying
the last order of its gallant young officer, who fell at
Caloocan: "Keep going, but move steadily." Crowding
through the dense jungle, under the blaze of a tropical sun,
obeying every order, suffering, but not cast down, uphold-
ing the honor of their country and their State.

466. Home-Coming" of the Twenty-Third.— On the
10th of March, 1899, the Twenty-Third arrived at Leaven-
worth. They came by transport from Cuba to Newport
News, and were four days on the road between Newport News*
and Leavenworth. As the men dropped from the cars and
fell in by companies, it was remarked that their six months
in service had made them soldiers. The colored regiment
met with an enthusiastic reception from their own people,
who lavished upon them every attention. In a short time
they were mustered out, and merged into the community
of citizens.

467. Kansas Proud of Her Boys.— Kansas followed
with pride and interest the movements of her soldiers.
Many of them belonged to the first generation of Plansas,
the first-born of the State; many were the sons of soldiers,
the inheritors of brave traditions. In the enrollment of
the Kansas soldier, with his descriptive list was given the
name of his nearest relative. Kansas, the State, stood
next in order to the kinsman.

The dead were brought home from beyond the wide seas
and buried with honor, or laid in their graves in a distant
land with the soldiers' last farewell.

270 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

SUMMARY.

1. Kansas sympathized with the riibans and supported the

Government of the United States.

2. On the 18th of April a company of eighty-nine men was offered

for the war, and the services of the Kansas' National Guards
were tendered.

3. Enlisting' students of the senior classes of the State University,

and of the State Noi'mal School were given their diplomas in
advance of graduation.

4. Major J. K. Hudson was commissioned a Brigadier-General,

United States Volunteers.

5. First Kansas Regiment enrolled for war with Spain was num-

bered the Twentieth, and commanded by Colonel Fred
Funston.

6. The Twenty-First, Colonel Fitch; Twenty-Second, Colonel

Lindsey, were mustered.

7. The Twentieth left for San Francisco, the Twenty-First for

Camp Thomas, Chickamauga, and the Twenty-Second for
Camp Alger.

8. Two battalions of colored troops were raised— designated the

Twenty-Third Regiment; under command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Beck departed for Santiago.

9. After the signing of the protocol, the Twenty-First, Twenty-

Second and Twenty-Third M^ere mustered out.

10 In October the Twentieth sailed for Manila. The Twentieth
first engaged in the battle of Caloocan— Lievitenant Alford
killed.

11. Colonel Funston promoted to be Brigadier-General.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

EVENTS OF 1899.

468. Special Session. — The close of the year 1898,
and the opening of 1899, found a special session of the
Legislature assembled, which had been convened by Gover-
nor Leedy on December 21, 1898, to adopt legislation
regulating railroad companies, and for other purposes.
There was some discussion in regard to the validity of this
special session, which was, however, established by the
State Supreme Court in the following February.

469. Inaug-uration. — William E.
Stanley was inaugurated Governor of
Kansas on the 9th of January, 1899.
The retirement of the outgoing State
administration was marked by many
courtesies extended to their successors.

470. The Leg-islature of 1899.—
The Legislature of 1899 met in regular
session on the 10th of January, with Lieu-
tenant-Governor Richter as President of
the Senate, while Hon. S. J. Osborn was chosen Speaker
of the House.

471. Provisions for State Building-s. — The session
was largely occupied in the consideration of local measures.
The principal public acts were those providing for a tax
levy sufficient to complete the State House, which had been

271

' ^-^

» *v

i^ ^^

Governor William E. Stanley.

272

HISTORY OF KANSAS.

thirty-three years in building, and to build a third State
Insane Asylum, and providing a commission to select the site.
472. Traveling" Libraries.— The Legislature granted
an appropriation of $2,000 to aid, for two years, in the
work of the Traveling Libraries, and provided for the
appointment of a commission of three persons, who,
together with the State Librarian and President of the
Kansas State Social Science Federation of Clubs, shall have
the management of the traveling library department of the
State Library. This commission may send out temporarily,
from the State Library, such books as may be selected for
the purpose by the directors, and any books given or
bought for such traveling libraries, to any library in the
State, or to any community or organization not yet having
an established library. Under the provisions of the Act,
the libraries, averaging fifty books in number, are sent out
from the State Library to the communi-
ties, neighborhoods and organizations
applying for them, aild, when read, are
returned to be again dispatched. A
large number of books have been donated
by women's clubs and by individuals.
473. The Federation; Kansas
Women. — The Kansas State Social Sci-
ence Federation of Clubs, with whom
originated this plan for the distribution
of good literature, was the outgrowth of the Social Science
Club of Kansas and western Missouri, the initial meeting of
which was held at Leavenworth, May 18, 1881, under the
suggestion of the late Mrs. Harriet Cushing, of Leavenworth,
and Mrs. Mary T. Gray, of Kansas City, Kan. The women

Mrs. Harriet Cushing.

EVENTS OF 1899.

273

Mrs. Mary T. Gray.

of KaDsas have, from the first, been a power for good
in the State, and largely through their organizations
they made possible the success of the
State at the great expositions at Phila-
delphia and Chicago. This faculty for
organization has given Kansas between
three and four hundred women's clubs,
devoted to the cultivation and the ele-
vation of women, and the safety, well-
being and improvement of the State.

474. Enrollment at Kansas Uni-
versity.— The Kansas State University,
which sent forty-one men to the war, opened its term in
Februar}', 1899, with a larger enrollment than ever before.
The annual catalogue of 1899, showed an enrollment of
1,044 students.

475. Funeral of Lieutenant Alford.— On the 22d of
April occurred, at Lawrence, the funeral of Lieutenant
Alford, whose remains were brought from Manila and
buried in his native city. He was the first to fall in the
Philippine campaign of the Twentieth Kansas Regiment.

476. Kansas Shipment. — In 1898 Kansas shipped
corn to California. In 1899 a feature of the State com-
merce was the shipment of trainloads of cotton from
Independence.

477. Colonel Thomas Moonlig-ht. — Colonel Thomas
Moonlight died in Leavenworth on the 7th of February,
1899. He was born in Forfarshire, Scotland, and came
early in life to the United States. The Civil War found
him a disbanded sergeant of the "old regular army, " living
on a farm near Leavenworth. He entered the Union

274 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

volunteer army and raised a battery. He was soon raised
to the colonelcy of a regiment, and served through the war
with much distinction. In 1868 he was elected Secretary
of State of Kansas, and re-elected in 1870. He filled, later
m life, the positions of Governor of Wyoming, and United
States Minister to Bolivia.

478. Period of Prosperity.— The late spring of 1899,
in which this record of the life of Kansas closed, found the
State in the midst of war, and yet in the midst of peace.
The political contests, which had been sharp and severe for
some years, and marked with mutations of fortune, had
taught Kansas people that the State was safe in the hands
of its honest citizens, without regard to their party desig-
nations, and there was prevailing "an era of good feeling."
The losses sustained in the collapse following the boom of
1887 had been largely made up. A singular feature of the
recovery in the "boom towns," which, in their speculative
days, had scattered their houses over a great area, was
their practical consolidation. Houses which had stood in
empty desolation in the midst of boundless "additions,"
were removed nearer to the actual center of population,
renovated and repaired, and became again places of business
and the homes of men.

479. Payment of Indebtedness. — The discharge of
the heavy public and private indebtedness of Kansas was
going on at a rate that surprised financial authorities, but
the explanation was found in the great natural resources of
the State. When asked how Kansas in seven j-ears paid
off more than $100,000,000 of debt, it was answered that,
in those seven years, Kansas produced four billion dollars'
worth of farm products and live stock.

EVENTS OF 1899. 275

The 3()th of May, 1899, forty-five years from the day
President Pierce signed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, Kansas
fonnd that she was gathering and not scattering abroad,
and had gained, withal, that wisdom which is better than
fine gold.

480. Text-Book Commission. — The Legislatnre of
1897 passed the Text-Book Law in the interest of uniformity
and economy. The commission was at first temporary, and
took cognizance of a limited range of books. The Legisla-
ture of 1899 extended the life and powers of the commis-
sion; gave into its charge the selection of books, charts,
maps, a history of Kansas, globes, and a primer, for use
in the schools. The original commission consisted of
Hon. Wm. Stryker, State Superintendent, ex-officio Chair-
man; W. J. Hurd, Holton, Secretary, and seven members.
Two of the original members, Messrs. D. O. McCray and
N. McDonald, retired, and the commission now consists
of Hon. Frank Nelson, State Superintendent of Public
Instruction, Chairman ex-officio, and W. J. Hurd, Holton;
S. W. Black, Pittsburg; A. V. Jewett, Abilene; S. J. Hale,
La Crosse; Professor Frank Smith, Lawrence; Professor J.
W. Spindler, Winfield; Professor S. M. Nees, Independence,
and A. H. Lupfer, Larned. The Text- Book Law has, since
its enactment, served its purpose in securing uniformity of
instruction, and relieving the people of a considerable
pecuniary burden.

481. A Kansas Prison.— The Legislature of 1899
granted a large ai)propriati<)n to i)ur(;hase for the State
Penitentiary a plant for the manufacture of binding twine,
being the second penitentiary in the country to enter upon
this manufacture. The Kansas penitentiary was established

276 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

in the earliest days of the government and grew with the
growing proportions of the State. The officer who estab-
lished the system of government and discipline of the prison
and who longest continued in its direction was Major
Henry Hopkins. The successors of Major Hopkins built
upon the foundations he laid, with such faithfulness, that
the prison has known few escapes, no revolts, and few com-
plaints concerning the firm but humane treatment of the
prisoners. The prison was one of the first to dispense
generally with the hideous and humiliating uniform of
stripes, so that the modern prison has assumed more the
appearance of a large and well-ordered manufactory.

SUMMARY.

1. A special session of the Legislature was called for railroad

legislation and other purposes.

2. W, E. Stanley inaugurated Governor.

3. A tax levy was provided, sufficient tc -iomplete the State House

and build an insane asylum.

4. Provisions were made for the establishment and maintenance

of public traveling libraries.

5. The funeral of Lieutenant Alford occurred at Lawrence, April

22, 1899.

6. Colonel Thomas Moonlight died at Leavenworth, February 7,

1899.

7. The powers of the Text-Book Commission weie extended and

enlarged.

CHAPTER XXXIX.

^ A CHAPTER ON CAPITOLS.

482. Kansas Capitols. A history of the various edi-
fices which have been used from time to time for Kansas
Capitols, Territorial and State, would serve as a thread on
which to string a political history of Kansas, and, more-
over, a sketch of the material progress of the country.

483. Fort Leavenworth.— The first capital of Kansas,
the first executive office, at least, was at Fort Leavenworth.
Here, in obedience to his instructions from Washington,
came Andrew H. Reeder, first Governor of Kansas Terri-
tory. He was assigned quarters in a brick building on
the west side of the parade. The executive office was in a
gtone building belonging to the quartermaster's depart-
ment. It was furnished with republican simplicity. Here
the Governor, who had taken the oath of office in Wash-
ington, administered the obligation to his associates in the
Territorial Government as they, one after another, arrived.
Here he issued commissions and proclamations, and on one
occasion held court as a justice of the peace.

484. Shawnee Mission.— After fifty days' experience
at Fort Leavenworth, Governor Reeder, on the 24th of
November, 1854, removed the seat of Government to the
Shawnee Manual Labor School, commonly called the Shaw-
nee Mission, located one mile from the Missouri line, two
and one-half miles from Westport, Mo., and seven miles
from Kansas City.

277

278 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

The mission had been estal)lished in 1830, and had con-
tinued as it was begnn under the Superintendency of
Reverend Thomas Johnson. It fell, at the division of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, to the Methodist Church, South.
Somewhat reluctantly, Reverend Mr. Johnson and his wife
received as guests the Governor and the larger number of
the Territorial officers, and saw the mission appropriated in
part as the capitol of Kansas. The winter of 1854-55
passed quietly at the Mission. The Governor and his
associates doubtless watching with interest the operations
of the Mission, which was then at the height of its pros-
perity, with between 200 and 300 Indian boys and girls in
attendance, who studied their books, and, besides, labored
on the fine farm of 1,900 acres, and worked in the shops and
the mill. The Territorial officers boarded with the Mission
family, as later on did many of the members and officers of
the Legislature.

485. Pawnee. — April 14, 1855, Governor Reeder con-,
vened the Territorial Legislatuz-e at Pawnee, a "laid-out
town" near Fort Riley. There was little at Pawnee, except
a stone house built "on the spur of the moment," the
ruins of which are still visible. Yet that stone house was
the first "capitol building" of Kansas. The Legislature
refused to remain at Pawnee, and re-located at Shawnee
Mission. Pawnee came to immediate grief. The site was
declared to be within the military reservation of Fort
Riley, and the settlers were removed by the soldiers.

486. Shawnee Mission.— The Legislatvire, ensconced
at the Shawnee Mission, proceeded to perform the acts
which acquired for it the title, with the Free State people,
of the "Bogus Legislature."

A CHAPTER ON CAPITOLS. 279

Governor Reeder remained with it officially but a short
time, only fonr days, at the end of which he informed the
body that he had been removed. He remained a short time
longer as a spectator.

The schoolroom and the chapel of the Mission became
the halls of the Territorial Council and House of Repre-
sentatives. To Shawnee Mission came the second Terri-
torial Governor of Kansas, Wilson Shannon, and the
executive office was maintained there until the spring of 1856.

The buildings of the Shawnee Mission yet remain much
in outward shape as in their days of education and legisla-
tion, but in all else the scene has changed. There is
naught of stir or movement now. A beautiful spring
wells up near the highway, and runs a little stream across
the yard of one of the buildings, where passing travelers
stop and drink, but the place is lost to all its ancient uses,
and the stillness all about is as profound as that which
rests on the little wall-enclosed cemetery, which crowns the
slope near by. The scene of a part of the "Kansas
struggle" may be reached by an easy walk from Rosedale.

487. Lecompton Chosen.— A joint session of the
Legislature in August, 1855, located the permanent capital
at Lecompton. The successful contestant did not secure
the prize without a struggle. Not only did Leavenworth
and Lawrence enter the arena, but St. Bernard, Tecumseh,
Whitehead, Kickapoo and One Hundred and Ten.

The second Territorial Legislature which assembled at
Lecompton, January l'2th, met in a frame house, which had
been built for its occupancy by Mr. William Nace. The
national administration, however, was determined on
Lecompton as a capital, and Congress made a liberal appro-

280 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

priation for a capitol building, which rose only to the
height of the foundation, but was sufficient to consume the
appropriation. The foundation was afterwards occupied
by the building of Lane University. The frame house on
Elm street was the meeting place of the Lecompton Con-
stitutional Convention, which gave the structure the name
of Constitutional Hall. The second Legislature held its
entire session at Lecompton, but the third Legislature,
which entertained different political convictions, adjourned
to Lawrence, which was thereafter virtually the capital, the
successive Legislatures meeting at Lecompton, and adjourn-
ing at once to Lawrence.

488. In Lawrence. — Lawrence furnished two ' 'capitols"
in which the Legislature met. One is described by the
local historian as the "new brick building, just south of
the Eldridge House," of which the two houses occupied the
second and third floors, the other was "the old concrete
building on Massachusetts street, north of Winthrop." In
Lawrence met, in 1861, the last of the Territorial Legis-
latures.

489. Topeka. — The first State Legislature met in
Topeka, the temporary and soon to-be- voted permanent,
seat of Government.

The "Ritchie Block," the "Gale Block," and the Con-
gregational and Methodist churches served as the meeting
places of the two branches of the Legislature, of the
Supreme Court, and the officers of the State. "Constitution
Hall" was a structure on Kansas avenue, which had wit-
nessed five meetings of the Legislature under the Topeka
Constitution. By contract with citizens of Topeka, this
structure was incorporated into a more commodious edifice

A CHAPTEK ON CAPITOLS. 281

in which met the Legislature of 1864, and its successors
till 1870.

490. History of Capitol Building*.— During thirty-
three years the capitol of Kansas has been growing. The
ground was given by the Topeka Town Association in 1862.
In 1866 the Legislature provided for the erection of the
east wing of the capitol building. On the 17th of October
of that year the corner stone was laid. The wing was so
far completed that it was occupied by the State officers in
December, 1869. The legislative halls were first occupied
for the session of 1870. The Legislature of 1879 provided
for the erection of the west wing. The House of Repre-
sentatives occupied the unfinished new hall for the session
of 1881, and the State offices in that wing became occupied
during that year. The Legislature of 1883 provided for
commencing work on the foundation of the central portion
of the building. The structure was so far completed as to
admit of a temporary finishing of rooms in the basement of
the south wing, and their occupancy in 1892. The Legisla-
tures of 1891 and 1893 made but very slight appropriations
for the capitol building, and the work became practically
suspended until it was resumed under the appropriations of
the Legislature of 1895. The capitol still remains an illus-
tration of the history of the State, "still achieving, still
})ursuing." Succeeding the line of temporary structures —
frame, stone, brick and concrete — which served to house
the executive, judicial and legislative departments of the
government of Kansas for sixteen years, the growth of the
present capitol has reflected the growth of the material State.

Year by year the halls have stretched away; inviting
porticoes have reached forward; columns have arisen, and

282 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

last, the high dome has mounted upward. The interior has
exhibited modern improvements and inventions, from gas
to electricity. The structure is not completed, any more
than Kansas is completed. But, as Kansas lives longer
and learns more, the beneficial progress leaves its impress
on the capitol in the shaped and fashioned stone, and steel
and bronze, "from turret to foundation stone."

While the edifice has been rising, widening, extending,
the prairie acres around it have been embraced in the trans-
formation scene of which Kansas has been the stage. The
Capitol Square, twenty years ago, furnished one of the first
marked observances of "Arbor Day" in Kansas. On the
proclamation of the Mayor of Topeka, Major Thomas G.
Anderson, the people of Topeka, young and old, gathered
between noon and sunset and planted around the Capitol a
thousand trees.

[Note. — The facts in this chapter are derived from "The Story
of the Capitol," contributed by Judge F. G. Adams, Secretary of
the State Historical Society, to the Topeka 3Iail and Breeze of
March 22, 1896.]

SUMMARY.

1. The first Territorial Government of Kansas was quartered at a

fort.

2. The second home of the Government was at a mission.

3. Pawnee a capital for a day.

4. Lecompton and Lawrence offered rival attractions.

5. Topeka became the permanent home, and the State builds its

own house.

CHAPTER XL.

MAN AND NATURE.

491. Opinion of Captain Pike.— Captain Zebulon
Montgomery Pike, when he h)oked over Kansas, in 1806,
did not believe it, or the greater part of it, an agricultural,
or even a habitable country.

After he had seen a good stretch of eastern and upper
central Kansas, and had descended into the western valley
of the Arkansas, he said: "In the western traverse of
Louisiana the following general observations may be made :
From the Missouri to the head of the Osage river, a distance
in a straight line of probably 300 miles, the country will
admit of a numerous, extensive and compact population;
from thence, on the rivers La Plate, Arkansas and Kansas,
and their various branches, it appears to me only possible
to introduce a limited population. The inhabitants would
find it most to their advantage to pay their attention to
the raising of cattle, horses, sheep and goats, all of which
they can raise in abundance, the earth producing spon-
taneously sufficient for their support, both in winter and
summer, by which means their herds might become
immensely numerous, but the wood now in the country
would not be sufficient for a moderate population more
than fifteen years, and then it would be out of the question
to use any of it in manufactories, consequently their houses
would be of mud bricks (like those in New Spain), but,
283

284 HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

possibly, time may make the discovery of coal mines, which
would render the country habitable." The opinion of
Pike, of Kansas, was the earlier explorer's account of high
prairie country. Major Stoddard, in his description of the
newly acquired province of Upper Louisiana, expresses his
doubt if the country forty miles from St. Louis can be
cultivated on account of the absence of timber for fencing.

492. Indian Territory Limits.— The Government of
the United States in defining, in 1830, the limits of the
Indian Territory, did not give any certain western boundary.
The Territorj^ was to stretch back from the Missouri river,
or the Missouri and Arkansas line for 200 miles, or "as far
as the country is habitable."

Pike, in his journey ings in portions of Kansas, now cov-
ered by fields and pastures and orchards, speaks of travel-
ing over "salines," wastes, and deserts, sterile and "weari-
some heaths." As he saw it, so it appeared to those who
came after him, and so the country was platted in the early
maps as "The Great American Desert."

493. Coal.— The only possibility that Pike admits of
mistake in his calculation, is, that "the discovery of coal
may make the country habitable." Otherwise the country
must remain at best a range, its people herdsmen and
shepherds, after the fashion of those inhabiting New Spain.

In the word "discovery" has been found the key to the
situation. Man has discovered coal in Kansas, and it has
been discovered east, south and west of Kansas. That was
the first discovery the "actual settler" made in Kansas —
coal, and it has been found in increased quantities since,
and the country has grown more and more habitable, and
inhabited.

MAN AND NATURE. 285

It has been estimated that the coal underlying the coun-
ties of Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee and Osage, is equal to
5,000,000,000 cords of wood, or a forest that would cover
half the surface of Kansas. This discovery has been made
by man since Pike was here.

494. Rain and Wind.— The Kansas man has always
felt, as did Pike, the uncertainty of the rain supply. He has
attentively measured its yearly, monthly and daily fall.
There are accurate weather journals in Kansas that have
been kept up since 1854. The record at the State University
has been kept, since 1867, three times a day. All the State
institutions may be said to be weather bureaus and observa-
tories. It has been said that the wind "bloweth where it
listeth, and whither it goeth and whence it cometh ye
can not tell." That is not the literal truth in Kansas.
Every wind that blows over Kansas is noted in its course
and its velocity. And it is known that there have been
years with a less "run of the wind" than was customary
in the early settlement of the country, when the hurrying,
worrying blast was one of the greatest troubles of life in
the new region.

495. The Underground River.— The quest for water,
for wells and springs beneatli the surface, has never been
given up in Kansas. At first, the boast of the country
was, the "water within twenty or thirty feet"; but that
has not been entirely satisfactory. In no country has there
been a more constant search for artesian water, for the
waters under the earth unaffected bj^ surface variations or
circumstances. The tradition of the "sheet water" has
been followed, as the Spanish adventurers followed the
story of El Dorado. The search has not been in vain.

286 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

The secret of the "underflow" has been penetrated. Flow-
ing under central Kansas, from north to south, is the
"underground river,'.' and it has been platted and mapped
quite as carefully as any surface river in Kansas, the
Kansas or the Arkansas, the Blue or the Neosho. For
man's use it means no one can tell how much. As far as
called upon it has proved exhaustless.

496. Oil and Natural Gas.— Kansas has not always
succeeded in finding on the first examination. How many
"burning wells" and "oil springs" were noted in th*? early
days, and yet it was necessary to wait for the finally great
developments of oil at Neodesha, and the natural gas at
lola, and the salt at Hutchinson. But they wei-e found
finally, because the hunt- for them never gave over.

497. Arbor Day. — Pike said the timber in the best
timbered part of Kansas would give out in fifteen years.
Pike supposed that the proper business of a pioneer and a
settler was to cut down all the trees as fast as he came to
them, and pile them up in heaps, and burn them. Pike
had never heard of "Arbor Day." He did not suppose
that the forest of an inhabited country could increase.
Kansas has proved that it may. To make trees grow where
once was the smooth and wearisome waste, is the great
Kansas speculation and calculation. Some of the largest
artificial forests and orchards in the United States are in
Kansas.

498. Kansas is Studied.— Kansas is a great book,
every page of which is studied every day. The earth and
the air and the water are examined every hour, and every
change, every movement is recorded. Great museums are
already filled with specimens of everything that has ever

MAN AND NATUKE. 287

walked or crawled, or spread a fin, or wing or claw in Kan-
sas; of everything that lives in Kansas now, of everything
that was here millions of ages ago. Kansas continually
"makes discovery."

Kansas maintains for this work of discovery many insti-
tutions and societies, the Kansas State Medical Society,
organized in 1859, and the Kansas Academy of Science,
founded in 1868, and doubtless springing from organiza-
tions yet older than themselves, are probably the present
seniors among what maj' be called societies of research.

499. Chancellop Snow's Discovery. — Not only are
the Kansas beasts of the field and the fowls of the air an
object of ceaseless study and report, but the insects of
Kansas, especially those noxious and harmful to the hus-
bandman, are under constant surveillance. One result of
this is historical.

In 1888, Professor Snow, of the Kansas State University,
learned that the chinch bugs of the State were dying of a
disease characterized by the appearance of a white or gray
fungus. This was the first discovery. He next discovered
that the disease was infectious, that it might be communi-
cated by infected to healthy bugs. This was the second
discovery, and a Kansas newspaper volunteered the infor-
mation that Professor Snow would send the infectious
material on application. Within a few days Professor Snow
received requests from nine different States.

The discovery was followed up with true Kansas ardor.
Thousands of packages of the infection were distributed
over the State, and reports received from thousands of
experimenters. The Legislature of 1891 made an appro-
priation in aid of Professor Snow's experimental station

288 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

at the University. In 1894, 8,000 packages of the infection
were sent out to individual farmers in Kansas, Missouri
and Oklahoma. In the meantime the States of Nebraska,
Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois had followed the example of
Kansas, and had established their own distributing stations.
The general result of the labor and investigation kept up
for years, was, that the farmer may possess a partial, if not
entire, protection against one of the most destructive of the
enemies of his fields. This nuieh was demonstrated in and
by Kansas.

500. Climate and Cultivation.— In Kansas, man has
believed, and has most studiously searched to discover if
the fact be true, that the cultivation of great areas of
ground may affect the climate.

If, to slightly change the verse of the Kansan, "Ironquill' ' :

Man may bid the climate vary,
And awaiting no reply
From the elements on high,
May with plows besiege the sky,

Vex the heavens with the prairie.

If this secret of Nature is ever fathomed, it will be in Kan-
sas, because here man perpetually makes inquiry of Nature.

501. The Great American Desert. — In the beginning,
when Kansas was transferred from the scattered, scanty
and uncertain residence of Indians to the hands of white
and civilized people, it was still represented on maps as the
"Great American Desert;" this, of course, did not mean a
scorched and sandy waste like the Desert of Sahara, but it
meant an open, and for the most part uninhabited country,
and destitute of the resources, as timber, which had belonged
to the country previously settled in the United States.

MAN AND NATURE. 289

The task of man, and which he has snceessfnll}^ accom-
plished, for the most part in less than forty years, has been
to overcome the apparent deficiencies of Nature. He has,
to use Pike's phrase, "made discovery." Where the old
fuel, wood, was wanting, he has found coal; where there
was no timber for fencing, he has found other material for
fences, as wire, and has even gone without. Where there
were no trees he has planted them. He has made a great
fruit and orchard State, without any example or encourage-
ment from Nature.

502. Kansas Records.— Of all that has been done in
Kansas, careful record has been made. All labor has been
accompanied by observation . All that the past generations
have accomplished has been written in an open book for the
guidance of generations to come. In Kansas there is pass-
ing what may be called the procession of Nature — the
succession year by year of the grasses, the flowers, the
wayside vegetation. In single seasons, the country has
been covered with some vegetable invader which, in another
year, was gone. In Kansas, thoughtful and observant eyes
have watched all this, and written down the order of the
march. Kansas had among its earliest settlers an unusual
number of highly educated people. It is recorded that the
town site of Manhattan was laid out by a party of five
graduates of Eastern colleges. This element in the early
population of the State not only insured the stability of the
educational institutions of the new community, but it gave
to the State a body of competent scientific observers, it may
be said, in all departments. What might be known by the
use of instruments of precision was ascertained and recorded.
In Kansas nothing rests on the "traditions of the elders" or

290 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

the broken recollections of unlettered hunters. The younger
generation has followed in the footsteps of the pioneer
scientists and scholars. The higher schools of Kansas have
been remarkable in the number and attainmelits of the
young naturalists they have turned out. To young Kansas
scholars and students the State is greatly indebted for the
study of its climate, its geology, its fauna and flora, its
earth and water and air. These have not confined their
researches to Kansas, but have explored the neighboring
States and Territories and have been especially brave, en-
during and intelligent investigators of the Rocky Mountain
region. Kansas naturalists have been from the far North
to the far South, from the Arctic Circle to the mysterious
and overgrown cities of Central America, have threaded the
forests of Cuba and the tropical wilds of Yucatan.

SUMMARY.

1. The early explorers and the Government of the United States

did not believe Kansas an agricultural country.

2. Successful efforts by man have overcome the difficulties of

Nature.

3. The discovery of coal and the growth of forests.

4. The obliteration of the desert and the finding of waters under

the earth.

5. Every phase of Nature in Kansas is the object of observation

and record.
G. Man in Kansas contends with success against every natural
enemy, including insects injurious to agriculture.

CHAPTER XLI.

KANSAS LITERATURE.

503. First Printing".— The first printing press broughc
to what is now Kansas was for the use of an Indian mission.
The first books printed were Indian books. But few copies
of these books now exist; the readers long ago departed.

504. Kansas and the Modern Press.— The begin-
nings of the modern daily American newspaper press were
almost contemporaneous with the beginnings of civilized
and enlightened Kansas. The use of the telegraph, in
those days called the "magnetic telegraph," for newspaper
work, was, in 1854, becoming general. Power presses were
first considered necessary, and another newspaper adjunct,
first developed in Kansas Territory, was the "correspond-
ent." Several of the greatest papers of the country
maintained "special correspondents" in Kansas. Many of
these young men possessed much ability, and made a
national reputation, as William A. Phillips, the corres-
pondent of the New York Tribune. Many of these were
not merely writers, but doers of the word, and took part in
the battles of tlie Territory.

505. The First Newspapers.— Kansas had newspa-
pers as soon as it had a i)opulation. The first newspaper was
the Leavenworth Herald. Its first office was the shade of
a large elm tree. Lawrence had newspapers very soon
after. John and Joseph Speer and George W. Brown

291

292 HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

became "toilers of the pen and press" at Lawrence, in
October, 1854. The newspapers were all political, either
for freedom or slaver3^ In the case of the Free State
papers, their names often indicated their principles, as the
Herald of Freedom, or Freedom's CJiampion. A great deal
of talent found its way into Kansas newspaper offices of
that early time. Napoleon said that every French soldier
carried a marshal's baton in his knapsack; in Kansas,
future governors, senators, chieftains and anil^assadors
carried printer's rules in their pockets.

506. Early Observers. — The ferment in Kansas
brought to the scene interested observers, writers of present
or future eminence; these wrote books about Kansas.
Some of these were guide books, some histories, some
narratives of personal experience. One of the first writers
on territorial Kansas was Rev. Edward Everett Hale, since
those days famous in the literary history of the country.
Mr. Hale's book was published in 1854, and was entitled
"Kanzas and Nebraska: the History, Geographical and
Physical Characteristics, and Political Position of Those
Territories; an Account of the Emigrant Aid Companies,
and Directions to Emigrants." Mr. Hale's publication
was not intended as "elegant literature," but to direct
Northern emigration to Kansas. Much that was written in
the early days and since has been with the same purpose.

507. Some Early Books.— The missionaries who lived
and labored in Kansas while it was still Indian country,
wrote their books of their charges and their efforts. To
these belong the narratives of Isaac McCoy, and Henry
Harvey, who wrote a "History of the Shawnee Indians,
from the Year 1681 to 1854," The "correspondent," of

KANSAS LITERATUEE. 293

whom" mention has been made, collected his letters into
volumes. Such were G. Douglas Brewerton's "War in
Kansas," Mr. Brewerton being a correspondent of the
New York Herald, and supposed to be impartial. Other
books were not presumed to be neutral in sentiment, as
"The Conquest of Kansas by Missouri and Her Allies," by
William A. Phillips. Neither could the imputation of lack
of feeling be charged upon "Kansas, its Interior and
Exterior Life," by Mrs. Sara T. L. Robinson, wife of
Governor Charles Robinson. This book ran through six or
more editions, and was favorably noticed by the London
reviews, and, speaking of British opinion, a very readable
book about Kansas was, "The Englishman in Kansas, or
Squatter Life and Border Warfare," by Thomas H. Glad-
stone, a Kansas correspondent of the London Times, and a
kinsman of William Ewart Gladstone, England's great
statesman. These and many more books were wi-itten in
and about Kansas in the days of the "troubles," and
largely inspired by the "troubles." They are, generally
speaking, rare books now. In some cases the "visible
supply" of them is reduced to one or two copies, but they
were widely read when new, and the events of which they
spoke were fresh in the pul)lic mind.

508. Literature Affected by Environment. — The
cultivation of literature in Kansas was affected by the cir-
cumstances surrounding the country. Days of drought
and famine; "domestic quarrel" and "foreign levy,"
Indian raid and border foray were not favorable to the pro-
duction of books. But through all existed a vigorous and
powerful newspaper press; as alert as a sentry on a post
dangerous and beset. The pen as well as the sword was

294 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

tendered Kansas in the later fifties. In those years there
came writers who remained, D. R. Anthony, D. W. Wilder,
T. D wight Thacher, Sol Miller and John A. Martin and
others, and thrust in their sickles in the field, where in a
way, the pioneer editors, and John Swinton, and Phillips
and Albert D. Richardson and Richard J. Hinton, and
more had reaped. But these last "came to stay," and
to leave a permanent impress on the life and literature of
the State.

509. The Kansas Mag^azine.— After the wars were
over, and the piping times of peace had come, and the
sword had been shaped into a pruning hook, the literary
genius of Kansas was mainly devoted, for awhile, to
exploiting the resources of the State. Seldom in any
country have the efforts of the land agent been more
powerfully aided by the pen of the ready writer. Yet it
was in these days that appeared the Kansas Magazine, the
most brilliant experiment in our literary history. The
Kansas Magazine secured a corps of contributors (without
money and without price), the larger number of whom
were Kansas men and women; and much that was written
referred to Kansas. The contributors who secured the
largest number of readers were John James Ingalls and
"Deane Monahan." Both held their ascendency through
the same merit, it might be called charm, their familiarity
with the locality, with outward and visible nature. Mr.
Ingalls revealed, as it had not been before, the secret of the
spell of natural Kansas over the hearts of her children.
"Deane Monahan," (Captain James W. Steele,) had been,
befoi^e his magazine days, an officer in the regular army of
the United States, and had been stationed at posts, and

KANSAS LITERATUKE.

295

made many weary marches in the far West. He made
familiar to Kansas readers the desert earth and the vast
sky, the canon and the mesa, of New Mexico. It is prob-
ably true until he wrote of it, that few had ever seen a
picture of the "Jornada del Muerto," the "Journey of
Death."

While the Kansas Magazine had but a comparatively brief
existence, it made a lasting literary sensation. Bound vol-
umes of it are now deemed valuable, and odd numbers are
eagerly gathered up.

510. Two Books Invaluable.— After the magazine
period, appeared two books of incalculable value to Kansas;
Wilder's "Annals of Kansas," and Andreas' "History of
Kansas" — the latter known to Kansas
people by a much more commonplace
name. Neither of these books was
written with any attempt at literarj^ ex-
cellence, they are merely collections of
"facts and figures." The "Annals"
represent the knowledge and industry of
one Kansas man; the "History" was
the work of a great number of persons.
They form in Kansas the basis of history .

So complete are they in their field that Kansas history can
not be written without tliem.

511. Local Histories.— It will be found that, in the
brief time allowed, Kansas has "celebrated herself " In
addition to the "Annals" and the "History" already men-
tioned, there have been written many local histories. In
1876, the Centennial year, special interest was manifested
in the preservation of the chronicles of Kansas counties.

296 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

and many volumes were written. They were of much
present interest, and will serve as helps and guides to
future annalists. Most valuable, too, are the biennial
volumes issued by the State Historical Society. They con-
tain what may be called history "at first hands," the
stories of actors and eye witnesses. In these are supple-
mented the few "war histories" written by Kansas authors,
as Burke's "Military History of Kansas," Hinton's "Army
of the Border," and Britton's "Civil War on the Border."
The story of life on the great plains, and the mountains
beyond them has been told in the volumes of Colonel Henry
Inman.

512. A Kansas Library.— The Reverend J. W. D.
Anderson made a collection of Kansas books. Mr. Ander-
son was a native Kansan of literary taste and feeling, and
the gathering together of all the books of or about Kansas,
was with him a labor of love, which he performed with
great fidelity. Before Mr. Anderson's death his collection
passed into the possession of the Kansas State University,
and now forms a part of the University library. Many
additions have been made in all departments since the day
of the "Anderson Collection," but the best and most suf-
ficient estimate of the literary work done in the first thirty
years of the life of Kansas may be formed by an inspection
of its volumes.

513. Poetry of Kansas.— Of poetry, Kansas may be
said to have produced much. No great epic poem has yet
appeared; no single song with the assurance of being
sung forever, but much of graceful, and sometimes of
inspiring verse, which has been preserved and cherished as
the poet has been faithful in two things, to life as it is in

KANSAS LITERATURE.

297

Eugene Ware.

Kansas, and the human heart as it is everywhere. This
has kept in mind Mrs. Allerton's "Walls of Corn," and
Eugene Ware's "Washerwoman's Song." Kansas verse
has been gathered in modest volumes, as in Miss TT(
"Songs of Kansas," and the sheaf of
verses by members of the State Uni-
versity called ' ' Sunflowers . ' ' Nearly all
has been in the first instance given to
the newspapers, and often has received
no more permanent form. The tender
and graceful poems of the brilliant Josie
Hunt, of Kansas, have never ceased
their newspaper journey in nearly, or
quite forty years. The poems of Richard
Realf — earliest of Kansas poets, and whose life was a
tragedy — were given, with scarcely a thought, to the press.
Recently, Richard Realf s friend in the old Kansas days,
Colonel Richard J. Hinton, has gathered up the poems from
far and wide, and given them to readers in preservable
form.

Kansas poetry, so far as it has been affected by Kansas,
has reflected the infinite quiet of the great wide land; of
the immense blue arch of heaven. When the storm and
stress of the first days is remembered, there seems to be
little in our verse of the stir of conflict, and the ring of
steel, or the gaiety that valor knows. An exception to this
rule is preserved in Wilder's "Annals," written by an
unknown hand. It will be understood that K. T. are
the initials of Kansas Territory. The verses originally
appeared in the long deceased periodical, Vanity Fair, in
September, 1861.

298 HISTOKY OF KANSAS.

K. T. Did.

From her borders, far away,

Kansas blows a trumpet call,
Answered by the loud "hurrah"

Of her troopers, one and all.
'Knife and pistol, sword and spur!"

Cries K. T.—
'Let my troopers all concur.
To the old flag', no demur —

Follow me!"

Hence the song of jubilee.
Platyphillis from the tree.

High among the branches hid,
Sings all night so merrily—

"K. T. did.
She did— she did!"

Thirty-score Jayhawkers bold,

Kansas men of strong renown.
Rally round the banner old.

Casting each his gauntlet down.
Good for Kansas," one and all

Cry to her;
Riding to her trumpet call,
Blithe as to a festival,

All concur!

Hence the revel and the glee,
As the chanter from the tree,

High among the branches hid.
Sings all night so merrily —

"K. T. did,
She did— she did!"

514. Other Kansas Contributions. — Kansas has
contributed in many ways to what may be called the
literature of the country. Many Kansans, going abroad,

KANSAS LITEEATUEE. 299

have written books of travel; many books have been
written on social questions, mostly embodying "advanced
views," but what may be* termed the literary bent of the
State has been in the direction of sketch writing, news-
paper and magazine writing, which, in time, may grow
and gather into books. Of course the myriad-minded
Shakespeare has been remembered. Kansas has produced
Wilder's "Life of Shakespeare" and Randolph's "Trial of
Sir John Falstaff." Both treating the great dramatist
originally and profitably.

No Kansas author has as yet written a "great" or
"standard" work on any subject, for the reason that no
Kansas writer has yet found a lifetime to devote to such.
A large number of Kansas writers, nsuallj^ young men and
women, are contributors to the leading magazines, reviews
and literary journals of the country. The story-teller is
the coming man in Kansas; the people will gather about
him. Of later years, among those who have attracted
attention may be mentioned Edgar W. Howe's "The Story
of a Country Town" ; the newspaper sketches of Harger,
Morgan, Albert Bigelow Paine, and William Allen White.
The widest circulation ever attained by the works of a
Kansas author, has been by the stories of Rev. Charles M.
Sheldon, of Topeka, "in His Steps," and the succeeding
volumes have been sold in many thousands, and translated
into various modern languages. These books are of a
deeply religious character, and are visions of the "good
time coming" hoped for. Many of the Kansas men and
women are equally facile in prose and verse, and it is
remarked that John James Ingalls, whose prose illuminated
the old Kansas Magazine and has been an attraction to

300 HISTORY OF KANSAS.

Kansas readers always, has written the most perfect single
verse in Kansas literature:

Opportunity.

Master of human destinies am I;

Fame, love and fortune on my footsteps wait.

Cities and field I walk. I penetrate

Deserts and seas remote, and, passing by

Hovel and mart and palace, soon or late,

I knock unbidden once at every gate.

If sleeping, wake; if feasting, rise, before

I turn away. It is the hour of fate.

And they who follow me reach every state

Mortals desire, and conquer every foe

Save death; but those who hesitate.

Condemned to failure, penury and woe.

Seek me in vain, and uselessly implore.

I answer not and I return no more.

SUMMARY.

1. The printing press first brought to Kansas for Indians.

2. The opening of Kansas Territoi'y was nearly contemporaneous

with the advent of the modern daily newspaper.

3. The Territorial period was the subject of remarkable books.

4. Kansas from the first possessed a vigorous, powerful and alert

newspaper press.

5. The Kansas Magazine a brilliant literary experiment.

6. Two fountains of Kansas history.

7. The varied efforts of Kansas writers cover largely the field of

present interest in poetry and prose, and Kansas and
Nature.

APPENDIX.

THE STATE OF KANSAS.

ORIGIN OF NAME, LOCATION OF COUNTY SEAT AND DATE OF
ORGANIZATION OP EACH COUNTY.*

Allen.— Organized in 1855. County
seat, lola. Named in honor of Wil-
liam Allen, of Ohio, who was for
many years a member of the United
States Senate from that Common-
wealth, and also its Governor. He
favored the doctrine of popular sov-
ereignty on the opening of the Terri-
tory of Kansas to settlement.

Emerald

Scipin

^--^^ Bi

^AfeNETT 1

-^"■i

-L

'::"'5^

N„Mh..„„ y

I....,., Kl

^jjr^

E^>r-^'"

Anderson.— Organized in 1855.
County seat, Garnett. Received
its name from Jos. C. Anderson,
of ^lissoiiri, who was a member of
the lirst Kansas Territorial Legisla-
ture, and Speaker j)ro tent, of the
House of Representatives.

Atchison.- Organized in 1855.
County seat, Atchison. Named for

Anderson.

David R. Atchison, a Senator from
Missouri, and President of the
United States Senate at the date of
the passage of the Act for the organ-
ization of the Territory of Kansas.
He was a Pro-Slavery DCmocrat, and
zealous partisan leader in the discus-
sions and movements affecting the
interests of slavery and its attempted establishment in the new
State to be created.

Mchison.

*By permission, from Admire's Political Hand Book of Kansas. Crane
& Co., Topeka.

301

302

APPENDIX.

Bapbep.— Organized in 1873. County
seat, Medicine Lodge. In honor of Thomas

W. Barber, a Free State setth-r of

Douglas county, who was killed in
consequence of the political trouljles,
near Lawrence, December 6, 1855.
(The county was originally named in
the statute as "Barbour," but was
corrected by special act of the Legis-
ature in 1883.)

BaPton. — Organized in 1872.
County seat. Great Bend. In honor
of Miss Clara Barton, of Massachu-
setts, who won great distinction dui'ing
the war for the Union by her remark-

I«Etc /^

LMa,,l.tn,

'.-rir^

Soni

'•)k.

(^C

,r,hu. 'T^

.Ho,.a„ - ?

> A

j l.akfJ

M*jcna

Berlin

ilfiHan N.

,. >

\ '

irrT

•porterv

ably effective philanthropic career in
the sanitary department of the army.

Boupbon. — Organized in 1855.
County seat. Fort Scott. Received
its name from Bourbon county, Ky . ,
the latter having 'been one of tlie

nine counties organized in 1785 by
the Virginia Legislature, before Ken-
tucky became an independent State.
It was so called as a compliment to the
Bourbon dynasty of France, a prince
of that family (then on the throne)
having rendered the American colonics
important aid in men and money in
their great struggle for independence.
Colonel Samuel A. Williams, a native of

DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES.

30,'^

Bourbon county, Ky., was a member of
the House from Fort Scott in 1855, and
it was at his request that the county was
so named. He was mustered in as Cap-
tain of Company I, Second Kansas Cav-
ah-y, November 22, 18G1, and resigned
March 28, 1862. He died at his old home.
Fort Scott, in August, 1873.

BPOWn.— Organized in 1855. County
seat, Hiawatha. After AlbertG. Browne,
of Mississippi, who had been Senator
and member of the House of Represen-
tatives from that State, was United States
Senator at the date of the Act organizing
Kansas Territory, was re-elected for six

years in 1859, but withdrew with Jeffer-
s()]i Davis on the secession of the South-
ern States. The name is properly
spelled with an e in the original statute,
but on the county seal the e was left
off — accidentally, probably. All later
statutes present the name without the
final e.

Butler.— Organized in 1855. County
seat, Eldorado. For Andrew P. Butler,
who was United States Senator from
South Carolina, from 1846 to 1857.

Chase.— Organized in 1859. County
seat, Cottonwood Falls. Created out of
^^'^^'^- portions of Wise and Butler counties,

and named in honor of Salmon P. Chase, successively Governor of
Ohio, United States Senator, Secretary of the Treasury, and Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court. In the Senate he was earnest in
his opposition to the extension of slavery into Kansas.

Chautauqua.— Organized in 1875. County seat , Sed;
out of a portion of what was first God-
frey county, named after "Bill" God-
frey , a noted trader among the Osages ;
then Howard county, in honor of
Major-Geueral 0. 0. Howard, for
his efforts in behalf of the Union.
Cliautau(iua county, N. Y., was the
former home of Hon. Edward Jaquins,
a member of the Kansas Legislature
in 1875 from Howard county, who

Chautanqua.

^.. -i»5;,»;;;:, ' -■•fi::,: ::■

y'^'' i^ \S^

l^f^^W^^

^:>:::£''',s:j

;-; ■ ■i,^^_ \I,,.|M ;.l .,-.. n^V;^ - y-].^

It:.- ■ "^^. ' --^

Created

304

APPENDIX.

introchieed the Bill which divided
Howard into Chautauqua and Elk;
licnce, from his native place this
county derives its name. The name
orjo-ijially given (in 1855) to Howard
county w;is ftftdfrey, and the name
was clianycd to Seward in 18G1. In
18()7 tile Legislature, ignoring former
names, created the county of Howard,

which embraced all the territory of
Seward and a five-mile strip additional,
on the west.

Cherokee. — Organized in 1866.
County seat, Columbus. First named
McGee in 1855, for E. McGee, of Mis-
souri, who was a member of the Ter-
ritorial Legislature. In 1866 the name

5 X " " \

Cheyenne.

Cherokee was adopted, from the fact that
,1 l.ii^e portion of the "Cherokee neutral
1 iiuK," reservation of that tribe of Indians,
w.e- uicluded in the geographical area of the
c<)unt>

Cheyenne.— Boundaries defined in 1873.
Organized April 1, 1886. County seat, St.
Fiancis. Named after the Indian tribe of
that name.

Clay. — Or-
<,^•^nl7edinl866.
(■()unt> seat.
Clay Center.
Kamed in honor
of the d i s t i n -
statesman, Henry
Clay, who was chosen United States
Senator in 1806. He afterwards served
in both houses, and was in public life
most of the time during a period of
forty-six years. He was minister to
England and France, and candidate for

Claj.

guished Kentucky

DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES.

305

President in opposition to Polk. He
died in Wasliington in 1852.

ClaPk. — Organized May 5. ISSf).
County seat, Ashland. Orifiiiiiilly
and correctly Clarke, with a final c,
in memory of Charles F. Clarke, Cap-
tain and Adjutant-General, United
States Volunteers, who died at Mem-
phis, December 10, 1802.

Cloud. — Organized as Shirley, in
1860. County scat, Concordia. The
county was

Clond.

^^...

...^

„.n,s,.,.,n../

-^^

S%^i":::::./l

'L:^

t\\--. / ^

• ^Si /*' ('

^-^ S-W'RLiN

UTONJ

y^iJ^^VS

}y,

~^^~^*^-^-^'' ^"v\l

Ornn.lillT*;?^

CoCey.

Council . Colonel Coffey died at Dodgi ■

City in 1879.
Comanche. — Oreranized February

27, IhS"). Count\ seat, Coldwater.

Named tiom the Indi.m tribe of that

uanu TIk (ouiiIn w.islirst organize
in the
fall of
1873, under

origuially named after Governor Willliam
Shirley, colonial Governor of Massachu-
setts from 1741 to 1756. The name was
changed to Cloud in 1867, in honor of
Colonel William F. Cloud, of the Second
Regiment, Kansas Volunteers.

Coffey.— Organized in 1859. County
seat, Burlington. Named in honor of
Col. A. M.
Coffey, a
member of
the first
Territorial
Leg-islativc

' • ^

^ /

'f\

'\{

' ^

J\^

n ,^

general law then in
force, and was represented in the Leg-
islature under tliat organization m
1874; but that organization was held
fraudulent and void.

Cowley .—Organized in 1870. County
scat, Winfield. Named in honor of
IMattliew Cowley, First Lieutenant of
Company I, Ninth Kansas Cavalry,
who died in the service October 7,
1804, at Little Rock, Ark. The county

Cowley.

306

APPENDIX.

was originally named Hunter, after
R. M. T. Hunter, of Virginia.

Crawford. — Organized in 1867.
County seat, Girard. This county was,
by an Act of the Legislaturs of 1867,
created out of the northern half of
Cherokee, which prior to that date
reached to Bourbon. It was named
in honor of Samuel J. ('r;i\vford, who

was elected Governor in 1864, and
served nearly four years. The Legis-
lature named the county in olx'dicnce
to a resolution passed in conNcntioti.
held to petition for its organization.
Governor Crawford resigned in Octo-
ber, 1868, to become Colonel of the
Nineteenth Kan-
sas Cavalry,
specially raised
for the Indian
\\ ar of 1868-69.
Sc
Sc
vin

( nactment m
lionor of Com-
Decatur, a dis-
icau naval offi-
Dickinson cor. He fell in a

duel with Com-
modore Barron, United States Navy,
in 1808.

Dickinson. — Organized in 1857.
County seat, Abilene. In honor of
Daniel S. Dickinson, who was a Sena-
tor from the State of New York. In
1847 he introduced, in the United
States Senate, resolutions respecting

He served as Captain in the
)]id Kansas Infantry, and was Colonel of the
Hid Regiment Colored Volunteer Infanti-y,
uu the war for the Union.

J Decatur.— Organized in 1879. County seat,
< »)erlm. Boundaries defined by legislative

1873, Named in

modore Stephen

'^ tinguishedAmer-

DESCEIPTION OF COUNTIES.

307

territorial g'overnraent, embodying the doctrine of
ei-eijscnty , afterwards incorporated in the
Bill for the organization of Kansas
Territory. He died in 1866.

Doniphan. — Organized in 1855.
( "oiiiity scat, Troy. In honor of Col.
A. W! Doniphan, of Missouri. He
coiiinianded a regiment of cavalry
(luring the Mexican War, marching
across the plains, and taking a very
prominent part in the conquest

of New
was a
extend

Donojlas.

san in the effort made to
slavery into Kansas.

Douglas. — Organized in 1855.
County seat, Lawrence. In honor of
Stephen A. Douglas, United States
Senator from Illinois, and candidate
for the presidency in 1860. As a
Senator, Douylas. in 1854, took a
h adiiiL: i><n t iii ^( < ui uiy the adoption
of the
"pop

Mexico. H (
zealous parti-

ular sovereignty" principle in the Act
organizing Kansas Territory, which
gave the particular form of the issue
involved in the Kansas struggle.

Edwapds.

County seat
honor of .Joh
State
Sena-
tor. Colonel Edwards removed from
Kansas to New Mexico.

Elk. — Organized in 1875. County
seat, Howard. Created out of the
northern portion of what had been
Howard county. Named for the Elk
river, which traverses its area from
northwest to southeast. (See Chau-
tauqua.)

Ellis.— Organized in 1867. Hays is
tlie county seat. Named in memory

- Organized in 1874.
Kinsley. Named in
H. E<h\ards. of Ellis,

308

APPENDIX.

of George Ellis, First Lieutenant of
Company I, Twelfth Kansas In-
fantry, killed in battle April 30, 186-1,
at Jenkins' Ferry, Ark,

Ellsworth. — Organized in 1867.
C'ounty seat, Ellsworth. Named after
Fort Ellsworth, a military post built
on the bank of the Smokv Hill, in
1861. This fort was so called by
General Curtis, in honor of the officer

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who constructed it, Allen Ellsworth,
Second Lieutenant of Company H,
Seventh Iowa Cavalry. When the
name was ad(»pted for the county it
was supiiDscd tliat the fort had been
named hi memory of Colonel E. E.
Ellsworth, of national fame.

Fopd.— Organized in 1873. County

Ford.

seat, Dodge City. Named in honor
of Colonel James H. Ford, of the
Second Colorado Cavalry, and Brevet
Brigadier-General United States Vol-
unteers.

Franklin. — Organized in 1855.
County seat, Ottawa. Named in
honor of the illustrious Benjamin
Franklin.

Finney. — Organized in 1884.
County seat. Garden City. OriginaUy
celebrated Chero-

Sequoyah, from the

Fraaklm.
kee Indian of that name, the inventor
of the alphabet of his language, and
a most remarkable man. Changed
in 1883 to Finney, in honor of D. W.
Finney, then Lieutenant-Governor of
the State.

Geary. — Organized in 1855 as Davis county,
which name was given for .Tefferson Davis —
United States Senator and Secretary of war — who
became President of iho Southern Confederacy.

Finney.

DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES.

309

The Legislature changed the name to Geary, in 1889, in honor of
John W. Geary, who was Territorial Governor of Kansas from

185G until March, 1857. County

seat, Junction City.

Gove. — Organized Septem-
l)er 2, 1886. Gove is
the county seat. In

honor of

(J apt a i n

(Irenville

L. Gove,

Eleventh

Ka n s a s

(Javalry,

who died

in 1864. "°^*-

Gpaham. — Organized in 1880.
County seat. Hill City. In honor of
Captain Jonn L. Graham, of the
Eighth Regiment, Kansas Infantry —
killed in action at Chickamauga,
Tenn., September 19, 1863, before ne
was mustered.

Grant. — Organized June 9, 1888.
County seat, Ulysses. Named in
"lonor of General Ulysses S. Grant.

Gray. — Organized July 20, 1887.
County seat, Cimarron. Named in
honor of Alfred Gray, late Secretary
of the State Board of Agriculture.

Greeley.— Or-
ganized July 9,
1887. C o IX n t y
seat. Tribune.
Named in honor
of the founder of
the New York
Tribune.

Gpeenwood.—
Organized in
1862. County
seat, Eureka.
This county re-
ceived its name

.; tf''^

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Gray.

310

APPENDIX.

Greeley.

as a compliment to Alfred B. Greenwood,
who, about the time of the organization
of the Tei'vitory, was eoniiiiissioner of
Indian affairs. He negoliatcd treaties
on the part of the United Stjilys with the
Sac and Fox, and other tribes in southei'n
Kansas.

Hamilton. — Organized January 29,
1880. County seat, Syracuse. In honor
of (leneral Alexander Hamilton, the great
Aiiicricau statesman; h
w;is killed ill a duel
with Aaron Burr,
July 11, 1804.

Harper. — Or-

County seat, Anthony.

ganized in 1873

The organization of this county was one of
the most glaring frauds ever i^erpetrated in
the State. Attorney-General Williams, in

his official report, says:

It is not pretended
that Harper county
ever had an inhabit-
ant." The form of

its organization was Greenwood.

legal on paper, and that is all. In 1878
the organization became legal. The county
was named" in memory of Marion Harper,
iirst Sergeant of Company E, Second Regi-
ment Kansas C;
wounded ;it U

!l. 1

si;:!, a I

•ades

d die.l th
av he t(
■■h't

y. He was mortally
on. Ark., December

following day. His
)k his death coolly.

m wounded,
Hamilton. ''^' proposed a,

wager that in
so many hours he would l>e dead; the
bet was taken, and Marion Harper

Harvey.— Organized in 1872. County
seat, Newton. Named for James M.
Harvey, Captain of ( 'oini)any G, Teiitli
Regiment of Kansas Infantry, and
Governor of the State fi-om 1809 to
1873. In January, 1874, he was elected

s """"""'' \

\ \) :j

Zl _j

Harper.

DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES.

311

United States Senator to fill an unex-
pired term ending in 1877.

Haskell.— Organized July 1, 1887.
County seat, Santa Fe. learned in
honor of Dudley C. Haskell, of Law-
rence, who died, while serving the

Harvey.

State as Congressman, December 16,
1883.

Hodgeman. — Organized in 1879,
( 'ounty seat, Jetmore. Named in
lioiiov of Amos Hodgman, Captain of
( 'oinpany H, Seventh Kansas Cavalry.
He died October 10, 1803, near Ox-
ford, Miss., of wounds received in -m

Hodgeman.

Haskell.

action at Wyatt, Miss., October 10.
1803. The name should be spelled
Hodgman without the e — it was s( >
spelled in the original statute of 1808,
which created the county, but by
accident — probably — in the statute
which defined its boundaries in 1873,
thi' (' was inserted. Of course it is legally ffocZfyewrm, and must remain
orthographically incorrect until changed by legislative enactment.
Jackson. — Organized in 1857. County seat, Holtou. Originally

Calhoun, in honor

of John C. Cal-
houn, of South
•olinn.f'hanged

ill IS,7.I to -lark-

sdii.aflci'AiKlivw

.Ia.-ks..n. sevrntli

President of tlie

United States.

Jefferson.—

Organized in JS.").").

County seat, Oska-

i. In honor of

Thomas Jefferson,

312

APPENDIX.

third President of the United States-
author of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence.

Jewell.— Organized in 1870. County
seat, Mankato, Named in memory of
Lieutenant-Colonel Lewis R, Jewell,
Sixth Kansas Calvary, who died No-
vember 30, 18G2, of wounds received
in the battle of Cane Hill, Ark.,
November 28, 1862.

Johnson.— Organized in 1855,
County seat, Olathe. Named for Rev.
Thomas Johnson, who in 1829 estab-
lished a mission among the Shawnee
Indians, about
eight miles south-
west of Kansas
City. Mr. John-
son took the Pro-
Slavery side of
wlitics, and was

Kearny.
commanded United Stat(

U5*

President of the first Territorial Coimcil. He

was shot and kilhid, in Jaiiunry, \Si\'^.

Kearny.— Or-
ganized March
•-7, 1888. County
scat, Lakin.
Named after Gen-
eral Keai'iiy, wlio
troops in

Kingman.

the West during the Indian troubles.

Kingman. — Organized in 1874.
County seat, Kingman, which was,
amed in honor of Samuel A. King-
man, who was then Chief Justice of
Kansas.

DESCEIPTION OF COUNTIES.

313

Kiowa.— Organized March 23, 1886.
( 'ounty seat, Greensburg. Named after
the Kiowa Indians.

Labette.— Legally organized in 1867.
County seat, Oswego. Originally i)art
ot Dorn county, after Colonel Eai-l Ynn
I)orn, of the regular army ( h<' was also a
( onfederate officer), but changed from
Dorn to Neosho in 1861, after name of
iIk' pi'incipal river in southern Kansas.
L iliettc county has a peculiar history,
t generally known, or at least not
iound in tlie books. Prior to the sum-
jjljgjjg mer of 1866 all that part (and being the

south half) of Neosho county, now com-

f rising Labette, was sparsely populated,
n the spring of 1866 there was a great rush
of immigration to that locality, and the new
settlers proceeded to organize a government
of their own. They gave the name Labette
(then written La Bettc), and called a con-
vention, nominated a full set of county
officers, and a representative to the State
Legislature, and elected them at the Novem-
ber election, and started a coTuity govern-
ment—for all of wliicli no autliority of law
whatever existed. The "Representative"
so elected Avas Charles H. Bent, who re-
ported at Topeka with a petition^ "signed
by John G. Rice and 221 other citizens of
Labette county," asking that Mr. Bent be
admitted to a seat in the House. He was admitted, and afterwards

introduced a Bill to "organize and define the

V ,poo(,.T boundaries of Labette county," which passed,

---^V''' " ,, and was approved the 7th of February, 1867.

^^-^\- Tlie word La Bettc is French, and signifies

"tlie beet."

Lane.-y-Organized June 3, 1886. Boundaries
deiined in 1873. County seat, Dighton. hi
honor of Senator James H. Lane, of Kansas.

LeavenwoPth.— Organized in 1855. County

it, Leaveiiwoi'th. From Fort Leavenworth, the

lost important military post in the West. It was

stablished in 1827, and was named after Colonel

'enry II. Leavenworth, of the United States Army.

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Lane.

314

APPENDIX.

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Lineoln. — Organized in 1870.
County seat, Lincoln. Named in
honor of Al)rnli;nii rJiicolii. sixteenth
President of the rnited States, and
aiithor of the eniancipatiou proclama-
tion, who was assassinated April 14,
1865.

Linn. — Org'anized in 1855. County
scat, Mound City. Named for Lewis

F. Linn, a distinguished United
States Senator from Missouri, who
died in 1843, in office. He was a
colleague of Hon. Thos. H. Benton.
Logan. — Organized September 17,
1887. County seat, Russell Springs.

Named by t
■ iture, ■ Bi

By an Act of the Legislature in 1887,
the name of the then unorganized
county of St. John was changed to
Logan, in honor of the late General
.Joliii A. Logan.

Lyon.— Organized in 1860. County
at, Emporia.

rst Lcg-

eckiin-idge,

ouor of Jolin'C.

kinridge, LTnited

■s Senator from

ucky, and who af-

v;\vd became Vice-

si.lent of the United

■n 1856. Name

ti-edinlSIL'toLvon.

' Xa-

tlianiel Lyon, who was

killed while in command

of the Union Army at

DESCKIPTION OF COUNTIES.

315

the battle of Wilson's creek, Mis-
souri, Aiignst 10, 1861.

Marion. — Organized in 1860.
County seat, Marion. Named for
Marion county, Ohio, which was so-
called in memory of General Francis
Marion, of revolutionary fame.

Marshall.— Organized in 1855.
County seat, Marysville. After Gen-

Marshall.

eral Frank J. Marshall, who estab-
lished a ferry on the Big- Blue at the
crossing of the old Independence-
California road in 1849. He was a
prominent member of the first Leg-
islature, and had his own name ap-

jucruerson.

plied to the county. Marysville was
declared the permanent county seat by
the Legislature in 1860.

MePhePSon.— Organized, 1870. County
seat, McPhersou. In honor of Major-
General James B. McPherson, United

States Volunteers, who was killed in
attle at Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 1864.

Meade. — Organized November 3,
1885. County seat, Meade. Named
ill lioiior of Major-General George
<!. JMcadQ, United States Army, who
died in 1872.

Miami. — Organized in 1855 under
the name of Lykins. County seat,

316

APPENDIX.

Paola. In honor of Dr. David Lykins,
who was a missionary amongr the
Mianiis. He was also a mcniber of
the hrst Territorial Cuiua-il. Name
ehanged in 1801 to IMianii, after the
ti'ibe of Indians.

ffl i t e h e 1 1 .—Organized in 1870.
County seat, Boloit. In honor of
WiUiam D. Mitchell, who entered the

Union army as a private in Company K,
Second Kansas Cavalry; was promoted
to Captain in the Second Kentucky Cav-
alry, and killed March 10, 18G5, at Mon-
roe's Cross Roads, N. C.

Montg-omery. — Organized in 1869.
County seat, Independence. Named for
Gen. Richard ^Moiity-oniei'y, born in Ire-
land, Deeeinber L', 17i)(i; was an officerof

Cosle

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DEPE?

2K„

M'lr.t^oEiery.

distinction in the British Army; re-
signed and settled in New York State
in 1773; was appointed one of the
eight Generals to command the Revo-
lutionary army of America, in 1775;
was kilkxl in the attack on Quebec,
December 31, 1775, shouting, "Death
or Hberty!"

Morris.

MoPPis. — Organized as Wise in
1855. County seat. Council Grove.
Originally named for Henry A. Wise,
who was Governor of Virginia during
the John Brown seizure of Hai-per's
Ferry. The execution of that "grai
old man," at Charlestown, Decembi
2, 1859, was one of the last acts i
Wise's administration. Name was
changed to Morris in February, 1859,
in honor of Thomas Morris, a United

DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES.

317

lOlK

f of Hdiion

1»1(. <)liv,.i-

^-m / • z^-

S%f2f

\j''"'''xL7 /'liRIE Jr<

^GMltsl„,r?V

f^^

States Senator from Ohio in 1832, who
distinguished himself as an opponent of
slavery. He died in 1844.

Morton.— Organized November 18, 188G.
Couiitv seat, Kiclifu'ld. "Was named in
1'. Morton, of
Indiana.

Nemaha.—

Oi'ganized in
ISrif). C'ountv
se;it,S(_-nc(-a.
Named from
a river in Ne-
braska— the Nemaha.
Nemaha, one

of whose branches drains the northern
half of the county.

N e O Sh O . — Organized in 1864.
County seat, Erie. The county was
^'^°^^-°- originally named Dorn (see Labette) ,

and changed in 18G1 to Neosho, after
the Neosho river, which traverses the
coimty from northwest to southeast.
The name was given to the river by
the Osages.

Ness. — First Organized in 1873.

County seat, Ness City. Disorganized

in 1874; reorganized in 1880. Named

in honor of Noah V. Ness, -Corporal

of Company G, Seventh Kansas Cav-
alry, who
diedAug.
•22, 1804,

at Abbeyville, Miss., of wounds re-
ceived in action August 19, 1864.

Norton.— Organized in 1872. County
seat, Norton. In memory of Orloif
Norton, Captain of Company L, Fif-
teenth Kansas Cavalry, killed by gue-
i-illas at Ca^e Hill, Ark., October 29,
LSG;"). In 1873 the county was repre-
sented by one N. H. Billings, win., in
consequence of his peculiarities, be-
(;ame a sort of butt of the Legislature.

318

APPENDIX.

Osage.

nally named for John B. Weller, of
Ohio, member of Congress, and Gov-
ernor of that State ; also Governor of
California and Senator, Minister to
Mexico, etc. The name Osage comes

A member of the Senate at the time had
the name of Norton changed to BilUngs,
in two hnes hidden in a paragraph of a
Bill fixing the boundaries of certain coun-
ties. The next Legislature restored the
name of Nor-
ton.

Osage.—

() rga nized
as Weller
county in
1855; name
changed to
Osage in
1859. Origi-

^'^ <■■'"

Osborne.

of which stream drain

from the Osage river, the headwater;

almost the entire county. Lyndon is the county seat.

Osborne. — Organized in 1871. County seat, Osborne. Named
in honor of Vincent B. Osborne,
Private of Company A, Second Kan-
sas Cavalry, who lost his right leg
January 17, 1865, on the steamer ^»ma
Jacobs, at Joy's Ford, on the Arkan-
sas river.

Ottawa.— Created in 1860, and or-
ganized in 1866. County seat, Min-
neapolis. Named for the tribe of
Ottawas.

Pawnee. — Organized in 1872.
""'"'■ County seat, Larned. Named for the

once powerful tribe of Pawnee In-
dians, the area of this county having
been included in their original hunt-
ing grounds.

Phillips.— Organized in 1872.
County seat, Philhpsburg. Named
in memory of William Phillips, a
Free-State martyr, murdered September 1
1856, in T^eavenworth.

• *sl, X' alley

ber

DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES.

319

Pottawatomie.— Organized in 1856.
County scMt, \V('stinoreland. Named
for the Pottawatomie Indians, whose
reservation at the opening of Kansas
Territory for settlement, and for years
afterward, embraced a large portion
of the geographical area of the county.

Ppatt.— First organized in 187ii.

)unty seat, luka, but not recognized
in consequence of frauds. Pratt is now
the county seat. Organized constitu-
tionally in 1879. Xanu'd in ineniory
of Caleb

Pratt,
Second

Lieutenant of Company D, First Kan-
sas Infantry, killed in action Augiist
10, 1861, at Wilson's creek, Mo.

Rawlins. — Or

County scat. Al

anized in 1881.

xxl. Named in

memoi'v

Pottawatomie.

Gen. Johr

A. Rawlins,

who was a

staff: officer

of (Icncral Grant, and went into his

cal)iuct, when elected President, as

Secretary of War.

Reno.— Otgam/( d m 1872, County
seat, Hut( hnisou In memory of

Jesse L. Reno, Captain United. Sfetes
army, and Major-General of vohpi-
teers, who was killed in battle, Sept.
14, 1862, at South Mountain, Md.

320

APPENDIX.

lepublic.

R e p u b 1 i e. — Organized in 1868.
County seat, Belleville. Received
its name from the Republican river,
which extends thi-ough the county.
The river was so called because
many years ago the valley of that
stream was the seat of the"^"Pawnee
Kepul)lie," a designation given to a
l)niicipal division of the Pawnee In-
dians, or J'lun's, as they were oi'igi-

'ly known.

Riee.— County seat, Lycms. Named
in memory of Samuel A. Rice, Brigadier-dfeneral United States
volunteers: killed April 30, 1804, at
Jenkins' Ferry, Ark.

Riley. — Organized in 1855. County

seat, Manhattan.

Received its name

from the adja(X^nt

military post, which

was establislied in

1853, and called

Fort Riley, in honor

of General Riley, of
the United
States army. '^'°^'

Rooks. — Organized in 1872. ('ounty
seat. Stockton. In memory of John C..
Rooks, private of Company I, Eleventh
Kansas Infantry, who died December 11,
1802, at Fayetteville, Ark., of wounds
received in the battle of Prairie
Grove, December 7, 1862.

Rush.—

Organized
in 1874.
Co u n t y
seat, La-
Cros sc.
Itimcmory
of Alexan-
der Rush,
Captain of
Company
11, Second

Riley.

ggn

•

...<>''''''"'^^^^£;S

DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES.

321

Colored Infantry, killed April 3, 1864,
at Jenkins Ferry, Ark.

Russell. — Org:anized in 1872.
County seat, Rnssell. In memory of
Alva P. Rnssell, Captain Company K,
Second Kansas Cavalry, M^ho died
December 12, 1862, in field hospital
near Prairie Grove, Ark., of wounds
received in battle December 7, 1862,
at Prairie Grove.

Saline.— Organized in 1859. County
seat, Salina. Named for the Saline

Russell.

of Major-General Winfield

States army, hero of the Mexican war

Sedg-wick. —Organized in 1870. County
seat, Wichita.
In memory of
John Sedg-
wick, United
States army,
Major-Gen-
eral of volun-
teers, killed in
l)attle, Mav !».
1864,atSpott-
sylvania, Ya.

Sedgwick. SeWEPd.—

Organ i zet'

January 17, 1886. County seat, Liberal.

Boundaries defined in 1873. In honor of

Wm. H. Seward, Governor and United

iver, whose waters drain a large area
of the county.

Seott. -Or-
ganized .Jan-
uarv 2!), LS8G.
Seott is the
County seat.
Boundaries
defined in
1873. In honor
Scott, United

322

APPENDIX.

States Senator of New York, and Secre-
tary of State under Abraham Lincoln.

Shawnee. — Organized in 1855. County
seat, Topeka. Was carved oiit of what
was, before the treaty of 1854, Shaw-
nee Indian lands — hence the name.
General H. J. Strickler, of Tecumseh,
who was a member of the council
in 1855, and also of the Joint Com-
mittee on Counties, claimed Shawnee

for the name of his county, a prefer-
ence stoutly contended for by the
Reverend Thomas Johnson for the
county in which the Legislature was
sitting, but the committee yielded to
General Strickler, and, .vithout solici-
tation, complimented Mr. Johnson by
conferring his own name upcn his
county.

Sheridan.

She pi dan. —Organized in 1880.
(\>untyseat, Hoxie. Named in honor
of Lieutenant -(icneral Philip H.
Slicridau. United States army.

Sherman. — Organized September
20, 18SG. County seat, Goodland. In

honor of General W. T. Sherman,
United States army.

Smith.— Organized in 1872. County
seat, Smith Center. In memory of
Nathan Smith, INIajorof Second Colo-
rado Volunteers, "killed October 'lA,
LS(i4, at battle of the Little Blue, ]\Io.

Stafford.- Organized in 1879.
County seat, St. John. In memory

DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES.

323

of Lewis Stafford, Captain of f-ompany E,
First Kansas Infantry^ who was accidentally
killed at Young's Point, La., January 31,
1863.

Stanton. — Organized June 17, 1887.
County scat, Johnson. This county was
named after Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary
of war under ri'esuleiit Lincoln.

Stevens.

lS8(i. Count. \

Stanton.

named after the late distinguish*
statesman, Thaddeus Stevens.

Sumner. — Organized in 1871.
County seat, Wellington. In honor of

\'y^—

i I'll • („udj

"^■-^^"rx '" vi

Chai'les Sumner, the di.slinguished
Massachusetts Senator. In 1854 he

was a leader in the opposition to ex-
tension of slavery into Kansas, as
proposed in the Bill to organize the
Territory.

Thomas. — Organized October 8,
1885. County seat, Colby. In honor

324

APPENDIX.

Trego. Illinois, r o !■

whom the county
was first named, was the leader in the
House of Representatives on the Demo-
cratic side in the debate on the Kansas-
Nebraska Bill. In February, 1859, the
name was changed to Wabaunsee, that
being the
name of a
chief of the
Pottawatom
Indians.

of Major-General George H. Thomas,
United States army, who died in 1870.

TpegO. — Organized in 1879. County
seat, Wakeeney. In memory of Edgar
P. Trego, Captain of C<>ini)anv H,
Eighth Kansas Infantry. kilK'd ".Sep-
tember 19, 1803, at Chickamauga,
Tenn.

Wabaunsee.— Organized as Rich-
ardson, in 1859, County seat, Alma.
The county was created in 1855.
Colonel "Dick'
Richardson, o

Fairfeil'l'

, «■*'

X^' f

Keene.J

,,,l,n ■ II

'^uX -- :

1
' _l

halk

Washington

Boundaries defined in 1873.

the name of a confederacy of Caddoan

Indians.

Wallace.— Ovgani/ed in 1888. County
seat, Sluii-oii S])i'ings. Named after Gen-
eral Lew. Wallaci', author of "Ben Hur."

Wilson. — Organized in 1805. County
seat, Fredonia. This county originally

^,, , . , Wabaunsee.

Washingt9n.—

< )rgaiiized in 1800. County seat,
Washington. Named in honor or
George Washington, the first Presi-
dent of the United States.

Wichita. -

Organized
December 24 ,
1880. County
seat, L e o t i .
Wichita was

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.Lyiiu

DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES.

325

extended to the south Une of the State, aud was named in honor
of Colonel Hiero T. Wilson, who lived in Fort Scott from
September, 1843. He was the first white person to settle there.

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Woodson.— Organized in 1855. County seat, Yates Center.
Named in honor of Daniel Woodson, who was Secretary of the
Territory, and for some time acting Governor, after the resigna-
tion of Governor Shannon, in 185G.

Wyandotte. — Organized iu 1855. County seat, Kansas City
(formerly Wyandotte) . Named after the Indian tribe of that name.

ORGANIC ACT.

ORGANTZATTON OP KANSAS TERRITORY,

On 30th May, 1854, Congress Passed an Act Entitled "An
Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and

Kansas."

The Organic Act took effect on its approval, 30tli May, and on
30th June, 1854, President Pierce appointed officers for Kansas,
as follows: Andrew H. Reeder, of Pennsylvania, as Governor;
Daniel Woodson, of Virginia, as Secretary; Andrew J. Isaacs,
of Louisiana, as United States District Attorney; Madison
Brown, of Maryland, as Chief Justice; and Saunders W.
Johnston, of Ohio, and Rush Elmore, of Alabama, as Associate
Justices. Judge Brown refused the appointment, and Samuel D.
Lecompte, of Maryland, was appointed Chief Jiistiee on 3d
October, 1854.

The first eighteen sections of the Kansas-Nebraska Act relate
solely to the Territory of Nebraska, The material portions of the
sections of said Act relating to Kansas Territory, are as
follows :

§ 1. (Sec. id.) All that part of the Territory of the United
States, included within the following limits, except such portions
thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted from the operations
of this Act, to-wit, beginning at a point on the western boundary
of the State of Missouri, where tne thirty-seventh parallel of

326

ORGANIC ACT. 327

north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to
the eastern boundary of New Mexico; thence north on said
boundary to latitude thirty-eig'ht; tlience following: said boundary
westward to the cast boundary of the Tcn-itory of Utah, on the
summit of the Kocky ^Mountains; thent-e northward on said summit
to the fortieth parallel of latitude; thence east on said parallel
to the western boundary of the State of Missouri; thence south
with the western boundary of said State to the place of beginning,
be, and the same is, hereby created into a temporary government,
by the name of the Territory of Kansas ; and when admitted as a
State or States, the said Territory, or any portion of the same,
shall be received into the Union with or without slavery, as their
constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission;
provided, that nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to
inhibit the Government of the United States from dividing said
Territory into two or more Tei^'itories, in such manner, and at
such times, as Congress sliall deem convenient and proper, or from
attaching any portion of said Territory to any other State or
Territory of the United States; proxided, further, that nothing in
this Act contained shall be construed to impair the rights of
person or property now pertaining to the Indians in said Ter-
ritory, so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by
treaty between the United States and such Indians, or to include
any Territory which, by treaty with an Indian tril)e is not, with-
out the consent of said tribe, to be included within the Territorial
limits or jurisdiction of any State or Territory; but all such
Territory shall be excepted out of the boundaries, and constitute
no part of the Territory of Kansas, until said tribe shall signify
their assent to the President of the United States, to be included
within the said Territory of Kansas, or to affect the authority of
the Government of the United States to make any regulation
respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or other rights, by
treaty, law, or otherwise, which it would have been competent to
the Government to make if this Act had never passed.

I 2. [Sec. 20 provides for the appointment of a Territorial
Governor, and defines his powers and duties.]

? 3. [Sec. 21 provides for the appointment of a Secretary of
said Territory, and defines his powers and duties.]

§ 4. (Sec. 22.) The legislative power and authority of said
Territory shall be vested in the Governor and a legislative
assembly. Tlie legislative assenil)ly sliall consist of a council aiul
house of representatives. Tlie council sliall consist of thirteen
members, having the qualifications of voters, as hereinafter

Erescribed, whose term of service shall continue two years. The
ouse of representatives shall, at its first session, consist of

o28 APPENDIX.

twenty-six members, possessing the same qualifications as pre-
scribed for members of the council, and whose term of service
shall continue one year. The number of representatives may be
increased by the legislative assembly, from tinie to tiiiie, in pro-
portion to the increase of qualified voters; provided, that the whole
number shall never exceed thirty-nine. * * *

[This section then provides that the Governor shall cause a cen-
sus to be taken before the first election, and that he shall make an
apportionment declaring the number of members of each house
to which each county or district shall be entitled, and "the first
election shall be held at such time and places," and the first
"legislative assembly shall meet at such place and on such day as
the Governor shall appoint; but hereafter the time, place and
manner of holding and conducting all elections, and the appor-
tioning the representation in the several counties or districts to
the council and house of representatives, shall be prescribed by
law, as well as the day of the commencement of the regular ses-
sions of the legislative assembly."]

I 5. [Sec. 23 prescribes the qualifications of persons entitled to
vote at the first election, which persons are made eligible to otfice
at such first election.]

§ 6. (Sec. 24.) The legislative power of the Territory shall
extend to all rightful subjects of legislation consistent with the
Constitution of the United States and the provisions of this act;
but no law shall be passed interfering witli the primary disposal
of the soil; no tax shall be iini>ose(l upon the property of the
United States; iior shall tlie lands or other property of non-resi-
dents he taxed higher than tlie lands or other iiroperty of residents.
Every l>ill which shall have passed the council and house of rep-
resentatives of the said Territory shall, before it become a law, be
presented to the Governor of the Territory; if he approve, he
shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to
the house in which it originated, who shall enter the objections at
large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such
reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the
bill, it shall be sent, together with the ol)jections, to the other
house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved
by two-thirds of that house it shall become a law. But in all such
cases the votes of both houses shall he determined l)y yeas and
nays, to be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If
any bill shall not be returned l)y the (Jovernor witlun three days
(Simdays excei)ted) after it shall have l)een presented to him, the
same shall he a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless
the assembly, by adjournment, prevent its rettn-n, in which case
it shall not be a law.

ORGANIC ACT. 329

? 7. [Sec. 25 provides for the appointment of township, district
and county officers.]

? 8. [Sec. 26 declares tliat no Tneinl)er of the k-gislative assem-
bly shall hold or be appointed to any othce which sliall lia\c l)een
created, or the salary or emoluments of whicli sliall have Ijeen
increased, while he was a member, during the term for which he
was elected, etc.]

I 9. (Sec. 27.) The judicial power of said Territory shall be
vested in a supreme court, district courts, probate courts, and in
justices of the peace.

The supreme court shall consist of a chief justice and two asso-
ciate justices, any two of whom shall constitute a q^uorum, and
who shall hold a term at the seat of government of said Territory
annually; and they shall hold their offices during the period of
four years, and until tlieir successors shall be appointed and (|uali-
fied. The supreme court, or the justices thereof, shall appoint
its own clerk, and every clerk shall hold his office at the pleasure
of the court for which he shall have been appointed.

The said Territory sliall be divided into three judicial districts,
and a district court shall be held in each of said districts by one
of the justices of the supreme court at such times and places as
may be prescribed by law; and the said jiidtics shall, after their
appointments, respectively, reside in the districts which shall be
assigned them; and each of the said district courts shall have and
exercise the same jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Con-
stitution and laws of the United States as is vested in the circuit
and district courts of tlie United States. Each district court, or
the judge thereof, shall appoint its clerk, who shall also be the
register in chancery, and shall keep his office at the place where
the court may be held.

The jurisdiction of the several courts herein provided for, both
appellate and original, and that of the probate courts and of
justices of the peace, shall be as limited by law, provided, that
justices of the peace shall not have jurisdiction of any matter in
controversy when the title or boundaries of land may be in dis-
pute, or where the de))t or sum claimed shall exceed one hundred
dollars; and the said supreme and district courts, respectively,
shall possess chancery as well as common-law jurisdiction.

Writs of error, bills of exception and appeal shall be allowed in
all cases from the final decisions of said district courts to the
supreme court, under such regulations as may l)e prescribed by
law; but in no case removed to the supi'eme court shall trial by
jury be allowed in said court.

Writs of error and appeals from the final decisions of said
supreme court shall be allowed, and may be taken to the supreme

330 APPENDIX.

court of the United States, in the same manner and under the
same regulations as from the circuit courts of the United States,
where the vahie of the property or the amount in controversy, to
be ascertained by the oath or affirmation of either party or other
competent witness, shall exceed one thousand dollars. * * *

? 10. [Sec. 28 extends the provisions of the "fugitive slave
acts" of 1793 and 1850 to Kansas Territory.]

§ 11. [Sec. 29 provides for the appointment of a United States
District Attorney and a United States Marshal for said Territory.]

^ 12. [Sec. 30 providesthat the Governor, Secretary, Chief Justice
and Associate Justices, Attorney and Marshal, shall be nominated
and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, appointed
by the President of the United States, and for their qualifying;
fixes the salaries of the Governor, Judges, Attorney, ^larslial, and
Secretary; and prescribes the compensation of members of the
legislature.]

§ 13. (Sec. 31.) The seat of government of said Territory is
hereby located temporarily at Port Leavenworth, and such por-
tions of the public buildings as may not be actually used and
needed for military purposes may be occupied and used under the
direction of the Governor and legislative assembly for such public
purposes as may be required under the provisions of this act.

§ 14. [Sec. 32 provides that a delegate to the house of repre-
sentatives of the United States may be elected by the voters
qualified to elect members of the legislative assembly; declares
tne first Territorial election shall be held at such time and jilaces
and be conducted in such manner as the ( rovci-iior sliall ajjpoint
and direct; but all subsequent elections shall be held at such times,
places and manner as shall be prescribed by law. And then
follows as part of ? 32 the famous declaration of "squatter sover-
eignty," (then called "the great principle of non-intervention,")
as follows:

"The Constitution and all laws of the United States which are not locally
Inapplicable shall have the same force and effect within the said Territory
of Kansas as elsewhere within the United States, except the eighth section
of the act preparatory to the admission of Missouri into the Union,
approved March 6, 1820, which, being inconsistent with the principle of
non-interventioji by Congress with slavery in the States and Territories,
as recognized by the legislation of 1850, commonly called the compromise
measures, is hereby declared inoperative and void — it being the true
intent and mciiniuy; of tliis act, not to legislate slavery into any Territory
or State, nor to ex.-lude it therefrom, hut ti) leave the i)e()i)le thereof per-
fectly free to form and retiulate their domest ie inst itut ions in their own
way, sul)jeet only to tlie Constitution of tlie United States; provided, that
nothing therein contained shall be construed to revive or put in force any
law or regulation which may have existed prior to the act of rtth of March,
1820, either protecting, establishing, prohibiting or abolishing slavery."

OKGANIC ACT. 331,

I 15. [Sec. 33 declares that money shall be appropriated, as has
l)een customary, for the erection of suitable buildings at the seat
of government, and for the purchase of a library, to be kept at
the seat of government for the use of the Governor, legislative
assembly, judges of the supreme court, etc.]

^ 16. [Sec. 34 reserves sections sixteen and thirty-six in each
township for the purpose of being applied to schools in said Ter-
ritory, etc.]

I 17. [Sec. 35 relates to judicial districts, the assignment of
judges, fixing terms of and places of holding courts, etc.]

I IS. [Sec. 36 recjuires all officers appointed by the President,
by and with the advice and consent of the senate for the Territory
of Kansas, to give security for moneys that may be entrusted witti
them for disbursement.]

? 19. (Sec. 37.) All treaties, laws and other engagements
made by the Government of the United States with the Indian
tribes inhabiting the Territories embraced within this act shall be
faithfully and rigidly observed, notwithstanding anything con-
tained in this act; and that the existing agencies and superintend-
encies of said Indians be continued with the same powers and
duties which aiv now jirescribed by laWj except that the President
of the United States may, at his discretion, change the location of
the office of suiteriuteiident.

Approved May 30, 1S5I.

AN ACT

ADMISSION OF KANSAS INTO THE UNION.

WhereaSj The people of the Territory of Kansas, by their repre-
sentatives in convention assembled, at Wyandotte, in said
Territory, on tlie twenty-nintli day <>f July, one thousand ei^ht
hundred and tifty-ninc, did form for themselves a Constitution
and State Government, Republican in form, wliicli was ratified
and adopted by the people at an election held for that purpose
on Tuesday, the fourth day of October, one thousand eight
hundred and fifty-nine, and the said convention has, in their
name and behalf, asked the Congress of the United States to
admit the said Territory into the Union as a State, on an equal
footing with the other States; therefore,

He it enacted hy the Senate and House of Mepresentathes of the
United States of America in Conqress assemhled, That the State of
Kansas shall be, and is hereby declared to be, one of the United
States of America, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing
with the original States in all respects whatever. And the said
State shall consist of all the territory included within the follow-
ing ]>oundai-ii's, to wit: Beginning at a point on the western
boundary of the State of ]\Iissouri, where the thirty-seventh par-
allel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said
parallel to the twenty-tifth meridian of longitude west from Wash-
ington; thence north on said meridian to the fortieth parallel of
latitude ; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of

332

ADMISSION INTO THE UNION. 3-13

the State of Missouri; thence south with the w^estern boundary
of said State to the place of beginning; provided that nothing
contained in the said Constitution respecting the boundary of said
State shall be construed to impair the rights of person or property
now pertaining to the Indians in said tenitory, so long as such
rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between the United
States and such Indians, or to include any territory which, by
treaty with such Indian tribe, is not, without the consent of such
tribe, to be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of
any State or Territory; but all such territory shall be excepted
out of the boundaries, and constitute no part of the State of
Kansas, until said tribe shall signify their assent to the President
of the United States, to be included within said State, or to affect
the authority of the Government of the United States to make any
regulation respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or other
rights, by treaty, law or otherwise, which it wou.ld have been com-
petent to make if this Act had never passed.

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That until the next general
apportionment of representatives, the State of Kansas shall be
entitled to one representative in the House of Representatives of
the United States.

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That nothing in this Act shall
be construed as an assent by Congress to all or any of the propo-
sitions or claims contained in the ordinance of said Constitution of
the people of Kansas, or in the resolutions thereto attached; but
the following propositions are hereby offered to the said people of
Kansas, for their free accept&nce or rejection, which, if accepted,
shall be obligatory on the United States, and upon the said State
of Kansas, to wit:

First — That sections numbered sixteen and thirty-six, in every
township of public lands in said State, and where either of said
sections or any part thereof has been sold or otherwise been dis-
posed of, other lands, equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may
be, shall be granted to said State for the use of schools.

Second — That seventy-two sections of land shall be set apart and
reserved for the use and support of a State University, to be
selected by the Governor of said State, subject to the approval of
the Commissioner of the General Land Office, and to be ajipi-opri-
ated and applied in such manner as the Legislature of said State
may prescribe for the purpose aforesaid, l)ut for no otlu-r purpose.

Third — That ten entire sections of land to ])e selected by the
Grovernor of said State, in legal subdivisions, shall be gi'anted to
the said State for the purpose of completing the public buildings,
or for the erection of others at the seat of government, under tlie
direction of the legislature thereof.

334 Al^PENDIX.

Fourth — Thut all salt springs within said State, not exceeding
twelve in number, with six sections of land adjoining or as contig-
uous as may be to eacli, shall ))e granted to said State for its use,
the same to l)e selected by the (fovei'iioi' then'of Avithin one year
after the admission of said State, and when so selected to be used
or disposed of on such terms, conditions and regulations as the
legislature shall direct; provided that no salt sprmg or land, the
right whereof is now vested in any individual or individuals, or
which may be hereafter confirmed or adjiidged to any individual
or individuals, shall, by this article, be granted to said State.

Fifth — That five per centum of the net proceeds of sales of all
public lands lying within said State, which shall be sold by con-
gress after the admission of said State into the Union, after
deducting all the expenses incident to the same, shall be paid to
said State for the purpose of making public roads and internal
improvements, or for otherpurposes,as the legislature shall direct;
provided, that the foregoing propositions hereinbefore offered are
on the condition that the people of Kansas shall provide by an
ordinance, irrevocable without the consent of the United States,
that said State shall never interfere with the primary disposal of
the soil within the same by the United States, or ^\\\\\ any regula-
tions congress may find necessary for securing the title in said
soil to bona fide purchasers thereof.

Sixth— And that the said State shall never tax the lands or the
property of the United States in said State. Iti case any of the
lands herein granted to the State of Kansas lia\ c lieretofore been
confirmed to the Territory of Kansas for the purposes specified in
this act, the amount so confirmed shall be deducted from the
quantity specified in this act.

Sec. 4. And he it further enacted,, Tl\vAt from and after the
admission of the State of Kansas, as hereinbefore provided, all
the laws of the United States, which are not locally inai)plicable,
shall have the same force and effect witliin that State as in otlier
States of the Union; and the said State is lici'eliv constituted a
judicial district of the I'nited States, within which a district c(mrt,
with tlie Hk.' powei's and jurisdiction as tlie district court of the
United States to]' the disti'ict of :\Iinnesota. sliall l)e estal)lished;
the Judge, Attorney and JMarshal of the United States, for the said
district of Kansas, sliall reside within tlie same, and shall be enti-
tled to the same compensation as the Judge, Attorney and Marshal
of the district of ]\Iiiinesota; and in all cases of appeal or writ of
error heretofoi'e i>rosecuted, and now pending in the supreme court
of the United States upon any record from the siipreme court of
Kansas Territory, the mandate of execution or order of further
proceeding shall be directed by the supreme court of the United

ADMISSION INTO THE UNION. 335

States to the district court of the United States for the district of
Kansas, or to the supreme court of the State of Kansas, as the
nature of such appeal or writ of eri-or may require; and each of
those courts shall be the successor of the supreme court of Kansas
Territory as to all such cases, with full power to hear and deter-
mine the same, and to award mesne or final process therein.

Sec. 5. And he it further enacted, That the Judge of the dis-
trict court for the district of Kansas shall hold two regular terms
of said court annually at the seat of government of the said State,
to commence on the second Mondays of April and October in each
year.

Approved 29t]i .TaiiTiary, 1801.

ASSKNT OF StaTK TO PROPOSITIONS OP CONORESS.
Chapter 6, Laws op 1862.

Joint Resolution of the Legislature of the State of Kansas^
Accepting the Terms Imposed by Congress Upon the Admis-
sion OF the State of Kansas Into the Union.

Be it resolved hy the legislature of the State of Kansas, That the
propositions contained in the act of congress, entitled "An Act for
the admission of Kansas into the Union," are hereby accepted,
ratitit'd, and contii'med, and shall remain irrevocable, without the
consent of tlie United States. And it is hereby ordained, that this
State sliall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil
within the same l)y the United States, or with any regulations
congress may find necessary for securing the title to said soil, to
bona fide purchasers thereof; and no tax shall be imposed on lands
belonging to the United States.

Approved January 20, 1862.

CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE

OF KANSAS.

Adopted at Wyandotte, July 29, 1859. Ratified by the People,
October 4, 1859. Went into Operation, January 29, 18G1.

With all Amendments Adopted Phiok to January 1, 1899.

Preamble.— Boundaries.

We, the People of Kansas, grateful to Alini,f»'lity God for our
civil and religious privileges, in ordt-r to iiisui'c the tuU enjoyment
of our rights as American citizens, do ordain and establish this
Constitution of the State op Kansas, with the following
boundaries, to wit: Beginning at a point on the western boundary
of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of north
latitude crosses the same ; thence running west on said parallel to
the twenty-fifth meridian of longitude west from Washington;
thence north on said meridian to tTie fortieth parallel of north lati-
tude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the
State of ^Missouri; tlieiice south, with the western boundary of said
State, to the place of beginnhig.

bill of rights.

Section 1. All men are possessed of equal and inalienable
natural rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness.

Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people, and all
free governments are founded on their authority, and are insti-
tuted for their equal protection and benefit. No special privileges

33G

CONSTITUTION. 337

or immuuities shall ever be granted by the legislature, which may
not be altered, revoked, or repealed by the same body; and this
power shall be exercised by no other tribunal or agency.

Seo. 3. The people have the right to assemble in a peaceable
manner, to consult for their common good, to instruct their repre-
sentatives, and to petition the Government, or any department
thereof, for the redress of grievances.

Sec. 4. The people liavethe right to bear arms for their defense
and security; but standing arinirs, in time of peace, are dangerous
to liberty, and shall not be tolerated, and the military shall be in
strict subordination to the civil power.

Sec. o. The right of trial by jury shall be inviolate.

Sec. 6. There shall be no slavery in this State | and no involun-
tary servitude, except for the punishment of crime, whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted.

Sec. 7. The right to worship God, according to the dictates of
conscience, shall never be infringed; nor shall any person be
compelled to attend or support any form of worship ; nor shall any
control of, or interference Avith the rights of conscience be
permitted, nor any preference be given by law to any religious
establishment or mode of worship. No religious test or property
qualification shall be required for any office of public trust, nor
for any vote at any election ; nor shall any person be incompetent
to testify on account of religious belief.

Sec. 8. The right to the writ of habeas corpus shall not be
suspended, unless the public safety requires it in case of invasion
or rebellion.

Sec. 9. All persons shall be bailable, by sufficient sureties,
except for capital offenses, where proof is evident or the pre-
sumption great. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted.

Sec. 10. In all prosecutions, the accused shall be allowed to
appear and defend in person, or by counsel; to demand the nature
and cause of the accusation against him, to meet the witness face
to face, and to have compulsory process to compel the attendance
of witnesses in his behalf, and a speedy public trial by an
impartial jury of the county or district in which the offense is
alleged to have been committed. No person shall be a witness
against himself, or be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.

Sec. 11. The liberty of the press shall be inviolate; and all
persons may freely speak, write, or publish their sentiments on
all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of such right; and in
all civil or criminal actions for libel, the truth may be given in
evidence to the jury, and if it shall appear that the alleged libelous

338 APPENDIX.

matter was pulilishcd for justitial)le t'lids, tlie accused party shall
be acquitted.

Sec. 12. No person shall lie traiisjKH-tt-d Ifoiii the State for any
offense committed within the same; and no conviction in the State
shall work a corruption of bk)od or fctrfeiture of estate.

Sec. 13. Treason shall consist only in levying- war ag-ainst the
State, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort.
No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of
two witnesses to the overt act, or confession in open court.

Sec. 14. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any
house without the consent of the occupant; nor in time of war,
except as prescribed by law.

Sec. 15. The right of the people to be secure in their persons
and property ag-ainst unreasonable searclics and seizuivs. shall be
inviolate; and no Avarrant shall issue but on jjiohable eause, siip-
ported by oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to
be searched, and the persons or property to be seized.

Sec. 16. No person shall be imprisoned for debt except in eases
of fraud.

Sec. 17. No distinction shall ever be made between citizens of
the State of Kansas and the citizens of other States and Territo-
ries of the United States in reference to the purchase, enjoyment
or descent of property. The rig-hts of aliens in reference to the
purchase, enjoyment or descent of property may be regulated by
law.

Sec. 18. All persons, for injuries suffered in person, repiitation
or property, shall have remedy by due course of law, and justice
administered without delay.

Sec. 19. No hereditary emoluments, honors or privileges, shall
ever be granted or conferred by the State.

Sec. 20. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to
impair or deny others retained by the people; and all powers not
herein delegated remain with the people.

ARTICLE 1.

executive department.

Section 1. The executive department shall consist of a Gover-
nor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer,
Attorney-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction; who
shall be chosen by the electors of the State at the time and place

CONSTITUTION. 339

of voting for members of the legislature, and shall hold their
offices for the term of two years from the second Monday of
January next after their election, and until their successors are
elected and qualified.

Sec. 2. Until otherwise provided by law, an abstract of the
returns of every election for the officers named in the foregoing
section shall be sealed up and transmitted by the clerks of the
boards of canvassers of the several counties to the Secretary of
State, wlio, with the Lieutenant-Governor and Attorney-General
shall constitute a board of State canvassers, whose duty it shall
be to meet at the St;tte capital on the second Tuesday of Decem-
ber succeeding each elect ion for State officers, and canvass the
vote for such officers and proclaim the result; but in case any two
or more have an ecpial and the highest number of votes, the legis-
lature shall, by joint Ijallot, choose one of said jiersons so having
an equal and the highest number of votes for said office.

OF THE GOVERNOR.

Sec. 3. The supreme executive power of the State shall be
vested in a Governor, who shall see that the laws are faithfully
executed.

Sec. 4. He may require information in writing from the officers
of the executive department upon any subject relating to their
respective duties.

Sec. 5. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the legis-
lature by proclamation, and shall at the commencement of every
session communicate in writing such information as he may pos-
sess in reference to the condition of the State, and recommend
such measures as he may deem expedient.

Sec. G. In case of disayi-cciticnt between the two houses in
respect to the time of adjournincnt, he may adjourn the legisla-
ture to such time as he may think proper, not beyond its regular
meeting.

Sec. 7. The pardoning power shall be vested in the Governor
under regulations and restrictions prescribed by law.

Sec. S. There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept
by the Governor, and used l)y him officially, and which shall b«'
the great seal of Kansas.

Sec. 9. All eommissi(jns shall hv issued in the name of the
State of Kansas, signed by the Governor, countersigned by the
Secretary of State, and sealed with the great seal.

340 APPENDIX,

Sec. 10. No member of congress, or officer of tlie State, or of
the United States, shall hold the office of Governor, except as
herein provided.

OF THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR.

Sec. 11. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation,
removal or other disability of the Governor, the power and duties
of the office for the residue of the term, or until the disability
shall be removed, shall devolve upon the president of the senate.

Sec. 12. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be president of the
senate, and shall vote only when the senate is equally divided.
The senate shall choose a president i*ro tempore, to preside in case
of his absence or impeachment, or when he shall hold the office of
Governor.

Sec. 13. If the Lieutenant-Governor, while holding the office
of Governor, shall be impeached or displaced, or shall resign, or
die, or otherwise becoTue incapable of performing the duties of
tlie office, the president of the senate shall act as Governor until
the vacancy is tilled or the disability removed; and if the president
of the senate, for any of the above causes, shall be rendered inca-
pable of performing the duties pertaining to the office of Governor,
the same shall devolve upon the speaker of the house of repre-
sentatives.

other state officers.

Sec. 14. Sliould either the Secretary of State, Auditor, Treas-
urer, Attorney-General or Superintendent of Public Instruction,
become incjipalilc of performing- the duties of his olUcc. for any
of the causes sjicrilicd ui the thirteenth section of tlii> article, tlie
Governor shall till the vacancy until the disabilily is removed, or
a suc<-essor is elected and (|uaHtied. Every such \acancy shall be
hlled by election at the tirst general election that occui-s incn-e than
thirty days after it shall have happened; and the person chosen
shall hold the office for the unexpired term.

salaries and official reports.

Sec. 15. The officers nicntioncd in this article shall, at stated
times, receive for their services a compensation, to be established
by law, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during
the period for which they shall have been, elected.

CONSTITUTION. 341

Sec. 16. The officers of the executive department, and of all
public State institutions, shall, at least ten days preceding each
regular session of the legislature, severally report to the Governor,
who shall transmit such reports to the legislature.

ARTICLE 2.

LEGISLATIVE.

Section 1. The legislative power of this State shall be vested
in a house of representatives and senate.

Sec. 2. The number of representatives and senators shall be
regulated by law, but shall never exceed one hundred and twenty-
tive representatives and forty senators. From and after the
adoption of this amendment [November, 1873], the house of
representatives shall admit one member for each county in which
at least two hundred and fifty legal votes were cast at the next
precanling general eli'ction; and each organized county in Avhich
less than two hundred legal votes were cast at the next preceding
general election sliall be attached to and constitute a part of the
representative district of tlie comity lying lU'Xt adjacent to it on
the east.

Sec. 3. The members of the legislature shall receive as com-
pensation for their services the sum of three dollars for each day's
actual scivice at any regular or special session, and fifteen cents
for each mile traveled by the usual route in going to and returning
froiii the plact' of meeting; l)ut such compensation shall not in the
aggregate exceed the sum of two luindivd and forty dollars for
each meiubei', as pei- diem all