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A. HISTORY

MASSACHUSETTS IN THE CIVIL WAR.

WILLIAM SCHOULER,

LATE ADJUTANT-GENERAL OF THE COMMONWEALTH.

BOSTON:

E. P. DUTTON & CO., PUBLISHERS,
136 Washington Street.

1868.

S/3
'337

Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1 868, by

WILLIAM SCHOULER,

In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.

ISBN 1-58218-001-6

Reprinted by Digital Scanning, Inc., 1998

344 Gannett Rd.

No. Scituate, MA 02066

CAMBRIDGE:
STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY JOHN WILSON AND SON.

TO THE HONORABLE

LEVI LINCOLN,

OF WORCESTER,

THE MOST VENERABLE AND DISTINGUISHED LIVING CITIZEN OF MASSACHUSETTS,

This Volume

IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY

THE AUTHOR.

UNIV. OF MASS/BOSTON
Joseph P 'Healey library

PREFACE

The original plan of this work would have included a brief
narrative of each Massachusetts regiment which had served in
the war, and a sketch of the meetings held in the several cities
and towns in the Commonwealth to encourage recruiting, and
to raise money and provide for the families of the soldiers. I
soon found it was impossible to carry out this plan so as to do
any thing like justice to the subjects. The mass of papers,
letters, and reports bearing upon them placed in my hands,
convinced me that one volume should be devoted exclu-
sively to the three years' regiments, and one to the cities and

towns.

There are several thousand letters in the files of the Gov-
ernor, Adjutant-General, and Surgeon-General, written from
the front by officers and enlisted men, which contain information
both interesting and valuable ; and many more are doubtless in
the possession of the families of those who served in the war.
From these and other sources, material can be furnished to
make an interesting volume ; and it is due to the veteran regi-
ments that it should be written.

I have received new and valuable material from nearly every
city and town in the Commonwealth, showing what was done
by them in carrying on the war ; and from this could be com-
piled a work which would reflect the highest honor upon the
municipalities of this Commonwealth.

Should the present volume be received with favorable regard

Vi PREFACE.

by the people of Massachusetts, it is my purpose to write a
volume of the same size and style, devoted exclusively to the
three years' regiments and batteries, to be followed by another,
devoted to the cities and towns.

William Schouler.
Lynn, March 17, 1868.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

Massachusetts - Civil Government - Election, 1860 - Legislature -
President of the Senate -Speaker of the House-State of the
Country - Farewell Address of Governor Banks - Governor An-
drew's Inaugural - Their Views of the Crisis - Sketch of Governor
Andrew - Lieutenant-Governor - Executive Council - Adjutant-
General- Military Staff- Congressmen - The Volunteer Militia-
Military Equipment-Early Preparations - Salutes, 8th of January
- General Order No. 2 - Report of Adjutant-General - General Or-
der No. 4 -Proceedings of the Legislature - Regular Session -
Emergency Fund - Loan Credit of State -Delegates to Peace Con-
vention- South Carolina to Massachusetts-Two thousand Over-
coats - Order of Inquiry-Letter of Adjutant-General - Letter of
Colonel Henry Lee, Jr. -Meeting of Officers in Governor's Room -
Colonel Ritchie sent to Washington-His Letters to the Governor -
Secretary Seward's Letter -Letter of Colonel Lee - Charter of
Transports - John M. Forbes, Esq. -Meeting in Faneuil Hall -
Meeting in Cambridge - Speech of Wendell Phillips, Esq., at New
Bedford - Remarks -The President calls for Troops-The Eve of
Battle

CHAPTER n.

The Call for Troops -The Marblehead Companies first in Boston -The
Excitement of the People - Headquarters of Regiments - Four
Regiments called for - General Butler to command - New Companies
organized-Liberal Offers of Substantial Aid- Dr. George H. Ly-
man, Dr. William J. Dale, Medical Service -Action of the Boston
Bar -The Clergy, Rev. Mr. Cudworth -The Women of the State
-The Men of the State-Liberal Offers of Service and Money -
Robert B. Forbes, Coast Guard - Colonel John H. Reed appointed
Quartermaster - The Personal Staff - Executive Council - Mr.
Crowninshield appointed to purchase Arms in Europe - An Emer-

ii CONTENTS.

gency Fund of Two Hundred Thousand Dollars-Letter of the
Governor to Secretary Cameron - General Butler consulted - The
Route by Annapolis -Narrative of Samuel M. Felton -Mr. Lin-
coln's Journey to Washington- His Escape from Assassination -
The Third Regiment - Speech of Ex-Governor Clifford - The
Fourth Regiment -Address of Governor Andrew-Departure for
Fortress Monroe - The Sixth Regiment -Departure for Washing-
ton-Reception in New York and Philadelphia - The Eighth Regi-
ment - Departore - Speeches of Governor Andrew and General
Butler - Reception on the Route -Arrival in Philadelphia - The
Fifth Regiment sails from New York for Annapolis - Major Cook's
Light Battery ordered to Washington -The Third Battalion of
Rifles sent forward - The Massachusetts Militia -Arrival of the
Third Regiment at Fortress Monroe-Attempt to save Norfolk Navy
Yard -The Fourth Regiment the first to land in Virginia -Fortress
Monroe -Big Bethel - The Fifth Regiment - Battle of Bull Run
- The Sixth Regiment - Its March through Baltimore - The Nine-
teenth of April - First Blood shed -The Eighth Regiment-Lands
at Annapolis - Saves the Frigate Constitution-Arrives in Wash-
ington - The Rifle Battalion at Fort McHenry - Cook's Battery at
Baltimore - End of the Three Months' Service - Conclusion

CHAPTER ffl.

The People of the Towns - The Press - The Pulpit - Edward Everett
-Fletcher Webster offers to raise a Regiment - The Sunday Meet-
ing in State Street- Mr. Webster's Speech-Meeting in the Music
Hall - Speech of Wendell Phillips - Meeting in Chester Park
-Speeches of Edward Everett and Benjamin F. Hallett-Meeting
under the Washington Elm in Cambridge - Ex-Governor Banks,
George S. Hillard, and others -Letters received by the Governor -
Extracts -Reception of the Dead Bodies of the Killed in Baltimore
-Mr. Crowninshield goes abroad to buy Arms - Ex-Govemor Bout-
weU sent to Washington - Letter of John M. Forbes to Mr. Felton
-Letter to General Wool-To Rev. Dr. Stearns - To Robert M.
Mason - Offer of a Ship Load of Ice -Purchase of the " Cambridge "
-Provisions sent to Fortress Monroe and Washington - Governor
to President Lincoln - Attorney-General Foster - The Ladies of
Cambridge - Call for Three Years' Volunteers -Letter of John M. ,
Forbes -Letters received by the Adjutant-General- Extracts -Let-
ters from Dr. Luther V. BeU and Richard H. Dana, Jr. - Ex-Govem-
or Boutwcll arrives at Washington-Letters to the Governor-
State of Affairs at Washington-Letter from Mr. Foster- Cipher
Telegram -Judge Hoar at Washington -Letters to the Governor -
The War Department will accept no more Troops- Charles R.
Lowell, Jr., Massachusetts Agent at Washington - His Instructions
-Letter of Governor to Dr. Howe -Appointed to examine the Con-
dition of the Regiments -His Report - Colonel Prescott -Letters
of the Governor and General Butler- Slavery 109-161

CONTENTS. ix

CHAPTER rV.

Companies sent to the Forts - Officers appointed to Command - Militia
Battalions - First Call for Three Years' Troops-Delays at Wash-
ington - Letter to Montgomery Blair-Letter of Secretary of War
- General Order No. 12 - Six Regiments allowed - Governor anx-
ious to send more- Letter of General Walbridge - Governor to
Senator Wilson - More Delay - Extra Session of the Legislature -
Address of the Governor - Proceedings of the Legislature-War
Measures adopted -Debate on Colored Troops -Bills passed by the
Legislature - Sinking Fund - Government Securities - Pay of
Troops - Established Camps -Seven Millions of Dollars - State
Aid to Families of Soldiers - The Six Regiments of Three Years'
Men - Ten more Regiments called for - Their Organization-Ad-
ditional Staff Officers appointed - Surgeon-General's Department
organized - Letter of Governor to Dr. Lyman -Board of Medical
Examiners - Promotion of the Surgeon-General - Letter of the
Governor to Colonel Frank E. Howe -New-England Rooms, New
York -Letter of Colonel Lee to Charles R. Lowell-Letters of the
Governor to Different Parties - Circular of the Secretary of War-
Colonel Browne to Colonel Howe - Abstract of Correspondence -
Colonel Sargent to General Scott - Cobb's Battery-Letter to Colo-
nel Webster -Letter to the President-Irish Regiments-Flag-
raising at Bunker-Hill Monument - Speech of Governor Andrew -
Speech of Colonel Webster - Interesting Ceremonies - Conclusion 162-215

CHAPTER V.

Death of Governor Andrew - The Great Loss-Mission of Mr. Crown-
inshield to Europe - The Purchase of Arms - Colonel Lucius B.
Marsh - Vote of Thanks by the Council- The Policy of the Gov-
ernor in making Military Appointments -Letter to General Butler in
Regard to our Soldiers -Neglect of Officers-Letter to Colonel
Couch, of the Seventh - Sends Two Thousand Muskets to Wheeling,
Va. - General Lander - Governor Stevens, of Oregon - General
Sherman comes to Boston to confer with the Governor - The War
Department and Appointments - Governor makes an Address to the
People - Mission to Washington - Writes to Governor Curtin, of
Pennsylvania - Blockade-runners at Halifax - Governor saves the
Life of a Private Soldier -His Letter to Patrick Donahoe -Reli-
gious Toleration - To the Editor of the Boston Post - Massachusetts
Companies in New- York Regiments - General Sherman's Command
-Liberality of the People - Battle' of Ball's Bluff - The Massachu-
setts Dead -A Noble Letter - Exchange of Prisoners - Governor's
Letter to President Lincoln - Scheme to invade Texas - Suggests
that Congress offer Bounties - Controversy about making Massachu-
setts Soldiers catch Fugitive Slaves -Letter to General McClellan-
Another Letter to the President, about Exchange of Prisoners - Our
Men in Richmond Jail - San Francisco sends Two Thousand Dollars
for Soldiers' Families - The Maryland Legislature-Liberal Action

X CONTENTS.

- The Republican State Convention - Interesting Debate -Demo-
cratic Convention - Thanksgiving Proclamation - Thanksgiving in
the Massachusetts Camps-Major 'Wilder Dwight - The Second
Regiment at Harper's Ferry-Full Account of the Controversy be-
tween Governor Andrew and Major-General Butler about recruiting
and raising Regiments in Massachusetts 216-282

CHAPTER VI.

The Campaign of 1862-Meeting of the Legislature - Ex-Governor
Clifford elected President of the Senate - His Speech-Alexander H.
Bullock elected Speaker of the House - Speech of Mr. Bullock -
Of Caleb Gushing -Proceedings of the Legislature -Abstracts of
Military Laws passed - Massachusetts Prisoners in Richmond -
Clothing sent - Letter from Adjutant Pierson-Expedition of Gen-
eral Bumside - Capture of Roanoke Island - Massachusetts Troops
first to land -Care of the Sick and Wounded -Dr. Hitchcock sent
on- The Wounded in New York- Colonel Frank E. Howe-
Establishment of the New-England Rooms - Care of the Sick and
Wounded - The Army of the Potomac - The Wounded at WilUams-
burg-Letters of Colonel Howe-Every Assistance given-The
Agencies of the State for the Care of the Men - The Office in Wash-
ington - Colonel Gardiner Tufts, Mrs. Jennie L. Thomas, Robert C.
Corson, William Robinson, appointed Agents-Visits of the Adju-
tant-General, Colonel Ritchie, and Colonel John Q. Adams, to the
Front - Report to the Governor - The Appearance of Washington
-Reports of Edward S. Rand and Dr. Bowditch - First Massachu-
setts Cavalry at Hilton Head - Our Troops in North Carolina - Ap-
pointment of Allotment Commissioners -Their Valuable Services
-Letters of the Governor-Rule for making Appointments - Illegal
Recruiting - Colonel Dudley - Thirtieth Regiment - Captured
Rebel Flags-Death and Burial of General Lander-Letters of Gov-
ernor to Secretary of War- Secretary of the Navy- To the Presi-
dent on Various Subjects -Letter to General Bumside-Secretary
Chase -The Retreat of General Banks - Great Excitement - Troops
sent forward-Militia called out-The Position of our Regiments -
The War in Earnest 283-337

CHAPTER Vn.

CONTENTS. xi

Volunteers -Letter to the President- Great Activity in Recruiting

- Liberality of John M. Forbes - Colonel Maggi - Town Authorities
ask Civilians to be commissioned - First Attempt to raise Colored
Troops - Letter to Hon. J. G. Abbott - Recommends Merchants and
Others to devote Half of each Day to Recruiting - Hardship to Sea-
board Towns -Attempt to have Credits allowed for Men in the Navy
-Difficulties- Earnest Letter - Surgeons sent forward - Several
Recommendations -Battle of Antietam - Dr. Hitchcock sent forward

- His Report - Affairs at the Front - Recruiting Brisk - Republican
Convention - Sharp Debate - Nominations - People's Convention

- General Devens nominated for Governor - Speeches-Letter to
General Dix - Contrabands - Complaints - Quotas filled - Depar-
ture of Regiments-Invasion of Texas - Major Burt - State Ap-
pointments, &c 338-399

CHAPTER VIII.

The Proclamation of Freedom - Colored Regiments -Letter to Samuel
Hooper- The California Battalion - Meeting of the Legislature,
January, 1863 -Organization- Address of the Governor- Delay of
the Government in paying the Soldiers -The Commission of Mr.
Crowninshield - His Claim not allowed-Reports of the Adjutant,
Surgeon, and Quartermaster Generals-Abstract of Military Laws
-Letter to Hon. Thomas D. Eliot - Western Sanitary Commission
-Confidential Letter to General Hooker - Efforts to reinstate Major
Copeland - The Pirate " Alabama " - Curious Coincidence -Au-
thority to recruit a Colored Regiment-The Governor's Policy in
the Selection of Officers - Colonel Shaw - The Passage of the
Fifty-fourth (colored) Regiment through Boston - Departure for
South Carolina - Death of Colonel Shaw at Fort Wagner-Letter of
the Governor to Captain Sherman-Letter to General Hamilton, of
Texas -Major Burt - Plan to invade Texas -Mortality of Massa-
chusetts Regiments in Louisiana - War Steamers - Rights of Col-
ored Soldiers - Temperance -General Ullman's Expedition - Coast
Defences - General Wilde - John M. Forbes writes from London -
Colonel Ritchie - A Rebel Letter-Robert C. Winthrop -Letter to
Mr. Gooch, M.C. - Army Officers in Boston - Cases of Suffering -
Useless Detail of Volunteer Officers -Letter to General Wool - Sug-
gestions about Recruiting -About Deserters - Staff Appointments

- Complaints - Nine Months' Men -Letter to J. H. Mitchell, Mas-
sachusetts Senate - Claims for Money in the Legislature - Case of
Mr. Maxwell, of Charlemont - Sergeant Plunkett, of the Twenty-
first Regiment - Soldiers to be shot-Troubles in the Department

of the GuJf, &c 391-440

CHAPTER K.

The Military Condition-Reverses and Successes of the Union Arms
- Service and Return Home of the Nine Months' Regiments - List

xii CONTENTS.

of Casualties -Deserters - The July Riot in Boston -Prompt Ac-
tion - An Abstract of the Orders -Alarm in other Cities - The
Attack in Cooper Street - The Eleventh Battery- The Word to fire

- The Riot suppressed-The Draft - Appointment of Provost-Mar-
shals - The Fifty-fifth Colored Regiment -Letters from Secretary
Stanton-Injustice to the Colored Troops - Letters of the Govern-
or on the Subject-Difficulties with the Draft-Major Blake sent
to Washington-Request to allow Bounties to Drafted Men refused

- John M. Forbes in Washington - Letters to the Governor -
Heavy Ordnance - Colonel Lowell - The Attack on Wagner -
Death of Colonel Shaw - Instances of Bravery on the Part of Colored
Troops-Letters to General Dix - Troops for Coast Defence - Gov-
ernor writes to Governor of Ohio -Formation of Veteran Regiment
-Massachusetts Militia- Letters to Colonel Lee - Colored Cavalry
-Letter of Secretary Stanton - Confidential Letter on the Exposed
Condition of the Coast- Telegraph Communication with the Forts
-Letters to Senator Sumner- Exact Condition of the Defences -
Letter of the Adjutant-General-Reports of General William Ray-
mond Lee - Colonel Ritchie sent to England-Democratic State
Convention - Republican State Convention - Re-election of Govern-
or Andrew - The President calls for Three Hundred Thousand more
Volunteers - Extra Session of the Legislature called - Governor's
Address-Bounties increased-Abstract of Laws 441-506

CHAPTER X.

The Military Camps in Massachusetts-Number of Troops Jan. 1, 1864

- Where Serving-Letter of Governor to Lewis Hayden-From
Miss Upham- Soldier's Scrap-book-Letter to Samuel Hooper -
Sale of Heavy Ordnance -The Condition of our Defences - Colo-
nel Ritchie in England -Meeting of the Legislature - Organization
-Addresses of Mr. Field and Colonel Bullock - Address of the Gov-
ernor- Eloquent Extract- Abstract of Military Laws-Members of
Congress -Letter to John B. Alley - The Springfield Companies -
Secretary Stanton refuses to pay them Bounties - Correspondence in
Regard to it-Letters from General Butler - Governor to Miss Up-
ham - Complaints about Soldiers at Long Island - Re-enlisted
Veterans - Order of War Department - Returns of Veteran Regi-
ments - Their Reception-Letter to General Hancock - General
Bumside review. 8 the Troops at Readville-Letter to the Christian
Watchman - General Andrews - Surgeon-General Dale - Confed-
erate Money -Letter from General Gordon -Battle of Olustee -
Letter to Selectmen of Plymouth-A Second Volume of Scrap-
book -Letter from Mr. Lovejoy - Lieutenant-Colonel Whittemore

- Correspondence-The Heavy Artillery - Condition of Fort War-
ren - Misunderstanding - Secretary Stanton and the Governor-
Colonel William F. Bartlett-His Promotion -Earnest Letter to
Mr. Sumner-Troubles about Recruiting - Complaints made-A
Convention held -Letter of the Adjutant-General-The Recruiting
of New Regiments -Forwarded to the Front- The Advance of
General Grant 507-559

CONTENTS. xiii

CHAPTER XI.

General Position of Affairs at the Beginning of 1864 - Credits in the
Navy - Law of Congress - Appointment of Commissioners - Cir-
cular Letter - Agents to Recruit in Rebel States - Letter to Mr.
Everett-Governor Andrew in Washington - Pay of Colored Troops

- Letter to the President - Letter to Mr. Stanton - Expectation of
Rebel Attack on our Coast - Present of a Turtle - Brigadier-General
Bartlett- Letter to Governor Seymour, of New York - Letter to the
Secretary of War- Letter to the Attorney-General - Letter to An-
drew Ellison- Colonel N. A. M. Dudley - Letter of Governor Yates,
of Illinois - Case of Otis Newhall, of Lynn- Case of Mrs. Bixby, of
Boston - Letter to the President - Plan to bum the Northern Cities

- Speech of Mr. Everett-Destruction of the "Alabama" - Honors
paid to Commodore Winslow - Donations for our Soldiers-Letter
of Mr. Stebbins-Letter to the Union League Club, New York-
Colored Officers - Letter to James A. Hamilton - Battle before Nash-
ville - Case of Jack Flowers - National Conventions -Nominations

- Republican State Convention - Proceedings - Renomination of
Governor Andrew - Democratic State Convention - Nominations -
Report of the Adjutant-General's Journey to the Front - Staff Ap-
pointments during the Year - Conclusion 560-608

CHAPTER Xn.

Public Confidence-Meeting of the Legislature - Organization-Ad-
dress of Governor Andrew - Acts passed by the Legislature -
General Sargent - Death of Edward Everett - Frontier Cavalry

- Governor and Secretary Stanton - Abolition of Slavery - Boston
Harbor-Fast Day - Currency Question - Proclamation of President
Lincoln - Case of a Deserter - Letter from Secretary Seward -
Foreign Enlistments- The End of the Rebellion - Capitulation of
General Lee - Rejoicings throughout the State -Governor sends
a Message to the Legislature-Meeting in Faneuil Hall- Proposi-
tion for a National Thanksgiving -Death of President Lincoln - Ac-
tion of the Legislature - Governor's Letter to Mrs. Lincob- Original
Copy of General Lee's Farewell Address, sent to the Governor by
General Russell-Death of General Russell- Monument to the First
Martyrs in Lowell - Address of the Governor -Letter to F. P. Blair,
Sen. - Meeting at Faneuil Hall-Letter of the Governor -Recon-
struction - Colonel William S. Lincoln - Memorial Celebration at
Harvard-Letter to Mr. Motley, Minister to Austria-Miss Van
Lew - Alexander H. Stephens - Governor to President Lincoln-
Relics of Colonel Shaw -Letter to Colonel Theodore Lyman -
State Prisoners in Maryland- Letter to James Freeman Clarke

- Freedman's Bureau-Emigration South -Letter to General Sher-
man- Governor's Staff- Governor declines Re-election - Republi-
can Convention - Democratic Convention - Reception of the Flags

- Forefathers' Day - Speech of General Couch - Speech of Gov-
ernor Andrew - Compliment to the Adjutant-General - General

V CONTENTS.

Grant visits Massachusetts - Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis - Her Services

- New England Women's Auxiliary Association - What it did -
New England Rooms, New York-Massachusetts Soldiers' Fund -
Boston Soldiers' Fund - Surgeon-General's Fund - Number of Men
sent from Massachusetts to the War - Governor Andrew's Valedic-
tory Address - Governor Bullock inaugurated - Last Military Order

- Close of the Chapter 609-670

CIVIL AND MILITARY HISTORY

MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

CIVIL AND MILITARY HISTORY

MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION

CHAPTER I.

Massachusetts - Civil Government - Election, 1860 - Legislature-President
of the Senate - Speaker of the House - State of the Country - Farewell
Address of Governor Banks - Governor Andrew's Inaugural - Their Views
of the Crisis - Sketch of Governor Andrew-Lieutenant-Governor - Execu-
tive CouncU - Adjutant-General - Military Staff - Congressmen - The Vol-
unteer Militia - Military Equipment - Early Preparations - Salutes, 8th of
January - General Order No. 2 - Report of Adjutant-General - General
Order No. 4 - Proceedings of the Legislature - Regular Session - Emer-
gency Fund-Loan Credit of State - Delegates to Peace Convention - South
Carolina to Massachusetts - Two thousand Overcoats - Order of Inquiry -
Letter of Adjutant-General - Letter of Colonel Henry Lee, Jr. - Meeting of
Officers in Governors Room - Colonel Ritchie sent to Washington - His Let-
ters to the Governor - Secretary Seward's Letter - Letter of Colonel Lee -
Charter of Transports - John M. Forbes, Esq. - Meeting in Faneuil Hall -
Meeting in Cambridge - Speech of Wendell Phillips, Esq., at New Bedford
- Remarks - The President caUs for Troops - The Eve of Battle.

To write the part taken by Massachusetts in the civil war which
began in April, 1861, and continued until the capture, by Gen-
eral Grant, of Lee and his army in Virginia, and the surrender
of Johnston and his forces to General Sherman in North Caro-
lina, in 1865, requires patient research, a mind not distracted
by other duties, and a purpose to speak truthfully of men and
of events. Massachusetts bore a prominent part in this war,
from the beginning to the end ; not only in furnishing soldiers
for the army, sailors for the navy, and financial aid to the
Government, but in advancing ideas, which, though scouted

2 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

at in the early months of the war, were afterwards accepted
by the nation, before the war could be brought to a successful
end.

Massachusetts is a small State, in territory and in population.
With the exception of Maine, it lies the farthest eastward of
all the States in the Union. Its capital is four hundred and
fifty miles east of Washington, and is separated from it by the
States of Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. It contains seven
thousand eight hundred square miles of land, river, lakes, and
sea. In 1860, it had a population of 1,231,066, engaged in
farming, manufacturing, fishing, and mercantile pursuits. Less
than one-half the land is improved. It is about 1/380 part of the
whole Union, ranking the thirty-sixth in size among the forty
States and Territories. It is divided into fourteen counties,
and three hundred and thirty-five cities and towns. Its gov-
ernor, lieutenant-governor, eight councillors, forty senators,
and two hundred and forty representatives, are elected every
year, in the month of November, by the free suffrage of the
qualified voters.

The executive department of the Government is vested in the
governor and Executive Council, -the governor, however, be-
ing the supreme executive magistrate, whose title is. His
Excellency; the legislative, in a Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives, each having a negative upon the other, and known
and designated as the General Court. The judicial depart-
ment is composed of different courts, the judges of which are
appointed by the governor, and hold their offices during good
behavior, and can only be removed upon the address of both
houses of the Legislature, or by the abolishment of the court;
this to " the end, that it may be a government of laws, and not
of men."

In the election for governor, in 1860, there were four candi-
dates and four political parties. John A. Andrew, of Boston,
was the candidate of the Republicans ; Erasmus D. Beach, of
Springfield, of the Douglas wing of the Democrats ; Amos A.
Lawrence, of Boston, of the conservative party ; and Benjamin
F. Butler, of Lowell, of the Breckenridge wing of the Demo-

ELECTION, 1860. - LEGISLATURE. 3

cratic party; John A. Andrew received 104,527 votes;
Erasmus D. Beach, 35,191; Amos A. Lawrence, 23,816;
Benjamin F. Butler, 6,000; all others, 75. Mr. Andrew's
majority over all the opposing candidates was 39,445.

The eight councillors elected were all Republicans, as were all
the members of Congress. The presidential electors in favor
of the election of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin, for
President and Vice-President of the United States, received
about the same majority Mr. Andrew did for Governor.
Nearly all of the members of the Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives were of the Republican party.

The newly elected Legislature met on the first Wednesday in
January, 1861. Hon. William Claflin, of Newton, was chosen
President of the Senate, and Stephen N. Gifford, Esq., of Dux-
bury, clerk. Hon. John A. Goodwin, of Lowell, was chosen
Speaker of the House of Representatives, and William Stowe,
Esq., of Springfield, clerk.

On assuming the duties of President of the Senate, Mr. Claf-
lin made a brief address, in the course of which he said, -

"While we meet under circumstances auspicious in our own State,
a deep agitation pervades other parts of our country, causing every true
patriot to feel the greatest anxiety. Disunion is attempted in some
States, because, as is alleged, laws have been passed in others con-
trary to the Constitution of the United States. Massachusetts is
accused of unfaithfulness in this matter in some of her enactments,
although she has always been ready to submit to judicial decisions, and
is so still. She has ever guarded jealously the liberties of her citizens,
and, I trust, ever will. We cannot falter now without disgrace and dis-
honor. Whatever action we may take, let us be careful of the rights
of others, but faithful to our trust, that we may return them to our
constituents unimpaired."

Mr. Goodwin, on taking the Speaker's chair, referred to
national affairs in the following words : -

"The session before us may become second in importance to none
that has been held in these halls, since, threescore years ago, our fathers
consecrated them to popular legislation. For the second time in our
history, we see a State of our Union setting at naught the common
compact, and raising the hand of remorseless violence against a whole
section of her sister States, and against the Union itself. But for

4 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

the first time in our history are unrebuked traitors seen in the high
places of the nation, where, with undaunted front, they awe into trea-
sonable inaction the hand the people have solemnly deputed to hold
the scales of justice, and wield her imperial sword. To what points
this ignominious crisis may compel our legislative attention, cannot now
be stated; nor is it for the Chair to allude to particular measures of
legislation. But it is to be remembered, that Massachusetts sacrificed
much to establish the Union, and to defend and perpetuate it. She is
ready to sacrifice more, provided it touch not her honor or the princi-
ples of free government,- principles interwoven with her whole his-
tory, and never dearer to the hearts of her people of all classes and
parties than they are to-day. Let us approach this portion of our du-
ties with coolness and deliberation, and with a generous patriotism."

Not since the days of the Revolution had a legislature assem-
bled at a time of more imminent peril, when wise counsels, firm
resolution, and patriotic devotion to the Constitution and the
Union, were imperatively demanded. James Buchanan was
still President of the United States ; Floyd was Secretary of
War ; Cobb, Secretary of the Treasury ; Thompson, Secretary
of the Interior; and Toucey, who, although a New-England
man, was believed to sympathize with the South, Secretary of
the Navy. John C. Breckenridge was Vice-President of the
united States, and presided over the deliberations of the Senate,
of which Jefferson Davis, Judah P. Benjamin, John Slidell,
James M. Mason, and Robert Toombs were members ; all of
whom proved traitors to the Government, were plotting daily
and nightly to effect its overthrow, and to prevent the inaugura-
tion of Abraham Lincohi on the fourth of March. South Caro-
lina had akeady voted itself out of the Union, and had assumed
a hostile front to the Union garrison in Fort Sumter, in Charles-
ton harbor. Other Southern States had called conventions to
consider what steps they should take in the emergency which had
been precipitated upon them by the South-Carolina secession
ordinance. Our navy was scattered over far-off seas, the United-
States arsenals were stripped of arms by orders from the
Secretary of War, and the treasury of the General Government
was well-nigh depleted by the Secretary of the Treasury.

The debates in Congress were warm and exciting. The
speeches of the disunionists were rank with treason. The power

STATE OF THE COUNTRY. 5

of the North to prevent, by armed force, the South from seced-
ing was sneered at and derided. Some of the Republicans in
Congress replied with equal warmth and animation to the
threats of the Southern men ; others counselled moderation,
and expressed a hope that the difficulties which threatened our
peace might yet be adjusted. Prominent among those who
expressed these views were Mr. Adams, of Massachusetts, and
Mr. Seward, of New York. To gain time was a great point, -
time to get Mr. Buchanan and his Cabinet out of power and out
of Washington, and to get Mr. Lincoln and his new Cabinet into
power and into Washington. I have good reason to believe,
that neither of the distinguished statesmen whom I have named
had a full belief that an appeal to arms could, for a great length
of time, be avoided; but they felt, that, when it did come, it
was all important that the Government should be in the hands
of its friends, and not of its enemies. They argued, that, if the
clash of arms could be put off until the inauguration of the new
President on the fourth of March, the advantage to the Union
side would be incalculable. It was wise strategy, as well as able
statesmanship, so to guide the debates as to accomplish this great
purpose ; and to these two gentlemen acting in concert, one in
the Senate and the other in the House, are we, in a great de-
gree, indebted for the wise delay. Mr. Lincoln was inaugu-
rated, and the Union ship of state was fairly launched, not
indeed with fair winds and a clear sky, but with stout hands
and wise heads to guide her course ; and after long years of
terrible disaster, and amid obstacles which at times appeared
insurmountable, finally weathered them all, and was brought
safely to a peaceful haven.

Hon. Nathaniel P. Banks was Governor of Massachusetts
the three years immediately preceding the election and inaugura-
tion of John A. Andrew. His administration had been highly
successful and popular. He had met public expectation on every
point. Many important measures had been passed during his
term ; and, upon retiring from office, he deemed it proper
"to present to the Legislature a statement of the condition of
pubhc affairs, with such considerations as his experience might
suggest ; " and enforced this departure from the course pursued

6 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

by his predecessors in the gubernatorial office, with many
cogent reasons. He delivered his valedictory address on the
3d of January, 1861, in which he gave a review of the legis-
lation, and a statement of the finances of the State for the three
years during which he had been the chief executive officer.

It is my purpose to speak upon but two of the topics dis-
cussed in the address, which have a direct bearing on the war
which was so soon to open, and in which Governor Banks was
to take a prominent part, as a major-general in the Union
army.

The Legislature of 1858 had passed what was known as an
act for the protection of personal liberty. It was intended to
mitigate the harsh and unjust provisions of the act of Congress
passed in 1850, known as the Fugitive-slave Law. Several
persons, held in the South as slaves, had made their way to
Massachusetts ; and, being afterwards arrested, had been re-
turned to their masters. The entire provisions of that act were
abhorrent to our people, notwithstanding its friends and support-
ers claimed for it an exact conformity to the provisions of the
Constitution of the United States.

The opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States,
pronounced by Judge Story, himself a Massachusetts man,
declared that the Constitution contemplated the existence of "a
positive, unqualified right, on the part of the owner of the
slave, which no State law or regulation can in any way qualify,
regulate, control, or restrain." This opinion of the Supreme
Court, Governor Banks said, "has been approved by the Legis-
lature of this State, and confirmed by its Supreme Judicial
Court." He then invited the attention of the Legislature to
the sections of the State act relating to the writ of habeas corpus
and the State act for the protection of personal liberty, which he
thought conflicted with the act of Congress regarding fugitive
slaves ; and said: "It is not my purpose to defend the constitu-
tionality of the Fugitive-slave Act. The omission of a provision
for jury trial, however harsh and cruel, cannot in any event be
supplied by State legislation. While I am constrained to doubt
the right of this State to enact such laws, I do not admit that,
in any just sense, it is a violation of the national compact. It is

GOVERNOR BANKS'S ADDRESS. 7

only when unconstitutional legislation is enforced by executive
authority, that it assumes that character, and no such result has
occurred in this State."

He then remarked, that Massachusetts had given unimpeach-
able evidence of her devotion to law ; and it was because she had
been faithful that he wished to see her legislation in harmony
with her acts. " It is because I do not like to see her representa-
tives in Congress, and her sons everywhere, put upon the defen-
sive when they have just cause to be proud of her loyalty; . . .
it is because, in the face of her just claims to high honor, I do
not love to hear unjust reproaches cast upon her fame, -that I
say, as I do, in the presence of God, and with a heart filled
with the responsibilities that must rest upon every American cit-
izen in these distempered times, I cannot but regard the mainte-
nance of a statute, although it may be within the extremest
limits of constitutional power, which is so unnecessary to the
public service and so detrimental to the public peace, as an
inexcusable public wrong. I hope, by common consent, it may
be removed from the statute-book, and such guaranties as indi-
vidual freedom demands be sought in new legislation."

I have referred to these matters because they were prominent
pretexts, made by the disunion party to justify a dissolution of
the Union. The State acts named were condemned by many of
our wisest men, who never had a thought unfriendly to the Union,
nor would, by their acts or votes, sanction the existence of
human slavery, or extend the area of its domain. The views
of Governor Banks at this time are also important and inter-
esting as in contrast to those expressed, a few days after, in the
inaugural address of Governor Andrew.

Governor Banks, in concluding his address, referred in direct
terms to the secession ordinance of South Carolina, and said,
"While I would not withhold from the South what belongs to
that section, I cannot consent that we should yield what belongs
to us. The right to the Territories, so far as the people are
concerned, must be a common right; and their status should
be determined upon the rights of men, and not upon privileges
of property." He was opposed to founding government upon
the right to hold slaves. "There is no species of property

8 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

entitled to such protection as will exclude men from Territories,
aside from all considerations of property. Neither do I believe
that a geographical line will give peace to the country. The
lapse of time alone will heal all dissensions. There can be
no peaceable secession of the States. The Government has
pledged its faith to every land, and that pledge of faith cannot
be broken." He drew encouragement from the thrill of joy
which touched every true heart, when Major Anderson moved
his little garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter. "Cer-
tainly, never an act, so slight in itself, touched the hearts of
so many millions of people like fire from heaven, as the recent
simple, soldier-like, and patriotic movement of Major Anderson
at Fort Moultrie." He closed this part of his address with
these grand words : "But no such result can follow as the de-
struction of the American Government. The contest will be
too terrible, the sacrifice too momentous, the difficulties in our
path are too slight, the capacity of our people is too manifest,
and the future too brilUant, to justify forebodings, or to excite
permanent fears. The life of every man is lengthened by
trial ; and the strength of every government must be tested
by revolt and revolution. I doubt not that the providence of
God, that has protected us hitherto, will preserve us now and
hereafter."

Throughout the entire address a hopeful feeling prevailed.
The Governor evidently did not believe that we were so nigh
the verge of civil war. He made no recommendation for the
increase of the military force of the State, or to prepare that
already organized for active service. It may properly be said,
however, in this connection, that Governor Banks, upon retiring
from office, did not deem it in good taste or proper to recom-
mend legislative action to a body with which he was so soon to
sever all official connection.

Shortly after retiring from the gubernatorial chair. Governor
Banks made arrangements to remove to Illinois, having accepted
a responsible executive position in the Illinois Central Railroad ;
but, in a few months, the country required his services as a mili-
tary commander, which post he accepted, and continued in high
command until the end of the war, when he returned to Massa-

GOVERNOR ANDREW INAUGURATED. 9

chusetts, and was elected to Congress by the people of his old
district.

John A. Andrew, Esq., of Boston, was inaugurated Gov-
ernor of the Commonwealth, Jan. 5, 1861, and immediately
delivered his address to the Legislature, in which he gave a
statement of the financial condition of the Commonwealth, its
liabilities, and its resources to meet them. The State was
practically free of debt. The aggregate valuation of taxable
property was within a fraction of nine hundred millions, a com-
putation of which had been made by a special committee
appointed for the purpose, whose labors had closed on the 1st
of January, 1861, only five days before the address was deliv-
ered. After asking the attention of the Legislature to matters
of a purely local character, Governor Andrew devoted the
remainder of his address to matters of more general interest.
He discussed the right of the Legislature to pass the statutes
concerning personal liberty and the habeas corpus, and con-
tended that Massachusetts had a clear right to pass them; and
that, if properly understood and rightfully carried out, there
could not be any conflict of jurisdiction between the State and
Federal officers. The argument upon these questions extends
through nine pages, and concludes as follows : -

" Supposing, however, that our legislation in this behalf is founded
in mistake, the Legislature will only have endeavored to perform their
duty towards the citizens whom they were bound to shield from un-
lawful harm. The power to obtain the judgment of the court affords
ample redress to all claimants. Should a critical examination disclose
embarrassments in raising and reserving questions of law for the ap-
propriate tribunals, the Legislature will readily repair the error.

"In dismissing this topic, I have only to add, that in regard, not
only to one, but to every subject bearing on her Federal relations,
Massachusetts has always conformed to her honest understanding of
all constitutional obligations ; that she has always conformed to the
judicial decisions; has never threatened either to nullify or to dis-
obey ; and that the decision of one suit, fully contested, constitutes a
precedent for the future."

The concluding ten pages of the address give a graphic, con-
densed, truthful, and eloquent review of the condition of the

10 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

country, of the danger and wickedness of a civil war, and of
the position which Massachusetts and her great statesmen have
always held in regard to them. He said, -

"Inspired by the same ideas and emotions which commanded the
fraternization of Jackson and Webster on another great occasion of
public danger, the people of Massachusetts, confiding in the patri-
otism of their brethren in other States, accept this issue, and respond,
in the words of Jackson, ' The Federal Union : it must be preserved!

"Until we complete the work of rolling back this wave of rebel-
lion, which threatens to engulf the Government, overthrow demo-
cratic institutions, subject the people to the rule of a minority, if not
of mere military despotism, and, in some communities, to endanger
the very existence of civilized society, we cannot turn aside, and we
will not turn back. It is to those of our brethren in the disaffected
States, whose mouths are closed by a temporary reign of terror, not
less than to ourselves, that we owe this labor, which, with the help
of Providence, it is our duty to perform.

"I need not add, that whatever rights pertain to any person under
the Constitution of the Union are secure in Massachusetts while the
Union shall endure; and whatever authority or function pertains to
the Federal Government for the maintenance of any such right is
an authority or function which neither the Government nor the people
of this Commonwealth can or would usurp, evade, or overthrow;
and Massachusetts demands, and has a right to demand, that her sister
States shall likewise respect the constitutional rights of her citizens
within their limits."

I have given these extracts from the addresses of Governors
Banks and Andrew, that their official opinions in regard to
important national questions, expressed on the eve of a great
war, might be made fresh in the memories of men. Both gen-
tlemen expressed the true sentiment of Massachusetts. I have
taken their words as a base or starting-point to begin the long,
grand story of Massachusetts in the Rebellion.

As Governor Andrew was at the head of the State Gov-
ernment during the entire period of the war, he of course was
and ever will be the prominent, central figure in the galaxy of
gentlemen, civil and military, who, by their services and sacri-
fices, gave renown to the Commonwealth, and carried her with
imperishable honor through the conflict.

SKETCH OF GOVERNOR ANDREW. 1 1

John A. Andrew was the twenty-first Governor of Massa-
chusetts since the adoption of the Constitution of the State in
1780. He was bom at Windham, in the District of Maine,
about fifteen miles from Portland, on the 31st. of May, 1818.
The family was of English origin, descending from Robert
Andrew, of Rowley village, now Boxford, Essex County, Mass.,
who died there in 1668. He was connected with most
of the ancient families of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay.
The grandmother of Governor Andrew was the grand-daughter
of the brave Captain William Pickering, who commanded the
Province Galley, in 1707, for the protection of the fisheries
against the French and Indians ; and the mother of her hus-
band was Mary Higginson, a direct descendant of the Reverend
Francis Higginson, the famous pastor of the fu-st church in the
colony. The grandfather of Governor Andrew was a silver-
smith in Salem, who removed to Windham, where he died.
His son Jonathan was born in Salem, and lived there until
manhood, when he also removed to Windham. There he
married Miss Nancy G. Pierce, formerly preceptress of Frye-
burg Academy, where Daniel Webster was once a teacher.
These were the parents of Governor Andrew.

At an early age, he entered Bowdoin College, from which
he graduated in the class of 1837. He then removed to Bos-
ton, and entered, as a law student, the office of Henry H.
Fuller, Esq. Being admitted to the Suffolk Bar in 1840, he
commenced the practice of his profession, and adhered to it
without interruption until his election as Governor in 1860,
establishing in later years a reputation as an advocate second to
no lawyer at that distinguished bar since the death of Rufus
Choate. Attractive in personal appearance and bearing, with
an excellent flow of language and variety of expression, and
possessed of that sympathetic disposition which identifies an
advocate in feeling and in action with the cause of his client,
his merits were eminent as an advocate before juries ; but the
causes in connection with which his reputation as a lawyer
had become chiefly known beyond legal circles, were those of
arguments before Massachusetts courts, and the United-States
courts for the district and circuit, on questions of political sig-

12 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

nificance. He defended the parties indicted in 1854, for an
attempt to rescue the fugitive slave Burns, and succeeded in
quashing the indictments on which they v/ere arraigned. The
following year, he successfully defended the British consul at
Boston against a charge of violating the neutrality laws of
the United States during the Crimean War. In 1856, co-
operating with counsel from Ohio, he made a noted appli-
cation to Judge Curtis, of the United-States Supreme Court,
for a writ of habeas corpus, to test the authority by which the
Free-State prisoners were held confined in Kansas by Federal
officers More lately, in 1859, he initiated and directed the
measures to procure suitable counsel for the defence of John
Brown in Virginia ; and, in 1860, was counsel for Hyatt and
Sanborn, witnesses summoned before Senator Mason's commit-
tee of investigation into the John-Brown affair. Upon his argu-
ment, the latter was discharged by the Supreme Court of
Massachusetts from the custody of the United-States marshal,
by whose deputy he had been arrested under a warrant issued
at the instigation of that committee. Being himself, about the
same time, summoned before the committee, he appeared at
Washington, and rendered his testimony. Nor had he hesi-
tated, under his theory of his duties as a lawyer, to defend
causes appealing less directly to his sympathies, or even posi-
tively repugnant to them. Among others, besides the instance
of the British consul before mentioned, may be named his
advocacy, in 1860, of the right of Mr. Burnham, against the
inquisition of a committee of the Massachusetts Legislature ;
and also his defence, the same year, in the United-States Dis-
trict and Circuit Courts, of the notorious slaver-yacht "Wan-
derer" against forfeiture.

This brilliant legal career was a result of uninterrupted devo-
tion to a profession which always demands constancy as a con-
dition of success. Although warmly interested from an early
age in the course of public affairs, and often taking part in
political assemblies, -until 1848 as a Whig, in that year pass-
ing into the Free-Soil party, and in 1854 uniting naturally
with the Republicans, -it was not until 1858 that he consented
to accept political office. In the autumn campaign of the pre-

STATE OFFICERS. - CONGRESSMEN. 13

vious year, resulting in the overthrow of the Know-Nothing
party, by which Massachusetts had been ruled since 1854, he
had sustained an active part. The former political issues be-
ing revived by the dissolution of that organization after its
defeat, he consented to be chosen to the Legislature of 1858.
Mr. Andrew was at once recognized as the leader of his party
in the House. The leader of the opposition was Hon. Caleb
Gushing, of Newburyport, formerly member of Congress, and
the Attorney-General of the United States under President
Pierce. At the close of the session, Mr. Andrew returned to
his profession, refusing to permit his name to be used as a
candidate for Governor, and declined also an election to the
Legislature, and an appointment, tendered him by Governor
Banks, of a seat on the bench of the Superior Court. In
the spring of 1860, he was unanimously selected to head the
delegation from Massachusetts to the Republican National Con-
vention, at Chicago. As chairman of the delegation, he cast
the vote of the State for Mr. Seward until the final ballot,
when it was thrown for Mr. Lincoln. That fall he was nomi-
nated by the Republican State Convention for Governor, and
was elected by the majority we have already stated, in the
largest popular vote ever cast in the State.

This, in brief, was the life of Governor Andrew, up to the
time he entered upon the duties of Governor of this Common-
wealth.

Associated with him on the ticket as Lieutenant-Governor
was Hon. John Z. Goodrich, of West Stockbridge, who, being
afterwards appointed Collector of the Port of Boston, resigned
on the 29th of March, 1861. Oliver Warner, of Northampton,
was elected Secretary of State; Henry K. Oliver, of Salem,
Treasurer and Receiver-General ; Dwight Foster, of Worcester,
Attorney -General ; and Levi Reed, of Abington, Auditor of Ac-
counts. Jacob Sleeper, of Boston ; John I. Baker, of Beverly ;
James M. Shute, of Somerville ; Hugh M. Greene, of North-
field ; Joel Hayden, of Williamsburg ; James Ritchie, of Rox-
bury ; Oakes Ames, of Easton; and Eleazer C. Sherman, of
Plymouth, - were elected Councillors. William Schouler, of
Lynn, was Adjutant-General, to which office he had been ap-

14 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

pointed by Governor Banks ; he was also acting Quartermaster
and Inspector- General of the Commonwealth, - the entire
duties of which offices he performed with the assistance of
William Brown, of Boston, clerk, and one man, who had
charge of the State arsenal at Cambridge, in which were de-
posited the arms and munitions of war belonging to the Com-
monwealth, except those which were loaned to the companies of
active militia, and cared for in their several armories.

The personal military staff of the Governor was limited by
law to four aides-de-camp, each with the rank and title of lieu-
tenant-colonel. Governor Andrew appointed, as his military
aids, Horace Binney Sargent, of West Roxbury (senior aid) ;
Harrison Ritchie, of Boston ; John W. Wetherell, of Worcester ;
and Henry Lee, Jr., of Brookline. Colonel Sargent had served
on the staff of Governor Banks. He remained on the staff of
Governor Andrew until he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel
of the First Regiment of Massachusetts Cavalry, in August,
1861, when Colonel Ritchie became senior aid, and John Quincy
Adams, of Quincy, was appointed to fill the vacancy.

Massachusetts was represented in the Thirty-sixth Congress,
which ended March 4, 1861, by Charles Sumner and Henry
Wilson, in the Senate, and by Thomas D. Elliot, James Buf-
finton, Charles Francis Adams, Alexander H. Rice, Anson
Burlingame, John B. Alley, Daniel W. Gooch, Charles R.
Train, Eli Thayer, Charles Delano, and Henry L. Dawes, in
the House of Representatives.

Before the war, and during the war, Mr. Sumner was chair-
man of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Mr. Wilson of
the Militia and Military Affairs, two of the most important
committees of that body, which positions they now hold.

In the Thirty-seventh Congress, which terminated March 4,
1863, Benjamin F. Thomas succeeded Mr. Adams, who re-
signed his seat upon receiving the appointment of Minister to
England, Samuel Hooper succeeded Mr. Burlingame, who was
appointed Minister to China, and Goldsmith F. Bailey suc-
ceeded Mr. Thayer.

In the Thirty-eighth Congress, which terminated March 4th,
1865, Oakes Ames succeeded Mr. Buffinton, George S.

VOLUNTEER MILITIA. 15

Boutwell Mr. Train, James D. Baldwin Mr. Bailey, (deceased)
and William B. Washburn Mr. Delano.

In the Thirty-ninth Congress, Mr. Gooch having accepted a
government appointment, Ex-Governor Banks was elected to
fill the vacancy.

These Congresses extend over the period immediately pre-
ceding the war, and that of its duration and close. The Massa-
chusetts Senators and Representatives served with distinction on
several of the most important committees, and thus were promi-
nent in perfecting bills and shaping the legislation of Con-
gress. It does not, however, come within the scope of this
volume to speak of their varied and valuable services in behalf
of the Union, although, if properly recorded, they would add
materially to the renown of the Commonwealth. The story of
their services will hereafter be told by the historian of the nation,
for it was the nation, and not merely a part, that they served.

The whole number of enrolled militia of the Commonwealth,
in 1860, was 155,389 ; and the number of the active or volun-
teer militia, 5,593. The active force was organized into three
divisions and six brigades ; nine regiments and three battalions
of infantry; three battaUons and eight unattached companies of
riflemen ; one battalion and five unattached companies of cav-
alry. Officers and men found their own uniforms. The State
furnished arms and equipments, except to officers. Each com-
pany had an armory for the deposit of its arms, and for drill pur-
poses, the rents of which were paid by the Commonwealth.

The State, on the 1st of January, 1861, had at the arsenal
at Cambridge, and distributed to the active militia, seventy-one
field-pieces, of various calibre, and about ten thousand serviceable
muskets, twenty-five hundred of which were of the most ap-
proved pattern of the Springfield rifled musket, which, as a
muzzle-loading arm, is the best in the world.

It was plain, from the tenor of his inaugural address, that Gov-
ernor Andrew believed war between the North and South was
imminent. He advised, among other things, an inquiry,
whether, in addition to the active volunteer militia, the dor-
mant militia, or some considerable portion of it, should not be
placed on a footing of activity. "For how otherwise," he asks,

16 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

"in the possible contingencies of the future, can we be sure that
Massachusetts has taken care to preserve the manly self-reliance
of the citizens, by which alone, in the long-run, can the crea-
tion of standing armies be averted, and the State also be ready,
without inconvenient delay, to contribute her share of force in
any exigency of public danger?"

But it was not alone in his address that he foreshadowed his
belief of the approach of war. It would not have been wise
to make known publicly his inmost thoughts. Let actions
speak. On the evening of the very day on which his inaugural
address was dehvered (Jan. 5) he despatched confidential mes-
sages, by trustworthy messengers, to each of the Governors of
the New-England States, urging preparation for the approach-
ing crisis. Early in December, soon after the meeting of Con-
gress, he had visited Washington, and personally acquainted
himself with the aspect of national affairs, and with the views
of the principal representatives both of North and South.
After his return, he had opened a confidential correspondence
on matters transpiring there, with Hon. Charles Francis Adams,
who kept him minutely acquainted, from day to day, with the
progress of events. One of the suggestions of Mr. Adams
was, that there should be public demonstrations of loyalty
throughout New England, and it was proposed by him to have
salutes fired in each of the States on the 8th of January, the
anniversary of General Jackson's victory at New Orleans. Colo-
nel Wardrop, of New Bedford, Third Regiment Massachusetts
Volunteer Militia, was sent to Governor Fairbanks, of Vermont ;
and other messengers were sent to Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New Hampshire, and Maine, for this purpose. One of these mes-
sengers was the gentleman who afterwards became Governor An-
drew's private military secretary, - Colonel Albert G. Browne,
of Salem, -and who served him during the entire war ; and who,
for ability as a ready writer, truthfulness, sturdy independence,
reticence, and undoubted patriotism, deserved, as he received,
the respect and confidence of the Governor, the entire staff, and
of gentlemen holding confidential and important relations with
His Excellency. Colonel Browne's mission was to confer with
Governor Goodwin, of New Hampshire, and Governor Wash-

PREPARATION - GENERAL ORDER NO. 2. 17

burn, of Maine. Besides the mere duty of organizing public
demonstrations, he was intrusted, as to the Governor of Maine
with a mission of a far more important character. Maine and
Massachusetts, being subject to a common State government until
1820, sustained pecuhar relations to each other, by similarity of
legislation, institutions, and, in later years, of political senti-
ment. Colonel Browne was intrusted with the whole of the
private correspondence with Mr. Adams before mentioned, and
was directed to lay it confidentially before Governor Washburn ;
to advise him, that, in Governor Andrew's judgment, civil war
was the inevitable result of the events going on at Washing-
ton and in the South ; that the safety of Washington was al-
ready threatened ; that the policy of the Executive government
of Massachusetts, under the new administration, would be to
put its active militia into readiness at once for the impending
crisis, and persuade the Legislature, if possible, to call part of
the dormant militia into activity ; and to urge Governor Wash-
bum to adopt the same pohcy for Maine. Leaving Boston on
the evening of Saturday, Jan. 5, Colonel Browne, after an
interview with Governor Goodwin, at Portsmouth on Sunday,
reached Augusta on Jan. 7, and held his interview with Gover-
nor Washburn. By him, Adjutant-General John L. Hodsdon;
and United States Senator Lot M. Morrill were called into con-
sultation, and the answer was returned, that, "wherever Massa-
chusetts leads, Maine will follow close, if she can't keep
abreast."

Thus Governor Andrew, on the very day of his inauguration,
placed himself in confidential relations with each of the Gover-
nors of New England, which continued through the entire rebel-
Uon, and were of mutual benefit.

On the 6th of January, the day after the inauguration. Gov-
ernor Andrew directed the Adjutant-General to issue General
Order No. 2, which was promulgated the next day, and prop-
erly executed on the eighth.

Head-Quarters, Boston, Jan.7, 1861
General Order No. 2.

In commemoration of the brave defenders of New Orleans, Jan. 8,
1815, by the deceased patriot. General Jackson, and in honor of the

18 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

gallant conduct and wise foresight of Major Anderson, now in command
of Fort Sumter, in the State of South Carolina, His Excellency John
A. Andrew, Governor and Commander-in-chief, orders, that a salute
of one hundred guns be fired on Boston Common, at twelve, meridian,
on Tuesday, Jan. 8th inst., and a national salute be fired, at the same
time, for the same purposes, in Charlestown, Lexington, Concord, Wal-
tham, Roxbury, Marblehead, Newburyport, Salem, Groton, Lynn,
Worcester, Greenfield, Northampton, Fall River, and Lowell.

By command of His Excellency John A. Andrew, Governor and
Commander-in-chief.

William Schouler, Adjutant-General.

The purpose of firing these salutes was to revive old patri-
otic memories. The 8th of January had been held a hohday by
the Democratic party since the presidency of General Jackson ;
though of late years it had been, in a great measure, passed over
without special regard. The association of the first battle-fields
of the Revolution with the last and most brilliant action of the
war of 1812 and the patriotic movement of Major Anderson
in Charleston Harbor, would, it was believed, revive pleasant
recollections of the past, and serve to unite the North in sup-
port of the Constitution and the Union.

As required by law, the Adjutant-General had made his
annual report in December. It was addressed to Governor
Banks, and is dated Dec. 31, 1860. On pages 37 and 38 he
says,-

"Events have transpired in some of the Southern States and at
Washington, which have awakened the attention of the people of
Massachusetts, in a remarkable degree, to the perpetuity of the Federal
Union, which may require the active militia of the Commonwealth to
be greatly augmented. Should our worst fears be realized, and this
nation plunged into the horrors of civil war, upon Massachusetts may
rest, in no inconsiderable degree, the duty of staying the effusion of
blood, and of rolling back the black tide of anarchy and ruin. She
did more than her share to achieve the independence of our country,
and establish the Government under which we have risen to such un-
paralleled prosperity, and become the Great Power of the American
Continent; and she will be true to her history, her traditions, and her
fair fame. Should it become necessary to increase the number of her

ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S REPORT. 19

active militia to a war footing, the present organization offers an easy
and a good means. The present companies could be filled to their full
complement of men, and the regiments to their full complement of
companies ; new regiments of infantry, new battalions of riflemen,
new companies of artillery and cavalry, could be formed, with which
to fill the several brigades, and make our present divisions five thou-
sand men each, with proper apportionment of the several military arms.
This, of course, would require a large outlay of money, which would
doubtless be cheerfully met by our people, if their honor and the wel-
fare of the country demand it of them."

The Adjutant-General then suggested, "that a board of off-
cers be called, as provided in section one hundred and sixty-
three, chapter thirteen, of the General Statutes, to consider and
recommend such changes as their judgment shall approve, and
their experience suggest. "--"In the mean time," he said, "I
would suggest, that a general order be issued, calling upon
commanders of the active force to forward to head-quarters the
names of the persons composing their commands, also their
places of residence, so that a complete roll of each company
may be on file in this department. The companies that have
not their full quota of men should be filled by new enlistments
to the number fixed by law ; and, whenever new enlistments are
made or discharges given, the names of the persons enlisted and
discharged should be forwarded immediately to head-quarters,
and placed on file."

Governor Banks, to whom the report was addressed, retired
from office four days after it was printed, and before any
action could be taken upon the recommendations made. They
looked to a greatly increased active militia force, and are the
first suggestions that were made in an official form for strength-
ening the military force of the Commonwealth, and placing it
upon a war footing.

Governor Andrew adopted these suggestions ; and on the
16th of January, eleven days' after his inauguration, directed
the Adjutant-General to issue General Order No. 4, which cre-
ated a great interest throughout the State, and especially among
the active militia.

20 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Head-Quarters, Boston, Jan. 16, 1861.
General Order No. 4.

Events which have recently occurred, and are now in progress, re-
quire that Massachusetts should be at all times ready to furnish her
quota upon any requisition of the President of the United States, to
aid in the maintenance of the laws and the peace of the Union. His
Excellency the Commander-in-chief therefore orders, -

That the commanding officer of each company of volunteer militia
examine with care the roll of his company, and cause the name of each
member, together with his rank and place of residence, to be properly
recorded, and a copy of the same to be forwarded to the office of the
Adjutant-General. Previous to which, commanders of companies shall
make strict inquiry, whether there are men in their commands, who
from age, physical defect, business, or family causes, may be unable or
indisposed to respond at once to the orders of the Commander-in-chief,
made in response to the call of the President of the United States, that
they be forthwith discharged ; so that their places may be filled by
men ready for any public exigency which may arise, whenever called
upon.

After the above orders shall have been fulfilled, no discharge, either
of officer or private, shall be granted, unless for cause satisfactory to
the Commander-in-chief.

If any companies have not the number of men allowed by law, the
commanders of the same shall make proper exertions to have the va-
cancies filled, and the men properly drilled and uniformed, and their
names and places of residence forwarded to head-quarters.

To promote the objects embraced in this order, the general, field,
and staff officers, and the Adjutant and acting Quartermaster General
will give all the aid and assistance in their power.

Major-Generals Sutton, Morse, and Andrews will cause this order
to be promulgated throughout their respective divisions.

By command of His Excellency John A. Andrew, Governor and
Commander-in-chief.

William Schouler, Adjutant-General.

The order was generaUy well received, and immediately
acted upon. Some of the newspapers attacked it, as unneces-
sary and sensational ; but it was sustained as proper. The
active militia responded with alacrity. Meetings were held
in their armories, the rolls called ; and the men who could

LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS. 21

not respond, should a call be made to march, were honorably
discharged, and their places filled by active men who could.
The corrected rolls were forwarded to head-quarters. Only
one company sent in a political argumentative answer, which
was drawn up with ability, and was evidently written by a
Southern sympathizer. The document made several pages of
manuscript. The Adjutant-General returned it to the officer,
with the remark, that the paper was disrespectful in its tone and
language to the Commander-in-chief, and in violation of the fu-st
principles of military law. He would give him an opportunity
either to modify it or to withdraw it entirely. If a satisfactory
response was not received within a reasonable time, the matter
would be laid before His Excellency the Governor ; and the
probability was, the officers of the company would be dis-
charged, and the company disbanded. In a few days, a proper
answer was made ; and the officer with his company, before the
end of the year, were mustered into the service for three years,
and were sent to the Department of the Gulf, where they did
good service.

From the day that General Order No. 4 was issued, a new
spirit and zeal imbued our volunteer force. Applications also
came from different parts of the Commonwealth for permission
to raise new companies. A general impression prevailed, that
we were on the perilous edge of battle, and it was the duty of
Massachusetts to be ready to meet the crisis. In the mean time,
the Governor, who believed from the fu-st that war would ensue,
was obtaining information, from every available source, that
would be of use, and which could guide him wisely in his
course.

The first movement made in the Legislature in relation to
national or military matters was a resolution which was offered
in the House on the 11th of January, six days after Governor
Andrew's inauguration, and a day or two after the Speaker had
announced the standing committees ; which was in effect, "that it
is the universal sentiment of the people of Massachusetts, that
the President should enforce the execution of the laws of the
United States, defend the Union, protect national property ;
and, to this end, the State "cheerfully tenders her entire means,

22 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

civil and military, to enable him to do so." This was referred
to the Committee on Federal Relations.

Jan. 12. Mr. Slocum, of Grafton, offered a resolution, di-
recting the Committee on the Militia to inquire whether the
miUtia laws of this State were in accordance with the Constitu-
tion and laws of the United States.

In the Senate, Jan. 14, the Committee on the Militia re-
ported a bill of three sections to increase the volunteer force,
which was discussed on the 15th and 16th, and finally recom-
mitted to the committee, together with all the amendments that
had been proposed.

On the same day (14th), Mr. George T. Davis, of Greenfield,
introduced a bill " to prevent hostile invasions of other States ;
the purpose of which was to prevent, by fine and imprisonment,
persons who should set on foot any unlawful scheme, military
or naval, to invade any State or Territory of the Union. This
was referred to the Committee on Federal Relations, but never
was passed.

Jan. 18. In the Senate. -Mr. Cole, of Berkshire, from the
Committee on Federal Relations, reported a series of resolu-
tions, the purport of which was, to stand by the Union, and
tendering to the President of the United States such aid, in men
and money, as he may require. On motion of Mr. Northend,
of Essex, the rules were suspended, and the resolves passed the
Senate by a unanimous vote.

On the same day, Mr. Parker, of Worcester, introduced in
the House a new militia bill, which was referred to the commit-
tee on that subject.

Jan. 19. In Senate. -Mr. Northend introduced a series
of resolutions, to the effect that the Constitution of the United
States was the supreme law of the land ; that the recent acts
of South Carolina are revolutionary and treasonable; and that
this Government must be maintained at all hazards.

Referred to the Committee on Federal Relations.

The same day, a long debate took place in the House, on a
bill to increase the miUtia, but without coming to a vote.

Jan. 21. In Senate. -Mr. Walker, of Worcester, intro-
duced a resolution to inquire whether there were parties in this

LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS. 23

Commonwealth making arms or ammunition, to be sold to the
agents of States now or likely to be in rebellion, with power to
send for persons and papers. Adopted.

Same day, a debate occurred in the House on the Militia
Bill ; but, without taking a vote, the bill was recommitted.

Jan. 23. In Senate. - Mr. Schouler, of Middlesex, of-
fered an order, which was adopted, directing the Adjutant-
General to furnish estimates, for the use of the Legislature, of
the cost of furnishing 2,000 overcoats, 2,000 blankets, 2,000
knapsacks, and camp equipage for a force of 2,000 men,
when in active service.

In the House, same day, Mr. Coffin, of Newburyport, re-
ported the Militia Bill in a new draft.

Same day, the Governor sent a communication to the
House, informing it of the tender of the Sixth Regiment, by
Colonel Jones, for immediate service, if required.

Jan. 24. In Senate. -A message was received from the
Governor, transmitting the proposition from the Legislature of
Virginia, for the appointment of commissioners to meet at
Washington on the 4th of February, to agree upon a compro-
mise of the national difficulties. Referred to the Committee on
Federal Relations, and ordered to be printed.

Jan. 26. In Senate. -Mr. Davis, of Bristol, offered this
order : -

" That the Committee on the Judiciary be instructed to forthwith
report a bill authorizing the authorities of this Commonwealth to in-
dorse and guarantee the treasury notes of the United States to the full
amount of the surplus revenue received by Massachusetts in the year
1837."

Some opposition was made to the order, but it was adopted.
Jan. 23. In the House. -Mr. Pierce, of Dorchester, in-
troduced resolutions to sustain the Union ; and that all at-
tempts to overthrow it, with the expectation of reconstructing
it anew, were vain and illusory.

Referred to the Committee on Federal Relations.
Jan. 29. In Senate. - A message was received from the
Governor, transmitting certain resolutions passed by the States
of Pennsylvania and Tennessee ; also the Ordinance of Seces-

24 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

sion of the State of Georgia, adopted by a convention of
the people of that State, and forwarded to Governor Andrew
by George W. Crawford, president of that convention. After
some debate, it was voted to print the message of Governor
Andrew and the resolutions from the two States, but not to
further notice the Secession Ordinance.

A debate then arose upon passing the bill for Massachu-
setts to indorse the notes of the United States to the amount
of our indebtedness on account of the surplus revenue, which,
after debate, was rejected, - yeas 14, nays 19. The reason
for rejecting the bill was stated by Mr. Hardy, of Norfolk.
"He did not like to have it put on record that old Massachu-
setts came to the Federal Government in the hour of distress,
and said that, she would loan her all she owed, and no more.
He was in favor of giving all that the Government needed, as
far as it was possible, -two, three, or four millions."

Same day, in the House, the bill to increase the militia was
further debated, and a substitute for the whole bill, offered by.
Mr. Banfield, of West Roxbury, was adopted, and passed to a
third reading by a vote of 116 to 40. This bill, however, did
not become a law.

Jan. 30. In Senate.- On motion of Mr. Hardy, of Nor-
folk, the bill in relation to loaning the State credit to the
United States, which was rejected yesterday, was re-consid-
ered ; and he offered a new proposition, as follows : -

" That the Treasurer and Receiver-General of the Commonwealth
be and hereby is authorized to guarantee, upon the request of the
Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, the treasury bonds
of the United States to the amount of $2,000,000 on such conditions
as shall be agreed upon by the Secretary of the Treasury of the Uni-
ted States, and the Governor and Council of this Commonwealth."

Mr. Boynton, of Worcester, thought the passage of the bill
would indicate that the credit of the United States is not
good, and we must indorse it to make it good. He did not
think it necessary to take such a step before it is called for.
He thought it was " a Union-saving " movement, and would do
more to our discredit than to the good of the country.

Mr. Hardy said it was not only a movement in behalf of the

LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS. 25

Union, but a matter of business. It is true, the General Gov-
ernment is bankrupt. Massachusetts can help by her notes or
her indorsement ; and, instead of bending the knee or rolling
in the dust before the South, it is putting backbone into the
Government. It shows that Massachusetts has faith in the
General Government.

Mr. Boynton was opposed to giving any aid to the present
Administration (Buchanan's). When we have a new Adminis-
tration that we can trust, he thought it would be time enough
to talk about lending money.

Mr. Davis, of Bristol, moved to amend the bill so that it
would take effect immediately upon its passage. The amend-
ment was carried, and the bill was passed to a third reading.

On motion of Mr. Schouler, of Middlesex, the bill was
ordered to be printed.

Jan. 30. In the House. - The Senate Militia Bill came
up in order. Mr. Durfee, of New Bedford, moved to strike
out all after the enacting clause and to substitute a bill of his
own. The subject was then laid on the table, and the bill and
amendment ordered to be printed.

Jan., 31. /" Senate. - A communication was received
from the Adjutant-General, in accordance with a joint resolu-
tion of the Legislature, adopted on the 23d inst., giving the
following estimates of equipping 2,000 men for active service :
2,000 overcoats, at $9 each, $18,000; 2,000 knapsacks, at
$2.25 each, $4,500 ; 2,000 blankets, at $3 each, $6,000 ; camp
equipage (exclusive of tents), $3,000, -total, $31,500.

On motion of Mr. Schouler, of Middlesex, the communica-
tion was laid on die table, and ordered to be printed.

Feb. 1. In Senate. - Mr. Whitney, of Plymouth, from
the Committee on Federal Relations, reported a bill to create
an emergency fund for the Governor of $100,000, to take effect
upon its passage. The bill was immediately passed through the
several stages, under a suspension of the rules.

The communication of the Adjutant-General was taken from
the table, and referred to the Joint Standing Committee on the
Militia.

In the House, the Mihtia Bill was discussed. Several amend-

26 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

ments were offered by Mr. Quincy, of Boston, which were
lost. The substitute offered by Mr. Durfee, of New Bedford,
was also voted down; and the bill in the draft offered by Mr.
Banfield, of West Roxbury, was ordered to be engrossed.

Mr. Parker, of Worcester, moved to reconsider the vote by
which the bill was passed. Placed on the orders of the day.

Saturday, Feb. 2. In the House. - The motion to re-
consider the vote by which the Militia bill was ordered to be
engrossed was carried; and, on motion of Mr. Hills, of Bos-
ton, it was recommitted to the Committee on the Militia.

On leave, Mr. Smith, of Boston, introduced a new bill in
relation to the militia ; and that also was referred to the Com-
mittee on the Militia.

Mr. Tyler, of Boston, from the Finance Committee, reported
to the House the Senate bill creating an emergency fund of
$100,000. He moved that the rules be suspended, that it
might take its several readings at once.

Mr. Parsons, of Lawrence, opposed the suspension of the
rules, on the ground that a bill of so much importance should
be carefully considered.

Mr. Slack, of Boston, thought extraordinary circumstances
demanded extraordinary measures, and alluded briefly to the
present state of national affairs.

On motion of Mr. Davis, of Greenfield, the House went into
secret session. During the secret session, the motion to suspend
the rules prevailed ; and the bill took its several readings, and
was ordered to be engrossed.

Feb. 2. -The Senate debated the resolves for the appoint-
ment of seven commissioners to proceed to Washington to con-
fer with the General Government, or with commissioners from
other States, upon the state of the country. These resolves-
were reported in accordance with the invitation of the General
Assembly of Virginia. The debate in the Senate was very
able : the proposition being sustained by Messrs. Northend and
Stone, of Essex; Davis, of Bristol; and Hardy, of Norfolk ;
and opposed by Mr. Whiting, of Plymouth. The resolves
passed, -yeas 24, nays 6. The bill provided, that the com-
missioners should be appointed by the Governor, and should
make their report to the Legislature.

LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS. 27

In the House, resolutions of a similar character were intro-
duced by Mr. Parker, of Worcester. They were supported by
Mr. Davis, of Greenfield, and Mr. Parker ; and opposed by Mr.
Branning, of Lee. Before coming to any conclusion, the re-
solves which had passed the Senate reached the House. Mr.
Parker's were laid on the table, and the Senate resolves were
discussed. After a long debate on a motion to suspend the
rules, which was lost, -yeas 104, nays 65, not two-thirds, -
the House adjourned.

Tuesday, Feb. 5. In the House. -The Senate resolves for
the appointment of commissioners were, on motion of Mr.
Davis, of Greenfield, taken from the orders of the day, and
considered. He said the resolves met with his entire appro-
bation.

Mr. Slocum, of Grafton, said, with all respect for Virginia,
he could not abide by her opinions, since they might desecrate
the soil of Massachusetts to slavery; rather than that, said he,
let blood come. He moved an amendment.

Mr. Wallis, of Bolton, favored the amendment.

Mr. Gifford, of Provincetown, opposed it, and favored the
resolutions. "He had no fears that Massachusetts would act at
the bidding of Virginia or any other State."

Mr. French, of Waltham, favored the amendment, which
was, in substance, that Massachusetts did not agree with Vir-
ginia that the Constitution required amendment to guarantee
to each State its rights.

Mr. Hyde, of Newton, opposed the amendment. He did
not see any good reason why it should be adopted. He did not
think Virginia needed to be told where Massachusetts stands
to-day.

Mr. Pierce, of Dorchester, did not want the matter forced
through by outside influence. He was opposed to the resolves,
and hoped they would be rejected.

Mr. Fisk, of Shelbume, advocated the proposition, and would
forward it with his hand and vote.

Mr. Prentiss, of Marblehead, opposed the measure in a speech
of considerable length, and asked if we would send commission-
ers to a convention of traitors? Let us rather send the sword.

28 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Mr. Slack, of Boston, spoke in opposition. He foresaw that
the convention would act contrary to the desires of the people
of Massachusetts, and that this Commonwealth would be partly
responsible for its acts.

Mr. Durfee, of New Bedford, moved to amend by instruct-
ing the commissioners not to recognize the resolutions presented
in Congress by Mr. Crittenden, of Kentucky, as a proper basis
for adjustment or compromise of difficulties.

Mr. Sears, of Boston, and Mr. Gibbs, of New Bedford, spoke
in favor of the original resolves, and against the amendments.

The amendments were voted down, and the resolves were
passed to be engrossed by a vote of yeas 184, nays 31.

Feb. 6 . - The House voted to substitute the Senate bill for
the increase of the militia for the bill of Mr. Banfield, of West
Roxbury, -yeas 96, nays 60.

The bill was as follows : -

Chapter 49. - An Act in Relation to the Volunteer Militia.

Section 1. The volunteer militia companies, as now organized, with
their officers, shall be retained in the service; and hereafter, as the
public exigency may require, the organization of companies of artillery
may be authorized, on petition, by the Commander-in-chief, with advice
of the Council, and the organization of other companies may be au-
thorized, on petition, by the Commander-in-chief, or by the mayor and
aldermen or selectmen, by his permission ; and said companies, so re-
tained and so organized, shall be liable, on a requisition of the Presi-
dent of the United States upon the Commander-in-chief, to be marched
without the limits of the Commonwealth ; but all additional companies,
battalions, and regiments which may be organized under the provisions
of this act, shall be disbanded whenever the Governor or the Legisla-
ture shall deem that their services are no longer needed. Companies
of cavalry shall be limited to one hundred privates, and a saddler and
a farrier ; companies of artillery to forty-eight cannoneers, twenty-four
drivers, and a saddler and farrier ; the cadet companies of the first and
second divisions to one hundred, and companies of infantry and rifle-
men to sixty-four, privates.

S ECT. 2. The fourteenth section of the thirteenth chapter of the
General Statutes, and all laws or parts of laws now in force, limiting
the number of the volunteer militia, are hereby repealed.

Sect. 3. This act shall take effect upon its passage.

LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS. 29

The resolves to appoint commissioners to attend a convention
to be held in Washington, Feb. 5, were approved by the Gov-
ernor, and were as follows : -

"Whereas, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is desirous of a full
and free conference with the General Government, and with any or all
of the other States of the Union, at any time and on every occasion,
when such conference may promote the welfare of the country; and

"Whereas questions of grave moment have arisen touching the
powers of the Government, and the relations between the different
States of the Union; and

"Whereas the State of Virginia has expressed a desire to meet her
sister States in convention at Washington ; therefore -

"Resolved, That the Governor of this Commonwealth, by and with
the advice and consent of the Council, be, and he hereby is, authorized
to appoint seven persons as commissioners, to proceed to Washington
to confer with the General Government, or with the separate States,
or with any association of delegates from such States, and to report
their doings to the Legislature at its present session ; it being expressly
declared, that their acts shall be at all times under the control, and
subject to the approval or rejection, of the Legislature."

On the same day, Feb. 5, the Governor, with the consent of
the Council, appointed the following named gentlemen as com-
missioners : -

Hon. John Z. Goodrich , of Stockbridge.
Hon. Charles Allen, of Worcester.
Hon. George S. Boutwell, of Groton.
Hon. Francis B. Crowninshield , of Boston.
Theophilus p. Chandler, Esq., of Brookline.
John M. Forbes, Esq., of Milton.
Richard P. Waters, Esq., of Beverly.

These gentleman immediately proceeded to Washington, and
took part in the dehberations of the " Peace Congress." It was
a very able delegation.

There was great interest felt in regard to the action of the
Peace Congress, and how far its acts would bind the States
which the delegates represented.

Feb. 8. In the House. - Mr. Albee, of Marlborough,
offered the following resolution : -

30 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

"That our commissioners at Washington are hereby instructed to
use every effort to prevent the adoption of the Crittenden Compro-
mise, or any similar proposition, by the Convention now in session in
Washington."

Passed, - yeas 112, nays 27; and the Governor was re-
quested to forward a copy to each of the commissioners.

After the adjournment of the House, the members retained
their seats, and the Clerk read the following communica-
tion : -

Extract from the Proceedings of the House of Representatives of South
Carolina, Jan. 23, 1861.

"Mr. Holland offered the following, which were unanimously
adopted : -

"Whereas a certain Mr. Tyler, of Boston, has introduced a resolution
in the Massachusetts Legislature, 'that, in view of the great suffering in
South Carolina, the immediate consequence of the citizens of that State
acting under a mistaken idea of their rights and obligations, and in view of
the abundance of this Commonwealth, a sum be appropriated from the State
treasury, to be invested in provisions and stores for the relief of our suffer-
ing fellow-countrymen of that State ; ' therefore be it -

" Resolved, That the report now current in Massachusetts or elsewhere,
that any part of South Carolina is suffering, or likely to suffer, for the want
of provisions, is a lie as black as hell, and originated nowhere but amongst
negro-worshippers at the North.

"Resolved. That the Legislature of Massachusetts be respectfully re-
quested to appropriate the money to the relief of her own suffering,
starving, poor thousands.

" Resolved, That we can attend to our own affairs without the aid of
Massachusetts."

Mr. Speaker, -The foregoing is a true copy of the proceedings
of the South Carolina Legislature. You are respectfully requested to
have them read in open session.

W. F. Coy Kendall, Assistant Clerk.

March 19. In the House. -Mr. Tyler, of Boston, from
the Committee on Finance, reported a resolve relating to the
equipment of troops for active service in a new draft, reducing
the sum from $35,000 to $25,000; which, on motion of Mr.
Jewell, of Boston, was referred to the Committee on the Militia,
with instructions " to inquire and report whether any contracts
have been made or liabilities incurred in regard to any of the

LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS. 31

matters mentioned in the resolve ; and, if so, what and when,
and by what officer, and under what authority."

March 23. In the House. -Mr. Coffin, of Newbury-
port from the Committee on the Militia, reported that the
resolve for the equipment of troops for active service ought
to pass; also the following communication from the Adjutant-
General : -

Boston, March 21, 1861.
Colonel Frederick J. Coffin, //oM.se of Representatives.

SiR,-In answer to the inquiry made by the Honorable House of
Representatives, " whether any contracts have been made or liabilities
incurred in regard to any of the matters mentioned in the resolve re-
ported to the House, relating to the equipment of troops for active
service, and, if so, when, and by what authority," I have the honor to
s a y : -

Under the direction of His Excellency the Governor and the Hon-
orable Council, the following contracts have been made by me as Adju-
tant and Acting Quartermaster General : -

1st. With the Middlesex Company, Lowell, for 6,000 yards of
cloth, six-fourths wide, to make 2,000 military overcoats, at $1.37 a
yard.

2d. With William Deacon, to make 2,000 military overcoats at
$2.15 each, he finding the trimmings, except the buttons.

3d. With James Boyd & Sons, to make 1,000 knapsacks, army
pattern, and with Edward A. G. Roulstone, to make 1,000 knapsacks,
army pattern, severally at $1.88 each.

4th. With Converse, Harding, & Co., for 1,000 pairs of blankets,
army size, at $3.75 a pair.

5th. With the Rubber Clothing Company, Beverly, for 2,000 haver-
sacks, at 75 cents each.

6th. The buttons for the coats have been contracted for with the
manufacturer at Attleborough, and will cost about $740.

7th. I was also authorized to contract for 200,000 ball-cartridges to
suit the new rifled musket. The lowest market price for these
cartridges is $14 a thousand. At the State Arsenal, at Cambridge,
there have been for many years upwards of 200,000 musket-balls
suitable for the old smooth-bore musket. I have caused these to be
recast, and the cartridges made at the Arsenal ; so that the entire cost
to the Commonwealth for the 200,000 new musket cartridges will not
exceed $1,500.

The aggregate cost to the Commonwealth to fulfill these contracts

32 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

will be $23,770 ; to which should be added $150 to pay a proper per-
son or persons to inspect the work when finished, to ascertain whether
the parties contracted with have faithfully fulfilled their several agree-
ments. The resolve appropriating $25,000 will cover the entire
expense, and will leave a surplus sufficient to purchase 300,000 per-
cussion caps, which it will be necessary to buy, if the troops of the
Commonwealth are called into active service.

With great respect, I have the honor to be your obedient servant,

W illiamSchouler,
Adjutant and Acting Quartermaster General.

Monday, March 25. In Senate. - A message was received
from the Governor, transmitting a report of the commissioners
appointed to represent the Commonwealth in the Peace Con-
gress at Washington, which was read. Without taking action,
the Senate adjourned.

The report gave a careful record of the proceedings of
the Convention, which commenced its sessions in Washing-
ton on the 4th of February, and adjourned on the 27th of
the same month. It sat with closed doors, and no full or
consecutive report of its proceedings was ever made. It ap-
pears, however, from the report of our Commissioners, that
most of the time was consumed in considering seven distinct
propositions for amending the Federal Constitution, each of
which was intended to strengthen the institution of slavery,
by giving it additional guarantees and enlarged privileges.
These propositions were reported by a committee composed
of one from each State represented. Mr. Guthrie, of Ken-
tucky, was made chairman. Massachusetts was represented on
the committee by Mr. Crowninshield, who appears to have
called for a specific statement of the grievances complained of
by the discontented States. This request led to discussion, but
failed to obtain the desired information. Mr. Guthrie's report
was adopted by the committee by a majority of five, but the
report, as a whole, never received the sanction of a majority of
the Convention. Massachusetts voted against all of the propo-
sitions except the last, and on that, the delegation declined to
vote, either for or against. As this Congress failed to accom-
plish any practical purpose, or to make an impression upon the

FORTIFICATIONS IN THE STATE. 33

country, either for good or for evil, it is not necessary at this
late day to exhume from its secret records the crude conceits and
extravagant demands which were pressed by Southern members,
by which they hoped to prevent civil war, but which, if adopted,
would have added strength and permanency to slavery, which
was the weakness and the crime of the republic, and the fruit-
ful cause of all our national woes. It does not appear that the
Massachusetts members submitted any plan of adjustment, but
contented themselves with debating such as were offered by
others, and voting as their judgments dictated.

Same day. In the House. - Colonel Coffin, of Newbury-
port, introduced a bill to limit the number of privates in infan-
try and rifle companies to fifty, except when, in the opinion of
the Governor, the number should be extended to sixty-four,
which was subsequently passed.

The bill also to provide for the equipment of troops in active
service was passed to be engrossed.

April 3. In the House. - The Committee on the Militia
reported it was inexpedient to legislate upon the appointment
of a commissary and surgeon-general, and of amending chap-
ter 13, section 144, of the General Statutes, in relation to the
mileage of the militia.

April 5. In Senate. - A resolve in favor of calling a na-
tional convention was discussed. It was opposed by Mr.
Whiting, of Plymouth, and Mr. Walker, of Worcester, and
advocated by Mr. Northend, of Essex, and Mr. Hardy, of
Norfolk. It was finally, on motion of Mr. Davis, of Bristol,
referred to the next Legislature.

The session closed Thursday, April 11, 1861.

The most important acts of the session, having for their
object the preparation of the State for war, were " the act
in relation to the volunteer militia," the appropriating of
$100,000 as an emergency fund, and of $25,000 to provide
overcoats and equipage for 2,000 men. The militia law of
the General Statutes limited the active militia to 5,000 men :
the act akeady quoted gave the Governor authority to organize
as many companies and regiments as the pubUc exigency might
require.

34 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

While the Legislature was considering and passing prepara-
tory measures, the Governor was not idle. A constant corre-
spondence was kept up with our members of Congress and the
Governors of other States. Leading merchants, and other gen-
tlemen of experience and wisdom, were daily consulted. The
militia was strengthened. A cipher key was arranged, to be
used in transmitting messages which required secrecy.

The defenceless condition of the forts in Boston harbor was
considered. In Fort Warren there was but one gun ; in Fort
Winthrop none at all; and, in Fort Independence, hardly
twenty guns, and most of them were trained on the city itself.
The casemates were unfit for human occupation. The grounds
inside the forts were covered with workshops and wooden shan-
ties ; and, instead of being a defence to the city and harbor,
the fortifications of Boston were a standing menace to them,
and invited seizure by the enemy. The entire coast of Massa-
chusetts was open to attack from sea ; not a fort or an earth-
work or a gun was in proper condition. There were neither
officers nor troops in garrison. Our entire reliance, should
war come, was in the patriotism of the militia and the people
of the Commonwealth.

If troops were to be sent to Washington, the best and safest
way of forwarding them was a question for discussion. Two
Southern States lay between Boston and Washington ; which,
in case of civil war, were as likely to array themselves against
the Government as for it. The danger of sending troops
through Baltimore was very fully considered. The ease with
which the passage of the Susquehanna could be impeded, and
the long railroad bridges over the creeks between that river
and Baltimore destroyed, was foreseen, and on the other hand
the facility with which the approach by transports up the
Potomac could be stopped by batteries, seemed to render that
route impracticable. A meeting was held in the Governor's
room on the 2d of February, and was adjourned to the 6th, at
which Major-Generals Sutton, Morse, and Andrews, of the State
militia ; Colonel Thayer, U.S.A. ; the Adjutant-General of the
State ; the aides-de-camp of His Excellency ; and others, were
present.

CONSULTATIONS IN GOVERNOR'S ROOM. 35

Colonel Henry Lee, of Governor Andrew's staff, in a letter
dated July 9, 1867, to me, says, -

"With regard to the preparations for war made by Governor An-
drew, I recollect, for my part, collecting information respecting steam-
ers, and reporting the names and capacities and whereabouts of all
which plied between Boston and other ports, on Feb. 2, 1861. On
Feb. 4, the Governor called a meeting at his chamber in the State
House, at which were present some of the chief officers of the militia :
also, General Thayer, of the United-States Engineers, and Messrs. Gor-
don and Andrews, ex-United-states-army officers, both major-generals
of volunteers in the late war. I recorded the replies, and drew up a
memorandum of the items of clothing, equipment, arms, and ammuni-
tion needed, to prepare the militia for service in the field.

"On Feb. 6, a second meeting was called by the Governor. I cannot
remember distinctly how much of the discussion took place at the first,
and what at the second; but the result of the two was, the Governor's
order for two thousand overcoats, equipments, &c., which was for two
months the subject of so much ridicule. Feb. 9, a report was made by
the Committee on Militia, of the Council, and a communication re-
ceived by His Excellency from the Adjutant-General, giving estimates
for clothing and equipments for two thousand troops in service.

The same order passed by the Council referred to by Colonel
Lee; respecting the overcoats, speaks also of forwarding troops
to Washington, "the mode of transit to be governed by circum-
stances that may arise hereafter ; rail being preferred, if practi-
cable."

Immediately after the meeting on the 2d of February, Gov-
ernor Andrew detailed Colonel Ritchie, of his staff, to visit
Washington, to confer confidentially with the Massachusetts
senators and representatives, and General Scott, in regard to
the prospect of a requisition being made for troops, and espe-
cially to learn from the general by what route in case of such a
call he would wish the troops to be sent, and whether they
would have to carry field equipage with them. He arrived at
Washington on the 6th ; and, on that evening, wrote to the
Governor as follows : -

Washington, D.C, Wednesday, Feb. 6, 1861.

I received your instructions on Monday, at 1. P.M. I found, that, if I
left Boston that afternoon, I could get here on Tuesday evening, but too

36 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

late to attend to any business. I therefore determined to start on
Tuesday morning, which gave me an opportunity of discussing the ob-
jects of my mission with Colonel Sargent, who took the same train as
far as Springfield. Mass., and enabled me to reach this city this morn-
ing by daybreak.

Immediately after breakfast, 1 called on the Hon. Charles Sumner.
He at once understood the object of my mission, and favored me with
a statement on the present state of affairs. I also met him again later
in the day in the Senate Chamber, when he went over again, with me,
the same ground.

He gives as serious an account of the conspiracy to take possession
of this city by the secessionists as any you have received ; but he thinks
the danger has been steadily diminishing since the 2d of January, -
the day on which the President gave General Scott power to concen-
trate troops for the defence of the capital. The President has had
several relapses since that date; and at times has seemed about to
recall all the confidence he had placed in General Scott, and oblige him
to undo all that had been done. The most extraordinary scenes have
taken place in the Cabinet: only last week it was on the point of
breaking up entirely, and the danger seemed to be as great again as
at any previous time ; but the general has triumphed in all particu-
lars, excepting in his desire to have the militia of the Northern States
called out: to that the President will not even now consent.

Mr. Sumner thinks there was a crisis in the Cabinet last week, and
that, even after the general had overcome the hesitation of the Presi-
dent, there was a most serious danger to be apprehended from the
revolutionary threats of the Democratic leaders in Maryland, in which
the leaders of both wings of the Democratic party united. He thinks,
however, that, the first schemes of the conspirators having been discon-
certed, there was nothing to be apprehended in the way of an attack upon
this city, unless the conspirators should have been enabled to lean upon
State authority for their action. Therefore he thinks that the result
of the election of delegates to the convention in Virginia has postponed
the danger from this source. He is convinced that the conspirators
counted upon a different result in Virginia; that, by the 18th, the
Virginia Convention would have pronounced for secession; and that
they were therefore safe in calling the Maryland Convention for that
day, being sure that in that event Maryland would follow suit. If the
result of the Virginia election had been in favor of the secessionists,
the attack on the Capitol might have been carried out without waiting
for the formal action of the Virginia Convention. Mr. Sumner now
thinks there is no immediate danger to be feared of such an attack.

COLONEL RITCHIE AT WASHINGTON. 37

He is by no means confident of the determination to which that con-
vention will ultimately come, but thinks that a delay has been gained
which will carry us over the 4th of March in safety. Mr. Adams and
Mr. Seward, with both of whom I have had long conversations, agree
with Mr. Sumner fully as to any danger of an immediate attack. Mr.
Seward thinks all danger is past. Mr. Sumner thinks Mr. Seward has
never been aware of the real peril ; and is evidently of the opinion
that the crisis is only postponed. Mr. Adams thinks there will be no
need of troops before the 6th of March, but thinks we shall have to
fight after that date.

Mr. Sumner thinks Congress would be now sitting in Independence
Hall, Philadelphia, but for General Scott's action. Mr. Seward seems
to think this concentration of troops has been unnecessary. General
Wilson appears to be of the opinion that Massachusetts and New York
will have to furnish money, but doubts if they will be called upon for
any troops. Mr. Seward urged me to write to you, and beg you to
secure the passage of the resolutions by which Massachusetts would
endorse the bonds of the United States to the extent of the deposit of
surplus revenue in her hands, made in 1837. He says this is all they
now ask of Massachusetts ; that she will never have to pay a cent on
account of such indorsement, but that the indorsement must be given,
as the new Administration will be without funds. I have also con-
versed with Mr. Burlingame, Mr. Thayer, and Mr. Alley, of Massa-
chusetts, and particularly with Mr. Stanton, of Ohio, the chairman of
the committee who have been inquiring into this conspiracy.

Mr. Adams, Mr. Burlingame, Mr. Thayer, and Mr. Stanton, all
talked the matter over together in my presence ; and all were of opin-
ion that no call would be made on Massachusetts before March 4.

Mr. Seward is the only one I have seen who stated that he thought
all danger was now at an end, owing to the action of Virginia. And
even Mr. Seward, at dinner this P.M., at Mr. Adams', stated that the
South must succumb, or we should have to exterminate them, or they
would have to exterminate us. He thinks the South are anxious to
creep out of the movement of their own creation.

I have had to give you as rapid a resume of the opinions of these
civilians as possible, as I have hardly time to reach the mail. The
only point of immediate importance is, that all agree that there is no
probability of an immediate call upon us for militia.

Mr. Stanton thought, that, if a call were made, it would be for vol-
unteers ; and that there would be time to enlist special regiments for
the war, as in the Mexican war. After leaving Mr. Sumner, I called
on General Scott. He is avowedly very anxious even now, and would

38 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

at once call for ten thousand men, if empowered to do so. He says
the President, however, will never issue such a requisition. The
President doubts his power; and, while I was with the general, Mr.
Stanton came to consult with him about a bill, which I inclose, intro-
duced for the purpose of meeting this objection of the President's.

But even if this bill passes, - and it will pass, unless the Republi-
cans are satisfied that the President already possesses the power hereby
intended to be given him, -still the President thinks that a call
for Northern militia would at once set Virginia and Maryland in a
blaze.

They have declared in Maryland, only last week, that the Susque-
hanna should flow with blood, if the attempt were made to bring North-
ern troops across it.

General Scott therefore agrees that there is no probability of any
call being made on you by President Buchanan. He, however, would
himself issue such a call at once if he had the power, and would have
issued it a month ago.

With Colonel Keyes, of General Scott's staff, I discussed all the
points at length, which were considered at the meeting of officers con-
vened by you on Monday last.

Colonel Keyes is General Scott's right-hand man, and is the officer
who has been charged with ferreting out this whole matter. He also
says there will be no call at present, but that we must be prepared.
I telegraphed at once, after my interview with Mr. Sumner, General
Scott, and Colonel Keyes, to Mr. Albert G. Browne, Jr., " There is
not the slightest probability of any immediate call; particulars by
mail; take no further steps." Colonel Keyes approved of this de-
spatch ; and so did Messrs. Sumner. Wilson, Adams, Burlingame, and
Thayer.

Colonel Keyes thinks it would not be safe to come, either by land or
by the Potomac, but that the United States must hold the forts at
Baltimore ; and that the troops must come by sea to Baltimore, and
land there under cover of the forts.

As to this, however, as also the other details, I will give you oral
information ; and Colonel Keyes will furnish me with much at a later
day to which he could not give answers at once. There are also many
things which will depend upon circumstances at the date of the call.
I shall see to-morrow if affairs assume any different aspect ; and, if they
do not, I shall leave here to-morrow afternoon.

I shall not think it expedient, under the circumstances, to approach
the Mayor of Baltimore.

Please excuse this hurried note, as I have been writing to save the

COLONEL RITCHIE AT NEW YORK. 39

mail, and been obliged to disregard form. I believe I have given you
the substance of all that I have learned here.

Your Excellency's most obedient,

Harrison Ritchie,
Lieutenant- Colonel and Aide-de- Camp.

P.S. It is thought that the delay gained by the result of the Vir-
ginia election will give time for at least one thousand of the troops
from Texas to get here before they are wanted. General Scott thinks
he can count upon two thousand of the volunteers of this district.
Colonel Keyes says, be prepared; organize your regiments, and drill
them; furnish them with the new rifle-musket, knapsacks, canteens,
blankets, and proper clothing, one hundred rounds of ammunition per
man, and a supply of camp-kettles.

As to other camp equipage, it may be necessary: that he cannot tell
at present.

Colonel Ritchie left Washington the next day, and, on arriv-
ing at New York, wrote another letter from that city, dated
February 8th, in which he discusses again the position of
affairs at Washington, and makes certain suggestions in regard
to getting troops to Washington, which in time became of
great practical service : -

"You will have perceived by my first letter that I had already
made the acquaintance of Colonel Keyes. In fact we became great
friends. When General Scott referred me to his two aides, -Colonels
Leigh and Keyes, - I made up my mind after a very short conversa-
tion, that Colonel Leigh was a man of 'Southern proclivities,' who
did not look with any favor upon my mission, though I had a letter of
introduction to him from a mutual friend. He was disposed I thought
to prevent my interview with General Scott, - and interrupt it after I
had obtained it by introducing other people and other matters, -and
he showed evident marks of dissatisfaction at my quiet persistence
until I had accomplished my object. Of course I did not appear to
notice this." Keyes, on the other hand, went into the matter with
his whole heart. He said he was bored to death with inquiries on
these points -but where they were direct and to the point, he would
answer them by the hour with pleasure. I had also heard of Mr.
Goddard's errand, and conversed with him before receiving your

* Leigh afterwards deserted to the enemy, taking with him many of General
Scott's plans and confidential papers.

40 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Excellency's note. I, however, had another conversation with him
yesterday morning, when he informed me that the answer given to his
request for a detailed plan, was, in effect, that none such could be
furnished at present. Some regulars, one company of artillery from
Augusta, and one company of dragoons from Carlisle barracks, arrived
yesterday ; and, as I believe I mentioned in my first, a draft of infantry
arrived at Washington in the train in which I reached the city.

" General Scott and Colonel Keyes are evidently anxious, and would
like more men; but the President will never issue the requisition . . .
Floyd has so plundered the United-States magazines, arsenals, and
depots of munitions of war, and warlike stores, that they do not know
yet what is left, and so cannot tell what we must bring with us. It is
clear, that, if we move, it must be by sea, landing at Baltimore or
Annapolis ; that pilots must be secured in advance, as they will be
seized by the secessionists; and that the ships must go to sea with
sealed orders, while a false destination is publicly reported.

"I shall take the liberty to recommend one other caution, to be
adjusted when I can speak with you in private, and which actual expe-
rience has shown me is necessary, if you desire that certain Boston
papers should not divulge all your plans, as they have done hitherto.
On Thursday morning (yesterday), I saw Mr. Sumner, Mr. Wilson,
Mr. Burlingame, Mr. Adams, and others. They had nothing new to
communicate, but adhere to their conviction, that there is no prospect,
or possibility indeed, of an immediate call upon you. I mentioned in
my first, that Mr. Seward was the only person I saw who pretended
to think the danger more than postponed. I happened to be present
at a conversation between him and some of his most intimate and con-
fidential friends, when he evidently spoke out his sincere conviction.
I was much impressed with what he said, which satisfied me that his
optimist views are assumed, as necessary in his relation to the new
Administration, and that in reality he is no more hopeful than Mr.
Sumner. I will repeat his remark to you on my return. Mr. Adams
also heard this remark ; and when I asked him, yesterday, if he no-
ticed it, he seemed surprised at my having marked it also, and con-
fessed that it impressed him very forcibly.

"Mr. Adams was on his way to find me yesterday, as I was going
to his house. He came to ask me to inform your Excellency that the
Secretary of the Treasury had sent for him that morning, to beg him
to urge upon you the extreme importance of our Legislature passing
the resolves authorizing the indorsement by Massachusetts of the bonds
of the United States to the amount of the shares of the surplus

LETTER OF SECRETARY SEWARD. 41

revenue deposited with her in 1837. Mr. Adams said that the Secre-
tary wished to issue his proposals on Monday, if possible, and hoped
these resolves would be passed before that time.

"I told Mr. Adams that Mr. Seward and Mr. Wilson had impressed
me with the importance of this on the previous day, and that 1 had
conveyed their request already to your Excellency. Mr. Adams then
said I could do no more, and that he would write to you at once. I,
however, saw Mr. Wilson about it yesterday morning, and he said he
would consult the Massachusetts delegation yesterday, if possible, and
get them all to sign a letter to you on the subject, for you to show to
the Legislature.

■'I should mention that I called the attention of our delegation to
the unsatisfactory state of the United-States militia laws, and the ques-
tions that have arisen with us already. I left a copy of Lothrop's
opinion with Mr. Wilson. He will read it, and read again the debates
in our Constitutional Convention, and see what can be done. They
all saw the delicacy of the points, and their importance, and will do
what they can.

"Finding 1 could do nothing more, I decided to leave Washington
last night, though, for my own pleasure, 1 should have liked to have
remained some time longer at the centre of action in this great crisis.
I accordingly came here last night. We were detained by ice and the
extreme, savage cold.; and I found this morning that my baggage,
though properly checked and shipped at Washington, had not come
through ; indeed, none of the baggage did. This will detain me here ;
but I can only repeat in more detail what I have already written to
your Excellency, when I have the pleasure of reporting my return to
you in person. I hope your Excellency will not think my journey
has proved entirely unprofitable. I think, at any rate, that an under-
standing and communication has been opened that may prove very
useful in the future."

In connection with the letters of Colonel Ritchie, the follow-
ing extract from a letter addressed to me by Secretary Seward,
dated Washington, June 13, 1867, is of interest and impor-
tance : -

"In regard to February, 1861, I need only say, that, at the time
the secession leaders were all in the Senate and House, with power
enough, and only wanting an excuse, to get up a resistance in the
capital to the declaration of Mr. Lincoln's election and to his inaugu-
ration; in other words, to have excuse and opportunity to open the

42 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

civil war here before the new Administration and new Congress could
be in authority to subdue it. I desired to avoid giving them that advan-
tage. I conferred throughout with General Scott and Mr. Stanton, then
in Mr. Buchanan's Cabinet. I presume I conversed with others in a
way that seemed to me best calculated to leave the inauguration of a war
to the secessionists, and to delay it, in any case, until the new Admin-
istration should be in possession of the Government. It was less
military demonstration that was wanted at that particular moment
than political discretion.

"Discretion taught two duties ; namely, to awaken patriotism in the
North, and to get the secessionists, with Buchanan's Administration,
out of Washington. Mr. Adams well and thoroughly understood me.
On the 22d of February, in concert with Mr. Stanton, I caused the
United-States flag to be displayed throughout all the Northern and
Western portions of the United States."

Colonel Ritchie did not leave Washington until he had come
to a definite understanding in regard to the route by which to
forward troops to Washington, should a call for them be made.
He had been cordially received by General Scott, to whom the
purpose of his mission was made known, and he was referred
to Colonel Keyes of General Scott's staff for information upon
matters of detail. It was then arranged, that, in case of a call,
the troops should be forwarded by sea to Annapolis or Balti-
more. Colonel Keyes stated, that all other routes to Washing-
ton would be unsafe ; that, for this reason. General Scott had
placed an officer in command of Fort McHenry in Baltimore
Harbor, upon whom he could rely to hold it to the utmost.
Immediate measures were taken by the Governor to have the
necessary transports in readiness, and Colonel Lee, of his staff,
was detailed to attend to this duty. The following extract
from a letter dated Boston, Feb. 2, 1861, addressed to the
Governor, by Colonel Lee, relates a conversation he had held
that day with John M. Forbes, Esq., in regard to chartering
steamers to be used as transports, which shows that the atten-
tion of the Governor had been given to this subject before
Colonel Ritchie had returned from Washington : -

"Mr. Forbes assures me that he and others will have the trans-
ports ready as soon as the men can be, waiting until orders come
before the vessel is chartered, so as to keep as quiet as possible. And

MEETING IN CAMBRIDGE. 43

he thinks, with me, that we had better wait for New York, as we can
get ready and move quicker; and any forwardness on the part of
Massachusetts would be more offensive than that of New York. He
urges also to write or telegraph to General Scott, that we can
at once send three hundred men to relieve the garrison at For-
tress Monroe, if he desires to have the present garrison march to
Washington. The cost of steamer per month, with crew, would be
three to four thousand dollars, probably. I send a list in order of
merit."

A very large and respectable meeting of the citizens of Bos-
ton was held in Faneuil Hall, on the 5th of February, to
indorse the resolutions of Mr. Crittenden, of Kentucky, in
favor of a compromise with the South. J. Thomas Stevenson,
Esq., presided, and made a strong and able speech in favor of
compromise, in the course of which he said "he would almost
pray for a foreign war, that it might bind us again as one, and
prevent the shedding of fraternal blood. He would give up
every thing but honor." B. R. Curtis, Esq., ex-judge of the
United-States Supreme Court, made the leading speech, which
was received with great favor. The resolutions were read by
Colonel Jonas French. Speeches were made by Mr. Wight-
man, mayor of the city, Mr. Saltonstall, Mr. G. S. Hillard,
and others, some of whom afterwards distinguished themselves
as officers in the war.

This meeting spoke the sentiments of the conservative citi-
zens, who regarded war and disunion as evils greater than the
existence of slavery, or even of its further extension ; and yet
they were anti-slavery men, and regarded slavery as a great
moral and political wrong, and would gladly have seen it abol-
ished.

A few days later, on the 11th of February, a great meeting
was held in Cambridge. The City Hall was crowded. The meet-
ing was called without distinction of party. Hon. John G.
Palfrey spoke briefly. He said, " South Carolina has marshalled
herself into revolution ; and six States have followed her, and
abandoned our Government." Richard H. Dana, Jr., Esq., made
the speech of the occasion. He said the South was in a state
of mutiny ; he was against John-Brown raids, and uncompro-
misingly for the Union. He was opposed to the Crittenden

44 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

compromise, and held to the faith of Massachusetts. This
meeting uttered the sentiments of the majority of the State,
and was designed as a counterblast to the meeting held the week
before at Faneuil Hall.

The speeches made and resolutions passed at these meetings
expressed the sentiments of the people of the State. Those who
were at Faneuil Hall would rather compromise the issues than
have bloodshed and civil war. The men who were at Cam-
bridge would risk the chance of civil war rather than compro-
mise.

There was another party, which, though small in number,
was powerful in eloquence, moral character, and cultivated in-
tellect. Its zeal never flagged, its leaders never faltered. Its
hatred of slavery was chronic. Its martyr spirit was felt and
acknowledged. Its policy was aggressive. It made no com-
promises ; it sought no office ; it asked no favor ; and it gave
no quarter. This was the abolition party. The leaders of it
were Mr. Garrison and Mr. Phillips. The Federal Constitution,
as interpreted by them, was a pro-slavery instrument : they
would not, therefore, support it. The Union was " a covenant
with hell : " therefore they would break it. For a quarter of
a century they had thus spoken, and consistently acted, and
held their ground up to the very day that the rebels fired on
Sumter.

The following extract from a speech delivered in New Bed-
ford by Mr. Phillips, on the evening of the 9th of April, 1861,
is curious and remarkable, when we consider the positions held
by that gentleman before the war, during the war, and since
the war. It shows that learned men and orators are sometimes
false prophets ; and what is visible to plain men is hid from
them : -

" The telegraph," said Mr. Phillips, "is said to report to-night, that
the guns are firing, either out of Fort Sumter or into it; that to-mor-
row's breeze, when it sweeps from the North, will bring to us the echo
of the first Lexington battle of the new Revolution. Well, what shall
we say of such an hour? My own feeling is a double one. It is like
the triumph of sadness, -rejoicing and sorrow. I cannot, indeed, con-
gratulate you enough on the sublime spectacle of twenty millions of

SPEECH OF WENDELL PHILLIPS. 45

people educated in a twelvemonth up to being willing that their idol-
ized Union should risk a battle, should risk dissolution, in order, at any
risk, to put down this rebellion of slave States.

" But I am sorry that a gun should be fired at Fort Sumter, or that
a gun should be fired from it, for this reason: The Administration at
Washington does not know, its time. Here are a series of States gird-
ing the Gulf, who think that their peculiar institutions require that
they should have a separate government. They have a right to decide
that question, without appealing to you or me. A large body of people,
sufficient to make a nation, have come to the conclusion, that they will
have a government of a certain form. Who denies them the right?
Standing with the principles of '76 behind us, who can deny them the
right? What is a matter of a few millions of dollars, or a few forts ?
It is a mere drop in the bucket of the great national question. It is
theirs, just as much as ours. I maintain, on the principles of '76, that
Abraham Lincoln has no right to a soldier in Fort Sumter.

" But the question comes, secondly, ' Suppose we had a right to in-
terfere, what is the good of it? ' You may punish South Carolina for
going out of the Union : that does not, bring her in. You may subdue
her by hundreds of thousands of armies, but that does not make her a
State. There is no longer a Union : it is nothing but boy's play. Mr.
Jefferson Davis is angry, and Mr. Abraham Lincoln is mad, and they
agree to fight. One, two, or three years hence, if the news of the after-
noon is correct, we shall have gone through a war, spent millions, re-
quired the death of a hundred thousand men, and be exactly then where
we are now, - two nations, a little more angry, a little poorer, and a
great deal wise? ; and that will be the only difference : we may just as
well settle it now as then.

" You cannot go through Massachusetts, and recruit men to bombard
Charleston or New Orleans. The Northern mind will not hear it; you
can never make such a war popular. The first onset may be borne ;
the telegraph may bring us news, that Anderson has bombarded
Charleston, and you may rejoice; but the sober second thought of
Massachusetts will be, ' wasteful, unchristian, guilty.' The North never
will indorse such a war. Instead of conquering Charleston, you create
a Charleston in New England; you stir up sympathy for the South.
Therefore it seems to me that the inauguration of war is not a viola-
tion of principle, but it is a violation of expediency.

" To be for disunion, in Boston, is to be an abolitionist : to be against
disunion is to he an abolitionist to-day, in the streets of Charleston.
Now, that very state of things shows, that the civilization of the two
cities is utterly antagonistic. What is the use of trying to join them?

46 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Is Abraham Lincoln capable of making fire and powder lie down
together in peace ? If he can, let him send his army to Fort Sumter,
and occupy it.

"But understand me: I believe in the Union, exactly as you do, in
the future. This is my proposition : ' Go out, gentlemen ; you are wel-
come to your empire ; take it. Let them try the experiment of cheat-
ing with one hand, and idleness with the other. I know that God has
written bankruptcy over such an experiment. If you cannonade South
Carolina, you cannonade her into the sympathy of the world. I do
not know now but what a majority there is on my side; but I know
this, that, if the telegraph speaks true to-night, that the, guns are echo-
ing around Fort Sumter, that a majority is against us; for it will con-
vert every man into a secessionist. Besides, there is another fearful
element in the problem; there is another terrible consideration: we
can then no longer extend to the black race, at the South, our best
sympathy and our best aid.

" We stand to-night at the beginning of an epoch, which may have
the peace or the ruin of a generation in its bosom. Inaugurate war,
we know not where it will end; we are in no condition to fight. The
South is poor, and we are rich. The poor man can do twice the injury
to the rich man, that the rich man can do the poor. Your wealth rides
safely on the bosom of the ocean, and New England has its millions
afloat. The North whitens every sea with its wealth. The South has
no commerce, but she can buy the privateers of every race to prey on
yours. It is a dangerous strife when wealth quarrels with poverty.

" Driven to despair, the Southern States may be poor and bankrupt,
but the poorest man can be a pirate; and, as long as New England's
tonnage is a third of that of the civilized world, the South can punish
New England more than New England can punish her. We provoke
a strife in which we are defenceless. If, on the contrary, we hold our-
selves to the strife of ideas, if we manifest that strength which despises
insult and bides its hour, we are sure to conquer in the end.

"I distrust these guns at Fort Sumter. I do not believe that
Abraham Lincoln means war. I do not believe in the madness of
the Cabinet. Nothing but madness can provoke war with the Gulf
States. My suspicion is this : that the Administration dares not com-
promise. It trembles before the five hundred thousand readers of
the New-York Tribune.

"But there is a safe way to compromise. It is this : seem to pro-
voke war. Cannonade the forts. What will be the first result? New-
York commerce is pale with bankruptcy. The affrighted seaboard
sees grass growing in its streets. It will start up every man whose

CONDITION OF THE MILITIA. 47

livelihood hangs upon trade, intensifying him into a compromiser.
Those guns fired at Fort Sumter are only to frighten the North into a
compromise.

" If the Administration provokes bloodshed, it is a trick, - nothing
else. It is the masterly cunning of the devil of compromise, the
Secretary of State. He is not mad enough to let these States run into
battle. He knows that the age of bullets is over. If a gun is fired
in Southern waters, it is fired at the wharves of New York, at the
bank-vaults of Boston, at the money of the North. It is meant to
alarm. It is policy, not sincerity. It means concession; and, in
twelve months, you will see this Union reconstructed, with a constitu-
tion like that of Montgomery.

" New England may, indeed, never be coerced into a slave confed-
eracy. But when the battles of Abraham Lincoln are ended, and
compromises worse than Crittenden's are adopted. New England may
claim the right to secede. And, as sure as a gun is fired to-night at
Fort Sumter, within three years from to-day you will see thirty States
gathered under a Constitution twice as damnable as that of 1787.
The only hope of liberty is fidelity to principle, fidelity to peace,
fidelity to the slave. Out of that God gives us nothing but hope and
brightness. In blood there is sure to be ruin."

The lecture "was interrupted by frequent hisses."
In the preceding pages, we have sketched the position held
and the measures adopted by Massachusetts during the four
months immediately preceding the advent of war. Sumter had
been fu-ed upon ; hostilities had commenced ; nothing remained
but the arbitrament of battle. By the wisdom and foresight of
her Governor and Legislature, Massachusetts was better pre-
pared for it than other loyal States. Her militia had spent the
winter and spring nights in drilling, recruiting, and organizing.
The requirements of Order No. 4 had been enforced. The
young men who filled the ranks of the volunteer force had kept
alive the military spirit and martial character of the Common-
wealth. They had remained faithful to duty, despite the taunts
and jeers of open enemies, and the neglect and parsimony of
professed friends. They were now to give the world an exhibition
of ready devotion and personal sacrifice to duty and country sel-
dom equalled and never surpassed in any age or nation. They
had been bred in the delightful ways of peace, unused to war's

48 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

alarms and the strifes of battle. The common schools of Massa-
chusetts were their Alma Mater. In their homes by the shores
of the sea, and in the pleasant fields and valleys of the interior,
they had been nurtured in Christian morals and the ways of God.
They had beheld with anxiety, but without fear, the dark clouds
of war settling upon the face of the nation, which they knew
must be met and dispelled, or it would remain no longer a
nation to them. Through the long and anxious years of the
war, they never hesitated, doubted, or wavered in their faith that
the Union would stand the shock which menaced it ; and that,
through the sacrifice of noble lives and the baptism of precious
blood, it would emerge from the smoke and fire of civil war with
unsubdued strength, and with garments glittering all over with
the rays of Liberty. It was to be a contest between right
and wrong, law and anarchy, freedom and despotism. He who
could doubt the issue of such a war could have no abiding
faith in, the immortality of American progress, or the eternal
justice of Christian civilization.

On the 15th day of April, 1861, Governor Andrew received
a telegram from Washington to send forward at once fifteen
hundred men. The drum-beat of the long roll had been struck.

CHAPTER II.

The Call for Troops -The Marblehead Companies first in Boston - The Excite-
ment of the People - Headquarters of Regiments -Four Regiments called
for - General Butler to command-New companies organized - Liberal
Offers of Substantial Aid- Dr. George H. Lyman, Dr. William J. Dale,
Medical Service-Action of the Boston Bar-The Clergy, Rev. Mr. Cud-
worth - The Women of the State - The Men of the State -Liberal Offers of
Service and Money-Robert B. Forbes, Coast Guard-Colonel John H.
Reed appointed Quartermaster -The Personal Staff- Executive Council -
Mr. Crowninshield appointed to purchase Arms in Europe - An Emergency
Fund of Two Hundred Thousand Dollars -Letter of the Governor to Secre-
tary Cameron - General Butler consulted - The Route by Annapolis - Nar-
rative of Samuel M. Felton - Mr. Lincoln's Journey to Washington-
His Escape from Assassination - The Third Regiment-Speech of Ex-
Governor Clifford-The Fourth Regiment - Address of Governor Andrew
-Departure for Fortress Monroe - The Sixth Regiment - Departure for
Washington-Reception in New York and Philadelphia- The Eighth Regi-
ment - Departure - Speeches of Governor Andrew and General Butler -
Reception on the Route-Arrival in Philadelphia- The Fifth Regiment
sails from New York for Annapolis-Major Cook's Light Battery ordered to
Washington - The Third Battalion of Rifles sent forward - The Massachu-
setts Militia -Arrival of the Third Regiment at Fortress Monroe-Attempt
to save Norfolk Navy Yard - The Fourth Regiment the first to land in
Virginia-Fortress Monroe - Big Bethel - The Fifth Regiment - Battle
of Bull Run -The Sixth Regiment-Its March through Baltimore - The
Nineteenth of April -First Blood shed - The Eighth Regiment -Lands at
Annapolis - Saves the Frigate Constitution -Arrives in Washington - The
Rifle Battalion at Fort McHenry - Cook's Battery at Baltimore-End of the
Three Months' Service - Conclusion.

The call for troops, mentioned in the last paragraph of the pre-
ceding chapter, came from Washington by telegraph, through
Henry Wilson, of the United-States Senate ; which was dated
April 15, 1861, and asked for twenty companies, to be sent on
separately. In the course of the day, formal requisitions were
received from the Secretary of War and the Adjutant-General
of the Army for two full regiments. By command of Governor
Andrew, Special Order No. 14 was immediately issued by the
4

50 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Adjutant-General, and was forwarded, by mail and by special
messengers, to Colonel Wardrop of the Third Regiment, at
New Bedford; Colonel Packard of the Fourth, at Quincy ;
Colonel Jones of the Sixth, at Pepperell ; and Colonel Monroe
of the Eighth, at Lynn. The order was to muster the regiments
under their command in uniform on Boston Common forthwith,
" in compliance with a requisition made by the President of the
United States : the troops are to go to Washington." An order
was also issued to fill all existing vacancies in regimental and
Une officers, waiving the usual notice.

The reason for ordering four regiments when only two had
been called for was, that, by detaching strong companies from
weak regiments, the two called for might be filled to the
maximum.

The call aroused the people of the entire State to instant
action. The State House became the great centre of interest.
The Governor's room and the Adjutant-General's quarters
were crowded with citizens, tendering their services in what-
ever capacity they could be made useful. Telegrams were re-
ceived from military and civil officers, living in remote parts
of the Commonwealth, making the same generous and patriotic
offers. As if by magic, the entire character of the State was
changed : from a peaceful, industrious community, it became a
camp of armed men ; and the hum of labor gave place to the
notes of fife and drum.

On the morning of the 16th of April, the companies began
to arrive in Boston ; and, before nightfall, every company that
had received its orders in time reported at headquarters for
duty.

There has been some controversy in military circles as to
which company can claim the honor of first reaching Boston. I
can answer, that the fu-st were the three companies of the Eighth.
Regiment belonging to Marblehead, commanded by Captains
Martin, Phillips, and Boardman. I had been at the State
House all night ; and, early in the morning, rode to the Arsenal
at Cambridge, to ascertain whether the orders from headquarters,
to send in arms, ammunition, overcoats, and equipments, had
been properly attended to. Messengers had also been stationed

THE MARBLEHEAD COMPANIES. 51

at the different depots, with orders for the companies, on their
arrival, to proceed at once to Faneuil Hall, as a north-easterly
storm of sleet and rain had set in during the night, and had not
abated in the morning. On my return from Cambridge, I
stopped at the Eastern Raikoad Depot. A large crowd of men
and women, notwithstanding the storm, had gathered there, ex-
pecting the arrival of troops. Shortly after eight o'clock, the
train arrived with the Marblehead companies. They were re-
ceived with deafening shouts from the excited throng. The
companies immediately formed in line, and marched by the flank
directly to Faneuil Hall ; the fifes and drums playing " Yankee
Doodle," the people following and shouting like madmen, and
the rain and sleet falling piteously as if to abate the ardor of the
popular welcome. And thus it was the Marblehead men en-
tered Faneuil Hall on the morning of the 16th of April.

It is impossible to overstate the excitement which pervaded
the entire community through this eventful week. The raikoad
depots were surrounded with crowds of people; and the com-
panies, as they arrived, were received with cheers of grateful
welcome. Banners were suspended, as if by preconcerted ar-
rangement. The American flag spread its folds to die breeze
across streets, from the masts of vessels in the harbor, from the
cupola of the State House, the City Hall, in front of private
dwellings ; and men and boys carried miniature flags in their
hands or on their hats. The horse-cars and express-wagons were
decked with similar devices ; and young misses adorned their
persons with rosettes and ribbons, in which were blended the
national red, white, and blue. In the streets, on 'Change and
sidewalk, in private mansion and in public hotel, no topic was
discussed but the approaching war, the arrival and departure
of the troops, and measures best adapted for their comfort and
welfare. Every one was anxious to do something, and in some
way to be useful. Young men, wishing to raise new com-
panies and proffer services, pressed to the offices of the Gov-
ernor and the Adjutant-General. These offices, the rotunda,
and the passages leading to the State House, were filled with
zealous and determined people. Faneuil Hall, Boylston Hall,
the hall over the Old-Colony Raikoad Depot, where companies

52 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

were quartered, had each its Hving mass of excited spectators.
Every train which arrived at Boston brought in relatives,
friends, and townsmen of the soldiers, to say a kind word at
parting, to assure them that their families would be well cared
for while they were absent, and to add to the general enthusiasm
and excitement of the occasion.

During the entire week, wagons were bringing in, from the
State Arsenal at Cambridge, clothing, arms, ammunition, and
other munitions of war, to be deposited, prior to distribution, in
Faneuil Hall and the State House. On Saturday, the 13th of
April, two days prior to the call for troops, the Adjutant-Gen-
eral, by direction of the Governor, had written to the Secretary
of War, asking the privilege of drawing, from the United-States
Armory at Springfield, two thousand rifled muskets in advance
of the annual quota becoming due; also urging the President
to order two regiments of volunteers to garrison Fort War-
ren and Fort Independence in Boston harbor, to be there drilled
and exercised, until called by the President for active service in
the field. Neither request was granted.

While the troops ordered out were getting to Boston with all
diligence, and making ready for instant departure, another tele-
gram was received (April 16) from Senator Wilson, stating
that Massachusetts was to furnish immediately four regiments,
to be commanded by a brigadier-general ; on receipt of which,
orders were issued for the Fifth Regiment to report, and, on
the 17th, Brigadier-General Benjamin F. Butler was detailed to
command the troops.

By six o'clock on the afternoon of the 16th, the Third,
Fourth, and Sixth Regiments were ready to start. The head-
quarters of the Third was in the hall over the Old-Colony
Railroad Depot; that of the Fourth at Faneuil Hall ; that of
the Sixth in the armory of the Second and Fourth Battalions,
at Boylston Hall, over the Boylston Market.

While these regiments were getting ready, offers to raise new
companies of militia came from all parts of the State. The
Adjutant-General, in his Report for 1861, says, "From the
13th of April to the 20th of May, one hundred and fifty-nine
applications were granted to responsible parties for leave to

ENTHUSIASM AND LIBERALITY OF THE PEOPLE. 53

raise companies. In nearly every instance, the application was
signed by the requisite number of men for a company. These
applications came from every part of the Commonwealth, and
represented all classes, creeds, and nationalities. The authori-
ties of the several cities and towns acted with patriotic liber-
ality toward these companies, furnishing good accommodations
for drilling, and providing for the families of the men." In the
aggregate, they numbered full ten thousand men, eager for
orders to march. Drill companies were also formed of men
past the military age, and of citizens who desired to learn the
manual of arms. To these companies two thousand seven hun-
dred old muskets were loaned by the State. Most of these
new militia companies were organized between April 13 and
the 4th of May. Numerous letters, offering pecuniary aid to
soldiers' families, were received by the Governor and the
Adjutant-General. William Gray, of Boston, sent his check
for ten thousand dollars ; Otis Norcross, of Boston, sent his for
five hundred ; Gardner Brewer, also of Boston, offered the
State ten thousand dollars ; and many other gifts, of less
amount, were received.

The Boston Banks offered to loan the State three milhon six
hundred thousand dollars, without any security for repayment,
but faith in the honor of the Legislature, when it should
meet. They also offered the Secretary of the Treasury to
take Treasury notes to the full extent of their power. The
banks in other parts of the State made offers of loans equally
generous, according to their capital. Gentlemen of the learned
professions showed the same liberal and patriotic spirit. Dr.
George H. Lyman, who was afterwards medical inspector in
the United-States Army, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel,
had, in anticipation of civil war, prepared himself, by a study of
rules and regulations of the medical department of the army,
for the expected emergency. Therefore, on the call for troops,
he tendered his services to the Governor, to prepare medicine
chests, and act as medical purveyor in fitting out the regiments.
Dr. William J. Dale writes thus : " On the sixteenth day of
April, 1861, I was called from my professional pursuits, by
Governor Andrew, to assist Dr. George H. Lyman in furnish-

54 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

ing medical supplies for the Sixth Regiment ; and I continued,
under the direction of the Governor, to perform, conjointly with
Dr. Lyman, such duties as were incidental to a medical bureau,
until the 13th of June, 1861, when I was commissioned Sur-
geon-General of Massachusetts, with the rank of colonel."
Thus early in the war, steps were taken to form a military
medical department for the State, which was of great value
and importance during the whole of the war, reflecting honor
upon the Commonwealth and upon the distinguished gentleman
who was placed at its head. Many of the first physicians of
the Commonwealth volunteered to give their professional services
to the families of the soldiers, free of charge. A meeting of the
Boston Bar was held, at which it was voted to take charge of all
cases of other attorneys while absent in the war, and that
liberal provision be made for their families. Many applications
were made by clergymen to go out as chaplains, to take care of
the sick and wounded, and protect the physical, moral, and
religious welfare of the soldiers. Conspicuous among these was
Rev. Mr. Cudworth, pastor of the Unitarian Church in East
Boston. On Sunday, April 21, he preached a sermon on the
crisis, in which he said he had already offered his services to the
Governor as chaplain. He hoped his society would furnish at
least one company to defend the flag. In case his services as
chaplain were not accepted, he should devote his year's salary
to the common cause; and he announced that the sexton and
organist would do the same. He advised that the money
raised by the parish to build a new church should be appropri-
ated to the families of die soldiers, and that they should worship
in the old house until the war was over. He recommended the
ladies of the parish to form a society to make under-clothing for
the soldiers. He showed a handsome necklace, which a lady
had given him to be sold for the benefit of the soldiers' families.
On this occasion, the pulpit was draped with the American
flag. Mr. Cudworth, soon after, was commissioned -chaplain
of the First Massachusetts three-years Regiment, and left
with it for the front on the 15th of June, and continued in the
service, and the regiment, until the 28th of May, 1864.

During the week, and particularly after the Sixth Regiment

OFFERS OF ASSISTANCE. 55

had been attacked in Baltimore, the enthusiasm and resolution
of the people were intense. Many ladies of the most refined
and tender culture offered their services as hospital nurses ; and
many of them subsequently went forward on their mission of
humanity, and ministered with tender hands and feeling hearts
to the comfort of our sick and wounded men in the hospitals.
The letters of these true Christian women are on file at the
State House. They speak one language, and express one
thought,- opportunity to do good, and to comfort those who
are afflicted. Among these letters is one dated April 19,
from Mrs. Frances Wright, of Foxborough, and signed by one
hundred young ladies of that town, offering their services as
nurses, or to make soldiers' garments, to prepare bandage and
lint, to do any thing for the cause in their power to do. The
Governor, in his answer, writes, " I accept it as one of the most
earnest and sincere of the coundess offers of devotion to our old
Commonwealth, and to the cause of the country ; " and concludes
by asking them " to help those who are left behind, and
follow those who have gone before with your benedictions, your
benefactions, and your prayers."

Benjamin F. Parker, and Whiton, Brown, & Wheelright,
"tender the use of their sail-loft, and all such assistance of
workmen as may be necessary to do any work on the tents,
free of expense to the Commonwealth." John H. Rogers,
offers "twenty cases of boots, as a donation for the soldiers now
enlisting." Captain Francis B. Davis offers " his barque ' Man-
hattan,' to take men and munitions of war to any part of the
United States." As arrangements had been already made,
this offer was declined for the present. James M. Stone and
Newell A. Thompson offered their services to superintend
the distribution of quartermaster's stores and ordnance, which
were accepted. Robert B. Forbes, on the 17th, made a
proposal to raise a Coast Guard, which met with the cordial
approval of the Governor; but as there was no provision, in
the militia law, by which material aid could be given by the
State, the Governor wrote to the Secretary of War on behalf
of the project. On the 19th, thirty thousand dollars was
subscribed by a few gentlemen in Boston, as a fund to organize

56 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

a volunteer regiment, which was subsequently raised, and
known as the Second Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer
Infantry. The subscription paper was headed by David Sears,
James Lawrence, Thomas Lee, Samuel Hooper, George O.
Hovey, and Mrs. William Pratt, each of whom subscribed one
thousand dollars.

The call for troops, and their organization and equipment,
rendered a division of military duties, and the enlargement of
the staff of the Governor, a necessity. By law, the Adjutant-
General, in time of peace, was Inspector-General and acting
Quartermaster-General of the Commonwealth. In time of war,
the triple duties of these offices could not be performed by one
person ; and therefore Colonel John H. Reed, who had expe-
rience in military affairs, and had served as senior aide-de-camp
on the staff of Governor Banks, was commissioned, on the
nineteenth, Quartermaster-General of Massachusetts, with the
rank of brigadier-general. General Reed entered upon his
duties immediately, and relieved the Adjutant-General of all
quartermaster's duties and responsibilities. Many of the duties
had previously been performed, during the week, by the aides-
de-camp of the Governor, and by private gentlemen, who had
volunteered their services.

From the hour the telegram was received by the Governor,
the pressure of business upon the executive and military depart-
ments of the State became more and more urgent. Colonels
Sargent, Ritchie, Lee, and Wetherell, of the Governor's per-
sonal staff, were on duty, answering inquiries, writing letters,
and attending to the multiplicity of details which the duties of
the executive rendered necessary. The Executive Council was
also in session ; and, on the 20th of April, it " was ordered that
the Treasurer be authorized to borrow two hundred thousand
dollars, to be held as an emergency fund for miUtary purposes ; "
also, "that an agent be sent to Europe with authority to
purchase, on account of the Commonwealth, twenty-five thou-
sand rifles and army pistols, to be imported as soon as may be,
for the use of the militia in defence of the State and of the
nation, and that the Governor issue a letter of credit to such
agent for the purpose of fulfilling this order." The Governor

GOVERNOR ANDREW'S LETTER.

appointed Hon. Francis B. Crowninshield the agent to proceed
to Europe and purchase arms, and gave him a letter of
credit to the amount of fifty thousand pounds sterling. Mr.
Crowninshield sailed in the next steamer from New York for
England.

On the day that orders were received to send forward
troops, the Governor wrote the following letter :-

Boston, April 15, 1861.
To Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War.

Sir, -I have received telegrams from yourself and Brigadier-
General Thomas, admonishing me of a coming requisition for twenty
companies of sixty-four privates each ; and I have caused orders to be
distributed to bring the men into Boston before to-morrow night, and
to await orders. Allow me to urge the issue of an order to the
Springfield (Mass.) Armory, to double the production of arms at once,
and to push the work to the utmost. If any aid by way of money or
credit is needed from Massachusetts, I hope to be at once apprised.
An extra session of our General Court can be called immediately, if
need be ; and, if called, it will respond to any demand of patriotism.

And I beg you would permit, in addition to suggesting the utmost
activity at Springfield Armory, to urge that the armory at Harper's
Ferry be discontinued, and its tools, machinery, and works be trans-
ferred elsewhere, or else that it be rigidly guarded against seizure, of
the danger of which I have some premonitions. If any more troops
will certainly be needed from Massachusetts, please signify it at once,
since I should prefer receiving special volunteers for active militia to
detail any more of our present active militia, especially as many most
efficient gentlemen would like to raise companies or regiments, as the
case may be, and can receive enlistments of men who are very ready
to serve.

Allow me also to suggest that our forts in Boston Harbor are
entirely unmanned. If authorized, I would put a regiment into the
forts at any time. Two of my staff spent last Saturday in making
experiments of the most satisfactory character, with Shenkle's new in-
vention in projectiles ; and so extraordinary was the firing, that I have
directed eighteen guns to be rifled, and projectiles to be made. May
I commend this invention to the examination of the United-States
Government?

I am happy to add that I find the amplest proof of a warm devotion
to the country's cause, on every hand to-day. Our people are

alive. Yours, John A. Andrew.

58 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

General Butler was appointed on the 17th to command the
Massachusetts Brigade. He established temporary headquar-
ters in the State House. He was consulted by the Governor in
regard to the movement of the troops ; the letters which Colonel
Ritchie had written from Washington, in February, were read
to him; and the arrangements which had been agreed upon by
General Scott and the Governor, that troops, when called for,
should be sent by sea to Annapolis or by the Potomac River to
Washington, were made known. He was put in possession
of all the information which had been obtained respecting the
movement of troops to Washington by way of Annapolis.
On the day the requisition for troops came to Governor Andrew,
he telegraphed, in reply,, that the troops would be at once for-
warded to Annapolis by sea; to which an answer was received
from the Secretary of War, to " send the troops by railroad:
they will arrive quicker, the route through Baltimore is now
open." In consequence of this despatch, the route was changed,
and the Sixth Regiment was forwarded by rail, although, through
the activity and foresight of John M. Forbes, steamers were
in readiness to take the regiment by sea. Had the route not
been changed, the bloodshed in Baltimore on the ever-memora-
ble 19th of April would have been avoided. How the Secre-
tary of War could have believed the route through Baltimore
was safe, it is difficult to understand, if, as may have been
supposed, he was aware of the schemes which were planned
in Baltimore to assassinate Mr. Lincoln, when on his way to
Washington to be inaugurated, and which were thwarted by the
prudence, vigilance, and accurate knowledge of one man.

The true history of Mr. Lincohi's perilous journey to Wash-
ington in 1861, and the way he escaped death, have never been
made public until now. The narrative was written by Samuel
M. Felton, of Philadelphia, President of the Philadelphia and
Baltimore Railroad Company, in 1862, at the request of Mr.
Sibley, Librarian of Harvard University ; but it was not com-
pleted until lately, when it was sent to me, with other valuable
material, by Mr. Felton. It has a direct bearing upon events
which transpired in forwarding the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment
to Washington, and which are now to be narrated. Mr. Felton

NARRATIVE OF SAMUEL M. FELTON. 59

is a native of Massachusetts, and a brother of the late President
of Harvard University. He was bom in West Newbury, Essex
County, Mass., July 17, 1809, and graduated at Harvard
in the class of 1834. His services in the cause of the Union
and good government, therefore, are a part of the renown
of this Commonwealth, and should properly find a place in
these pages. His narrative is as follows : -

"It came to my knowledge in the early part of 1861, first by
rumors and then from evidence which I could not doubt, that there
was a deep-laid conspiracy to capture Washington, destroy all the
avenues leading to it from the North, East, and West, and thus prevent
the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln in the capital of the country ; and, if
this plot did not succeed, then to murder him while on his way to the
capital, and thus inaugurate a revolution, which should end in estab-
lishing a Southern Confederacy, uniting all the Slave States, while it
was imagined that the North would be divided into separate cliques,
each striving for the destruction of the other. Early in the year 1861;
Miss Dix, the philanthropist, came into my office on a Saturday after-
noon. I had known her for some years as one engaged in alleviating
the sufferings of the afflicted. Her occupation had brought her in
contact with the prominent men South. In visiting hospitals, she had
become familiar with the structure of Southern society, and also with
the working of its political machinery. She stated that she had an
important communication to make to me personally ; and, after closing
my door, I listened attentively to what she had to say for more than
an hour. She put in a tangible and reliable shape, by the facts she
related, what before I had heard in numerous and detached parcels.
The sum of it all was, that there was then an extensive and organized
conspiracy throughout the South to seize upon Washington, with its
archives and records, and then declare the Southern conspirators
de facto the Government of the United States. The whole was to be
a coup d'etat. At the same time, they were to cut off all modes of
communication between Washington and the North, East, or West,
and thus prevent the transportation of troops to wrest the capital
from the hands of the insurgents. Mr. Lincoln's inauguration was
thus to be prevented, or his life was to fall a sacrifice to the aUempt at
inauguration. In fact, troops were then drilling on the line of our own
road, and the Washington and Annapolis line, and other lines ; and they
were sworn to obey the commands of their leaders; and the leaders
were banded together to capture Washington. As soon as the inter-

60 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

view was ended, I called Mr. N. P. Trist into my office, and told him
I wanted him to go to Washington that night, and communicate, these
facts to General Scott. I also furnished him with some data as to the
other routes to Washington, that might be adopted in case the direct
route was cut off. One was the Delaware Railroad to Seaford, and
then up the Chesapeake and Potomac to Washington, or to Annapolis
and thence to Washington ; another, to Perryville, and thence to
Annapolis and Washington. Mr. Trist left that night, and arrived in
Washington at six the next morning, which was on Sunday. He im-
mediately had an interview with General Scott, who told him he had
foreseen the trouble that was coming, and in October previous had
made a communication to the President, predicting trouble at the
South, and urging strongly the garrisoning of all the Southern forts
and arsenals with forces sufficient to hold them, but that his advice
had been unheeded; nothing had been done, and he feared nothing
would be done; that he was powerless; and that he feared Mr.
Lincoln would be obliged to be inaugurated into office at Phila-
delphia. He should, however, do all he could to bring troops to
Washington sufficient to make it secure; but he had no influence
with the Administration, and feared the worst consequences. Thus
matters stood on Mr. Trist's visit to Washington, and thus they
stood for some time afterwards. About this time, - a few days sub-
sequent, however, -a gentleman from Baltimore came out to Back-
river Bridge, about five miles this side of the city, and told the
bridge-keeper that he had come to give information which had come
to his knowledge of vital importance to the road, which he wished
communicated to me. The nature of this communication was, that
a party was then organized in Baltimore to burn our bridges, in case
Mr. Lincoln came over the road, or in case we attempted to carry
troops for the defence of Washington. The party, at that time, had
combustible materials prepared to pour over the bridges ; and were to
disguise themselves as negroes, and be at the bridge just before the
train in which Mr. Lincoln travelled had arrived. The bridge was
then to be burned, the train attacked, and Mr. Lincoln to be put out
of the way. This man appeared to be a gentleman and in earnest,
and honest in what he said; but he would not give his name, nor allow
any inquiries to be made as to his name or exact abode, as he said his
life would be in peril were it known that he had given this information ;
but, if we would not attempt to find him out, he would continue to
come and give information. He came subsequently several times, and
gave items of information as to the movements of the conspirators;
but I have never been able to ascertain who he was. Immediately

MR. LINCOLN'S ESCAPE FROM ASSASSINATION. 61

after the development of these facts, I went to Washington, and there
met a prominent and reliable gentleman from Baltimore, who was well
acquainted with Marshal Kane, then the chief of police. I was
anxious to ascertain whether he was loyal and reliable, and made par-
ticular inquiries upon both these points. I was assured that Kane was
perfectly reliable; whereupon I made known some of the facts that
had come to my knowledge in reference to the designs for the burning
of the bridges, and requested that they should be laid before Marshal
Kane, with a request that he should detail a police force to make the
necessary investigation. Marshal Kane was seen, and it was sug-
gested to him that there were reports of a conspiracy to burn the
bridges and cut off Washington ; and his advice was asked as to the
best way of ferreting out the conspirators. He scouted the idea that
there was any such thing on foot; said he had thoroughly investi-
gated the whole matter, and there was not the slightest foundation for
such rumors. I then determined to have nothing more to do with
Marshal Kane, but to investigate the matter in my own way, and at
once sent for a celebrated detective, who resided in the West, and
whom I had before employed on an important matter. He was a man
of great skill and resources. I furnished him with a few hints, and at
once set him on the track with eight assistants. There were then
drilling, upon the line of the railroad, some three military organiza-
tions, professedly for home defence, pretending to be Union men, and,
in one or two instances, tendering their services to the railroad in case
of trouble. Their propositions were duly considered ; but the defence
of the road was never intrusted to their tender mercies. The first
thing done was to enlist a volunteer in each of these military compa-
nies. They pretended to come from New Orleans and Mobile, and
did not appear to be wanting in sympathy for the South. They were
furnished with uniforms at the expense of the road, and drilled as
often as their associates in arms ; became initiated into all the secrets
of the organization, and reported every day or two to their chief, who
immediately reported to me the designs and plans of these military
companies. One of these organizations was loyal; but the other two
were disloyal, and fully in the plot to destroy the bridges, and march
to Washington, to wrest it from the hands of the legally constituted
authorities. Every nook and corner of the road and its vicinity was
explored by the chief and his detectives, and the secret working of
secession and treason laid bare, and brought to light. Societies were
joined in Baltimore, and various modes known to, and practised only
by, detectives, were resorted to, to win the confidence of the conspira-
tors, and get into their secrets. The plan worked well; and the

62 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

midnight plottings and daily consultations of the conspirators were
treasured up as a guide to our future plans for thwarting them. I t
turned out, that all that had been communicated by Miss Dix and the
gentleman from Baltimore rested upon a foundation of fact, and that
the half had not been told. It was made as certain as strong circum-
stantial and positive evidence could make it, that there was a plot to
burn the bridges and destroy the road, and murder Mr. Lincoln on his
way to Washington, if it turned out that he went there before troops
were called. If troops were first called, then the bridges were to be
destroyed, and Washington cut off, and taken possession of by the South.
I at once organized and armed a force of about two hundred men, whom
I distributed along the line between the Susquehanna and Baltimore,
principally at the bridges. These men were drilled secretly and regu-
larly by drill-masters, and were apparently employed in whitewashing
the bridges, putting on some six or seven coats of whitewash, saturated
with salt and alum, to make the outside of the bridges as nearly fire-
proof as possible. This whitewashing, so extensive in its application,
became the nine days' wonder of the neighborhood. Thus the bridges
were strongly guarded, and a train was arranged so as to concentrate
all the forces at one point in case of trouble. The programme of Mr.
Lincoln was changed ; and as it was decided by him that he would go
to Harrisburg from Philadelphia, and thence over the Northern Cen-
tral road by day to Baltimore, and thence to Washington. We were
then informed by our detective, that the attention of the conspirators
was turned from our road to the Northern Central, and that they
would there await the coming of Mr. Lincoln. This statement was
confirmed by our Baltimore gentleman, who came out again, and said
their designs upon our road were postponed for the present, and, unless
we carried troops, would not be renewed again. Mr. Lincoln was to
be waylaid on the line of the Northern Central road, and prevented
from reaching Washington; and his life was to fall a sacrifice to the
attempt. Thus matters stood on his arrival in Philadelphia. I felt
it my duty to communicate to him the facts that had come to my
knowledge, and urge his going to Washington privately that night in
our sleeping-car, instead of publicly two days after, as was proposed.
I went to a hotel in Philadelphia, where I met the detective, who was
registered under an assumed name, and arranged with him to bring Mr.
Judd, Mr. Lincoln's intimate friend, to my room in season to arrange
the journey to Washington that night. One of our sub-detectives
made three efforts to communicate with Mr. Judd while passing
through the streets in the procession, and was three times arrested
and carried out of the crowd by the police. The fourth time he sue-

NARRATIVE CONTINUED. 63

ceeded, and brought Mr. Judd to my room, where he met the detective-
in-chief and myself. We lost no time in making known to him all the
facts which had come to our knowledge in reference to the conspiracy ;
and I most earnestly advised that Mr. Lincoln should go to Washing-
ton privately that night in the sleeping-car. Mr. Judd fully entered
into the plan, and said he would urge Mr. Lincoln to adopt it. On
his communicating with Mr. Lincoln, after the services of the evening
were over, he answered that he had engaged to go to Harrisburg and
speak the next day, and he would not break his engagement even in
the face of such peril, but that, after he had fulfilled the engagement,
he would follow such advice as we might give him in reference to his
journey to Washington. It was then arranged that he should go to
Harrisburg the next day, and make his address ; after which he was to
apparently return to Governor Curtin's house for the night, but in
reality go to a point about two miles out of Harrisburg, where an
extra car and engine awaited to take him to Philadelphia. At the
time of his retiring, the telegraph lines, east, west, north, and south
from Harrisburg were cut, so that no message as to his movements
could be sent off in any direction. Mr. Lincoln could not probably
arrive in season for our regular train that left at eleven, p m., and I
did not dare to send him by an extra for fear of its being found out or
suspected that he was on the road ; so it became necessary for me
to devise some excuse for the detention of the train. But three or
four on the road besides myself knew the plan. One of these I sent
by an earlier train, to say to the people of the Washington Branch
road that I had an important package I was getting ready for the
eleven, p.m., train ; that it was necessary I should have this package
delivered in Washington early the next morning without fail; that I
was straining every nerve to get it ready by eleven o'clock, but, in
case I did not succeed, I should delay the train until it was ready, -
probably not more than half an hour; and I wished, as a personal
favor, that the Washington train should await the coming of ours from
Philadelphia before leaving. This request was willingly complied
with by the managers of the Washington Branch ; and the man whom
I had sent to Baltimore so informed me by telegraph in cipher. The
second person in the secret I sent to West Philadelphia, with a car-
riage, to await the coming of Mr. Lincoln. I gave him a package of
old railroad reports, done up with great care, with a great seal attached
to it, and directed in a fair, round hand, to a person at Willard's. I
marked it ' Very important ; to be delivered without fail by eleven
o'clock train,' indorsing my own name upon the package. Mr. Lincoln
arrived in West Philadelphia, and was immediately taken into the

64 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

carriage, and driven to within a square of our station, where my man
with the package jumped off, and waited till he saw the carriage drive
up to the door, and Mr. Lincoln and the detective get out and go into
the station. He then came up, and gave the package to the conductor,
who was waiting at the door to receive it, in company with a police
officer. Tickets had been bought beforehand for Mr. Lincoln and
party to Washington, including a tier of berths in the sleeping-car.
He passed between the conductor and the police-officer at the door, and
neither suspected who he was. The conductor remarked as he passed,
'Well, old fellow, it is lucky for you that our president detained the
train to send a package by it, or you would have been left.' Mr.
Lincoln and the detective being safely ensconced in the sleeping-car,
and my package safely in the hands of the conductor, the train started
for Baltimore about fifteen minutes behind time. Our man No. 3,
George - — , started with the train to go to Baltimore, and hand it
over, with its contents, to man No. 1, who awaited its arrival in Balti-
more. Before the train reached Gray's Ferry Bridge, and before Mr.
Lincoln had resigned himself to slumber, the conductor came to our
man George, and accosting him, said, ' George, I thought you and I
were old friends ; and why did you not tell me we had Old Abe on
board ? ' George, thinking the conductor had in some way become
possessed of the secret, answered, ' John, we are friends, and, as you
have found it out. Old Abe is on board ; and we will still be friends,
and see him safely through.' John answered, 'Yes, if it costs me my
life, he shall have a safe passage.' And so George stuck to one end of
the car, and the conductor to the other every moment that his duties
to the other passengers would admit of it. It turned out, however, that
the conductor was mistaken in his man. A man strongly resembling
Mr. Lincoln had come down to the train, about half an hour before it
left, and bought a ticket to Washington for the sleeping-car. The
conductor had seen him, and concluded he was the veritable Old Abe.
George delivered the sleeping-car and train over to William in Balti-
more, as had been previously arranged ; who took his place at the brake,
and rode to Washington, where he arrived at six, a.m., on time, and
saw Mr. Lincoln, in the hands of a friend, safely delivered at Wil-
lard's, where he secretly ejaculated, 'God be praised !' He also saw
the package of railroad reports, marked 'important,' safely delivered into
the hands for which it was intended. This being done, he performed his
morning ablutions in peace and quiet, and enjoyed with unusual zest
his breakfast. At eight o'clock, the time agreed upon, the telegraph-
wires were joined; and the first message flashed across the line was,
'Your package has arrived safely, and been delivered,' signed ' William."

ROSTER OF THE THIRD REGIMENT. 65

Then there went up from the writer of this a shout of joy and a
devout thanksgiving to Him from whom all blessings flow; and the
few who were in the secret joined in a heartfelt Amen. Thus, began
and ended a chapter in the history of the Rebellion, that has been never
before written, but about which there have been many hints, entitled
'A Scotch Cap and Riding-cloak,' &c., neither of which had any founda-
tion in truth, as Mr. Lincoln travelled in his ordinary dress. Mr.
Lincoln was safely inaugurated ; after which I discharged our detective
force, and also the semi-military whitewashers, and all was quiet and
serene again on the railroad. But the distant booming from Fort
Sumter was soon heard, and aroused in earnest the whole population
of the loyal States. The seventy-five thousand three-months men
were called out ; and again the plans for burning bridges and destroying
the railroad were revived in all their force and intensity. Again I
sent Mr. Trist to Washington to see General Scott, to beg for troops
to garrison the road, as our forces were then scattered, and could not be
got at. Mr. Trist telegraphed me that the forces would be supplied;
but the crisis came on immediately, and all, and more than all, were re-
quired at Washington. At the last moment, I obtained, and sent down
the road, about two hundred men, armed with shot-guns and revolvers,
-all the arms I could get hold of at the time. They were raw and
undisciplined men, and not fit to cope with those brought against them,
-about one hundred and fifty men, fully armed, and commanded by
the redoubtable rebel, J. R. Trimble."

Such was the condition of affairs along the line of that road
when the Sixth Regiment reached Philadelphia, on the 18th of
April. I now proceed with the narrative.

The Third and Fourth Regiments were composed of com-
panies belonging to towns in Norfolk, Plymouth, and Bristol
Counties. The Sixth and Eighth were almost exclusively from
Middlesex and Essex Counties. The field-officers of the Third
were David W. Wardrop, of New Bedford, colonel ; Charles
Raymond, of Plymouth, lieutenant-colonel ; John H. Jennings,
of New Bedford, major; Austin S. Cushman, of New Bedford,
adjutant; Edward D. Allen, Fairhaven, quartermaster ; Alex-
ander R. Holmes, of New Bedford, surgeon; Johnson Clark,
of New Bedford, assistant-surgeon ; Alberti C. Maggi, of New
Bedford, sergeant-major, and Frederick S. Gifford, of New Bed-
ford, quartermaster-sergeant.

Company A, "Halifax Light Infantry." Joseph S. Harlow,
6

66 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

of Middlcborough, captain. The lieutenants were Cephas Wash-
burn, of Kingston, and Charles P. Lyon, of Halifax.

Company B, " Standish Guards," of Plymouth. Charles C.
Doten, of Plymouth, captain ; Otis Rogers, of Plymouth, and
William B. Alexander, of Boston, lieutenants.

Company B, " Cambridge City Guards," of Cambridge. This
company was the first company raised for the war in Massachu-
setts, and was organized in January, 1861, and attached tempo-
rarily to the Fifth Regiment. It was recruited out of the
Cambridge "Wide Awake Club." Its officers were James P.
Richardson, captain ; Samuel E. Chamberlain and Edwin F.
Richardson, lieutenants, -all of whom belonged to that part
of die city of Cambridge known as Cambridgeport.

Company G, the " Assonet Light Infantry," Freetown. John
W. Marble, captain; Humphrey A. Francis and John M.
Dean, lieutenants, - all of Freetown.

Company H. " Samoset Guards," Plympton. Lucian L.
Perkins, of Plympton, captain ; Oscar E. Washburn, of Plymp-
ton, and Southworth Loring, of Middlcborough, lieutenants.

Company K, " Bay State Light Infantry," Carver. William
S. McFarlin, of South Carver, captain ; John Dunham, of North
Carver, and Francis L. Porter, of New Bedford, lieutenants.

Company L, " New Bedford City Guards." Timothy Ingra-
ham, captain ; and James Barton and Austin S. Cushman,
lieutenants, - all of New Bedford.

This company left New-Bedford early on the morning of the
16th. Its departure was witnessed by thousands of citizens.
Addresses were made by ex-Governor John H. Clifford and
the Mayor of the city. The following is an extract from Gov-
ernor Clifford's speech : -

"You, New-Bedford Guards, - guards of honor and safety to your
fellow-citizens! We know, that, when brought to the test, you will
be justified and approved. It was a severe trial to be summoned
away in time of peace and prosperity ; but it may be the discipline of a
beneficent Providence, to remind us of our blessings, and that as a people
we might show to the world whether we are worthy of liberty. W e
remain: you go forth. The ties of affection, the tenderness of
mother, wife, sister, and friends, cluster around this hour. All these

EX-GOVERNOR CLIFFORD'S SPEECH. 67

ties you cheerfully yield to the call to patriot conflict and our coun-
try's welfare. . . . All bid you God-speed, even the families who are
to be left alone ; as the wife of one of you said this morning to the
question if her husband was going, ' My husband going? Yes ; and I
would not keep him back for all that he could gain at home. I will
welcome him on his return, if he should return; and, if that should
not be, I will for ever bless and honor his memory. Go in peace, my
friends. Disturb not your minds about the care of your families.
Your fellow-citizens will see to it that those you leave behind shall
want nothing while you are gone. We shall hear from you on the
field of duty, and that not one has failed, wherever he may be. God
keep you safe under his care, and bring you back with untarnished glory,
to be received by your fellow-citizens with heartfelt joy and honor !"

At the conclusion of this speech, an impressive prayer was
made by Rev. Mr. Girdwood. An escort of citizens, headed
by ex-Governor Clifford, conducted the company to the cars,
which started for Boston amid the cheers of the assembled
thousands.

The Third Regiment was destined for Fortress Monroe ; and,
the steam transport being ready, the regiment left its quarters
about six o'clock on the afternoon of Wednesday the 17th,
marched to the State House to receive its equipments, and from
thence to Central Wharf, where it embarked. The regiment
was cheered the whole length of its march, and a national
salute was fired on the wharf. The steamer cast off about
seven o'clock, and anchored in the stream, where it remained
until noon the next day, when it sailed, bearing to Virginia its
patriot freight. It arrived at Fortress Monroe on the 20th.

The field and staff officers of the Fourth Regiment were
Abner B. Packard, of Quincy, colonel ; Hawkes Fearing, Jr., of
Hingham , lieutenant-colonel ; Horace O. Whittemore, of Bos-
ton, major ; Henry Walker, of Quincy, adjutant; William H.
Carruth, of Boston, quartermaster; Henry M. Saville, of
Quincy, surgeon ; William L. Faxon, of Quincy, "surgeon's
mate ; " Alvin E. Hall, of Foxborough, sergeant-major; and
George W. Barnes, of Plymouth, quartermaster-sergeant.

Company A, "Union Light Guards," Canton. Officers :
Ira Drake, of Stoughton, captain ; Henry U. Morse and Wal-
ter Cameron, of Canton, lieutenants: At this time. Lieutenant

68 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Cameron was in New Orleans ; and John McKay, Jr., of Can-
ton, was chosen to fill the vacancy. Lieutenant Cameron, how-
ever, soon after returned home, and joined his company at
Fortress Monroe.

Company B, " Light Infantry," Easton. Officers : Milo M.
Williams, captain ; Linton Waldron and William E. Bump,
Jr., lieutenants, - all of Easton.

Company C, " Light Infantry," Braintree. Officers : Cephas
C. Bumpus, captain ; James T. Stevens and Isaac P. Fuller,
lieutenants, - all of Braintree.

Company D, " Light Infantry," Randolph. Officers : Horace
Niles , captain; Otis S. Wilbur and H. Frank Wales, lieu-
tenants, -all of Randolph.

Company E, " Light Infantry," South Abington. Officers :
Charles F. Allen, captain ; Lewis Soule and John W. Mitchell,
lieutenants , -all of South Abington.

Company F, " Warren Light Guards," Foxborough. Offi-
cers : David L. Shepard, captain ; Moses A. Richardson and
Carlos A. Hart, lieutenants, - all of Foxborough.

Company G, " Light Infantry," Taunton. Officers : Timothy
Gordon, captain ; Zaccheus Sherman and Frederick A. Har-
rington, lieutenants, - all of Taunton.

Company H, " Hancock Light Guards," Quincy. Officers :
Franklin Curtis, captain ; Edward A. Spear and Benjamin F.
Meservey, lieutenants, - all of Quincy.

Company I; " Lincoln Light Guards," Hingham. Officers :
Luther Stephenson, Jr., captain ; Charles Sprague and Nathaniel
French, Jr., lieutenants, -all of Hingham. This company
was named in honor of Major-General Benjamin Lincoln, of
revolutionary renown.

This regiment was ready to march on the 16th ; but transpor-
tation could not be arranged until the next day. Its destination
was Fortress Monroe. It left Faneuil Hall at three o'clock on
the afternoon of the 17th, and marched to the State House,
where it was addressed by Governor Andrew, who said, -

" It gives me unspeakable pleasure to witness this array from the
good Old Colony. You have come from the shores of the sounding
sea, where lie the ashes of Pilgrims ; and you are bound on a high

THE FOURTH REGIMENT. -SPEECH OF GOV. ANDREW. 6 9

and noble pilgrimage for liberty, for the Union and Constitution of your
country. Soldiers of the Old Bay State, sons of sires who never
disgraced their flag in civil life or on the tented field, I thank you from
the bottom of my heart for this noble response to the call of your
State and your country. You cannot wait for words. I bid you God-
speed and an affectionate farewell."

Colonel Packard made a brief and fitting response ; and the
regiment filed down Park Street., and marched to the depot of
the Old Colony Railroad, where a train was ready to receive
it. In a few minutes, the regiment was on the way to Fall
River, where it was put on board the steamer "State of Maine,"
and arrived at New York the next afternoon. Its departure
was delayed until four o'clock on the morning of the 19th, in
adjusting ballast and taking in coal, when it started for For-
tress Monroe, and arrived there at break of day on the morning
of the 20th. In its march through Boston and along the
route to Fall River, the regiment was received with cheers of
approval from the men, and by the waving of handkerchiefs by
the women, who turned out to greet it.

The Sixth Regiment mustered on the 16th at Lowell, at nine
o'clock in the morning. Before leaving the city for Boston, it
was addressed by the Mayor and others, and cheered by the
populace. Four of the companies belonged in Lowell. The
inhabitants in mass came from their dwellings, mills, and work-
shops, to witness the regiment depart. It arrived in Boston at
one o'clock, where it met with a cordial reception. The crowd
followed it to Faneuil Hall, and from thence to Boylston Hall,
where its headquarters were established.

The field and staff officers of the Sixth were Edward F.
Jones, of Pepperell, colonel; Benjamin F. Watson, of Law-
rence, lieutenant-colonel; Josiah A. Sawtell, of Lowell, ma-
jor ; Alpha B. Farr, of Lowell, adjutant ; James Monroe, of
Cambridge, quartermaster ; Charles Babbidge, of Pepperell,
chaplain ; Norman Smith, of Groton, surgeon; Jansen T.
Paine, of Charlestown, " surgeon's mate ; " Rufus L. Plaisted,
of Lowell, paymaster ; Samuel D. Shattuck, of Groton, ser-
geant-major ; Church Howe, of Worcester, quartermaster-
sergeant ; John Dupee, of Boston, commissary-sergeant ; Fred-

70 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

erick Stafford, of Lowell, drum-major ; William H. Gray, of
Acton, hospital steward. The Sixth had a full staff and regi-
mental band.

Company A, " National Greys," Lowell. Officers : Josiah
A. Sawtell, captain ; Andrew J. Johnson and Andrew C.
Wright, lieutenants, - all of Lowell.

Company B, " Groton Artillery," Groton. Officers : Eusebius
S. Clark, captain; George F. Shattuck and Samuel G. Blood,
lieutenants , -all of Groton.

Company C, " Mechanics' Phalanx," Lowell. Officers : Al-
bert S. Follansbee, captain; Samuel D. Shipley and John C.
Jepson, lieutenants, - all of Lowell.

Company D, " City Guards," Lowell. Officers : James W.
Hart, captain; Charles E. Jones, and Samuel C. Pinney,
Llewellyn L. Craig, lieutenants, - all of Lowell.

Company E, " Davis Guards," Acton. Officers : Daniel
Tuttle, captain ; William H. Chapman and George W. Rand,
'Silas B. Blodgett, Aaron S. Fletcher, lieutenants, - all of
Acton.

This company was named in honor of their brave towns-
man. Captain Isaac Davis, who commanded an Acton company
to defend the North Bridge, across Concord River, on the 19th
of April, 1775, where he fell a martyr to liberty and American
independence.

Company F, "Warren Light Guard," Lawrence. Officers :
Benjamin F. Chadbourne, captain; Melvin Beal, Thomas J.
Gate, and Jesse C. Silver, lieutenants, - all of Lawrence.

Company G, "Worcester Light Infantry," Worcester. Offi-
cers : Harrison W. Pratt, captain ; George W. Prouty, Thomas
S. Washburn, J. Waldo Denny, and Dexter F. Parker, lieu-
tenants, - all of Worcester.

This company was originally organized in 1803, by Hon.
Levi Lincoln, and served in the war of 1812, under command
of his brother. Captain John W. Lincoln.

Company H, " Watson Light Guard," Lowell. Officers :
John F. Noyes, captain ; George E. Davis, Andrew F. Jewett,
and Benjamin Warren, lieutenants, -all of Lowell.

Company I, " Light Infantry," Lawrence. Officers : John

THE SIXTH REGIMENT'S DEPARTURE. 71

Pickering, captain ; Daniel S. Yeaton, A. Lawrence Hamilton,
Eben H. Ellenwood, and Eugene J. Mason, lieutenants, -all
of Lawrence.

Company K, " Washington Light Guard," Boston. Officers :
Walter S. Sampson, captain; Ansell D. Wass, Moses J.
Emery, Thomas Walwork, and John F. Dunning, lieutenants.

This company was detached from the First Regiment to com-
plete the Sixth. The company was drilling in its armory, on
Eliot Street, Boston, on the evening of the 16th. About ten
o'clock, the Adjutant-General brought to Captain Sampson, at
the armory, an order from the Governor, attaching the com-
pany to the Sixth Regiment, to proceed the next morning to
Washington. The order was received with nine cheers. Every
man was ready and eager to go.

Company L, " Light Infantry," Stoneham. Officers : John
H. Dike, captain; Leander F. Lynde, Darius N. Stevens, and
John F. Rowe, -all of Stoneham, - and William B. Blais-
dell, of Lynn, lieutenants.

This company was detached from the Seventh Regiment.
The Adjutant-General, in his Report for 1861, says, -

" It was nine o'clock, in the evening of the 16th, before your Excel-
lency decided to attach the commands of Captains Sampson and Dike
to the Sixth Regiment. A messenger was despatched to Stoneham
with orders for Captain Dike, who reported to me, at eight o'clock the
next morning, that he found Captain Dike at his house in Stoneham,
at two o'clock in the morning, and placed your Excellency's orders in
his hands ; that he read them, and said, 'Tell the Adjutant-General
that I shall be at the State House, with my full command, by eleven
o'clock to-day. True to his word, he reported at the time; and that
afternoon, attached to the Sixth, the company left for Washington.
Two days afterwards, on the 19th of April, during that gallant march
through Baltimore which is now a matter of history, Captain Dike was
shot down while leading his company through the mob. He received
a wound in the leg, which will render him a cripple for life."

The orders were promulgated at Stoneham immediately.
The bells of the several meeting-houses were rung. The com-
pany and the inhabitants assembled. Immediate preparations
to leave were made. The citizens made up a purse of five hun-

72 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

dred dollars, and gave it to Captain Dike, for the service of
himself and company.

At eleven o'clock in the forenoon of the 17th, the Sixth Regi-
ment marched from Boylston Hall to the State House, where it
received the new rifled muskets in exchange for smooth-bores.
When in line in front of the State House, the Governor made
a short and eloquent speech to the regiment, and presented it
with a new set of colors. Colonel Jones received the colors,
and pledged himself and the regiment that they should never be
disgraced. At seven o'clock that evening, the Sixth marched to
the depot of the Boston and Worcester Raikoad, and embarked
by the land route for New York. At the depot, and along the
entire line of road, they received one continued ovation. At
several places, the bells were rung, and salutes of artillery fired.
At Worcester, an immense throng cheered them ; at Springfield,
the military and the fire department turned out to do them
honor. The regiment reached New York at sunrise on the 18th
having been in the cars all night. The march down Broadway
to the Astor House, where the officers and men breakfasted by
invitation of the proprietor, General Charles Stetson, and from
the Astor House down Cortland Street, to the Jersey-City
Ferry, is described as one of the most grand and effective scenes
ever witnessed. The wildest enthusiasm inspired all classes.
Strong men wept like tenderly nurtured women, and silently
implored the blessings of Heaven upon the regiment, and the
State which had placed it at the extreme right of the Union
column. A gentleman who witnessed the scene wrote, " I was
always proud of my native State; but never until now did I
fully realize how grand she is." Another writer thus describes
the scene : -

" Having breakfasted, they employed their time until eleven in
conversation, smoking, and preparing for the march. All appeared
determined to stand by the old flag under all hazards, and to punish
those who would dare to insult it. Many of the men are exceedingly
intelligent, and not a few came from families eminent in the history
of the old Bay State. They spoke of the ability of Massachusetts to
send thirty thousand men, and even more volunteers, to the support of
the Government, if needed. At eleven o'clock, the various companies.

THE SIXTH IN NEW YORK. 73

having assembled at the Astor House, formed in Broadway. By this
time, thousands of our citizens had gathered to bid the brave fellows
God-speed. No language can describe the excitement of the vast
concourse. Cheer followed cheer, until the welkin rung as with a
sound of thunder. There were cheers for the star-spangled banner ;
for the dear old flag ; for the red, white, and blue ; for the Government ;
for the North; for Lincoln; for Major Anderson; for every thing the
loyal heart could suggest. Old men, young men, and lads waved
the American flag over their heads, pinned it to their hats and coats ;
cartmen displayed it on their horses; Barnum flings it from every
window of the Museum. The guests of the Astor House shouted till
they were hoarse; so did the visitors at the Museum; and when at last,
at half-past eleven, the police taking the lead, the regiment took up
their march for the Jersey-City Ferry, the enthusiasm was perfectly
overwhelming. At every step, the roar of the multitude was increased;
at every window, the flags were waved.

" Turning from Broadway into Cortland Street, the scene was such
as has seldom, if ever, been seen in New York. The stores could
hardly be seen for the flags, of which there must have been, on an
average, one for every window in the stores. Every building was
thronged with persons eager to see the regiment ; while the sidewalks,
awning-posts, and stoops were literally covered with a mass of excited
humanity. There was one uninterrupted and unprecedented cheer
from Broadway to the ferry. Those who have witnessed all the great
demonstrations of the city for a half-century back, remember none so
spontaneous and enthusiastic. As the regiment filed off to go upon the
ferry-boat, which was gayly decorated with flags, as was the ferry-
house, there were loud cries of ' God bless you ! ' ' God bless you! ' and
unbounded cheers for the Old Bay State."

On crossing the river, the troops were met by a dense crowd
of Jersey men and women. Flags were waved by hundreds of
fair hands, and miniature flags were distributed by them to the
regiment before the train moved. There was delay in getting
off; and the crowd continued to increase, and the enthusiasm
to grow more intense. The passage across New Jersey was
marked with similar scenes. At Newark, they were received
with a salute of artillery, and also at Trenton, which was ordered
by the Governor of the State. The reception at Philadelphia
was a fitting climax to what had taken place elsewhere. A
member of the regiment wrote, " So enthusiastic were our friends,

74 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

that they rushed into our ranks, threw their arms about the
necks of our soldiers, and, emptying their own pockets for our
benefit, seemed fairly beside themselves with joy. I doubt if
old Massachusetts ever, before or since, received such encomiums,
or her sons such a generous welcome, as that night in the City
of Brotherly Love." The regiment reached Philadelphia at
seven o'clock in the evening, partook of a bountiful supper at
the Continental Hotel, and were quartered for the night in the
Girard House, where I shall leave them for the present.

The Eighth Regiment, which had arrived in Boston on the
16th, did not leave the city until the 18th. The field and
staff officers were Timothy Monroe, of Lynn, colonel ; Edward
W. Hinks, of Lynn, lieutenant-colonel ; Andrew Elwell, of
Gloucester, major. Colonel Monroe resigned on the 12th
of May : and, on the 16th of May, Edward W. Kinks was
elected colonel ; Andrew Elwell, lieutenant - colonel ; and
Ben. Perley Poore, of Newbury, major; George Creasey, of
Newburyport, was appointed adjutant ; E. Alfred Ingalls,
of Lynn, quartermaster ; Rowland G. Usher, of Lynn, pay-
master : Bowman B. Breed, of Lynn, surgeon ; Warren Tapley,
of Lynn, assistant-surgeon ; Gilbert Haven, Jr., of Maiden,
chaplain; John Goodwin, Jr., of Marblehead, sergeant-major;
Horace E. Monroe, of Lynn, sergeant-major; and Samuel
Roads, of Marblehead, drum-major.

Company A, " Gushing Guards," Newburyport. Officers :
Albert W. Bartlett, of Newburyport, captain ; George Barker,
Gamaliel Hodges, Nathan W. Collins, all of Newburyport,
and Edward L. Noyes, of Lawrence, lieutenants.

Company B, " Lafayette Guard," Marblehead. Officers :
Richard Phillips, of Marblehead, captain ; Abiel S. Roads,
Jr., William S. Roads, and William Cash, all of Marble-
head, lieutenants.

Company C, " Sutton Light Infantry," Marblehead. Officers :
Knott V. Martin, of Marblehead, captain; Samuel C. Graves,
Lorenzo P. Linnel, John H. Haskell, all of Marblehead,
lieutenants.

Company D, " Light Infantry," Lynn. Officers : George T.
Newhall, of Lynn, captain ; Thomas H. Berry, E. Z. Saunder-
son, C. M. Merritt, all of Lynn, Lieutenants.

EIGHTH REGIMENT. - GOVERNOR ANDREW'S SPEECH. 75

Company E, " Light Infantry," Beverly. Officers : Francis
E. Porter, of Beverly, captain; John W. Raymond, Eleazer
Giles, Albert Wallis, and Moses S. Herrick, all of Beverly,
lieutenants.

Company F, " City Guards," Lynn. Officers : James Hud-
son, Jr., of Lynn, captain ; Edward A. Chandler, Henry
Stone, Mathias N. Snow, all of Lynn, lieutenants.

Company G, " American Guard," Gloucester. Officers :
Addison Center, of Gloucester, captain; David W. Lowe,
Edward A. Story, Harry Clark, all of Gloucester, lieu-
tenants.

Company H " Glover Light Guard," Marblehead. Officers :
Francis Boardman, of Marblehead, captain ; Thomas Russell,
Nicholas Bowden, and Joseph S. Caswell, all of Marblehead,
lieutenants.

Company I, " Light Infantry," Salem. Officers : Arthur F.
Devereux, of Salem, captain; George F. Austin, Ethan A.
P. Brewster, and George D. Putnam, all of Salem, lieu-
tenants.

This company belonged to the Seventh Regiment, but was
ordered, on the evening of the 17th of April, to join the Eighth,
and, at ten o'clock the next morning, reported at Faneuil Hall
with full ranks. Before leaving Salem, it was addressed by the
Mayor and other prominent citizens. A great crowd met it at
the depot, and cheered it when it left. This company wore a
Zouave uniform, and, in skirmish drill, was probably the most
efficient in the State.

Company K, " Allen Guard," Pittsfield. Officers : Henry
S. Briggs, of Pittsfield, captain ; Henry H. Richardson and
Robert Bathe, both of Pittsfield, lieutenants. This company
was detached to complete the organization of the Eighth.
It was ordered to join the regiment at Springfield, when on
the way to Washington. The captain was a son of Ex-Gov-
ernor Briggs. Before the company left Pittsfield, each soldier
was presented by the citizens with ten dollars.

On the 18th of April, the regiment marched to the State
House, and was presented with a set of regimental colors by
Governor Andrew, who also addressed it as follows : -

76 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

" Mr. Commander and Soldiers, - Yesterday you were citi-
zens : to-day you are heroes. Summoned by the sudden call of your
country, true to the fortunes of your flag, to the inspirations of your
own hearts, and to the mighty example of your fathers, you have hur-
ried from the thronged towns of Essex, and all along the shore from
Boston to Cape Ann, famed through all Massachusetts for noble men,
brave soldiers, and heroic women. You have come to be cradled anew,
one night in Faneuil Hall, there breathing once more the inspiration
of historic American liberty, and standing beneath the folds of the
American banner. [Applause.] From the bottom of my heart of
hearts, as the official representative of Massachusetts, I pay to you,
soldiers, citizens, and heroes, the homage of my most profound grati-
tude; and the heart of all Massachusetts beats with full sympathy to
every word I utter. There is but one pulsation beating through
all this beautiful domain of liberty, from the shores of Cape Cod to
the hills of Berkshire; and the mountain waves and mountain peaks
answer to each other. Soldiers, go forth, bearing that flag; and, as our
fathers fought, so, if need be, strike you the blow.

' Where breathes the foe but falls before us.

With freedom's soil beneath our feet.
And freedom's banner waving o'er us ?

We stay behind, to guard the hearthstones you have left ; and, what-
ever may be the future, we will protect the wives and children you
may leave, and, as you will be faithful to the country, so we will be
faithful to them. I speak to you as citizens and soldiers, not of Mas-
sachusetts, but of the American Confederate Union. While we live,
that Union shall last. [Applause.] And until these countless thou-
sands, and all their posterity, have tasted death, the Union of the
American people, the heritage of Washington, shall be eternal. [Ap-
plause.]

" Soldiers ! go forth, bearing with you the blessing of your coun-
try, bearing the confidence of your fellow-citizens; and under the
blessing of God, with stout hearts and stalwart frames, go forth to vic-
tory. On your shields be returned, or bring them with you. Yours
it is to be among the advanced guard of Massachusetts soldiers. A s
such, I bid you God-speed, and fare-you-well."

At the close of the Governor's speech. Colonel Monroe
received the colors, and said, " We shall do our duty." Three
cheers were given for the regiments, and three for General But-
ler, who, being present, advanced, and said, -

RECEPTION AT WORCESTER. - GENERAL BUTLER. 77

" Soldiers, -We stand upon that spot to which the good pleasure
of the Commander-in-chief, and our own dearest wishes, have assigned
us. To lead the advance guard of freedom and constitutional liberty,
and of perpetuity of the Union, is the honor we claim, and which,
under God, we will maintain." [Applause.]

"Sons of Puritans, who believe in the providence of Almighty
God ! as he was with our fathers, so may he be with us in this strife
for the right, for the good of all, for the great missionary country of
liberty! [Applause.] And, if we prove recreant to our trust, may
the God of battles prove our enemy in the hour of our utmost need !"

" Soldiers ! we march to-night; and let me say for you all to the
good people of the Commonwealth, that we will not turn back, till we
show those who have laid their hand upon the fabric of the Union,
there is but one thought in the North,- the union of these States,
now and for ever, one and inseparable."

The regiment left Boston at four o'clock that afternoon by
Worcester and Springfield, and was greeted with the same
unbounded enthusiasm the Sixth received. General Butler
accompanied it as commander of the Massachusetts brigade.
While the train stopped at Worcester, he spoke a few words to
the crowd at the depot. "In this contest," he said, "we
banish party differences. We are all Americans. We love
our country and its flag; and it is only by the sword we can
have peace, and only in the Union, liberty."

The regiment reached New York on the morning of the
19th, and marched down Broadway amid the congratulations
of the vast multitude. This was the second Massachusetts
regiment that had marched through that city in advance of all
others, while two other regiments were on the seas for Fortress
Monroe. After partaking of the generous hospitalities ten-
dered them, the regiment crossed to Jersey City, and proceeded
by railroad to Philadelphia, which it reached at six o'clock that
evening, and first received positive information concerning the
attack made upon the Sixth in Baltimore that day.

The field and staff officers of the Fifth Regiment were, Samuel
C. Lawrence, of Medford, colonel; J. Durell Greene, of
Cambridge, lieutenant-colonel ; Hamlin W. Keyes, of Boston,
major ; Thomas 0. Barri, of Cambridge, adjutant; Joseph E.
Billings, of Boston, quartermaster; G. Foster Hodges, of

78 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Roxbury, paymaster; Samuel H. Hurd, of Charlestown,
surgeon, Henry H. Mitchell, of East Bridgewater, surgeon's
mate ; Benjamin F. De Costa, of Charlestown, chaplain ; Henry
A. Quincy, of Charlestown, sergeant-major ; Charles Foster,
of Charlestown, drum-major.

Several changes occurred while the regiment was in service.
Colonel Greene, Major Keyes, and Adjutant Barri were ap-
pointed officers in the regular army. To fill these vacancies.
Captain Pierson was elected lieutenant-colonel ; Captain John
T. Boyd, major; and Lieutenant John G. Chambers was
appointed adjutant. The following is the roster of the
companies : -

Company A, " Mechanic Light Infantry," Salem. George
H. Pierson, of Salem, captain ; Edward H. Staten and Lewis
E. Wentworth, of Salem, lieutenants.

Company B, " Richardson Light Guard," South Reading.
John W. Locke, of South Reading, captain ; Henry D.
Degen, Charles H. Shepard, James D. Draper, and George
Abbott, all of South Reading, lieutenants.

Company C, " Charlestown Artillery," Charlestown. William
R. Swan, of Chelsea, captain : Phineas H. Tibbetts, of
Charlestown ; John W. Rose, of South Boston ; Hannibal D.
Norton, of Chelsea ; and George H. Marden, Jr., of Charles-
town, lieutenants.

Company D, " Light Infantry," Haverhill. Officers : Carlos
P. Messer, of Haverhill, captain ; George J. Dean, Daniel F:
Smith, Charles H. P. Palmer, and Thomas T. Salter, all of
Haverhill, lieutenants.

Company E , " Lawrence Light Guard", Medford. Officers :
John Hutchins, of Medford, captain ; John G. Chambers
and Perry Colman, of Medford, and William H. Pattee, of
West Cambridge (Arlington), lieutenants.

Company F, " Wardwell Tigers," Boston. Officers : David
K. Wardwell, Boston, captain : Jacob H. Sleeper, of
Boston ; George G. Stoddard, of Brookline; Horace P.
Williams, of Brookline ; and Horatio N. Holbrook, of Boston,
lieutenants.

This was a new company, recruited, organized, uniformed,
and equipped in two days.

DEPARTURE OF THE FIFTH REGIMENT. 79

Company G, " Concord Artillery," Concord. Officers :
George L. Prescott, of Concord, captain ; Joseph Derby,
Jr., Humphrey H. Buttrick, and Charles Bowers, all of Concord,
lieutenants.

Company H, " City Guards," Salem. Officers : Henry F.
Danforth, of Salem, captain ; Kirk Stark, William F. Sumner,
George H. Wiley, and John E. Stone, all of South Danvers,
lieutenants.

Company I, " Light Infantry," Somerville. Officers : George
O. Brastow, of Somerville, captain; William E. Robinson
and Frederick R. Kinsley, both of Somerville, lieutenants:

Company K, " City Guards," Charlestown. Officers : John
T. Boyd, of Charlestown, captain; John B. Norton, Caleb
Drew, and Walter Everett, all of Charlestown, lieutenants.

This regiment did not receive orders to report until Friday,
April 19. It was in readiness to go forward the next day,
but was detained until Sunday, with headquarters at Faneuil
Hall. The line was formed on South Market Street, at five
o'clock on Sunday morning, April 21 ; and the regiment
marched to the Worcester Depot. Notwithstanding the early
hour and the sabbath day, thousands were on the streets, and
at the depot, to witness the departure. Kind greetings met
this regiment everywhere on the route. To state what was
said and done would be only a repetition of what has already
been said in regard to regiments which had preceded. It
reached New York safely on Sunday evening, at eight o'clock.
After partaking of a hearty meal at the hotels, the regiment,
was put on board of two transports ; four companies, under
command of Major Keyes, going on board the " Ariel," and six,
under command of Colonel Lawrence, on board the " De Soto."
The Third Battalion of Massachusetts Rifles, under command of
Major Devens, and Major Cook's Light Battery, were placed
on board the same vessels ; the former in the " De Soto," and
the latter in the " Ariel."

The duties of the week had been incessant clay and night at
the State House. The attack upon the Sixth Regiment in
Baltimore had added to the number of people who crowded in,
and intensified the earnest feelings of every one. Late on

80 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Friday night, (the 19th), the Adjutant-General, wearied with the
labors of the four preceding days, left the State House with
Senator Wilson. They obtained lodging at Young's Coffee
House. About four o'clock on Saturday morning, a messenger
brought an order to him from Governor Andrew, that a tele-
gram had just been received from General Butler, at Philadelphia,
to send forward immediately Major Cook's Light Battery. The
Governor's orders were to notify the officers at once, that the
battery might be ready, and pushed forward that night. The
Adjutant-General told the messenger to get a carriage, and he
would be ready by the time he returned. Major Cook lived in
Somerville, but in what part of it he did not know. The ad-
jutant lived in Chester Square, Boston : he ordered the carriage
to drive there. The city was asleep ; not a human being was
on the streets. The silence of the great city appeared more
impressive and profound than that of a primeval forest. At
Chester Square, he learned that the adjutant had sailed for
Europe the week before. He then was driven to Cambridge
Street, where the former commander of the battery. Major Nims,
lived. He was aroused from a sound sleep, and informed of the
purpose of the errand. He knew where Major Cook hved, and
volunteered to carry the orders to him without delay. The
orderly sergeant of the company boarded in McLean Place.
The Adjutant-General found him also asleep ; but soon aroused
him, and ordered him to notify the company. The sergeant
said he " knew where every man hved, and they all wanted to
go." Early in the forenoon, the company reported with full
ranks. The Quartermaster-General succeeding in purchasing
horses, and providing ammunition. The field and staff were
Asa M. Cook, of Somerville, major ; Frederick A. Heath, of
Boston, adjutant ; Thomas J. Foss, of Boston, quartermaster ;
John P. Ordway, of Boston, surgeon; F. Le Baron Monroe,
assistant-surgeon ; Josiah Porter, of North Cambridge ; William
H. McCartney, of Boston ; C. C. E. Mortimer, of Boston; and
Robert L. Sawin, of Boston, lieutenants.

The company numbered one hundred and twenty men. The
battery had six brass six-pounders. They took with them seventy
horses, selected mainly from the stables of the Metropolitan Horse

THE RIFLE BATTALION AT WORCESTER. 0 1

railroad Company, and ten tons of cartridges of shot and
grape. They marched to the Worcester Railroad Depot, be-
tween one and two o'clock that afternoon, ready to start ; but
waited until the next morning for the Fifth Regiment. They
went to New York in the same train with the Fifth, and to Anna-
polis in the transports with four of the companies of that regiment.
Orders were issued from the State House on Saturday, the
20th of April, for the Third Battalion to go forward to Wash-
ington. It consisted then of three companies, with head-
quarters in Worcester. They were in line, ready to proceed, at
five o'clock that afternoon. The battalion was addressed by
Hon. Isaac Davis, Mayor of Worcester, and by Major Devens,
in command. A prayer by Rev. Dr. Hill closed the ceremony.
At half-past ten that evening, they took the cars for New York,
where they arrived early on the morning of the 21st. While
there, they quartered in the armory of the New-York Seventh.
During the day, they were visited by Hon. Charles Sumner,
who made a short address. At eight o'clock, they embarked on
board the transport " Ariel " for Annapolis, with a part of the
Fifth Regiment, and arrived at Annapolis on the morning of
the 24th, where they remained until the 2d of May, when they
were ordered to Fort McHenry, in the harbor of Baltimore,
which they reached by transport on the morning of the third.

The field and staff of the Third Battalion of Rifles were,
Charles Devens, Jr., major ; John M. Goodhue, adjutant;
James E. Estabrook, quartermaster ; Oramel Martin, surgeon ;
Nathaniel S. Liscomb, sergeant-major ; George T. White,
quartermaster-sergeant, - all of Worcester.

Company A, " City Guards," Worcester. Officers : Augus-
tus R. B. Sprague, captain; Josiah Pickett, George C. Joslin,
Orson Moulton, Elijah A. Harkness, lieutenants, -all of
Worcester.

Company B, " Holden Rifles," Holden. Officers : Joseph
H. Gleason, of Holden, captain : Phineas R. Newell, Holden ;
Edward F. Devens, Charlestown; Samuel F. Woods, Barre;
George Bascom, Holden, lieutenants.

Company C, " Emmet Guards," Worcester. Officers : Mi-
chael P. McConville, captain ; Michael O'Driscoll, Matthew. J,
6

82 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

McCafferty, Thomas O'Neil, and Maurice Melvin, lieutenants,-
all of Worcester.

Company D, Boston. Officers : Albert Dodd, captain ;
Charles Dodd, Cornelius G. Atwood, George A. Hicks, and
Joseph Nason, lieutenants, - all of Boston.

Company D was raised in Boston on the morning of the 19th
of April, by the gentlemen who were afterwards commissioned its
officers. It was attached to the Third Battalion, and left Bos-
ton in the steamer "Cambridge" on the 2d of May for Fortress
Monroe, and from thence by the Potomac River to Washing-
ton. The vessel sailed from Boston with sealed instructions,
which were not opened until outside of Boston Light. In
these instructions to Captain Dodd, the Adjutant-General says,
" It is the earnest desire of His Excellency the Commander-in-
chief, that the ship ' Cambridge ' shall reach Washington, and
demonstrate that a Massachusetts ship, manned with Massachu-
setts men, shall be the first ship to arrive by that route, as our
Sixth Regiment was the first to arrive at Washington, through
the hostile city of Baltimore." The " Cambridge" arrived safely
with the company, and was the first that reached Washington
by the Potomac River. After remaining in Washington twelve
days, the command was sent to Fort McHenry, Baltimore
harbor, and joined the Battalion.

The Third Battalion completed the number of three-months
men called for by the Government, which consisted of five
regiments, one battalion, and one battery.
By the constitution and laws of Massachusetts, company
officers were elected by the men composing the company, regi-
mental officers by the commissioned officers of companies,
brigadier-generals by the regimental field-officers of the brigade,
and major-generals by the Legislature. The General Statutes
of the Commonwealth allowed four lieutenants to each infantry
company. In the regular army, only two lieutenants were
allowed to a company of infantry. The reader will have
observed that some of the companies in the regiments forwarded
to the front had two, some three, and some four lieutenants.
This was permitted by our laws. The extra lieutenants belong-
ing to the two regiments sent to Fortress Monroe were not

THE CHARACTER OF THE MILITIA. 83

mustered into the service, the mustering officers refusing to mus-
ter them. They had, therefore, either to return home, or join
the ranks as enlisted men. In the regiments which were sent
to Washington, the extra lieutenants were mustered in, and
served with their companies to the end of their terms. The
reason for this distinction has never been given.

The material of these commands was of the best. They
were young men who had a taste for military duty. They were
from the middle walks of life, and depended upon their health
and hands for support. Most of them were mechanics, farmers'
sons, and clerks in stores. They bought their own uniforms,
and paid company assessments out of their own pockets. They
were public-spirited, full of life, and knew their duty. Many
of the companies had honorable records, running back to the
war of 1812, of which they were proud. They had rivalries
and jealousies. They demanded their right position in the regi-
mental line, and would have it. They obeyed their officers
because they were their officers, and held positions by their
votes. They chose the color and style of their own uniforms.
If a rival company wore blue, they would have gray or red.
The uniforms in a regiment were variegated, like the colors of
a rainbow.They were made more for show than use, as active
service proved. Yet they cost much money. But it was no
one's business but their own, as they paid the bills. They had
their pet names, as well as the regimental letter, and they
preferred being known by the name they had themselves chosen.
Thus there were the N. E. G.'s and B. L. I.'s, the "Tigers,"
the " Savages," and the " Guards." Each had its friends and
followers, and each its enemies and detractors. Yet beneath
all these there was a substratum of genuine good feeling, and a
soldieriy pride. The very opposition they received from those
who laughed or sneered at the militia cemented them in closer
union, and made them more determined to be militia. Their
armories were their own. There they could meet and drill, and
talk back at the outside world, free from interruption, as in
their own homes. These they adorned with pictures of old
generals, photographs of former captains, and fac-similes of
the Declaration of Independence. There they talked of bygone

84 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

musters and sham fights, and of excursions to neighboring cit-
ies and States, and of receptions given in return. The dates of
prominent events were fixed by the year of such a spring train-
ing or fall review. The politics of the members were not of
the intense type. Their votes were generally given to men who
were friendly to the military, and politicians sometimes made
nominations with a view to catch their votes. On public affairs,
they were simply friends of their country, with a strong leaning
toward liberal legislation and popular rights. They were, of all
the community, the least fanatical in religion, and the least dog-
matic in politics. They took a broad view of their country and
its institutions. They were stronger Union men than they could
explain. If the Union was attacked, it was their duty to
defend. This they knew, and were ready. There was no hatred
in their hearts to any living man. If the mob in Baltimore
had known the men they attacked and murdered on the 19th of
April, they would have welcomed them with open hands, instead
of with death. These were the men who saved Fortress Mon-,
roe and the city of Washington, as we shall now proceed to
show.

We left the Third Regiment on board the transport, bound
for Fortress Monroe. The following is its record : -

" At ten o'clock, a.m., April 18, weighed anchor, and steamed out
of Boston harbor, bound for Fort Monroe. Arrived at Fort Mon-
roe at eight, a.m., April 20, disembarked at eleven, a.m., and marched
into the fort, every man for duty. Found the Fourth Regiment
there, which had arrived two hours before, and seven companies of
United - States artillery in garrison. Colonel Dimick, commanding
post, asked Colonel Wardrop 'if he was a minute-man.' He an-
swered, ' Yes.' - 'How long will it take to get your regiment
ready ? ' - ' Fifteen minutes.' - ' Get it.' In ten minutes, he received
the following order : -

Headquarters, Fort Monroe, Va., April 19,1861
Order No. 55.

The Colonel of the Third Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers will
immediately report for orders to Commodore Paulding, United-States Navy.
By order of Colonel Dimick,
(Signed) T. J. Haines, Adjutant.

THE THIRD REGIMENT AT NORFOLK NAVY YARD. 85

" Colonel Wardrop requested to know the object, and was informed
that it was to hold possession of Gosport Navy Yard. Colonel
Wardrop reported to Captain Paulding, U.S.N., at four o'clock,
P.M., and was ordered to embark on board of United-States steamer
' Pawnee,' which was done at once, without a single ration ; Captain
Paulding saying he could not wait, and that rations would be obtained
at the yard. Left Fort Monroe at five, p.m. At dusk, reached the
mouth of the Elizabeth River, and found the enemy had sunk five ves-
sels in the channel to obstruct the passage. Between seven and eight,
P.M.. a river steamer, loaded with passengers, passed us, bound to Nor-
folk. Our men were kept out of sight. At nine, p.m., when within
about two hundred yards of United-States frigate 'Cumberland,'
were hailed by an officer from her. They did not appear to hear our
answer, when the officer hailed us again. Same effect. Then we dis-
tinctly heard from the deck of the ' Cumberland ' a voice, saying, ' Shall
I fire sir?' At the same moment, we saw six ports opened from
United-States ship 'Pennsylvania.' She was lying broadside to us.
It was an anxious moment. It seemed as if our friends were intend-
ing to do the enemy's work. Another hail from the 'Cumberland,' an
answer from us, and the same voice, 'Shall I fire, sir ?' A hundred
voices yelled 'Pawnee,' and then cheer upon cheer broke from the
' Cumberland ' and ' Pennsylvania,' and as heartily answered by us, who
felt relieved from peril. The regiment immediately disembarked, and
marched to a central position in the yard, and ordered to find quarters
and rations ; did not succeed in doing either. About eleven, p.m.,
Captain Paulding informed Colonel Wardrop that he had been ordered
to send out the United-States vessels ' Merrimac,' ' Raritan,' ' German-
town,' and 'Cumberland,' and destroy all public property that he could
not carry away ; that he had intended to hold the yard, if possible ; but,
from Captain Pendergast's representation, he doubted if he could.
Captain Pendergast had felt so sure of this, that he had commenced
destroying property during the afternoon, and had scuttled the very
ships that he had been ordered to take away. Colonel Wardrop
thought the yard might be held, and begged that Captain Paulding
would consider the great stake, and try by some means to save the place.
Captain Paulding said he would consult again before deciding. Near
midnight. Captain Paulding informed Colonel Wardrop, in presence
of Captain Pendergast, that he could not hold the yard, but should
destroy all the buildings and ships and other property. Colonel Ward-
rop remonstrated strongly ; advising that the 'Cumberland' retain her
position, while the 'Pawnee' ran up and down the river, preventing the
enemy from sinking any more obstruction, or building batteries on the

86 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

banks of the river, while his regiment manned the walls, and put
the yard in the best state of defence possible. If we were attacked,
to threaten a bombardment of the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth ;
that we could not destroy all the large guns in the yard (variously
estimated from one thousand to twenty-five hundred) that night ; that
together, in his opinion, the place could be held until sufficient re-
enforcements arrived ; that the great importance of the place demanded
that a great risk should be taken for its preservation. Captain Pen-
dergast said the enemy was too strong for us, and that, if we did not
get away with the two vessels that night, we never should; and that
every moment lessened our chances ; and that the 'Cumberland' ought
to be saved at all hazards, being, in his opinion, more valuable than all
else. The two captains then had a private consultation, from which
Colonel Wardrop was quietly excluded. Shortly afterwards, Captain
Paulding informed the colonel that he should withdraw the two ships,
and abandon the yard; and then ordered him to furnish eighty
men to assist in undermining the dry dock, another detail to assist
in firing the buildings and vessels, and the balance were employed in
rolling solid shot overboard. During this time, a mob broke into the
yard, but were promptly driven out by the marines and our regiment.
About three o'clock, a.m., of the 21st, the regiment embarked on board
of the ' Pawnee,' and dropped down the river a short distance. At four,
AM., every thing was fired that would burn. We waited until five
o'clock, A.M., before all the men returned by small boats, when we found
that Captain H. G. Wright, United-States engineer, and Captain John
Rodgers, United-States Navy, had been captured by the enemy. The
ships were burned to the water's edge, excepting the 'United States;' and
she was so old and rotten she would not burn. The public buildings
were mostly destroyed. Some, however, were but slightly damaged.
After all our trouble with the dry dock, the mine did not explode.
We succeeded in knocking off the trunnions of seven guns : the others
were useful to the rebels. When we arrived at the mouth of the
Elizabeth River, we found the enemy had almost obstructed the chan-
nel. The 'Pawnee' passed through ; the 'Cumberland' did not that
afternoon, when they turned one of the sunken vessels, and passed
through, and anchored off the fort. We disembarked from the 'Paw-
nee' a little after eight o'clock, a.m., and marched into the fort to our
quarters, having eaten nothing since the day before. Thus ended the
Norfolk expedition.

"April 22, the regiment became a part of the garrison of Fort Mon-
roe. April 23, the regiment was properly mustered into the United-
States service for three months. Companies I and M joined May 14.

THE THIRD REGIMENT AT NORFOLK NAVY YARD. 87

Company I, Captain Chamberlain, was raised in Lynn, for three years'
service ; company M, Captain Tyler, was raised in Boston, for three
years' service. Companies D and E joined the regiment May 22 ;
Company D, Captain Chipman, raised at Sandwich ; Company E,
Captain Doten, raised at Plymouth, for three years' service. On this
day, Major-General Butler assumed command of the Department of
Virginia, North and South Carolina, headquarters at Fort Monroe.
May 27, Company G, of Lowell, Captain P. A. Davis, was assigned
to the regiment temporarily.

"July 1, the regiment and naval brigade left Fort Monroe early in
the morning, crossed Hampton Creek, and occupied the town ; had a slight
skirmish with the enemy; took up quarters in the town, and estab-
lished advanced posts on the outskirts. The Fourth Regiment was
added to the command, and all placed under Brigadier-General Eben-
ezer W. Peirce. The duties on the outposts were arduous and harassing,
as the enemy was hovering about the lines, firing upon the sentinels
occasionally, and attempting to capture some of the most distant posts ;
but, by keeping out beyond our lines strong bodies of scouts and
skirmishing parties, we soon drove them from our vicinity. July 4, at
night, a strong body of the enemy, having artillery and cavalry, crossed
New-Market Bridge, threatening Hampton. At two o'clock, on the
morning of the 5th, Colonel Wardrop, with nine companies of the
Third and seven companies of the naval brigade, with four pieces of
artillery, marched out, and took up position at the forks of the road,
two miles from Hampton. Remained there until an hour after sun-
rise, when the scouts brought the intelligence that the enemy had
retired beyond the New-Market Bridge. Returned to quarters with-
out firing a shot. Immediately sent out fresh scouts, who followed
the enemy to Big Bethel. They saw a regiment march from there
that night, and followed it to within five miles of Yorktown; then
passed over to Lee's Mills, on the James River, crossed the Warwick
River, and returned by way of Buck River, without losing a man.
This party was commanded by Lieutenant Chamberlin, Company C,
and consisted of thirty-five of his own men. They were absent a
little over five days. Too much credit cannot be given for the skill,
courage, and fidelity displayed by this scouting party. A remarkably
correct report of the enemy's position and strength on the Peninsula
was made by Lieutenant Chamberlin, which, ten months after, was
verified. During all this time, the troops in Hampton were busily
engaged in finishing the intrenchments, sending detachments on water
expeditions, &c. It was a remarkable fact, that grumbling ceased
among the men when the regiment marched out of Fort Monroe;

88 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

The harder the duties, the more contented they seemed to be, like men
determined to perform the most disagreeable duties cheerfully, forget-
ting self in patriotic desire to benefit their country. On the 16th of
July, the regiment, leaving Companies D, E, I, and M, who had enlisted
for three years, behind, marched into Fort Monroe, where, by order
of General Butler, they gave up their rifled muskets for old smooth-
bore muskets, and five rounds of ammunition and four days' rations,
embarked on board of steamer ' Cambridge,' at four, p.m., and left for
Boston about five, p.m. ; arrived at Long Island, Boston harbor, about
daylight. July 19, disembarked at Long Island about ten, am. Re-
ported to the Adjutant-General of the State. Was mustered out of
the service of the United States July 23, 1861."

The Fourth Regiment arrived at Fortress Monroe on the
morning of April 20. The adjutant of the regiment writes,
" At daybreak, the long low lines of the fort were visible.
Anxiously the regiment watched as the boat lay off and on,
until at sunrise they saw the old flag unfolding from the flag-
staff. The men were quickly landed, and, amid the cheers of
the little garrison, marched into the fort." This was the first
loyal regiment in the war that landed upon the "sacred soil of
Virginia." The adjutant continues, " Hardly was the regiment
well in quarters before their labors commenced. The fort was
found to be almost unarmed on the land side, and ill supplied
with material of war. For several weeks the men were em-
ployed mounting heavy guns, unloading vessels, storing provi-
sions, and keeping guard. General Butler arrived about the
middle of May, and took command of the Department of Vir-
ginia." On the 27th of May, the Fourth Regiment, in conjunc-
tion with a New-York regiment under Colonel Bendix, and a
Vermont regiment under Colonel Phelps, took possession of
Newport News, and made an entrenched camp. Here the regi-
ment remained, there doing the usual camp duty, until the 9th
of June, when " five companies were detailed, with a portion of
the Vermont and New-York regiments, to make up a detach-
ment to join one from Hampton, to start at one o'clock the next
morning to attack big Bethel, a position held by the enemy
about twelve miles from Newport News. Of the battle of Big
Bethel it is needless to go into details. Its unfortunate result

THE FOURTH REGIMENT THE FIRST IN VIRGINIA. 89

[says Adjutant Walker] was owing to a variety of causes; but
if other troops had done their duty as well, and gone as far as
those from Massachusetts and Vermont, the name of Big Bethel
would not have headed a long list of federal repulses." Major
Whittemore was the officer who reported to the commander of
the fort. In a letter never pubhshed before, he says, -

"I was the first to step on shore, and the regiment was reported
by myself to the Officer of the Day. I inquired of him who had pos-
session of this fort, -the regulars or the rebels? He replied, United-
States regulars. He was answered, 'Then the Fourth Regiment, Mas-
sachusetts Militia, has come to help you keep it.' On the 22d of April,
we were mustered into the United-States service, and were, as I believe,
the first troops mustered. We remained at the fort some two or three
weeks, engaged in mounting guns, and on the work necessary to put
the place in suitable condition for defence. Some time in May, Gen-
eral Butler arrived; and one of the first things he did was to send
three regiments, of which the Fourth was one, about twelve miles up
the river to Newport News. We set to work, as soon as we could
obtain tools, at building entrenchments, and were engaged in this work
all of the time until our departure in the latter part of June. While
here, the affairs at Little Bethel and Great Bethel occurred, which
might have had, and ought to have had, and would have had, a very
different result.

" Five companies of the Fourth took part in this expedition, and
were under my command, and we were all volunteers. The march
was commenced at 12y2 a.m., and continued until daylight without
interruption. Then, unfortunately. Colonel Townsend's regiment of
Troy, N.Y., was mistaken for rebels, and a fire was opened between
it and our rearguard, composed of a part of Colonel Bendix's New-
York volunteers, which resulted in the killing and wounding of eleven
men of Townsend's command. Further damage was prevented, and
the affair ended, by the major of the Fourth Massachusetts riding out
alone in front of his line, and discovering the New-York troops. This
mishap made it evident that the object of our expedition, if it had
any, had been frustrated; and it was the pretty general opinion, that
the best thing to be done was to return to camp. It was decided,
however, to go on; and we marched until within gunshot of Big
Bethel, when the rebels opened fire with a rifled gun. The troops
were immediately put in line for an attack; and the five Massachusetts
companies were ordered to turn the enemy's left, in connection with

90 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

five companies of the First Vermont. This they proceeded to do,
and were gallantly and rapidly succeeding, some of my men being on
the very brink of the works, when Colonel Townsend, of New York,
peremptorily ordered a retreat. The Massachusetts men retired in
good order, having had two men killed and one mortally wounded,
and were drawn up on the same line they started from, where I soon
reported to General Peirce, expecting to receive orders to go in again.
I now learned that General Peirce-as brave a man as I have ever
seen in battle * -had not ordered a retreat, nor did he intend to do
so ; but circumstances beyond his control compelled him to do so, and
the five Massachusetts companies brought up the rear on the march
back to camp, whither they returned in good order, and marched into
Newport News with closed ranks and shouldered arms, feeling that
they at least had done their duty, and with no reason to be ashamed
of their part in this the first battle of the war.

" Thus the Fourth Massachusetts, under my command, were the
first troops from Massachusetts in the first battle of the war. I have
been in many actions since ; but never have I seen a hotter fire than
that at Great Bethel. After this, until our departure from Newport
News, nothing of consequence occurred."

The Fourth remained at Newport News until the 3d of July,
when it moved to the village of Hampton. Adjutant Walker
writes, " On our arrival at Hampton, we found the quaint old
town deserted. Hardly a score of its former white inhabitants
remained, although many negroes, especially old and very young
ones, were still there. The troops had quarters assigned them
in the various houses, and remained there undisturbed until
Wednesday, July 11, when we marched over to Fortress Mon-
roe, preparatory to embarking for home." Previous to leaving,
their Springfield rifled muskets were exchanged for old smooth-
bores. On the eve of departure, the regiment was addressed
by General Butler and Colonel Dimick. On the 15th of
July, it embarked on board the steamer "S. R. Spaulding,"
and in fifty-six hours arrived in Boston harbor, after an absence
of three months. It was mustered out at Long Island, Boston
harbor, on the 22d of July.

The Fifth Regiment arrived at Annapolis on the morning of

* Major Whittemore was afterwards major and lieutenant-colonel of the
Thirtieth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers, and served three years.

THE FIFTH REGIMENT AT BULL RUN. 91

the 24th of April, and landed in the afternoon. The next day,
the regiment was ordered to Washington. Only four com-
panies could find car accommodation to the Annapolis Junction.
The other six, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Greene,
marched to that point. The regiment arrived in Washington
on the 26th, and was quartered in the Treasury building ; and
was mustered into the United-States service on the 1st of May.
Prom that time to the 24th of May, the regiment was exercised
in drill. On the 25th, it was ordered to Alexandria, and,
marching across the Long Bridge, entered Virginia, and that
evening encamped near Alexandria. The regiment had only
brought with it the State colors. Several Massachusetts gentle-
men in Washington presented it with a handsome national flag.
On the 28th, they formed camp near Shuter's Hill, not far from
Alexandria, and named it "Camp Andrew," in honor of the
Governor of Massachusetts. Nothing of special interest oc-
curred until the 25th of June, when Lieutenant-Colonel Greene,
Major Keyes, and Adjutant Barri, having been appointed
officers in the regular army, took leave of the regiment. This
was a grievous loss ; for the gentlemen named were among the
very best officers in the volunteer service at that time. The
regiment celebrated the Fourth of July in camp. The chaplain
read the Declaration of Independence, Colonel -Lawrence made
a speech, and the " Star-spangled Banner " was sung. On the
16th of July, the regiment was put in General Franklin's
brigade, and soon after advanced towards Bull Run. The
Fifth bore an honored part in that disastrous battle, which was
fought on the 21st of July, exactly three months from the day
the regiment left Faneuil Hall. In this battle. Colonel Lawrence
was shghtly wounded. The regiment left Washington on the
28th of July, and arrived in Boston on the 30th, having been
in service three months and seven days. Its reception in
Boston was worthy of its military record.

The famous Sixth Regiment arrived at Philadelphia, as we
have already stated, on the afternoon of the 18th of April.
This regiment has the undisputed honor of having been the first
to reach Washington, and the first to sacrifice life in the great
war. Its passage through Baltimore, a city of two hundred

92 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

thousand inhabitants, more than half of whom were rebels ; the
attack upon it by the mob ; the death of four, and the wound-
ing of thirty-six, of its members, on the memorable 19th of
April, - sent a thrill through the heart of the nation, and
aroused it like a giant to defend its life. This was the anniver-
sary of the battle of Lexington, in which, on the soil of Massa-
chusetts, the first blood was shed in the struggle for Independence
in 1775. This regiment came from the county of Middlesex,
in which are " Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill ; " and some
of the men who were attacked in Baltimore were the direct
descendants of the men who breasted the power of England in
those memorable conflicts.

At midnight on the 18th, reports reached Philadelphia, that
preparations were being made to dispute the passage of this
regiment through Baltimore, and to attack Washington. The
long roll was beat ; and the men formed in column, and marched
to the depot of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad, and
took their places in the cars. At one o'clock in the morning, the
train started ; Colonel Jones intending to have his command
pass through Baltimore early in the morning, before a force
could be gathered to impede its march. Mr. Felton, President
of the railroad, says, -

"Before they left Philadelphia, I called the colonel and principal
officers into my office, and told them of the dangers they would probably
encounter, and advised that each soldier should load his musket before
leaving, and be ready for any emergency. We had arranged a cipher,
by which messages were sent and received every few moments along
the whole road, and from the officers of the Baltimore and Ohio road;
so that we were posted up constantly as to the exact condition of
affairs. Just before the starting of the Sixth, I received a message
that a part of a Pennsylvania regiment had arrived over the Northern
Central road, and passed through Baltimore without any demonstra-
tions of hostility, save a few hisses. * This fact I communicated to the
Sixth, but, at the same time, advised that they should relax no
vigilance on that account. The regiment started ; and I stood at the
telegraph instrument in Philadelphia, constantly receiving messages of
its progress. Finally, it was announced from Baltimore that they were

* This was a regiment without arms.

THE SIXTH REGIMENT IN BALTIMORE. 93

in sight; next, that they were received at the station with cheers ;
then that ten car-loads had started for the Camden-street station, and
all was right; then that the other four car-loads had started, and
turned the corner on to Pratt Street all right ; then, after a few
moments, that the track was torn up in front of the last four cars, and
they were attacked on Pratt Street. Then the reports subsided into
mere rumors, and we could not tell whether the mob was to succeed,
or the military was to be triumphant, as guns were being fired by both
rioters and military, and the tide of battle was surging, now this way,
and now that; then that the mob had turned upon an unarmed
Pennsylvania regiment [Colonel Small's, which had left Philadelphia
with the Sixth]; that the mob had mounted tops of the cars, and
were breaking them in, and throwing down paving-stones and other
missiles upon the heads of the volunteers, and chasing those who had
left the cars through the streets of the city. The excitement, anxiety,
and oppression that I felt at that moment may be better imagined than
described. At this juncture, I received a message from the Mayor of
Baltimore and the Police Commissioners as follows in substance:
'Withdraw the troops now in Baltimore, and send no more through
Baltimore or Maryland. An immediate answer was demanded. I,
in order to get time to ascertain more exactly the condition of affairs
before deciding what to do, telegraphed to the Mayor and Commis-
sioners, that I had received such a message as the above, and asked,
'Is it genuine?" In the mean time, I ascertained that the bulk of the
Sixth had got through Baltimore, and were on their way to Washington;
and believing that the mob would murder the unarmed men under
Colonel Small if I allowed them to remain where they were exposed
to their violence and fury, and believing that our bridges would be at
once destroyed, and that some other route must be adopted, I be-
thought myself of the Seaford and Annapolis scheme before communi-
cated to General Scott, and at once telegraphed to the Mayor of
Baltimore, 'I will withdraw the troops now in Baltimore, and send
no more through the city till I first consult with you.' I made no
allusion to sending any through Maryland ; but so worded my message
that they would rather conclude that no more troops would be sent,
and thus be unprepared to throw any impediment in the way of the
Annapolis route."

Persons who have not passed over the railroad from Phila-
delphia to Washington may not know that the cars from
Philadelphia enter the depot in Baltimore on the north side of
the city. Here the locomotive is detached, and the cars for

94 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Washington are drawn by horses about two miles, across the
lower part of the city, to the depot of the Baltimore and Wash-
ington Raih-oad, on the south side of the city, where the loco-
motive is again attached, and the train taken by steam-power to
Washington. It is one hundred miles from Philadelphia to Bal-
timore, and about forty from that city to Washington.

Colonel Jones's account is dated " Capitol, Washington, April
22, 1861." He says, -

"After leaving Philadelphia, I received intimation that the pas-
sage through the city of Baltimore would be resisted.* I caused
ammunition to be distributed and arms loaded, and went personally
through the cars, and issued the following order ; viz., -

'"The regiment will march through Baltimore in columns of sections,
arms at will. You will undoubtedly be insulted, abused, and perhaps
assaulted, to which you must pay no attention whatever, but march with
your faces square to the front, and pay no attention to the mob, even if they
throw stones, bricks, or other missiles; but if you are fired upon, and any
one of you are hit, your officers will order you to fire. Do not fire into
any promiscuous crowds, but select any man whom you may see aiming at
you, and be sure you drop him.'

Reaching Baltimore, horses were attached the instant that the loco-
motive was detached, and the cars were driven at a rapid pace across
the city. After the cars containing seven companies had reached the
Washington Depot, the track behind them was barricaded, and the cars
containing band and the following companies; viz.. Company C, of
Lowell, Captain Follansbee ; Company D, of Lowell, Captain Hart ;
Company I, of Lawrence, Captain Pickering; and Company L, of
Stoneham, Captain Dike, - were vacated by the band ; and they pro-
ceeded to march in accordance with orders, and had proceeded but a
short distance before they were furiously attacked by a shower of mis-
siles, which came faster as they advanced. They increased their step
to double-quick, which seemed to infuriate the mob, as it evidently
impressed the mob with the idea that the soldiers dared not fire or had
no ammunition ; and pistol-shots were numerously fired into the ranks,
and one soldier fell dead. The order, 'Fire,' was given, and it was
executed ; in consequence, several of the mob fell, and the soldiers
again advanced hastily. The Mayor of Baltimore placed himself at
the head of the column, beside Captain Follansbee, and proceeded with

* This is an error. The information was received before the regiment left
Philadelphia.

ATTACK BY THE MOB. - THE FIRST BLOOD SHED. 95

them a short distance, assuring him that he would protect them, and
begging him not to let the men fire; but the Mayor's patience was
soon exhausted, and he seized a musket from the hands of one of the
men, and killed a man therewith ; and a policeman, who was in advance
of the column, also shot a man with a revolver.

"They at last reached the cars, and they started immediately for
Washington. On going through the train, found there were about one
hundred and thirty missing, including the band and field-music. Our
baggage was seized, and we have not as yet been able to recover any
of it. I have found it very difficult to get reliable information in
regard to the killed and wounded, but believe there were only three
killed."

Here follows a list of the killed and wounded, which was
incomplete and incorrect.

" As the men went into the cars, I caused the blinds to the cars to be
closed, and took every precaution to prevent any shadow of offence to
the people of Baltimore; but still the stones flew thick and fast into
the train, and it was with the utmost difficulty that I could prevent the
troops from leaving the cars, and revenging the death of their com-
rades. After a volley of stones, some one of the soldiers fired, and
killed a Mr. Davis, who, I ascertained by reliable witnesses, threw a
stone into the car. Yet that did not justify the firing at him ; but the
men were infuriated beyond control. On reaching Washington, we
were quartered at the Capitol, in the Senate Chamber, and all are in
good health and spirits. I have made every effort to get possession of
the bodies of our comrades, but have not yet succeeded. Should I
succeed, I shall forward them to Boston, if practicable ; otherwise,
shall avail myself of a kind offer of George Woods, Esq., who has
offered me a prominent lot in the Congressional Burying-ground for
the purpose of interment. We were this day mustered into the
United-States service, and will forward the rolls at first opportunity
after verification."

It appears, that, on arriving at the Susquehanna, they over-
took a Pennsylvania regiment, called " Small's Brigade," having
about a thousand unarmed and ununiformed men, on their way
to Washington. These made the train very heavy, and caused a
change of the order in which the cars containing the Sixth were
arranged when the regiment left Philadelphia. This was not
known until afterwards ; it interfered with previous orders,
and accounts in a degree for the separation of the regiment in

96 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Baltimore. Seven companies went safely through that city
to the Washington Depot. Four others, with the band, were
in the rear, and those were the companies which bore the brunt
of the attack. They are designated in Colonel Jones's report.
It was the expectation that the entire regiment would march
through Baltimore to the Washington Depot, in conformity
with previous orders. The companies in the forward cars were
being drawn across the city while those in the rear cars were
in the depot, waiting orders to file out. A writer and eye-
witness says, -

"No orders came to file out; and, in a few minutes, all the cars
forward of the one occupied by Captain Sampson's company disap-
peared. We knew nothing of the movements of the balance of the
regiment, as no intimation had been transmitted to us of a change of
the orders. Meanwhile the mob increased in numbers about the depot.
Soon the car moved on. At the first turn of a street, it was thrown
from the track. The men were ordered to remain in the car until it
was put again on the track. The mob now begun to throw stones and
brickbats, some of which entered the car. On Pratt Street, the mob
surrounded it; the car was made a complete wreck. Shots were fired
by the mob, which were returned by the company, and was kept up
with more or less spirit until the company reached the Washington
Station, and joined the other seven."

Major Watson was with this company in its perilous passage,
and exhibited much coolness and capacity. The other three com
panics, which had been separated from the rest of the command
after crossing the Susquehanna, had not yet been heard from.
These were the companies commanded by Captains Follansbee,
Pickering, and Dike. Before they got from the Baltimore De-
pot, the rebels had barricaded the streets, and removed the rails
from the track crossing the city, so the cars containing these
companies could not move. They had, therefore, either to force
their way through the city on foot, retreat, or surrender. They
determined to go forward. In getting out of the cars, cheers
were given by the mob for Jeff Davis and South Carolina.
Secession flags were flaunted in the faces of the men ; they were
told to dig their graves ; that thirty Southern men could whip
the whole of the Yankee State of Massachusetts. Our men
bore these affronts with silence. They were two hundred men

FIGHTS ITS WAY THROUGH THE CITY. 97

against ten thousand, in a strange and hostile city. Under com-
mand of Captain Follansbee, they begun their march. The
mob increased in numbers. Stones, bricks, oyster-shells, and
other missiles were thrown at them. Random shots were fired.
Shouts of derision and yells of savage hatred rent the air.
Still the gallant band moved on. No one skulked; no one
thought of looking back. Washington was their goal, and the
streets of Baltimore the way to it. Several men were already
wounded with pistol-shots ; two were killed ; the time had come
for retaliation. They had suffered with closed lips insults and
indignities hard for brave men to bear; but, when they saw
their dead comrades, they brought their muskets to the shoulder,
and fired. Their shots told. Several of the mob fell lifeless
on the pavement, and a large number were wounded; and so
for two miles these brave, devoted men fought their way, and
joined their comrades at the Washington Depot.

The killed were Addison O. Whitney, Luther C. Ladd, and
Charles A. Taylor, of Company D, Lowell, and Sumner H.
Needham, Company I, of Lawrence. Thirty-six were wounded,
three of whom were Captain Dike, and Leander F Lynde and
James F. Rowe, of the Stoneham company.

The mob howled like wolves around the Southern Depot,
where the regiment now was, and threw stones at the cars after
the men were seated. Several of the mob were shot by our
men from the cars while waiting to start. The regiment reached
Washington at five in the afternoon, and was received by the
loyal people who surrounded the depot the wildest en-
thusiasm. Soon after, it marched to the Capitol building, and
was quartered in the Senate Chamber, and rooms connected
with it. Thus, under the roof of the Capitol, were sheltered
the men who first marched to save it, and in whose ranks the
first blood had been shed, and the first lives sacrificed in its
defence.

The regiment remained in Washington until die 5th of May,
when it was ordered to the Relay House, - a railroad station
about ten miles from Baltimore, - where it remained doing
guard and picket duty until the 29th of July, when it broke
camp and returned to Massachusetts, and arrived in Boston
7

98 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

on the 31st of July, after a service of three months and a
half.

Distinguished honors have been paid this regiment, as the
historic regiment of the war. Distinguished ladies volunteered
to nurse the sick and wounded. Poets sung its praises in
heroic verse. The loyal ladies of Baltimore presented it with a
national Flag; and the citizens of Bergen Point, in New Jersey,
with another, as a "slight acknowledgment of their appreciation
of its moral and soldierly deportment, its gallantry at Baltimore,
and timely rescue from danger of the capital of our common
country." The United-States House of Representatives unani-
mously voted these soldiers the thanks of the House for
their "prompt response to the call of duty," and "their patriot-
ism and bravery in fighting their way through Baltimore to the
defence of the capital ; " and, in so doing, spoke the sentiments
of the loyal men of the nation.

The Eighth Regiment reached Philadelphia, as we have before
stated, on the evening of April 19. There they learned that the
Sixth Regiment had been attacked in Baltimore, and compelled
to fight its way through the city. This intelligence gave new
energy and enthusiasm to the men, and made them more eager
to press forward to Washington. They had expected to reach
the capital by way of Baltimore ; but that route was now closed,
and a new one had to be opened, which served as the military
highway to Washington for Eastern troops until sedition was
suppressed in Baltimore, and that city assumed a loyal attitude.
The new route was by the Susquehanna and Chesapeake Bay to
Annapolis, the capital of Maryland. A branch railroad of
seventeen miles connected Annapolis with the Baltimore and
Washington Railroad. By this route, Washington could be
reached without touching Baltimore. It was a flank movement ;
and the honor of suggesting and making it successful belongs
to Samuel M. Felton, Esq. The honors due him for this ser-
vice can only be measured by the important ends which it accom-
plished. General Butler was in Philadelphia with the Eighth.
His orders were to march to Washington by way of Baltimore.
That was now impossible. Mr. Parton, in his " Life of Gen-
eral Butler," says, -

THE EIGHTH OPENS THE WAY TO ANNAPOLIS. 99

"On this evening, at Philadelphia, there was telegraphing to the
Governor of Massachusetts ; there were consultations with Commodore
DuPont, commandant of the navy yard ; there were interviews with
Mr. Felton, President of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad, -
a son of Massachusetts, full of patriotic zeal, and prompt with needful
advice and help ; there was poring over maps and gazetteers. Mean-
while, Colonel A. J. Butler was out in the streets buying pickaxes,
shovels, tin-ware, provisions, and all that was necessary to enable
troops to take the field, to subsist on army rations, to repair bridges
and railroads, and throw up breastworks. All Maryland was supposed
to be in arms ; but the general was going through Maryland."

The same writer says, -

"Before evening was far advanced, he had determined his plan.
His officers were summoned to meet him. On his table were thirteen
revolvers. He explained his design to go by way of Annapolis,
and took upon himself the sole responsibility. Taking up one of the
revolvers, he invited every officer who was willing to accompany him
to signify it by accepting a revolver. The pistols were all instantly
appropriated."

A "Memorial of Plan and Reasons for Proceeding to Anna-
polis," written that evening by General Butler, was received by
Governor Andrew, enclosed in a letter from Major P. Adams
Ames, an officer of Major-General Andrews's staff of the Massa-
chusetts Volunteer Militia, who happened to be in Philadelphia
at the time. This paper was as follows : -

"I have detailed Captain Devereux and Captain Briggs, with their
commands, supplied with one day's rations and twenty rounds of am-
munition, to take possession of the ferry-boat at Havre-de-Grace for the
benefit of this expedition. This I have done with the concurrence of
the present master of transportation. The Eighth Regiment will remain
at quarters, that they may get a little solid rest after their fatiguing
march. I have sent to know if the Seventh (New York) Regiment will
go with me. I propose to march myself at the hour of seven o'clock
in the morning, to take the regular eight and a quarter o'clock train to
Havre-de-Grace. The citizens of Baltimore, at a large meeting this
evening, denounced the passage of Northern troops. They have
exacted a promise from the President of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-
road not to send troops over that road through Baltimore ; so that any
attempt to throw troops into Baltimore entails a march of forty miles.

100 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

and an attack upon a city of two hundred thousand inhabitants at the
beginning of the march. The only way, therefore, of getting commu-
nication with Washington for troops from the North is over the Balti-
more and Ohio Railway, or marching from the west. Commodore
DuPont, at the navy yard, has given me instructions of the fact in
accordance with these general statements, upon which I rely. I have
therefore thought I could rely upon these statements as to time it will
take to proceed in marching from Havre-de-Grace to Washington.
My proposition is to join with Colonel Lefferts, of the Seventh Regi-
ment of New York. I propose to take the fifteen hundred troops to
Annapolis, arriving there to-morrow about four o'clock, and occupy the
capital of Maryland, and thus call the State to account for the death
of Massachusetts men, my friends and neighbors. If Colonel Lefferts
thinks it more in accordance with the tenor of his instructions to wait
rather than go through Baltimore, I still propose to march with this
regiment. I propose to occupy the town, and hold it open as a means
of communication. I have then but to advance by a forced march of
thirty miles to reach the capital, in accordance with the orders I at
first received, but which subsequent events, in my judgment, vary in
their execution, believing, from the telegraphs, that there will be others
in great numbers to aid me. Being accompanied by officers of more
experience, who will be able to direct the affair, I think it will be
accomplished. We have no light batteries; I have therefore tele-
graphed to Governor Andrew to have the Boston Light Battery put
on shipboard at once to-night to help me in marching on Washington.
In pursuance of this plan, I have detailed Captains Devereux and
Briggs, with their commands, to hold the boat at Havre-de-Grace.

Eleven, a.m. - Colonel Lefferts has refused to march with me. I
go alone at three o'clock, p.m.. to execute this imperfectly written
plan. If I succeed, success will justify me. If I fail, purity of inten-
tion will excuse want of judgment or rashness.

B. F. Butler.
His Excellency Governor Andrew.

This despatch of General. Butler is inaccurate and obscure.
When he speaks of Havre-de-Grace, he means Perryville, as
Perryville is on the northern side of the Susquehanna, and
Havre-de-Grace is on the southern side. When he says, " If
Colonel Lefferts thinks it more in accordance with the tenor
of his instructions to wait rather than go through Baltimore,"
he means rather than go through Annapolis; for Baltimore

GENERAL BUTLER. - MR. FELTON'S NARRATIVE. 101

was the city to be avoided. Neither the despatch nor the
biography gives just credit to Mr. Felton, who had suggested
and fixed upon this route on the 19th, when the Mayor of Balti-
more telegraphed him to send no more troops through that city,
and he promised that no more would be sent. Mr. J. Edgar
Thompson, President of the Pennsylvania Central Railroad,
and Isaac Hazlehurst, Esq., of Philadelphia, were in his office
when the despatch from the Mayor of Baltimore was received;
and to them he suggested the Annapolis route, and they agreed
that it was " the only thing to be done." He immediately tele-
graphed to Captain Galloway, of the ferry-boat " Maryland," at
Perryville, to fill her up with coal, and to make her ready to
go to Annapolis ; and also to procure a pilot who knew Anna-
polis Harbor. These three gentlemen also conferred with the
steamboat owners in Philadelphia about getting their boats
ready to take troops from Perryville to Annapolis ; and, in
some cases, they became personally responsible for the pay of
the officers of the boats. Some of the men declined absolutely
to put their boats at the disposal of the Government; and they
were seized by Governor Curtin, who arrived that evening from
Harrisburg. A consultation was held that night at the house
of General Patterson, in Philadelphia, at which Governor Cur-
tin, Mr. Felton, Mr. Thompson, Mr. Hazlehurst, and Mr.
Henry, Mayor of Philadelphia, were present. The exciting
state of affairs was discussed, and Mr. Felton explained the
route to Washington by way of Annapolis. " After considera-
ble discussion, the Annapolis route was adopted by the military,
and the programme of Mr. Felton and Mr. Thompson ap-
proved." I now quote from Mr. Felton' s manuscript : -

" General Butler arrived in Philadelphia the same evening, with
the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment ; and I requested General Patter-
son to give me an order to take to General Butler, directing him to
go to Washington by the Annapolis route. The general said he had
no military authority over General Butler, and could not give the
order ; but that I might say to him that he most urgently advised that
he should go to Annapolis. I then, in company with Admiral, then
Commodore, DuPont, and my brother Frank, called upon General Butler
at the Continental Hotel, and told him all I knew about the condition

102 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

of things in Baltimore, and of the impossibility of his going that way,
as then they had the streets barricaded, and a large force under arms,
with artillery, to resist his march through the city. I then advised
his taking the Annapolis route, which he at first declined, saying his
orders were to go to Baltimore, and he would go that way ; and, if
they fired upon him from any house, he would raze that house to the
ground, by the help of God, or leave his bones and ashes in the streets
of the city. We told him he could not get through that way ; that
our bridges would be burned that night, if they were not already;
and we could not land him in the city: so the only route left was
Annapolis. After some considerable discussion and hesitation, the gen-
eral concluded to go by Annapolis, in our ferry-boat, from Perryville,
with Captain Galloway, and the pilot whom I had engaged, in charge
of the boat. I was to see Colonel Lefferts, of the New-York Seventh,
then on its way to Philadelphia, and give him all the facts that I had
come in possession of, and urge him to join General Butler. I then
went to my office ; and at about three, A.M., Colonel Lefferts arrived
at the depot, but declined to go with General Butler, saying his orders
were to go through Baltimore. Mr. Thompson and myself endeavored
to persuade him to join General Butler. He finally concluded to
embark on board the steamer 'Boston," one of the steamers we had
secured, and go up the Potomac. I earnestly advised him against this
course, as I had heard that the rebels had erected batteries on the
banks of the Potomac. I urged his going to Annapolis in the steamer
'Boston,' and then joining General Butler for a march to Washington,
as the next best thing to going to Perryville, the Perryville route
being quicker than the route down the Delaware and by sea. He
finally gave up his Potomac route, and joined General Butler at
Annapolis. At three o'clock the next day (Saturday), April 20, Gen-
eral Butler started from the Broad and Prince Streets Station, in the
cars, to Perryville, and thence by steamer 'Maryland ' to Annapolis.
I watched his progress from station to station by telegraph with great
anxiety, as our bridges had been burnt, as I had expected, the night
before, between the Susquehanna and Baltimore, by J. R. Trimble,
at the head of a military rebel force of about one hundred and fifty
men ; and he was threatening to come to the river, and take possession
of our boat, which was then our chief dependence. I had, however,
so arranged matters on board the boat as to make it impossible for him
to capture it, if my orders were obeyed. We also found that our
bridges would be destroyed on this side of the Susquehanna, unless we
were better guarded than on the other side. Trimble did not succeed
in reaching the river and capturing the ferry-boat, being frightened

FROM PHILADELPHIA TO ANNAPOLIS. 103

from his undertaking by one of our engine-men, who was on the
engine that Trimble had seized, in order to take his force out to the
river. This man told him, when he was within about eight miles of
the river, that there were twenty-five hundred soldiers on board the
ferry-boat, who would give him a very warm reception if he attempted
to go to the river. Trimble thereupon concluded that discretion would
be the better part of valor, and returned to Baltimore, burning the
bridges after passing over them. At six, p.m., the telegraph announced
that General Butler had arrived at Perryville. He embarked imme-
diately on board the 'Maryland,' with his regiment, and started for
Annapolis. After this, I went home completely worn out by anxiety,
labor, and loss of sleep, having eaten only irregularly in my
and having neither changed my linen, shaved, nor closed my eyes in
sleep, for three days and two nights."

In making up the record of this gallant regiment from its
departure from Philadelphia until its return, I am under especial
obligations to the full and interesting narrative of Captain George
T. Newhall, of Company D, Lynn Light Infantry. On arriving
near Perryville, the cars stopped, and skirmishers were thrown
forward. The main body followed closely. A crowd was at the
ferry. The regiment moved by "double quick." Captain
Newhall says, " The steamer, a very large ferry-boat, called the
' Maryland,' being in its slip, was instantly taken without firing
a shot." It is evident from this, that neither the officers nor men
of the regiment knew that the "Maryland" had been pre-
pared, and was waiting to take them to Annapolis. After
getting on board the luggage, the "Maryland" proceeded to
Annapolis, where it arrived on Sunday morning, April 21,
and anchored in the harbor, near the frigate "Constitution."
The men suffered from fatigue. Seven hundred persons were
on board. The United-States Naval Academy is at Annapolis.
The frigate "Constitution" was the school-ship of the academy.
It was the most famous ship in our naval annals ; having,
in the war of 1812, won the choicest laurels. It was sup-
posed that she would be seized by the rebels : to save
her from such a disgrace was the duty of the hour. Two
companies of the Eighth were placed on board; the crew not
being strong enough to defend her, if seriously attacked. Cap-
tain Rogers, U.S.N., who commanded her, was prepared to

104 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

sink her, rather than strike his colors. Both the "Maryland"
and the "Constitution" were aground ; great efforts were made
to float them, and tow the frigate over the bar. This was
accomplished with the assistance of the steamer "Boston,"
which arrived in the harbor in the morning with the Seventh
New-York Regiment. Company K, of Pittsfield, was sent by
steamer to Fort McHenry, Baltimore Harbor, and did not join
the regiment again for three weeks. The "Constitution" was
taken safely from Annapolis to New York, having Captain
Devereux's company, and a detail of Lynn, Gloucester, and Mar-
blehead men on board under command of Lieutenant Berry, of
Company D, Lynn, to assist in working her. They afterwards
joined the regiment at Washington. The rest of the Eighth was
kept on board the "Maryland" forty-eight hours, short of ra-
tions, and without water. Captain Newhall says the men were
"supplied with pilot-bread from the 'Constitution,' stamped
'1848,' the year it was made, and salt pork bearing the same
brand, which the men were obliged to eat raw. Salt water
only could be procured : this was eagerly drank by some,
making them more thirsty than ever." The regiment was not
landed until Tuesday morning. The Seventh New York, which
arrived in the harbor a day after the Eighth, landed first. Sev-
eral communications had passed between General Butler and the
Governor of Maryland, the latter protesting against landing
the troops, and also between the general and the commandant
of the Naval Academy, who rendered him all the assistance in
his power. On the day on which the troops landed, a report
was brought to General Butler, that the slaves in the city and
surrounding country were to rise against their masters, and
assert their right to be free. General Buder immediately offered
the services of himself and command to put down the insurrec-
tion. The offer was declined ; there being no truth in the
report, and the masters being able to maintain peace, and sup-
press a revolt of their slaves.

The railroad from Annapolis to the Junction, where it con-
nects with the Baltimore and Washington Railroad, had, in
part, been destroyed, and the engines and cars partially broken.
After considerable delay, the track was relaid, and the engines

THE EIGHTH REACH WASHINGTON. 105

and cars were put in order by the men of the Eighth. Many
of them were mechanics, who had made locomotives and cars.
On the 24th of April, the Eighth and the New-York Seventh
marched twenty-two miles to the Junction. The heat was
oppressive, and the men suffered for want of food. "On arriving
at the Junction, they dropped asleep." On the afternoon of
Friday, April 26, the regiment arrived in Washington, eight days
after its departure from Boston. The National Intelligencer
the next morning, speaking of the Eighth, said, "We doubt
whether any other single regiment in the country could furnish
such a ready contingent to reconstruct a steam-engine, lay a
rail-track, and bend the sails of a man-of-war." General
Butler remained behind at Annapolis in command of that im-
portant post.

The hard labor of laying the raih-oad track, and repairing the
locomotives and cars, had worn out the men's uniforms. The
fact being presented to the President by Colonel Monroe, he
ordered them to be furnished with army trousers and blouses.
On the 30th of April, the regiment was mustered into the
United-States service. The regiment remained in Washington
until the middle of May, when it was ordered to the Relay
House to guard the raih-oad. It remained there, with changes
of detail, until the 29th of July, when it received orders
to return home. It arrived in Boston on the 1st of August,
where it was honorably received, and addressed by the Mayor
of the city.

These soldiers received the thanks of the United-States House
of Representatives, "for the energy and patriotism displayed by
them in surmounting obstacles upon sea and land, which traitors
had interposed to impede their progress to the defence of the
national capital." On the 4th of July, while at the Relay
House, the regiment was presented with a new flag, made and
forwarded by the ladies of Lynn. On the 12th of May, Colonel
Monroe resigned his commission, and Lieutenant-Colonel Hinks
was elected to fill the vacancy. In acknowledgment of the long
and valuable services of Colonel Monroe in the militia of his
State and country. Governor Andrew directed the Adjutant-
General to address him the following letter : -

106 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Adjutant-General's Office, Boston, May 16, 1861.
Colonel MuNROE, M.V.M.

Sir, -I am directed by His Excellency the Commander-in-chief
to inform you, that, in assenting to your discharge from the command
of the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment, now in active service at Wash-
ington, to defend the Union, the Constitution, and the Government of
the United States, he is impressed by your long and meritorious services
in the militia of the Commonwealth; that you have earned long years
ago an honorable discharge; but by your alacrity and patriotism so
recently exhibited in answer to the order to march your command to
Washington, where you have taken an honorable and prominent part
in the defence of the country, you are doubly entitled to it.

His Excellency takes this occasion to assure you of his high ap-
preciation of your services, and expresses a hope that you may live
many years in the enjoyment of that peaceful Union to which your
services have been devoted.

Major-General Sutton will transmit this letter to Colonel Monroe,
together with his discharge.

By order of His Excellency John A. Andrew, Governor and
Commander-in-chief.

William Schouler, Adjutant-General.

To the Eighth Regiment will ever be the honor of having
opened the route to Washington by way of Annapolis, and of
having saved from possible loss the frigate "Constitution,"
the "Old Ironsides" of the war of 1812.

The Third Battalion of Rifles, by transport from New York,
reached Annapolis April 24, and quartered in the Naval
Academy, where it remained until the 2d of May, when it was
ordered to Fort McHenry, where it continued until the end of
its term of service. The battalion was drilled in the practice
of heavy ordnance, and in infantry tactics. The men were always
ready for duty, and by their good conduct and discipline received
the confidence and praise of the garrison commanders. They
were engaged in no battle ; but the fort which it held saved
Baltimore and Maryland from going with Virginia and other
Southern States headlong into rebellion. They were thanked by
General Dix, post commandant, for their patriotism and good

CLOSE OF THE THREE MONTHS' SERVICE. 107

behavior, and, at his request, remained on duty two weeks after
their term of service had expired. This battalion was from
Worcester, " the heart of the Commonwealth." Company C
was originally a local organization, composed of men of Irish
birth, who, on the call for troops, offered their services to the
Governor, which were accepted, and the company was attached
to the Third Battalion. It was the first Irish company to reach
the seat of war, and be mustered into the United-States service ;
and Company D, of the same battahon, was the fu-st to reach
Washington by the Potomac River.

Major Cook's Light Battery, which left New York with the
Fifth Regiment and Rifle Battalion, arrived at Annapolis on
the 24th of April, and was quartered at the Naval Academy,
where it remained until the 4th of May, when it was sent to the
Relay House. On the 13th of June, it was ordered, with the
Sixth Regiment, to Baltimore, to protect the polls on election
day. It remained in that city until the 30th of July, four
days beyond the term of its enlistment. Two detachments
were stationed in Monument Square, and others at the Custom
House. The battery arrived in Boston on the 3d of August,
where it was cordially received by the Mayor of the city, and
a large crowd of people. The First Battalion of Dragoons, the
Second Battalion of Infantry, and the National Lancers hon-
ored the corps with an escort to their old quarters.

In the preceding pages, I have sketched the departure, the
services, and the return of the first three-months men. They
made an honorable record. Speaking of them, the Adjutant-
General, in his annual report for 1861, says, -

" They were the first to respond to the call of the President; the
first to march through Baltimore to the defence of the capital ; the first
to shed their blood for the maintenance of our Government ; the first to
open the new route to Washington by way of Annapolis; the first
to land on the soil of Virginia, and hold possession of the most impor-
tant fortress in the Union ; the first to make the voyage of the Potomac,
and approach the Federal city by water, as they had been the first to
reach it by land. They upheld the good name of the State during
their entire term of service, as well by their good conduct and gentle-

108 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

manly bearing, as by their courage and devotion to duty in the hour of
periL They proved the sterling worth of our volunteer militia. Their
record is one which will ever redound to the honor of Massachusetts,
and will be prized among her richest historic treasures. These men
have added new splendor to our revolutionary annals; and the brave
sons who were shot down in the streets of Baltimore on the 19th of
April, have rendered doubly sacred the day when the greensward of
Lexington Common was drenched with the blood of their fathers."

The three-months service was a good preparatory experience.
It educated officers to command three-years companies and
regiments, which were then being raised in the State; several
of whom came back, when the war was over, with distinguished
fame, and with generals' stars upon their shoulders. Among these
we name Hinks and Devens and Briggs and Martin and Dev-
ereux and McCartney. Others rose to high rank, who never
came back, but who fell in distant battle-fields, by the side of
their men, and beneath the shadow of the flag they carried,
which symbolized their cause and the nation's. Of these we
name Chambers and Pratt and Parker and Prescott and Keyes
and Dodd.

While the events here enumerated were transpiring at a
distance, others of great importance and interest were of daily
occurrence at home, as will appear in the next chapter.

CHAPTER III.

The People of the Towns - The Press - The Pulpit-Edward Everett -
Fletcher Webster offers to raise a Regiment - The Sunday Meeting in State
Street - Mr. Webster's Speech-Meeting in the Music Hall - Speech of
Wendell Phillips-Meeting in Chester Park - Speeches of Edward Everett
and Benjamin F. Hallett - Meeting under the Washington Ebn in Cambridge
-Ex-Governor Banks, George S. Hillard, and others - Letters received by
the Governor - Extracts -Reception of the Dead Bodies of the Killed in
Baltimore - Mr. Crowninshield goes abroad to buy Arms - Ex-Govemor
Boutwell sent to Washington - Letter of John M. Forbes to Mr. Felton -
Letter to General Wool - To Rev. Dr. Steams -To Robert M. Mason -
Offer of a Ship Load of Ice - Purchase of the Cambridge - Provisions sent
to Fortress Monroe and Washington-Governor to President Lincoln -
Attorney-General Foster - The Ladies of Cambridge - Call for Three Years'
Volunteers -Letter of John M. Forbes -Letters received by the Adjutant:
General - Extracts-Letters from Dr. Luther V. Bell and Richard H. Dana, Jr.

- Ex-Govemor Boutwell arrives at Washington - Letters to the Governor-
State of Affairs at Washington - Letter from Mr. Foster-Cipher Telegram

- Judge Hoar at Washington-Letters to the Governor - The War De-
partment will accept no more Troops - Charles R. Lowell, Jr., Massachusetts
Agent at Washington- His Instmctions -Letter of Governor to Dr. Howe

- Appointed to examine the Condition of the Regiments - His Report -
Colonel Prescott-Letters of the Governor and General Butler- Slavery.

The people of Massachusetts were deeply moved by the depar-
ture of the three months' men, and the attack made upon the
Sixth Regiment at Baltimore. Meetings were held in city and
town. Speeches were made by the most distinguished orators
in the State. In some of the towns, the people were called
together by the ringing of church-bells, and in others by the
town-crier. The meetings generally were opened with prayer ;
and the oldest and most venerable of the inhabitants were seated
on the platform. The veterans of the Revolution had passed
away, and the seats which they would have filled were occupied
by the surviving soldiers of the War of 1812. Addresses were
made by clergymen, lawyers, and by young men, to whom the

no MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

cause gave words of earnest eloquence. The Union, one and
inseparable, and how Massachusetts could best serve it, were
the themes which inspired them all. Resolutions were passed,
pledging life and fortune to the cause. Large sums of money
were subscribed and paid. Historic memories were revived,
and the sacrifices of the fathers in the War for Independence
held up for imitation. The women formed aid societies to sew
and knit and work for the absent soldiers and for their families
at home. Young men formed military companies, and more
companies were offered than the Government would receive;
and more articles of clothing and stores of provisions than the
men required.

The public journals of the Commonwealth spoke with one
voice. Party spirit was allayed, pohtical differences forgotten.
The past was buried with the past. The Boston Morning
Post, the leading Democratic paper in New England, gave to
the cause its strong support. It had sustained the nomination
of John C. Breckinridge for President the preceding year; but
it did so without intent or thought of following him into rebel-
lion. On the morning of April 16, the Post published a
patriotic appeal to the people, from which we make the follow-
ing extract : -

Patriotic citizens ! choose you which you will, serve, the world's
best hope, - our noble Republican Government, - or that bottomless pit,
- social anarchy. Adjourn other issues until this self-preserving issue
is settled. Hitherto a good Providence has smiled upon the American
Union. This was the morning star that led on the men of the Revo-
lution. It is precisely the truth to say, that when those sages and
heroes labored they made Union the vital condition of their labor. 1 1
was faith in Union that destroyed the tea, and thus nerved the resist-
ance to British aggression. Without it, patriots felt they were noth-
ing; and with it they felt equal to all things. The Union flag they
transmitted to their posterity. To-day it waves over those who are
rallying under the standard of the Law; and God grant, that in the
end, as it was with the old Mother Country, after wars between White
and Red Roses and Roundheads and Cavaliers, so it may be with the
daughter ; that she may see Peace in her borders, and all her children
loving each other better than ever !"

The Boston Liberator, edited by William Lloyd Garrison,

SPEECH OF COLONEL WEBSTER. HI

the well-known and ably conducted organ of the extreme Aboli-
tion party, spoke with equal spirit in support of the Govern-
ment . The religious press, without exception, invoked the
blessings of Heaven upon our soldiers and the holy cause they
had gone forth to uphold. Religious creeds, like political
dogmas, were harmonized in the general current of opinion.
Edward Everett, who in the preceding fall election was the
Conservative candidate for Vice-President, threw himself, with
all his powers of eloquence and culture, into the struggle. He
was absent from the State when the call for troops was made,
but returned to Boston on the 18th of April. He fully approved
the measures taken by the Government, and thought the
Administration ought to be cordially supported by all good
citizens.

Among the first to raise a regiment for the service was
Fletcher Webster, the sole surviving child of Daniel Webster.
On Sunday morning, April 21, an immense meeting was held
in State Street, in front of the Merchants' Exchange. It had
been announced in the papers of the preceding day that Mr.
Webster and other gentlemen would speak. There was much
excitement and enthusiasm, notwithstanding it was the sabbath.
Mr. Webster began his address from the steps of the Merchants'
Exchange. The position was unfavorable; the crowd could
not hear, and calls were made to adjourn to the rear of the Old
State House. The adjournment was carried. The crowd re-
mained in the street. Mr. Webster spoke from the rear bal-
cony, facing State Street. He was received with great favor.
He said he could see no better use to which the day could
be put than to show our gratitude to Divine Providence for
bestowing upon us the best Government in the world, and to
pledge ourselves to stand by it and maintain it. He whose
name he bore had the good fortune to defend the Union and the
Constitution in the forum. This he could not do ; but he was
ready to defend them on the field. [Applause.] But this is no
time for speeches ; it is a time for action. He proposed to raise
a regiment for active service; he called for volunteers. Mr.
Webster then gave directions regarding the manner in which
companies were to be raised, in order to comply with the laws

112 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

of the State and the requirements of the War Department. He
concluded by saying, -

"Time presses. The enemy is approaching the capital of the

nation. It may be in their hands now. [Cries of ' Never ; it never shall
be.'] Promptness is needed. Let us show the world that, the patri-
otism of '61 is not less than that of the heroes of '76 ; that the noble
impulses of those patriot hearts have descended to us. Let us do
our duty, and we shall yet see the nation united, and our old flag
remain without a star dimmed or a stripe obliterated."

The report of the meeting in the Daily Advertiser says, -

" The remarks of Mr. Webster were received with great enthu-
siasm, and at the close of his speech he was loudly cheered. Loud calls
were then made for General Schouler, who was seen upon the balcony.
In response, he stepped forward, and thanked the vast assembly in an
almost inaudible voice for their good feeling, and asked Mr. Webster
to speak for him. Mr. Webster at once informed the audience that
the General was utterly prostrated with the arduous labors during the
past week, and that he had scarcely been in bed for fifty-four hours ;
that he must be excused, as he was utterly unable to address them.
The crowd then gave three cheers for General Schouler."

The meeting was ably addressed by William Dehon, Edward
Riddle, and Charles Levi Woodbury, who were received with
great favor and satisfaction. Mr. Webster's appeal met with a
prompt response. More companies were offered than he could
accept; but, before the regiment was ready to leave the State,
orders came from Washington that no more three months'
regiments would be received. On the receipt of this information,
Mr. Webster's regiment immediately volunteered to serve for
three years : it was accepted, and during the war was known
as the Twelfth Regiment of Massachusetts Infantry.

Wendell Phillips spoke in the afternoon of this memorable
Sunday in the great Music Hall, which was crowded in every
part ; and thousands were unable to gain admission. Many
feared that he would not be permitted to speak ; and that, if he
attempted to sustain the position which he assumed in his
speech at New Bedford ten days before, a riot would occur.
The first sentence uttered by Mr. Phillips, however, gave

WENDELL PHILLIPS IN THE MUSIC HALL. MS

assurance that the events of the preceding week had not been
without their effect upon his mind. The hall was profusely
decorated with the stars and stripes ; and the speaker stood upon
the platform beneath an arch formed by the national colors.
The speech was remarkable not only for its force and vigor, its
patriotic and elevated sentiments, but for its strong contrast
with the speech quoted in the first chapter. He began by say-
ing, -

"I am here to retract not a single word of what I have ever said.
Every act of my life has tended to make the welcome I give this
war hearty and hot. Civil war is a momentous evil, and needs the
soundest justification. I rejoice before God, that every word I have
said has counselled peace; and I rejoice, for the first time in my
anti-slavery life, I stand under the stars and stripes, and welcome the
tread of Massachusetts men. [Great applause.] No matter what
may have been done in the past. To-day the slave asks but a sight of
this banner, and calls it the twilight of his redemption; to-day it
represents sovereignty and justice. The only mistake I have ever
made is in supposing Massachusetts wholly choked with cotton dust
and cankered with gold. [Laughter.] The first cannon shot upon
our forts has put the war-cry of the Revolution on her lips. I can-
not acknowledge the sentiment, ' Our country, right or wrong.' In a
moral light, it is knavish and atheistical; but it is sublime to see this
rallying of a great people to the defence of the national honor ; a noble
and puissant nation, arising like a strong man from a sleep and shaking
his locks. She is thus collecting her scattered elements and rousing
her dormant thunder. How do we justify this last appeal to arms ?
I always cry for peace ; and the anti-slavery banner has that name
upon it. We have thought to set free the millions of slaves, and the
North has responded. It is in the increasing education of our people,
and in that moral sense which is fast gaining ground, that we are to
accomplish this. No man can prevail against the North in the nine-
teenth century. It thinks. It can appreciate the argument. The South
is the fourteenth century. Wat Tyler and Jack Cade loom up on the
horizon. There the fagots still burn, and men are tortured for opinion.
Baron and serf are names which form too flattering a picture. Sum-
ner stamped them the barbarous States. The struggle now is, not of
opinion, but of civilization. There can be but two things, - compro-
mise or battle. The integrity of the North scorns the first; the
general forbearance of nineteen States has preceded the other. The
South opened with a cannon-shot, and Lincoln showed himself at

114 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

the door. [Applause.] The war is not of aggression, but of self-
defence ; and Washington becomes the Thermopylae of liberty and
justice. Rather than surrender it, cover every foot of ground with a
living man. Guard it with a million of men, and empty our bank-
vaults to pay them. Proclaim that the North is under the stars and
stripes, and no man is in chains."

He said the North is all right and the South all wrong ; that
for thirty years there has been no exhaustion of conciliation and
compromise. "We must," he said, " acknowledge the right
before you send Massachusetts through the streets of Baltimore,
and carry Lexington and the 19th of April into the Southern
States." - "During long and weary years we have waited.
Massachusetts blood has consecrated the streets of Baltimore,
which are now too sacred to he trodden by slaves." - "When the
South cannonaded Sumter, the bones of Adams rattled in his
coffm ; and we might have heard him from his granite grave in
Quincy say, 'Seize the thunderbolt, and annihilate what has
troubled you for sixty years.' " - " There are four sections of
people in this struggle : First, the ordinary masses, mingling
mere enthusiasm in the battie ; Second, those that have commer-
cial interests, - the just-converted hunkerism ; Third, the peo-
ple, - the cordwainers of Lynn and the farmers of Worcester,
- people who have no leisure for technicalities ; Fourth, the
Abolitionists, who thank God that he has let them see salvation
before they die. Europe, and some of you, may think it a war
of opinion ; but years hence, when the smoke of the conflict
shall have cleared away, we shall see all creeds, all tongues, all
races one brotherhood ; and on the banks of the Potomac the
Genius of Liberty robed in light, with four and thirty stars
in her diadem, broken chains under her feet, and the olive
branch in her right hand."

Mr. Everett made his fu-st speech in the war on Saturday the
27th of April, to a vast crowd of citizens in Chester Square,
Boston. The people who lived in the south part of the city
had erected a lofty flag-staff, and from its height the national
banner was to be unfurled that afternoon. The ceremonies
were opened with prayer by Rev. Mr. Hepworth, and national
songs were sung by the school-children. Mr. Everett was

SPEECHES OF MR. EVERETT AND MR. HALLETT. 115

received with loud applause ; which he gracefully acknowl-
edged, and said, -

" The great assemblage that I see around me ; the simple but inter-
esting ceremonial with which the flag of our country has been thrown
to the breeze; the strains of inspiring music; the sweet concord
of those youthful voices ; the solemn supplication of the reverend
clergyman, which still fills our ears, - all these proclaim the deep,
patriotic sentiment of which the flag is the symbol and expression.
Nay, more : it speaks for itself. Its mute eloquence needs no aid from
my lips to interpret its significance. Fidelity to the Union blazes
from its stars: allegiance to the Government under which we live is
wrapped within its folds. We set up this standard, my friends, not as
a matter of idle display, but as an expressive indication, that, in the
mighty struggle which has been forced upon us, we are of one heart
and one mind, - that the Government of the country must be sus-
tained. We are a law-abiding, quiet-loving community. Our time,
our thoughts, our energies are habitually devoted to the peaceful arts
by which States grow and prosper ; but, upon an issue in which the
life of the country is involved, we rally as one man to its defence.
All former differences of opinion are swept away. We forget that we
ever had been partisans. We remember only that we are Americans,
and that our country is in peril. . . . Why does it float as never before,
not merely from arsenal and masthead, but from tower and steeple,
from the public edifices, the temples of science, the private dwelling,
in magnificent display or miniature presentment? Let Fort Sumter
give the answer. When on this day fortnight, the 13th of April (a
day for ever to be held in inauspicious remembrance, like the Dies
Alliensis in the annals of Rome), the tidings spread through the land,
that the standard of United America, the pledge of her union and the
symbol of her power, which so many gallant hearts had poured out
their life-blood on the ocean and the land to uphold, had, in the harbor
of Charleston, been for a day and a half the target of eleven fratricidal
batteries, one deep, unanimous, spontaneous feeling shot with the
tidings through the bosoms of twenty millions of freemen, - that its
outraged honor must be vindicated."

Mr. Everett then described the bombardment of Sumter, and
paid a high tribute to Major Anderson and his gallant com-
mand. He also referred to his long and intimate acquaintance
with the leading men of the South, from whom he had hoped
never to have been separated by civil war. He closed with
these words : -

116 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

"All hail to the flag of the Union ! Courage to the heart and
strength to the hand to which in all time it shall be intrusted ! May
it ever wave in unsullied honor over the dome of the Capitol, from
the country's strongholds, on the tented field, upon the wave-rocked
topmast. It was originally displayed on the 1st of January, 1776,
from the headquarters of Washington, whose lines of circumvallation
around beleaguered Boston traversed the fair spot where we now stand ;
and it was first given to the breeze within the limits of our beloved
State : so may the last spot where it shall cease to float in honor and
triumph be the soil of our own Massachusetts ! "

The gentleman who succeeded Mr. Everett was Benjamin
F. Hallett, who, for thirty years, had been a distinguished leader
of the Democratic party. He had made its platforms, advo-
cated its principles, and labored for its success. No Democrat
in Massachusetts was better known than Mr. Hallett. He had
never wavered in his love or faltered in his allegiance to his
party. No one doubted his sincerity, no one questioned his
ability. As a lawyer, he held a high rank. Notwithstanding
his determined zeal and devotion to his pasty, his nature was
kind and generous ; and his private character was pure and
spodess. Like Mr. Everett, he gave up party for his country.
His speech in Chester Square was worthy of his talents and of
the occasion which called it forth. Like Mr. Everett, he re-
mained true to the Union ; and, like him, he died ere the end
was gained.

In the city of Cambridge, almost within the shadows of the
halls of Harvard University, stands the "Washington Elm,"
where it has stood sentinel since the foundation of the college.
They have grown old and venerable together. Beneath the
branches of the tree, Washington first took command of the
American army, in 1775, which was drawn up in line on
the Common in front. On this historic spot, on the same
day that Mr. Everett and Mr. Hallett spoke in Chester Square,
the people of Cambridge held a meeting. John Sargent, the
mayor of the city, presided. Among the vice-presidents were
Jared Sparks, Henry W. Longfellow, Joel Parker, Emory
Washburn, Isaac Livermore, and Theophilus Parsons. A pre-
amble and resolutions were read by John G. Palfrey. One of
the resolutions was in these words : -

MEETING UNDER THE "WASHINGTON ELM." 117

" Resolved by us. citizens of Cambridge, convened under the shadow
of the Washington Elm. that animated, we trust, by the spirit of him
who, in the clouded dawn of the Revolution which created our nation,
drew his sacred sword on this memorable spot, we desire to consecrate
ourselves to the services of freedom and our country."

The meeting was addressed by John C. Park, ex-Governor
Banks, George S. Hillard, and Thomas H. Russell in speeches
filled with patriotic sentiments and earnest appeals to the judg-
ment and conscience of the people.

We now return to the State House, where the work of fitting
out regiments, organizing new departments, listening to various
propositions, answering innumerable questions, receiving and
writing letters, pressed upon the Governor and his personal
staff, the Adjutant-General and his assistants, the Quarter-
master-General and his clerks, from early morning until mid-
night. An abstract of a portion only of the correspondence will
show the nature and extent of a part of the labor performed.

April 18. - The Governor writes to Miss A. J. Gill, also
to Miss Anna M. Clarke, also to Mary A. G. Robinson, who
have offered themselves to be nurses ; to Robert B. Forbes,
acknowledging the receipt of his "Address to the Merchants
and Seamen of Massachusetts to organize a Coast Guard ; " to
Dr. Winslow Lewis, who offered to give medical advice and
attendance to soldiers' families free of charge. Thanks Leopold
Morse, of Boston, for a gift of one hundred pairs of ready-
made pants for soldiers. To Secretary Cameron, asking for
more muskets.

April 19. - Governor telegraphs to the Secretary of War,
" Would you like another regiment composed of Irishmen en-
listed specially?" Writes to Arthur Hanley, who had inquired
" if unnaturalized persons would be accepted in the militia," to
" go ahead." Acknowledges " with gratitude the devoted and
benevolent offer of Mrs. Harriet M. Gibson;" also a letter
from Miss Hannah E. Stevenson, who offered her services as a
nurse. Telegraphs to Secretary Cameron that "the steamer
'State of Maine,' with the Fourth Regiment on board, is detained
at New York; depends on his providing a convoy from the
capes of Virginia, if necessary. Writes to William Gray,

118 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

accepting the offer made by ladies through him "to supply
under-clothing for the soldiers." Thanks James M. Stone "for
his valuable aid as assistant quartermaster in getting off the
regiments. Acknowledges the receipt of a beautiful fire-arm
from Dr. Henry G. Clark, "to be given to the surgeon of the
forces of Massachusetts who shall best perform his duty in the
exercise of his profession towards the brave men who have
taken up arms in behalf of liberty and the country." Tele-
graphs, seven o'clock, p.m., to General Butler, "When did
you reach Philadelphia ? When will you leave? Is the way
open? Can you communicate by telegraph with Washington?
Has Jones reached Washington?"

April 20. - Writes to Dr. H. H. Fuller that "surgeons are
appointed under the militia law by colonels of regiments, and
not by the Governor." Acknowledges receipt from Captain
Edward Ingersoll, Springfield Armory, of " two hundred and
fifty rifled muskets." Thanks Miss Laura A. Phillips, of Great
Falls, N.H., for her offer to nurse our wounded men in Balti-
more ; also Miss Laura B. Forbes, of Cambridgeport, for the
same offer. Telegraphs Hon. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-Presi-
dent, Hampden , Me. , "I advise you to come forward without
delay, in view of possible events at Washington." Telegraphs
Governor Washburn, of Maine, "One advance regiment [the
Sixth] has reached Washington. No other yet beyond Phila-
delphia." Directs the Adjutant-General "to grant all applica-
tions for organizing new companies when he has confidence in
the parties. When doubts exist, consult the Governor." Di-
rects the Adjutant-General "to get off Cook's Light Battery by
steamer before midnight ; also the left wing of the Fifth Regi-
ment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Greene, and the right wing,
under Colonel Lawrence, by railroad during the night." This
arrangement could not be made ; and the Governor telegraphed
to Simeon Draper, New York, to "engage steamers for twelve
hundred troops, six cannon, caissons, and seventy-two horses,
from New York to Annapolis, to leave New York Sunday
morning." Telegraphs Major Ladd, "Senator Wilson will be
in New York to-morrow morning, and will inform you fully
what our wants are for the troops on their march." Telegraphs

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS OF THE GOVERNOR. 119

Major p. Adams Ames, Philadelphia, "We will send horses,
artillery, and infantry to New York by rail, thence by steamer
to Annapolis." Telegraphs the Mayor of Baltimore, "I
pray you to cause the bodies of our Massachusetts soldiers
dead in Baltimore to be immediately laid out, preserved with
ice, and tenderly sent forward by express to me. All expenses
will be paid by this Commonwealth." Telegraphs Simeon
Draper, New York, "Procure, to be deUvered to Colonel Law-
rence, of our Fifth Regiment, to-morrow morning, eight, hun-
dred knapsacks suitable for service, or else slings for carrying
blankets." Thanks Mrs. William Ward for her offer "to aid
in any manner in her power, our departing troops, and to cheer
those whom they leave behind." Telegraphs to Mayor Sargent,
of Lowell, " We have no official information of the names of the
dead. A despatch from the Mayor of Baltimore says the bodies
cannot be sent on at present, as communication by land and sea
is stopped. But they have been carefully cared for, and will
be put in Greenwood Cemetery till they can be sent to Massa-
chusetts." Informs A. B. Ely, of Boston, that " we are taking
most active measures for procuring a supply of efficient arms."
Thanks Rev. Eli A. Smith "for his patriotic and Christian
offer" of assistance ; also Dr. Coale, of Boston, for offer of
professional services, and Miss Hazard and Miss Burns, who
offer themselves as nurses. Notifies Mr. Crowninshield that
the Executive Council have "approved of his suggestion, and he
has appointed him to proceed to Europe in the next steamer to
purchase arms." Telegraphs George William Brown, Mayor of
Baltimore : " Dear Sir, -I appreciate your kind attention to our
wounded and our dead, and trust that at the earliest moment
the remains of the fallen will return to us. I am overwhelmed
with surprise, that a peaceful march of American citizens over
the highway, to the defence of our common capital, should be
deemed aggressive to Baltimoreans. Through New York the
march was triumphal." To Adams & Co.'s Express, Boston :
"Can't you get the bodies of our dead through Baltimore?
The Mayor telegraphs the raikoad is interrupted." Major Ladd,
who is referred to above, was an officer on the staff of Major-
General Sutton ; and Major Ames, also mentioned, was an

120 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

officer on the staff of Major-General Andrews, of the Massa-
chusetts Volunteer Militia. They had been detailed on special
duty at New York and Philadelphia.

April 22.- The Governor telegraphs to the Superintendent
of the Springfield Armory, " Can you send me to-night a first-
rate armorer, who is a judge of arms, ready to go where he
may be wanted for six weeks?" A first-rate armorer, Charles
McFarland, was procured, who went abroad with Mr. Crown-
inshield, two days after, to purchase arms. Governor acknowl-
edges receipt of a check for five hundred dollars from George
Draper, "to be appropriated for the relief of the families of
those who have fallen or may fall in obeying the call of their
country." Gives a letter to Rev. N. Shepard, pastor of the
Tremont-Street Baptist Church, who said he should "start for
Washington this evening, if he had to walk all the way."
Acknowledges the receipt from William Dehon of eighty-eight
flannel shirts "for the soldiers of Massachusetts who may be
unprovided for in the present emergency." Requests S.G.
Ward, of Boston, banker, "to issue a letter of credit in favor of
F. B. Crowninshield for fifty thousand pounds sterling." Tele-
graphs Simeon Draper, New York, that Mr. Crowninshield
"will be at Fifth Avenue Hotel to-night, to take steamer 'Persia'
for Liverpool on Wednesday." Writes to General Butler, that
" the citizens of Salem have appointed Dr. Lincoln R. Stone to
attend to the wants of the companies that have marched from
that city, and that he would see that the funds raised by sub-
scription for that purpose may be properly expended." Writes
to President Lincoln, that "Ex-Governor Boutwell has been
appointed the agent of the Commonwealth to proceed to Wash-
ington to confer with him in regard to the forts in Massachu-
setts and the militia." Governor Boutwell was also to see
General Wool in New York. Instructs Mr. Crowninshield
" that he is to procure twenty-five thousand stand of arms, of
the best style and patterns, and to have them conform as nigh
as possible to those now in use in the army," He was to co-ope-
rate with agents from other loyal States, and to look out if
agents of disloyal States were abroad on a similar errand.
Writes to Secretary Cameron, that Ex-Governor Boutwell will

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS OF THE GOVERNOR. 121

confer with him in regard to garrisoning our forts with militia ;
also recommends that a guard be placed at the United-States
Arsenal at Springfield. "Two thousand men could be thus
employed, who would enlist for one or two years, be drilled as
soldiers, and sent forward when required." Telegraphs to Secre-
tary of War for " one or two thousand smooth-bore muskets,
of which there are one hundred thousand at the Springfield
Arsenal." Acknowledges with thanks the offer of the Empire
Association of Lynn to " give to the new volunteer company
raised in that city sixty-six military frock-coats." Thanks
"Mr. Tilson, and the ladies of the Baptist Church and Society
of Hingham, for the tender of their services to make clothing
and sew for the soldiers."

April 23. - The Governor writes a letter to Major-General
Wool, introducing William L. Burt, of Boston, who was in-
structed to "get authority to garrison die forts in Boston harbor
with militia." John M. Forbes, by direction of the Governor,
writes to Samuel M. Felton, of Philadelphia : "Your informa-
tion about matters at Annapolis received. The expedition
which left New York yesterday will take care of Annapolis ;
but we shall continue our preparations, including armed ships.
Look out for Port Deposite. Keep us posted." Governor
writes to Mrs. Harriet C. Gould and Mrs. Harriet A. Jaquith,
who had offered to furnish the soldiers with the New Testa-
ment, and informs them "that each soldier of the Fifth Regi-
ment, which left Boston on Sunday, had been furnished with a
Bible; and there is an abundant supply to furnish those who
are expected to leave." Writes to Henry A. J. Williams that
"colored men cannot be enrolled in the militia. It cannot be
done by law, which limits the militia to white male citizens.
Personally, he knows no distinction of class or color, in his
regard for his fellow-citizens, nor in their regard for our com-
mon country." Writes to Mrs. Devereux, wife of Captain
Devereux, of the Eighth Regiment, who had offered her services
as a nurse, " that he would be reluctant to call into the field
another member of a family which has already contributed so
many of its children to the country." Two brothers of Captain
Devereux were also in the service.

122 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

April 24. - The Governor writes to Governor Washburn,
of Maine, that " the understanding is, that Mr. Crowninshield is
to purchase three thousand rifled muskets, of the most approved
pattern, for Maine, and Maine is to bear her proportion of the
expenses of the agent." Also to Governor Goodwin, of New
Hampshire, that Mr. Crowninshield is to purchase two thou-
sand musks for that State, with the same understanding in
regard to sharing expenses.

April 25, -The Governor writes to the Trustees of the State
Nautical-School Ship, inclosing an order passed by the Execu-
tive Council, "to place guns on board the ship, and to have
the boys drilled in their use for the defence of the coast. The
guns are to be four bronze six-pounders." Writes to the Secre-
tary of War a letter introducing Wilder Dwight and George
L. Andrews, who were going to Washington to get authority to
raise a regiment of volunteers for the war. He had written
to the Secretary on the 17th on the subject, but had received
no answer. He fully indorses the scheme, and "hopes it may
receive such assistance and co-operation from the United States
as can with propriety be offered. Major Gordon, who will
command the regiment, is a gentleman of careful military edu-
cation and large executive ability; and it will be officered by
such gentlemen as Mr. Andrews and Mr. Dwight, gentlemen
of the best standing in Massachusetts." Writes to the Com-
mander of the Charlestown Navy Yard, " Allow me to advise and
urge you to hold at the navy yard, or under your control, all
naval officers who will not swear allegiance to the United-States
Government, until instruction can be got from Washington."
Writes to the Secretary of War, " In addition to raising Gor-
don's regiment, we can send you four thousand more troops
within a very short time after receipt of a requisition for them.
Do you wish us to send men as we may get them ready, without
waiting requisitions? WTiat shall we do, or what do you wish
us to do, about provisioning our men? Is Fortress Monroe
supplied with provisions ? Will you authorize the enlistment
here, and mustering into the United-States service, Irish, Ger-
mans, and other tough men, to be drilled and prepared here
for service? We have men enough of such description, eager

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS OF THE GOVERNOR. 123

to be employed, sufficient to make three regiments. Finally,
will you direct some general instructions and suggestions to be
sent to me as to any thing, no matter what or how much, you
may wish from Massachusetts, and procure General Scott also to
do so ? and we will try and meet, so far as may be, every wish of
the Government up to the very limit of our resources and power.
Will you put the six thousand rifles, now at the United-States
Arsenal at Watertown, at our disposal for our men, and send.
immediately orders for that purpose ? We shall be able to
replace them at an early day, if it shall be necessary." Ac-
knowledges the receipt of a letter from George T. Curtis, of
New York, who had written "to express his sincere apprecia-
tion of, and thanks for, his co-operation in all actions taken by
the Commonwealth, and by himself as its chief magistrate, to
maintain the integrity and supremacy of the Federal Union."

April 26. - Governor writes to Commodore Hudson, Navy
Yard, Charlestown, "John M. Forbes is acting as agent for
the Commonwealth in fitting up and preparing the 'Cambridge'
as an armed steamer for coast defence, and for the benefit of
the common cause. Will you be good enough to oblige us
with furnishing him with guns, armament, and ammunition he
may need from the navy yard ? Any aid you may give will
serve the great object nearest the hearts of us all, and receive
my lasting gratitude." To George S. Boutwell, Groton, Mass. :
"We need your information, influence, and acquaintance with
the Cabinet, and knowledge of Eastern public sentiment, to
leave immediately for Washington. Hope you will proceed at
once, and open and preserve communication between you and
myself" To Montgomery Blair, Postmaster-General : "Hon.
Dwight Foster, our Attorney-General, will hand you this note,
with my full commendations. Mr. Foster is a gentleman with
whom you can take counsel, finding him full of the fire and
hard-working zeal of Massachusetts. How long, 0 Lord ! how
long will they delay our people ?" To George Ashmun, Spring-
field, Mass. : "A Mr. T. Jones Lyman, of Montreal, Canada
West, informs me that there are two hundred thousand percus-
sion muskets at the armories, either at Quebec or Montreal.
Will you ascertain if there is any way in which they can be

124 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Sought?" Governor to General John E. Wool, commanding
Department of the East, New York : "I have garrisoned Fort
Independence, on Castle Island, in Boston harbor, with a battalion
of infantry of one hundred and fifty men ; and shall have another
battalion of the same strength in Fort Warren, on George's
Island, on Monday morning. I have a third battalion, which I
can station at Fort Winthrop ; and there are from two to three
thousand volunteers, whom I wish to place under drill and disci-
pUne, in these forts. In Fort Independence, there are none of
the casemate guns mounted, and no barbette guns on the face
which vessels entering the harbor approach. In Forts Warren
and Winthrop there are no guns. This important harbor, there-
fore, seems to be almost entirely undefended. I would therefore
request you to order Captain Rodman [Watertown Arsenal] to
supply these forts with the guns and carriages necessary for their
defence, and detail an officer of engineers to put the works in
proper condition. If an officer of artillery could also be detailed
to give the necessary instruction, the garrison would soon be able
to use the guns with effect. Please give us the order for the
guns and carriages at once." Governor to Governor Washburn,
of Maine (telegram) : "New York urges that Maine would
hurry forward her men. We have parted with certain equip-
ments to Mr. Blaine, the agent of your adjutant." Governor
to Governor Fairbanks, of Vermont (telegram) : " New York
wants Vermont to hurry. The case is urgent. Your adjutant
said that the three hundred muskets we let him have would finish
equipment."

April 27. - By direction of the Governor, Colonel Sargent,
aide-de-camp, writes to Secretary Cameron, asking "to have
the Irish Brigade, so called, sent to the forts to help man them
and place the guns." Governor to General Wool, "Cannot
you send us an officer of the United States army, with authority
to superintend the military operations, and to give us some
advice, from time to time, on military questions?" By direc-
tion of the Governor, Colonel Browne, private secretary, writes
to the Mayor of Boston, in reply to a letter of the day before,
"Concerning the action of the city of Boston in reference to
the subsistence of troops detailed to garrison the forts in the

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS OF THE GOVERNOR. 125

harbor, His Excellency directs me to say, that at the earliest
practical moment, probably during the first days of the coming
week, he shall place troops in the forts, to whom the bounty of
the city will apply ; and the Adjutant-General is instructed to
superintend and arrange all the details of the operation." Gov-
ernor to John M. Forbes, "Buy the 'Pembroke' on the best terms
possible, letting the merchants or coast-guard company put in such
part of the cost as you can arrange. She must be armed and fitted
with all reasonable speed, and be prepared to carry stores. She
must only be used as coast-guard, when we can spare her from
transportation. Let the alterations be as few as possible, so as
to keep her cost down to the lowest point compatible with effi-
ciency as an armed storeship." Governor to James M. Stone,
who had given valuable aid as assistant-quartermaster: "I received
your account last Saturday, with your admirable, full, and accu-
rate report. The whole forms a model statement. I will have
the account passed to-day by the Council." The Council ap-
proved Mr. Stone's account, and voted to pay him seventy-five
dollars for his services, which he declined to receive, as he in-
tended his services to be gratuitous.

April 29. - Governor to Rev. Dr. Stearns, President of
Amherst College : " I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt
of your letter concerning the three young gentlemen, students of
Amherst College, -Mr. James A. Rhea and Mr. Joseph B.
Rhea, of Blountville, Tenn., and Mr. William A. Stay-
maker, of Alexandria, Va., -who, you assure me, are loyal
to their Government, and who, on account of the perils of the
times, are summoned by their friends to return to their homes.
No persons who are loyal to their Government need any 'pass-
port or testimonial,' from me or from any other person, to travel
freely throughout this Commonwealth ; and I feel confident, that
the travel of such persons throughout the United States will be
obstructed nowhere, unless by traitors and rebels, or as a mih-
tary necessity by troops acting against traitors and rebels."
Governor to George Dwight, Superintendent of the Springfield
Armory, introducing Mr. Blaine, agent of the State of Maine,
who wished to get three thousand muskets for that State.
Governor to Robert M. Mason, of Boston : "I hold a check for

126 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

ten thousand dollars, payable to my order, being the gift of
William Gray, Esq., for the benefit and relief of the families of
the Massachusetts privates and non-commissioned officers called
into active service. It was tendered to me before the forma-
tion of the Committee of One Hundred ; and I now, with
Mr. Gray's consent, at your convenience, desire to place it in
your hands, as the treasurer of the committee, for appropriate
distribution according to the methods and rules of that organi-
zation. I cannot perform this pleasing task without adding a
feeble expression of the deep sensibility with which I received
this noble and characteristic munificence, and of the honor I
feel in being made the instrument of its transmission." Also, a
similar letter to Mr. Mason, transmitting a check of Mrs. Han-
nah F. Lee for one thousand dollars. To Governor Bucking-
ham, of Connecticut, " We cannot furnish you with muskets, as
we have exhausted our store. Will you co-operate with us,
and have some bought by our agent in England?" To Dr.
William J. Dale, "Express to Mrs. Tyler, and other citizens
of Baltimore, my thanks for the care they have taken of our
wounded men in that city."

These extracts show the variety of topics which, in the first
two weeks of the war, engaged the Governor's attention.
The letters on file in the Adjutant-General's office, embracing
the same period, also disclose much that is of interest, though
in a more limited and local sense. They are chiefly confined
to answering inquiries made by selectmen of towns, and ap-
plications made by young men to raise new companies, many
of whom were afterwards officers in the volunteer service, and
rose to high commands. On the 25th of April, the Adjutant-
General received a letter from Addison Gage & Co., of Boston,
tendering to the Massachusetts soldiers a ship-load of ice. The
letter says, -

The Massachusetts troops who have so nobly responded to the call
of our Government for the defence of the capital, being, for the most
part, in the habit of using ice, and now called to a warm climate, where
it is more a necessity than a luxury, we shall be happy to contribute a
cargo for their use, the time to be at your disposal, whenever you deem
it expedient to send it. In case there is no suitable place to receive

THE DEAD WHO FELL AT BALTIMORE. 127

the cargo, it can be packed in the vessel, and kept for months, with
proper care."

The offer was accepted, and a vessel was chartered to take
the ice to Fortress Monroe. The occupants of Quincy Market,
of whom Hiscock & Winslow and Harrison Bird were a com-
mittee, contributed a large quantity of fresh provisions, which
were preserved on the ice, and sent in the ship.

On the 1st of May, the bodies of Luther C. Ladd, Addison
O. Whitney, and Sumner H. Needham, who were killed in
Baltimore on the 19th of April, reached Boston. Even then
the names of the dead were not positively known. The bodies
were properly received, and placed in the receiving-vault at
King's Chapel. That same afternoon, the Governor wrote to
Colonel Jones, of the Sixth Regiment, -

" Mr. Merrill Wright arrived at Boston this afternoon in charge
of the bodies of three Massachusetts soldiers who fell at Baltimore.
They were received by me at the depot, and were conveyed, under an
appropriate escort, to the Kings Chapel, where they are deposited until
they can be finally interred with appropriate funeral honors. When-
ever you can obtain the finite and absolutely certain information con-
cerning the names of the three dead, I desire you to inform me. I
understand them to be James Keenan, of Stoneham; Edward Cobum,
of Lowell ; and S. Henry Needham, of Lawrence : but I desire to
obtain final and official information as to the correctness of my pres-
ent understanding."

He also wrote to Mr. Sargent, Mayor of Lowell, -
"I met these relics of our brave and patriotic soldiers at the Wor-
cester Railroad Depot, accompanied by my military staff and the
Executive Council, where we took them in charge, and, under the
escort of the corps of ' Independent Cadets,' bore them through our
streets, thronged by sympathizing citizens, and placed them in the
'Vassall' tomb, beneath the ancient King's Chapel, at the comer of
Tremont and School Streets. There they remain, subject to the
orders of those friends who have the right to decide their final disposi-
tion. But it would be most grateful to the Executive Department, in
co-operation with those nearest to the lamented dead, to assist in the last
funeral honors to their memory ; and I should be pleased to meet you,
and the Mayor of Lawrence, and the Selectmen of Stoneham, as soon
as you may convene them, at the State House, to consider the arrange-
ments suitable to this occasion."

128 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

On the 2d of May, Colonel Sargent, of the Governor's staff,
wrote to Mrs. Mary E. Whitney : -

I promised to write to you if I learned any thing of interest to you.
There are no marks of any description whatever on the arms of the
man whom you saw this afternoon. I had a careful examination made.
There is no doubt whatever that this man and your husband are two
entirely different persons. There is no reason to think that any
harm has come to your husband. I have no doubt he is alive and
well, and doing his duty like a good citizen and brave soldier."

James Keenan and Edward Coburn were wounded in Balti-
more, but neither of them fatally. Of the four who were
killed, Charles Taylor was buried, in Baltimore. No trace of
his family or friends has ever been discovered. Needham was
buried in Lawrence ; Whitney and Ladd, in Lowell. The
funeral services at Lawrence and Lowell, over the bodies
of these first martyrs of the great Rebellion, were grand and
imposing. In each city, monuments of enduring granite have
been raised to commemorate their deaths, and to be their sepul-
chres .

On the 2d of May, Governor Andrew wrote to Simeon
Draper, of New York, that he had " about four thousand troops
already in the field, as many more ready at brief notice ; proba-
bly ten thousand drilling, hoping for an opportunity. Why
don't the Government call faster? We sent a steamer with sup-
plies to-day." The steamer here referred to was the "Cam-
bridge," which had been fitted out by the State, and had sailed,
laden with supplies of clothing and provisions for the Massa-
chusetts troops, on the 1st of May. She had also some re-
cruits for the Third Regiment, and a company for the Rifle
Battalion. After taking out certain supplies and men at For-
tress Monroe, she was to go by the Potomac to Washington, if
it were safe to do so. Governor Andrew wrote to General
Scott a detailed statement of the expedition. He said, -

" 1st. I desire our Massachusetts troops to receive and have the
first benefit of our supplies, but, if need be, that others should share
them.

" 2d. That, if you see any objection to the 'Cambridge' going up
the Potomac, you would give orders to Captain Matthews, her com-
mander, who is instructed to receive your directions. "

STEAM TRANSPORTS WITH PROVISIONS. 129

The vessel cleared for Annapolis ; but her real destination
was Washington, and she was the first ship that arrived there
with troops and supplies of clothing and provisions. On ar-
riving at Washington, Captain Matthews was ordered to report
to General Scott, and, if he needed the steamer for the public
service, to obey his commands ; if not, to return immediately to
Boston. His sealed orders were to report "first to the senior
Massachusetts officer at Fortress Monroe, and deliver to him
such supplies and special packages as shall be designated for
that port.

"Second, if at Fortress Monroe he should hear from General
Butler that the passage up the Potomac was dangerous, he was
to wait twenty-four hours for orders from General Scott ; and,
if he received orders from him not to proceed up the Potomac,
he was to proceed forthwith to AnnapoUs, land Captain Dodd's
company, and turn over the stores to the senior Massachusetts
officer in command. He was to bring back 'such sick or duly
discharged soldiers' as he might be requested to take and could
accommodate." If at any time he should be attacked, he was
to resist, and, if possible, to take or sink the attacking vessel.
He was to preserve strict discipline, and to practise, at suitable
times, with his guns. He was to offer to every Massachusetts
command he fell in with to bring home any letters or packages
they might wish to send home to friends.

The following is a list of reserved stores sent to Fortress Mon-
roe, purchased and shipped by John M. Forbes, under orders
from the Governor : -

60 beef barrels mess beef, at $10 per bbl $600.00

30 beef barrels prime pork, at $14 per bbl 420.00

5,000 lbs. hams, about, at 10 cents per lb 500.00

20 kegs lard, about 850 lbs., at 12 cents per lb 102.00

1,000 lbs. butter, about, at 23 cents per lb 230.00

2,000 lbs. cheese, about, at 1 1 cents per lb 220.00

2,000 lbs. of sugar, about, at 8 cents per lb 160.00

500 lbs. Oolong tea, about, at 36 cents per lb 175.00

1,000 lbs. coffee, about, at 13 cents per lb 130.00

10,000 lbs. pilot bread, about, at 4 cents per lb 400.00

5 beef bbls. pickles, about, at Is. per gall 33.33

Lot meats in canisters, for officers, valued at 100.00

$3,070.33
9

130 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

On the 3d of May, Governor Andrew addressed the follow-
ing letter to President Lincoln : -

I hand you copy of a letter addressed to the Commissary-General,
explaining the action they (the agents I have appointed) have taken
to provide subsistence for our Massachusetts troops.

" Cut off as we were from connection with you, I took the responsi-
bility of providing and forwarding such things as could be bought
advantageously here, believing they will be found useful to the army
and navy.

"I hope that you will direct the proper department to take charge of
such of their supplies as are suitable to their use, and pay for the same,
as suggested. We have, further, under the pressure of the exigency,
taken the responsibility of joining the underwriters and merchants of
Boston in buying, fitting out, and, with the help of Captain Hudson,
arming two propellers, for the combined purpose of coast-guard and
transports for troops and supplies.

"Neither of the vessels is exactly what is wanted; but they are
strong, useful, nearly new, and are bought at prices but little above
their commercial value in peaceful times, and can hardly fail to be use-
ful to the public service in the impending struggle. // you approve our
action, will you be pleased to direct the proper departments, either to
receive the vessels at their cost, as if bought for the United-States Gov-
ernment, or, if that is impossible, to give them employment, in carrying
stores and troops, at the highest prices which are paid to individuals,
with the assurance that the vessels will be always at the disposition
of Government, and will meantime be used to guard our coasts, and
allay the apprehension of our people regarding the threatened piratical
proceedings of the secessionists ? A description of these vessels is
annexed.

" I beg leave to add, that, immediately upon receiving your proc-
lamation, we took up the war, and have carried on our part of it in
the spirit in which we believe the Administration and the American
people intend to act; namely, as if there was not an inch of red tape
in the world.

"We have now enough additional men to furnish you with six
more regiments to serve for the war, unless sooner discharged.

" We think the efficiency of any further levies will be much greater
if you will muster them, and put them into camps at once for some drill-
ing here. The men we offer, besides fighting, can do any other things
for which there may be occasion, from digging clams up to making
piano-fortes.

LOAN OF MONEY TO THE GOVERNMENT. 131

" Fervently devotional to the cause of our country and to the great
interests of our country and of the great interests of posterity as well
as our own time, and cordially in earnest in the support of the honor
and success of your Administration, the people of Massachusetts are
ready for the amplest and promptest obedience to your commands. "

The above letter was inclosed in one to Mr. Foster, the
Attorney-General of the State, who was in Washington. He
was requested to call upon the President and deliver it to him,
and to exert his power and influence to have matters properly
adjusted and permanently settled.

A number of ladies of Cambridge formed a society to work
for the soldiers. They requested Professor Washburn, of the
Law School, to communicate their purpose to the Governor,
who wrote. May 3, in acknowledgment of the offer as fol-
lows : -

"In glancing over the list of their names, I realize most completely
how deep a hold the cause, in behalf of which those troops are mus-
tered, has upon every social class in our community ; that there are no
hands in Massachusetts too delicate to contribute something to the
work. Almost the next letter which I opened, after breaking the seal
of yours, was from a poor needle-woman, saying she had but little,
but desiring to give something from that little in the same behalf; and
surely a cause which so appeals both to the garret and the drawing-
room cannot be other than national and just."

May 4, Governor writes to J. Amory Davis, President of
the Suffolk Bank, -

"Please read the within. We shall have an extra session of our
Legislature on Tuesday, May 14. Will the banks of Massachusetts
take $5,000,000 of United-States loan at par? If not, - supposing
that the Legislature of Massachusetts should authorize a loan of
$5,000,000 to the United States, -would the banks lend that amount
to this Commonwealth ? They have already offered it more than
$6,000,000. Will you confer on this subject with the gentlemen
upon State Street? I should like to see you, and any others who will
take an interest in this subject, at your first convenience."

This brings the correspondence of the Governor to the day
when orders were issued by the War Department, that no more
three months' regiments would be accepted. On the 3d of

132 MASSACHUSETTS. IN THE REBELLION.

May, 1861, the President called for thirty-nine regiments of in-
fantry and one regiment of cavalry, to serve for three years, or
during the war, making an aggregate of officers and enlisted
men of 42,034 volunteers. On the 4th of May, General Order
No. 15 was issued by the Secretary of War, in which directions
were given respecting the organization of the volunteers, but
nothing was said regarding the number of regiments which each
State was to furnish; and it was not until the 22d of May,
eighteen days after the call had been made, that the quota which
Massachusetts was to furnish was received from Washington.
During this interval, companies in all parts of the State were
offering their services, and pressing to be accepted. These com-
panies comprised in the aggregate at least 10,000 effective men.
After much solicitation on the part of the Governor, by letter,
telegram, and gentlemen appointed by him to visit Washington,
leave was given to furnish six regiments of infantry. But, before
entering upon a narration of the three years' regiments, other
matters claim attention.

Reference has already been made to the valuable services
rendered by John M. Forbes at the outbreak of the war. His
labors ceased only with the war. In a letter of recent date,
written by Mr. Forbes, he says : -

"When the war fairly broke out, on the Monday after Fort Sumter
fell, 14th or 15th of April, I first remember taking part in the trans-
port question. In common with all Massachusetts, I then offered my
services to the Governor, and was authorized to make preliminary
arrangements for securing transportation. I accordingly got posted
up, with the help of George B. Upton, Esq., of Boston, and Colonel
Borden, of Fall River, as to the available steamers at both places, and
was accordingly prepared to act, when, about five, p.m., of Tuesday, the
16th [?] of April, Colonel Harry Lee, of His Excellency's staff,
conveyed to me an order to go ahead with vessels ; the despatch having
arrived to start two regiments for Fortress Monroe, besides those which
it was arranged to send by land. I remember well the electric shock
which this order gave me. I felt that it would the whole country. A
north-east storm was blowing ; and a glance at the window was enough
to enable me to tell the colonel, ' Too late for to-night.' But, with the
help of the friends above referred to, you will remember, that, the fol-
lowing night (Wednesday), we got off one regiment by the 'Spaulding,"

LETTER OF JOHN M. FORBES. 133

one by the 'State of Maine," in company with the Sixth, which was
sent by railway to New York, Baltimore, and Washington. In this
connection, it may be worth while to recall the circumstances under
which Governor Andrew disobeyed (fortunately) the order of the War
Department to send his troops to Fortress Monroe via Baltimore by
rail. I had heard two months earlier from S. M. Felton, not only the
plot to attack Mr. Lincoln in Baltimore, but also the plan which he
had discovered of burning the bridges on his road between Perryville
and Baltimore; and this suggested still more strongly than the mere
arguments of convenience the importance of re-enforcing Fortress
Monroe by sea. I accordingly took a chart of the coast up to the
State House, and pointed out to the Governor the ease and certainty
with which he could place the troops at the fortress by water, with the
additional advantage of having any or all of them taken directly up to
Annapolis or Washington, in case they were needed for the defence of
the capital. The Governor looked at his orders from General Scott,
which were to send the whole by rail, then scrutinized the chart
carefully, and, after a short delay, replied, 'It's a clear case ; be ready
to send the two regiments by water.' This was, I think, on Monday,
the glorious day when our Massachusetts men were rallying from their
fields, workshops, and homes to defend the flag. If you will take the
trouble to look at the charters of the 'Spaulding' and the 'State of
Maine,' you will find a clause allowing the Governor to order the ships
either to Annapolis or Washington ; and in the telegraphic letter-book
at the State House you will find a telegram, dated, I think, Wednesday,
to General Scott, informing him when these two regiments would be
due at Fortress Monroe, and also that the charters of the vessels pro-
vided for taking them up to either place. This, you, will notice, was
before the burning of the bridges or the fight of 19th of April in
Baltimore ; and it is due to Samuel M. Felton, that the historian
should award to him the credit of calling General Butler's attention
to the Annapolis route, as the best means of reaching Washington."

While Mr. Forbes, Mr. Upton, and Colonel Borden were
active in securing transports to forward troops, other gentle-
men were interesting themselves with the subject. William F.
Durfee, of Fall River, wrote to the Adjutant-General, April
15,-

"Govemor Sprague, of Rhode Island, has been trying to charter
steamers of Colonel Borden, of Fall River, to take a Rhode Island
regiment to Washington, I think they may succeed in getting the

134 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Empire State.' The ' Metropolis ' is laid up, and will not be ready for
two or three days. Application has also been made from New York.
I write for the purpose of posting you in regard to the operations of
our neighboring States. The gentleman stated that Governor Sprague
intended to have the Rhode-Island troops in Washington in advance
of any other State in New England ; and I have an ambition to see the
Massachusetts men there as soon as ' Little Rhody's,' - sooner, if possi-
ble. If they can get the 'Empire State,' they intend to leave Provi-
dence Thursday, at twelve o'clock."

The "Empire State " was chartered by Governor Sprague, but
the Rhode-Island troops did not get to Washington first. The
following extracts from letters received by the Adjutant-General
show in part the patriotic feeling which inspired the people : -

April 15. - Charles Bowers, of Concord, writes, " Believing
most fervently in the doctrine vindicated at 'the Old North
Bridge' in 1775, that resistance to tyrants is obedience to
God, in this hour of our country's peril I offer my poor services
in her defence. If you can assign me to any position, however
humble, where I can do any thing for freedom and the right,
I wiU hasten to the post in your command." The writer went
out lieutenant in the Concord company attached to the Fifth
Regiments. He was afterwards captain in the Thirty-second
Regiment, and served through the war. Rev. B. F. De Costa
writes, "I hereby tender my services as chaplain for any of
the forces now called into service by the State. I should be
glad to accompany any regiment to the capital or elsewhere,
and cheerfully endure with them the hardships of the campaign."
Mr. De Costa was appointed and commissioned chaplain- of the
Fifth Regiment. A. A. Marsh, of Cincinnati, Ohio, telegraphs,,
"I wish you would let me know if you can buy ten six-pounder
rifled field-pieces ready for use, and at what price, and when
we can get them. We want them for use here, for the protec-
tion of this city. Telegraph the price." General George H.
Devereux, of Salem, writes, " I eamesdy hope that the General
Government will go into this contest with the olive branch
frankly and cordially displayed in one hand, offering every
reasonable opportunity to avoid the dreadful alternative of a
civil war with our own countrymen. But, if war must, come.

PATRIOTIC OFFERS OF SERVICES. 135

all sound policy and even humanity requires that it be vigorously
sustained, and that we show ourselves capable of maintaining
the honor, dignity, and safety of our country." General
Devereux had three sons officers in war, one of whom
was brevetted a general.

April 16. - General Nettleton, of Chicopee, writes, " I hereby
tender to His Excellency the Governor, and through him to the
President, my personal services to any appointed post in the
gift of either. I cannot, by reason of age, be admitted to
the ranks by enlistment ; yet I am hearty and hale, and not
older than my grandsire was when following the lead of Wash-
ington." General Nettleton's son raised a company for the
Thirtieth Regiment, of which he went out captain, and came
home colonel of the regiment.

April 17. - Edward Kinsley, of Cambridge, writes, "The
patriotic ladies of Cambridge are making bandages and pre-
paring lint for our troops who have been ordered out of the
State. A box will be ready to-morrow morning. Please tell the
bearer where you will have it sent." Colonel Borden, of Fall
River, writes, " The 'Empire State ' will be let at a thousand dol-
lars a day ; the ' State of Maine,' for eight hundred." George
B. Upton, of Boston, writes that he had made a "contract with
the agents of the 'S. R. Spaulding' to take troops to Fortress
Monroe at twelve dollars each. The vessel will be ready in
eight hours after notice is received."

April 18. - E. C. Peirce, of Weymouth, writes, "If the
services of an active horse and rider as courier are required for
any distance, great or small, let me know." Daniel Denny, of
Boston, writes, "I have three spacious lofts. No. 142, Fulton
Street,' quite light and airy, which I freely offer for the use of
the military. Being considerably more than forty-five years old,
I fear my personal services would not be accepted if offered."
Captain Peard, of Milford, writes, " I offer my company, the
'Davis Guards,' all of whom are adopted citizens, for the ser-
vice." This company was accepted, and formed part of the
Ninth Regiment, of which Captain Peard was commissioned
major. He died in the service.

The following letter is from one of the most noble and highly

136 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

cultivated men whom Massachusetts sent to the war, and who
sacrificed his life for the cause: -

Monument Square, Charlestown, April 19, 1861.

Adjutant- General SchOULER,- We are at that point where
every man who can devote himself to his country's service should come
forward. I beg that you would put on file this my application for any
position in the medical service of the Commonwealth in which I could
be useful. I am aware of the law under which surgeons are ap-
pointed, and of course understand that you have no direct control of
this matter. But there may be exigencies from deaths, resignations,
unusual demands, or unforeseen circumstances, when you may be called
upon to advise or suggest. If such a call is made, be pleased to
remember this application of your old personal and political friend. I
may be allowed to say, should this communication ever be brought up
for consideration, that, while I am known mainly in another specialty,
I was educated in the New- York hospitals for a surgeon ; and for some
years, in a wide field, I was much engaged in that capacity. Inquiry
in New Hampshire would show, that there are but few of the greater
operations of surgery which I have not performed. I am a little above
fifty; in health so good as not to have been confined to my house a
day in the past three years ; and, entirely removed from all cares by
easy personal circumstances, of course am ready at the shortest notice
for any duty. As this application is for use, not show, may I beg of
you, that it may not reach the press, which, in its avidity for para-
graphs, might be ready to put me unnecessarily before the public?

Truly yours, Luther V. Bell.

Dr. Bell's offer was accepted. He was appointed surgeon of
the Eleventh Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers, was commis-
sioned June 13, 1861, and immediately entered upon his duties.
His family was one of the oldest and most distinguished in New
Hampshire ; his father, John Bell, having been Governor of the
State and a member of the United-States Senate. Dr. Bell for
many years had charge of the McLean Asylum for the Insane,
in Somerville, and was at the head of his profession in that
branch of medical science. His figure was tall and command-
ing ; his face was eminently handsome and pleasant. On the
3d of August, 1861, while with his regiment at the front, he
was appointed brigade-surgeon by President Lincoln, and was
placed on the staff of General Joseph Hooker. About four

PATRIOTIC OFFERS OF SERVICES. 137

o'clock, on the wintry morning of February 5, under his canvas
shelter at Camp Baker, two miles from Budd's Ferry, on the
Potomac, Dr. Bell was taken suddenly ill; and about nine
o'clock, on the evening of the 11th, he passed peacefully away
for ever. We shall have occasion to refer again to this distin-
guished person in the next chapter.

April 19. -General John S. Tyler, commanding the "An-
cient and Honorable Artillery Company," "tenders, by vote of
the corps, their services for coast defence." The Massachusetts
Bible Society " offers a supply of Bibles and Testaments for the
soldiers ."

April 21. -Mrs. Julia R. Seavy, Jamaica Plain, writes,
"I am anxious to contribute in some way to the comfort of our
brave volunteers. Would twenty flannel shirts be acceptable?
If so, I will have them made and forwarded to you for distribu-
tion. Our country, right or wrong."

April 23. -Edward Greenmon, or Greenmast, of Mendon,
writes, " Will you accept the service of a Dartmoor prisoner in
the war of 1812, and near seven years on board of a British
ship-of-war? Impressed at the age of twelve years, when the
war was declared, I was most cruelly flogged and threatened to
be hung, because I would not fight against my country. I am
ready now to fight the traitors of my country, and battle for
freedom." Edward S. Waters, of Salem, suggests " the organi-
zation of an engineer corps, to repair the bridges between
Philadelphia and Washington." George Gregg, of Boston,
informs the Adjutant-General, that "certain British sub-
jects in Boston and vicinity have formed themselves into a rifle
company, and offer their services for duty anywhere within
thirty miles of Boston, to be drilled, armed, and clothed at
private expense."

April 27. -Colonel Newell A. Thompson, of Boston, re-
ports, " Have fulfilled the duty for which I have been detailed, -
to remove certain arms and ammunition from the United-States
Arsenal at Watertown, to the State Arsenal at Cambridge."
Rev. George D. Wilde, of Salem, sends a roll of forty men for
" field-hospital corps, to be sent to the front; and each pledges
himself to submit to all the requirements of mihtary life."

138 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

April 28. - James L. Merrill, of Athol, volunteers him-
self and three "of my seven sons, with eight or ten other good,
faithful, and temperate men, to go to the front, and act as scouts,
to be armed with rifles and side-arms." John Waters, of West
Sutton, writes, "I and several citizens of this town, being well
acquainted with the use of the rifle, are anxious to form a
company of sharpshooters." Captain Rand, First Regiment of
Infantry, writes, "At a meeting of my company, held last even-
ing, it was unanimously voted to adopt the following as a com-
pany name, 'Schouler Volunteers,' with many thanks to you
for your numerous kindnesses." This company was Company
I, First Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers. Captain Rand
was killed at Chancellorsville. Captain Peirson, of Byfield,
"volunteers his whole command (Company B; First Battalion
of Rifles) for the war."

May 1. -Samuel Fowler, of Westfield, writes, "This town
has appropriated ten thousand dollars for the equipment and
outfit of a company of volunteers, and to drill them until called
for. God save the Commonwealth of Massachusetts."

Richard H. Dana, Jr., of Cambridge, writes, -

The topi I left with you yesterday is the result of fifty years' expe-
rience of the British in the East. It is now universally used by the
British military in India, China, and Indian Islands. I wore that topi
in China, India, and Egypt some six months, including June, July, and
August. It is the best thing possible. It gives air between the head and
the outer case all round. This is the best safeguard against sunstroke
or congestion. It is a mistake to wear any thing thin or light like
straw. The desiderata are (1) a thick wall between the head and the
sun's rays, and (2) air between the wall and the head. The weight
on the head, when adjusted around the side, and not on the top, is of
little consequence, as all men experienced in Eastern life and travel
will tell you. The rim to this protects the eyes, and back of the head
and neck. In the East, the back of the head and back of the neck
are considered specially sensitive to the sun. The topi may be made
either of felt (as mine is) or of pith. I prefer the felt."

The topi spoken of was a most excellent protection to the
head from the heat of the sun, but was never adopted, either
by the State or the Federal authorities.

AGENTS SENT TO WASHINGTON. 139

May 6. - President Felton, of Harvard University, informs
the Adjutant-General that "between three and four hundred
students have entered their names for a drill-club ; and between
one and two hundred have brought their fathers' certificates,
that they consent to the watch. In a day or two, I shall proba-
bly be able to furnish you a complete list of both." The
"watch" here spoken of was in reference to a guard of students
to watch the State Arsenal at Cambridge.

May 10. - Colonel Newell A. Thompson presented "a roll
of one hundred past members of the 'Boston City Guards,' who
have voluntarily placed themselves under my command, and
authorized me to tender their services as a Home Guard."

The foregoing extracts, from letters received by the Adjutant-
General in the first days of the war, serve to show in a degree
the patriotic spirit of the people. They are selected from a
great mass of letters received by him in those early days of the
war ; all of which bear more or less on the same subject, and are
imbued with the same spirit and determination.

From the time the three months troops left the State until a
call was made for three years' volunteers. May 3, communica-
tion with the departments at Washington was dilatory and un-
satisfactory; which caused the Governor to request Ex-Governor
Boutwell, Attorney-General Foster, Judge Hoar, and William
L. Burt to go forward, and endeavor to keep up a Une of com-
munication with him. This will explain some of the letters and
telegrams given in preceding pages. One great point to be
gained was authority from the War Department to garrison and
man the forts in Boston Harbor, the defenceless condition of
which exposed the city to attack, and caused much uneasiness
among the merchants, underwriters, and other citizens of Bos-
ton. After the attack upon the Sixth Regiment in Baltimore, on
the 19th of April, inquiry was made by the Governor in regard
to establishing hospital accommodations for the sick and wounded
who may return to the State. The matter was referred to
Dr. William J. Dale, who, on the 21st of April, reported, "I
have conversed with Mr. Rogers, chairman of the Trustees
of the Massachusetts General Hospital, and the institution
will be open for soldiers in the service ; and, at short notice.

140 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

they can put up a large temporary building in the hospital
yard for the accommodation of the sick and wounded." This
excellent institution, during the whole war, gave all the accom-
modation and assistance within its power to the sick and
wounded soldiers.

Ex-Governor Boutwell left Boston for Washington on the
23d of April. In New York, he had an interview with Major-
General Wool, commanding the Department of the East, and
with Vice-President Hamlin, whom he met there. On the 24th
he wrote to the Governor, " General Wool and Vice-President
Hamlin are in favor of your taking the responsibility of sending
two regiments to take charge of the forts, and to furnish and
arm three vessels for the protection of the coast. You can
exercise the power, under the circumstances, better than any one
else." On the same day on which this letter was written, an
order passed the Executive Council, that the Governor send a
force of militia to garrison the forts, and one company to each
of the arsenals at Cambridge and Watertown, the whole not
to exceed seven hundred men ; the Adjutant-General to furnish
subsistence, and the Quartermaster-General transportation. On
the same day, Mr. Boutwell telegraphed from New York to
Governor Andrew, "Send without delay a steamer, with pro-
visions, for General Butler's command at Annapolis. She
must be armed. Mr. Burt returns by eleven-o'clock train with
orders from General Wool."

On the 25th of April, Mr. Crowninshield, who was in New
York to take the steamer for Europe to purchase arms, writes
to the Governor, " I am detained till this forenoon for despatches
from the British minister. I learn that he has telegraphed to
Halifax for a fleet to go to Washington to protect him and
save the archives of their Government. I believe it."

Before leaving New York, Mr. Boutwell succeeded in obtain-
ing an order from General Wool upon the ordnance officer at
the United-States Arsenal at Watertown, for four thousand stand
of arms. These arms were what were known as the "Windsor
rifle," and had the sword bayonet. Upon the receipt of Mr.
Boutwell' s telegram to forward provisions to General Butier at
Annapolis by armed steamer. Governor Andrew consulted John

LETTER OF MR. FORBES TO THE GOVERNOR. 141

M. Forbes, and put the matter in his charge. On the after-
noon of the same day, he addressed the following letter to
Governor Andrew : -

Boston, April 25, 1861.
To His Excellency Governor Andrew.

SIR,- Having reference to the letter of Hon. George S. Boutwell,
I beg leave to say, that, after you showed it me this morning, 1 found
that the only really suitable vessel in port for the purpose indicated
was on the point of being sold for $75,000. Just before the war, her
owners asked $70,000 for her, which I thought a little too high. Under
the circumstances, however, she seemed to me cheap; and I took the
responsibility of buying her, intending to offer her to you or to the
General Government.

I have since applied to the underwriters and merchants to take and
own half of the ship, if the State will take the other half, with the
understanding that she is to be managed as an armed transport, used
to convey troops and stores, at the prices current for other transports ;
and, when not so used, to act as coast-guard or despatch vessel, under
the management of a Government agent or agents.

It is hoped, upon this basis, to make her pay her way, with little or
no loss, besides doing good service, and keeping up the confidence of
our citizens and the fears of our enemies.

If you approve the plan, I should like to have you own such part
of her as I cannot get readily taken by the underwriters ; also, propor-
tion of her outfit, which I estimate at under $10,000.

She can at once load coal and the stores ordered, get on board the
guns, which the Navy Yard will lend us temporarily, and be ready for
troops or other service.

I have inquired also about other vessels. The only suitable pro-
peller is a small vessel of about three hundred tons, nearly new,
due here to-night, which can be bought for a trifle under $30,000.
She would make a good temporary gunboat; could carry her crew, a
good load of stores upon a pinch, and a few troops, not many.

If you are disposed to have another vessel, she is the most available,
and is not dear. I think, if you wish it, the merchants and under-
writers would take part of her, - probably half. She would be well
adapted to the coast-guard now being raised.

In addition to these, I have found a side-wheel ship of about one
thousand tons, older than the others, and having the single advantage of
light draught of water, - a good serviceable ship. She can be bought
on reasonable terms to-day, - not cheap, not very dear, - but, in my

142 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

opinion, not so desirable as either of the others, unless some new
arrangement arises.

I should strongly recommend some prompt action as to the first two
vessels, if you knew the emergency as I do, and are willing to take
the responsibility.

The money for the " Cambridge " ought to be appropriated immedi-
ately, and orders given as to the name in which she shall stand regis-
tered, -perhaps two trustees, one to represent the State, and one the
individual subscribers.

With much respect, your obedient servant, J. M. FORBES.

N.B. - I do not think the merchants ready, at this moment, to
share in the third vessel, -the side-wheel steamer.

On the same day, the letter was referred by the Governor to
a committee of the Executive Council, who reported that "the
Committee authorize the Governor to procure, on the basis of
the letter, two steam-vessels, the State to take one half and the
underwriters the other, to be managed as armed transports to
convey troops and stores, and, when not so used, as a coast-
guard or despatch vessels." These vessels were immediately
purchased, - the "Cambridge" at a cost of $75,000, and the
"Pembroke" at $30,000. The outfit of the "Cambridge" cost
$10,000. The Council also ordered, "that the Governor, with
the advice of the Council, employ John, M. Forbes, Esq., to
procure proper rations for the supply of four thousand men in
service for thirty days, to be furnished immediately."

Mr. Boutwell arrived at Washington on the 28th of April,
and, on the evening of that day, wrote the following interesting
letter to Governor Andrew, which was the first satisfactory
communication he had received from Washington since the regi-
ments had left the State : -

Washington, April 28, 1861.
To His Excellency Governor Andrew.

SIR, - I arrived in Washington to-day, after a journey of forty-
eight hours from Philadelphia by Annapolis. There have been no
mails from the North for a week; and you may easily understand, that
the mighty public sentiment of the Free States is not yet fully appre-
ciated here.

The President and Cabinet are gaining confidence ; and the measures
of the Administration will no longer be limited to the defence of the

MR. BOUTWELL WRITES FROM WASFIINGTON. 143

capital. Secretary Welles has already sent orders to Captain Hudson
to purchase six steamers, with instructions to consult you in regard to
the matter. I regret that the Secretary was not ready to put the
matter into the hands of commissioners, who would have acted effi-
ciently and promptly.

Mr. Welles will accept, as part of the quota, such vessels as may
have been purchased by Mr. Forbes.

Senator Grimes, of Iowa, will probably give Mr. Crowninshield an
order for arms. The United-States Government may do the same;
but no definite action has yet been taken.

Martial law will be proclaimed here to-morrow. Colonel Mansfield
will be appointed general, and assigned to this district. He is one of
the most efficient officers in the country.

Baltimore is to be closed in from Havre-de-Grace, from the Relay
House, from the Carlisle line, and by an efficient naval force. She
will be reduced to unconditional submission. The passage of the
troops through Maryland has had a great moral effect. The people
are changing rapidly in the country places. Many instances of a
popular revolution, in towns through which troops have passed or been
stationed, have come to my knowledge. I came to Washington with
the Twelfth New-York Regiment ; and from Annapolis Junction there
were cheers from three-fourths of the houses by the wayside.

Every thing appears well at Annapolis, where General Butler com-
mands in person. There is a large body of troops, the people are
gradually gaining confidence in the army and the Government, and the
regulations seem to be effective. General Butler is popular with the
officers whom I met. He has taken command of the highlands that
command the town and the encampment. All sorts of rumors are
spread among the troops concerning an attack upon the Annapolis
Station ; but the place can be defended under any conceivable circum-
stances. I am sorry to say, that every thing is in confusion at Annap-
olis Junction ; and a moderate force might, in a single night, break off
the connection of this city with the North. It is at present a military
station without a permanent head. Each colonel, as he moves towards
Washington, commands for twelve or twenty-four hours. My own
belief, however, is, that Maryland will never see two thousand men
together as a military organization in opposition to the Government.

I presume that your Excellency has means of obtaining information
concerning the condition of Massachusetts men, morally and physically ;
but, as I am here, I shall try to obtain and transmit any information
that seems important. I may say now, that the Eighth Regiment is
quartered in the rotunda of the Capitol ; and a military man, not of

144 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Massachusetts, says, that they are already suffering from the cold and
dampness of the place. He advises tents and out-door encampment,.

I repeat what is every hour said in my hearing, that Massachusetts
has taken her place at the head of the column in support of the Gov-
ernment ; and our regiments are everywhere esteemed as noble exam-
ples of citizen-soldiers. I, for one, feel anxious that every thing that
is proper should be done.

I have written this communication in great haste ; and 1 have only
time to subscribe myself your Excellency's obedient servant,

George S. Boutwell.

On the 30th of April, Governor Andrew received from
Attorney-General Foster a telegram from Washington, saying,
"Arrived last night. All well at Annapolis and here." Mr.
Foster had followed on the heels of Mr. Boutwell. While at
New York, on his way to Washington, he wrote to Governor
Andrew as follows : -

New York, April 27, 1861.

I have spent to-day in trying to find the utmost known in this city ;
but there is no reliable intelligence not known to you. New York
has sent up to this time five thousand four hundred troops, and by
Tuesday next will send four thousand more.

Three regiments from Connecticut are nearly ready, - two thou-
sand four hundred. New Jersey claims to have four regiments nearly
ready, - three thousand two hundred. Notwithstanding all this, it
seems to be the strong desire of every one here, that more men should
go from Massachusetts, without waiting for a requisition. General
Wool says, if you telegraph to him whether you shall send two more
regiments, he will answer, "Yes." I have seen him, and he appears
well, but very much overworked and worn out. For the occasion, the
committee of merchants are working very hard, and comprise many
of their best men. I did not feel it was a sufficiently clear case in
favor of sending more men to telegraph to that effect. But I would
do it unless you get later advices adverse. The present feeling
here is, that Washington is safe, but that more troops are greatly
needed ; and the universal cry is, that the Government is far behind
the people. I am going to Washington to-night via Annapolis, and
no doubt shall find the way open and safe. There are a number of
bills here for transportation by steamer, and for subsistence furnished
our men ; and I am very confident, that a faithful, sensible man, with
a small office in this city, to act as agent for Massachusetts, and to
whom alone you should refer all bills, &c., would save a great deal of

STATE OF FEELING IN THE CABINET. 145

money and time. There will be men going and returning, and, a great
variety of wants, large and small, until the end is reached; and we
shall have undesirable men claiming to represent the State, and inter-
meddling in many ways, unless there is some one agent on the spot all
the time.

The praise of the Old Bay State is in every mouth ; and the repeti-
tion of the half said of her Governor to you would be flattery.
Very respectfully and truly yours,

DwiGHT Foster

Mr. Boutwell remained in Washington until the 1st of May,
when he left for Boston. At Perryville, he telegraphed to
"Mr. Forbes & Co., - Two lots of stocks additional ordered
by Cabot." This was in the cipher arranged by Mr. Forbes,
and meant, "Two regiments of troops additional ordered by
Cameron." Mr. Boutwell arrived at New York on the 2d of
May, and wrote to Governor Andrew that evening : -

I arrived here this afternoon, and I hope to report to you in person
Saturday. I had free conversation with the President, General Scott,
Mr. Seward, Mr. Chase, General Cameron, and Mr. Blair, upon public
affairs. The impression I received from all, except perhaps Mr. Sew-
ard, was favorable to a vigorous prosecution of the war. Mr. Seward
repeated his words of December and February, "The crisis is over."
It is, however, understood at Washington, that Mr. Seward favors vigor-
ous measures. Mr. Chase says, that the policy of the Administration is
vigorous and comprehensive, as sure to succeed in controlling the
Rebellion, and preserving the whole territory of the Union. I will
only say now, that I left Washington with a more favorable impres-
sion of the policy of the Government than I entertained when I left
Boston.

General Cameron agreed to authorize Massachusetts to raise two
regiments in addition to that of Dwight's. The papers were all made,
and only a Cabinet meeting prevented their completion on Tuesday.
I did not wish to remain another day, and I left the papers with the
chief clerk ; and I also received the assurance of Colonel Ripley, that
he would give personal and prompt attention to transmitting them to
Boston. I shall expect them on Saturday.

Colonel Ripley issued an order on Tuesday for rifling cannon. Mr.
Forbes's letter aided very much.

I am very truly your most obedient servant,

George S. Boutwell.
10

146 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

The "Cambridge " had arrived in Washington from Boston,
with troops and military stores. Judge Hoar was in the city.
There appears to have been no one to act for the Government
to take charge of the stores, or to superintend their distribution.
The following letter from E. Rockwood Hoar, one of the jus-
tices of the Supreme Court, to the Governor, relates to this
matter, and to the hardships borne by die Fifth Regiment, from
the time it left Boston until it arrived in Washington, which, in
part, were occasioned by haste and bad management in loading
the transports at New York, by which the rations and the bales
of blankets, which were to have been distributed to the men,
were covered with other merchandise, and could not be got at,
so that the men suffered for want of food and blankets : -

Washington, May 6,1861.
To His Excellency Governor Andrew .

DEARSlR,-Mr. Foster, I learn, has gone with General Butler,
and cannot be communicated with. Dr. Howe has not arrived. The
"Cambridge" arrived yesterday afternoon. I have therefore, as I

wrote to you yesterday, "taken the responsibility," which I trust will
meet your approbation, as there is nobody here to attend to the busi-
ness ; and, unless instant attention be paid to it, in the present extreme
confusion of affairs here, there would be even great delay in getting
their private packages to our troops. I saw the President this morn-
ing the instant he left the breakfast table, presented your letter to him,
and explained to him the whole business. I also saw General Cam-
eron, and he has agreed to take the stores, with the exception of such
as we may retain for hospital use, and for the reasonable comfort of
our men, at the invoice price, with the freight added at the price you
named. The President sent for Mr. Seward ; and I had a conference
with them jointly as to the purchase or employment of the steamers,
and also with General Cameron. The strong inclination of the Gov-
ernment is to purchase rather than charter vessels; and I think the
arrangement can be made to sell them. But to-morrow they are to
have a detailed report of the number of vessels already engaged, and
I am promised a definite answer on Wednesday.

I took Senator Wilson with me, and consulted Colonel Lawrence,
the senior officer in command of the Massachusetts men, and Colonel
Monroe, and the quartermaster of the Sixth Regiment, as to the sup-
plies and stores which should be retained for the hospital service and
the comfort of the troops, and we have examined the invoice and made

JUDGE HOAR AT WASHINGTON. 147

the selection ; and I have the promise that by one o'clock the business
shall be put through the proper department.

The Sixth Massachusetts Regiment left Washington yesterday,
under General Butler's orders, for the Relay House, between Annap-
olis Junction and Baltimore. Their future destination is not certain ;
but. if there should be a march for the occupation of Baltimore, it is
felt that poetical justice requires that regiment to have the first place.

I have the honor, further, to submit a matter which I venture to
press upon your immediate attention.

The Fifth Regiment left Boston, by their own choice, partially
equipped, on Sunday morning, April 21, rather than wait another day
to have their equipments completed. They had to sleep in Faneuil
Hall, in the confusion and bustle of the two preceding nights. They
went to New York on that Sunday, marched the whole length of that
city in the evening, hardly able to stand from fatigue and sleeplessness.
They were crowded on board the steamer, and sent fresh from their
country homes and habits to the sickness and misery of the sea voyage,
with only the deck to lie down on, and not room enough for all to do
that. They landed at Annapolis at night, were kept standing in line,
waiting for orders, four or five hours, and at eleven, P.M., required to
march on foot to Annapolis Junction, twenty miles. Their blankets and
clothing were done up into bales and boxes on the steamer, and had only
been partially landed when they started. Colonel Lawrence wanted to
wait for it ; but the danger and necessity of their immediate presence at
the juuction made their march imperative. He left forty men detailed
to take charge of and forward the baggage ; but, after the regiment had
gone. General Butler ordered them off to serve as a guard on the line
of the railroad. The regiment reached the Junction, and took their
first substantial sleep on the ground, without shelter or blankets.
Our Concord company had nothing but their guns, and what they left
home in and their great-coats; and a number had not even the coats
-left behind at Annapolis. The baggage, left without charge, got
mixed with general United-States stores, and got distributed to Penn-
sylvania and other troops promiscuously. It is gone past redemption.
Thirty men of the Concord company have not yet got a blanket, and
sleep on a hard floor. They had not a shirt in the company till last
Friday, two weeks from home, except those they wore from home, nor
a pair of drawers or stockings till Saturday, and then not enough to
go round. There is no complaint. Health generally good, and spirits
and patriotism as high and cheerful as yours or mine, - the heroes!
The United States have no blankets here ; and all attempts possible
have been made, here and at Annapolis, to supply them. Colonel

148 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Lawrence is doing, and has done, all in his power, and is entitled to
great credit for his services. But they want what the enclosed list
states, -instantly. I know you will send them if you can. If the
State cannot pay for them, send the bill for the Concord company to
Concord, and it shall be paid as soon as I get there. I will write
again this evening.

The commissary says Government is very short of money. Treas-
ury-notes are but partially serviceable, because they are used to pay
dues to the Government, and so must cut off revenue ; in fact, substan-
tially amount only to an anticipation of revenue.

The matter of the loan, on which we addressed you last week, is
therefore of the highest importance.

I learned on my arrival, that the orders for Massachusetts regiments
to be enlisted, mustered, and drilled at Boston had been forwarded.
If they have not come to hand, telegraph me or Wilson, and duplicates
will be sent.

Faithfully your Excellency's friend, and the servant of the com-
mittee and the cause, E. R. HOAR.

With the following letter from Judge Hoar to the Governor,
we close this part of the correspondence relating to matters
connected with the three months' troops, and the disposition of
the War Department neither to accept more troops, purchase
transports, nor to take charge of commissary stores which had
been forwarded by Massachusetts : -

Washington, May 8, 1861.
To His Excellency Governor Andrew.

Dear Sir, - The "Cambridge" arrived this morning, having been
detained between two and three days at Fort Monroe to bring on some
heavy guns and shells. Dr. Howe arrived this morning, having been
detained on the way by illness.

Mr. Cameron told me this morning, that his department would not
purchase, or agree to employ, the steamers; and, in answer to my
urgent representations about the six Massachusetts regiments for the
war.said that none could be received at present, and that he could
give no promise or encouragement for the future. I asked Mr. Chase
if he could help us, and he said he was afraid he could not, as he had
been trying to get Cameron to receive ten regiments from Ohio, and
had succeeded in getting him to accept only three.

In regard to the steamers, I have made a very strong application to
the Secretary of the Navy, which I think has produced some impres-

OFFER TO FURNISH MORE TROOPS. 149

sion; and he has promised to have the naval inspectors examine the
"Cambridge" to-morrow, and to see if he can take her. I put the
matter upon all the public grounds I could urge, and upon the claim
which our State has for consideration from what she has done and
what she is doing; and I am sure Mr. Welles feels personally friendly
to our purpose. The "Pembroke" I do not believe you can sell to
either department, and think you had better put her freight charge,
and make your plans for her future employment upon that suppo-
sition.

I have the promise, that the duplicate orders for our troops to be
mustered into service in Boston shall be immediately transmitted. I
received your telegram too late to have it done to-day. I must leave
Washington to-morrow morning, and shall leave Mr. Lowell in charge
of the affairs of the "Cambridge" until he is superseded by some one
else. I trust he may receive express and direct authority, addressed
to him personally from you, or by your order, which I think will facili-
tate his action and communication with the authorities.

Dr. Howe prefers he should go on with the business, as he under-
stands and has begun it ; and it requires a great deal of running about
and personal hard work. 1 think it will be done to your satisfaction.
The captain of the "Cambridge" thoughtlessly omitted to make any
bargain for the transmission of the guns and shells from Fortress Mon-
roe, and that will make some trouble, but will be carefully looked
after. Senator Wilson will do all he can to forward the sale of the
vessel ; and he and Dr. Howe will advise with Mr. Lowell.

Faithfully your Excellency's obedient servant, E. R. HOAR.

The letters of Mr. Boutwell and Judge Hoar describe the
duties with which they were charged by the Governor. They
were to consult with the President and his Cabinet and with
General Scott respecting the exigencies of the occasion, and
keep up a communication with the authorities of the State.
They had also charge of the provisions, clothing, and munitions
of war, forwarded from the State to the Massachusetts soldiers.
Judge Hoar, who was in Washington about the time when the
proclamation of the President was issued for regiments of three
years' volunteers, made, by direction of the Governor, urgent
efforts to induce the Government to accept of all the regiments
which Massachusetts was prepared to furnish. On the 8th of
May, a proposition was made by him in writing, to the Secretary
of War, offering, on behalf of the State, to "furnish six regiments

150 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

for three years, or for the war, perfectly equipped, in addition
to the quota which Massachusetts might be called upon to
furnish under the first call of the President ; and, on the same
day, it was refused by the Secretary. He also, in co-operation
with Mr. Foster, the Attorney-General, and Senator Wilson, by
direction of the Governor, offered such aid as Massachusetts
could furnish to the pecuniary credit of the Government.

Judge Hoar left Washington on or about the 15th of May,
to return home ; and his duties and responsibilities were assumed
by Charles R. Lowell, Jr., who had been appointed by the Gov-
ernor as the agent of Massachusetts in Washington. Before
leaving Washington, Judge Hoar addressed a letter to Mr.
Lowell, in which the duties he was expected to perform were
carefully and concisely stated. He was to communicate with the
departments in relation to stores sold, or troops carried on
the Massachusetts transports. He was to communicate with the
officers commanding Massachusetts regiments ; and every thing
wanting by them was to be received and distributed through
him. He was to keep an account of his expenses, and report
as nearly daily as practicable of all his doings to the Governor.
He was empowered to buy a copying-press, and "to employ a
clerk, if necessary." - "The object of the whole arrangement is,"
says Judge Hoar, "to have some one responsible, competent
agent, who will know all that is done and sent from Massachu-
setts, and all that is wanted and received at Washington, or by
the troops, wherever stationed; to take care of property, take
vouchers, prevent waste, and to be the sole channel of commu-
nication between supply and demand."

This letter of Judge Hoar to Mr. Lowell brings up pleasant
and sad memories of one of the best and bravest of men. Mr.
Lowell was bom in Boston, Jan. 2, 1835. He was the son of
Charles R. Lowell, and the grandson of Rev. Charles Lowell.
The best blood of Massachusetts flowed in his veins. He
graduated at Harvard University at the head of his class in 1853.
When the Rebellion broke out, he was in Cumberland, Md.
He had charge of the Mt. Savage Iron Works at that place.
On the 20th of April, 1861, hearing of the attack upon the Sixth
Regiment in Baltimore, he abandoned his position, and set out

MR. LOWELL APPOINTED AGENT. 151

for Washington. In what manner he made the journey is not
clearly known; but he reached the capital on Monday, April
22. On the 24th, he wrote to his mother, "I was fortunate
enough to be in Baltimore last Sunday, and to be here at pres-
ent. How Jim and Henry will envy me! I shall come to see
you if I find there is nothing to be done here. So have the
blue-room ready." Mr. Lowell remained at his post as the
agent of Massachusetts in Washington until the 14th of May,
when he was appointed by the President a captain in the Sixth
United-States Cavalry. On the 15th of April, 1863, he was
commissioned by Governor Andrew colonel of the Second Regi-
ment of Massachusetts Cavalry, a regiment which was recruited
by him in this 'State. It was while raising and organizing this
regiment that we became acquainted with him. On the 19th
of October, 1864, he was made a brigadier-general of volun-
teers by President Lincoln. On the same day, he fell from
his horse, from wounds received at the battle of Cedar Creek,
and died on the day following, October 20. The writer was in
Washington when the battle was fought in which Colonel Lowell
was killed. The following is an extract from a letter addressed
by me to Governor Andrew, and which is printed in the Adju-
tant-General's Report for 1864 : -

On arriving at my hotel in Washington, I had the honor of an intro-
duction to Brigadier-General Custar, of General Sheridan's army. He
had arrived in Washington that afternoon (Oct. 22) from the Shenan-
doah Valley, having in his custody twelve battle-flags, which had been
captured from the enemy the Wednesday preceding. He was to pre-
sent them the next day to the Secretary of War, and he was pleased
to give me an invitation to be present. From him I first learned that
Colonel Lowell, of the Second Massachusetts Cavalry, had been killed,
gallantly leading the regiment in the front of battle. This news sad-
dened my heart. Colonel Lowell was my beau ideal of an officer and a
gentleman. I had seen much of him while he was in Massachusetts,
raising and organizing his regiment, and had become warmly attached
to him. He was one of our best and bravest. General Custar in-
formed me that Colonel Lowell was severely wounded in the early
part of the engagement, and was advised to retire to the rear. H e
thought, however, he could stand the fatigues of the day, and stoutly
held to his command; in a few hours afterwards, he fell, mortally

152 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

wounded. It was pleasant to listen to the words of praise which Gen-
eral Custar bestowed upon his fallen comrade."

Mr. Lowell was succeeded as agent for Massachusetts in
Washington by Charles H. Dalton, of Boston, who was com-
missioned assistant quartermaster-general, with the rank of
colonel, May 23, 1861. Of his services we shall speak here-
after.

On the 2d of May, Governor Andrew addressed the follow-
ing letter to Dr. Samuel G. Howe : -

Executive Department, Boston, May 2, 1861.
To Dr. Samuel G. Howe, Boston.

My dear Sir, - The Massachusetts Volunteer Militia now in the
field demand and deserve our anxious care, as well in respect to their
sanitary condition (including their medical and surgical supplies and
attendance, their nursing and comfort in sickness), as also in respect to
the departments of the commissary and the quartermaster.

I desire to avail myself of your experience, and good judgment,
and energy, to procure a speedy and exhaustive survey of the condition,
in those respects, of our men pertaining to General Butler's brigade,
wherever they may be, and an early and minute report thereon.

We wish to know what they have received, so as to learn whether
what we pay for reaches them, whether it is distributed, and, if so,
how carefully and skilfully, and whether it is properly husbanded.

I desire especially also to ascertain how it happens that we hear so
much complaint from Colonel Lawrence's regiment about being stinted
for food on the voyage from New-York City to Annapolis, when we
are advised that Major Ladd obtained fifteen days' rations in New
York for the whole command, and shipped them on board the steamers
"Ariel" and "De Soto," on which the troops sailed.

Major Charles Devens, major of the Rifle Battalion of Worcester,
will be found, among others, a most intelligent person with whom to
consult.

Learn and report, if possible, what aid, if any, is needed in the
commissary and quartermaster's departments and on the medical staff.

I desire you particularly to attend to the proper distribution of
the stores shipped on the steamer "Cambridge," which will be due
at Washington, probably on Saturday next. Please advise with
Brigadier-General Butler and with Lieutenant-General Scott on this
subject.

DR. S. G. HOWE, SANITARY AGENT. 153

I annex invoices of the stores belonging to the Commonwealth,
which were shipped on board of her.

In all these matters which I commit to your care for inspection
and supervision, it must be left to your discretion to obtain the fullest
and most accurate information possible, in order to direct your course
of action. In all your operations, I do not doubt that you will
receive the most cordial assistance and co-operation from General But-
ler, to whose kind attention I commend you, and with whom I desire
you shall constantly advise and consult. What I desire to obtain is,
a thorough comprehension of the position and condition of our troops,
in all respects, so as to remedy existing deficiencies and provide against
future evils.

It is impossible to convey any such thorough idea to me through
written despatches so speedily as I wish to obtain it ; and therefore,
inasmuch as in the absence of a Lieutenant-Governor I cannot con-
veniently leave Massachusetts in person for that purpose, I desire you
to act in a species of representative capacity for observation in my
behalf.

Your expenses will be paid by the Commonwealth ; and I con-
gratulate the service that I bate been able to induce you to undertake
this duty.

With great regard, your friend and servant,

John A. Andrew, Governor.

Dr. Howe immediately entered upon his duties. Upon his
return, he made a report of the condition of the regiments.
He went by way of Annapolis to Washington. His first im-
pression was at the changed appearance of the men. But yes-
terday they were citizens ; to-day they are soldiers, five hundred
miles from their homes, and ready to go a thousand more. On
looking at the actual condition of the regiments, he was sur-
prised to find how abundant had been the provision made for
their comfort and efficiency. There were some complaints and
grumblings about exposure and sleeping on the ground by
night, and about hard fare and disgusting food by day ; but on
one who had found relish in boiled sorrel, and a luxury in raw
snails, these complaints made but little impression. It was evi-
dent, as a general thing, there had been an abundant outfit,
and a superabundance of what are usually considered luxuries
at home. The breaking-in of a soldier to campaign life seems

154 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.,

a rough and hard process ; but it is not a killing one, especially
to New-Englanders. In a while, the boys would laugh at what
they have complained of. There is a vein of humor and sar-
casm running through the report of Dr. Howe, such as might
have been expected from a. gentleman of his peculiar tempera-
ment, knowledge, and practical experience in the rough usage
of active mihtary Ufe ; and yet it is full of kind words and wise
suggestions. He says, "The invoice of articles sent by the
'Cambridge' and other vessels for our troops, contains articles
hardly dreamed of even by general officers in actual war. Hun-
dreds of chests of Oolong teas, tons of white crushed sugar,
and then a whole cargo of ice!" Besides these regular sup-
plies, a vast variety of articles of use and luxury had been sent
by the families of die soldiers and the town committees. "Their
principal value (and that is priceless) is as a testimony of the
patriotism, zeal, and generosity of the men and women, who
felt that they must do something for the cause, which seemed to
them, not only of their country, but of humanity." He speaks
of the reports of cruelty practised in one of the regiments (not
named), which are so frequent that they made a powerful im-
pression on him. He found only about one per cent on the
sick-list, and only two cases of dangerous illness. As to the
matter of suffering, he says, " Some soldiers do indeed complain
that they have undergone needless exposures, privations, and
hardships, through the indifference of officers. It is hoped that
the most flagrant cases of the kind arose from over-sanguine
temper, which made the officers overlook the great hability to
storms, when leading out troops unprovided with tents, and
that longer experience will correct this." But, he says, -

" There will be many captains like one whom I could name in the
Massachusetts Fifth, - the stalwart man, every inch of whose six feet
is of soldier stamp; the captain who eschews hotel dinners, and takes
every meal with his men, eating only what they eat ; who is their reso-
lute and rigid commander when on duty, but their kind and faithful
companion and friend when off duty ; who lies down with them upon
the bare ground or floor, and, if there are not blankets enough for all,
refuses to use one himself; who often gets up in the night, and draws
the blankets over any half-covered sleeper, and carries water to any

ANECDOTE OF CAPTAIN PRESCOTT. 155

one who may be feverish and thirsty ; the man who is like a father as
well as a captain of his soldiers. He is the man who administered
that stern rebuke the other day to the upstart West-Point cadet, sent
to drill the company. The first day, the cadet interlarded the orders
with oaths, - his commands with curses. The men complained to their
captain. ' I'll stop that to-morrow,' says he. The next day's drill
begins, and the cadet begins to swear at the soldiers. 'Please not
swear at my men, sir,' says the captain. 'What do you know about
the drill ?' says the cadet ; ' and what can you do about my swearing ? '
'Sir.' says the captain sternly, 'I know this, and you ought to know
it, - swearing is forbidden by the army regulation ; and, if you con-
tinue to break the rule, I'll order my men to march off the ground,
and they'll obey me, and leave you to swear alone. The cadet took
the rebuke, and swore no more at that company. There are many
officers of this stamp ; and then there is among the soldiers enough of
the old Puritan leaven to lighten the lump.'

"The stalwart man, every inch of whose six feet is of
soldier stamp," was undoubtedly Captain Prescott, who com-
manded the Concord company in the Fifth Regiment, as the
story is told of him in nearly the same words by Ralph Waldo
Emerson, in his address, delivered a few months ago on the
occasion of the dedication of the soldiers' monument, erected
in Concord in honor of the soldiers of that town who fell in the
war. On that monument is the name of George L. Prescott,
who, as colonel of the Massachusetts Thirty-second Regiment,
fell in front of Petersburg, mortally wounded, on the 18th of
June, 1864, while leading his men in a charge upon the enemy,
and who died on the field. A brave and generous gentleman!

Dr. Howe's report is too long to quote entire. It contains
many wise suggestions in regard to cleanliness and cooking
rations, and concludes with this pithy sentence : " If a tithe of
the science, skill, and care which are so hberaUy given to im-
proving all the means of killing the soldiers of other armies
were devoted to the means of keeping our own soldiers in
health, the present fearful mortality of war would be greatly
lessened."

We have stated in the preceding chapter, that, when General
Butler landed with the Eighth Regiment at AnnapoUs, a rumor
reached him that the slaves in that vicinity were on the eve of

156 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

rising in rebellion against their masters; and that he offered
to Governor Hicks the Eighth Regiment to suppress it, which
offer was declined peremptorily by the Governor of Maryland.
The rumor had no foundation upon which to rest. Governor
Andrew was informed that such an offer had been made, by a
despatch from General Butler, written at Annapolis. He re-
garded it with disfavor, and immediately wrote to the General,
expressing his approval of all that he had thus far done, with
the exception of this offer to use Massachusetts troops for such a
purpose, especially as their first duty was to get to Washington,
and protect the national capital from threatened attack. Gov-
ernor Andrew said, -

" I think that the matter of servile insurrection among a commn-
nity in arms against the Federal Union is no longer to be regarded by
our troops in a political, but solely in a military point of view ; and is
to be contemplated as one of the inherent weaknesses of the enemy,
from the disastrous operations of which we are under no obligations of
a military character to guard them, in order that they may be enabled
to improve the security which our arms would afford, so as to prose-
cute with more energy their traitorous attacks upon the Federal
Government and capital. The mode in which outbreaks are to be
considered should depend entirely upon the loyalty or disloyalty of the
community in which they occur ; and, in the vicinity of Annapolis, I
can on this occasion perceive no reason of military policy why a force,
summoned to the defence of the Federal Government, at this moment
of all others, should be offered to be diverted from its immediate duty,
to help rebels, who stand with arms in their hands, obstructing its
progress towards the city of Washington. I entertain no doubt, that,
whenever we shall have an opportunity to interchange our views per-
sonally on this subject, we shall arrive at entire concurrence of
opinion."

General Butler, on the 9th of May, wrote a long letter to
Governor Andrew, in which he defended his action in offering
the Eighth Regiment to suppress a slave insurrection. He be-
gan by apologizing for delay in writing ; his active official duties
pressing him for time, and a slight attack of illness, being his
excuses. He acknowledges " the more than usual accuracy " of
the despatch received by Governor Andrew, and then proceeds
to defend his course. He said, " I landed on the soil of Mary-

GENERAL BUTLER'S OFFER TO GOVERNOR HICKS. 157

land against the formal protest of the Governor and the corpo-
rate authorities of Annapolis, but without armed opposition on
their part." He informed Governor Hicks that the soldiers of
his command were armed only against insurgents and disturbers
of the peace of Maryland and of the United States. He
received from the Governor and Mayor assurances of the
loyalty of the State to the Union. He told the Governor and
Mayor, that, supported by the authorities of the State and city,
he should repress all hostile demonstrations against the laws
of Maryland and the United States ; and would protect both
himself and the city of Annapolis from any disorderly per-
sons whatever. Therefore, when he was subsequently informed
of the probable insurrection, he could do nothing less than make
the offer he did, as it came within the pledge he had given.
He proceeds, " The question seemed to me to be neither military
nor political, and was not to be so treated. It was simply a
question of good faith and honesty of purpose." He then speaks
of "the benign effect" which his offer had upon the people of
Annapolis. The people had returned to their homes, and peace
and order everywhere prevailed. "Confidence took the place
of distrust, friendship of enmity, brotherly kindness of sectional
hate ; and I beheve to-day there is no city in the Union more
loyal than the city of Annapolis. I think, therefore, I may
safely point to the results for my justification." He also says,
- the "neighboring county of Washington" had a few days
before elected a Union delegate to the Legislature by a vote of
four thousand out of five thousand ballots, - This vote "is
among the many fruits of firmness of purpose, efficiency of
action, and integrity of mission." But, as he may have to act
hereafter " in an enemy's country, among a servile population,
when the question may arise as it has not yet. arisen, as well in
a moral and Christian as in a political and military point of
view, what shall I do?" The remainder of the letter we give
entire : -

" I appreciate fully your Excellency's suggestion as to the inherent
weakness of the rebels, arising from the preponderance of the servile
population. The question, then, is, in what manner shall we take
advantage of that weakness? By allowing, and of course causing,

158 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

that population to rise upon the defenceless women and children of the
country, carrying rapine, arson, and murder - all the horrors of San
Domingo a million of times magnified - among those whom we hope to
re-unite with us as brethren, many of whom are already so, and all
who are worth preserving will be, when this horrible madness shall
have passed away or be threshed out of them? Would your Excel-
lency advise the troops under my command to make war in person
upon defenceless women and children, of any part of the Union,
accompanied with brutalities too horrible to be named? You will say,
God forbid! If we may not do so in person, shall we arm others so to
do, over whom we can have no restraint, exercise no control, and who,
when once they have tasted blood, may turn the very arms in their
hands against ourselves as a part of the oppressing white race? The
reading of history, so familiar to your Excellency, will tell you, the
bitterest cause of complaint which our fathers had against Great
Britain, in the war of the Revolution, was the arming by the British
Ministry of the red man with the tomahawk and the scalping-knife
against the women and children of the colonies; so that the phrase,
'May we not use all the means which God and nature have put in our
hands to subjugate the colonies ?' has passed into a legend of infamy
against the leader of that ministry who used it in Parliament. Shall
history teach us in vain? Could we justify ourselves to ourselves,
although with arms in our hands, amid the savage wildness of camp
and field, we may have blunted many of the finer moral sensibilities,
in letting loose four millions of worse than savages upon the homes
and hearths of the South? Can we be justified to the Christian com-
munity of Massachusetts? Would such a course be consonant with
the teachings of our holy religion? I have a very decided opinion
upon the subject ; and if any one desires-as I know your Excellency
does not -this unhappy contest to be prosecuted in that, manner, some
instrument other than myself must be found to carry it on. I may not
discuss the poUtical bearings of this subject. When I went from under
the shadow of my roof-tree, I left all pohtics behind me, to be resumed
only when every part of the Union is loyal to the flag, and the potency
of die Government through the ballot-box is established.

"Passing the moral and Christian view, let us examine the subject
as a military question. Is not that State already subjugated which
requires the bayonets of those armed in opposition to its rulers to pre-
serve it from the horrors of a servile war? As the least experienced
of military men, I would have no doubt of the entire subjugation of a
State brought to that condition. When, therefore, - unless I am
better advised, - any community in the United States who have met

LETTER ON SLAVERY. 159

me in an honorable warfare, or even in the prosecution of a rebellious
war in an honorable manner, shall call upon me for protection against
the nameless horrors of a servile insurrection, they shall have it ; and
from the moment that call is obeyed, I have no doubt we shall be
friends, and not enemies.

" The possibility that dishonorable means of defence are to be taken
by the rebels against the Government I do not now contemplate. if,
as has been done in a single instance, my men are to be attacked by
poison, or, as in another, stricken down by the assassin's knife, and thus
murdered, the community using such weapons may be required to be
taught, that it holds within its own border a more potent means for
deadly purposes and indiscriminate slaughter than any which it can
administer to us.

" Trusting that these views may meet your Excellency's approval,
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

"Benj. F. Butler"

The letter of Governor Andrew was not written for publica-
tion : whether the reply of General Butler was written for that
purpose, the reader can judge for himself. To the surprise of
the Governor, both letters appeared in the public prints shortly
after the reply of General Butler was received by him. General
Butler gave as one reason for the publication, that the Boston
correspondent of the New-York Tribune had referred to the
correspondence in one of his letters to that paper; and stated
that the correspondent had received information concerning
them from the Governor's private secretary. Colonel A. G.
Browne. This charge was emphatically denied by the secre-
tary, in a letter addressed to General Butler, and he also obtained
from the Tribune correspondent a letter denying, in the fullest
and broadest sense, that he had given him the information.
Copies of these letters are on file in the executive department
in the State House.

The letters of Governor Andrew and General Butler are
interesting and important as an exhibition of the sentiments of
the two gentlemen respecting the proper course to pursue in
regard to the slave population in a rebellious State, and also
as to what was the proper course to pursue in the exigency
which then existed. The Government had called for troops to
proceed without delay to Washington, which was threatened by

160 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

rebel forces from Virginia and Maryland. The troops had been
called from their homes and workshops, and sent from the State
to perform this duty, not to put down a negro insurrection in
Maryland. They had not volunteered for that purpose. They
were to go to Washington with all possible despatch, and report
to the United-States officers in command of that post. The
capital of the nation was in imminent peril. They were
to defend it against the enemy. Thus Governor Andrew re-
monstrated against their being diverted, in violation of express
orders, from the purpose for which they had been called into
action.

General Butler, in his reply, does not touch this point, which
was the strong point in Governor Andrew's letter. The Gen-
eral goes into a long argument upon the question of slave
insurrections, illustrating his meaning by references to the
atrocities of San Domingo, and the barbarities committed by
the Indian allies of Great Britain in the war of the Revolu-
tion. It is not our intention, however, to pursue this subject
further. The correspondence makes an interesting episode in
the war record of Massachusetts, and therefore could not prop-
erly be passed, over without remark. Nor is it necessary now
to criticise the argument used by General Butier, to show how
utterly, at that time, he misunderstood and wrongly appreciated
the character of the colored race in the Southern States.

The only notice which Governor Andrew took of General
Butler's letter was in a letter addressed to him, dated May 21,
1861, from which we extract as follows : -

" Your note of the 16th instant is before me. While I have no
objection to your publishing your views on military, political, and
moral questions in the character of a private controversialist (for of
that it is your own supreme right to judge as a gentleman and a citi-
zen), yet I cannot engage in the controversy, however agreeable. to me
it might be to do so under other circumstances, since a great and noble
cause ought not to be disturbed or imperilled by personal complica-
tions. And therefore, although your paper, by its discussions of
questions not logically arising out of that to which it, is in professed
reply, has the tendency to mislead the reader injuriously to myself, yet
I cannot persuade my own judgment that I should do otherwise than
wrong, considering our mutual and public relations, were I to join

END OF RECORD OF THREE MONTHS" TROOPS. 161

issue, and go to trial before the popular tribunal of newspaper readers.
On this ground you will excuse my silence and non-appearance in the
arena of debate."

It is proper to state, that the offer made by General Butler
to Governor Hicks was not known to the colonel of the Eighth
Regiment, who informed the writer that he was not aware that
such an offer was ever made, or that a correspondence had
passed between General Butler and Governor Andrew on
such a subject.

We now close the record of the three months' troops. A
call for volunteers to serve for three years or the war had
been issued by the President. An extra session of the Legis-
lature had been called by the Governor of Massachusetts. The
war began to assume a giant form, that increased in stature
and in power, and cast its shadow to the ends of the civilized
world.

CHAPTER IV.

Companies sent to the Forts - Officers appointed to command - Militia Bat-
talions - First Call for Three Years' Troops - Delays at Washington - Let-
ter to Montgomery Blair - Letter of Secretary of War - General Order
No. 12 - Six Regiments allowed - Governor anxious to send more - Letter
of General Walbridge - Governor to Senator Wilson - More Delay - Extra
Session of the Legislature - Address of the Governor -Proceedings of the
Legislature-War Measures adopted - Debate on Colored Troops-Bills
passed by the Legislature - Sinking Fund - Government Securities -Pay
of Troops -Established Camps - Seven Millions of Dollars - State Aid to
Families of Soldiers - The Sbc Regiments of Three Years' Men - Ten more
Regiments called for - Their Organization -Additional Staff Officers ap-
pointed - Surgeon-General's Department organized - Letter of Governor to
Dr. Lyman - Board of Medical Examiners - Promotion of the Surgeon-
General-Letter of the Governor to Colonel Frank E. Howe - New-England
Rooms, New York -Letter of Colonel Lee to Charles R. Lowell - Letters
of the Governor to Different Parties - Circular of the Secretary of War -
Colonel Browne to Colonel Howe - Abstract of Correspondence - Colonel
Sargent to General Scott - Cobb's Battery - Letter to Colonel Webster -
Letter to the President-Irish Regiments - Flag-raising at Bunker-Hill
Monument - Speech of Governor Andrew - Speech of Colonel Webster -
Interesting Ceremonies - Conclusion.

The defenceless condition of the forts in Boston Harbor, in
the early part of the war, was a cause of much labor and
anxiety to the Governor, and to the merchants and under-
writers, whose vessels at anchor in the harbor, or lying at the
wharves, were greatly exposed. Frequent representations of
the insecure condition of Boston were made by the Governor
to the Secretary of War, which, for a considerable, time,
failed to elicit attention. To allay, in some degree, the gen-
eral feeling of insecurity, the Governor, on the 24th of
April, ordered the Fourth Battalion of Infantry, under com-
mand of Major Thomas G. Stevenson, to garrison Fort Inde-
pendence, where it remained until the 21st of May. On the
29th of April, the Second Battalion of Infantry, under com-

TROOPS SENT TO THE FORTS. 163

mand of Major Ralph W. Newton, was ordered lo garrison
Fort Warren, where it remained until the 1st of June.

Major-General Samuel Andrews, of Boston, was ordered to
take command of both forts, which position he held from the
1st of May until the 1st of June, when he was relieved. The
command of Fort Warren was given to Brigadier-General
Ebenezer W. Peirce, on the 13th of May. He was relieved
on the 27th of the same month, having been appointed to take
command of the Massachusetts troops at the front, and to fill
the vacancy occasioned by the promotion of General Butler to
be a major-general of volunteers. General Peirce was suc-
ceded in command of Fort Warren by Brigadier-General
Joseph Andrews, who remained on duty there, and at Camp
Cameron, in Cambridge, until Nov. 18, 1861.

On the 21st of May, the Fourth Battalion of Rifles, Major
Samuel H. Leonard, was ordered to Fort Independence, where
it was recruited to a regiment of three years' volunteers,
afterwards known as the Thirteenth Regiment. A camp was
also formed on Long Island, in Boston Harbor, to which a
number of companies, composed of men of Irish birth, were
ordered. These companies were to form two regiments of
three years' men, to be known as the Thirteenth and Fourteenth
Regiments. They were afterwards consolidated into one, and
known as the Ninth. Of this camp, on the 11th of May,
Brigadier-General William W. Bullock was placed in com-
mand. He remained on duty until the 12th of June, when
the Ninth was ordered to Washington, and the camp was
broken up.

The battalions first ordered to the forts performed much labor
in removing rubbish, old shanties, piles of bricks, and lumber ;
filling up excavations ; erecting chimneys and cook-houses ; ar-
ranging hospital accommodations, and preparing them, as well
as the limited means would permit, for defensive operations.
These labors have never been properly acknowledged by the
General Government ; on the contrary, a captious and unjust
report of the condition of the forts was made, in June, 1861;
by an army officer, a copy of which was sent to Governor An-
drew by Major-General Wool. This report sets forth that the

164 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

forts had been greatly injured by the two battalions ; that nails
had been driven into the walls of the casemates, drains ob-
structed, filth accumulated, and chimneys so erected that large
guns could not be properly manned and worked. That these
statements had a slight foundation upon which to rest, we shall
not deny; but if the officer had made a survey of the forts,
and especially of Fort Warren, before the two battalions had
taken possession, his report would have been of a different
tenor, and he would have accorded to the soldiers praise instead
of censure. They certainly deserved it : they saved the Govern-
ment time and money in making the forts habitable, and by put-
ting them in a condition to defend the harbor, and maintain
garrisons.

The Governor, on the 25th of April, appointed the three
major-generals of militia, - Messrs. Sutton, Morse, and
Andrews, - with a portion of their respective staff, an examin-
ing board to pass upon the qualification of persons elected
officers of new companies. This board remained in service
until the 24th of May, when it was relieved from further
duties. The number of persons examined by the board was six
hundred and forty-one men, thirty-nine of whom were rejected.
On the 2d of May, Lieutenant-Colonel C. C. Holmes, of
the First Company of Cadets, was placed in command of a
guard at the State Arsenal at Cambridge, and the powder
magazine at Captain's Island. The guard was composed of
members of the cadets and students of Harvard University, who
volunteered their services. They were relieved on the 30th of
May, and received the thanks of the Governor.

We have already stated, that the President issued a proclama-
tion, on the 3d of May, for volunteers to serve for three years, or
during the war. On the 4th of May, Secretary Cameron issued
General Order No. 15, setting forth the number of regiments
to be raised, and the manner in which they were to be organ-
ized. There were to be thirty-nine regiments of infantry, and
one regiment of cavalry. Nothing was said or intimated in
the Secretary's order about the proportion of men or regiments
which each State was to furnish. At this time, there were, in
Massachusetts, upwards of ten thousand men organized into

DELAY IN WASHINGTON. 165

companies. They had enlisted as militia : they now pressed
forward to the State authorities to be accepted and organized as
volunteers for three years. The Governor could not accept
them ; could not muster them ; could not encourage them, fur-
ther than with kind words, until answers were received from
Washington to messages which he had sent, asking that they
might be accepted. Days passed on : no requisitions came.
The companies held to their organizations ; paraded the streets,
partly for drill, but chiefly to pass the time, until information
should come from Washington, thattheir services would be ac-
cepted. 'No orders came ; delay and disappointment marked
the hour ; men could not understand why the Government would
not accept their services. They pressed daily to the State
House; the Governor wrote and telegraphed again and again
to Washington, beseeching the Secretary to accept the services
of men anxious to serve their country. No answer came for
more than a fortnight after the President's call had been issued,
A letter from Secretary Cameron was received by Governor
Andrew, on the 22d of May. As a favor, Massachusetts was
allowed to furnish six regiments of three years' men.

From among a number of letters written at this time, and
upon this subject, we select the foUowing, to Montgomery Blair,
Postmaster-General : -

May 6, 1861.
Hon. Montgomery Blair, Washington, D.C.

My dear Friend, -Your last letter, in which was mentioned a
possible plan for retaking Sumter, reached me in the midst of cares
and toil, which have left no opportunity to pursue the subject.

1 do not know what may be your opinion, or that of the Administra-
tion, as to operating at that point.

The whole matter has now assumed the broadest proportions, and
we in Massachusetts are only anxious to be up to our whole duty ; and
it is my strong desire to receive from you every friendly and prompt-
ing hint, and to endeavor to follow it. At the same time, I wish your
aid in affording Massachusetts those full opportunities which become
her services and her character.

I have not the honor of personally knowing the Secretary of War.
nor do I know how far he may share your sympathy with Massachu-
setts in her present attitude. At all events, I cannot address him on

166 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

paper in the earnest and familiar manner I wish, and which, indeed, I
might adopt if face to face.

Massachusetts, first in the field, hurrying thither but half prepared,
eager, at any risk, to save the capital, and, if possible, clinch by a blow
the national resolve, and, by some gallant act or exhibition, revive the
flagging pulsations of the public heart, by reason of her promptness of
action ; of the blood which, flowing from her veins, has once more ren-
dered the 19th of April an historic day; by the good conduct of her
Old Colony Regiment, in the affair of Norfolk Navy Yard ; of Butler's
whole command at Annapolis, in holding the post, saving "Old Iron-
sides," cutting out a ship-of-war at Baltimore, rebuilding railroads, and
reconstructing locomotives, - may possibly be looked upon, even though
useful to the country, as too forward in earning renown.

But, my dear Blair, I can trust you, that you both believe and know
of Massachusetts, that we fight from no love of vulgar glory, no desire
to conquer what is not ours, but that from the quiet industry of their
peaceful callings, all unused to arms, and with no thirst for war, our
men have drawn their swords, simply because their country called,
and justice, patriotism, and honor summoned them to the field.

Trusting that no shameful concessions of the Government will ever
purchase the cherished blessings of peace for a price incompatible with
the undoubted, eternal, and confirmed establishment, and restoration of
natural rights, and the cause of liberty and democratic constitutional
government, we relent at no sacrifice appropriate to a patriotic and de-
voted people. In that spirit we began, and are continuing to prepare
soldiers and material.

We are enlisted for the war : we have put ourselves, or rather keep
ourselves, where we belong, under the national lead of the President
and his Cabinet, under the folds of the flag our fathers helped to raise.
But we wish to go onward, not to stand still.

"From the blood of the slain, from the fat of the mighty, let the
bow of Jonathan turn not back, and his shield return not empty."

I pray you now, as my personal friend, who may speak for me and my
people to the President and in the Cabinet, - I pray you claim and
secure to us the right, as ours was the first military force to encounter
the shock of arms (namely, the Sixth Regiment of the Massachusetts
line), - the right to furnish six regiments m number, and to march with
the advancing column over the very streets where our brothers poured
out their blood. The number of our citizens ready to go, the strength
of their convictions, their willingness to support the Government, the
variety of useful capacity which characterizes our people, certainly leave
them behind no others. Moreover, we believe, since we have a war

LETTER TO SECRETARY CAMERON. 167

on hand, in making it a short one, by making it an, active one ; and, as
we have it to carry on, we desire to " pay attention to it," finish it up,
suppress speedily the rebellion, and then restore the waste places of
Zion.

Tell Mr. Chase 1 have begun inquiries and efforts, in the hope that
Massachusetts may take five millions of his loan. It ought all to be
taken at par, on six per cent interest.

I am, ever faithfully, JOHN A. ANDREW

P.S. - I understand that matters at our navy yard, in Charlestown,
are not as expeditious as they would be if some old incumbents were
away. The blacksmith is especially complained about. We do need
men in sympathy with the great work ; and I hope Mr. Welles will
refer to Mr. Greene, of the Ordnance Department, and Mr. Roulstone,
of the same carriage department, and see if, with their suggestions, he
cannot inspire some new life, with new blood, into certain branches of
the work.

The letter of Secretary Cameron, permitting Massachusetts to
furnish six regiments of volunteers, as before stated, was not
received until the 22d of May. It was not calculated to inspire
either spirit or enthusiasm. We copy it entire.

War Department, Washington May 16, 1861.
Governor John A. Andrew, Boston.

Dear Sir, - I have the honor to forward you enclosed herewith
the plan of organization of the volunteers for three years, or during the
war. Six regiments are assigned to your State ; making, in addition to
the two regiments of three months' militia already called for, eight
regiments.

It is important to reduce rather than to enlarge this number, and in
no event to exceed it. Let me earnestly recommend to you, therefore,
to call for no more than eight regiments, of which six only are to
serve for three years, or during the war, and, if more are already called
for, to reduce the number by discharge. In making up the quota of
three years' men, you will please act in concert with the. mustering,
officers sent to your State, who will represent this Department.
I am, sir, respectfully,

Simon Cameron Secretary of War.

On the receipt of this letter. General Order No. 12 was issued
by direction of the Governor, which gave notice that, the quota of
Massachusetts was "fixed at six regiments of infantry, to be

168 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

organized as prescribed in General Order No. 15 from the
War Department." The plan for the organization of the regi-
ments was substantially the same as in the regular army. Each
regiment was to be composed of ten companies, each company
to have a captain, two lieutenants, and ninety-eight enUsted men.
The field and staff officers of a regiment were to consist of a
colonel, lieutenant-colonel, major, adjutant, quartermaster, as-
sistant-surgeon, sergeant-major, quartermaster-sergeant, com-
missary-sergeant, hospital-steward, two principal musicians,
and a band of twenty-four musicians. This system of regi-
mental organization was observed during the whole of the war,
with the exception that an additional surgeon was allowed, and
regimental bands were discontinued.

The six regiments selected, to complete the requisition of the
Secretary of War, were, the First, which was ordered to "Camp
Cameron," in North Cambridge. The regiment left the State on
the 15th of June, for Washington, and marched through Balfi-
more on the 17th, the anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill.
It. was the first three years' regiment that reached Washington
in the war. The Second, which was recruited at "Camp
Andrew," in West Roxbnry, left the State on the 8th of July,
for the front. The Seventh, which was recruited at "Camp
Old Colony," in Taunton, left for Washington on the 11th of
July. The Ninth, which was recruited and organized on Long
Island, in Boston Harbor, left the State in the steamer "Ben De
Ford ," on the 24th of June, for Washington. The Tenth, which
was recruited in the western part of the State, remained in
camp near Springfield, until completely organized. Before
leaving the State, the regiment was ordered to Medford, and
was there until the 25th of July, when it was sent forward to
Washington. The Eleventh, which was quartered in Fort
Warren, left for Washington on the 24th of June. These six
regiments were organized, armed, equipped, clothed, and sent
forward, within four weeks after orders were received that they
would be accepted. Several others were in a state of formation,
some of them in camp with full complement of men, and could
have been sent to the front with little delay if the Secretary
had given his consent. This could not be obtained. His letter

MORE REGIMENTS ACCEPTED. 169

of the 15th of May cast no ray of hope that more regiments
would be accepted from Massachusetts : on the contrary, " it was
important to reduce rather than to enlarge this number," The
Governor, nevertheless, continued to urge upon the President and
the Secretary the acceptance of more regiments.

Among the men who sympathized with the Governor in his
desire to have more troops accepted was General Hiram
Walbridge, of New York. He was earnest to have the war
carried on with vigor. At the request of Governor Andrew,
General Walbridge brought the subject to the attention of the
President. His efforts were successful. He wrote to the
Governor from Washington, June 17th, -

"I am gratified to enclose you herewith a copy of a letter addressed
to me by the Secretary of War, with the sanction of the President, in
response to my application in favor of taking additional forces, author-
izing me to notify you that ten additional regiments will be called from
the loyal and patriotic State of Massachusetts, in accordance with the
terms stated in your letter to me of the 12th inst."

This permission to send forward ten more regiments gave
great satisfaction, and relieved the Governor from much anxiety
and care, with which, at this particular period, he was sorely
pressed.

Immediate orders were issued to organize and send forward
the regiments. The correspondence of the Executive Depart-
ment reveals some of the embarrassing questions which pressed
upon it at this time. On the 8th of May, Senator Wilson
who was in Washington, wrote to the Governor, that " the con-
dition of the uniforms and equipments of the Massachusetts
three months' troops was bad, as compared with those of other
States." On the receipt of this letter, the Governor wrote to
the Senator a long and able reply. The letter is dated May
10th ; and in it he said, "he has sent and is sending forward
large supplies both of provisions and of clothing ; but as he is
not gifted by the Lord with omniscience, and as in no single
instance has he received any report from any of the regiments
in and about Washington of what they need, he is sorry he is
unable to satisfy everybody, and still more sorry that Massa-
chusetts troops should be permitted to suffer. Although a month

170 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

has now elapsed since they left the Stale, the muster-rolls of the
Eighth Regiment are the only ones which have as yet been
received." He then recites the facts concerning the blankets
which were put on board of the transport at New York for
the Fifth Regiment, which were stowed away so that the regi-
ment could not get them, and were finally taken at Annapolis,
and distributed among Pennsylvania troops.

He also speaks of the neglect of officers to report to him
what they need fully and frequently, in order that he may know
what to furnish. In no single instance had authentic informa-
tion been received of any needs, without measures being taken
instantaneously to supply them. "We have not less than fifty
thousand dollars' worth of under-garments and other clothing
now on hand. 'We are now having manufactured no less than
six thousand summer uniforms; and we have spent not less
than fifty thousand dollars in merely supplying subsistence to
our troops on their way and in the field." He had, when the
call was first made for troops, informed the Secretary of War
that the troops needed some articles of equipment, who replied in
substance, "No matter : only hurry them forward, we will look out
for all that, and will remedy all such needs when they are
arrived here : it is essential to us that they should be sent at
once." Notwithstanding, from that day to this he had not
been advised in any manner what suppUes he has furnished or
expects to furnish. Notwithstanding repeated requests, no
United-States officer had been detailed here to muster troops or
to advise with the Governor concerning military affairs, as has
been done in the instance of New York and other States. Not-
withstanding he had frequently called attention to the defence-
less state of Boston Harbor, it remains undefended by a single
gun. His requests meet either with silence, or with positive
refusal. He is even denied by the Secretary of War permission
to clean Fort Warren at the expense of the State, so as to
render it healthy and comfortable for the volunteer troops to be
placed there. The Governor suggests "that the influence of
all the agents of Massachusetts at Washington is needed, and
may be profitably exerted to extort from the national Govern-
ment, if it cannot be done by persuasion, at least some approach

MEETING OF THE LEGISLATURE. 171

to the courtesy and attention which have evidently been extended
to other States in these respects, and which is pre-eminently
due to Massachusetts, by reason of her constant loyalty, her
prompt movement to the defence of the nation, her children
dead at Baltimore, and the sacrifice of money and of men which
she expects, and is willing, to make for the common cause."

The delay at Washington in calling for more troops, and the
apparent neglect with which the Governor's letters were treated,
did not change his purpose nor daunt his spirit. He never
doubted that a change of policy would soon be adopted at
Washington, and that the war would be carried on with might
and vigor. Foreseeing that it would be a long war, he deter-
mined that the State should be placed in a condition to sustain
her part with all the resources of men and money at her com-
mand. Accordingly, he called an extra session of the Legislature,
which met at the State House on Tuesday, the 14th of May.

Mr. Claflin, in calling the Senate to order, referred to the ex-
traordinary events which had transpired since the adjournment,
and urged upon the Senate the importance of meeting them in
a proper spirit. "To this end, let us act our part faithfully, that
those who, placed in our hands these great trusts may not be
disappointed, and we, in coming time, may have the proud con-
sciousness of having done our duty."

Speaker Goodwin congratulated the House that the Old
Bay State had so nobly sustained her heroic fame. He referred
to the absence of some of the members who were with their
regiments in the field, and concluded by saying, "1 know you
will all join in a most ardent aspiration, that an honorable peace
may soon be won by our army, and the arts of peace once
more become the engrossing topic of the Legislature of the
Commonwealth."

The two branches met in convention, and Governor Andrew
dehvered his address.

" The occasion," he said, " demands action, and it shall not be delayed
by speech; nor do either the people or their representatives need or
require to be stimulated by appeals or convinced by arguments. A
grand era has dawned, inaugurated by the present great and critical
exigency of the nation, through which it will providentially and

172 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION

triumphantly pass, and soon, emerging from apparent gloom, will breathe
a freer inspiration in the assured consciousness of vitality and power.
Confident of our ultimate future ; confident in the principles and ideas
of democratic republican government, in the capacity, conviction,
and manly purpose of the American people, wherever liberty exists,
and republican government is administered under the purifying and
instructing power of free opinion and free debate, - I perceive noth-
ing now about us which ought to discourage the good or to alarm the
brave."

The Governor then spoke of the nature of the war. "This
is no war of sections, no war of North and South. It is
waged to avenge no former wrongs, nor to perpetuate ancient
griefs or memories of conflict. It is the struggle of the people
to vindicate their own sights, to retain and invigorate the institu-
tions of their fathers." He then recapitulated the services of
the Massachusetts troops, -their prompt response to the call of
the President ; the march through Baltimore ; the garrisoning
of Fortress Monroe ; the advance by way of AnnapoUs and the
Potomac River ; the saving of " Old Ironsides; " the activity of
General Butler and of the State officers ; the cost of equipping
and provisioning the regiments, which, up to that time, amounted
to $267,645.18, exclusive of the fifty thousand pounds sterling
drawn in favor of Mr. Crowninshield, for the purchase of arms
in Europe, and of contracts made, which, when fulfilled, would
amount to $100,000 more.

Up to that time, one hundred and twenty-nine new companies
had been organized. The Governor recommended the formation
of a State camp for military instruction, under proper rules and
regulations, but which encampment "should be confined to
those enUsting themselves for an extended term of actual service,
and should not include the ordinary militia." He was opposed
to towns' paying bounties to men enUsting in local companies,
and to all costly and inefficient modes of organizing and disci-
plining troops. His recommendations to the Legislature met
with unanimous approval, as the patriotic and judicious acts
passed at this brief session abundantiy prove. Near the close
of his address, the Governor paid the following merited tribute
to the services and worth of the then commanding General of
the United-States army : -

THE GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. 173

"For myself. I entertain a most cordial trust in the ardor and
patriotism of the President of the United States and his Cabinet,
and of the venerable head of the American army, whose long and
eminent career has given him a place second to no living captain of
our time. True to his allegiance to his country and to himself, may
he long be spared to serve his countrymen, and to enjoy their gratitude !
and though white the marble, and tall the aspiring shaft, which posterity
will rear to record his fame, his proudest monument will be their
affectionate memory of a life grand in the service of peace, not less than
of war, preserving in their hearts for ever the name of Winfield
Scott. "

He spoke also in fitting words of the generous sympathy and
munificent gifts of the entire people for the soldiers and their
cause, which came "from every department of social, business,
and religious life ; from every age, sex, and condition of our
community ; by gifts, by toil, by skill, and handwork ; 'out of
the basket and the store, and out of the full hearts of the com-
munity, -they have poured through countless channels of
benevolence."

In concluding, he asks, -

"But how shall I record the great and sublime uprising of the
people, devoting themselves, their lives, their all ? No creative
art has ever woven into song a story more tender in its pathos, or
more stirring to the martial blood, than the scenes just enacted, passing
before our eyes in the villages and towns of our dear old Common-
wealth. Henceforth be silent, ye cavillers at Ne w- En G l a n d
thrift, economy, and peaceful toil. Henceforth let no one dare accuse
our Northern sky, our icy winters: or our granite hills ! 'Oh, what a
glorious morning !' was the exulting cry of Samuel Adams, as he,
excluded from royal grace, heard the sharp musketry, which, on the
dawn of the 19th of April, 1775, announced the beginning of the war
of Independence. The yeomanry who in 1775, on Lexington Common,
and on the banks of Concord River first made that day immor-
tal in our annals, have found their lineal representatives in the
historic regiment, which, on the 19th of April, 1861, in the streets of
Baltimore, baptized our flag anew in heroic blood, when Massachusetts
marched once more 'in the sacred cause of liberty and the rights of
mankind.' "

Before passing from the consideration of this remarkable
address, we would refer to the following paragraph, which illus-

174 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

trates so well the liberal and just mind of the author,- we mean
his defence of the right of citizens to freely discuss the acts of
pubUc men and the policy of government : -

"Let us never," he said, " under any conceivable circumstances of
provocation or indignation, forget that the right of free discussion of all
public questions is guaranteed to every individual on Massachusetts
soil, by. the settled convictions of her people, by the habits of her
successive generations, and by express provisions of her Constitution.
And let us therefore never seek to repress the criticism of a minority,
however small, upon the character and conduct of any administration,
whether State or national."

It is probable that the occurrence spoken of in the following
letter of Colonel Lee caused the Governor to incorporate in his
address the paragraph quoted : -

Boston, May 13.
Messrs. Cartes. Hescock, Bird, and others, Quincy Market.

D E AR SiRS,-The Sunday papers report the extortion of one
hundred dollars from a produce-dealer named Walker, who seriously
and jestingly expressed sympathy with the secessionists, and hoped
that our troops would starve. The receipt of this money casts a slur
upon the reputation of our State, and upon the sincerity of all the
generous men who freely contributed. It must be returned at once, or
we are disgraced: our cause is too good to be injured with illegal
violence. While we fight for liberty and the law, let us respect them
ourselves. I feel sure, upon reflection, you will agree with the
Governor on the subject.

Yours truly, HenryLee, A.D.C

When the Governor concluded his address, the Senate re-
turned to its chamber, and the two branches entered at once upon
the business of the session.

In the Senate, on the same day, on motion of Mr. Stone,
of Essex, it was voted, that a committee of seven on the part
of the Senate, and fifteen on the part of the House, be appointed,
to whom the address of the Governor, and the accompanying
documents, should be referred. The motion was adopted : and
the committee appointed on the part of the Senate were Messrs.
Stone of Essex, Bonney of Middlesex, Northend of Essex;
Rogers of Suffolk, Davis of Bristol, Walker of Middlesex, and
Cole of Berkshire ; on the part of the House, Messrs. Bullock

PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEGISLATURE. 175

of Worcester, Calhoun of Springfield, Branning of Lee, Davis
of Greenfield, Tyler of Boston, Coffin of Newburyport, Peirce of
Dorchester, Peirce of New Bedford, Jewell of Boston, Gifford
of Provincetown, Clark of Lowell, Kimball of Lynn, Mer-
riam of Fitchburg, Barnfield of West Roxbury, and Hyde
of Newton.

Mr. Northend, of Essex, introduced a bill of eighteen sections,
entitled " a bill to provide for the disciplining and instruction of
a military force."

Petitions were presented of James W. White, and eighty
others of Grafton, and of the commissioned officers of the
Twelfth Regiment of Infantry (Colonel Webster), severally for
an act to legalize the appropriations of cities and towns in
behalf of the volunteer militia, and for other purposes.

Referred to the Committee on the Judiciary.

May 15. In the Senate. -Petition of Robert Morris and
seventy-one others, for a law authorizing colored men to form
military companies ; of John Wells and others, of Chicopee, for
a law to allow cities and towns to raise money for the support
of volunteers and their families.

On motion of Mr. Carter, of Hampden, a joint committee was
appointed to consider the expediency of tendering the service of
members of the Legislature free of expense.

Mr. Stone, of Essex, reported a bill regulating drill com-
panies, also in favor of the bill for the estabhshment of a home
guard. On motion of Mr. Boynton, of Worcester, it was
voted, that the joint special committee on the Governor's
address consider the expediency of providing by law for the
expense of improving and drilling the volunteer companies, and
also of re-imbursing such expenditure of money as towns
and military companies have incurred for such purposes.

Mr. Northend, of Essex, reported his bill from the joint
committee to provide for the discipline and 'instruction of a
military force.

The same gentleman, from the same committee, introduced a
bill "in aid of the families of volunteers." Mr. Stone, of
Essex, from the same committee, reported a bill to enable banks
to purchase government securities.

176 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

In the House, Mr. Bullock, of Worcester, from the same
committee, reported a bill "to provide for the maintenance of the
Union and Constitution."

Also a bill to repeal the act of the previous session " to
authorize the Treasurer and Receiver-General to indorse the
notes of the United States."

And, under a suspension of the rules, these bills passed to
a third reading.

May 16. In the Senate. - The Senate discussed the bill in
aid of the families of volunteers. Several amendments were
offered, after which it was recommitted. The bill for the or-
ganization of a home guard was passed to be engrossed.

A bill to regulate drill companies was opposed by Mr.
Rogers, of Suffolk, and Mr. Battles, of Worcester, and re-
jected.

The bill to enable banks to purchase Government securities,
under a suspension of the rules, was passed to be enacted. Mr.
Whiting, of Plymouth, moved an amendment to limit the pur-
chase to fifteen per cent of their capital stock. Lost.

The bill to provide for the discipline and instruction of a
military force was amended, on motion of Mr. Schouler, of
Middlesex, to limit the force to five thousand men, instead of
three thousand. The bill and the amendment were then re-
committed.

In the Senate. Afternoon Session. - On motion of Mr.
Hardy, of Norfolk, the act to provide for the maintenance of
the Union and the Constitution was taken up. An amend-
ment was proposed by Mr. Clark, of Middlesex, to strike out
the clause ratifying the acts done by the Governor and Council
in any way connected with the disbursements made by them, &c.
Mr. Whiting, of Plymouth, favored the amendment ; but it was
rejected, - yeas 10, nays 11. The bill was then passed to be
engrossed.

The bill authorizing the issue of State scrip to the amount of
seven millions of dollars was passed unanimously, by a yea and
nay vote.

The bill for the discipline and instruction of a military force
was reported, providing for five regiments of infantry and one

DEBATE ON RIGHTS OF COLORED MEN. 177

battery of artillery, to be sent to camp ; and, in this form, it
passed to be engrossed.

The Special Committee reported, that the petitions of J. Sella
Martin, and Robert Morris and others, to strike out the word
"white" in the militia laws, be referred to the next General
Court.

In the House. - A petition of John T. Hilton and twenty-
two others, colored citizens of Massachusetts, that the word
"white" be stricken from the militia laws, was laid on the
table.

The Senate report referring the petitions of J. Sella Martin
and Robert Morris and others, to the next General Court, was
opposed by Mr. Slack, of Boston, who spoke in favor of striking
out the word "white" from the militia laws. He said the
colored men were anxious to serve their country, and that no
law should be enacted to prevent them.

Mr. Hammond, of Nahant, spoke in favor of accepting the
report.

On motion of Mr. Albee, of Marlborough, the question on
receiving the report was taken by yeas and nays. The report
was accepted, -yeas 119, nays 81.

The Senate bill to enable banks to purchase Government secu-
rities was passed to be engrossed, under a suspension of the
rules.

The Senate bill for the organization of a home guard was
passed to be engrossed, without opposition.

May 17. In the Senate. -Mr. Whiting, of Plymouth,
moved a reconsideration of the vote whereby the petition of J.
Sella Martin, Robert Morris, and others, was referred to the
next General Court. Placed in the orders of the day.

In the House. - A petition was presented by 13. C. Sargent,
Mayor of Lowell, and a committee of the City Council of Low-
ell, for State aid in the erection of a monument to Luther C.
Ladd and Addison O. Whitney, who fell at Baltimore, April
19. Referred.

Mr. Jewell, of Boston, from the Special Committee, reported
a bill " to provide for a sinking fund."

May 18. In the Senate. -The motion to reconsider the
12

178 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

vote referring the petition of J. Sella Martin, Robert Morris,
and others, to the next General Court, was advocated by
Mr. Whiting, of Plymouth, who said this was not a time to
make invidious distinctions between the different classes of
citizens.

Mr. Cole, of Berkshire, spoke in opposition.
The vote stood, for reconsideration, 1 1 ; against it, 22.
In the House - Mr. Stebbins, of Boston, asked and ob-
tained leave to introduce a bill, " withholding certain aid from
the people in the so-called seceded States," which was referred
to the Special Committee.

Mr. Drew, of Dorchester, asked leave to introduce a bill to
strike out the word " white " from the militia laws. Leave was
refused, -yeas 56, nays 139.

May 20. In the Senate. -Almost the entire day was oc-
cupied in debating the bill " in aid of the families of volunteers."
A number of amendments were proposed, some of which were
adopted, others rejected. The bill, as amended, was ordered
to. a third reading. Laid on the table, and ordered to be
printed.

In the House - Mr. Bullock, of Worcester, from the Joint
Special Committee, reported " resolves concerning the present
crisis " (five in number).

A debate arose upon ordering them to be printed, in the
course of which Mr. Durfee, of New Bedford, said the resolves
could not be fairly understood by the House from merely hear-
ing them read. He wished to see them in print.

Mr. Drew, of Dorchester, spoke at length. In the course of
his speech, he attacked General Butler, for offering, to the Gov-
ernor of Maryland, Massachusetts soldiers to put down a slave
rebellion. He said the war was a means of emancipation, and
complained of the Legislature for retaining the word "white"
in the militia laws, which forbids a portion of our people from
taking part in the struggle.

Mr. Stevens, of Boston, could not see any thing objection-
able in the resolutions, and was in favor of their immediate
passage.

The resolves were ordered to be printed.

PROCEEDING OF THE LEGISLATURE. 179

May 21. In the Senate. - The whole of the forenoon ses-
sion was taken up in discussing and amending the bill "in aid
of the families of volunteers." It finally passed to be engrossed,
-yeas 27, nays 7.

The resolves from the House, "concerning the present crisis,"
were discussed in the Senate a great part of the afternoon ses-
sion, but, before taking the question, were laid on the table, to
allow a committee to be appointed to wait upon the Governor,
and request him to return the bill "for the organization of a
home guard."

The committee subsequently reported, that they had returned
with the bill ; when, on motion of Mr. Stone, of Essex, the vote
whereby the bill was passed, was reconsidered ; and on motion
of Mr. Boynton, of Worcester, it was referred to the Commit-
tee on the Judiciary.

In the House. - Mr. Jewell, of Boston, from the Joint
Special Committee, reported "a bill in addition to an act for
the maintenance of the Union and the Constitution," which was
passed to be engrossed, under a suspension of the rules.

Mr. Branning, of Lee, from the same committee, reported
that the bill offered by Mr. Stebbins, " withholding certain aid
from the people of the so-called seceded States," ought not to
pass.

The resolves concerning the present crisis were taken up, dis-
cussed, and ordered to be engrossed.

Mr. Pierce, of Dorchester, introduced a bill authorizing the
Governor to pay the company of Cadets of Boston for guard
duty at the State Arsenal at Cambridge, and at Captain's Island ;
also, the Second Battalion, for garrison duty at Fort Warren,
and the Fourth Battalion, for garrison duty at Fort Independ-
ence, one dollar a day, including rations to each man while in
service ; which was referred to Special Committee on Governor's
Address.

The bill withholding certain aid from the people of the so-
called seceded States was taken up, and, after being amended,
was passed to be engrossed.

The bill giving aid to the families of volunteers was dis-
cussed, amended, and passed to a third reading.

180 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Wednesday, May 22. In the Senate. - On motion of Mr.
Northend, of Essex, the bill to provide for the discipline and
instruction of a militia force was taken from the table, - the
question being on passing it to be enacted.

Mr. Bonney, of Middlesex, opposed the bill. He said that
it authorized the Governor to order into camp a military force, of
not less than six thousand men. It provided for nothing less
than a standing army, for an unlimited period. It conferred
upon the Governor a power 'which the sovereigns of England
and France did not possess over their troops.

Mr. Northend spoke briefly in support of the bill, after which,
no amendment being in order, the bill was passed to be enacted,
-yeas 27, nays 2.

Mr. Northend then moved to take from the table the resolves
concerning the present crisis, which motion was rejected, -yeas
10, nays 24.

The House bill, entitied an act " withholding certain aid from
the people of the so-called seceded States," was rejected.

Mr. Stone, of Essex, from the Committee on the Judiciary,
reported, in a new draft, "a bill to provide for a home guard,"
which, under a suspension of the rules, was ordered to be en-
grossed.

In the afternoon session, Mr. Whiting, of Plymouth, moved
a reconsideration of the vote by which the bill " withholding cer-
tain aid from the people in the so-called seceded States" was re-
jected, which was placed in the orders of the day.

In the House. - The bill for aid to the families of volunteers
was discussed in the morning session, until adjournment ; with-
out taking the question, several amendments were offered.

In the afternoon, a petition was received from Robert Morris
and sixty-three other colored citizens, for leave to form a
home guard. Referred to the Committee on the Militia.

Mr. Pierce, of Dorchester, reported that the bill to pay for
the services of the cadets, and other militia organizations, for
services, ought not to pass, as payment had been provided in
another bill.

The bill giving aid to the famihes of volunteers was passed to
be engrossed.

DEBATE CONCERNING COLORED CITIZENS. 181

Also, the Senate bill to organize a home guard.

May 23. In the Senate - Mr. Davis, of Bristol, intro-
duced a series of resolutions "on the national crisis ; " but
as they were opposed by Messrs. Northend of Essex, Bonney
of Middlesex, Battles of Worcester, Cole of Berkshire, Carter
of Hampden, and Boynton of Worcester, Mr. Davis reluct-
antly withdrew them.

The resolves which had been rejected in the House, "in re-
gard to the rights of citizens," elicited a warm debate. Mr.
Schouler, of Middlesex, spoke in favor of the resolves. He
could not see the objection to this act of simple justice to the
colored man.

Mr. Northend asked what good the passage of these resolu-
tions would do in the present crisis. Would it strengthen the
hands of the Administration? No : no one believed that it
would. It would embarrass them.

Mr. Bonney, of Middlesex, was not opposed to the sentiments
of the resolves ; but he did not beheve it was expedient to in-
struct our Senators and Representatives in Congress at this
time.

Mr. Davis, of Bristol, said it was always safe to do right.
He should vote for the resolves.

Mr. Schouler said we were afraid all the time of doing some-
thing that would hurt the feelings of the South. The resolves
were then passed to a third reading, -yeas 18, nays 12.

On their passage to be engrossed, Mr. Cole, of Berkshire,
and Mr. Hardy, of Norfolk, spoke in opposition. They were
then passed to be engrossed, - yeas 17, nays 13, - and were
sent back to the House.

In the House. - Mr. Durfee, of New Bedford, from the
Committee on the Militia, reported that the petition of Robert
Morris and others be referred to the Joint Special Com-
mittee.

On motion of Mr. Slocum, the report and accompanying
papers were laid on the table.

Mr. Durfee, of New Bedford, introduced resolutions in rela-
tion to the rights of colored citizens, which were referred to the
Special Committee. Subsequently, Mr. Davis, of Greenfield,

182 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

from the committee, reported, that, in view of the exigencies of
public affairs, and the near approach of the close of the session,
the resolves ought not to pass. He deemed it unwise to legis-
late on a minor point of the controversy, when the fact is, the
battle for the black man is being fought every day, and will be
fought on battle-fields yet unknown.

Mr. Albee, of Marlborough, spoke in favor of the re-
solves.

Mr. Slack, of Boston, recurred to the days of the Revolu-
tion, when the deeds of the colored citizens were the subject of
the highest marks of approval.

Mr. Pierce, of Dorchester, advocated the passage of the re-
solve, and read the words of General Andrew Jackson in com-
mendation of the bravery of the colored battalions at New
Orleans, in the war of 1812.

Mr. Branning, of Lee, had always been, and was now, in
favor of the rights of colored men ; but he did not think it was
wise to pass these resolves at the present time.

The vote to accept the report that the resolves ought not to
pass was then taken, -yeas 78, nays 69.

The following was the principal resolution : -

"Resolved, That our Senators in Congress be instructed, and our
Representatives requested, to use their utmost efforts to secure the re-
peal of any and all laws which deprive any class of loyal subjects of
the Government from bearing arms for the common defence."

On assembling in the afternoon, a committee of the two
branches was appointed to inform the Governor that the Houses
were ready to be prorogued.

The House then took a recess of an hour. On re-assembling,
at three o'clock, the resolves in relation to the rights of colored
citizens came down from the Senate, adopted.

Mr. Pierce, of Dorchester, moved a suspension of the rules,
that they might be considered at once.

Mr. Bullock, of Worcester, made an earnest argument against
suspending the rules, and against passing the resolves. He
avowed his willingness to remove every vestige of disability from
the colored citizens, and, in a proper time, he hoped to see it.

DEBATE. -RIGHTS OF COLORED MEN. 183

This was not the time. Twenty-three sovereign States are a unit
in this conflict. He who would now cast a firebrand among
the ranks of the united North and West and the Border States,
will initiate a calamity, the extent of which will be appalling
and inconceivable. Let us cultivate unity and union. Let us
frown upon every element of distraction and weakness and dis-
cord. "I am therefore willing," said he, "to place my name
in the negative upon an imperishable record, believing that I am
doing a service to my beloved and imperilled country."

After further remarks by Mr. Pierce, of Dorchester, the pre-
vious question was moved ; and the House refused to suspend
the rules, by a yea and nay vote of 74 to 69. Two-thirds not
voting for suspension, the motion was lost. The resolves then
went into the orders of the day.

Mr. Slack, of Boston, moved that a committee be appointed
to wait upon the Governor, and request him to postpone, for the
present, the prorogation of the Legislature.

During his remarks, the Secretary of State was announced,
with a message from the Governor, that his Excellency had pro-
rogued the Legislature, according to request.

The Legislature was then prorogued, and the resolves were
left among the unfinished business in the orders of the day.

We have given prominence to the debate upon these resolves,
as it reflects the opinions of members at that period in regard to
the rights of colored men. This was undoubtedly the first
debate in the war touching the right of colored men to bear
arms, and the expediency of employing them as soldiers to put
down the rebellion. The resolutions passed the Senate ; and, if
the vote in the House to suspend the rules was a test of the opin-
ions of the members, the resolutions would have also passed the
House, had it remained another day in session.

The following is an abstract of the laws which bear upon
our subject, passed in this session : -

First. An act to provide a sinking fund. The Treasiu^er
is to report, on Jan. 1, 1863, the amount of all scrip, or cer-
tificates of debt, of the United States, which shall have been
received by this Commonwealth from the United States, under
provisions of acts of the Legislature, and the actual market-

184 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

price of the same at the date of such report; and the same
shall be pledged and held as part of the sinking fund hereby
created, the same to be applied for the redemption of the debt.
It also provides, that there shall be raised, by tax, twice in each
year, commencing Jan. 1, 1863, a sum equal to one-tenth part
of the difference found by the report of the Treasurer, as above
provided, to exist between the amount of scrip, or certificates of
debt, issued under said acts, and the actual market-value of the
scrip or certificates, and to be held as a sinking fund to pay the
same. Approved May 21, 1866.

Second. An act to enable banks to purchase Government
securities provided that loans directly made by any bank to the
Commonwealth or to the United States, and notes or scrip of
the Commonwealth or United States, held by any bank, and
directly purchased by such bank from the Commonwealth or
United States, shall not be deemed debts due within the mean-
ing of the twenty-fifth section of the fifty-seventh chapter of the
General Statutes.

Third. An act to provide for the maintenance of the Union
and the Constitution confirmed and ratified all that the Gov-
ernor, Executive Council, or any other person, with his or their
sanction, had done in furnishing and forwarding troops for the
service of the Government. It vested the Governor, with the ad-
vice of the Council, with full power and authority, as he might
deem best, to provide for additional troops, and also to appoint
and commission all needful officers and agents, and to fix their
rank and pay ; also, to investigate, adjust, and settle all accounts
and matters between the State and the General Government,
which might arise under the provisions of this act ; also, to pay,
out of the fund created by this act, any of the troops of this
Commonwealth which had been or might be mustered into the
service of the United States, during the whole or a part of
the time of such service, and to settle the same with the United
States : also, created a fund, to be called the Union Fund, of
three millions of dollars, to be raised by the issue of scrip.
The scrip to bear interest of six per cent, to be redeemable in
not less than ten, nor more than twenty, years from the first of
July, 1861; and not more than five hundred thousand dollars
shall be redeemable in any one year.

LAWS PASSED FOR THE SOLDIERS. 185

Fourth. An act entitled an act in addition to the act for the
maintenance of the Union and the Constitution, gave the Gov-
ernor, with the advice of the Council, power to issue scrip or
certificates in the name and in the behalf of the Commonwealth,
for sums not exceeding, in the aggregate, seven millions of dol-
lars.

Fifth. An act further in addition thereto authorized the
Governor, with the advice of the Council, to pay from the
Union Fund any of the troops of the Commonwealth, mus-
tered into the service of the United States from the time that
they reported themselves for service until they were mustered
into the service of the United States.

Sixth. An act to provide for the discipline and instruction
of a military force empowered the Governor, with the consent
of the Council, to establish one or more camps in suitable
places within the Commonwealth, for the instruction and disci-
pline of a military force, not to exceed five regiments of in-
fantry, and one battery of six pieces of artillery, at any one
time ; for which tents, camp-equipage, and other necessary arti-
cles, were to be furnished by the State.

The Governor was also empowered to rent land for such camp
purposes.

No companies or regiments were to be placed in such camps
until all the members should agree to be mustered into the
United-States service, on such terms as the President should
direct in his calls for volunteers. The entire formation, organi-
zation, drill, and discipline of these forces was to conform as
near as possible to the regular army, and be subject to the rules
and articles for governing mihtia in actual service.

Each camp was to be under the command of a suitable
officer appointed by the Governor, and subordinate only to
him. He had the power to recommend, and the Governor
to commission, such subordinate camp officers as might be
proper ; the pay and rank of such officers to be fixed by the
Governor. The authority of the officers commanding these
camps might be extended by the Governor one-fourth of a mile
beyond the limits of the camp ; and certain rules and regulations
were to be made for the admission of visitors.

186 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

The privates, when in camp, were to receive the same pay as
privates in the regular service ; and the officers were to receive
such pay as the Governor and Council might determine, pro-
vided that the pay of no officer should exceed that of a captain
in the regular army. The officers and men to be paid once a
month.

The Governor, with the consent of the Council, could appoint
and fix the pay of a suitable person for paymaster, to pay the
men in the camps, he giving bonds and securities for the proper
discharge of his duties.

The regimental and line officers were to be chosen and com-
missioned as provided for by the mihtia laws of the Common-
wealth.

Seventh. "An act in aid of the families of volunteers, and
for other purposes," contained eight sections, and was one of
the most humane and admirable passed during the war. It
provided, -

1st, That any town or city might raise money by taxation,
and apply the same for aid of the wife, and of the children
under sixteen years of age, of any volunteer mustered into the
service of the United States to the credit of Massachusetts, and
for each parent, brother, sister, or child, who, at the time of his
enlistment, was dependent on him for support.

2d, The sum so paid or applied should be annually re-im-
bursed from the State treasury to such city and town, provided
it did not exceed one dollar a week for the wife, and one dollar
for each child or parent of such soldier ; provided that the
whole sum for the family and parents of each soldier did not in
the aggregate exceed twelve dollars a month.

The act also provided, that any town or city might raise
money by taxation to defray any expense akeady incurred, or to
carry out any contracts heretofore made with any of its inhabi-
tants who might have enlisted in the volunteer service, or who
may have been or might be called into the service of the United
States ; but all other contracts in the mihtia should terminate in
ninety days.

The act also provided, that any city or town, "when danger
from attack from the sea is apprehended, is authorized to

DEPARTURE OF SIX VOLUNTEER REGIMENTS. 187

organize an armed police to guard against such an attack, and
may provide by taxation to maintain the same." Such police
might act in any part of the county within which city or town
might be situated.

The act provided for the "discipline and instruction of the
military forces," and gave the Governor the power to appoint
such staff officers as he might consider necessary, which power
continued in force until the end of the war.

After the six regiments first called for by the Secretary of
War for three years' service had left the State, and ten more
had been accepted, a constant demand was made upon the State
until the close of the Rebellion, for all the troops that could be
raised, which were sent forward to the front as they were
organized. Therefore the establishment of a State camp, as
contemplated by the act of the Legislature, for drill and organ-
ization, was never established ; but, instead thereof, temporary
camps were formed in different parts of the State to accommo-
date the local demand. Thus it was, that the First Regiment,
Colonel Cowdin, which was recruited in Boston and its imme-
diate vicinity, was sent to "Camp Cameron" in North Cam-
bridge, where it remained until June 15, when it was ordered
to Washington. The Second Regiment, which was recruited by
Colonel Gordon, and officers under his command, established a
camp in West Roxbury, which was called "Camp Andrew," in
honor of the Governor.
Governor Andrew determined that the regimental number
should not be duplicated ; hence it was, that the Third, Fourth,
Fifth, and Sixth Regiments should retain their own designations,
and should not be confounded with the three years' regiments.
Therefore the next three years' regiment which was recruited by
Colonel Couch at "Camp Old Colony," near Taunton, was
called the Seventh Regiment. The Eighth Regiment, being a
three months' regiment, retained its original number ; and the
next three years' regiment was called the Ninth Regiment, which
was composed of men of Irish birth, and their immediate de-
scendants, and was recruited and organized under the superin-
tendence of Colonel Thomas Cass, at Long Island, in Boston

188 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Harbor. The Tenth Regiment was recruited in the five
western counties, and had its camp near the city of Spring-
field, until it was fully organized. The Eleventh Regiment
was recruited in Boston and vicinity by Colonel Clark, and was
placed at Fort Warren, where it was recruited to the full standard,
and mustered into the service. These regiments completed the
quota under the first requisition of the Secretary of War.
When leave was given to send forward ten more regiments
spoken of in the letter of General Wallbridge to Governor
Andrew, measures were taken immediately to consolidate the
companies in different parts of the State into regiments. The
first of these was the Twelfth Regiment, which was always
familiarly known as the Webster Regiment, because it was
recruited and organized by Colonel Retcher Webster, who held
command of it until he was killed at the second battle of Bull
Run, Aug. 30, 1862. He fell gallantly at the head of his regi-
ment, for "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and insepa-
rable." The Twelfth Regiment was recruited and organized at
Fort Warren. It left Boston for Washington, July 23, 1861.

The Thirteenth Regiment was recruited at Fort Independence.
The Fourth Battalion of Rifles formed the nucleus of this regi-
ment. It had been ordered, on the 25th of June, to garrison
the fort ; and, while upon that duty, it was recruited to a full
regiment of three years' volunteers. Major Samuel H. Leonard
commanded the Fourth Battalion ; and he was commissioned the
colonel of the Thirteenth, the regiment having been recruited
by him. It left the State for the front on the 30th day of
July, 1861, and was stationed during the year on the line of the
Potomac in Maryland.

The Fourteenth Regiment was recruited by Colonel William
13. Greene, a graduate of West Point, at Fort Warren. He
was in Paris with his family when the Rebellion broke out, and
immediately returned to his native State, and tendered his ser-
vices to the Governor. On the 25th of June, he was placed in
command of the regiment at Fort Warren, and left Boston with
his command on the 7th of August, 1861, for Washington.
This regiment was afterwards changed to heavy artillery, and
during the war was known as the First Regiment Massachusetts
Heavy Artillery.

ORGANIZATION OF TEN NEW REGIMENTS. 189

The Fifteenth Regiment was recruited in the county of
Worcester, at "Camp Lincoln," in the city of Worcester.
Major Charles Devens, Jr., who commanded the Second Bat-
talion of Rifles in the three months' service, was appointed
colonel. It left the State on the 8th of August, 1861 : it bore
a prominent part in the battle of Ball's Bluff of that year, which
made it one of the marked regiments of Massachusetts.

The Sixteenth Regiment was raised in Middlesex County. It
was ordered to "Camp Cameron," Cambridge, June 25, 1861,
and left the State, August 17, 1861, for Washington. Colonel
Powell T. Wyman, who commanded it, was a graduate of
West Point, and had served with distinction in the regular
army. He was in Europe when Fort Sumter was fired upon.
When the news reached him, he wrote by the next steamer to the
Adjutant-General, tendering his services to the Governor in any
military capacity in which he might be placed. Without waiting
for an answer, he came home, and reported in person to the
Governor. His offer was accepted; and he was commissioned
colonel of the Sixteenth, which was recruited at "Camp
Cameron," Cambridge, and left the State for the seat of war
on the 17th of August, 1861. Colonel Wyman was killed in
battle near Richmond, June 30, 1862 ; having in this short
time achieved a reputation for military capacity and bravery not
surpassed by any.

The Seventeenth Regiment was recruited at "Camp Schouler,"
Lynnfield, of which eight companies belonged to the county of
Essex, one to Middlesex, and one to Suffolk, Captam Thomas
J. C. Amory, of the United-States Army, a graduate of West
Point, was commissioned colonel. He belonged to one of the
oldest and best families of Massachusetts. He died in North
Carolina, while in command of the regiment. The Seventeenth
left Massachusetts for the front on the 23d of August, 1861.

The Eighteenth Regiment was recruited at "Camp Brigham,"
Readville, and was composed of men from Norfolk, Bristol, and
Plymouth Counties. The camp was named in honor of Colonel
Elijah D. Brigham, Commissary-General of Massachusetts.
James Barnes, of Springfield, a graduate of West Point, and
a veteran officer, was commissioned colonel. The regiment left

190 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

the State for Washington, on the 24th of August, 1861. Colonel
Barnes graduated at West Point in the same class with Jeff
Davis. He was commissioned by President Lincoln brigadier-
general of volunteers.

The Nineteenth Regiment was organized and recruited
at " Camp Schouler," Lynnfield. It was composed of Essex-
County men. Colonel Edward W. Hinks, of Lynn, who had
command of the Eighth Regiment in the three months' service,
was appointed colonel. This regiment left for Washington on
the 28th of August, 1861. Captain Arthur B. Devereux, of
Salem, who commanded a company in the Eighth Regiment in
the three months' service, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel ;
and Major Henry J. How, of Haverhill, a graduate of Harvard
College, class of 1859, who was killed in battle June 30,
1862, was commissioned major.

The TwentieUi Regiment was recruited at "Camp Massasoit,"
Readville, and left the State for Washington on the 4th of Septem-
ber, 1861. William Raymond Lee, of Roxbury, a graduate of
West Point ; Francis W. Palfrey, of Boston, son of Hon. John
G. Palfrey ; and Paul J. Revere, of Boston, - were chiefly in-
strumental in raising the regiment : and they were commissioned,
severally, colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major, The roster of
this regiment contains the names most distinguished in the
history of Massachusetts. The Twentieth bore a prominent
part in the disastrous Battle of Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21, 1861.
Many of. the officers were killed and wounded. Colonel Lee,
Major Revere, and Adjutant Charles L. Peirson, of Salem,
were taken prisoners, and confined in a cell as hostages at
Richmond. We shall have occasion to speak of these gentle-
men in subsequent chapters.

The Twenty-first. Regiment was recruited at "Camp Lincoln,"
at Worcester. The men belonged to the central and western por-
tions of the Commonwealth. This was one of the five regiments
recruited in Massachusetts for special service, designed originally
to be commanded by General Thomas W. Sherman, but which
command was afterwards given to General Burnside; but of
which more in the next chapter. Augustus Morse, of Leo-
minster, one of the three major-generals of militia of the

SENATOR WILSON'S REGIMENT. 191

Commonwealth, was commissioned colonel. A. C. Maggi, of
New Bedford, who had volunteered as quartermaster-sergeant
in the Third Regiment of the three months' militia, was com-
missioned lieutenant-colonel. He was an Italian by birth, a
citizen by choice, and a thoroughly educated officer. William
S. Clarke, a professor of Amherst College, was commissioned
as major. The regiment left the State for Annapolis, Mary-
land, on the 22d of August, 1861.

The Twenty-second Regiment, known as Senator Wilson's
regiment, because it was recruited by him, under special per-
mission of the Secretary of War if agreeable to the Governor,
was organized at "camp Schouler," Lynnfield. It left the
State, on the 8th of October, 1861, for Washington. To this
regiment were attached the Second Company of Sharpshooters,
Captain Wentworth, and the Third Light Battery, Captain
Dexter H. Follett. Shortly after the arrival of the Twenty-
second at Washington, Colonel Wilson, whose duties as Senator
precluded the possibility of retaining command, resigned; and
Colonel Jesse A. Gove, of Concord, New Hampshire, a
regular-army officer, was commissioned colonel. Colonel Gove
was killed in battle before Richmond, July 27, 1862. This
regiment was attached to the army of the Potomac during the
war. The heutenant-colonel was Charles E. Griswold, of Bos-
ton, who was afterwards colonel of the Fifty-sixth Regiment, and
was killed in the Battle of the Wilderness, May 6, 1864. The
major was William S. Tilton, of Boston, who afterwards became
colonel, and, for brave and meritorious services in the field, was
commissioned by the President brigadier-general of volunteers.

The Twenty-third Regiment was recruited at Lynnfield,
and left the State for Annapolis, on the 11th of November,
1861. The Twenty-third was one of the five regiments of
General Burnside's special command. The field officers were
Colonel John Kurtz, of Boston, who commanded a company in
the Thirteenth Regiment. The lieutenant-colonel was Henry
Merritt, of Salem, who was killed in battle in North Carolina,
March 14, 1862. The major was Andrew Elwell, of Glou-
cester, who was afterwards commissioned colonel.

The Twenty-fourth Regiment was known as the New-England

192 MASSACHUSETTS !N THE REBELLION.

Guards Regiment. It was recruited by Colonel Thomas G.
Stevenson, at "Camp Massasoit," Readville, and left the State
for Annapolis on the 9th of December, 1861, and formed part
of General Bumside's command. The Twenty-fourth was one
of the best regiments ever recruited in Massachusetts. Colonel
Stevenson, its first commander, was a gentleman of intelligence,
high character, and sterling worth. For his bravery and effi-
ciency, he was appointed by the President, Dec. 27, 1862,
brigadier-general of volunteers, and was killed in the Battle of
Spottsylvania, Va., May 10, 1864. The lieutenant-colonel,
Francis A. Osborne, also rose to the rank of brigadier-general,
and served with distinction during the war. Major Robert H.
Stevenson, after the promotion of his superiors, was commis-
sioned lieutenant-colonel, and served in that capacity until after
the death of his brother, General Stevenson, when from wounds
received he resigned his command, and returned home.

The Twenty-fifth Regiment was raised in Worcester County,
and was organized at "Camp Lincoln," near the city of Wor-
cester. It left the State for Annapolis, on the 31st day of
October, 1861, and formed a part of General Bumside's divi-
sion. The field officers were Edward Upton, of Fitchburg,
colonel; Augustus B. R. Sprague, of Worcester, lieutenant-
colonel ; and Matthew J. McCafferty, of Worcester, as major.
These gentlemen had held commissions in the volunteer militia,
and were possessed of considerable military knowledge. Lieu-
tenant-colonel Sprague commanded a company in the Rifle
Battalion in the three months' service, and, before the close of
the war, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel in the Third
Regiment Heavy Artillery.

The Twenty-sixth Regiment was recruited at "Camp Chase,"
Lowell, and was attached to Major-General Butler's division,
designed to attack New Orleans. Many of the officers and men
of this regiment belonged to the Sixth Regiment in the three
months' service, which was attacked in Baltimore, on the 19th
of April, 1861. The Twenty-sixth left Boston in the transport
steamer "Constitution," on the 21st day of November, 1861, for
Ship Island, Mississippi. This was the first loyal volunteer regi-
ment that reached the Department of the Gulf. Its field officers

DEPARTURE OF THREE YEARS' REGIMENTS. 193

were Edward F. Jones, of Pepperell, colonel ; Alpha B. Farr;
of Lowell, lieutenant-colonel; and Josiah A. Sawtelle, of
Lowell, major, -all of whom were officers in the Sixth Regi-
ment in the three months' service.

The Twenty-seventh Regiment was recruited at "Camp
Reed," Springfield, from the four western counties in the
State. It left the Commonwealth for Annapolis on the 2d day
of November, 1861, and formed a part of General Burnside's
command. The field officers were Horace C. Lee, of Spring-
field, colonel, who afterwards rose to the rank of brigadier-
general ; Luke Wyman, of Northampton, lieutenant-colonel ;
and Walter G. Bartholomew, of Springfield, major, - both of
whom were made full colonels before the close of the war.

The Twenty-eighth Regiment was recruited at "Camp Cam-
eron," Cambridge. Its officers and men were chiefly of Irish
birth or descent. It did not leave the State until January,
1862. Its field officers were William Monteith, of New York,
colonel ; Maclelland Moore, of Boston, lieutenant-colonel ;
George W. Cartwright, of New York, major. The colonel and
major had served in one of the New-York regiments in the
three months' service. The lieutenant-colonel had been for
many years connected with the militia of Massachusetts, and
commanded a company in the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment,
three years' volunteers, from which he was discharged for pro-
motion in the Twenty-eighth.

The Twenty-ninth Regiment was composed of seven com-
panies originally raised as-militia in the three months' service,
but which volunteered for three years, and were sent by detach-
ments to Fortress Monroe, while the Third and Fourth three
months' regiments were still there : on the return of the three
months' regiments, these seven companies remained at the for-
tress, and were formed into a battalion, under the command
of Captain Joseph H. Barnes. Permission was given by the
Secretary of War to recruit the battalion to a regiment, by
the addition of three new companies. The field officers of
the regiment were Ebenezer W. Peirce, of Freetown, colonel;
Joseph H. Barnes, of Boston, lieutenant-colonel ; and Charles
Chipman, of Sandwich, major. Colonel Peirce, on the break-

194 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

ing-out of the war, was brigadier-general of the Second Brigade,
First Division, Massachusetts Militia, and succeeded General
B. F. Butler, after his promotion to major-general of volun-
teers, to the command of the Massachusetts three months' men
at Fortress Monroe. General Peirce had command of the
expedition against Big Bethel, in May, 1861. On the return
of the three months' men, he was mustered out of service,
and remained without command until he was commissioned
colonel of the Twenty-ninth by Governor Andrew, Dec. 13,
1861. He lost his right arm in the battle before Richmond at
"White Oak Swamp," in 1862.

The seven original companies of this command were among
the first three years' volunteers raised in Massachusetts, that
were mustered into the United-States service.

While these infantry regiments were being organized and
forwarded to the front, a battalion of infantry for three years'
service was organized, and sent to Fort Warren for garrison
duty. It was composed of five companies, of which Francis J.
Parker, of Boston, was commissioned major. It was on duty
at Fort Warren, at the close of the year 1861.

Two companies of sharpshooters, with telescopic rifles, were
recruited at Lynnfield. The first company, under command of
John Saunders, of Salem, was not attached to any regiment.
It left the State for Washington on the 3d day of December,
1861, and was ordered to report to General Frederick W.
Lander, who commanded a brigade near Maryland Heights, on
the Upper Potomac. The second company was attached to die
Twenty-second Regiment, and left the State with it. In these
two companies were many of the best marksmen in the Com-
monwealth.

The first regiment of cavalry was ordered to be raised on the
third day of September, 1861; and Colonel Robert Williams, of
Virginia, one of the most accomplished cavab-y officers in the
regular army, was detailed to accept the command. Horace
Binney Sargent, of West Roxbury, senior aide-de-camp to the
Governor, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel ; Greely S.
Curtis, of Boston, and John H. Edson, of Boston, were com-
missioned majors. The regiment was recruited at "Camp Brig-

DEPARTURE OF LIGHT BATTERIES. 195

ham," Readville, and left for the seat of war in detachments,
-the first being sent forward Dec. 25 ; the second, Dec. 27 ;
and the third, on Sunday, December 29, 1861. The regiment
was ordered to Annapolis; and Colonel Williams was to await
orders from the Adjutant-General of the United States. The
regiment remained at Annapolis until the close of the year.

The First Light Battery was recruited at "Camp Cameron,"
Cambridge, by Captain Josiah Porter, assisted by William H.
McCartney, Jacob H. Sleeper, Jacob Federhen, and Robert L.
Sawin, of Boston, who were severally commissioned lieutenants.
The battery left the State on the 3d of October, 1861, for
Washington.

The Second Battery was recruited at "Camp Wollaston,"
Quincy, and left for Washington, on the eighth day of August,
1861. Its officers were Ormond F. Nuns, Boston, captain;
John W. Wolcott, Roxbury, first lieutenant; George G.
Trull of Boston, Richard B. Hall of Boston, second lieuten-
ants.

The Third Battery was recruited at Lynnfield, by Captain
Dexter H. FoUett, and was temporarily attached to the Twenty-
second Regiment, and left the State on the seventh day of
October, 1861. Its officers were Dexter H. FoUett, Boston, cap-
tain : Augustus P. Martin, Boston, and Caleb C. E. Mortimer,
Charlestown, first lieutenants : Valentine M. Dunn and Philip
H. Tyler, Charlestown, second lieutenants.

Soon after the battery reached Washington, Captain Follett
resigned his cormnission, and Lieutenant Martin was appointed
to fill the vacancy.

The Fourth Light Battery was recruited at "Camp Chase,"
Lowell, and formed part of Major-General Butler's command to
invade Louisiana. The nucleus of this battery was a section
of light artillery in the Second Division of Militia at Salem,
commanded by Captain Charles H. Manning. When recruited
to a full battery, it left Boston in the steam-transport "Con-
stitution," Nov. 21, 1861. Its officers were Charles H. Man-
ning, of Salem, captain : Frederick W. Reinhardt, Boston,
and Joseph R. Salla, Boston, first lieutenants : Henry Davidson
and George W. Taylor, of Salem, second lieutenants.

196 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

The Fifth Light Battery was recruited at Lynnfield, and at
"Camp Massasoit," Readviile, and left the State for Washing-
ton, with orders to report to Major-General McClellan. Its
officers were Max Eppendorff, of New Bedford, captain :
George D. Allen, Maiden, and John B. Hyde, New Bedford,
first lieutenants : Robert A. Dillingham, New Bedford, and
Charles A. Phillips, Salem, second lieutenants.

This battery was the only one which left the State in 1861
without a complete equipment. Every thing was furnished
except horses, which Quartermaster-General Meigs, U.S.A.,
preferred to have supplied at Washington.

These regiments and batteries of three years' volunteers com-
prised, in the aggregate, twenty-seven thousand officers and
enlisted men. They had been organized, officered, equipped,
and sent to, the front, within six months. Including the three
months' men, the number of soldiers furnished by Massachu-
setts, from the sixteenth day of April to the thirty-first day of
December, 1861, in the aggregate was thirty thousand seven
hundred and thirty-six officers and enlisted men. This is exclu-
sive of six companies, raised in Newburyport, West Cambridge,
Milford, Lawrence, Boston, and Cambridgeport, which went to
New York in May, and joined what was called the Mozart Regi-
ment, and Sickles' s brigade ; nor does it include two regiments
which were recruited by Major-General Butler at Pittsfield
and Lowell, and which were originally known as the Western
Bay State and the Eastern Bay State Regiments, of which we
shall speak in the next chapter ; nor does it include three hun-
dred men who were recruited in Massachusetts for a military
organization at Fortress Monroe, known as the Union Coast
Guard, and commanded by Colonel Wardrop, of the Third
Regiment Massachusetts Militia, in the three months' service.
Including these enlistments, the total number of officers and sol-
diers, furnished by Massachusetts in 1861, would be thirty-three
thousand six hundred and thirty-six, or more than twice the
number of the entire army of the United States at the com-
mencement of the war. But, in addition to this large number
of men furnished by this Commonwealth for the military de-
fence of the nation, it appears, by the enlistment-record of the

STAFF APPOINTMENTS BY THE GOVERNOR. 197

receiving-ship at the navy yard in Charlestown, that seven
thousand six hundred and fifty-eight Massachusetts men entered
the navy to maintain our rights, and defend the flag upon the
ocean. Add these to the men furnished for the army, and the
aggregate is forty-one thousand two hundred and ninety-four.

To avoid confusion, we have given, in consecutive form, the
organizing and getting off the regiments during the year 1861,
which required great attention and much labor, and rendered
necessary the appointment of additional staff officers, and the
creation of new military departments. On the twenty-fifth day
of May, 1861, General Ebenezer W. Stone was appointed
master of ordnance, with the rank of colonel, which position
he held until the third day of October of the same year. Al-
bert G. Browne, Jr., of Salem, was appointed, on the twenty-
seventh day of May, 1861, military secretary to the Governor,
with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, which position he held until
the close of Governor Andrew's administration in 1865. On
the thirteenth day of June, 1861, Dr. William J. Dale, of Bos-
ton, was appointed Surgeon-General of Massachusetts, with the
rank of colonel. Dr. Dale and Dr. George H. Lyman had
given their time and professional services in a medical supervision
of the troops, and the selection of proper persons for surgeons
to the regiments, from the commencement of the Rebellion. Dr.
Dale, in a letter addressed to me says, -

" Whatever of success attended the preparation of the troops, prior
to my commission, is attributable to Dr. Lyman, who showed great
energy and good judgment. He was constantly in consultation with
the Governor ; while I attended to the routine of office duties, and gave
such help to Dr. Lyman as my limited knowledge of such matters al-
lowed. He is an accomplished man, an able surgeon, and stood high
in his profession. He was considered one of the most energetic and
thorough officers on the medical staff in the United-States army, until
honorably mustered out at the expiration of the Rebellion."

The following letter of the Governor to Dr. Lyman shows
bow well he appreciated the services rendered by him : -

June 14, 1861.

My dear Sir,- I wish to render you my sincere thanks, both
personally and in behalf of the Commonwealth, for the constant and
valuable services which you have so kindly rendered in our medical ser-

198 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

vice and of the faithfulness of which. I beg to assure you, I am deeply
sensible.

I shall esteem it an especial favor, if you will retain your connection,
with the medical department for the present, in order to co-operate with
Dr. Dale in the work respecting ambulances, hospital outfits, &c., on
which you are now engaged, and if you will also henceforth act as a
member of the Board of Medical Examiners, to which I beg you to con-
sider this letter as an appointment.

I shall always remember with gratitude - almost beyond any other
service I have ever received - the friendly co-operation of those who
came to the assistance of the Commonwealth during the anxious and
hurried days of April, when, destitute as we were of any efficient mili-
tary organization, we were enabled, as individuals working in a common
spirit, to effect a result which was creditable to Massachusetts.

Yours faithfully and respectfully, JohnA. Andrew.

To Dr. G. H. Lyman.

At the beginning of the war, a memorial was addressed to
the Governor, signed by Drs. James Jackson, George Hay-
ward, and S. D. Townsend, asking that none but well-quaHfied
and competent surgeons should receive medical appointments.
The memorial was favorably regarded by the Governor; and he
appointed Drs. Hayward, Townsend, John Ware, Samuel G.
Howe, J. Mason Warren, S. Cabot, Jr., R. M. Hodges,
George H. Lyman, and William J. Dale, as a medical commis-
sion. Drs. George H. Gay, Samuel L. Abbott, John C. Dalton,
and R. W. Hooper were subsequently appointed to fill vacancies
caused by death or resignation. This board was charged with
the responsibihty of examining candidates for the medical staff,
and also acted as a board of consultation in sanitary mat-
ters, when called upon by the Surgeon-General. Their valua-
ble services were in constant requisition during the war; and,
being composed of men distinguished and humane, their opin-
ions had great weight. Their services were entirely voluntary,
and continued during the war.

The Surgeon-General established hospitals, received and cared
for the sick and wounded who returned; and his labors in the
reception and care of these men continued until the establish-
ment of general hospitals by the Government, and were exceed-
ingly laborious, and of great usefulness.

SURGEON-GENERAL'S OFHCE. 199

Soon after the commencement of the war, as there was no
army-surgeon in Boston, the Medical Bureau at Washington
appointed Surgeon-General Dale acting assistant surgeon in
the United-States army, for the purpose of giving him official
responsibility in matters pertaining to the sanitary welfare of
the troops. Under these joint commissions, he furnished medi-
cal supplies, organized hospitals, received and cared for the sick
and wounded, and remained acting medical director in the
United-States army, until relieved, in July, 1862, by Surgeon
McLaren, of the regular service.

The admirable manner in which General Dale organized his
department, and discharged his duties, his humane and tender
care of the sick and wounded, will ever be regarded with grati-
tude by our people; in acknowledgment of which, he was ap-
pointed to the rank of brigadier-general by Governor Andrew,
by General Order No. 24, dated-

Headquarters, Boston, Oct. 7,1863,
In view of the considerate, able, and unwearied services rendered
the past two years by Colonel William J. Dale, as Surgeon-General of
the Commonwealth, his Excellency the Governor directs that he here-
after take rank as brigadier-general, and that he be obeyed and respected
accordingly. W illiam Schouler,

Adjutant- General.

Elijah D. Brigham, of Boston, on the thirteenth day of June,
186L was commissioned Commissary-General of Massachusetts,
with the rank of colonel, which rank he held until May 14,
1864, when he was promoted by the Governor to the rank of
brigadier-general.

Charles H. Dalton was appointed assistant quartermaster-
general, on the twenty-third day of May, 1861, with the rank
of colonel. Colonel Dalton did very acceptable services at
Washington, as the agent of the Governor, in the early part of
the war, which were given gratuitously.

William P. Lee and Waldo Adams, of Boston, were ap-
pointed assistant quartermaster-generals, with the rank of first
lieutenant, June 14, 1861. The services rendered by these
gentlemen were given, gratuitously.

Frank E. Howe, of New York, was appointed assistant

200 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

quartermaster-general Aug. 23, 1861, with the rank of lieuten-
ant-colonel. Colonel Howe was a native of Massachusetts,
doing business in New York. In the month of May, he had
written to Governor Andrew, tendering the use of rooms in his
store, and his own personal services, to take charge of the sick
and wounded Massachusetts soldiers who might pass through
New York on their return from the front. On the twentieth
day of May, Governor Andrew wrote him the following letter
in reply : -

Frank E. Howe, Esq., 203, Broadway. May 20, 186L

Sir, -I have received, with great pleasure, the liberal and patriotic
tender of the services of yourself and employees, and the use of your
premises on Broadway, for the benefit of the Massachusetts troops, and
the general advancement of the interests of this Commonwealth in its
relations to the present war.

Expressing to you my thanks, I accept your generous offer. It will
be of great advantage to our soldiers to make your premises their head-
quarters, so far as convenient, while in New York; and you may ex-
pect, from time to' time, to be intrusted with the performance of various
offices for their benefit.

Should you fall in with any sick or wounded Massachusetts officers
or soldiers, you will please to relieve them at the expense of the State,
and take measures for forwarding them to their homes.

With regard to the sundry other duties that we may ask of you to
perform, you will, so far as possible, receive specific instructions as they
arise.

You will please to make a weekly return of the expenses to be de-
frayed by the State to this department.

Yours faithfully. John A. Andrew.

This was the origin of what was familiarly known as the
New-England Rooms in New York, of which Colonel Howe
had charge during the entire war. It became a home and hos-
pital for the sick and wounded of New-England soldiers, both in
going to, and returning from, the front. Other New-England
States, following the lead of Massachusetts, appointed Colonel
Howe their agent to take care of their soldiers. These rooms
were supported, by voluntary subscriptions, by patriotic and
Uberal men in the city of New York. We shall have occasion

MILITARY STORES AT FORTRESS MONROE. 201

to speak again of this admirable institution and Colonel Howe
in a subsequent chapter.

Charles Amory, of Boston, who, in the early part of the
war, had tendered to the Governor his services, free of charge,
in any position where be could be of use, was appointed master
of ordnance, upon the discharge of General Stone, on the
seventh day of October, 1861, with the rank of colonel. Colo-
nel Amory performed the duties of the office until Jan. 9, 1863,
when he resigned, there being no further necessity for his ser-
vices. He received the thanks of the Governor, in General
Orders No. 2, series of 1863.

William Brown, of Boston, who was chief clerk in the
oftice of the Adjutant-General when the war broke out, and for
several years previous thereto, was commissioned Assistant
Adjutant-General, with the rank of colonel, on the twenty-
ninth day of October, 1861, which position he held until re-
moved by death, Feb. 16, 1863. He was a faithful and
intelligent officer, and died at his post.

These were all the staff commissions issued in 1861.

We now return to the correspondence of the Executive De-
partment.

A large amount of valuable stores for our troops had been
forwarded to Fortress Monroe, in the steamer "Pembroke,"
early in the month of May, 1861. The following letter, writ-
ten by Colonel Lee by direction of the Governor, has reference
to these stores : -

May 20, 1861.

D EAR Sir, - The captain of the steamer "Pembroke," just re-
turned from Fort Monroe, reports, that several boxes and bales, put
ashore for the Fifth and Eighth Regiments, remained as long as the
"vPembroke" lay at the fort, exposed to mud and the weather ; and
that, although he applied successively to the quartermasters of the
Third and Fourth Regiments, and to the colonels, then to the
quartermaster of the regulars, and, lastly, to Colonel -, he did not
succeed in interesting any one to receive and store these goods, or to
engage to forward them to the regiments in Washington, or else-
where.

Governor Andrew would like to have the whereabouts of these
goods discovered ; and, if they have not been delivered, would like to

202 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

have them sent to the regiments to whom they are addressed. Com-
modore Stringham very kindly promised to send them by the first
opportunity, but that may not have come.

The Governor would also express his great surprise at the indiffer-
ence - almost surliness -exhibited by United-States officers, when
applied to as to the reception and care of these comforts for Massachu-
.setts troops ; also, his astonishment that room could not be found in
Fort Monroe for their storage.

As you are obliged to leave Washington, the Governor has commis-
sioned for the time, as Massachusetts agent, Mr. Charles H. Dalton, a
gentleman of perfect integrity, and great business experience and abil-
ity, and he leaves Boston for Washington, this evening; and any busi-
ness you have in hand, when obliged to leave, you will give to his
charge.

Your obedient servant,

H E N R Y L E E, Jr., Aide-de-camp.

Charles R. Lotyell, Jr., Esq., Washington, D.C.

May 23, 1861. - The Governor telegraphs to Hon. Charles
Sumner, at Washington, "Why can't I send a brigadier in But-
ler's place ? It is my wish, and is only just to General Peirce.
Butler recommends him. He is sound, faithful, and ardent.
Answer immediately." Permission was given, and General
Peirce was appointed. On the same day, the Governor writes
to Professor Rogers, thanking him for eight hundred military
hats, contributed by the "Thursday Evening Club;" also, to
Mrs. Jared Sparks, Cambridge, and the ladies with whom she
is associated, for presents of needle-books and handkerchiefs for
the soldiers.

May 24, 1861. - overnor writes to Lieutenant Amory,
U.S.A., mustering officer at Boston, "Whatever rations, cloth-
ing, &c., you may want for the soldiers, after they are mustered
in, will be furnished upon proper requisitions." The same day,
he writes to A. W. Campbell, of Wheeling, Va., inclosing an
order passed by the Executive Council, loaning that city two
thousand muskets. He writes to William Robinson, of Balti-
more, Md., -

"I have gratefully received, and desire cordially to acknowledge
your very kind letter, concerning the fate and last days of poor Need-
ham, of Lawrence, Mass. Allow me also to render to you my thanks

LETTERS TO SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 203

in behalf of those most nearly related to the young man, as well as in
behalf of all my people, for your Christian, brotherly conduct towards
the strangers who fell in your way, rendering the offices of a good
Samaritan. I have sent a copy of your letter to the Mayor of Law-
rence, who will send it to the Needham family.

"I beg leave to add the assurances of my personal respect, and the
hope that I may yet see you in Boston."

He writes to Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Trea-
sury : -

" I have consulted with the representatives of many of our princi-
pal banking institutions, and with our leading private capitalists ; and
I feel confident, that, if necessary or desirable, $5,000,000 of the
$14,000,000 of the next loan can be taken in this Commonwealth.

" If the United-States bonds to that amount should be guaranteed
by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, they would command a pre-
mium probably, and could certainly be readily negotiated at par. Will
you advise me what would be the wishes of the national Administration
in this respect ? "

He writes again to the Secretary of War, calling his atten-
tion to the defenceless condition of the forts in Boston Har-
bor ; also to General Stetson, of the Astor House, thanking
him for his kindness and liberality to our soldiers in passing
through New York ; also thanks Daniel Lombard, Esq., of
Boston, who offers to clear "a cargo of rice, free of expense,
for the use of our troops."

He writes to Colonel Dalton, at Washington, inclosing him
an extract from a letter written by F. A. B. Simkins, to the
effect that a soldier of the Fifth Regiment had told him that the
quartermaster of the regiment had neglected his duty. "Mat-
tresses that came with the regiment had since lain in a cellar,
while the men have slept on stone floors; tons of cheese from
Boston had been there more than a week, before the men could
get a mouthful of it ; canteens had also been there, for a con-
siderable time, and had not been distributed, - thinks some-
thing wrong." He also incloses another letter from a gentleman
in Washington, giving an entirely different account of the con-
dition of the regiment. Colonel Dalton is asked to look into
the matter, and report.

204 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

May 28, 1861. -Governor writes to Jacob F. Kent, Esq.,
Providence, R.I., that " Massachusetts is allowed six regi-
ments, and would be glad to send twenty, if they would let
her."

He writes to Governor Washburn, of Maine, -

" If I have a chance to make an appointment of a good man as offi-
cer, I make no question as to his age, unless he comes somewhere near
Methuselah. I hold that I am not hound to take judicial notice of a
man's age, or to enter into any particular investigation on the subject,
provided I feel that I have got the right man. Both of us know some
people at fifty who are younger than some at twenty-five; yet, on the
whole, I like the suggestion of the War Department; and, if they err
in favor of young men, why, that is so uncommon an error now-a-days
among Government officials, that 1 regard it with great charity, as a
hopeful symptom."

This letter undoubtedly has reference to a circular letter
addressed to the Governors of the loyal States by the Secretary
of War, in which the following suggestions are made in respect
to the appointment of officers in the volunteer service : -

" 1. To commission no one of doubtful morals or patriotism, and not
of sound health.

" 2. To appoint no one to a lieutenancy (second or first) who has
passed the age of twenty-two years, or to a captaincy over thirty years ;
and to appoint no field officers (major, lieutenant-colonel, or colonel),
unless a graduate of the United-States Military Academy, or known to
possess military knowledge and experience, who have passed the respec-
tive ages of thirty-five, forty, forty-five years.

" This department feels assured, that it will not be deemed offensive
to your Excellency to add yet this general counsel, that the higher the
moral character and general intelligence of the officers so appointed,
the greater the efficiency of the troops, and the resulting glory to their
respective States. "

May 28. - The Governor telegraphs to Governor Dennison,
of Ohio, "If you wish us to buy or contract for any equipments
for you, can get two hundred a day made, suitable, if you
wish."

He telegraphs to the Secretary of War, " The First Regiment

LETTER TO COLONEL HOWE, NEW YORK. 205

has been mustered in. I want to know whether they shall be
sent to Fortress Monroe, as General Butler wants them to be,
or what I shall do with them. They are ready to start at
twenty-four hours' notice."

May 29. - He telegraphs to Colonel Dalton, Washington,
"Urge Government to let me have guns from ordnance yard,
and mount them in harbor forts. Merchants here constantly
pressing me to obtain them."

He writes to M. C. Pratt, Holyoke, " I have no orders for
cavalry. Nothing would give me greater pleasure than to fur-
nish more infantry and cavalry, but cannot do it."

He writes to Colonel Jonas H. French Boston, declining to
accept his offer to raise a regiment, " as there are troops now
under arms in the State sufficient to fill double the quota as-
signed to Massachusetts. Nothing would give me greater pleas-
ure than to have liberty to send more troops."

In the early weeks of the war, several debts were contracted
in the name of the Commonwealth, by officers and others, for
supplies for the immediate use of troops on their way to
Washington. The commissary and quartermaster's departments
had yet to be organized, and a proper system of expenditure
and personal accountability established. Many of the bills
which were forwarded from New York and other places to the
State authorities for payment contained items which were not
recognized in "the regulations," and the prices charged were
extravagantly high. The files of the Governor contain a num-
ber of letters relating to these matters. One of these letters
states that in "almost all the New- York bills for supplies bought
at that time for the troops, the charges average very much more
than Boston prices for similar articles." One of the committee
of the Governor's Council, to whom these bills were referred
for settlement, remarked that " the purchasers, whoever they
were, seemed to have looked for persons who sold at retail
prices,, and to have succeeded admirably in finding what they
were looking for." These bills were, however, paid; and the
appointment of Colonel Frank E. Howe as the agent of the
Commonwealth to look after the wants of our soldiers in New
York put an end to these early attempts to peculate upon the

206 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

liberality of Massachusetts. The Executive Council also kept
a close watch upon expenditures, and scrutinized all bills pre-
sented for payment, which relieved the Governor and heads of
departments from much of the drudgery of examining and
ascertaining the accuracy of this description of accounts.

May 30. - The Governor writes to Colonel Dalton, at Wash-
ington, asking him to urge again upon the Government the
necessity of arming our forts. " There are plenty of guns at
the navy yard, at Walertown, and Springfield, which could easily
he put into position. The necessity is urgent."

He acknowledges the receipt of the letter of Powell T. Wy-
man, from Europe, forwarded to him by the Adjutant-General,
offering his services in any military capacity.

May 31. - The Governor telegraphs to Henry Ward Beecher,
New York, " The Milford company will arrive by the Norwich
boat, to-morrow morning ; the Newburyport company, by the
Stonington boat; the West-Cambridge company, by the land
train, leaving here at eight o'clock, this evening. Prepare to
receive them : they are consigned to you." These three com-
panies were impatient, to enter the service. They could not be
placed in any regiment here, as the quota assigned to this State
was full, and the Secretary of War would accept no more.
They were induced, by representations made, to go to New
York, and complete a regiment said to be forming in Brooklyn,
and to be known as the "Beecher Regiment." Upon arriving
at New York, they were sadly disappointed in their expecta-
tions. No such regiment as had been represented was in readi-
ness to receive them, and they were utterly neglected. Those
by whom they were encouraged to come to New York gave them
no support or assistance ; and they telegraphed to the Governor
for transportation to return home again. They came back, and
again went to New York, and entered the Mozart Regiment, so
called.

June 3. -In regard to these companies, the Governor tele-
graphed to Frank E. Howe, " Brooklyn must prepare to return
our diree companies. We have incurred expense, raised hopes ;
and Brooklyn has cruelly misled, disappointed, and mortified
us." Colonel Sargent, by direction of the Governor, writes to

LETTER TO GENERAL SCOTT. 207

Henry Ward Beecher, asking if Brooklyn people will send the
companies back. If not, Massachusetts will pay the expense.
Also, writes a letter of introduction for William E. Parmenter,
Esq., of West Cambridge, to Colonel Howe. Mr. Parmenter
went on to see about the West-Cambridge company.

The Governor telegraphs to Colonel Dalton, at Washington,
"Urge desperately for one more regiment from Massachusetts.
It is next to impossible for us to get along without at least one
more."

June 4. - Governor telegraphs to Colonel Dalton, at Wash-
ington, " Can regiments be received without tents and wagons?
Hearing that the Government can't supply them, we contracted,
and expect some in a few days, and can forward regiments soon
as mustered, and wagons and tents received. Will forward the
regiments, and send things afterwards, if permitted."

June 5 . - Governor writes a long letter in answer to one
received from Colonel Hinks, of the Eighth Regiment, then in
Maryland, who had asked that the regiment might be detained
in the service as one of the six regiments asked for the three
years' service. The Governor declines to entertain the propo-
sition. "As the men have a right to come home at the end of
three months, and the officers cannot speak for them, they must
speak for themselves."

June 10, 1861
To Lieutenant - General Winfield Scott.

General,- His Excellency the Governor of Massachusetts
orders me to make a detailed statement to you in regard to Cobbs
Flying Artillery. Major Cobb raised, drilled, and commanded Cooks
Battery, now in service under General Butler; and understands
himself.

He has one hundred and fifty picked men, most carefully selected;
six pieces rifled and throwing twelve-pound shot and nine-pound shell
(concussion), intended to burst on striking a column of men. The
principle is beautiful..

Captain Van Bmnt, of the "Minnesota," saw a trial of these guns
with shot, and expressed surprise and delight. The trials with shell
are pronounced by competent judges to be even more satisfactory, with
equal precision, at three and a half degrees elevation, one thousand
three hundred and fifty yards' distance, one and a half pounds powder.

208 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

time four and a half seconds. The shot, weighing with patch twelve
pounds, were thrown from these rifled six-pounders with precision
enough to strike a section nearly every time ; and most of them were
thrown within four feet lateral deviations, towards the latter part of
the trial. The guns are bronze, of course.

At twelve degrees elevation, chronometer measurement over water
indicated a flight of two and a half miles before ricochet. At twenty
degrees, ricochet was lost.

The shells burst beautifully. There is no lead to strip off over the
heads of men, and they are very safe to handle or drop. The charge
fits so loosely, expanding after ignition of the powder, that a child can
ram the shot home. Major Cobb can fire one hundred rounds from
his battery in six minutes.

Every thing - horses, wagons, and all -is ready for your call.

I have the honor to be sir, your most respectful and obedient
servant, Horace Binney Sargent, Aide-de-camp.

June 10. - The Governor writes to Governor Buckingham, of
Connecticut, "I have your letter of the 7th, inclosing duplicate
letter of credit for £10,000 on George Peabody, which you
state will be sent to Mr. Crowninshield. That gentleman has
already received orders to execute your orders; and I trust that
he will be able to do so."

On the same day, the Governor gave written instructions to
Colonel Ritchie, of his personal staff, to visit our regiments at the
front, and confer with General Scott as regards future movements,
and to report. The Governor writes to General Scott, asking
the discharge of Captain Henry S. Briggs, of the Eighth Regi-
ment, M.V.M., three months' regiment, that he may com-
mission him colonel of the Tenth Regiment, three years' service.
Captain Briggs was discharged, and commissioned colonel of the
Tenth, June 21, 1861. He served gallantly through the war,
and was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers by President
Lincoln, for brave and meritorious services in the field. He
was wounded in the seven days' fight before Richmond, in 1862,
but remained in service to the end of the war. He is a son
of the late Hon. George N. Briggs, formerly Governor of
Massachusetts, and he is now Auditor of State, having been
elected three times to that responsible position.

June 14. - Governor telegraphs to the Secretary of War,

LETTER TO COLONEL WEBSTER. 209

"Lieutenant Amory, U.S.A., mustering officer in Boston,
thinks we ought to furnish thirty wagons, instead of fifteen, for
every thousand men. If so, we will send wagons additional to
fifteen." The Executive Council passed an order to have the
Twelfth Regiment (Colonel Webster) go to Fort Warren,
preparatory to being mustered into the service.

On the same day, the Governor's military secretary addressed
the following letter to Colonel Webster : -

To Colonel Webster.

D E A R S I R, - His Excellency the Governor, having accepted an
invitation to assist in raising an American flag on the summit of the
monument at Bunker Hill, will take pleasure, if you will join his
military staff on that occasion, - the 17th of June.

the staff will meet at the private room of the Governor, at the
State House, on the morning of that day, in season to take carriages
for Charlestown at eight o'clock.

It is desired that there may be no delay as to the time of starting
for Charlestown ; for, according to the programme of the managers of
the celebration, it is expected that the Governor and staff shall be
present at the house of Mr. Warren, President of the Monument
Association, at half-past eight o'clock.

Very truly, your obedient servant,

A. G. Browne,

Military Secretary to Commander-in-chief.

June 15. -The Governor addressed the following letter to the
President of the United States, which was given to Mr. William
Everett, and taken by him to Washington, and delivered to Mr.
Lincoln : -
His Excellency A. Lincoln, President United States.

Sir, - I beg to present Mr. Everett, of Boston, a son of the Hon.
Edward Everett, and through him to present to your notice a
copy, -

1. Of a letter from Bishop Fitzpatrick to yourself.

2. Copy of your Excellency's endorsement thereon.

3. Copy of endorsement of the Secretary of War.

4. A letter from myself to Mr. H. A. Pierce, the agent of the
regiment referred to.

5. A copy of my general order, under which our six regiments were
designated, and encamped regiments provided for.

210 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

I do this for the purpose of showing the system in which I have
proceeded in regard to the three years' men, the effect of progress
made and making, and what we are willing and desire to do ; and
also what is the truth as to the Fourteenth* (Irish regiment), which I
am as willing to forward as any other, but not to the cost or injustice
to others by deranging the scheme; If the United-States Government
will designate any special regiment, without leaving any responsibility
of selection on me, I will, however, proceed with the utmost zeal and
alacrity to execute its order, whether it agrees with my scheme or not.

Again I wish to urge attention to our splendid new battery of light
artillery, specially prepared for service ; and to add, that, if the want
of a United-States army officer is in the way, I should be very glad
to have one detailed, and allowed to take its command.

I am, with great respect, your obedient servant,

John A. Andrew.

The above letter requires explanation. The Fourteenth Regi-
ment referred to was composed, in great part, of men of Irish
birth. At the beginning of the war. Colonel Thomas Cass, of
Boston, proposed to raise an Irish regiment for the three months'
service. He had been long and favorably connected with the
volunteer militia of Massachusetts. His request was granted,
and the regiment was raised ; but, before its organization could
be completed, information was received from Washington that
no more three months' regiments would be accepted. Coinci-
dent with the request made by Colonel Cuss, an offer was made
by Dr. Smith and others, of Boston, to raise a second Irish
regiment, which they were pleased to designate "the Irish Bri-
gade." This regiment was to be commanded by a person by the
name of Rice, who was not a citizen of Massachusetts, although
he was here at the time, and, so far as the writer knew, of
no military experience whatever. This regiment was also raised,
but was not accepted, for the same reasons that Colonel Cass's
regiment was not. When the call was made for three years'
troops, a very large proportion of the men composing the two
regiments agreed to enlist for three years ; and both were sent to
Long Island, Boston Harbor, until their organizations could be
completed, and the regiments accepted by the Government. The

* The disbanded old Fourteenth Regiment.

ORGANIZATION OF THE IRISH REGIMENTS. 211

long delay, by the Secretary of War, in fixing the quota of Massa-
chusetts under the first call of the President for three years' men,
and his persistent refusal, for a still longer time, to accept more
than six regiments from this State, and the uncertainty which
existed whether they would be accepted at all, had a demoral-
izing and pernicious effect upon both commands. When, how-
ever, orders were received on the twenty-second day of May,
that Massachusetts was to furnish six regiments, the Governor
determined that one of the six should be an Irish regiment. At
diis time, neither of the Irish regiments were full. They were
designated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Regiments. Until a
regiment was full,-that is, with ten companies, and each com-
pany with ninety-eight enlisted men and three commissioned
officers, -it could not be mustered into the United-States service,
and consequently could not receive United-States pay. Colonel
Cass's regiment lacked about two hundred men to complete it. to
the maximum. These men were to be obtained at once; and
the Governor decided that these men should be taken from the
Fourteenth Regiment, which numbered only about six hundred
men.

The Adjutant-General was ordered by the Governor to effect
this consolidation. He proceeded the same day to Long Island
with the Governor's orders, which he read to the officers of die
Fourteenth, and requested their assistance to fill up the, regi-
ment of Colonel Cass. It appeared that the intention of the
Governor had been known at the camp before the Adjutant-
General arrived ; and a meeting of the officers had been held, at
which resolutions had passed condemnatory of the orders of the
Governor, which resolutions were to appear in the Boston
papers the next morning. The resolutions which were passed
were shown to the Adjutant-General upon his arrival at Long
Island. He read them with surprise, and told Mr. Rice and the
officers, that, if they were made public, he thought the Gov-
ernor would order the organization to be disbanded at once. The
resolutions were suppressed. After considerable difficulty, and a
good deal of forbearance, a sufficient number of men agreed to
join Colonel Cass's regiment to fill it up ; and, in a few days
afterwards, it was mustered into the service of the United States

212 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

as the Ninth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers. The remain-
ing men of the Fourteenth, through heeding advice given them by
disappointed aspirants for commissions, became dissatisfied, and
left the island. As they had not signed the enlistment paper, and
had not been mustered into the United-States service, they could
not be held to service. Nothing was further from the desire of
the Governor or the Adjutant-General than to break up or dis-
band this nucleus of a regiment. But bad counsels prevailed,
and unjust complaints were made, which demoralized the men,
and rendered it necessary in, the end to disband the organization.
Many of the men went to New York, and joined regiments
there. Some returned to their homes, and others entered
regiments which were being organized in. other parts of the
State. The letter of Bishop Fitzpatrick, mentioned in the Gov-
ernor's letter to the President, we have no doubt was an earnest
request that the President would allow more regiments to be
furnished by Massachusetts, and that the so-called Fourteenth
Regiment should be one of them.

One of the most interesting and imposing ceremonies of the
year was the flag-raising from the summit of Bunker-Hill Monu-
ment on the seventeenth day of June, the anniversary of the bat-
tle. The day was warm and pleasant, and a large concourse of
people were assembled. At the base of the monument a stage
was erected, on which were the officers of the Association, the
school children, the city authorities of Charlestown, Governor
Andrew and his staff. Colonel Fletcher Webster, of the Twelfth
Regiment, and many other prominent citizens of the State. A
fine band of music played national airs. The services were opened
by prayer by the Rev. James B. Miles ; and a short and eloquent
address was made by Hon. G. Washington Warren, introdu-
cing Governor Andrew, who was received with hearty cheers
by those present. The Governor's address was brief, fervent,
eloquent, and patriotic. After referring to the men of the Revo-
lution who had sacrificed their lives for independence, and made
moist the soil of Bunker Hill with their blood, he said, -

"It is one of the hallowed omens of the controversy of our time,
that the men of Middlesex, the men of Charlestown, the men of
Concord, of Lexington, of Acton, are all in the field in this contest.

FLAG RAISING ON BUNKER HILL. 213

This day, this hour, reconsecrated by their deeds, are adding additional
leaves to the beautiful chaplet which adorns the fair honor of good old
Massachusetts. Not unto me, not unto us, let any praise be given.
Let no tongue dare speak a eulogy for us ; but reserve all the love
and gratitude that lauguage can express for the patriotic sons of
Massachusetts who are bearing our country's flag on the field of
contest. . . .

"Obedient, therefore, to the request of this Association, and to the
impulse of my own heart, I spread aloft the ensign of the republic,
testifying for ever, to the last generation of men, of the rights of man-
kind, and to constitutional liberty and law. Let it rise until it shall
surmount the capital of the column, let it float on every wind, to every
sea and every shore, from, every hill-top let it wave, down every
river let it run. Respected it shall be in Charlestown, Massachusetts,
and in Charleston, South Carolina, on the Mississippi as on the
Penobscot, in New Orleans as in Cincinnati, in the Gulf of Mexico as
on Lake Superior, and by France and England, now and for ever.
Catch it, ye breezes, as it swings aloft; fan it, every wind that blows ;
clasp it in your arms, and let it float for ever, as the starry sign of
Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable."

The flag had been at the summit of the staff, rolled up as the
signal-flags are on board of a man-of-war. As Governor
Andrew concluded, he pulled the rope, the knot was loosened,
and the flag floated out on the breeze, amid the shouts of the
assembled thousands, and the playing of the Star-spangled
Banner by Gilmore's band. The words of the Star-spangled
Banner were then sung by F. A. Hall, Esq., of Charlestown;
and the whole assemblage joined in the chorus, the ladies taking
part with peculiar zest.

The Governor then called for nine cheers to the glorious Star-
spangled Banner, which were given with great heart, the ladies
waving their handkerchiefs.

When the excitement had somewhat subsided, the Governor
came forward, and, in a few complimentary remarks, introduced
to the audience Colonel Webster. The speech of this gentle-
man was brief and appropriate. His father had made the
oration when the corner-stone of the monument was laid, and
again, when the monument was completed. Colonel Webster
said he well remembered the preliminary meetings of the com-

214 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

mittee selected to decide upon the size, character, design, and
site of this monument. They met frequently at his father's
house. He could remember the appearance of most of them, -
Colonel Thomas H. Perkins, William Sullivan, and Gilbert
Stuart, the great painter, whose enormous block-tin snuff-box
attracted his youthful attention.

"As a boy, I was present at the laying of the corner-stone of this
great obelisk under whose shadow we now are. La Fayette laid the
stone with appropriate and imposing masonic ceremonies. The vast pro-
cession, impatient of unavoidable delay, broke the line of march, and in
a tumultuous crowd rushed towards the orators platform; and I was
saved from being trampled under foot, by the strong arm of Mr. George
Sullivan, who lifted me on his shoulders, shouting, 'Don't kill the
orator's son!' and bore me through the crowd, and placed me on
the staging at my father's feet. I felt something embarrassed at that
notice, as I now do at this unforeseen notice by His Excellency; but I
had no occasion to make an acknowledgment of it." He had also
noticed the ceremonies of the completion of the monument in the pres-
ence of many distinguished persons from all parts of the country,
"some of whom," said Colonel Webster, " I regret to say would hardly
like to renew that visit, or recall that scene."

"Within a few days after this, I sailed for China; and I watched,
while light and eyesight lasted, till its lofty summit faded at last from
view. I now stand again at its base, and renew once more, on this
national altar, vows, not for the first time made, of devotion to my
country, its Constitution and Union."

He concluded as follows :-

From this spot I take my departure, like the mariner commencing
his voyage; and, wherever my eyes close, they will he turned hither-
ward toward this North; and, in whatever event, grateful will be the
reflection that this monument still stands, -still, still is gilded by
the earliest beams of the rising sun, and that still departing day
lingers and plays on its summit for ever."

The services concluded by a benediction by the venerable
Father Taylor. The flag thus raised, floated from its serene
height during the entire war, until it was respected in Charleston,
South Carolina, as in Charlestown, Massachusetts. Few men
who knew Colonel Webster, can read the words uttered by him
on this occasion, without recalling many pleasant memories con-

SPEECH OF COLONEL WEBSTER. 215

netted with his name. It was his last utterance in pubUc; for,
before the close of the next year, he fell in Virginia, at the head
of his regiment, in a desperate battle. His body was brought
home to Massachusetts, and lay in state at Faneuil Hall a day,
when it was taken to Marshfield, and buried by the side of his
illustrious father, "and there it will remain for ever."

CHAPTER V.

Death of Governor Andrew - The Great Loss - Mission of Mr. Crowninshield
to Europe - The Purchase of Arms - Colonel Lucius B. Marsh - Vote of
Thanks by the Council - The Policy of the Governor in making Military
Appointments - Letter to General Buder in regard to our Soldiers - Neglect
of Officers - Letter to Colonel Couch, of the Seventh - Sends Two Thousand
Muskets to Wheeling, Va. - General Lander - Governor Stevens, of Oregon

- General Sherman comes to Boston to confer with the Govemor - The War
Department and Appointments - Govemor makes an Address to the People

- Mission to Washington - Writes to Govemor Curtin, of Pennsylvania -
Blockade -runners at Halifax - Govemor saves the Life of a Private Soldier

- His Letter to Patrick Donahoe - Religious Toleration - To the Editor of the
Boston Post-Massachusetts Companies in New-York Regiments - Gene-
ral Sherman's Command-Liberality of the People - Battle of Balls Bluff

- The Massachusetts Dead - A Noble Letter - Exchange of Prisoners -
Governor's Letter to President Lincoln- Scheme to invade Texas - Sug-
gests that Congress offer Bounties - Controversy about making Massachusetts
Soldiers catch Fugitive Slaves -Letter to General McClellan-Another Let-
ter to the President, about Exchange of Prisoners - Our Men in Richmond
Jail - San Francisco sends Two Thousand Dollars for Soldiers Families-
The Maryland Legislature -Liberal Action-The Republican State Con-
vention - Interesting Debate - Democratic Convention - Thanksgiving
Proclamation - Thanksgiving in the Massachusetts Camps - Major Wilder
Dwight - The Second Regiment at Harpers Ferry - Full Account of the
Controversy between Govemor Andrew and Major-General Butler about re-
cruiting and raising Regiments in Massachusetts.

The last chapter was finished on the thirtieth day of October,
when an event occurred which brought sorrow to every true
heart in the nation : John A. Andrew died on that day. The
preceding pages of this work have exhibited, in an imperfect
and feeble manner, a portion of the services which he rendered
to his State and country in the hour of its greatest peril, -we
say imperfect and feeble, because much which he did was never
put in writing, and many of his best thoughts and wisest sug-
gestions were the inspiration of the moment, and conveyed to
his friends and subordinates in colloquial conversation. We had

DEATH OF GOVERNOR ANDREW. 217

known him long and well ; and, during the five years of his
administration as Governor of this Commonwealth, our connec-
tion was official and confidential. We saw him every day, and
had occasion to consult him upon nearly every matter in relation
to the part which Massachusetts took in the war. He was
one of the few men whom we have known, upon whom public
life worked no detriment to the simplicity, honesty, and kind-
ness of their character. No man ever appeared in his presence
to make a dishonest proposition. If any one approached him for
such a purpose, he would not have had the hardihood to make
it. His mind was active, and labor appeared to give him,
strength, rather than weakness. It was the wonder of us all,
how he could stand so much bodily and mental labor. When
not absent from the city upon business connected with the war,
at Washington, he was in his room at the State House, like a
skilful and steady pilot at the helm, guiding the Ship of
State.

We all felt his loss when he was absent, and felt relieved when
he returned. In the darkest hours of the war, - after the fu-st
Bull Run battle, the disastrous affair at Ball's Bluff in 1861,
after the retreat of McClellan from before Richmond, and many
of the stoutesthearts were despondent, and the peril of the na-
tion oppressed the minds of men, - Governor Andrew never
lost faith or hope in the ultimate success of our arms, and the
favorable termination of the conflict. It was in these days of
depression, these hours of sadness, that he shone forth with the
brightness of the sun.

Never despair of the republic, was his motto, and guide of
life. He infused hope into minds bordering almost on despair,
and his acts corresponded with the promptings of his heart. We
well remember one night, when the news of McClellan' s retreat
reached Boston ; the papers were filled with accounts of the ter-
rible disaster; the names of the dead and wounded of Massa-
chusetts' bravest and best were arrayed in the ghastly bulletins
transmitted from the front. That very night, the Governor said,
"We must issue a new order, call for more men, incite recruiting,
inspire hope, dispel gloom ; this is the time which requires bold-
ness, firmness, and every personal sacrifice." The order was

218 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

issued ; it aroused the latent energies of the people ; young
men, who had not before thought of volunteering, offered them-
selves as recruits, eager to press forward, to fill the gaps which
disaster and death had made in our ranks : and so it was all
through the war. He always had a kind word for the soldiers
and their families, and he felt every word he spoke. It was no
lip-service ; it was no honeyed phrase ; it was no politician's
flattery. It was earnest talk, kind talk. Every one felt it, and
were wiser men and truer patriots because of it.

This is not the time, nor this the place, to speak his eulogy.
No one but Pericles could fitly pronounce the honors of the
Athenian dead ; and no one less gifted than the great orator
of Greece can speak the eulogy of him whom we have lost.

It was fitting that the heart of Massachusetts should sigh
when John A. Andrew died. It was fitting that his remains
should be borne to the grave by those who knew him best, and
loved him most, - the funeral cortege, as it wound its solemn
way from the church in Arlington Street around the Common,
past the State House, over the broad avenue leading from the
city ; the march of the Cadets, with reversed arms, keeping step
to the funeral dirge ; that the sidewalks should be crowded with
well-dressed men and women, who bowed their heads, or raised
their hats, as the coffin moved before them to its resting-place
in Mount Auburn.

He was a private citizen when he died ; he held no office ; he
had no honors to bestow : but his was a name beloved and cher-
ished in all loyal hearts, and his was a death that moved them
to the inmost core. He died when his manhood was in its
prime ; when the fruits of his wisdom and knowledge were
ripening, and the future was holding out, with favoring hand, the
highest honors of the republic ; but -

" He has gone on the mountain.

He is lost to the forest.
Like a summer-dried fountain.
When our need was the sorest. "

We pass from the contemplation of the character and merits
of the dead to the consideration of his services while living.
We have already stated, that Francis B. Crowninshield, of

PURCHASE OF ARMS IN ENGLAND. 219

Boston, was appointed, in April, to proceed to England to pur-
chase arms. Mr. Crowninshield discharged the important trust
confided to him with great fidelity, and to the satisfaction of the
Governor. It may be interesting to learn, from so intelligent a
party, the state of feeling in England towards this country in
the beginning of the war.

Mr. Crowninshield arrived in London on Sunday morning,
the sixth day of May. He found, on his arrival, that there
were a very few rifles for sale in England. The "Persia," the
steamer in which he was a passenger, had taken out many orders,
to purchase. He found an agent there from South Carolina, to
purchase arms for that State. New York had also sent out an
agent in the same ship with him ; but he did not know the fact
until after his arrival in England. There were also several pri-
vate speculators in the ship for the purchase of arms. Many
telegrams were sent from Queenstown to England, on the arrival
of the " Persia" at that port. The London Times, the morning
on which Mr. Crowninshield arrived in that city, contained
the announcement that agents had come over to purchase rifles,
which caused great excitement in the trade.

On arriving at Liverpool, Mr. McFarland, who had been em-
ployed to go with Mr. Crowninshield, was despatched to Birming-
ham, and directed to act promptly in the purchase of arms, if he
found any there suitable for our purpose. John B. Goodman,
the chairman of the gun trade in Birmingham, had the control of
about twenty-five thousand Enfield rifles, of excellent quality,
which could be delivered in a very short time. The current price
for these arms was sixty shillings sterling each ; a party stood
ready to give one hundred shillings each for the lot to go South.
The preference of purchase was given to Mr. Crowninshield,
and he purchased two thousand of them at that price. One
thousand of them were to be sent in the "Persia," on her return
voyage. In London, he purchased two thousand eight hundred,
at seventy shillings each ; he also purchased two hundred from
the London Armory, at sixty-five shillings each.

The New- York agent purchased about the same number, and
contracted for about fifteen thousand more ; he also contracted
for five thousand second-hand rifles, used in the Crimea. The

220 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

first lot of guns were ready to be sent over ; but the "Persia"
would not take them, which delayed their arrival here.

In a letter to the Governor, Mr. Crowninshield says, "I have
not ventured to approach the British Government about guns,
at the strong recommendation of Mr. Baring; but one of the
gun trade, who has the means to do so, has promised to sound
them about buying some from them on his own account. I
have but little hope of success. Colonel Fremont, who is here,
assured me that he was confident I could do nothing in France,
but has written for information, which he will give me. The
Government seems inclined to favor the South, so far as the
question of cotton is concerned,- I think no further. I have a
credit of one hundred thousand dollars from Ohio, with author-
ity to buy to that extent. It does not seem to me, under the
emergency, that we ought to haggle too much about the price :
to save ten thousand dollars might be to lose every thing."

Before Mr. Crowninshield' s return, he had bought and con-
tracted for Massachusetts, and forwarded part of them home,
19,380 Enfield rifles, and 10,000 sets of equipments, with which
several of our regiments were provided, and rendered much ser-
vice in the war.

Among the gentlemen who were very active in procuring
arms and equipments in the States, and indefatigable and untir-
ing in their exertions to serve the Commonwealth and the cause,
was Lucius B. Marsh, whose services were rendered gratuitous-
ly- In recognition of them, the following order was passed by
the Executive Council : -

Ordered, That the thanks of the executive branch of the Govern-
ment of Massachusetts be tendered to Lucius 13. Marsh, for his very
valuable services to the State in the procurement of arms and military
equipments. These services were rendered as a patriotic duty to the
country, and wholly without compensation, and entitle him to the grati-
tude of the State, and to that of every loyal citizen ; and it is further
ordered, that the generous act of Mr. Marsh be recorded upon the books,
of the Council, and that a copy of the record be transmitted to him.

Mr. Marsh was chiefly instrumental, in the succeeding year,
in raising and organizing the Forty-seventh Regiment, - nine
months' troops, - of which he was commissioned colonel. The

THE ACT OF CONGRESS CONCERNING VOLUNTEERS. 221

regiment was sent to the Department of the Gulf, and served
out the time of its enlistment, in the defences at New Or-
leans.

On the twenty-second day of July, 1861, Congress, in
extra session, passed an act authorizing the President to accept
the services of five hundred thousand volunteers ; in which it
was provided, that " the President shall, from time to time, issue
his proclamation, stating the number desired, and the States
from which they are to be furnished, having reference in any
such requisition to the number then in service from the several
States, and to the exigencies of the service at the time, and
equalizing, as far as practicable, the number furnished by the
several States, according to the federal population." This act also
provided, that the volunteer regiments and companies should be
recruited and organized, and the officers commissioned., by the
Governors of the several States. Under this authority given
by Congress, requisitions continued to be made upon Massachu-
setts, as upon other States, during the year 1861, and regiments
were organized, formed, and sent to the front, in the order stated
in the preceding chapter. It was the desire of the Governor to
have the regiments commanded by the best educated and most
experienced officers he could find. In the selection of company
officers, the same care was taken. Political influences to obtain
appointments had no effect upon him ; as he frequently declared,
that the lives of the soldiers, their health and discipline, de-
pended in a great degree upon the officers who commanded
them, and that mere political opinions, and the mere political
services of appUcants for commissions, properly had no connec-
tion with these matters. It was his desire to have as many of
the three months' men enlist in the three years' regiments as
possible; and, as an encouragement to this end, he telegraphed,
on the twenty-second day of June, to Colonel Ritchie, who was
then in Washington, "Wouldn't it be expedient for the Mas-
sachusetts mihtia-men now in the service to be discharged, who
will enlist in our new volunteer regiments ? Many of the
Eighth Regiment, I am told, would enlist, if this opportunity
were given."

He also telegraphed to the Secretary of War, asking that

222 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Lieutenant Palfrey, of the regular army, stationed at Fortress
Monroe, and Lieutenant Paine, of the regular army, stationed
at Fort Schuyler, New York, both of whom were Massa-
chusetts men, might be furloughed to accept colonelcies in
Massachusetts volunteer regiments. He also telegraphed to
Senator Sumner, requesting him to urge Joseph Hooker, after-
wards major-general of volunteers, then in Washington without
a command? to accept the commission of colonel in one of our
regiments. Neither of these requests were granted.

June 24. - Lieutenant William P. Lee, assistant quarter-
master-general, was directed to accompany the steamers "Cam-
bridge " and "Pembroke," to Fortress Monroe, as the agent of
the Commonwealth, with authority to sell, charter, or make any
disposition of die " Pembroke " as he should think best.

On the same day, the Governor wrote a long letter to General
Butler, at Fortress Monroe, concerning the Massachusetts troops
at tiiat post, under his command; it having been represented to
him by Colonel Ritchie, of his staff, who had made a tour of
inspection, that the men were suffering for the want of canteens,
shoes, and other necessary articles. The letter fills eight pages,
and expresses with great freedom the Governor's profound re-
gret that no requisitions had been made, either upon the General
Government or upon the State, for articles necessary to the
comfort and health of the troops. He informs General Butler
diat he has that day forwarded eight hundred canteens to supply
the Massachusetts troops at Fortress Monroe, although no
requisition had been made for them by any one, nor proper
information received that they were in need of them. He had
also been informed by Colonel Ritchie that the men were in
want of shoes ; but no intimation of the kind had reached him
from the officers at Fortress Monroe. It would have been
absurd to "have launched out canteens, shoes, or any other arti-
cles, upon mere unauthorized rumors of need for them." At the
same time, "no properly authenticated requisitions have ever
reached me which have not been promptly and amply answered."
"In the complicated and unprecedented relation in which this
State stands to the Federal Government with regard to sup-
plies," he thought " application for every thing should in the first

CONDITION OF OUR SOLDIERS AT FORTRESS MONROE. 223

place be made to the United States." The men were mustered
into the United-States service, and were United-States soldiers..
When the men were forwarded upon the requisition of the Presi-
dent, the Governor represented that they were deficient in cer-
tain necessary equipments : the answer was, "No matter for
any deficiencies : only hurry on the men, and any and all defi-
ciencies will be supplied here."

He considered, therefore, that the Federal Government had
pledged itself to see our troops properly supplied. He had also
received a despatch from General Butler, dated May 20, which
said, "The Massachusetts troops are now supplied with all pro-
visions and clothing necessary for their term of service." How-
ever, in view of their present wants, the Governor asked him
to impress upon the officers, " that if their men need any neces-
sary equipments or provisions whatever, and fail to obtain them
from the United States, the State will furnish them."

Colonel Ritchie had also informed the Governor, that there
were, at Fortress Monroe, several hundred pairs of thin trou-
sers, which had been condemned as unfit for service, and. had
not been issued to the soldiers. These were part of a lot of
thin clothing sent forward in April, and which were designed to
be used during the warm weather. The Governor hoped Gen-
eral Butler would issue them to the troops, as they would serve
them during the brief remainder of their term. " Let them,"
he says, "get what comfort out of them they can. If the
United States will not accept the pecuniary responsibihty for the
cost, then this Commonwealth must defray it. The question
who shall pay for them afterwards, is of secondary importance,
if our troops need clothes." The Governor also represented that
no report had reached him, from any source, of the disposition
of the Massachusetts stores sent to our troops at Fortress Mon-
roe, and particularly of the cargo sent by the bark "Aura."
He hoped, as a Massachusetts man, having a common interest in
the comfort and reputation of Massachusetts soldiers, the Gen-
eral would interest himself in these matters.

On the eighth day of July, the Governor telegraphed to
Colonel Dalton, at Washington, that he might sell the steamer
"Cambridge " for $80,000, exclusive of her armament.

224 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

July 16. - He wrote a long letter to General Butler, protest-
ing against his taking "from the three months' regiments under
his command, when about to leave for home, on the expiration
of their time of service, the Springfield rifled muskets, which
they carried with, them, and giving, them poor smooth-bores in
exchange. The muskets belonged to Massachusetts, and were
wanted to arm our three-years' volunteers." The rifled muskets
were retained, however, and the men came home with the
smooth-bores.

On the same day, he wrote to the Secretary of the Navy in
regard to Southern privateers capturing our commerce on the
seas, and of the anxiety felt in the mercantile community
about them. He urges that stronger measures be taken to seal
up the Southern ports, and again offers him the privilege of
buying the steamers "Cambridge" and "Pembroke."

The Governor was unable to visit the camp at Taunton, and
witness the departure of the Seventh Regiment from the State.
He wrote an excuse to Colonel Couch, in which he expressed
warmly and sincerely his regrets that business required his pres-
ence at the capital. "I am reluctant," he says, "to permit any
regiment to depart from Massachusetts without a chance to bid
it God-speed, that I was even incUned to delay you for a day or
two in order to secure such an opportunity ; but, on reflection,
it seemed to me unwise to postpone for a mere sentiment your
call to active duty. We shall watch your career, and rejoice
in your successes with no less eager interest than that with
which we followed those regiments which preceded you, and
those which are to tread in your footsteps. And, to you, per-
sonally, I wish to express my thanks for your quiet, con-
siderate, and judicious conduct ; and I beg you never to hesitate
to call upon Massachusetts, whenever you need, for sympathy
and aid."

About the beginning of June, an agent of the loyal people
in the city of Wheeling, Va., came to Boston, and represented
that they were greatly in need of two thousand muskets, which
they could not obtain from the Government, nor from any of
the other States. Governor Andrew, aware of the importance
of Wheeling as a military point, agreed at once to furnish

DISTINGUISHED OFFICERS OFFERED COMMISSIONS. 225

them, and, on the 19th day of July, telegraphed to Hon. John
S. Carlisle, of Wheeling, that they had been forwarded, con-
signed to Thomas Hemlock, collector of the customs at that
place.

July 25. -The Governor telegraphed to Colonel Dal ton, at
Washington, to find out whether a "company of sharpshooters,
for one year or the war, would be accepted, - to be raised in
four divisions of twenty-five men each, with four lieutenants
and four sergeants. They should have twenty-five dollars a
month. Their rifles will cost one hundred dollars each : will
the Government pay for them?"

July 27. - The Governor telegraphed to Colonel Dalton,
"See Frederick W. Lander, who is reported to be with
McClellan; offer him the command of the Seventeenth Regi-
ment, encamped at Lynnfield. Definite and final answer imme-
diately desired."

July 30. - The Governor telegraphed to General Wilson,
United States Senate, "I will give Governor S. an Essex regi-
ment, if you are sure of your man. If you say that you are
sure, telegraph reply and send him on immediately." This had
reference to Governor Stevens, who was a Senator in Congress
from Oregon, a man of Massachusetts birth, and an expe-
rienced officer. The doubt expressed by Governor Andrew in
the despatch arose from the fact that Governor Stevens had sup-
ported John C. Breckenridge in the presidential election. From
some cause unknown to the writer, Governor Stevens was not
commissioned at this time. He was afterwards commissioned
colonel of the Seventy-ninth Regiment, New-York Volunteers,
and was killed in the second battle of Bull Run.

Aug. 1. - The Governor writes to General Ripley, chief of
Ordnance Bureau, that the Massachusetts regiments, armed with
the Enfield rifles, want an additional supply of ammunition ;
and he wishes to know whether the Government "does not in-
tend to supply suitable ammunition ; if not, what arrangements
it is desirable for Massachusetts to make ? "

Aug. 2. -The Governor telegraphs to Senator Wilson, at
Washington, "Has, any provision been made for half-pay to
16

226 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

soldiers' families ? Such an arrangement would prevent much
suffering this winter."

Aug. 3. - The Governor telegraphs to Senators Sumner and
Wilson, "Can it be intended by Congress, that volunteers in
the field shall fill vacancies by election? Where is to be the
source of discipline, when every candidate is seeking personal'
favor of the men ? "

Aug. 14. - The Governor telegraphs to Governor Wash-
burn, of Maine, "General Sherman left here, this afternoon,
for Concord, N.H., intending to proceed thence to Augusta.
His business is of importance, which justifies your waiting for
him there."

General Sherman came to Boston to confer privately with
the Governor, in regard to an expedition contemplated by the
Government to the coast of North Carolina. Massachusetts,
was to furnish three regiments for it; New Hampshire and
Maine were also to furnish regiments. General Sherman had
commanded a brigade at the first battle of Bull Run, and had
distinguished himself as a commanding officer. His subsequent,
career in the war is known and appreciated by all. The Gov-
ernor entered warmly into the proposed scheme, and promised
him the support he required. Out of this promise grew the
subsequent controversy between the Governor and General But-
ler, to which we shall hereafter refer.

Up to this time, no definite instructions, pointing out the man-
ner of filling vacancies in volunteer regiments after they had
left the State, had been received from the War Department.
The act of Congress of July 22 appeared to be clear enough,
that the vacancies should be filled by appointments made by the
Governors of the States ; but the acfion of the War Depart-
ment for a time appeared to contravene this mode of action.
The Governor had written to our Senators in Congress in re-
gard to the subject, but had received no satisfactory reply.
Accordingly, on the 16th of August, he wrote to the Adjutant-
General of the United States army, at Washington, upon the
subject ; stating that he was continually embarrassed, from want
of information and direction from the military authorities of, the

FILLING VACANCIES, ADDRESS OF THE GOVERNOR. 227

United States upon this important point. He therefore re-
quested minute information. He says, -

"As I understand it, at present, I can appoint to no vacancy which
is not officially certified to me by the United States Adjutant-General;
from headquarters, at Washington. But in no single instance has any
such vacancy been so certified to me; and yet I am aware that many
such vacancies exist, and I am continually entreated by Massachusetts
commanders to make appointments to fill them. Within the past week,
I have received notices from Major-General Butler, from Fort Monroe ;
from Colonels Couch, Cowdin, and Cass, and Lieutenant-Colonel Blais-
dell, at Washington ; and from Colonel Gordon and Major-General
Banks, at Harper's Ferry, - of vacancies existing among the officers of
their respective commands, and I am anxious to fill them, if I have the
power to do so ; for delay in filling them is prejudicial in various ways,
which I need not mention."

The letter had the desired effect ; and from that time, when a
vacancy occurred, the Governor was immediately notified of the,
fact by the Adjutant-General of the United States, and an ap-
pointment made to fill it.

Aug. 17. - The Governor telegraphs to the Secretary of
War, "I have unofficial information, that General Fremont is
wanting muskets and equipments in Missouri. Massachusetts
can and will send him from five to ten thousand, if the Govern-
ment says so, and will take them at cost price."

On the 20th of August, the Governor published a short and
stirring address to "the citizen-soldiers of Massachusetts," call-
ing upon them to fill up the regiments recruiting in the several
camps in the State, and to fill the ranks of those in the front
which had suffered loss at the battle of Bull Run, a few weeks
before. The address closed in these words : "Citizen-soldiers of
Massachusetts! Duty, honor, the clearest sentiments of patri-
otic love and devotion, call for your hearts and unconquerable
arms."

Aug. 30. - The Governor sent General Reed, Quartermaster-
General, and Colonel Browne, his private secretary, to Wash-
ington, with instructions to arrange for the settlement of
Massachusetts claims against the Government for money and
stores furnished by the State. Among the results of this mis-

228 MASSACHUSETTS IN T!1E REBELLION.

sion was the payment in cash, by the Government, of seven
hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars. An elaborate and
carefully matured system was also devised for the adoption and
payment, by the Federal Government, of future contracts for
military stores. These gentlemen were furnished with letters
by the Governor to the President and members of the Cabi-
net.

Aug. 3 1.- Governor telegraphs Colonel Frank E. Howe,
New York, "Find George S. Greene, late of the United-States
Engineer Corps, and see if he will take command of a Massa-
chusetts regiment." On the same day, the Governor wrote a
letter to the Secretary of War, in regard to the high prices
paid for provisions by the Government here, and concerning dis-
honest practices in the purchase of shoes ; and, at his request.
Senator Wilson, who was at the State House, sent the following
telegram to the Secretary : "Pay especial attention to a letter
you will receive from Governor Andrew and the Commissary-
General of Massachusetts (Colonel Brigham), relative to the
cost of rations here to the United-States troops. The Govern-
ment is paying much more than the State does for the same
article. It is reported here, on good authority, that army shoes
condemned by inspectors in New York are sold again to con-
tractors, who are permitted to fill their contracts with them. A
competent inspector should be appointed here, to see that com-
demned shoes are not sold again."

Sept. 2. - Governor wrote to Governor Curtin, of Pennsyl-
vania, -

"I have read, with great interest and pleasure, the copy of your com-
munication of the 21st ult. to the President of the United States,
which you were kind enough to send me, and in which you have so
thoroughly exposed the evils resulting from the interference of the War
Department with the regular, legal mode of organizing regiments of
volunteers.

"In common with Pennsylvania, Massachusetts has suffered much
loss of enthusiasm, and great inconvenience, from those irregularities
of which you so justly complain : but I trust we may congratulate our-
selves, that this source of trouble is to be dried up at the fountain-head ;
as I have received the most positive assurance from the Secretary of
War, that, in future, no outside interference with the regularly consti-

REBEL BLOCKADE RUNNERS. 229

tuted authorities of the State will be permitted, and that persons hold-
ing commissions from the War Department, authorizing them to raise
regiments of volunteers, will be required to report to, and take orders
from, the executive departments of the States.

"Hopeful and confident, in these eventful days, that all will yet be
well with the republic, I have the honor to remain your obedient ser-
vant."

When we come to speak of recruiting in Massachusetts by
General Butler, which began about this time, we shall find
that the confident hope expressed by the Governor, that the
State authorities should not again be interfered with, proved
wholly delusive.

On the 26th of August, the Adjutant-General wrote to Mr.
Seward, Secretary of State, that he had reliable information,
that five schooners had arrived at Halifax, N.S., -having
run the blockade in North Carolina, - and had landed four-
teen hundred barrels of turpentine. They were loading again
with merchandise, intending to run the blockade on theu- return
home. The names of the vessels were given, and two of them
were captured on their return voyage. The following telegram,
dated Sept. 3, we copy from the Governor's files : Senator Wil-
son to Mr. Seward, -"Is your consul at Halifax thoroughly
loyal ? Four vessels from North Carolina have recently arrived
there, loaded with naval stores, and are now loading with con-
traband goods." Same day. Governor writes to General Lan-
der, "Will you please look out for the welfare of Captain
Sanders's company of sharpshooters, which will this day march
almost from under the shadow of your own roof-tree, in the
county of Essex?" This splendid company was recruited at
"Camp Schouler," Lynnfield. Captain Sanders was killed in
battle, SepL 17, 1862.

Sept. 10. - Governor writes to the selectmen of Wellfleet,
acknowledging the receipt of five hundred dollars, raised in that
town for the benefit of the families of soldiers.

Sept. 11. -Governor writes to Major-General John A.
Dix, commanding at Baltimore, "Pray do not execute private
Stephen C. Scott, of our Sixteenth Regiment, until you have
given his friends an opportunity to be heard ; for I have every

230 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

reason to believe the man has been for a long time crazy.
Besides, Colonel Wyman promised his friends the case should
be delayed until all the evidence on either side can be collected."
The man was crazy. He was sentenced to be hung for killing
a comrade : he was pardoned and discharged from the service.

It was represented to the Governor by Patrick Donahoe,
Esq., of Boston, that the religious opinions of some of the
Catholic soldiers in one of our regiments had been interfered
with by the officers. The Governor wrote to Mr. Donahoe,
saying, "I am utterly surprised by the intimation you make.
I will cause our Adjutant-General to pursue a strict inquiry into
this subject immediately." After expressing his views of
religious toleration, he says, "Those who serve God according to
their convictions, are not likely to fear man, or offend against
the rights of others."

A paragraph appeared in the Boston Morning Post, reflect-
ing upon a part of the Governor's personal staff, which caused
him to address a private letter, on the 16th of September,
to the editors of that paper, showing how unjust it was,
and how laborious and useful their gratuitous services had
been.

"In all these," he said, "my staff help me, -not deciding nor
establishing any thing, but investigating, arranging, reporting and
sometimes executing, -always modest, loyal, disinterested, respectful
to others, and most capable and efficient.

"And the least duty I can do is to ask that they may not be re-
warded by sarcasm or unkind remark."

" Whatever is rightly done may be credited to any one; but whatever
is deemed worthy of blame, charge it to me, not to them. I am in truth
responsible, acting often against their opinions and advice, and feeling
at all times perfectly willing to meet whatever may fall thereon, -
conscious of no merit of any sort, save a good intent. Excuse this note,
- one I should not have written, but to gentlemen of urbanity who
will appreciate the feelings of a gentleman in others."

Sept. 17. - The Governor wrote to the Secretary of
War, calling his attention to the delay on his request for the
transfer of three Massachusetts companies in the New-York
Mozart Regiment, to be sent to Fortress Monroe, to be attached

WAR RELICS. - REBEL EMISSARY. 231

to the seven Massachusetts companies there, and the ten to
form a regiment. It was a matter that ought to have been im-
mediately attended to ; for while the companies remained in the
New-York regiment, and were credited to the quota of that
State, the families of the men were deprived of the benefits of
the Massachusetts State-aid law, which would amount to them,
in the aggregate, to one hundred and forty-four thousand dollars
a year. The subject was presented with much force by the
Governor ; but the transfer never was made, and the families
mere deprived of the State-aid until the following winter, when
the Legislature amended the State-aid act, so as to include them
in its provisions.

Sept. 18. -The Governor wrote to General Stetson, of
the Astor House, acknowledging the receipt of fragments of
the flag taken by Colonel Ellsworth, at Alexandria, and of that
which waved over Port Pickens, while commanded by Lieu-
tenant Slemmer, U.S.A.. These were placed among the
military relics and trophies, side by side with mementoes of
Lexington, Bunker Hill, and Bennington.

Sept. 19.- The Governor telegraphed to Governor Den-
nison, of Ohio, "Five thousand infantry equipments sent for-
ward to day, as directed."

Sept. 20. -He received the following telegram from Joshua
R. Giddings, American Consul, at Montreal, Canada.

" John Bateman, a major in the rebel army, bearer of despatches to
Europe, and now returning, will be at the Revere House this evening.
He is five feet nine or ten inches in height, dark complexion, dark
hair, wears a moustache, and has the evidence of guilt on his person.
I have also telegraphed Mr. Seward."

This was placed in the hands of John S. Keyes, United-States
Marshal for this district. Major Bateman, however, did not
come to Boston, but went by another route to Nova Scotia, and
sailed in the steamer from Halifax to England. Marshal
Keyes writes, " This was only one of the thousand instances of
Governor Andrew's active efforts in the good cause."

Sept. 21. -The Governor telegraphs to Secretary Seward,
"Large quantities of shoes are shipped from this city to

232 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Louisville, KY., and Baltimore, Md., intended for the rebel
army. Cannot a stop be put to it?"

Sept. 28. - The Governor writes to Senator Wilson to
"recommend James Magner as a first heutenant in the Twenty-
second Regiment, that he might be commissioned, and detailed
on the staff of General Sherman." This was not done; but
Magner was afterwards commissioned a lieutenant in the
Twenty-eighth Regiment, and was killed in battle. May 18,
1864.

Oct. 1. -The Governor writes to Colonel Frank E. Howe,
New York, " What has become of General Sherman? I
have not heard from him for some days. Does he wish Wilson's
regiment to go with him ? The regiment is expected to leave
on the 3d." On the same day, he writes to General Scott, -

It is my desire that the regiment under Colonel Wilson shall form a
part of the force of General Sherman, but I am not advised whether the
battery attached to the regiment is desired for that especial service ; and,
as I have no positive recent information of the present location of
General Sherman's camp, I await orders from you.

"There seems to be no diminution of the zeal or the patriotism of
the people of Massachusetts ; and I am happy in being able to report to
you that all our regiments are in a fair way to be speedily filled to the
maximum standard."

Oct. 3. -The Governor telegraphs to the proprietors of
the Stevens House, New York, "Is General Sherman in New
York? if so, ask him if he wants die Massachusetts battery diat
will arrive there to-morrow."

Oct. 7. - The Governor issues another address to the
people of Massachusetts, urging them to assist, with all their
power, recruiting for our regiments in the Commonwealth, and
asking the citizens to forward to Boston, without delay, such
blankets and underclothing, for our soldiers at the seat of war,
as their means will admit of. Quartermaster-General Reed also
addressed a letter to the Presidents of the Massachusetts railroads,
inquiring if they would pass over their several roads without
charge, during the next two weeks, such contributions as might be
received. An immense quantity of blankets and underclothing

BATTLE OF BALL'sBLUFF. 233

was. received in response to the call, and forwarded without
delay to the front.

The Governor telegraphs to the Secretary of War, "Shall
Wilson's regiment go to Old Point Comfort by sea from
New York, as General Sherman requests by telegram just
received ? "

The same day, he telegraphs to General Scott, "A sufficient
guard shall be placed at Fort Warren at any moment we are
directed. If a force specially organized shall not be ready at
that time, the Cadets, who constitute the Governor's body-
guard, will act in the mean while."

The same day, he telegraphs to General Sherman, at New
York, "Wilson's regiment starts to-morrow for Washington.
He is directed to see you in New York, and take such other
orders as may be given."

A sworn statement having been forwarded to the Governor,
making serious charges against the quartermaster of the Fifteenth
Regiment, the Governor sent it to Colonel Devens, with direc-
tions to make an investigation of the charges. In the letter, he
says, "I am determined that no dishonest officer shall hold a
commission for any length of time, after the full proof is fur-
nished to me which establishes his guilt; and I feel quite sure,
that, in this view of my official duties, I shall have your hearty
support and co-operation." The charges were not sustained.

The Governor, at this time, visited Washington, where he
had gone to arrange about the payment of Massachusetts claims,
and did not return until the twenty-second day of October. He
was successful in making arrangements for payment.

Oct. 23. - The Governor writes to Hon. David Sears, of
Boston, thanking him for his offer to place the large hall in
Liberty-tree Block at the disposal of the Executive, as a place
of deposit for articles for the soldiers.

The battle of Ball's Bluff was fought Oct. 21. The Fif-
teenth and Twentieth Massachusetts Regiments were engaged
in it. They behaved with great gallantry, and suffered severely,
especially the Twentieth. On the 25th, Lieutenant-Colonel Pal-
frey telegraphed, "Colonel Lee, Major Revere, Adjutant Peir-
son. Dr. Revere, and Lieutenant Perry, prisoners ; Lieutenants

234 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Babo and Wesselhoeft, probably drowned; Lieutenant S. W.
Putnam, killed ; Captains Dreher, Schmitt, Putnam, Lieuten-
ants Lowell and Holmes, wounded, - not fatally. All other
officers safe, including myself. Captains Dreher and Schmitt,
badly wounded, - probably not fatally. Captain Putnam's
right arm gone, - doing well. Lowell and Holmes doing very
well."

This disastrous battle carried grief into many of our Massa-
chusetts families, and depressed the buoyant and patriotic spirit
of our people for a time. Its effect upon the country was
also unfavorable. Nothing had occurred, since the battle of
Bull Run, in July, which so disappointed the expectations and
saddened the hearts of loyal people. A distrust was felt of the
loyalty and miUtary capacit>' of some of the high army officers.
In many quarters, the Administration was blamed for our ill
luck, and want of success. It was at this trying hour that
the Governor wrote this splendid letter : -

Boston, Oct. 30, 1861.
Hon. J. D. Andrews, Washington, D.C.

My Dear Sir, - I trust you will attribute my non-reply to your
letters before this moment to the pressure of employment, and not to
inadvertence or neglect.

I fear and feel sometimes in the spirit of your own state of mind, as
given in your correspondence ; but still I prefer not to lose faith in any
one, much less in those in whom I have heartily confided, and to whom
belongs the wielding of the national power. I see great proofs of en-
ergy and of skill. I also see tokens of slowness, both of sight and of
insight. States falter, which should be firm. Counsels cross each other,
which should combine, and hear up together.

O God! for a Cameronian battle-cry ; for a grand, inspiring, electric
shout, coming from the high priests themselves, from the very Jerusa-
lem of our cause! I wait to hear it, and believe it will yet burst forth,
and ring in all our ears. This people must be welded together with the
fire itself, both of the spirit and the flesh. They must turn their
backs upon the possibility of compromise; devote themselves to the
labor and pains of this grand conflict of Western civilization ; combine
heartily in the industries, economies, and enterprises of public and social
material life, and in the devoted and daring efforts of war. Every drop
of blood shed by our braves will be avenged, not by the cruelty of sav-
age warriors, but by the stern resolve of Christians, patriots, and phi-

CAPTAIN SCHMITT, OF THE TWENTIETH. 235

lanthropists, who soon will understand the barbarism of our foes, and
will know what price to, ask for the lives of those who fall.

How many of our noblest and bravest shall give their blood for the
ransom of a subject race, the redemption of their country's peace, and
the final security of her honor and integrity?

Yours always, J. A. ANDREW.

Captain Schmitt, who is mentioned as having been wounded,
was an instructor at Harvard College. We well remember the
day he came to the Adjutant-General's office, accompanied by
two young gentlemen, - Mr. Putnam and Mr. Lowell, one of
whom was killed at Ball's Bluff, and the other wounded, -
for leave to raise a company for the Twentieth Regiment;
Leave was granted, the company was raised, and the three gen-
tlemen were commissioned officers of it. Putnam and Lowell
were cousins, and belonged to distinguished families. Lieuten-
ant Putnam, we thought then, and think now, was, in style,
manner, and features, a youth of rare beauty. The writer
little thought then, that, in a few short months, he would at-
tend his funeral ceremonies, which were performed in the old
church on Cambridge Street, of which his grandfather. Dr.
Charles Lowell, had been the pastor for half a century. But
the paths of glory lead but to the grave. As an evidence among
the thousand which might he given of Governor Andrew's
kind regard for the soldiers and their relatives, we copy the
following letter, written to the father of Captain Schmitt, while
the son was lying wounded in hospital, near the banks of the
Potomac : -

Oct. 29, 1861
To Mr. Michael Schmitt, teacher at Versbeck, near Wurzburg, Bavaria.

My Dear Sir, - The Twentieth Regiment of Massachusetts Vol-
unteers, in which your son is a captain, formed part of a detachment of
Federal troops, which, on the 21st inst., crossed the Potomac, some
thirty miles above Washington, and had an engagement with the enemy.
The latter, being far superior in numbers, and having a more favorable
position, compelled our troops to retreat, after they had fought with a
bravery unsurpassed by that of the best troops of either hemisphere.
Your son was severely, but not mortally, wounded; and from one
of my aides-de-camp, whom I have sent to the spot to see that no
duty or care is neglected towards the wounded of our regiments, I re-

236 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

ceived, last Sunday, a despatch, stating that your son, with some of his
wounded fellow-officers, is cheerful, and doing well, and is expected soon
to recover.

While I take occasion to communicate to you this afflicting informa-
tion, I, at the same time, have pleasure in congratulating you upon the
bravery of your son, which has enrolled his name upon the list of
American heroes.

I remain truly your friend, JOHN A. ANDREW,

Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

OcL 31.
The news received concerning the condition of your son, up to this
day, continues to be equally favorable to his sure recovery.

J. A. A.

Nov. 5. - The Governor writes to A. H. Bullock, at Worces-
ter, forwarding to him a check from A. D. and J. G. Smith &
Co., Providence, R.I., for one hundred dollars, payable to
his order; fifty dollars to be expended for the soldiers of the
Fifteenth, and fifty dollars for the soldiers of the Twentieth
Regiment, -the two which had been engaged in the battle
of Ball's Bluff.

Nov. 6. - The Governor writes to Surgeon Galloupe, of the
Seventeenth Regiment, acknowledging the receipt of one of
Ross Winans's pikes, made by him at Baltimore for the rebels,
and says, "It will find a place among the other souvenirs
of the war in Massachusetts. At present, it finds a place over
the portrait in the Council Chamber of Rev. Mr. Higginson,
one of the earliest clergymen of Salem, whose ghost must
be astonished at the strange incongruity." On the same day,
he writes to Colonel Palfrey, of the Twentieth, "Please write
to me at once the facts concerning the young man now under
arrest for sleeping on his post, as you understand them. I
believe that he has always been subject to turns of fainting, and
losing his consciousness, when suffering from fatigue, excite-
ment, and exposure. Please see that he suffers no harm, until I
can procure and forward the evidence."

No one in the Massachusetts regiments was too high or too
humble to elude the vigilance, the watchful care and sympa-
thy, of Governor Andrew. This was plainly visible throughout

SCHEME TO INVADE TEXAS. 237

his entire official life. On the 25th of November, he wrote to
the President of the United States, recalling to his mind an
interview he had with him, when in Washington a few weeks
before, in which he had advocated the policy of an exchange of
prisoners. No action having been taken by the Government on
the question, he wrote about it to the President. He was con-
fident of the justice and expediency of making an exchange : it
would be both convenient and humane. The letter concludes,
"I earnestly hope that immediate measures may be taken to
effect exchanges, and that the hearts of the people may not be
sickened by hope deferred."

About this time, a private conference was held in this city,
by some of our most practical, experienced, and influential
business men, favoring an armed expedition to Texas. The
Governor entered warmly into the scheme, and, on the 27th of
November, wrote to Captain G. V. Fox, Assistant Secretary
of the Navy, calUng his attention to the subject, and drawing
an outline of the objects to be gained. A demonstration was
to be made on the coast of Texas. The force, when landed,
was to proclaim martial law, and, when the proper time ar-
rived, to free all the slaves, " compensating loyal owners if
necessary." The results would be, first, we flank the entire
rebelhon ; second, we open a way for cotton ; third, we cut
off future annexations in the interests of rebels, and demon-
strate to foreign nations that this war is to stop the spread of
slavery ; fourth, it would prevent loyal men from leaving
Texas, and would encourage foreign emigration, and would
demonstrate that cotton can be raised without slaves; finally,
it would "leave the question of slavery in the cotton States
for philosophical treatment, unless it becomes necessary to settle
it under the war power before the present war is ended." The
letter concludes as follows : -

" These points are urged, not in the interests of abolitionists, but by
leading commercial men and capitalists, as fairly coming under the
necessities and rules of war. Martial law proclaimed, events will
no doubt educate the people and the next Congress to a wise solution
of all the questions which may afterwards arise in connection with
slaves and slavery, in an exceptional State or dependency like Texas.

238 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

By such seizure and treatment of Texas as is briefly indicated above,
it is urged, that we shall have, at the end of the war, material guaran-
ties that will prevent any such compromise or settlement as to make
a renewal of the struggle for ascendency, or another rebellion, pos-
sible."

A copy of the letter was sent to some friends of the Gov-
ernor in New York and Washington, including the Postmaster-
General, Montgomery Blair, to whom the Governor wrote, "I
believe that the subject will be of interest to you, and that you
will be pleased to say the right word at the proper time, in
furtherance of some such measure as I have indicated." Of all
the Cabinet officers, Mr. Blair appears to have been the one on
whose judgment, influence, and activity he relied the most to
advance his views of policy upon the Administration.

On the same day, the Governor wrote to Senator Wilson,
suggesting that Congress offer a bounty of twenty-five dollars
to raw recruits in new regiments, and double that sum to
soldiers who will serve in regiments in the field.

On the 2d of December, he acknowledged, with thanks,
the receipt of twenty-seven hundred and eighty-seven dollars,
raised by voluntary subscription among die mechanics employed
in the Charlestown Navy Yard. Commodore Hudson and
Charles Field paid the money to the Governor. It was to be
used "for the relief of poor and dependent families of volun-
teers in the military service of the United States."

During the month of December, information reached the
Governor, that an order had been issued by Brigadier-General
Stone, U.S.A., in command near Pottsville, Md., giving a
description of two fugitive slaves, and directing, should they
appear in camp, that they be arrested and returned to their
owners. On Sunday morning, as usual, several negroes came
into the camp of our Twentieth Regiment to sell cakes and
fruits to the soldiers. Among the negroes who visited the
camp were two who answered the description of the fugitives
named in General Stone's order. They were immediately
arrested. "A file of soldiers, under a sergeant, with loaded
muskets, was sent to escort them to their supposed owners, and
deliver them up." That Massachusetts soldiers should be

CATCHING FUGITIVE SLAVES. 239

employed to catch and return fugitive slaves, sorely vexed the
Governor, who immediately wrote to Lieutenant-Colonel Palfrey
against Massachusetts men being employed in such duty. He
also wrote a long letter to Secretary Cameron, protesting against
the practice. He said, "I invoke your interposition, not only now,
but for the future, for the issue of such orders as will secure the
soldiers of this Commonwealth from being participators in such
dirty and despotic work." This letter he enclosed in another to
Senator Sumner, with a request that he would read it, and hand
it to the Secretary of War, and that he, Mr. Sumner, " would
co-operate with him in his efforts to protect the soldiers of
Massachusetts from being made the bloodhounds of slavery in
obedience to the iniquitous and illegal orders of brigadier-gener-
als, and others in the interest of the slave power." The War
Department took no immediate action upon this particular case.
Mr. Sumner brought it before the Senate, and denounced in
strong language the order of General Stone, which drew from
that officer a letter equally denunciatory of the Senator, and an
implied challenge to a duel. Mr. Sumner took no notice of
either. But the matter did not end here. On the thirtieth day
of December, the Governor wrote a long letter to Major-Gen-
eral McClellan, in reply to a letter from Brigadier-General
Stone, which had been forwarded and apparently approved by
General McClellan, in which the order issued by General Stone,
directing the arrest of the fugitives, is defended, and an attempt
is made to belittle the State of Massachusetts, and in which he
speaks of the "usurpations of these ambitious State author-
ities." It also speaks of the soldiers of the Twentieth Regi-
ment being "enlisted in the service of the United States,
in the State of which the Governor referred to is the re-
spected chief magistrate ; but this gives him no right to as-
sume control of the internal discipline of the regiment." The
Governor gives the General to understand that the regiment
was recruited in Massachusetts, that the soldiers were Mas-
sachusetts men, that they were provided with every kind of
equipment, including Enfield rifles, every thing "down to shoe-
strings and tent-pins," all of which was furnished by the State,
and paid for by the State, that the officers were commissioned

240 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

by him. " the colonel of the regiment was Colonel William
Raymond Lee, an army officer, and graduate of West Point,
now a prisoner in a felon's cell at Richmond. I would to
Heaven he were back now, or that the Army of the Potomac
were hammering at his prison-door with both hands, and neither
hand averted to protect the institution which is the cause of all
this woe." The Governor disclaimed any intention to " assume
control of the interior discipline of the regiment." His purpose
was to prevent Massachusetts soldiers from being used, contrary
to law, to catch and return fugitive slaves. He was sorry "to
perceive in the conduct of Brigadier-General Stone a levity of
mind which does not appreciate the responsibility of the grave
duties with which the power of appointment charges the officer
in whom it is vested." This appears to have been the end of
the correspondence. General Stone was afterwards imprisoned
in Fort Lafayette, by order of the Secretary of War, Mr. Stan-
ton ; but the charges upon which the arrest was made have
never been made public.

The inhuman treatment by the rebel authorities of the Massa-
chusetts officers and soldiers taken prisoners at Ball's Bluff,
caused the Governor, on die 16th of December, to write another
letter to the President, upon the necessity of organizing a system
for the mutual exchange of prisoners. A large portion of the
prisoners in the hands of the rebels belonged to this State ; and
he urged upon the President to interpose for their immediate
relief. He contrasts the cruel treatment of our men at Rich-
mond with the humane treatment of rebel prisoners in Fort
Warren.

" I am informed, from trustworthy sources, that our soldiers who are
prisoners of war at Richmond are neither well fed nor well clothed,
and they are subjected to the most rigid military surveillance, and occa-
sionally exposed to the insulting language and demeanor of the popu-
lace of that city. Some of their number- among whom I may mention
Colonel Lee and Major Revere, of the Massachusetts Twentieth In-
fantry, and Captains Bowman and Rockwood, of the Massachusetts
Fifteenth (all of them gentlemen and soldiers, who have no superiors, in
any sphere of human life, in all those qualities which ought to command
respectful treatment) - are imprisoned in felon's cells, fed on felon's
fare, in a common jail ; huddled together in a space so narrow that there

TREATMENT OF PRISONERS. 241

is not air enough for health or comfort ; allowed, for exercise, to prom-
enade half an hour each day on a narrow pathway surrounding their
prison ; and especially exposed to disease, by the fact, that some of their
companions, who are grievously sick, are not removed to hospitals, but
are left to share the same privations, and breathe the same foul air, with
those whose physical vigor is not yet broken.

" In contrast, allow me to state, that the prisoners at Fort Warren
are allowed certainly equal fare with the garrison, which consists of
five companies of loyal Massachusetts troops, and are permitted all lib-
erties consistent with retaining them upon the island; and that trai-
tors, like Mr. Mason, of Virginia, and Mr. Slidell, of Louisiana, whose
hands are red with the best blood of Massachusetts, are treated with
certainly equal consideration (as to quarters, fare, and attendance, and all
privileges consistent with retaining them in custody) with the officers
of, that loyal battalion. These facts and this contrast, sir, are sick-
ening to many of our people, and are especially painful to those
who are closely related, by friendship or blood, to our prisoners in the
hands, and at the mercy, of the rebels. I submit to you, with the
utmost respect, whether it is just or decent, that the contrast should
continue. I urge no inhumanity towards even traitors. If we are at
war with cannibals, that is no reason why we should eat human flesh
ourselves ; but it is a reason why we should spare no effort to rescue
our brothers from the hands of such savages, lest they become their
victims."

We now turn from these unpleasant subjects to others of a
more agreeable character, which close the general correspond-
ence of the Executive for the year 1861.

On the twenty-sixth day of December, the Governor received
a letter from the Executive Committee of the Soldiers' Relief
Society of San Francisco, Cal., dated Nov. 30, enclosing a
draft for two thousand dollars upon Messrs. Duncan, Sher-
man, & Co., New York, the proceeds of which were to be
distributed " among the wives, the children, the sisters and
brothers, of the patriotic citizen-soldiers of Massachusetts."
In acknowledgment of which, the Governor wrote a grateful
and patriotic answer, which concludes by saying, that the
"Hon. Francis B. Pay, the present Mayor of Chelsea, and
George W. Bond, Esq., an eminent merchant of this city, -
both gentlemen of the highest integrity, large experience, and
humane sympathies, - will co-operate with me in the proper

242 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

bestowal of the bounty of your association, in connection with
the bestowal of a similar fund received for like purposes from
other sources." The names of the San Francisco Executive
Committee were Messrs. Frank B. Austin & Co., Moses Ellis,
James P. Hunt, Aaron Holmes, William V. Welles, C. H. Sher-
man, William B. Swayne, and F. B. Folger.

Another pleasant and gratifying event, which closed this re-
markable year in the history of Massachusetts, was the liberal
and humane action of the Legislature of Maryland, which is
best explained by publishing the correspondence entire : -

Legislature of Maryland, House of Delegates,
Annapolis, December, 1861.
His Excellency John A. Andrew, Governor of Massachusetts.

D E A R S I R, - The Committee on Militia have instructed me, as their
chairman, to carry out an order passed by the House, a few days since,
and referred to them.- to confer with you, and learn the condition of
the widows and orphans, or any dependants on those patriots who were
so brutally murdered in the riot of the 19th of April.

In obedience to that order, it gives me great pleasure to state, that
the loyal people of Maryland, and especially of the city of Baltimore,
after long suffering, are at length able, through a Union Legislature,
to put themselves in a proper relation to the Government and the
country.

In effecting the latter, they feel their first duty is to MassachuseUs.
They are anxious to wipe out the foul blot of the Baltimore riot, as far
as it can be wiped out, and as soon as possible.

You will do us a great favor, therefore, by instituting-an immediate
inquiry into the condition of those who were dependent for support upon
the services of those unfortunates, and by informing me, at your ear-
liest convenience, of the result of your inquiry. I should be obliged
to you, also, if you would designate what, in your opinion, would be the
best manner of applying an appropriation to be made for that pur-
pose.

Any suggestions you may make will be kindly received, and meet
with proper consideration.

With many prayers, which I know I offer in common with you, that
this unrighteous rebellion may be brought to a speedy close, I am
Your Excellency's obedient servant.

John F. L. Findley.

This letter was received by the Governor on the twenty-

PATRIOTIC ACTION OF MARYLAND LEGISLATURE. 243

second day of December, the anniversary of the landing of the
Pilgrims at Plymouth, which is referred to in the text.

Dec. 22, 1861.
To Hon. John F. L. Findley, Chairman of a Committee on Militia of the

House of Delegates of the State of Maryland.

My dear Sir, - It is with feelings which I will not attempt to
express that I have received, on this anniversary day. your letter,
addressed to me from Annapolis.

I immediately addressed the Mayors of the cities of Lowell and
Lawrence 'on the subject of your inquiries, and hope to be able to trans-
mit their answers at an early day.

The past cannot be forgotten ; but it can be and will be forgiven ;
and, in the good providence of God, I believe that the day is not
distant, when the blood that was shed at Baltimore, by those martyrs
to a cause as holy as any for which sword was ever drawn, shall be
known to have cemented, in an eternal union of sympathy, affection,
and nationality, the sister States of Maryland and Massachusetts.

With sincere regard, I have the honor to be, faithfully and respect-
fully, yours, John A. Andrew.

By direction of the Governor, a list of the killed and wounded
on the 19th of April was prepared, and inquiries made in regard
to the families and relatives of the men by the Adjutant-General,
which information was subsequently transmitted to the Gov-
ernor, and by him to Mr. Findley.

The Legislature of Maryland made an appropriation of seven
thousand dollars, and transmitted it to the Governor, and, by
him and the Executive Council, it was distributed among the
families of the fallen, and to the wounded who survived. This
was a most gracious act, and did much to remove the bitterness
and ill feehng entertained by the people of the Commonwealth
towards the city of Baltimore and the State of Maryland, for the
blood of Massachusetts men, shed on their soil.

The people in the State were a unit in support of the war.
The officers and enlisted men of the regiments were composed
of all parties. In the selection of men to be commissioned,.
poHtics were never regarded. It was the desire of a large por-
tion of the Republican party, that, in the nomination of a State
ticket in the election in November, representative men of
both the Republican, and Democratic parties should be placed

244 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

upon it. The Republican Convention met at Worcester, on the
first day of October, of which Hon. Henry L. Dawes was chosen
President. On taking the chair, he made an eloquent speech,
in which he recommended that a liberal policy be pursued in
making nominations, and carrying on the war. He paid a well-
deserved tribute to the Boston Morning Post, the leading
Democratic paper in the New-England States, for its patriotic
course in sustaining the Government, and said, -

"It was fitting, therefore, as it was patriotic, for the organ of that
party in this Commonwealth to summon, as it has, to this council the,
representatives of all her ' citizens who are in favor of union for the
support of the Government, and for a vigorous prosecution of the war
against wicked and unprovoked rebellion ; and who are determined, in
good faith and without reservation, to support the constituted authori-
ties in all attempts to restore the sway of the Constitution and laws
over every portion of our country.' [Applause.] . . . We are here,
in the presence of the public peril, ready to sink, more than hitherto,
the partisan in the patriot: counting it honor, as well as duty, to
lock arms with such glorious patriots as the noble Holt [applause],
working at the pumps, whoever is at the helm ; the bold and unflinch-
ing Johnson [applause], nailing his flag to the mast; and the peerless
Everett [applause], sounding the clarion-notes of his stirring eloquence
along the ranks of the army of the Union, from the ocean to the per-
ilous front of the war, on the dark and bloody ground of Kentucky or,
the battle-fields of Missouri."

This speech was the key-note to the convention. When Mr.
Dawes concluded his speech, John A. Andrew was nominated
by acclamation, and without opposition, for re-election. A mo-
tion was then made to have a ballot for Lieutenant-Governor.
Thomas Russell, Esq., of Boston, moved to amend the motion,
that a committee of two from each congressional district be
appointed to report nominations for the other officers to the
convention. He said, " We have come here to lock arms with
Holt and Dickinson and Butler and Frothingham and Greene,
and we have got to do it in some practical way." This amend-
ment was carried, and a committee appointed, which subse-
quently reported, for Lieutenant-Governor, Edward Dickin-
son, of Amherst ; for Secretary of State, Richard Frothingham,
of Charlestown ; for Treasurer, Henry K. Oliver, of Salem;

THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 245

for Auditor, Levi Reed; of Abington ; and for Attorney-Gene-
ral, Dwight Foster, of Worcester. Mr. Dickinson had been, in
former years; a Whig ; in later years, he was what was called a
Conservative. He never had joined the Republican party. Mr.
Frothingham had always been a Democrat, of the straightest
sect ; and was, at this time, one of the editors of the Boston Post.
Mr. Oliver, Mr. Reed, and Mr. Foster were Republicans, and
incumbents of the offices for which they had been renominated.
On taking the vote upon the report of the committee, Mr.
Frothingham failed of a nomination; the incumbent of the
office, Oliver Warner, being the choice of the convention. The
opposition to Mr. Frothingham was led by Mr. Moses Kimball,
of Boston, who quoted part of an article from the Boston
Post, of that morning, asking the convention "to drop such
extreme men as Governor Andrew, and some of his associates,
in the executive departments," in making up a new State ticket.
The authorship of the article was attributed by Mr. Kimball to
Mr. Frothingham. The effect on the convention answered the
purpose of the gentleman who made use of it. Before the vote
was taken upon the report, Richard H. Dana, Jr., of Cambridge,
replied to Mr. Kimball. He said, " We are engaged in a strug-
gle which the world has never seen equalled, either in its im-
portance or its results ; we have got beyond Wilmot Provisos
and Dred Scott decisions ; we have got to fight for the exist-
ence of the country. Let us rise above all personal prejudices,
and nominate a ticket as men determined to serve the country;
we are met here to send throughout the Union, and to the ene-
mies of our institutions abroad, that the pattern Commonwealth
is taking the lead in this crisis."

A motion was then made by Mr. Russell, of Boston, to sub-
stitute the name of Hon. Josiah G. Abbott, of Lowell, for
Attorney-General, in place of Mr. Foster's name. This motion
was sustained by the mover, and by Mr. Usher, of Medford ;
and opposed by Mr. A. H. Bullock, of Worcester. Mr. Dana,
of Cambridge, said "he could not see his duty in any other way
than by placing a Democrat upon the ticket. The rejection
of Mr. Frothingham involved a reconstruction of the ticket."
He paid a high compliment to Mr. Foster; but, for public rea-

246 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

sons, would vote for Mr. Abbott. Mr. Abbott was nominated,
by a vote of 286 to 239. This created much excitement and
ill feeling in the convention, which, however, was soon allayed
by Mr. Foster himself, who arose, amid great applause, and said,
"it would give him great satisfaction to have placed upon the
ticket any distinguished gentleman of his profession, like Judge
Abbott, of different politics from himself, if, in the least degree,
the harmony of the people of Massachusetts can be promoted,
and if the national Administration can be sustained in the vigor-
ous prosecution of the war. He hoped, therefore, his friends
would join with him in the hope that the nomination of Judge
Abbott would be made unanimous." [Cheers.]

The convention adjourned, having placed on the State ticket
a " Conservative." for Lieutenant-Governor, and a Democrat for
Attorney-General. Subsequently, both declined to be candi-
dates ; and their places were filled with John Nesmith, of
Lowell, for Lieutenant-Governor, and Dwight Foster for Attor-
ney-General.

The marked feature of the convention, however, was the
speech of Hon. Charles Sumner, which, at the time, gave much
offence to the convention, and to the RepubUcan majority in the
State. The offence was caused by his open advocacy of pro-
claiming freedom to the slaves, and using colored men as soldiers
in the armies of the Union. He said, -

"Look at the war as you will, and you will always see slavery.
Never were the words of the Roman orator more applicable, - Nullum
facinus exstitit nisi per te; nullum flagitium sine te. " No guilt, unless
through thee ; no crime without thee. Slavery is its inspiration, its
motive power, its end and aim, its be-all and end-all. It is often said,
the war will make an end of slavery. This is probable ; but it is surer
still, that the overthrow of slavery will at once make an end of the
war.

"If I am correct in this statement, which I believe is beyond ques-
tion, then do justice, reason, and policy all unite that the war must be
brought to bear directly on the grand conspirator and omnipresent
enemy, which is slavery. Not to do this is to take upon ourselves, in
the present contest, all the weakness of slavery, while we leave to the
rebels its boasted resources of military strength. Not to do this is to
squander life and treasure on a vain masquerade of battle, which can

THE SLAVERY QUESTION. 247

reach no practical result. Believe me, fellow-citizens, I know all the
imagined difficulties and unquestioned responsibilities of the suggestion.
But, if you are in earnest, the difficulties will at once disappear, and the
responsibilities are such as you will gladly bear. This is not the first
time that a knot hard to untie has been cut by the sword, and we all
know that danger flies before the brave man. Believe that you can,
and you can. The will only is needed. Courage now is the highest
prudence. It is not necessary even, according to a familiar phrase, to
carry the war into Africa : it will be enough if we carry Africa into the
war, in any form, any quantity, any way. The moment this is done,
rebellion will begin its bad luck, and the Union will be secure for
ever."

The speech further elaborated these points. The resolutions
which were reported to the convention made no mention, even
remotely, of slavery, either as the cause of the war, or of its
overthrow as a means of ending it. The only idea advanced in
them was, that the purpose we had was to "put down armed
rebellion ," that " no rights secured by the Constitution to loyal
citizens or States of the Union in any section ought to be in-
fringed, and that rebels in arms against the Government can
have no rights inconsistent with those of loyal citizens, which
that Government is bound to respect." The whole tenor and
purpose of the resolutions were to ignore the question of slavery,
and to bring about a political union of men of all parties in the
State. Such being the views of the convention, the speech of
Mr. Sumner was regarded with disfavor. Rev. James Freeman
Clarke, a delegate from Boston, offered two resolutions, which
had a bearing towards sustaining the position taken by Mr.
Sumnet ; but they failed to receive the approval of the conven-
tion. The first expressed confidence "in the wisdom of the
national Administration," and that Massachusetts was ready to
give of its blood and treasure to answer its calls ; " yet, believing
that slavery is the root and cause of this Rebellion, they will
rejoice when the time shall come, in the wisdom of the Gk)vern-
ment, to remove this radical source of our present evils." The
second declared, that, " when the proper time shall arrive, the
people of Massachusetts will welcome any act, under the war
power of the commander-in-chief. Which shall declare all the

248 MASSCHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

slaves within the lines of our armies to be free, and accept
their services in defence of the Union, compensating all loyal
owners for slaves thus emancipated, and thus carrying liberty
for all human beings wherever the stars and stripes shall
float."

It is plain, that the Republican party of Massachusetts at this
time, so far as its opinions were foreshadowed by the conven-
tion, did not favor the abolition of or interference with slavery.
When charged with favoring such doctrines by the press of
the opposition, the Boston Daily Advertiser of Oct. 4, three
days after the convention was held, utterly disclaimed them.
In its leading editorial it said, -

"The convention certainly disavowed any intention of indorsing
the fatal doctrines announced by Mr. Sumner, with a distinctness that
can be hardly flattering to that gentleman's conception of his own
influence in Massachusetts. The resolutions offered by Rev. Mr.
Clarke, as a crucial test of the readiness of the convention to adopt
open abolitionism as its creed, went to the table, and were buried, never
to rise."

Further on, it says, -

"It may not appear so to Mr. Sumner and his supporters, and it
may be forgotten by some who oppose him; but we hold it for an
incontestable truth, that neither men nor money will be forthcoming
for this war, if once the people are impressed with the belief, that the
abolition of slavery, and not the defence of the Union, is its object, or
that its original purpose is converted into a cloak for some new design
of seizing this opportunity for the destruction of the social system of
the South. The people are heart and soul with their Government in
support of any constitutional undertaking. We do not believe that
they will follow it, if they are made to suspect that they are being
decoyed into the support of any upconstitutional and revolutionary
designs."

It would be easy to add similar extracts from the Republican
papers in the Commonwealth; but they would only add weight
to an accepted truth. At this time, the importance of saving
the border slave States from being engulfed in the current of
rebellion was immediate and paramount. The Union men
of those States excited our sympathy and admiration. They

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 249

had bearded the lion of Rebellion in its den. They knew its
strong and weak points. They asked Massachusetts and other
anti-slavery States to take no aggressive stand against slavery,
as it would weaken them, and strengthen the enemy. Massa-
chusetts was one of many States battling for the nation : it was
not therefore deemed wise for her alone to attempt to change the
issue from a war to preserve the Constitution and the Union, into
one for the abolition of slavery. The calm judgment of the
people accepted this argument ; and hence they could not affirm
the policy advanced by Mr. Sumner, because they did not believe
it wise then to adopt it. The time might come, they argued,
when it would be the highest wisdom to take such a stand ; and
that time came, and the nation was saved.

The Democratic convention was held in Worcester, Sept.
18, and nominated Isaac Davis, of Worcester, for Governor ;
Edwin C. Bailey, of Boston, Lieutenant-Governor ; Charles
Thompson, of Charlestown, Secretary of State; Moses Bates,
of Plymouth, Treasurer; and Edward Avery, of Braintree,
Attorney-General. These gentlemen were war Democrats.

Moses Bates was elected president of the convention, and, on
taking the chair, made a long speech, which, so far as it related to
the great national issue, was decided in favor of a vigorous pros-
ecution of the war. Speeches were made by Oliver Stevens, of
Boston ; E. A. Alger, of Lowell ; and Edwin C. Bailey, of Bos-
ton, - all of whom condemned the Rebellion, and favored " con-
quering a peace." The resolutions reported by A. R. Brown, of
Lowell, and adopted by the convention, were of the same stamp.

It appears clear, therefore, that upon this great and vital ques-
tion, which filled all minds, and overtopped all other issues, the
two great poUtical parties were a unit ; and but for the habit of
making separate nominations, and of rallying under different
party names, a union would have been made, and the ticket,
with John A. Andrew's name at the head, would have been
elected by a vote approaching unanimity. A union of this sort
was not required to insure the election of the Republican candi-
dates. They were certain to be elected by majorities of thou-
sands. Every one knew that. Therefore no political advantage
could be gained by them in receiving Democratic support. The-

250 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

advantage would have been moral, not political ; of effect abroad;
not here. It would have shown, that in Massachusetts at least,
among her people at home as in her regiments in the field,
there was but one party, one thought, one impulse, while the
Union was imperilled, and armed Rebellion reared its hated
crest.

The annual election was held on Tuesday, Nov. 5. The
aggregate vote was comparatively small, owing chiefly to the
large number of men absent from the State in the army and
navy. Governor Andrew received 65,261 votes ; Isaac Davis,
31,264 ; scattering, 796; majority for Andrew, 33,201. The
Legislature was unanimous for a vigorous prosecution of the war.
The position of Massachusetts was thus clearly defmed, and ad-
mitted of no doubt. The course taken by the Governor and
the Legislature to sustain the Union and the Government, re-
ceived the approving voice of the Commonwealth.

It is hardly possible even to name the vast number of letters
received and answered by the Governor, the Adjutant-General,
the Surgeon-General, and other department officers, during the
years of this Rebellion : they fill more than three hundred vol-
umes, Many of the letters received from officers contain matters
of great interest, especially those received immediately after the
battle of Bull Run, in July, and of Ball's Bluff, in October.
Among these is a letter written by Dr. Luther V. Bell, surgeon
of the Eleventh Regiment, to Surgeon-General Dale, which gives
a graphic description of the advance of the army to Bull Run ;
his services to the wounded assisted by Dr. Josiah Carter and
Dr. Foye. Dr. Bell improvised a hospital in a small stone
church near the battle-field, in which seventy-five wounded men
were brought, before the rout of the Union army brought
the church within the rebel lines, and forced a retreat. The
Massachusetts regiments engaged in this battle were the First,
Colonel Cowdin, the Eleventh, Colonel Clark, three years' volun-
teers ; and the Fifth, Colonel Lawrence, three months' regiment.
The reports of these officers, and the testimony of others, show
that the regiments behaved with great bravery, and that no part
of the defeat can properly be attributed to them. We could fill
many pages with extracts from these reports ; but they would

THANKSGIVING IN THE ARMY. 251

present no facts of special interest, which have not already been
made public.

None of the officers of our regiments wrote with more ease
and elegance than Major Wilder Dwight, of the Second Regi-
ment. In one of his letters to the Governor, written in July,
at Harper's Ferry, where the Second was encamped to protect
the Ferry and hold the town, he says,-

"It is perhaps worthy of remark, that the guard-house occupied by
the town-guard is the engine-house which John Brown held so long,
and which is one of the few buildings left standing amid the general
ruins of the Government property. Directly opposite to it, from the
flag-staff, which lately bore the secession flag, our own banner now
floats. Several unavailing attempts were made to raise it, when
Sergeant Hill, of Company B, volunteered to climb the tall pole, and
adjust the halyards. This he did amid the wildest enthusiasm of the
people. There has been a reign of terror here ; and to-day, for the first
time, Union men dare to show themselves, and return to their homes.
The protection of the flag is indicated everywhere, and many Virginian
men and women have said with quivering lip they were glad to see the
old flag again. Throughout our march, in every village, and by almost
every house, we have made the hills echo again our national airs."

In the Governor's proclamation for Thanksgiving; this year,
it may well be supposed the soldiers in the field were not for-
gotten. It was read in every Massachusetts camp, and the day
was celebrated by the regiments with great spirit and cheerful-
ness. Major Dwight writes, " I had the honor and pleasure
to receive the Governor's proclamation for Thanksgiving. I
give a short record of the day's celebration. Military duty was,
by authority of General Banks, suspended, At ten, a.m., we
had the proclamation read, and religious service by the chap-
lain. The men afterwards sat down to dinner, which may be
summed up as follows : turkeys 95, weight 997 1/2 pounds;
geese 76, weight 666 pounds; chickens 73, weight 165
pounds ; plum-puddings 95, weight 1,179 pounds. If you
state the weight in tons, the whole dinner amounts to one and
a half, in round numbers. The men had games and dancing
in the evening. It should perhaps be added, that they are in
fme health this morning."

252 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

This gallant and accomplished officer was a graduate of Har-
vard College, in the class of 1853. He was promoted lieu-
tenant-colonel of the Second, June 13, 1862, and was mortally
wounded in the battle of Antietam, and died two days after,
Sept. 19, 1862. His body was brought home to his father's
house in Brookline, and was buried from St. Paul's Church, in
that town. The Forty-fourth Regiment, Colonel Frank Lee,
then in camp at Readville, volunteered as military escort. The
Governor and staff were present at the funeral, and the people
of the village followed, with the mourning relatives, his body
to the grave, where it rests quietly from the noise of civil Ufe
and the conflict of battle.

We turn from these grand but solemn memories to the con-
troversy between the Governor and Major-General Butler,
which stands in Massachusetts' great record of the war as the
only event in which the fulfilment of official duty grew into a
protracted personal controversy.

The correspondence would make nearly one hundred pages
of this volume. The causes which led to it we shall state as
briefly as we can. Massachusetts had forwarded to the front
sixteen regiments of infantry to serve for three years ; and in
August, 1861, was recruiting, in the various camps in the
Commonwealth, six additional regiments of infantry, one
regiment of cavalry, four companies of light artillery, and
one company of sharpshooters. Two other regiments, to be
composed of Irishmen, were also soon to be recruited. It was
the intention of the Governor to have these regiments and
batteries recruited to the maximum as speedily as possible ;
and, until they were filled, no recruiting, except for them
and for regiments already in the field, would be permitted in
the Commonwealth. Some of these regiments had been prom-
ised and designated as part of an expeditionary corps, to
be commanded by Brigadier-General Thomas W. Sherman,
U.S.A.

General Sherman arrived in Boston about the first, of Sep-
tember, bringing with him a letter to Governor Andrew from,
Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War, dated Washington,
Aug. 27, in which he renews a previous request, that "you,".

GOVERNOR ANDREW AND GENERAL BUTLER. 253

the Governor, "will put three regiments, as soon as they can
be prepared for service, under the orders of General Sherman,
who will indicate the place of rendezvous." The place of ren-
dezvous was' somewhere in Long Island, N.Y. On the next
day after this letter was written, - namely, on the 28th of
August, - "Colonel " David K. Wardwell, who had commanded
a company in the Fifth Regiment, three months militia, received
authority from Secretary Cameron to raise a regiment of volun-
teers in this State. He was instructed "to report to His Ex-
cellency the Governor of Massachusetts, from whom you will
receive instructions and orders in reference to the regiment
which this department has authorized you to raise." Governor
Andrew was very justly opposed to having these special per-
missions given to favored parties to recruit regiments in this
Commonwealth, without his knowledge or consent. It inter-
fered with previous arrangements, delayed the completion of
regiments already partly recruited, detracted from the authority
of the Governor, and violated the act of Congress under which
volunteer regiments were authorized to be raised, which pro-
vided, section fourth, "That the Governors of the States, furnish-
ing volunteers under this act, shall commission the field, staff,
and company officers, requisite for said volunteers ; and in
cases where, the State authorities refuse or omit to furnish
volunteers at the call, or on the proclamation, of the President,
and volunteers from such States offer their services under such
call or proclamation, the President shall have power to accept
such services, and to commission the proper field, staff, and
company officers." It is clear from this, that the recruiting
of regiments, and the commissioning of officers, in the loyal
States, was intended to be under the exclusive control of the
Governors of those States. Neither the President, nor the
Secretary of War, nor any State or Federal officer, civil or
military, had any right either to authorize persons to recruit or
to commission officers of volunteers, in States which had loyal
Governors, who were ready and anxious to do whatever was
demanded of them by the President and the laws of Congress.
It was only in States having disloyal Governors, who would
refuse to organize regiments and commission officers for the

254 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Union service, that the President could act. Massachusetts was
not a disloyal State, and John A. Andrew was not a disloyal
Governor.

Captain Wardwell's authority to raise a regiment in Massa-
chusetts was not recognized by the Governor. He was granted
permission to raise a company for the Twenty-second Regiment,
and he was afterwards commissioned captain in that regiment.
Having protested to the authorities in Washington against this
pernicious and illegal system of granting special permits to raise
regiments in this State, on the 28th of August-the very day
on which Wardwell had been given authority to recruit a regi-
ment,- the Governor received a telegram from the Secretary
of War, that "he would not sanction for the future any such
irregularities ; " and Quartermaster-General John H. Reed,
who was then in Washington, was requested by Governor
Andrew to call upon Mr. Cameron, and to "express the pleas-
ure " which the information had given him. Innumerable
difficulties had arisen in New York from similar practices, which
led to the issuing by the War Department of General Order
No. 71, which directed "all persons having received authority to
raise volunteer regiments, batteries, or companies in the State
of New York to report immediately to Governor Morgan."
They and their commands were placed under his orders, who
would organize them "in the manner he might judge the most
advantageous." In a letter dated Washington, Sept. 6, written
jointly by General.. John H. Reed and Colonel A. G. Browne,
Jr., to Governor Andrew, they state that they had held inter-
views with the President and the Secretary of War the day
before ; and both had promised that no more special permits
should be given, and that General Order No. 71 should be made
to apply to Massachusetts the same as to New York. These
preliminary details are necessary in order to have a correct
understanding of the controversy which grew up between the
Governor and General Butler.

On the seventh of September, the Governor received a tele-
gram from President Lincoln, urging him to forward troops as
speedily as possible to General Sherman's headquarters ; to
which he replied on the same day, "I have written General

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 255

Sherman about it during the past week. We are raising five
new regiments, all of which I mean Sherman shall have if
you will get an order from the War Department to send them
to him. " This letter was returned to the Governor with the
following indorsements : " Respectfully submitted to the War De-
partment. A. Lincoln." - " Let this be done. Simon Cameron,
Secretary of War." -"I send you the order you desire. William
H. Seward." On the 9th of September, General Sherman
writes from New York to the Governor, "The public interest
requires that the remaining troops for this expedition assemble
here at the very earliest day practicable." To which the Gov-
ernor answered on the elevendi, "The new regiments are going
forward towards completion very rapidly. General Wilson has
about nine hundred men in camp to-day." The other regiments
were rapidly filling up ; two would be completed by the twen-
tieth , " and three more in a good state of forwardness by that
time."

So matters stood on the 11th of September. The Governor,
every one connected officially with him, the city and town audior-
ities, were actively at work, and lending all their energies to
complete these regiments for General Sherman. It was a great
surprise, then, that, after the promises made by the authorities at
Washington, and the urgent necessity which existed of complet-
ing the organization of these regiments, the Secretary of War
should, on the tenth of this very month, give authority to Major-,
General Butler to raise six new regiments in New England,
and to arm, uniform, and equip them. The first intelligence
Governor Andrew had that such authority had been given, was
by a telegram dated Washington, Sept. 11, and jointly signed,
"A. Lincoln, President, " and " Simon Cameron, Secretary of
War-," stating that "General Butler proposes raising in New
England six regiments, to be recruited and commanded by him-
self, and to go on special service : we shall be glad if you, as
Governor of Massachusetts, will answer by telegraph that you
consent ." On receipt of this despatch, the Governor immedi-
ately answered, "Authorize State to raise whatever regiments
you wish additional. We will first fulfil engagements with
General Sherman, ordered by Secretary of War ; then add

256 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Others fast as possible; will help General Butler to the utmost."
On the 12th (next day), Mr. Cameron telegraphed to the Gov-
ernor , " Despatch of yesterday received. Massachusetts has
done so well in all she has promised, that she shall not be dis-
appointed in any thing she requires from the General Govern-
ment." This was complimentary, but it was not an answer.
A few hours before the Governor received this despatch from
Mr. Cameron, he received the following, dated New York,
Sept. 11, from General Sherman : "The object of my tele-
gram of the 10th was to ascertain if there existed any possibil-
ity of being disappointed in the time when the troops would
be prepared. " Thus when General Sherman was anxiously'
waiting in New York for the five regiments authorized to be
raised for him in Massachusetts, and when every possible effort
was being made to complete them, the Secretary of War wrote
the following paper. We do not know what to call it : it is not a
letter, because it is addressed to no one; it is not an order, be-
cause it is not so designated, and bears no number.

War Department, Sept. 12, 186L
Major-General Butler is authorized to fit out and prepare such
troops in New England as he may judge fit for the purpose, to make
an expedition along the eastern shore of Virginia, via the railroad
from Wilmington. Del., to Salisbury, and thence through a por-
tion of Maryland, Accomac, and Northampton Counties of Virginia, to
Cape Charles. Simon Cameron, Secr^fwry of War.

This document, in effect, gave General Butler authority over
every new regiment raised, or to be raised, in New England.
He was to have as many troops as he might "judge fit" for his
purpose ; and what that purpose was no one except himself and
Mr. Cameron knew. The document wholly ignored the Gov-
ernors of the New-England States, the act of Congress already
quoted, and, so far as this State was interested, the promise made
to General Sherman that he should have three of the Massachu-
setts regiments then in course of formation. This was not all -
indeed, it was only a small part - of the complicated, contradic-
tory, and painfully embarrassing position under which this new
state of things placed the Governor of Massachusetts. He had

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 257

been ordered to furnish five new regiments for General Sherman,
he had promised the General he should have them, he had
nearly completed a part of them, when, without consultation or
previous knowledge, this paper, prepared in the War Office at
Washington, and signed by the Secretary, was issued, placing
all the troops in New England under the command of Major-
General Butler, and as many more as he might judge fit
for his purpose. Four days after Mr. Cameron had written
the paper just quoted. Special Order No. 78 was issued from the
War Department.

War Department, Adjutant -General's Office,
Washington, Sept. 16, 1861.

All persons having received authority from the War Department to
raise volunteer regiments, batteries, or companies, in the loyal States,
are, with their commands, hereby placed under the orders of the Gov-
ernors of those States, to whom they will immediately report the pres-
ent condition of their respective organizations. These troops will be
organized or re-organized, and prepared for service, by the Governors of
their respective States, in the manner they may judge most advantageous
to the interests of the Federal Government.

By order, L. Thomas. Adjutant-General.

This order was easy of comprehension, and in strict accord-
ance with the acts of Congress ; but it was in direct conflict
with the paper signed by Mr. Cameron four days before. Upon
its receipt. Governor Andrew directed the Adjutant-General
of the Commonwealth, to issue General Order No. 23, which
enumerated the regiments and batteries then being recruited in
the State, and the camps at which they were stationed. It also
said, that "until they were killed, no recruiting, except for
these regiments and batteries, is authorized, or can be en-
couraged, by the Commander-in-chief. " After quoting the
preceding order of the War Department, signed by General
Thomas, it proceeds to say, "The Commander-in-chief directs
that no new regiments or companies be formed, or ordered
into camp, nor any already in camp change their location, with-
out orders from these headquarters. "

Although the order restricted recruiting for new regiments
except those designated, it aUowed and encouraged recruiting for
17

258 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

regiments already in the field. It also gave notice that two new
regiments, to be composed of men of Irish birth, were soon to
be placed in camp, one of which, the Twenty-eighth, "to form
a part of the command of Major-General Butler, whose head-
quarters is at Lowell."

On the 23d of September, Mr. Cameron telegraphed to the
Governor, "Will the three regiments for General Sherman be
ready this week? He must be supplied in advance of all other
applications for same service. Please reply immediately." To
which the Governor answered the same day, and requested the
Secretary not. to issue an order detailing particular regiments to
General Butler, but to leave all such details to him : he could
provide for him otherwise and sufficiently. To which Mr.
Cameron answered, "'Select the regiments yourself for Sherman,
and supply him first." Same day, Colonel Browne, military
secretary to the Governor, by order of His Excellency, addressed
a note to General Butler, in which he proposed to assign to
his command an Irish regiment, in the raising of which Patrick
Donahoe, Esq., of Boston, took much interest. This was
afterwards known as the Twenty-eighth Regiment. The receipt
of this letter was acknowledged by Major Haggerty, of General
Butler's staff, on the 24th, and information given that Gen-
eral Butler had gone to Portland, Me., and that his attention
would be called to it as soon as he returned, which would be
"to-morrow evening."

A letter was sent to General Sherman on the 23d by the
Governor, requesting him to exert his personal efforts to secure
for his command the regiments promised him, and prevent them
from "being diverted to General Butler or any other officer."
The regiments designed for him were the Twenty-second and
Twenty-third, in camp at Lynnfield, and known as General
Wilson's, and the Twenty-fifth, encamped at Worcester. The
letter further stated that the Governor proposed "to assign to
General Butler the Twenty-sixth Regiment, being raised by
Colonel Jones at Lowell," and an Irish regiment. To this
General Sherman replied, on the 27th, that he had immediately
called the attention of the Secretary of War to it; that "five
regiments are yet waited for, - three from Massachusetts, one

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 259

from Maine, one from New Hampshire ; and it is hoped that
they will all be pressed forward at the earliest day." While
this correspondence was going on, and Sherman waiting for his
regiments in New York, the Secretary of War sent orders
direct to General Wilson, which he received on the 24th, to
report to General Butler, and form a component part of his pro-
posed expedition. The Governor then wrote to Secretary
Cameron, "I have been much perplexed and embarrassed
during the last few days by contradictory orders and assurances,
issuing from your department." To avoid which, he said the
regiments in this State should be organized through, and not
outside of, its Governor. He also says, " General Butler, it is
evident to me, desires naturally to secure to his own command,
with or without consultation with me, according as best he may,
all the force he can, even to the prejudice of what General
Sherman has a positive right to expect from Massachusetts."
Mr. Cameron replied on the 27th, that General Sherman was
to be supplied first, afterwards General Butler. "It is the in-
tention of this department," he says, "to leave to your Excel-
lency aU questions concerning the organization of troops in your
State, and the orders to which you refer were designed to be
subject to the approval and control of the Executive of Massa-
chusetts. It will be my endeavor to act strictly in accordance
with your suggestions." This extract is underscored in the
original.

This appears explicit enough ; and yet the same system of
cross purposes was kept up for some time after at Washington,
to the insufferable annoyance of the Governor, complicating
and retarding recruiting, and delaying the completion of the
regiments. On the 1st of October, General Order No. 86
was issued by the Adjutant-General of the army, forming the
six New-England States a military department, the head-
quarters at Boston, and providing that "Major-General B. F.
Butler, United States Volunteer Service, while engaged in re-
cruiting his division, will command." In connection with this,
the Secretary directed the Paymaster-General to detail an
assistant to pay the men enlisted, and to be enlisted, by Gen-
eral Butler, a month's pay from date of muster in, which was a

260 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

very proper order if it had been of general application ; but it
was very improper, to be applied only to General Butlers com-
mand, and denied to General Sherman's.

On the 2d of October, the Secretary telegraphs to the Gov-
ernor, "Send three regiments for General Sherman to Hamp-
stead Camp, on Long Island, by Monday morning at the latest,
earlier if possible." On the 3d, next day, the Secretary tele-
graphs again to the Governor, "Send the Wilson Regiment to
Washington direct. Give Sherman the next one, as soon as
possible."

The name of General Sherman henceforth ceases to appear in
the correspondence. He was assigned to another department.
The command of the special expedition was given to General
Burnside, and five Massachusetts regiments composed a part
of iL These were the Twenty-first, Twenty-third, Twenty-
fourth, Twenty-fifth, and Twenty-seventh. The camp of ren-
dezvous was at Annapolis, and the point of attack was North
Carolina, by way of Roanoke Island and Newbern. The ex-
pedition was successful.

Major-General Butler, having assumed command of the De-
partment of New England, and established his headquarters at
Boston, on the 5th of October issued his first general order,
announcing his staff, and directing " all officers in command of
troops mustered in the service of the United States to report,
either in person or by letter, to his headquarters." An official
copy of this order was forwarded to Governor Andrew.

On the 5th of October, General Butler addressed a long
letter to the Governor, informing him that he had been au-
thorized by the President to raise men for " a special purpose,"
to which, he stated, "your assent was given." He then
says, -

"Acting upon that assent, I called upon you, and you desired that I
should wait a week, when the regiment of Colonel Wilson, then being
recruited, would be full, before I took any action upon that subject.
To this I assented, and have been only looking out for officers for re-
cruiting purposes, and have made no public announcement, and allowed
no one who had a special corps to make advertisement, which I thought
would be fully within the understanding.

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 261

"I then show you an order to take regiments akeady raised, and not
assigned to other officers, for another purpose, and you offered to assign
me Colonel Jones' regiment. You also said, that an Irish regiment,
now being raised, you would like to be assigned to me; to that I
assented, and left for the purpose of organizing- recruiting in Maine,
and from thence to Washington. On my return, I find that recruiting
officers have been malting publications injurious to me and the recruit-
ing service ; so it becomes necessary to know exactly what is under-
stood between us."

He then proceeds, " I desire, therefore, the simple announce-
ment, by-general order, that I have authority to enlist men for a
regiment, to be numbered as you please, also a squadron of
mounted men ; these troops to be a part of the volunteer force
of the State ; these to be in addition to those aheady assigned,
by you." He also says he will make no objections, if the Irish
regiment is withheld. These requests granted, he adds, "I see
no difficulty in the way of filling up all these regiments at once,
save this one," which was the practice here of "recruiting offi-
cers offering private bounties for men, of five and seven dollars."
This he regarded as vicious, and as "the sale of men," and men-
tions other objections.

The Governor repUed to the letter of General Butler the same
evening, after his return from the cavalry camp at Readville.
The letter is of considerable length. In the beginning, he
says, -

"I beg leave to say at once, in reply to your remark relating to
some supposed promise of mine, that I did not at any time say,
that, while we were already raising so many regiments in Massachusetts,
I could consent to an embarrassment of the service by additional com-
petition for recruits. But while I assured you of my willingness, so
far as it lay in my power, to assign to you, out of regiments in progress,
our fair proportion, or more than that, of the six regiments you told
me you wished to raise in New England, I have constantly declared
that I could not concur in a policy, which, by crowding the competition
of regiments, would be fatal, or very dangerous, to successful recruit-

The Governor thought that we were overdoing recruiting ;
and, until the regiments already ordered were filled, recruiting
for new regiments should not be undertaken. Having given his

262 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

own opinion, however, he asks the General to forward a roster
of company officers for the regiment he wishes to raise, and
"he would authorize a new regiment to begin in a week from
Monday next, under Captain Henry L. Abbott (of Massachu-
setts) , of the United States Topographical Engineers, for colo-
nel ; and Charles Everett, late colonel of District of Colum-
bia Volunteers, formerly serving in Mexico, or Major Francis
Brinley, for lieutenant-colonel ; the major to be seasonably se-
lected."

The Governor disclaims any knowledge of recruiting officers
offering private bounties, and asks that the names of such per-
sons may be sent to him, "that the more speedy and vigilant
measures for suppression and rebuke may be instituted." In
the matter of recruiting and organizing regiments, the Governor
says, "We have pursued a system, carefully, watchfully, faith-
fully, and zealously, in which, by the, intelligent aid and loyal
co-operation of all officers, of the State and of the Union, who
have had any connection with such matters here, we have found
reason to trust. In fact, almost any system is better than
none." After stating that Massachusetts had already forwarded
sixteen regiments of infantry, and other troops, to the front, he
continues, -

" We are, at this very moment, doing half as much more, and doing
it with the utmost of our ability ; and we have thus far escaped the
confusion and uncertainty of movement which have embarrassed some
other States, and from which, with much effort, their Governors have
only just now escaped. Now, with the utmost respect for the Depart-
ment of War, and for yourself personally, and with the most loyal sen-
timents of obedience, I mean to continue to do just what I have, from
the first, persistently done: and that is, to hold, with an iron hand
and unswerving purpose, all the powers which, by the laws, pertain to
me officially, in my own grasp, - yielding the most implicit obedience,
in all things, to those having the right to direct me, but, at the same
time, remembering that true subordination requires every officer to per-
form his own duties and fulfil his own functions himself, as well as to
submit himself loyally to his superiors."

He then refers to the laws of Congress and the orders of the
department, which give to the Governors of States the exclu-

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 263

sive control of raising regiments in their own States : "Nor is
it permitted by law, even to the President himself, even were he
so disposed, to interfere in the premises." He also informs the
General, that he has the assurance of the Secretary of War,
"that he had issued no orders, and would issue none, tending to
interfere with the State authorities."

He concludes this able letter by saying, -

" I shall do exactly by you as I have done by General Sherman and
General Burnside, - that is to say, I shall use every exertion to furnish
troops for the service you propose, in our full proportion ; but it must
be done by pursuing such methods and plans as we have found neces-
sary for the general advantage of the service. Nor can I permit, so far
as it lies with me, to decide any officers of the United States to raise
troops as Massachusetts volunteers within this Commonwealth, except
for the recruitment of existing regiments, or subject to the conditions
indicated ; while any advice or friendly assistance will be gratefully re-
ceived from any quarter, much more from a gentleman of your capacity
to advise, and your hearty zeal in the cause we are both anxious to
serve."

The Governor had telegraphed, on the morning of the 5th, to
the Secretary of War, to know if he "would pay our soldiers,
as fast as mustered in, half a month's pay, detailing paymasters
therefor. Do not authorize this for any, unless for all. What
is General Butler's power and position here?" To which he
received, as an answer, "We cannot pay in advance. General
Butler has authority to concentrate a brigade for special service,
all of which is to be organized under the several Governors of
the Eastern States. We gave General Butler authority with re-
gard to advance pay." The Governor also wrote a letter to Mr.
Cameron in regard to matters. It would appear, that, some
time on the seventh of the month, General Butler requested a
personal interview with the Governor, and called at the State
House ; but, the Governor being engaged in the Council Cham-
ber, the interview did not take place.

It does not appear that the letter of the Governor of Oct. 5
changed in the least degree the determination of General But-
ler to enlist men. He opened a camp in Pittsfield, and another
in Lowell, and commenced recruiting two regiments of infantry.

264 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

- one designated the Western Bay-State Regiment, the other
the Eastern Bay-State Regiment ; also, a battery of hght artil-
lery, and three companies of cavalry.

The only reply made to the letter of the 5th is the following,
which is given entire : -

Headquarters Department of New England,
Boston, Oct. 12, 1861.

Will "His Excellency Governor Andrew" assign to General But-
ler the recruitment of a regiment of Massachusetts volunteers, and a
squadron of mounted men, to be armed and equipped by him, under
the authority of the President ; the officers to be selected by General
Butler, but commissioned by "His Excellency," with, of course, a veto
power upon what may be deemed au improper selection. As these
officers are to go with General Butler upon duty, would "His Excel-
lency" think it improper he should exercise the power of recommenda-
tion ?

To the telegram of the President, asking consent that the authoriza-
tion should be given to General Butler to raise troops, "His Excel-
lency" telegraphed, in reply, that he would "aid" General Butler to the
utmost.

General Butler knows no way in which His Excellency can aid
him so effectually as in the manner proposed.

The selection by " His Excellency" in advance, without consulta-
tion, of a colonel and lieutenant-colonel of an unformed regiment, not a
soldier of. which has been recruited by the State, and both these gen-
tlemen, to whom the General, at present, knows no personal objection,
being absent from the State on other duty, seems to him very objec-
tionable.

It is not certain that Lieutenant Abbott, of the Topographical En-
gineers, will be permitted to leave his corps. Colonel Everett has not
lived in the State for many years, and has not such interest identified
with the State, or the men of Massachusetts whom he would com-
mand, as to render his appointment desirable.

General Butler has had and can have the aid of neither in his regi-
ments ; and he believes that those who do the work, other things being
equal, should have the offices. General Butler would have been happy
to have conferred with " His Excellency" upon these and other points ;
but " is Excellency" did not seem to desire it.

General Butler has proceeded upon this thesis in his recruitment,
to say to all patriotic young men who seemed proper persons, and who
have desired to enter the service as officers. If you have the confidence

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 265

of your neighbors, so that you can recruit a given number of men, then
by giving evidence of your energy and capacity thus far, if you are
found fit in other respects, on examination, I will recommend you for a
commission to command the number of men you shall raise.

This is believed to be a course much better calculated to find officers
than to hunt for them by the uncertain light of petitions and recom-
mendations.

General Butler desires to make good his word to these young gen-
tlemen. " His Excellency " will perceive the impossibility of at once
furnishing a roster under such circumstances, as requested, for " His
Excellency's " perusal.

" His Excellency's" attention is called to the fact that no reply has
been received to General Butler's request, as to a squadron of mounted
men.

Genera! Butler is informed, by the returns of those who have
recruited for him, that he has already a number of men equal to
two regiments in such progress that they can be organized, being the
most prompt recruitment ever done in this State,- these besides the
Twenty-sixth and Twenty-eighth 'Regiments, assigned to him by gen-
eral order.

General Butler trusts that "His Excellency" will not, without the
utmost necessity for it, throw any obstacles in the way of his recruit-
ment, as General Butler is most anxious to get his division organized,
so as to start upon an expedition already planned, in the service of his
country.

General Butler hopes that these views will meet "His Excellen-
cy's " concurrence and co-operation.

Most respectfully "His Excellency's" obedient servant,

Benjamin F. Butler.

The Governor being absent from Boston, the receipt of the
letter was acknowledged by Colonel Browne on the 14th, and
was by him forwarded to the Governor.

It does not appear that the Governor took any immediate
official notice of this letter.

We pass over much that was written, but which were but
eddies in the tide of this correspondence, to bring it to a fair
and intelligent close. We will only state the fact, that, on the
11th of November, we received a letter from Colonel Ritchie,
senior aid, directing the Adjutant-General to issue Order No.
570, which was, in substance, that General Butler, having sent

266 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

an order to Colonel Stevenson, Twenty-fourth Regiment Massa-
chusetts Volunteers, to deliver up to him certain soldiers mus-
tered into said regiment, who had deserted from one of General
Butler's regiments, that Colonel Stevenson was not to obey the
order, as General Butler had no authority to enlist volunteers in
Massachusetts, except for the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-eighth
Regiments. Colonel Stevenson, at that time, had a part of
his command at Fort Warren, on duty, although his headquar-
ters were at Readville ; and he was ordered, that, "if he cannot
protect and hold his men at Fort Warren, he shall remove them
immediately to 'Camp Massasoit,' at Readville, and hold them
until otherwise ordered."

The Governor had been written to by Mr. Sargent, the Mayor
of Lowell, and many other city and town authorities, asking
him whether the families of the men who had enlisted under
General Butler were entitled to the " State aid," which com-
munications were referred to the Attorney-General, Hon.
Dwight Foster, who returned, as an opinion, that all volunteers
who are inhabitants of this State, and enlist here under the
authority of the Governor, and the officers of the regiments are
commissioned by him, their families are entitled to the aid ; and,
if General Butler's brigade is to be so raised and commissioned,
then the families of the men enlisted should receive it He con-
cludes by saying, -

"I suppose this will be the case, and the men enlisted by him will
be entitled to the usual aid ; and I only state my opinion in this guarded
form, because of the possible and highly improbable contingency of vol-
unteers being enlisted in full regiments in Massachusetts, without the
sanction of its Executive, the officers of which he might decline to com-
mission or recognize."

This opinion was, in effect, against allowing the State aid to
the families of the men who had been enlisted by General But-
ler. The "highly improbable contingency" already existed.
State aid was not paid by the cities and towns to the families
of enlisted men, until the authorities of the places to which
the men belonged had received a certificate, signed by the
Adjutant-General of the State, that the men were mustered in,
and the muster-rolls had been deposited in his office. No

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 267

muster-rolls had been received by the Adjutant-General from the
corps said to have been recruited by General Butler. No
assurance had been received from Washington, that the men
had been mustered in, and credited to the contingent of the
State.

On the 27th of November, Major Strong, chief of staff to
General Butler, forwarded to the Adjutant-General of the State
a list of officers which had been adopted by General Butler for
"a company known as the Salem Light Artillery," with a
request that they be commissioned by the Governor.

On the 17th of December, General Butler wrote to the
Governor, calling his attention to the letter of Major Strong,
with a request that he might be favored " with a reply whether
he will or will not commission the officers therein named."
General Butler also claimed, that the company "was raised
under the authority of the State, and with His Excellency's
approval."

By direction of the Governor, Colonel Browne replied on the
same day to this communication, that it was the intention of
the Governor "at a proper time to appoint and commission suit-
able officers for the battery ; but that he was not advised of their
intended removal from the Commonwealth, nor was any request
made for such appointments, either from the company or from
the acting officers, or from any source, until eight days after
the whole company had been removed from Massachusetts,
when the Governor was requested by Major Strong to com-
mission certain persons, on the ground that they had been
elected by the company, as it was said. But the company was
gone. None of its rolls having been deposited in the office of
the Adjutant-General, there was no means of identifying its
men."

The letter further states, that the responsibility of appointing
suitable officers rests with the Governor, and that, as regards one
of the persons recommended, "the information received by the
Governor is, that his character is such as to render him unfit for
appointment."

The Governor further stated, that he was desirous of com-
missioning officers for the battery, "and would be glad to

268 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

receive the testimonials of any on which their claims are
founded."

On the 18th (next day), this letter was returned to Colonel
Browne by Major Strong, with the following note : -

" Sir, - Major-General Butler, commanding the Department of
New England, directs that the enclosed communication be respectfully
returned to His Excellency Governor Andrew, as being of improper
address and signature."

The same day, the Governor wrote to Major Strong, express-
ing his surprise, and that, knowing the contents of the letter
which is returned, he found himself unable to instruct Colonel
Browne how to amend it, "since the particulars of the offence
were not stated, and were not discernible to me, nor, as I
am assured, by him." He therefore asks " the favor of a precise
statement of the offence committed." To which Major Strong
replied on the 19th. After referring to army regulations, pare-
graph 449, he said, -

"The letter to which that was a reply was addressed to your
Excellency, and therefore signed by General Butler himself, as claim-
ing to be your Excellency's co-ordinate. Lieutenant-Colonel Browne's
letter was addressed, not to the chief of staff at these headquarters,
but directly to the Major-General commanding the department, and
even then not in his official capacity."

On Dec. 20, a reply was made in a letter signed by Colonel
Browne, from which we make the following extracts : -

"With the single exception of the President of the United States,
no officer or person, whether State or national, civil or military,
whether temporarily sojourning or permanently residing within the
limits of Massachusetts, can be recognized within such limits as the
'co-ordinate' of the Governor of the Commonwealth in official dignity
or rank."

He then expresses surprise that a gentleman of General
Butler's acumen and professional training "should quote the
regulations of the army of the United States, as dictating cere-
monies of official intercourse to a magistrate who is no part of
that army, and not subject to its, regulations." His attention is
also called to the order of the War Department of Sept. 16, by

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 269

which Major-General Butler is placed under the orders of the
Governor of Massachusetts, in respect to raising and organizing
volunteers.

" In the present condition of national affairs, the Governor considers
it impolitic and unpatriotic to embarrass the public service by undue
nicety of etiquette ; and he regrets that Major-General Butler's
views of duty in this particular should not have corresponded with his
own, so as to render the present correspondence unnecessary."

After disclaiming all intentional discourtesy, the letter thus
refers to the letter quoted entire on a preceding page : -

"General Butler's letter of Oct. 12, written to Governor Andrew,
but not addressed to him, except in so far as he is mentioned in the
third person, after the fashion of dinner invitations, and the like, on
private and social occasions, and not signed by the Major-General
with any addition of rank or command, and frequently re-iterating the
Governor's constitutional title and name, with significant and con-
spicuous marks of quotation surrounding them whenever repeated.

"It is customary to affix marks of quotation in manuscript to indi-
cate passages or expressions borrowed from some other to whom they
ought to be credited. But I am not aware, that a name given in
baptism, or inherited from a parent, or a title conferred by the Constitu-
tion on a magistrate as his official description, are in any sense original
ideas, or expressions which it is usual to designate by marks of quota-
tion. Nor is this a matter in which a gentleman of Major-General
Butler's learning and urbanity could have erred by mistake. . . . When
a gentleman has violated the substance of courtesy, as did General
Butler in that letter of Oct. 12, by a studious, indirect, insinuating,
but not less significant, intentional act of impoliteness towards a
magistrate whose only offence was fidelity to his duty, to the laws, and
to the rights of his official position, he cannot be permitted, without
comment, to arraign another for a supposed breach of military inter-
course, simply formal, technical, and arbitrary, as he has assumed to
arraign me in this matter through yourself."

This letter would have been addressed directly to General
Butler, had the Governor not been advised that he was at
Washington. He soon after returned, and, on the 28th of
December, wrote to the Governor a letter in which he says, -

"I disclaim most emphatically any intentional or even accidental
discourtesy to the Governor of Massachusetts.

270 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

"In the matter of the address in quotation, I but copied the address
assumed by one of the numerous military secretaries who write me
on behalf of the Governor, and it was because of the formality of that
address. ' His Excellency Governor Andrew ' is neither a baptismal,
inherited, or constitutional title ; and, after using it once in the letter
alluded to, I carefully used the title of the Constitution, and marked it
in quotation to call attention to the difference."

It appears by this, that General Butler " carefully used the
title of the Constitution, and marked it in quotation to call
attention to the difference."

Mr. Parton, in his " Life of General Butler," says, -
"The person who made the copy sent to the Governor, with per-
verse uniformity, placed inverted commas before and after those words
(His Excellency), as if to intimate that the author of the letter used
them reluctantly, and only in obedience to a custom. It looked like an
intentional and elaborate affront, and served to embitter the contro-
versy. When, at length, the General was made acquainted with the
insertion, he was not in a humor to give a complete explanation ; nor,
indeed, is it a custom with him to get out of a scrape by casting blame
upon a subordinate."

This information, Mr. Parton says, he received "from a con-
fidential member of General Butler's staff, the late General
Strong," who was killed at Fort Wagner.

This letter appears to have closed the controversy regarding
the letter of Oct. 12 ; but it introduced a new element of con-
troversy. Respecting commissioning the officers of Battery
No. 4, General Butler alludes to the objections which the Gov-
ernor had, interposed in regard to one of the persons recom-
mended, and says, -

" If any base charge can be substantiated against either of them. I
shall be happy to substitute others. I believe, however, that neither
of them have ever done any thing worse than seducing a mother,
and making a father wifeless and children motherless ; and that, you
know, is no objection to a high military commission in Massachu-
setts."

On the 30th, the Governor addressed a note to General But-
ler, in which he quotes the words in the above extract, and
requests to know what officer it is to whom he refers : -

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 271

"Moreover, may I ask whose mother is alluded to, and whose wife ?
and does the implied allegation mean that the crime of murder was
added to that of seduction, although the words ' you know ' assume the
existence of greater knowledge than I possess ? And, indeed, since
the day I had the honor to detail yourself as a brigadier-general of
the militia, at the beginning of the present war, to this day, and both
inclusive, I cannot accuse myself of such an appointment. If I have
done so, I beg you to expose it."

On the 1st of January, 1862, General Butler answered, -

" I referred, in my communication of the 28th ult., to the case of
Wyman, appointed by your Excellency colonel of the Sixteenth Mas-
sachusetts Regiment. Unless the testimony of brother officers serving
with Wyman is to be disbelieved, facts notorious are to be denied
which have never been denied before.

" Colonel Wyman, while an officer of the United States army, held
long adulterous intercourse with a Mrs. Brannan, the wife of a brother
officer. This woman afterwards left her home under such circum-
stances as to induce the belief that she was either murdered by herself
or another.

" This Wyman obtained leave of absence from the army, and joined
his paramour in Europe; while there, he resigned his commission,
because of a letter from the Adjutant-General of the army that he
would be court-martialled if he did not, and remained abroad until
after the breaking-out of the war, when he left her embraces, and re-
turned to the army of the Commonwealth under your Excellency's
appointment.

"This woman was the mother of children ; and, if I should amend
the language of my communication of the 28th ult., I should add,
'making a father worse than wifeless, and children worse than
motherless.'

" I used the phrase 'you know,' because I have been informed, and I
have reason to believe and do believe, that the substance of these facts
was known to your Excellency at the time you made the appointment.
Will your Excellency deny that you were then put upon inquiry as to
them ?

" I cannot expose this matter, because it has long since been made a
matter of exposition in the public prints. I have no farther knowledge
of Colonel Wyman, save that which may be learned by inquiry of any
officer of the army who served with him. I have no disposition to
injure or interfere with him, and have made this communication only
in reply to your Excellency's statement."

272 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

As this was a grave, personal matter, touching the character
of a brave and patriotic officer of Massachusetts, then at the
front with his regiment, and who fell at the head of it, a few
months afterwards, bravely fighting, we have thought it proper
to copy this correspondence entire. The dead officer lies in
Mount Auburn Cemetery. His services and his memory de-
serve that the defence of Governor Andrew, like the charge of
General Butler, should be given without abridgment. Under
date of Jan. 6, 1862, Governor Andrew writes to General
Butler, -

"Sir, - At the first hour at my disposal for the purpose, I ac-
knowledge the receipt of your letter of Jan. 1, in which you state that
Colonel Powell T. Wyman, commanding the Sixteenth Regiment
Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, now stationed at Fortress Monroe,
is the person to whom you had reference, when, addressing me under
date of Dec. 28, you asserted that I ' know ' that 'seducing a mother,
and making a father wifeless and children motherless,' 'is no objection
to a high military commission in Massachusetts.'

"In answer to your somewhat peremptory interrogatories, ad-
dressed to me in that letter of Jan. 1, I would state, for your informa-
tion, that the first knowledge I ever had of Mr. Wyman was through
a letter addressed by him to the Adjutant-General of Massachusetts,
dated 'London, England, May 1, 1861,' stating that he was a citizen
of Boston and a graduate of the West-Point Military Academy, and
had served for ten years as an officer of artillery of the United States
army, and tendering his services to the Executive of this Common-
wealth in any military capacity. I am not aware that any acknowledg-
ment was ever made of this communication.

"During the month of June, I received another note from Mr. Wy-
man, dated at the Parker House, Boston, he having, in the mean while,
returned to America. This letter was assigned to a member of my
staff, to whom Mr. Wyman was referred for consultation. It was at
that time that I first heard that there was said to be a cloud of some
sort upon Mr. Wyman' s character ; and, having little leisure myself to
enter into quasi-judicial investigations as to personal character, I passed
over his name in the appointments which 1 was then making. The
nature of the reports against him were not then stated to me; and, al-
though I was soon after advised of them, yet there are things stated, in
your letter of Jan. 1, as 'notorious facts,' of which it is only through
yourself that I have knowledge.

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 273

"Very shortly afterwards, Adam W. Thaxter, Esq., of this city,
doubtless known to you as one of the most distinguished merchants of
Boston, brought the name of Mr. Wyman very urgently to my atten-
tion, both personally and in a letter, dated June 20, in which he re-
quested me to call on himself, if Mr. Wyman should "need an indorser,
and stated, that, in his opinion, Mr. Wyman, if appointed a colonel,
would 'do credit to his native State.'

"And, on July 1, Mr. Thaxter further presented to me a communi-
cation, in writing, signed by Captain Thomas J. C. Amory, of the Sev-
enth Infantry, U.S.A., and Captain Lewis H. Marshall, of the Tenth
Infantry, U.S.A., both of whom had served in the army with Mr. Wy-
man, and who were, if I remember, the only United States regular
army officers then on duty in this city; and signed also by Charles G.
Greene, Esq., Franklin Haven, Esq., William Dehon, Esq., William
Parkman, Esq., Hon. George Lunt, Hon. Benjamin F. Hallett, Henry
L. Hallett, Esq., P. Holmes, Esq., Edward F. Bradley, Esq., Joseph
L. Henshaw, Esq., Peter Butler, Esq., Thomas C. Amory, Esq., and
J. P. Bradlee, Esq.,- all of these gentlemen of this city, who are
doubtless known to you by reputation, and with some of whom I cannot
doubt that you are personally acquainted, - in which communication,
these gentlemen requested the appointment of Mr. Wyman as a colo-
nel, and certified that they 'believed in him as a gentleman, a man of
worth, an accomplished officer, and brave soldier ; and that a regiment
under his command would yield to none in the service for discipline,
high tone, and efficiency ; and also, that they felt convinced, 'under all
circumstances,' he 'would do honor to his State and to his country.
These gentlemen further stated, that they made this request, in full
knowledge of the existence of the rumors and influences against Mr.
Wyman's reputation; and nevertheless, with such knowledge, they
earnestly ' urged ' him, ' as one of those to whom the honor of Massa-
chusetts may confidently be trusted.

"About the same time, Mr. Wyman addressed to me a communica-
tion in writing, denying the truth of the prejudicial rumors in circula-
tion against him, and, although admitting that it was true that he had
formed a matrimonial connection with a lady who had eloped from her
husband by reason of that husband's brutal treatment of her, yet stat-
ing also that he had not seen the lady for the year preceding, nor for the
year after, her elopement. This communication, I find, upon referring
to it, amounts also to a denial of the truth of much that is stated by
you, in your letter of Jan. 1, as 'notorious facts,' derogatory to Mr.
Wyman's character.

" Upon the basis of this statement, made by Mr. Wyman, and con-
18

274 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

trolled by no responsible counter-statement or testimony whatsoever, and
upon the formal assurance I received from the numerous gentlemen
whom I have mentioned, that he was a good soldier and a good citizen,
I did not feel myself justified in rejecting the services of a highly mer-
itorious and thoroughly educated officer, upon unsubstantial rumors of
an alleged moral error, which did not affect his military competency,
and more especially at a time when the services of educated officers
were so greatly needed for the command of our troops.

"I therefore appointed Mr. Wyman to be colonel of the Sixteenth
Regiment, -an appointment which, under the circumstances stated,
commended itself to my judgment, and which I have no reason what-
soever now to regret, and, under like circumstances, should not hesitate
to repeat.

"As it was upon the faith of the assurances made to me by Mr.
Thaxter and the other gentlemen in their communication of July 1 that
the appointment of Colonel Wyman was made. I therefore conceive
that your quarrel with this appointment should be with those gentlemen,
rather than with myself; and therefore I propose to inclose copies of
your correspondence with me, in this connection, to Mr. Thaxter, as rep-
resenting them ; and I must request you to address to them any future
correspondence upon this subject, inasmuch as they are better acquainted
than myself with Colonel Wyman, and his character, life, and con-
nections, which I know chiefly through them. I desire to add, that,
in all the intercourse which I have had with Colonel Wyman during
the organization of his regiment, I never observed, on his part, the
manifestation of any other qualities than those of an accomplished
officer ; and I should be very reluctant to give credit to your reproaches
against his character, especially in view of the standing of those gen-
tlemen by whom his character as a gentleman was certified to me.

" In conclusion, I would say, that I do not feel that any reason exists,
requiring me to enter into such an explanation as the above ; but when
an officer of the rank of major-general in the army of the United
States volunteers thinks it necessary to diversify his occupations by
needless flings at a fellow-officer in the same army, seeking to strike
myself through him, a sense of honor and duty, both to the Common-
wealth and to the gentleman thus struck at, requires me to spare no
proper pains to see that justice is fully done."

As reference is made, in the above letter, to a letter received
by the Adjutant-General from Colonel Wyman, we would say,
that our recollection of it is, that it was brought to our office by
an old friend of Colonel Wyman, - James Oakes, Esq., a

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 275

merchant of this city. The letter had been inclosed in one
which he had received from Colonel Wyman. It was a tender
of his services to the Governor of his native State, in any mili-
tary capacity he might be pleased to place him. Before any
action was taken upon the mattes, Colonel Wyman arrived in
Boston, and reported at the State House. He was a true Union
man, and anxiously desired to serve his country. As before
stated, he was killed before Richmond, June 30, 1862. No one
in command of a regiment of Massachusetts, in so short a time,
made himself more beloved by his officers and men, or exhib-
ited higher military qualities, than Colonel Wyman. He was a
modest, quiet, and reserved gentleman. He possessed the
qualities of kindness and firmness in a high degree. He was of
light frame, of middle age, had a pleasant, thoughtful face, a
fme-formed head, and a warm, generous heart. There is not an
officer or soldier remaining of the original Sixteenth Regiment
who does not speak of him with an affectionate regard, surpass-
ing ordinary respect ; and many have said, that, if he had lived,
he would have commanded the Army of the Potomac before the
close of the war.

General Butler continued independent recruiting until two
regiments of infantry, three companies of cavalry, and a com-
pany of light artillery, were raised by him in Massachusetts, not-
withstanding the law gave to the Governor the exclusive right to
organize regiments, and to commission the officers. The con-
troversy lasted four months. The Governor had given General
Butler the Twenty-sixth and the Twenty-eighth Regiments,
which was the full proportion of this State, for his expedition.
The troops raised by General Butler were sent from the State
without commissioned officers, without rolls being deposited in
the Adjutant-General's office, and without the knowledge of the
Executive ; all of which was against orders, good policy, and
statute law. In the mean time, Massachusetts had sent forward
to the front eight full regiments, besides many recruits for old
regiments. The Governor had written of late frequently to
the War Department about General Butler's course, but re-
ceived no satisfactory answer. On the 21st of December, he
enclosed copies of the entire correspondence up to that date to

276 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

our Senators in Congress, accompanied by an earnest appeal
for them to examine it, and afterwards to present it to the Presi-
dent. He said, -

As I do not receive any reply from the officers of the Federal Gov-
ernment whom I have thus addressed, nor any redress or correction of
the evils of which complaint is therein made, I am compelled thus to
resort to your official intervention. However humble and unimportant
might be the person who holds the place of chief executive magistrate
of Massachusetts, the venerable Commonwealth which he serves should
be treated with respect."

The letter refers to the blood shed by the children of this
Commonwealth at Baltimore, at Ball's Bluff, and wherever else
they have been called in arms, during the present year, and to
the willingness the State has always been to bear her portion of
the burdens of the war, and closes with this paragraph : -

"I am compelled to declare, with great reluctance and regret,
that, the course of proceeding under Major-General Butler in this
Commonwealth seems to have been designed and adapted simply to
afford means to persons of bad character to make money unscrupu-
lously, and to encourage men whose unfitness had excluded them from
any appointment by me to the volunteer military service, to hope for
such appointment over Massachusetts troops from other authority than
that of the Executive of Massachusetts."

To this letter Mr. Sumner wrote, Jan. 10, 1862, "I am au-
thorized by the War Department to say, that, if you will send
on your programme with reference to General Butler, it shall be
carried out, and the department (of New England) given up.
Please let me know your desires." This was received by the
Governor on the 14th; and he immediately telegraphed, as an
answer, "The President has my programme written, replying to
his telegram of last Saturday. My letters should be directly,
and not indirectly, answered by the President or Depart-
ment."

The result of the controversy was, that the Department of
New England was dissolved. The two regiments raised by
General Butler, known as the Eastern and Western Bay-State
Regiments, were afterwards designated the Thirtieth and Thirty-
first Regiments Massachusetts Volunteers, and the officers were

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 277

selected and commissioned by Governor Andrew ; and, from that
time until the end of the war, the War Department, under the
Secretaryship of Mr. Stanton, did its business with the States
through the Governors of States.

Before closing this subject, it is proper to state, that Governor
Andrew, about the beginning of November, authorized the
Adjutant-General to confer with General Butler in regard to
organizing and equipping the Twenty-eighth (Irish) Regiment,
which had been set apart as one of the two regiments which the
Governor had offered him. At that time, parts of two Irish
regiments had been recruiting, one of which was designated the
Twenty-ninth, which was encamped at Framingham. It was,
however, found expedient to take the men from Framingham,
and mass them with the Twenty-eighth, which was in "Camp
Cameron," at Cambridge. On the 7th of November, after the
consolidation, the Twenty-eighth Regiment had seven hundred
and fifteen men. On that day, the Adjutant-General addressed
a letter to Major-General Butler, by du-ection of the Governor,
calling his attention to the fact that the men had not been'
armed, uniformed, or equipped, which General Butler had in-
formed the Governor he had authority from Washington to do.
The regiment had received " no aid or attention " whatever, from
his head-quarters. The Governor, therefore, wished to be in-
formed immediately whether he considered the regiment as part
of his command, or whether he did not wish to have it.

To which an answer was made, the same day, by Major
Strong, that, as the Twenty-eighth Regiment had been thus far
recruited by the State, it would be continued to be recruited by
the State; but General Butler would take it as part of his
command, if it could be ready by the 1st of December, and
would add some recruits to complete it, if he could be permitted
to indicate the officers who should command the men they had
recruited. This being permitted. General Butler would at once
"arm, uniform, and equip the regiment, as his authority re-
quires him to ' organize ' as well ; but he will ask only an advisory
power in the organization."

The Adjutant-General had a personal interview with Major
Strong on the 9th, in which the whole matter was talked over.

278 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

There were, at that time, fifteen parts of companies at "Camp
Cameron." After the personal conference with Major Strong,
and on the same day, the Adjutant-General wrote to Major
Strong, in which he referred to the personal interview, and
said, -

"There are fifteen companies and parts of companies at Camp
Cameron. I propose to make ten companies of them, and fill up the
ranks of each to the maximum standard; and I wish to know if Gene-
ral Butler will furnish men for the purpose. If you prefer, I will mass
the men into eight companies, and then have two full companies sent
from ' Camp Chase ' (Butler's camp) to complete the regiment. Gene-
ral Butler can advise in regard to the officers. It is important that the
regiment be filled immediately, and properly officered. I am author-
ized to adjust all matters relating to the regiment with General Butler
and yourself. ... I will, if you desire it? make out a complete roster ;
and you can lay it before General Butler for examination and approval.
I would be glad to have him name persons whom he would like to have
appointed, if he has any in his mind. His Excellency will leave for
New York on Monday evening. I wish to have these matters definitely
settled, if possible, before he leaves."

Nov. 11. - Major Strong wrote, in answer, that -

"It will be quite satisfactory to make the arrangement proposed, -
viz., to make eight companies of the fifteen skeleton companies you men-
tion, and to add two companies from 'Camp Chase' as soon as they are
full, with the list of officers accompanying them, to be designated by
General Butler, -this to be upon the understanding, that the Twenty-
eighth Regiment is to be a part of the expeditionary corps soon to sail,
and not a portion of the troops to be raised by General Butler, under
order of Sept. 10, 1861 ; General Butler desiring to fill up the regiments
destined for this purpose as soon as possible, besides those he is re-
cruiting."

Major Strong further stated, that two regiments and two bat-
teries "will sail the coming week ; " also, that the " arrange-
ment in regard to the Twenty-eighth Regiment is designed to be
made wholly independently of the unhappy and unfortunate
difference of opinion which has arisen between His Excellency
the Governor and General Butler (which the latter much re-
grets) , upon the right of recruitment, on the part of the United
States Government, in Massachusetts." He also said, that

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 279

"General Butler would be happy to examine the roster, as pro-
posed ; " and, if not satisfactory, he would send other recom-
mendations, as requested.

The letter was received by the Adjutant-General on the day
on which it was written : and he returned his answer on the
same day, as follows : -

" Yours of date is received, in relation to the Twenty-eighth Regi-
ment. The fact which I wish to ascertain is this : Will General Butler
accept of the Twenty-eighth Regiment? In your letter, he accepts it,
with the following stipulation : " On the express understanding, that the
Twenty-eighth Regiment is to be apart of the expeditionary corps soon
to sail, and not a portion of the troops to be raised by General Butler,
under order of Sept. 10, 1861.' This acceptance is not satisfactory.
If General Butler accepts the Twenty-eighth Regiment for his di-
vision, it must be as one of the two regiments raised by Massachusetts
as her quota of the six which were to be raised for his division in New
England ; and I wish to be informed, as soon as possible, whether Gene-
ral Butler will accept of the Twenty-eighth, with this understanding.
The other propositions in your letter are satisfactory."

To this, Joseph M. Bell, Esq., acting aide-de-camp to Gene-
ral Butler, made immediate answer Nov. 11, -

"If the Governor will authorize two regiments - the Twenty-eighth
and Twenty-ninth-to be organized by General Butler, with a veto
power upon General Butler's selection of improper persons as officers.
General Butler will accept the Twenty-eighth as one of them. This
in answer to a communication of to-day to the Assistant Adjutant-
General, who is absent."

The following note closed the correspondence : -

Adjutant-General's Office, Boston, Nov. 11, 1861,
To Joseph M. Bell, Esq., acting Aide-de-camp to Major-General Butler.

Sir,- Your letter of this date has been received. The proposition
is respectfully declined.

Your obedient servant,

W ILLIAM ScHOULER, Adjutant-General.

The Twenty-eighth Regiment consequently never became a
part of Major-General Butler's command. When organized, it
was sent to South Carolina, and was subsequently transferred
to the Army of the Potomac.

280 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

In the foregoing pages, we have endeavored to give an impar-
tial transcript of the correspondence between the Governor and
General Butler, and of the other parties who incidentally took
part in it. The original trouble grew out of the unauthorized
interference by Secretary Cameron with recruiting in Massachu-
setts, by giving special permits to outside parties to recruit regi-
ments here. No one had this right but the Governor of the
State ; no one had the right to appoint or to commission offi-
cers but the Governor. Upon him, and upon him alone, rested
the responsibility of selecting proper officers to command our
men. It was a responsibility which Governor Andrew had no
right, and no wish, to avoid. The wisdom of having the entire
control of raising, forming, and officering regiments placed in the
hands of the Governors of States, must be apparent to every
person who will give the subject a moment's consideration.
They alone were responsible for their acts to the people of
their several Commonwealths. To recruit men to meet the
several calls of the President required in each State a well-
arranged plan of operations, with a single will to guide and
control it. It admitted of no interference by outside parties.
There could be no State within a State. The Governor was the
supreme executive officer of the Commonwealth, and there
could be "no co-ordinate" power within its limits. He could
not divide the responsibilities of his position with another, how-
ever honorable or distinguished, any more than he could divide
the honors of his high office with another.

Whenever the State authority was interfered with by the Sec-
retary of War, or by parties pretending to act under his orders,
independent of the Governor of the State, confusion and strife
ensued; out of these attempts grew embarrassing and contra-
dictory orders, the evil of which is illustrated vividly in this
correspondence. By interference. General Sherman lost his
original expeditionary command, and Massachusetts the honor
of contributing her part of the contingent to complete it. By
interfering with the plans of the Governor, and his clearly
established rights and responsibilities under the laws, the or-
ganization and completion of regiments were delayed. It inter-
posed obstacles by interposing a pretended divided authority

CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL BUTLER. 281

in the State. In the case of General Butler, whatever may be
thought of his original authority to recruit six regiments of
infantry in New England, it is clear that it was modified, and
made to conform to the law of Congress, by subsequent orders of
the War Department, - that he was to report to the Governor,
and the regiments, so far as Massachusetts was concerned in
raising them, were to be raised, organized, and officered as the
Governor should direct. Two regiments were a liberal por-
tion for Massachusetts to raise of the six authorized to be raised
for his command. The Governor promised the President
and Secretary of War to aid in their completion to the ex-
tent of his ability ; but, having given his promise first to Gen-
eral Sherman to furnish certain regiments for him, he asked
that his promise to General Sherman should be fulfilled before
undertaking to recruit new regiments for General Butler. In
part fulfilment of this qualified promise, however, he designated
the Twenty-sixth Regiment, then nearly completed, and the
Twenty-eighth Regiment , when completed, to form the con-
tingent of Massachusetts for General Butler's command. Not-
withstanding this. General Butler proceeded to recruit two new
regiments of infantry, three new companies of cavalry, and one
new company of artillery, in this State. He established a camp
in Lowell, and another in Pittsfield. He promised persons
commissions, which no one could issue but the Governor ; he
appointed recruiting officers, and enhsted men, and, in so doing,
wholly ignored the act of Congress, and the orders and au-
thority of the Governor. The Governor had either to succumb
or resist ; to sink the Commander-in-chief of the State and
become a mere recruiting officer, to issue commissions to men
whom he did not know or respect, or to sustain the whole dig-
nity of his position as a magistrate, and his honor as a gentle-
man.

Those who knew Governor Andrew can feel no doubt as to
the course he would pursue in such an exigency. Without
any of the pride which mere place sometimes gives, without any
of the arrogance which power sometimes nourishes, without
desire of self-aggrandizement or unmerited personal favor, with
an entire absence of that "insolence of office" which weak men

282 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

often show, he was at the same time the proudest, the firmest,
the most determined enemy of any thing like mere pretension,
come from whatever source it might. He never took a posi-
tion which he had not first well considered ; and, when his position
was taken, nothing but a clear conviction that he was wrong
could make him change from it. Though no man cared less for
power than he did, no man was more conscientious and scrupu-
lous in the exercise of it. His authority as Governor he re-
garded as delegated to him by the people. He held it in trust,
to be exercised for their benefit, and to be trampled upon by no
man. Hence, what may have appeared to some who have read
this correspondence as matters of no moment, and which might
have been passed by without objection, the Governor viewed
as an indignity to the office he filled, involving principles which
could neither be compromised with honor, nor ignored with
silence. By pursuing this firm and steady course, he was en-
abled in the end to preserve inviolate the rights of the State,
the dignity of its chief officer and the demands of public justice.
It was these, traits of character which made him honored and
respected while Uving, and caused him to be mourned for when
dead, even as the children of Israel, when bondmen in a strange
land, mourned their captivity, and hung their harps upon the
willows which grew by the waters of Babylon.

CHAPTER VI.

The Campaign of 1862 - Meeting of the Legislature - Ex-Governor Clifford
elected President of the Senate - His Speech - Alexander H. Bullock elected
Speaker of the House-Speech of Mr. Bullock - Of Caleb Cushing-Pro-
ceedings of the Legislature - Abstracts of Military Laws passed - Massa-
chusetts Prisoners in Richmond - Clothing sent - Letter from Adjutant
Pierson - Expedition of General Bumside - Capture of Roanoke Island -
Massachusetts Troops first to land - Care of the Sick and Wounded - Dr.
Hitchcock sent on - The Wounded in New York - Colonel Frank E.
Howe - Establishment of the New-England Rooms - Care of the Sick and
Wounded - The Army of the Potomac - The Wounded at Williamsburg -
Letters of Colonel Howe - Every Assistance given - The Agencies of the
State for the Care of the Men - The Office in Washington - Colonel Gardiner
Tufts, Mrs. Jennie L. Thomas, Robert C. Carson, William Robinson, appointed
Agents -Visits of the Adjutant-General, Colonel Ritchie, and Colonel John
Q. Adams, to the Front-Report to the Governor - The Appearance of
Washington - Reports of Edward S. Rand and Dr. Bowditch - First Massa-
chusetts Cavalry at Hilton Head - Our Troops in North Carolina - Appoint-
ment of Allotment Commissioners - Their Valuable Services - Letters of
the Governor -Rule for making Appointments - Illegal Recruiting - Colonel
Dudley - Thirtieth Regiment - Captured Rebel Flags - Death and Burial
of General Lander - Letters of Governor to Secretary of War - Secretary
of the Navy - To the President on Various Subjects - Letter to General
Bumside - Secretary Chase - The Retreat of General Banks - Great Excite-
ment - Troops sent forward - Militia called out - The Position of our Regi-
ments - The War in Earnest.

At the close of the year 1861 and the beginning of 1862,
Massachusetts had filled every demand made upon her for troops,
and most of them had been sent to the front. The Twenty-
eighth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-first Regiments, nearly recruited
to the maximum, were yet in camp ; but they were sent forward
in January and February, 1862. Massachusetts regiments and
batteries were in front of Washington and at Fortress Monroe ;
five regiments were at Annapolis, ready to embark in General
Bumside' s expedition against North Carolina. One regiment
and a battery were at Ship Island, in Mississippi, waiting orders
from General Butler. In the Army of the Potomac, we were

284 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Ihe Strongest. Gunboats officered and manned by Massachu-
setts men kept watch and ward on the Southern coast, or carried
the flag upon far-off seas. Officers remained here on recruiting
service ; and enlistments were made to complete new regiments,
and to fill the depleted ranks of those at the seat of war.
Wounded officers and soldiers were at home on furlough or dis-
charged for disability. The "empty sleeve " was seen daily in
our streets ; and maimed veterans hobbled up the steps of the
State House on crutches, on their return from distant hospitals,
to show their honorable discharge papers, and tell in modest
words of their toils and dangers.

The Legislature met at the State House, on Wednesday,
Jan. I, 1862. Hon. John H. Clifford, of New Bedford, for-
merly Governor of the State, was chosen President of the Senate,
and Stephen N. Gifford, clerk. On taking the chair, Mr.
Clifford referred to the present state of the country, to the war
which existed, and to the duties which were imposed upon the
Legislature. They were then in a new and untried exigency of
public affairs, and subject to the solemn and momentous re-
sponsibiUties which attach themselves to every position of public
trust.

"We should fail, I am sure, to reflect the prevailing sentiment of
the people of Massachusetts, and show ourselves unworthy the gen-
erous confidence of our respective constituents, if we could permit a
word of party strife to be uttered within these walls. Whatever may
be his professions, he is no true patriot, who, in this season of his coun-
try's peril, cannot rise to such a height as to lose sight of all those lines
of political difference, which, in more peaceful and prosperous times,
have divided the people of the Commonwealth, or who is not ready to
sacrifice every thing but principle to make and keep them a united
people. Already have the gallant sons of Massachusetts, native and
adopted, of every class and condition, and holding every variety of
opinion upon controverted questions of policy and principle, marched
as a band of brothers to the field to uphold the common flag, or to fall
in its defence."

Hon. Caleb Gushing, of Newburyport, senior member, called
the House to order ; in doing which, he made a short address,
and referred to his services as a member in years that were past,
and said, -

THE LEGISLATURE OF 1862. 285

"At other times, the wordy warfare of party, the strifes of faction
might be tolerated and endured, if not encouraged and applauded.
Such is not the present hour. Higher and greater thoughts occupy us
now. I confidently believe that you, gentlemen; will prove your-
selves equal to the emergency; that you will rise to the height of
your duties; and that, taking the Constitution for your loadstar and
your guide through the troubles of the times, you will dedicate your-
selves to the single object of contributing, with heart and soul, to
uphold, to re-establish, and to perpetuate our sacred and beloved
Union. That we resolve and determine to do, with the good help
of God."

The House then made choice of Hon. Alexander H. Bullock,
of Worcester, Speaker of the House : he received every vote
cast. William S. Robinson, of Maiden, was elected clerk. On
taking the chair, Mr. Bullock also referred to the existing war,
and to the duty of Massachusetts in regard thereto.

"More than thirty thousand of the men of Massachusetts are at this
moment far from home, in arms, to preserve the public liberties along
the Upper and Lower Potomac, among the islands and deltas of the
Gulf, or wherever else they have been called 'to follow that imperilled
but still radiant flag."

He closed with these words : "In the service of the State at
all times, but especially at the present, the least of duties is a
part of the impressive whole."

On Friday, Jan. 3, the two branches met in convention to
administer the oath of office to the Governor and Lieutenant-
Governor elect, and to listen to the annual address.

The Governor, in his address, made a broad survey of the
military field of observation, and the part which Massachusetts
had taken in the war during the year preceding; The amount of
money expended by the State, for war purposes, was $3,384,-
649.88, of which there had been reimbursed, by the United
States, the sum of $987,263.54 ; leaving an unpaid balance of
about $2,500,000. This was exclusive of the amount paid by
the several cities and towns of the Commonwealth for the sup-
port of the families of soldiers, under the act passed at die extra
session of 1861, which amounted, in the aggregate, to about
$250,000, which was to be reimbursed from the treasury of

286 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

the State, and raised by direct taxation upon the property in
the Commonwealth. Upwards of half a million of dollars had
been expended in the purchase of Enfield rifles, and about
twenty-four thousand dollars for English infantry equipments.
Five thousand more Enfield rifles had been contracted for in
England; but the English Government had placed an interdict
against the export of arms and munitions of war to this country,
which prevented, for a time, the completion of the contract.
The Governor also referred, at considerable length, to the coast
defences of Massachusetts, and the exertions which he had made
to have them placed in proper condition.

Next to the harbor defences of Boston in importance was the
harbor of Provincetown, at the end of Cape Cod, which was
accessible in all weathers without a pilot, with excellent an-
chorage, in which whole navies might ride in safety. It was
best adapted to be the base of naval operations. It was utterly
undefended, and could easily be taken from us by the enemy.
The Governor, in referring to other matters, not of a military
character, speaks of the national cause; and as the result of
the war, which is but die revolt of slavery, he regards its ulti-
mate extinction as inevitable. "Yet I mean, as I have done
since the beginning of secession, to continue to school myself
to silence ; nor can I suspect that my opinions can be miscon-
ceived ; nor do I believe that the faith of Massachusetts can be
mistaken or misinterpreted."

The only question which he could entertain is what to do,
and, when that was answered, is what next to do; "for by
deeds, and not by words, is this people to accomplish their salva-
tion." The great rebellion was to be put down, and its pro-
moters crushed beneath the ruins of their own ambition.; and
now, he says, -

"When the beauty of their Israel has been slain in our high places,
and when her Lee and Revere, Rockwood and Bowman, lie in felon's
cells, and hundreds of her sons wear out their hearts in sad captivity,
-victims of their valor, and devotion to our Union, - one irre-
pressible impulse moves our people, and inspires our people in the field ;
one prayer to see the day when an army of loyal Americans shall
hammer at the doors of their prison-houses, and with both hands

PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEGISLATURE. 287

pledged to the solemn task of war, and with neither hand averted to
uphold the institution which is the cause of all this woe ; and that their
bow shall not turn back, and their sword return not empty, until their
grand deliverance shall be completed."

He speaks in fitting words of praise of the action of the Legis-
lature of Maryland, in appropriating money to relieve the
suffering condition of the widows and orphans of the Massa-
chusetts men killed by the mob in Baltimore on the 19th day
of April, and calls it "an oasis in all the resentment of the
hour." The address concludes as follows : "Inspired by trust
in God, an immortal hate of wrong, let us consecrate to-day
every personal aspiration, every private hope, in one united
apostrophe to our country and her cause, - 'Where thou goest,
I will go ; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge ; thy people
shall be my people, and thy God my God : where thou diest
will I die, and there will I be buried.'"

The Governor the same day transmitted to the Legislature a
letter from Secretary Seward, urging that expenditures be
made by the State for the defence of its coast, which he had
no doubt that Congress would sanction and reimburse; also,
a letter, dated Dec. 20, from Brigadier-General Joseph C.
Totten, Engineer Department, U.S.A., giving a detailed state-
ment of the different surveys made in time past of the defences
on the coast of Massachusetts ; also, a letter addressed to His
Excellency by Colonel Ritchie, of his personal staff, upon popu-
lar military instruction, in which a review was given of the dif-
ferent systems in Europe, and recommending that military art
be encouraged and taught in some of our public schools, and
higher seminaries of learning.

Jan. 6. In the House. - Mr. Gushing, of Newburyport,
introduced an order that the Committee on the Militia con-
sider the expediency of making provision for the families of
citizens of the State engaged in the naval service of the United
States during the existing war, similar to that made for those in
the land service. The order was referred.

Jan. 7. In the House. - On motion of Mr. Maglathlin,
of Duxbury, the Committee on the Militia were instructed to
consider the expediency of the State paying the expenditures

288 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

made by the cities and towns of the Commonwealth for uni-
forming and drilling volunteers during the present war.

Mr. Heard, of Clinton, offered an order, which was referred
to the Committee on Federal Relations, that the Governor be
requested to communicate with the President of the United
States in regard to obtaining the release of Colonel Lee and
Major Revere of the Twentieth Regiment, and of Captains
Rockwood and Bowman of the Fifteenth Regiment, who are
confined as hostages, in a felon's cell in Richmond, for cap-
tured rebel privateersmen.

Jan. 8. In the Senate. - Mr. Stockwell, of Suffolk,
from the Committee on Printing, reported in favor of printing
two thousand extra copies of the Adjutant-General's Report.

In the House. - Mr. Brown, of Taunton, introduced an
order directing the Committee on the Militia to consider the
expediency of amending the law of 1861, so that each city
and town shall provide for the support of persons who may be
dependent on volunteers of this State mustered into the United-
States service, and that each city and town shall be reimbursed
from the State treasury for the money so expended.

Jan. 9. In the House. - On motion of Mr. Stanwood,
of Essex, the Committee on the Militia were instructed to
report an amendment to the State-aid law, so as to extend its
provisions to the families of Massachusetts soldiers who have
enlisted in regiments belonging to other States.

Jan. 10. In the House. - Mr. Carver, of Newburyport,
introduced an order instructing the Committee on the Mi-
litia to inquire what amount of money was paid to the three
months' volunteers, while in the service of the State and before
being mustered into the service of the United States, and what
amount may now be due them for commutation pay.

Jan. 13. In the Senate. - A bill was reported from the
Committee on the Militia, granting State aid to the families
of the volunteers in the regiments raised in this State by
General Butler. An attempt was made to suspend the rules
and pass the bill through its several readings, but did not
prevail.

In the House. - On motion of Mr. Davis, of Plymouth, it

PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEGISLATURE. 289

was ordered, that the Governor be requested to communicate to
the House the correspondence relating to the recruiting of
troops in this Commonwealth by General Butler.

Jan. 14. In the Senate. - The bill to give aid to the
families of volunteers recruited in this State by General Butler
was passed to be engrossed.

In the House. - Mr. Roberts, of Lakeville, offered an
order, directing the Committee on the Militia to consider the
expediency of making certain amendments to the State-aid law
of 1861.

The Senate bill to give aid to families, &c.. was passed
through its various stages, under a suspension of the rules.

Jan. 17. In the Senate. - On motion of Mr. Northend,
of Essex, the Committee on Printing were directed to con-
sider the expediency of printing three thousand extra copies
of the Adjutant-General's Report, in addition to those already
ordered.

In the House. - On motion of Mr. Manning, of Reading, it
was ordered, that the Committee on the Militia consider the
expediency of amending the militia law, so as to make all the
enrolled miUtia do military duty.

Jan. 20. In the House. - On motion of Mr. Pierce, of
Dorchester, it was ordered, that the Committee on the Militia
inquire whether the blankets, which were contributed by the
people of the State to relieve the necessities of the volunteers
in the service, were delivered to the soldiers as gifts, or were
charged to them at the market price.

Mr. Chandler, of Boston, moved that the same committee
consider the expediency of authorizing the Governor to enter
into contracts immediately for the manufacture of heavy ord-
nance for the coast defences of Massachusetts, and also for
instituting a camp of instruction for artillery.

Jan. 23. In the Senate. - A message was received from
the Governor, returning the bill to grant State aid to the
families of volunteers recruited by General Butler, with his
reasons for not signing it. The Governor was in favor of
granting the aid as contemplated ; but the bill was imperfectly
19

290 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

drawn. He pointed out the errors which it contained. The
message was laid upon the table.

In the House. - Mr. Burbank, of Boston, from the Com-
mittee on the Militia, reported that the troops in the three
months' service had been paid by the Commonwealth, from the
time of being ordered out by the Governor until mustered into
the United-States service, $9,580.63. There was nothing more,
due them, and nothing more had been claimed by them.

On motion of Mr. Pierce, of Dorchester, the Committee on
the Militia was requested to consider the expediency of requiring
the State Treasurer, or some suitable person, to act as allotment
commissioner for such sums as the soldiers in the field may allot
of their pay for themselves or families.

Jan. 30. In the House. - A message was received from
the Governor, calling the attention of the Legislature to the
illegal enlistment of men in Massachusetts by persons coming
from other States. Laid on the table, and ordered to be
printed.

Jan. 31. In the House. - Mr. Pierce, of Dorchester, re-
ported a resolve appropriating $500,000 for the manufacture of
ordnance for coast defences.

Feb. 3. In the House. - The above resolve was debated,
and passed to a third reading by a unanimous vote.

Feb. 7. - Mr. Burbank, of Boston, from the Committee on
the Militia, reported a bill concerning the custody and distribu-
tion of funds of the Massachusetts volunteers.

On motion of Mr. Curtis, of Roxbury, it was ordered, that
the Committee on the Militia be authorized to send for persons
and papers on the matter of blankets and other articles contrib-
uted for the use of the soldiers.

Feb. 11. /n the Senate. - The veto message of the Gov-
ernor, of the bill granting State aid to the families of volunteers
recruited by General Butler, came up by assignment. The
Governor had informed the Militia Committee, that, since the
message was sent in, the Secretary of War had placed these
troops to the credit of Massachusetts, and under the authority
of the Governor, the same as other regiments ; and therefore no
further legislation was necessary, as they would come within the

PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEGISLATURE. 291

provision of the law of 1861. The whole subject was then laid
upon the table.

Feb. 15. In the Senate. - Mr. Thompson, of Hampden,
from the Committee on the Militia, submitted a report upon all
the orders which had been referred to them concerning State
aid to soldiers' families. The report was accompanied by a bill,
which provided that State aid should be paid to the families of
Massachusetts soldiers who were in the New-York regiments,
and whose famihes resided in this State. It also provided that
the same should be paid to the families of Massachusetts men
who should thereafter enUst in the navy.

Feb. 20. In the House. - Mr. Chandler, of Boston, from
the Committee on Federal Relations, to whom was referred the
resolve requesting the Governor to communicate with the Pres-
ident in favor of an exchange of prisoners, recommended that the
resolve ought to pass. Mr. Chandler made a long and able
report in favor of the object sought for in the resolve, which was
ordered to be printed.

Feb. 26. In the Senate . - A long debate ensued upon the
bill granting State aid to families of volunteers. That part of
it relating to families of men in the navy was stricken out.
Pending the consideration of other amendments, the Senate
adjourned.

March 1. In the Senate. -The bill concerning State aid,
&c., was amended, and passed to be engrossed.

March 3. In the Senate. - Mr. Northend, of Essex, an-
nounced the death of Brigadier-General Frederick W. Lander,
and delivered a short but touching eulogy upon his life and
character. He also introduced a joint resolution in honor of the
deceased, which was passed unanimously.

March 5. In the House. - A message was received from
the Governor concerning three rebel flags, which had been cap-
tured by the Massachusetts regiments in the battle at Roanoke
Island, N.C. A resolution was adopted to have the flags placed
in the House of Representatives during the remainder of the
session. Patriotic speeches were made by Mr. Field, of Stock-
bridge, and by the Speaker of the House, Colonel Bullock.

March 6. In the House. - The Senate bill granting State

292 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

aid to the families of volunteers was discussed during the greater
part of the day, and was passed to a third reading, yeas 100,
nays 73.

Nothing further of material interest to the volunteers, or in
relation to the war, was considered during the session. The
acts passed by the extra session the year before left little more
to be done for the soldiers.

The session continued until the 30th of May, when both
Houses were prorogued, having passed 226 acts and 117
resolves.

Among the laws passed by the Legislature at this session
was one declaring that the term of enlistment of a person in the
military or naval service shall not be taken as part of the
Period limited for the prosecution of actions of such persons,
and that, if defaulted, he may sue out a writ of review, and that,
when absent, the court may continue or suspend the suit ; also,
a resolve authorizing the Governor to build one or more iron-
clad Monitors for coast defences ; also, authorizing the Treasurer
to receive and distribute moneys remitted by Massachusetts vol-
unteers, and to notify the treasurer of the town in which the
family of the soldier resides, who was to notify the party to whom
the money was due, and to pay the same free of charge. All
such money was exempt from attachment, by trustee process or
otherwise. If the money remained in the State treasury over
thirty days, interest was to be allowed. A resolve was passed
appropriating five hundred and fifty dollars to reimburse expen-
ditures made for the reUef of the Massachusetts prisoners of war
at Richmond and elsewhere; also, a resolve authorizing the
Governor to take measures for the removal of the sick and
wounded soldiers of Massachusetts to their homes, the expenses
of which were to be paid from the treasury of the State ; also,
a resolve authorizing the Governor to arrange for the reception
and treatment in State hospitals of such of our wounded and sick
seamen and soldiers as they can accommodate, to be paid for by
the State ; also, an act authorizing towns to raise and appropri-
ate money for the aid of the families of the soldiers, not to
exceed one dollar a week for the wife, and one dollar a week
for each child and parent, provided that the whole sum shall not

OUR PRISONERS AT RICHMOND. 293

exceed twelve dollars per month for all the persons named, the
money thus expended to be annually reimbursed to the cities
and towns from the treasury of the State ; also, a resolve
thanking Adeline Tyler, of Baltimore, for the kind, humane, and
Christian services rendered by her to our soldiers who were
wounded in Baltimore, April 19, 1861; also, resolves acknowl-
edging the liberal appropriation of the State of Maryland for
the relief of the wounded, and to the families of the killed, of the
Sixth Regiment in Baltimore, on that memorable day.

The clothing and blankets forwarded to Richmond for the
comfort of the Massachusetts prisoners confined there was con-
tained in thirty-six cases. Lieutenant Charles L. Peirson,
adjutant of the Twentieth Regiment, was one of the prisoners at
Richmond. He was permitted by the rebel authorities to
receive and distribute the articles. In a letter addressed by
him to the Quartermaster-General of Massachusetts, dated
Richmond, he says, -

"I have distributed the articles, and find the invoice correct. I find
the number of prisoners to be nearly four hundred. By strict economy
in the distribution, they are all, with hardly an exception, completely
clothed. There are, however, some sailors of the crew of the ' Massa-
chusetts' who are badly off. I hope soon to see them provided for.
I have sent part of the clothing forward to those Massachusetts soldiers
who are in New Orleans and Tuscaloosa. One hundred and seventy-
five, including some of the Fifteenth and Twentieth men, are to be
sent to Salisbury, N.C., to-morrow ; and the remainder will follow in
a short time. Mr. Faulkner called upon me yesterday, and assured me
that the rebel privateers in New York were much better cared for than
Colonel Lee and his associates in Henrico County jail, and promised to
use his influence to render their condition more comfortable. I hope
soon to represent Massachusetts under the stars and stripes."

The military expedition under General Bumside, to invade
North Carolina, commenced embarking on board transports at
Annapolis, on the fifth day of January, 1862, and sailed from
that port on the ninth and tenth. The military force was
divided into three brigades, of five regiments each. One-
third of the whole force was from Massachusetts ; comprising
the Twenty-first, in the Second Brigade, commanded by Gen-

294 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

eral Jesse L. Reno, and the Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth,
Twenty-fifth, and Twenty-seventh Regiments, in the First Bri-
gade, commanded by Brigadier-General John G. Foster. The
most intense interest was felt in Massachusetts for the safety
and success of this expedition. The report reached Boston,
on the twenty-third day of January, that shipwreck and disaster
had befallen the fleet, which gave pain to many hearts. The
report, however, proved groundless, although the ships had
encountered a succession of severe storms for nearly two weeks
the ships were at sea ; great difficulty was encountered in cross-
ing the bar at Cape Hatteras, which was at length successfully
surmounted. When the fleet came to anchor off Roanoke
Island, an escaped slave came on board the ship to General
Bumside, with whom he had a long interview, and gave much
valuable information in regard to the best place to land, and
the force of the enemy on the island.

The troops disembarked on the seventh day of February. A
detachment of General Foster's Brigade, and the Twenty-fifth
Massachusetts, was the first regiment to land and invade the
soil of North Carolina. The capture of the island, the bravery
exhibited by the troops, and the large number of prisoners taken
from the rebels, made it one of the most successful and brilliant
exploits, up to that time, of the war. The Massachusetts regi-
ments were conspicuous for their bravery and good conduct, and
captured three rebel regimental colors. On the reception of the
news of Burnside's success, great joy was felt throughout the
Commonwealth, although many homes were made desolate by
the death of members who had fought, and won the victory.
The news of the battle reached Massachusetts on the fifteenth
day of February ; the battle having been fought on the eighth.
The Legislature was in session ; and a number of the members
requested the Governor to send a special agent to the island to
take care of the wounded. He at once selected, with great
judgment, Hon. Alfred Hitchcock, of Fitchburg, a member
of the Executive Council, and one of the most experienced
and skilful surgeons in the State. The doctor reached the
island in the quickest possible time, where his services as a
surgeon were put in immediate requisition. He remained there

RETURN OF SICK AND WOUNDED. 295

several weeks, and assisted in preparing the convalescents for
transportation to New England.

On the seventh day of March, one hundred and twenty-five
sick and wounded soldiers were placed on board a steam
transport, by order of General Burnside ; and Dr. Hitchcock
was placed in charge of them, with full power to provide for their
wants, and procure transportation to their several homes. They
reached Baltimore on the evening of the 9th of March. On
arriving at New York, the wounded soldiers were welcomed
by Colonel Frank E. Howe, our Massachusetts agent, and
amply supplied with whatever was necessary for their wants.
The Massachusetts men, seventy-one in number, were at once
forwarded by rail, and reached their homes or hospitals before
the thirteenth day of March. At the New-York and New-
Haven depot, in New-York City, a cruel and unjustifiable
detention occurred in the embarkation of these wounded men,
which eUcited some very sharp criticisms in the loyal papers of
that day, and in letters of Dr. Hitchcock and Colonel Frank
E. Howe to Governor Andrew.

Colonel Howe writes to the Governor, from New York,
March 11, " Received telegram from Dr. Hitchcock at two
o'clock at night, got up immediately, did all I could for him
and his poor men. Dr. Hitchcock is a remarkable man. It
was very rough for him and all his men. I have spent a
good many dollars to-day." Also telegraphs the Governor the
same day, "Dr. Hitchcock leaves with his men in half-past-
three-o'clock train. They will need litters, carriages, and re-
freshments."

During the mondi of March, a large number of other sick and
wounded soldiers were forwarded by General Burnside. March
25, Colonel Howe telegraphs to the Governor, "One hundred
wounded men from Burnside left Baltimore this morning, mostly
Massachusetts men. Shall take good care of them." Same
day, he writes to the Governor, "Dr. Upham has just arrived,
with thirty Massachusetts men, - Major Stevenson, Lieu-
tenant Nichols, Lieutenant Sargent, Sergeant Perkins, and
others. We shall get them off to-morrow morning by the eight-
o'clock train. A hundred and fifty men, who left Baltimore

296 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

this morning, have not yet arrived." On the fourth day of
April, Surgeon-General Dale made a report to the Governor, in
which he submitted a plan of forwarding the sick and wounded
men of the Massachusetts regiments, which would obviate much
of the confusion and delay heretofore experienced. He says
that Colonel Howe had leased in New York a large, commodi-
ous, and well-ventilated store, on Broadway, for the accom-
modation of the returning sick and wounded, and that Dr.
Satterlee, the army purveyor stationed there, had provided them
with one hundred and fifty iron bedsteads, with bed-sacks,
blankets, sheets, and pillow-cases. He would also furnish
medicines, dressings, and every thing necessary for the comfort
of the sick and wounded in this temporary building. Colonel
Eaton, U.S.A., would furnish subsistence, and Colonel Tomp-
kins, United-States Quartermaster, would furnish transportation.
Nothing is wanted of the State, except an ambulance wagon.

Colonel Howe writes, April 6, "The store is nearly ready.
Every thing is in it but baths and cooking ranges, and those
I am at work on day and night, and am ready to take in and
care for the wounded soldiers from any and every where.
Plenty of money, heaps of hearts ready and determined.
I have got all the United States officials with us, and as
many of the surgeons as we want. The community is with
us, and we feel sure that we have the Almighty with us."

About the middle of March, General McClellan began his
movement against Richmond, by a change of base from before
Washington to the James River. It was not until the middle
of April that the Army of the Potomac was ready to advance.
Yorktown was captured April 26 ; and the battle of Williams-
burg was fought May 5, in which Hooker's brigade bore a
conspicuous part, and the Massachusetts First and Eleventh
Regiments suffered severely.

From that time until the retreat of McClellan, in August, the
Army of the Potomac stood with its face towards the rebel
capital, every foot of its onward march contested by the rebels,
and almost every mile of its advance a battle-field. Many of
the Massachusetts dead were embalmed, and sent home to their
relatives for burial by the graves of their kindred. Many of

COLONEL HOWE IN NEW YORK. 297

the wounded were forwarded to the North ; the military hospi-
tals at Washington, Fortress Monroe, and elsewhere being
filled to repletion. On the 13th of May, the first instalment
of the wounded at Williamsburg reached New York. Colonel
Howe on that day telegraphs to the Governor, "1 am com-
pelled to send off thirty-three wounded to-night, by eight-o'clock
train, all able to walk, - all from Williamsburg. Twenty-six
of them belong in Boston. The transport ' Daniel Webster '
in, with three hundred more." Next day, - May 14, - he tele-
graphs, "I send, by eight-o'clock train, six bully Chelsea boys,
of the First Regiment, in care of a Councilman, John Buck,
also five more brave fellows. All will have to ride from
the depot. We are with the sick and wounded day and night,
ladies and all. Have one hundred at rooms, and one hundred
and fifty coming in this morning. Not one complains." Every
assistance in the power of the Governor, the Surgeon-General,
and other State officers, was rendered the brave men, upon their
arrival in Boston. Among the many despatches received at
this time is one dated New York, May 18, to the Governor :
"Have sent forty-eight men, - Twenty-third Regiment, - by
five-o'clock train, to Boston, from Bumside's Division, all able to
travel." This, on being referred to Surgeon-General Dale, was
remmed to the Governor, with this characteristic indorsement :
"The men came four hours ago ; and I am sorry I was not in-
formed of it, though none of them required medical assistance,
probably ; yet it is better to be there when they arrive. It looks
more friendly, and as if the State was solicitous about them.
No harm done now, however."

From this period until the end of the war, the number of our
sick and wounded soldiers increased; and the duties of die seve-
ral State agents were rendered more important and arduous.
The Governor was fortunate in the selection of gentlemen to fill
these places, and discharge these duties. The most important
of these agencies was the one established in Washington, of
which Colonel Gardiner Tufts, of Lynn, was placed in charge.
A brief sketch of its origin and subsequent growth deserves a
place in this volume, and may as well be given now as here-
after.

298 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

When our Sixth Regiment reached Washington, April 19,
1861, it was ordered to the Capitol, and quartered in the Senate
wing. No provision had been made for the wounded; but by
advice of Major McDowell, U.S.A., they were taken in car-
riages by the Massachusetts residents, who met the regiment at
the depot, to the Providence Hospital. This institution is under
the direction of the Sisters of Charity. Here the first wounded
in the war were kindly and tenderly cared for. On the same
evening, a meeting of the Massachusetts residents was held, to
organize a society to look out for the wants of the Massachu-
setts soldiers. We have before us the original copy of the con-
stitution which was adopted, with the names of the original
members, who signed it. The preamble is in these words : -

"The undersigned, now or formerly citizens of Massachusetts, in
order to secure, by organization and mutual co-operation, proper care
for the wounded and disabled, and decent interment for the dead, of
the Massachusetts troops which are now or may be on duty in this
vicinity, do form ourselves into a society, to be called the Massachu-
setts Association."

This preamble expresses, in clear language, the object of the
association. This was the first organization of the kind formed
in the war. The names of the original signers were Ben.
Perley Poore, George W. McClellan, Charles F. Macdonald,
Arthur W. Fletcher, Arnold Burgess Johnson, Ira Murdock,
William Stimpson, I. 0. Wilson, Nathan S. Lincoln, Edward
Shaw, Henry 0. Brigham, H. H. Pangborn, J. Wesley Jones,
Z. K. Pangborn, Judson S. Brown, B. Fanuel Craig, B. W.
Perkins.

The meeting for the choice of officers was held in the old
Senate Chamber, in the Capitol. George W. McClellan, Sec-
ond Assistant Postmaster-General, was elected president ; Z. K.
Pangborn, vice-president ; Charles F. Macdonald, surgeon and
treasurer ; and A. B. Johnson, secretary. This society appointed
Miss Lander, of Salem, to distribute proper articles for the sick
and wounded. Before the end of April, it was in successful
operation. Upon the arrival of our Eighth Regiment at Wash-
ington, Lieutenant Herrick, of the Beverly company, whose,
foot was severely wounded by the accidental discharge of a mus-

STATE AGENT AT WASHINGTON. 299

ket in the rotunda of the Capitol, was taken to the supreme-
court room, where his foot was amputated. It was then de-
cided to fit up the room as a field hospital; and it became the
first army hospital established in the Rebellion. Its beds were
soon all occupied ; and the care of sick and wounded devolved
upon the members of the association, who were promptly sec-
onded by the Massachusetts ladies then in Washington. Miss
Lander, of Salem, sister of the late General Frederick W.
Lander, was a leader in these good works. She " headed the
advance-guard of that corps of mercy." This volunteer associa-
tion fulfilled its mission. As the war went on, many of the
most active members entered the army and navy. The de-
mands for hospital accommodations now required the action of
the Government, and an organized system. In the summer of
1862, when the sick and wounded were returned in great num-
bers from the peninsula of Virginia, the Governor decided to
appoint Gardiner Tufts the agent for Massachusetts in Wash-
ington ; and, on the 18th of July, Mr. Tufts was commissioned
for that purpose.

His instructions were prepared at the State House, and for-
warded to him. He was to prepare a weekly report of the dis-
abled Massachusetts soldiers in Washington, with the company
and regiment to which they belonged. As far as practicable,
he was to visit the hospital in person, and supply all proper
wants of our men. He was to communicate with the families
of the patients, stating their wants, and how the needed sup-
phes could be forwarded. He was to have an oversight of the
burial of the dead, and, when requested by their friends, to
have the bodies forwarded, at the expense of the parties re-
questing it. He was to aid the soldiers with money in return-
ing home, if they had not sufficient for their wants themselves.
The instructions, were very comprehensive, and drawn with
marked ability. They covered every service which an agent
could do, or a soldier require.

Mr. Tufts entered upon his duties July 28, 1862. There
were, at that time, forty-four army hospitals in the District
of Columbia, Fairfax, and Falls Church, Va. The battles of
Cedar Mountain, second Bull Run, Chantilly, and Centreville,

300 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

soon after increased the sick and wounded to sixty hospitals,
which were filled. The first business of the agent was to ascer-
tain the number of Massachusetts soldiers among the sick and
wounded, also their condition, the regiments to which they be-
longed, and what assistance they required. Nearly five hun-
dred of our men were in these hospitals ; and the whole number
upon the books of the agency, as having been in the hospitals
in that department, during the war, was seventeen thousand
four hundred and eighty-eight, of which seven hundred and
thirty-six died. Soon after the appointment of Mr. Tufts, an-
other society, composed of Massachusetts men, living in the
district, was organized, under the name of the "Massachusetts
Soldiers' Relief Association," the members of which visited the
hospitals regularly, and ascertained the name and condition of
every Massachusetts soldier, and relieved his wants. This
organization ceased some time in 1863 ; and the labor which the
members had performed devolved upon the State agent, who
was empowered to employ persons to visit the soldiers, for which
they were paid by the Commonwealth. By systematic effort,
the agent, during the entire war, was enabled to ascertain the
exact condition of every patient belonging to the State, and to
have a perfect record in his office. The greatest number
of persons employed at any one time was eighteen. This
was in December, 1864. All accessible battle-fields were visited
by the agent, a knowledge of our wounded obtained, and assist-
ance rendered. In May, 1864, when General Grant began his
memorable advance toward Richmond from the Rapidan, a field-
agency, was established, following the army, which continued in
successful operation until the end of the war. During the
general exchange of prisoners, which began in December, 1864,
a force of the agency was maintained at Annapolis, Md., and
information of great value obtained in regard to our men who
had suffered and who had died in rebel prisons, and much needed
assistance was rendered.

Up to Jan., 1, 1867, over twenty-five thousand letters had
been written at the agency at Washington, which covered
twenty thousand pages of letterpress. During the same
period, about five hundred and sixty thousand dollars had

STATE AGENTS AT PHILADELPHIA AND BALTIMORE. 301

been collected from the Government for soldiers or their heirs
without charge. During this period, the total amount of money
transactions of the agency was $721,722.87. The total num-
ber of names of Massachusetts soldiers invalided during the
war at the agency was 36,151, the names of whom had,
from time to time, been reported by Mr. Tufts to the State
authorities. Many more interesting facts connected with the
agency might be given; but those already stated are suf-
ficient to show its importance, and to make manifest the ar-
duous and faithful labors of the agent, in grateful recognition
of which the Governor appointed Mr. Tufts an assistant adju-
tant-general, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, The entire
cost of the agency to the Commonwealth was thirty-five thousand
dollars. We cannot close this brief sketch without expressing
our acknowledgments to Colonel Tufts, for the services rendered
by him to the sick and wounded soldiers of the Commonwealth;
and also to Mrs. Jennie L. Thomas, of Dedham, who was
appointed in October, 1862, to assist Colonel Tufts in his
humane labors, and whose devotion to the cause and kindness
to the worn and weary of Massachusetts soldiers, suffering from
honorable wounds or from fevers engendered by exposure in the
Wilderness of Virginia, the morasses of the CaroHnas, and the
swamps of Mississippi and Louisiana will never be forgotten by
them.

Agencies were also formed in Baltimore and Philadelphia.
William Robinson was appointed to take charge of the first
named, and Robert C. Carson of the last. Mr. Robinson
had been kind to our soldiers who were wounded on the
19th of April ; and Mr. Carson had been distinguished for his
attention to our men on their way to the front, and on their
return, while in Philadelphia. Mr. Robinson died before the
close of the war ; Mr. Carson was appointed assistant quar-
termaster-general, and commissioned by the Governor lieu-
tenant-colonel. These two agencies were of much assistance to
the State authorities, and of material service in many ways,
especially as useful auxiliaries to the two great agencies in New
York and Washington, at the heads of which were Colonel
Howe and Colonel Tufts.

302 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

In addition to the agencies established by the Governor to
guard the rights and protect the suffering soldiers of Massachu-
setts, members of his staff, at various times, were sent to the
front to look after them, to report their condition, and ascertain
if any thing could be done by the State to render them more
comfortable. The Governor also frequently visited the Massa-
chusetts regiments, and made himself personally acquainted
with their condition. During the year 1862, which was one
of much disaster and suffering, the Adjutant-General, Colonel
Ritchie, Colonel John Q. Adams, and Dr. Bowditch, were
sent to the front and visited our men, and reported to the Gov-
ernor all matters of interest in relation to them. An abstract
of these reports we now present.

The Adjutant-General left Boston on the 21st of January.
He remained in New York one day, and visited the Twenty-
eighth Regiment, which was in the old fort on Governor's
Island, New-York Harbor. The cold and gloomy casemates,
in which they were quartered, and the badly provided commis-
sariat, caused much suffering and discontent among the men.
He hurried on to Washington that night, and the next morning,
accompanied by Senator Wilson, called at the War Department,
and had an interview with Adjutant-General Thomas, and ac-
quainted him with the condition of the regiment. The latter
promised to lay the subject before the Secretary of War imme-
diately. The Adjutant-General says, " I waited three days be-
fore I could see him again ; and it was not until I received your
Excellency's letter, inclosing a copy of a letter from Captain
Barrett complaining of the treatment of this regiment, that I
was enabled, with Senator Wilson's assistance, to have action
taken by the War Department. Secretary Stanton issued
orders immediately, by telegraph, to the commander of the fort
and to the colonel of the regiment, which I subsequently ascer-
tained were of great service in obtaining the necessary comforts
for the men. On my return to New York, a fortnight after, I
found the regiment in good condition." The Twenty-eighth
sailed, on the 16th of February, from New York, to join General
Sherman at Port Royal, S.C.

The Fifth Battery was encamped on Capitol Hill, and had

VISIT TO THE ARMY. 303

been assigned to General Franklin's division. The officers had
preferred to be put in General Fitz John Porter's division, as
he had many Massachusetts regiments in his command. This
he effected with the aid of Messrs. Elliot and Gooch, members
of Congress. He next visited the camps of the Seventh and
Tenth Regiments at Brightwood, about six miles from Wash-
ington. He says, "Although the weather had been bad, and
the roads were in a condition hardly conceivable by a New-
Englander, I found the officers and men in good health and
excellent condition. There was but one man sick in the Sev-
enth, and the Tenth had not a single person in the hospital.
The men lived in comfortable log huts, which they had built
themselves, and were quite well satisfied with their quarters.
After spending some pleasant hours with the officers, and making
an inspection of the men's quarters, I returned to Washington,
much pleased with the day's labors." The journey was made
on horseback ; and he was accompanied by Captain Dudley,
U.S.A., then stationed in Washington, but who was shortly
after appointed by the Governor colonel of the Thirtieth Regi-
ment ; and by Major Fletcher, United-States paymaster. The
next two days, he remained in Washington, transacting business
at the War Department, and endeavoring to secure the accept-
ance of Maxwell's company of sharpshooters, but failed to
accomplish it. The report then proceeds : -

" Having obtained a pass from General McClellan, I proceeded to
the Virginia side to visit the Massachusetts troops beyond the Poto-
mac. I passed over the Long Bridge about nine o'clock, and was
surprised at the number of wagons, equestrians, and pedestrians,
moving through the mud into Virginia. At the end of the Long
Bridge is Fort Runyon, garrisoned by a company of the Massachu-
setts Fourteenth [shortly afterwards changed to the First. Heavy
Artillery]. The other companies of this command are near, at Forts
Albany and Hamilton ; the main body being at Fort Albany, the
headquarters of Colonel Green."

Here he spent an hour, and then rode on to visit the Ninth,
Eighteenth, and Twenty-second Regiments, and the Third and
Fourth Batteries in General Porter's division. The roads were
shocking. He stopped at General Blenker's headquarters.

304 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

which were in what had formerly been a cross-roads tavern.
He was kindly received, and was introduced to a number of
the staff officers. They were all foreigners, among whom was
Prince Salm-Salm, who has since become famous for his ex-
ploits in Mexico, under the late Emperor. Blenker's brigade
was composed almost entirely of German regiments. The
Massachusetts regiments named above were encamped near
Hall's Hill. The camps of many of the regiments were
decorated with evergreens ; beautiful arches, made of pines and
cedars, adorned the company streets. On a large, open field,
between the German and the Massachusetts camps, he witnessed
a spendid sham-fight, in which upwards of five thousand men,
of all arms of the service, took part. After making a pleasant
call at the headquarters of the Eighteenth and Twenty-second
Regiments, where he found the men in good health, and supplied
with every necessary for camp life, he passed on over Hall's
Hill and Minor's Farm, through fields made desolate by war,
to the camp of the Ninth Regiment, stationed within a mile of
Fall's Church, which was plainly in sight, though it was within
the rebel lines, where pickets were plainly visible. "Between
Hall's Hill and the camp of the Ninth is a large field, where a
skirmish had taken place some months before. The graves of
the men who had fallen, and the skeletons of dead horses, half
buried, mark the spot."

He found Colonel Cass in his tent, and received from him a
warm and hearty welcome. The regiment was full, and not a
sick man among them. General Morrell, who commanded the
Brigade, came over to Colonel Cass's quarters in the evening,
and stopped several hours.

" That night I slept under canvas; and, although it rained inces-
santly, not a drop came through. The next morning, I saw the regi-
ment in line ; and, notwithstanding the snow and rain which continued
to fall, the ranks were full. I saw most of the officers, and passed
many pleasant hours with this regiment. On my return, Colonel Cass
accompanied me as far as Fort Albany. On our way, we called on
Major-General Porter, and arranged with him about receiving our
Sixth Battery. We also called at the headquarters of Brigadier-
General Martindale, but he was absent; but I was glad to find, in a

GENERAL SCHOULER'S REPORT. 305

tent near by, our old friend Dr. Lyman ; also. Captain Batchelder,
late of the Twenty-second Regiment, now on Martindale's staff. We
then proceeded over fields of fallen timber, and across ravines, for
about four miles, to Fort Cass, which was constructed last summer
by the Ninth, and named in honor of their colonel. After warm-
ing ourselves and drying our clothes, we started across the country
towards Fort Albany, passing through several camps ; among them,
that of the Nineteenth Indiana, commanded by an old veteran friend
of mine. Colonel Meredith. At Fort Albany, we parted with Colonel
Cass ; he returning to his regiment, and we to Washington, and
reached our hotel about six o'clock."

We never saw Colonel Cass in life again. He was mortally
wounded before Richmond, and died July 12, 1862. The
report continues, -

"I had been two days on horseback, through a continued storm of
rain and snow, with mud up to the stirrups part of the way ; and yet I
never had a more delightful journey."

Two more days were passed in Washington, transacting busi-
ness at the War Office. On the third day, accompanied by
Colonel Coffin, of Newburyport, went on board a steamer,
and were taken to Budd's Ferry, about fifty miles flown the
Potomac, on the Maryland side. Here were the First and
the Eleventh Regiments, which formed part of General Hook-
er's brigade. We quote again : -

" On the opposite side from the landing, one of the rebel batteries
was distinctly visible. The roads from the landing to the camps of our
regiments were the worst I ever saw. At one place, a wagon of the
Second New-Hampshire Regiment was stuck fast in the mud. The
forward wheels were completely out of sight, and the thin, red mud
was running into the bottom of the wagon. We soon came to a de-
tachment of the First Regiment, under command of my friend. Captain
Chamberlain, of Roxbury, making a corduroy road. After a tiresome
ride on horseback of two hours, we came to General Hooker's head-
quarters."

We had a pleasant interview with the General, and then went
forward to the regiments, where we met with a hearty welcome.
Colonel Cowdin was acting Brigadier-General. The regiments
were comfortably quartered, and there were but few in the hospi-

306 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

tals. We remained in Colonel Cowdin's quarters all night, made
an inspection of the regiment next morning, and, taking a
friendly good-by of officers and men, rode back to the ferry, and
reached Washington that night.

The next day " (says the report), " I went to see General Barry,
chief of artillery, with Captain Davis, of Lowell, to have his com-
pany, which has been at Fortress Monroe ever since May last, changed
to a light battery, as recommended by Major-General Wool."

The change was made the next day, and the company was
from that time known as the Seventh Light Battery Massachu-
setts Volunteers. On the following day, we went to Baltimore,
where the Seventeenth Regiment and the First Light Battery
were stationed. We received a hearty welcome from officers
and men; visited the barracks and the hospital. There was
more sickness in the regiment than in any others we had
visited, which we attributed to its close proximity to a large
city. The number in hospital was thirty. The report says, -

" The officers take good care of the health of the men. Both the
regiment and battery are highly esteemed by the loyal citizens of Bal-
timore, several of whom I saw, and conversed with."

On the same evening, we left Baltimore in a steamer for
Fortress Monroe, and Arrived there the next morning. We
paid our respects to Major-General Wool, who was in command
of the department. He spoke warmly in praise of our State,
and of the Massachusetts troops in his command. We quote
again : -

" I remained three days at Fortress Monroe and Newport News,
and had an excellent opportunity of becoming acquainted with the
condition of our Sixteenth and Twenty-ninth Regiments. Here, as
elsewhere, I found our men in general good health, and earnestly de-
siring to advance on the enemy. Colonel Wyraan is almost, idolized
by his regiment (the Sixteenth), which he has brought to a high
state of discipline. Colonel Pierce had taken command of the Twenty-
ninth a short time before my arrival. From all I can learn, his ap-
pointment seemed to give general satisfaction ; and I believe he will be
an efficient and popular officer. The New-York Ninety-ninth is sta-
tioned near Fortress Monroe, and commanded by my old friend. Colonel

COLONEL RITCHIE'S REPORT. 307

Wardrop.* As nearly one-half of his regiment is composed of Mas-
sachusetts men, I regret he does not hold a Massachusetts commission.
Captain Davis's company, to which I have before alluded, is stationed
inside of the fortress, and is permanently attached to the garrison."

We remained at Fortress Monroe three days, and then re-
turned direct to Boston. We succeeded in getting from the
regiments correct rolls of desertions, discharges, and deaths,
since they had left the Commonwealth. These rolls were
of great value in correcting the descriptive rolls at the State
House, and in preventing frauds in paying the State aid to the
families of soldiers. We were absent from the State about
three weeks.

It was difficult to realize the change which the war had made
in Washington and vicinity. Soldiers were everywhere. From
the dome of the Capitol, a splendid view was obtained of the
different camps, in which were stationed a hundred thousand
armed men, - the nucleus of what afterwards became the Grand
Army of the Potomac. The railroad from the Susquehanna
was guarded by soldiers, along the entire line, to Washington.
Pennsylvania Avenue was patrolled by detachments of infantry
and cavalry. New regiments arrived daily, marched up the
avenue, crossed the Long Bridge into Virginia, selected their
camp-ground under orders of brigade commanders, pitched their
tents, lighted their camp-fires, and became a part of the living
mass wherein were centred the best hopes of loyal America,
and for whom the prayers, from a million family altars, as-
cended daily to heaven. No one can fully realize the grandeur
of the army, and the magnitude of the Rebellion, who never
visited Washington in the years when it was being fought.

On or about the 20th of July, the Governor despatched Colonel
Ritchie, of his personal staff, to the James River, to make a per-
sonal examination into the condition of the Massachusetts regi-
ments in General McClellan's army, which had fallen back from
before Richmond to the James River, near Harrison's Landing
and Malvern Hill. On the 28th of July, Colonel Ritchie had

* Colonel Wardrop commanded the Third Regiment of Massachusetts Mili
tia, in the three months' service.

3 08 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

reached Harrison's Bar, James River, Va., where he wrote a long
and interesting letter to the Governor. It appears that Colonel
Ritchie went by way of Washington, where he found General
Burnside, who had been summoned from North Carolina to a
consultation with General Halleck ; "and they both left, that
same day, for this place, to confer with General McCIellan.
This move on the part of General Halleck was intended to be
kept a great secret, and he left Willard's almost in disguise ;
but, though no one at Fortress Monroe or this point knew of the
visit, it was duly recorded by those admirable spies for the
enemy, the New- York papers. Generals Halleck, Burnside,
Reno, Parke, Cullom, and Sedgwick have all made most earnest
inquiries concerning the success of the recruiting in Massachu-
setts, and expressed the greatest satisfaction at your determina-
tion to fill up the old regiments first. At the same time, I fmd
that the almost universal feeling of the army is against the sys-
tem of bribing men to do their duty by large bounties, and in
favor of an immediate draft." General Burnside offered Colonel
Ritchie passage to Fortress Monroe in his flag-boat, which
offer was accepted ; and, finding that our Twenty-first and
Twenty-eighth Regiments were at Newport News, he deter-
mined to visit them at once. Captain Davis (Seventh Battery)
had left Fortress Monroe, that morning, with a force of infantry,
to reinforce against an apprehended attack. It was represented
to be in splendid condition.
The Colonel then writes, -

It may be useful to remark, that General Dix, in command at Fort-
ress Monroe, exercises a discretionary power, or revising power, at Old
Point, as to passes from the Secretary of War; and the vise' of the
provost-marshal is absolutely necessary to enable any one to get up this
river. I will also notice, for the information of any of the staff whom
your Excellency may see fit to send out here at any time, that, con-
trary to General Reed's opinion, I find my uniform an 'open sesame,'
while a civilian's dress would stop a man at every step."

Colonel Ritchie found, at Newport News, three divisions of
Bumside's corps, and General Stevens's division, from Hil-
ton Head. General Burnside expected to have, in a short time,
thirty thousand men ; but it was a curious fact, that not a regi-

COLONEL RITCHIE'S REPORT. 309

ment had been sent up the river to Harrison's Landing. He
found the Twenty-first Regiment, which had come from North
Carolina, " in fine condition," and only requiring a hundred and
fifty recruits to fill it up. Colonel Clarke, who commanded the
Twenty-first, informed Colonel Ritchie, that "he had forwarded
his recommendations for promotions, and had nothing more to
add, excepfing that he hoped your Excellency would not give
any commissions to officers who had resigned. I will add here,
that this is a point upon which I find the greatest sensitiveness,
in every direction. The number of resignations have been
scandalously large ; only those are accepted which are consid-
ered beneficial to the service ; and it would have a most disastrous
effect to send back men with increased rank, or with any
rank, who have shirked the hardships and exposures of the
army."

Colonel Ritchie next visited the Twenty-eighth Regiment,
which was composed, in great part, of men of Irish birth, and
which had been brought up from South Carolina to reinforce
the Army of the Potomac. It was stationed at Newport News,
and formed part of General Stevens's division. Of this regi-
ment, the Colonel writes, -

"They have made full returns of the number of recruits required.
Colonel Monteith is under arrest, and is now before a court-martial. H e
has been very ill, and is such a sufferer as to be unfit for duty. The
lieutenant-colonel has resigned. Major Cartwright is in command, and
is an excellent officer. The regiment is composed of splendid mate-
rial; but it requires two new field officers, of energy and capacity, and
who are also gentlemen, to bring up its morale and discipline, which is,
at present, very unsatisfactory."

Colonel Monteith was a citizen of New York. He was
strongly recommended by James T. Brady, Esq., of that city,
and by prominent Irish gentlemen of Boston. The Governor
had no acquaintance with Colonel Monteith, but commissioned
him upon the representations made of his fitness by the gentle-
men referred to. In five days after Colonel Ritchie wrote the
report from which we quote, -viz., on the 5th of August, -
Colonel Monteith was discharged. Colonel Ritchie left Fort-
ress Monroe on Saturday, the 26th, for Harrison's Landing,

310 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

in the mail-boat, taking a gunboat as convoy from James Island,
about sixty miles up the river. The passage was somewhat
hazardous, and very exciting. On landing, he says, -

"I should have been miserably helpless, had not General Devens
sent down his orderlies, with horses and wagon, and Lieutenant
Church Howe, aide-de-camp to General Sedgwick, to show me the way.
We had to take refuge at this general's headquarters. This gave me a
chance of talking with him. He spoke most warmly of the Fifteenth,
Nineteenth, and Twentieth, which are in his division, Sumner's
corps. The officers he particularly commended were Hinks, whom
he has repeatedly urged for a brigadier-generalship; Palfrey, who,
he says, is a most excellent officer ; and Major Paul Revere, who, he
says, ought to have a regiment. General Sumner says that he has
offered Revere the inspector-generalship of his staff. Revere hesitates,
as he has made application for a position in one of the new regi-
ments."

The brigade commanded by General Devens included the Sev-
enth and Tenth Massachusetts Regiments. The brigade was in
Keyes's corps. These were next visited by Colonel Ritchie.
The Seventh had been but httle exposed in action, and was "in
magnificent condition. The colonel is held in high esteem."
The lieutenant-colonel was regarded as inefficient ; the major,
a most excellent officer. A board had been appointed to exam-
ine the heutenant-colonel, and he would probably resign. He
was discharged Oct. 4, 1862. A great many officers and men
were at this time in hospitals, and a good many enlisted men
had deserted. General Marcy, of General McClellan's staff,
"urged the importance of some appeal, by the Governors of
States, to the authorities of cities and towns, and the people in
general, to force deserters to return to their duties, and give
such information concerning such men as to get them returned."
Colonel Ritchie reports at great length in regard to filling the
existing vacancies in the Seventh and Tenth Regiments, and
gives a full and impartial review of the qualifications of those
who were naturally looking for promotions. The Tenth Regi-
ment wished to have an army officer appointed colonel in place
of Colonel Briggs, wounded, and promoted brigadier-general.
Captain Dana, of the regular army, was the choice of nearly all.

EDWARD S. RAND'S REPORT. 311

"Dexter F. Parker, who has resigned his commissariat to go into
the Hne is highly recommended by General Devens, for a major-
ship in the Tenth. Captain Parker said he would not go into
the regiment ; but, on the suggestion that the regiment might
get Captain Dana for colonel, Parker said, that, in such a case,
he would be too glad to go into it; that he knew Dana well,
and considered him one of the entirely honest and reliable men
and gentlemen in the Quartermaster's Department." Captain
Dana was not commissioned colonel of the Tenth, but Henry L.
Eustis, a graduate of West Point, was. Captain Parker was
conmiissioned major, and served until he was mortally wounded
in General Grant's advance from the Rapidan, and died May 12,
1864. The remaining part of Colonel Ritchie's report relates
to matters not of general interest, though of importance to the
Governor, in furnishing information to guide him in making
appointments to fill the vacancies in the Massachusetts regiments
in the Army of the Potomac.

Edward S. Rand, Esq., of Boston, who had a son, an officer
in the First Regiment of Massachusetts Cavahy, in April, 1862,
visited the regiment, then stationed at Hilton Head, S.C. Of
this regiment, much complaint had been made, even before it
left the State, concerning the severity of the discipline imposed
by Colonel Williams. These complaints reached the State
House; and Mr. Rand was requested by the Governor to in-
quire into them, and report the facts upon his return. The
report made by Mr. Rand was in the highest degree complimen-
tary to Colonel Williams, and to the condition of the regiment,
which had been brought to an excellent state of efficiency.
The charges of undue severity and cruelty, made by interested
parties, were declared to be entirely groundless. The men were
satisfied, were well cared for, and in good health. In conclu-
sion, he says, -

"I cannot omit mentioning a custom introduced by Colonel Wil-
liams, which I could wish prevailed in all the regiments of our vast
army. At the close of the dress-parade, each day, and before the parade
is dismissed, the chaplain, who has been standing in the rear of the
colonel, advances to the front, and, while officers and men stand un-
covered, offers a short and earnest prayer to Him who is the only
shield from danger, and the only Giver of all victories."

312 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Mr. Rand also visited the camp of the Twenty-eighth Massa-
chusetts Infantry, who were encamped near the cavalry. The
camp was kept clean, and the general health of the men good,
for which, he says, -

"Much praise is due to the skillful and attentive surgeon. Dr.
O'Connell, for his faithful discharge of duty, his care of the men;
and perhaps the highest praise will be found in the fact that in the
hospital were but four patients, all convalescent."

Dr. Henry I. Bowditch, of Boston, who also had a son,
an officer in the regiment, visited the regiment about the same
time. On his return, the Governor requested him to state, in
writing, his opinion in regard to the regiment, and upon the
general question of the best way to preserve the health of the
soldiers on duty in the extreme Southern States. Of the condi-
tion of the regiment, he fully confirms the favorable report of
it made by Mr. Rand. He says, -

"The drills are actively carried out, and the highest officers in the
army agree that, at times, they are equal to any in the regular cavalry.
Three times a week, the colonel has recitations, at which the highest
principles of military tactics are enforced. To sum up my opinion in
one sentence : I have very near and dear relatives, and many young
friends, in that regiment ; I should greatly regret, if, from any cause,
any of them should be compelled to leave the service of such a com-
mander."

Colonel Williams, at the time of his appointment, was a
captain of cavalry, U.S.A. He was a graduate of West
Point, and distinguished as a cavalry officer. He was a Vir-
ginian by birth, but never hesitated which was the path of duty
for him to tread. He was a strict disciplinarian, but he was
kind to his men. During the last two years of the war,
Colonel Williams was assistant adjutant-general of the army,
and was brevetted brigadier-general, for brave and meritorious
services.

John Quincy Adams, who was appointed on the personal
staff of the Governor to fill the vacancy occasioned by the
resignation of Colonel Horace Binney Sargent, who was ap-
pointed lieutenant-colonel of the First Massachusetts Cavalry,

COLONEL J. Q. ADAMS'S REPORT. 313

was directed by the Governor, in September, to visit the Mas-
sachusetts regiments in the Department of North Carolina, and
to report their condition on his return. These regiments were
the Seventeenth, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth,
'and the Twenty-seventh. The Seventeenth he found in camp
upon a fine plain across the river, westward from Newbem. It
was stationed there to guard the ends of two bridges which
span the river. The regiment was in excellent order, and the
men looked hardy and cheerful, and were under the command
of Lieutenant-Colonel Fellows. Colonel Adams requested a
report showing the exact condition of the regiment on that
day, -their wishes, wants, notes, or information in any way
appertaining to their condition, - in order that he might lay
the same before the Governor. But. the regiment was ordered
on an expedition up the Roanoke River, and Lieutenant-Colo-
nel Fellows promised to send the report home by mail.
Colonel Amory, of this regiment, had been for some time act-
ing as brigadier-general. Colonel Adams witnessed a review
of the regiment, and afterwards made a thorough inspection of
each company. He says, -

" I examined every musket personally, and almost every equipment,
and can say, with perfect satisfaction that their condition, in almost
every case, was admirable. The arms, particularly, were as clean and
bright as when they were issued. The regiment was then drilled by
Lieutenant-Colonel Fellows in various evolutions, concluding with the
drill as skirmishers, in all which the men showed careful and faithful
training, and most commendable proficiency."

The Twenty-third Regiment, Colonel Kurtz, had been sta-
tioned, since May preceding, in the town of Newbern itself,
where it-performed the duties of provost guard, Colonel Kurtz
acting as provost-marshal. He could not, therefore, speak of
the condition of their camp-equipage; but the barracks, which
he visited, were clean and orderly, and the appearance of the
men tidy and excellent. He also reviewed the regiment, and
inspected their arms and equipments, which were in perfect
order. " Altogether," he says, "the condition of the regiment
was very satisfactory, and reflects great credit upon their of-
ficers ."

314 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Colonel Adams next visited the Twenty-fourth Regiment,
Colonel Stevenson, who had been for some time acting as
brigadier-general ; and the command had devolved upon Lieu-
tenant-colonel Osborne. The regiment was in camp on a fine,
dry plain, about a quarter of a mile from the town. Every
thing was in perfect order, as he found upon careful inspection
of the arms and equipments, and of the camp. " Both
officers and men might well be a source of pride to the Com-
monwealth."

On the morning of the second day of his stay in Newbem, he
rode out to the camp of the Twenty-fifth Regiment, Colonel
Upton ; but neither he nor the lieutenant-colonel nor the
major were in camp at the time; but the adjutant was there,
and with him he examined carefully the camp, which was on a
fine, beach plain of very large extent, and admirably adapted for
a drill and parade ground, about half a mile from the centre of
Newbern, and westerly from the camp of the Twenty-fourth
Regiment. He says, -

"I was entirely satisfied with the appearance of the camp, and the
aspect of the men. Great neatness was evident in the cleanliness of
the company streets, and the men seemed tidy, cheerful, and contented.
I attended a dress parade of this regiment with General Foster, and
found their appearance admirable, and their drill excellent."

Colonel Adams says General Foster told him, -

" The first thing an officer should do is to try to make every man of
his regiment a dandy, proud of his appearance, the glitter of the musket,
and the polish of the brass on his equipments. When you see such a
man, be sure he is a good soldier."

The Twenty-seventh Regiment, Colonel Lee, he found
under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Lyman. Colonel
Lee was acting as brigadier-general. There were only five com-
panies in camp, the remaining five being engaged in picketing
the railroad to Beaufort, and thus scattered, in small squads,
along twenty miles of road. Colonel Adams could not see them.
Those in camp looked as well as any companies he had seen.

These comprised all the Massachusetts regiments in that
department ; and as each had made regular reports to the

APPOINTMENT OF ALLOTMENT COMMISSIONERS. 315

Adjutant-General of the Commonwealth, showing their exact
condition, nothing more was necessary to be done. Colonel
Adams says, -

" Major-General Foster repeatedly assured me, that he considered
them as good as any regulars in the army ; and he was never weary of
extolling the energy, efficiency, accomplishments, and bravery of Mas-
sachusetts officers, and the intelligence, docility, discipline, and courage
of Massachusetts privates."

Colonel Adams concludes his report in these words : -

"I was much impressed with the untiring energy and interest with
which General Foster looked after every thing within his reach ; and
I was pleased at the high commendation he bestowed upon Colonels
Stevenson, Amory, and Upton, in especial. I was the bearer of a
recommendation from him to the Secretary of war, that Colonels
Amory and Stevenson 'should be appointed brigadier-generals. He
desired me to solicit your recommendation for them also."

During the early part of the year 1862, three allotment com-
missioners were appointed by the President, as provided by acts
of Congress, passed July 22, 1861, and Dec. 24, 1861. These
acts provided, -

First, for the transmission, free of expense, of portions of
the soldiers' pay to their families or friends, as had been done
under the half-pay system in the navy.

Second, for the appointment, by the President, for each
State which chose to adopt this system, of three commissioners,
without pay, who should visit the troops, and invite each soldier
to avail himself of this opportunity.

In February, 1862, President Lincoln, upon the recom-
mendation of Governor Andrew, appointed, as commissioners
for Massachusetts ; Henry Edwards, of Boston ; Frank B. Pay,
of Chelsea; and David Wilder, Jr., of Newton. They imme-
diately proceeded to visit all the Massachusetts volunteers, - in
the Army of the Potomac, under General McClellan ; in the
Shenandoah Valley, under General Banks; and at Warrenton,
under General McDowell : and, when the Army of the Poto-
mac moved to James River, they accompanied it to Fortress

3 1 6 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Monroe, and to Yorktown. Allotments were made by the
First, Second, Seventh, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thir-
teenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twen-
tieth, Twenty-second, and Thirty-second Regiments, and the
Third and Fifth Light Batteries, and, subsequently, by the
Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, Thirty-seventh, Thirty-ninth, and
Forty-first Regiments, and the Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh
Light Batteries ; at a still later period, allotment rolls were
made up for the Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Forty-
third, Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, Forty-seventh,
Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, Fifty-second, Fifty-third,
Fifty-fourth, and Fifty-fifth Regiments,- making, in all, forty-
one different organizations which were visited, either in the field,
or at the camps at home, before the men were sent forward. The
Legislature of Massachusetts passed an act, March 11, 1862,
to carry out more perfectly the system of payments. Mr. J. P.
Wainwright, as a volunteer agent of the commissioners, aided in
getting the soldiers to make allotments, and, in the fulfilment
of this work, visited the Massachusetts regiments in the De-
partment of the Gulf. Communications were made by the
commissioners to the officers of the Massachusetts regiments,
pressing upon them the advantages, to the soldiers and to their
families, of the system. No allotments were received, how-
ever, from regiments not visited, except, in a solitary case, of
the Twenty-fourth, - Colonel Stevenson's regiment. Much
of the success in securing allotments in regiments depended
upon the interest felt, and the encouragement given, by its
officers. For instance, in one company, containing eighty-
three men, seventy-four, following the example of a worthy
captain; allotted a portion of their pay ; and thirty-three of
these, mostly young men, placed it in the State Treasury on
interest, subject, at anytime, to their order, properly approved
by the commanding officer of their company; and two regi-
ments allotted about seven thousand five hundred dollars a
month each.

The allotment system was simply this : The sums allotted
were deducted by the paymaster on each pay-day, and forwarded
to the State Treasurer for distribution, or by separate checks to

ALLOTMENT COMMISSIONERS. 317

the family, according to the system adopted by the State. Our
Massachusetts system proved most satisfactory, as it avoided all
risk of chance of omission by transmission of a check by mail,
and secured payment directly to the family at home. The pay-
ments to the soldiers, from the General Government, were to be
made at or near the close of every two months, commencing with
January. But, owing to sudden or hazardous movements and
other causes, these payments were often delayed, and both the
men and their families were much distressed. To remedy this
evil, - in part, at least, - and secure, if possible, the retention
of a large share of the soldiers' wages at home, the Massachusetts
Legislature, in 1863, at the suggestion of Governor Andrew,
passed an act, authorizing the State Treasurer to assume the pay-
ment of all the Massachusetts volunteers, provided that Congress
would permit this to be done. For some reason, permission was
not given, much to the regret of the soldiers and the Massachu-
setts authorities. The act passed by the Legislature of Mas-
sachusetts, March 11, 1862, provided that the Treasurer of
the Commonwealth should receive and distribute, without ex-
pense to the soldiers or their families, all money which our
volunteers might forward for this purpose ; and that the distri-
bution should be made to parties in the State by the Treasurer
of the Commonwealth, through the town and city treasurers,
who were to notify the persons to whom the money was as-
signed, and, if they failed to call for it, return the money to
the State Treasurer, who placed it on interest, until further
order from the soldier. Persons living out of the State, to
whom money was assigned, were to be notified ; and, upon the
return of a proper order or draft, the amount was forwarded,
by a check upon a bank in Boston or New York, as would best
serve the interest of the claimant. In many cases, the money
was directed by the soldier to be placed at once in the State
Treasury, where it drew five per cent interest, thus virtually
making the State Treasury a savings bank.

It appears, from the report of the State Treasurer for 1866,
that the first allotments forwarded to him were in April, 1862 ;
and that -

318 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

The whole amount, for that year, including about

$40,000, placed on interest, was $202,905.56

In 1863, including $90,000 on interest, was. . . . 698,297.76

Also, allotments of State bounties 190,012.50

In 1864 and 1865, including State bounties. . . . 2,144,136.65

In 1866, for deposits by State paymaster 2,294.65

Total $3,237,647.12

At the close of the year 1866, all this money, excepting
$76,269.15, which remained on interest to the credit of eight
hundred and seventy soldiers, had been distributed ; and the bal-
ance awaited the appearance of the men, or their legal representa-
tives, to whom it will be paid.

It is evident, from these figures, that the system of allotment,
and the very able and satisfactory manner by the commissioners
and the State Treasurer, was of very great utility. It secured
to many men and to their families much money which would
otherwise have been wasted ; and it induced and encouraged a
habit of saving, the effect of which may have a material, bene-
ficial influence upon those who practised it. It also lessened
the taxes which would otherwise have been imposed upon the
Commonwealth. To the members of Congress, who in-
augurated this admirable system, and to Governor Andrew and
the Legislature, who encouraged it, and especially to the com-
missioners, who gratuitously, at great expense of time and
money, performed this onerous service, the soldiers and the
State owe a debt of gratitude.

The letters written by the Governor, during the year, relate
chiefly to military matters, - many, in the early part of the
year, to the appointment of regimental and company officers.
Governor Andrew had established a rule for making appoint-
ments, from which he seldom departed during the Rebellion.
This rule was based upon the principle of selecting the best
men he could find, without regard to personal or political affini-
ties. Whenever he could obtain the services of an experienced
and educated officer to command a Massachusetts regiment, he
commissioned him. The selection of officers for commands he

APPOINTMENTS BY THE GOVERNOR. 319

regarded as the most solemn duty which the war imposed on
him. We have often heard him say, when asked to appoint
persons whose claims upon his favor were based upon the fact
that the candidate and his family exercised a local, political in-
fluence, -

"Such considerations impress me with no force. The appoint-
ment is in no manner a political one. The man I shall commission is
he who can best command his men, care for their health, lead them
bravest in battle, and, by his intelligence and capacity, save life and limb
from needless sacrifice. This I owe alike to the men themselves, to
their families they leave behind, and to common humanity."

Of course, he did not, at all times, make the best choice ; but
he endeavored to, and thought he had succeeded. We remem-
ber one rather remarkable case, where the Governor erred in
making selection of a captam in the Twenty-second Regiment
The Governor believed the person whom he selected to be best
fitted for the command. The Adjutant-General believed, and
so reported, that the gentleman who was to be a lieutenant
in the company should be made captain. The Governor, how-
ever, did not change from his original purpose ; and the commis-
sions were made out as originally determined upon. The
person commissioned captain never attained higher rank : the
one commissioned heutenant rose to be a major-general of vol-
unteers, and gained a reputation second to none, as an able and
accomplished volunteer commander, in the Army of the Poto-
mac, - we refer to Major-General Nelson A. Miles, now colo-
nel of infantry in the United-States army, who began his military
career as first lieutenant in the Massachusetts Twenty-second
Regiment, and whose military record reflects great honor upon
his native State.

Governor Andrew, however, seldom erred in his judgment of
men ; and we have no question that the officers selected by him
will bear a favorable comparison with those of any other State.
When a vacancy occurred after the regiment left the State, his
rule was to wait until a reconunendation of a person to fill the
vacancy was received from the officer in command of the
regiment, which recommendation required the approval and

320 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

indorsement of the officer in command of the brigade. If the
person recommended appeared, by the roster, to be junior to
others of the same rank, the colonel was written to for his
reasons for deviating from the military rule of seniority : if the
reasons returned were satisfactory and properly indorsed, the
promotion was made, and the commission issued; but, if
the reasons given were not satisfactory, - if they disclosed favor-
itism, family influence, or unjust prejudice, -the appointment
was not made, but the officer properly in the line of promotion
was commissioned. The Governor's mind was eminently just ;
he despised trickery and treachery, and all the small devices to
which mean natures resort to gain their ends.

On the 11th of January, the Governor writes to Montgomery
Blair, Postmaster-General, calling his attention to a bill re-
ported in the United- States Senate by Senator Wilson,
"providing, among other things, that vacancies occurring in
regiments of volunteers mustered into the United-States service

shall be filled by presidential appointment," and gives strong
reasons why it should not become a law. He concludes by say-
ing, -

"It is simply impossible that the volunteer officers can be well se-
lected at Washington. I make mistakes, make some exceptionable
appointments, find it out, and try to avoid similar errors again; and I
know how difficult is the task. Knowing its difficulty, I write you this
note, though the passage of the bill would relieve me personally from
much irksome and anxious duty."

The bill herereferred to never became a law ; and appointments
continued to be made by the Governors of States, until the end
of the war. On the same day, he writes a long and interesting
letter to Major-General McClellan, thanking him for the "as-
surance of your valuable aid in establishing our coast defences,
furnishing instructors for our volunteer artillerists," and asking
his influence to have a company accepted, "the rank and file of
which will be mechanics, riggers, carpenters, smiths, &c.,
for the special duty of garrisoning Fort Independence, putting
the fort in order, mounting and serving the guns." This com-
pany was, long afterwards, raised and accepted, of which Ste-

CORRESPONDENCE OF THE GOVERNOR. 321

phen Cabot was commissioned captain, and became the nucleus
of the Fort Warren Battalion.

On the 13th of January, the Governor writes three letters,
in regard to our coast defences, - one to the President, one to
our Senators and Representatives in Congress, and one to Secre-
tary Seward, - in which he argued the importance of the subject,
and that the General Government authorize it to be done by
the State, as " the State can do it with more expedition, and
economy than it can be done otherwise." These letters were
taken to Washington by Colonel Charles Amory, master of
ordnance of Massachusetts.

Jan. 13. - Colonel Browne, by direction of the Governor,
writes to Henry N. Hooper, of Boston, respecting an exchange
of prisoners : -

" Every thing that the Governor can do by prayers, entreaties, argu-
ments, and remonstrances, to induce the Federal Government to do
justice to our prisoners by instituting a proper system of regular ex-
changes, has been done in vain. The Federal Administration have
obstinately refused to institute such a system; and it is only by indi-
vidual effort that our fellow-citizens can extricate their fathers,
brothers, and sons from that Southern captivity."

Jan. 22. -Governor writes to Hon. Roscoe Conkling,
United-States House of Representatives, and now United-
States Senator : -

" I have received, and perused with lively gratification, your speech,
delivered on the 6th inst. For its lofty eloquence, and its tribute to
the valor and devotedness of our soldiers, - particularly of the men
of the Fifteenth and Twentieth Regiments, - I beg to tender you the
homage of respectful and hearty gratitude."

Jan. 27. - Governor writes to Edwin M. Stanton, who was
recently appointed Secretary of War, in place of Mr. Cam-
eron, -

"I have the honor to introduce John M. Forbes, Esq., of Boston,
one of the most eminent citizens and business men of Massachusetts.
He takes great interest in the subject of coast defences, of which Mr.
Seward wrote me, last October, but which, I believe, is now in the care
of your department. It is very desirable that MassachuseUs should act
21

3 22 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

promptly in every way in which her action is needful; and I desire not
to be remiss in any duty, but rather to anticipate than delay. Any
views imparted to Mr. Forbes would be received for the common
good."

Same day, to Hon. Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treas-
ury : -

"I have the honor to give notice, that Massachusetts assumes, and
will pay, her quota of the direct national tax ; and I inclose you a copy
of the resolve of the General Court, giving me authority to that
end."

Reference having been made, in the newspapers, to the letter
written by General Butler, reflecting upon the personal charac-
ter of Colonel Powell T. Wyman, of the Sixteenth Regiment,,
and the answer which the Governor made to it, it would ap-
pear that Colonel Wyman, on the 24th of January, wrote to
the Governor, as we find a letter written by the Governor,
Jan. 27, to Colonel Wyman, from which we extract the essen-
tial part : -

"Nothing contained in General Butler's letter lessens my estima-
tion of your qualities as a soldier and a gentleman ; nor, to my knowl-
edge, is there any officer connected with my staff who entertains any
other feeling towards you than such as was manifested continually dur-
ing your intercourse with us, while organizing your regiment. I have
heard but one expression of sentiment with regard to the affair ; and
that has been of very cordial sympathy with you, under the infliction
of so wanton, unprovoked, and unmerited an attack."

On the 30th of January, the Governor was suddenly called
to Washington, and was absent about ten days. It was while
in Washington at this time that the troops raised by General
Butler in Massachusetts were placed in the charge of the Gov-
ernor, and the irregular and illegal manner of raising regiments
ended ; and the "Department of New England" was discon-
tinued.

In January and February, persons representing themselves
recruiting officers for a Maryland regiment came to Boston, and,
by their misrepresentations of large pay and little service, in-
duced some thirty or forty men to enlist, and go with them to

LETTER OF COLONEL DUDLEY. 323

Baltimore. Upon arriving there, they found how miserably
they had been imposed upon. The promises held out were de-
lusive, and the men whom they had trusted were cheats. They
were left without money to support themselves ; and many letters
were received by the Governor and the Adjutant-General, asking
that transportation be furnished to return to Massachusetts,
Strenuous efforts were made by the Governor to have the men
released from the trap in which they had, been caught. We
find among his letters, at this time, many relating to this unfor-
tunate occurrence. He wrote to General Dix, then command-
ing at Baltimore ; to the Secretary of War ; to our members of
Congress ; to the Governor of Maryland ; and to the men. them-
selves. In a letter to one of our members of Congress, he
thus describes the transaction : -

"It has been done by the most dishonorable and outrageous fraud:;
and my efforts have been baffled, and these men and others have been
entrapped into organizations in which they find, only discomfort and
misery ; and I think that their condition appeals strongly to the sym-
pathy, as well as to the sense of justice, of the war Department."

He had the satisfaction in a few weeks to know that his
efforts had been successful. The men were released, and after-
wards enlisted in Massachusetts regiments.

Feb. 18. - The Governor writes to the Secretary of War, -

" I am informed by Colonel Dudley, that, from conversations he
has had with Major-General Butler, he is satisfied, and feels it his duty
to report to me, that, if I commission any other person than Mr. Jonas
H. French as lieutenant-colonel, he will compel him (Colonel Dud-
ley) to recognize Mr. French as such, and to repudiate the gentleman
I appoint, notwithstanding the commission. Colonel Dudley states,
that, as a pretence for this action. General Butler states to him-that
he proposes to rely on Special Order No. 11, of the current series of
your department, which is of course inoperative, so far as it under-
takes to designate officers over a body of men which it rests with me
alone to organize by the appointment of commissioned officers, but
which, nevertheless, Major-General Butler cites, in opposition to the
law. I respectfully suggest to you, that that order should be annulled,
and that General Butler should receive, from his commander-in-chief,
directions suitable-to the occasion, and to the demeanor thus assumed
by him."

324 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Colonel Dudley, who is here mentioned, was a captain in the
United-States army, - a Massachusetts man, - and had been
commissioned by the Governor colonel of the Thirtieth Regi-
ment.

At this time, the Governor had offered the lieutenant-col-
onelcy of the regiment to William S. Lincoln, of Worcester;
but, from some cause, a change was made, and William W.
Bullock, of Boston, received the appointment, and served with
the regiment until ill health compelled him to resign, Nov. 25,
1863

The following is the answer of the Secretary of War to the
letter above quoted : -

" This Department recognizes the right of a Governor to commis-
sion volunteer officers. If General Butler assumes to control your
appointment, or interfere with it, he will transcend his authority, and
be dealt with accordingly. The Adjutant-General will transmit to
General Butler an order that will prevent his improper interference
with your legitimate authority."

Feb. 19. - The Governor telegraphed Hon. John B. Al-
ley , member of Congress, -

" The gentlemen said to have been designated by the President, as
allotment-commissioners for Massachusetts troops, have received no
notice of their appointment. Will you ascertain why, and see that
notice is immediately forwarded ? Telegraph, if you succeed."

Feb. 20. -The Governor's private secretary. Colonel Browne,
writes to Colonel Dudley, -

" Govemor Andrew directs me to inclose to you the within photo-
graphic likeness of the young gentleman, Mr. Joseph W. Morton, of
Quincy, of whom he spoke to you, and who is acting as a non-com-
missioned officer in the Thirtieth Regiment. He hopes you may find
him qualified to be recommended for appointment to a first or second
lieutenancy. He is represented to be a person of careful education,
extensive travel, and general capacity."

It is proper to state here, that the Thirtieth and Thirty-first
Regiments of Infantry, recruited by General Butler in this

FORT WARREN BATTALION. 325

Commonwealth, and originally designated by him as the East-
ern and Western Bay-State Regiments, were sent from the
State to Louisiana without a single commissioned officer. Per-
sons selected by General Butler had been designated by him to
act as officer. As many of these persons acted in good faith,
and were believed to be competent to command men. Colonel
Dudley, of the Thirtieth, and Colonel Gooding, also an army
officer, who was commissioned colonel of the Thirty-first, were
directed by the Governor, upon joining their regiments in
Louisiana, to make a careful examination of the qualifications
of the gentlemen acting as officers, and to report to him the
names of those who were qualified, that they might receive their
commissions. This duty was performed,, and, in due time, the
officers were properly commissioned. The young gentleman,
Mr. Morton, referred to in the above letter, was afterwards
commissioned by the Governor in one the cavalry companies
raised by General Butler, and serving in the Department of
the Gulf He was a good officer, and died at his home in
Quincy, before the end of the war; from disease contracted in
the service.

Feb. 20. - The Governor writes to Mr. Stanton, -

" I earnestly desire authority to change the battalion at Fort War-
ren to a regiment. It consists of six companies, and needs the staff
officers pertaining to a regiment. Major Parker has repeatedly urged
this, and is by my side while now writing."

The battalion here spoken of was raised by Francis J.
Parker, of Boston, for garrison duty at Fort Warren, and
remained there until the retreat of General McClellan, in the
summer of 1862, from before Richmond, when it was sent
forward to the front, at a day's notice, to meet the pressing exi-
gency, which then existed, for additional forces. Previous to
this time, Mr. Stanton persistently refused to allow the bat-
talion to be recruited to a regiment. After it had left the State
for the seat of war, permission was given, and four new com-
panies were added to it, and it was designated and known, to
the end of the war, as the Thirty-second Regiment, Massachu-
setts Volunteers.

326 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Feb. 27. - The Governor writes to Colonel Tompkins, United-
States Quartermaster at New York, -

" The Rev. A. L. Stone, pastor of the Park-street Church in this
city, desires to visit Port Royal for the purpose of gathering informa-
tion concerning the moral and spiritual condition of tile ' contrabands
in that quarter. He is a suitable person to accomplish such a mis-
sion. May I hope that you will do what you can to facilitate Mr.
Stone's transit to and from Port Royal ?"

Feb. 28. -The Governor writes to the Adjutant-General of
Massachusetts, -

" I have just, this afternoon, had time to read your interesting
report, and I beg you would do what it reminds me of; namely, send
to Captain Davis, at Fortress Monroe, and-learn what is the present
state of his company. General McClellan agreed to change it to
artillery ; but as yet I have received no orders about it."

This letter refers to the report made by the Adjutant-General
of his visit to, the front, of which an abstract is given in pre-
ceding pages in this chapter.

March 3. -The Governor addressed a letter to Hon. A. H.
Bullock Speaker of, the House of Representatives, calling his
attention to a general order issued that day by the Adjutant
General of the State, concerning three rebel flags taken at
the battle of Roanoke Island by the Massachusetts regiments,
and says, -

" Such trophies are always prized by the soldier. They are earnest
proofs of his efforts and achievements in the performance of his peril-
ous duties. I confess that I received these with the utmost sympathy;
and I can but pay to the men who won that day my humble but hearty
and admiring gratitude,"

The Governor then states that the House of Representatives
would probably like to pay to our soldiers the honor of having
the flags displayed for a time in their hall and that any direc-
tion as would enable this to be done he would gladly concur in.
The flags were subsequently presented to the House, and were
displayed there until the end of the session.

March 3. -The Governor writes to Right Rev. Bishop Fitz-
patrick that he had no power "to order private McDonald's

FUNERAL OF GENERAL LANDER. 327

discharge : that rests alone with the Federal authorities. I
will, however, be happy to unite with you in presenting to the
Secretary of War, or the General-in-chief of the army, any
statement of reasons for requesting the discharge which is
desired."

March 4. - The Governor writes to Colonel Kurtz, Twenty-
third Regiment, at Newbern, N.C., -

"I wish to learn the place of burial of James H. Boutell. late
private in Co. K. Twenty-third Regiment. He died in the service,
and is supposed to have been buried at Hatteras ; also, the best means
for his friends to get his remains to Massachusetts. His wife, Mrs. Abbie
P. Boutell, resides in Wrentham."

March 9. - The Governor writes to Mr. Stanton, Secretary
of War, -

" I beg leave to report to you, that the honor you paid to the
memory of General Lander, by causing 'his remains to be' returned,
under a suitable escort, to his native State, was rendered complete by
the faithful and decorous manner in which the sad duty was fulfilled
by Captain Barstow, and the officers and soldiers accompanying him.
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and the city of Salem, the
place of General Lander's nativity, have received with much sensi-
bility the manifestation of grateful respect, on the part of the War
Department, toward a soldier and gentleman whose fame, now a part
of his country's history, is one of the precious possessions of those
from whom he went forth to her service and defence. His body now
rests in silence beneath the soil on which his youth was spent, and to
which it was committed with every' demonstration of regard on the
part of the executive and legislative branches of the government of
the Commonwealth, and on the part of the municipality of Salem, in the
presence of many thousands of his fellow-citizens, and with appropriate
military honors. With the fervent hope that we who survive him, and
are charged with leadership in our patriotic army, will vindicate on the
field an equal title with his to gratitude and admiration, and with
sentiments of the utmost regard, I am, sir, ever
"Your obedient and humble servant,

" John A. Andrew, Governor of Massachusetts. "

No words of ours can add to the respect and esteem with
which General Lander was held by the people of this Common-

328 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

wealth ; and no words of eulogy can be added which would give
significance and strength to the letter we have just quoted.

March 28. - The Governor wrote to Mr. Fox, Assistant
Secretary of the Navy, by which it appears that Mr. Fox had
sent to the Governor a copy of a letter "taken out of a
pocket of a secesh pea-jacket" by Commodore D. D. Porter,
commanding the fleet at the mouth of the Mississippi River,
and which related to a Mrs. Sarah A. Blich, of Holmes Hole,
who, it appeared, had been giving information to the rebels at
New Orleans. Inquiry was made by the Governor, and it was
ascertained that a person of that name resided there. He
writes, -

"She is a native of New Orleans, and was married to Blich last
spring. Her maiden name was Sarah A. Stickney. She has a
brother in the South, named William Stickney, who is undoubtedly
the writer of the letter in question. Her husband, Blich, is a sea-
faring man, and sailed recently on a voyage to Rio Janeiro ; he has
a brother who keeps a jewelry shop at Holmes Hole, and is now there.
Mrs. Blich is known to have used very violent language of a treasona-
ble character during the progress of the rebellion, and is believed by
my informants to be disposed to aid the rebels by information or other-
wise. My informants think it more than probable that she has been
a medium of communication with the rebels as intimated in her
brother's letter. I have not been able to ascertain who is the per-
son named 'Dora,' to whom the letter is addressed ; but I expect
within a few days to obtain information on that point also."

Nothing further in relation to this matter appears in the Gov-
ernor's correspondence.

On the ninth day of April, the Governor writes to Colonel
Frank E. Howe, New York, that Surgeon-General Dale had
made arrangements by which to have an ambulance kept at the
city stables, and that city horses would be furnished, without
expense, to be used for our wounded soldiers, whenever
required. An ambulance, therefore, was purchased ; and Colo-
nel Howe was authorized to purchase one, to be used for our
wounded in New York.

April 8. - The Governor writes to the President of the
United States : -

LETTER TO PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 329

"I have the honor, by the hand of Hon. Francis W. Bird, who is
specially deputed therefor, to place in your hands an engrossed copy
of the resolves of the General Court of Massachusetts, in approval of
your recent message to the Congress of the United States, in favor of
national co-operation with any State of this Union, in the abolishment
of slavery. I deem it due to the solemnity, interest, and importance
of the occasion, and to the earnest devotion of this ancient Common-
wealth, alike to the Union, the fame, and the happiness of these States
and people, as well as to her hereditary love of liberty, that this ex-
pression of her hearty concurrence with your great act, should receive
the most formal and cordial utterance. ... I devoutly pray that the
good providence of God will conduct your administration and this
nation through all the perils they encounter, and establish our country
on eternal foundations of impartial justice to all her people."

April 9. -The Governor telegraphs to the Secretary of
War, -

"Accept my congratulations on victories at Corinth, and the Mis-
sissippi. Do you desire extra surgeons from Massachusetts for the
care of wounded, there or elsewhere ? If so, there are several here,
of professional eminence, who, under the direction of our State Sur-
geon-General, are prepared to start immediately to any point of active
operations, giving their professional services gratuitously, from motives
of patriotism."

April 12. - The Governor writes to General Burnside, at
North Carolina, congratulating him upon his well-deserved pro-
motion, which has given " sincere as well as universal pleasure."
He then refers to a 'letter which he had received from Brigadier-
General Foster, that seven hundred and -fifty recruits were
needed to supply the losses in the four Massachusetts regiments
in his brigade. But just at this time, an order had been issued
from the War Department, discontinuing recruiting in every
State, and requiring recruiting parties to close their offices, and
join their regiments. The Governor telegraphed to Mr. Stanton
for permission to recruit for the Massachusetts regiments under
General Foster, and leave was granted. At this time, the gen-
eral superintendence of recruiting, in the different States, had
passed into the hands of the War Department ; and army offi-
cers were detailed, in various States, as military commanders,
who assumed control of all enlistments, mustering, subsistence.

330 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

and transportation of men. The military commander in Massa-
chusetts, in April, 1862, was Colonel Hannibal Day, U.S.A.

This change in mode of recruiting was not satisfactory at
first; but, after it was in operation some time, certain modifi-
cations were made by the War Department, and the State
and United-States authorities worked in harmony together.
The men asked for by General Foster were soon recruited, and
forwarded to North Carolina.

April 19. - The Governor writes to Mr. Chase, Secretary of
the Treasury, calling his attention to a communication of the
Treasurer of Massachusetts, which he inclosed to him, and
says, -

"The prominent fact to which I beg to allude with emphasis is, that,
after the passage of the tax act, we very much more than paid our share
of it by heavy expenditures, made at Mr. Cameron's request, and on
which we are losing the interest. I ask, therefore, that at least as much
as the amount of the tax assessed on Massachusetts should be paid to
is before we pay this tax. This is safe for the United States, and only
just to Massachusetts."

On the same day, the Governor wrote to the Secretary of the
Navy, introducing Hon. Joel Hayden, of the Executive Coun-
cil, and Edward S. Tobey, President of the Boston- Board
of Trade, who were deputed to confer with him in relation to
iron-clad ships. These gentlemen had a plan for iron-plating
four steamers, belonging to the Government, at Charlestown
and the Kittery Navy Yards, which, the Governor said, "would
render them invulnerable, and present them ready for action
and in sea-going trim in fifty days. If those vessels be-
longed to us," he continues, "we would undertake to prepare
some of them for service in this way ; but they belong to the
United States. If you will turn over to us one or two of them
we will be glad to take them, and have the work done ; and we
desire that the four should be thus treated." The proposi-
tion here made was not complied with.

As one of the many evidences of the firmness of purpose and
justness of decision of Governor Andrew, we give an extract
from a letter, dated April 29, to Brigadier-General Doubleday,
then on duty at Washington. A lieutenant-colonel of one of

CASE OF COLONEL OLIVER. 331

our regiments had been accused, by the colonel, of certain de-
hnquencies ; and charges were preferred to bring the case before
a court-martial. In a hasty and inconsiderate moment, the
lieutenant-colonel resigned, rather than stand trial. After the
resignation was accepted, the officer repented of his hasty act,
and sought to be restored by the Governor. Before acting upon
this request, he wrote to General Doubleday, to make inquiry
into the charges, and inform him what he thought of them.
From this letter we quote : -

"While I feel kindly towards Lieutenant-Colonel Oliver, I wish only
for exact justice, and would not restore him to the regiment, unless he
was unjustly accused. I am jealous of the honor of the Massachusetts
corps, sensitive to every thing which affects them, desirous of doing
exactly right, hit where it will. The matter lies in a narrow compass ;
and I wish to reach a speedy conclusion, founded upon a basis of es-
tablished proofs, which shall satisfy the demands of justice, truth, and
honor."

Lieutenant-Colonel Oliver was not restored to the regiment
from which he resigned, but was afterwards commissioned ma-
jor in the Second Regiment Heavy Artillery, which shows that
the Governor had been satisfied that the charges against him
did not affect his standing as an officer and gentleman.

April 30. - The Governor received the following despatch
from Major-General Wool, dated -

Headquarters Department of Virginia,
Fortress Monroe, April 29.

"I have just received your communication of the 26th inst. The
Government have made arrangements to send the sick and wounded
of the Army-of the Potomac to Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia,
New York, and Boston. Agents have been detailed to superintend for-
warding them."

This is the first despatch received at the State House in rela-
tion to the sick and wounded of General McClellan's army,
from which, for months following, the brave and ghastly suffer-
ers of that memorable campaign returned, to fill the homes of
their friends, and the hospitals of the Government. In con-
nection with these wounded and suffering men, we find a letter
written by the Governor, May 1, addressed to all officers, of.

332 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Massachusetts corps volunteer officers in the field, commending
to their courtesy and co-operation Dr. Alfred Hitchcock and his
assistant, Mr. J. W. Wellman, who were detailed to visit the
Massachusetts troops at Yorktown, Newbem, or elsewhere, and
to render such aid as might be practicable to the sick and
wounded in the field or hospitals, and transporting them to
their homes. Of Dr. Hitchcock's services, while thus detailed,
we have already spoken, but shall have reason to speak of them
again, when he visited, by direction of the Governor, the san-
guinary but victorious field of Antietam.

The first mention we find, in the Governor's letters, of
raising colored troops, is in a letter addressed by him to
Mr. Francis H. Fletcher, Pratt Street,, Salem, in which he
says, -

"No official information has been received at this department from'
the United-States Government, concerning the plan, which is now men-
tioned with favor, of raising colored regiments for garrison duty in the
Gulf and cotton States; nor is any thing known at this department
of the intentions of the United-States Government in that regard, beyond
what is published in the public prints. General Saxton, who is men-
tioned in the newspapers as being detailed to organize such a force, is
a native of Massachusetts, and a most worthy and humane gentleman,
as well as a skilful officer; and, if the report is correct, it is a very
judicious selection for such a duty and command."

It appears that Mr. Fletcher was a candidate for a commis-
sion in such regiments ; and the Governor offered him a letter
to General Saxton, and such other assistance as was in his
power, to obtain what he desired.

Dr. Le Baron Russell, of Boston, at the request of a com-
mittee of teachers and other friends of education in Massachu-
setts, visited Washington, for the purpose of arranging some
plan, under the sanction of the Federal authority, to enable
Massachusetts teachers and agents to participate in the humane
and benevolent work of improving the intellectual and moral
condition of the emancipated slaves within certain of our mili-
tary posts. He carried letters from the Governor to the Secre-
tary of War and other official persons, highly approving the
purpose of his mission. This appears to have been the com-

LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT. 333

mencement of the educational labors among the liberated slaves,
which has been attended with so much good.

On the 19th of May, the Secretary of War telegraphed to the
Governor to know if he could raise four more new regiments at
short notice, to which he replied affirmatively ; but, in the letter
expressing his readiness to comply with the Secretary's demand,
he says, -

" If our people feel that they are going into the South to help fight
rebels, who will kill and destroy them by all the means known to sav-
ages, as well as civilized man,- will deceive them by fraudulent flags
of truce and, lying pretences, will use their negro slaves against them
both as laborers and as fighting men, while they themselves must never
fire at the enemy's magazine;-I think that they will feel that the
draft is heavy on their patriotism. But, if the President will sustain
General Hunter, -recognize all men, even black men, as legally capa-
ble of that loyalty the blacks are waiting to manifest, and let them fight
with God and human nature on their side, - the roads will swarm, if
need be, with multitudes whom New England would pour out to obey your
call."

A copy of this letter was sent to the Governors of the New-
England States, in the thought that mutual conference might
be useful, and tend to unite and concentrate opinion in New
England upon the subject to which it relates.

On the 25th of May, received from Mr. Stanton the follow-
ing telegrams : -

"Send all the troops forward that you can, immediately. Banks is
completely routed. The enemy are, in large force, advancing on Har-
per's Ferry."

" Intelligence from various quarters leaves no doubt that the enemy,
in great force, are advancing on Washington. You will please organ-
ize and forward immediately all the volunteer and militia force in your
State."

Upon the receipt of these telegrams, orders were immediately
issued by the Adjutant-General for the militia of the Common-
wealth to report at once for duty on Boston Common, to pro-
ceed to Washington ; and four thousand men were in Boston,
and ready to start, on the 27th. But, on the morning of the

334 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

27th, the Governor received the following, dated midnight. May
26, from the Secretary of War : -

Two despatches have been received from General Banks, one dated
at Martinsburg, the other between Martinsburg and Williamsport, which
state that he has saved his trains, and the chief part of his command,
and expected to cross the Potomac at Williamsburg in safety. We hope
he may accomplish his purpose."

In consequence of the favorable change of affairs in General
Banks's command, the order to send forward the militia was
countermanded, and the men returned to their homes, most of
them disappointed that they were not to go forward.

The battalion raised for garrison duty at Fort Warren, com-
posed of six companies of three years' men, left, on the 27th, for
the front, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Francis J.
Parker ; and orders were received to recruit four new companies,
and make it a regiment, which was speedily done.

This was what was called afterwards "the great scare," and
many people blamed Mr. Stanton for the semi-sensational char-
acter of his telegraph messages. They certainly created the
wildest excitement throughout the Commonwealth ; and Boston,
in a degree, resembled Edinburgh on receipt of the fatal news
of Flodden Field.

June 2. - Governor telegraphs General Banks, Williams-
port, Md. : -

" Telegram received yesterday. Surgeon-General Dale has arranged
to supply your requisition immediately. I greet you cordially. All
honor to our brave Massachusetts men!

This was a request to send forward additional surgeons to take
care of the wounded in General Banks's command.

On the 4th of June, the Governor wrote Colonel George H.
Gordon, Second Massachusetts Volunteers, who had command
of a brigade under General Banks, -

Permit me, in closing, to congratulate you upon your nomination
to the rank of brigadier-general, and also upon the brilliant success
achieved by the withdrawal of our forces, with so little loss, from the
heart of the enemy's country, and against a force so completely over-
whelming."

DEPARTURE OF REGIMENTS. 335

The Governor had written, the day before, to Senator Sum-
ner, in favor of the confirmation, by the Senate, of Colonel
Gordon's nomination, and hoped "it would be unanimous."

The letters written by the Governor from the first of Janu-
ary to the first of July, 1862, fill five volumes, of five hundred
pages each : from these volumes we have made the extracts imme-
diately preceding. The letters in these volumes relate to every
matter of detail connected with our regiments in the field, the
proceedings of the Legislature, recruiting at home, coast de-
fences, building monitors, the sick and wounded, the State aid
to soldiers' famiUes, the selection of officers, the discipline of
the army, the delay of the Government to hasten warlike meas-
ures, -all which, though of great and lasting interest, are too
voluminous even to name by their titles and dates, in a work
like this. This herculean labor of correspondence was con-
tinued by the Governor until the end of the war ; and he re-
tired from the gubernatorial chair, after five years of official
service, which required more active thought and exertion, and
was freighted with higher duties and responsibilities, than had
been imposed upon all the Governors of the Commonwealth in
the preceding fifty years.

In the first six months of 1862, four thousand five hundred
and eighty-seven men had been recruited for three years' ser-
vice, and sent to the front ; also, a company of light artillery,
known as Cook's Battery, which was mustered in for six months'
service, - these men were in the Thirtieth Regiment ; three
companies of unattached cavahy, which left the State by trans-
ports for the Department of the Gulf, Jan. 3, 1862 ; three
companies of infantry, to complete the organization of the
Twenty-ninth Regiment, which was sent forward, Jan. 7, to
Fortress Monroe; the Twenty-eighth Regiment, which left the
State for South Carolina via New York, Jan. 8 ; the Sixth Bat-
tery, which sailed from Boston for Ship Island, Department of
the Gulf, Feb. 7 ; the Thirty-first Regiment, which sailed in
transport for Fortress Monroe, Feb. 21, and from Fortress
Monroe to Ship Island, Department of the Gulf; seven com-
panies, comprising what was known as the Fort Warren Battal-
ion, and afterwards as the Thirty-second Regiment, which were

336 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

sent forward to the Army of the Potomac, May 26 ; two com-
panies for the Fourteenth Regiment, shortly afterwards changed
to the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, which were sent to
join the regiment in Virginia, March 1, 1862.

One company, designated the First Unattached Company of
Heavy Artillery, was enlisted for three years, for service in the
forts in Boston Harbor, of which Stephen Cabot was commis-
sioned captain. On the twenty-sixth day of May, the First
Company of Cadets, Lieutenant-Colonel C. C. Holmes, was
mustered into the service to take the place of the Fort Warren
Battalion, which was ordered to the front on that day. The
Cadets remained on duty until July 1. The Second Company
of Cadets, of Salem, commanded by Captain John L. Marks,
was, mustered in May 26, for garrison duty in the forts at
Boston Harbor, and was mustered out Oct. 11. The company
raised by Captain E. H. Staten, of Salem, was also mustered
in for garrison duty, and remained on duty until Jan. 1, 1863.

In addition to these new organizations, which were mustered
into the service in the first six months of 1862, upwards of
three thousand volunteers were recruited, and sent forward to
fill the ranks of the Massachusetts regiments in the field. It was
the policy of Governor Andrew to keep the regiments in the
service full, rather than to organize new regiments while the
old regiments were wanting men. In pursuance of this policy,
seven thousand men were enlisted during the year 1862, as-
signed to regiments in the field, and forwarded to their several
destinations.

On the 28th day of May, an order was received from the
President of the United States for thirty companies of infantry,
twenty of which were to compose two regiments, -the Thirty-
third and Thirty-fourth, - six for a battalion to garrison Fort
Warren, and four to complete the organization of the Thirty-
second Regiment. The Thirty-third regiment was recruited at
Lynnfield, and left the State to join the Army of the Poto-
mac, Aug. 14, 1862. The Thirty-fourth Regiment was re-
cruited at "Camp John E. Wool," on the Agricultural Fair
Grounds in Worcester. It left the State for Washington,
Aug. 15, 1862. The other ten companies were recruited in a
few weeks, and assigned to duty.

THE POSITION OF REGIMENTS. 337

The Massachusetts regiments and batteries in the spring of
1862, and previous to the commencement of the campaign in
North Carolina under Burnside, and in Virginia under Gen-
eral McClellan, were stationed as follows : The First, Seventh,
Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Eighteenth,
Nineteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-second, Twenty-ninth, and
Thirty-second Regiments of Infantry, the First, Third, and
Fifth Batteries, and the two companies of Sharpshooters, were
in the Army of the Potomac. The Second, Twelfth, and Thir-
teenth Regiments of Infantry were in the Army of Virginia, in
the upper waters of the Potomac. The Seventeenth: Twenty-
first, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth, and Twenty-
seventh Regiments of Infantry were in General Burnside' s
army, in North Carolina. The Twenty sixth, Thirtieth, and
Thirty-first Regiments of Infantry, three unattached com-
panies of cavalry, the Second and Sixth Companies of Light
Artillery, were in the Department of the Gulf in Louisiana. The
Twenty-eighth Regiment of Infantry and the First Regiment
of Cavahy were in the Army of the South, in South Carolina.
The First Regiment of Heavy Artillery was stationed in forts
near Washington, on the Virginia side of the Potomac. The
Seventh Company of Light Artillery was stationed at Fortress
Monroe ; and the Eighth Company of Light Artillery (Cook's),
was stationed near Washington.

Thus the soldiers of Massachusetts were stationed in array
of battle, at the beginning of this eventful year, at different
points, - from the valley of the Shenandoah to the lowlands of
Louisiana. In the year before, they had been the first to reach
Washington, and to plant the colors of the Commonwealth
upon the soil of Virginia. So they were the first, in 1862, to
land in North Carolina, and "carry the flag, and keep step to
the music of the Union," in the far-off plains of Mississippi
and Louisiana. Before the end of the year, as we shall pro-
ceed to show, Massachusetts soldiers were the first to land on
the soil of Texas, and display the ensign of the republic in the
city of Galveston.

CHAPTER VII.

Recruiting for the New Regiments - The Position of the Armies in the Field -
Letters from the Adjutant-General to Different Persons - Establishment of
Camps - Departure of New Regiments - Recruits for Old Regiments - Let-
ter to Secretary Seward - Suggestions adopted - Foreign Recruits - Letter
to General Couch-Deserters - Want of Mustering Officers - Letter from
General Hooker - Our Sick and Wounded -Letter to General McClellan -
General Fits - John Porter - Call for Nineteen Thousand Soldiers for Nine
Months - Appointment of Major Rogers - Preparing for a Draft - Militia
Volunteers - Letter to the President - Great Activity in Recruiting - Liber-
ality of John M. Forbes - Colonel Maggi - Town Authorities ask Civilians
to be commissioned - First Attempt to raise Colored Troops - Letter
to Hon. J. G. Abbott - Recommends Merchants and Others to devote Half
of each Day to Recruiting - Hardship to Seaboard Towns - Attempt to have
Credits allowed for Men in the Navy - Difficulties - Eamest Letter - Sur-
geons sent forward - Several Recommendations - Battle of Antietam - Dr.
Hitchcock sent forward - His Report - Affairs at the Front - Recruiting
Brisk - Republican Convention - Sharp Debate - Nominations - People's
Convention - General Devens nominated for Governor - Speeches - Letter
to General Dix - Contrabands - Complaints - Quotas filled - Departure of
Regiments - Invasion of Texas - Major Burt - State Appointments, &c.

On the fourth day of July, 1862, the President of the United
States issued a call for three hundred thousand men, to serve
for three years or to the end of the war. Three days after, - on
the seventh day of July, - General Order No. 26 was issued,
by order of Governor Andrew, in which it was stated, that "a
call has been made upon the Governor of this Commonwealth,
by the President of the United States, for fifteen thousand volun-
teers, to form new regiments, and to fill the ranks of those of
this Commonwealth now at the seat of war." At that time,
the Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, and Thirty-fifth
Regiments were being recruited in the State. To bring the
matter of recruiting more nearly home to each city and town,
and to invest it with a peculiar and local interest, the Adjutant-
General suggested to the Governor, that it would be well to

THE POSITION OF AFFAIRS. 339

show the number which each city and town should furnish as its
proportion of the number called for, not taking into account the
number which they had already furnished. This could be done
by assuming, as a basis, the men enrolled liable to do military
duty, as exhibited by the annual returns made to the Adjutant-
General by the assessors of the cities and towns, as required
by law. This suggestion met with the approval of the Gov-
ernor ; and therefore the number each city and town was to
furnish was embodied in the general order.

This had a beneficial effect. The municipal authorities,
knowing what they had to do, entered upon the work of recruit-
ing with patriotic zeal. Town meetings were held, money
appropriated, and committees appointed to assist in recruiting,
and to carry into practical effect the call of the President.
Many of our regiments at the seat of war had been decimated
by losses in battle, and by sickness occasioned by exposure, a
Southern climate, and the hardships of a great campaign.

The Army of the Potomac at this time, failing in its object,
- the capture of Richmond, - was faUing back on Harrison's
Landing, on the James River. The command of General
Banks occupied the upper waters of the Potomac. The army
under General Burnside had captured Newbern, and other
important places in North Carolina, and was holding its position.
The command of General Butler occupied New Orleans, and
other important posts in Louisiana. The Thirty-first Regiment,
under Butler's command, on the first day of May, was the fu-st
to land, and take possession of the city. The landing was
effected without difficulty, though threats and insults met them
as they put their feet on the soil of Louisiana. Our great
admiral, Farragut, had silenced Forts Jackson and St. Philip,
and opened the Mississippi for the advance of the army. The
Thirtieth Regiment had proceeded up the river to Baton Rouge,
disembarked on the morning of June 2, and quartered in the
State Capitol, and from its dome raised the stars and stripes,
from which they were never struck. In these commands were
centred, all the regiments and batteries which Massachusetts
had sent to the war.

Success had crowned the efforts of the Union arms, except

340 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

before Richmond. The losses in the Army of the Potomac
were fearfully great. The newspapers, for weeks, had daily
published the long lists of dead and wounded; many of our
bravest and best had fallen. Homes had been made desolate;
the maimed, with their ghastly wounds, crying for help, reached
us daily. But never was the war spirit more determined and
buoyant than at this time. Never was recruiting more active ;
never did men flock to our camps to enlist more eagerly. In
Boston, many of our merchants closed their places of business
at two o'clock in the afternoon, that they might devote the re-
mainder of the day to recruiting. Meetings were held, and
addresses made, on the Common and in Roxbury ; recruiting
tents were erected in Haymarket Square, Court Square, and on
the Common. Meetings were held, and speeches made, in
front of the Old South ; and men, unused to public speech,
were tired with eloquence. A general camp of rendezvous was
established m the city of Worcester, and named "Camp Wool,"
in honor of the veteran, Major-General Wool. To this camp
all recruits from the counties of Berkshire, Franklin, Hampden,
Hampshire, and Worcester, were sent. The old camp at Lynn-
field was continued, and designated "Camp Stanton," which
served as the general rendezvous of recruits from the counties
of Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Nan-
tucket, Plymouth, and Suffolk. Until further orders. Lieuten-
ant-colonel Lincoln, of the Thirty-fourth Regiment, which was
then being recruited, was placed in command of "Camp Wool;"
and Colonel Maggi, of the Thirty-third Regiment, which was
also being recruited, was placed in command of "Camp Stan-
ton." Surgeon-General Dale was instructed to have a surgeon
at each of the camps, to examine recruits.

These camps were intended for recruits who were to form
new regiments ; and "Camp Cameron," at North Cambridge,
under the command of the United States military commander.
Colonel H. Day, was the general rendezvous for recruits in-
tended for regiments akeady in the field.

The necessity of filling the quota of Massachusetts in the
shortest possible time was strongly pressed upon the Governor
by the President and the Secretary of War, and by him urged

ACTIVITY IN RECRUITING. 341

upon the people with all his power of eloquence and enthu-
siasm for the cause. We cannot better illustrate the interest
felt, and the activity exercised, by the people of the State to
recruit and send forward men, than by making a few extracts
from letters written by the Adjutant-General in answer to others
received by him from gentlemen in all parts of the Common-
wealth, asking for recruiting papers and information to guide
them in their patriotic work. From the eighth day of July to
the first day of August, upwards of five hundred letters were
written by him upon this and kindred subjects.

July 8. -He writes to J. N. Dunham, Adams, -

"Thanks for your patriotic letter. You will see, by General Or-
der No. 26, in this morning's papers, that your quota is sixty-eight
men. Get them as speedily as possible, and I will furnish transporta-
tion as soon as notified. Why cannot Berkshire raise a regiment?
We must have men at once. Let every good citizen take hold, and
give his influence and money to the cause."

To P. W. Morgan, Lee, -

"The quota of Lee is thirty-seven men. Raise them ; and if you
are qualified, and I doubt not you are, a lieutenancy will doubtless be
given you; but we must have the men. The influential citizens of
the town should take hold with heart and will. You will receive two
dollars for every man you recruit. This letter is all the authority you
require."

To Moody D. Cook, Newburyport, -

"Recruit every man you can ; take him to the mustering officer in
Salem, and take a receipt for him. After he is mustered into the
United States service, you shall receive two dollars for each man.
The officer will furnish transportation to Lynnfield. Work, work;
for we want men badly."

To Moses P. Towne, Topsfield, -

"We require the aid of every man in the State to forward recruit-
ing. You will not need any papers. If you can enlist a man in
Topsfield, do it, and I will immediately furnish transportation to Lynn-
field. The necessity is urgent. The quota for Topsfield, nineteen
men."

To A. Potter, Pittsfield -

342 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

"The terrible pressure of business upon me has prevented my
answering your favor of the 4th inst. before. I inclose you the
blanks you ask for. Pittsfield must furnish one hundred and two
men. Why can't you raise a regiment in Berkshire ? If we cannot
get the men in this way, we must draft; for the men must be had at
once. Let a meeting be called ; and let those who have money in their
pockets, and patriotism in their hearts, step forth, and give to the cause.
We must have the men."

To E. W. Norton, North Blandford,-

"In answer to your patriotic and excellent letter of the 4th inst.,
I would say that we want all the men asked for at once. Please see
General Order No. 26 in the papers of to-day. Each town's quota is
set down, and they must respond. Let influential and patriotic men
take hold at once, and put. the thing through. The order contains all
the necessary information. A copy will be sent to every town in the
State. Any thing you can do to forward the cause will be gratefully
remembered."

To Charles F. Crocker, Cotuit Port, -

"You will see, by General Order No. 26 in to-day's papers, that the
quota for Barnstable County is two hundred and eighty-five men. I
care not how they are raised ; only raise them, as we want men very
much. I hope the selectmen and prominent citizens will act together,
and raise the men, -each town its own share. I want the towns to
take hold systematically."

To H. W. Pratt, Worcester, -

"Give Mr. Brewer the authority he requires. Let him recruit men
for you, and take receipts for the same, and I will see that he gets his
two dollars. We must have the men at once. Let meetings be called,
and the influential men. and the city and town authorities, take hold
with a will."

To Joshua Tarr, Rockport, -

" The quota of Rockport is twenty-nine men. We want these men
very much indeed; and any means you may adopt to recruit them will
be satisfactory. If Mr. Thurston is the man, then you may employ
him. This letter will be his authority. The men are entitled to one
month's pay (thirteen dollars), and a bounty of twenty-live dollars in
addition, as sooh as the company is full to which they may be attached.
How long will it take to recruit these men? I will furnish transporta-
tion to the camp. Let me hear from you again."

LETTERS OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 343

To Frank J. Crosby, Nantucket, -

"In answer to yours of July 3, I would say, that we are very
much in want of recruits. The quota of Nantucket is eighty-two men.
I hope they will be got as soon as possible. If you can raise a full
company there, so much the better. 1 inclose you the proper papers.
They may be sent to Fort Warren ; but, no positive assurance can be
given, for, as soon as they are mustered in, they are under orders.
The company that went to Fort Warren, of which you speak, was a
militia company, and is only there for six months. We can garrison
the fort all the time with militia companies. What is wanted now is
men for the front, as stated in General Order No. 26. Consult, with
the selectmen and influential citizens, and get, the eighty-two men as
quick as possible. I will furnish the transportation."

To Henry D. Capen, North Hadley, -

" In answer to yours of the 7th inst., I would say that General
Order 26 calls upon the towns, and every citizen in them, to get re-
cruits ; and, if tie cannot get them this way, I fear the next, step will
be a draft."

To W. W. S. Oleton, Haverhill, -

" We want all the men for Massachusetts quota at once. The quota
of Haverhill is two hundred and twelve men. I hope you will do what
you can to aid the recruiting ; and, if you do, I think you will get a com-
mission. But, that lies with the Governor. If qualified, I will do my best
for you. I hope the people of the town will take hold, and at once
see if they cannot get their quota enlisted. Let me hear from you
again."

July 9. -To Thomas Allen, Pittsfield, -

" Nothing can exceed the patriotic spirit, of the people of Pittsfield.
The town has already most nobly connected its name with the bright-
est, pages of this war, and now it is the first to take hold in the right
way to raise its quota for the new demand. I find that the cities and
towns are taking hold with a good will ; and I feel very much en-
couraged that we shall get our quota, not only without drafting, but
before any other State has got half its share. Of course, the towns
which raise their quota under General Order No. 26 will be exempt
from draft, should one be made, which I now believe will not be neces-
sary. The quota of Pittsfield is one hundred and two men, - just, a
company."

344 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

To Malcolm Ammidown, Southbridge, -

"The towns which furnish their quota promptly will, of course, be
exempt from a draft for the 300,000 men. I do hope that South-
bridge, and every town in Massachusetts, will furnish its quota at
once, so that the old Commonwealth whose blood has drenched to a
mire the soil of Virginia, will have her quota ready in advance of all
other States, as in the beginning. Do put your shoulder to the wheel,
and help the great cause m which we all feel so deep an interest."

To Charles G. Potter, North Adams, -

"The quota of your town is sixty-eight men. If you can raise a
full company, so much the better. We are sadly in want of men to fill
up our regiments at the seat of war, as well as to fill up the new regi-
ments. I find, however, that the towns and cities are taking hold nobly,
each to get its quota ; and I feel confident that Massachusetts will have
her contingent filled in advance of any other State. Should a company
be raised in Adams, I have no doubt His Excellency would commission
officers from that town, if they are qualified for the positions. Let
every man take hold and recruit."

To G. B. Weston, Duxbury, -

"I send, as you requested, an enlistment-roll ; also, a copy of Gene-
ral Order No. 26. I sincerely hope that no town will cease its efforts
until it has its quota enlisted. I feel greatly encouraged to-day. The
towns have taken hold of the matter with spirit and liberality ; and I
feel, that, before the end of the month, we shall have sent forward a
large share of the men. When you have yours ready, inform me, and
I will send you transportation for them to camp."

July 10. -To Artemas Hale, Bridgewater, -

" The term of enlistment is for three years, or to the end of the war,
which, 1 think, we may see before winter comes in, if we are only pre-
pared now to send on our quota. 1 have great encouragement; the
towns are taking hold with great spirit; some of them have already
furnished their quotas. The President is extremely anxious to have
the Governor forward our Massachusetts men. We want to be first in
this, as we were in the beginning."

Hon. H. Hosford, Mayor of Lowell, -

" We are not expecting a requisition to draft troops, as we expect to
get the quota of the State without a draft; and I think there is no
doubt of it, if the large towns do as well as the small ones are doing.

LETTERS OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 345

and promise to do. I beg of you, Mr. Mayor, to exert all your influ-
ence to have Lowell furnish its quota. The demand is urgent and
imperative. The President and Cabinet are all anxious that Massachu-
setts should lead in this, the second campaign of the war, as she did in
the first. Should Lowell furnish its quota, and other towns should fail,
to Lowell will be the honor."

To J. R. Comstock, Blackslone, -

"Make such arrangements for getting your quota as may to you
seem best. We want the men ; and as soon as your forty-two are re-
cruited, or any portion of them, notify me, or Colonel Lincoln, in com-
mand of 'Camp Wool,' who will furnish transportation. Any person
you will mame to assist you recruit I will appoint, and give him papers.
Do hurry on the men: we want them sadly."

To N. S. Kimball, Haverhill, -

"The towns that raise their quotas will be exempt from any draft,
under the present requisition for fifteen thousand men. I hope you will
do every thing in your power to hurry the men along: we are very
much in need of them, and must have them."

To John A. Goodwin, Lowell, -

"Before a captain and second lieutenant can be commissioned and
mustered in, the company must be full. The first lieutenant can be
mustered when the company is half full. This will explain why Mr.
Thompson is not commissioned. I do not say the rules of the service are
wise ; indeed, I think they are unwise. Let Lowell fill up the com-
panies, and then the commissions will come."

To James T. Sumner, Canton, -

"You can enlist persons under twenty-one years, if their parents or
guardians give their consent. As to enlisting under eighteen years of age,
I doubt the expediency of it, unless they have an extraordinary physi-
cal development. You may enlist men over forty-five, if they are hale,
vigorous, and free from physical defect. I beg of you to hurry on the
work : you have little idea of the terrible pressure upon us for men from
Washington."

To Edwin F. Whitney, HoUiston, -

"The proportion for each town, under General Order No. 26, was
based upon the returns received at this office from the several cities
and towns of the Commonwealth. They were presumed to be correct.

346 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

I do not see how a change can now be made. We are sadly in want,
of men ; and I sincerely hope that there will be no delay in getting your
quota : you have no idea of the great and important demand there is for
them."

We have quoted from letters written by the Adjutant-General,
in the three days immediately succeeding the issuing of General
Order No. 26, to show the activity which prevailed in his de-
partment, and in the cities and towns of the Commonwealth, to
obtain recruits, and fill the contingent of fifteen thousand men,
assigned to this State. This activity increased, and the feelings
of the people intensified, until the men were recruited. To
facilitate recruiting, and accommodate the people in the extreme
western part of the State, a camp of rendezvous was estabUshed
in Pittsfield, which was named "Camp Briggs," in honor of
Colonel Briggs, of the Tenth Regiment, -a native of Berk-
shire, and a citizen of Pittsfield, who had distinguished himself in
the battles before Richmond, in one of which he was severely
wounded. He was appointed by the President a brigadier-
general of volunteers and, after recovering from his wounds,
served to the end of the war.

As evidence of the activity with which the people entered into
the business of recruiting, and the success which attended it, it
may be noted that, within two months from the day General
Order No. 26 was issued, upwards of four thousand men had
been recruited for the old regiments at the seat of war, and sent
forward to the front. Four new companies to complete the
Thirty-second Regiment, and nine new regiments, had been filled
to the maximum, and completely organized, and fully equipped ;
and eight of them had left the State, and entered upon active
duty. The three companies for the Thirty-second Regiment left
the State Aug. 20 ; the Thirty-third Regiment, Colonel Maggi,
Aug. 11 ; the Thirty-fourth, Colonel Wells, Aug. 12 ; the
Thirty-fifth, Colonel Wild, Aug. 22 ; The Thirty-sixth, Colo-
nel Bowman, Aug. 31; the Thirty-seventh, Colonel Edwards,
Sept. 5 ; the Thirty-eighth, Colonel Ingraham, Aug. 24; the
Thirty-ninth, Colonel Davis, Sept. 6 ; the Fortieth, Lieutenant-
Colonel Dalton, Sept. 8. All of these regiments were ordered
to report to the Adjutant-General of the army, at Washing-

VISIT OF SECRETARY SEWARD. 347

ton. The Forty-first Regiment, Colonel Chickering, left the
State Nov. 5, and was ordered to report to Major-General
Banks, at New York, who had superseded Major-General But-
ler in command of the Department of the Gulf, and who was
then in New York, superintending the embarkation of troops
destined for his command. The Forty-first Regiment sailed
from New York, direct for New Orleans.

In addition to the nine new regiments, and the four thousand
men recruited for the regiments in the field, two new batteries
-the Ninth and Tenth - were recruited and organized within
the same period. The Ninth Battery, Captain De Vecchi, left
the State Aug. 21 ; and the Tenth, Captain Sleeper, Oct. 6, -
with orders to report to the Adjutant-General of the army, at
Washington. Thus, within three months from the date of the
receipt of orders from Washington, Massachusetts had furnished
her contingent of fifteen thousand men ; had sent forward nine
new regiments and two light batteries, completely armed,
clothed, and equipped, to swell the number of those already in
the field, and more than four thousand men to fill the gaps in
the old regiments, which the waste of war had caused. To
these noble men, and to those who preceded them, not a dollar
of bounty was paid by the Commonwealth.

Rapidly as this contingent of fifteen thousand men had been
recruited, it was but half filled, when President Lincoln, on the
4th of August, issued another call, for three hundred thousand
more men, to serve for nine months, of which, by some process
of arithmetic known only to the authorities in Washington, the
proportion assigned to Massachusetts was nineteen thousand and
ninety men. These men were to be raised by "draft, in accord-
ance with orders from the War Department, and the laws of the
several States."

Early in July, Mr. Seward, Secretary of State, and General
Buckingham, of the War Department, visited Massachusetts to
ascertain, by personal examination and conference, the means best
calculated to encourage enlistments and raise volunteers. The
Adjutant-General had a long and satisfactory interview with
these gentlemen, and gave them his views at length, which he
was requested to put in writing, and forward to Washington.

348 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

In accordance with which request, on the 7th of July, he wrote a
letter to Secretary Seward, giving his thoughts upon recruiting,
from which we make a few extracts : -

"1st, We should be allowed a band of ten musicians for each
camp, to enliven the men and cause attraction. This proposition I
made when you were here, and I understood you and General Buck-
ingham to accede to it; but I wish to have the authority in writing,
so it may go on file. The cost for each camp will be about four hun-
dred dollars a month.

"2d, There should be a commissioned officer in each of the
camps to muster in recruits as soon as they arrive in camp. We now
have to depend upon Captain Goodhue, who is stationed in Boston;
but his time is so taken up that he can but seldom go to the camp at
Worcester. The senior officer in command of any camp ought to have
authority to muster recruits.

"3d, Officers authorized to raise companies should be commis-
sioned, and draw pay, from the time they begin recruiting, with the
understanding, that, unless the company is raised in a reasonable time,
the commissions shall be cancelled. As it now is, the men who recruit
spend their time and money without receiving any pay for their ser-
vices. Why should not their pay begin when their labors begin?

"4th, We are too much hedged in with army regulations and army
officers. Our tents should be floored ; but the United States officers
won't pay the bills, because the regulations don't allow it. In
order to get recruits, the camps should be made comfortable and at-
tractive. It is the denial of these little things which annoys officers
and men. It was a great mistake when the recruiting was taken from
the State authorities, and put in charge of army officers : they move
slowly, and appear to have no enthusiasm.

"Please have this letter given to General Buckingham, and request
him to let me know what we may be authorized to do. I think he
can have the fifteen thousand men in the time you stated : only give
us a little margin, and keep us as much as possible under State au-
thority."

The suggestions made by the Adjutant-General were sub-
stantially compUed with : a band was engaged for each camp ;
a lieutenant for each company was commissioned; flooring
was allowed for camp-tents, and the recruiting was put under
the control of the State authorities, - the army officers audit-
ing and paying the bills, and mustering in the recruits.

FOREIGN ENLISTMENTS. 349

On the 27th of July, the Governor received a telegram from
President Lincoln, making inquiry as to the condition of the
new Massachusetts regiments, which the Governor answered by
letter on the 28th. He spoke encouragingly, and said, -

"Our main effort is to fill up our regiments already in the field.
The small towns are doing well towards furnishing their quotas, and
are sending large numbers of recruits to old regiments. I wish it
were possible that all our recruits could go to them. But some have
an invincible prejudice for new organizations. If I could but have
power to do what needs to be done, without waiting for others to
move until people are angry and disgusted, we could make much
faster progress in filling the old regiments."

Having been advised that informal representations had been
made to Secretary Seward by the British consul in Boston,
that "he had received many complaints from poor British
subjects, who are made intoxicated, and then enlisted as volun-
teers, that the protests which they had made on recovering
their senses are not listened to, and that the interference of the
consul had hitherto been fruitless," the Governor addressed
a letter to Marquis Lousada, Her Majesty's consul in Boston,
in which he said the recruitment of all volunteer regiments,
until they are organized and their muster-rolls completed,
was under his exclusive control; but in no instance had
any complaints of the nature described, from any source,
been made ; nor had he been advised, in any instance, of
an interference by the British consul. He would be obliged,
therefore, if the consul would make known to him all cases
of enlistments such as described, that the wrong done to the
parties 'might be repaired; and if any future cases should
occur, when brought to his notice, they would receive immediate
attention. We are disposed to beheve that comparatively few
cases of this nature occurred. Those of which complaint was
made were referred to the Adjutant-General to investigate, with
directions to report the facts to the Governor. We cannot call
to mind a dozen cases during the entire period-of the war.

The Governor having heard a report that Brigadier-Gen-
eral Couch intended to resign his commission in the army in
consequence of injustice done him, wrote a strong, friendly

350 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

letter, dissuading him from his purpose. The letter was sent to
Harrison's Landing, Va., and did not reach General Couch, as
he had come home to Massachusetts on short leave, to regain
his health and strength. The Governor therefore wrote him
again, on the 28th of July, representing to him "the great
need our country has of all good officers and patriots," and
assuring him that his fame as a soldier was not to be tarnished
by official neglect or oversight, however hard to bear. "It
would give me," the Governor says, "and all my staff, great
pleasure to be assured you have no intention of leaving the
army till thiswar is ended."

General Couch had raised the Seventh Regiment of Massa-
chusetts Volunteers, and was commissioned the colonel of it.
Whether he intended, at this time, to tender his resignation as
brigadier-general, and retire from the service, we have no posi-
tive knowledge. We know, however, that he did not resign,,
but served, like a gallant soldier and gentleman, until the end
of the war ; and rose, by his bravery and merit, to the rank of
major-general and corps commander.

On the 23d of July, Brigadier-General Buckingham, of the
War Department, addressed a circular letter to the Governors
of States, calling their attention to the great number of officers
and soldiers in their respective States who had obtained fur-
loughs on account of wounds and sickness, but who had recov-
ered, and were overstaying their time. On the receipt of this,
the Governor prepared a circular, calling the attention of the
public to the matters complained of, in which he said, -

"Except cowardice in the field, there is no baser offence than ab-
sence, from their regiments, of officers and men who ought to be back
to their posts. In some cases, these soldiers delay here from ignorance
how to return to their regiments ; all such should be instructed by their
more intelligent neighbors. Let all who are guilty be shamed into an
immediate return to their regiments : if they will not voluntarily return,
they are deserters, and should be arrested, and sent back."

The evils complained of existed in all the States, to a very
great extent, and could only be eradicated by organized effort
on the part of the States and the nation.

THE TOWN OF MARBLEHEAD. 351

On the 1st of August, the Governor wrote a long letter to
Secretary Stanton, complaining of the want of officers to mus-
ter in recruits at the several camps ; the only one detailed on
that duty in the State being Captain Goodhue, of the regular
service.

"Why not," the Governor asks, "appoint Colonel William Raymond
Lee, and Captains Putnam and Bartlett, of the Massachusetts Twen-
tieth; Major Robert H. Stevenson, of the Twenty-fourth, mustering
officers ? - all of them now at home, wounded, and unfit to return to
the field, but anxious and eager to work. The want of mustering offi-
cers has cost us hundreds of men, infinite trouble, and sometimes
insubordination in camps where the men have not yet been mus-
tered."

This request was, in part, complied with, and more army
officers were detailed to attend the camps, and muster in
men.

The following permission to recruit we find on the Govern-
or's files, in his own handwriting, dated Aug. 1 : -

"In consequence of the request of the town of Marblehead, made
by a legal town meeting, held yesterday, - a copy of the record which
is handed me, attested by the town clerk, -I appoint, at the nomina-
tion of the other gentlemen who came to represent the town, Samuel
Roads, Esq., additional recruiting agent for Marblehead. He will
co-operate with the town's committee, and use his influence to forward
the enlistment ; and I ask the good people of Marblehead to support
and help him with all their hearts and hands."

As the town authorities throughout the State were authorized,
under general orders, to recruit the quotas of their towns, we
suspect that the people of the good town of Marblehead thought
their selectmen were not as active in the discharge of this pecu-
liar duty as they wished to have them, and therefore held a town
meeting on the subject.

On the 1st of August, die Governor detailed Colonel William
R. Lee, Twentieth Regiment, "to establish a camp of rendezvous
at Pittsfield, for all recruits who may offer, and be found com-
petent." The United States mustering and disbursing officers in
Boston were to furnish such material from their departments as
might be necessary.

352 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

On the 2d of August, the Governor received from Major-
General Hooker the following letter, dated Harrison's Landing,
James River, Va., July 29 ; the same being in answer to one
written on the 24th, by Governor Andrew : -

"The fate of Major Chandler is still involved in mystery. I have
heard of his having been in Richmond, and also of his having been
seen on his way to Boston ; but, in tracing up these reports, I regret to
say, that I have not been able to satisfy myself that he is still num-
bered with the living. I may also add, that this is the opinion of his
regiment."

Major Chandler was a young gentleman of much promise.
He was major of the First Regiment, and was killed at one of
the battles before Richmond. His body never was found, nor
was any information ever received concerning him after it was
ascertained he was missing. He went into battle with his regi-
ment, and never returned. His simple epitaph might be, "He
lived and died for his country."

Some time in June or July, the Surgeon-General of the
army established military hospitals at different posts for the
accommodation of the sick and wounded, and issued rigid
orders against their removal to their homes. These orders
caused great dissatisfaction among the families of the sick and
wounded soldiers, who asked that their suffering sons, husbands;
and brothers might be released from army hospitals, and cared
for at their homes. These orders, for a time, were very unpopu-
lar, and had a prejudicial effect upon recruiting. We find, on
the files of the Governor, the Adjutant-General, and Surgeon-
General, a great many letters, complaining of these arbitrary
and "cruel orders," from persons whose relatives, wounded and
sick, were retained in the hospitals, and refused transportation
to their homes. Many letters were written the State officials ;
and the Governor sent Colonel Frank E. Howe to Washington,
"for the purpose of attempting to procure some mitigation of
the rigor of the present system." The system, however, re-
mained in force ; and, like other usages of war, the people
acquiesced in them as among the severities required for the good
of the cause.

GOVERNOR TO GENERAL M'CLELLAN. 353

Of Joseph W. Wheelwright, - who had raised a number of
men, and who had reason to expect a command, but, for miU-
tary reasons, the men whom he had recruited had been placed
in other regiments to complete their organizations, thus leaving
him without a command or a commission, -the Governor wrote
to the Adjutant-General, Aug. 8, -

"Mr. Wheelwright is very deserving. There are circumstances
connected with his domestic life which entitle his case to especial con-
sideration. I rely on you, by hook or by crook, in working over the
Thirty-fifth, to find a place for a lieutenancy for him ; and I am de-
sirous that this shall be effected, if, by any possibility, it can be
done."

The request is another evidence of the kind and considerate
regard which the Governor always evinced for deserving and
patriotic men. Mr. Wheelwright, was commissioned a second
lieutenant in the Thirty-second Regiment, and died in the ser-
vice, Jan. 18, 1863.

Meanwhile, the recruiting was going on, and with success
greater than was at first believed could be attained. The great
desire of the Governor was to fill up' our regiments in the field,
rather than to recruit new ones. The generals in the army had
written to him, urging the importance of this duty ; among whom
was Major-General McClellan, whose letter, dated July 15, was
answered by the Governor on the 21st, in which he said he
should "zealously and studiously seek to promote the measures
and methods touching the new enlistments which you have ad-
vised." They fully accorded with his own views, had been
expressed in his general orders in regard to recruiting.

"It is much more difficult to induce men to go into old corps than
to join new ones. For this there are general reasons, some specious,
but all of them superficial. . . . You may depend upon it, I shall
turn a deaf ear to every resigning officer unless I have the amplest
proofs of his ability, gallantry, and innocence of any offending cause
for resignation. I deeply regret that so many officers of the volunteer
army have disappointed the expectations formed of them."

The Governor adds, that he had appointed Colonel Ritchie,
of his personal staff, to visit all the Massachusetts regiments

354 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

in the Army of the Potomac, and to report to him their con-
dition, and the names of the proper persons to be commis-
sioned to fill existing vacancies of field and line officers. Of
Colonel Ritchie's report to the Governor we have spoken in the
preceding chapter, and from it made several extracts.

On the 26th of July, Major-General Fitz-John Porter wrote
to the Governor a letter, from Harrison's Landing, Va., which
was promulgated in special orders July 30, in which he said, -

"It affords me great gratification to express to you my admiration
for the noble conduct of the troops from your State, under my com-
mand, in the late actions before Richmond. No troops could have
behaved better than did the Ninth and Twenty-second Regiments and
Martin's Battery (the Third), and portions of Allen's (the Fifth), or
done more to add to our success. Their thinned ranks tell of their
trials ; the brave men lost, their heroic dead, and gallant conduct, and
devotion to their country. Their discipline was never excelled ; and
now, with undaunted hearts, they await, with confidence of success,
the order to advance. I hope you will be able to send on men to fill
their depleted ranks, even in parties of ten, as fast as recruited. A
few men joining us now gives great heart to all men, and adds to our
strength nearly five times the same number in new regiments."

The call issued on the 4th of August, by the President of the
United States, for three hundred thousand men for nine months
service, added materially to the labors of the Governor and the
different departments of the State. These men were to be
drafted. The number which Massachusetts was called upon to
furnish was nineteen thousand and ninety. Regulations for the
enrolment and draft were issued from the War Department
Aug. 9, and additional regulations were issued on the 14th of
August, directing that the quotas should be apportioned by the
Governors of States among the several counties and subdivisions
of counties, so that allowances should be made for all volunteers
previously furnished and mustered into the United States service,
whose stipulated terms of service had not expired. To make
this new enrolment, and establish the number of men which each
town and city must furnish to complete its proportion of the
nineteen thousand and ninety men subject to draft, required great
labor and accuracy of statement. It threw an immense weight

THE ENROLMENT OF THE STATE. 355

of responsibility upon the Adjutant-General, whose duties were
already extremely arduous, and increased in a great degree the
labors of the office. This was so apparent to the Governor,
that he appointed, on the 23d of August, William Rogers,
Esq., of Boston, second Assistant Adjutant-General, with the
rank of major, who was specially intrusted with the superin-
tendence of all matters connected with the enrolment and
allotment of the quotas which each city and town was required
to furnish ; a duty which he discharged with scrupulous fidelity
and unquestioned accuracy. But, as Massachusetts furnished
her contingent within a reasonable time by voluntary enlist-
ments, a draft was avoided. The enrolment, however, which
was made at this time, the credits which were allowed to the
several municipalities of the Commonwealth for men already
furnished by them, and the proportion which they were required
to furnish under this call, remained as a basis upon which the
quotas of the cities- and towns were apportioned, from that time
until the end of the war; the particulars and details of which
can be found in the Annual Report of the Adjutant-General
for the year 1862, but need not be enlarged upon in these
pages.

From the beginning to the end of the Rebellion, the Gov-
ernor, the city and town authorities, and the people of the Com-
monwealth, were opposed to a draft, and labored to avoid it.
Upon these, and kindred matters. Governor Andrew, on the
8th of August, sent a letter to President Lincoln, from
which we make the following extracts :-

" I sent by mail, last night, to General Buckingham, a copy of Mas-
sachusetts Militia Laws, and remarks. If you will call on me, by
requisition, for our quota of militia for nine months' duty immediately,
asking for so many regiments, we can answer the call, in great part,
without a draft, by sending our militia regiments already organized,
and being filled up, and by recruiting new ones. The iron is hot:
strike quick. Drafting is mechanical: the impulse of patriotism is
vital and dynamic.

" Call for our militia brigade, under General Davis, a competent
officer, as part of Massachusetts militia quota, communicating to us, at
same time, number of militia regiments required for our whole quota.

356 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

His brigade includes four regiments of infantry, all of which, if
called for now for nine months, can be filled to maximum, and march
by first of September. Exclude the artillery and cavalry of brigade,
if you desire only infantry. It will begin a three days' encampment,
under State laws, next Wednesday. If requisition is made for brigade,
this encampment can be continued right on till brigade is ready to
march to war. Davis's military capacity is unquestioned. I have
thrice offered him colonelcies of volunteers.

"All leading merchants here have signed agreement, that their em-
ployes who enlist shall resume their employment when returned. I
am confident of getting more volunteers and militia this month by
enlistments, and by wheeling militia men into line, than conscription
could bring in same time. Meanwhile, will be preparing machinery
for draft.

"Our people want nothing to spur them, but assurance from Wash-
ington that the enemy shall be conquered, and right vindicated at all
hazards by our arms. They will go, if the flag may but advance with
all the principles it symbolizes. The enemy has spurned constitutional
rights, and chosen belligerent rights. Let them have one or the other,
but not both. They having elected the latter, let us give them full
measure. Give us the grand inspiration of duty to country, human
nature, and God. and the people are heroic, invincible, and always
ready."

The Governor had written a few days before to the Secretary
of War, complaining of the delay practised by the United-States
officers stationed here in paying the bounties and month's pay
to recruits after being mustered in. On the 11th of August,
Secretary Stanton telegraphs a reply to this letter, and also
to the telegram sent to the President, from which we have
quoted, -

"Answer to your telegram of the 8th, to the President, has been de-
layed, in order to obtain information from some other States as to the
condition of enlistments. Requisitions for enlistments and bounty
funds were delayed some days in the Treasury unavoidably ; but I am
informed that the amount required for your State has gone forward.
1 see no objection to making the call upon your State for militia in the
manner indicated by you, especially if it will hasten the arrival of
troops ; but I do not see how we can call for any specific brigade.
You can turn over the regiments constituting Davis's brigade as a part
of the call. Time is of the utmost importance in the organization."

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 357

The brigade of nine months' men was never accepted,
although the regiments which composed General Davis's com-
mand were recruited to the maximum, mustered in, and sent
to the front. What the Governor said of General Davis was
just and true. He was commissioned colonel of the Thirty-
ninth Regiment, three years volunteers, Aug. 29, 1862, which
joined the Army of the Potomac; and was killed in action,
July 11, 1864.

On the 11th of August, after receiving the telegram above
quoted, the Governor wrote to President Lincoln, -

"I can't get these regiments off, because I can't get quick, ener-
getic work out of the United States disbursing officer and the pay-
master. I cannot start our men in violation of my authorized pro-
clamation and promises. Everybody here is alive : men swarm our
camps ; we will raise regiments, until you cry hold. But why not
turn over the funds to me, and we will disburse and account for them
and stop delays."

On the 12th of August, the Governor telegraphs the Secre-
tary of War, -

" The nine months' regiments, which are organizing, will be put into
camp at once, and under strict discipline. May I go on, and make
requisitions for quartermaster's and commissary's supplies, as for three
years' men ?

Authority was given. On the same, he writes to Brigadier-
General Briggs, who was in Boston on wounded furlough,-

"As you have expressed a wish to do some service for the State
while waiting here, I ask you, as a great favor, to repair to Worcester
to-morrow, to inspect the condition of the Thirty-sixth Regiment, and
make a report to me as to its organization, - conferring with me and
with the Adjutant-General before leaving."

Aug. 13. -Governor telegraphs Adjutant-General Thomas,
Washington, "Can the nine months' militia of Massachusetts
be mustered in now, and as fast as they present them-
selves? Please answer at once." Leave was only given to
have them mustered in by full companies. On the same day,
he telegraphed to Assistant Adjutant - General Townsend,
"Please telegraph whether furloughs granted between July 31

358 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

and Aug. 1 1 are revoked by General Order 92 of July
31." On the same day. Colonel Browne, by direction of the
Governor, forwards to John M. Forbes copies of certain
papers in relation to supplies furnished by Mr. Forbes to our
prisoners of war in Richmond, Vs., with information that "the
Quartermaster-General of the Commonwealth will have pleas-
ure in adjusting with you your account against the State for
funds advanced by you for the supplies mentioned; and the
Governor directs me to renew to you, officially and personally,
the expression of his thanks for your generous kindness in this
transaction."

Among the letters and papers transmitted to Mr. Forbes by
Colonel Browne was the following by Adjutant Peirson of the
Twentieth Regiment, dated Camp Lee, Poolesville, Md., March
8, 1862, and addressed to Colonel Browne : -

"By special request of His Excellency Governor Andrew, I have
the honor to report, that while a prisoner of war in Richmond, Va., I
received a letter of credit from John M. Forbes, Esq., for $1,000.
A portion of this money, $475, I expended for the benefit of enlisted
men belonging to various Massachusetts regiments, and confined in
Richmond and other places in Southern States. On being released
and sent home, I left the balance subject to the draft of Assistant-Sur-
geon E. H. R. Revere, Twentieth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers,
with instructions to expend it, as I had already done, for luxuries for
the sick and necessities for the well. He will report to you for the
balance in his hands. You will pardon my omitting to make a more
detailed report, as I write while in the field and under marching
orders."

Another letter is from Assistant-Surgeon Revere, in which
he states, that, after the departure from Richmond of Lieutenant
Peirson, he had no occasion to draw on the letter of credit fur-
nished by Mr. Forbes. He inclosed a copy of the account of
Messrs. Enders, Sutton, & Co., with Lieutenant Peirson,
which statement merely shows that the amount drawn by Lieu-
tenant Peirson was $475.

The whole matter had been laid before the Executive Council
by the Governor, and by them it was voted that the sum ex-
pended should be reimbursed to Mr. Forbes, principal and

LETTERS OF THE GOVERNOR. 359

interest. This transaction, although not of a great pecuniary
amount, is interesting, as showing the warm sympathy which
Mr. Forbes felt in the welfare of our prisoners, the scrupulous
honesty of the officers intrusted to disburse the money, and the
determination of the Governor and Council that the sum thus
expended should be assumed by the State.

On the fourteenth day of August, the Governor writes to
Joseph F. Hitchcock, Warren, -

"It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your
letter dated this day, which makes known to me the patriotic action of
the citizens of Warren at the meeting held last evening, at which, you
inform me, thirty persons volunteered to make up the quota of your
town under the draft ordered by the President of the United States.
I am pleased, also, to learn of the prompt zeal with which the quota of
the town of Warren, under the first call, has been brought into camp ; it
reflects great honor upon the town. In reply to the question contained
in your letter, I would cordially recommend that the people of Warren
unite with some of the neighboring towns, and present a full company,
as suggested by you."

On the same day, he wrote to Captain Lucius Slade, of Bos-
ton, commanding the Boston Lancers, -

" I assure you that it is quite impossible for any one who is not
with me to understand how hard I work to put into the new regiments
as commissioned officers our fine young fellows who are now in service,
and how consistently and unanimously I am opposed in this policy by
city and town officers, and committees claiming to represent the wishes
of their vicinities, who all demand that their own townspeople shall be
appointed as officers of the companies they have raised. I work in all
the soldiers that I can, but still must usually give men belonging to
their own towns."

Aug. 15. -The Governor sends telegram to Secretary
Stanton, that the Thirty-third Regiment, Colonel Maggi, left
for Washington the day before, and that the Thirty-fourth,
Colonel Wells, would leave that day. The Governor then
says, -

"In the material of their men, these regiments are excelled by no
others Massachusetts has sent. If it shall be necessary to send them
immediately into the field, it is the desire of Maggi to be assigned to

360 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Sigel, and of Wells to Banks ; and I should like to have their wishes
gratified. Both these regiments would have gone a week ago, but for
the delay in giving them their bounty and advance pay."

These regiments were assigned as desired. Colonel Maggi,
of the Thirty-third, resigned his commission April 1, 1863.
Colonel George D. Wells, of the Thirty-fourth, a judge of
the Police Court of Boston when the war broke ant, who
accepted the commission of lieutenant-colonel in the First
Massachusetts Regiment of Infantry, three years' volunteers,
and who had signalized himself for bravery and military ability
in the campaign on Richmond, was killed in action, Oct. 13,
1864, and was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers by
the President of the United States for brave and meritorious
services.

The same day (Aug. 15)) the Governor writes to Hon. Car-
ver Hotchkiss, Shelburne Falls : -

"For more than a month I have been engaged in a constant strug-
gle with town officers to get deserving men from the field appointed to
lieutenancies and captaincies in the new regiments, in preference to
ignorant civilians, who have every thing military yet to learn. In
most instances, I have failed, owing to the necessity I am under of
hastening enlistments as much as possible, and to the town authorities
declaring, officially and individually, that they cannot raise men unless
men at home, and from civil life, are appointed officers ; and owing
also to the fact that the Administration will allow no man to be ap-
pointed from the field, until all the men are raised whom he is to com-
mand. The result is, that I have on my files several hundred of
applications from prominent officers of Burnside's army and of the
Army of the Potomac and of Virginia, recommending the promotion,
into new regiments, of men who have distinguished themselves in the
field for uniform good conduct and great bravery. Your son's name is
among the number, and, as with the rest, I should be glad to put him
anywhere that a place could be found for him ; but, as with the rest, I
seek in vain for such a place. If a new company of three years' men
is being raised by your town and its neighbors, and you can connect
your son with its organization instead of some inexperienced man,
who in the natural course of affairs might otherwise be injected there,
that would aflord me the opportunity."

It is proper to state here that the evil complained of in the

LETTERS OF THE GOVERNOR. 361

above letter naturally grew out of the system adhered to by
the War Department, by not allowing men who had distin-
guished themselves in service to come home and recruit men for
the new regiments, so as to be commissioned officers when
the regiment was raised. The town authorities were anxious to
fill their quotas ; and in every town there were young men in
every way qualified, except by practical experience in war, to
have commissions. They exerted themselves to raise men, and
many enlisted because of their exertion, who preferred that
these men whom they knew should be their officers. Hence
it was, that, while the Governor wished to appoint officers from
the regiments in the field, the town authorities, and the recruits
themselves, wished to have men commissioned who had aided in
recruiting, and who were personally known to the recruits them-
selves. Many letters were written by the Governor in regard
to this matter ; but the evil being chronic, and beyond his power
to cure, it continued until the end of the war.

It would appear by the following letter, written by Colonel
Browne, to Cyrus W. Francis, Yale College, New Haven, Ct.,
that the first attempt to enlist colored volunteers was by Gov-
ernor Sprague, of Rhode Island, -

"By direction of Governor Andrew, I beg to acknowledge the re-
ceipt of your letter, and to reply, advising you to place yourself
in communication and co-operation with the Governor of Rhode
Island, on the subject of the enlistment of the company of colored
men as volunteers. It will be essential to the recruitment of the
colored regiment commenced by Governor Sprague, that the colored
population of other States shall contribute towards it, the number of
persons of African descent in the State of Rhode Island alone being
insufficient for the purpose."

It is proper and just, however, to say that the first regiment
of colored troops, of which we shall have more to say hereafter,
was raised in Massachusetts.

On the twenty-fourth day of August, the Governor addressed
the following letter to Hon. J. G. Abbott, Boston : -

"My Dear Sir,- Not merely a certain official relation towards
a brave young man, a citizen of Massachusetts and a soldier of the
Union lately sustained and now severed, but a sincere sympathy with

362 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

his father, whom, after all, I can scarcely call bereaved, invites me, after
a brief space of respectful silence, to offer my humble word of friend-
ship and consolation. An acquaintance of many years, less familiar
perhaps than it had been useful to me had the opportunity existed,
assures me that the resources of the mind of the man will do much to
alleviate the grief and desolation which must depress the heart of the
father. And, while I know that nothing I can suggest will not have
been anticipated, I venture to hope, that a simple and earnest expres-
sion of natural and human sympathy will be received and valued, if
only for the sake of the kindness with which it is meant. I have fre-
quently been impressed, my dear sir, with the manly spirit with which
you have repeatedly and freely offered your sons to your country; and
now that, in the providence of God, one of them has been verily taken,
I would that it were in my power, by a feather's weight even, to soften
the blow. But I rejoice to bear my hearty testimony, which is all that
I can do, to the constant, uniform, and conspicuous merit, as a soldier
and a gentleman, of the son you have given. I think you will always
have a right to remember, with the pride equalled only by parental
love, that our inheritance in a Commonwealth is made richer and
nobler by the memories of such dear and brave boys of Massachusetts,
whose young lives, consecrated even to death, were beautiful testi-
monies of the preciousness of our birthright and the worth of liberty.
I pray leave, my dear sir, to offer, through yourself, to your family my
respectful sympathy and respect."

This beautiful and touching letter was written to Mr. Abbott
on the death of his son, Edward G. Abbott, who was killed in
action, Aug. 9, 1862. He was a captain in the Second
Regiment Massachusetts Infantry. Mr. Abbott had two sons
in the war, - one in the Second, and one in the Twentieth
Regiment. His other son, Henry L. Abbott, went out a cap-
tain in the Twentieth Regiment, rose to the rank of major, and
was killed in the Wilderness, May 6, 1864. They were young
men of great promise, bom and reared in the city of Lowell,
graduates of Harvard College, and both now he beneath a sol-
diers' monument in the cemetery of their native city. These
were all the sons of the family.

On the twenty-third day of August, an executive order was
issued, of which the following is a copy : -

In order to promote the recruitment of the Massachusetts quotas.

THE APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS. 363

both of volunteers and militia, I respectfully recommend that through-
out the Commonwealth, and especially in the cities and larger towns,
business generally be suspended during the afternoons of the coming
week, and that the time and influence of every citizen be given to en-
couraging enlistments, by the example of his own enrolment, if he is
within the prescribed limits of age and health, and, if not, by stimulat-
ing the patriotism of his neighbors.

" Jo H N A . An D R E w.
" By His Excellency the Governor.

" OLIVER WARNER Secretary of the Commonwealth. "

This order was very generally observed throughout the Com-
monwealth, until the thirty-four thousand men which we were to
raise were organized into regiments, and sent forward to the
war.

In the appointment of field officers for the new three years'
regiments, the Governor determined to appoint men who had
seen service, and who had given unquestionable evidence of
bravery and military capacity. Accordingly, he wrote to Mr.
Stanton, at different times, for the discharge of Captain Bates,
of the Twelfth Regiment, to be commissioned major of the
Thirty-third ; Lieutenant-Colonel Batchelder, of the Thirteenth,
and others, that they might be promoted to higher commands
in new regiments. It appears that these applications met with
serious opposition from army officers, as we find on the Gov-
ernor's files a letter, dated Aug. 24, addressed to Mr. Stanton,
in which he says, -

" I am right, no matter what the army officers think or say, in ask-
ing you for some officers to be promoted in the new regiments. Our
old ones have plenty of men well worthy of promotion ; and, when I
take out an officer, I merely make it weaker by one man : a good man
below him stands ready to make good tile place vacated. In a new
regiment just marching to the field, a few good fellows, who know what
camp life and battles are, are valuable beyond price to all the rest of
the command. Batchelder, of the Thirteenth, is not needed there.
That regiment could furnish officers for a whole regiment outside of
itself, and be no more weakened than is a bird by laying its eggs. 1 1
is remarkable for its excellence of material. ... I beg you, my dear
sir, to forgive my explicitness ; for I know that if here, where you could
cross-examine me, you would be satisfied I am right."

364 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Aug. 25. - Governor telegraphs Mr. Stanton, -

"We have now recruited thirteen thousand eight hundred and one
men for three years, under July requisition. Nothing done afternoons
in Massachusetts but recruiting. Balance of quota sure So will be
militia quota. If supplies are ready, I mean the old Sixth Regiment,
of Baltimore memory, to march the first day of September. No draft
can be useful or expedient here."

One of the greatest hardships which Massachusetts and other
maritime States had to bear in furnishing their quotas of the
several calls for troops made by the President, was the refusal
of Congress to allow credits for men serving in the navy. It
bore with peculiar weight upon the towns in Barnstable, Nan-
tucket, Essex, Suffolk, Plymouth, and Norfolk Counties, which
had sent many thousand men into the navy, but had received no
credit for them, and no reduction of their contingent for the army.
It was not until 1864, after Massachusetts had sent upwards of
twenty-three thousand men into the navy, that credits were
allowed by Congress for the men who manned our frigates,
under Porter and Farragut, watched blockade-runners, and
sealed the Southern ports. Governor Andrew had frequently
spoken of the injustice of Congress in refusing to allow these
credits, and had exerted himself to the utmost to effect, a
change. On the 27th of August, he telegraphed to Governor
Washburn, of Maine, -

"Has Maine succeeded in obtaining an allowance on her men in the
navy towards the army draft? If not, does she propose to be content
without such an allowance? How can some towns possibly fill their
quotas without it?"

On the same day in which the above was written, Governor
Andrew drew up a form of a letter, addressed to President
Lincohi, which was sent to the Governors of the New-England
States, which, if approved, they were requested to sign. The
letter received their sanction and their signatures, and was for-
warded to the President of the United States. It read as
follows : -

"We unite in respectfully but most urgently presenting to your
attention the inequality of the militia draft among the States, caused

IMPEDIMENTS TO ENLISTMENTS. 365

by withholding every allowance for men sent into the naval service.
The New-England States have many thousands of volunteers in the
national navy, belonging chiefly to the sea-coast counties, which are
nevertheless to be subject to the same draft as the counties in the in-
land States. So great is this inequality, that, if the draft is to be
vigorously imposed on some of our seaports without making this allow-
ance, it will absorb the whole male population of those towns within
the limits of the military age."

The letter produced no change ; and the towns referred to
succeeded in filling their quotas by inducing persons to enlist
from other places to their credit.

On the 28th of August, the Adjutant-General reported to
the Governor thus : -

" In recruiting the nine months' men, we meet with obstacles at every
step. The mustering officer refuses to muster them in until a regiment
is full: Now he also refuses to furnish transportation for the recruits
to camp, and there is no way to get them to camp unless the State
assumes the responsibility, or the officers and men pay their fares from
their own means. As this is a matter of serious importance, I ask
your Excellency's orders what to do."

The same day, the Governor telegraphed these facts to Mr.
Stanton, and added, -

"We have more than five thousand nine months' men ready to go
into service immediately, who have abandoned their avocations, and ask
only to be received at once, but are repressed and discouraged by these
repulses. If I were capable of discouragement, I should be almost
discouraged by the obstacles which block my efforts at every turn. If
the whole recruitment, transportation, and equipment were left to the
State as last year, we should be a month ahead of our present
position."

Mr. Stanton telegraphed, that it was by law impossible for
him to put the recruitment of the militia, and the disbursement
of the funds, into the hands of the Governor ; to which he
wrote a long and able reply, showing that all reason and expe-
rience proves the absolute necessity that human affairs should
be controlled from the centre, and not from the circumference.
He says,-

366 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

"Perhaps we are doing as well as other Slates ; but it nearly drives
me mad when I see the American armies running before a generation
of scoundrels, and American liberty almost prostrate before a power
which challenges government itself, outrages humanity, and defies God ;
and when I know the full strength and power of our Massachusetts
people is unused, and incapable of being fully used, by reason simply
of formal and mechanical defects of system and method, I feel as if
we absolutely did nothing. Our State is one vast camp ; the people,
from midday until midnight, close their shops and stores, and work for
the recruitment. God only knows whether the President will ever
burst his bonds of Border-Stateism and McCIellan : but the people
somehow are blessed with an instinct of faith, before which, I believe,
mountains themselves will move; and I work with the same confi-
dence and zeal as if I knew that they had moved already. I believe
that Providence has made too great an investment, alike in the history
and in the capacity of this people, to permit their ruin. I am sure you
feel as I do ; and if I had a power of speech which could raise the dead,
like the trumpet of an archangel, or if words could blister the granite
rocks of Mount Washington, still, no voice nor language could ex-
press the sentiments of emotion which befit the occasion and the
hour."

An arrangement was made, at this time, for the Governors
of the New-England States to meet, as if accidentally, at the
Commencement of Brown University, in Providence, on the 3d
of September, " for an hour of frank and uninterrupted conver-
sation." The meeting was held ; but no intimation of what
was discussed, or what was done, appears upon the. Executive
files.

In the latter part of August, the scene of active war was
changed from before Richmond, to the army under General
Pope, before Washington. The losses in the Union army were
very great. The Secretary of War telegraphed the Governor
to send forward additional surgeons to take charge of the sick
and wounded. Surgeon-General Dale was directed to make
arrangements to comply with the request, and to send forward
hospital stores. On the 1st of September, the Governor tele-
graphed to Mr. Stanton, -

"In obedience to your telegram received at five o'clock, Saturday
afternoon, eleven first-rate surgeons started immediately ; thirty more

MEMORIAL OF PHYSICIANS. 367

left Massachusetts yesterday -all regularly detailed by our Surgeon-
General, under your order,-- and all surgeons of high character and
ability ; also, nine car-loads of hospital stores left Boston last night. "

On the fifteenth day of September, the Governor wrote to
the Secretary of War, recommending the appointment of Gen-
eral Strong to the command of the post of New York, in place
of the officer then there. He preferred to have one selected
from civil hfe, rather than one whose experience and education
was only military. New York is the gate through which our
regiments advance to the war, and through which also "our
poor and wounded men, brave in their patience, and more than
heroic in their sufferings, are obliged to return, as they wearily
and sadly are borne home to die." General Strong, here
spoken of, probably was the gentleman who was chief-of- staff
to General Butler while in command of the Department of New
tingland, and who was afterwards killed at Fort Wagner. But
of this we are not certain.

On the first day of October, the Governor forwarded to the
Secretary of War a memorial signed by about seventy-five phy-
sicians of Massachusetts, among whom were many of the most
distinguished in the State, setting forth that the ambulance
arrangements of the United-States army were extremely de-
fective, and caused great suffering to our sick and wounded
soldiers ; and suggesting that the cause of humanity and the
real welfare of the soldiers would be promoted by placing the
control of this part of the service more immediately under the
supervision of the Medical Department of the United States;
with authority to authorize a distinct ambulance corps.

On the same day, he wrote to the President, bringing to his
attention a certain injustice done our. soldiers, in keeping them
imprisoned without trial by court-martial ; and suggesting,
that a board be convened by the Governors of States for
such duty, the following names to constitute the board for
Massachusetts : Major-General William Sutton, Brigadier-Gen-
eral Richard A. Peirce, Lieutenant-Colonel C. C. Holmes,
Lieutenant-Colonel John W. Wetherell; Major Charles W.
Wilder, Major Thornton K. Lothrop, Captain George H.
Shaw, Lieutenant Curtis B. Raymond, and, for Judge-Advo-

368 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Gate, Major William L. Burt, all of whom held commissions
under the Governor in the Massachusetts militia. The Gov-
ernor draws the attention of the President to chapter 201 of the
Acts of Congress of 1862, which gives him power for the ap-
pointment of such a board. The suggestion of the Governor
was not approved; at least, the board recommended was never
convened.

The battle of Antietam, in which many of the Massachu-
setts officers and men were killed and wounded, was fought
Sept. 15, 1862. Dr. Hitchcock, of Fitchburg, a member of the
Executive Council, was requested by the Governor to obtain,
if possible, from General McClellan, the transfer of the Massa-
chusetts soldiers to our own State hospitals for treatment. Dr.
Hitchcock says, -

" I called at General McClellan' s headquarters, and delivered the
Governor's written request, which he immediately telegraphed to the
Secretary of War, to which a favorable reply was returned. This
interview, which lasted but a few minutes, was remarkable for polite-
ness and deliberation on his part. He sat cross-legged, and puffed away
at a fragrant Havana, and, at the interval of each clearly expressed
sentence, would gently snap the ashes from the end of the cigar.
During this interview, with the most perfect nonchalance, he made
known the fact that eleven thousand wounded men were lying near his
tent, and that the headquarters of General Lee, with his rebel army,
was only three miles distant, across the Potomac. It is needless, per-
haps, to add, that the consent of the Secretary of War, and the willing
word, but non-action, of General McClellan, failed in the fullest
sense to realize the urgent request of Governor Andrew in reference
to our men. Many of our soldiers were, however, brought home from
that bloody field, and tenderly cared for in the hospitals of the State.
and at the homes of the men."

It would be difficult to describe accurately the excitement and
interest which the great battle of Antietam created in Massa-
chusetts . The great majority of our regiments and batteries
were engaged in it. Several of our best officers were killed ;
many were wounded ; and the fatality which attended the rank
and file was terrible. It was a victory, however, - a victory for
the Union, a triumph for the Army of the Potomac over the

RETURN OF THE SICK AND WOUNDED. 369

rebel army under Lee. From early spring these two armies
had been face to face ; from Yorktown to within the sight of the
spires of Richmond, they had fought almost daily for months.
The advance on Richmond, however, was not successful. The
retreat to Harrison's Landing, of General McClellan's army,
gave the rebels an opportunity to attack Pope, and defeat him.
Then we had the second Bull Run battle. Lee then advanced
with his entire command, crossed the Potomac, and entered
Maryland, McClellan's army was brought, up from the Penin-
sula, and advanced to meet him. On the fourteenth day of Sep-
tember, Hooker's corps took Maryland Heights by storm ;
General Reno and General Mansfield killed. Hooker wounded.
On the 17th, the battle of Antietam was fought. Lee retreated,
with what remained of his army, across the Potomac. He was
not pursued, as many thought he should have been. General
McClellan was deposed from the command of the army. The
pursuit of Leo commenced; but it was too late. This great
year of war was practically finished. The army went into
winter quarters, taking position in Virginia to shield the capital
from attack.

Recruiting for the army continued briskly through the year ;
the losses in battle, the disasters on the Peninsula and under
General Pope, stimulated rather than depressed enlistments.
Successes had crowned our arms in the Southwest and in North
and South Carolina ; and hope grew strong, that, in the end, the
Union arms would be victorious everywhere. The wounded
and sick who came home spoke in cheering words. They
claimed that the Union army had been victorious every time and
everywhere. This buoyant and gallant spirit, expressed by
those who had seen the most and suffered the most, was remark-
able. We cannot call to mind an instance where these wounded
veterans ever spoke despondingly; and we saw many of them
every day. Their wives and mothers felt proud of them, and
the men felt proud of themselves. They had stories to tell
which they had learned around the camp-fires, and incidents
to relate which happened on the advance and on the retreat.
They had learned new phrases, and coined new words, about the
"Johnnies" and the "Butternuts," terms used to designate the
24

370 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

rebel soldiers. Jests and banters had been exchanged across
the picket lines. Some of them made jokes about losing their
legs, and "how funny they felt" after recovering from the
effects of chloroform, and found that a limb had been taken off;
and every one knew, that, " with fair play, the Army of the
Potomac could whip the world." Such was the spirit of our
wounded men. There was no grumbling, no fault-finding ; nor
was there any appearance of personal hatred towards the sol-
diers in the rebel army. General McClellan was their idol ;
they believed in him, and trusted him, and wished for no other
commander. The unfavorable criticisms which had been made
upon him found no response in their bosoms. What qualities
of mind or of personal address there were in General McClellan
to inspire love and confidence in the breasts of his soldiers we
know not, as he, of all the great army commanders, is the
only one whom we never saw ; but that he possessed this power,
which is one of the greatest and most necessary in a great offi-
cer, we have no doubt. The evidence of it was presented to us
every day. Next to McClellan, in the popular affection of the
soldiers, was General Hooker. They loved to call him "Fight-
ing Joe ; " and men who served in his corps felt themselves as
especially honored, and many, we doubt not, would freely have
sacrificed their lives for him personally. It was curious and
interesting to hear these men converse about their officers,
many of whom they freely criticised in a manner not at all com-
plimentary ; but those whom they beheved in, whom they knew
to be brave, and who took good care of their men, they spoke
of in words of warm affection.

The men who served in North Carolina under Burnside and
Foster were equally warm in their attachment to these officers.
They had led them to victory ; and, whatever was said in their
praise, they felt they were entitled to a share of it. They called
General Burnside "Old Bumsie ; " and many were the stories of
his kindness when he visited them in their hospitals, or received
returned prisoners in a flag-of-truce boat, and shook them by the
hands, and inquired after their health, and saw that they had
good quarters, and were properly cared for. Many anecdotes
are told by the winter firesides about these officers by the sol-

REPUBLICAN STATE CONVENTION. 371

diers who fought under them ; forgetting for the moment their
trials and sufferings, to say kind words of the officers who had
led them into so many fatal fields. These are among die com-
pensations which true merit receives, and are the highest honors
and rewards which true valor and high soldierly qualities com-
mand.

We now return to the political aspect of the Commonwealth.

The Republican State Convention met in Worcester on the
10th of September. The call issued by the State Central Com-
mittee for the election of delegates invited the attendance and
co-operation of all "who will support the present national and
State Governments, and in favor of all means necessary for the
effectual suppression of the Rebellion." It does not appear,
however, that any but members of the Republican party took
part in the Convention.

Hon. A. H. Bullock, of Worcester, was chosen president;
and, on taking the chair, he made a brief patriotic address, in
which he said, that since, upon the absorbing question of prose-
cuting the war, we all are substantially agreed, he "could not
see why there should be any occasion for partisan spirit within
the assembly, or cause for disapproval without." He said he
had learned many things during the past year ; one of which
was, "that African slavery on this continent is so intimately
connected with the war, that the two things can no longer be
considered apart. It had been a source of strength to the Re-
bellion ; " and asked, "If this be so, why is it not the duty of the
Administration to deal with the subject precisely as all the poli-
cies of war suggest, and all the necessities of our case demand."
Further on, he said, "At all events, let Massachusetts, while
abiding in her holy and traditional faith, hold herself in har-
mony with her sister States in constancy and in sacrifice to the
last." Colonel Bullock closed his address by an eloquent
quotation from Mr. Webster to avoid disunion, and abide by the
Constitution.

J. &. A. Griffin, of Charlestown, moved that a committee
be appointed " to draft the customary resolutions." This motion
was opposed by R. H. Dana, Jr., of Cambridge, who said this
was not a day for long resolutions. If any were necessary, he

372 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

hoped they would be short, declaring a hearty support of the
State and national Governments for the suppression of the Re-
bellion ; and concluded by offering the following, which some
one had handed him : -

"Resolved, That Massachusetts, with all her heart and soul and
mind and strength, will support the President of the United States in
the prosecution of this war to the entire and final suppression of this
Rebellion."

Mr. Griffin replied ; and, although he should vote for the reso-
lution just read, yet he wished the position of Massachusetts to
be more broadly expressed. He concluded with offering a reso-
lution, the substance of which was, thanking Senators Sum-
ner and Wilson for the faithful manner in which they had
discharged their duties, and recommending Mr. Surmier for re-
election to the Senate.

Mr. Davis, of Plymouth, said that this was a war of ideas,
of barbarism against civilization, involving the principles of civil
liberty on one hand, and the principles of damnafion on the
other. He wanted an expression of opinion on the general
pohcy of the war. "We haven't," he said, " a press in Boston
to speak for us. There are some country papers which speak
for us, but they are kept down by the subscription-hsts of Bos-
ton." He favored the appointment of a Committee on Resolu-
tions, which, after some further discussion, was carried ; and the
resolutions offered by Mr. Dana and Mr. Griffin were referred
to the committee.

A letter from Mr. Sumner was read, regretting his inability
to accept an invitation to be present at the convention. He
said he should show plainly "how to hamstring this Rebellion,
and to conquer a peace. To this single pracfical purpose all
theories, prepossessions, and aims should yield. So absorbing
at this moment is this question, that nothing is practical which
does not directly tend to its final settlement." We infer that
Mr. Sumner's mode of hamstringing the RebelUon was to declare
freedom to the slaves, and to put arms in the hands of colored
soldiers. "All else is blood-stained vanity." He referred to
the action of General Butler in Louisiana, in organizing a negro

DEMOCRATIC STATE CONVENTION. 373

regiment, and to General Banks, "when, overtaking the Uttle
slave girl on her way to freedom, he lifted her upon the na-
tional cannon. In this act, the brightest, most touching, and
most suggestive of the whole war, which art will hereafter
rejoice to commemorate, our Massachusetts General gave a
lesson to the country."

The Committee on Resolutions reported five in number :
First, That Massachusetts would support the Government in the
prosecution of the war. Second, That, as slavery was a princi-
pal support of the rebellion, slavery should be exterminated.
Third was complimentary to the valor of our soldiers, and ex-
pressed sympathy for those who had fallen. The fourth was
the same which had been introduced by Mr. Griffm, complimen-
tary to our Senators in Congress, and favoring the re-election
of Mr. Sumner to the Senate by the Legislature to be elected
in November. The fifth indorsed in strong terms the State
Administration.

These resolutions were adopted, although considerable oppo-
sition was made to the one recommending Senator Sumner's
re-election.

The convention nominated Governor Andrew and the old
State officers for re-election by acclamation, with the exception
of the Lieutenant-Governor. Hon. John Nesmith had de-
cUned to be again a candidate ; and Joel Hayden, of Williams-
burg, was nominated Lieutenant-Governor in his stead, on the
first ballot. This completed the ticket, which was as follows :
For Governor, John A. Andrew, of Boston; Lieutenant-
Governor, Joel Hayden, of Williamsburg ; Secretary of State,
Oliver Warner, of Northampton ; Treasurer, Henry K. Oliver,
of Salem; Auditor, Levi Reed, of Abington; Attorney-Gen-
eral, Dwight Foster, of Worcester.

The Democratic party proper did not hold a convention to
nominate candidates for State officers this year; but a conven-
tion was held in Faneuil Hall on the 7th of October, composed
of Democrats and conservative Republicans, at which Brigadier-
General Charles Devens, Jr., was nominated for Governor ;
Thomas F. Plunket, of Adams, for Lieutenant-Governor ; and
Henry W. Paine, of Cambridge, for Attorney-General. The

374 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Other State officers nominated by the Republicans were adopted
by the "People's Convention."

The call for this convention was very numerously signed by
gentlemen living in different parts of the Commonwealth.

The resolutions which were adopted favored a vigorous prose-
cution of the war. Perhaps the last one of the series explains
the motives which induced the call better than any remarks of
our own :—

"Resolved, That Massachusetts responds with full heart to the ac-
claim with which the Army of Virginia greeted the appointment to its
command of Major-General George B. McCIellan. We put trust in
him whom brave men desire, to do battle for our cause. Let all irregu-
lar and irresponsible intermeddling with his command of the army,
whether in high places or low, by letter-writers in camp or Governors
in convention, anywhere and everywhere, henceforth cease."

The president of the convention was Hon. Linus Child, who
described the action of the Republican Convention as "of a char-
acter to disturb that union, and that unity of action and of
government, which alone can render our efforts successful in the
great work we have in hand."

Judge Abbott spoke in favor of every patriot coming forward
to sustain the Government, "and consult for the best interests
of a tottering nation. We must have the abandonment of all
parties. The only question now is, Shall the glorious old flag
wave over the whole land, or only a part of it?" In conclusion,
he said, "Let us pledge ourselves anew to defend the Constitu-
tion, and, in the presence of the great Webster, swear that we
will give life, honor, and every thing else, in support of it, till
it shall float in undimmed splendor over the whole country in
peace and in honor."

Judge Parker, of Cambridge, was the next speaker; and, in
the course of his remarks, he took up the address drawn up and
signed by the Governors of the loyal States, as agreed upon at
Altoona, Pa., a few days preceding. He considered it a treasona-
ble plotting of the Governors, and added, that, if they sought
the removal of General McCIellan, they met too late to dare to
do this, as he was the commander of a victorious army, and it
was too dangerous.

MR. SALTONSTALL'S EXPLANATION. 375

At this point, Mr. Saltonstall, of Newton; stepped on the
platform, and said, he held a letter in his hand from a friend in
Baltimore, which stated that a formal proposition was made at
Altoona to remove General McClellan from the command of the
Army of Virginia. On being asked which of the Governors it
was who had made the proposition, Mr. Saltonstall said that the
letter was of a private nature, and he was not permitted to
give all its contents ; but the convention could well imagine
who made the proposition." The meeting understood him to
mean Governor Andrew.

Two days after the convention was held, Mr. Saltonstall ad-
dressed a letter to the editor of the Boston Journal to correct
an error he had made; by which it appeared that Mr. Salton-
stall's statement had, for its basis, the following paragraph,
which was in a letter addressed to him by a friend in Balti-
more : -

" I learn from Governor B. [meaning Governor Bradford, of Mary-
land], that there was a formal proposition made to remove the Com-
manding General. He does not feel at liberty to say more."

Mr. Saltonstall' s explanation was, that he had mistaken the
word no for the letter a ; and, instead of saying, a formal
proposition had been made, &c., the letter really said that no
formal proposition had been made. No gentleman supposed
Mr. Saltonstall was intentionally guilty of misrepresentation.
The explanation, dierefore, was satisfactory to the public, though
the mistake, necessarily, was very annoying to the gentleman
who made it.

When Governor Bradford was informed of Mr. Saltonstall' s
statement, he immediately telegraphed to Governor Andrew,
disavowing having made it, to which Governor Andrew replied
that-

"No explanation was needed between us on the matter in question ;
for of course I knew that any declaration that, such a statement had
been made by or from you must be mistaken. . . . The truth is, that I
made no proposition, formal, informal, direct, indirect, near, or re-
mote, for the appointment, promotion, or displacement, or for any other
dealing, with any officer, high or low, in our military service,"

376 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION,

The Faneuil-Hall Convention was a highly respectable body
of men, and the nominations were very proper to be made.
General Devens, who was put forward for Governor, had ren-
dered efficient service by his bravery and capacity in the field, and
was well and favorably known throughout the Commonwealth ;
but nothing could shake the confidence of the people in Gov-
ernor Andrew, or cause a change in the State Administration.
Governor Andrew was triumphantly re-elected ; the vote for
Governor being, - Andrew, 79,835 ; Devens, 52,587 ; all
others, 1,733.

On the thirtieth day of September, the Governor received a
letter from Major John A. BoUes, a gentleman formerly well
known in Boston, but who at this time was serving on the staff
of Major-General Dix at Fortress Monroe. Major Belles' s letter
was accompanied by one from General Dix ; also, one addressed
to him from the Secretary of War. In these communications,
it was proposed that the Governor should take some active
measures for the reception in Massachusetts of a portion of the
escaped slaves then within our lines near Fortress Monroe.
This plan was represented as very desirable, for reasons both
military and humane. It was also urged that the fortress
might be attacked by the rebels, and these people swept back
into slavery. To this invitation the Governor replied, that,
though he sympathized deeply with the humane motives upon
which General Dix was seeking to act, he did not assent, in any
way or in any degree, to the plan proposed; but that these
motives of humanity led him in a different direction, which
sound reasoning made manifest. He said that the true interest
of the African and Saxon were interwoven, and their rights
identical; so that the maintenance of the one became the salva-
tion of the other. If it were true, as stated, that "rebel hordes
were coiling their traitorous length for a deadly spring upon
Fortress Monroe, and that rebel iron-clads were coming down
the river," and that " the Union force who opposed the threat-
ened assault was inferior to the force that menaced them," then,
by listening to the proposals made, he should deprive " the band
of heroes now under command of General Dix, and steadily,
awaiting the storm'," of the strength of hundreds of stout arms

COLORED FREEDMEN. 377

which would be nerved with the desperation of men fighting for
liberty, and would deprive this slandered race of the praise to
be acquired in a bold struggle for their dearest rights. Here
Providence had given to them a chance to complete their emanci-
pation from slavery ; and, if he should do any thing to deny them,
that chance, he would be injuring the cause of the Union arms.
He would not, therefore, do any thing to take away from General
Dix this great reserved force, as he had no doubt it would
prove, if the General would but use it. If the fortress was
attacked, the blacks would fight to preserve their freedom, and
they are needed. If any thing could strengthen his previous
opinions on this point, it would be just such facts as were nar-
rated in the letters he had received. If the negroes had
wives and children to fight for, in addition to their freedom,
they would not show themselves insensible to the motives
which have inspired all other races. He would welcome every
blow of theirs which might at once carry succor to a patriot,
death to a traitor, renewed life to their own veins, and victory to
our flag. Contemplating, however, the probability of their
removal, the Northern States were of all places the worst possi-
ble to select for an asylum. These poor people were inhabi-
tants of a Southern climate, and were subject to needs and to
peculiarities of physical constitution accordingly. Where, then,
was the prudence or humanity of subjecting them to the rigors
of a Northern sky in the winter season, with the moral cer-
tainty of inflicting extreme suffering, resulting probably in dis-
ease and death. If their removal were definitely determined
upon, he wouldsuggest for the asylum some Union foothold in
the South, as Hilton Head, where they could retain their
health, be trained as soldiers, and their labor made available.
For them to come North would be for them to come as paupers
and sufferers to a strange land, as a swarm of houseless wan-
derers migrating without a purpose to a busy community,
where they would be incapable of self-help ; a course certain to
demoralize themselves and endanger others. Such a course
would be a handle to all traitors, and to all persons evilly dis-
posed : we should be told that the experiment had been tried,
and failed ; that the negroes had proved worthless, and incapable

378 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

of taking care of themselves, - when the truth would be that
we had pursued the plan most calculated to disable and corrupt
them. He met with pleasure the motive of humanity which
had dictated the proposed plan ; but, from the very same feelings,
he considered the plan a mistaken one. It was because he did
not wish the negroes to suffer, because he wished to save their
wives and children from perishing, and to prevent their new
freedom from becoming license, corruption, and infamy, that he
declined to aid or countenance this plan for their transportation
to the North. The Governor presented the same views to the
Secretary of War, who acceded to them ; and the plan was
abandoned.

We fmd in the Governor's files a large number of letters in
regard to the freedmen ; among others, a long and interesting
report from C. B. Wilder, " superintendent of contrabands " at
Fortress Monroe, showing how the colored laborers at that
point were denied their hard-earned wages through the neglect
and dishonest practices of officers of the Government. We
also find the draft of a memorial to Congress, written by the
Governor Dec. 10, 1862, in which the claims of the freedmen
to the protection of the Government are very strongly set forth,
and which says, that, without a system for the speedy organiza-
tion of the emancipated, the proclamation of the President, of
Sept. 22,1862, would prove either fruitless, or only a proclama-
tion of anarchy. With a proper system wisely administered,
emancipation would be "prosperity to the South, progress to
the African race, and peace to the republic."

The great number of men which Massachusetts was called
upon in 1862 to furnish for the military service of the country
rendered this year one of the most busy and anxious of the war.
To this we may add the fearful losses which had been sustained
in the battles before Richmond, at Antietam, and before Wash-
ington under General Pope, which multiplied greatly the labors
of all the military departments of the Commonwealth, and espe-
cially those of the Surgeon-General. The towns were anxious to
fill their quotas on the one hand, and on the other to receive back
the sick and wounded from the regiments in the field. Every
thing was done which human agency could do to accomplish

LETTER OF ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 379

both of these objects. What gave an impetus to recruiting was
the fear of a draft, which the Government was determined to
enforce unless the men called for were furnished by voluntary
enlistments within a reasonable time. A new enrolment had
been made, under the superintendence of Major Rogers, assist-
ant Adjutant-General, and the United-States military com-
mander . Assistant provost-marshals had been appointed in
the several Congressional districts to carry out the machinery
of the draft; but, thanks to the patriotism of the people and
the activity of the city and town authorities, and the officers of
the State, the contingent was raised before the end of the year
by volunteers. Yet all that was done by the State authorities
to aid recruiting, and organize and send forward regiments, did
not shield them from complaints by selectmen and others, whose
own labors in the work of recruiting left them no time to
reflect upon the labors of others. Many letters are upon the
files in the State House, filled with complaints of this character.
We will quote the answer made by the Adjutant-General to one
of these complaints, which will serve to illustrate the whole :-

" Your favor has been received ; and I wish you would say to the
selectmen and others who scold the Governor and me for not sending
a mustering officer to Pittsfield whenever they feel like having one,
that they had better come here, and try half as hard as I do to have
officers sent there, and I think afterwards they would grumble no
more at the Governor and the Adjutant-General. Last week I sent a
mustering officer to Pittsfield, through the kindness of Captain Collins,
United-States chief mustering officer. I told him how much one was
needed ; and, although the officer sent was needed at 'Camp Stanton,
I arranged that he should go to Pittsfield instead. Well, he went
there. The next day, he telegraphed Captain Collins that there was
no one in camp ready to be mustered in, and requested to know how
long he must stay there. This telegram Captain Collins sent up to
me, with a little note blaming me for sending his officer two hun-
dred miles off on a sort of tomfool's errand. I advised him, however,
to hold on a day or two, and finish up Berkshire if possible ; that I
had no doubt you would have the recruits ready for him by that time.
So I supposed the thing was finished, and that I should have the
thanks of the selectmen, instead of 'their sweet little curses.' Now,
then, I wish you would say to the town authorities who ' swear at us'.

380 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

that we have nine camps of rendezvous in the State, in two of which
there are three regiments each ; in three, two regiments each ; and, in
the others, one each. There are but two mustering officers in the
State ; so you will see that it is not such an easy thing to get a mus-
tering officer to go to Pittsfield every day. We have no. command
over these officers, and cannot say to them, Go, and he goeth, or Come,
and he cometh ; but, like the voters for the People's party, we have to
get them when and how we can. I have just heard that Captain
Arnold is at Pittsfield, and will muster in the two remaining companies
of the Berkshire regiment ; so you see you have been treated as you
ought to be, with marked liberality in regard to mustering officers. I
hope I have satisfied you. With any shortcomings, no blame can
properly attach to the State authorities."

At length the quota of the State was filled. Upwards of
thirty-three thousand men had been recruited in less than five
months, regiments formed, thoroughly organized and equipped,
and sent to the war. We have already given the names of the
three months' regiments and batteries, dates of their departure
from the State, and the names of the commanding officers. We
now proceed with the nine months' regiments.

The Third Regiment served in the three months' term in the
beginning of the war. It was recruited to the full standard for
the nine months' service at " Camp Joe Hooker," at Lakeville.
On the twenty-second day of October, the regiment embarked
at Boston, in steamers " Merrimack " and "Mississippi," under
command of Colonel Silas P. Richmond, and arrived at Beau-
fort, N.C., Oct. 26, and reached Newbem the same evening.

The Fourth Regiment, which had also served in the three
months' campaign in 1861, was recruited to the full standard at
"Camp Joe Hooker " for the nine months' service. On the
seventeenth day of December, it was ordered to join General
Banks's command at New Orleans. It left the State on that
day for New York, under the command of Colonel Henry
Walker. From New York it went by transport to New
Orleans.

The Fifth Regiment, which had also served in the three
months' campaign, was recruited for nine months' service at
"Camp Lander," at Wenham. It sailed from Boston in trans-

DEPARTURE OF NINE MONTHS* REGIMENTS. 381

ports, under command of Colonel George H. Peirson, for New-
bern, N.C., with orders to report for duty to Major-General
Foster.

The Sixth Regiment, the same which had fought its way
through Baltimore, April 19, 1861, was recruited and or-
ganized for the nine months' service at "Camp Henry Wilson,"
at Lowell. It was the determination of the Governor to have the
Sixth Regiment the first to leave the State for the nine months'
service. It received orders to report at Washington, and left
Massachusetts under command of Colonel Albert S. Follansbee
about Sept. 1. It remained in Washington until the 13th,
when it was ordered to Suffolk, VR.

The Eighth Regiment served with distinction in the three
months' service. It opened the route by Annapolis to Wash-
ington. It was recruited to the maximum for the nine months'
service at "Camp Lander," at Wenham. It sailed from Boston
on the seventh day of November, under the command of Colo-
nel Frederick J. Coffin, for Newbern, N.C., with orders to
report for duty to Major-General Foster.

The Forty-second Regiment was recruited for nine months'
service at "Camp Meigs," at Readville. The nucleus of this
regiment was the Second Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer
Militia. It was assigned to the Department of the Gulf, and
left Massachusetts Nov. 19, with orders to report to General
Banks in New York. It remained in camp at Long Island
until about the first day of December, when it sailed from New
York for New Orleans under command of Colonel Isaac S.
Burrill.

The Forty-third Regiment was recruited at "Camp Meigs."
at Readville. It was recruited chiefly through the Second
Battalion, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, with which organ-
ization a portion of the officers had been connected. On
the twenty-fourth day of October, it went on board transports,
together with the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Regiments, with
orders to report to Major-General Foster at Newbern, N.C.
The regiment was commanded by Colonel Charles L. Holbrook.
While these three regiments were on the transports in Boston
Harbor, a very severe easterly storm came on, which detained

382 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

them several days, and caused much suffering among the
troops.

The Forty-fourth Regiment was recruited at "Camp Meigs,"
at Readville. The Fourth Battalion, Massachusetts Volunteer
Militia, under Major Francis L. Lee, was the nucleus of this
regiment. Nearly the whole battalion volunteered, officers and
men. It left Boston, Oct. 22, by transport, under command
of Colonel Francis L. Lee, with orders to report to Major-
General Foster at Newbern, N.C.

The Forty-fifth Regiment was recruited at "Camp Meigs,"
at Readville. The Forty-fifth was known as the "Cadet Regi-
ment," from the fact that most of its officers were or had been
officers of the First Corps of Cadets. The regiment went on
board transport on the twenty-fourth day of October, under com-
mand of Colonel Charles R. Codman, with orders to proceed to
Newbern, N.C. This is one of the regiments that were de-
tained in Boston Harbor by the storm.

The Forty-sixth Regiment was recruited chiefly in Hampden
County, at "Camp N. P. Banks," in the vicinity of Springfield.
It sailed from Boston, under command of Colonel George
Bowler, for Newhern, N.C. This was one of the three regi-
ments detained in Boston Harbor by the storm before referred
to.

The Forty-seventh Regiment was recruited at "Camp Edwin
M. Stanton," at Boxford, where it remained to within a few
weeks of its departure from the State, when it was ordered to
"Camp Meigs," Readville. This regiment was recruited in a
great degree by Lucius B. Marsh, Esq., who afterwards became
its colonel. It broke camp on the twenty-ninth day of No-
vember, and proceeded to New York, under command of Colonel
Marsh, with orders to report to Major-General Banks. It
remained on Long Island for two or three weeks, awaiting trans-
portation to New Orleans, where it arrived in safety in the
latter part of December.

The Forty-eighth Regiment was recruited at "Camp Lander,"
at Wenham, by Hon. Eben F. Stone, of Newburyport. Before
its organization was completed, it was ordered to "Camp
Meigs," at Readville, Mr. Stone was elected colonel. The

NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 383

latter part of December, it received orders to report to
Brigadier-General Andrews at New York, who had been left
in command by General Banks, to take charge of the transpor-
tation for the remaining Massachusetts regiments destined for
the Department of the Gulf.

The Forty-ninth Regiment was raised in Berkshire County,
and organized at "Camp Briggs," at Pittsfield. Captain
William F. Bartlett, a young and gallant officer, who had
lost a leg at the battle of Fair Oaks, Vs., was elected colonel.
It received marching orders on the twenty-first day of Novem-
ber, to report to Brigadier-General Andrews at New York.
It remained in camp at Long Island several days, awaiting
transportation to New Orleans.

The Fiftieth Regiment was recruited and organized at "Camp
Edwin M. Stanton," at Boxford. The nucleus of the Fiftieth
was the old Seventh Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer
Militia. It left Massachusetts on the nineteenth day of No-
vember, with orders to report to Major-General Banks, at New
York. The transports furnished for this regiment were three
small vessels, two of which were nearly foundered at sea. One
put in at Philadelphia, and another at Hilton Head. Both were
pronounced unseaworthy, and new transports were obtained.
No lives were lost, and the regiment eventually safely arrived
at New Orleans. This regiment was commanded by Colonel
Carlos P. Messer, who had commanded a company in the Fifth
Regiment, in the three months' service.

The Fifty-first Regiment was recruited at "Camp John E.
Wool," in the city of Worcester. On the eleventh day of
November, the regiment was ordered to Newbem, N.C. A few
days afterwards, it came to Boston, and entered on board trans-
port, and proceeded at once to its destination. Augustus B.
R. Sprague, who had served as captain in the Rifle Battalion, in
the three months' service, was colonel of this regiment.

The Fifty-second Regiment was recruited at "Camp Miller,"
at Greenfield. Henry S. Greenleaf, was commissioned colonel.
It left Massachusetts on the nineteenth day of November,
for New York, where it embarked for New Orleans, with
orders to report to Major-General Banks, commanding the
Department of the Gulf.

384 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

The Fifty-third Regiment was recruited at "Camp Stevens,"
at Groton. It left Massachusetts on the eighteenth day of
November, for New York, under command of Lieutenant-Colo-
nel Barrett, with orders to report to Major-General Banks at
New Orleans. John W. Kimball, who had served with dis-
tinction as major of the Fifteenth Regiment, three years' service,
was commissioned colonel of the Fifty-third. Before he could
get home from the front, and take command, the regiment had
left the State. He joined it, however, at New York, and went
with it to Louisiana.

The Eleventh Light Battery, to serve for nine months, was
recruited by Captain Edward J. Jones, at "Camp Meigs," at
Readville. It left Massachusetts on the third day of October,
under command of Captain Jones, with orders to report for
duty to the Adjutant-General of the army at Washington.
This was the only nine months' battery raised in the State.

Thus, in December, 1862, Massachusetts had in active ser-
vice fifty-three regiments of infantry, one regiment and three
unattached companies of cavalry, twelve companies of light
artillery, two companies of sharpshooters, and three companies
of heavy artillery, which were distributed as follows: Twenty-
seven regiments of infantry, seven companies of hght artillery,
two battalions of cavalry, and two companies of sharpshooters,
in the Army of the Potomac, and in Virginia and Maryland;
thirteen regiments of infantry in North Carolina ; thirteen
regiments of infantry, five companies of light artillery, and
three unattached companies of cavalry, in the Department of
the Gulf; one battalion of cavalry at Hilton Head, S.C. ;
and three companies of heavy artillery doing garrison duty in
the forts in Boston Harbor. The number of three years' volun-
teers who had entered the service from Massachusetts from the
commencement of the war to Dec. 31, 1862, was 46,920;
number of nine months' men, 19,080 ; number of three months'
men, 3,736,-making a total of 69,736 men. During the year
1862, the number of men who entered the navy in Massachu-
setts was 5,960, which, added to the number who shipped from
April 15 to Dec. 31, 1861 (7,658), makes a total of 13,618
men for whom Massachusetts received no credit, and who were not

THE TEXAS EXPEDITION. 385

taken into consideration in fixing the contingent which Massa-
chusetts was to furnish for the military arm of the service; an
injustice which bore with crushing weight upon the fishing and
maritime towns and cities of the Commonwealth, and which was
not removed until 1864, when Congress passed an act allowing
credits for men serving in the navy.

The regiments sent from Massachusetts to the Department of
the Gulf were intended as an expeditionary corps, to invade and
hold Texas. The purpose of the expedition was kept a pro-
found secret ; and neither the officers nor the enlisted men of
the regiments, nor the public, were advised of it. This was one
of the well-kept secrets of the war; and, although the expedi-
fion failed of its object, the fault, if one, did not attach to
Massachusetts, nor to the splendid array of troops which she fur-
nished for it. A portion of the Forty-second Regiment reached
Galveston, and has the honor of being the first detachment of
the loyal army that landed in that far-off State. They were
attacked by overwhelming numbers. The war vessels in the
harbor, which were to co-operate with them, were beaten off or
captured by the rebels ; and the detachment of the Forty-second;
after fighting gallantly, was obliged to surrender.

Governor Andrew detailed Major William L. Burt, of his
staff, to accompany the expedition. He was to look out for the
welfare of the troops, and report from fime to time the exact
condition of affairs. On reaching New Orleans, he was to re-
port to General Hamilton, who had been appointed by the
President military Governor of Texas. The Governor, in his
written instrucfions to Major Burt, said, -

"In selecting you for this position, I have in mind your experience,
tact, and energy as a man of business as well as of education. It be-
ing my desire, since so many Massachusetts soldiers are bound to a
very remote field of military service, that some staff officer of ample
capacity, zeal, and position should represent the Commonwealth in her
rightful relation of a careful guardian and watchful parent towards
these brave and precious sons, I have been accustomed to detail gen-
tlemen of my staff for occasional duties of this description in Virginia
and elsewhere, not too far from home. In this instance, the number
of our troops, and their remoteness from home, jusfifies a more perma-
nent arrangement?'

386 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

He was also charged to exercise a friendly oversight of the
men, to use his influence to accommodate inconveniences, alle-
viate suffering, and prevent grievances, and, by his advice and
interposition, to "promote the efficiency, fidelity, patriotic devo-
tion, zeal, happiness, and welfare of our troops." The Governor
furnished Major Burt with letters of introduction to General
Hamilton, whom he afterwards met in New Orleans, and formed
his acquaintance. We shall in the next chapter refer to this
expedition again, and quote from the interesting reports made
by Major Burt to the Governor.

Massachusetts having sent forward her regiments, Governor
Andrew wrote to the Secretary of War, -

"To say one word about brigadiers " (after speaking about having
sent forward ten new regiments for three years' service, saying nothing
about the men sent forward to fill up the old regiments), "we claim
that we are entitled to two brigadier-generals on that score ; and, for
the seventeen regiments of nine months' men, we are entitled to four
more. We therefore recommend, first of all, Colonel James Barnes, of
the Eighteenth," whom he describes as a long-headed, able man,
of thorough military education, over fifty years old, served all last fall,
winter, and spring, in Martindale's brigade, now an acting brigadier
with McClellan ; the most constant, unremitting, and careful of men.
He deserved the first promotion, and would have got it, probably, but
that his regiment happened not to be in battle, for which he was not
to blame. His lieutentant-colonel (Hayes) is able to lead the regi-
ment, if promoted to its command, with the highest honor. He de-
serves promotion."

Colonel Barnes was made a brigadier-general Nov. 29,
1862, a few days after this letter was written.

" Second, William Raymond Lee, of the Twentieth Massachusetts
Regiment, now acting as brigadier, under McClellan, in Sedgwick's
division. He fought at Ball's Bluff; and, in the first and last battles
before Richmond, was the bravest and most chivalrous gentleman in all
our commands, or in any army ; educated, too, at the Military Academy,
but, like Barnes, for many years in civil life. Both these gentlemen,
at my request, took regiments, not for glory or money, but because
they felt, that, having been educated by the country, they were bound
to appear at the first call of danger. They have patriotic hearts, fully
devoted to the manliest views of carrying on the war. Colonels Lee

BRIGADIER GENERALS. 387

and Barnes are too proud and too modest to ask : I speak wholly self-
moved."

Colonel Lee resigned, on account of severe illness, Dec.
17, 1862, and was brevetted brigadier-general for brave and
meritorious services in the field.

"Third, Colonel Edward F. Jones commanded the "old Sixth,"
of Baltimore memory ; more recently, of the Twenty-sixth, under
Butler. Returning from New Orleans very ill, recovered of ty-
phoid, resigning his command, finding that his wife was also very
ill, -now, after her death, which happened a week or so ago, he is
ready for a brigade. He is a true, good, intelligent, capable, business-
like officer. He is a sagacious, determined man. I wish he might be
appointed, and go to Banks to Texas."

Colonel Jones, although worthy of it, never received the
appointment to which he was recommended.

" Fourth, Colonel Edward W. Hinks, of the. Nineteenth, formerly
of the bid Eighth,' which repaired the railroad to Annapolis Junc-
tion in the spring of 1861, saved the ' Constimtion ' frigate at Annapo-
lis, and is now recovering from his wounds at Antietam, having been
wounded, too, before Richmond. He is a young, brave, ardent, very
devoted, natural soldier. He, too, ought to be promoted."

Colonel Hinks was appointed brigadier-general Nov. 29,
1862. He was afterwards brevetted major-general, and is now
a Ueutenant-colonel in the regular army.

"Fifth, Albert C. Maggi, an Italian, about forty years old, now
with General Sigel, saw fourteen years' service abroad ; was a major
in Italy ; fought under Garibaldi in South America, as well as in Italy ;
enlisted in the spring of 1861, at New Bedford (where he was teaching
the classics, modem languages, and gymnastics), in our Third Regi-
ment ; went to Fortress Monroe ; was, in succession, sergeant-major,
adjutant of the Third, and acting brigade-major; when, after the
three months expired, he, as lieutenant-colonel of the Twenty-first,
led it in the battle of Roanoke Island, and, resigning, took the Thirty-
third Regiment.

" If General Sigel should require any additional brigadier, I can-
not imagine a better one for foreign troops, or, since he speaks good
English, even for native troops ; and his Ueutenant-colonel, Adin B.

3 88 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Underwood, is perfectly fit to command his regiment. He has been in
service as captain in our Second, until he reached this lieutenant-
colonelcy."

Colonel Maggi was not promoted; and he resigned the colo-
nelcy of the Thirty-third Regiment April 1, 1863, and was
not again in service.

"Sixth, Colonel Burr Porter, of our Fortieth. He is a splendid
soldier. I appointed him, as I have several others, - though not from
Massachusetts,- because so able. He is recommended, I learn, by
Governor Olden, with the understanding that he be changed to New
Jersey, his own State. I wish he might be appointed, and, with his
regiment, be sent to Texas. He would make a great fighting brigadier.
He is magnetic, like Maggi. He was educated at a French military
academy ; was on Omar Pasha's staff in the Crimea, and served
under Fremont in Virginia."

Colonel Porter was not appointed brigadier, and resigned as
colonel of the Fortieth, July 21, 1863. He was afterwards
appointed major in the First Battalion Frontier Cavalry, Jan.
1, 1865, and colonel Third Cavalry March 21, 1865, and dis-
charged at expiration of service, July 21, 1865.

"Seventh, Colonel, formerly Lieutenant-Colonel, George L. An-
drews, of the Second Regiment. Educated at West Point; modest,
firm, and methodical ; a scholarly soldier, and an honest, faithful man.
He is recommended by divers Boston gentlemen for a brigade, and he
would be an excellent chief-of-staff for a major-general commanding
an army corps."

Colonel Andrews was appointed brigadier before this letter
was written; the date of his commission being Nov. 9, 1862.

"Eighth, Colonel Timothy Ingraham, of the Thirty-eighth Regi-
ment, would be an excellent brigadier. He is now acting as such.
He is a most constant, trustworthy, and reliable man, conscientious,
and ' sure fire.' "

Colonel Ingraham was detailed for a long time as provost-
marshal at Washington, and brevetted brigadier-general Oct. 2,
1865.

"Ninth, I wish Major-General Hooker might be appealed to for his
opinion of the propriety of nominating Colonel George D. Wells,

STAFF APPOINTMENTS. 389

of the Thirty-fourth, until lately lieutenant-colonel of the First, for
brigadier. I have heard General Hooker call Wells 'a remarkable
soldier.' Nor can I doubt that General Hooker, under whom, first as
brigadier, and afterwards general of a division, the First Massachu-
setts served for nearly one year ; and General Grover, who succeeded
to the command of Hooker's brigade, would unite in emphasizing my
suggestion. I would also refer to Colonel Blaisdell of our Eleventh,
Colonel Wilde, and Lieutenant-Colonel Carruth of our Thirty-fifth.
who served in the First Brigade, with and under Colonel Wells.

Colonel Wells was killed in action, Oct. 13, 1864, and was
brevetted brigadier-general after his death. He was one of the
best and bravest officers that went from Massachusetts into the
war.

'Tenth, We have five three years' regiments at Newbem. They
went out with Burnside ; all but one was in his three battles there.
Captain T. J. C. Amory, United-States Tenth Infantry, is colonel of
our Seventeenth Volunteers. He has acted as general of brigade, and
even of division, while there, much of the time. If any one is pro-
moted there, I suggest Colonel Amory. He is an accomplished offi-
cer. Now, / do not ask the creation of new generals : of that let me
not. presume to judge. I only ask, that, if any are made, Massachusetts
troops may be put under such men as I have named.

Colonel Amory died of yellow fever at Newbem, N.C., Oct.
7, 1864, after having been brevetted brigadier-general.
This remarkable letter concludes as follows : -

"I beg leave to add that all these views are my own, unsuggested
save by the accumulated knowledge of careful pains taken in appoint-
ing, and keeping up my acquaintance with our officers, and impelled by
my zeal for the cause, and the honor of my State. I trust my fulness
and freedom may receive your pardon.

The changes and additions to the Governor's staff in the year
1862 were as follows : -

John Quincy Adams, of Quincy, was appointed aide-de-camp,
with the rank of heutenant-colonel, Jan. 4, 1862, to supply the
vacancy occasioned by the appointment of Horace Binney Sar-
gent as lieutenant-colonel of the First Regiment Massachusetts
Cavalry. Harrison Ritchie became senior aide, with rank of
colonel.

390 MASSACEIUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Charles F. Blake, of Boston, was appointed assistant quarter-
master-general, with the rank of major, Aug. 7, 1862. The
duty of Major Blake was to return to their regiments the men
who were reported deserters.

Charles N. Emerson, of Pittsfield, was appointed assistant
quartermaster-general, with the rank of major, Aug. 20, 1862,
with special reference to raising troops.

William Rogers, of Boston, was appointed assistant adjutant-
general Aug. 23, 1862, with special reference to preparing the
State for a draft.

Charles J. Higginson, of Boston, was appointed assistant ad-
jutant-general, with the rank of major, Sept. 9, 1862.

William L. Burt, of Boston, was appointed judge-advocate-
general, Oct. 1, 1862, and was promoted to the rank of briga-
dier-general, Feb. 9, 1865.

Charles Sprague Sargent, of Brookline, was appointed
assistant quartermaster-general, with the rank of first lieutenant,
Nov. 3, 1862.

William Sturgis Hooper, of Boston, was appointed assistant
adjutant-general, with the rank of captain, Nov. 19, 1862.
Captain Hooper served with this rank at New Orleans as staff
officer under General Banks, and died July 1, 1863.

The foregoing pages bring the history of Massachusetts in the
war to the close of the year 1862, at which time Massachusetts
was represented by her brave men in nearly every field of ser-
vice, and upon the decks of every ship, in the American navy.
She had given martyrs to the great cause on nearly every battle-
field, and in every naval engagement, in the war. Many had
died ; many had their limbs severed from their bodies ; many
households had been made desolate ; many stood by the buts of
their muskets, keeping watch and ward, facing the enemy, from
the falls of the Potomac to the delta of the Mississippi. Some
were in prison, some were in hospitals, some were in tents,
some swinging in their hammocks at the mouths of rivers to
prevent blockade-runners from supplying the enemy. Thus
sixty thousand men of Massachusetts were engaged when the
course of fime brought in the year 1863.

CHAPTER VIII.

The Proclamation of Freedom- Colored Regiments-Letter to Samuel Hooper
-The California Battalion - Meeting of the Legislature, January, 1863 -
Organization-Address of the Governor- Delay of the Government in pay-
ing the Soldiers -The Commission of Mr. Crowninshield - His Claim not
allowed - Reports of the Adjutant, Surgeon, and Quartermaster Generals -
Abstract of Military Laws-Letter to Hon. Thomas D. Eliot-Western
Sanitary Commission - Confidential Letter to General Hooker - Efforts to
reinstate Major Copeland - The Pirate " Alabama " - Curious Coinci-
dence - Authority to recruit a Colored Regiment-The Governors Policy
in the Selection of Officers - Colonel Shaw - The Passage of the Fifty-
fourth (colored) Regiment through Boston-Departure for South Carolina
-Death of Colonel Shaw at Port Wagner-Letter of the Governor to Cap-
tain Sherman-Letter to General Hamilton, of Texas -Major Burt -
Plan to invade Texas -Mortality of Massachusetts Regiments in Louisiana
- War Steamers - Rights of Colored Soldiers - Temperance-General
Ullman's Expedition - Coast Defences - General Wilde - John M. Forbes
writes from London - Colonel Ritchie -A Rebel Letter -Robert C. Win-
throp - Letter to Mr. Gooch, M.C. - Army Officers in Boston- Cases of
Suffering - Useless Detail of Volunteer Officers -Letter to General Wool -
Suggestions about Recruiting - About Deserters - Staff Appointments -
Complaints -Nine Months' Men -Letter to J. H. Mitchell, Massachusetts
Senate-Claims for Money in the Legislature - Case of Mr. Maxwell, of
Charlemont - Sergeant Plunkett, of the Twenty-first Regiment - Soldiers
to be shot-Troubles in the Department of the Gulf, &c.

The battle for the Union had now lasted two years without
decisive results. The Union armies had met the enemy on many
battle-fields ; alternate victory and defeat had marked the con-
test. The Union forces had stretched from the lines of
Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Mississippi to
the Tennessee ; gradually bringing within their folds the enemies
of the nation. The loyal people had learned much in those two
years. The Administration had been educated to an anti-slavery
point. On the 22d of September, 1862, the President had
issued his Proclamation of Freedom to the enslaved; and, be-
fore the end of the year 1863, what had been predicted by ear-

392 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

nesl men at the commencement of the war, became a truth.
"Africa was carried into the war;" the black man made a
soldier, with a musket in his hand, and on his body the uniform
of a loyal volunteer. The colored men were to fight side by
side with the whites for the unity of the nation, and the flag,
which for the first time, but now for all time, symbolized liberty
for all men.

The proclamation of liberty, and the employment of freedmen
as soldiers in the Union army, were the practical embodiment of
intelligent Massachusetts thought. The plan was favored from
the beginning, and looked forward to with fond hopes, by Gov-
ernor Andrew and prominent public men in the Commonwealth.
They saw in this the certainty of a successful issue of the war.
Upon the appearance of the President's proclamation, the Gov-
ernor caused a hundred thousand copies of it to be printed, which,
together with a circular addressed to the commanding officers of
Massachusetts regiments, he forwarded to the front, with the
expectation and hope that opportunities would occur to have
them distributed within the enemy's lines ; a thousand copies he
also forwarded to General Rufus Saxton, commanding the Union
forces in South Carolina. The proclamation was to take effect
on the 1st of January, 1863. On the 2d, General Order No.
1 was issued by the Governor, which had reference to the proc-
lamation ; the opening paragraph of which was in these
words : -

" With the new year, America commences a new era of national
life, in which we invoke the blessing of Heaven upon our country and,
its armies with renewed faith in the favor of Almighty God."

The order recapitulated the substance of the proclamation,
and presented an argument for the blessings expected to flow
from it, and concluded in these words : -

"In honor of the proclamation, and as an official recognition of its
justice and necessity by Massachusetts, which was the first of the
United States to secure equal rights to all its citizens, it is ordered
that a salute of one hundred guns be fired on Boston Common at noon
the next day, Jan. 3."

Before the end of the year, Massachusetts, had recruited two

ARRIVAL OF THE CALIFORNIA COMPANY. 393

regiments of colored troops, the first that were organized in any
of the loyal States, and sent them forth into the war, armed
and equipped in the best manner, and officered by the best men
who had served in the volunteer army.

On the twenty-seventh day of December, 1862, Hon. Samuel
Hooper, a member of Congress from this State, wrote to the
Governor for his opinion in regard to the national finances : to
which he replied, Jan. 5, that he did not consider himself
qualified to express a definite opinion on the subject. On
the contrary, " I feel," he says, "a degree of happiness in
being in a position similar to that of the judge who congratu-
lated himself that it was his privilege not to have any opinion
on a complicated question of fact, on which it was the duty of
the jury to make up their minds." The Governor said, how-
ever, that he should not run counter to Mr. Chase's system in
regard to our national currency, but should decidedly favor it ;
that he had seen, a few days before, a letter, written to a friend
in Boston by Joshua Bates, of London, concerning the conduct
of our finances during the war, which he deemed to have been
on the whole to our credit, although he criticised the issue of
legal-tender notes, thinking we should have first resorted to bor-
rowing on long loans ; yet it was his opinion that it would have
been absolutely impossible for us ultimately to avoid resorting
to them.

We have akeady spoken of a sum of money collected in San
Francisco, Cal., by citizens of that place, and forwarded to
Governor Andrew, to be distributed among the families of
Massachusetts volunteers in the war. When it was proposed in
November, 1862, to raise the Second Regiment of Cavalry,
men of Massachusetts birth, living in California, proposed to
raise a company for the regiment ; and a correspondence was
opened through Mr. Rankin, Collector of the port of San Fran-
cisco, with the Governor, in regard to accepting it. Permissions
was given by Secretary Stanton to accept it, and the men were
to be credited to the quota of Massachusetts. The company was :
raised by Captain J. Sewall Reed, of San Francisco. The pas-,
sages of the officers and men were paid by this State ; and the,
company arrived at "Camp Meigs," Readville, Jan. 4, 1863. ;

394 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

The Adjutant-General of the State was detailed to receive
the company, in behalf of the Governor, at the camp, and to
thank them in his name for the honor they had conferred on
the State by coming so many miles to enter a Massachusetts
regiment, and carry its flag in the war for liberty and Union.
It was five o'clock in the morning when the company arrived.
Colonel Charles R. Lowell, Jr., who was to command the regi-
ment, Brigadier-General Peirce, Major Crowninshield, and a
number of the Hne officers, were present to receive them.

On the arrival of the company, a salute was fired, and an
escort of the cavalry conducted the company to their quarters,
where a good warm breakfast had been prepared, and was ready
for the men. The officers were taken to Colonel Lowell's quar-
ters, where they were welcomed to Massachusetts by the Adju-
tant-General, whose speech, in behalf and in the name of the
Governor, was responded to by Captain Reed; and in this way,
on a cold January morning, were the Califomians received, and
took their places in the Union army on the Massachusetts line.
In a report made by the Adjutant-General to the Governor on
the same day, he says,-

"Tomorrow at eleven o'clock. General Peirce, Colonel Lowell, and
the officers of the California company, will pay their respects to your
Excellency at the State House. The Califomians are mostly Massa-
chusetts men, though not exclusively so ; some are from New York
and New Hampshire ; one is a native of California, a celebrated
thrower of the lasso. The captain told me that five hundred men
applied to go with him to Massachusetts. He selected his men with
great care, and came with a full and complete company. I never saw a
finer body of men ; Colonel Lowell is delighted with them. If your
engagements are such that you cannot receive the officers at eleven,
to-morrow, please appoint a time when they can be received."

The engagement was kept, and Governor Andrew gave the
officers a hearty welcome.

So great was the success of the arrangement, and so well
satisfied were the California men, that three other companies,
making a battalion, were raised in California, and joined the
regiment ; Massachusetts paying expense of transportation,
and allowing the bounty to the volunteers which the Legislature

ORGANIZATION OF THE LEGISLATURE. 395

had authorized. Of this battalion, Dewitt C. Thompson, for-
merly of Major-General Halleck's staff, was appointed major. No
better officers or men than these volunteers from California
served in the Union army. Many of them were killed in
battle, and never returned again to the shores of the Pacific ;
among whom was the first captain, J. Sewall Reed, who was
killed in action Feb. 22, 1864.

The Legislature for 1863 met at the State House on Wed-
nesday, Jan. 7. Jonathan E. Field, of Berkshire County, was
elected President of the Senate, having received all the votes
but four, which were cast for Peter Harvey, of Suffolk.

On taking the chair, Mr. Field made a short address, the
only part of which relating to national affairs was the fol-
lowing reference to the Proclamation of Freedom issued by the
President, which went into effect on the first of January. Mr.
Field said, -

"The year was inaugurated by an event claimed by its friends to be
second in importance only to that which relieved us from colonial de-
pendence. Whatever may be its influences upon the war and upon
the disloyal States, the loyal are made truly free. In this, as in every
other measure intended to suppress the Rebellion, and uproot its causes,
Massachusetts will yield to the Government no qualified support. In
the complete performance of her whole duty to the Union, she will
neither falter nor fail."

Stephen N. Gifford, of Duxbury, was re-elected clerk, hav-
ing received every vote.

The House organized by the choice of Alexander H. Bullock,
of Worcester, for Speaker, who received every vote but three,
which were cast for Caleb Gushing, of Newburyport.

Mr. Bullock spoke at considerable length. In the course of
his speech, he was eloquent in his praise of the services of
Massachusetts soldiers in the war. He said, -

"They have fought, many have fallen, under McClellan and Bum-
side, both dear to them; under Buder and Banks, both soldiers of
Massachusetts, bringing laurels to her brow. They have stood, and they
have fallen, wheresoever and under whomsoever it has pleased the
Government to appoint their lot."

396 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

William S. Robinson, of Maiden, was r-e-elected clerk of the
House by a unanimous vote.

The address of the Governor was delivered before the two
branches of the Legislature, on Friday, Jan. 9. It was a
document of remarkable force and eloquence. It not only dis-
cussed the position of Massachusetts in the war, but also a
variety of topics relating to the social, physical, financial, agri-
cultural, and educational condition of the State. The receipts
in the treasury from the ordinary sources of revenue, for the
year 1862, were $2,947,732.48, of which $1,763,108.62 were
raised by direct taxation upon the property of the Common!
wealth. The disbursements for the year amounted to $1,683,
390.93, of which $435,251.77, was for State aid to the
families of soldiers. The Governor then presented in concise
form the labors performed during the year in raising and
equipping troops for the general service, and the number of men
sent to the front, which has been stated in preceding pages.
The Governor said, -

" I have always insisted, that, so far as possible, every corps should
receive a full outfit and equipment before leaving the Commonwealth.
This much I have felt was demanded by my duty to the soldiers and
the people."

He deeply regretted that his request to have the troops des-
tined for the expeditions to Louisiana and Texas embark from
our own ports, where they could have been protected from need-
less hardships and perils, encountered by some of them in their,
embarkation from New York, had been refused.

"The conduct of the troops of this Commonwealth," he said;
"whether in camp or on the march or under fire, has won the un-
qualified commendation of all the generals under whom they have
served. They are universal favorites, sought for by commanders for
their intelligence, obedience, and valor."

In speaking of the draft by which it was proposed to raise the
nine months' troops, he says, -

" Questions of grave, practical importance, affecting the interest and
feelings of large masses of the people, sometimes involving local and geo-
graphical considerations ; points of honor, on which whole communities

ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR ANDREW. 397

were sensitive ; points of right even, touching which all men are jealous ;
many of them difficult, all of them new and without a precedent,-
have crowded upon the Executive for decision. For a correct decision,
he alone was responsible."

He then expresses his thanks for the cordial, intelhgent, and
constant assistance he had received from the other officers,
military and civil, and the different municipal authorities of
the cities and towns.

The bounties paid by the different municipalities to obtain
men, and avoid a draft, he recommended should be equalized, and
assumed by the State, to be paid by tax upon the property
and polls of the whole people. He also referred to the cases
of deserters, which he said were rare; and, so far as want and
flight from duty was concerned, many men who had come home
on furloughs either sick or wounded had not returned to their
regiments after recovering their health, because of the difficulties
attendant on finding their regiments, and their dread of the
convalescent and stragglers' camp at Alexandria. Many con-
valescent soldiers have been returned as deserters who had been
detained as nurses in hospitals, sent on detached duty of every
sort, and detailed to assist quartermasters and commissaries.
Of the twelve hundred Massachusetts soldiers who had been
reported absent without leave, only about twenty had manifestly
deserted. This did not include persons attracted by recent
bounties, of whom there had been too many striving to enlist
without the purpose of serving.

The Governor devoted considerable space to the consideration
of the fortifications and coast defences of the State. He referred
to a circular letter issued by Mr. Seward, Secretary of State,
Oct. 14, 1861, calling the attention of the Governors of the
seaboard and lake States, and urging that such defences
should be perfected by the States themselves, with the assurance
of the reimbursements from the Federal treasury. This State
at once acted upon the suggestion : information and estimates
were asked from the War Department in regard to the cost.
In February, 1862, the Legislature authorized the Governor to
enter into contracts to the amount of $500,000 for the manu-
facture of ordnance suitable for the defence of our coast. But it

398 MASSACHUSETTS IN TFIE REBELLION.

was ascertained, by consultation with Federal ordnance officers,
that the cost of completing the armament of the Massachusetts
coast would amount to 150,000. This delayed matters. In
the mean time, the conflict between the "Merrimack " and the
"Monitor," in Hampton Roads, cast a serious doubt upon the
stability of any projects of fortification or armament of our har-
bor ; and the Governor was requested by the War Department
to expend the money appropriated upon the immediate construc-
tion of iron-clad vessels. He appointed a committee -two
members of the Executive Council, the President of the Boston
Board of Trade, and an eminent civil engineer - to consider the
subject. The Legislature had passed a resolve Feb. 14, 1862,
and appropriated a sum of money to build one or more iron-clad
steamers for the protection of the coast. Parties stood ready to
build such a vessel, when a protest was received from the Naval
Department against it, alleging that that department was will-
ing to put "under construction, in every part of the country, all
that the utmost resources of the people could accomplish," and
it was " sorry to find a State entering the market in competition
with Government, the result of which could only injure both
parties." To this the Governor answered that there were at
least two establishments in Massachusetts capable of building
such vessels, whose services had not been required by the Gov-
ernment. The reply of the Navy Department was an offer, to
each of these establishments, of a contract for building an iron-
clad steamer. A like difficulty prevented the State from pro-
curing the manufacture of heavy ordnance. The War Depart-
ment had engaged, to the full extent of their capacity, all the
founderies which were known to be prepared to cast suitable and
heavy cannon for arming the fortifications on the coast ; and no
aid from the State, therefore, had been necessary to expedite the
work. The result was, that nothing was done by the State at this
time, either to build iron-clads or manufacture heavy guns ; and
the coast remained for some time longer without any adequate
means of defence.

Towards the close of the address, the Governor spoke in fit-
ting language of our heroic dead, and of the soldiers in the
war:-

ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR ANDREW. 399

'Peaceful, rural, and simple in their tastes, her people, never for-
getting the lessons learned by their fathers, not less of War than of
Religion, are found in arms for their fathers' flag wherever it waves,
from Boston to Galveston. The troops of Massachusetts in Maryland,
in Virginia, in the Carolinas, in Louisiana, in Texas ; the details from
her regiments for gunboat service on the Southern and Western rivers ;
her seamen in the navy, assisting at the reduction of the forts, from
Hatteras Inlet to the city of New Orleans, or going down to that
silence deeper than the sea, in the ' Monitor ' or the ' Cumberland,' -
all remember their native State as a single star of a brilliant con-
stellation, -the many in one they call their country. By the facts
of our history, the very character of our people, and the tendencies
of their education, industry, and training, Massachusetts is independ-
ent in her opinions, loyal to the Union, and the uncompromising foe of
treason."

After recapitulating the many battle-fields, from Big Bethel
and Cedar Mountain to Baton Rouge and Antietam, in which
Massachusetts soldiers had borne a brave and gallant part, he
says, -

"How can fleeting words of human praise give the record of their
glory? Our eyes suffused with tears, and blood retreating to the
heart stirred witii unwonted thrill, speak with the eloquence of nature
uttered but unexpressed. From the din of the batde they have passed
to the peace of eternity. Farewell ! Warrior, citizen, patriot, lover,
friend j' whether in the humbler ranks, or bearing the sword of offi-
cial power; whether private, captain, surgeon, or chaplain, -for all
these in the heady fight have passed away, - Hail ! and Farewell !
Each hero must sleep serenely on the field where he fell in a cause
sacred to Hberty and the rights of mankind."

On the twentieth day of January, the Governor sent in a
special message to the Legislature, calling their attention to the
vexatious delays of the General Government in the payment of
the soldiers, which occasioned suffering both in the army and to
the families of the soldiers at home. He therefore recommended
to the Legislature to assume the payment of the Massachusetts
soldiers, or such of them as would consent to allot a portion of
their monthly pay for the support of their families at home, or
to deposit on interest in the State treasury subject to their
order.

400 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

On the sixth day of February, in reply to an order of the
House, requesting a report of the amount claimed or paid as
commissions, compensation, expenses, or profits by persons who
went to foreign countries to purchase arms on account of the
State, the Governor submitted a brief statement, by which it
appears that Mr. Crowninshield, and Mr. McFarland, who ac-
companied him to Europe to purchase arms and equipments,
were the only persons that had been employed on that business
up that time. Mr. Crowninshield returned home in August,
1861. Mr. McFarland was left in England to superintend the
execution of uncompleted contracts, and to inspect the arms as
manufactured. He remained on this business until the spring
of 1862. For his entire services Mr. McFarland was paid the
sum of $3,527.96. "In the final settlement of accounts," the
Governor says, "the claim of two and a half per cent on all
the disbursements was made by Mr. Crowninshield for compen-
sation for himself." The disbursements were $351,347.48.
This claim was not allowed by the Governor and Council. An
order was passed by the Executive Council, allowing Mr. Crown-
inshield $2,500 for his expenses in purchasing arms in England
on condition that he settle the account as rendered by him of
Mr. McFarland as inspector of said arms, and return to the
Treasurer proper vouchers for the same; and James M. Shute,
James Ritchie, and Gerry W. Cochrane, members of the Coun-
cil, were appointed a committee, with authority to settle with
Mr. Crowninshield on the above conditions.
The Governor then states, -

"The proposition made by this order, being communicated by the
committee to Mr. Crowninshield, was declined by him in writing, Sept.
20 ; and his account remains, unadjusted. He retains in his hands a
balance of 3312. 10s. 5d., or $2,482.87, of funds belonging to the Com-
monwealth, and claims for his compensation an additional amount of
33,276. 14s., or $6,184.90, or. in all, 1,789. 4s. 5d., or $8,667.77."

The Governor further adds, -

"The instructions addressed to Mr. Crowninshield are silent on the
subject of compensation for his agency. 'At the time he sailed for

THE PURCHASE OF ARMS IN ENGLAND. 401

Europe, in April, 1861, an advance of $1,600 was made to him from
the treasury of the Commonwealth for his personal expenses, which
amount is included in the $2,500 allowed to him by the order of the
Governor and Council of Sept. 17, 1862; and it is not intended on
the part of the Governor to admit, by any thing herein contained, that
any valid claim existed against the Commonwealth in favor of the
agent for time and services. On that point, for the purpose of the in-
quiries of the honorable House, it is not necessary here to express an
opinion."

On the twenty-fourth day of February, the Governor trans-
mitted with a message to the House the Annual Report of the
Adjutant-General, Quartermaster-General, Master of Ordnance,,
and the Surgeon-General. Of these reports he says, -

"It has been the aim of the Adjutant-General to present in full
detail, not only the formal returns, but, so far as possible, the main fea-
tures; of the military history of each of the Massachusetts volunteer
and militia corps organized and serving during the past year."

He speaks of it as forming an interesting and honorable
record. Of the Surgeon-General's report he says, -

"1 venture to mention, as of special interest, the wise and suggestive
report of the Surgeon-General, to whose intelligent and humane ad-
ministration of his bureau 1 confess a constant obligation."

He also speaks in terms of praise of our agents, Robert R.
Corson, of Philadelphia, and William Robinson, of Baltimore,
gentlemen who have rendered good service in the care of sick
and wounded soldiers in hospitals, and soldiers falling into dis-
tress or want. These gentlemen's names had been inadvertently
omitted in the Adjutant-General's report. He also refers to the
services rendered by Colonels Howe and Tufts, Massachusetts
agents at New York and Washington, of whom we have spoken
in preceding pages, and whose services will ever be remembered
with gratitude by a humane and Christian people.

The Legislature remained in session until the 30th of April.
We omit giving an abstract of its proceedings, as the greater
portion of the time was occupied with State matters not relat-
ing to military affairs. It, however, passed a number of excellent
26

402 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

laws respecting our soldiers and their families, an abstract of
which we here present.

The resolve passed March 10, empowered the Governor
to purchase or have manufactured fifteen thousand stand of
muskets ; also, arms and equipments for one regiment of
cavab-y ; also, guns and equipments for five batteries.

An act passed April 29, authorized the re-imbursement to
the cities and towns for the bounties paid by them to volun-
teers, in sums not exceeding one hundred dollars to each volun-
teer.

An act passed April 17, authorized sheriffs and deputy-
sheriffs, police of cities, and constables of towns, to arrest
persons charged with desertion, upon the written order of the
provost-marshals of the different districts within the Common-
wealth.

An act approved April 17, provided that no person, en-
listed or drafted, who had received bounty money or advance
pay, should be discharged from the service upon a writ of
habeas corpus on the ground that he was a minor, or on any
other ground, until he had paid over the bounty money or ad-
vance pay, and turned in the clothing and arms and military
accoutrements, which he might have received.

The resolve approved April 14, appropriated the sum of
ten thousand dollars for the benefit of the Discharged Soldiers'
Home, on Springfield Street, Boston, on condition that an equal
amount be raised by private subscription, and used for the same
purpose.

An act approved April 27, legalized the acts and doings
of cities and towns in paying bounties to volunteers, and taxes
assessed to pay the same.

An act approved April 23, authorized the State aid to be
paid to families of drafted men the same as to families of
volunteers.

An act approved March 1 rendered null and void any tax
levied upon a city or town to relieve or discharge from the mili-
tary service any person who shall be called or drafted into such
service.

The resolves approved April 6, were in grateful acknowl-

ACTS PASSED BY TEE LEGISLATURE. 403

edgment of the services rendered by our soldiers in the war ;
and the Governor was authorized to forward copies of the same
to the different regiments.

The resolve approved April 28, authorized the Governor to
appoint three persons to be commissioners to inquire into the
expediency of establishing a State military academy.

An act passed March 3, provided for the payment, by the
State, of the pay due to soldiers by the Federal Government,
and for the encouragement of the allotment of pay by the
soldiers.

An act approved March 7, provided that each city and
town shall keep a complete record of the soldiers belonging
thereto in the United-States service ; the book to be furnished
by the Adjutant-General.

An act approved March 17, authorized the Governor to
pay bounties, not to exceed fifty dollars each, to volunteers.

The resolve approved March 30, appropriated twenty thou-
sand dollars for the maintenance of agencies out of the Com-
monwealth, as the Governor may find needful, for the aid of
sick and wounded or distressed Massachusetts soldiers.

An act approved March 12, authorized cities and towns to
raise money by taxation for the support of the families of
deceased soldiers ; also, families of soldiers discharged for
disability.

An act approved April 21, authorized the formation of vol-
unteer companies for military service, to be composed of men
over forty-five years of age, who were to be called the State
Guard, and be uniformed, armed, and equipped as a majority
of each company might decide.

On the fourteenth day of January, the Governor wrote to
Thomas D. Eliot, requesting him to forward a copy of the
President's message, with the accompanying reports of the Sec-
retaries, and adds, -

"When you see or write to your brother, the Rev. E>r. Eliot, of St.
Louis, pray give him my respects, and tell him that the subscription
for the Western Sanitary Commission is doing quite well. I saw the
book a few days ago, when our Lieutenant-Governor, two Councillors,
and a member of my staff, who were present, put down an aggregate

404 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

of seven hundred dollars ($700). Having recently received three

thousand dollars ($3,000) from an American citizen abroad, to use for
the relief of sick and wounded soldiers and their families at my dis-
cretion, I devoted one thousand dollars ($1,000) of it to this purpose,
and gave our friend, Mr. Forbes, a check for that amount. I knew
but little of the subject, save that I knew your brother was interested
in the matter. His name is good evidence always in Massachusetts."

Among the gentlemen of Boston who took an early and
earnest interest in furnishing the military contingent of Massa-
chusetts, in' their donations for the maintenance and support of
soldiers' families, was Amos A. Lawrence, a well known and
distinguished merchant. He was particularly active and effi-
cient in raising the Second Regiment of Cavalry, and received
from the Governor, Jan. 19, a letter of acknowledgment for
his generous and efficient services, in which appears the follow-
ing paragraph : -

"And in respect to the project for confirming the intellectual ascend-
ency of Massachusetts by inaugurating a system of university educa-
tion in advance of the other States, and which shall be to them a
model, I learn with pleasure that the views I had the honor to express
in my late address to the Legislature are confirmed by your respected
judgment and extensive experience."

On the 1st of January, 1863, our regiments and batteries in
the Army of the Potomac were, after a year's hard fighting in
winter quarters, divided only by the Rappahannock from the
rebel forces. Major-General Joseph Hooker had succeeded
Generals McClellan and Bumside in command. For his quali-
fies as a strategetical and brave general, great hopes of
success were entertained. He was popular with the army, and
had in a remarkable degree the confidence of the people. He
was an especial favorite of Governor Andrew, and of the
soldiers of Massachusetts. He had succeeded in having the
army newly clothed and armed ; he had improved the com-
missariat ; and, by his efforts, the soldiers had received their back
pay .

On the 26th of January, Governor Andrew wrote General
Hooker a confidential letter, in which he congratulated him
upon his appointment to the command of the Army of the

LETTER TO MAJOR-GENERAL HOOKER. 405

Potomac, and suggested to him to use a "little mlitary
eloquence in his first order," in which he should especially com-
mend, encourage, and cheer the 'brave good fellows, who have
borne the brunt already, some of them in three campaigns."
The general orders heretofore issued "have looked to the
future only, and have reflected more or less merely on the com-
mander." A few words of praise and of gratitude, "suggesting
nothing but hopefulness, thankfulness, and good-will, would be
worth a victory." He then advised him to go around and speak
a few pleasant and kind words to "every single regiment, -
EVERY ONE. Tell the boys that all have a country; all will
hereafter have a history ; and that, a hundred years hence, the
children by the firesides will be charmed by the stories their
mothers will tell them of the valor and manUness of the humblest
private who served well or died bravely."
This letter concludes as follows : -

"I am anti-slavery ; but may I say that at first I would not allude to
the proclamation. When the Secretary of War shall, by general order,
promulgate it, which will be done shortly, let it be read at the head of
every regiment; and I would then, by word and deed, make it as effi-
cient and vital as the bayonet of the soldier, and the voice of the com-
mander. You can immediately and strongly commit every officer to
the policy and orders of his Government ; and the men will easily see
that while their wives give up their husbands, their fathers give up
their sons, to the hazards of war, it is only the merest justice that rebel
masters should yield up their slaves, and not compel them to be rebels
too. You will, I know, general, pardon, and ascribe to my friendly
interest and my confidence in your chivalrous character, the apparent
freedom of this note and its suggestions."

An officer who had held rank on the staff of Major-General
Banks, had been summarily dismissed the service by Mr.
Stanton, for what he deemed a breach, of military etiquette,
which was regarded by Governor Andrew as an act of. in-
justice towards the officer; and he exerted himself with the
President and the Secretary of War, at divers times, to have
him reinstated. He had great confidence in his ability, and of
his soundness in regard to commanding colored troops. When
General Ullman, of New York, received the appointment of

406 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

brigadier-general to raise a brigade of colored troops in the
Department of the Gulf, he wrote to Governor Andrew, request-
ing him to recommend some good officers for his command.

The gentleman who had been dismissed the service the Gov-
ernor regarded as the man for General Ullman to have ; but,
unless the Secretary of War or the President would agree to
overlook and forgive the offence committed, he could not be
commissioned. We find on the Governor's files a number of
letters written about this time to the President, Mr. Stanton,
and Senator Sumner, urging the re-appointment of this officer,
with especial reference to serving under General Ullman. One
of these letters addressed to Mr. Sumner, dated Jan. 28,
says, -

"Without a moment's delay, go to the President, and tell him for
me that he ought to believe in the forgiveness of sins, as well as in the
resurrection of the body and the life everlasting. This is the text:
now for the sermon. You know Maurice Copeland was struck off the
rolls last summer by a presidential order."

The Governor's "sermon" is a strong argument in favor of
recommissioning Major Copeland. The error which he had
committed, and for which he was dismissed, was a letter which
he had written reflecting upon what he regarded as the delay
of the War Department in the employment of colored troops.
The decision originally made by Mr. Stanton could not be re-
versed, as he regarded the letter of Mr. Copeland as a personal
insult.

On the second day of February, a letter was written by Mr.
George Winslow, of Boston, to the Governor, in which he in-
forms him that the pirate "Alabama" was reported, Jan. 24,
two hundred miles east of Hatteras, steering north; while the
"Vanderbilt" sailed Jan. 30, the same day that the above
news reached New York : so the " Vanderbilt " may have gone to
the Gulf Semmes was reported as having an intention of com-
ing into Massachusetts Bay. "Suppose he makes such an impu-
dent dash now, and comes into Provincetown, which he could
easily do one of these moonlight nights." The writer then sug-
gests to the Governor to telegraph to Washington to have one

THE PIRATE "ALABAMA." 407

of the men-of-war at Charlestown sent to Provincetown. The
letter has this indorsement : -

"The within copy of a letter I have received from George Winslow,
Esq., a respectable and intelligent merchant of this city. I respect-
fully refer it to the Secretary of the Navy in connection with the
telegram I have addressed to the Navy Department to-day."

The Governor had telegraphed, on the receipt of Mr. Wins-
low's letter, to have a war-vessel sent to Provincetown. It may
be regarded as one of the coincidences of the war, that the infor-
mation in the above letter should have been conveyed to the
Governor by Mr. Winslow, and that the "Alabama" should
have been sunk by Commodore Winslow, months afterwards,
in the harbor of Cherbourg, France.

Authority was received, from the Secretary of War, by an
order dated Jan. 26, to recruit a colored regiment in Massa-
chusetts. The first authority given by the Governor to any
person to recruit colored men in Massachusetts, was dated
Feb. 7 ; and the regiment was filled to the maximum May 14,
in less than one hundred days. Before its organization was
completed, there being so many colored men anxious to enlist,
it was decided to raise another regiment, which was rapidly
filled. These two colored regiments were designated the Fifty-
fourth and Fifty-fifth. An almost impenetrable wall of prejudice
had been reared against the employment of colored men in the
military service. The Adjutant-General of Massachusetts, in his
report for 1863, said, -

"It required calm foresight, thorough knowledge of our condition,
earnest conviction, faith in men, faith in the cause, and undaunted
courage, to stem the various currents which set in and flooded the land
against employing the black man as a soldier. In the Executive of
Massachusetts was found a man who possessed the qualifications
necessary to stem these currents, and to wisely inaugurate, and peace-
fully carry out to a successful termination, the experiment of recruit-
ing regiments of colored men."

Although the act of Congress authorizing the formation
of colored regiments did not prohibit the commissioning of
colored officers, the order of the Secretary of War did. On
the third day of February, the Governor telegraphed to Secre-

408 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

tary Stanton, asking him to withdraw his prohibition, so far as
concerns line officers, assistant surgeons, and chaplain of the
colored regiment which he was about to raise. He says,
'Power would not be used, except, possibly, for a few cases of
plainly competent persons, recommended by the field officers,
who shall be gentlemen and soldiers of highest merit and in-
fluence." Permission was not given.

There is no part of the military history of Massachusetts of
greater interest than the part which relates to the recruiting and
organization of these colored regiments. It was a new thing.
Few men in the State had ever seen a colored-man in uniform.
They were not allowed to form part of the militia, or to be en-
listed in the regular service. By many it was regarded as
an experiment of doubtful utility; and there were those, even
here in Massachusetts, who secretly hoped the experiment
would prove a failure. With the Governor and his staff, and
prominent citizens who had supported him in his war policy,
the employment of colored troops had been long and well con-
sidered and anxiously desired. No one knew better than the
Governor the importance of having the experiment succeed.
As one of the means to this end, he determined to select for
officers the very best material that could be found in the Massa-
chusetts volunteer service. They should be men of acknowledged
military ability and experience, of the highest social position, if
possible, in the State, and men who believed in the capacity of
colored men to make good soldiers. Upon receiving authority
to recruit a regiment, he immediately fixed upon Robert G.
Shaw, a captain in the Second Regiment Massachusetts Infantry,
as the colonel ; a gentleman of education, a brave officer, and
connected, by blood and marriage, with the oldest and most re-
spectable families in the State. Before communicating his pur-
pose to Captain Shaw, he wrote Jan. 30 to Francis G. Shaw,
Esq., Staten Island, N.Y., father of the captain, to obtain his
consent. After stating fully his purpose to have the colored
regiments officered by the best men, he said, "My mind is drawn
toward Captain Shaw by many considerations. I am sure he
would, attract the support, sympathy, and active co-operation
of many- among his , immediate family relations. The more

ORGANIZATION OF COLORED REGIMENTS. 409

ardent, faithful, and true republicans and friends of liberty
would recognize in him a scion from a tree whose fruit, and
leaves have always contributed to the strength and healing of
our generation." Mr. Shaw was willing that his son should
serve ; and Captain Shaw was shortly afterwards relieved from
his command, and came to Boston to superintend the recruit-
ment of the regiment. The Governor also fixed upon Captain
Edward N. Hallowell, a captain in the Twentieth Regiment, as
lieutenant-colonel. He was a son of Morris L. Hallowell, a
Quaker gentleman of Philadelphia, whose house in that city had
been a hospital and home for Massachusetts officers all through
the war. When the organization of the Fifty-fourth was com-
pleted, many gentlemen in New York, who favored the enlist-
ment of colored troops, desired to have the regiment pass
through that city on its way to the front. They wanted to
have it march down Broadway, that the people might see it, and
the State might imitate the example of Massachusetts in regard
to colored regiments. But others, equally friendly to raising
colored troops, counselled against it. They feared the regiment
might be insulted by vicious men in that city, and that a tu-
mult might ensue. These prudent counsels prevailed.

The regiment was ordered to South Carolina. It came to
Boston on the twenty-eighth day of May, and embarked on
board the United-States steam transport "De Molay." It was
reviewed on the Common by the Governor. Thousands of.
citizens came in from the country to witness the march of the
regiment through the streets of Boston. The sidewalks were
crowded with people ; flags were displayed everywhere. The
regiment was cheered the whole route. It was. one of the
most splendid ovafions ever seen in Boston. The men kept
close rank ; not a man left his place ; not a straggler was seen.
The embarkation was orderly and complete. Two sons of
Frederick Douglass, the colored orator, were in the ranks ; the
father himself was present to witness the departure of his sons.
About eight o'clock in the evening, the transport left the wharf.
The Adjutant-General, Mr. Douglass, and a few other friends
of the regiment, were on board. The evening was beautiful ;
the moon was at its full. A small Government steamer ac-

410 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

companied the transport a mile outside of Boston Light. On
the passage down the bay, the men were addressed by Mr.
Douglass, the Adjutant-General, and some of the officers.
Those who were not to go with the regiment returned to the
city on the Government boat. It was a splendid sight to see
the large vessel, with its precious freight, vanish in the distance,
as it proceeded on its way to South Carolina. The regiment
reached Hilton Head June 3. On the eighteenth day of July,
it led the advance at Fort Wagner, in which engagement
Colonel Shaw was killed. His body never was recovered;
but it was buried, as the Charleston papers said, "with his niggers"

The Fifty-fifth Regiment left Boston on the twenty-first day
of June, in the transport "Cahawba," for Moorehead City,
N.C. The Adjutant-General, in his report for 1863, gives
many details relating to the organization, departure, and
services of these colored regiments. The Surgeon-General,
also, in his report to the Governor for 1863, gives an interest-
ing and valuable record of the sanitary condition and good con-
duct of these two regiments while in camp at Readville.

"If," says the Adjutant-General, "it be a weakness to feel a strong
interest in the success of the colored men to sustain the Government,
free their kindred and race from oppression, and work out for them-
selves and their children, through the smoke and fire of battle, a
respectable position among the peoples of the earth, I confess myself
guilty of that weakness ; and if it be prudence to meet their proffered
assistance, not with reciprocal kindness, but with coldness and with in-
sult, I choose still to follow where natural impulse leads, and to give
up that false and mistaken prudence for the voluntary sentiments of
my heart."

Among the prominent public men who contributed to raise
the colored regiments was Gerritt Smith, of New York, who,
too, sent the Governor a check for five hundred dollars, which
was indorsed over to the committee of citizens intrusted with
the superintendence of the recruiting for these regiments. This
contribution is noticeable because Mr. Smith had devoted his
wealth and talents for years in the interests of the American
Peace Society.

LETTER TO CAPTAIN SHERMAN 411

While our Forty-eighth Regiment was in the Department of
the Gulf, Captain Sherman, of Company F, wrote to the Gov-
ernor respecting certain officers in that department, whose sym-
pathies, if judged by their language, were on the side of the
rebels. On the fourth day of March, the Governor wrote, to
Captain Sherman thanking him for his letter, and said, -

"I well understand the cry of every honest soldier, and his scorn
and disgust at the insidious croakers, in the midst of the army, who
fight feebly with their hands, while they sow dissension with their
mouths ; hireling parasites, feverish for the ruin of the country which
pays them, and insolent in a seemingly temporary success. By and by,
like the venomous reptile so appropriately the symbol of the most bitter
and treasonable secession State, they will bite themselves in baffled
rage, and die with their own poison. ... I have repeatedly appointed
men with conservative antecedents (for I ask no question of party in
military appointments), but who, being men of honest hearts and ear-
nest minds, exercised upon the ideas involved in a great, crisis, have
emancipated themselves from all bondage of old beliefs and preju-
dices, and have cast off die old garments which the whole age is labor-
ing to throw aside. Others, again, I have appointed of Republican
principles, only to find them yield feebly at first trial, unworthy of the
fi-ee principles and free soil which nurtured them. I beUeve, however,
that, among Massachusetts officers, such views and remarks as you have
described gain little hold, and diat those holding them are in an insig-
nificant minority."

On the tenth day of March, the Governor wrote to General
Hamilton, of Texas, then at Washington, expressing his re-
grets that unavoidable public duties would prevent his meeting
him at Washington, that he might stand by him in his earnest
efforts to save Texas.

"I would do so," he says, " if it was only for the satisfaction of try-
ing, and, if you fail, of failing with you. I pray you to give my hearty
and sympathetic regards to Governor Johnson, of Tennessee, and
assure him of the interest widi which we of Massachusetts watch for
the welfare of his Union friends, and for his own personal success in
his noble career."

Major Burt visited Washington on his return from Texas, at
the request of the Governor, who gave him a letter to Secre-
tary Stanton, dated Feb. 3, in which he urges at considerable

412 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

length the importance of invading Texas. His plan was to
have Matagorda Bay as a base, and, with an army of 25,000
men, march upon Austin, "through a population two to one in
favor of the Union." He believed a respectable portion of the
nine months' troops in the Department of the Gulf would re-
enlist for three years for an expedition of this kind. He advised
that General Fremont be selected to command it, who should
carry with him 20,000 additional stand of arms. He could
enlist more Mexicans, half-breeds, and Germans on his way
through Texas (to, say nothing of loyal native Texans) than
any other man. The results which the Governor expected would
flow from the expedition were, -

1st, It would benefit the morale of our men in the Gulf De-
partment, by giving them active employment.

2d, 'The transformation en masse of many nine months' regi-
ments " to three years' regiments.

3d, The immediate relief of all Western Texas from the
Confederacy.

4th, Five thousand mounted men could be recruited on the
march through Texas.

5th, On reaching Austin, we could take control of the State
Government. Then Galveston could be made the base, and
the whole country, including Trinity Valley, could be held.

6th, This would entirely cut off all contraband trade in arms,
supplies, &c., by the Rio Grande, through Texas to the Red
River and Shreveport.

7th, When wholly accomplished, the whole blockading squad-
ron west of the passes of the Mississippi would be relieved from
that duty.

These points were elaborated, by the Governor, and enforced
by various arguments respecting the practicability and impor-
tance of the enterprise. Major Burt, who was conversant with
the subject, and who entered fully into the Governor's views,
was to confer confidentially with Mr. Stanton, and give him all
the information he possessed. The scheme, however, did not
meet with the favor of the Secretary. He was opposed to it,
and, it is said, treated both Major Burt and the suggestions of
the Governor with a degree of rudeness altogether unexpected.

THE EXPEDITION TO TEXAS. 413

This, however, did not deter the Governor from making
another effort for the invasion of Texas. On the twenty-third
day of March, he wrote to the President of the United States,
recapitulating many of the arguments contained in the letter
addressed to the Secretary of War. He said that many of the
Massachusetts nine months' regiments in the Department of
the Gulf were induced to enter the service by an assurance
given them in good faith, that they were to be led into Texas,
allowed to redeem that section of the country, and then, without
returning to their homes, be joined by their families and settle
there. He had appointed Major Burt of his staff to go with
the regiments and with General Hamilton, military Governor of
Texas, to look after the interest of the troops in the expedition.
To the great disappointment of officers and men, with the
exception of a portion of the Forty-second Regiment, the
regiments failed to reach Texas, and were then on duty in
Louisiana. Major Burt, who had returned home, was person-
ally acquainted with a large number of the officers and men from
Massachusetts, and had reported to him,, that, notwithstanding
their disappointment, many of the regiments would re-enlist for
three years for special service in Texas. He had the same in-
formation from other reliable sources ; and he therefore requested
that the President would cause an order to be issued in regard
to the Massachusetts nine months' regiments in the Department
of the Gulf, which would embrace the following points : that
the re-enlistments should be immediate ; that the transportation
home, to which they were entitled, should be commuted to them
in money as an extra bounty ; that they should go immediately
to Texas under a proper commanding general.

The movement for the restoration of Texas had been consid-
ered by the Governor for nearly a year and a half; and in his
judgment, and in that of other gentlemen who had considered
the subject, it was of untold importance. He believed the expe-
dition, by the good which it would do and the harm which it would
prevent, would be of as much value as any expedition of five
times its force to any other place. It would cripple the rebels,
cut off their avenue of suppHes, would flank the Rebellion, in-
tercept the designs of foreign powers on Mexico, preserve Texas

414 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

to freedom, increase its value hereafter to the Union, and be a
brilliant stroke of statesmanship, executed in the midst of war
by military means and agencies. These arguments, presented
with great force, failed to produce a favorable response, either
from the President or the Secretary. The capture of Vicksburg
and Port Hudson, a few months afterwards, by which the Mis-
sissippi River was opened, were at that time objects sought to
be obtained by the Government.

As the climate of Louisiana caused a great amount of sickness
among the Massachusetts regiments on duty in that State, this
doubtless influenced the Governor in his efforts to have them
removed to Texas. The reports received from the three years'
regiments on duty there presented a fearful list of deaths, and
of men sick in hospitals of malaria fever. So great, indeed,
was the fatality from this cause, that the Governor wrote to the
Secretary of War in March, asking that the regiments of Massa-
chusetts troops which had passed the preceding summer in the
Department of the Gulf might be replaced by others, and that
they be brought North, as two successive summers there might
be very fatal to their unacclimated constitutions. He asked this,
not as a favor to himself or State, but as a measure of humanity
and common prudence.

Accompanying these letters was a report which had been
received by the Surgeon-General of the Commonwealth, from
Captain Welles, of the Thirtieth Regiment, which contained a
very full and interesting account of the sanitary condition of that
regiment, and expressed fairly the condition of the others.
It appears by Captain Welles' s report, that at times not more than
seventy men of the entire command were free from sickness, and
entirely well. Feb. 15, 1863, the regiment had about four
hundred men left for Ught duty, out of more than one thousand
officers and men. From the time they had left the State,
six had died in battle, about one hundred had been discharged,
and " nearly all the rest have died of fever or diseases resulting
from fever. Dr. Soule gives us to the fu-st of June, before we
shall again become a burden to the service. In my opinion, if
we are not removed to some station free from malaria before
fall, the remnant that may be left will come home utterly

THE COAST DEFENCES. 415

broken down." Captain Welles also said that "a great deal of
sickness might have been avoided, if negroes who had come
within our lines had been employed as soldiers, as they wished
to be, or in digging ditches and making roads through swamps,
which the Northern soldiers had been employed to do.

"General Williams," he said, "returned these slaves to their owners,
who undoubtedly used their stout arms on the defences of Vicksburg,
while we are killing white men, digging canals and trenches before
Vicksburg."

On the eighteenth day of March, the Governor telegraphed
to Senator Sumner, -

"I earnestly entreat your immediate attention to mine of Feb. 12,
about war steamers. See the President and Fox, to whom I wrote
same date. Nobody answered. Boston is very earnest and solicitous.
Can we do any thing by visiting Washington ?"

This telegram was also signed by Mr. Lincoln, Mayor of
Boston.

On the twentieth day of March, the Governor wrote to
Edward S. Tobey and Samuel H. Walley, -

"I have yours of the 14th inst., and I assure you of the cordiality
with which we shall endeavor to co-operate with our citizens and
municipalities in defending our coast."

He also refers to the bill for coast defences, then before the
Legislature, which he had no doubt would pass, appropriating a
million and a half of dollars for that object.

On the twenty-third day of March, the Governor wrote to
George T. Downing, a well-known and highly respected colored
citizen of New York, who had written to him in regard to the
position of colored men who might enlist in the volunteer
service, and says, -

"Their position in respect to pay, equipments, bounty, or any aid
and protection, when so mustered, will be precisely the same, in every
particular, as that of any and all other volunteers. When 1 was in
Washington upon one occasion, I had an interview with Mr. Stanton,
Secretary of War; and he stated, in the most emphatic manner, that

416 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

he would never consent that colored men should be accepted into the
service, and serve as soldiers in the South, until he should be assured
that the Government of the United States was prepared to guarantee
and defend, to the last dollar and the last man, to these men all the
rights, privileges, and immunities that are given, by the laws of civil-
ized warfare, to other soldiers."

The promise here made by the Governor in regard to the pay
of colored troops was not redeemed by the Government. For
more than a year after the two colored regiments had left
Massachusetts, the Government refused to pay them the same
as white soldiers. The Legislature of the State, at the extra
session of 1863, appropriated money to make up the deficiency,
of which we shall speak hereafter.

On the twenty-third day of March, the Governor detailed the
Adjutant-General to visit Washington and Fortress Monroe, to
inquire concerning the feasibility of procuring men of color
to enlist in the colored regiments of Massachusetts. At this
time, there were a great number of contrabands who were at
those two points, who desired to come North and enter into the
service. The Adjutant-General was directed to confer with
the military authorities, and to offer to colored men wishing to
enlist the State bounty of fifty dollars, if the War Department
would credit the men to the contingent of the State. Upon
arriving at Washington, he found plenty of men at the colored
camp, on the Virginia side of the Potomac, who were willing and
anxious to come North and enlist in our regiments. But the
War Department at that time would not allow it to be done;
and therefore he was unsuccessful in his mission.

This policy was afterwards changed, and colored men were
permitted to come. North and enlist in our colored regiments.
Time appeared to ripen almost every scheme of policy devised
by the Governor, and cause it to be adopted, to the healing of
the nation.

On the 23d of March, the Grand Division of the Sons of
Temperance forwarded a memorial to the Governor, setting
forth the danger to which soldiers were exposed from the
use of intoxicating drinks, and asking him to "fix his seal
of condemnation upon the example of drinking officers." To

APPROPRIATION OF A MILLION OF DOLLARS. 417

which the Governor replied that the memorial did not over-
estimate the importance of the matter to which it related ; that
the consideration of it wits not a new thing ; in many cases, he
had gone beyond the letter of the law in his endeavors to pre-
vent such men from being commissioned; that he would not
knowingly commission a person so offending. It was his desire
to have the soldiers of Massachusetts surrounded by the best
influences in the camp and in the field ; and that he would
gladly avail himself of advice given by respectable parties in
the selection of officers.

On the 28th of March, he wrote to Colonel Frank E. Howe,
in New York, to recommend to the consideration of General
Ullman, who was authorized to raise a colored brigade in the
South, James Miller, of Salem, as a proper person to receive
a commission. He was then serving in our Fiftieth Regiment,
in the Department of the Gulf. "Mr. Miller," he says, 'Is
the eldest grandson of General Miller, of the war of 1812, -
the hero of Lundy's Lane."

On the 31st of March, he wrote to Colonel Maggi, command-
ing our Thirty-third Regiment, -

"You must not resign. As soon as our Legislature adjourns, I am
intending to visit Washington. I shall then do my utmost for your
advancement. I want you to secure the good favor of General
Hooker, and see if he wants help. You must make yourself neces-
sary to him, by giving him to know your capacity, devotedness, and
zeal."

Colonel Maggi had resigned before the letter reached him.
His discharge from the service was dated April 1, 1863.

The Legislature having passed the bill appropriating one
million of dollars to be expended, under the, direction of the
Governor, for coast defences, on the first of April he dis-
patched Colonel Browne, his military secretary, to Washington,
to confer with the Secretary of War on the subject, and to
obtain his opinion as to the manner in which the money could
best he apphed to secure the object for which it was designed.
He says,-

"Mention to General Totten the subject of revolving turrets, men-
tioned by the committee of the Boston Marine Society ; and, if possi-

418 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

ble, get some expression of the views of other gentlemen ; also, from
General Meigs, if possible, touching the whole question of the best
use and application of the million grant, with a view to the speediest
and most efficient service to be rendered by such an expenditure."

The Massachusetts Twenty-ninth Regiment, having been
ordered to join the Army of the Tennessee, received a very
warm and cordial reception in Cincinnati, an account of which
was transmitted to the Governor by Mr. Andrews, superintend-
ent of the Soldiers' Home in that city ; to which the Governor
repHed on the 1st of April, in which he says, -

" I trust, as you suggest, that a proper State pride might have been
gratified, had I witnessed the march of the Twenty-ninth through
Cincinnati. Rut the pride in the fact that they were Massachusetts
men could have no proportion to the pride in the fact that they
were United States soldiers."

On the same day, the Governor wrote a long letter to the
Secretary of War in regard to raising a colored brigade in
North Carolina, which could be easily done if the proper man
should be selected to organize and command it. "It needs
a man of soul for any movement, even to trundle a wheel-
barrow." His own undertaking to raise a colored regiment
in Massachusetts "was begun with talking with you about North
Carolina." General Foster, in command in that State, regarded
favorably the formation of colored troops. The Governor
recommended Brigadier-General Frank Barlow, of New York,
as a good officer to detail for such a command. It appears that
Colonel Edward A. Wilde, of the Massachusetts Thirty-fifth
Regiment, was also named for brigadier-general of colored
troops ; and that the subject was brought to the attention of
Secretary Stanton by Lieutenant-Colonel Browne, when in
Washington, at this time; but the former did not receive, the
proposition favorably, as we find by a letter written on the 16th
of April by the Governor to Secretary Stanton, which com-
mences as follows : -

"1 am surprised and sorry to perceive, by Lieutenant-Colonel
Browne's report, that you seem to have regarded me as trying to
force upon the Government a new brigadier-general, and that you
refuse to commission Colonel Wilde as a brigadier-general until he
shall have raised a colored brigade in North Carolina."

LETTER TO PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 419

The Governor warmly disclaims any such intention. He
proposed the name of Colonel Wilde in obedience to the sug-
gestion made to him from the War Department, to name a
suitable person for such a position. He knew of no one to
whom the trust could be more properly committed. He was of
the right age ; a graduate of Harvard College ; a physician by
profession. His first military experience was as a surgeon in the
Crimea, on the staff of Omar Pacha. He raised a company in
the beginning of the war, and went with it as captain, in the
First Regiment of three years' men from Massachusetts. He
was in the first Bull-Run fight, and in all the battles before
Richmond, in one of which he was severely wounded. As col-
onel of the Thirty-fifth Regiment, he fought at South Mountain
and Antietam, where he lost his left arm.

The letter of the Governor appears to have been satisfactory
to Mr. Stanton, as Colonel Wilde was commissioned brigadier-
general April 24, eight days after it was vmtten.

The defenceless condition of Boston Harbor had from the first
attracted the serious attention of the Governor and of the com-
munity generally. The seizure of our merchant vessels upon
the high seas by rebel cruisers, and the frequent reports of the
approach of the "Alabama " upon our coast, contributed im-
mensely to the question of defence. Hardly a month had elapsed
since the war begun that the Governor had not pressed the sub-
ject upon the attention of the Government. The Legislature had
appropriated a miUion and a half of dollars for coast defences,
which were never undertaken, because of protests of the War
and Navy Departments against it, claiming that it would inter-
fere with their arrangements, and promising to supply the needed
demand from the available resources of the Government Noth-
ing, however, commensurate to the necessities of the case was
done.

On the 27th of April, the Governor brought the matter to
the personal attention of the President, in a letter of several
pages, and written in his best manner. He requested the Presi-
dent to "consider the importance of detailing immediately an
iron-clad vessel of war for the exclusive duty of protecting the
harbors on the Massachusetts coast, and particularly the harbor

420 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

of Boston." Within gunshot of the State House, he said there
was a population of five hundred thousand people; and an amount
of private property of an assessed value of five hundred millions
of dollars; besides which, there were the Custom House, the
Sub-Treasury, the Navy Yard, and the Arsenal at Watertown,
belonging to the Federal Government. In the fortifications,
built, by the Government at immense outlay, there was less than
one-fifth of proper armament. In Fort Warren and at Castle
Island there was not a single gun of more than eight-inch cali-
bre, and those poorly mounted, and of old and abandoned pat-
terns. Not a single Federal war- vessel was on our coast. The
officer in command at, Fort Warren had no authority to detain
or examine suspicious vessels. In the Vineyard Sound, where
ninety thousand sail of vessels annually pass Gay-Head Light,
there was no protection whatever. A swift war-steamer, like
the " Alabama," might run into Boston Harbor or the Vineyard
Sound, and do incalculable mischief, almost without molestation.
New- York Harbor was five times as well protected as Boston.
For these and other reasons, the Governor asked the President
to comply with his request. He thought that he had a right to
demand the protection asked for, which would have before this
been furnished by the State itself, but for the protests made by
the Government. A copy of this letter was sent to the Secre-
tary of the Navy, Postmaster-General Blair, Mr. Sumner, and
others.

On the second day of May, the Secretary of the Navy ac-
knowledged the receipt of the letter, and said he had not at his
disposal a vessel of the descripfion asked for that could be spared
from present service. He thought that a vessel best adapted to
the coast defences of Massachusetts and New England would be
a fast cruiser stationed at Boston, and always prepared for ser-
vice. Such a vessel, besides affording security to Boston, could
proceed to any scene of danger on the coast at short notice.
An iron-clad vessel might be of more real service in the harbor
of Boston ; but, as they moved slowly, would not do well to
cruise in the bay or on the coast. He approved of the Gov-
ernor's suggestions, made through Senator Sumner, and prom-
ised it should have his immediate attention. It appears from a

LETTER FROM LONDON. 421

letter written by Mr. Blair, the Postmaster-General, that the
President referred the letter received by him to General Totten,
who made a report upon it to the President, which was read to
him in the presence of Mr. Blair ; the purport of which was, that
big guns were too much for iron-clads, which Mr. Blair consid-
ered "all stuff." Mr. Blair's advice to the Governor was to
spend a million dollars in obstructing the channels to Boston ;
then big guns could be brought to bear on iron-clads, and could
sink them.

At this time, fears were entertained that matters might be-
come so complicated between 'this country and England as to
bring on a war with that nation ; and John M. Forbes, who was
then in London, wrote a letter April 18, upon the subject.
He said it was his opinion that it would take but little to bring
on another excitement similar to that about the "Trent ;" that
the British Premier would be likely to act in the same way, -
"try to get British pride up to back him, and then insist upon
our fighting or backing down." He was to meet Messrs. Cob-
den, Bright, and Foster at Mr. Adams's the next day, and
should probably bear something more.

"Cobden I saw yesterday. He is going to speak next week, and I
hope will speak entirely from a British point of view, showing their
interest in protecting the sea fronn privateers, and in showing good
faith as to fitting out expeditions. What havoc another Russian war
would make on British commerce from our ports ! and yet these slow
coaches do not see it, or only dimly. It needs infinite caution and firm-
ness to avoid a war by avoiding further irritation ; and even then a
spark may blow it up. I hope, upon the information before sent, you
have already ordered a lot of Blakely 8 1/2-inch rifles. I expect to meet
Blakely to-morrow, and shall get some light perhaps."

Mr. Forbes then expresses a hope that the American people
will pursue a firm but quiet course, and also that the Governor
would have two iron revolving towers across the Narrows, and
a chain with hoisting machinery connecting them.

"But the first great want is the guns. I feel the danger so strongly,
that I may even be tempted to buy some as samples. The enemy are
getting them ; and, if these iron-clads get out, nothing but these guns
and obstructions in the channels will save Boston. I think you have

422 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

about three months before the iron-clads get out after this reaches you,
before the danger becomes imminent; but it may be longer. People
here base great hopes on Mr. Cobden's coming speech."

The letter of Mr. Forbes undoubtedly added to the anxiety
of the Governor to have the Government place the harbor of
Boston in a position to defend the city. Colonel Ritchie, of his
personal staff, was sent to Washington to confer with our dele-
gation in Congress, and the Navy and War Departments, and
endeavor to bring about the object which the Governor had so
much at heart. A large portion of the letters written by the
Governor at this time refer to this important matter. We are
not aware, however, that any immediate steps were taken, by
the Government, to place the harbor of Boston in a secure con-
dition, although the forts mounted more and heavier guns, and,
before the close of the year, were completely armed in the best
possible manner.

On the fifth day of May, the Governor wrote to John M.
Forbes in London, giving him a full and detailed statement
of the condition of our harbor defences, the appropiiation made
by the Legislature, and the promises made by the Govern-
ment. On the subject of buying Blakely guns, the Governor
says, -

"The prices which you send me, aggravated as they would be by die
cost of exchange and insurance, are too extravagant, according to my
ideas, to justify me in spending a milUon dollars in that way, especially
when I consider the possibility of their transit to America being in-
terrupted by the British Government, or in some other manner. I f
it were ten millions I had to spend, I might willingly devote a million
or two to that purpose ; but it is evident to me that a portion of the
single million must be devoted to harbor obstructions, and certainly
two or three hundred thousand dollars from the remainder ought to be
held in reserve for the erection of field works, or any like labor which
a certain exigency might require. I therefore abandon the idea of
devoting any part of this million dollars to importing ordnance from
abroad. In this opinion I am confirmed by every officer with whom I
have consulted."

It will be seen, however, that the pressure of causes forced
the Governor to change his opinion.

LETTER TO A REBEL CAPTAIN. 423

We find on the Governor's files a letter dated Atlanta,
Ga., April 10, 1863, signed Henry Shelby, and directed
to his brother. Captain William Shelby, Co. B, Second Regi-
ment, Georgia Infantry, C.S.A., on which is endorsed by
Colonel Browne, 'The within is a copy of an original letter
taken in the engagement at Chancellorsville, by a sergeant in
an Ohio regiment." This letter gives an account of a visit to
Atlanta by Jefferson Davis, and of a conversation held by him
in regard to the "Alabama" visiting Boston. A portion of the
letter is too vulgar to quote. It says, -

'President Davis was here a few days ago, and said that the
' Alabama,' with four others that will be dreaded as much as she has
been, will make, the Yankees a call some time in June, at Boston or
Portland ; and wonl they shell out ? Davis said the forts might try
to play ball a little, but they are so fast sailers they could not hurt
them much. Wonit Governor Andrew look as black as some of his
Southern friends, when one of our big shells just bids him good-morn-
ing in the State House. Then Boston people can see how good it is
to have their homes destroyed ; for, before they can get out any thing
at the Navy Yard, we can knock them. Any way, how I should like
to see the fun ! Now, William, after you have read this, bum it up;
dont tell any one what is in it, as the visit must be kept a secret, as it
would be rather tough to have them know of it. Davis said it must
not be known, as they could run off in disguise, and come on in a
hurry. Donl put it in your pocket, as you might forget it. Are you
all right to give it to Hooker's Yankee mob ? We hope to hear a good
account soon from you. Your family are all well."

There can be no doubt of the genuineness of this letter, and
that it was contemplated by the Confederate Government to
have Semmes and his associate pirates make a dash upon Boston
or Portland, and damage the "Yankees" as much as possible.
But in this case, as in many others, discretion became the better
part of valor.

On the twenty-third day of May, Robert C. Winthrop, of
Boston, inclosed a letter to the Governor, which he had re-
ceived from the American consul at Malta, a kinsman of his,
giving information in regard to a portion of the British fleet
stationed at that port, that had been ordered to Halifax ; and,
should a war occur between America and England, the first

424 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE. REBELLION.

point of attack would be Portland, the second Boston, and the
third Newport, so far as the Northern States were concerned, and
he should be glad if the Governors of the New-England States
were informed of the danger which threatened them. The
letter contained much information which was of interest at the
time, and would have been invaluable in case of a war between
the two nations. The letter which Mr. Winthrop forwarded to
the Governor was a copy of one the consul had written to Mr.
Seward, Secretary of State.

On the 28th of May, an order was passed by the Executive
Council that the sum of $250,000 of the million appropriation
for coast defences be set apart for the procurement, for the
defence of the coast of Massachusetts, of as many Blakely and
Whitworth guns, or others of similar capacity and quality, as
could be obtained during the next four months, and that an
agent be appointed to visit Europe to purchase them.

The Governor requested Colonel Ritchie, of his personal staff,
to accept the appointment of agent ; but private business en-
gagements would not permit of it at that time. Some con-
tracts were made by Mr. Forbes in London. Colonel Ritchie,
having arranged his business, accepted the appointment in
August, and early in September sailed for England to pur-
chase ordnance. His experience abroad, and the success of his
mission, forms one of the most interesting episodes in the war
history of Massachusetts, as we shall show hereafter, and for
the present pass to other matters.

In the preceding pages, we have brought the correspondence
of the Governor down to July 1, 1863. Not that we have given
any thing approaching a full record of it : that would be im-
possible in a publication like this. We have given only those
relating to matters of general interest, which we have abridged
from seven volumes, each containing upwards of four hundred
letters, and which relate to every conceivable subject connected
with the war, and the civil policy of the State. In the Adju-
tant-General's office, an equal number were written, of which
we can refer only to a few, to illustrate some of the difficulties
against which die State officers had to contend.

On the 12th of January, the Adjutant-General, by direction

LETTER TO MR. GOOCH. 425

of the Governor, wrote to Mr. Gooch, member of Congress,
calling his attention to the case of David E. Goodfellow, an
enlisted man in the Twenty-first Regiment, who had served under
General Burnside in the capture of Roanoke Island, Beaufort,
and Newbern, N.C. In January, 1862, he had been detailed by
General Burnside to help lay a railroad-track at Annapolis, Md.,
a business which he was acquainted with. He remained faith-
ful to his duty until he was prostrated with a fever, and re-
ceived a furlough to come home from Mr. Goddard, who had
charge of the Government work. On his recovery, he at once
reported at the State House, and asked for transportation back
to his post. The Adjutant-General sent him to Colonel Day,
U.S.A., who had authority to furnish transportation. Colonel
Day refused it, on the ground that Mr. Goddard's furlough
"was no sufficient authority for the man's absence." Captain
McKim, the United-States Quartermaster in Boston, also
declined to furnish transportation. The State had neither
authority nor funds. The adjutant-General said, -

"We have no means of sending him on unless we take the money
out of our own pockets ; a thing we have become so used to, that it is
difficult now to repeat. The man is well-behaved, intelligent, and
smart, a citizen of Fitchburg, and is anxious to get back to his duty.
This is only one of many cases which occur almost daily: shall it
continue for ever? The man cannot get back without transportation,
is willing to have it deducted from his pay, and, although he has not
been paid for ten months, utters no complaint."

The Adjutant-General disclaimed any wish to say a word dis-
paragingly of Colonel Day.

"He is an old officer of the army ; but he does not understand our
people, and is too aged to learn. He will do nothing that is not in the
'regulations.' Cannot some discretionary power be given, or are we
to die daily,' like St. Paul, by this adherence to the old rules, made
when the army of the United States did not number as many men as
the county of Middlesex has sent to this war. Goodfellow is now at
the Hancock House at the expense of the Commonwealth. He
had either to go there or sleep all night in the Tombs or police
station. It is this utter disregard of the rights and amenities of brave
and patriotic men that is sapping to its roots the tree of patriotism,

426 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

and making recruiting almost an impossibility. Please show this letter
to Senator Wilson and such of your colleagues as you may think best,
and let me hear from you as soon as possible."

Many of the authorities of the cities and towns will never
forget the repulses which they met, and the vexations they un-
derwent in recruiting, during the time Colonel Day repre-
sented the military authorities of the nation at this post. And
yet he was an honest and brave officer ; but he was wholly un-
used to transact business, except as specified in general orders
and army regulations. Goodfellow finally reached his regiment
by transportation furnished by orders from Washington. We
give this case as one of a class.

Here is another class of cases, of which there were a great
number : -

" To His Excellency .

"The case of George M. Dixon is this : He enlisted in the Tenth
Battery (Captain Sleeper) on the 16th of August, and was sent to
camp, where he remained until the 9th of September, when he was
mustered into service. He has been paid from the time of muster in,
but has received nothing for the one month (lacking five days) he was
in camp previous to that time. It is for this time that he claims pay ;
but as no provision of law, and no appropriation of money, has been
made to meet such cases, I do not see how he can be paid. There are
thousands of cases existing similar to this. I think, if a gratuity of
ten or fifteen dollars was made to him, he would be satisfied. He is a
painter by trade, and can get work; but he is not well enough to work
at present. While I was writing the above, Mrs. Abbott, of East Bos-
ton, came to see me on a case precisely similar. Her husband is in
the Tenth Battery. He enlisted on the 16th of August, and was mus-
tered in on the 9th of September. Mrs. Abbott has three children,
and has received no money since the battery left the State. I think
her case is as deserving as the other, the facts being the same."

In January, 1863, the Governor was in Washington. The
following paragraph appears in a letter addressed to him on
other matters : -

There is nothing new here that requires mention. Every thing, I
believe, is progressing in the right direction. 'Camp Day' (North
Cambridge) was broken up yesterday, and the recruits transferred to

LETTER ABOUT RECRUITING OFFICERS. 427

Fort Independence, which, I understand, will hereafter be the rendez-
vous for recruits for old regiments. If we could only have some ener-
getic person appointed at the head of the recruiting service, and have
two-thirds of the officers now here, ostensibly on recruiting duty, sent
back to their regiments, the service would be benefited. It is a great
eyesore to me to see so many young officers here on i-ecruiting ser-
vice,' but, in fact, doing nothing of the least use to the country or of
advantage to themselves."

On the 2d of February, the Adjutant-General wrote a letter
to Major-General Wool, commanding the Eastern Department,
with headquarters at New York, calling his attention to the
matters complained of in the extract given above. The letter
sets forth that there were in Boston about thirty commissioned offi-
cers detailed from their regiments on recruiting service here, and
twice that number of enlisted men acting as orderlies ; all of
whom, with the exception of half a dozen who were unfit for
field service on account of wounds, he thought should be sent
to their regiments. They were of no use here ; they did not, on
an average, recruit one man a day. Some of them, he feared,
were not anxious on the subject.

" I am sure, however, that a majority of the able-bodied officers are
anxious to join their commands. They are weary of staying here
doing nothing. They have asked to be relieved ; but their request is
denied them, and here they remain, although conscious they are doing
no good whatever to their regiments or their country. I know of one
first Ueutenant, a smart, active, good officer, who has been here nearly
six months recruiting for his regiment (the Thirtieth), stationed at
New Orleans, who has not in that whole time sent a single recruit to
the regiment, and has not one now to send to it. What, then, is the use
of his staying here ? His regiment is in want of officers : why not
send him to it ? He wants to go. His case is not an isolated one."

What was wanted, he said, was a concentrated, energetic
system. Recruiting for the old regiments was done chiefly in
Boston. There should be one general headquarters for recruit-
ing in the city, and one officer at the head of it, "who knows
our people, and whom our people know." He deprecated hav-
ing so many officers here, each having his orderlies and paying
rent for thirty different offices, when one man and one office

428 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

would be far more efficient. H e presumed the same state of
facts existed elsewhere; but in this little State the evils com-
plained of were more early seen and deeply felt.

" So many officers seen in our streets and places of public amuse-
ment make our people who have sons and husbands in the field, ask
what are these officers doing here ? why are they not with their regi-
ments? I tell you, general, that the effect is all bad, and the system is
all wrong.)'

On this letter the Governor indorsed, "Read and cordially
approved by me." The system complained of was afterwards
corrected ; and, in a degree, the recommendations of the Adju-
tant-General were adopted.

We insert a letter which bears upon another class of cases.
Ferdinand Fillmore, of the Eleventh Regiment, was reported a
deserter. He was in Boston, and had written to his captain for
a descriptive list, that he might get his monthly pay, of which
he was in great need. The captain refused to send it, on the
ground that the man was a deserter ; to which the Adjutant-
General replied, -

"The man is no deserter. He was sent from Fortress Monroe to
New York. You say he was to go to Alexandria ; but the poor fellow
had to go on the vessel he was ordered to, and he had to go to such
port as the vessel took him to, and that was to New York. He was
there in hospital two months. He wanted to join his regiment when
he got better ; but the officer in command would not let him, but gave
him a discharge from the service on surgeon's certificate of disability,
which he now has, and 1 have it before me as I write. The man is
poor, and in feeble healtii. The United-States Government owes him
two months' pay, which he cannot get until he has his descriptive list
from you ; I pray you to send it on. I am as anxious to return deserters
as you can possibly be, ^d probably exert myself to send them back
as much as any one ; but this man is not a deserter, and should not
be so regarded."

March 3. -To William D. Northend, Salem : -
"You ask if an inhabitant of Salem goes direcdy to Virginia, and
there enlists, and is mustered into the service of the United States in
the Massachusetts Second Regiment, can he be considered a part of the
quota of Massachusetts, so that his family can receive the State aid?
I answer, most unequivocally, yes."

COMPLAINTS MADE. 429

Brigadier-General Humphries, U.S.A., Army of the Poto-
mac, wished Governor Andrew to commission Mr. Edward C.
Rice, of Framingham, that he might appoint him on his staff.
There was no place for him in the three years' regiments. The
Governor referred the matter to the Adjutant-General, who re-
plied, -

" I presimie that a staff appointment by one of our militia brigadier-
generals would answer the purpose. It did in the case of Colonel
T. Bigelow Lawrence, who received an appointment upon the staff of
General McDowell, upon a commission which he held as an officer on
the staff of Major-General Sutton, Second Division M.V.M. There
are four vacancies in the staff of Brigadier-General Peirce : if he will
appoint Mr. Rice, I believe it will accompUsh the purpose sought for
by General Humphries."

And it did.

A colonel in a Massachusetts regiment having written to the
Governor that " great trouble had arisen," and officers had lost
their pay, because the Adjutant-General of the State delayed
forwarding the commissions when made out, the letter was
referred by the Governor to the Adjutant-General, who replied,
that all commissions were immediately transmitted to the Adju-
tant-General of the army, to correct his roster by, and were by
him transmitted to their proper destination. If there had been
any delay, it must have been in that office, not here. The let-
ter concludes : -

" I do not suppose that any colonel of a Massachusetts regiment
would state what he did not believe to be true ; and I did not suppose
there was one who would make complaint against a public officer until
he had ascertained that there was just cause. Now, may it please
your Excellency, whoever the officer may be who has made this com-
plaint, I will, say, without fear of contradiction, that he has spoken of
what he has no knowledge of, and has made a charge which has not a
shadow of foundation on which to stand."

A very large number of letters were written in answer to
questions put by the city and town authorities, in regard to the
payment of State aid to soldiers' families. The rule was almost
general, on the part of those gentlemen, to construe the law
liberally ; a few only interposed technical objections, and were

430 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

over-prudent in the dispensation of this wise and humane reHef.
One of the selectmen wrote to ascertain the town to which a
soldier was credited, without giving the number of the regiment
in which the soldier was serving. The Adjutant-General wrote
for this information. The question at issue was, which of two
towns should pay the family the State aid. The law was clear
upon the point, that the town in which the family resided
should pay it, if the family needed it. Another letter came,
the purport of which may be learned from the concluding para-
graph of the Adjutant-General's answer : -

" Instead of answering my question, and informing me of the num-
ber of the regiment to which the man belongs, you write to me, under
date of April 1, in terms not over-courteous, that it is my duty to
decide whether this town shall look after this family.' With all due
respect, permit me to say that it is no part of my duty to decide any
such question. If it were, I should take good care that, the wife and
family of a poor soldier did not suffer from quarrels, or from an over
desire to throw off the duty of paying the State aid by narrow points
of dispute between town authorities."

Some of the nine months' regiments had been absent from
the State but a few months, when some of the officers and en-
listed men began writing home to ascertain when their time
would expire. Some of the companies had been mustered in
several weeks before others; and the question raised was, did
the time begin when the first company or the last company
was mustered ; or was each company to be mustered out in nine
months from the date of muster-in. One of these letters came
to J. H. Mitchell, a member of the Massachusetts Senate, who
referred it to the Adjutant-General for his opinion, which was
that the term of service began from the time that the regiment
was completed and organized. This answer was sent to North
Carolina ; but it was not satisfactory to the officer who made
the inquiry, who wrote again to Mr. Mitchell ; this letter was
also referred to the Adjutant-General, who answered it at length.
He said, -

"The officer tiiinks my rule is unjust, because some companies of
the regiment have been mustered in sooner than others, and therefore
the term should commence by companies, and not as a regiment. Such

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 431

a rule would be an absurdity. Whoever heard of a regiment being dis-
charged by companies ? Toward the end of the service, if such a rule
prevailed, the regiment would only have one company, and, when its
term was up, the field and staff would be left alone in their glory, with-
out any command; and if each company were to step out by itself,
and be sent home, the Government would be under the necessity of
finding ten transports to send men back, or else the companies would
have to remain where they were, without rations and without pay,
until the entire regiment had reached its tenth death.

"It is true that some companies are formed and mustered in before
others ; but in making regiments, there, must be a beginning and an
ending, and this applies to companies as well as to regiments, for
there is always a first man and a last man in a company. Why not
apply the same rule to the term of service of men in a company, and
let the first who enUsted be the first to be discharged?

"But to conclude : The companies which are first mustered in have
their pay begin first, which should satisfy the men; and I have no
doubt that it does.

" Lastly, the terms of service of the nine months' men are precisely
the same as fixed for the diree years' men. The term of service of
the three years' men begins when the regiment is completed; and the
propriety of it has never, to my knowledge, been questioned by either
officers or men. It is only by a few gentlemen in the nine months'
service that the question has been raised."

This question continued to be pressed; and the Adjutant-
General - though satisfied that his decision was in accordance
with common sense, the rules of the Department at Washing-
ton, and the Governor of the Commonwealth - submitted the
question to the Adjutant-General of the army, whose decision
was, that the term of service of a regiment commenced "from
date of muster-in of the last company; " which was the same
as that given by the Adjutant-General of the State, only differ-
ently expressed.

Another class of cases upon which decisions were made by
the Adjutant-General, were of men who had expended time
to recruit companies for the war, expecting to obtain commis-
sions, but who failed to enlist a sufficient number of men to
entitle them to the honor, or to enable the Governor to commis-
sion them. A great many of this class of persons petitioned

432 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

the Legislature of 1863 for payment for the services which
they had rendered. Many of these gentlemen's claims were
proper : they had expended time and money to achieve their
purpose, which was patriotic and honorable. There were others
whose demands had no such solid base : among these was a
captain in the militia service, whose company had, though
small, volunteered in a body for the service. It did not ap-
pear that he enlisted any one. The colonel of the regiment
into which this company was put reported to headquarters that
this captain was not a fit person to command the company ; and
another gentleman, after the company was filled, was commis-
sioned captain. The person holding the militia commission
petitioned the Legislature for pay in recruiting the men who
originally belonged to his company. This petition was referred
to the Committee on Military Claim's ; and that committee, as in
all other cases, referred it to the Adjutant-General for his con-
sideration and report. The report of the Adjutant-General
upon the subject stated the facts of the case as above recited,
and concluded as follows : -

" Of the merits of this claim I have no right to express an opinion
The facts are as I have stated. During these two years of war, very
many cases have come under my observation of patriotic devotion to
cause and country, and of sacrifices made without expectation of a
money reward, of which Captain -'s case presents no approach. I
know a respectable widow lady living in Harrison Avenue, whose five
sons went out as privates in our regiments, two of whom have been
killed, one severely wounded at Antietam ; and when she came to see
me, shortly after the battle, for assistance and direction to visit her son
in the hospital, she did it with so much modesty that a stranger would
have thought she was asking a great boon.

" In one-half the households in Massachusetts, more suffering and
sacrifices have been made in this war than have been made by Captain
- or a majority of the men who come to the Legislature to get
pay for some little camp duty, or get money because they failed to ob-
tain a commission which they were not half as well qualified to hold
as one-half the men who have been serving in the ranks of Massachu-
setts regiments, from Antietam to Baton Rouge, during the last twenty
months, at thirteen dollars a month. Pardon me for entering upon a
subject of which my heart is full."

MILITARY CLAIMS. 433

The captain did not get what he asked for.

As a contrast to the foregoing case, a petition was presented
to the Legislature by Mr. Seth T. Maxwell, of Charlemont;
for payment of expenses incurred by him in trying to raise a
company of sharpshooters in the western part of the State,
which was also referred to the Adjutant-General by the Com-
mittee on Military Claims, who reported, substantially, that on
representations made in November, 1861, by Mr. Maxwell, of
Charlemont, and Mr. Winn, of Greenfield, then acting as
assistant Attorney-General of the State, authority was given by
the Governor, Dec. 4, to Mr. Maxwell, F. M. Thompson, of
Greenfield, and Alvin P. Nelson, of Colerain, to raise a com-
pany of sharpshooters in the western counties of the Common-
wealth for three years' service. It was stated in the authority
given, that "the company, if recruited to ninety-eight enlisted
men on or before Dec. 20, will be accepted, and pay and rations
will then commence." The company was not raised in the time
named, and Mr. Maxwell asked for an extension, which was
granted. It was the intention of the Governor to attach this
company either to the Tenth or Twenty-seventh regiments
(they being western counties' regiments), as the First Company
of Sharpshooters had been attached to the Fifteenth, and the
Second Company to the Twenty-second Regiment. On the
fourth day of January, 1862, Mr. Maxwell wrote to the Adju-
tant-Gene&l that he had enlisted fifty-seven men, that he did
not get along with the rapidity he expected, and, as he would
take only those men who were good shots, he had greater diffi-
culties to overcome than persons engaged in ordinary recruiting.
He expected, however, "to have a full company before long."
In the mean while, application had been made to the War De-
partment to have this company attached to the Tenth Regiment,
as Colonel Briggs was very anxious to have it ; but, after a
long delay, permission was refused. In the middle of February,
1862, the Adjutant-General went to Washington on business,
and made a personal request to have this company accepted.
"The Adjutant-General of the Army told me to put my prop-
osition in writing, which I did. I received no answer to it
until, the twenty-sixth day of February, after I had, returned

434 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

home. The answer was, that the sharpshooters cannot be added
to Colonel Briggs regiment, as he has now ten companies, the
legal organization of an infantry regiment."

On the day the Adjutant-General received this letter, he com-
municated the substance of it to Mr. Maxwell, and said, "I
shall write once more to-day, requesting that your company
may be accepted as an independent company, to be elsewhere
attached." He also said that, if Mr. Maxwell desired, under
the circumstances, to continue recruiting, he might ; if not, "I
will issue orders to discontinue it at once." He received no
answer to his letter to the Adjutant-General of the army, of
Feb. 26, until March 22, nearly a month after it was written.
The answer was as follows : -

"In reply to your communication of Feb. 26, I have the honor to
state that the services of the sharpshooters, unless as a company to
complete some infantry regiment, cannot be accepted.

"L. Thomas, Adjutant-General. "

This was communicated to Mr. Maxwell. As we had no
regiment in the field that required a company to complete it,
of course nothing was left to do but to disband the company,
"to raise which Mr. Maxwell had spent four months of his
time, and a considerable sum of money."

The report concludes as follows : -

"The Commonwealth never agreed to pay either of the parties any
thing. If the company had been accepted by the United States, Mr.
Maxwell would undoubtedly have been commissioned captain, and thus
have been remunerated for his time and cost. But, as the United
States refused to accept it after long delays, Mr. Maxwell has received
no compensation whatever for his labor and expenses. He is a man
of small means, and it is hard so great a burden should rest on him,
for he acted in good faith. If the Legislature should reimburse him,
I believe the case, if properly presented, would be favorably considered
by the Federal authorities, and the money repaid to the Common-
wealth."

We believe the claim of Mr. Maxwell was allowed.

At the battle of Fredericksburg, in December, 1862, Ser-
geant Plunkett, of the Twenty-first Regiment, lost both his arms.
The color-bearer had been killed. Plunkett sprang forward.

SERGEANT PLUNKETT'S CASE. 435

seized the colors, and carried them in advance of the regiment.
Shortly after, he was severely wounded in both arms, and fell
forward, grasping the colors in his hand. They are now in the
State House, stained with his blood: Both arms were amputated.
He was sent to hospital, and recovered, and is now living at his
home in Worcester County. His case was one of marked
bravery. After his discharge, and on his return home, he
staid a while at the New-England Rooms with Colonel Howe.
On the sixteenth day of April, the Adjutant-General received a
letter from James W. Hale, 76, Wall Street, New York, in-
forming him that he had succeeded in raising several thousand
dollars as a testimonial to Sergeant Plunkett, and requesting the
Governor to make Sergeant Plunkett a captain. On the seven-
teenth day of April, the Adjutant-General wrote to Mr. Hale
as follows : -

"Your favor, of the 16th instant I had the honor to receive this
morning. Your labors in behalf of Sergeant Plunkett are worthy to
be written in letters of gold. You have done a most noble work, and
earned the heartfelt thanks of all good and patriotic men. May the
blessings of Heaven fall daily upon you and yours ! I referred your
letter to His Excellency the Governor, who returned it to me with
this indorsement : -

"Respectfully returned to General Schouler, with my thanks for
the favor of reading this letter. I beg, through General Schouler, to
send my grateful acknowledgments to Mr. Hale, of his benevolent
conduct and sympathetic recognition of the noble qualities of Sergeant
Plunkett. May God bless him for his kind heart! and may brave
men, in the day of the weakness of the flesh, ever find such friends
and helpers ! J. A. ANDREW.

April 17, 1863.

"In regard to your request to have Sergeant Plunkett made a cap-
tain, I beg respectfully to dissent from your view of the case. Were I
he, I would rather live and be known as Sergeant Plunkett, of the
Twenty-first Massachusetts Volunteers, who lost both his arms at the
battle of Fredericksburg when acting as color-sergeant, and whose
bravery in action had received from strangers such recognition as you
have shown, than to be made a field-marshal. I merely give this as
my own impression. What course His Excellency may take in regard
to your suggestion, I have not yet been informed. Please accept my

436 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

warmest thanks for what you have done. May peace, contentment,
and happiness ever attend you, and be ever present in your household
and around your fireside!

" Yours truly,

"William Schouler, Adjutant-General. "

We find the following note among the Adjutant-General's
letters, dated April 20, 1863 : -

"I have been ordered by His Excellency the Governor to proceed
this evening to New York, to see General Wool. There is a man, a
deserter, at Fort Independence, who is sentenced to be shot, and the
Governor is very anxious to have the sentence commuted. General
Wool has power to do it. If I am successful, I save a poor fellow's
life ; if unsuccessful, I will have the satisfaction of having done what
I could to save it. W . S . "

The sentence was commuted, and the man's life saved; his
name was David Andrews. On the return of the Adjutant-
General from New York, he visited the prisoner at the fort, in
company with Captain Collins, U.S.A., and reported to the
Govemor,-

" We saw the condemned man in his cell, and had a brief conversa-
tion with him. He appears to be a harmless being, with a very weak
intellect. There was nothing vicious or gross in his conversation or
appearance. Both Captain Collins and myself agreed that it would be
a pity to select such a person for death punishment, and that his sen-
tence should be commuted."

Another class of cases was where men had just claims against
the Government for labor performed, and' articles furnished for
the camps. One of them was the claim of Asa Palmer, for
payment for hay, wood, and straw, furnished for "Camp Stanton,"
in Lynnfield, which amounted to $1,918.70. His bills were
approved by the proper officers ; yet he could not get his pay,
because no certificates had been received at the oflice of the
Quartermaster-General at Washington, "to show in what quar-
ter he wiU account for the property." In regard to these bills
and the cause of the delay, the Adjutant-General wrote to
Major - General Meigs, Quartermaster - General, U. S. A., at
Washington, -

DELAY IN PAYING ACCOUNTS. 437

"The Quartermasters who receipted to Mr. Palmer for the property
were Lieutenant Hayes, post-quartermaster for a time, who is now
somewhere in New York, but where I do not know, and First-
Lieutenant Richardson, quartermaster of the Thirty-third Regiment,
who is now with his regiment in the Army of the Potomac. Mr.
Palmer is a poor man ; the money is owed by him to the farmers in
Lynnfield and neighborhood, and he is much annoyed because he does
not pay them; but he cannot do it until the Government pays him.
The money has been due about a year. He has done every thing in
his power to have the bills settled ; but he cannot make officers make
the returns they should make, and therefore he is denied what is his
due. Captain McKim and all of us are satisfied that the bills are just,
and that, Mr. Palmer should have been paid long ago. I will thank
you, therefore, if you will take the bills and vouchers as they are, and
permit Captain McKim to pay Mr. Palmer what is so justly his due,
and which he is so much in need of"

The bill was paid ; not, however, without some further delay.
There were a great many cases of this character, some of which
have not yet been settled, for want of proper vouchers, which
should have been furnished by officers.

On the 4th of June, the Adjutant-General reported to the
Governor, in writing, that he had received a large number of re-
ports from our batteries in the Army of the Gulf, which related
to matters which he deemed proper to acquaint him with. The
first was a letter from Captain Hamlin, of the Thirteenth Bat-
tery, which had left Boston on the 31st of January, but which
was detained at Fortress Monroe, and, after " a very long and
tedious voyage, arrived at New Orleans on the 10th of May."
The ship was becalmed off the coast of Florida, and, for a time,
was short of water. The captain wrote that he had received
authority to recruit men from the Massachusetts nine months'
regiments in the department, whose terms of service were about
to expire ; and he had no doubt he would soon fill his battery to
the full standard. Second, a letter from Captain Peirson, of
the Fifteenth Battery, who represented that he had five officers
and sixty-eight men ready for duty ; sixteen men had deserted ;
and seventeen were in confinement, awaiting court-martial,
"some of whom will be shot." The appointment of Peirson
captain of the company was one of the few errors made by

438 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

the Governor. Captain Peirson was a resident of Lowell.
His appointment had been asked for by politicians of high posi-
tion. He asked that the State would send, on sixty men to fill
up his company. The request could not be complied with. The
third was a letter from Lieutenant Motte, of the Thirteenth
Battery, complaining that some of the officers commissioned by
the Governor had been notified that they would be mustered
out, because an informality of no importance had not been
complied with. The fourth was a letter from Lieutenant
Dame, of the Fifteenth Battery, to the same effect. The Adju-
tant-General says, -

"It seems to me very wrong that gentlemen should go to the ex-
pense of recruiting a company, buying an outfit, be commissioned,
mustered into the service, and reach their destination after toils and
hardships, anxious to do something for the glory of their country, and
to be met as some of these officers have been met in New Orleans."

The point in the case was this : By an order (No. 110),
a battery of artillery was entitled to a captain and four lieu-
tenants, if the President should so authorize. In the case of the
batteries here spoken of, the President had given his authority,
and four lieutenants had been commissioned in each of the com-
panies. But, on the 14th of May, a letter was received by His
Excellency from the Adjutant-General of the army, saying, that
"the ruling of the Department has been not to give the permis-
sion (for the four lieutenants) until the battery has taken the
field." To this letter the Adjutant-General of the State called
the attention of the Governor, and asked, -

"Does this mean, that, if we get authority from the President to
muster a captain and four lieutenants to a battery, additional au-
thority or permission is to be had from the War Department after the
battery has left the State. The officers have been commissioned and
mustered in, and they have been to the expense of buying uniforms and
horses, have spent months and money in recruiting the company, and are
two thousand miles from home ; and they are to be mustered out. I
have heard unofficially, that the order of General Banks to muster out
two lieutenants in each battery has been rescinded by the War Depart-
ment. I do not know that this information is reliable ; but I think

THE MASSACHUSETTS BATTERIES. 439

the order should be rescinded, and that our officers should no longer be
subject to its requirements."

The Governor directed the Adjutant-General to write to the
Adjutant-General of the army, and represent the case to him ;
which he did on the same day. Referring to the letter of the
14th of May, from which we have quoted, he was directed by
the Governor to put this direct question : -

"Whether, when a battery is full and under orders to march, the
additional lieutenants may not be commissioned; or whether it is
meant they cannot be commissioned until after the company has
reached some other place, and, if so, what place ?"

In concluding his letter, the Adjutant-General said, -

"Allow me to thank you for your many kindnesses in transacting
business in your office, and to more strongly urge that you will have
orders given to have the full number of officers to our batteries in the
Department of the Gulf mustered in, as they are in the Army of the
Potomac, and in other departments."

The result of the correspondence was, that orders were issued
to retain the officers ; and they served, many of them, with dis-
tinction through the war. Before passing from this subject, we
would add, that no arm of the Massachusetts volunteers did
greater service to the nation, or reflected greater honor upon
Massachusetts, than the sixteen light batteries which went from
this Commonwealth to the war. Many of the officers held high
commands ; some of them of the artillery of a corps ; and yet
none of them could ever reach a higher rank than captain, and
for the reason that the Secretary of War would not consent to
have our batteries given either a battalion or a regimental
organization. States, which did not send half as many batteries
into the service, had these privileges allowed them ; and, in con-
sequence, they had their majors, heutenant-colonels, and colo-
nels of artillery, while Massachusetts had no officers of higher
rank in this arm of the service than a captain. The Governor
exerted his utmost power to have this wrong righted, but in
vain. The only answer which Secretary Stanton gave was, that
"mistakes had been made in the beginning of the war, which he
did not wish to keep up." We will not say that the Secretary

440 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

was altogether to blame ; but the wrong done could have been
righted by Congress fixing a brevet rank, which would have
carried command and pay with it, and not have permitted offi-
cers of the skill and bravery of Martin, McCartney, Nims, and
others we could name, to serve in positions which properly be-
longed to brigadier-generals, and to perform the duties of those
positions with pre-eminent merit, while only holding in reality
the commissions of captains, and allowed only the pay and
allowances of captains. It is true that these gentlemen were
named in official bulletins in words of praise for "gallant and
efficient services in the field," and, at the end of the war, they
were brevetted brigadier-generals ; but something more was due
the officers and men of the light batteries of Massachusetts.
The preceding pages of this chapter give a faint idea of some
of the many questions which engaged the attention of the State
authorities during the first six months of 1863. Other matters,
however, of the highest importance to the unity of the nation
and to the good of the Commonwealth, were in the mean time
maturing, which culminated, in the early days of July, with the
battle of Gettysburg, the fall of Vicksburg, and the capture of
port Hudson, which shook the rebel Confederacy from "turret
to foundation-stone;" the glory of which achievements was for
a moment eclipsed by the draft riots in New York and Boston.
Of these we shall briefly speak in the succeeding chapter.

CHAPTER IX.

-The Military Condition - Reverses and Successes of the Union Arms - Ser-
vice and Return Home of the Nine Months' Regiments - List of Casualties

- Deserters - The July Riot in Boston - Prompt Action - An Abstract of
the Orders - Alarm in other Cities - The Attack in Cooper Street - The
Eleventh Battery - The Word to fire - The Riot suppressed - The Draft -
Appointment of Provost-Marshals - The Fifty-fifth Colored Regiment -
Letters from Secretary Stanton - Injustice to the Colored Troops - Letters
of the Governor on the Subject - Difficulties with the Draft -Major Blake
sent to Washington - Request to allow Bounties to Drafted Men refused-
John M. Forbes in Washington - Letters to the Governor-Heavy Ord-
nance - Colonel Lowell - The Attack on Wagner - Death of Colonel Shaw

- Instances of Bravery on the Part of Colored Troops - Letters to General
Dix - Troops for Coast Defence - Governor writes to Governor of Ohio -
Formation of Veteran Regiment - Massachusetts Militia - Letters to Colo-
nel Lee - Colored Cavalry - Letter of Secretary Stanton - Confidential
Letter on the Exposed Condition of the Coast - Telegraph Communication
with the Forts - Letters to Senator Sumner - Exact Condition of the De-
fences - Letter of the Adjutant-General- Reports of General William Ray-
mond Lee - Colonel Ritchie sent to England - Democratic State Convention

- Republican State Convenfion - Re-election of Governor Andrew - The
President calls for Three hundred Thousand more Volunteers - Extra Ses-
sion of the Legislature called - Governor's Address - Bounties increased -
Abstract of Laws.

The preceding chapter brought the record of the State, as
it relates to the military correspondence of the Governor and
the departments, to July 1, 1863. Before proceeding farther,
we propose to briefly sketch the military operations in the
several departments from Jan. 1 to July 1, and particularly in
regard to the nine months' regiments, the services they per-
formed, and their return home at the expiration of their terms
of service. General Banks was in command of the Depart-
ment of the Gulf; General Hooker, of the Army of the Po-
tomac ; and General Foster, of North Carolina. All of the
nine months' regiments, except the Sixth, were in the Depart-
ments of the Gulf and North Carolina. The Sixth Regiment;

442 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

was in Virginia, near Suffollc, during most of its term of
service.

On July 1, General Banks, with his command, was in front
of Port Hudson, on the Mississippi. General Grant was be-
sieging Vicksburg, which fell into his hands July 4. Port
Hudson capitulated a few days subsequent; and the Army of
the Potomac was advancing, by forced marches through Vir-
ginia, across the Potomac into Pennsylvania, to head off Lee,
who had advanced with his entire command, by a flank move-
ment, into that State.

The armies met on the second and third days of July, at
Gettysburg, when the great battle of the war was fought, and
the most important victory gained by the Union arms. The
defeat of the rebel army at Gettysburg, the capture of Vicks-
burg by General Grant, and the fall of Port Hudson, culminat-
ing as they did within a few days of each other, were the most
important events which had happened during the war; they
gave strength and courage to the Union cause, and weakened
and discouraged the enemy. Lee was driven back behind his
fortifications in Virginia, south of the Rapidan ; the Mississippi
was ours ; the Southern Confederacy was severed ; and from that
time until the close of the Rebellion, in the spring of 1865, it
lost strength and prestige.

The battle of Chancellorsville was fought May 4, when the
Army of the Potomac was under command of General Hooker,
from whom successful military operations had been expected.
On the first day of May, he commenced his advance movement
across the Rappahannock. The loyal people of the nation
hailed the advance as an event sure to result in success, -the
defeat of Lee's army, and the capture of Richmond. Their ex-
pectations were sadly disappointed. The battle of Chancellors-
ville was a defeat to the Union arms ; and the retreat of the army
across the Rappahannock to its original quarters, the long lists
of killed and wounded published in the papers, and the many
rumors which reached us from the front, added to the general,
feeling of disappointment and sorrow which pervaded loyal
hearts. In order to ascertain from an official source the
true cause and the exact position of affairs. Governor Andrew

LETTER TO GENERAL HOOKER 443

telegraphed to Mr. Stanton, May 8, as follows : "May I ask if
the storm and rise of the Rappahannock determined Hooker's
recrossing? " To which Mr. Stanton replied, -

"The President and General-in-chief have just returned from the
Army of the Potomac. The principal operation of General Hooker
failed; but there has been no serious disaster to the organization and
efficiency of the army. It is now occupying its former position of the
Rappahannock, having recrossed the river without any loss in the
movement. Not more than one-third of General Hooker's force was
engaged. General Stoneman's operations have been a brilliant suc-
cess. A part of his force advanced to within two miles of Richmond,
and the enemy's communications have been cut in every direction.
The Army of the Potomac will soon resume offensive operations."

General Hooker remained in command of the Army of the
Potomac until June, when he was superseded by General
Meade.

We have akeady briefly recited the formation and departure
of our nine months' troops : we now proceed to briefly sketch
narratives of their services from the time they left the State
until their return ; beginning with the Third Regiment, which
was in the Department of North Carolina.

On Dec. 11, 1862, the regiment started from Newbem with
the "expedition to Goldsborough," which occupied eleven days ;
and the troops marched more than one hundred and fifty
miles. It participated in the battles of Kinston, Whitehall,
and Goldsborough. The regiment was complimented at the
last-named battle by its brigade commander for its bravery in
tearing up the railroad track while under fire, and its steadiness
in supporting Belger's and Morrison's Batteries while repelling
the brilliant charge of the rebels under General Pettigrew, and
also for its coohiess while recrossing the creek, which had been
flooded by the rebels. Though it was under fire several hours
during the day, its only loss was six men wounded.

On the 30th December, the regiment was attached to Gen-
eral Heckman's brigade.

On Jan. 14, it was attached to Colonel J. Jourdan's brigade,
with which it remained during the remainder of its term of
service. On the 26th, it moved to "Camp Jourdan," near Fort

444 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Totten, one of the most important points in the defences of.
Newbern.

On March 6, the regiment went with General Prince's di-
vision on an expedition into Jones and Onslow Counties, occup-
pying five days, during which it was detailed with other troops
twice for important detached service.

On the 8th of April, it joined a column under General Spi-
nola, and made a forced march to Blount's Creek; had a
slight engagement with the enemy. During this expedition,
the troops marched thirty miles, and had a skirmish with the
rebels, in one day.

On the 16th of April, it joined a column under General
Prince, and marched to Coir Creek, remaining six days, during
which time several slight skirmishes with the enemy took place.
It was this movement, combined with the operations of another
column on the opposite side of the Neuse, which caused the
rebels to evacuate their position in front of Washington, N.C.,
thereby releasing the Forty-fourth Massachusetts from its un-
comfortable position.

On the 11th of June, the regiment was ordered to Boston,
and, on the 26th, was mustered out of service by Captain I. K.
Lawrence.

During the campaign, it was transported by steamers and
railroads more than two thousand miles, and marched more
than four hundred miles over the swampy roads of North
Carolina, most of it during the most inclement season.
After it was mustered out of service, it assumed its place as
part of the militia of Massachusetts.

The Fourth Regiment was in the Department of the Gulf,
and arrived in New Orleans Feb. 13, 1863. It was attached
to the First Brigade, Third Division, commanded by Colo-
nel Ingraham, Thirty-eighth Massachusetts Volunteers, and
left for Baton Rouge, La., March 7. In the expedition
against Port Hudson, this regiment bore a conspicuous part.
After an absence of a week, it returned to the encampment
at Baton Rouge. On the 3d of April, it again broke camp,
and went down the Mississippi to Algiers, and thence to
Brashear City, where it was ordered to remain with the Six-

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 445

teenth New-Hampshire Volunteers, to guard the post which
was the base of supplies for the army, while General Banks
was marching through Teche country to Alexandria, at that
time one of the most important posts in the department. Just
before the battle of Bisland, the regiment was ordered to join
the brigade before the enemy, and "remain till the fight was
over; " accordingly, left Brashear City April 11, on short
notice, marched ten milesin the night, and next morning took
its position against the enemy ; participated in the two days'
engagement, 12th and 13th, and at sunset was sent to the
extreme front to guard the line, with orders to hold until
morning, at all hazards, what had been gained during the day ;
joined in the pursuit of the rebels in their retreat on the 14th,
as far as Franklin, where the whole army rested for the night ;
the regiment returning next morning to Brashear City. It re-
mained there, doing guard and fatigue duty until May 30,
when it was ordered to proceed forthwith and report to Major-
General Banks at Port Hudson. It there bore its share in the
labors, fatigues, and hardships of the siege until the fort sur-
rendered. In the assault on June 14, two of the companies
were detailed, with others, to carry hand-grenades in the ad-
vance of the attacking column.

Captain Bartlett, who commanded the whole of the party,
fell mortally wounded upon the very breastworks of the enemy,
while he, and the officers and men under his command, through
a storm of shot and shell, were earnestly and heroically, but
hopelessly, endeavoring to scale them. The number of killed
and wounded in the regiment that day was sixty-eight.

After the surrender of Port Hudson, this regiment was one
of the first to enter the fort, and remained inside, performing
garrison duty until the 4th of August, when it was ordered
to Boston, arriving on the 17th. A furlough of ten days was
then given, after which it was ordered to report at Lakeville,
Mass. ; and on the 24th of August, having served over eleven
months, it was mustered out of the United States service. The
entire loss of the regiment was upwards of one hundred and
twenty-five.
The Fifth Regiment was in the Department of North Caro-

446 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

lina. Il arrived in Newbern by transports about Oct. 30,
1862. It formed a part of the brigade under the command of
Colonel Horace C. Lee, of the Twenty-seventh Massachusetts
Volunteers, in which it remained during the whole period of its
term of service, very much to the satisfaction of the whole
regiment.

Before the regiment had been forty-eight hours in Newbern,
orders were received to be prepared to start on an expedition
immediately. Arriving by transports to Washington, N.C.,
on the 31st of October, on the 2d of November the whole
force, under command of Major-General Foster, took up its
line of march to Williamston. There were some slight skir-
mishes with the enemy on the route, but nothing of impor-
tance transpired during the time. On the morning of the
10th December, the regiment left its camp to join an expedition
to Goldsborough, having for its object the destruction of the
Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. The Fifth was assigned the
second post of honor, and the care of the wagon train was
intrusted to it. Companies H and E were posted about three
miles from regimental headquarters, and, on the 14th, were
attacked by a large force of rebel cavalry. The men stood
their ground manfully, and, after a very spirited engagement,
repulsed the enemy, and drove them in great disorder towards
Kinston .

On Dec. 15, the regiment rejoined the main column. On
the 16th occurred the battle of Whitehall. After the battle
had been raging nearly an hour, Lee's brigade was ordered to
the front, and three of the Fifth Regiment were wounded.

On the morning of the 17th, the whole column was again
in motion ; Lee's brigade having the advance, reaching the
railroad. The bridge spanning the Neuse River, and the tele-
graph-wires, were soon destroyed; companies D and H pro-
tecting the parties destroying the railroad.

After the object of the expedition had been accomplished, a
return to Newbern was ordered. The retrograde had already
begun, leaving Lee's brigade, to which the Fifth Regiment
was attached, still on the field, when the enemy advanced from
the cover of the woods to make a charge upon the brigade.

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 447

Just before the final repulse of the rebel infantry, the enemy
opened fire upon the brigade, seeming to direct principally upon
the Fifth Regiment. For upwards of two hours the shot and
shell flew thick and fast around the regiment ; and twice were
its colors pierced by fragments of shell before the enemy's guns
were silenced.

During the return to Newbern, the regiment acted as the
searguard, and reached its camp. Dec. 21, having marched
about one hundred and eighty miles, and having ten men
wounded. General Foster issued an order, directing the regi-
ment to inscribe on its banners the names of the battles of
Kinston, Whitehall, and Goldsborough.

After Jan. 21, the regiment was employed upon fortifications,
upon the completion of which General Foster designated the
work as Fort Pierson, in compliment to the colonel of the
Fifth ; and further time, until the 13th of March, was occu-
pied in brigade, regimental, and company drills.

On the 4th of April, the regiment, with other troops, em-
barked on transports for Washington, N.C., for the relief of
General Foster and the garrison of that place.

April 8. -The regiment joined an expedition to Washington,
by land, under command of General Spinola ; after a short en-
gagement, the troops were ordered to return. Two or three
short expeditions occupied the time till May 21, when Lee's
brigade, with other forces, left Newbern, for the purpose of
attempting the surprise and capture of the rebel force in the
fortifications at Mosely Creek, reconnoitred by the Fifth Regi-
ment three weeks previously.

Success followed this attack upon the enemy, who were
thrown into a panic and fled in great confusion; 200 prison-
ers were captured, 43 horses and mules and ambulances, 17
wagons, 1 gun, 500 stands of arms, 17 rounds of ammunition,
and the entire hospital furniture and supplies of the enemy.
This was the last expedition in which the regiment was en-
gaged, and in some respects the hardest, owing to the intense
heat of the weather, the miry swamps, and almost impenetrable
jungles on the line of march..

During its term of service, the regiment marched six hundred

448 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

miles over the wretched roads of North Carolina, and sailed
over two thousand miles in crowded transports. It left North
Carolina on June 22, to report at Fortress Monroe, and proceed
to Boston. The regiment was mustered out of service at Wen-
ham, July 2, 1863.

The Sixth Regiment left the State Sept. 9, 1862, with orders
to report at Washington. From thence it proceeded to Suf-
folk, Va., twenty-three miles from Norfolk, where there was a
force of about five thousand. On the 17th, the first touch of
war was experienced, and all fell in for action. Some of the
Sixth were sent out as skirmishers ; others supported a battery.
No attack was made ; but the "fatigue duty " they inaugurated
was systematically followed by the Sbtth during the next eight
months ; and the result of their work upon fortifications was
seen in one of the most formidable lines of defences to be found
in the country. On the 24th, the regiment was brigaded,
under command of Colonel R. S. Foster.

Oct. 4. - The first march into the enemy's country occurred
when the regiment made part of an expedition to Western
Branch Church ; but no hostile force was met.

Nov. 17. - The third expedition into the rebel neighborhood,
began ; a slight skirmish took place, but the artillery soon
drove the enemy.

Dec. 5. -A new company-ground was occupied on the
front ; it received the name of "Camp Misery," but it was
soon so improved that it became healthy and pleasant.

On the 11th, a large force, including the Sixth, was sent to
a ford of the Blackwater, to rout a rebel force. The regiment
lost a gallant officer, -Lieutenant Barr, of Company I, Law-
rence, who was shot through the heart.

At midnight, Jan. 29, the regiment fell in, under. General
Corcoran, a part of a force of four thousand three hundred
men, and marched towards Blackwater; the Sixth supporting
our Seventh battery, who were under fire for the first time.
The position of the regiment was on the edge of a swamp, and
was very exposed. The engagement lasted two hours under
close range, - eight hundred yards. The day following, another
engagement occurred, ending in a repulse of the foe. The

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 449

force returned, after a march of thirty-five miles, and three
fights - all in twenty-four hours. The night was pitch dark ;
the shot and shell ploughed incessantly; but the men held their
positions, went and came through mud knee-deep. At this
time, nearly two hundred men were on detached service ; but
not one of them ever deserted, or was court-martialled for
dereUction of duty.

April 8. - The regiment was ordered to be ready to leave
Suffolk, and preparations were made, when the order was coun-
termanded, as an immediate attack from the enemy was antici-
pated. April 1 1 , a large force, under General Longstreet, laid
siege to Suffolk. Colonel FoUansbee was placed in command
of the front ; the position was occupied by the New- York One-
hundred-and-thirtieth, Massachusetts Seventh Battery, Sixth
Massachusetts Infantry. An attack was immediately expected ;
and from this time onward a continual skirmishing was kept up
for twenty-three days, mostly between sharpshooters, gunboats,
and artillery, though several times the engagements assumed the
proportions of smart battles.

On May 4, die enemy fell back from his position, and made
a precipitous march towards Fredericksburg; and our forces
started in pursuit, capturing several hundred prisoners. Dur-
ing the twenty-three days' siege, the regiment was severely
taxed, and much exposed ; but the singular good fortune that
has ever attended it did not fail here : its loss was very slight.

May 13. - The regiment started with others towards the
Blackwater, for the eighth and last time. Colonel Foster com-
manded the whole, and Colonel FoUansbee commanded Foster's
brigade. The object was to protect workmen engaged in taking
up the rails of the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad. During
the three fights of this expedition, the Sixth suffered quite se-
verely ; but the forces held their position, protecting the work-
men till the track from Carrsville to Suffolk was taken up.
The Sixth then returned to Deserted House on the 19th, and
bivouacked, on the ground for which it fought, June 30.

Under command of General Corcoran, the regiment moved to
Windsor, May 20, to protect workmen in taking up the rails of
the Norfolk and Petersburg road. Here it remained until the
29

450 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

23d, when General Corcoran notified Colonel Follansbee that
the regiment would that day be relieved, as the term of
service would soon expire. Accordingly, it left for Suffolk,
arriving after ten days of most fatiguing and exhausting ser-
vice, which told more on the regiment's health than all the rest
of its hardships combined.

On the 26th of May, it bade adieu to the scenes of its toils
and perils, arriving at Boston, in the steamer " S. R. Spauld-
ing," after a delightful voyage. May 29, reaching Lowell the
same day, where it was mustered out of service on the 3d of
June.

Thus ended the second campaign of the Sixth iMassachusetts
Regiment, honorably to itself, and with remarkable exemption
from death by disease and battle, considering the number of its
engagements, and the unhealthy location of its camp on the
edge of the Dismal Swamp.

All who were killed in battle, or who died of disease, were
embalmed, and sent home for interment ; a remarkable fact in
the history of a regiment. Not one of its members rests in
Virginia soil.

The Eighth Regiment, was in the Department of North Caro-
lina. It left the State Nov. 25, 1862, and arrived at Morehead
City Nov. 30, and, on the same day, from thence by rail to
Newbem. It was assigned to the Second Brigade, First Di-
vision, under command of Colonel T. G. Stevenson, Twenty-
fourth Massachusetts Volunteers, and went into camp on the
"Fair Grounds."

On Dec. 4, Companies A and E were detached from the
regiment for garrison duty at Roanoke Island, and remained
absent till July 12, 1863, when they rejoined it at Maryland
Heights.

On Dec. 9, the regiment was detached from the Second
Brigade, First Division, for garrison duty at Newbem.

On Dec. 28, it was assigned to the brigade under command of
Colonel T. J. C. Amory, Seventeenth Massachusetts Volunteers,
and on the same day was transferred to the First Brigade, Second
Division, under command of Brigadier-General Heckman, where
it remained until Jan. 11, 1863, when, the brigade being

THE NINE MONTHS" REGIMENTS. 451

ordered to the "Department of the South," the regiment was
transferred to the Second Brigade, Fifth Division, under com-
mand of Colonel James Jourdan.

On Jan. 25, 1863, the regiment changed camp from "Fair
Grounds" to Fort Totten. Companies G and H were de-
tached for duty at that place.

Through the month of February, garrison duty was per-
formed at Roanoke Island, rebel salt-works destroyed, and
guerillas captured near Carrituck Sound; and on the 25th, a
review of all the troops taking place at Newbern, the Eighth
received the credit of being one of the best regiments in the de-
partment for soldierly bearing and deportment.

Nothing of importance occurring during the month of March,
the regiment formed a part of an expedition on April 8, under
command of Brigadier-General Spinola, to reinforce General
Foster, at Washington, N.C. ; met and engaged the enemy at
Blount's Creek.

April 16. - The regiment formed part of an expedition
under command of General Prince ; left Newbern for the pur-
pose of reconnoitring in the vicinity of the outposts of the
enemy ; remained six days, and took a number of prisoners.

During May, the regiment was encamped ; and, on June
24, embarked on transports for Fortress Monroe, arriving on
the 27th; the next day were ordered to Boston, Mass., to be
mustered out of service; which order was countermanded.

On the 30th, were ordered to Baltimore, Md., to report to
Major-General Schenck, as there were fears of an attack on
that city by the enemy.

On July 1, it was assigned to the brigade under command of
Brigadier-General Briggs ; and proceeded to Sandy Hook, and
took up the Une of march to Maryland Heights, where, after a
dismal and tedious march in pitchy darkness, up rugged heights,
it fmally reached the destination, took possession of Fort Dun-
can, and raised the Stars and Stripes where they could be seen
by the enemy at break of day. It remained here until the 12th,
when the brigade again marched, to reinforce the Army of the
Potomac at Funkstown. Remaining with the army during its
movement to the Rappahannock, on the 26th it was ordered

452 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

home. While with the Army of the Potomac, though not en-
gaged with the enemy, it suffered much for want of tents,
clothing, shoes, «fec., having failed to supply itself on leaving
Newbem, as was supposed, for Massachusetts.

The regiment returned to the State on the 29th of July,
with clothes tattered and torn, but yet showing they had
seen service, and, by their frnn tread and manly bearing, that
they were ready and willing to do their duty to their country,
and to the glorious old flag.

It was mustered out of service Aug. 7, 1863.
The Forty-second Regiment was in the Department of the
Gulf, and arrived at New Orleans Dec. 16, 1862. On the
19th, Colonel Burrill, with companies D, G, and F, embarked
on the transport "Saxon," for Galveston, Texas, and arrived in
Galveston Bay on the 24th. The Colonel immediately pro-
ceeded to the gunboat "Westfield," to consult with Commodore
Renshaw, then in command of the blockading fleet, off Galves-
ton ; and by his advice, added to that of the commanding officers
of all the gunboats then in the harbor, to land at once, with the
most positive assurances of the entire safety of the position, a
landing was made.

Jan. 1. -The enemy advanced with artillery upon this small
force, two or three attempts to capture the position being
handsomely repulsed ; while four rebel gunboats and a ram
were making for the fleet and succeeded in capturing the "Har-
riet Lane ," after a short but fierce and determined engagement.
A flag of truce was raised by the enemy on the "Harriet Lane"
and on shore. This was responded to by the several gunboats,
and finally by Colonel Burrill on the wharf. Colonel Burrill,
not having any information as to the cause for the flags of truce,
and being desirous of communicating with the fleet to ascertain
the reason, ordered Adjutant Davis to proceed to the flag-ship,
to obtain the information, also to get the gunboats to come up
to the wharf, and take off his command, the enemy being too
strong for him to contend with on shore.

Adjutant Davis, while awaiting the answer to his commu-
nication, saw, from the deck of the gunboat. Colonel Burrill
and his command marched off prisoners of war. Finding all hope

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 453

of saving the men of the Forty-second thus cut off, and being
informed by Commander Law that the gunboats would proceed
to sea immediately. Adjutant Davis remained with the fleet,,
and proceeded to New Orleans to report to Major-General
Banks the results of the unfortunate expedition. When Col-
onel Burrill offered his sword to the officer designated by
General Magruder to receive the surrender, he was desired to
keep it, in respect to his brave and able defence of his posi-
tion against such an overwhelming force; and, on being in-
formed that the little band that stood before them were all
the troops there, the rebels could scarcely believe it, and were
surprised they had held their position so well and so long.

In respect for their courage and bravery, it was ordered, that
all private property of privates, as well as officers, should be
respected ; a fact rarely equalled in the history of the war.
The prisoners were then sent to Houston, where they arrived
Jan. 20, 1863. and remained until the 22d, when all the en-
listed men that were able left Houston, marched across the
country, and were paroled and sent down the Red River and the
Mississippi to the Union lines. Repeated efforts were made,
after their arrival at "Camp Farr," to effect their exchange, but
with no avail ; and they were obliged to remain inactive till
the expiration of their term of service.

On the 13th of January,. 1863, the remaining seven com-
panies, under Lieutenant-Colonel Stedman, by order of Major-
General Jenks, were attached to the Second Brigade, commanded
by Colonel Farr of the Twenty-sixth Massachusetts Volunteers,
of the Second Division, commanded by Brigadier-General Sher-
man, of the Nineteenth Corps.

On the 15th of January, by orders from headquarters De-
fences of New Orleans, two companies were detached, and
ordered to report to Major Houston, chief engineer of the
Department of the Gulf. Ordered to "Camp Parapet," under
command of Captain Leonard, who was ordered to lay out and
build a bastioned redoubt, to form a portion of the "Defences of
New Orleans." Under the immediate direction of Lieutenant
Long, of the United States Engineer Corps, this work began
Jan. 30, employing large numbers of contrabands, and continued

454 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

during the whole term of their detached service. Captain Leon-
ard was ordered to organize, from among the contrabands then
at work, a regiment, of engineers, to be known as the First
Louisiana Engineers. The regiment consisted of twelve com-
panies, of one hundred men each, and was commanded by
Colonel Justin Hodge, U.S.A. It was ordered to Port Hud-
son, where it took an important part in the subsequent siege of
that place.

On the 24th of January, Captain Davis and Lieutenant
Duncan were detached from the regiment, and ordered to re-
port to the Provost-Marshal-General, Department of the Gulf,
where they met with marked success, and were honorably
spoken of by the general in command. Quartermaster Burrill
was detached to serve as brigade-quartermaster, and attached to
the staff, where he served with entire satisfaction, until Colonel
Barr was relieved of the command of the brigade.

On the 26th of January, five companies, then at "Camp
Mansfield," were ordered to take post at a point on the Ponchar-
train Railroad, known as Bayou Gentilly.

Feb. 16. - A company, under command of First-Lieutenant
Harding, was attached to the Engineer Department of the
Nineteenth Corps, as pontoniers. On the 10th of March, the
company moved, via Baton Rouge, to Bayou Monticeno,
where they laid a bridge one hundred feet long. On the
13th, the army commenced crossing, and advanced on the Port
Hudson road. On the 15th, the army recrossed ; the com-
pany took up the bridge, and returned to Baton Rouge. On
the 6th of April, they moved to Brashear City, and laid a
bridge three hundred feet long on Bayou Boeuf; on the
12th, they swung a bridge across Bayou Teche, and proceeded
to remove obstructions, torpedoes; &c., in the stream. Moving
with the advance of the army, on the 26th they reached Sandy
Creek, near Port Hudson, and laid a bridge two hundred and
eighty feet long, under a hot fire from the guns of the fort and
the rebel sharpshooters. After the occupation of Port Hudson,
they proceeded to Donaldsville in an expedition under General
Grover, where they laid a bridge two hundred and eighty feet
long across Bayou Lafourche.

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 455

On the 5th of April, Lieutenant-Colonel Stedman was
placed in command of all the stations on Bayous Gentilly and
St. John, Lakeport, and the bayous dependent on the same.

During the months of April and May, only two companies
were left at headquarters ; though their numbers were small
from constant details for various detached duties, yet a regular
system of drill was kept up. The post was deemed of the
utmost importance by General Sherman, and Colonel Stedman
was ordered to use the strictest vigilance and care in the man-
agement of its affairs.

June 9. - A detachment of one hundred men, under com-
mand of Captain Cook, were ordered to Brashear City, where
they were attached to a battaUon under command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Stickney, of the Forty-seventh Massachusetts Volun-
teers .

June 20. - Twenty men of this detachment were ordered,
under command of First-Sergeant Ballou, on board a gunboat,
to accompany her on a short trip as sharpshooters. It having
been reported that the post at Lafourche Crossing was about to
be attacked, the remainder of the detachment was ordered to
that place under command of First-Lieutenant Tinkham.

An engagement took place the following day ; and, although
the enemy was superior in numbers, was forced to retreat,
leaving their dead and wounded on the field. The good
management and energy of Lieutenant Tinkham in this affair
are to be commended.

The loss was twelve killed and forty wounded.

On the 23d of June, the enemy attacked and succeeded in
capturing the garrison at Brashear City, among whom was a
detachment of forty-six men of this regiment, who maintained
an effective resistance for nearly two hours to a rebel force of
over three hundred mounted men. First-Sergeant Ballou,
commanding, was severely wounded; one man killed, three
wounded.

June 21. - The regiment moved to the city of New Orleans,
where it took post at the Custom House. From the 14th to
the 29th of July, it was on picket duty on the line of the
Opelousas Raikoad,

456 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

July 31. -The regiment was ordered North, and arrived at
New York Aug. 8, proceeding to Boston, and was mustered
out of service at Readville, Aug. 20, 1863.

The Forty-third Regiment was in the Department of North
Carolina. It left the State Oct. 24, 1862, and reached New-
bem about Nov. 1.

On arriving, it was ordered to camp on the banks of the
Trent River, Nov. 30; two companies were detached and
ordered to Beaufort, N.C., under command of Captain Fowle,
where they remained till March 4, 1863.

The regiment joined the expedition to Goldsborough, under
Major-General Foster. It was under fire Dec. 14, at the battle
of Kinston, but, fortunately, without any injury.

Dec. 16. - It was again under fire, at the battle of Whitehall,
where it lost one killed, and three or four wounded.

Dec. 17. - It was detached from the main column, and sent,
with a section of artillery and one company of cavalry, to
Spring Bank Bridge, where the enemy was found in small
force. It drove them across the bridge, and then burned it,
losing one man killed, one wounded; and was afterwards
ordered to join the main column on its return from Golds-
borough.

In January, 1863, detachments from the regiments were sent
out on picket duty at Bacheller's Creek and Evans's Mills.

On the - I7th, the regiment, with other forces, marched on
Trenton ; and afterwards was ordered to Rocky Run to relieve
the Twenty-fifth Regiment.

April 7. -It joined an expedition under Brigadier-General
Spinola, for the reUef of Little Washington. It came up with
the enemy at Blount's Creek. After a short artillery duel, -the
regiment supporting a battery, ,- it was ordered to retreat.

April 11. - It proceeded to the blockade, on Pamlico River,
on a call for volunteers to man three schooners loaded with pro-
visions and ammunition, to run the blockade ; thirty men of
this regiment were selected. They succeeded in doing it ; were
highly complimented for their skill and bravery by the com-
manding general. One man wounded.

During April, the regiment was detailed for garrison and

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 457

picket duty at Little Washington, and was afterwards ordered
to Newbern, where it remained until June 24, during which
time heavy details were made from it to build fortifications,
military roads, &c. It was ordered to Fortress Monroe, to re-
port to General Dix. At the colonel's request, orders were
received to proceed to Baltimore, and report to General Schenck.
Arriving there, it remained at "Camp Bradford " until July 7,
when it was ordered to report to General Naglee, who, under-
standing there was some dissatisfaction in die regiment on ac-
count of the expiration of its term of service, issued an order,
leaving it optional with the men to go to the front, or return
home. Under this order, two hundred and three officers and
men voted to go to the front. The others came home, to receive
a cold welcome from their friends. Those who remained pro-
ceeded to Sandy Hook, Md., where they arrived July 9, where
they remained doing provost duty until the 18th, when an order
was received, highly complimenting the regiment for the excel-
lent manner in which it performed its duties, and directing it to
proceed to Boston to be mustered out of service. It arrived
at Boston July 21, and was mustered out on the 23d.

The Forty-fourth Regiment was in the Department of North
Carolina. It arrived at Newbern Oct. 26, 1862, Upon its
arrival, it was ordered to report to Colonel T. G. Steven-
son, commanding brigade, and started with the brigade upon
the Tarborough expedition Oct. 30.

Nov. 2. -It took part in a skirmish on Williamston road,
losing two men killed, and seven wounded. It started on the
Goldsborough expedition Dec. 11, and was present at the battle
of Kinston on the 14th. It was engaged in the battle of
Whitehall Bridge on the 16th, losing eight killed and four-
teen wounded ; and was in the reserve at battle of Golds-
borough on the 17th, arriving at Newbern on the 20th.

The regiment shared in the various expeditions sent out from
Newbern. It took part in the siege of Washington, N.C., in
April, 1863. On the 17th, three companies, under command
of Major Dabney, supported by gunboat "Commodore Hull,"
landed at Stile's Point, and occupied the rebel battery, destroy-
ing portions of their work, and building the entrenchments
necessary to guard against an attack from the land side.

458 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

The regiment, after the 24th of April, did provost duty at
Newbem, until June 6, when it left for Boston, and was mus-
tered out of service at Readville, June 18, 1863.

It was called out to assist in suppressing draft-riot, July 14,
1863, and dismissed July 21.

The regiment was fortunate enough to serve under brigade
and division generals who won, not only the respect, but the
love, of all who served under them. Brigadier-Generals
Stevenson and Wessells were men whose fidelity to duty, unre-
mitting care for the welfare of their men, and entire self-
forgetfulness, always gave the best stimulus to the men of their
command.

To the corps commander, Major-General Foster, the regi-
ment owes its gratitude for his many proofs of confidence and
acts of kindness ; for the ready knowledge, wise precaution,
steady nerve, and the inspiring, cheerful pluck, which so largely
contributed to the successful issue of its service at Washing-
ton, N.C., in April, 1863.

Among the losses, none fell more heavily than when, in
Washington, April 11, 1863, the well-beloved surgeon, Robert
Ware, was followed to the grave. He was a victim to the very
disease from which he had rescued so many of the helpless
and dependent people who were dying about him.

The Forty-fifth Regiment was in the Department of North
Carolina. It arrived at Newbern Nov. 5, 1862. It was as-
signed to the brigade commanded by Colonel T. J. C. Amory,
which was composed of the Twenty-third and Seventeenth Mas-
sachusetts Volunteers. The Forty-third and Fifty-first Massa-
chusetts Volunteers were afterwards added. The regiment
remained encamped on the Trent, south of Newbem, until the
12th of December, during which time the men were thoroughly
drilled, and exercised in battalion and brigade movements.

Eight companies of the regiment marched as a portion of
General Foster's force upon the expedition to Goldsborough,
two companies previously having been sent out on garrison
duty to Fort Macon and Morehead City.

Upon the 14th of December, it was engaged at the battle of
Kinston, and sustained severe loss, -fifteen men killed, and

THE NINE MONTHS- REGIMENTS. 459

forty-three wounded. The soldiers behaved with the greatest
steadiness and gallantry, and, though exposed to a galHng cross-
fire, advanced resolutely through a dense wood and swamp upon
the enemy, who were unable to withstand the attack.

On the 16th of December, it suffered again at the battle of
Whitehall, with a loss of four killed, and sixteen wounded.
Among the killed was the gallant Sergeant Parkman, of
Boston, who bore the United States colors.

The army returned to Newbern after the battle of Golds-
borough, in which the Forty-fifth was not actively engaged.

On the 17th of January, 1863, the brigade proceeded upon
a reconnaissance towards Trenton, for five days ; after which,
until April 25, it acted as provost-guard in Newbern.

On the 28th of April, two companies, commanded by Cap-
tains Minot and Tappan, under the orders of Major Sturgis,
were sent on an expedition up the Atlantic and North CaroUna
Railroad, to endeavor to ascertain the strength of the enemy.
Captain Bumstead's company was directed to proceed to the
cross-road leading to the Dover road, to explore, and commu-
nicate with Brigadier-General Palmer, whose column was on
that road. The remainder of the troops immediately started
upon the expedition, the enemy being reported in some force in
the neighborhood of the junction. An engagement took place,
resulting in the defeat of the enemy ; and the colors of the regi-
ment were planted upon their works.

During the remainder of the term of service, the regiment
remained encamped near Fort Spinola; and, on June 24, it
proceeded to Morehead City, and embarked for Boston, and
was mustered out of service at Readville July 8, 1863.

The Forty-sixth Regiment was in the Department of North
Carolina. It arrived at Newbern Nov. 15, and was assigned to
the brigade commanded by Colonel Horace C. Lee, of the
Twenty-seventh Massachusetts.

Having encamped on the right bank of the Neuse River, very
soon after its arrival two companies were detached from the
regiment, and assigned to outpost duty at Newport Barracks,
Captain Spooner taking command of the post.

The regiment was occupied in perfecting itself in drill until

460 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

the organization of the Goldsborough expedition in December,
in which, and the engagements with the enemy that occurred in
the successful movement, it took part; after which it returned
to its old duties in camp until Jan. 23, 1863.

The two detached companies rejoined the regiment ; the drill
continued ; and, daily, large fatigue parties were detailed for
the work of fortification, until March 13 ; the enemy began
what seemed a determined attempt to repossess himself of
Newbern, in resistance to which the Forty-sixth was assigned
an honorable position, the enemy demonstrating in great force on
the Trent road. When upon the eve of an encounter. General
Foster recalled the main portion of the forces to the city, the
enemy having attacked an outpost on the northerly side of the
Neuse. This regiment, with the Fifth Massachusetts, were at
once withdrawn by General Palmer, commanding the division,
and assigned a position within the lines of the entrenchments.

On the 14th, it was sent out upon the same road to reinforce
Colonel Amory, but had only to observe and follow a retreating
enemy. After three days' pursuit, the regiment returned to its
quiet routine until March 26, when, with the exception of two
companies, it was sent to Plymouth, N.C., an important post
on the Roanoke River, threatened by a force of the enemy.
The whole land force was immediately applied under command of
Colonel Pickett, of the Twenty-fifth Massachusetts, a brave
and efficient officer, to the work of perfecting the fortifica-
tions of the post. During the eighteen days' siege of Washing-
ton, and always within hearing of its cannonading, the force at
Plymouth, anxious for the result, and confidently waiting its
turn, was occupied in constructing fortifications, and preparing
for hefence against a daily expected attack; but the defeated
and discouraged enemy retired, and Plymouth was thoroughly
fortified undisturbed.

The regiment went into barracks on the Neuse River, May
8, and was employed in the construction of earthworks and
other means of defence, at Newbern, during the remainder of
its stay, with the exception of the period occupied in the expe-
dition and successful attack upon the enemy's outposts at Dover
Swamp, eight miles from Kinston, in which it took part.

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 461

During the absence of the regiment at Plymouth, the de-
tachment left at Newbern tool: active part in the defence of
Newbern against the second threatened attack, and was also
assigned to outpost duty, at Bachelder's Creek, being attached
to the command of Colonel Jones, commanding the line of out-
posts, and rendering a most gallant service in holding the
position against an attack made by a large force of the enemy
on May 23, for which they have failed to receive their full meed
of praise, because of the death of the much-lamented Colonel
Jones, who was killed in the defence of the post.

The stanch courage of Captain Tifft is put on record, who,
in a most trying position, held his ground when the whole force
of Colonel Jones, demoralized by the death of their colonel,
fell back and left him, with his small force, until he was dis-
covered by a reconnoitring party, and relieved.

The nine months' service, reckoning from the date of their
muster into service of five, of the companies of the Forty-
sixth Regiment, expired on the 25th of June. It had been
decided at the War Department, that the term must be
reckoned from the day of muster-in of the last or tenth com-
pany This giving dissatisfaction on account of lengthening
the terms of several other of the nine months' regiments. Gen-
eral Foster issued a circular, leaving it to the option of the men
to go home or remain. The Forty-sixth remained. Over one
hundred of the regiment re-enlisted, under command of Colonel
Frankle, who was recruiting at Newbern his regiment of heavy
artillery.

On the 23d of June, orders were received to report to
General Halleck, at Washington, for orders. General Dix
being engaged in a demonstration on Richmond, the destination
was to join him, with several other nine months' regiments
sent forward by General Foster; but, it being ascertained that
General Dix did not desire troops whose term of service had
so nearly expired, General Naglee, having telegraphed to Gen-
eral Halleck, proposed that the regiments volunteer for service
in Pennsylvania ; and the Forty-sixth was ordered to report to
General Schenck. The regiments reached Baltimore July 1,
and were assigned to the brigade of General Tyler, command-

462 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

ing the exterior defences of Baltimore, and were stationed at
"Camp Bradford," where they were employed in patrol and
guard duty, remaining till July 6.

The brigade was ordered to occupy and hold Maryland
Heights, and arrived there July 7 ; remaining on picket duty on
the Sharpsburg road until the 11th, when, with the rest of Gen-
eral Briggs's brigade, it was ordered to join the main Army of
the Potomac. It joined the First Corps, and remained, momen-
tarily expecting offensive or defensive movements, until the day
that the Army of the Potomac crossed the river at Berlin,
when orders unexpectedly came to proceed to Massachusetts,
there to be mustered out. It reached Springfield on the 21st of
July, when it was mustered out of service by Captain Gardner.

The Forty-seventh Regiment was in the Department of the
Gulf. It arrived at New Orleans, and reported to General
Banks Jan. 1, 1863 ; was then referred to General Auger,
who gave orders to proceed to Carrollton, and report to General
Sherman.

The regiment was ordered, Jan. 11, to the United-States
barracks, to relieve the Thirtieth Massachusetts ; and the colonel
was put in command of the post.

Feb. 4. - It was ordered to the Louisiana Cotton Press, and
one company detached for provost duty at Thibodeux.

Lieutenant-Colonel Stickney, who had distinguished himself
in two engagements at Thibodeux, and Major Cushman, were
detailed for special duty. The latter had an important position
upon the Sequestration Committee, where his legal ability and
business qualification made him eminently useful to the Govern-
ment.

March 12. - The regiment was ordered to the Metaire Race-
course, the most unhealthy spot in all the South. The colonel
was in command of the post ; and it soon gained a most excel-
lent reputation for discipline and drill, remaining there ten
weeks without a guard to keep the men inside the lines.

May 19. - It was ordered to "Camp Parapet," to relieve
General Dorr, and the colonel to take command of the United-
States forces at that place, and its defences. The colonel re-
cruited a company of colored men to be used in the swamps.

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 463

which became the nucleus of the Second Regiment of Engineers,
and was largely officered by members of the Forty-seventh.
The lines of defence were thirty miles long. The immediate
defences consisted of a parapet two and a half miles long, and
a canal and military road to be guarded and scouted a distance
of twelve to seventeen miles, through the swamps to the lake.
This important post was held under peculiar circumstances dur-
ing the siege of Port Hudson.

As there were six hospitals belonging to the different regi-
ments, the services of Doctors Blackmer and Mercer, as well as
of the chaplain. Rev. E. W. Clark, cannot be too highly men-
tioned. All soldiers connected with the Forty-seventh, or under
command of its colonel, received at their decease a Christian
burial.

The regiment was ordered home on the third day of August,
arrived at Boston by rail via Cairo, 111. ; at Readville, Sept. 1,
was mustered out of service.

The regiment lost by death, during its absence, twenty-three,
and left forty-seven at New Orleans unable to come to land. It
had one hundred and ten officers and men detailed on special
service most of the time, who filled some of the most impor-
tant and useful positions in connection with the department.

The Forty-eighth Regiment was in the Department of the
Gulf It arrived at New Orleans Feb. 1, 1863, and was sent
to Baton Rouge as a part of the First Brigade, First Division,
of Major-General Auger commanding.

March 13. - An important reconnaissance was made towards
Port Hudson, in which this regiment participated. The object
of the expedition having been successfully accomplished, the
next day it formed the rearguard of the baggage-train; the
whole Nineteenth Corps having marched towards Port Hudson,
for the purpose of making a diversion, while Admiral Farragut
attempted to pass a portion of his fleet above the batteries.

The regiment remained at Baton Rouge, employed in the
usual routine of camp duties, until May 18, when it was or-
dered to report to Colonel Dudley, in command of the Third
Brigade, in camp at Merritt's Plantation.

May 21. -The whole force of General Auger having been

464 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

brought together, the Hne of march was taken for Port Hudson.
A section of Arnold's Battery was put upon the road leading
directly from the Store into Port Hudson ; and the Forty-eighth
was ordered to support it. It had hardly taken its position
when the enemy opened upon it with shot and shell from cov-
ered guns. This was the first time the regiment was under
fu-e ; it lost two killed, seven wounded, eleven prisoners.

In the general assault, on May 27th, a call was made in Gen-
eral Auger's division for volunteers to a storming party of two
hundred men. From the Forty-eighth, ninety-two men volun-
teered ; among whom were Lieutenant-Colonel O'Brien, five
captains, eleven lieutenants, fourteen non-commissioned officers,
and sixty-three privates. In this battle, the regiment lost seven
killed and forty-one wounded. Among the killed was Lieuten-
ant-Colonel O'Brien. He fell early in the engagement, pierced
by a rifle-shot, as he turned to cheer forward the storming party
he was leading. He was a brave soldier, a generous com-
panion and friend, and a true-hearted patriot.

June 5. - The regiment was sent to the Plains Store for rear-
guard duty. On the 14th, having reported to General Dwight,
it formed a part of the assaulting column under command of
Colonel Benedict. In that engagement it lost two killed and
eleven wounded. The next day, it was ordered back to its
brigade, and shared all the exposure and hardships of the siege
of Port Hudson.

In the engagement at Donaldsville on the 13th July, the
Third Brigade, under command of Colonel Dudley, suffered
considerably. The loss in the Forty-eighth was three killed,
seven wounded, twenty-three taken prisoners.

On Aug. 1, the regiment returned to its camp at Baton
Rouge, having left it seventy-four days previous, in light march-
ing order.

Aug. 9. - The Forty-eighth started for Boston via Cairo,
where it arrived Aug. 23, and was mustered out of service Sept.
3, at "Camp Lander."

The Forty-ninth Regiment was in the Department of the
Gulf. It left New York Jan. 24, 1863, by transport for New
Orleans, where it arrived about Feb. 3. From thence it was

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 465

sent to CarroUton, and then to Baton Rouge, where it was at-
tached to the First Brigade, Colonel Chapin commanding, and
Auger's division.

March 14. - The regiment participated in the feigned advance
of General Banks's forces on Port Hudson, and, in the retreat,
was left at Bayou Monticeno, to hold the bridge until all the
baggage-trains had passed over. It shortly after returned
to Baton Rouge, and for some time had no active duty, except
in doing guard duty to baggage- trains, and provost-guard duty
in Baton Rouge.

About the middle of May, it advanced with General Auger's
division towards Port Hudson ; and, on the 21st, it participated
in the battle of Plains Store, and won General Auger's com-
mendation, and especially distinguished itself by its steadiness
under fire, and by its promptness in re-forming its lines when
broken by the hasty retreat of another regiment. In this
affair only five of the regiment were wounded. Among them
was Lieutenant Tucker, commanding the brigade, who lost
his leg.

May 27. - It participated in the first assault upon Port Hud-
son, in which it lost seventy-six killed and wounded, being one-
third of the regiment engaged ; three companies having been on
special service. It lost, in this assault, as large a proportion as
any other regiment, and established its reputation for cool and
steady bravery. The brave and intrepid Colonel Bartlett was un-
fortunately shot through the wrist and heel early in the engage-
ment, while leading the regiment to the assault on horseback.
He had previously lost a leg in Virginia. Lieutenant-Colonel
Sumner was wounded. Lieutenants Judd and Deming were
killed while gallantly cheering on their men. Eleven of the
eighteen officers with the regiment were wounded. The com-
mand of the regiment devolved on Major Plunkett, after the
wounding of his superior officers, and continued under his com-
mand during the remainder of its term of service, - a command
which he held with great credit to himself, and honor to the
regiment.

On the 14th of June, it made, with the rest of Auger's divi-
sion, a feigned assault upon the rebel works, and lost eighteen

466 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

men killed and wounded. During the entire investment of Port
Hudson, the regiment was in the front supporting batteries, and
engaged in other duties of the siege until the surrender, July 9,
1863. Immediately thereafter, the regiment was sent to Don-
aldsville, with two brigades, under command of Colonel
Dudley. On the 13th of July, they marched up the Bayou
Lafourche. While preparing to encamp, the Union forces were
attacked by a large force of rebels. The Forty-ninth was sent
forward to support a battery, and, owing to the falling-back of
the rest of the forces, was nearly surrounded. By malting a
circuit of three miles through cornfields, it succeeded in joining
the rest of Colonel Dudley's command, with a loss of twenty-
two killed, wounded, and missing. Except participating in
several short expeditions, the regiment had no further active
service until its return home. It reached Pittsfield, Mass.,
Aug. 21, having returned via the Mississippi River, where it
was publicly received with much enthusiasm by the citizens of
Berkshire County.

By special permission of the Governor of the Commonwealth,
the colors of the regiment are retained in the county in the
keeping of the clerk of the courts.

The record of the regiment is an honorable one, and worthy
of the revolutionary fame of Berkshire men.

The Fiftieth Regiment was in the Department of the Gulf.
After various attempts to reach its destination upon unseaworthy
transports, it succeeded in arriving at New Orleans in the
"Jenny Lind" and "Montebello," Jan. 27, 1863, when the
small-pox broke out among a portion of the troops on board
not belonging to the Fiftieth ; for which reason they were
ordered to the quarantine-station, twenty miles below New
Orleans. A portion of the regiment suffered somewhat from
the epidemic, but no deaths occurred from that cause.

Having arrived at Baton Rouge on the 14th instant, the regi-
ment was assigned to the command of acting Brigadier-General
Dudley, of the First Division, Third Brigade, Nineteenth Army
Corps. Preparations were immediately made for increasing the
efficiency of the regiment by constant drills and strict attention
to aU the duties of a soldier's hfe.

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 467

On the 14th of March, it was ordered into active service, and
accompanied the entire command of Major-General Banks on
the expedition of that date to the rear of Port Hudson.

Here the regiment bivouacked for the first time on the ever
memorable night when, by the strategical movement made by
General Banks, Admiral Farragut was enabled to pass the bat-
teries of Port Hudson.

Having returned to Baton Rouge, the Third Brigade was or-
dered on picket duty at Winter's Plantation, on the opposite
bank of the Mississippi, where it remained till the 26th of
March.

On the 9th of April, four companies of the Fiftieth accom-
panied an expedition, about six hundred strong, under command
of Lieutenant-Colonel Everett, of the Second Louisiana Regi-
ment, to the Bayou Monticeno, for the purpose of destroying a
bridge, which was accompHshed in five hours.

On the 12th of May, the regiment marched from Baton
Rouge in company with the Third Brigade for Port Hudson,
and was ordered to remain at White's Bayou while the forces
were concentrating, and surrounding Port Hudson in its imme-
diate rear ; after which, the Fiftieth was ordered to the front,
and, on the 27th, was engaged in the assauU upon Port Hudson.
From this time until June 14, it was engaged in supporting
batteries, when it was ordered to engage in the assault, but was
held in the reserve column, and did not participate in the fight ;
after which, until the fortress surrendered, it was wholly en-
gaged in supporting batteries. The casualties were one private
mortally and three shghtly wounded.

On the 8th of July, it marched within the fortifications, and
did garrison duty until the 29th, when it took passage up the
Mississippi on its way home ; arrived at Cairo, 111., Aug. 5,
and proceeded by raikoad to Boston, and was mustered out of
service at Wenham, Aug. 24.

The Fifty-first Regiment was in the Department of North
Carolina. After a rough passage, it arrived at Beaufort, N.C.,
Nov. 30 ; proceeding by rail to Newbem, where it went into
quarters in the unfinished barracks' on the south side of Trent
River. It was assigned to the brigade commanded by Colonel

468 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

T. J. C. Amory, and, Dec. 11, took part in the expedition to
Goldsborough.

Dec. 30. - Company G was detached to perform outpost
duty at Brice's Ferry. This post was garrisoned by this com-
pany as long as the regiment remained in North Carolina.

Jan. 17, 1863. - Seven companies of the regiment marched
with a portion of the First Brigade on an expedition to Pollocks-
ville. Having accomplished their object successfully, and hav-
ing driven back the enemy at White Oak Creek, they returned
to Newbem.

On the 20th of February, the regiment suffering severely
from a steadily increasing sick list, six companies were moved
from the barracks to Deep Gully, as a sanitary measure ; but, the
shelter tents proving quite insufficient for the comfort of the
men suffering from malaria, they returned in a week to the bar-
racks.

On the 1st of March, Colonel Sprague, with his regiment,
was ordered to relieve the companies stationed at different points
along the railroad between Newbem and Morehead City ; also
those at Morehead City, Beaufort, and Evans' Mills. March
30, Colonel Sprague, in addition to his other duties, assumed
command of the post at Fort Macon.

On the 4th of May, the regiment returned to Newbem greatly
improved in health, and se-occupied their old quarters on the
Trent, afterwards removing to "Camp Wellington," near the
junction of the Trent and the Neuse.

Some misapprehension having arisen conceming the time of
the expiration of the term of service of the nine months' men,
the commissary of musters for the Eighteenth Corps issued a
circular, leaving it to the option of the men to return home
or remain ; and no company of the regiment signified a desire
to avail themselves of the offer in the circular to go.

The Fifty-first, on the 24th of June, was offered, with
other regiments, to General Dix, in his move upon Rich-
mond; and, with the exception of one hundred and eighty-
three sick, the regiment embarked for Fortress Monroe, and
proceeded to Cumberland, Va., on the Pamunkey. After their
arrival on the 28th, and report to General Dix, he, finding the

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 469

term of service so nearly expired, ordered a return to Fort-
ress Monroe, and requisition for transportation to Massachu-
setts to be mustered out of service. While awaiting transporta-
tion, learning the critical condition of affairs in Pennsylvania,
the colonel commanding authorized General Naglee to offer the
service of the regiment for the emergency ; and, being accepted,
it was ordered to report to General Schenck at Baltimore, who
was in command of the Middle Department.

Arriving in Baltimore July 1, it was ordered to occupy
Belger Barracks, near the line of defences of Baltimore in
process of construction, and remained there till the 6th, per-
forming fatiguing duties and much hard marching.

July 5 . - Six companies, under command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Studley, were detailed to escort two thousand three
hundred rebel prisoners, taken at Gettysburg, from the railroad
station to Fort McHenry.

On the 4th of July, it received the honor of being detailed
to search the houses of the citizens of Baltimore for arms, in
conjunction with the city police, and successfully and creditably
performed this delicate duty.

On the 6th of July, having temporarily been assigned to
the brigade of Brigadier-General Brigs, it was ordered to
Maryland Heights ; and, arriving at Fort Duncan on the 8th,
it remained, doing outpost duty on the Potomac and on the
Sharpsburg road, till the 12th, when it was ordered to join the
Army of the Potomac. The brigade was assigned to the
Second Division, First Corps, and marched on the 14th with
the pursuing army to Williamsport, where it was evident the
enemy had effected a crossing. The enemy having disappeared,
the forces recrossed the Potomac on the 15th, when the regi-
ment received orders to return to Massachusetts, to be mustered
out of service. It arrived at Worcester on the 18th, and was
mustered out on the 27th of July, having served nearly ten
months. The sick left at Newbem arrived home before the
regiment, and were mustered out with the rest at Worcester.

The Fifty-second Regiment was in the Department of the
Gulf. It arrived at New Orleans in the early part of Decem-
ber, 1862 and during the months of December, 1862, and Jan-
uary and February, 1863 was stationed at Baton Rouge, La.

470 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

March 13, 1863. - The regiment made a reconnaissance in
the direction of Port Hudson, marching up under the guns of
the rebel fortifications, a mile and a half in advance of other
regiments, in a manner satisfactory to the brigade and division
commanders.

Having marched with Grover's division to Brashear City, it
landed at Indian Bend, on Grand Lake, on the 13th of April ;
the advance meeting and driving before it a small force of the
enemy. Encamped on Madam Porter's plantation.

On the 15th, it started in pursuit of the enemy, marching to
New Iberia in two days.

From the 26th of April to the 21st of May, the regiment
was employed at Barre's Landing in collecting and guarding
com, cotton, sugar, and molasses, guarding negroes, and loading
and unloading boats at the landing.

On the 19th of May, having been rejoined by the four com-
panies left on provost duty at New Iberia, it commenced a
return march to Brashear City, forming a portion of an escort
for a five-mile negro and supply train. Having marched sixty-
nine miles, in passing through Franklin and Centreville on the
25th, it was attacked in the rear by the advance of a large
rebel force under General Mouton. The attack having been
repelled without any loss to this regiment, the march was re-
sumed, and continued during the night, making a distance of
forty milts during the twenty-four hours, Brashear City being
reached the following day.

On the 28th, the regiment was moved by rail to Algiers, and
by steamer to Springfield Landing.

The march above described was a most severe and exhausting
one to the men, performed mainly during the heat of the day.
From the 5th to the 8th of June, it marched to Clinton, twenty-
seven miles, as a part of a column to disperse a large force of
rebels there, which was accomplished without fighting; but was
very severe, from the extreme heat and dust, and the rapidity
with which it was performed.

On the day of the assault upon Port Hudson, June 14, it
was at first assigned a place in the assaulting column under Gen-
eral Weitzel ; but, during the fight, was ordered to deploy for

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 471

skirmishing, and acted as skirmishers during the day, with a
loss of three killed, and seven wounded, one officer mortally.
Until the 20th, it occupied a position at the front, within easy
rifle-range of the rebel works ; when it was ordered to escort a
long forage train to the' Jackson Cross Roads, and, proceeding
to the point designated, and while loading the teams, was at-
tacked by a, greatly superior force of rebels. Two of the
regiment were taken prisoners. The regiment returned again
to its position at the front. The loss during the month of
June was nine killed, including a captain, twelve wounded,
two prisoners.

The regiment arrived home Aug. 3, 1863, and was mustered
out of service Aug. 14. It was the first to make the voyage
of the Mississippi, after it had been opened by the capture of
Vicksburg and of Port Hudson.

The Fifty-third Regiment was in the Department of the Gulf.
It arrived at New Orleans Jan. 30, 1863, after a stormy
passage.

It encamped at Carrollton, reporting to Brigadier-General
Emory, and attached to the Third Brigade, Third Division ;
and was employed six weeks in improving the drill and dis-
cipline of the regiment.

On the 6th of March, the Fifty-third was ordered to Baton
Rouge, and, on the 12th, was sent on a reconnaissance up the
river, where it encountered, and drove in, the enemy's pickets.
On the 13th, it marched with the division in the expedition to
Port Hudson ; but, arriving after the object of the expedition
was accomplished, it returned to Baton Rouge, where it re-
mained till April 1, and was ordered to Algiers with the rest
of the division, and, on the 9th, took passage for Brashear
City, to join in the movement through the Teche country, which
began April 11. The enemy having been encountered at Pat-
tersonville on the 13th, the Fifty-third was engaged in support-
ing a battery, and skirmishing towards the fortifications, when
it was under fire of musketry and shell five hours. The flag
of the Fifty-third was the first to be placed upon the ramparts
of Fort Bisland.

The regiment lost in this action, one officer and thirteen

472 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

privates, killed and wounded. But eight companies were en-
gaged, two being on detached service.

On the 15th, it marched with the division in pursuit of the
retreating enemy, with an occasional skirmish, and reached
Opelousas on the 20th, where it remained a fortnight, employed
in drill and picket duty.

May 24. -The army having moved towards Port Hudson,
the Fifty-third was detailed as guard for the engineer corps, and
led the column. Encountering the enemy's skirmishers, the
regiment was immediately moved forward ; three companies,
thrown out as skirmishers, soon became engaged with the enemy,
and succeeded in driving them back, so that the engineer corps
could proceed in its labors.

May 27. - The day of the general attack upon Port Hud-
son, the regiment was ordered forward, and was soon under
fire of shot and shell. It moved to the front to support a
battery, and to the front line of skirmishers. It lost at this
time thirty killed and wounded.

May 25. - It joined the brigade, and remained until June 1,
engaged in picket duty, and fortifying the position ; it was then
ordered to occupy riflepits at the front, and sustained a loss of
five men, killed and wounded.

June 5. - It marched as a part of the expedition to Clinton,
which occupied four days, and resulted in driving the enemy
from that locality. On the 13th, it was ordered to join in the
assault upon the fortifications at Port Hudson. This assault
cost the regiment heavily. Of the three hundred officers and
men (being but eight companies) who went in, seven officers
and seventy-nine men were killed and wounded.

On the 19th of June, the Fifty-third was ordered to the front
in support of a battery, where it remained till the surrender of
Port Hudson, July 9. It was then ordered on picket duty five
miles from Port Hudson, when it marched with the brigade to
Baton Rouge. On the 15th, it embarked for Donaldsville and
remained in camp, engaged in drill and picket duty until Aug.
2, when it returned to Baton Rouge, and, on the 12th, was
ordered to Massachusetts, via Cairo. It arrived at Cairo Aug.
19, and at Fitchburg, Mass., the 24th, where, after a public

THE NINE MONTHS' REGIMENTS. 473

reception, it was furloughed one week, and mustered out of
service Sept. 2, by Captain I. R. Lawrence.

There was but one light battery raised for the nine months'
service. It was recruited by Major Edward J. Jones, of
Boston, in a very short time, at Readville Camp, without
expense to the Commonwealth. Major Jones was commis-
sioned captain.

It was mustered into service Aug. 25, 1862, at Readville,
where it remained until Oct. 3, when it was ordered to proceed
to Washington, and report for orders to the Adjutant-General
of the United States. The battery was assigned to General
Casey's division, and was sent to "Camp Barry," near Bladens-
burg Tollgate, D.C. Nov. 19, it was ordered to Hall's Hill,
Va., where it was attached to General Abercrombie's command.
On the 27th, it was ordered to report to Colonel Randall, Third
Vermont Brigade, for active service in the field ; the brigade
being at that time near Fort Lyons, under orders to march to
Fairfax Station and Union Mills, to which it advanced the next
day, occupying Wolf Run Shoals, Blackburn's Ford, and
picketing the line to Centreville. Colonel, Randall was soon
relieved from this command by Colonel D' Utassy. The brigade
having no cavahy, the command was frequently detailed to act
as scouts ; and, in connection with the Keystone Battery, several
reconnaissances were made to Gainesville, Manassas, and in the
direction of Warrington, both batteries being mounted and act-
ing as cavalry.

Feb. 1, 1863, Colonel D' Utassy was relieved by General
Alexander Hays, and several regiments of infantry were added
to the command, and the picket, line considerably extended and
strengthened, and the command assigned to garrison duty in
two principal forts on Centreville Heights.

The battery continued on picket and scouting duty until
April 18, when the command was ordered to report to Colonel
Sickles commanding the division of Pennsylvania Reserves, at
Forts Ramsey and Buffalo, at Upton's Hill, Va., where it re-
mained in garrison until May 23, when, the term of service
having expired, the battery was ordered to report to Brigadier-
General Barry at Washington. It started for Boston, where it

474

MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

arrived May 28, 1863, and was mustered out of service ; hav-
ing served the entire term without the loss of a single man from
any cause whatever.

These nine months' organizations did effective service in the
various departments in which they were stationed. They car-
ried the flag of the nation and the colors of the Commonwealth
from the city of Washington to the city of Galveston; from
Virginia to Texas: -a wider area and a more extended line than
was occupied by troops from any other State. After the capture
of Port Hudson and Vicksburg, which opened the Mississippi
River to the Union forces, the Fifty-second Regiment was the
first loyal command which ascended the river from New Orleans
to Cairo, at the mouth of the Ohio; thus Beeping up the ad-
vance record of Massachusetts troops.

The following table shows the number of men in each regi-
ment and in the Eleventh Battery who died, were killed,
discharged, taken, prisoners, and deserted : -

RuKiinnnts.

Dieil.

KiUed

Dlscl.M.

Pnsoneis

De.orted.

Third, Colonel Richmond

Fourth, Colonel Walker

120

Fifth Colonel Pierson

—

Sixth, Colonel FoUansbee. .

Eighth, Colonel Coffin .

—

Forty-second, Colonel Bumll
Forty-third, Colonel Holbrook.

32
13

4
2

Forty-fourth, Colonel Lee . .

Party-fifth, Colonel Codman .

^orty-sixth. Colonel Shurtleff

172

^orty-seventh. Colonel Marsh

103

219

Forty-eighth, Colonel Stone .
Forty-ninth, Colonel Bartlett .

154

Fiftieth, Colonel Messer . .

—

nfty-first. Colonel Sjprague .
•ifty-second, Colonel Greenleaf
^ifty-third. Colonel Kimball .

—

146

Eleventh Battery, Captain Jones

—

819

105

1088

~ 38

785

The large number of persons who deserted from some of the
regiments may surprise many readers. It is a fact, considered
without explanation, not creditable to our people. Nearly all
the desertions took place before the regiments left the State,
and very few of the men belonged to Massachusetts. They
came from other States, stimulated to enlist by the offer of large

CAUSES OF DESERTION. 475

bounties, and intending to desert as soon as they received the
money. The offer of large bounties by the cities and towns
brought to the surface a class of men known as recruiting
agents, who offered for a given sum to fill the quotas of the
cities and towns who employed them. As a general rule, these
persons were irresponsible and corrupt. They opened offices
in Boston, advertised their business in the newspapers, employed
runners as bad as themselves. To these agents many of the
town authorities made applications for men. They were met
with fair promises, for which they paid much money. Neither
the State nor the United States at this time paid bounties for
nine months' men. The bounties were paid by the several
municipalities in the Commonwealth. The men were obtained
by these agents, sent to camp, and mustered into the service,
put in uniform, and, as soon as opportunity offered, they de-
serted ; having received their pay beforehand from the broker or
agent, with whom, in many instances, they w&e in collusion.
Some of them were afterwards arrested, and forwarded to their
regiments ; but the great majority escaped.

The bounties paid by the towns varied in amount, ranging all
the way from fifty dollars to five hundred; very few, however,
were paid more than two hundred dollars each ; and the average
amount, for the 17,143 nine months' men, was a fraction over
one hundred dollars a man, which, by an act of the Legislature,
was, in great part, reimbursed to the towns from the State
treasury, to the total amount of $2,300,921.

Early in the month of July, a disgraceful and cruel riot
broke out in the city of New York. It was instigated by
persons who sympathized with the rebel cause, and wished it
success. The pretext for the mob was opposition to the law
of Congress instituting a draft of men to fill our regiments at
the scat of war. The successes of our arms at Gettysburg,
Port Hudson, and Vicksburg, were not to their tastes. The
rebel element in that city, therefore, seized hold of the act of
Congress, and inflamed the ignorant masses to a degree which
found no vent except in riot and bloodshed. The vengeance of
this mob, hke that of all other mobs, expended its force upon
the very poorest and most helpless of the community, - the

476 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

colored people. Their Orphan Asylum was attacked, and the
inmates fearfully abused, and the rioters, - imitating the Paris
riots at the outbreak of the French Revolution,- hanged some
of their victims to the lamp-posts. The defection in New York
spread to Boston, and to other parts of the country ; but no-
where was life so brutally assailed, and property placed in
jeopardy, as in the former city.

Reliable information was received at the State House that a
riot was likely to take place in Boston. The Governor took
immediate means to prevent it. The chief point of attack of
the rioters was to be the armory of the Eleventh Battery, in
Cooper Street, in which were deposited the guns of that com-
pany, -the only available cannon in the city. It became
apparent, on the afternoon of the 14th, that an outbreak would
at least be attempted ; and active preparations to meet the
exigency were immediately made. The alarm spread also to
the cities of Cambridge, Roxbury, Charlestown, Lowell, and
New Bedford ; and appUcations were made by the authorities of
those places to the Governor for military assistance to main-
tain order, which requests were granted to the full extent
demanded.

A brief abstract of the orders issued, having reference to the
anticipated riots, will illustrate the active energy and determined
resolution of the Governor to suppress all insubordination.
We give them in the order in which they were issued.

The afternoon of July 14, Major Charles W. Wilder, command-
ing the First Battalion Light Dragoons, Massachusetts Volunteer
Militia, was ordered to have the companies in his command
assemble at their armories forthwith, and await orders.

Lieutenant-Colonel C. C. Holmes, commanding the First
Company of Cadets, received like orders. He was to apply
to the Master of Ordnance for ammunition.

Major-General Andrews, of the First Division, with his
staff, was to report immediately to the State House. Briga-
dier-General R. A. Peirce, in command of Readville Camp,
was ordered to send in the men belonging to the Second Regi-
ment Heavy Artillery, then being recruited at Readville, under
command of Colonel Frankle, who were to report at headquar-

THE DRAFT RIOT IN BOSTON. 477

ters, State House, on arriving at Boston. General Peirce was
to turn over to Colonel Frankle such arms and ammunition as
he could spare from camp.

Colonel Codman, of the Forty-fifth Regiment, was ordered
on duty at Readville. Colonel Lee, of the Forty-fourth Regi-
ment, was to assemble his command at their armory at Boylston
Hall forthwith, and await further orders. These two regiments
had recently returned from nine months' service in North Caro-
lina, but had kept up their regimental organizations after
returning home and having been mustered out.

Brigadier-General Lawrence, Third Brigade, was ordered
to report to the State House, and await further orders.

W. C. Richardson, Mayor of Cambridge, was ordered to
cause the Washington Home Guards, Captain Bradford, a
military organization in Cambridge, to do guard duty at the
State Arsenal in that city that night, and to remain there until
the order was countermanded. They were to furnish themselves
with rations at army rates.

Major Stephen Cabot, in command of the garrison at Fort
Warren, reported, with his command, in response to a request
by the Governor. He was ordered to report to Frederick W.
Lincoln, Jr., Mayor of Boston, with a request of the Gov-
ernor, that a part of his command be ordered for duty at the
armory of the Eleventh Battery, in Cooper Street, to support
the men then there; Major Jones, who commanded the battery,
having previously received verbal orders, from the Commander-
in-chief, to have his-men on duty at that place, and they were
there.

Major Wilder, of the Battalion of Dragoons, received his
orders at three o'clock in the afternoon ; and at five o'clock, the
same afternoon, he reported that his battalion was ready. He
was ordered to report for duty to the Mayor of Boston.

The Corps of Cadets, Colonel Holmes, reported with equal
alacrity. This company was specially detailed by the Gov-
ernor to protect the State House. The Cadets, in addition to
their infantry organization, had two six-pound howitzers, and a
portion of the company was drilled in the exercise of heavy
ordnance. The howitzers were brought out on this occasion,

478 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

and judiciously placed so as to command the front and rear
entrances to the State House. The remainder of the company
acted as infantry, doing guard duty and supporting the artillery.

Colonel Frankle, with his command, reached Boston from
Readville, with great promptness, that evening; reported at
the State House, and was directed to report to the Mayor of
Boston, and to remain on duty until relieved by orders from
headquarters.

Brigadier-General Peirce was ordered to take command of all
the military forces, to report to and confer with the Mayor of
Boston, and to aid and support the police in preserving the
order of the city.

Company F, Fifth Regiment, Captain Charles Currier, at
Medford , and Company B, of the same, at Somerville, Captain
B. F. Park, had tendered their services to maintain the
peace, and were ordered to hold their men in readiness at
their armories until relieved.

Several companies, known as Drill Clubs and Home Guards,
among which were the Horse Guards of Roxbury, the Re-
serve Guards of Cambridge, First Battalion National Guards
of Boston, Massachusetts Rifle Club, Boston, and the Reserve
Guard, Roxbury, tendered their services, which were accepted.

Major Gordon, Eleventh United-States Infantry, in com-
mand of Fort Independence, came up with a company of his
men, and offered the services of himself and command for any
military duty.

Captain Whiton's Company of Heavy Artillery, Massachusetts
Volunteers, on duty at Fort Independence, also came to the
city ; and upon representations made by Major Rodman, United-
States Army, in command of the United-States Arsenal at
Watertown, this company was forwarded at once for guard
duty at that important post.

Captain Collins, Lieutenant McKibben, and other United-
States officers at Boston, also tendered their assistance at any
place, and in any position where they could be of use.

Surgeon-General William J. Dale also rendered valuable
services by organizing a medical staff for the occasion, to take
charge of whoever might be wounded or injured in the expected

THE DRAFT RIOT IN BOSTON 479

riot ; in which he was ably assisted by Major Hooker
assistant Surgeon-General of the Commonwealth Surgeon-
General Dale detailed two surgeons to the Cooper-street
Armory, one to Faneuil Hall, and one to the office of the
assistant Quartermaster-General, United-States Army. They
were directed to make their requisitions directly upon the Sur-
geon-General. Dressings were also forwarded to the various
commands. The surgeons thus detailed were Dr. Ezra
Palmer, surgeon of the Cadets; Dr. John P. Ordway, of
the Eleventh Battery ; and Dr. J. F. Harlow, of the Second
Heavy Artillery.

Every precaution in the power of the Governor was taken to
prevent outbreaks in the other cities of the Commonwealth ;
but in neither of them was there any organized effort to break
the peace. In Boston alone did the rioters assume a menacing,
hostile attitude. They assembled on the evening of the 14th,
in the neighborhood of the armory of the Eleventh Battery, in
Cooper Street, which they attacked with stones and other mis-
siles . The doors were closed, and the military inside kept
profound silence. The rioters knew that the military were in
the armory, and ready to defend the place. By direction of the
Governor, the Adjutant-General visited the armory late in the
evening to learn if the officers and men were on duty. An im-
mense throng of riotous persons thronged the streets, and
everywhere imprecations were heard denunciatory of the na-
tional and State Governments, of the war, and of the draft.
Being in citizen's dress, and conducting himself so as not to
attract attention, he quietly made his way through the crowd
to the door of the armory, into which he was admitted by a sen-
tinel. He found every thing properly guarded. The military,
under command of Major Cabot, were in position, quiet and
reserved, but with firm determination expressed in every man's
countenance, that the armory should not be attacked, the guns
and ammunition captured, and their lives imperilled, with-
out a manly resistance. After a survey of the position, he
quietly left the armory as he had entered, made his way through
the crowd, which every moment became more turbulent and ex-
cited, and apparently more determined than ever to attack the

480 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

armory, slaughter all who opposed them, and capture the guns.
These facts were reported to the Governor at the State House.
The mob increased in numbers and vehemence. The quiet in-
side was in strange contrast to the noise and excitement outside.
It was a fearful moment. Here were a few disciplined and
determined men, in a comparatively small room with barred
doors, and offering no cause of disturbance to those without,
which numbered at least four or five thousand men. The sol-
diers inside held the key of the city. Under their charge were
the only pieces of cannon, and ammunition to supply them, in
Boston. But those guns were loaded, and the men were ready
for an attack, should one be made. At last, wearied with
throwing stones and other implements against the doors, which
proved unavailing, a concerted movement was made by the mob
to force the entrance and gain possession of the guns. Delay
was no longer wise or prudent. The entrance had been nearly
forced, and the word was given to fire. The effect was elec-
trical. Several of the rioters were killed ; many more wounded,
-how many will probably never be known. The mob scattered,
and the riot was virtually crushed, although other demonstra-
tions, comparatively feeble, were made in Dock Square and
around Faneuil Hall, to break into the gun-store of Read &
Son. Yet the firmness and bravery of the military stationed
there, and the police of Boston, to whom great credit should be
given, awed and scattered the rioters. Several arrests were
made of persons supposed to be ringleaders in the mob, but
no more powder and canister were used. The one volley in
Cooper Street ended the riot, and no soldier or loyal man was
hurt. Thus ended what appeared at one time to be a serious
menace to the city. Quiet was restored. In a few days after
the military were relieved from duty, and returned to their several
posts. The entire cost of this military guard of honor and of
peace was $14,495.

The law of Congress to raise troops by draft was put in
operation in this Commonwealth in the months of June and
July. Major Clarke, U.S.A., one of the truest gentlemen
who ever held command in Massachusetts during the war, was
appointed Provost-Marshal-General of the State, with headquar-

THE RESULT OF THE DRAFT. 481

ters at Boston. Assistant provost-marshals were appointed for
the several congressional districts. These appointments were
made at Washington. A board was also established to make
an enrolment of all persons in the State between the ages of
twenty and forty-five years. The persons thus enrolled were
164,178. The whole number of persons drafted-that is, the
persons whose names were drawn from the boxes -was 32,079.
Of these, 6,690 were held to serve; and of these only 743
joined the service, 2,325 procured substitutes, 22,343 were
exempted, 3,044 failed to report, 3,623 paid commutation,
which amounted in the gross to one million eighty-five thou-
sand eight hundred dollars. The whole number of drafted
men, and substitutes for drafted men, who were sent to camp at
Long Island, was 3,068. Of these, 2,720 were assigned and
sent to regiments in the front, 224 were organized as a provost
guard for duty at the camp. Of the whole number, 124 de-
serted. Of the drafted men or substitutes, 73 were colored,
who were sent to the Fifty-fourth Regiment. These were all
who were drafted in Massachusetts up to Jan. 1, 1864; and
there was in reality no adequate cause why a draft should ever
have been made in Massachusetts, because the State had more
than filled her quotas upon previous calls by voluntary enlist-
ments, and, as will be seen, filled all subsequent calls without
resort to a draft, and came out of the war with a surplus of
13,083 men.

The second colored regiment (Fifty-fifth) left the State July
21, embarking at Boston in transports for Morehead City,
N.C., where it arrived July 25. On the 29th, it was ordered
to South Carolina, and arrived at Folly Island, in that State,
Aug. 3. There had been some question in regard to the des-
tination of this regiment. It was the wish of the Governor to
have it sent to South Carolina, where the Fifty-fourth then was.
On July 11, the Governor received from the Secretary of War
this despatch : -

"Various circumstances indicate the necessity of relieving the
troops at New Orleans, and substituting for them troops of African
descent. This will be done as far as possible by the organization of
troops already acclimated ; but it may greatly facilitate that organiza-

482 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

tion to have another regiment like those which you have organized as
a standard of organization in that department. This mainly impresses
me to the necessity of changing the destination of your Fifty-fifth
Regiment, although I have not absolutely determined upon the change.
Any consideration which you may be disposed to present, will be atten-
tively considered."

A copy of this despatch was sent to Colonel Hallowell, com-
manding the regiment at Readville, who replied, -

"The officers of the Fifty-fifth desire that the regiment may be
sent to that point where, in the opinion of their Government, it will do
the most good."

As we have already stated, the regiment was not sent to New
Orleans, but to South Carolina.

As these were the only colored infantry regiments raised in
Massachusetts, before proceeding to other matters, we propose
to give a brief abstract of the voluminous correspondence of the
Governor with the department at Washington, Senators in Con-
gress, and to private citizens, in regard to the pay of these
troops and of the colored chaplains. It was the belief of the
Governor, that the enhsted men and the chaplains were entitled
to the same pay and allowances as the enlisted men in white
regiments, and chaplains in white regiments. The Govern-
ment, however, did not so regard the matter. They would
pay the men and the chaplain but seven dollars a month. On
the fourth day of July, 1863, the Governor wrote to J. W.
Langston, a colored lawyer in Ohio, a long letter in an-
swer to certain inquiries which he had made respecting the
organization and pay of colored troops, and contended that the
law made no distinction between them and white troops, and
urged him to go on with the enlistment of colored men.

"I trust," he said, "there will be no hesitation or delay. The
Government will do right. The Secretary of War, as soon as the
argument is at once stated to and perceived by him, I have no man-
ner of doubt, will free your minds by prompt, decisive, and correct
action. But, at all events, right will take place, and justice will be
done."

The letter concludes as follows : -

THE PAY OF COLORED TROOPS. 483

"Louder than ten thousand thunders is the call which this day
(July 4) utters in the ears of all men in whose veins flows the blood
of Africa, and whose color has been the badge of slavery. The ac-
cumulated woes of many generations give direction and emphasis to
the duty of to-day. The opportunity of years, now crowded into an
hour, now visits you, and beckons, entreats, commands, you to come,
come now, come instantly, come with a shout, and receive the baptism
which is to admit you into the glorious company of the peoples, of
every clime and of every hue, who, by their own blood, have vindicated
their right to all the blessings and all the powers of liberty, and to
whose own right arms the Lord of hosts has given the victory."

The controversy on the matter of payment continued for
more than a year; the Government refusing to pay the
men more than seven dollars a month, or the chaplains the
pay due to their rank, which created great dissatisfaction among
the men. The Legislature of Massachusetts appropriated
money to make up the deficiency ; and the Governor appointed
Major James Sturgis, of Boston, assistant Adjutant-General,
to proceed to South Carolina to make the payment; but the
men refused to receive it. They demanded from the General
Government equal pay with other United States volunteers.
They were greatly in need of money, and their families were
suffering at home ; yet they resolutely determined to receive no
pay unless they received full pay. The matter in June, 1864,
was referred by the President to Mr. Bates, the Attorney-
General of the United States, who gave a learned and elaborate
opinion, in which he sustained every point which the Governor
had taken. The following is the concluding paragraph of, Mr.
Bates's opinion : -

" In view, therefore, of the foregoing considerations, I give it to you,
unhesitatingly, as my opinion, that the same pay, bounty, and clothing
are allowed by law to the persons of color referred to in your commu-
nication, and who were enlisted and mustered into the military ser-
vice of the United States between the months of December, 1862,
and the 16th of June, 1864, as are, by the laws existing at the times
of the enlistments of said persons, authorized and provided for, and
allowed to other soldiers in the volunteer forces of the United States
of like arms of the service."

484 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

The opinion of Mr. Bates appears to have settled the ques-
tion. The colored troops and colored chaplains were placed on
an equality with whites, and received the same pay.

Growing out of the draft were many questions of a legal
nature, which could not be brought before the courts for de-
cision, but were decided in a summary manner, according to
military rule, by the United-States military officers, acting as
provost and assistant provost marshals in the Commonwealth.

In several cases of enlistments, where the writ of habeas
corpus was issued, the parties were brought before the court, in
which Major Charles F. Blake, Provost-Marshal-General of the
Commonwealth, appeared for the Government ; but, under the
conscription law, new questions arose, upon which a judicial
opinion could not be obtained for the reasons we have stated.

In the opinion of the Governor, it was important that these
questions should receive a judicial interpretation. On July 17,
he sent Major Blake to Washington to confer widi the Secretary
of War upon these matters. He carried with him a letter from
the Governor to Mr. Stanton, in which he said he deemed it of
the highest importance that the principal legal questions which
had arisen under the conscription law should be brought to a
judicial test at the earliest day.

"And I do not know any tribunaK" he said, "before which they can
be more promptly raised, or more intelligently argued, or by which
they can be more impartially adjudicated than the Supreme Court of
this Commonwealth, which is, I believe, a court as little impressible
by outside influences as any tribunal in existence."

The Governor further recommended, that the questions be
decided immediately, and that the United States District At-
torney, or some other counsel, should be instructed to represent
the United States in all such cases. We are not aware that any
action was taken by the Secretary in the matter.

On the 18th of July, the Governor telegraphed to Mr. Stan-
ton to authorize him to enlist Massachusetts conscripted men as
volunteers, which would enable him to pay them the State
bounty of fifty dollars each, which they, as mere conscripts,
could not legally receive.

LETTERS FROM JOHN M. FORBES. 485

"What you want," he said, " is the men ; and if the payment of this
State bounty will increase their willingness for service, as undoubtedly
it will, it makes no difference to you, whether they call themselves
volunteers after being drafted, and it does make some to them."

Not receiving any immediate reply to this, the Governor
telegraphed again to Mr. Stanton, on the 21st, calling his
attention to his previous telegram, and restating and re-en-
forcing his former telegram.

"I think," he said, "such request reasonable and just, and respect-
fully ask the favor of a reply."

We do not know whether an answer was received or not.
But, if it was, it was unfavorable, as the drafted men who went
from Massachusetts never received the State bounty.

John M. Forbes returned from England in the early part of
July, where he had made contracts for cannon for the coast
defences of the State. He landed at New York, and, before
coming to Boston, went to Washington. On the 20th of July,
he wrote to the Governor, from Washington, that he had been
informed by Captain Wise, of the Ordnance Bureau, Navy De-
partment, that he had some captured guns, which he would sell
the State at very low prices. Mr. Forbes recommended their
purchase. Mr. Forbes then speaks of Colonel Lowell, of our
Second Cavalry, who had gone off " on a rather dangerous
scout on the skirts of Lee's retreating army." He also says,-

" He had quite a little brush at Ashbury, charged a gap where the
rebels held a stone wall ; two men were killed alongside the Colonel.
Finding them too strongly posted to continue the direct attack, he
flanked them, and pushed them far into the valley, taking twelve or
fourteen prisoners, including two staff officers. He reconnoitred other
gaps, and returned by Leesburgh, after a very hard tramp. After
two days' rest, he set off towards Manassas. I got the account from
Major Thompson. If they carried a newspaper reporter along, he
would make quite a raid of their Ashbury Gap skirmish. I saw
three of their wounded yesterday, one with an ounce-ball apparently
in the centre of his brain."

On the 21st of July, Mr. Forbes again writes to the Gov-
ernor in regard to the purchase of the guns referred to in his
preceding letter. He says, -

486 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

"They were built in '61 and '62, and captured in the 'Bermuda'
and 'Princess Royal ' ; and Major Wise thinks they are quite as likely
to be as good as Blakely's present guns, which we are buying at such
high rates. If you doubt about buying a pig in a poke, very likely
you may have time to send on and examine them. I have no idea the
War Ordnance Department will bestir themselves to build guns, and
I think Massachusetts has got to take the risk of doing it. I hear
Ericsson is building a gun at Bridgewater ; and Wise says, that is the
place for you to build on the steel rings. I saw Mr. Stanton on my
arrival, and found he has already complied with your wish to send the
Fifty-fifth to Newbern."

The next day, Mr. Forbes wrote to the Governor, that Cap-
tain Wise had forwarded to him a full description of the guns ;
also, the price, which the appraisers of them, had fixed. The
price was very low, and Mr. Forbes regarded them -

"The six cheapest guns in the world. They seemed to have been
appraised on the same principle as you would appraise an elephant, -
very cheap to any one who wants them; and the Navy naturally
hate to have any thing making odd sizes of their shot. Captain Wise
says he has received no answer to a letter offering you any quantity
of eleven-inch guns at cost. I suggest answering him with thanks, and
keeping the offer open until you can ascertain whether the cost of
spindle of guns, the right weight, will be as much as that of the
guns."

Mr. Forbes then gives, at considerable length, an interesting
account of the different kinds of heavy ordnance in America
and in England, and of the experiments made for their im-
provement ; one experiment alone having cost the English Gov-
ernment seven millions pounds sterling. He considered the
Dahlgren and Rodman patents both good, and reliable for
most purposes. "But in these times," he said, " without un-
dervaluing them, I would prove all things, and hold fast to that
which is good." Mr. Forbes concludes his letter by saying, -

"Nothing from Colonel Lowell's cavalry since yesterday morning,
when they started for another reconnaissance. A week ago, the crows
looked wistfully at their horses, as if they had a right to them ; and,
when they return from this week's service, I fancy it will only be
the hides and bones left to pick. They are called better than the
average ! I am glad to say, Major Crowninshield's battalion has been

DEATH OF COLONEL SHAW. 487

ordered up from Fortress Monroe ; so Lowell will have his whole
regiment together."

Nothing more appears on the Governor's files respecting the
purchase of the guns, mentioned by Mr. Forbes. The Gov-
ernor visited Washington about this time, saw Mr. Forbes and
the ordnance officer, and doubtless decided not to purchase them
for the State, as they never were received here.

We have already stated that Colonel Sham, of the Fifty-
fourth Regiment Massachusetts Colored Volunteers, was killed
in leading his command in the attack upon Fort Wagner. We
find on the Governor's records, dated July 31, and addressed
to Francis George Shaw, Esq., the father of the Colonel this
letter :-

"I send to you, with this, copies of letters which I have received
from Colonel Littlefield and Dr. Stone, by this morning's mail. Noth-
ing which I can write can express as I would wish the affectionate
sympathy with which I am sincerely yours," &c.

The letter of Colonel Littlefield, who signs himself "Colonel
Fourth South-Carolina Volunteer Cavahy Regiment," is of more
than ordinary interest. We do not know who Colonel Littlefield
was ; but he may have commanded a regiment of colored troops
raised in South Carolina. His letter is dated "Headquarters
Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteers, Morris Island, S.C, in
the field, July 24, 1863." He had been placed, by order of
General Gihnore, in command of the Fifty-fourth after the death
of Colonel Shaw, the Lieutenant-Colonel being unfit for duty by
reason of severe wounds. He states that the Fifty-fourth
Regiment was selected to lead the storming party upon
Wagner, because they had distinguished themselves on James
Island one week before, and adds, -

" I witnessed the charge, and, though no way connected with the
regiment, I feel it my duty to bear testimony to the valor and bravery
of the entire command. Colonel Shaw marched his men up to the
fort, where he fell with twenty or thirty of his command. The bodies
of two of his men were found dead on the top of him. The bearer of
the State flag marched to the parapet with the bearer of the United-
States colors. Out of the rebels caught the State flag, and tore it
from the staff. The bearer held to the staff, and brought it off with

488 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

him, though his guard was shot by his side. The bearer of the United-
States colors was severely wounded in the breast. He fell upon his
knees, but with one hand upon his wound; with the other, he held
the Stars and Stripes erect, and upon his knees brought them off the
field, saying, ' The flag has not been on the ground. ' We was carried
to the hospital, still bearing the flag; and, as he entered, his wounded
brothers gave cheers for the flag and the bearer. I mention these
as but a few of many instances of bravery during the charge.

"Of the death of Colonel Shaw and his burial, we have received in-
formation by a flag of truce. He was buried at Fort Wagner on
Sunday last. We also learned that all the prisoners taken of the Fifty-
fourth Regiment are in confinement at Charleston, waiting action of
their Government. So say the officers."

The letter of Surgeon Lincoln R. Stone bears the same date.
He says that Colonel Shaw was shot dead through the heart,
and was buried in the fort. He was seen to fall from the
parapet inside the fort, and the fire was very severe indeed
when the enemy opened. "I need not say that he fell at the
head of his regiment : all who knew him would know that."
Surgeon Stone then gives a detailed account of the assault upon
Fort Wagner, and a Ust of the casualties in the regiment. He
concludes as follows : -

"Neither Colonel Littlefield nor I, however, can tell you of the
great shock and grief we feel at our losses, both in officers and men, -
only so lately, with all bright anticipations of the future, leaving home
and friends. It is almost impossible to realize it. There remains,
however, the consciousness that they all fell nobly and bravely at the
very front, -at the head of the regiment, -as a soldier should
fall."

A copy of these letters were also forwarded by the Governor
to Mrs. Ogden Haggerty, Lenox, Mass., with a letter con-
cluding with these words : "With sincere and respectful re-
gards, both for yourself and for Mrs. Shaw, to whom I beg
especially to tender my cordial sympathy." Mrs. Haggerty
was the mother of Mrs. Shaw, whose residence was in the city
of New York. Colonel Shaw was married only a few months
before his death.

On the thirty-first day of July, the Governor wrote to Major-

RECRUITING VETERAN REGIMENTS. 489

General Dix, commanding the Department of the East, as
follows : -

"I propose to station one of the companies of heavy artillery,
which I am raising here for coast defence, at the city of Salem ; and it
may be a convenience for them to have official authority to occupy the
pile of old bricks there, which is called Fort Pickering, and of which
the only tenant at present is a superannuated ordnance-sergeant, who
sells beer and lets fishing-rods."

At this time there had been nothing done by the Government
to place old Fort Pickering in a defensible position. It is on
what is called Winter Island, and commands the harbor of
Salem. It had no guns, and was precisely in the position
named by the Governor. He asked of General Dix authority
to station the companies then being raised for coast defence, as
the latter might think best. Shortly afterwards, a fortification of
earthworks was erected at this place, and guns placed therein;
and one company was stationed there, and remained until the
end of the war.

On the 11th of August, the Governor wrote to Governor
Tod, of Ohio, -

" I have had the honor to receive from you a copy of the warrant
for the commitment of John Morgan, and the principal officers of his
command, to the Ohio Penitentiary ; and I beg to express to you my
congratulations on the energy and success with which the pursuit of
them was conducted, and their capture effected."

This letter has reference to the defeat and capture of the well-
known rebel chief, who entered Ohio with his command, and
made a raid upon the peaceable inhabitants of that State.

On the 11th of August, the Governor wrote, -

"The Adjutant-General will please examine and report to me
whether it is not practicable to commence recruiting immediately, with
a prospect of success, a regiment of veteran volunteers, having its
headquarters at Worcester, and with Captains Wolcott and Harlow,
lately of the Twenty-first Regiment, as lieutenant-colonel and major
respectively. The within letter of the Hon. Dwight Foster (Attorney-
General of the State) is herewith sent for your examination. Please
return it to my files. I wish to start such a regiment earlier than
Mr. Foster's opinion seems to indicate."

490 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION

The proposition here made was found, upon examination, to
be for the time impracticable. Veteran regiments, as they were
called, - that is, regiments composed of men who had not been
less than nine months in service, - were subsequently raised, and
served to the end of the war. All of them were in the Army of
the Potomac, and advanced, under the lead of General Grant
and General Meade; across the Rapidan, fought their way
through the thickets of the Wilderness, and in every battle of
that memorable closing campaign of the war, marched to the
front at Petersburg, and, in the early spring of 1865, advanced
with the great Army of the Potomac upon Lee's works, from
which he was driven, the rebel army routed, and the war closed.

About this time, the Governor was anxious to have the
volunteer militia of the Commonwealth recruited to the full
limit prescribed by law. He wished to have three regiments of
infantry raised in Boston and vicinity. It was suggested to
him, that they could be raised, if assurances were given, that, in
no event, would they be sent beyond the boundaries of the
State. On the 10th of September, he wrote to Colonel Henry
Lee, Jr., one of his personal staff, -

"It would be as well to have no force as to limit its operations
to the State line of Massachusetts. If Portland or Newport should
be invaded, Massachusetts men would be unspeakable fools, as well as
arrant cowards, not to repel that invasion equally with one over our
own borders. ... If the people of Boston, men of money, of busi-
ness, of influence, of intelligence, and of families, have not interest
enough in their own lives, fortunes, families, and honor, to raise three
regiments, I hardly think any tinkering on my part could do any good.
We are in imminent danger-never so great before - of foreign war.
Are we to cavil about the exertion needed to train three thousand able-
bodied citizens for our defence ? When the enemy thunders at the gates
of our citadel of fancied ease and security, it will be too late."

It was not, however, until after the close of the Rebellion,
that the militia of the Commonwealth was recruited to five
thousand men in the entire State, and properly organized.

The success which attended the recruitment of two regiments
of colored infantry induced the Governor, at. the instance of
Professor Parsons, of the Dane Law School, Cambridge, to

PLAN TO ATTACK BOSTON. 491

obtain, if possible, from the Secretary of War, authority to
recruit a regiment of colored cavalry. On the 10th of Sep-
tember, Mr. Stanton wrote to the Governor, in reply, -

"My own impressions are entirely in favor of the measure. The in-
fantry regiments raised by you have settled the question of the colored
man's fitness for infantry service; and I think that you would be able
to demonstrate, in a manner equally satisfactory, their adaptation for
cavalry service, which is the only point of dispute remaining unsettled.
The main difficulty is that suggested by Mr. Parsons and yourself in
regard to obstacles or jealousies that might arise in other States.
This does not seem to me to be insurmountable. Still, the question
is one in respect to which I desire some further time for consideration
and conference ; but I will speedily give a definite answer to your
proposition, my present purpose being only to explain the reason for
delay."

Leave to raise the regiment was subsequently given ; and
early in the year 1864 the regiment was raised, and designated
the Fifth Regiment of Massachusetts Cavalry.

On the 26th of September, the Governor received a confi-
dential letter, from a gentleman of the highest respectability,
from which we make the following extracts :-

" Commander Maffit, of the Confederate steamer 'Florida,' was
formerly engaged in the service of the Coast Survey, and is as
familiar with our coast and harbor as any pilot. I am told that he
had recently said, while in Paris that it had been his intention to run
into Boston and New York, and shell those cities, but that he was pre-
vented by the attempt of Reed at Portland, as he feared that occur-
rence had alarmed our Government, and that we were now prepared
to prevent his entrance. During the present week, I have endeavored
to inform myself how well we are prepared. I learn, with astonish-
ment, that at this late day there is nothing to prevent the 'Florida' and
'Alabama, or any other vessel, from coming directly up to our city.
All they have to do is to fly the American or English flag, and they
come directly by the forts. There is no order at either of the forts to
stop any vessel. Besides this, from my personal observation, I am con-
vinced that - is entirely unlit for the place he occupies. This
subject is now before you; and, if any disaster arise, the public will
naturally look to you for explanation. "

A copy of this letter was sent to the President of the United

492 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

States, with a long endorsement on the back of it, from which
we extract the concluding paragraph : -

"I am perfectly confident, that, if I was authorized to place our
heavy artillery companies, used for the harbor defence of Massa-
chusetts, under a regimental organization, I could appoint a colonel
whose activity, discretion, and capacity to command these forts, could
be safely relied upon."

The permission asked for was never granted.

A telegraph wire was laid, connecting Fort Independence and
Fort Warren, which was completed Oct. 6, on which day the
first message was sent, as follows : -

" Governor Andrew is happy to exchange congratulations with Col-
onel Jones at the intimate relations this day established with Fort
Independence."

Colonel Jones, United-States Army, was at this time in com-
mand of Fort Independence.

On the same day, the Governor wrote to Senator Sumner, -

If you and Wilson will only re-enforce my efforts, perhaps I might
be permitted to organize our light batteries into a regiment. Though
other States have done so, as yet we have not been allowed to
do it."

We have already stated that permission never was given by
the War Department, and our batteries remained as company
organizations until the end of the war.

On the 7th of October, the Governor requested the Adjutant-
General -

"To report to me to-morrow a precise statement of the ordnance
now already mounted on each of the forts in Boston Harbor : exhibit-
ing the number of guns, weight of metal, calibre, and description, of
whose manufacture, and whether rifled or smooth-bore; what guns
have been delivered, but not yet mounted ; what addition to the arma-
ment of the forts Major Blunt expects will be accomplished this au-
tumn. Please report to me also the precise condition of each of the
heavy-artillery companies raised for coast defences, giving the name
of each commanding officer, of each person recruiting for each com-
pany, and the number of men each company has mustered in."

On the next day, the Adjutant-.General submitted the follow-
ing report : -

THE CONDITION OF HARBOR DEFENCES. 493

"In obedience to your Excellency's request for certain exact
information of the present condition of the armament of the forts in
Boston Harbor, and the strength and condition of the garrisons, I
visited yesterday Forts Warren, Independence, and Winthrop, and
Long Island, and had an interview with the several commandants.
Colonel Dimmock states the ordnance at Fort Warren as follows : -

Mounted in Barbette.
30 32-pounders.
12 8-inch Columbiads, old model chambers.

1 8-inch sea-coast howitzer.

4 15-inch Columbiads.

In Casemates.

16 8-inch Columbiads, old models.
14 100-pounder Parrott guns, rifled.
1 15 -inch Columbiad, not yet mounted.

Total, 78 guns.

" Colonel Dimmock was unable to inform me the names of the par-
ties who manufactured the guns. They were probably cast at different
places. The character and make of the guns are known to the service
by the names which are given them above.

" From Lieutenant-Colonel Jones, commanding Fort Independence,
I received the following statement : -

Mounted in Barbette.

27 32-pounder guns.
13 24-pounder guns.
2 10-inch mortars.

In Casemates.

10-inch Columbiads.

8-inch

15-inch Columbiads, dismounted, r

32-pounder guns.

24-pounder howitzers, mounted.

24 dismounted.

8-inch Columbiads, hiiserable.'

Total 107

no carnages.

494 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

"From Fort Independence I crossed over to Fort Winthrop to see
Major Blunt, but he was not there. I found him, however, last even-,
ing, at his residence. No. 22, Chestnut Street, Charlestown. The
condition of Fort Winthrop is as follows : -

MOUNTED

18 10-inch Columbiads, latest pattern (Rodman), throw 125-lb. solid

shot.
4 10-inch Columbiads, old model.

7 8-inch Columbiads, latest pattern (Rodman), carry 65-lb. shot.
7 24-pounders, old.

"Major Blunt is ready at Fort Winthrop for sixty-seven lO-inch
guns, and one 15-inch. He will probably be ready this fall for eighty
10-inch guns, and ten 15-inch He is unable to say when these guns
will be received. The ordnance officer only can give the information.

" He will be ready for the four 15-inch guns at Fort Independence
'this fall.' He is ready now for fifty-four 1 0-inch guns at Fort War
ren, and will be ready for a hundred or a hundred and fifty more at
this fort this fall.

"The casemate armament of Forts Warren and Independence is
complete.

"No foreign-made guns are in any of the forts in the harbor.

"Major Blunt was further pleased to inform me that the new fort
at Eastern Point, Gloucester, will be ready for a garrison in the bomb-
proof quarters built by him, by the 15th of November. It has seven
32-pounder guns with casemate carriages. Fort Lee, at Salem, is al-
most finished. Four 8-inch Columbiads will be mounted there this
month. Forts Pickering (Salem) and Sewell (Marblehead) will not
be ready for their armament for several weeks. It is not likely that
any thing heavier than 24 or 32-pounders can be got for these works.
The quartermaster must provide quarters for the men.

"The battery at Long Point, Provincetown, will be finished 'by
cold weather.' It will be mounted with eight 32-pounders. The bat-
tery will be an open one, and the quartermaster must furnish quarters
for the men.

"The works at Plymouth are just begun. The armament is unset-
tled, but probably will be five guns.

"This is all the information I have been able to gather respecting the
forts and armaments. Major Blunt made a special report to General
Totten about two weeks ago, showing the condition of the Boston works

Co.

THE COMPANIES IN THE FORTS. 495

as to armament; a copy of which he thinks your Excellency could
obtain by application to General Totten.

Condition of each Company of Heavy Artillery.

Co. A, 1. Captain James H. Baldwin, Fort Warren, 142 men.
Co. B, 2. Captain Niebuhr, Fort Warren, 146 men.
Co. C, 3. Captain Lyman B. Whiton, Fort Independence, 119 men.
, 4. Captain C. F. Livermore, Fort Warren, 122 men.

5. Captain T. J. Little, Concord, N.H., 132 men.

6. Captain John A. P. Allen, New Bedford, 141 men.
7. Captain George E. Worcester, Fort Warren, 137 men.

, 8. Captain Loring S. Richardson, Long Island, 111 men.
9. Captain Leonard Gordon, Long Island, 111 men.
, 10. Captain Cephas C. Bumpas, Long Island, 112 men.

"Company L (11), Captain Thomas Herbert, has 147 men enlisted,
36 of whom arc claimed as drafted men; and therefore he has not
been able to have his company mustered in. He lacks six men to be
mustered in as a minimum company, exclusive of the men claimed as
drafted. The men are at Fort Independence.

"Company M (12), Captain J. M. Richardson, reported on the 6th
inst. 42 enlisted men. They are at Salem.

"The aggregate of enlisted men and commissioned officers in the
Fort Warren Battalion is 704; of which one company (Captain Lit-
tle's) is on detached service at Concord, N.H., at camp of drafted men.
I respectfully submit that this company should be ordered to the fort,
as I understand General Hinks has two companies of the Invalid Corps
for guard duty at his camp.

Recruiting Officers.

"The companies which have recruiting officers in service are the
8th, Captain L. S. Richardson; the 9th, Captain Gordon ; the lOth,
Captain Bumpas ; the Uth, Captain Herbert; and the 12th, Captain
J. M. Richardson.

"The 8th company has twenty recruits not mustered in, which
makes its aggregate of enlisted men in camp at Long Island 131.

"The 9th company has ten recruits not mustered in, which makes
its aggregate of enhsted men in camp at Long Island 121.

"The 10th company has fifteen recruits not mustered in, which
makes its aggregate of enlisted men in camp at Long Island 127.

'Total number of enlisted men on duty at Long Island, 379,

"All of which is respectfully submitted."

496 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

We have quoted the whole of this report, because it shows
the exact condition of our coast defences near the close of the
year 1863, the third year of the war.

The letters of the Governor, from this time to the end of
the year, relate to a variety of subjects, but chiefly in regard to
the coast defences. Colonel Ritchie, of his staff, was sent to
Europe, Sept. 16, to contract with parties in England for
heavy ordnance, which was the great necessity of the times.
His letters from England, acquainting the Governor with the
progress of his negotiations, were written with great ability,
and displayed an intimate knowledge, both theoretical and prac-
tical, of the different manufacture of heavy arms, not surpassed
by many of the regular United-States army officers. The letters,
also, in reply, of Mr. John M. Forbes and of Governor An-
drew, show equal knowledge of this branch of the service. It
would be impossible to give even an abstract, in a volume like
this, of all of the interesting and useful information contained
in this correspondence. As it, however, relates to a subject
which occupied the attention of the Governor and of the best
minds in the State, from the beginning to the end of the
Rebellion, and which in importance was only second to keeping
our regiments full at the front, we shall, in the next chapter,
give a brief narrative of what was done in England by Colonel
Ritchie. We have already kept up a running narrative of the
labors performed by Governor Andrew and Mr. Forbes, and
of the action taken by the Legislature and the Executive
Council upon this subject. The anxiety felt here in Boston,
and all along the coast of Massachusetts, for the defence and
safety of our harbors, appears never to have been appreciated
at Washington, or if appreciated, which is probably the fact,
neither the War nor the Navy Department had means at their
command to afford the protection which our exposure to attack
demanded. They probably did all they could, but all they did
was not sufficient for our security.

Not only was it regarded as of the utmost importance to
have the forts on the coast properly armed and garrisoned, but
it was also deemed of the greatest necessity to have iron-clad
armed vessels to defend the harbor of Boston, and to cruise in
Massachusetts Bay.

GENERAL WILLIAM RAYMOND LEE. 497

Colonel William Raymond Lee, who had commanded with
distinguished bravery and skill the Twentieth Regiment Mas-
sachusetts Volunteers, and who was brevetted brigadier-general
for brave and meritorious services, was forced by ill health, and
much against his will, to resign his commission, Dec. 17, 1862 ;
and was commissioned by Governor Andrew chief engineer, with
the rank of brigadier-general, Oct. 27, 1863, on the Gov-
ernor's staff. General Lee was a graduate of West Point,
and one of the best engineer officers in the Commonwealth.
We find on the files of the Governor several reports made by
this gentleman in regard to our fortifications and coast de-
fences, accompanied by diagrams, showing his great skill as a
draughtsman, an officer of comprehensive mind, and thorough
knowledge of military defences, and, we may add, of in-
nate modesty. Some of these reports would make forty pages
of this volume; and we venture to assert, that in the archives
of no other State, nor in the War Department at Washington,
can there be found papers showing greater knowledge of mili-
tary engineering, and a more comprehensive grasp of the
subject of coast defences, either in regard to fortifications,
ordnance, or the construction of iron-clads, superior, or even
of equal ability, to those contained in these reports of General
Lee to the Governor of this Commonwealth.

But while the Governor, his personal staff, and the different
departments connected with the war, were devoting their entire
energies continually to providing suitable defences for the coast
of Massachusetts, and recruiting men for new regiments, and to
fill the depleted ranks of our veteran commands in the field,
surmounting obstacles, overcoming prejudice which at times
seemed almost insurmountable, borne down with cares and
labor of nearly three years of incessant war, the political ele-
ments of the Slate remained active.

On the 3d of September, the Democratic party held a State
convention at Worcester, to which were invited not only dele-
gates of the Democratic party, but those from other citi-
zens disposed to co-operate with them. The convention was
very large, and opposition to the national Administration had
been strengthened and intensified. The active and energetic

498 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

policy of Governor Andrew, the favor with which he regarded
the enUstment of colored soldiers, the force and frequency with
which he urged the abolition of domestic slavery, his stem and
unfaltering determination to have the war fought through until
the rebels laid down their arms and sued for peace, had dis-
posed many, who looked forward to a compromise of our
difficulties with the Confederate States as the most likely means
to bring about peace and a restoration of the union, to oppose
his re-election . The arbitrary arrests of citizens, and their con-
finement in prisons and fortifications without explanation, and in
many cases without bringing them to trial, operated powerfully
upon some minds to condemn the national Administration, and
to regard with distrust the men composing it. The riots in
July also showed that there was a strong element of dissatis-
faction among a portion of the more humble class of citizens.
Such was the state of public feeling when the two great
parties in the Commonwealth held their conventions to make
State nominations in the fall of 1863. The Democratic Con-
vention was held first. We give a brief abstract of its
proceedings.

Phineas Allen, of Pittsfield, was chosen temporary chair-
man. Judge J. G. Abbott, of Boston, being called upon,
made a speech, and said, -

"I understand this convention to be the freest and broadest invita-
tion to all men who agree with you and me in this dark hour, when we
have arrived at the very brink of that abyss which the ' Defender of
the Constitution' prayed he might never behold, -the abyss of dis-
union, when States have been torn asunder, and the land drenched with
fraternal blood. I mean to be true to the Union, by, through, and
under the Constitution, - nothing more nor less. That Constitution,
in my judgment, is the only chart by which we can steer in this bot-
tomless abyss, the only anchor that will hold us, and the only guide
to our steps. . . . Mr. Lincoln has said that silence on matters per-
taining to our country, though not a crime, is an offence. I propose,
for once, to be obedient to the commands of His Excellency the
President of the United States. I will agree to be imprisoned or
banished, if I do keep silence ; and, if I am, I'll speak, so help me,
God."

Dr. George B. Loring, of Salem, was the next speaker.

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 499

His name having been received with some dissatisfaction, he
said he regretted that anybody should oppose his speaking
in a Democratic convention. He was a true Democrat, and,
as such, entitled to counsel with the members of his party.
He was for State rights ; and, whereas the Administration had
said that a part of the States were put in the condition of terri-
tories, he desired to meet the Administration on that issue.
He desired Democrats to go into this campaign with their
banners inscribed to this effect, - that, when a State presents
herself for re-admission to the Union, the doors should be
thrown open, and she should be admitted.

" You may feel wronged that your fellow-citizens are arrested, and
that such outrages are perpetrated by the Administration. But they
are those things which will pass away. There is one great thing : we
are still free, sovereign, and independent States under the Constitution.
Do they ask. Are we Peace or War Democrats ? Tell them we are
constitutional Democrats. This Administration will pass away as the
idle wind. Its name will live only in history as an Administration
which subverted the rights of the people, until they rose in their might,
and overthrew it."

Richard S. Spofford, Jr., of Newburyport, was chosen per-
manent president. On taking the chair, Mr. Spofford made an
address, of considerable length, condemnatory of the Adminis-
tration, and in praise of State rights.

In the afternoon, a vote was taken for Governor, and a
majority was given for Henry W. Paine, of Cambridge; and
he was declared the nominee. The vote stood, - Paine, 750 ;
Dr. Loring, 227 ; J. G. Abbott, 72; scattering, 5. Mr.
Paine had never attended a Democratic convention before.
He had been a prominent Whig in the palmy days of that
glorious old party. In the speech which he made in the
convention, just previous to taking the ballot by which he was
nominated, he said, -

" I find the record of the Democracy has pledged that party, from its
earliest existence, to the perpetuity of the Constitution, of the Union,
and of the rights of the States,"-

500 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

and therefore he enrolled himself among its members and
supporters.

The resolutions, sixteen in number, were reported by Mr.
Avery, of Braintree. They were a general indictment against
the national Administration, and its prominent measures in
carrying on the war. The fifteenth declared, -

"That we most earnestly desire peace, on such terms as would be
consistent with the honor of our nation, and secure a permanent union
of the States."

The Republican Convention met at Worcester, on the 24th
of September. James H. Duncan, of Haverhill, formerly a
member of Congress, was chosen temporary chairman, and
Thomas D. Eliot, member of Congress from the New-Bedford
district, was elected permanent president. The address of Mr.
Eliot on taking the chair was an able and eloquent defence of
the policy pursued by the national and State Administrations
in carrying on the war. It was the duty of the nation to use
every power within its grasp to put down the Rebellion, and to
fight the rebel forces until they laid down their arms. He
sketched the progress of the Union forces from the beginning of
the war up to this time ; showing that, although we had met
with reverses, yet we had steadily and successfully made |)ro-
gress, which, in the end, was sure to conquer the Confederate
power.

A State ticket, with John A. Andrew at its head, was
nominated by acclamation for re-election, and with entire
unanimity.

Speeches were also made by Alfred Macy, of Nantucket ;
A. H. Bullock, of Worcester ; Richard H. Dana, Jr., of
Cambridge; Henry Wilson, United-States Senator; and ex-
Governor George S. Boutwell, who reported a series of ad-
mirable resolutions, which were adopted by the convention.
The speeches and resolutions breathed but one sentiment, and
expressed but one purpose, which was to sustain the national
and State Governments, and to carry on the war with undi-
minished vigor until peace was conquered, and human slavery
for ever rooted out of the land.

THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 501

Both conventions passed resolutions complimenting the bra-
very, and expressing sympathy for the sacrifices, of our war-
worn heroes at the seat of war.

The election took place on the second Tuesday in November,
and resulted as follows : for John A. Andrew, 70,483 votes ;
for Henry W. Paine, 29,207 ; all others, 77, -majority for
Governor Andrew, 41,199, the largest he had received in any
election.

On the 17th of October, the President called for three hun-
dred thousand volunteers, of which number Massachusetts was
to furnish, as her contingent, 15,126 men. At this time, the
bounty paid by the State, to each three years' volunteer, was $50,
and the bounty paid by the United States $100. Business, in
all its branches, was in a highly prosperous condition. Money
was plenty, wages high, and labor in great demand ; so that it
was difficult to fill our army, and meet the calls of the Presi-
dent, without the inducement of larger bounties. The desire
to avoid a draft was strong and universal throughout the
State ; and the Governor was importuned by men in all parts
of the Commonwealth to call an extra session of the Legisla-
ture, that means might be devised by which a draft would be
avoided. He accordingly did so.

The Legislature met on the eleventh day of November, and
the Governor delivered his address on the same day. It was
entirely devoted to the subject of filling the quota of the State
under the new call of the President, and the injustice done to
the two colored regiments of Massachusetts by the Govern-
ment, in refusing to pay them the same as white troops. He
said, to aid in the recruitment, the Secretary of War had offered
to all persons, who had served for a period of not less than nine
months, a bounty of $402 ; and to new recruits a bounty of
$302, if they enlisted to go into old regiments in the field,
Each volunteer could elect for himself which regiment to enter.
He advised that State bounty be enlarged; and he was pre-
pared to assist "in committing the Commonwealth to a policy
of the payment of regular wages to the Massachusetts volunteers,
in addition to all other pay, bounties, and advantages hitherto
enjoyed." He also referred to the order of the Secretary of

502 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

War favoring the re-enlistment of three years' volunteers then
in service, having less than one year to serve of their original
term, and recommended that inducements should be held out by
the State to encourage the re-enlistment of these veteran sol-
diers .

"I hold it," he said, "to be not only of grand importance to secure
the existence of these war-worn regiments while the war shall last,
and especially the services of these tried and brave old soldiers who
composed them, but it would only be an act of grateful justice to
proffer them the utmost advantages. Indeed, I cannot feel that it
becomes the people of Massachusetts, at this period of the war, to act
as if conscious only of the presence of an imp)ending draft, and with a
view only to its prevention. Gratitude, manliness, and honor alike
concur with what I regard as the statesmanlike policy of the situation
to encourage those meritorious and deserving men to renew their en-
gagement to the military service."

He concluded this portion of his address as follows : -

" Gentlemen, the President of, the United States demands a new
recruitment of the army of the Union; and it must be had. Massa-
chusetts is summoned to supply her proper contingent. She cannot
filter, and she will not fail. Three hundred thousand men added now
to the national armies, skilfully distributed and led, marching in aid
of the forces already in the field, would sweep the Rebellion from the
face of the earth. Our columns, falling on the enemy, already con-
scious of his waning power, and barely delaying us now at Charleston,
on the Rapidan, at Chattanooga, incapable by lack of population to
furnish soldiers to recruit again, his own wasting ranks, would crush
out, by their very weight and momentum, every organized form of re-
sistance. Rich in material resources, prosperous even in the midst of
war, strong in hope and courage, and immensely superior in numerical
force, the loyal p)eople of the United States need only to avail them-
selves of this tide in their affairs to restore almost at a blow the for-
tunes of the republic, and to vindicate the inevitable supremacy of a
national power."

The remaining part of the address is occupied in discussing
the wrongs of our colored soldiers. The Governor took the
ground that there was no law existing which made a distinction
between the white and the colored volunteers ; and therefore to

THE ACTS PASSED BY THE LEGISLATURE. 503

deny the colored men the same pay which the whites received
was not only unjust in itself, but was without the authority of
law. But, as the evil was a practical one, it should be remedied
at once; and he recommended to the Legislature that an ap-
propriation of money be made to supply the deficiency in the
payment of our colored troops, so that it would correspond with
the pay received by the whites ; which recommendation was re-
ceived with favor by the Legislature, and an act was passed in
accordance with the recommendation. The pay of white volun-
teers was thirteen dollars a month in money, and three dollars a
month for clothing. The colored troops had been allowed the
same amount for clothing, but only seven dollars a month in
money.

The Legislature was in session seven days. It met on the
11th of November, and was prorogued on the 18th ; during
which time it passed the following acts and resolves : -

An act to make up the deficiencies in the Fifty-fourth
and Fifty-fifth Regiments. This act authorized the Governor
to appoint paymasters to proceed to South Carolina to pay the
men, and the Treasurer of the Commonwealth to borrow such
sums of money, from time to time, as may be necessary to carry
the act into effect.

An act to promote enlistments and recruiting. This act
prohibited any person from recruiting except under authority
from the Governor, or the Government of the United States ;
and provided that any person who should entice or soUcit men
to leave the Commonwealth to enter military service elsewhere,
should be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars,
or imprisonment not exceeding six months.

An act to provide for the payment of bounties for vol-
unteers. This provided, 1st, That the Governor might offer
to pay a bounty of $325 to each volunteer who should enlist for
three years or the war, and should duly be mustered into the
service of the United States and credited to the quota of the
Commonwealth. 2d, Said bounty to be paid to volunteers
already in the service who should re -enlist and be credited to the
quota of Massachusetts. 3d, It also provided that volunteers
thus enlisting might elect, in lieu of the bounty of $325, a bounty

504 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

of fifty dollars, and a monthly pay of twenty dollars so long as
they were in service ; and, if they should be honorably discharged
after six months' actual service, the sum of twenty dollars
a month for six months thereafter; and, if the volunteer
should die in the service, the sum of twenty dollars a month,
for six months after his decease, should be paid to his lawful
heirs. 4th, It also extended the provisions of the State-aid
Act to the families of the volunteers. 5th, It authorized the
Governor to appoint paymasters to pay bounties. 6th, Pay-
rolls and other necessary documents connected with the pay-
ment of the bounties were to be made and prepared by the
Adjutant-General. The pay-rolls to be in duplicate, - one
to be deposited with the Auditor, and one with the Treas-
urer. 7th, It authorized the Treasurer, under direction of the
Governor and Council, to borrow money to carry out the pro-
visions of the act. 8th, Persons enlisting were to be credited
to the town or ward in which they lived. 9th, Persons physi-
cally disqualified for service, enlisting for the purpose of getting
the bounty, were to be punished by imprisonment in the State
Prison not exceeding ten years, or by a fine not exceeding five
hundred dollars and imprisonment in the jail not more than
two years. This act was approved Nov. 18, and took effect
upon its passage.

A resolve was passed requesting the Senators and Representa-
tives of this Commonwealth in Congress to urge upon that body
the expediency of an increase of pay to the soldiers in the ser-
vice of the Government.

Also resolves expressing the injustice of Congress in not
allowing credits for men in the naval service ; also of the in-
justice to the non-commissioned officers and privates in the col-
ored regiments, in not allowing them the same pay as whites.

The following gentlemen were commissioned on the Govern-
or's staff during the year 1863 : -

Eugene Sturtevant, assistant adjutant-general, Jan. 3, with
rank of first lieutenant.

Anson P. Hooker, assistant surgeon-general, May 26, with
rank of major.

Theodore Lyman, assistant adjutant-general, Aug. 15, with
rank of lieutenant-colonel.

NEW STAFF APPOINTMENTS. 505

Nehemiah Brown, assistant adjutant-general, Aug. 18, with
rank of major.

John C. Hoadly, assistant quartermaster-general, Sept. 29,
with rank of captain.

William Raymond Lee, chief-engineer, Oct. 24, with rank
of brigadier-general.

James Sturgis, assistant adjutant-general, Nov. 24, with
the rank of major.

Colonel Theodore Lyman was commissioned assistant Adju-
tant-General of the State, that he might accept a position as a
volunteer officer on the staff of Major-General Meade. He im-
mediately joined the Army of the Potomac, and served on the
staff of General Meade until the close of the war with distin-
guished bravery and fidelity to duty. There are few instances
on the military record of Massachusetts of truer patriotism and
more ardent devotion to the cause of the Union, than that exhib-
ited by Colonel Lyman. He gave up the comforts of home and
family, and everything which high character, social position,
and ample wealth could procure, to endure the fatigues and
brave the dangers of a volunteer staff- officer, in one of the
greatest and most arduous campaigns of which the world bears
record.

During the year 1863, 11,538 volunteers for three years' ser-
vice were recruited and mustered in, making the aggregate of
three years' troops furnished for the war 63,359 ; to which add
16,837 nine months' men and 3,736 three months' men, and
we have the total number of men furnished by Massachusetts
for the military service, from April 16, 1861, to Dec. 30,
1863, of eighty-three thousand nine hundred and thirty-two
(83,932).

The number of men who enlisted in Massachusetts for the
naval service during the year 1863 was 3,686, making the aggre-
gate of men furnished by Massachusetts from the commencement
of the war to Dec. 30, 1863, seventeen thousand three hundred
and four (17,304), for whom no credit whatever was given by
the General Government, and who did not count upon the con-
tingent of the State. Add these to the men furnished for the
military service by Massachusetts, and the total number of men

506 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

furnished by this Commonwealth for both arms of the service
up to Dec. 30, 1863, would he one hundred and one thousand
two hundred and thirty-six (101,236).

Such was the record of the State when the Rebellion entered
upon its fourth year.

CHAPTER X.

The Military Camps in Massachusetts -Number of Troops Jan. 1, 1864-
Where Serving - Letter of Governor to Lewis Hayden - From Miss Upham
- Soldier's Scrap-book-Letter to Samuel Hooper - Sale of Heavy Ord-
nance - The Condition of our Defences - Colonel Ritchie in England-
Meeting of the Legislature - Organization - Addresses of Mr. Field and
Colonel Bullock - Address of the Governor - Eloquent Extract - Abstract
of Military Laws - Members of Congress - Letter to John B. Alley - The
Springfield Companies - Secretary Stanton refuses to pay them Bounties -
Correspondence in Regard to it - Letters from General Butler - Governor to
Miss Upham - Complaints about Soldiers at Long Island - Re-enlisted
Veterans - Order of War Department - Returns of Veteran Regiments -
Their Reception - Letter to General Hancock - General Bumside reviews
the Troops at Readville - Letter to the Christian Watchmam - General An-
drews - Surgeon-General Dale - Confederate Money - Letter from General
Gordon - Battle of Olustee - Letter to Selectmen of Plymouth - A Second
Volume of Scrap-book - Letter from Mr. Lovejoy - Lieutenant-Colonel
Whittemore - Correspondence - The Heavy Artillery - Condition of Fort
Warren-Misunderstanding - Secretary Stanton and the Governor - Colonel
William F. Bartlett - His Promotion-Earnest Letter to Mr. Sumner-
Troubles about Recruiting- Complaints made - A Convention held - Letter
of the Adjutant-General - The Recruiting of New Regiments - Forwarded
to the Front - The Advance of General Grant.

On the 1st of January, 1864, there were three camps of ren-
dezvous for enlisted men in the Commonwealth, - one at Long
Island, in Boston Harbor, under command of Brigadier-General
Devens, to which drafted men were sent ; "Camp Meigs," at
Readville, commanded by Brigadier-General R. H. Peirce, to
which recruits for old regiments were sent; "Camp Wool,"
at Worcester, in charge of Colonel William F. Bartlett, Fifty-
seventh Regiment, was specially used for recruiting and organ-
izing that regiment. The number of men at each of these
camps was as follows : Long Island, 1,086 ; "Camp Meigs,"
2,270 ; "Camp Wool," 300, -total, 3,656.

The seventeen nine months' regiments had returned home;
and Massachusetts had at this time, in the service of the

508 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

United States, thirty-six regiments of infantry, three regiments
of cavalry, two regiments of heavy artillery, one battalion
and eight unattached companies of heavy artillery, twelve bat-
teries of light artillery, and two companies of sharpshooters.
All of these were for three years' service, and were distributed
as follows : -

The First, Seventh, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thir-
teenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth,
Twenty-second, Twenty-eighth, Thirty-second, Thirty-seventh,
Thirty-ninth Regiments of Infantry, First Regiment of Cavalry,
the Third, Fifth, Ninth, Tenth Light Batteries, First, and Sec-
ond Companies of Sharpshooters, were in the Army of the
Potomac.

The Second, Twenty-first, Twenty-ninth, Thirty-third, Thirty-
fifth, and Thirty-sixth Regiments of Infantry were in the De-
partment of the Ohio.

The Seventeenth, Twenty-third, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-seventh
Regiments of Infantry, and the Second Regiment of Heavy
Artillery, were in the Department of Virginia and North
Carolina.

The Twenty-fourth, Fortieth, Fifty-fourth, Fifty-fifth Regi-
ments of Infantry, and First Battalion of Cavalry, were in the
Department of the South.

The Twenty-sixth, Thirtieth, Thirty-first, Thirty-eighth Regi-
ments of Infantry, and the Third Regiment of Cavalry, and the
Second, Fourth, Sixth, Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Fifteenth
Companies of Light Artillery, were in the Department of the
Gulf.

The Thirty-fourth Regiment of Infantry, Second Regiment
of Cavalry, First Regiment of Heavy Artillery, and the Seventh
Company of Light Artillery, were in the Department of Wash-
ington.

The First Battalion, and the Third, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh,
Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Unattached Com-
panies of Heavy Artillery, were in the Coast Defences of
Massachusetts.

Shortly after this date, the Third Battalion of the First Regi-
ment of Cavalry was permanently detached from that regiment.

RECRUITING IN OTHER STATES. 509

and a new battalion was recruited in the State, attached to it, and
made the Fourth Regiment Massachusetts Cavalry.

The Fourteenth Regiment of Infantry was changed in 1862
to heavy artillery.

The Forty-first Regiment of Infantry, in the Department of
the Gulf, was changed from infantry to cavalry; and the three
unattached companies of cavalry, in that Department, was
consolidated with it, and the organization was afterwards known
and designated as the Third Regiment Massachusetts Cavalry.

Lewis Hayden, formerly a slave in Kentucky, but who had
been for many years employed in the office of the Secretary
of State, entered warmly into the business of recruiting colored
soldiers for Massachusetts, and visited Pennsylvania and other
States to advance that interest. In a letter directed to him
when in Pennsylvania, the Governor said, -

'I do not favor recruiting for Massachusetts in that State, and I do
not wish to be understood to favor it. But if, by work in Pennsyl-
vania, you can help those fleeing from slavery through that State to
reach Massachusetts, where they will be received into all the rights
and advantages of our own citizens, I shall be glad. I do not want
either to speculate out of the blood or courage of colored men; but I
rejoice in having been instrumental in giving them a chance to vindi-
cate their manhood, and to strike a telling blow for their own race,
and the freedom of all their posterity. Every race has fought for
hberty, and its own progress. The colored race will create its own
future, by its own brain, hearts, and hands. If Southern slavery
should fall by the crushing of the Rebellion, and colored men have no
hand, and play no conspicuous part, in the task, the result would leave
the colored man a mere helot; the freedmen a poor, despised, sub-
ordinated body of human beings, neither strangers nor citizens, but
fcontrabands,' who had lost their masters, but not found a country.
All the prejudices, jealousies, and poUtical wishes, of narrow, igno-
rant men and demagogues would have full force, and the black man
would be the helpless victim of a policy which would give him no
peace short of his own banishment. The day that made a colored
man a soldier of the Union, made him a power in the land. It
admitted him to all the future of glory, and to all the advantages
of honorable fame, which pertained to men who belonged to the cate-
gory of heroes. No one can ever deny the rights of citizenship in
a country to those who have helped to create it or to save it."

510 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

On the 1st of January, the Governor received the following
letter from Miss Philena M. Upham, of Leicester, Massa-
chusetts : -

"When I was in Queen-street Hospital, Alexandria, with my
young nephew, who was wounded at the battle of Cedar Mountain,
and who has since died of his wounds, a suffering soldier in one of the
hospitals diere remarked. If I only had such a scrap-book as my sister
used to make, wouldnl I enjoy it ?' The wish was renewed by others.
I stored their desires in a cell of my brain to be brought forth for,
future use. The last eleven weeks, I have assiduously devoted every
moment of time I could spare from housekeeping duties in filling an
old ledger of my father's with quotations to win some wounded
soldier's smile. Now, sir, if you think the book will achieve the pur-
pose intended, 1 would ask you, as one of the soldiers' most faithful
friends, to bestow it as a free-will offering upon the hospital where, in
your judgment, it may be a drop in the bucket towards stealing the
minds of the wounded from their long days of anguish and nights
of pain."

This letter the Governor forwarded the next day to Senator
Sumner, with a request that he would present the book to Miss
Anna Lowell, "for the use of the patriots of the Amory-square
Hospital."

"I am sure," he said, "that you will be interested, as a philan-
thropist, in this labor of love for the soldiers, and, as a man of letters,
in the very unique book which is the result of this excellent lady's
industrious zeal." "

On the 5th of January, the Governor wrote to Samuel
Hooper, member of Congress from this State, that he had
been informed that the chief of the Ordnance Bureau at Wash-
ington had told him that it would assume the guns purchased
or contracted for by Mr. Forbes and Lieutenant-Colonel Ritchie
on account of Massachusetts, and would pass them through the
Custom House, as if imported for account of the United States,
but' on condition that the guns correspond with the United-
States army calibres : -

" Now," said the Governor, "the fact must be well known to any
ordnance officer of common intelligence, that the English army cali-
bres and ours do not correspond. The Blakely ordnance and Lowi-

HARBOR DEFENCES. 511

noor sixty-four-pounder guns cannot be strangers to the reading of
our officers. But the Government of Massachusetts was aware, one
year and more ago, that the United States had not, and, as it then
stood, could not possibly procure by any means either resorted to or
contemplated by it, more than two-sevenths of the armament for its
coast and harbor defences which, in the event of a foreign war, it
confessedly needed. I have the authoritative statistics in proof. Stern
necessity drove us to look out for our own principal city at least.
We took no step until consulting the President, Secretary of War,
Secretary of the Navy, General Totten, General Ripley, and General
Meigs ; and we moved with their approbation. The ordnance officers
of the army and of the navy have each their pet guns. They oppose
each other's guns, and every thing else but the Rodman gun and the
Dahlgren gun, though they have had to submit to the Parrott gun.
Now, uniformity of calibre is convenient, because it prevents the
necessity of varieties of ammunition. But it is more convenient to
repel invaders, even if you are obliged to use two kinds of shot and
shell to do it with, than it is to be destroyed or captured by an armed
fleet, notwithstanding the pleasure it might give the Ordnance Bureau
to use but one kind of ammunition."

The Governor illustrated these points at considerable length,
and closed with this paragraph : -

"I hope you will not at all be discouraged by the ordnance
officers. If they object, please go to the Secretary of War. At a
time when Long Island Head and Deer Island Spit cannot have an
earthwork nor a gun for the want of power by the United States
to supply ordnance, it is a gross and miserable absurdity for our
people at Washington to turn up their noses at guns, the production
of which the English and Russian Governments have now com-
pletely monopolized, so that, after filling our antecedent contracts, we
could get no more of them of foreign manufacture, if we would.

The reader will have noticed, that, from the outbreak of the
war, the Governor's attention had been excited by the defence-
less condition of the coast of Massachusetts ; and as early as
April 24, 1861, he sent a detachment of the volunteer militia
to occupy the forts in Boston Harbor, in which, since the with-
drawal of the garrison from Fort Independence for service in
the South, the United States had left only one or two elderly
ordnance-sergeants. These detachments were sufficient to

512 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

guard the forts from being seized by a surprise, and held by the
enemy; but the armament of the fort was so defective, that
they could not have been defended against a serious attack.

In Fort Warren there was only one old condemned gun ;
Fort Winthrop was equally manned ; and, though Fort Indepen-
dence appeared to be better protected, yet its few guns were so
old, and of such small calibre, as to be in reality of little value.
The other important points of the Massachusetts coast were
either not at all or still worse prepared for defence.

Earnest and unceasing efforts were made to induce the United-
States Government to remedy, as speedily as possible, this
dangerous condition of affairs ; but, under the immense pressure
of matters at that moment requiring its immediate attention, it
could not be reasonably expected to provide for this more distant
peril.

On the 14th of October, 1861, the Secretary of State
addressed a letter to the Governors of all the States on the
seaboard and on the lakes ; in which, while referring to the ener-
getic efforts being made by rebel emissaries to secure the recog-
nition of the Southern Confederacy by foreign powers and
embroil the United States with England and France, he
suggested the necessity of taking every precaution to provide
against the dangers to which a foreign war would expose us,
and urged that our ports and harbors on the sea-coast and the
lakes should be put in a condition of complete defence. On
behalf of the President, the Secretary invited the attention of
the Governor to the subject of the improvement of the fortifica-
tion and defences of Massachusetts, and asked that the subject
should be submitted to the consideration of the Legislature;
adding that the measures which might be taken would require
only a temporary use of the means of the State, and that the
expenditure should be made the subject of conference with
the Government of the United States. The seizure of Mason
and Slidell, which followed immediately upon this, and so
nearly involved the United States in hostilities with England,
gave additional force to the recommendation of the Secretary of
State. The Governor, who had unceasingly pressed this sub-
ject upon the attention of the United-States Government, no

HARBOR DEFENCES 513

sooner received this invitation to act in the matter himself, than
he proceeded to Washington to confer with General Totten, the
distinguished bead of the Bureau of Engineers, and General
Ripley, chief of the Ordnance Bureau ; and in his address to the
Legislature upon its assembling in January, 1862, he called
their attention to the defenceless condition of our coast, and
recommended that certain fortifications should be at once under-
taken by the Commonwealth, which would involve an outlay of
$400,000, in addition to what might be required to provide the
necessary ordnance for their armament.

It had already become apparent, however, that our greatest
and most pressing want was of guns for the works already
completed ; and on the 14th of February, 1862, the Legislature,
by a resolve, authorized the Governor to contract for the manu-
facture of suitable ordnance for the coast defence of the State,
to an amount not exceeding $500,000, after advertising for
proposals, and providing that the work should be done under
supervision of officers to be appointed by the United States.

In March, 1862, General Totten reported, that to arm the
works on the coast of Massachusetts, contemplated as necessary
for its defence in case of a foreign war, there would be required
some 916 guns of the calibres of eight, ten, and fifteen inches,
and some 427 thirty-two-pounders and lighter guns ; while, from
the information derived from the Ordnance Bureau, it was
ascertained, that, during the next two years, all we could expect
to receive of the larger guns would be some 140, or about two-
sevenths only of the number required for the permanent works
already completed or near completion, and no portion of these
required for the other class of works ; and the cost of completing
the armament of the Massachusetts coast was estimated at
$1,220,000, after making allowance for all the guns we might
expect to receive from the United States during the years 1862
and 1863. Of the thirty-two-pounders and smaller guns, the
United States were supposed to possess a sufficient supply.

Experience soon proved that nothing could be done under the
resolve of the Legislature. The United States could spare no
ordnance officer to superintend the work, and no contractors
could be found to undertake it ; besides, the amount appropriated

514 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

would have only provided for about one-third of the number of
guns needed.

The United States were already employing, to the full extent
of their capacity, all the establishments in the country prepared
or willing to undertake the manufacture of large ordnance ; and
were ready to give further contracts to any new parties who
would take them. The special machinery and plans required
for the casting and finishing of guns of large calibre are, how-
ever, so costly, the skill and experience necessary to their
successful production so peculiar, and the risk so great, that new
establishments built for this express purpose might, upon the
cessation of the demand consequent upon a return of peace, be
left unemployed, that the number of new parlies who had come
forward to engage in this manufacture was only three or four;
and of these some had become already discouraged by the diffi-
culties they encountered. The Ordnance Bureau, therefore, was
of opinion that no expenditure which Massachusetts could make,
would increase or expedite this production. The great scarcity
of skilled mechanics, and the full and profitable employment
given to all foundcries and machine-shops in work attended with
much less risk, added greatly to the difficulty.

At this moment occurred the celebrated encounter between the
"Merrimack" and the "Monitor," disturbing all further theories
of naval attack and coast defence, and casting doubt upon the
stability of the existing projects for the fortification and arma-
ment of our harbors, and demonstrating the absolute necessity
of more powerful guns, and in much greater numbers than con-
templated in General Totten's recent report. Indeed, in the night
after the first irresistible attack of the " Merrimack " on our fleet
at Newport News, and in Hampton Roads, when it was thought
that the rebel iron-clad might next day complete the destruction
of the fleet, and, proceeding to sea, attack any of our most im-
portant seaports, the Governor received official advice from
Washington to proceed at once to close the harbor of Boston by
sinking temporary obstructions in the entrance to the harbor, so
little could our defences be relied upon to repel an attack of this
new and fearful engine.

The War Department immediately afterwards requested the

COLONEL RITCHIES MISSION. 515

Governors presence in Washington, and urged upon him to pro-
pose to the Legislature to concentrate the expenditure of the
State in the immediate construction of iron-clads for the defence
of the coast. The Legislature responded to the Governor's
representations of the plan by a resolve on the 25th of March,
1862, authorizing the construction of one or more iron-clad
vessels. The plans were in progress, and the parties stood ready
to contract for their construction, when the Navy Department
protested that it was ready to put under construction, in every
part of the country, all that the utmost resources of the people
could accomplish ; and that the result of a competition in the
market between the State and the United-States Governments
could only result in injury to both. Upon the Governor's repre-
sentation that there were two parties in Massachusetts capable
of building such vessels, the Navy Department at once offered
contracts to each of these establishments.

At this juncture, it was ascertained, that Professor Treadwell,
so widely known for his scientific attainments, his investigations
into the problem of the construction of heavy ordnance, and his
invention of the gun bearing his name, with a party of gentle-
men associated with him, could be induced to build immediately
new and extensive works for the manufacture of guns according
to his patents, if a contract could be given him by the State,
sufficiently large to justify the investment of the considerable
capital which must be required.

The enormous strength of the Trendwell gun had been suffi-
ciently proved ; but the invention had been made at a time when
there seemed to be no necessity of any such great strength in
guns, and such as were already in use appeared sufficiently good.
This, invention had therefore been without result, though its
principle was, in part at least, adopted in the Parrott. gun in this
country, and much more extensively by the celebrated foreign
manufacturers. Sir William Armstrong and Captain Blakely.

The Governor submitted to a commission composed of Colonel
Charles Amory, Master of Ordnance, Lieutenant-Colonel Har-
rison Ritchie, his aide-de-camp, and two distinguished civil
engineers, Messrs. J. W. Brooks and James B. Francis, the
question of the ascertained or probable merits of the Treadwell

516 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

gun, and its capacity to penetrate armor-plates, as also of the
feasibility and advantage of an attempt to supply in part our
deficiency in ordnance of its manufacture. The commission
submitted an elaborate report. They were unanimously in favor
of the gun, and recommended that the State should enter into a
contract for one hundred 100-pounder rifled guns of that pattern,
and make such an appropriation as would admit of the construc-
tion of a greater number, if their early success should render such
an increase desirable. Professor Treadwell and his responsible
associates were ready to engage to establish a foundery which
should deliver ten of these guns within six months, and the re-
mainder within eighteen months. Under such a contract, the
State would have made use of the erection of a new foundery
capable of turning out the largest guns in great numbers.
It would, if the Treadwell guns had succeeded, have provided
for their rapid multiplication at a cost about two-thirds that
of the Armstrong gun of the British Government, while, if this
particular gun had failed, the State would have lost nothing,
and the foundery and machinery might have been employed to
advantage in other ways. The report was laid before a com-
mittee of the Legislature, who on the 24th of April, 1862, re-
ported a resolve, which would have enabled the Governor to
enter' into such a contract. The resolve passed the House with-
out a division, and was defeated by a single vote in the Senate,
in its passage to be enacted in the last hour of the session.

The prospect of being able to effect any thing was now dis-
couraging, while the danger became even more imminent, and
the want more pressing. In December, 1862, General Totten
wrote to the Governor, -

"h cannot be too strongly insisted on, that guns are needed ; that
we want many more, and those extremely large guns; and that the
fabrication of them should be expedited, extended, and multiplied."

In his message to the Legislature in January, 1863, the Gov-
ernor reviewed the history of his past efforts and again pressed
the matter upon their attention ; and on the 30th of March, 1863,
the act was passed appropriating one million of dollars for the
defence of the coast of Massachusetts. By this act it was pro-

THE HEAVY ORDNANCE. 517

vided, that any portion, or the whole, of the million dollars
might be expended in the purchase or manufacture of ordnance,
in the building or equipping iron-clad or other steamers, or the
erection of iron-clad or other fortifications, or in such other
measures as the public exigencies might require. The inhabi-
tants of any town on the coast were further authorized, with the
approval of the Governor and Council, to raise money, and ex-
pend it in defending their town against the public enemies of
the United States.

Under this act, fortifications were erected at Newburyport,
Marblehead, Plymouth, Salem, New Bedford, and Gloucester.
The forts in Boston Harbor were connected with each other and
with the city by a magnetic telegraph ; a complete and most in-
genious system of harbor obstructions was devised for the harbor
of Boston ; and all the workings, drawings, and bills of materials
prepared which would admit of the system being applied at a
moment's warning. The great want, however, was still of the
largest gun; and the result of all inquiries was, that no more
could possibly be obtained in this country.

At this time, Mr. John M. Forbes, being in England, was
making inquiries into the possibiUty of our obtaining any such
guns in Europe. The result of these inquiries was, that there
were only three parties known in all Europe in a position to
manufacture such guns. Of these it was understood that Sir
William Armstrong was not at liberty to manufacture for any
foreign power, while Mr. Knapp, the famous steel-founder of
Essen, in Prussia, was fully employed by the Prussian and
Russian Governments. There remained, therefore, only Captain
Blakely.

The real Blakely gun consists of a steel spindle or gun
proper, over which another steel gun or jacket is shrunk on,
inclosing the whole breech, and extending forward to the trun-
nions for longitudinal strength, and reinforced by one or more
layers of steel rings shrunk on over the jacket. Captain
Blakely had received large contracts for his guns from the
Russian Government, but was only beginning to manufacture
those of large caHbre. He was dependent upon Knapp for his
steel spindle, Knapp's being the only establishment in Europe

5 1 8 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

capable of forging the huge ingots required for the large guns,
and even he having only lately begun to turn them out, and in
very limited quantities. The, so-called Blakely guns, of which
the rebels had large quantities, were a very inferior, cheap
article, of smaller calibres, which, in their extreme need, they
were glad to have, poor as they were. Mr. Whitworlh had, as
yet, built no gun on his principle, of larger calibre than five
and a half inches, and the success of them had not been
promising; and he would not undertake to deliver any more
guns within six months.

Mr. Forbes, on his own responsibility, contracted with Cap-
tain Blakerely for two 11 -inch guns. On the 28th of May,
1863, the Executive Council authorized, the Governor to con-
tract for the manufacture, of ordnance in Europe to the extent
of $250,000 ; and, on the 2d of June, orders were sent to Mr.
Forbes, to enter into contract for guns and projectiles in Eng-
land to that amount. Mr. Forbes accordingly contracted for
ten 11-inch and twelve 9-inch rifled Blakelys, to be delivered
on or before the 15th of September, and to cost $32,050. It
was also provided, that, in case the contractors should be
unable to deliver the whole number of 11 -inch guns, they
might deliver eight of that calibre, and three g-inch guns in
place of the other ten 11-inch guns. As it was thought that,
if those parts of the guns which could not be produced at
home were sent out from England, the manufacture of Blakely
guns might be established in Massachusetts, parts of two
11 -inch guns and two B-inch guns were also contracted for ;
and, late in September, the Putnam Machine Shops, at Fitch-
burg, were induced to undertake the finishing of these guns, the
State having paid for the special machinery required for this
purpose ; and the guns were eventually finished by them.

It had, meanwhile, become apparent that the difficulties
attendant upon the manufacture of these large Blakely guns
were so great, even in England, that the contract would not
be executed. The danger of foreign war, moreover, had never
appeared so imminent. The celebrated iron-clads, built by Mr.
Laird, for the rebels, were lying in the Mersey, nearly ready
for sea. It was thought that the British Government would

THE HEAVY ORDNANCE. 519

refuse to interfere to prevent their sailing, and generally under-
stood that such an event would result in a war with England ;
either from the United States determining to consider this act
of the British Government a casus belli, or from the recogni-
tion of the Confederate Government by England and France,
which would follow upon the breaking-up of our blockade of
the Southern ports, which it was deemed certain that those
Laird rams would accomplish. It became, therefore, impera-
tive that an agent from this State should proceed to England to
look after its interests j and the Governor detailed Colonel Har-
rison Ritchie, his senior aide-de-camp, for that duty.

Colonel Ritchie sailed on the 16th of September, 1863.
He was ordered to inspect the guns and projectiles being manu-
factured there for the State, and assume direction of the con-
tracts, with power to modify the contracts in every respect,
excepting so as to increase the total contract prices, and to can-
cel the contracts for such of the guns as it might appear to him
would not probably be completed within the extension of time
which had already been granted. The distinguished engineer,
Mr. J. C. Hoadley, went out shortly after, and joined Colonel
Ritchie in England, for the purpose of studying the machinery
and the process employed in the manufacture of Captain
Blakely's guns, with a view to the application of this knowl-
edge at home. As the need of a supply of guns for immediate
use was so pressing, Colonel Ritchie was, at his suggestion,
further authorized to contract for not exceeding fifty 68-pound-
ers, smooth-bore 95-cwt. guns, if they could be delivered within
four months at reasonable prices.

These last guns were originally introduced for the pivot guns
of large steam frigates, but had not gone out of use on the gen-
eral introduction of shell guns. The English experiments had
proved, that, though not equal to rifled guns at long ranges, yet
at short ranges, with the full charge they could carry, their
eight-inch shot produced more destructive effects on iron armor-
plates than the Armstrong 100-pounder rifled gun. It was
conjectured, that, from the fact of their not being in demand at
the moment, a supply of these guns might be obtained, and that,
with steel shot, they would be the most valuable guns we could

520 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

have for some of the positions we were anxious to arm at once.
This supposition proved correct; and, on the 6th of October,
Colonel Ritchie concluded a contract with the Cavmore Iron
Company for fifty of these guns, at the extremely low price of
$20 per ton, which were finished within six weeks, and at once
shipped for the United States. Of the twenty-two guns con-
tracted to be delivered by Captain Blakely by the middle of
September, but four were finished Oct. 1. Difficulties had
been encountered at every step in the manufacture of those five
guns of large cahbre. Colonel Ritchie availed himself of Cap-
tain Blakely 's failure to comply with the contract, to so modify
it, as to provide, that in place of the eighteen guns not delivered,
which were to have had the cases or spindles of cast-iron, we
should receive twelve guns wholly of steel; the experience
already obtained being decisive in favor of the stronger material.
Instructions were afterwards sent out to Colonel Ritchie, au-
thorizing him to contract for a further supply of the Blakely
guns to the full amount of the appropriation ; but he reported
that he was convinced no larger number could be delivered
within a year, and that the constant improvements being made
in the manufacture of the material, and component parts, would
enable the State to secure better guns quite as rapidly under
contract made at a future period, if they should still be required.
These views were confirmed by the delays which afterwards
occurred in the completion of the guns already ordered. But
three 11 -inch and four Y-inch guns had been delivered, when
the altered aspect of the war rendered it advisable to cancel the
contract, to which Captain Blakely was very ready to agree,
as the guns cost him more than he was to receive for them,
while he found ready purchasers, at increased prices, among
other foreign powers.

When Colonel Ritchie was upon the point of returning to
the United States, it was brought to his knowledge that a cer-
tain number of Armstrong guns might be secured ; and he was
able to make a contract for them on terms which left it optional
with the State to accept the contract or not. The State did ratify
and adopt it ; and these five guns were finished in due time, but
never shipped to America.

THE HEAVY ORDNANCE. 521

It would not be just to conclude this account without ac-
knowledging that the delays which occurred in the execution
of Captain Blakely's contract were due to the difficulties which
were encountered' in the first efforts to produce guns of these
dimensions and of such great strength; and the difficulties did
not cease when the guns were finished. There were but three
lathes in England large enough to turn them, and Knapp only
could bore the 18-inch ingots of such steel. When the first 11-
inch guns were finished, no steamers could be found willing to
transport them from Hull to London; and it was only after
much fime that trucks were found capable of carrying such
weight upon the railroads. The British Government would
not have consented to their proof at Woolwich Arsenal, with
the knowledge that they were intended for our use ; and a fiction
had to be set afloat, and carefully kept ahve, that they were for
the Russian Government. This was so well done, that, after
the account of their proof appeared in the Times, the Russian
military officers in London appUed to know when they were to
be delivered, and were surprised to learn that they were already
at sea, on their voyage to America. The first gun, on being
hoisted out of the lighter at Woolwich, carried away the
crane, and, falUng through the bottom of the lighter, sunk the
whole ; when landed, the bridge across the moat of Woolwich
Arsenal had to be strengthened before they could be drawn
across it to the proving ground ; and so great was the interest
felt in the result, that numbers of English artillery officers and
cannon-founders attended the proof. Great was their surprise
at seeing a bolt weighing 533 pounds, driven by fifty pounds
of English powder, penetrate thirty-one feet into the rammed
earth of the abatis. The difficulties of shipment were also
great. A portion of the a-inch guns were sent one day
to Portsmouth, where it was supposed they belonged to the
British Government, unUl, to the surprise of the townspeople
and officials, as well as of the passengers, one of the Bremen
line of steamers came in, and took them quickly on board.
Colonel Ritchie was also closely watched, and had, for the first
ten days, devoted himself to putting the detectives who followed
him on a wrong scent.

522 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Fortunately, we were never called upon to use these guns,
for which the carriages had been, meanwhile, designed by Gen-
eral William Raymond Lee, chief engineer on the Governor's
staff; but the reception given by a few of them to the Spanish
iron-clads off Callao is a sufficient testimony of the good service
they would have rendered in time of need.

The Legislature for 1864 met at the State House on the 6th
of January. The Senate, which was unanimously Republican,
made choice of Jonathan E. Field, of Stockbridge, for Presi-
dent, and Stephen N. Gifford, clerk; each gentleman receiv-
ing every vote cast. Mr. Field, on assuming the duties of the
chair, said,-

" It is our privilege and pride to represent a Commonwealth for
whose course no apology has to be made. Those to whom she has
committed the administration of her affairs, require no certificates of
loyalty, and their patriotism has not to be defended. In the last three
years, in storm and in sunshine, in the hour of national defeat and in
the hour of national triumph, the course of our State has been one of
persistent, unswerving devotion to the Union. Upon her fidelity those
charged with the administration of the National Government have felt
that they could at all times, and under all circumstances, firmly lean.
In her there is ' no variableness, neither shadow of turning.' For
those who have gone forth in our defence, we have no occasion to
blush. The banner intrusted to Massachusetts regiments has ever
been borne with honor, whatever the hue of the hands by which it was
upheld."

The House was organized by the choice of Alexander H.
Bullock, of Worcester, for Speaker, and William S. Robinson,
of Maiden, for clerk. Each gentleman received every vote cast.
Mr. Bullock, on taking the chair, spoke at considerable length.
In the course of his address, he said, -

"When our predecessors met here a year ago, the sky was over-
cast. Ill-fortune at home, and not altogether good omens abroad,
depressed our hearts. It was a period in which men of timid coun-
sels, men of sulky loyalty, men in sympathy with the public enemies,
availed themselves of the general gloom, and added to the distraction
and discouragement which always follow military reverses. But the
opportunity of all such soon passed by, and ere midsummer they bowed
before the effulgent victories of our arms. On the Lower Mississippi,

THE GOVERNORS ADDRESS.. 523

the battle-ground of civilization and barbarism, near the home of the
arch-traitor, in the abiding-place of the social curse which has been
the cause of all our woe, the tide of reverse was turned back, the
men of the East and the men of the West fought side by side, the star
of Balks and the star of Grant sent forth their mingled radiance.
Unfriendly cabinets and aristocracies abroad caught the foreshadowing,
and improved their speech, if not their wish. The free and loyal
States at home have been elastic, progressive, determined, since that
day. Now we witness unwonted unity among ourselves. Now, with-
out much diversity, we stand together by the Government, and by
those who administer it. Now, united, cheerful, responsive, we accede
to the necessity, and accept the principles, of the policy of the Presi-
dent, as a basis of re-union of these States which shall endure through
the policy of the fathers being at last re-affirmed and enforced, and
a free republic stretching its broad belt from the eastern to the
western sea, over all which the clank of the manacles of human
bondage shall cease to be heard for ever."

The Governor delivered his address on Friday, Jan. 8 ; a
considerable portion of which he devoted to the miUtary affairs
of the Commonwealth. The receipts into the State treasury,
during the year 1863, from all sources, were $7,229,823.18, and
the expenditures during the same period were $6,728,597.70;
leaving a surplus of receipts over expenditures of $501,225.48.
Of the payments made, $5,116,032.19 were for State aid to
the families of soldiers, and reimbursement of bounties paid by
cities and towns, and boundes paid to soldiers under the act
increasing bounties, passed at the extra session in November.
In regard to this act., the Governor recommended that it be
extended so as to include " all men who in future enlist into
the regular army under the late call of the President for
troops," who might be credited to the quota of the district
from which they enlisted. He also advised that the State
aid be paid to families irrespective of their residence, "and
to authorize reUef to be given retro-actively when the situation
of a family may require it." He also informed the Legisla-
ture that there was a reasonable hope that the United States
would establish a general hospital in the Commonwealth, to
which our sick and wounded soldiers might be transferred. A
hospital has been established during the year at Worcester, and

524 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

was named in honor of the distinguished Surgeon-General of the
Commonwealth, the United-States Dale General Hospital.
The Governor said, -

"I was enabled, by an application to the Secretary of War, to pro-
cure for all Massachusetts men in the United-States Military Hospital,
at Portsmouth Grove, R.L, and deemed fit to travel, the indulgence
of a furlough for seven days on the occasion of our national and State
Thanksgiving, to enable them to enjoy its festivities, and the delights of
home. I have the pride to declare, that, of the two hundred and eighty-
one men thus receiving furloughs, all but one returned, keeping their
manly faith in a manly way; while that one, delaying his return a
few days, reported himself to the provost-marshal of his district, and
received transportation as a 'straggler,' not as a 'deserter.' The
condition in which they returned was such as to draw from the execu-
tive officer in charge of the hospital an expression highly honorable
to our men."

The Governor again called the attention of the Legislature
to the coast defences, and invoked attention to their con-
dition. He also recommended the establishment of an acad-
emy for the instruction of young men in mathematics, civil,
military, and practical engineering, and other studies, in con-
nection with infantry, artillery, and cavalry drill and tactics.
The Governor devoted considerable space in his address to
matters relaung to recruiting and to the draft, and said, -

" Having sent into the field one man at least out of every three of
her enrolled militia at some time or other since the war began, and
having spent for the service already not less than fifteen millions
of dollars, including municipal expenditures, but not including the
national taxation, I do not think it unbecoming the people of this
Commonwealth to suggest any measure of justice tending to pre-
serve her industry, her ability to be useful to the country, and yet
to swell the ranks of the national armies."

The Governor closed his address in the following eloquent
and touching words : -

"But the heart swells with unwonted emotion when we remem-
ber our sons and brothers, whose constant valor has sustained on the
field, during nearly three years of war, the cause of our country, of
civilization and liberty. Our volunteers have represented Massachu-

ELOQUENT EXTRACT. 525

setts, during the year just ended, on almost every field, and in every
department of the army, where our flag has been unfurled, -at
Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Port Hudson, and Fort Wag-
ner ; at Chickamauga, Knoxville, and Chattanooga ; under Hooker,
Meade, Banks, Gilmore, Rosecrans, Bumside, and Grant. In every
scene of danger and of duty, - along the Atlantic and the Gulf; on the
Tennessee, the Cumberland, the Mississippi, and the Rio Grande ; under
DuPont, Dahlgren, Foote, Farragut, and Porter, -the sons of Massa-
chusetts have borne their part, and paid the debt of patriotism and
valor. Ubiquitous as the stock they descend from, national in their
opinions and universal in their sympathies, they have fought shoulder
to shoulder with men of all sections, and of every extraction. On
the ocean, on the rivers, on the land, on the heights where they
thundered down from the clouds of Lookout Mountain the defiance
of the skies, they have graven with their swords a record imperishable.
"The muse herself demands the lapse of silent years to soften, by
the influences of time, her too: keen and poignant realization of the
scenes of war, - the pathos, the heroism, the fierce joy, the grief, of
battle. But, during the ages to come, she will brood over their
memory ; into the hearts of her consecrated priests will breathe the
inspirations of lofty and undying beauty, sublimity, and truth, in
all the glowing forms of sf)eech, of literature, and plastic art. By the
homely traditions of. the fireside ; by the headstones in the church-
yard, consecrated to those whose forms repose far off in rude graves
by the Rappahannock, or sleep beneath the sea,- embalmed in the
memories of succeeding generations of parents and children, the heroic
dead will live on in immortal youth. By their names, their character,
their service, their fate, their glory, they cannot fail.

They never fail who die
In a great cause : the block may soak their gore,
Their heads niay sodden in the sun, their limbs
Be strung to city gates and castle walls ;
But still their spirit walks abroad. Though years
Elapse, and others share as dark a doom.
They but augment the deep and sweeping thoughts
Which overpower all others, and conduct
The world at last to FREEDOM.'

"The Edict of Nantes, maintaining the religious liberty of the
Huguenots, gave lustre to the fame of Henry the Great, whose name
will gild the pages of philosophic history after mankind may have
forgotten the martial prowess and the white plume of Navarre. The

526 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

GREAT PROCLAMATION OF LIBERTY will lift the ruler who uttered it,
our nation, and our age, above all vulgar destiny.

"The bell which rang out the Declaration of Independence has
found at last a voice articulate to proclaim liberty throughout all
the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof.' It has been heard across
oceans, and has modified the sentiments of cabinets and kings. The
people of the Old World have heard it, and their hearts stopped to catch
the last vespers of its echoes. The waiting continent has heard it, and
already foresees the fulfilled prophecy, when she will sit Vedeemed,
regenerated, and disinthralled by the irresistible genius of universal
emancipation.' "

Several special messages were sent in by the Governor dur-
ing the session of the Legislature, among which (Feb. 13) was
the report of an informal commission concerning the military
instruction and training of the people of Massachusetts.

April 13. -A message, transmitting a printed copy of the
annual report of the Adjutant-General of the Commonwealth,
and the reports of the Quartermaster-General, Surgeon-General,
and the Master of Ordnance for the year ending Dee., 31, 1863,
in which he says : -

"I respectfully suggest to the General Court the importance of
printing such a number of copies of these documents as will, to a rea-
sonable degree, supply the demand of the people for the particulars of
the military annals of the Commonwealth, and the record of our sev-
eral volunteer military organizations in the Union army, during a year
crowded with incidents, fruitful with valor, its rewards, and its casual-
ties. There can be few citizens of Massachusetts who have not a per-
sonal interest in this history."

The Legislature remained in session until Saturday, May 14,
when, having finished all the business, it was prorogued by the
Governor.

The entire session was devoted almost exclusively to matters
of a local character. The ample provisions made by preceding
legislatures for the care of our soldiers and their families, and
the defences of our extended seacoast, left little more to be
done in these directions. We therefore omit giving an abstract
of the proceedings of the two houses. The acts and resolves
which were passed at this session, which have a bearing upon

LAWS PASSED BY THE LEGISLATURE. 527

the military history of the Commonwealth were as fol-
lows : -

First. An act to authorize towns to raise money as they may
deem necessary by taxation, for the purpose of erecting monu-
ments "in memory of their soldiers who have died or may die
in the service of our country in the present war."

Second. An act to preserve the right of suffrage to soldiers
and sailors, who, by reason of service, have not been assessed
for taxes within two years, that they "may pay or tender to the
treasurer of the town in which they reside the amount of a poll-
tax for the current year, and thereupon shall be entitled to the
right of suffrage within such town to the same extent as if their
taxes had been regularly assessed and paid."

Third. Soldiers enlisted in the army of the United States,
who, while in the Commonwealth, may be sick with any conta-
gious or infectious disease, and needing hospital treatment may
be admitted to Rainsford-Island Hospital upon the certificate of
the Governor.

Fourth. All moneys allotted by any soldier of this State shall
be distributed by any officer of any city or town to the person
entitled to receive such money without any deduction or any
charge, commission, or claim for compensation, for any service
in the distribution thereof.

Fifth. There shall be allowed and paid out of the treasury of
the Commonwealth to the Treasurer of the Discharged Soldiers'
Home, located on Springfield Street, in the city of Boston, to
be expended by the directors of the institution in temporarily
caring for and aiding disabled and destitute soldiers that have
been honorably discharged from the service of the United States,
a sum not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000).

Sixth. An act appropriating four thousand two hundred and
five dollars and thirty cents ($4,205.30), the same being the
proportion of Massachusetts of the estimated expenses of remov-
ing and re-interring the dead, and finishing the cemetery at
Gettysburg ; also to Henry Edwards, Commissioner for Massa-
chusetts, the sum of one hundred and twenty-three dollars and
forty-seven cents ($123.47) for expenses paid by him while at-
tending meetings of the Commissioners of said Soldiers' National
Cemetery.

528 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Every member of Congress, of course, had a great many
duties to which be was obliged to attend. The Governor bad
occasion to write to many of them upon matters connected with
the war. When answers were not received to letters upon im-
portant questions addressed by him to the departments, he would
write to our Senators or to our members of the House of Repre-
sentatives ; but even these were not always attended to as
promptly as, the Governor wished.

Among the questions of importance in regard to filling our
quota was the acceptance of certain recruits, men of the very
best character, who had enlisted for three years' service in one
of our heavy-artillery regiments, but, by a decision of the War
Department, could not receive the bounty provided by Con-
gress to men thus enlisting. Many letters were written upon
this subject, but without receiving satisfactory answers. The
Adjutant-General asked the Governor how we could best settle
the question. The Governor answered, -

" I have been unable to get satisfactory answers from either the
War Department, or from gentlemen in Congress from our State ; write
therefore to John B. Alley, your member of Congress : from him I
have always had an answer whenever I have written him. If he can-
not accomplish the purpose, he will at least attend to the business, and
return an intelligent answer."

Accordingly, on the 11th of January, the Adjutant-General,
at the request of the Governor, wrote the following letter to
Mr. Alley : -

" At the request of His Excellency the Governor, I respectfully
call your attention to the case which I present below.

" Massachusetts has two regiments of heavy artillery in the field.
The First, Colonel Tannatt, is stationed in the defences of Washing-
ton. The Second, Colonel Frankle, is in the Department of Virginia
and North Carolina. This is a popular arm of the service ; and, in re-
cruiting to fill the regiments to the full strength, a surplus of nearly
two hundred recruits were obtained for the two regiments, which could
not he accepted, because the regiments were filled. The men who are
not accepted were disappointed, having enlisted with special reference
to this arm of the service.

" Desiring to satisfy the men, and advance the interest of the ser-

THE SPRINGHELD COMPANIES. 529

vice. His Excellency directed me. on the 2d inst., to telegraph to Major-
General Butler, at Fortress Monroe, as follows : -

Do you want two companies of heavy artillery in addition to
Colonel Frankle's regiment ? if so, I can furnish them. Please tele-
graph your application to the War Department, and also telegraph
your answer to me.

William Schouler, Adjutant-General."

" On the same day, I had the honor to receive from General Butler
an answer, as follows : -

"'Fortress Monroe, Jan. 12, 1864.
General Schouler, Boston.

Telegram received. Should like two more companies of heavy
artillery very well. Get them ready. I go to Washington to-morrow,
and will try and get them accepted. Will telegraph you from Wash-
ington. B. F. Butler, Major-General.

I have not received any further word from General Butler ; and,
on the 6th of January, I telegraphed him at Washington as
follows : -

"' Have you received authority to raise two companies of heavy
artillery ?'

" To which General Butler answered the same day : -

" ' Authority received. Go ahead.'

" And accordingly we did go ahead. Of the men recruited, seventy-
two had enlisted in Springfield, and were counted as part of its quota,
and it was expected to raise a full company in that city ; Ex-Lieu-
tenant-Governor Trask and others having represented that it could be
done.

Thus matters stood until Saturday, when His Excellency re-
ceived a letter, dated 6th inst., from Colonel Fry, U.S.A., Provost-
Marshal-General, from which I make the following extract : -

" ' You are hereby authorized by the Secretary of War to raise two
companies for service at Fortress Monroe, Va., with the condition that
the men enlisted for them shall not receive bounties.

" The condition named we could not understand, and accordingly I
telegraphed on the 9th (Saturday) to Colonel Fry as follows : -

'If Congress extends the time of paying bounties, will not the
men enlisting in the two companies of heavy artillery for service at
Fortress Monroe be entitled to receive them? In a word, will they not
receive the same bounty as others ? "

"To which the following answer was received the same day:-
34

530 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

'"Men for the two artillery companies at Fortress Monroe will
not under any circumstances get bounties, the companies being for
special service. James R. Fry, Provost-Marshal- General.

You will readily perceive that the decision of Colonel Fry
virtually suspends recruiting for these companies. They have never
asked to serve "on special duty.' They were to be enlisted for
three years, and to be subject to all commands of their superiors ; to
march whenever and wherever ordered, -whether to Fortress Monroe,
Nashville, New Orleans, or Texas ; and this is what the men expect.
Why, then, should Colonel Fry speak of them as for ' special duty ' ?
But, even if they were placed on ' special duty,' is there any thing in the
law of Congress which debars soldiers on ' special duty ' from receiving
the bounty which Congress allows. These men are to serve for three
years, and they are to stand in every particular as other volunteers.
They ask no favors, but they expect to receive the bounty which other
recruits receive, and which the law allows.

"As one of these companies was to be raised in Springfield and
vicinity, and as a large number of recruits have already been enlisted
for it, it is the wish of His Excellency that you would show this letter
to Mr. Dawes, and that he and you should see Colonel Fry or the
Secretary of War, and have the decision of Colonel Fry in regard to
these companies countermanded. Unless this be done the companies
cannot be raised, and disappointment and bad feeling will be widely
spread.

" As yet we have not made the decision of Colonel Fry known,
and will not until you and Mr. Dawes shall have seen Colonel Fry
and the Secretary of War. Please give your earliest attention to this
subject. WiLUAM ScHOULER, Adjutant-General. "

On this letter the Governor, in his own handwriting, made
the following indorsement : -

Read, approved, and the attention of Messrs. Alley and Dawes is
specially called to this matter. All such affairs are immensely in-
jurious to recruiting, and bring the service into popular disrepute."

The following letter to William Stowe, Springfield, Jan.
14, by the Adjutant-General, gives the result of this corre-
spondence.

I am sorry to inform you that the Secretary of War will not
change his decision. His Excellency received a telegram half an hour
ago from Hon. John B. Alley, in which he says the Secretary will not

THE SPRINGFIELD COMPANIES. 531

allow the bounty to the recruits for the two companies of heavy
artillery. I wish to know whether the men will stick, and run the
risk of getting the bounty hereafter, which I have no doubt will be
eventually allowed; and, in my judgment, they are entitled to it by a
law of Congress. I know the Governor will do his best, and I pre-
sume General Butler will, to have the bounty paid. The State
bounty of $325 of course they will receive. I hope they will stick.
The Governor has ordered the four persons selected by the company,
to be commissioned ; and the commissions will be made out as soon as
he learns that the company will hang together."

The Governor requested the Adjutant-General to write again
to Mr. Alley to thank him and Mr. Dawes for their efforts to
induce the Secretary of War to change his decision. The letter
said, -

" That we have been disappointed, and the men have been disap-
pointed, at the adherence of Mr. Stanton to his original decision, I need
not affirm. We knew nothing about the arrangement which General
Butler acceded to with the Secretary of War, in regard to the non-pay-
ment of bounties to these men, until we received the information from
Colonel Fry, Provost-Marshal-General, some days after we received
General Butler's despatch that * authority is given : go ahead.' The
Springfield company was enlisted before they knew of the decision
which placed them outside of all other three years' recruits, and which
deprives them of the liberality which the Secretary of War and the
laws of Congress gave to all recruits under the call of the President,
of Oct. 17, 1863. The city of Springfield has to furnish, as her quota
of the present call, 476 men. It is a large number for so small a
city, especially when we take into consideration the many men for the
service which that patriotic city has already furnished. The men com-
posing this company are represented to be of the best stock in Hampden
County. They have enlisted for three years to fight they care
not WHERE. They cannot understand, nor can any of us, why they
should be placed outside the pale of congressional law and the general
orders of the War Department. They enlisted to go forth to the front,
with their lives in their hands, to yield them up, if it be so decreed, in
any of the conflicts with the enemies of the Union. These brave and
gallant men still adhere to their original design ; and I received a tele-
gram from Springfield this morning, that they would report in a body
at 'Camp Meigs,' Readville, to-morrow.

"As old Dominie Sampson said, ' it is not the lucre they crave for.'

532 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Had the General Government offered no bounty, they would have rested
satisfied; but it is the exception, which is made in their case which
rankles. It is regarded, and properly so, as a stain, and they feel it as
a wound.

" Again, we received last evening, from the War Department, copies
of general orders, which announce that 'a bounty of $400 will be
paid to veteran volunteers who enlist, or re-enlist under existing orders,
and a bounty of $300 to raw recruits who enlist in any three years'
organizations authorized by the War Department, either in service, or
in process of completion, until the first day of March, 1864.

" This, 1 understand, is the law of the land. Now, this Springfield
company is an organization authorized to be recruited by the Secretary
of War. and it is a three years' organization. Why, then, I again ask,
should the men not be paid what the law of Congress establishes, and
the orders of the War Department promulgate?

" I wish it to be distinctly understood that I am a friend of Secretary
Stanton. I have defended him on all occasions when I have heard
him attacked. I have no complaint to make against any officer in the
War Department. My official and personal relations with that De-
partment have been pleasant ; and I have never had cause for complaint,
and have never made any. I therefore speak as a friend, for justice to
deserving men. I think the Secretary of War has made a hasty deci-
sion, founded upon au error, and that he will generously correct it. The
twelve companies of the Second Regiment Massachusetts Heavy Ar-
tillery, into which these men expected to be placed, are at the seat of
war. They are in the forts by companies from Norfolk, Va., to New-
bern, N.C. The two additional companies which we ask to raise, one
of which is already raised, expect to take their chances with the others.
Why should they not be treated like their fellow-citizens who have
just left the State?

"In conclusion, I would ask, is it well to raise a question of this
kind at the present juncture ? It is too insignificant a matter for the
War Department to make an issue upon ; while to the individual per-
sons, who have enlisted in good faith, it is a matter of great impor-
tance. Please show this letter to Mr. Dawes and to our Senators,
if you think proper ; and if the subject is thought by you of sufficient
importance to again see the Secretary, and present the case anew, I
shall be pleased. All I can say is, that, whatever may be thought
of the case in Washington, it is of importance here."

General Butler was written to in regard to this matter, to
know whether he had made any promise to the Secretary of

THE SPRINGFIELD COMPANIES. 533

War, that the men thus enlisted should be regarded as upon
special duty, and therefore not entitled to the Government
bounty, as stated by Secretary Stanton. His letter is dated
"Headquarters Eighteenth Army Corps, Department of Vir-
ginia and North Carolina, Fortress Monroe, Jan. 26, 1864,"
and was addressed to Hon. Henry Wilson, United-States
Senate. He says,-

" I have the Second Regiment Massachusetts Heavy Artillery here.
When they arrived with twelve full companies, the Adjutant-General
of Massachusetts desired, by telegram, to know if two more companies
would be accepted. I immediately answered that they would be ; and,
when in Washington, I saw the Secretary of War, and asked him for
permission to have them sent. I supposed, and he supposed, that they
would be raised upon precisely the same terms as other recruits, and
entitled to precisely the same bounties, no more, and no less. He gave
me permission to have them raised, and gave an order to have them
entered on the Provost-Marshal's books, and permitted me to tele-
graph to Adjutant-General Schouler, that they would he authorized,
which I did.

"By a letter received from Adjutant-General Schouler, it seems that
it is now understood that these men were raised for 'special service,'
and are not entitled to the same bounties as other new recruits. The
service for which they were raised is not 'special,' but general, and no
distinction should be made, or, as I believe, was intended to be made, by
the Secretary of War, between them and other recruits for the reason
that they were raised for 'special service;' and I repeat that they
were to receive the same bounties as other recruits. This was my
understanding, and it was his understanding, which I have no doubt he
will at once recognize. I see no reason for any misunderstanding ; and
I believe that if you will call upon him, and show him this note, if
there is any misunderstanding it will be promptly corrected ; if not,
the matter will stand upon this order."

The result of it all was, that the Secretary of War receded
from the position he had taken, and the bounty which the men
were aUowed to receive by the act of Congress was paid. The
men went to the war, served faithfully, and did not return
until Lee's army surrendered to General Grant, and the Re-
belhon was crushed.

We have given considerable prominence to this subject of

534 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

the Springfield companies, because, at the time when the men
were recruited, the refusal of the Government to allow them
the bounty to which they were clearly entitled, both by the law
of Congress and the orders of the War Department, created a
wide-spread dissatisfaction, and served for a time as a block
upon the recruiting service in the State, and at a time, too,
when men were most wanted, and it was of the highest
importance to cultivate a kind regard in the hearts of volun-
teers, and the people generally, for the cause of the Union.
It was also of special importance to the city of Springfield that
the men should be accepted, and thus form a part of a large
contingent which that city had to furnish under the call of the
President for volunteers. It is from incidents of this kind that
much of the historic interest of each State in die war is derived.
We have already given the letter of Miss Philena M. Up-
ham, transmitting a scrap-book which she had made, which, in
our judgment, was one of the pleasant reminiscences of our
great, active war. We have also given the letter of the Gover-
nor to Senator Sumner, requesting him to give the scrap-book
to the Amory-square Hospital, to be first read by Miss Anna
Lowell. We find on the Governor's files a letter of Jan. 9,
to Miss Upham, in which he says, -

"I trust that, you will not attribute to me any want of appreciation
of the thoughtful kindness which prompted you to prepare with such
pains the manuscript volume for the use of convalescent soldiers, which
you had the kindness to forward to me a few days ago.

"I avail myself of the earliest moment of leisure from the labors
of preparation for the meeting of the Legislature, to return to you,
in behalf of those whose weary hours the pages of your book will
amuse and instruct, my most sincere thanks for this real labor of
love.

"I have forwarded it, through the Hon. Charles Sumner, to Miss
Anna Lowell (a sister of Colonel Charles R. Lowell, Second Massa-
chusetts Cavalry), who is in charge of the Amory-square Hospital, in
Washington ; a lady whose intelligence will insure for your gift the
warmest appreciation, and who will put it to the best uses.

"Gratefully acknowledging your gift, as I do every contribution
that may conduce in any way to the welfare, the comfort, or the
amusement of our soldiers in camp or in the hospitals, I have
the honor to be, &c. JohnA. Andrew

RE-ENLISTED VETERANS. 535

Complaints were made in January, that the men in camp at
Long Island suffered severely from the cold, and that many
of them were frost-bitten. The State paymaster, Edward P.
Bond, was directed by the Governor to ascertain whether the
complaints were true, and report. On the 12th of January,
Mr. Bond having visited the island, and examined into the
matter, reported that he was satisfied that there was not the
slightest truth in the stories.

"Since the winter commenced, the only case of frost-biting has
been that of a man who was detailed as cook, and, living in a room
by himself, suffered his fires to go out, and, in consequence, had his
toes slightly bitten. He reported himself at the hospital, and an
hour's application of cold water cured him. The guards are changed
every hour, and, on very cold nights, every half-hour. The men have
floored tents, stoves, and all the fuel they want. There has been
but one death, except by the drowning of deserters, since the camp
was established, and not one since the 1st of October."

The order of the War Department allowing men in the service
to re-enlist who had less than one year to serve of their original
term was one of the wise measures of Mr. Stanton's adminis-
tration. It retained in the service a large body of veteran
troops. Upwards of ten thousand of the men in the Massa-
chusetts regiments re-enlisted under this order, and were credited
to the quota of this State. As an inducement to the re-enlist-
ment of veterans, the men were to receive lurge Government
and State bounties, and were to be permitted to return home
on a furlough of thirty days. Those who did not re-enlist
neither received the bounties nor the furloughs. The men
came home with a portion of their officers, in regimental order.
The reception of these veterans was enthusiastic and heartfelt.
It was a matter of deep interest to look upon the bronzed
faces and martial forms of these heroes. Those who had
occasion to pass through Boston, on their way to theu- homes,
were cordially received by the State and city authorities, and
received a banquet from the city in Faneuil Hall, and were
addressed sometimes by the Governor, sometimes by the Adju-
tant-General, and always by Mr. Lincoln, the Mayor of Boston.

The first to arrive reached Boston on the 17th of January;

536 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

and, the next day, the Governor wrote the following letter to
Mayor Lincoln : -

"1 should neglect a most agreeable duty, if I should omit to
acknowledge in the most cordial manner the hearty and generous
reception which the city government, under your Honor's direction,
extended yesterday to the returning veterans, and proposes to con-
tinue towards the other veteran corps, as from time to time they
pass through Boston, on their furlough, after re-enlistment. The
highest compliment I can pay to its fervor and liberality is to say
that it is consistent with the entire history of the municipality of
Boston under your Honor's administration."

The regiment here spoken of was the Thirty-second, of which
Colonel F. J. Parker was the original colonel. As an acknowl-
edgment of his past services, and in honor of the regiment, the
Governor appointed him to act on the occasion as one of his
staff. On the 20th of January, the Governor addressed him
this note : -

"I beg to express my thanks for your service as an officer of my
staff for the special occasion of the reception of the Thirty-second
Regiment, last Sunday, and also my regret that I did not find oppor-
tunity personally to express to you at Faneuil Hall my sense of your
co-operation."

On the 21st of January, the Governor telegraphed to Secre-
tary Stanton, -

"Will you authorize me to arrange with General Bumside to
assign to his command an expedition of Massachusetts veteran or-
ganizations now being raised here? It will greatly promote their
completion, and the General will come here personally to assist."

The authority asked for was not given; but these regiments,
as soon as completed, were forwarded to the Army of the
Potomac, and afterwards went with Grant and Meade in their
advance through the Wilderness.

Major-General W. S. Hancock, commanding the Second
Army Corps, then on recruiting service at Harrisburg, Pa.,
to fill up his corps, wrote to the Governor, requesting him
to use every means in his power to recruit the Fifteenth,
Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-eighth Regiments, and the

THE REVIEW AT READVILLE. 537

company of sharpshooters which were in his command. On
the 22d of January, the Governor wrote to General Hancock,
informing him that no efforts on his part should be wanting
to fill up the regiments as he requested. He also said, -

"I should gladly welcome you to this State, if you should be able
to come here on the recruiting business on which you are engaged,
and be glad to have you address the people here in behalf of your
corps. But public interest, and the stream of recruits, can be better
turned towards the Second Corps by the return here of some of the
regiments which belong to it, than by any individual effort. If, at
the time the Nineteenth shall return, you shall be able to come for
a day to Boston, and assist in making a public appeal to fill it up,
your presence would be of great assistance."

General Hancock was prevented by his public duties from
visiting Boston ; but every effort was made, and with a fair
degree of success, to fill up the Massachusetts Regiments in
the Second Corps.

On the 25th of January, the Governor telegraphed to Gen-
eral Burnside at New York, -

"I have fixed Feb. 3 for reviewing the troops at Readville. You
must not disappoint us. The whole Legislature have voted to attend."

The review spoken of in this despatch took place on the day
named. General Burnside was present, and reviewed the men.
The Governor and staff, the Legislature, and an immense
crowd of people, were present to witness it. The day was
unpleasant, and the mud was ankle-deep ; but the review went
on. The condition of the troops, and their soldierly appear-
ance, elicited the praise of all, and specially of the distinguished
reviewing officer.

On the 26th of January, Major Ware, assistant military
secretary, addressed the following letter to the editor of the
Christian Watchman and -Reflector, by request of the Gov-
ernor : -

"I beg leave to inclose the following article from a late number
of your paper, and very respectfully to ask your attention to the
facts.

"On Saturday (the day before the Sunday above-mentioned), the
attention of His Excellency the Governor was called to the camp at

538 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Readville, by several communications from town authorities, and one
from the Mayor of Roxbury, alleging that the troops there were
suffering severely from the cold, which at that time was unusual,
from want of proper clothing, and in other ways.

"It did not seem to the Governor to be fit or proper that several
thousand men should suffer for one single day in a Massachusetts
camp within ten miles of the State House, if by any efforts of his
it could be prevented. He accordingly ordered the above-named to
report to him for duty early on Sunday morning, and with them he
devoted the entire day to a personal and minute examination of
the complaints that had been made of the condition of the men and
of the camp. Prompt measures were taken to disabuse the minds of
those persons who had been misinformed, and arrangements were made
for the immediate relief of whatever inconvenience was found to exist,
by the supply of certain articles not allowed by the United-States
army regulations. The result proved that this Sunday was a much
more proper day than any day of the week following would have been
for instituting inquiries affecting the comfort, and possibly the lives,
of Massachusetts soldiers.

"I would respectfully ask the insertion of this letter in your paper,
confident that no other explanation can be needed, at least by the
friends of the soldiers in 'Camp Meigs.'"

On the 30th of January, the Governor wrote to the President
of the United States, -

" I desire permission earnestly to recommend to you that Brigadier-
General George L. Andrews, commanding the Corps d'Afrique in
Louisiana, be promoted to the rank of major-general. The com-
mand is so extensive and important, and General Andrews has been
so identified with the undertaking of organizing colored troops in the
Department of the Gulf, that it seems to me every way most desirable
and important that he should have the rank and staff that would best
enable him successfully to carry on the work. He is a most accom-
plished and scientific soldier, who has done credit to every rank in
which he has hitherto served, and would, I have no doubt, do honor
to the appointment to a higher grade ; in fact. General Andrews has
for a long time been performing the duties of a major-general, having
a large and difficult division. I think it of great importance to the
undertaking of raising colored troops, that General Andrews, who
has thus far conducted it, should not be superseded by the accidental
presence of an officer of superior rank."

THE BURIAL OF SOLDIERS. 539

General Andrews, here spoken of, was one of the fu-st volun-
teer officers in the war, having been commissioned Ueutenant-
colonel of the Second Massachusetts Infantry, May 24, 1361.
He was afterwards commissioned colonel of that regiment, and
served with distinction tothe end of the Rebellion. He is now
the United-States Marshal of Massachusetts.

Charles 0. Green, one of the selectmen of Shrewsbury, wrote
to the Governor for authority to have the remains of a soldier
who had fallen in battle brought home for interment. On the
3d of February, the Governor wrote to Mr. Green that he
had no authority in the matter, and said, -

" My own inclination with regard to those of my friends who have
fallen in this war is to have them rest on the fields where they fell.
There is no other place of burial for them more congenial to their
repose or to my feelings. But if the feelings of others are different,
and if it would lessen the grief of a parent to have the remains of
a son removed from the battle-field to the churchyard near his
New-England home. I would be the last person to interpose any
obstacle, not warranted in reason, to the satisfaction of her desire."

In the month of February, Surgeon-General Dale was ap-
pointed by the Governor superintendent of the State agencies,
so far as they related to the care of sick and wounded soldiers ;
and the agents were directed to correspond directly with him
on those subjects, and to forward to him from time to time
their accounts of disbursements, expenses, &c., to be audited
and adjusted at his office. This arrangement relieved the
Governor of considerable labor and care, and, at the same
time, added materially to the duties and responsibilities of the
Surgeon-General. On the 2d of March, the Governor wrote
to the Surgeon-General thus : -

" There are three couriers employed under my authority, to have
personal care and charge of our soldiers, particularly those sick and
wounded, en route between Washington and New York. This system
was established by me some time ago, on consultation with our various
State agents, particularly those at New York and Washington."

The compensation allowed by the State to these men was one
hundred dollars a month; a sum most wisely and humanely

540 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

expended, as the couriers took care of our disabled and suffering
men when on board rail-cars, and saw that they were properly
provided for at their places of destination.

On the 18th of February, the Governor received a letter from
Major-General Wool, containing forty-seven dollars in Southern
bills, " worth perhaps fifty cents on the dollar. This money was
sent to the commandant of the Fifteenth Regiment. It was sent
to Private Gilchrist at Richmond, and was returned to Fortress
Monroe. Not knowing what to do with it, I have taken the
liberty," says General Wool, "to send it to you, to make such
disposition of it as you may judge proper."

The first colonel of the Fifteenth Regiment was Charles
Devens, who had been appointed by the President brigadier-
general of volunteers, and was, at the time this letter was
written, in command of the camp for drafted men at Long
Island, Boston Harbor. The Governor transmitted General
Wool's letter to General Devens, who wrote an answer to it
Feb. 22, in which he gives an interesting account of this
money. He said that the money properly belonged to the
Fifteenth Regiment; that, in the winter of 1861-62, he sent
to Captain Studley, in Richmond, two hundred dollars for the
benefit of the prisoners there, belonging to the Fifteenth Regi-
ment. Captain Studley was himself a prisoner in Richmond.
He was to expend the money for the men according to his own
discretion. The money had been sent to him by some friends
in Boston, after the disaster at Ball's Bluff, and was part of a
larger sum ($1,000), to be expended in any way he thought
proper. When the two hundred dollars arrived in Richmond,
a portion of the men of the Fifteenth had been sent to Salis-
bury, N.C. Captain Studley sent this sum of forty-seven
dollars for them to Sergeant Taft, who had died in prison
before the money arrived. Although the men were told of the
money, the jailer would not give it to them, and the money
was sent back to the regiment. A second attempt was made
to get the money to the men in Salisbury, by sending it to
Private Gilchrist ; but he had been released before it reached
that place. General Devens was not aware what had become
of the money, although he knew that it had not been received.

THE BATTLE OF OLUSTEE. 541

until he read General Wool's letter, which the Governor had
sent him. He had never succeeded in getting any money to our
prisoners in Salisbury. He had informed Captain Studley that
the men could have more money when they wanted it, and the
captain had informed the men at Salisbury. General Devens
concludes his letter as follows : -

" This sum should therefore be sent to the commanding officer of
the Fifteenth, for the benefit of the regiment; and I am sorry that
they yet. have men in that infernal prison-house of Richmond who
can expend it there."

On the 4th of March, the Governor wrote to J. Z. Goodrich,
Collector of the Port of Boston, -

" On the 12th of December last, I received from Mr. Caleb Howe,
Jr., information that led to the arrest of officers and crew of the
schooner 'Alliance,' of Bear River, N.S., for aiding soldiers to desert
from the camp on Long Island, some of whom were tried, and, through
witnesses obtained by Mr. Howe's influence, were convicted of the
offence. I learn that Mr. Howe is an applicant for a place in the
Custom House. Please give him the benefit of any service this state-
ment may do him with you."

On the 15th of March, the Governor wrote to Brigadier-
General George H. Gordon, formerly colonel of the Second
Massachusetts Regiment, who had forwarded to him a list of
the casualties in the battle of Olustee, Fla.

"I regret, with you, that our forces should have met with so heavy
a loss for such a barren result, and would express my warmest ad-
miration at the brave conduct of our troops in that action : both
white and black seem to have acquitted themselves nobly."

This letter reminds us of one of our colored soldiers who
was severely wounded in the battle, and received an honorable
discharge, and who returned to Massachusetts. He reported
himself to the office of the Adjutant-General, showed his dis-
charge paper and descriptive list. The poor fellow had been
shot in the face by a musket-ball, which had passed through
both of his cheeks, and had taken away a part of his tongue, so
that he could with difficulty speak so as to be understood. He
told us that he was left on the field, and, when our troops re-

542 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

treated, he came within the enemy's Unes. He was determined,
however, not to be taken prisoner, if he could avoid it ; and not-
withstanding the severity of his wounds, and weakness from the
loss of blood, he managed to make his way for three miles,
part of the time on his hands and knees, until he came within
our lines again. He was sent to hospital; and, when he had re-
covered sufficiently to endure the fatigues of a voyage home,
he was discharged, and sent to Boston. He complained that he
had been charged eighteen dollars, which sum was taken
from his pay, for the loss of his musket and knapsack, which he
had left on the field, being unable to carry them and save him-
self from being made a prisoner. We thought it a hard case,
and represented the facts in a letter to the proper department
at Washington ; but no attention was ever given to it, and the
soldier suffered the loss.

It was proposed by the selectmen of Plymouth, to call one
of the earthwork forts, being erected in that town for the pro-
tection of the harbor. Fort Andrew, in honor of the Governor.
On the 16th of March, he wrote to William T. Davis, chair-
man of the Board of Selectmen of Plymouth, as follows :-

"No fort as yet bears the name which your Board of Selectmen
has so generously proposed for the larger fort now in progress in
Plymouth harbor, nor had any ambition of my own ever suggested to
my mind the possibility of becoming in that manner associated with
such a work. I am deeply sensible of the honor ; and, while I feel that
it does not properly belong to me, I can only leave to you and your
associates the final decision, with the single suggestion that it would
seem to me more fitting the occasion to connect the name of Edward
Winslow, who was the first Governor of the Plymouth Colony, with
one of the fortifications of the harbor of Plymouth, than the name you
propose, even if I were a hundred times more worthy than I know
myself to be."

The two forts here referred to were subsequently named Fort
Andrew and Fort Standish. The largest and most important
one was named after the Governor of the State, and the smaller
one in honor of the Puritan captain of the colony. Captain
Miles Standish.

On the 17th of March, the Governor wrote to H. P. Sturgis,

LIBERAL DONATION FROM ENGLAND. 543

of Boston, acknowledging the receipt of a note from him cover-
ing copies of two letters, one from Mr. Russell Sturgis, of
London, and the other from Mr. N. H. Cama, also of London,
and a check on a Boston Bank for $1,312. This money was
given by Mr. Cama, to be expended by Governor Andrew in
behalf of those to " whom the proclamation by the President of
the United States, supported by the Union arms, has secured
the inestimable blessing of liberty." The Governor then
says, -

" I have spoken to Dr. Le Baron Russell, who is actively engaged
as chairman of our committee on teachers, of the propriety of sending,
in return, copies of some reports and documents illustrating the success
attending the efforts already made to educate and improve the moral
and social condition of the emancipated colored people. Dr. Russell
will place a number of these documents in your hands ; and I beg of
you the favor to transmit them, through Mr. Russell Sturgis, to Mr.
Carna."

Mr. Cama, we believe, was an English gentleman of wealth
and high social position, who sympathized warmly with the
cause of the Government, and the elevation and improvement
of the colored race.

On the 24th of March, the Governor wrote again to Miss
Philena M. Upham, acknowledging the receipt of a second
scrap-book, which she had made for the use and amuse-
ment of our sick and wounded soldiers in hospitals. The
Governor informs Miss Upham, that this second volume had
been "placed in the hands of our. agent in Washington, Mr.
Gardiner Tufts, to be put where he should judge best. I beg
you to accept my grateful thanks for your thoughtful remem-
brance of our suffering soldiers."

We fmd on the Govemor's files a letter addressed to him by
Owen Lovejoy, a member of Congress from Illinois, dated
Washington, Feb. 22, from which we make the following
characteristic extract : -

"Do you know that I am hoping, when slavery has been swept
away, for a revival of religion, pure and undefiled, which will be em-
inently practical, and the cause that it knows not it will search out;
and, instead of expending its energies in theologies and creeds and

544 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

rubrics, it shall go around, like its Divine Author, healing the sick,
cleansing lepers, giving eyes to the blind, ears to the deaf, and charity
to all. . . . I am sick, and have used the hand of another, and feel
unable to dictate any more. May God bless you and the Old Bay
State ! "

Mr. Lovejoy was for many years a distinguished member of
Congress from Illinois, and was a brother of Rev. Mr. Lovejoy,
who, more than thirty years ago, had his printing-office attacked
m Alton, 111., by a mob, and was himself slain, because of
the anti-slavery sentiments of which he was an eloquent and
powerful advocate. Mr. Lovejoy, the writer of the above
letter, died a short time after it was written.

Major Horace O. Whittemore, of the Thirtieth Regiment,
was commissioned lieutenant-colonel, Nov. 26, 1863 ; but, be-
fore it was issued, certain complaints were made to the Gov-
ernor in regard to him, which induced him to withhold the
commission until an investigation was made by Brigadier-Gen-
eral Burt, Judge-Advocate-General of Massachusetts. On the
11th of April, the Governor wrote to the Adjutant-General, -

"I have to direct that the commission be delivered to Major Whitte-
more (now Lieutenant-Colonel WhiUemore) ; it being satisfactorily es-
tablished, in my judgment, that no proper objection to his promotion
exists, and that those which were suggested had their origin in mis-
take. I am of opinion that Lieutenant-Colonel Whittemore is a zealous
and faithful officer ; and I take this occasion to say that the condition
in which he brought his veterans home on their present furlough is
evidence of a high degree of intelligence and care, exercised by a com-
petent and efficient commander. Their appearance was in all respects
creditable and satisfactory."

The officer above referred to was major of the Fourth Regi-
ment, in the three months' service, and was the first loyal
officer to touch the soil of Virginia, after hostilities were com-
menced, having landed at Fortress Monroe on the morning of
April 20, 1861.

On the 19th of April, the Governor wrote by his military
secretary. Colonel Browne, to William E. Parmenter, of
West Cambridge, -

" I send you copies of correspondence concerning an application of

EXCHANGE OF PRISONERS. 545

Colonel Joselyn, of our Fifteenth Regiment, precisely similar to that in
the case in which you are interested. You will see that it is about
hopeless to induce the Secretary of War to let any rebel go from the
North to the South, to arrange an exchange for himself. But General
Hitchcock seems to think there would be no objection to the reverse
of the arrangement, and is willing to arrange, with any of our men
whom the rebels will send North, for the return of rebels, and exchange
for them. I will stir up the case again, nevertheless."

In April, two enlisted men were tried by court-martial for
military offences, and sentenced to be shot. On the 21st of
April, the Governor wrote to Major Cabot, commanding Fort
Warren, where the condemned men were confmed, -

"Are there any mitigating circumstances in the cases of either of
the two soldiers under sentence of death, which would justify my
asking the President or General Dix by telegraph to commute or de-
lay execution? I would gladly save either, or both, if consistent,
and, if any doubt exists, will urge delay for investigation.

We do not find the answer which Major Cabot returned to
this letter. It was probably unfavorable, as the men were shot,
in compliance with the sentence pronounced by the court-mar-
tial.

On the 25th of April, the Governor telegraphed to Secretary
Stanton, that he had received a despatch from General Dix, in-
forming him that all of the heavy artillery companies on duty
in the forts would be immediately ordered to the field, and
requesting that a militia regiment be called out to take their
places at Fort Warren and elsewhere. The Governor says, -

" In order to systematize matters, I wish you would let our twelve
heavy artillery companies be organized and march as a regiment.
Eight companies were raised for general service. Cabots battalion
of four companies, though raised with special understanding, yet will
march willingly with other eight in regimental organization, under him
as colonel, for heavy artillery duty."

The request was peremptorily refused by Secretary Stanton.
On the 25th of April, the Governor wrote to Senator Sumner,
and forwarded him copies of the telegrams he had received, and
those which he had sent. The twelve companies numbered
about eighteen hundred men. Referring to Secretary Stanton's,
35

546 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

refusal to allow the companies a regimental organization, the
Governor said, -

"This I consider to be one of the most bold and unjustifiable of
outrages. Our men are to be scattered about, without organization,
head, centre, field, or staff. I do not complain that they are called for,
although raised for special duty here. They will go as good men, with
good cheer. But this treatment is not to be passed by without remon-
strance. I trust you and the delegation in Congress will see that
eighteen hundred men of Massachusetts volunteers will not be called
to the field, as they are intended to be called by the Government,
without a regimental organization. The nextstep will be to draft our
people per capita to fill the regiments of other States. If need be,
claim at the hands of the President our proper rights. He is the re-
sponsible head : let him be held responsible."

A portion of these companies were sent to the front ; but the
battalion under Major Cabot, on duty in Fort Warren, was not
allowed to go. The necessity of its services at the forts for
the defence of Boston, and the large number of rebel prisoners
which they had to guard, were duties of too great importance
to be intrusted to inexperienced companies of militia. The
other companies were placed on garrison duty in the defences
of Washington, and were soon after given a regimental form of
organization.

There were at this time one hundred and seventy-two rebel
prisoners at Fort Warren, strong whom were Captain Reed of
the "Tacony," Captain Webb of the "Atlanta," half a dozen
of Morgan's guerillas , several of Longstreet's officers, and a
large number of blockade-runners ; many of them desperate
characters, all of whom required close watching. ' There were
one hundred and one guns mounted in the fort, and the mag-
azines were well supplied with proper ammunition. Major
Cabot had given great attention to the discipline of his men in
heavy artillery practice. He had also made a valuable chart,
showing the range of the various channels. This knowledge
was of great value, and had been gained through much practice.
There was a constant detail for guard duty of seventy-five men.
For these and other reasons, it was deemed unadvisable to re-
lieve the fort of this garrison of practised artillerists, and to
supply their places with companies of raw militia.

SECRETARY STANTON. 547

It would appear from the correspondence on the Governor's
files, that some misunderstanding and ill-feeling existed on the
part of the Secretary of War and the Governor. It appears
that Governor Andrew had written Francis P. Blair, Sen., a
letter, requesting him to see the President in relation to Captain
Ralph O. Ives, of the Massachusetts Tenth Regiment, who was
a prisoner at Richmond. He had been dismissed the service by
orders from the War Department, while yet a prisoner. The
object of writing to Mr. Blair was to have him reinstated in
his rank. Mr. Blair was personally acquainted with Captain
Ives. This letter had been given to Secretary Stanton by the
President, and he had taken offence at it. Mr. Stanton also
complained to Mr. Hooper, member of Congress, that the Gov-
ernor had delayed sending forward the heavy artillery companies.
On the 3d of May, the Governor addressed a letter to Mr.
Hooper, in which he says, -

"Mr. Stanton is utterly and entirely mistaken in saying or sup-
posing that the forwarding of those companies has been delayed for a
single hour by me. It is not in my power to delay them, even were I
so disposed. They have been mustered into the service of the United
States, and were in no manner under my control, as Mr. Stanton must
perceive on a moment's reflection."

The Governor then goes on to show that there had been no
delay whatever in forwarding those companies, but that they
had been forwarded with the utmost despatch. One of the
reasons given by Mr. Stanton for keeping them back was, that
the Governor had been disappointed in not procuring for them
a regimental organization. This he pronounced equally un-
founded, but, still insisted upon the justice of his request.

The regimental organization," he said, "is due to these companies
and still more to our batteries in the field, -due to their accomplished
officers, and necessary for their efficiency and usefulness, it is given
to every other State that asks it, even to those, having many fewer
companies than Massachusetts has in the field, and is denied only
to us."

In regard to Major Cabot's battalion at Fort Warren, he
says, -

548 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

"I would say that no one can fail to perceive that the fort would
only be a source of danger to this city, instead of a protection, if left
to the care of companies of raw militia without a single hour's drill in
the use of the guns, or (many of them) a days aquaintance with the
duties of a soldier. It is not impossible that the public property
exposed there, the forts and their raw garrisons, would be an easy
prey to the prisoners now guarded there, and the city itself, for a time,
at their disposal. There are accomplished rebel officers confined in
the fort; among them, an accomplished artillery officer from Long-
street's army, besides a large number of the most dangerous and
desperate class of prisoners."

The Governor's letters on this subject were so frank, and
his representations so proper, that Mr. Stanton at once agreed
that he was mistaken, and that the Governor was right, and
this set the matters between the Secretary and the Governor
upon the same pleasant footing as before, and so they con-
tinued until the end of the war. The letter of the Governor
to Mr. Hooper was written on the same day that General
Grant commenced his memorable march across the Rapidan
towards Richmond.

On the 7th of May, the Governor telegraphed to Mr.
Hooper, House of Representatives, Washington, -

" General Schouler reports that he and Major Clarke, U.S.A., as-
sistant Provost. -Marshal for Massachusetts, have agreed on figures,
showing our total deficiency, on May 1, was only 4,076 men, with
some credits not yet ascertained."

Up to this time, no credits whatever had been allowed by the
General Government for men furnished by Massachusetts in
the navy, which amounted, in round numbers, to upwards of
23,000 men, which, if credited, as they were a few weeks after-
wards by an act of Congress, would have shown that Massa-
chusetts had not only filled her contingent upon every call of
the President, but would have a surplus of about 19,000
men.

On the 6th of May, the Governor wrote to the Secretary of
War, urging the appointment of Colonel William F. Bartlett,
of the Fifty-seventh Regiment, as brigadier-general. Colonel
Bartlett, while a captain in the Twentieth Regiment, had lost a

INJUSTICE TO COLORED TROOPS. 549

leg in the service. He afterwards raised the Forty-ninth (nine
months') Regiment, and went with it as colonel, to the Depart-
ment of the Gulf. His gallantry and coolness before Port
Hudson commanded the admiration of both armies. He was
wounded there also. On his recovery, he was commissioned
colonel of the Fifty-seventh, and, when the letter was written,
was with his regiment in the Ninth Army Corps. The Gov-
ernor concludes his letter as follows : -

"You will note that this is the second time Colonel Bartlett has
marched from Massachusetts at the head of a regiment, since losing
his leg in battle on the Peninsula. Besides peculiar courage and self-
possession in action, he is a young man of fine powers, conspicuous for
general mental capacity, and of superior culture. He is a graduate
of Harvard College. I have the honor now to request, and express
my fervent wish, that he may receive at once that commission, as well
deserved by an intrepidity and a merit so eminent."

Colonel Bartlett was commissioned brigadier-general of vol-
unteers, June 27, 1864, and was afterwards brevetted major-
general for brave and meritorious services in the field.

On the 10th of May, the Governor forwarded to Senator
Sumner a letter which he had received from Colonel Hartwell,
of the Fifty-fifth Regiment, showing the discontent which ex-
isted in that and the other colored regiment, because of the
refusal of the Government to pay them the same as white troops.
In forwarding the letter, the Governor writes, -

" For God's sake, how long is the injustice of the Government to be
continued towards these men ? Is it intended, by still deliberately with-
holding from them what the Attorney-General of the United States has
decided to be their legal right, to goad them into mutiny, and to
quench the mutiny with blood ? . . . The wives and children of many
of them have been forced into public almshouses by their necessities.
. . . If mutiny shall occur, and blood shall be shed, the responsibility
will rest, before God, on the Government at Washington. I have not
words to express my feelings of indignation and shame at the fraudu-
lent conduct of our Government in this matter, which, since Mr. Bates'
opinion, is without a shadow of palliation. ... I entreat you to see the
President personally, and beg him. for the sake of justice and of the
country, to prevent the shedding of innocent blood, and to cause these
men to be paid instantly!'

550 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

The first six months of 1864 were chiefly devoted by the Gov-
ernor and other State officers, and the city and town authorities,
to raising recruits, forming new regiments, and paying bounties.
The new enrolment of the State, made under the general super-
vision of State and United-States authorities, did not give
satisfaction in many localities, and bore with great hardship
especially upon our seaport and fishing towns, many of their
young men being already in the naval service, for whom they re-
ceived no credit. The files of the Governor's and the Adjutant-
General's office show that several thousand letters were received
and written, bearing upon this subject. Most of the letters
from the State House were written by the assistant Ad-
jutant-General, Major William Rogers, and were addressed to
the authorities in the different towns, correcting mistakes in the
returns made in the enrolment, explaining the orders received
from Washington relating to the draft, and urging the necessity
of furnishing volunteers to fill their quotas, and thus to avoid
conscription. Many of the town officers were inexperienced, and
were oftentimes defrauded by a class of men who represented
themselves as recruiting agents, who had men at their command,
to fill quotas for a certain sum of money. The town authorities,
anxious to avoid a draft, gave a too willing ear to the represen-
tations of these men, and paid the town's money, before the
men had been mustered in, and proper credits given to the
towns. When the muster and descriptive rolls were received
at the State House from the United-States mustering officers,
and from the various camps of rendezvous, they did not show,
in many instances, that the men had been enlisted, and were
credited to the towns which had advanced the local bounty; so
that towns which were supposed to have filled their quotas were
still deficient in the number of men required of them. These
failures caused much dissatisfaction, and, as a matter of course,
the blame was attributed to the Adjutant-General, who it was
supposed made out the rolls, and gave the credits, neither of
which were true. These failures to obtain credits were dis-
cussed in some of the newspapers in the State, and especially in
a paper called the Vineyard Gazette, published in Edgar-
town, Dukes County.

COMPLAINTS OF TOWN OFFICERS; 551

A convention of delegates, representing the discontented
towns, was held in Boston, in June ; at which there were speeches
made, and resolutions passed, reflecting upon the State au-
thorities, and especially upon the Adjutant-General, who, in the
April preceding, had addressed a letter to the Governor, call-
ing his attention "to the way in which men enlisted by the
several town authorities to fill their quotas are credited by
orders from Washington, which is creating much dissatisfaction,
and is doing great injustice." In this letter the Adjutant-Gen-
eral pointed out the very evils which the convention complained
of, and contained suggestions which, adopted by the authorities
at Washington, would have prevented their continuance. Of
this letter, and of the efforts made by the Governor and the
Adjutant-General to have credits given correctly, the members
of the June convention had never inquired into, and were
totally ignorant of. If they had been acquainted with these
facts, they would probably have passed resolutions of a different
character. It was the intention of the Adjutant-General to have
taken no notice of the proceedings of the convention, or of the
discussions in the newspapers, or of a " circular signed by Rich-
ard L. Pease and others," dated Edgartown, June 13. But
at the request of the Governor, he wrote the following
letter : -

Adjutant -General's Ofhce, Boston, June 24, 1864.
To His Excellency John A. Andrew, Governor and Commander-in-Chief

Governor - I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your
letter of this date, calling my attention to a circular signed by Richard
I;. Pease and others, dated Edgartown, June 13. I had seen this cir-
cular before; and I have read also articles in the Vineyard Gazette,
upon the subject spoken of in the circular.

I have not deemed it my duty to reply to these attacks, knowing as
I did how utterly groundless they all were, so far as they regarded the
Adjutant-General, or the clerks in his oflice. From what I learn, the
complaint is, that certain towns have enlisted, and paid local bounties
to men whose names appear upon the muster and descriptive rolls in
this oilice, credited to other towns ; and, in some cases, names appear
upon the muster-rolls as from one town, and upon the descriptive rolls
as from another. Another class is of men whose names appear cred-
ited to no town upon the muster-rolls, and; upon the descriptive rolls.

552 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

to the town where they properly belong. For these errors, discrepan-
cies, and omissions the parties blame the Adjutant-General, or the
clerks in his office, - with what justice let the following facts show.

The rolls in this office show the names of about eighty-five thousand
men. It would be strange, if, in making out these rolls, there should
not have been some errors ; but I believe them to be the most correct
rolls in the possession of any State ; and I know this is the opinion
of Major Breck, U.S.A., who is the officer having the charge of
the rolls in Washington. If they are not correct, it has not been the
fault of any one in this office ; for, from the very beginning of the Re-
bellion until now, it has been the constant and unremitting endeavor
of every one in this office to have the rolls correct.

But it appears that the gentlemen who find fault suppose that the
rolls are made in this office, and under my immediate supervision ;
when the truth is, the rolls are made at the camps, by the officers in
charge. When it is reported to me that a company or regiment is
recruited to the proper standard, and the muster-rolls completed, an
order is issued to the United-States mustering officer to go to camp,
and muster it in. Three copies of the roll are made out: one is sent
to the War Department, one is retained by the captain of the company,
and one is sent to me.

These rolls are properly signed by the mustering officer, who certi-
fies "on honor " that they are correct. I then issue an order to the
officer in command of the camp to have the "descriptive roll " made
out; and he has always been urged to see that they are made out
correct. Before the company or regiment leaves the State, these rolls
are deposited in this office, and are open to the inspection of any re-
sponsible person who wishes to examine them.

At the commencement of the Rebellion, and up to a very recent day,
the muster-rolls used by the United-States authorities did not show the
residence of the person; and it was on account of this defect that I
had a form of blank made, which is known as a " descriptive roll ;
on this roll the residence of the person is given, and it has been from
this roll that certificates for the State aid have been issued. These
rolls have been regarded as so correct, that the Adjutant-General of
the United States has requested copies for his office, where the mus-
ter-rolls of Massachusetts regiments or companies have been lost, or
were never returned to his office.

Your Excellency will see, by the above simple statement, that the
rolls, about which complaint is made, are not made by me, or by any
one in this office. They are made in the several camps, under the su-
pervision of officers appointed by your Excellency to command them.

LETTER OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 553

They are all properly certified to by the United-States mustering and
company officers ; and, in regard to the descriptive rolls, generally by
the adjutant of the regiment. These rolls remain on file here, to be
consulted whenever necessary.

I might here close this communication, but I wish to add something
more. Few complaints were ever made that the rolls were incorrect
until lately, and that since the inauguration of the system of offering
large State and local bounties. This system warmed into life a certain
class of men known as recruiting or substitute brokers, who agree to
fill the quotas of towns for a specified sum. I have not a high opinion
of this class; and I have no doubt that many of the selectmen and
town agents have been grossly swindled by them. Numerous cases
have come to my knowledge, where they have given certificates that
they had furnished the men, and that the men had been mustered in,
when the facts were not so ; and bounty money has been paid to re-
cruits and brokers before any assurance could be given that the recruit
would be accepted, and credited to the town. I have no doubt, that, in
many cases, the recruit and broker were fellow-partners in the swindle.
Again, I have no doubt that gross wrong has been done by these brok-
ers in this way; viz., men who go into new regiments can only be
mustered in when the company is filled: this sometimes takes weeks,
and months. The broker's recruit goes to camp ; and, before the mus-
ter is made, the broker sells the man again; and he turns up at last as
a recruit for a certain ward in Boston, when he originally enlisted, it
may be, for the quota of Edgartown.

The Vineyard Gazette says that Edgartown paid local bounties to
the men who enlisted for the quota of that town, and were not credited
to it, the sum of $10,375, and lays the blame upon this office.

I have already shown that this office had nothing to do with making
out the rolls, or with giving credits. 1 regret that any town should
have expended this sum without gaining any reward ; but, instead of
finding fault with innocent parties, I respectfully submit, that the tax-
payers of the town might properly ask the gentlemen, who confess
that they paid the money, why they paid it before they had positive
knowledge that the men were credited to the quota of their town?
Common prudence would seem to dictate this course.

When Brigadier-General Devens had command of the camp at Long
Island, a few months ago, he brought to my attention the fact, that
some selectmen, who had received enlistment papers from this office,
had signed the same in blank, and had left them with brokers in Boston,
to get the men, and fill out the certificates, which certificates read as
follows : -

554 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

" I certify, on honor, that I have minutely inspected the volunteer,
previously to his enlistment, and that he was entirely sober
when he enlisted ; that, to the best of my judgment and belief, he is
of lawful age ; and that, in accepting him as duly qualified to perform
the duties of an able-bodied soldier, I have strictly observed the regu-
lations which govern the recruiting service."

Then follows a description of the person recruited.
Only last week, a roll was presented at this oflice of sixty-four men
in the navy, with a request that they be credited to a certain town in
this vicinity, sworn to by the chairman of the selectmen, that the men
"were legal citizens of said town, and liable to do military duty
therein." And yet thirty-six of these men were rebel prisoners,
taken at Missionary Ridge, Term., sent to the military prison at
Rock Island, 111., where they took an oath of allegiance, and after-
wards' sent to Massachusetts, where they were enlisted as sailors,
and were put on board the receiving ship 'Ohio.' Not a man of
them had ever been in Massachusetts before.

I do not state these facts to find fault with town or city authorities :
I have daily evidence of their arduous, patriotic, and ofttimes ill-
requited labors. And if they have trusted bad men, and paid their
money upon false statements, they have done so with an honest pur-
pose, and with a belief that they were doing the best, they could for
their several constituencies. They, however, should be upon their
guard, and should act upon the same principle in paying local bounties,
that I do in paying State bounties ; which is, not to make out a pay-
roll for State bounties, until I have a roll in this office, signed by the
mustering officer, showing the city and town to which the men are
credited.

Many of these brokers are sharp practitioners. They work for
money, and not for the cause ; their motto seems to be, " to suckle ar-
mies, and dry-nurse the land." I wish to state, that in every instance
where it has been in my power to correct rolls, and give the towns the
proper credit, I have done what I could to accomplish it. I have
written frequently to Washington on the subject, sometimes with suc-
cess, sometimes without. I have also had frequent interviews with
Major Clarke for the same object ; and he has done what he could to
correct errors growing out of the vicious system of recruiting through
irresponsible and corrupt brokers.

To show how easy it is to cheat, I will relate a circumstance that
happened only the day before yesterday. Two men, belonging to Tops-
field, enlisted for that town in Lieutenant Holmes's office, who is him-
self a citizen of Topsfield; they were mustered in, one for Uxbridge,

LETTER OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 555

and one for Tewksbury ; the men themselves knew nothing of the
change. Lieutenant Holmes investigated the matter ; and it was dis-
covered that the clerk in his office, for one hundred dollars paid him,
made out fraudulent enlistment papers. I reported the case to Major
Clarke ; and, as the rolls had not been forwarded to Washington, the
men were credited to Topsfield, where they belonged.

When the call was made in July, 1863, for three hundred thousand
three years' men to be raised by draft, certain towns claimed that they
should be credited with the surpluses they had already furnished ; Colo-
nel Fry, Provost-Marshal-General of the United States, agreed that
they should be. Accordingly, from the sworn statements of the vari-
ous municipalities, made to this office in 1862, and from the descriptive
rolls of men enlisted after those returns were made, a table was made
out by Major Rogers, Assistant Adjutant-General, showing the exact
number which each town claimed ; that table was forwarded to Colonel
Fry, but he would not consider it ; and the various sub-districts of Mas-
sachusetts had to raise the men allotted to them, without receiving
credit for these supposed surpluses. All the facts referred to will be
found in my Annual Report for 1863, pages 34-45. Because these
surpluses were not allowed at Washington, should blame be attached
to the Adjutant-General, or the State authorities?

In relation to the discrepancy between the enlistment papers and the
muster-rolls of more recent origin, I had the honor, on the 6th of April
last, to call your Excellency's attention to them in a communication of
some length, which you indorsed, and sent General Peirce to Wash-
ington, to have the corrections which I suggested approved by the
War Department. He remained there about two weeks, but the Sec-
retary of War was so much engaged with the advance of the army,
that he could not attend to the matter ; about two weeks after his re-
turn, authority was given to Major Clarke to make the corrections.
But it was too late : the draft had commenced, and no further delay
would be granted.

I would now say, in conclusion, that the credits to the State are
given in Washington without consultation with me. The number
which each town or sub-district is to furnish is fixed by the provost-
marshal, and not by me ; the muster-rolls are sent to this office by the
United-States mustering officer who certifies to their correctness, and
they are not made by me.

The descriptive rolls are made in the various camps, and signed by
the officer in command as correct. They are not made out in this
office.

Whenever I found a name wrong on the descriptive roll, I have sent

556 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

a blank to the regiment to have the error corrected. This has been
done in more than two thousand cases ; and I shall continue so to do,
notwithstanding the order of the War Department, that the muster-
rolls shall in all cases govern credits.

I know that the Adjutant-General, and those in his office, have been
most unjustly treated by the articles in the Vineyard Gazette, and by
the convention which met in this city this week; yet I have declined
to answer the accusations, for, although I have been an editor of a daily
paper for twenty years, I have a strong repugnance to appearing in
print. Besides this, I have the inward consciousness that I have done
my duty faithfully and honestly.

I have made this statement, because, in the opinion of your Excel-
lency, some notice should be taken by me of these matters. There is
much more I could say. In conclusion. I would respectfully sum up
what I regard the real cause of the evils complained of, and the rem-
edy to be applied to them. The cause has been the free use of money
in trading with brokers and swindlers ; and the remedy is, not to pay
a cent of bounty or premium until the recruit is mustered in, and
then to pay it to the recruit, and not to the broker.

I have the honor to be your Excellency's obedient servant,

William Schouler, Adjutant-General.

This letter was published, by direction of the Governor, in
the Boston newspapers, and was copied generally throughout
the State. It put an end to the controversy ; and the Adjutant-
General had the satisfaction of receiving letters from a number
of members of the convention, acknowledging their mistake,
and regretting the injustice which the convention had done to
that officer.

In the fu-st six months of the year, the following new regi-
ments were organized, and sent to the front : -

The Fifty-sixth, Colonel Charles E. Griswold, was organized
at Readville, and left the State March 20.

The Fifty-seventh, Colonel William F. Bartlett, was or-
ganized at "Camp Wool," Worcester, and was sent forward
April 18.

The Fifty-eighth, nine companies, was recruited at Readville,
and was sent to the front, under command of Lieutenant-
Colonel John C. Whiton, April 28.

The Fifty-ninth was recruited at Readville, by Colonel Jacob
P. Gould. It left the State April 26.

DEPARTURE OF NEW REGIMENTS. 557

These regiments were ordered to the Army of the Potomac,
and reported to Lieutenant-General Grant, only a few days
previous to the advance of the army towards Richmond. They
suffered severely in officers and men. Colonel Griswold, of the
Fifty-sixth, was killed in the Wilderness. Lieutenant-Colonel
Weld was taken prisoner. Colonel Gould, of the Fifty-ninth,
was so severely wounded, as to cause amputation of the
leg, of which he died. Lieutenant-Colonel Hodges was killed
in the explosion of what was called "the mine," Colonel
Bartlett, of the Fifty-seventh, was taken prisoner, also, in "the
mine."

In addition to the four infantry three years' regiments, two
new regiments of cavalry were organized and forwarded.

The Fourth, Colonel Arnold A. Rand, and the Fifth (col-
ored). Colonel Henry S. Russell, and a new battalion of
cavalry for the first Regiment Massachusetts Cavalry, to take
the place of the cavahy commanded by Major Stevens, which
had been attached to the Fourth Regiment Massachusetts
Cavalry.

The Second Battalion of the Fourth Cavalry left Boston by
transport for Hilton Head, S.C, under command of Major
David B. Keith, on the 20th of March, and arrived at Hilton
Head April 1.

The Third Battalion of Cavalry, under command of Major
Louis Cabot, sailed from Boston on the 23d of April, and
arrived at Hilton Head on the 27th.

These two battalions were immediately transferred to the
Department of Virginia and North Carolina, with orders to
report to Major-General Butler, at Fortress Monroe.
The First Battalion, which had been for a long time in
South Carolina, was also sent to Virginia, to report to General
Butler.

The First and Second Battalions of the Fifth Cavalry left
Readville Camp, for Washington, on the 5th of May ; Major
Horace N. Weld, having command of the First, and Major
Charles Francis Adams, Jr., of the Second ; left Boston,
May 6. The Third Battalion, under command of Major
Henry P. Bowditch, left Readville, for Washington, on the

558 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

8th of May. The regiment was commanded by Colonel Henry
S. Russell..

The Eleventh Company of Light Artillery, commanded by
Captain Edward J. Jones, left Readville Camp for Washington,
Feb. 5.

The Fourteenth Company of Light Artillery, under com-
mand of Captain Joseph W. B. Wright, left Readville Camp
for Washington, April 4.

The Sixteenth Company of Light Artillery, under command
of Captain Henry D. Scott, left Readville Camp for Washing-
ton, April 19.

These light batteries joined the Army of the Potomac.
Four companies of heavy artillery were raised and forwarded
to Fortress Monroe, March 7 : one commanded by Captain
John Pickering, one by Captain Lyman B. Whiton, and one
by Captain Joseph M. Parsons, sailed from Gallop's Island, by
transports, to Washington, June 23. Another company was
raised by Captain Cornelius F. Driscoll, and was sent forward to
Washington, by transport, on the 22d of September. These
four companies were attached to the eight, companies of heavy
artillery which were raised in 1863, and forwarded to the front
in May, 1864, to which reference has been made, and were or-
ganized into a regiment, known as the Third Regiment Massa-
chusetts Heavy Artillery, of which Captain William S. Abert,
U.S.A., was commissioned colonel.

In addition to these new organizations, several thousand men
were sent forward as recruits to fill old regiments.

The end of the war was approaching. The last grand cam-
paign had begun. The right man to command the Union
forces had been found. A plan had been adopted, and was
being carried out. General Grant was at the head of the
Union army, with the rank of lieutenant-general, and there-
fore outranked all others. To insure success, he required
co-operation, and co-operation necessitated a system. The
enemy held the interior lines, which embraced all means of
communication by railroads, telegraphs, turnpikes, rivers, and
county roads. While he held these, without an organized
system of attack from the Union forces, he had the vantage-

THE POSITION OF AFFAIRS. 559

ground. By them he could concentrate his army wherever
force was required ; but. by a well-developed and well-understood
movement on our part, a great portion of these advantages
were lost.

Thus, when General Grant assumed full command, he de-
vised a scheme by which there should be an advance made from
all the different military points. For the first time in the war,
we had a commander-in-chief. The war of the Union was no
longer to be fought by twenty different commanders, each act-
ing upon his own responsibihty, and without concert of action.
The plan made by General Grant insured victory in the end.
The great power of the loyal States was to be concentrated in
one grand movement, which was to close in, compress, and
annihilate the enemy. Never was a plan better devised ; never,
when we consider the magnitude of the enterprise and its suc-
cessful termination, surpassed by the greatest military com-
mander of the world. General Grant knew the officers whom
he could trust, and they had confidence in him. The petty
ambitions and jealousies which had existed through the war
vanished.

The Army of the Potomac had advanced from the Rapidan
towards Richmond on the 3d of May, and. after six weeks
of daily fighting, driven Lee and the rebel army of Vir-
ginia within the fortifications of Richmond. Grant hid crossed
the James River, and. practically, laid siege to Richmond and
Petersburg, - aided by the Army of the James, under the
command of Major-General Butler.

In the mean time, Sherman, with his Army of the Tennessee
and the Cumberland, had advanced towards Atlanta, and
taken it, and was preparing for his grand march to the sea,
through the State of Georgia to Savannah. The wisdom of
General Grant's plan of the war is seen in this : that, by press-
ing the rebel forces under General Lee, and keeping, them in
daily activity, he made it impossible for the latter to spare
enough of his force to prevent the advance of Sherman. Thus
stood the loyal and the rebel forces on the 1st of July. 1864.

CHAPTER XL

General Position of Affairs at the Beginning of 1864 - Credits in the Navy -
Law of Congress - Appointment of Commissioners - Circular Letter -
Agents to Recruit in Rebel States - Letter to Mr. Everett - Governor An-
drew in Washington - Pay of Colored Troops - Letter to the President -
Letter to Mr. Stanton - Expectation of Rebel Attack on our Coast - Present
of a Turtle - Brigadier - General Bartlett - Letter to Governor Seymour, of
New York - Letter to the Secretary of War - Letter to the Attorney-Gen-
eral- Letter to Andrew Ellison - Colonel N. A. M. Dudley - Letter of Gov-
ernor Yates, of Illinois - Case of Otis Newhall, of Lynn - Case of Mrs.
Bixby, of Boston - Letter to the President - Plan to bum the Northern
Cities - Speech of Mr. Everett - Destruction of the " Alabama " - Honors
paid to CommodoiB Winslow - Donations for our Soldiers - Letter of Mr.
Stebbins - Letter to the Union League Club. New York - Colored Officers
- Letter to James A. Hamilton - Battle before Nashville - Case of Jack
Flowers - National Conventions - Nominations - Republican State Conven-
tion - Proceedings - Renomination of Governor Andrew - Democratic State
Convention- Nominations - Report of the Adjutant-General's Journey to
tiie Front - Staff Appointments during Uie Year - Conclusion.

The general position of affairs up to July 1, 1864, in the State,
and at the front, we have given in the last chapter. At that
time. Governor Andrew was in Washington. On the 1st of
July, the Secretary of War, in order to relieve veteran troops
on garrison duty at various points, and send them into active
service, called for militia regiments for one hundred days' ser-
vice to take their places, and perform their duties. Massachu-
setts furnished five regiments of one hundred days' men, under
this call. They were, the Fifth Regiment of Infantry, Colonel
Peirson, which left the State July 28, and was stationed at Fort
Marshall, in the vicinity of Baltimore; the Sixth Regiment of
Infantry, Colonel FoUansbee, which was sent forward July 20,
and was detailed for duty at Fort Delaware, Md., a depot
for rebel prisoners ; the Eighth Regiment of Infantry, Colonel
Peach, which left the State July 26, and was stationed for duty
at Baltimore and Cockeysville, Md. The Forty-second Regi-

NEW REGIMENTS. 561

ment of Infantry left for Washington, under command of
Lieutenant-Colonel Steadman, July 24 ; and Colonel Burrill,
who had returned home after a long captivity in Texas, joined
the regiment at Alexandria, Va., and remained with it until it
returned home, and was mustered out. The Sixtieth Regiment
of Infantry, a new organization, left the State, under Colonel
Wass, for Washington, Aug. 1, and was afterwards sent to In-
dianapolis , Ind . , where it remained until its term of service
expired.

Nine unattached companies of one hundred days' men were
also recruited for garrison duties in the forts on our coast. The
number of men thus recruited was 5,461, and they were not
credited to the quota of the State.

A regiment of infantry was recruited for one year's service,
and was known as the Sixty-fu-st Regiment. It left the State
in detachments, to report to General Grant at City Point. Of
this regiment, Charles F. Walcott was commissioned colonel,
Nov. 9, 1864. The Fourth Regiment of Heavy Artillery, one
year's men, was also recruited, and left the State by detach-
ments, between the 10th and 16th of September, for Washing-
ton. Lieutenant-Colonel William S. King, formerly of the
Thirty-fifth Regiment of Infantry, was commissioned colonel.
This regiment was detailed for duty in the defences of Washing-
ton. Two unattached companies, respectively commanded by
Captain Kenny and Captain Brigham, were sent forward to
Washington, for the same service. Captain Brigham's com-
pany left the State Sept. 26 ; and Captain Kenny's company,
act. 29.

In addition to the above, 1,247 men were mustered in for
ninety days' service.

On the 4th of July, Congress passed an act allowing credits
to be given for men in die naval service who had entered dur-
ing the Rebellion. This was one of the most just deeds of
Congress during the war, and great credit is due to Governor
Andrew for it. He was at Washington when the bill passed.
On the 5th of July, he sent the following telegram to the
Adj utant-General , -

562 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

"My impression is, that, under the volunteer laws, hundred day
men cannot be mustered, but militia can be mustered for one hundred
days. If Shenandoah raid subsides, and duty of patriotism therefore
permits reference to our own interests, I shall consider the interest of
Massachusetts served by not favoring hundred days' men, since they
tend to diminish volunteering for longer terms. Am making excellent
progress, both about naval credits, and recruiting in disloyal States,
under new law. Thus far, my visit is of the utmost advantage. Prob-
ably finish to-morrow."

In carrying into effect the law of Congress allowing navy
credits, the Secretary of War decided, that the men should
be credited to the State in which they enlisted, unless it
should be proved that they properly belonged elsewhere. Gov-
ernor Andrew and ex-Governor Clifford were appointed
commissioners to take charge of the navy enlistment in Mas-
sachusetts ; they were to decide all questions relating thereto,
and, in case of disagreement, the Secretary of War was to act
as umpire. No disagreement ever occurred. As the law did
not pass until July 4, and a draft was to be made early in Sep-
tember, it was of the utmost importance that the number of navy
credits to which Massachusetts was entitled should be immedi-
ately known and properly distributed. To obtain this informa-
tion, recourse was had to the muster-rolls on board the receiving
ship " Ohio," at the Charlestown Navy Yard. Captain Green,
U.S.N. , in command of the ship, gave permission to the Ad-
jutant-General to make a transcript of these rolls, and he
employed two clerks to perform the work : these were all that
could be employed at one time, because of the limited 'room on
board the ship where they were kept. It appeared, by these
rolls, that the total number of men who had enlisted in Massa-
chusetts into the navy from April 13, 1861, to Feb. 24, 1864,
the date fixed by act of Congress, was 22,360.

In order that a just distribution of these credits should be
made among the several cities and towns, the commissioners
caused a circular to be sent to the municipal authorities of each
place, requiring a sworn return of the names of all persons re-
siding within their municipalities, who had entered the naval
service during the Rebellion, up, to Feb. 24, 1864. Answers

CREDITS IN THE NAVY. 563

were received, and the whole number of men thus claimed was
16,181.

In arranging the names in order that the credits might be
given, twenty-five clerks were employed in the daytime by the
Adjutant-General, and an equal number during the night, for
several weeks, as the work had to be completed on or before the
fifth day of September, the day fixed for the draft.

The Secretary of War decided that only three years' men
should be counted as a unit : some men had enlisted for one
year, some for two years; but the great majority were three
years' men. It took three one year's men to count one, and
threetwo years' men to count two. The total number of enlist-
ments, when reduced to a three years' term of service, was
16,625 men. The number of enlistments claimed by the several
cities and towns was allowed them, and there was a surplus
left of 7,605 men, which were distributed, pro rata, to the sev-
eral cities and towns in the Commonwealth.

None of the men were entitled to the State bounty, although
their families were to receive the State aid.

On the 11th of April, 1864, the Legislature passed a law
allowing a bounty of $100 to men who should enlist for three
years in the navy after that date, and be credited to this State;
to men who enlisted for two years, $66.66 ; and to one year's
men, $33.33 : and imposed upon the Adjutant-General the duty
of making out the bounty-rolls.

From Feb. 24 to Dec. 1, 1864, 3,808 men enlisted in the
navy, and were placed to the credit of the Commonwealth;
making the total number of men who had enlisted in the navy
from Massachusetts, up to that date (Dec. 1, 1864), 26,168,
which completed a contingent of every town in the State upon
all the calls made by the President, and left a surplus of 13,083
men.

The law passed Nov. 18, 1863, by the Massachusetts Legis-
lature, provided that "residents of any town, or ward of a
city, in this Commonwealth, enlisting in any other town or
ward, shall, nevertheless, be counted, on the quota of the town
or ward of which the person is a resident, until the quota of that
town or ward is filled." Upwards of a thousand contested

564 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

cases of credits grew out of this section of the law : most of
them being in regard to minors who lived in one town, and
whose parents lived in another.

A circular was sent from the office of the Adjutant-General
to the authorities of each city and town, directing that the evi-
dence in respect to these contested cases should be in writing,
and sworn to before a justice of the peace, and forwarded
to the Adjutant-General, who should decide which of the
places should have the credit. The papers, when received, were
referred to Major Rogers, Assistant Adjutant-General ; but be-
fore the cases could be considered, and credits given, an order
was issued by the War Department, that the "muster-rolls
should, in all cases, govern the credits." This seemed to pre-
clude further action by the State authorities ; but, on represent-
ing the matter to the Provost-Marshal-General of the United
States, permission was given to Major Clarke, U.S.A., the
military commander of Massachusetts, to arrange the credits,
and he adopted the list, as reported by Major Rogers, from
the written evidence which he had examined. This did not
give entire satisfaction in all cases, but, nevertheless, was
just.

The act of Congress, allowing the naval credits, afforded a
means by which to satisfy the discontented cities and towns ; as,
by allowing these men to be credited, the quota of every place
was filled, besides leaving a large balance to the credit of the
State.

The act of Congress, passed July 4, allowing naval credits,
also made it lawful for the executive of any of the loyal States
to send recruiting agents into any of the States in rebellion,
except Arkansas, Tennessee, and Louisiana, to recruit volun-
teers, who should be credited to the State procuring the
enlistment Governor Andrew had, long before the law
passed, pressed upon the War Department the justice and
importance of such a measure. He argued that it would relieve
the loyal States from the necessity of furnishing so many men,
and would take, from the disloyal States a portion of their
power ; it would afford to the loyal people of the rebel States
an opportunity to fight for the Union which they professed to

RECRUITING IN REBEL STATES. 565

love, and give them an honorable part in the great struggle in
which the nation was involved; in a word, that it would
strengthen the loyal States, and weaken the disloyal.

On the 14th of July, Governor Andrew caused to be issued
General Order No. 27, which appointed Major Joseph M. Day,
of Barnstable, Provost-Marshal of the Commonwealth, with the
rank of colonel, to whose supervision was committed the re-
cruitment of men in the disloyal States. It also provided that
there should be a recruiting agent for Massachusetts in the De-
partment of North-eastern Virginia, whose headquarters should
be at Washington ; one for South-eastern Virginia, with head-
quarters at or near Fortress Monroe; one for North Carolina,
headquarters at Newbem ; one for South Carolina and Florida,
headquarters at Hilton Head ; one for Mississippi, Georgia, and
Alabama, headquarters at Nashville, Tenn. These agents were
to be styled assistant provost-marshals of Massachusetts; they
were to have the sole charge of recruiting men in their several
departments, and were to report the names of the recruits
to Colonel Day. The same order designated Colonel Charles
R. Codman of Boston, Colonel D. Waldo Lincoln of Worces-
ter, Colonel Charles H. Dalton of Boston, Major George L.
Stearns of Medford, and David H. Mason, Esq., of New-
ton, as commissioners of recruitment, charged with the duty
of promoting and securing the interests and rights of the
cities, wards, and towns, in obtaining, apportioning, and credit-
ing the men thus recruited. Joseph Ricketson, Esq., of New
Bedford, was appointed secretary of this board. The order also
provided, that any gentleman in the Commonwealth, who de-
posited $125 in the State treasury, could have a recruit placed
to his credit, who should be called his representative recruit.
It also provided that the cities and towns should receive credit
for a recruit for every $125 deposited by them in the treasury
of the Conrmionwealth.

Under this arrangement, a large number of gentlemen, who
were exempt by law from military service on account of age,
and also a number of patriotic ladies, placed in the State tress-
ury the sum required, and had representative recruits furnished.
The payment of the money was a mere voluntary act on their

566 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

part, and served only to show their deep and ahiding interest in
the cause. Among the distinguished gentlemen who made his
deposit of money was Hon. Edward Everett. We find, on the
files of the Governor, a letter addressed by him to Mr. Ever-
ett, dated July 28, as follows : -

"I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your check on the New Eng-
land Bank for one hundred and twenty-five dollars, with which to pro-
cure the service of a representative recruit ; and, in doing so, permit me
to express the gratification with which I recognize your approval of
the effort, in that manner, to add to the strength of the army. I am
informed, that it is intended, by certain gentlemen of Boston, to or-
ganize a movement for obtaining subscriptions of this nature. Among
other communications on the subject, I this morning received one of
much interest from Dr. Henry I. Bowditch, who proposed to lend his aid
to promote such an effort by a public subscription-paper: if such a
paper shall be framed and circulated for signature, I shall venture to
assume the liberty to authorize Dr. Bowditch to present it for your
approval, and to ask the influence of your name in its aid."

On the day when General Order No. 27 was issued (July
14), the Governor telegraphed to Major Day, Barnstable, -

" See order, assigning you to duty here, in to-morrow morning's
newspapers. Please report personally by the first train."

He also wrote, on the same day, to Colonel Charles R. Cod-
man, -

" Cotuit Port, care of W. F. Jones, Stage Driver, West Barnstable
Station :'— We inclose draft of an order which will appear in to-mor-
row moming's papers, which speaks for itself. I beg you to consider
yourself conscripted to act for a while on the Board of Recruitment,
and shall confidently expect to see you by arrival of the train to-mor-
row forenoon. I conferred with Mr. John M. Forbes, who sustained
me in my independence in assuming the authority of appointing you
without previous conference. I have, in the same manner, conscripted
other gentlemen."

To Joseph Ricketson, Esq., of New Bedford, on the same
day, he telegraphed, -

" Please report yourself to me at State House to-morrow, by early
train."

RECRUITING IN REBEL STATES. 567

On the same day, he telegraphed to Hon. D; Waldo Lincoln,
Mayor of Worcester, -

" Will you oblige me by coming to Boston to-morrow morning ?
See General Order No. 27 in the morning papers."

Governor Andrew was in Washington in the early part of
July ; and it was doubtless, in a great measure, through his per-
sonal efforts that the act of July 4 was passed. On the 6th of
July, he telegraphed to John M. Forbes as follows : -

" Secretary of War has accepted my proposition, that proper agents
appointed by Massachusetts may present men for muster at various
central points like Washington, Norfolk, Newbern, Hilton Head,
who shall be mustered into any regiments of the State or United
States, as the case may be, and credited to Massachusetts. Secretary
promises friendly co-operation in executing the purpose of the statute.
He will only refuse to muster in those men actually being employed
by his officers in Government service. Orders will be written out to-
morrow conformably."

We have akeady stated that he had arranged in Washington
with Secretary Stanton, that the naval credits due Massachusetts
should be made under the supervision of himself and ex-Gov-
ernor John H. Clifford. On his return home, the Governor
addressed the following letter, dated July 11, to ex-Governor
CUfford, New Bedford : -

" Among the purposes of my visit last week to Washington, happily
accomplished, was the adoption of a method ripened into a convenient
order for the adjustment of the naval credits due to MassachuseUs in
compliance with a plan for ascertaining and awarding them, which I
suggested to Mr. Stanton in person. The naval rendezvous for Massa-
chusetts are in Boston and New Bedford. I wish to have a voice in
the matter myself, because we have at the State House a good deal of
material prepared for use in establishing and verifying these credits ;
and I thought the other commissioner ought to be found in New Bed-
ford. I therefore suggested your name to Mr. Stanton, which he ac-
cepted with the highest satisfaction. I hope you will not decline to
'lend a hand' in this matter, and that I shall hear from you very soon
in acceptance."

The adjustment of the navy credits was not the only good

568 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

and just act which Governor Andrew accompHshed during his
visit to Washington at this time. On the 15th of July, he
wrote to Morris L. Hallowell, Esq., Philadelphia, father of
Colonel Hallowell, Fifty-fourth (colored) Massachusetts Volun-
teers, as follows : -

" When I was in Washington a few days since, I obtained the pas-
sage of an order, that paymasters should pay the colored troops the
full pay of soldiers, secured to them by the recent act of Congress,
from Jan. 1, 1864. Thus six months of pay will, under the promised
order, be made at one time. The question as to their pay previous to
Jan. 1, 1864, is still unsettled; although, from a conversation I had,
with the Attorney-General, I think we shall have his opinion before
long. I requested him to give an opinion at that time. This he de-
clined to do, on the ground that the request did not come from the
President. The President has, however, called for his opinion, which
is delayed by the fact that the assistant Attorney-General is sick, and by
other pressing employment of the office. But the Attorney-General
intimated that his decision in Chaplain Harrison's case, and his opinion
given some time ago to the Secretary of the Treasury relating to the
citizenship of colored men, would be sufficient to determine the point.
I write this knowing your interest in the cause, and thinking that you
would feel gratified that thus much progress had been made in obtain-
ing justice for the colored troops ; and through you I know that the
facts will reach Colonel Hallowell, even if he has left Philadelphia.

Colonel Hallowell had been staying at his father's home fox
some weeks,' recovering from wounds received in battle.
On the 18th of July, the Governor wrote to Colonel A. G
Browne, Jr., military secretary, who was then in Washington!
asking him to call at the office of the Provost-Marshal-General
to have immediate measures taken to have the men enlisted in
rebel States mustered into the service.

" From my last advices from Washington," he said, "I learn that
there is a delay in the preparations, and that the camp at Washington
is not ready for the reception of recruits. It is of the utmost impor-
tance that the machinery should be in perfect running order, as such a
delay at this time may prove fatal to all our efforts."

He then notices the bitter hostility of Major-General Sher-
man to recruiting agents coming into his army, and said, -

A SCHEME TO INVADE MAINE. 569

"By appointing, as one of our agents, a gentleman who resides in
the vicinity of Sherman's army, who is well known about there, I think,
that the matter can be arranged satisfactory, and that he will raise no
further objection to the system. I do not apprehend any opposition
from the commanders of any other of our armies."

The enlistments made in rebel States by the Massachusetts
agents were 1,257 men, who were credited to the quota of the
Commonwealth.

On the 18th of July, the Governor wrote to the President of
the United States, -

" I trust your call for volunteers will be for two hundred thousand
at a time, repeating the calls until you have half a million called for.
Calling by instalments gives needful time ; meantime the present cam-
paign does not suffer, since no new draft will help this campaign. I
shall send five regiments of hundred days' men, beginning with two
this week."

On the 22d of July, he telegraphed to Major Henry Ware,
assistant military secretary, who was at Washington, -

" Suggest to Mr. Stanton the propriety of an order limiting the
State bounty to volunteers in rebel States to some maximum sum, -
say, three hundred dollars ; thus preventing injurious competition. I
select that amount as being national bounty likewise. Telegraph reply
immediately."

The suggestion here made was wise and proper, but was not
acted upon by the Secretary, as he regarded it impracticable to
be put in execution. The competition among the agents of
the several loyal States to obtain recruits, by one overbidding
the other in the payment of bounties, was a source of much re-
gret, and the cause, in a great measure, of the plan not suc-
ceeding as well as its friends expected.

On the 28th of July, the Governor received a telegram from
Major-General John J. Peck, commanding the Department of
the East, headquarters New- York City, stating that there was
danger of a hostile descent upon the coast of Maine from the
British Provinces. To which the Governor answered on the
same day, -

" If, officially or personally. I can render any service toward avert-
ing or suppressing any such danger, I beg you to command me. I have

570 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

directed my senior aide-de-camp. Colonel Harrison Ritchie, in concert
with Major Stephen Cabot, who is the commanding officer at Fort
Warren, to consult with Admiral Stringham, commanding at the Navy
Yard at Charlestown, and co-operate with him in any measures he may
deem expedient in this connection ; at the same time warning all the
officers commanding the forts on the Massachusetts coast."

The expectation of an attack upon the coast of Maine was
based upon information contained in a letter to President Lin-
coln, dated Montreal, July 15, 1864, the writer of which was
a confidential agent of the Government. It was referred
by the President to Major-General Peck, anil was in these
words : -

"Eighteen or twenty rebel officers are to leave to-night for New
Brunswick, via Quebec. I have learned, from a most reliable source,
that a concentration of rebels and their sympathizers is to take place
at St. Andrews and Grand Menan Island, N.B., preparatory to an at-
tack upon Belfast or Eastport or Calais, as the prospect of success may
seem most favorable. They are to be conveyed to the place of attack
by a rebel steamer and brig. The men who leave here to-night are
under command of a Colonel D. Wood and Captain Nichols, late
'Missouri guerillas,' and men of very bad fame. The Colonel D.
Wood is a very large-built man. He has had a complete outfit made
here for this special occasion. Each of the men are armed with rifles
and revolvers purchased here."

This expedition, whatever may have been its purpose or its
strength, failed ; nothing more was ever heard of it.

Among the presents which the Governor received from our
officers at the front was a green turtle, weighing 352 lbs.
It was sent from Florida, by Major D. B. Keith, of the Fourth
Massachusetts Cavalry. The Governor was absent from the
State when it arrived. The box containing it was placed in the
basement of the State House, where, after a consultation be-
tween the principal officers of the State Government as to how
long it would live without eating, the creature was put under a
Cochituate water-spout, and turned upon its back. It died
before the Governor returned. In a letter, dated July 29, the
Governor wrote to Major Keith, in which he said, -

" When I reached the State House, life was wholly extinct. Feel-

BRIGADIER-GENERAL BARTLETT 571

ing sure that you would approve of such a disposal of the remains,
I delivered them to Professor Agassis, consoled by the reflection,
that, although no longer available for soup, they would nevertheless
promote the advancement of science."

In the battle before Petersburg, July 30, among the prison-
ers taken was Brigadier-General Bartlett, formerly colonel of
the Forty-ninth and Fifty-seventh Massachusetts Regiments.
His father, Charles L. Bartlett, Esq., of Boston, was anxious
to have his son exchanged, and for that purpose visited Wash-
ington, taking with him a letter, dated Aug. 9, from Governor
Andrew to Major-General Hitchcock, who was Commissary-
General of Prisoners. In this letter, the Governor thus speaks
of General Bartlett : -

" He is in feeble health ; lost a leg at Yorklown ; was shot in three
places at Port Hudson, disabling an arm, and had just joined his
brigade, after receiving a severe wound in the head at the battle of
the Wilderness, when he was ordered to the assault at Petersburg.
His lameness, and his yet-unhealed wound received in May, render him
a person peculiarly susceptible to the rough treatment inflicted by the
rebels on our prisoners ; and I think his case one fairly to be regarded as
exceptional, and as worthy of a special proposition for an exchange.
Mr. Bartlett will tell you of his proposition to arrange for an exchange
between his son and the rebel General Trimble, who has also lost a
leg. If this can be done, it will be a matter of sincere gratification.

An exchange was effected ; and this gallant young officer re-
joined his command, and had the gratification of seeing the
Rebellion brought to a successful end, and to know that his long
and gallant services and sufferings had not been in vain.

On the 11th of August, the Governor wrote a long letter to
Governor Horatio Seymour, of New York, asking him to
consider whether it would not be of some possible public ad-
vantage -

"If we two should attempt to form a more personal acquaintance,
and consider some aspects of public affairs in a frank and confidential
conversation. ... I feel that it would be very becoming in us to meet,
and to consider in a perfectly friendly way, and in the confidence of
gentlemen, whether we might not unite to strengthen the arms of our
national power, and thus help to ' conquer a peace ' by the use of

572 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

means fitted to increase the glow of the general hopefulness, warm and
invigorate the patriotism of the people, and thus avoid many of the
evils which naturally flow from a merely mechanical and legal enforce-
ment of duty, and from that sadness of heart which usually settles on
a people after long experience of war.

Governor Andrew proposed to meet Governor Seymour in
New- York City at such time and place as he might select, and
suggested Friday or Saturday of the ensuing week. Whether
the interview ever took place or not, we are unable to say, as
we do not find any further reference to the subject on the files
of the Governor.

On the 15th of August, the Governor wrote to the Secretary
of War the following letter : -

" I had the honor, when in Washington, the first week in July, to
call your attention to the cases of several officers of the Thirty-sixth
U.&C. troops, who were degraded by General Orders No. 46 from
General Butler's headquarters in April last, which act of degradation
has been declared by the Judge-Advocate-General of the army (Holt),
on proper reference to that officer, to be utterly without warrant of
law. I believe also, that the order was hasty and ill-advised, even
though it had been legally competent. The particular individuals for
whose rights and welfare I intervened had long been faithful and
meritorious soldiers of the Twenty-fifth Massachusetts, who had
earned in the field the recommendation of their field officers to
promotion, and they had all secured the reputation of bravery and
fidelity.

"You remarked to me in July, that, while you were unwilling to
reverse General Butler's orders, and send back these officers to their
regiment, you would, on my recommendation, restore them to their
rank as commissioned officers, and assign them to regiments outside of
General Butler's department.

" I have accordingly revised my inquiries, in order that I might not
carelessly use the confidence reposed in me, and do therefore make
the following recommendations ; viz., that Captains George B. Proctor
and George Y. Allen, and First-Lieutenants George L. Seagrave,
Allen Parker, Edward Townsend, and Leonard Y. Gaskell, be liber-
ated from their present unlawful confinement and duress, that their
swords be returned to them, and that they be assigned to duty
or recommissioned as the dates of their original commissions re-
spectively.

PORTRAIT OF ATTORNEY-GENERAL LINCOLN. 573

" These gentlemen, I am informed, are held as prisoners, in the as-
sumed capacity as privates, in assumed contempt of military authority,
and duly committed, by the mere fact of declining to return to duty as
privates in the Twenty-fifth Massachusetts volunteers (from which
regiment they were once formally and lawfully mustered out, to accept
commissions), and of demanding their rights as officers, including the
right to be duly heard. Such being their condition, I pray that action
may be had iinmediately ; and I would add that I am advised that
what these officers personally and really desire is a proper military in-
vestigation or trial, to be followed by such vindication or punishment
as to law and justice may appertain."

We will only add, that these gentlemen were restored to their
commands, and rank of officers.

On the 13th of August, the Governor wrote to Hon. Edward
Bates, Attorney-General of the United States, in which he re-
fers to the portraits of the Attorney-Generals of the United
States in his department, and adds that he noticed, when he was
there the last time, that there was no portrait of Levi Lincohi,
of Massachusetts, who was Attorney -General under Jefferson.
He said, -

"Believing that there was a good portrait of him in the family of
his son, the venerable Levi Lincoln, still living, who was for so many
years the Governor of this Commonwealth, I, made inquiry on the sub-
ject, and through D. Waldo Lincoln, Esq., now Mayor of the city of
Worcester, the eldest son of ex-Governor Lincoln, I have received a
photograph of it, which I inclose."

Governor Andrew then inquires whether there is any fund
under the control of the Attorney-General, from which to defray
the expense of a copy for the Attorney-General's rooms. He
concludes, -

"I do this from a most earnest respect for the eminent character of
Attorney-General Lincoln, as well as from that just pride of locality
which makes me wish that such a memorial of so distinguished a citi-
zen of Massachusetts should not be omitted from a collection of
portraits in the department which he once honored. If no such fund
is available, I will endeavor, if you desire, to cause a copy of the por-
trait to be made at private expense, and to be presented to your office."

A copy was made by Mr. James S. Lincoln, of Providence,

574 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

R.I. ; the Attorney-General assumed the expense, there being
a contingent fund available for the purpose,

Andrew Ellison, Jr., Esq., of Rio de Janeiro, on the 8th of
July, wrote to Governor Andrew, inclosing a draft for five
hundred dollars on Wright, Maxwell, & Co., of New
York; the proceeds to be applied for the relief of soldiers in
the army, according as Governor Andrew should think proper.
This donation was made in the names of the four minor sons of
Mr. Ellison.

On the 18th of August, the Governor wrote to Mr. Ellison,
acknowledging the receipt of the letter and the draft, and
said, -

"I have directed this amount to be divided equally between Colonel
Frank E. Howe, the military State agent of Massachusetts, in the
city of New York, and Lieutenant-Colonel Gardiner Tufts, our agent
in Washington, whose especial duty it is to provide for the wants and
comforts of our sick and wounded soldiers ; gentlemen acting under my
immediate supervision, and who, I know, will expend this sum in a
manner that will be approved by the generous young donors. I beg
leave to return to them, through you, my most cordial and sincere ac-
knowledgment of this token of their patriotic attachment to the land
of their father."

Colonel N. A. M. Dudley, commanding the Thirty-first Mas-
sachusetts Regiment in Louisiana, wrote to the Governor, pro-
posing to raise and organize a brigade of colored troops in that
department. The proposition was favorably regarded by the
Governor, who wrote to Secretary Stanton, requesting permis-
sion to be given ; the troops to be officered by intelligent colored
men. Colonel Dudley himself to be the only white officer con-
cerned with the military command in the whole brigade.

"I wish," said the Governor, " that the experiment could be tried,
subject to Major-General Canby's approval of it, and that Colonel
Dudley could be assigned to attempt it, with an understanding that he
should have a commission as brigadier, and the command of the bri-
gade, if he should succeed ; but not, if he should fail in conducting
such a recruitment successfully. He would rely greatly for 'success,
upon officers of such troops, with men of their own color. ... In certain
respects, I think Colonel Dudley possesses peculiar qualifications for
such an attempt: he is an officer of the regular army ; he is well ac-

A MEETING OF LOYAL GOVERNORS. 575

quainted with the country, and with the people with whom he would
have to deal ; and he is an active, ambitious man."

The Governor expresses the belief that there were colored
men in that department qualified to be officers, and concludes
by saying, -

" I earnestly hope you will give Colonel Dudley, of whose zeal and
capacity I am confident, an opportunity to develop it."

Several letters passed between the Secretary of War and the
Governor upon this matter ; but the experiment was never tried.
Colonel Dudley we had known many years ; he was bom and bred
in Boston, had a natural taste for military duties, and, although
not a graduate of West Point, was, for his military qualities,
appointed an officer in the regular army. He is a gentleman of
much capacity, for whom we have a high respect. We have
referred to him in preceding chapters. At the present
writing, he is in command of the military forces at Vicksburg,
Miss.

This was a year in which an election was to be held for Presi-
dent of the United States.

On the 7th of September, the Governor wrote to His Excel-
lency Richard Yates, Governor of Illinois, as follows : -

" I propose to visit Washington, arriving there by next Tuesday
morning, spending a day or two in New York, on the way, in order to
have some conversation with the President on the present auitude of
our publid affairs. I wish it might be possible, that you, and Gov-
ernor Brough, of Ohio, and Governor Morton, of Indiana, and any
other of the Western Governors, might be present. And I take the
liberty of writing this note, in the hope that we may meet there. It
seems to me of the first importance that the President should be res-
cued from the influences which threaten him; of those who for the
want of political and moral courage, or for want of either faith or
forecast, or of appreciation of the real quality of the public patriotism,
are tempting and pushing him to an unworthy and disgraceful offer of
compromise with the leaders of the Rebellion. I want, the President
now to take hold of his occasion, and really lead, as he might, the
country, by exhibiting, in the person of the man who wields its
highest powers, a genuine representative of democratic instincts and
principles. The Chicago Convention has opened the way for patriots

576 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

to take higher and clearer ground than ever. It is not every man who
recognizes 'the day of his visitation,' nor is it every people or party.
At the moment we have ours, we should rise to fresh courage, as we
see the audacity of domestic Northern treason, bristling its accursed
crest. Now is the very clay to make a loftier appeal than ever to the
American people, and to get a prouder response. In the spirit of the
national instinct of the idea of democracy, of popular liberty, I would
spurn the bare suggestion of ceasing hostilities now, and the very
thought of dealing with the rebel chiefs with peace ; but I would seize
the occasion for an appeal to all the people, both South and North,
against the assassins of liberty, and the enemies of this our Govern-
ment. Thus may we carry the elections in the North, and ultimately
reach the misguided and oppressed, the real democracy of the
South."

There is nothing on the Governor's files to show that the
meeting of the Governors was ever held.

On the 21st of September, the Governor received a letter
from Otis Newhall, of Lynn, asking for the discharge of his son,
James 0. Newhall, of the Eleventh Regiment, who had been
wounded in the battle of Spottsylvania, sent to the United-
States General Hospital at Readville, and, on recovering
from his wounds, had again gone to the front. In the mean
while, the Eleventh Regiment's original term of service had
expired, and the men who did not re-enlist had returned home,
and been discharged. Mr. Newhall gives the following reasons
for asking the discharge of his son. He had enlisted in De-
cember, 1861, as a recruit for the Eleventh Massachusetts, ex-
pecting to be mustered out with the regiment, which expectation
was not realized.

" From the time he was mustered into service until he was wounded
at Spottsylvania, he was never absent from duty, never having spent
an hour in hospital, but was, as I am informed by his captain, a good
soldier throughout ; taking part in most of the battles in which that
grand old regiment was engaged. He is one of my five sons that went
to sustain the honor of their country in the early part of the Rebellion ;
and I cannot but take pride in referring to them as having performed
their duty nobly and well. Two of them remain at the front ; one was
lost at the second battle of Bull Run ; one other was taken prisoner,
after being wounded, in the battle of the Wilderness in May last, and

REMARKABLE CASES OF PATRIOTISM. 577

is now somewhere among the rebels. The other is the one referred to.
None of them, excepting the latter, have been at home during their
entire period of service. And now, Governor, I write to ask from you
a word of recommendation to the proper authorities for his discharge.
I refer your Excellency to Adjutant-General Schouler and Hon. E. S.
Davis, at the State House, to whom I am personally known.

Indorsed on the back of this remarkable letter, in the Gov-
ernor's own handwriting, were these words : -

" Will the Adjutant-General please report whether, by the rule
adopted by the War Office, this man comes within the category of those
entitled to discharge under our order No. 28, 1862.

On the 24th of September, the Adjutant-General made the
following report to the Governor : -

" In answer to your Excellency's inquiries, I have the honor to re-
port, that the case of James O. Newhall does not come within the rule
adopted by the War Department in regard to General Order No. 28,
1862. Only recruits who went into old regiments between the 21st
of July and 31st of December, 1862, are entitled to be mustered out
when the terms of service of their regiments expire.

" The statements made by Mr. Newhall I know to be true. He
had five sons in the army, and they have been good soldiers. I think,
therefore, that he presents a strong claim for a favorable consideration
of his application. Perhaps the Secretary of War would order the
young man's discharge, if he knew he was one of five brothers who
have served faithfully almost from the beginning of the Rebellion.
Pardon me if I add a word in regard to a still more remarkable case
than the one presented by Mr. Newhall. Your Excellency may re-
member that I had the honor two years ago to speak to you of a widow
lady, Mrs. Bixby, in the middle walks of life, who had five sons in the
Union army, one of whom was wounded at Antietam, and was sent to
a hospital in Baltimore or Washington. She was very anxious to go
and see him, and your Excellency was kind enough to draw your check
for forty dollars ($40) to pay her expenses ; and she made her jour-
ney. The boy recovered, and joined his regiment again. About ten
days ago, Mrs. Bixby came to my office, and showed me five letters
from five different company commanders, and each letter informed the
poor woman of the death of one of her sons. Her last remaining son
was recently killed in the fight on the Weldon Railroad. Mrs. Bixby
is the best specimen of a true-hearted Union woman I have yet seen.
37

578 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

She lives now at No. 15 Dover-street Place. Each of her sons, by
his good conduct, had been made a sergeant."

The letter of Mr. Newhall and the report of the Adjutant-
General were sent by the Governor to the Secretary of War,
with this indorsement on the back of one of them : -

" I send these copies : 1st, The letter of Mr. Otis Newhall, of Lynn,
Mass., father of five sons, all of whom entered the Union army, - one
of whom was killed, one of whom is a prisoner held by the rebels,
two of whom are at the front, - asking the discharge of the fifth son,
who has once been wounded. Under the circumstances, I think that an
exercise of the power to discharge at discretion would do good, and be
a grateful recognition of the claims of a patriotic family. 2d, A re-
port to me by the Adjutant-General of Massachusetts on this case, in
which he mentions the case of a widow, Mrs. Bixby, who sent five
sons, all of whom have recently been killed. This is a case so remark-
able, that I really wish a letter might be written her by the President
of the United States, taking notice of a noble mother of five dead
heroes so well deserved."

We will only add that the son of Mr. Newhall was discharged,
and that President Lincoln wrote Mrs. Bixby a letter full of
sympathy and deep feeling, which we had the pleasure of pla-
cing in her hands.

On the 10th of October, the Governor wrote to the President
that the newspapers announced that Private Alfred C. Lawrence,
Sixteenth Massachusetts Infantry, had been sentenced to be
hanged for desertion, and that General Meade had approved the
sentence. The Governor writes, -

"This man's family has long been in pursuit of him, and get first in-
telligence of him as above. They assure me that he is partially insane,
having always been of that tendency, and formerly in the Worcester
Insane Hospital. 1 pray you delay execution to permit investigation
and new evidence."

This young man's relatives lived in Charlestown ; and it ap-
pears by the following letter to them by the Governor, dated
Nov. 2, that he was pardoned : -

"I have the pleasure to forward to you the inclosed copy of Special
Order No. 373 of the War Department, announcing the pardon, by the

GREAT SPEECH OF EDWARD EVERETT. 579

President, of Private Alfred C. Lawrence, and beg leave to congratu-
late you upon the successful issue of your application."

On the 1st of November, the United-States consul at Hali-
fax wrote to Secretary Seward, that it was secretly asserted by
secessionists at that place, that plans had been formed, and
would be carried into execution, by rebels and their allies, to
set fire to the principal cities in the Northern States on the
day of the presidential election, which was near at hand.
Upon the receipt of this information, Secretary Seward wrote
to the Governor, inclosing him a copy of the letter which he
had received, which the Governor communicated to the mayors
of the several cities of the Commonwealth, of which the follow-
ing is a transcript :-

" In view of the information suggested in the telegram to the Secre-
tary of State of the United States, of which the following is a copy,
I would very respectfully but urgently advise the utmost care, and the
precaution of additional watchfulness and safeguard against fire ; not
only on election day, but also during the approaching winter. I do
not doubt the importance of such measures, nor the existence of dan-
gers which render them needful."

We are not aware that the plan of the incendiaries, if seri-
ously entertained was ever carried into effect in New Eng-
land, although there were abortive attempts to destroy the city
of New York.

On the 19th of October, Edward Everett, in Faneuil Hall,
made one of his most briUiant Union speeches, which was pub-
lished in pamphlet form : a copy of which Mr. Everett sent to
Governor Andrew, who, on the 5th of November, acknowl-
edged its receipt in a letter from which we make the follow-
ing extract : -

" It might hardly seem decoming in me to attempt to declare how
deeply I feel the weight and value of the repeated contributions of
your voice and pen, during the present struggle, for the instruction and
encouragement of the people. I may be allowed, perhaps, to confess
how much in my own hours of care they have contributed to alleviate
anxiety, and inspire hope, and increase the profound respect with
which I am your obliged friend and obedient servant.

One of the most brilliant naval engagements of the war was

580 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

the destruction of the pirate "Alabama," by the " Kearsarge,"
near Cherbourg, Prance. The commander of the " Kearsarge
was John A. Winslow, U.S.N., a citizen of Roxbury, Mass.
The " Kearsarge " returned to Boston shortly after the engage-
ment, and the ship, officers, and crew received a hearty wel-
come. The authorities of the city of Boston extended a public
reception to Commander Winslow, the officers, and crew of the
ship; and Governor Andrew caused the Adjutant-General to
issue a general order, from which we make the following ex-
tract : -

" The Commonwealth also desires to express its admiration of the
conspicuous gallantry of this distinguished citizen of Massachusetts,
and his brave companions ; and its gratitude for the result of the
brilliant exploit which recalls the deeds of our naval heroes now
canonized in history, and has rendered the name of the ' Keamarge ' as
precious to the memory of every American patriot as those of the
' Constitution, ' and the ' United States. ' It is therefore ordered, that a
national salute of thirteen guns be fired upon the Common in honor
of Commander Winslow, his officers, and men, as they pass with
their escort. Captain Lucius Cummings, commanding First Battery
of Light Artillery, M.V.M., is charged with the execution of this
order."

The merchants of Boston also gave Commander Winslow,
and the other officers of the "Kearsarge," a public dimier, to
which Governor Andrew was invited, but was prevented from
attending by pressing official duties.

On the 14th of November, the Governor wrote to George B.
Upton, of Boston, informing him of his inabihty to attend the
dinner, saying, -

"I regret very much that I am unable to accept the invitation ;
not alone on account of the personal pleasure I should take in unit-
ing in any such testimonial of regard for Captain Winslow, but also,
and especially, on account of my cordial sympathy with the significance
of the occasion of celebrating one of the most satisfactory triumphs
of our flag."

On the 19th of November, the Governor wrote to Assistant-
Secretary Harrington, that there was an apphcation somewhere
on file in the Treasury Department for the appointment of

GENEROUS CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR SOLDIERS. 581

Michael Healey as a third lieutenant in the revenue service ; and
that, if he would cause it to be hunted up, and would advise him
whether it was likely to be acted on favorably, and, if so, when,
he would be much obliged. The Governor said, -

" I do not know Healey myself, but I am well acquainted with his.
brother, the Rev. James A. Healey, the secretary of Bishop Fits-
patrick of this diocese ; and if one can argue from the qualities of a
clergyman to those of a sailor, and the two brothers are alike, I should
say that you would haye few brighter and more capable young officers
in your revenue marine than Healey, if you shall appoint him.

On the 22d of November, the Governor wrote to S. B.
Stebbins, of Boston, acknowledging the receipt of his check for
twelve hundred and fifty-six dollars, payable to the Governor's
order, as the amount of collections and contributions made at
the Music Hall, the Friday preceding, for the benefit of the
Massachusetts soldiers relief agencies at Washington and else-
where. The Governor said, -

" I take pleasure, in behalf of those agencies, in expressing gratitude
for this contribution, and my sense of the practical benefit which will
result from it. I know no better medium than these agencies
through which such contributions will come more directly and effi-
ciently to the comfort of our soldiers ; and I will take immediate
measures, upon consultation with Surgeon-General Dale and the
chiefs of the various agencies, for the distribution of this sum among
them."

In addition to the money raised at the Music Hall, it appears
that a large sum was also contributed by the Republican com-
mittee of Boston, assisted by Mayor Lincoln, to furnish
Thanksgiving dinners to Massachusetts soldiers in camp and
in hospitals. We fmd on the files of the Governor a letter
addressed to him by Mr. Stebbins, dated " Boston, Thanks-
giving morning, Nov. 24, 1864," giving a detailed and inter-
esting statement of the manner in which this fund was ex-
pended. Five hundred dollars were given to Colonel Frank E.
Howe, to provide dinners to the sick and wounded soldiers in
hospitals in and near New York, and at his agency ; to Colonel
Robert R. Corson, Massachusetts State agent at Philadelphia,
for the five hundred sick and wounded Massachusetts soldiers in

582 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

the hospitals in that city, three hundred dollars ; to William
Robinson, Massachusetts agent at Baltimore, for the one hun-
dred and forty sick and wounded Massachusetts soldiers in hos-
pitals in that city, one hundred dollars ; to United-States Sur-
geon Vanderkift, at Annapolis, Md., for the one hundred and
fifty sick and wounded Massachusetts soldiers at that place, one
hundred dollars; and to Surgeon Hager, at Point Lookout,
Md., for the same purpose, one hundred and twenty-five dol-
lars. Three hundred dollars' worth of poultry was also sent to
the camp at Readville, and the same amount to Gallop's Island.
Two hundred dollars' worth was sent to Fort Warren ; one hun-
dred dollars' worth was sent to Fort Independence ; five hundred
dollars' worth was sent to the United-States sailors at the Navy
Yard at Charlestown ; " besides Thanksgiving supplies and
money for the soldiers in barracks on Beach Street, and the
Discharged Soldiers' Home on Springfield Street." Mr. Steb-
bins concludes his letter as follows :-

" I send these items to your Excellency, believing they will be of
value as part of the military history of this State for the present year,
as well as showing the patriotic liberality of our citizens. It is proper
to add, that the contributions so generously bestowed are the gifts of no
political party, but of the people, who testify, by their grateful offer-
ings, to the services of our heroic soldiers and sailors."

On the 2d of December, the Governor received a letter from
Otis D. Swann, Esq., secretary of the Union League Club in
New- York City, inviting him to address the club at some con-
venient period during the month, which the Governor was
forced to decline, on account of the official duties which then
pressed upon him ; besides, if it were possible for him to visit
New York during the month of December, he was under obli-
gations, having been honored with frequent invitations, to
speak at the anniversary of the New-England Society, on the
22d of December. In the course of the letter, the Governor
said, -

" 1 congratulate the gentlemen whom you represent, on the auspi-
cious aspect with which the year seems about to open. Should our mili-
tary situation continue to be as encouraging as it has recently been, 1

A COLORED COMMISSIONED OFFICER. 583

am sure that, with the blessing of Providence, we have a right to hope
for the best results, not merely on any given field or from any special
campaign, but on the broader field which includes the statesmanship
both of war and of peace. Ideas are now clearly in the lead : confi-
dence in the convictions and stability of the people has been established
in the minds of men, both at home and abroad, occupying places of
great power and responsibility. Whatever at any former time might
have been their doubts or hesitations, we have now but to stand to-
gether, to stand firmly, and, on the great question of the hour, to
support the principles and methods confirmed by the President in his
recent message to the Congress of the United States, and to maintain
the courage of men. and the fidelity of patriots."

A colored man, who had originally enlisted in the Fifty-fourth
Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers, and who had shown re-
markable capacity for military command and for bravery in
the field, had been recommended to the Governor as a proper
person to be commissioned as a line officer; and the Governor
was anxious to issue the commission; and only waited the con-
sent of the Secretary of War to have him mustered in, which
was not obtained : this man was Sergeant Swailes. Major-Gen-
eral John G. Foster, commanding the Department of North Car-
olina, had approved of the recommendation ; Lieutenant-Colonel
Browne, who was in Washington, was requested by the Gov-
ernor on the 12th of December, to call upon Secretary Stanton,
and obtain permission to have the man mustered in. In this
letter, the Governor said, -

" It is perfectly certain, that there is no legislation necessary to se-
cure the just promotion of Sergeant Swailes : it is only needful that
the proper commanding general should understand that he may dis-
charge the sergeant for promotion ; and it is equally clear, that there is
no regulation apparent of the War Departtnent in the way of such dis-
charge. There is nothing in the world to prevent it, but a sort of ill-
delined notion, that, when the law speaks of a man, a soldier, or a
person, they cannot possibly include a man of 'African descent.' I
wonder Scipio Africanus is not struck out of the list of Roman heroes,
on account of his cognomen. Mr. Stanton will readily see the way to
clear up all difficulties, so soon as he perceives what the point of the
case is."

It would appear that Secretary Stanton, upon considering the

584 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

case, agreed with the Governor; for Sergeant Stephen A.
Swailes was commissioned second heutenant of the Fifty-fourth
Regiment, March 11, 1864, and subsequently was commis-
sioned first lieutenant, April 28, 1865 ; and was discharged
with the regiment, August 20, 1865, when the regiment was
mustered out of service, at the end of the war. This officer
belonged in Elmira, N.Y.

Among the many gentlemen living in other States, who en-
tertained for Governor Andrew a high respect, was James A.
Hamilton, son of Alexander Hamilton the friend and confidant
of Washington, who was living at Dobbs' Ferry, N.Y. On the
16th of December, Governor Andrew wrote to this gentle-
man, -

" I received your most valued letter of the 10th inst. yesterday, and
read it carefully last evening, and am glad to have the opportunity, not
only of hearing from you, but of renewing my grateful acknowledg-
ments of your zealous patriotism, and your always suggestive and
instructive counsels. I heartily concur with your estimate of the
importance of the promptest and most determined action, in the work
of constitutional amendment, to secure the destruction of slavery.

"In preparing my annual address to the Legislature of Massachusetts,
I intend to urge your views in the most emphatic manner ; meanwhile
I shall gladly receive and gratefully appreciate any other or further
suggestions that may occur to you to present. Our Legislature will
meet the first Wednesday in January."

On the 17th of December, the Governor received the follow-
ing telegram from the Secretary of War : -

" The great battle between the United-States forces, under Major-
General Thomas, and the rebel army, under General Hood, before
Nashville, resulted yesterday in a great and decisive victory for the
Union army. The rebel army has been broken and routed, a large por-
tion of its artillery, and a great number of prisoners captured. This
triumph has been achieved with small loss to our army: General
Thomas reports that his loss has been very small, probably not exceed-
ing three hundred; and very few killed."

On the 21st of December, the Governor addressed a letter to
Lewis Hayden, a colored citizen of Boston, who, as we have
before stated, had been a slave in Kentucky, but who was at
that time, and is now, employed in the office of the Secretary

A RELIC AND A HERO 585

of State of Massachusetts. Mr. Hayden was the Master of a
colored Lodge of Free Masons in Boston. The Governor
writes, -

" I send you with this note, for presentation to the ' Prince Hall
Grand Lodge,' a gavel, made from a piece of the whipping-post at
Hampton, Va. The gentleman who sent it to me says, ' This post
or tree stood directly in the rear of the old court-house, and in front
of the jail: while I was cutting it, about twenty colored men and wo-
men bore testimony to me, that it was the identical post or tree that
they had been tied to, and had their backs lacerated with the whip.' I
also place in your hands, for the same purpose, a rude boat of straw,
made in the woods by a poor refugee from slavery, Jack Flowers who,
after a protracted journey through the forest, tracked by bloodhounds,
reached a stream, down which he floated past the rebel pickets, till he
reached a point guarded by the Union army, where he landed, a free
man. A copy of his narrative will be given you for presentation with
this interesting relic."

The straw boat, here spoken of, attracted much attention at
the State House; and the wonder was, how so frail a bark
could float a man from slavery to freedom. The narrative of
Jack Flowers was furnished the Governor by a gentleman by
the name of Judd, and tells a terrible tale of the sufferings and
wrongs of this poor man. It is too long to quote entire. He
was a slave in South Carolina, and escaped by means of his
straw boat through the rebel pickets, and landed safely at Hil-
ton Head. Jack says that he made several attempts to pass the
rebel picket line, but failed. We now quote from his nar-
rative : -

" So, when I found it was no use to get over that way, I concluded to
try another. Uncle lent me his axe and knife, and I cut a lot of rushes,
and a tough oak-tree for splints, and went to work in the woods, and
made this basket: it took me two days to weave it, after the stuff was
all ready ; the pitch I got by cutting into a tree, and catching the gum,
which I boiled in a kettle of my sister's. The old shutter came from
Dr. Fuller's house. It was three miles to the water, and I carried the
basket alone on my head in the dark night, for fear of the pickets. It
was so late in the night when I got all ready to start in the creek,
that I did not get down to the coosa till day clear ; so I landed on a little
hammock close by the mouth of the creek, and hid the boat and my-

586 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

self for another day. But before nine o' clock, the next night, 1 put
out and paddled over to Port Royal, too glad to get away. The Yan-
kee picket wasn't asleep, but challenged me before I got near the shore,
and I told him right off, that I was a runaway nigger coming ashore for
freedom. The secesh picket heard me. and after I got up the bank he
hailed across, 'Yanks, who have you got?' Yankees say, 'One of your
fellows. 'What you going to do with him?' 'Don't know what

you think best?' 'Cut him up for fish-bait. He ain't good for noth-
ing else.' "

The gentleman who furnished the Governor with this narra-
tive, said, -

"If there is a little of intelligence left in this degraded, slavery-rid-
den State, I am very sure that such men -yes, men, God's freemen
Las Jack Flowers possess more than a moiety thereof."

We have given the foregoing extracts from the correspond-
ence of Governor Andrew, believing that they would better
illustrate the march of events, and the character of the Gov-
ernor, than any words of our own. Of course, there are
many letters written by him, relating to the daily routine of his
office, during the last six months of the year 1864, to which we
have not recurred, but which speak of matters by no means
void of general interest ; yet it would not be proper to quote
from them in this volume. Many of them refer to living per-
sons, and to events of which it would not be wise to speak now.
In the preceding pages, we have brought the Governor's corre-
spondence down to Jan. 1, 1865 ; the eventful year in which
the Rebellion was conquered, and victory rested upon our
standards.

The year 1864 was the presidential year. A Republican
National Convention was held in the city of Baltimore, at
which Abraham Lincoln was nominated for re-election for Presi-
dent of the United States, and Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee,
was nominated for Vice-President The convention was com-
posed of the leading men of the party,- men who had, from the
beginning of the Rebellion, never faltered or hesitated in their de-
termination to suppress the Rebellion, and to make no compromise
or concession with the enemy until he had laid down his arms.
The resolutions or platform of the convention accorded with

REPUBLICAN STATE CONVENTION. 587

the principles of the men who composed it, and the party which
they represented.

The Democratic National Convention met in the city of Chi-
cago, and nominated Major-General George B. McClellan for
President, and George H. Pendleton, of Ohio, for Vice-Presi-
dent. It is somewhat difficult to state with precision the pur-
poses which the election of these gentlemen were intended to
accompUsh. It was generaUy understood, however, that peace,
by compromise with the rebelhous States, without regard to the
question of slavery, would be effected, if this ticket should
prove successful. It is not our purpose, however, to enter upon
inquiry of the subject here : we refer to it only as a matter in-
cidental to the purposes of this work.

The Republican State Convention of Massachusetts met at
Worcester on the 15th of September. Whiting Griswold, of
Greenfield, was chosen temporary chairman. On assuming the
duties of his position, he made a short address, in the course of
which he said, -

"I trust that this Convention will to-day utter a voice which will
send cheer to the President and his Cabinet amid their toils and labors,
which will strengthen and increase the Union feeling in every loyal
State, which will inspire our brave commanders and soldiers in the
field with new hope, which will fall like a death-knell upon the fated
cities of Richmond and Charleston."

Alexander H. Rice, a member of Congress from Boston, was
chosen permanent president, of the Convention, assisted by a
large number of vice-presidents and secretaries. The opening
address of Mr. Rice was of considerable length, and of more
than ordinary power. We quote one paragraph : -

" The platform of the Union party has some illustrious persons just
now at work in carrying it out, and illustrating the truth of the doc-
trines which it embodies. Sherman, the gallant soldier whose radiant
course from Chattanooga culminated at Atlanta in immortal renown
to his name, illustrates and exemplifies the principles of the Union
party of the country ; they have been boomed forth from the decks of
the noble and gallant Farragut in Mobile Bay : the same principles
went up in the shouts of the soldiers of the army, and the sailors of
the navy, as the glorious stars and stripes were unfurled over Gaines

588 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

and Powell and Morgan, the captured fortifications of the enemy ; and
they have come down in response from the sloping hills of the Green
Mountain State in increased majorities for the Union cause, and, more
than that, they have come rolling down in thunder tones from the Pine-
tree State still roaring like the winds of her mighty forests."

Soon after the organization of the convention was effected,
Dwight Foster, Attorney-General of the Commonwealth, arose,
and moved that Governor Andrew be nominated for re-election
by acclamation. In the course of his remarks, he said, -

" Four years of association with Governor Andrew have made me a
willing and cordial witness to the patriotism, fidelity, zeal, and success
with which he has administered the government of the State during a
period of unexampled difficulty and responsibility. What he has done
for Massachusetts outweighs all that Massachusetts has done for
him."

The motion of Mr. Foster was carried with but three
dissenting voices in a convention composed of more than a thou-
sand delegates. The other State officers were nominated for
re-election without opposition, with the exception of Mr.
Foster, who declined being a candidate again for Attorney-
General ; and Chester I. Reed, of Taunton, was nominated
for that office. Edward Everett was unanimously nominated
a presidential elector at large, and with him was associated
Whiting Griswold, of Greenfield.

After the nominations were made, Alexander H. Bullock,
of Worcester, being called upon, addressed the convention
in a long and eloquent speech, which spoke the sentiments of
the party, was listened to with marked attention, and was
applauded to the echo.

A series of resolutions was reported from the committee,
by J. D. Baldwin, of Worcester, chairman. They recom-
mended an earnest support of the national and State nomina-
tions, an unfaltering and steady support of the war until the
rebels should lay down their arms ; congratulated the country
on the downfall of the institution of slavery in America, the
success of the Union arms in the recent battles ; and ten-
dered -

DEMOCRATIC STATE CONVENTION. 589

"Our thanks and support to the gallant soldiers and sailors of the
Union army and navy, who defend the existence, honor, and perpetuity
of the republic; and the nation owes to the survivors who have been
disabled in its service an honorable and permanent provision, and
we will hold in grateful remembrance those who have fallen in its
defence."

The convention was one of the largest, most earnest and
enthusiastic, ever held in Massachusetts, composed as it was
entirely of delegates representing one of the great parties
of the Commonwealth.

The Democratic State Convention met in Faneuil Hall,
Boston, on the 21st of September, and was organized by
the choice of Dr. A. Page, of Springfield, as temporary chair-
man, and Theodore H. Sweetser, of Lowell, as permanent
president. On taking the chair, Mr. Sweetser made an im-
pressive and eloquent speech, which closed as follows : -

"And, while we raise here the banner of civil conflict, we will
neither now or ever cease to remember our brothers-braver men
never lived -who have upheld the honor of our flag, under Sherman
at Atlanta, under Sheridan at Winchester, under Grant at Petersburg,
on the land; under Farragut, DuPont, and Dahlgren, and other com-
manders, on the seas. Nor will we forget our not less brave but more
unfortunate brethren than if they had died with the shouts of victory
on their lips, whose mournful groans come up to us from loathsome
prisons, unheeded by the ear and heart of him who sits too long in
the presidential chair. If we are powerless to save, we will pity
them, and we will not forget their beloved ones at home."

At the close of Mr. Sweetser' s speech, Charles G. Greene,
editor of the Boston Post, proposed three cheers for General
Sheridan, and his victory in the 'Shenandoah valley ; and ex-
pressed the hope that the General might drive the enemy from
the valley, and keep him out; and restore the valley to the
Old Dominion, and restore the Old Dominion to the Union.

The convention nominated the same gentlemen for State
officers who had been the candidates of the party the year
before; and selected Robert C. Winthrop, of Boston, and
Erasmus D. Beach, of Springfield, as presidential electors at
large.

590 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

A series of resolutions were adopted which were reported by
Colonel Charles G. Greene, of Boston. They strongly indorsed
the nominations of General McClellan and Mr. Pendleton, for
President and Vice-President of the United States, and in
equally strong terms opposed the Rebellion. They expressed
sympathy with the sufferings and trials of our soldiers and
sailors, congratulated the country upon the victories achieved
by our armies, and recommended that our soldiers in rebel
prisons be liberated by a proper system of exchanges.

The election took place on the second Tuesday in November,
and resulted as follows : for the Lincoln electoral ticket,
126,742 ; for the McClellan electoral ticket, 48,745, - Lin-
coln's majority, 77,997. For Governor Andrew, 125,281;
for Henry W. Paine, 49,190, - Governor Andrew's majority,
76,091.

A great many men who had enlisted during the year, elected
to take the State bounty of fifty dollars in advance, and twenty
dollars a month. The monthly bounty was to be paid by the
State Treasurer every two months ; and the pay-rolls were to be
made out by the Adjutant-General from certified rolls made
by the regimental or company officers at the front, under
whom the men were serving. Many of the officers neglected
to forward the rolls as required, which prevented the Adjutant-
General from making the pay-rolls ; and, as many of the men
had arranged, before leaving the State, to have their families
draw their monthly pay, considerable disappointment and suffer-
ing ensued. These officers had been frequently written to, and
blank rolls forwarded for them to fill up ; nevertheless, the
business was not attended to by them as promptly as it should
have been. General Ohver, the State Treasurer, complained to
the Governor, that persons coming to his office expecting to re-
ceive the bounty could not be paid, because the rolls were not
made out, which caused much dissatisfaction and disappoint-
ment to the persons who expected to receive the money. On
the 15th of October, the Adjutant-General addressed a letter to
the Governor upon this subject : -

" I have used and shall use every proper means in my power, to have
returns made regularly and promptly; and, in this connection, I would

THE ADJUTANT GOES TO THE FRONT. 591

most respectfully request your Excellency to give me a furlough for
two weeks to visit our regiments and batteries at, the front : I could
then have the rolls made up to the first of the next month, and bring
them home with me. I have not had " a leave of absence " for over two
years, and I should very much like to go out and take a view of our
army, and see our men ; it would also aid me in writing my next an-
nual report. We have filled all our quotas, and the business of the
office is not so pressing as it has been. If your Excellency approves
of my suggestions, and will grant me a leave of absence, I will start
for the army some time next week, and bring home with me the back
rolls."

The leave asked for was granted. On his return from the
army, the Adjutant-General made the following report to the
Governor : -

Adjutant-General's Office, Boston, Nov. 14,1864.
To his Excellency John A. Andrew, Governor and Commander-in-chief.

Governor, - With your Excellency's permission, I left this city on
the 18th of October, to visit our Massachusetts regiments and batteries
in the field. I had been on duty at the State House almost without a
day's relief for two years and a half: I now have the honor to report
my experience during the three weeks I was absent. I left Boston by
Fall River route for New York on the evening of the 18th ult., and
arrived at the Astor House, New York, the next morning, where I had
the pleasure of meeting Major-General Banks, who had recently arrived
from the Department of the Gulf. There also was the body of Colo-
nel George D. Wells, late of the Massachusetts Thirty-fourth Regi-
ment, who had bravely fallen in battle ; and kind friends were
conveying it tenderly to its place of sepulture in the Old Bay State.

During the forenoon, 1 called at the headquarters of Major-General
Dix, to ascertain what decision had been made in regard to having the
forts on the coast garrisoned with one year's troops, whose terms of ser-
vice were soon to expire. I had a pleasant interview with the Gen-
eral, and with Colonel Van Buren, his chief of staff, and was informed
that authority had already been forwarded to your Excellency to
recruit one year's companies as requested; and Colonel Van Buren
caused a copy of the authority to be made out, which I forwarded that
evening to Major Brown, assistant Adjutant-General.

On Thursday morning (Oct. 20), I met Brigadier-General Peirce,
Inspector-General of the Commonwealth, who informed me that
our Sixth Regiment had arrived in the city on its way home, its
term of service being nearly completed, and that it was at the Battery

592 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Barracks. We visited the regiment soon afterwards, and found it in
good condition; both officers and men were glad to see us. The regi-
ment was to leave New York at three o'clock ; and I had the honor of
marching with Colonel FoIIansbee and his command up Broadway as
far as Barclay Street, where the regiment filed to the left, to go on
board the steamer for Boston : the regiment, as it passed, paid me the
honor of a marching salute. The old Sixth attracted much attention as
it marched up Broadway. At the request of Colonel FoIIansbee, I
telegraphed to Major Brown to arrange with Major Clarke, U.S.A.,
military commander, to have the regiment furloughed upon its arrival
in Boston, until such time as its rolls could be completed for mustering
out : this arrangement was made. The Sixth had been on guard duty
for nearly three months at Fort Delaware, in which a large number of
rebel prisoners were confined.

On the morning of Friday, Oct. 21, I left New York for Wash-
ington. I stopped at Baltimore, expecting to see our Fifth and Eighth
Regiments, which I knew were stationed there. I found that the regi-
ments were scattered by companies in different parts of the city, and
in forts in the vicinity of Baltimore, and that it would take at least a
day to visit them. As they were soon to leave for home, I concluded
not to delay, and therefore pushed on that night for Washington, where
I arrived about ten o'clock, and put up at the Nationa. Hotel. During
the two hours that I remained in Baltimore, I called at the headquar-
ters of the provost-marshal, where one of the companies of the Eighth
was on duty. I learned from officers and residents of Baltimore, that
our two regiments maintained a high rank as soldiers and citizens.

On Saturday morning, Oct. 22, I called upon Colonel Gardiner
Tufts, Massachusetts military State agent, and arranged with him
about visiting our troops on duty in the fortifications around Washing-
ton ; and at twelve o'clock, noon, we started in a carriage to visit those
stationed in the forts on the Virginia side of the Potomac. We passed
out through Georgetown, and, after a ride of six miles, came to what
is known as the Chain Bridge, where we found the Fourteenth Company
of Heavy Artillery on duty guarding the bridge : the company was
under command of Lieutenant Wilson, who has acted in that capacity
ever since it was formed. Captain Cook has never reported for duty,
ill-health having detained him at home. Lieutenant Wilson informed
me that he had been placed in charge of the bridge only a day or two
before ; he had replaced with his command a company from an adjoin-
ing State, which had acted so badly that it had been sent to a fort.
After a short stop with the officers and company, we passed over the
bridge, and entered Virginia. A line of fortifications for the defence

LETTER FROM THE FRONT. 593

of Washington extends on the Virginia side from " Chain Bridge " to
" Long Bridge " at Washington, which are connected with breastworks
and rifle-pits, the entire distance. A short way from Chain Bridge is
Fort Ethan Allen, where we stopped: this fort is very large, and is
garrisoned by five companies of Massachusetts unattached heavy artil-
lery. Here we stayed nearly an hour, and then passed on to Forts
Whipple, Cass, Tilhnghast, Smith, and Albany, each of which is garri-
soned by our unattached heavy artillery companies. We arrived at
Washington about dark, having passed a most pleasant and profitable
day. The country through which I had passed was high and rolling,
intersected at short intervals with ravines ; the forts all have command-
ing positions. Two years and a half ago, I passed over a great part
of this tract, with the late lamented Colonel Cass, of the Ninth Massa-
chusetts ; it was then thickly wooded, and it was difficult to make your
way through it on horseback : now good carriage roads intersect it, and
travelling in a carriage is not difficult. The woods have been felled
and used for making abatis and corduroy roads, and to light up camp-
fires.

After arriving at my hotel, I had the honor of an introduction to
Brigadier-General &star, of General Sheridan's army. He had ar-
rived in Washington that afternoon from the Shenandoah Valley, hav-
ing in custody twelve battle-flags, which had been captured from the
enemy the Wednesday preceding ; he was to present them the next
day to the Secretary of War, and he was pleased to give me an invi-
tation to be present. From him I first learned that Colonel Lowell,
of the Second Massachusetts Cavahy, had been killed, gallantly lead-
ing his regiment in the front of battle. This news saddened my
heart. Colonel Lowell was my beau ideal of an officer and a gentle-
man ; I had seen much of him while he was in Massachusetts raising
and organizing his regiment, and had become warmly attached to
him; he was one of our best and bravest. General Custar informed
me that Colonel Lowell was severely wounded in the early part of the
engagement, and was advised to retire to the rear ; he thought, how-
ever, he could stand the farigues of the day, and stoutly held to
his command ; a few hours afterwards he fell, mortally wounded. It
was pleasant to listen to the words of praise which General Custar be-
stowed upon his fallen comrade.

Sunday, Oct. 23. - I remained in my room, trying to rid my-
self of a severe cold which I had taken the day before in my visit to
the fortifications. A number of fiiends called during the day, among
whom was Governor Corwin, of Ohio, with whom 1 agreed to spend
the next evening. He has recently returned from Mexico ; his
38

594 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

health is good, and his conversational powers are as wonderful as

ever.

Monday, Oct. 24. - I hired a carriage, and at ten o'clock was on my
way to visit our heavy artillery companies which garrison the forts on
the Maryland side of the Potomac. Our route was over the Capitol
Hill, and then near the Navy Yard, where we crossed what is called
the East Branch, a stream which runs up to Bladensburg. On the
bridge I met Major Allen and a lieutenant of our Third Regiment
Heavy Artillery, who were going to Washington, and from them I re-
ceived instructions how to proceed. After parting with them, and
about midway over the bridge, I was surprised and shocked at seeing a
cavalry soldier on horseback, dragging, with a rope about twenty feet
long, two colored women, who were handcuffed; one end of the rope
was attached to the manacles, and the other to the saddle of the dra-
goon ; he was riding at a sharp pace, and the women had to run fast to
prevent their falling on their faces ;a cavalry soldier on horseback
brought up the rear. The sight appeared to excite no emotion among
the crowd of teamsters and pedestrians who thronged the bridge.
When I got to the end of the bridge, I inquired of the guard what the
poor women had done that they should be thus treated, and was told
that " they had been loafing a round the camp for two or three days."
On my return to Washington, I made a statement of the circumstances
to Colonel Ingraham, assistant provost-marshal, and he said he would
have the matter inquired into. I have heard nothing more of this
beastly outrage since.

Two miles from the bridge, I came to Fort Baker, which was under
command of Lieutenant Dame, Sixth Company; found there also
Lieutenant Bumpus, of the Tenth Company, who is on staff duty.
Next passed on to Fort Greble, where our Seventh Company had its
headquarters. Part of it were also in Forts Snyder and Carroll. I
next came to Fort Davis, where the Tenth Company is stationed,
which also had details in Forts Davis, DuPont, Mahan, and Meigs.
Captain Rumpus, who commands this company, I did not see, he hav-
ing gone that morning to Washington. I found Lieutenant Sanborn
in command. From Fort Meigs I had to make a journey of nearly
six miles to Fort Lincoln, and to again cross the "East Branch."
Here is the headquarters of the Ninth Company, Captain Gordon.
This company garrisons Fort Lincoln (which is within a mile of
Bladensburg, and near General Hooker's old camp), Thayer and
Saratoga. Captain Gordon and Lieutenant Currier had left, the day
before I arrived, to attend a court in New Jersey, where one of the
Ninth-company men was under trial for murder, he having shot a man

LETTER FROM THE FRONT. 595

in New Jersey while the company was on its way to Washington,
It was now wearing late in the afternoon ; and, as I had ridden about
twenty miles, we drove over the Bladensburg pike to Washington,
and arrived there at dark.

There is an extension of these works on the Maryland side reaching
as far as the Chain Bridge ; but, as there are but two of our com-
panies in them, I did not think I could spare another day to visit
them.

My chief purpose in visiting these fortifications was to see our Mas-
sachusetts men, and to impress upon our officers the importance of
making out the muster pay-rolls of the men in their several commands
who had elected to take the twenty dollars a month State pay. I car-
ried with me blank rolls, and gave instructions how to make them out.
The families of these men have called at the State House in numbers
every day for the monthly pay ; but, as returns had not been made at
this office, I could not make out the pay-rolls. The officers promised
to attend to this matter at once, and would leave the rolls at Colonel
Tufts' s office at Washington, so that I could take them home with me
on my return from the front. Colonel Tufts promised to attend to the
two companies which I did not visit. I may say here that the prom-
ises made by the officers were kept in every instance ; and on my re-
turn to Washington, ten days after, I received the rolls from Colonel
Tufts, made up to the 31st of October, which I brought home with
me. I have no doubt I shall hereafter receive the rolls regularly.

I found the defences of Washington almost entirely garrisoned by
our men, and their good conduct and soldierly bearing were universally
acknowledged.

The health of the companies, as a general thing, is good, although in
some of the companies a good deal of malarial fever, and fever and
ague, prevails. The men, however, did not complain, but appeared
cheerful and happy. Of one thing I am thoroughly satisfied, that they
have good officers, who are qualified to command, and who regard with
zealous care the comfort and health of the men. All I regret is, that
I could not stop longer with them, for I had a hearty greeting and
pressing invitations to stay longer in each of their camps.

The evening I passed in my room, and quite a number of our
officers and other friends called upon me.

Oct. 25 - I passed several hours at the War Department transact-
ing business with Colonel Breck and Colonel Vincent, who have lately
been promoted to that rank. It is a pleasure to do business now at the
War Department, every thing is so well arranged and systematized.
Having completed my business, and obtained a pass from Major Po-

596 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

lonzie. Assistant Adjutant-General, I called upon Colonel Tufts, and
arranged with him to send blank muster-rolls for pay to the companies
garrisoning the forts in that part of the defences of Washington which
I had not time to visit. I had previously arranged with those I had
visited to have the rolls of the men who had elected to receive the
State pay of twenty dollars a month made up to the 31st of October,
and to have them left with Colonel Tufts, so that I could get them on
my return from the front.

At three o'clock, I left Washington, on the mail steamer " Express,"
for City Point, General Grant's headquarters. The boat was crowded
with passengers, among whom were a large number of officers, when
we left Washington; but, on reaching Alexandria, we took on board
three hundred more. These were soldiers from " Camp Distribution,"
belonging to different regiments in the Army of the Potomac. They
were made up of convalescents, bounty-jumpers, deserters, and new
recruits, white and black. We had three fights on board before we
had been from the wharf half an hour. One fellow was also detected
in stealing, and was tied up by the wrists for about four hours.

The sail down the Potomac was very pleasant, until night shut off
the view when near Acquia Creek. I had a very good view of
Mount Vernon, and the, outlines of the old Washington estate. There
were but four state-rooms on the boat, and no berths; there were
a few rough bunks for soldiers. It therefore became a serious
question how we were to pass the night. About nine o'clock, the
steward spread about a dozen narrow mattresses on the floor of the
dining-room, which were soon disposed of at a dollar apiece. I was
too late to get one ; but a friend on board, who had seen camp-service,
had with him a good buffalo robe, which he spread on the floor, and
invited me to share it with him, which invitation I gladly accepted.
Before retiring, I made a survey of the boat. I was curious to know
how the remaining five or six hundred human beings were to rest.
A large proportion of the soldiers were already asleep on the decks
on coils of rope, on boxes and bales; the colored soldiers and
the white lying side by side. Those who had not retired were as-
sembled in groups, some playing cards, and others singing camp-
songs. At ten o'clock, I took off my boots and shared my friend's
buffalo-robe, and slept soundly till early morning, when the boat
stopped to deliver the mail and a few passengers at Point Lookout, a
large depot for rebel prisoners, which is commanded at present by
Brigadier-General Barnes, formerly colonel of the Massachusetts
Eighteenth.

We arrived at Fortress Monroe at eight o'clock on the morning of

LETTER FROM THE FRONT. 597

the 26th. Here every thing was bustle and activity. The wharf was
crowded with all kinds of commissary, military and naval stores, and
hundreds of contrabands were busy at work. In Hampton Roads lay
the largest fleet of war-vessels and transport-ships ever concentrated
in any harbor in America. It was a beautiful sight, and gave one an
enlarged idea of the magnitude of this war, of the enterprise of our
people, and of the resources of the nation.

The boat remained at Fortress Monroe two hours, and then pro-
ceeded on past Newport News to the mouth of the James, and, follow-
ing the devious channel of that river for about seventy miles, arrived
at five o'clock, P.M., at City Point, which is the base of supplies for
the Army of the Potomac, and the headquarters of Lieutenant-General
Grant. The trip was made, including stoppages, in twenty-six hours.
The fare from Washington to City Point is eight dollars and a half,
meals one dollar each, and state-room a dollar and a half. The "Ex-
press " was a poor boat, and it has been taken off the line, and
another, with good sleeping accommodations, put on in its place. A
steamer leaves Washington every afternoon for City Point, stopping
at Alexandria, Point Lookout, and Fortress Monroe.

The scenery on the James is monotonous in the extreme. The banks
are densely wooded, and there is not a village worthy of the name to
be seen from the steamer. We passed the ruins of the ancient city of
Jamestown in the afternoon : one or two chimneys, and the remains
of brick walls, are all that is left to mark " the first settlement of Vir-
ginia." Thoughts of Captain Smith, Rolfe, Pocahontas, and Powha-
tan naturally well up in the memory, on gazing at the ruins of this
ancient town, near by which, and on its site, is a camp of colored sol-
diers, which the captain of the boat informed me was commanded by
Brigadier-General Wild, of Massachusetts. Their white tents made a
pleasant contrast, to the dark foliage of the pines, and the ruins of a
city which has passed away. As the steamer glides up the stream,
other names attract your attention, and excite your interest, associated,
as they are, with late events of the war; such as Foster's Landing,
White-House Landing, Harrison's Landing, Light-house Point, Fort
Powhatan, &c., &c. The river is well guarded with gunboats,
and there is no fear of the navigation being interrupted by the enemy.
At City Point, the river is crowded with vessels of all descriptions ;
the wharves extend for at least half a mile; numerous supplies for
the army are here stored. A colored regiment does guard duty, and
colored men load and unload the vessels, railroad cars, and army wag-
ons. It is a busy, active place. On ascending the bank, which
is seventy-five feet high, the first place to visit is the provost-marshal's

598 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

office, where the passes are examined. Genera! Patrick is stationed
here as provost-marshal-general of the Army of the Potomac.

The first information I received on landing was, that an advance had
been ordered, and the army had moved that morning. This was the
extent of the information I could gain. This, I feared, would disconcert
my plan of seeing our regiments, and perfecting our rolls ; but, as Gen-
eral Grant's purposes were of more importance than mine, I concluded
to find some accommodation for the night, and see what the morning
would bring forth. On inquiring at the tent of the Christian Commis-
sion, I was directed to the hotel, a building of rough pine boards, which
I had passed once or twice before, thinking it was a stable for cavalry
horses. I succeeded by good luck in getting the last unspoken cot in
the house : I secured it by putting my name on the book, and paying
one dollar ; another dollar secured me a place at the supper-table. M y
room contained three cots: I occupied mine about nine o'clock, and
during the night the other two were taken up. In the morning, I found
my fellow-lodgers were connected with the United-States Service Mag-
azine, and we became acquainted.

At nine o'clock, I walked over to General Grant's headquarters.
The General and staff live in tents. I missed seeing him, as he had
left at seven o'clock for the front ; I had a pleasant interview, however,
with his adjutant-general, who gave me a pass to Bermuda Hundred.
In coming back to the hotel, I observed, in an open space near by,
about one hundred soldiers' graves ; each had a small board placed at
the head. On examining them, I found one was the grave of "Ebria
Shockley, Fifth Massachusetts Cavalry, died June 26, 1864;" and
another, the grave of " Charles Caldwell, Company C, Sixteenth Regi-
ment, Massachusetts Volunteers, died June 22, 1864." I made a
memorandum, and sent it home, to ascertain if these deaths had ever
been reported. From the exposed position of this burial-place, all
traces of the graves will be obliterated in a few weeks.

Oct. 27. - Having obtained my pass, I concluded to visit General
Butler's headquarters, and the Army of the James. The boat left
City Point at eleven o'clock for Bermuda Hundred, which is three
miles distant, and on the opposite side of the river. While standing
on the boat, I had the good fortune of meeting with Mr. Fay, of Chel-
sea, who has charge of the affairs of the Sanitary Commission in Gen-
eral Grant's army. From him I learned that our Sixty-first Regiment,
Colonel Wolcott, was stationed about a mile from City Point, near the
hospitals, and that it had been attached to the engineer corps. I re-
gretted that I had not known it before, as I would have preferred
quarters with Colonel Wolcott to those at " the hotel." The regiment

LETTER FROM THE FRONT. 599

is in splendid condition. Mr. Fay invited me to visit the hospitals on
my return. Here I also met Dr. Graves, of the Marine Hospital at
Chelsea. He had just returned from a visit to General Butler.

On reaching Bermuda Hundred, I reported to Lieutenant North,
assistant provost-marshal ; and, he being one of our Massachusetts boys,
I received every courtesy in his power to render. He ordered an am-
bulance to take me to the headquarters of General Butler, which was
about six miles distant, in a grove of oaks. The ride was of much in-
terest, as we passed several camps and hospitals ; the road lay through
cornfields most of the way. At Wilson's Landing, we crossed a bend
on the James, on a pontoon bridge. On reaching headquarters, I was
cordially welcomed by Major Davis and Captain Sealy, of General
Butler's staff: the General, with other members of his staff, had gone
to the front that morning, distant about five miles. I heard firing all
the day. The Tenth and Eighteenth Army Corps are in the Army of
the James.

I here learned that the advance of the armies was a concerted move-
ment, to obtain possession of the Danville Railroad. Lee's army was
to be attacked by the Army of the Potomac, and the railroad taken if
possible, while the Army of the James was to operate on that side,
and prevent reinforcements being sent to Lee, and to take advantage
of circumstances.

As General Butler and staff were expected in the evening, I con-
cluded to remain for the present where 1 was. It rained during the
whole of the afternoon, and part of the evening. The celebrated
Dutch Gap, where General Butler is making a canal, is about a mile
and a half from headquarters ; a rebel battery on the opposite side of
the James, in a thick wood, keeps up a fire upon it during the day
and night. I had a strong curiosity to see the Gap; and, as there had
been no firing for an hour. Captain Sealy thought it had ceased for the
afternoon. Accordingly, I set off on horseback with an orderly, to see
the famous canal. I got within a quarter of a mile of it, when a re-
port was heard, then a whistling sound, then a strike, then an explosion,
then dirt and mire. The shell was in direct range, as all their shots
are, but it fell short. I thought I could get a sight of the Gap before
the " rebs " would load and fire again, and pushed my horse forward,
and got a partial look at it, when another shell came over, and ex-
ploded within twenty-five yards of where I was. I therefore " retired
in good order, having accomplished the purpose of my reconnaissance,"
to within a quarter of a mile of the Gap, and watched the shelling for
half an hour or more. Not more than one shell out of five fell into
the Gap, where many hundred men are working day and night. The

600 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

lines here are picketed by colored soldiers. The rebel pickets were
visible on the opposite side of the river.

On returning to headquarters, I found thirty rebel prisoners had ar-
rived ; they bad been captured in the morning. About six o'clock,
Brigadier-General Devens, who had been at the front all day with
General Butler, came in, and, at a later hour. Colonel Kensell, chief of
staff. The General remained with the army. From Colonel Kensell,
I learned that Captain Davis, formerly of our Seventh Battery, had
been severely wounded by a shell. He has been for some months on
Brigadier-General R. S. Foster's staff.

After supper, we sat around a huge camp-fire in front of the tent,
talking of old times and old friends, and of the war, until ten o'clock,
when I retired. A tremendous cannonading was heard in the direction
of Petersburg, which lasted for two hours.

Oct. 28. - Arose early. The morning was clear and pleasant. After
breakfast, started with General Devens and Colonel Kensell, Colonel
Dodge, and others of the staff; to the front. We rode about six miles
through woods, over old cornfields, by lines of breastworks,, through
camps, and along the Farina and Darbytown turnpike, often men-
tioned in despatches, until we reached Dr. Johnson's farm, where we
found General Butler, and General Terry, who commands the Tenth
Army Corps. General Butler, who appears in excellent health, re-
ceived me very cordially. Before we arrived, it had been decided to
withdraw our forces, and retire within our lines ; this was not done,
though, until near noon. In the mean time, I walked over the field with
General Devens, and visited some of the regiments behind the breast-
works. Our skirmish line was about half a mile in advance. Con-
siderable picket-firing was kept up on both sides ; we could distinctly
see the rebel pickets.

Several prisoners were brought into the General's headquarters,
some of whom he questioned. They had been captured by the
colored troops. Three prisoners belonged to the Hampton Legion,
and one to a South-Carolina battery. They were asked if they were
not afraid the black soldiers would kill them, and they confessed they
were. " Well " said the General " you see they didn't. Now I want
you to write to your friends that black men are not murderers, and
that, if they do not treat our black prisoners well, I will retaliate on
you?' The South-Carolina prisoner had been a merchant, and, as he
said, " a gentleman." He asked permission to write to some friends
in New York for funds, as he was entirely without means. Leave
was granted. A colored man also came in. He was from Peters-
burg, and had bought his way through the rebel lines with a watch.

LETTER FROM THE FRONT. 601

He still had in his pocket a valuable gold watch. He said they were
his master's, and he had taken possession of them on leaving Peters-
burg. He said he thought he was " pretty smart."

On going back to headquarters, the entire staff rode with the Gen-
eral, who was pleased to point out many interesting localities. We
went back by a different and more circuitous route, visited Fort Har-
rison, and the immense line of works of which it forms an important
part. We passed long lines of wagons and ambulances. Arrived at
headquarters at two o'clock, having rode about twenty miles. I had
been within four miles of Richmond. Dined with the General, and
spent most of the afternoon with him. He is enthusiastic in his praise
of colored troops, and is trying to have in his command a corps com-
posed entirely of them. He said the slave negroes make the best
soldiers. The evening I passed pleasantly around the camp-fire with
the officers, and Mr. Merriam, the correspondent of the New-York
Herald.

Oct. 29. - After breakfasting with the General, and hearing him
examine a secesh widow, who owned a large farm in the vicinity, and
who asked to be furnished rations during the winter, although she has
a son in the rebel army, I bade good-by to him and his officers, and,
taking my place in an ambulance, departed for Bermuda Hundred,
where Colonel Dodge, provost-marshal of the Army of the James,
put the steamer " Reindeer" at my disposal, to take me to City Point,
where I arrived about two o'clock. I immediately called at General
Grant's headquarters, but he had not returned from the front. His
adjutant-general, however, furnished me with a pass to any part of the
Potomac Army. He also telegraphed to General Meade's headquar-
ters to have an ambulance at the station for my use.

There are few Massachusetts regiments or batteries in the Army
of the James. Major Stevens's battalion of the Fourth Regiment
Massachusetts Cavalry was all I saw. I had the pleasure of meeting
him, and I gave him blank rolls to fill up and forward to Boston,

At three o'clock, I left City Point in the cars for the front, intending
to spend the night with a friend and relative. Colonel Charles S. Rus-
sell, Eleventh United-States Infantry, commanding the Twenty-eighth
United-States Colored Regiment, in the Ninth Corps. The railroad
runs the entire length of our lines, and the camps of the different
corps are on each side of it. Twelve miles from City Point is
General Meade's station. His headquarters are nearly a mile from
there. I found the ambulance waiting for me. We drove to General
Meade's quarters, and found Brigadier-General Williams, his chief-of-
staff, and also Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Lyman, a volunteer aid.

602 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

who holds a commission from your Excellency of assistant Adjutant-
General of Massachusetts. General Meade was not in his quarters,
and I did not see him until my return. I stayed nearly an hour with
General Williams and Colonel Lyman, talking about our troops.
They are both against raising new regiments, until those in the field
are filled up. The men of our Massachusetts regiments and batteries
stand at least as high as any in the service. I obtained here informa-
tion as to the whereabouts of our Massachusetts regiments so that I
could find them out, which is no easy thing to do, so extended are our
lines. The shades of evening began to fall when I left in an ambu-
lance for the Ninth Corps. We crossed the famous Weldon Railroad,
near General Warren's headquarters. At seven o'clock I arrived
safely at Colonel Russell's camp. Twenty-eighth United-States Colored
Troops, who gave me a soldier's welcome. He also is an enthusiast
in favor of colored troops. After supper, he ordered his band up to his
quarters, and it played for over an hour. Not a man of them can read
a note, and yet they made good music. They are all enlisted men in
the regiment.

Oct. 30 (Sunday).- After breakfast, rode with Colonel Russell
to the headquarters of the division, to pay my respects to General
Ferrara, who commands the colored division; and while there our
brave friend. Colonel McLaughlin, arrived. He commands a brigade.
He rode back with us to see the colored soldiers, who had been placed
in line that I might see them. The line extended nearly a mile.
There were upwards of five thousand men, each of the six regiments
being full. After promising Colonel McLaughlin to visit his camp in
the afternoon, to witness dress-parade, we parted.

I attended divine service in the camp. Rev. Garland White, au
enUsted colored man, who had just been commissioned chaplain, led the
service. He was "raised by Hon. Robert Toombs, of Georgia," and
often went to Washington with him. This preacher has the respect
and confidence of the men. This regiment suffered greatly at the ex-
plosion of the mine, or, as it is called in the army, " the crater." Just
before going in, Colonel Russell requested the chaplain to address the
men, which he did eloquently and with, effect. He said : " Be brave,
do your duty, obey your orders. If any of you fall, you fall for the
liberty of your race. You will go up right away to the Lord Jesus,
and you will form dress-parade in Paradise with your officers and
brothers who fall with you, just as though you were in the old
camp."

The effect was inspiriting to the men, and they fought like tigers.
In the afternoon, I attended the dress-parade of Colonel McLaugh-

LETTER FROM THE FRONT. 603

lin's brigade, in which there are the remains of several of our
regiments. I also, at the request of the Colonel, reviewed the
brigade, after which we called upon General Wilcox, division com-
mander, who has several Massachusetts officers on his staff. Rode to the
Colonel's headquarters. After supper, a large number of our Massachu-
setts officers came in and spent the evening. I gave them instructions
about making out their rolls, and promised to visit their camps the next
day, and bring blank rolls with me. At ten o'clock. Colonel Russell and
I rode to our quarters, and soon after retired. I must not omit to men-
tion, that Captain Clarke, of the Twenty-ninth Regiment, is brigade-
adjutant, and he is regarded highly by Colonel McLaughlin.

Oct. 31. -This day I devoted entirely to visiting our various regi-
ments, and in giving instructions how to make out the rolls for the
payment of the men who elected to take the twenty dollars a month
State bounty ; and impressed upon the officers the importance of
having the returns made regularly. Those which I saw were the
Fifty-ninth, Fifty-seventh, Twenty-ninth, Thirty-fifth, Thirty-sixth, and
Twenty-first which is consolidated with the Thirty-sixth, Thirty-second
which has been consolidated with the Eighteenth, Twenty-second, and
Ninth. I also visited Captain Jones and the Eleventh Battery, and found
both officers and men in first-rate condition. This company has charge
of three small forts, in the line of works near General Ferrara's
headquarters. These comprise all the Massachusetts organizations
I could visit to-day. I found the men generally in good health and
spirits. The consolidation of old regiments with new ones causes some
irritation ; but, on the whole, I found a general good feeling pre-
vailing. This being the day for muster for pay, I bad a good chance
to see the officers and men ; and I felt as proud as a field-marshal that
they bore in their hands the honor and good name of Massachusetts.

By appointment, dined with General Ferrara, and spent a very
agreeable evening. Surgeon Prince, formerly of the Thirty-sixth
Massachusetts Regiment, is on the General's staff as the division sur-
geon. He had been with me most of the day, and dined at head-
quarters.

Brigadier-General Curtin also accompanied me on my visit to our
regiments. He has several of them in his brigade. During the day,
called upon Major-General Parks, who succeeded Major-General
Burnside in command of the Ninth Corps. Nothing could exceed the
cordiality with which I was received by these distinguished gentlemen.
They spoke warmly in praise of our Massachusetts regiments, and in-
quired kindly after Governor Andrew, whom they hoped soon to meet
in their camps.

604 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

During the evening, LieutenantColonel Coiburn, of the Fifty-ninth,
came to Colonel Russell's headquarters to see me in relation to having
Sergeant Gibson commissioned. He spoke very highly of him. He
wished to have him appointed major. Sergeant Gibson is now acting
adjutant of the regiment. He also said there were men enough in the
regiment to have a colonel commissioned and mustered in. I told him
I had nothing to do with appointments ; that, if the proper representa-
tions were sent to headquarters, I had no doubt they would receive a
fair consideration by your Excellency.

Nov. 1 . - At ten o'clock, I started with Colonel Russell, on my way
to the Second Corps ; " Jack," a colored orderly, accompanied us. I
had taken a friendly leave of Lieutenant-Colonel Logan, of the regi-
ment, of the colored chaplain, " Elish " and " Joe," orderlies detailed at
regimental headquarters. On our way, we stopped at the headquarters
of the Eleventh Regulars, which had been ordered to New York.
Here I met Lieutenant Bentzoni, who was for many months stationed
at Fort Independence, and other regular officers whom I knew. We
stopped here about an hour, and then passed on to Major-General
Meade's headquarters, my intention being to pass the night with Colo-
nel Rivers, of the Massachusetts Eleventh. Our route lay for miles
through the camps of the Second and Fifth Army Corps, Hancock's and
Warren's. I had a pleasant interview with General Meade, who
warmly urged upon me the importance of filling up the old regiments ;
more men are wanted, our lines are so greatly extended; necessarily
so. Here I again met Brigadier-General Williams and Colonel Ly-
man, and, after a short conversation, parted with them, and passed on to
the " Yellow House " which is the headquarters of General Warren,
commanding the Fifth Corps. That is on the old Weldon Railroad,
and was a tavern and depot-station, six miles from Petersburg. The
General had gone to City Point ; but a number of his staff were pres-
ent, and I was kindly received. Witbin a stone's throw of the " Yel-
low House " is the camp of the Thirty-second Massachusetts ; I spent
a short time with it, and gave directions about the rolls. This once-
splendid regiment has suffered severely during the campaign of this
year. Here I parted with Colonel Russell, who rode some eight miles
back to his camp. He left with me his orderly "Jack." whom I found
a very sagacious and intelligent man. We passed on to find the camp
of the Massachusetts Eleventh, and, after a long search, we found it
about seven o'clock in the evening. I stopped with Colonel Rivers in
his tent that night.

Nov. 2. - After breakfast, called with 'Colonel Rivers upon Briga-
dier - General McAllister, whose headquarters were near by, and had a

LETTER FROM THE FRONT. 605

pleasant conversation with him for half an hour ; here we were within
a mile and a half of Petersburg. Shelling and picket-firing had been
going on all night. Within a quarter of a mile of the quarters, a new
fort was being erected, on which the " rebs " kept up a constant fire ;
still the work went on. At a distance I saw " the crater," and, further
on, the church-steeples of Petersburg. The rebel lines and pickets
were also in sight.

After giving instructions to Colonel Rivers about the rolls, and
leaving blanks on which to make them out, I took my leave, and pro-
ceeded with my colored orderly to the headquarters of Major-General
Hancock, Second Army Corps. I had the pleasure of meeting him at
his headquarters, and found him a most agreeable gentleman, and
every inch a soldier. Here, also, was Major-General Miles, who went
out in our Twenty-second Regiment a lieutenant, and by his bravery
and capacity, has won the double stars of a major-general; here I also
met Colonel Macy, of the Twentieth, who had that morning been bre-
vetted a brigadier-general, an honor most nobly earned. I remained
here nearly an hour, and talked of war: here again the united senti-
ment was " to fill up the old regiments." From thence I proceeded, in
a rain-storm, to Captain Sleeper's Tenth Massachusetts Battery, three
miles distant. Two of his lieutenants. Sawyer and Granger, had been
killed a few days before : the battery, however, is in good condition,
and the Captain in good health. I remained with him two hours:
gave directions about the rolls, left blanks, and said good-by.
Here I parted with my orderly " Jack," who, leading my horse, made
his way back to the Ninth Corps. Captain Sleeper sent me in an am-
bulance to the railroad station, the rain falling fast. I arrived at City
Point at seven o'clock, and made my way to " the hotel," and secured a
cot for the night,. My purpose, however, was to pass the night with
Lieutenant-Colonel Walcott, of the Sixty-first; but I could find no
conveyance to take me to his camp, and, the night being dark and
rainy, I could not find my way without a guide ; so I made a virtue of
necessity, and stayed at " the hotel."

Nov. 3. -Still raining. After breakfast, went to General Grant's
headquarters, determined, if possible, to see him, but failed: he had
been up nearly all night, and had not arisen. This was a disap-
pointment, as I had to leave at nine o'clock for Washington. I left in
the steamer " Daniel Webster," a good boat; had a good state-room,
although the boat was crowded with officers and soldiers going home to
vote. I arrived at Washington the next day. During the entire trip
the rain fell in torrents. Nothing of particular interest occurred dur-
ing the trip. I may say here, that my opportunities were many ; the

606 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

attention I received was great. My disappointments were, that I did
not see Lieutenant-General Grant, and did not see the Sixty-first Regi-
ment and Lieutenant-Colonel Walcott, who had done me the honor to
call his camp after my name.

Nov. 4, Washington. - I found on my return, several letters for
me at the National Hotel about business matters ; and spent the day at
the War Department, and transacted all the business I had to do. I
found the rolls of the heavy artillery companies, as promised, at Colo-
nel Tufts' office, and brought them home with me. On going to the
cars that evening to proceed to New York, I found them filled, and
about five hundred on the outside who could not get either seats or
standing room, - soldiers from the army, and clerks in the depart-
ments, who were going home to vote. They took possession ; so I had
to wait until the next day.

Nov. 5. - Called upon the President, whom I had not seen since he
was inaugurated. I had known him when in Congress, and when I
lived in the West. He knew me, and I passed an agreeable half-hour
with him. At five o'clock, I went to the depot, half an hour before the
cars started, but could get no seat. They were packed ; and I stood
up for fifteen hours, from Washington to Jersey City.

Nov. 6. - Arrived at the Astor House wearied and worn. Made
a few calls upon relatives and friends, and, not having slept for thirty-
six hours, retired early.

Nov. 7. - Rained all day. Nothing talked of but the presiden-
tial election. Left in the Fall River steamer for home, and arrived at
Boston.

Nov. 8. - Election day, having been absent just three weeks. Had
travelled eighteen hundred miles, and my expenses were just exactly
one hundred and forty-three dollars and fifty-five cents ($143.55).

Allow me to conclude this hastily written report in a few words.

To the offricers and men of the Armies of the Potomac and James,
allow me to return my sincere and grateful thanks, for the many kind-
nesses I have received at their hands. I shall cherish them in my
heart with unspeakable satisfaction as long as I shall live.

There never were armies so well clothed, fed, and in better condi-
tion, than the Armies of the Potomac and the James.

What is universally demanded by officers and men is, that the de-
pleted regiments and batteries shall be filled up.

Our Massachusetts regiments and batteries, as a general remark,
are in good health, and stand as high as any in the service.

The purpose of my journey, to have our rolls made out right
and promptly, has been accomplished, so far as time and circumstances

GOVERNOR ANDREW'S STAFF. 607

would allow me to visit our men. I could not visit the army of Gen-
eral Sheridan.

A strong and universal wish I found everywhere expressed, that
your Excellency should visit our regiments, and our sick who are in
hospitals.

With great respect, I have the honor to be

Your Excellency's obedient servant,

WiLUAN ScHOULER, Adjutant- General.

The following gentlemen were commissioned on the staff of
the Governor during the year 1864 : -

George C. Trumbull, of Boston, assistant quartermaster-gen-
eral, with the rank of major, Jan. 4.

George R. Preston, of Boston, assistant quartermaster-gen-
eral, with the rank of major, Jan. 6. Major Preston died in
Boston, Feb. 25, 1864.

William W. Clapp, Jr., of Boston, assistant quartermaster-
general, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, Feb. 20.

Lieutenant-Colonel Harrison Ritchie, of Boston, senior aide-
de-camp to the Governor, was promoted to the rank of colonel.
May 14.

William L. Candler, of Brookline, aide-de-camp, with the
rank of lieutenant-colonel, June 10. Colonel Candler's ap-
pointment was to fill the vacancy on the Governor's personal
staff occasioned by the resignation of Lieutenant-colonel Hen-
ry Lee, Jr., who had filled the position with distinguished
ability and untiring industry from April 15, 1861.

Henry Ware, of Cambridge, assistant adjutant-general, with
the rank of major, June 20. Major Ware's duties were chiefly
those of assistant military secretary to the Governor.

Frank E. Howe, of New York, assistant quartermaster-gen-
eral, with the rank of colonel, Aug. 16. He had been ap-
pointed on the staff of the Governor, Aug. 28, 1861, with the
rank of heutenant-colonel. His promotion was in recognition
of his valuable services rendered to our sick and wounded men,
during the entire period of the RebeUion.

Richard A. Peirce, of New Bedford, inspector-general, with
the rank of brigadier-general.

Charles C. Dunbar, of New Bedford, assistant quartermaster-
general, with the rank of captain, Aug. 1.

608 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

William F. Capelle, of Boston, master of ambulance, with the
rank of captain, Nov. 2.

Warren L. Brigham, of Westborough, assistant adjutant-gen-
eral, with the rank of captain, Aug. 11.

Robert R. Corson, of Philadelphia, assistant quartermaster-
general, with the, rank of lieutenant-colonel, Dec. 9.

Charles L. Bulkley, of Boston, assistant engineer, with the
rank of lieutenant-colonel, Dec. 12.

Frank L. Pope, of Great Barrington, assistant engineer, with
rank of major, Dec. 12.

Colonel Bulkley and Major Pope were engineers engaged to
lay a telegraph-wire to connect the States with the Russian do-
minions, and received their conmiissions from the Governor, as
an honor due them for undertaking so great and valuable an
enterprise.

J. F. B. Marshall, of Weston, paymaster-general, with the
rank of colonel, Dec. 28.

Jarvis D. Braman, of Boston, assistant paymaster-general,
with the rank of major, Dec. 29.

H. Sidney Everett, of Boston, assistant adjutant-general, with
the rank of major, Dec. 30.

The year 1864 was one of the most important of the
war. A presidential election had taken place which resulted in
the triumphant re-election of Abraham Lincoln, and of a Con-
gress pledged to a vigorous prosecution of the war; General
Grant and the Army of the Potomac had fought their way
through Virginia to the lines before Petersburg and Richmond ;
the Mississippi had been opened from its source to its mouth;
and Sherman, with his Army of the Tennessee and the Cumber-
land, was making his triumphant march to the ocean. The
Rebellion was in its death-throes. Thus matters stood at the
close of the year.

CHAPTER XII.

Public Confidence - Meeting of the Legislature - Organization - Address of
Governor Andrew-Acts passed by the Legislature -General Sargent -
Death of Edward Everett -Frontier Cavalry- Governor and Secretary
Stanton-Abolition of Slavery - Boston Harbor - Fast Day - Currency
Question -Proclamation of President Lincoln - Case of a Deserter - Let-
ter from Secretary Seward - Foreign EnUstments - The end of the Rebel-
lion - Capitulation of General Lee - Rejoicings throughout the State -
Governor sends a Message to the Legislature - Meeting in Faneuil Hall-
Proposition for a National Thanksgiving - Death of President Lincoln- Ac-
tion of the Legislature - Governor's Letter to Mrs. Lincoln - Original Copy
of General Lee's Farewell Address, sent to the Governor by General Russell
- Death of General Russell - Monument to the First Martyrs in Lowell -
Address of the Governor - Letter to F. P. Blair, Sen. - Meeting at Faneuil
Hall - Letter of the Governor-Reconstruction - Colonel William S. Lin-
coln - Memorial Celebration at Harvard-Letter to Mr. Modey, Minister to
Austria-Miss Van Lew - Alexander H. Stephens-Governor to President
Lincoln -Relics of Colonel Shaw - Letter to Colonel Theodore Lyman -
State Prisoners in Maryland - Letter to James Freeman Clarke-Freedman's
Bureau-Emigration South - Letter to General Sherman - Governor's
Staff- Governor declines Re-election - Republican Convention - Demo-
cratic Convention- Reception of the Flags - Forefathers' Day - Speech of
General Couch - Speech of Governor Andrew - Compliment to the Adju-
tant-General - General Grant visits Massachusetts - Mrs. Harrison Gray
Otis-Her Services - New-England Women's Auxiliary Association-What
it did - New-England Rooms, New York -Massachusetts Soldiers' Fund-
Boston Soldiers' Fund - Surgeon-General's Fund - Number of Men sent
from Massachusetts to the War - Governor Andrew's Valedictory Address -
Governor Bullock inaugurated - Last Military Order - Close of the Chapter.

The year 1865, the last of the war, opened auspiciously for the
Union cause. A feel ing of confidence that the war was soon to
end appeared to inspire every loyal heart. Our soldiers on the
march and in the trenches felt it; the farmer, as he drove his
"team afield," felt it; the mechanic in the workshop, the law-
yer in his study, the minister in the pulpit, and the capitahst in
his banking-house, felt it. This general confidence and buoyant
hope had their origin and their growth mainly in the fact of
39

610 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

the triumphant re-election of President Lincoln, and the univer-
sal confidence reposed in Lieutenant-General Grant, whose wise
and comprehensive policy had become known to the people.

The Legislature of Massachusetts assembled at the State
House on Wednesday, Jan. 4. The Senate was called to order
by Mr. Wentworth, of Middlesex, and organized by the choice
of Jonathan E. Field, of Berkshire, for President, who received
twenty-five votes, and John S. Eldridge, of Norfolk, ten ; and
by the choice of Stephen N. Gifford, clerk, who received all
the votes that were cast. Mr. Field, on taking the chair,
referred to national matters in the following words : -

The people have decided that the Union shall at all hazards be pre-
served. No man was bold enough to ask for popular indorsement,
who held any other creed. By the election of Mr. Lincoln, it has been
settled, that from ocean to ocean, from Aroostook to the Rio Grande,
there shall be but one nation. We are not only to have but one flag,
covering all with its ample folds, but all who live under it are to be
free. In a short time, wherever this flag of the Union floats, there
will be no involuntary servitude, except, for crime. The breeze that
opens its folds will cool the brow of no unpaid toil, will fan the cheek
of no slave:'

The House of Representatives was called to order by John L
Baker, of Beverly, and organized by the choice of Alexander
H. Bullock for Speaker, and William S. Robinson for clerk,
each of these gentlemen receiving an unanimous vote. Mr.
Bullock, in his address to the House on taking the chair, thus
spoke of the state of the country : -

GENTLEMEN, - I congratulate you upon the progress of the na-
tional arms. The end is not yet ; but it is assured. The people of
the United States, two months ago, upon a review of the four years of
struggle, pronounced their irreversible decree that there shall be but
one common government, one civil condition, from the Lakes to the
Gulf. The only question remaining is a question of time, and of
sacrifice; upon this, the East, the West, and the centre, are agreed.
For the first time, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Missouri stand upon
the same platform, and support the same theory of government. And
they are united with all the others. The conclusion of the people, and
the advance of their armies, furnish the promise of a restored unity,
and an absolute free republic. To this august result, to this grand

GOVERNOR ANDREW'S ADDRESS. 611

vindication of the policy of the fathers, our State has committed her-
self by her soldiers and by her voters.

"We in this House can add little to the solemnity of the decision.
But I am sure we will not do any thing which shall place us out of
sympathy with the cause and with the States which uphold it, nor
any thing which shall give reason to our brave defenders to doubt our
determination to encourage and succor them, nor any thing which
may cast one slight shadow upon our civil or our martial fame."

On Friday, Jan. 6, Governor Andrew delivered his fifth and
last inaugural address, the opening paragraph of which ex-
presses the confidence which he felt of a speedy cessation of
hostilities. He said, -

"By the blessing of Almighty God, the people of Massachusetts
witness to-day the inauguration of a new political year, under circum-
stances in which the victories of the past, blended with bright and well-
grounded hope for the future, assure the early return of national peace,
the firm establishment of liberty, and auspicate the lasting glory of the
republic."

The address of the Governor was an exhaustive review of
the services and sacrifices of Massachusetts in the war, of her
financial condition, and of the educational and industrial prog-
ress which had been made during the period of, his adminis-
tration. The war-debt amounted to nearly fourteen and a half
millions of dollars, much the larger part of which was held by
our own citizens.

" All the scrip," said the Governor, " issued by Massachusetts, she is
bound to pay ; and she will pay, both interest and principal, in gold, to
all holders, with the cheerfulness which becomes her spotless honor, and
the promptness of an industrious, economical, and thrifty common-
wealth."

The Governor then refers, in this connection, to the increased
deposits in our savings institutions, and says, -

"So that the very depositors of savings, out of this increased aggre-
gate of their modest earnings saved and deposited, could lend money
enough to pay the whole war-debt of the Commonwealth, and have
left on deposit as much as they had when the war began, and more than
three millions of dollars besides."

The Governor closed his address with an eloquent tribute

612 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

to the services of our officers and soldiers, from which we
quote : -

" In the vestibule of the Capitol of the Commonwealth, you pass to
this hall of your deliberations beneath a hundred battle-flags, war-
worn, begrimed, and bloody. They are sad but proud memorials of
the transcendent crime of the Rebellion, the curse of slavery, the elas-
tic energy of a free Commonwealth, the glory and the grief of war.
There has been no loyal army, the shout of whose victory has not
drowned the dying sigh of a son of Massachusetts. There has been
no victory gained which her blood has not helped to win. Since the
war began, four hundred and thirty-four officers, whose commissions
bore our seal, or who were promoted by the President to higher than re-
gimental commands, have tasted death in the defence of their country's
flag. The names of nine general officers, sixteen colonels, seven-
teen lieutenant-colonels, twenty majors, six surgeons, nine assistant-
surgeons, two chaplains, one hundred and ten captains, and two
hundred and forty-five lieutenants, illustrate their roll of honor ; nor
will the history be deemed complete, nor our duty done, until the fate
and fame of every man, to the humblest private of them all, shall
have been inscribed upon the records of this Capitol, there to remain,
I trust, until the earth and sea shall give up their dead ; and thus shall
the Capitol itself become for every soldier-son of ours a monument.
. . . And whatever may hereafter tide, or befall me or mine, May The
God of our Father Preserve our Commonwealth."

The roll of honor was not yet completed, when Governor
Andrew's address was delivered. Many of our brave and
gallant officers and men were yet to "taste of death," be-
fore the day of our deliverance should come. The Army, of the
Potomac was yet in the trenches before Petersburg and Rich-
mond, and Lee held the Confederate Capitol; Sherman had not
yet completed his gallant march to the sea, and Thomas still
faced the enemy behind his breast-works in front of Nashville.
But in April, before the apple-trees of New England had put
forth theirleaves and blossoms, the Confederate armies had laid
down their arms at the demand of Grant and Sherman, but not
before many of the sons of Massachusetts and of. other loyal
States had offered up their precious lives, and watered the
greensward of the South with their blood.

We will state here that the number of officers who were

NEW GENERAL ORDER. 613

killed or died in the military service from Massachusetts was
four hundred and forty-two ; and the number of enlisted men
-was twelve thousand five hundred and thirty-four. This is as
near as can be ascertained, up to the present time. The num-
ber of officers and men who were wounded, and lost limbs in
the service, and who are seen in the daily walks of life going
quietly about their business, or modestly pacing our streets, has
not been accurately ascertained; but it is fair to state, that they
outnumber in a large degree those who fell in battle, or died of
starvation and of hope deferred in the prison-houses of the
South.

Several acts were passed by the Legislature during the ses-
sion, in relation to our soldiers, which were chiefly amendatory
of acts passed in previous years, of which it is not necessary or
important to give even an abstract. Every thing had been
done which the wise foresight of a generous Commonwealth for
the encouragement of enlistments, a tender regard for the in-
terests of our soldiers, and those depending on them for sup-
port, made necessary and expedient. This, however, did not
prevent the Governor from doing what was in his power for the
brave men who had served their country.

On the 6th of January, the day after the Governor had
delivered his annual address, he caused General Order No. 1
to be issued, which set forth that -

Disabled officers and men of our army have difficulty, upon their
return to civil life, in finding employment for their, support ; many
being prevented by wounds or sickness from resuming their former
occupations. These cases are of painful frequency, and have caused
much anxious thought to devise some method of aiding to place them
in positions where such labor as they are still capable of performing
may, with their Government pensions, render them independent."

The order then goes on to state that a registry of the names
of the disabled officers and men should be kept in the office
of the surgeon-general, so that any person having at his dis-
posal a situation which might be filled by one of these disabled
men might consult it, and give the place to such a one as he
might prefer. This was called the "Bureau of Military Em-

614 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

ployment," which, through the active exertions of Surgeon-
General Dale, was the means of doing incalculable good.

On, the 14th of January, the Governor wrote to the Presi-
dent recommending the appointment to the office of second
assistant Secretary of War - an office which had just been
created by an act of Congress - Brigadier-General Horace
Binney Sargent. In doing so, he paid the following well-
merited compliment to that brave and gallant officer :-

" He was," said the Governor, "originaHy a member of our bar,
of the best education and culture, and became, on my accession to
office, my senior aide-de-camp, helping to inaugurate the difficult work
of the first year of the war; in which capacity he attached me
warmly by his attractive qualities as a gentleman, and won my ad-
miration by his talents, devotedness to duty, his personal fidelity, and
manly character. He was subsequently lieutenant-colonel, and then
colonel, of the First Massachusetts Cavalry, in which he saw much
active service in the field. He was severely wounded in the Louis-
iana campaign, received the brevet rank of brigadier-general of volun-
teers, and has been honorably discharged from the service by reason
of his wounds. I heartily commend General Sargent to the Resident
for any position where the qualities of a strong and cultivated mind, a
dauntless will, and a tireless capacity for work, are wanted."

We take pleasure in presenting this letter to our readers,
because it speaks only the plain and simple truth of a gentle-
man with whom we were associated on the staff of Governor
Andrew, and also of that of his predecessor, Governor Banks,
and whose acquaintance and friendship we greatly esteem.

We believe that it was written without the knowledge of
General Sargent, and that he is not now aware of its exist-
ence.

On the 16th of January, Edward Everett, one of the most
distinguished citizens of the nation, died in the city of Boston,
after a short illness. The sudden death of this illustrious
man, whose whole life had reflected honor upon his native
State and his country, caused a profound sensation. His
speeches during the war kept alive and invigorated the loyal
spirit and purpose of the people.

On the 17th of January, the Governor telegraphed to Sena-
tor Sumner as follows : -

DEATH OF MR. EVERETT 615

" Should it be the purpose of the President, or of either of the Cabi-
net ministers, to honor Boston with their presence on the occasion of Mr.
Everett's funeral, to which they have been invited, please telegraph
me so that this Department may be suitably notified."

On the 18th of January, the Governor received the following
telegram from Secretary Seward : -

'It is impracticable for the President and the Cabinet to leave the
Capitol to attend the funeral. The President of the United States
and the heads of departments tender to the Commonwealth of Massa-
chusetts their condolenae on the lamented death of Edward Everett,
who was worthy to be enrolled among the noblest of the nation's
benefactors."

We will only add, that the death of Mr. Everett was prop-
erly noticed, not only by the Executive and the Legislature, but
by the various hterary, scientific, and historical associations, and
by the people throughout the Commonwealth.

In the month of December, 1864, a battalion of cavalry was
raised, intended for service on the frontier line of New York
and Vermont, as a raid was expected from rebels gathered in
the Canadas. The battalion was completed and mustered in on
the 2d of January, 1865 ; and Colonel Burr Porter, formerly in
command of the Third Massachusetts Cavalry, was appointed
major. Two battalions were raised in the State of New York,
to which the Massachusetts battalion was attached ; and the
three battalions 'were known as and designated the Twenty-
sixth Regiment, New-York Volunteer Cavalry. They were
mustered in for one year's service. So eager were our young
men to join this command, that a surplus of upwards of three
hundred men were left in camp at Readville, after the battalion
had been completed to the maximum. Governor Andrew was
anxious to have these men accepted by the Secretary of War,
and organized into companies. The Governor's military secre-
tary. Colonel Browne, who was in Washington, was requested
by the Governor to call upon Secretary Stanton, and obtain
from him permission to have the men accepted. He called upon
the Secretary with Senator Wilson; and it appears, from his
letter to the Governor, Jan. 21, that the Secretary not only
refused to accept them, but received the proposition with a de-

616 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

gree of rudeness altogether unexpected and uncalled for. Colo-
nel Browne's letter gives a detailed account of the interview.
Which, though interesting, we refrain from quoting.

On the 24th of January, the Governor wrote to Colonel
Browne, acknowledging the receipt of his letter, and commented
at considerable length upon "the extraordinary character of the
language reported by you that, was used by Mr. Stanton, in re-
spect to the surplus cavalry men at 'Camp Meigs.' " The letter
of the Governor is a model of dignified and argumentative
statement. He goes over the whole ground in regard to the
enlistment of these men, and shows that they were enlisted
under proper authority from the War Department, and by the
United-States officers stationed in Massachusetts for that duty.
The letter concludes as follows : -

" I presume that every word he said was hasty, inadvertent, and
would be regretted, if he was reminded of the conversation. While I
entertain no personal feeling, I think it my duty not to overlook his
remarks. I have no right to regard such treatment of the State, and
those who are charged with its service, as in any sense personal. I can
only regard it officially, and must maintain the dignity and rights of
the Commonwealth and her people, so far as they are intrusted to my
care."

It is perhaps proper here to state that it was impossible, dur-
ing, a war so great as this was that there should not have been
at times some irritation of mind and hasty remarks made by
those in high positions, upon whose shoulders rested so great a
responsibihty. As regards Governor Andrew and Secretary
Stanton, they were both able, earnest, and positive men, who
had the good of the country at heart, and whose plans some-
times crossed each other. But we are positive that they always
entertained a high respect for each other, and the Uttle differ-
ences which occasionally arose between them rather served to
bring out their good and strong points than to cause permanent
alienation. Both gentlemen were borne down and harassed with
weighty duties, sufficient to distract calm thought and consid-
erate remark. We know that, notwithstanding the conflict of,
views which sometimes took place between them. Governor
Andrew entertained for Secretary Stanton a high regard, both
officially and personally, which was fully reciprocated.

RECRUITING IN REBEL STATES. 617

In January of this year, the Congress of the United States
had adopted the amendment to the Constitution aboUshing sla-
very and involuntary servitude, except for crime. On the 1st of
February, the Governor telegraphed to President Lincoln, -

" Will you telegraph so that I may know as nearly as possible the
moment you will sign the resolution for amending the Constitution ? 1
desire to echo it immediately by a national salute on Boston Common,
with a chorus of all the church-bells of Massachusetts."

On the 3d of February, the Governor telegraphed to Presi-
dent Lincoln, -

" Massachusetts has to-day ratified the constitutional amendment
abolishing slavery, by a unanimous yea and nay vote of both branches
of the Legislature ; the Democrats voting affirmatively."

About the middle of February, a proposition was made, in
the Senate of the United States, to repeal the law allowing the
loyal States to enlist colored men for their quotas in the rebel
States. Among the Senators who advocated the proposition
was Mr. Saulsbury, of Delaware. In the course of his speech,
he arraigned the government of Massachusetts as "selfishly en-
deavoring to get colored troops to its own credit against the
public interest; that it was trying to recruit men in Savannah
ahead of the United States ; " and this was made the ground for
repealing the section allowing recruiting in rebel States.
On the 18th of February, the Governor wrote to John B. Alley,
Representative in Congress from the Essex district, calling his
attention to Mr. Saulsbury' s speech, and said, -

" As the matter will be sure to come up in the House, I want, our
delegation to know that I in fact tried, hard to push on and forward the
United-States War Department itself. I did not try to get my officers
in ahead of Mr. Stanton's. What I always aim at and want is, first,
the recruitment of the army ; second, the employment of colored
troops ; third, the procuring of men to the credit of Massachusetts. I
pray you to read these papers, and protect the right as occasion may
offer".

The protection of Boston Harbor, as the readers of this vol-
ume may know, was one of die darling objects of the Governor
from the beginning of the war. Through the agency of John

618 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

M. Forbes and Colonel Ritchie, Massachusetts had received
from England a number of heavy guns, which the Governor
wished to have placed in position, with proper earthworks, on
Long Island Head. On the 2d of March, the Governor wrote
to John M. Forbes, who was then in Washington, inclosing him
a copy of some memoranda made by Colonel Browne, of a con-
versation had with General Totten, in Boston, in September,
1863 which bore directly on the point of the construction of a
work on Long Island Head to receive our guns. The Gov-
ernor asked Mr. Forbes to consider the propriety of getting the
Engineer Bureau to design an earthwork for us to erect there at
our own cost, with an estimate of the necessary outlay. The
Governor said, -

"I wish that, you could get General Dyer to take our guns, and have
carriages constructed for them, and mount them. The Ordnance Bureau
would need no special appropriation for such carriages, but could, out of
existing appropriations, authorize Major Rodman, U.S.A. [then in com-
mand of the United-States Arsenal at Watertown], to build them. W e
do not ask them to say that they will pay for the guns, and we do not
ask them to build the earthworks. We simply want, to have the benefit
of the defensive power of those guns in position. It seems to me that
the United-States Government ought to stick to something, especially
when it would incur no expense in so doing.'"

We have no doubt that what was asked for by the Governor
would have been granted, had not the Rebellion, in a few weeks
after the letter was written, been suppressed.

The following letter, although it has no special bearing upon
the war, we cannot refrain from quoting, as it shows in a prac-
tical manner the catholic and liberal spirit which ever animated
the mind and action of our truly great Governor. On the 7th
of March, Governor Andrew wrote to Governor Smith, of Ver-
mont, -

" I have already proposed Good Friday to the Executive Council,
who do not consent to it, but favor Thursday, the day previous. If,
however, you and others adopt Good Friday, perhaps they may be will-
ing to change, in view that that day, on the whole, more convenient.
It was objected to, as being a possibly improvident, act, tending to cre-
ate the suspicion of conceding a Puritan custom to fast on Thursday,

STATE FINANCES 619

in favor of a Catholic and Episcopal practice of fasting on Friday.
Personally, I think Good Friday the proper day to select, it being of
no consequence to the general public that it should be Thursday in-
stead of Friday. I am in flavor of the latter, and believe, by adopting
a day sacred by religious associations in the eyes of certain denomi-
nations, it will be better observed ; while it is of some consequence to
have the most solemn day of the ' Christian year " thus recognized to
those with whom its observation is a matter of conscience."

It is proper to remark, that, this letter is very imperfectly
copied in the letter-press book; but we have endeavored to
$1 up the omissions so as to keep unbroken the thread of
the statement. The letter had reference to the appointment
of the annual fast day. Good Friday was not set apart, as de-
sired by the Governor ; but the fast was held as usual on Thurs-
day. Governor Andrew was a Unitarian.

On the 10th of March, General Order No. 5 was issued in
accordance with a requisition of the War Department to raise
one regiment of infantry for one year's service, and for thirty
companies of infantry to recruit old regiments. The new regi-
ment was designated the Sixty-second, of which Colonel Ansel
D. Wass, formerly of the Nineteenth, and still later of the
Sixtieth, Regiment, was commissioned colonel ; and Lieuten-
ant-Colonel I. Harris Hooper, late of the Fifteenth Regiment,
was commissioned lieutenant-colonel. This regiment, and
the unattached companies, were never organized, in consequence
of the suppression of the Rebelhon, which happened a few
weeks after the order was issued.

On the 13th of March, the Governor wrote to John M.
Forbes in relation, to the question of currency and a loan to
the State, a bill in regard to which was then before the Com-
mittee on Finance of the Legislature. He said, -

"I proposed last year the issue from our Treasury of five per
cent gold-bearing scrip, and strained the law to make short six
per cent currency scrip instead, because no one will ever pay any
large premium for gold-bearing scrip, even when gold was nearly
three to one, and I wanted to save to the Commonwealth the enormous
premium gold would have cost us. Six per cent in currency is about
half what our interest account would have been. Moreover, I thought

620 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

it poor policy for Massachusetts to become a needless competitor in
the gold market, and thus help to increase the inflation."

The letter concluded as follows : -

"When we get ready to issue our six per cent currency bonds, I
think I must take hold of the thing myself. ... I want, if I can, to find
out the best method of feeling and of manipulating the market; the
best agency for modus operandi of popularizing the loan, and getting it
rapidly absorbed, and to endeavor to impress the treasury personally
both with snap and with discretion, desiring earnestly to bring things
up as tight and snug as may be before my year is out. Can you make
any suggestions in this connection ? And who are the best people to
talk with likely to be competent and wilhng to help, with good ideas
or otherwise ? "

In the early part of March, President Lincoln issued a
proclamation in regard to deserters from the army ; promising
the forgiveness of their crime, if they would return to their
duty within a specified period named in the proclamation. On
the 23d of March, Governor Andrew wrote to the President
upon this subject, recommending to him to apply the prin-
ciple of amnesty to all enlisted men who had been tried by
courts-martial for desertion, and who were serving their terms
of imprisonment for their offences. The Governor urges the
adoption of this policy at considerable length and with great
power, in the course of which he calls the attention of the
President to the case of an enlisted man belonging to the Third
Regiment Massachusetts Heavy Artillery who had been tried by
court-martial for being absent without leave, and whose sen-
tence was "to be dishonorably discharged from the service, to
be confined at hard labor in the Clinton, N.Y.,'State.prison for
six years ; the first twenty days of each and every month to
wear a 24-pound ball attached to his leg by a chain three
feet in length, and to forfeit all allowances." Colonel Gardiner
Tufts, our State agent at Washington, who knew the man and
had examined the case, had written to the Governor that he
was a good and faithful soldier, " one who has been and can
be trusted to go into the city without guard." The Governor
had previously called the attention of the Secretary of War to
this sentence in strong and indignant language. Major Burt,

FOREIGN ENLISTMENTS. 621

the Judge-Advocate of the Commonwealth, had also examined
the case, and his letter to Judge Wok, at the head of the
Bureau of Military Justice, in regard to it was most able and
convincing. In the letter of the Governor to the President is
this paragraph : -

This inhuman sentence could not be imposed by a judge of the
highest judicial tribunal of this Commonwealth for any crime. But I
understand the court-martial that imposed this sentence was presided
over by a ' captain ' in the service. Such things ought not to be.
. . . You know how extremely uncertain these tribunals have proved
for the purposes of justice, and I trust your knowledge and experience
will be availed of to work out some broad and generous relief for the
poor private soldier, who has neither the means nor the friends to
present his individual case, and the special hardships he suffers ; but
who is nevertheless, entitled, from his utter dependence and lowliness,
to the kindest consideration of his commander-in-chief, whenever op-
portunities present themselves for its proper exercise."

The soldier whose case is here referred to was pardoned by
the President, and the finding of the court-martial set aside.

We find on the files of the Governor several letters from
Secretary Seward, in regard to certain men who came to
Boston from Belgium and other countries on the continent of
Europe, and enlisted in Massachusetts regiments. These men
were brought here in steamers by a Boston firm, partly from
patriotic motives, and partly for speculative purposes. There
were about a thousand altogether. The men, before coming on
board the vessels, signed papers pledging themselves to enter
into employment, the nature of which was not clearly stated in
the papers which they signed ; but it was stated by the firm re-
ferred to, that the men understood that they were to enlist as
soldiers. Upon their arrival in Boston, these men, with a few
exceptions, did enter the volunteer service, and were mustered
in by the United-States mustering officers. Their passages to
the country cost them nothing ; but the parties who brought
them here were remunerated for their outlay by the State paying
them the bounties provided by law, which amounted to three
hundred and twenty-five dollars to each man, which made the
speculation a profitable one. These men were brought here in

622 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

the year 1864. After they had enlisted, and were mustered
into the service, some of them complained that they had been
deceived, and that they had been forced into the army against
their will, and had been brought to this country by false repre-
sentations. It is not our purpose to decide whether these com-
plaints were just or not : it is sufficient to say that they were
made, and were brought to the attention of Secretary Seward
by the gentlemen representing the governments to which these
men belonged, and by him to the attention of Governor Andrew.
The correspondence shows very clearly, that no blame could
properly be attached to the State Government, or to the United-
States officers who had mustered them into the service. It ap-
pears that the explanations made by Governor Andrew, and the
mercantile firm who had brought the men to this country, were
satisfactory, as none of the men were discharged from the ser-
vice ; and, after a while, the controversy ceased.

We have always regarded the enlistment of these foreigners
as unfortunate, as it reflected in some degree upon the patriotism
of the people of: Massachusetts, and afforded to the enemies of
the Commonwealth an opportunity for disparaging remarks. It
was the only transaction during the war, connected with the en-
Ustment. of men to fill the quota of the State, which required
explanation, and which was of questionable propriety.

We have now reached the culminating point of the war.
For four long and weary years the energies of the Common-
wealth, its mind, and its wealth had been devoted to the
suppression of a Rebellion whose gigantic proportions were with-
out parallel in the history of Christian nations. There had
been no cessation of labor and effort, no holding back of means
and meti, for the national defence. The magnitude of the Re-
bellion, and the firm determination of the people of Massa-
chusetts to suppress it, had absorbed all other questions, and
obliterated from the pubUc mind all minor issues.

On the 3d of April, Governor Andrew received the following
telegram from Secretary Stanton : -

" The following telegram from the President announcing the evacu-
ation of Petersburg, and probably of Richmond, has just been re-
ceived by this Department : 'City, Point, Virginia, 3d, 8.30, a.m.-

THE FALL OF THE REBELLION. 623

This morning General Grant reports Petersburg evacuated, and he is
confident Richmond also is. He is pushing forward to cut off, if pos-
sible, the retreating army. A. Lincoln.' Later. - It appears by the
despatch of General Weitzell, just received by the Department, that
our forces under his command are in Richmond, having taken it at 8.35
this morning. EdWIN M. StANTON."

Immediately upon the receipt of this important and gratify-
ing information, the Governor telegraphed to Mr. Stanton : -

" I give you joy on these triumphant victories. Our people, by a
common impulse, abandoned business to-day, for thanksgiving and re-
joicing. The colored man received last got in first, and thus is the
Scripture fulfilled."

The last sentence in the Governor's telegram refers to the
colored division in Weitzel's corps, which was said to be the
first infantry to enter Richmond.

The information of the fall of Richmond, the advance of the
Union army, and the retreat of Lee, was everywhere received
with the wildest demonstrations of delight, but nowhere more
than in the city of Boston. State Street and the Merchants'
Exchange were thronged with excited people. The newspaper
offices were crowded, and the bulletin boards on which was
written "Richmond occupied by the Union forces," were looked
at and read a hundred times by the same person. . After the
excitement in a degree had subsided, a meeting was organized
in the Merchants' Exchange ; and Rev. Mr. Hepworth, who
happened to he present, was called upon to offer a prayer.
The crowd reverently bowed their heads, and listened to the
outpourings of gratitude and thanksgiving for the signal victory
that had crowned our arms. At the conclusion of the prayer
all joined in singing " America." At noon, Gilmore's Band was
stationed in front of the Exchange building, and played a num-
ber of popular airs. The crowd was immense, and swayed to
and fro like the waters of the ocean ; and the cheers given were
like its roar. Never have we seen a sight like that ; business,
private and public griefs, all were forgotten, and absorbed in the
general rejoicing. Shortly after one o'clock, all the bells in the
city were rung, and a salute was fired, by order of the Governor,
on the Common. In the afternoon, the occupants of Faneuil Hall

624 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Market paraded through the principal streets of the city with a
hand of music. In the evening, the city was illuminated, and
rockets and other fireworks added to the general joy and bril-
liancy of the occasion.

In Cambridge, a meeting was held in the evening, at which
addresses were made by Richard H. Dana, Jr., and J. M. S.
WilHams , prominent citizens of Cambridge, and by George
Thompson, a member of the British Parliament. At the close
of the meeting, Ex-Governor Washburn, of Massachusetts, led
off in hearty cheers " for the loyal people of the Border States."
Cheers were also given for the "laboring people of Great Brit-
ain, who have stood by us in this war," and for the army and
the old flag. The Mayor recommended, that the people gener-
ally illuminate their houses, and display the, red, white, and
blue, and announced that the bells of the city would be rung.
The Walcott Guards under Captain Meacham marched through
the principal streets, cheering for the Union and General
Grant.

In Charlestown, the news was received by the ringing of the
church-bells and the display of flags, and in the evening by
illuminations and fireworks. At noon, four thousand workmen
at the Navy Yard assembled in front of Admiral Stringhaul's
residence, who made them a patriotic speech, which was heart-
ily applauded. "Nine rousing cheers were given for General
Grant and the Potomac Army." A national salute was fired
from the Navy Yard. In the evening, a meeting was held in
the First Parish Church, which was opened in a few remarks
by the pastor, Rev. J. B. Miles. Then there was singing and
prayer, addresses by the clergymen, and by the Mayor and
others. At the conclusion, a collection was taken up for the
benefit of the Christian Commission, and a large sum realized.

In Roxbury, the State Guards, Captain Edward Wyman,
with a band, marched in the evening through the principal
streets, accompanied by a large body of citizens. In Elliott
Square there was a grand display of fu-eworks. The Norfolk
House and many dwellings were illuminated ; and, at nine o'clock
in the evening, a salute of one hundred guns was fired, and the
church-bells in the city were rung from nine till ten o'clock.

SUCCESS OF THE UNION ARMS. 625

The excitement and the enthusiasm extended through every
city, town, and village in the State.

On the 4th of April, the Governor sent a message to the
Senate and House of Representatives, announcing in eloquent
words the successes of our armies, and the certain downfall of
the Rebellion.

Under the immediate supreme command of Lieutenant-General
Grant, in a series of consummate military movements, occupying several
days of constant engagement fought with endurance and valor never
surpassed, attended by hardships and peril heroically sustained, and ex-
tending along a line of operations without example in military history,
culminating in the destruction of the enemy's line in the evacuation
of Petersburg, and in the occupation, by the corps under Major-Gen-
eral Weitzell, of the Capitol of the rebel usurpation. . . . This result
has promptly succeeded upon the extraordinary and brilliant exploits
of the army commanded by Major-General Sherman, whose march
through the States of Georgia, South Carolina, and far into the State of
North Carolina, while it swept, by its resistless energy, the cities of Sa-
vannah, Columbia, Charleston, and their surrounding territories. . . .
To these have been added' the recent capture of Fort Fisher, on the
Cape Clear River, and the occupation of Wilmington by a force de-
tailed for that purpose by Lieutenant-General Grant, and immediately
led by Brigadier-General Terry in an enterprise most brilliant, both
in action and result."

The Governor also refers to the brilliant services and opera-
tions of Major-General Sheridan in the valley of the Shenan-
doah. He then says, -

"In the midst of a great national rejoicing, we are called again to
mourn the loss, to the country and their kindred, of, we know not how
many, our most gallant and worthy sons. Their names, their memory,
and their deeds will last while the best actions of men have a record
on earth. And the precious sacrifice of heroic lives will find their
great reward in the gratitude of mankind and the benediction of
God."

The address was received by the two branches with great
satisfaction, and was frequently applauded. Senator Wilson
came into the House of Representatives, and was loudly cheered.
Very little business was done in either branch. On the same
afternoon a very large and enthusiastic meeting was held in
40

626 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Faneuil Hall, which was presided over by Mr. Lincoln, the
Mayor of Boston, and addresses made by Colonel Guiney, for-
merly of the Ninth Regiment, Senator Wilson, Robert C. Win-
throp, Judge Russell, Captain McCartney of the First Battery,
Fred. Douglass, the colored orator, and Rev. Dr. Kirk. A
letter was read from the Governor, excusing himself from being
present, which closed as follows : -

" Thus far the people of Massachusetts have stood in the van. They
have maintained themselves in that manly adherence to their doctrines,
traditions, and ideas, which was becoming their attitude and their pro-
fession. May the blessings of patient and hopeful courage abide with
them unto the end, and illuminate every passage of difficulty or of dan-
ger ; and to-day let us with one accord remember the wonderful good-
ness by which we have been led onward to these high places of
deliverance and triumph."

The meeting was opened with prayer by Rev. Mr. Manning,
of the Old South Church, and closed with the singing of Old
Hundred by the whole assembly.

On the 9th of April, General Lee surrendered the Army of
Northern Virginia to General Grant, which virtually closed the
war. On the 11th of April, Governor Andrew telegraphed to
President Lincoln, -

" Will you proclaim a national thanksgiving April 19 ? The anniver-
sary of the battle of Lexington, and of the attack on our troops in
Baltimore, would be appropriate, if sufficient time remains."

The suggestion was not adopted by the President. It would
appear that many requests were made of the Governor to change
Fast Day, of which proclamation had already been made, into
Thanksgiving Day, as we fmd a memorandum in his files which
bears neither date nor signature. He declined to make the
change, for two reasons : " first, because the present being Pas-
sion Week, devoted by large bodies of Christians to penitential
religious services, it would be inappropriate; second, because
he prefers not to anticipate the decision of the President, now
returned to Washington, and who may be expected to proclaim
a national thanksgiving." It was well that the change was not
made ; for in a few days our rejoicing was turned to mourning.

THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN. 627

The greatest personal calamity that ever befell a nation fell on
ours. Never was there so sudden change from joy to grief per-
vading all hearts, and faltering upon every tongue, as when
Abraham Lincoln died by the hand of an assassin on Saturday,
the 15th day of April.

The event was officially communicated to the Legislature by
Governor Andrew, in a message, on Monday, the 17th; the
opening paragraph of which was as follows : -

" In the midst of exultations of recent and repeated victory, in the
midst of the highest hopes of the most auspicious omens, in the hour of
universal joy, the nation passed at once, by an inscrutable and mysteri-
ous providence, into the valley of the shadow of death. Assembled
while the cloud is yet thick upon our eyes, and the hearts of men are
oppressed by a sense of a strange dismay, it has become my mournful
duty to record, by formal and official announcement to the legislative
department of the Commonwealth, this calamitous and distressing
event."

The Governor then proceeds to narrate, in concise and simple
language, some of the leading events in the life of President
Lincoln, and to give an analysis of his pure, upright, and unaf-
fected character. Appropriate honors were paid, by the execu-
tive and legislative departments of the Government, to the
memory of this great and good man. The hall of the House
of Representatives, Senate Chamber, and the Governor's
room, and the rooms of the different departments, were fitly
draped in mourning, and the flag on the dome of the Capitol
rested at half-mast. The public buildings of the city, and
many of the private residences, displayed the insignia of grief
and sorrow. From every pulpit in the Commonwealth ser-
mons were preached full of lamentation. Public meetings
were held at Faneuil Hall, and in many of the cities and towns
throughout the Commonwealth, in which the public voice spoke
forth the public sorrow.

Governor Andrew was engaged to deliver an address in
Lowell on the 19th of April, on the occasion of the dedica-
tion of a monument, erected by the city and the State, at that
place to the memory of the three men belonging to Lowell,
who were killed in Baltimore, on the 19th of April, 1861.

628 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

The Legislature had also been invited to attend the ceremo-
nies. On the 15th, the Governor telegraphed to the Mayor of
Lowell:-

"This national calamity must postpone our Lowell ceremonies,
which at present I regard impossible. I pray you at once order the
postponement. I suggest the 17th of June as a proper occasion."

The ceremonies were postponed as requested.

The Adjutant-General was directed to, issue an order for the
firing of minute guns on Boston Common, and at Cambridge,
near the State Arsenal, on the day of the funeral, which order
was successfully obeyed.

The Legislature of Massachusetts passed resolutions express-
ing the sorrow felt by our people on the death of the President,
a copy of which Governor Andrew was requested to forward to
Mrs. Lincoln, which he did on the 26th of April, in a letter
of which the following is a copy : -

"Mrs. Mary Lincoln.

" Madam.- The resolutions of the General Court of this Com-
monwealth, an officially engrossed copy of which I herewith trans-
mit, impose on me the mournful duty of forwarding such copy, as a
token of the respect and regard entertained for yourself by the Legis-
lature of Massachusetts:

"In this moment of your sorrow, when, in addition to the grief
which the whole people of this country share with you, you bear,
besides, a pang of separation the sharpest which death brings to any
of the relations of life, no words avail me to express as I could wish
the sympathy with which I have the honor to remain, madam,

" FaithftiUy and obedienUy yours, JOHN A. ANDREW."

This letter, with the resolutions inclosed, was sent to Hon.
F. P. Blair, to be by him delivered to Mrs. Lincoln ; "for," as
he says, "it seems more in earnest and more genuine for such
a delivery to be made by the hand of a friend than by the
course of the mails".

Among the memorials of affection and regard which Governor
Andrew, received during the war from friends in 'the army and
elsewhere, who appreciated and loved him, was the original
copy of General Lee's farewell address to the Army of North-
em Virginia, after his surrender to General Grant, which was

THE SOLDIERS- MONUMENT IN LOWELL. 629

sent to him by Brevet Brigadier-General Charles S. Russell,
and acknowledged by the Governor in a letter addressed to
General Russell on the 4th of May.

"My dear Sir, I owe you my sincere thanks in acknowledg-
ment of your gift to me of so significant a memorial of the war as
Lee's order, which you have sent me. I prize it highly, and shall
cause it to be framed, and hung in my library."

General Russell was bom in Boston, and was a captain in
the Eleventh Infantry U.S.A., and had risen from that posi-
tion, by his bravery and military capacity during the wan, to
the rank of brevet brigadier-general, and had command of a
brigade in the Ninth Corps. We knew him well, and a braver
and a better soldier "none in Christendom gives out." He
was in fifty battles, and was wounded twice ; the last wound
he received was at the explosion in the mine. He came
out of the war with high honors and in good health, but
died, a few months after peace had been estabUshed, in Cincin-
nati, of Asiatic cholera. We referred to General Russell, and
the hearty welcome we received from him, in the report which
we made to the Governor of our visit to the front in the
autumn of 1864, published in a preceding chapter.

On the 17th of June, the monument erected in the city of
Lowell to commemorate the stirring events which transpired
in the city of Baltimore on the memorable 19th of April, 1861,
and in honor of the first martyrs in the Rebellion, who fell in
that city, was inaugurated. The occasion was one of great
interest. The Governor and staff, the heads of the different
State departments, the Executive Council, the members of the
two branches of the Legislature, were all invited to be present,
and most of them were in attendance. The Governor was to
deliver the address. In Lowell, the mills were all closed, and
every department of business suspended. A procession was
formed, made up of the different Masonic bodies, Odd Fellows,
and other charitable organizations, and the different trades,
and marched through the various streets, escorted by a company
of cavalry and the old Sixth Regiment of infantry.

The address of the Governor was delivered from the balcony

630 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

of the Merrimack House, immediately fronting the monument,
and occupied about an hour, in delivery. It was one of his
most able efforts, in which he took a patriotic and statesman-
like view of the commencement, progress, and termination of
the Rebellion. He referred particularly to the State of Mary-
land, of its opposition to the war at its commencement, and of
the subsequent change from opposition to the cause of the
Union to stanch and valuable support, and argued therefrom
the unity of interest which the two States had in supporting the
Constitution, and the bright and glorious future which the tri-
umph of the cause, the termination of hostile strife, and the
return to peace, opened to them. It was a thoughtful and able
address, to which the Governor had given much deliberation,
and which he had prepared with careful attention. In relation to
this address, we fmd a letter on the files of the Governor, written
June 19, and addressed to F. P. Blair, Esq., Silver Springs,
Md., which he forwarded to that gentleman with a copy of
his address, believing that it would interest him, from the fact
that it treated immediately and solely a topic most intimately
concerning his State.

I prepared," said the Governor, " the address with care, endeavor-
ing to procure a unity of design throughout, to keep uppermost the
precise day and its events which formed the occasion of the ceremony,
extending my thoughts out in the direction of other events and
auxiliary considerations only just so far as a somewhat severe self-
control would permit. 'I thought, however, since the tragedy of the
19th of April was an apparent conflict between Maryland and Massa-
chusetts, it was fitting that I should show how history at last had
brought them into close and cordial harmony ; and incidentally to show
how much was the exertion, and how great the success, of the loyal
hearts of Maryland in view of the difficulties they had to encounter.
If, in performing this task, which I felt to a Massachusetts man, and to
byself especially, was one of great delicacy, I should be found to have
avoided all offence against good taste, and to have maintained with
steadiness the scales of honest judgment, I shall be equally gratified
and surprised."

The Governor then regrets, that, during his visits to Wash-
ington, official business had so much absorbed his time as to
prevent him from spending more hours with Mr. Blair at his

MEETING IN FANEUIL HALL. 631

pleasant home at Silver Springs, in the vicinity of the Federal
City. He said, -

"I hope yet to find some night and day of uninterrupted quiet and
repose of mind and limbs, when I may yield myself to friendship
and philosophy under the shadow of its groves."

On the 21st of June, a meeting was held in Faneuil Hall, to
consider the question of the re-organization of the Rebel States,
at which Theophilus Parsons, Professor in Cambridge Law
School, presided ; and speeches were made by Mr. Parsons,
Richard H. Dana, Jr., Henry Ward Beecher, S. C. Pomeroy,
United States Senator from Kansas, and George B. Loring, of
Salem. Letters were also read from Governor Andrew, Alex-
ander H. Bullock of Worcester, Charles Cr. Loring, Alexander
H. Rice and Samuel Hooper of Boston, and Benjamin F. But-
ler of Lowell.

The letter of Governor Andrew, which contained the views
he then entertained, and which he adhered to during the re-
mainder of his life, upon a subject of such engrossing interest
and importance, cannot fail to be read with interest at this and
in all succeeding time. We therefore quote from this letter as
follows : -

It is not my belief that in any one of the seceding States the time
has yet arrived when its State government can be re-established with
safety. Whether the white man only votes, or whether the colored
man also votes, I regard the. movement at the present moment with
inexpressible concern. It has taken us four years to conquer the
rebels in all of them. I would not run any risk, great or small, of
allowing the same class of men to beat us by an appeal to fraud. They
appealed to force, and were conquered. Let us hold on to the power
we now have to do right, to protect the loyal, to rebuild the State, to
re-establish society, to secure the liberty of the people and the safety
of the Union. Let it be used with parental kindness and in the tem-
per of conciliation. But hold on to the power, and in the fear of God
let it be used. It was bought with the blood of more than a quarter
of a million of heroes and patriots, who have given up their lives for
their country. Let us see to it that by no error of ours such torrents
of human blood shall flow again. I think the loyalty of the South
needs time for concentration. Therefore I think no reconstruction will

632 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

be successful now ; and therefore, as a radical believer in the suffrage
for all men of competent capacity, irrespective of color or national
origin, I the less regret that colored men are not now permitted to
vote in the South. I do not believe their voting would prevent the
failure which seems most likely to result from these experiments, and
we may be glad not to have them involved in the catastrophe. They
will vote by and by. Their votes will be wanted, just as their arms
were wanted. All people will yet see, that, poor and ignorant as they
are, they are on the right side, and that they can neither be cheated
nor bullied into its betrayal or desertion. Meanwhile they will be
gaining in knowledge, and in admitted capacity to exercise the politi-
cal functions of citizenship. All the North will, by and by, agree
that the theoretical superiority of the white masters, which did not
prevent them from committing the most monstrous of all the blunders
and crimes of history, renders them, in the eyes of practical states-
manship, inferior material for good citizens to their humble and un-
learned freedmen.

"I deeply deplore the necessity of raising the general question of
suffrage for colored men in the South thus early. I had hoped that
the last vestige of heresy on that question might be first eradicated
from New England, where it even now retains a foothold. I had
hoped that the poor freedman might have the opportunity of a brief
future, unprejudiced by becoming immediately the subject of political
controversy. For one, however, 1 still hope and believe that there
need be no strife nor angry debate. We have reached a point where
temperate, philosophical, and statesmanlike treatment of grave ques-
tions has become easy, because it is of controlling and absolute neces-
sity. We are to have an era of calm, wise, and yet brave and hopeful
counsels. The people cannot afford other. They must and will
resume control of public affairs sometimes too much intrusted to acci-
dent. And then the prejudices of tradition and the caprices of poli-
tics will be alike disregarded.

" Allow me to add, that in the end, although for the present it may
seem otherwise to casual observation, I do not expect to find the de-
liberate judgment of the President, who is an able statesman and an
honest patriot, with that of Massachusetts herself. In his reply to my
own remarks, introducing to him a large delegation of gentlemen from
Massachusetts, the President emphatically declared his purpose to do
his utmost to make the country 'permanently free.' The logic of
events is irresistible. Thus far, freedom has been constantly gaining,
and it has held whatever it gained. With patient, hopeful, and manly
courage on our part, the future is secure."

BREVET-GENERAL WILLIAM S. LINCOLN. 633

No one can read this calm, philosophical, and statesmanlike
letter, without feeling with renewed force the great loss which
Governor Andrew's death was, not only to Massachusetts, but
to die nation. Whatever theories may be advanced to explain
the present unfortunate condition of affairs in the South,
and of the divided and distracted counsels between the President
and Congress, no patriot, capable of reflection and philosophical
study, can doubt that if either of the places were filled with
men capable of grasping and fully comprehending great events,
and of applying principles lofty and wide, like our late la-
mented Governor, the Union would have been practically united
long ere this, and the nation far advanced in all the arts
of peace, and in the wealth and prosperity which mark their
progress.

On the 21st of June, the Governor wrote to Secretary Stan-
ton, expressing his desire in strong and pleasant language, that
Colonel William S. Lincoln, of the Thirty-fourth Regiment,
should receive the honor of brevet brigadier-general.

He is," said the Governor, " a man of mature age, highly
respected as a citizen and a gentleman, who left a large family and
many important interests at home in the dark hours of the summer
of 1862, to help restore the fortunes of the Tinion cause. Colonel
Lincoln was not a politician, but a patriot; and he belongs to a family
of patriots, who, whether right or wrong on any other question, are
always true to their country. His zeal, fidelity, courage, constancy,
and ability command my gratitude and respect."

'The Governor then proceeds to give a correct outline of
Colonel Lincoln's military record, and concludes with this
paragraph : -

"Allow me to add, that the gratification such a recognition of his son
would impart to the venerable ex-Govemor, Levi Lincoln, would lend
to it a peculiar value merely as a matter of sentiment. More than three-
score years of age. Governor Lincoln, last November, helped to cast
the electoral vote of Massachusetts, serving as an elector for the third
time in his life, and probably closing with that act a long and dis-
tinguished public career."

Colonel Lincoln received the brevet rank which he so well
merited ; and Governor Andrew, through his private secretary.

634 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Major Henry Ware, had the pleasure of communicating to him,
on the 12th of July, the information that he had been ap-
pointed.

The approaching Commencement at Harvard College, in
July, was to be celebrated with more than ordinary interest.
The graduates of the University who had won her scholastic
honors, and renown derived from brave and conspicuous services
in the red field of war, were to receive an especial commemora-
tion. The President of the United States and his Cabinet were
invited to be present. On the 24th of June, the Governor
wrote to President Johnson, earnestly requesting him to be
present at the Commencement exercises on Wednesday, the
19th of July, and the ceremonies in honor of the soldiers of
old Harvard on Friday, the 21st of July, at Cambridge.
He could assure him of a sincere welcome, and that it would
afford the State authorities and the people much pleasure to do
whatever was becoming for such a visit and such a visitor, to
render the occasion agreeable to himself and to his friends.
The letter then says, -

"We have a very great desire that the people of Massachusetts
should have the opportunity of meeting you, and that you also should
have the opportunity of seeing and speaking to a representative as-
sembly of her people.

"The present is the time when a thousand advantages of a public
nature would be served, the character and magnitude of which will
most readily occur to yourself. I am sure that at no moment in the
history of the Union has any concurrence of circumstances yet hap-
pened where more good could be done by any such means."

The celebration took place on the day named ; but the Presi-
dent, from official engagements, was not able to be present.

We find on the files of the Governor a long and interesting
letter addressed by him, on the 26th of June, to Mr. Motley,
the American minister to Austria, in which he discusses the
present aspect of poUtical affairs in America ; from which we
make an extract : -

" At this moment, we are all thinking of the statesmanship of the
future. The best hopes have been fulfilled by our military success. I
think we have now reached the real "tug of war.' I have never doubted

COMMEMORATION DAY AT CAMBRIDGE. 635

our bravery in the field, nor our dogged will while met by arms, nor
our strength to conquer. But I have always dreaded the temptations
of peace, and the opportunities given by the cessation of arms to the
schemers of every side who trade in politics, sometimes bargaining
away the rights of black men, and sometimes trading upon a freshly dis-
covered zeal in their behalf, substituting the heartlessness of the mere
speculator in public concerns for the wisdom and fidelity of thoughtful
patriotism. But on this field, as well as on that of war, I feel sure at
the last we shall win. The work of Divine Goodness will be done.
We of the North cannot be allowed, even if we would, to suffer
it, or spoil it, or abuse it utterly. Indeed, my constant thought is, -

" ' If our bark sinks.
It is to another sea."

" For myself, having served in a public capacity of grave responsi-
bility, much care and toil during all the war, I shall, at the end of this
my fifth year, return to private life and my profession, whence, until
the autumn of 1860, I had no thought of emerging, and where I will
try to serve, as of old, after my sort, the cause which I hold to be, not
only of our country, but of mankind."

Commemoration Day at Cambridge, in honor of tlie patriot-
heroes of Harvard, on the 21st of July, was an event which
will ever be memorable in the annals of that ancient seat of
learning.

The alumni of Harvard, Williams, and Amherst Colleges
were represented in nearly every regiment which went from
Massachusetts, and in many of the regiments from other States,
and reflected as high honors upon their respective Alma Maters
by their intelligence and bravery as officers and soldiers, as they
have done by their learning and accompUshments.

The long and gallant roll of the men of Harvard was con-
spicuously notable. The colleges of the State were represented
in every military rank, from major-general to private; and
they had poured out their life's blood on many of the battle-
fields.

Commemoration Day was one of the most marked in the an-
nals of the College, whether we regard the number of the alumni
who were present, the preparations made for the celebration,
the distinguished gentlemen who took part in the proceedings, or
the lofty, patriotic eloquence of the speeches, the poetic beauty

636 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION

and fervor of the verses contributed, the festivities, the colla-
tion, the flags, devices, and the entire arrangement, and
the excellent manner in which they were carried out, the class-
meetings in the different halls, the hand-shakings, the singing
of camp-songs by those who had followed the flag, and defended
it on so many bloody fields. It was truly a re-union of the men
of Harvard. Many of the young men who, three or four
years before, had graduated, bore on their shoulders the insignia
of generals and colonels. Among these were Barlow, Force,
Devens, Payne, Hayes, Loring, Bartlett, Eustis, Sargent,
Ames, Walcott, Stevens, Higginson, Savage, Palfrey, Crown-
inshield, and Russell. Some appeared with but one arm, others
with but one leg. Then there were scrolls corrmiemorative of
those who had fallen, among whom were Wadsworth, Webster,
Revere, Peabody, Willard, the Dwights, Lowell, Hopkinson,
How, Shurtleff, and the two brothers Abbott, and many others,
whose love of country closed but with their lives.

The procession was formed at eleven o'clock, under the direc-
tion of Colonel Henry Lee., Jr., who acted as chief marshal, and
it marched, to the music of Gilmore's Band, to the Unitarian
Church, which was crowded to its utmost limit.

Charles G. Loring presided, and the services began with the
singing of Luther's Psalm, "A mighty fortress is our God ; "
Rev. Dr. Walker, Ex-President of the College, read selections
from the Scriptures ; prayer was made by Rev. Phillips Brooks,
of Philadelphia ; after which, a hymn written by Robert Lowell
was sung by the congregation, to the tune of Old Hundred.
This was followed by an address by Rev. Dr. Putnam, of Rox-
bury, of transcendent eloquence and beauty.

After the services in the church, a procession moved to the
large pavilion erected on the lawn in the rear of Harvard Hall,
where an elegant and substantial dinner was provided. The
scene in the pavilion, when all were seated, was one which will
never pass from the memory of those who witnessed it. The
large number of beautiful and accomplished ladies who were
present contributed in no small degree to the beauty and inter-
est of the scene. When all were seated, grace was said by Rev.
Dr. Allen, of Northborough.

LOYAL SOUTHERN LADIES. 637

Charles G. Loring; the President of the day, commenced
the intellectual feast in a speech of considerable length, and of
great power and beauty, which was warmly applauded, and
gave the key-note to the speeches which followed.

As the proceedings have been published in the newspapers of
the day, we shall not attempt to quote from any of the speeches
which were made, or the original poems which were read ;
but shall content ourselves with a mere statement of the names
of the gentlemen whose eloquence and genius contributed so
largely to the edification and delight of those who listened.
Speeches were made by General Barlow, General Devens, Gov-
ernor Andrew, President Hill, Major-General Meade, U.S.A.,
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Rear-Admiral Davis, U.S.N., Major-
General Force of Ohio, Rev. Dr. Thompson of New York, Colo-
nel Thomas W. Higginson, and Rev. J. K. Hosmer, who was
color-bearer of the Fifty-second Massachusetts Regiment. An
original song, written by Rev. Charles T. Brooks, entitled
"The Soldier's Oath," was sung by a selected choir; also an
original ode by J. S. Dwight. Mrs. Julia Ward Howe con-
tributed a poem, which was read by Mr. Samuel A. Elliot. Dr.
Oliver Wendell Holmes and James Russell Lowell each fur-
nished a poem, which was read by the author. The celebration
closed with the singing of " Auld Lang Sync."

Considered as a whole, it was one of the most remarkable
gathering of educated and distinguished citizens ever assembled
on the continent of America.

Among the good people of Richmond, Va., who were kind
and charitable to our prisoners, and loyal to the Government,
was the family of the Van Lews. When Colonel Lee, Major
Revere, and others who had been taken prisoners at the battle
of Ball's Bluff, were confined in the Richmond prison, the
Miss Van Lews had contributed whatever was in their power
to relieve them from the horrors of prison life to which they
were subjected. In September, 1865, one of the ladies visited
Boston. Her chief object was to have an interview with Alex-
ander H. Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederate Govern-
ment, who was then a prisoner at Fort Warren. Miss Van
Lew was received with great regard by the Governor, Colonel

638 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Lee, and many of the most distinguished citizens of Boston
who were acquainted with her loyalty, and esteemed her for the
regard with which she had treated our soldiers while in prison at
Richmond. We find on the Governor's files a letter directed to
Secretary Stanton, dated Sept. 12, in which this lady's name is
mentioned.

" I gladly send you Miss Van Lew's letter. She placed it in my
hands for my opinion on the subject, and also on the propriety of her
expressing to you her own opinion. It is difficult not to sympathize
with the views of one so truly devoted to our cause as she is, and one
who has suffered so much. Sdll, while I am confident of her loyal
good faith, I am not sufficiendy apprised of the grounds upon which
the United-States Government is now acting, to he able to form a clear
and intelligent judgment."

The answer of Mr. Stanton to this letter was conveyed to
Miss Van Lew, who was staying at the residence of Colonel
William Raymond Lee, by the Governor, in a letter dated
Sept. 18, in which Mr. Stanton is quoted as having written, -

The case of Mr. Stephens has been brought to the notice of the
President by several persons who take an interest in him, and it is now
under the President's consideration. I will submit to him the repre-
sentations of Miss Van Lew, and beg you to communicate this to
her."

This appears to have been the end of the correspondence.
We are aware, however, that permission was given by the Pres-
ident to Miss Van Lew to visit this distinguished state prisoner
at Fort Warren, and that he was shortly afterwards released
from confinement, and permitted to return to Georgia. We
will add, in this connection, that the writer had known Mr.
Stephens when he was a member of Congress ; and, while a pris-
oner in Fort Warren, we visited him several times while in the
casemates of that fortification. Mr. Stephens was never heartily
a rebel. He was opposed to the secession of the Southern
States ; his State having voted to withdraw from the Union, he
deemed it his duty to go with her. We discussed with him
there all the points of the secession theory ; and the im-
pression left upon our mind was, that, if a proper opportunity

ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS. OF GEORGIA. 639

should arrive by which he could with honor advocate and work
for the re-establishment of the Union, he would take advantage
of it. A number of gentlemen distinguished in political life,
and who had been always true to the Union cause, believed it
would be wise and also expedient to have Mr. Stephens re-
leased from confinement, and return to Georgia, to exercise his
personal influence to bring about a kind and loyal feeling to the
Government in the South. It is just, however, to say, that
this confidence reposed in Mr. Stephens had its origin in
a belief of the truthfulness and manly honor of the gentle-
man, and not in any words which he had expressed, or act
which he had committed, showing that he was unfaithful to his
own section of country, or that, in going with his State into the
Rebellion, he had consciously committed a crime.

On the 4th of October, the Governor transmitted to Francis
George Shaw, father of the late Colonel Shaw, of the Fifty-
fourth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers, a copy of the fol-
lowing letter, which he had received from Brigadier-General W.
F. Bennett : -

I have the honor to inform you that I have in my possession a vol-
canic repeating rifle and a gold watch, which is supposed to be the
property of the late Colonel Shaw, Fifty-fourth Regiment, Massachu-
setts Volunteers. They were taken from a man who has been boast-
ing that he took them from the Colonel's dead body. The man is now
in jail, in charge of the military authorities. Will you notify the fam-
ily of the late Colonel, and ask information on the subject ? "

It would appear from the following letter, dated Oct. 18, ad-
dressed to Mr. Shaw, that the articles named were the property
of his son: -

Your letter to His Excellency was received this morning, and I
send you herewith a copy of General Bennett's letter, from which you
will learn his name and address."

We have already said a word in regard to the services, in the
war, of Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Lyman, who had been
commissioned assistant adjutant-general by Governor Andrew,
that he might serve as a volunteer officer on the staff of
General Meade. We find on the Governor's files a copy of

640 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

a letter dated April 19; Headquarters Army of the Potomac,
addressed to Colonel Lyman by his commanding general : -

"In parting with you after an association of over twenty months,
during which time you have served on my staff, I feel it due to you to
express my high sense of the assistance I have received from you, and
to bear testimony to the zeal, energy, and gallantry you have displayed
in the discharge of your duties. Be assured I shall ever preserve the
liveliest remembrance of our intercourse ; and, wherever our separate fu-
tures may take us, I shall ever have a deep interest in your welfare
and happiness, which, by the blessing of God, I trust may be long con-
tinued."

On the 10th of November, the Governor addressed a letter
to Colonel Lynman on the occasion of his resigning his commis-
sion as assistant adjutant-general, from which we make the fol-
lowing extract : -

" The meritorious and successful manner in which you performed
your duties as a volunteer staff-officer attached to the commanding
general of the Army of the Potomac during your leave of absence
from Massachusetts, having frequently been brought to my attention,
as well by the emphatic and personal mention thereof by Major-Gen-
eral Meade, U.S.A., as by correspondence, I desire to express to you
my warm, cordial, thanks, as commander-in-chief of the militia of this
Commonwealth, for the valuable services you have rendered your
country on the field, while at the same time reflecting honor by your
intelligence, gallantry, and soldierly qualities, through your whole ca-
reer of honorable actual service, upon the militia of Massachusetts, and
the staff of its commander-in-chief."

Soon after Maryland had adopted the amendment to the
Constitution abolishing slavery in that State, Governor Andrew
actively engaged, by correspondence and otherwise, to have all
persons who were imprisoned in that State for the crime of aid-
ing the escape of slaves pardoned. We find upon his files a
number of letters upon this subject addressed to W. G. Snethen,
of Baltimore, and others. From one of these letters, dated Oct.
6, we make the following extract : -

"Another point to which I wish to call your attention is the fact
that there are at present a number of men, say ten or twelve, confined
in the Maryland Penitentiary, for violation of the old slave law of that

LETTER TO REV. JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE. 641

State; Now that slavery is abolished, and Maryland free, it seems
little less than cruelty to keep these men in bonds. Will you ascer-
tain how many there actually are serving under the above head, what
are their names, and if any one there has remembered them, and taken
any step towards securing their release ? Is there any thing that any
one here can do for them ? By giving your attention to this matter,
and advising me of the result, you will much oblige your friend."

To which, on the 25th of November, Mr. Snethen re-
plied, -

"All persons confined in the Maryland Penitentiary for offences
against the late slave code have been released, except seven of the
sixteen whom the abolition of slavery found incarcerated. These
seven are charged with other crimes, but the Governor (Bradford) is
doing all be can to get them out. We do not see how outside influence
can hasten this deliverance."

On the 26th of November (Sunday evening), the Governor
wrote the following letter to his dear friend and pastor, Rev.
James Freeman Clarke : -

I desire to echo your suggestion made to-day after sermon, and I
hope for an efficient movement at the Wednesday evening meeting in
behalf of the freedmen.

" Although the Government of the United States ought to serve out
rations, and to protect the poor people from the suffering from hunger
impending this winter, there will still be large room left for private
charity. Labor disorganized, fields wasted, crops unmade, planters im-
poverished and demoralized, the freedmen uncertain, half protected,
they and their old masters mutually doubtful of each other, the poor
white hostile in great measure, and all the victims more of their igno-
rance and of antecedent circumstances than of present bad inten-
tions, -this is the picture a large part of the South now exhibits.
We in the North are in comfort and prosperity. We must intervene
for the immediate preservation of the 'colored people of the South,
powerless for the moment to save themselves, and; by wise and pru-
dent generosity, help to float them over, until a new crop can be made.
Acting in connection with the Freedmen's Bureau, and with sensible
and practical agents, a million of dollars raised by the North before
Christmas, while in reality and comparatively a small sum, would do
unspeakable good.

" I presume I shall not be able to attend the meeting ; but I beg the
privilege of helping its purpose, though absent. And therefore I write
41

642 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

to express the hope, that our congregation will promptly move in the
most efficient way, and to ask your acceptance of a subscription of one
hundred dollars from

" Yours faithfully and cordially,

" Jo H N A . An D R E w . "

This letter shows the inward feeling which Governor Andrew
had toward the Southern States. There was nothing in his na-
ture unkind or ungenerous ; no one understood better than he
did the position of affairs, both North and South. Pre-eminent
in his devotion to his country while the war lasted, he was the
advocate of carrying it on by vigorous measures to the end.
When the South laid down its arms, and acknowledged its de-
feat, he was equally pre-eminent in generosity and good-will.
He believed, as many others did, that the true way to bring
about a genuine and true re-union was by kindness and gener-
osity. Instead of sending standing armies to the South to
usurp the sway of civil government, he was for sending money
and men to aid the defeated to make glad the waste places, and
to build up a new Zion. Had his ideas prevailed, much of the
difficulty and subsequent distraction in regard to the re-estab-
lishment of government would have been avoided.

We find in the last volume of his letters one addressed to
Mr. Conway, who had charge of the commissary department of
the Freedmen's Bureau in Louisiana. The first page of the let-
ter in the copying-book is so indistinct that it cannot be read ;
but, from the subsequent pages, we judge that it had reference
to the condition of affairs in the South, and from those we
quote : -

The waste of war has left the land-owners poor in all save their
lands. Floating capital has disappeared in the South. Their mules,
machinery, fences, buildings, tools, have been absorbed by the enemy,
or destroyed, or worn out to an extent hardly to be appreciated. And
just now, when they need credit more than ever to replace them, they
are without bankers, factors, or lenders. Without money or credit, the
planter can neither buy mules, corn, bacon, small stores, cloth for the
support of the freedmen, nor can he pay them their needful wages,
while making the crop. To aid in meeting these present wants, and
help restore industry, and to help emancipation prove an early and

LETTER TO MAJORGENERAL SHERMAN. 643

visible success, I accepted the presidency of an institution called the

Company and Agency, having its headquarters in New York,

and a branch at Boston, and agents in the South; and if large or
smaller capitalists in Europe shall desire to invest either in cotton lands
or in loans thoroughly secured, or in a company for the purchase of lands
in large lots, or to be cut up into small freeholds and resold to the freed-
men, poor whites, emigrants, &c., our company could act for them, I
think, with efficiency and success.

" I would recommend that you should consult commercial bodies and
mercantile men and manufacturers and men of affairs here before
leaving home, with a view to verifying these suggestions, and also of
procuring such expressions of opinion as they may choose to give, for
use and comparison abroad.

I hope that every exertion will be made now and without delay
to introduce reasonable amounts of capital, and also numbers of capa-
ble, ambitious, and right-minded men into the South. These, more
than all things else, will tend to restore society and business, and to
confirm peace for us all, and practical freedom and happiness to the
colored race.

"Your long experience and official connection with the freedmen
and the industry of the South during the continuance of the late war
fits you to impart such information, and render such service, as will
conduce to a speedy accomplishment of these results."

On the 28th of December, the Governor wrote to Major-Gen-
eral W. T. Sherman, who had led an army of the United
States from the interior of America to the shores of the At-
lantic, -

It gives me great pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your let-
ter of the 23d inst., and to learn the good opinion which you entertain
of Massachusetts and of Massachusetts troops. She has certainly sent
no more gallant regiments into the field than her Second and Thirty-
third, which have had the good fortune to serve under your com-
mand.

"My former letter was addressed to you, not with the intention of
finding fault with any opinion which you might entertain concerning
us, but to correct any impression that you might have got from erro-
neous statements that have appeared in various quarters, and under cir-
cumstances likely to mislead those not officially enabled to know the
exact truth. I beg leave especially to ask your attention to my last
annual address and its appendix, by which you will perceive this fact ;

644 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

viz., that all the men added to our quota by the enlistment of foreigners
and colored people, were absolutely in excess of the quota assigned the
State. The whole number of colored recruits, whom you describe as
' captured negroes,' was 4,731 ; the whole number of ' imported for-
eigners ' was 907, - a total of 5,638 ; while, as stated on page 83 of
my address, our surplus over all calls is 7,813. The number of colored
recruits enlisted in rebel States was 1,214; the whole number of for-
eigners, 907, - a total of 2,121.

"Asking your indulgence for troubling you with my effort to main-
tain the good fame of our State, and hoping that you may carry out
: our plan of visiting this part of the country next summer,

" I remain very respectfully your friend and servant,

"JohnA. Andrew.

"P.S. Strictly speaking, the 1,214 enlisted in the rebel States
are all who come under your head of ' captured negroes,' as the rest
of the 4,731 were enlisted here as free colored men, from whom we
raised two regiments of infantry and one of cavalry."

This letter to General Sherman requires a simple explana-
tion. General Sherman was a United-States army officer,
and entertained the prejudice which prevailed to a great ex-
tent among that class of gentlemen against the enlistment
of colored troops ; and, when agents from Massachusetts were
sent within his lines to enhst this class of soldiers, they were
not well received by him, and in the heat of the moment
he made remarks not only disparaging to the agents them-
selves, but to the State which they represented. Like a true
and gallant soldier, as every one knows General Sherman
to be, he wrote to Governor Andrew, expressing his regret
for the words spoken in haste, and took the occasion to speak
of the two regiments of Massachusetts volunteers in his com-
mand, in commendatory words which their services made so
proper.

On the 30th of December, the Governor wrote, -

The Secretary of the Commonwealth will place on the nomina-
tion book, to be justices of the peace and of the quorum thereof in
this Commonwealth, the names of -

" Brevet-Brigadier-General Horace B. Sargent, late aide-de-camp.

Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Lee, Jr., late aide-de-camp.

Colonel Harrison Ritchie, senior aide-de camp.

GOVERNOR ANDREW DECLINES A RE-NOMINATION. 645

Lieutenant-Colonel John W. Wetherell, aide-de-camp.
Lieutenant-Colonel John Quincy Adams, aide-de-camp.
Lieutenant-Colonel William L. Candler, aide-de-camp.
Lieutenant-Colonel Albert G. Browne, Jr., late private secretary.
Major Henry Ware, private secretary.
Major-General William Schouler, Adjutant-General.
Brigadier-General John H. Reed, Quartermaster-General.
Brigadier-General William J. Dale, Surgeon-General.
Brigadier-General Richard A. Peirce, Inspector-General.
Brigadier-General William Raymond Lee, Chief Engineer.
Brigadier-General William L. Burt, Judge-Advocate-General.
Brigadier-General Elijah D. Brigham, Commissary-General.
Colonel Joseph M. Day, Provost-Marshal-General.
Colonel J. F. B. Marshall, Paymaster-General.
Colonel William S. King, Constable of Commonwealth.
Colonel Charles Amory, late Master of Ordnance.
Lieutenant-Colonel Gardiner Tufts, Assistant Provost-Marshal-
General, State agent at Washington, of Lynn, Essex County.
Major William Rogers, assistant Adjutant-General.
Major George C. Trumbull, late Acting Master of Ordnance."

These nominations were confirmed.

The war being over, Governor Andrew determined not again
to be a candidate for Governor of Massachusetts. On the 13th
of September, he addressed the followings letter to William
Claflin, chairman of the Republican State Committee : -

"My purpose was made public at the beginning of the present
year to retire from office at its close. But it seems more respectful
and considerate to give formal expression to that wish by communi-
cating it to yourself in your capacity of chairman of the State Cen-
tral Committee, and authorizing you to represent me therein before
the convention. I pray you to assure the convention of my cordial
and grateful sense of the generous kindness which, during these years
of anxious service, I have experienced from the people, and my hearty
appreciation of the honor of their confidence and support in a period
of difficulty, and under circumstances of peril and care without
example. If, during the renuiant of my official term, I shall be so for-
tunate as not to incur their just disapprobation, I shall resume the
duties of a private citizen, carrying the memory of an official career
long enough for ambition, and crowned by the happiness of having
served the State with singleness of heart."

646 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

The Republican Convention met in Worcester on the 15th
of September, and organized by the choice of Mr. Gillett, of
Westfield, for temporary chairman, who, on taking the chair,
made a brief and eloquent address. The meeting was perma-
nently organized by the choice of Charles Sumner for presi-
dent, and a number of vice-presidents and secretaries, among
whom were several of the representative men of the party.

Alexander H. Bullock, of Worcester, was unanimously
nominated for Governor, and William Claflin, of Newton,
for Lieutenant-Governor. Henry S. Briggs, of Pittsfield, was
nominated for Auditor; Jacob H. Loud, of Plymouth, for
Treasurer ; Chester L Reed, of Taunton; for Attorney-General ;
and Oliver Warner, of Northampton, for Secretary of State.

In the afternoon, speeches were made by Hon. Charles Sum-
ner, Benjamin F. Butler, Mr. Bullock, the nominee for Gov-
ernor, and Mr. Claflin, the nominee for Lieutenant-Governor,
and a series of patriotic resolutions were reported by William
S. Robinson, of Maiden, chairman of the Committee on
Resolutions.

The Democratic Convention met in Worcester, on the 29th
of September. John K. Tarbox was chosen temporary
chairman, and Edward Avery, of Braintree, permanent presi-
dent. Both of these gentlemen made short and well-ex-
pressed addresses upon political affairs from a Democratic
stand-point.

Darius N. Couch, of Taunton, who had distinguished him-
self as an able and efficient officer in the war, was nominated
for Governor, and Thomas F. Plunkett, of Pittsfield, for
Lieutenant-Governor ; S. O. Lamb, of Greenfield, for Secretary
of State ; Thomas C. Amory, Jr., of Boston, for Treasurer ;
Arthur F. Devereux, of Salem, for Auditor; and Horatio G.
Parker, of Cambridge, for Attorney-General.

The election took place on Tuesday, the 7th of November,
and resulted in a complete triumph of the Republican party;
electing their State ticket by a large plurality, and an over-
whelming majority of members in both branches of the Legis-
lature.

Our regiments and batteries had all come home ; their battle-

RECEPTION OF THE FLAGS. 647

flags had been returned, some of them to the State authorities,
and were tastefully displayed on the columns of the Doric
Hall in the State House. Some of them were held by the
United-States mustering officer, who had received orders to
forward them to Washington; which order was subsequently
revoked, and authority given to have them placed in the hands
of the Governor to be preserved in the archives of the Com-
monwealth. It was then determined by Governor Andrew to
have these colors received with all the honors which the cause
they symbolized, and the battle-fields over which they had
waved, made proper ; and he selected the twenty-second day
of December, the anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims
at Plymouth in 1620, as the day on which the ceremony
should take place. Major-General Couch was selected to
command, and Brevet-Major-General Hinks was appointed
chief of his staff.

The day was a common New-England wintry day; the
ground was covered with snow to the depth of about six
inches. Early in the morning of the 22d, the veteran officers
and men of our gallant commands assembled in Boston, and
formed in military order. All were represented : and when
placed in column of march with their old uniforms, each
command carrying its tattered flags, some of which had waved
over fifty battle-fields, in the valleys of Virginia, and on the
mountains of Tennessee; had followed the fortunes of Butler
and Banks in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas ; and had been
unfurled where Burnside and Sherman had led in the Caro-
linas and in Georgia, - a sight was presented which awakened
the most patriotic and sublime thoughts in the heart of
every loyal person.

As the procession moved through the different streets, busi-
ness was suspended, the sidewalks were crowded with spectators,
banners were displayed from almost every house, and everywhere
cheers went up of welcome and of gratitude ; a salute was fired
by a detachment of light artillery, bands of music played in-
spiring airs. The whole scene was one which will never be
forgotten by those who witnessed it.
The procession reached the State House about one o'clock in

648 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

the afternoon. The col or- bearers of each command were sta-
tioned upon the steps leading to the Capitol; and when all were
in position, holding aloft the war-worn banners, they presented
a spectacle at once imposing and picturesque. The arrange-
ments were completed. Rev. Samuel K. Lothrop, D.D., made
a most impressive and fervent prayer, at the conclusion of
which General Couch stepped forward, and addressed Governor
Andrew as follows : -

"May it Please your ExceUency, - We have come here to-day
as the representatives of the army of volunteers furnished by Massa-
chusetts for the suppression of the Rebellion, bringing these colors in
order to return them to the State who intrusted them to our keeping.
You must, however, pardon us if we give them up with profound
regret; for these tattered shreds forcibly remind us of long and fa-
tiguing marches, cold bivouacs, and many hard-fought battles. The
rents in their folds, the battle-stains on their escutcheons, the blood of
our comrades that has sanctified the soil of a hundred fields, attest
the sacrifices that have been made, the courage and constancy shown,
that the nation might live. It is, sir, a peculiar satisfaction and pleasure
to us, that you, who have been an honor to the State and nation, from
your marked patriotism and fidelity throughout the war, and have been
identified with every organization before you, are now here to receive
back, as the State custodian of her precious relics, these emblems of
the devotion of her sons. May it please your Excellency, the colors
of the Massachusetts volunteers are returned to the State."

The Governor repUed in the following brief but beautiful and
eloquent address : -

"General,- This pageant, so full of pathos and of glory, forms
the concluding scene in the long series of visible actions and events in
which Massachusetts has borne a part for the overthrow of the Rebel-
lion and the vindication of the Union.

"These banners returned to the Government of the Commonwealth
through welcome hands. Borne one by one out of this Capitol during
more than four years of civil war, as the symbols of the nation and
the Commonwealth under which the battalions of Massachusetts de-
parted to the fields, - they come back again, borne hither by surviving
representatives of the same heroic regiments and companies to which
they were intrusted.

"At the hands. General, of yourself, the ranking officer of the vol-

RECEPTION OF THE FLAGS. 649

unteers of the Commonwealth (one of the earliest who accepted a
regimental command under the appointment of the Governor of Massa-
chusetts), and of this grand column of scarred and heroic veterans
who guard them home, they are returned with honors becoming relics
so venerable, soldiers so brave, and citizens so beloved.

"Proud memories of many fields; sweet memories alike of valor
and friendship; sad memories of fraternal strife; tender memories of
our fallen brothers and sons, whose dying eyes looked last upon their
flaming folds ; grand memories of heroic virtues, sublime by grief;
exultant memories of the great and final victories of our country, our
Union, and the righteous cause; thankful memories of a deliverance
wrought out for human nature itself, unexampled by any former achieve-
ment of arms ; immortal memories with immortal honors blended, -
twine around these splintered staves, weave themselves along the warp
and woof of these familiar flags, war-worn, begrimed, and baptized
with blood.

"Let the 'brave heart, the trusty heart, the deep, unfathomable
heart,' in words of more than mortal eloquence uttered, though unex-
pressed, speak the emotions of grateful veneration for which these lips
of mine are alike too feeble and unworthy.

"General, 1 accept these relics in behalf of the people and the
Commonwealth. They will be preserved and cherished, amid all
the vicissitudes of the future, as mementos of brave men and noble
actions."

The pageant then dissolved, and the colors were placed in
the Doric Hall of the Capitol, where they will remain to testify
to future generations of the courage and endurance manifested
by the soldiers of Massachusetts during four of the most
eventful years of its history.

After the services, the Governor was pleased to present to
the Adjutant-General the original manuscript of the address ;
on which, in his own handwriting, was the following indorse-
ment : -

"2^2 o'clock, P.M., Dec. 22, 1865. -This is the original manuscript
used by me in reply to Major-General Couch, by whose hand the flag
of the Nineteenth Regiment was delivered to me, he acting as the
commander for the day of the volunteer column. I present it as an
autograph to Adjutant-General Schouler, by whose happy thought
'Forefathers Day ' was named for the reception of the battle-flags.

65 0 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

and whose industry and care helped largely to give a brilliant success
to the ceremonies of the day, - with faithful regards of

"John A. Andrew."

This great and interesting occasion was most admirably illus-
trated in a short poem, addressed to Governor Andrew, by a
gentleman who signed himself "one of the First Massachusetts
Cavalry." The author was Brigadier-General Horace Binney
Sargent, who, at the commencement of Governor Andrew's
administration, was chief of his personal staff, and who subse-
quently went to the war as lieutenant-colonel of the First Regi-
ment Massachusetts Cavalry, was afterwards promoted colonel,
and who was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for brave
and meritorious services in the field.

In the latter part of July, Massachusetts was honored with a
visit from General Grant and his staff. The Adjutant-General
was detailed by Governor Andrew to meet General Grant at
Albany, and present to him a written invitation to visit Boston,
and to receive the honors and hospitality of the Commonwealth
which his great services so well merited.

On the 29th of July, the Adjutant-General met General
Grant at Greenbush, opposite Albany, and presented to him the
Governor's communication. The invitation expressed in it was
accepted ; and General Grant and staff proceeded immediately,
by a special train, which was elaborately decorated, to Boston.
The party reached Boston about seven o'clock in the evening.
The crowd around the depot of the Worcester Railroad was im-
mense, and the sidewalks of the streets through which the pro-
cession passed from there to the Revere House were crowded
with interested and enthusiastic citizens. The escort duty was
performed by the First Company of Cadets, under command of
Lieutenant-Colonel Holmes.

The passage from Albany to Boston was an almost unbroken
ovation of the people. Wherever the train stopped, immense
crowds were there to welcome and cheer the commanding Gen-
eral.

The next day bein, Sunday, General Grant and Governor
Andrew, with their respective staffs, attended divine service at the
Old South Church. Prayer was made by the venerable Dr.

GENERAL GRANT'S VISIT TO MASSACHUSETTS. 651

Jenks, and a sermon was preached by Rev. Mr. Manning. On
Monday, General Grant received the attention of the City Gov-
ernment of Boston, and held a levee at Faneuil Hall, where
many of the citizens were introduced to him, and shook him by
the hand. On Tuesday morning, Aug. 1, the General and his
party left Boston on a special train for Portland, on the Boston
and Maine Railroad. A car had been fitted up in the same
elegant style as the car which brought him from Albany over
the Western road.

The same enthusiasm greeted the General at the different sta-
tions where the train stopped, that had distinguished his journey
from Albany to Boston.

By order of Governor Andrew, the Adjutant-General was
directed to accompany the distinguished party to Portland. In
his report for 1865, the Adjutant-General says, -

"In the evening, I took my leave of the General and Mrs. Grant,
and of his staff officers, and the next morning left for Boston. The
occasion was one that I shall never forget."

Our narrative now approaches its close. But, before conclud-
ing it, we deem it proper to speak briefly of the services ren-
dered to our soldiers and to the Union cause by two ladies of.
Boston, who, during the entire war,, devoted almost their whole
time to works of charity and love, for the comfort of our sol-
diers, and the alleviation of their sufferings ; one of whom
was Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis, and the other Miss Abbie
May.

Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis was the daughter of a Boston mer-
chant, Wilham H. Boardman, Esq., who was largely engaged
in the North-west Coast, China, and India trade. She was
early married to the eldest son of the Hon. Harrison Gray Otis,
who bore his father's name. Upon the death of her husband,
she passed seven years in Europe, for the purpose of educating
her three sons, and returned to America, making Boston her
permanent home.

Connected by blood and marriage with some of the oldest and
most distinguished families in the country, blessed with personal
attractions, mental gifts, and a magnetism that drew about her the

652 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

good as well as great, Mrs. Otis has held a place in society un-
rivalled in her own city or State.

While many of her sex would have used the advantages of
her position for selfish advancement and social distinction merely,
she, with a large-heartedness and wide-spread benevolence, has
made her power felt in public as well as private acts of charity,
her outgoing sympathies ever on the alert for the oppressed and
unfortunate, of her own sex especially. Where fortune frowned,
she has held out her hand, smiled and encouraged.

PubUc-spirited to a proverb, she has ever been ready to give
aid to any enterprise for the benefit of the needy, setting aside
her own convenience and the calls of social position, while she
devoted time and labor to its accomplishment. "The Blind
Asylum Fair," "The Sailor's Snug Barbor," "The Washington
Equestrian Statue," are among the public works that bear wit-
ness to her labors.

To the perseverance of Mrs. Otis we are indebted for the
crowning contribution for the purchase of Washington's tomb.
The last gift to the treasury was from the proceeds of the Mount
Vernon Ball, at the Boston Theatre, March 4, 1559, that origi-
nated in her exertions. The sum reaUzed was about ten thou-
sand dollars.

It was also chiefly to the untiring efforts of Mrs. Otis, which
commenced about 1850, that the birthday of Washington was
made by law a hoUday in Massachusetts, on which occasion it
has been her custom, with a gracious hospitality, to open her
house for a public reception of her friends, the accomplished
hostess inspiring those who thronged about her with the patri-
otism for which she has been distinguished.

At the commencement of the late civil war, Mrs. Otis, con-
sistently with the previous acts of her life, laid aside all selfish
and social interests, and resolved to devote her time, labor, and
influence to the interests of her country. The City Govern-
ment of Boston was offered, by the liberahty of WilUam Evans,
a hotel called the Evans House, as a place of deposit for
goods and money for American soldiers, sailors, and their fami-
lies. Mrs. Otis was invited by the city authorities to take
charge of the enterprise, and carry out her own plans for its

MRS. HARRISON GRAY OTIS. 653

management, her practical and administrative ability, together
with her high position, eminently fitting her for it.

The plan of placing a woman in communication with the sol-
diery outside of hospitals being entirely original, and a novelty,
it was regarded, by many persons, wholly impracticable,
and prophesied a failure, as well as insecure from insubor-
dination and rudeness; but, in Mrs. Otis' s first report to the
committee, she states that nothing could surpass the exceeding
respect, deference, and boundless gratitude, with which she had
been treated.

A Bank of Faith was at once established; not one cent or
shred was begged for the great, cause, the enormous demands
being supplied entirely by voluntary contributions of goods and
money. Mrs. Otis gave her personal superintendence to every
thing, assisted by three persons only, not absenting herself a
single day, summer or winter, excepting on Sundays, and days
of religious festival. An important part of this novel plan
was, that the donations of wearing apparel, books, &c., should
be personally made.

The Committee on Military Donations passed the following
resolution, Dec. 22, 1862 : -

That this institution, under the management of this most excellent
and patriotic lady, has been of incalculable benefit to the soldiers of
our army. By her untiring perseverance and benevolence, our volun-
teers have been supplied, not only with substantial, well-made clothing
necessary for a campaign, but with many of those smaller articles, cal-
culated to render their camp-life more comfortable, and which only
could have been provided by womanly kindness and forethought.

" Without entering into details, some idea of her labors and the gen-
erous donations which have been received and distributed by Mrs. Otis
may be derived from the fact, that five thousand four hundred dollars
have been received in cash, and two hundred and fifty thousand six
hundred and seventeen articles have been distributed; many donors
presenting well-filled boxes and barrels ready for hospital use, with the
assurance that they were properly packed for transportation, the
package, with its contents, having been considered but a single article
in the enumeration."

Mrs. Otis' s report to the Donation Committee of the City

654 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

Government of Boston for the year 1865 states that she has
completed the fourth year of her interesting work, commenced
in 1861 at the Evans House, remaining there two years, and
two years at 126 Tremont Street, opposite Park-street Church.

That she is fully confirmed in her belief that the institution
had been a great and unfailing consolation to the recipients.

That the Bank of Faith, under Divine Providence, had amply
prospered, the same contributors who so nobly commenced with
their voluntary donations having generously adhered to it.

That the supplies of the house had not been confined to Mas-
sachusetts alone, no soldier with fitting testimonials ever leav-
ing empty-handed.

That numberless letters had been received from camp and
hospital, giving grateful assurance of the safe arrival of pack-
ages, &c.

She returns thanks to the ladies at the McLean Asylum,
Somerville, under the care of Dr. Tyler, for the large number
of garments for the soldiers made by them; also to the Massa-
chusetts Bible Society, for the generous supply of testaments.

That, during the twelve months the report covers, three thou-
sand dollars in money, and fifty thousand substantial articles,
had been distributed; comprising cotton and woollen shirts,
drawers, socks, mittens, soldiers' bags, pocket-handkerchiefs,
new and half-worn cotton and woollen shirts, all sorts of
half-worn garments for soldiers' families, towels, comforters,
blankets, coverhds, pillows of all sizes, night-gowns, bed-gowns,
dressing-gowns, slippers, provision-bags, sleeping-caps, and
every variety of hospital garments and stores, including tea, cof-
fee, chocolate, cocoa, saga, tapioca, corn-starch, liquors, wines,
dried and preserved fruits, sugar, molasses, vegetables of all
sorts, all kinds of lint and bandages. Testaments, Bibles,
prayer-books, and tracts have been abundantly supplied, and
newspapers of all sorts.

When we are told that nearly a miUion of dollars in money and
goods passed through this institution during the four years of
the war, we can realize the amount of labor and responsibility
that was voluntarily assumed, and successfully carried out to the
end.

NEW-ENGLAND SANITARY CONTRIBUTIONS. 655

The New-England Women's Auxiliary Association, of which
many good and noble ladies were active and distinguished orna-
ments, was the name given to the North-eastern branch of the
United-States Sanitary Commission. It was organized in De-
cember, 1861, with headquarters in Boston, and continued its
work until July 12, 1865. At that time, finding $6,462.14 in its
treasury after its debts were paid, it resolved itself into a small
committee to expend the residue of the money for the benefit of
disabled soldiers, or women and children left by the war widiout
their natural protectors. Its first officers were, John Ware,
M.D., president ; S. G. Howe, M.D., vice-president : Rev.
Rufus Ellis, secretary ; and George Higginson, Esq., treasurer.
It had an executive committee of seven ladies, the chairman of
which was the acting head of the work ; an industrial committee
of six ladies, whose duty consisted in purchasing material, and
getting it converted into garments. The cutting was done by
volunteers, and the sewing by poor women, fairly paid for their
work by persons of wealth, ready to do the twofold good of
employing the poor, and furnishing garments for the soldiers.
No money was ever taken from the general fund to pay these
seamstresses. There was also a finance committee of seven gen-
tlemen and five ladies, whose functions are sufficiently indicated
by the name. In addition to these officers working in Boston,
there was a large number, varying from fifty in the beginning of
the work to one hundred and twenty-six at the end, of associate
managers, ladies living in various cities and towns of New
England, who undertook the work of a rousing interest, each in
her own locality ; and of giving requisite information in regard
to the needs, and the best method of meeting them.

Thus organized, the association began its work; bearing in
mind that its duty was to act as medium of communication
between the officers of die Sanitary Commission and the peo-
ple of New England ; the former being free to make requisitions
for any supplies needed for the soldiers, which requisitions
the association was promptly to make known, trusfing to the
people to supply the need. It never trusted in vain ; for,
though the demand, enormous almost beyond power of compu-
tation or expression, was seldom fully met, yet the response to

656 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

every call was prompt and generous, and made with proofs of
hearty good-will, that could never be misunderstood.

The name of the association would indicate, that it covered
the six New-England States, and so, in a certain way, it did ;
but it was plain that to bring supplies northward from Rhode
Island and Connecticut would be unwise; and, consequently,
those two States forwarded their goods to New York, except
on a few occasions, when shipment by sea to some remote South-
em ports was more cheaply effected from Boston than from New
York. The statistics which are contained in this sketch refer,
therefore, almost entirely to the work of Maine, New Hamp-
shire, Vermont, and Massachusetts ; they being so blended in
all the reports of the association, that it would be impossible to
separate the share of Massachusetts from the whole. In the
year 1864, a statement was printed, giving the names of towns
from which contributions had been received during that year,
and summing up as follows : In Maine, 155 towns; New
Hampshire, 65 ; Vermont, 206 ; Massachusetts, 301 ; towns in
other States, 8. Probably this represented fairly the propor-
tions of other years, though it does not indicate at all the rela-
tive values of the contributions. A small and poor town might
perhaps send but one box of supplies in the year, while others,
more favored, would keep a constant succession of gifts pouring
into the general stock. But, again, this last statement does not
indicate the proportionate sacrifice, or rather effort (for the
word sacrifice was seldom used by the women who worked for
the soldiers), involved in the various contributions. Perhaps
the "one box from the small town" was as large an offering
proportionately as the full stream from the larger town ; and
probably it represented more hours of midnight work after the
hard toil of the day was accomplished, and more absolute pri-
vation, that the best blanket might go to the soldiers, or that
the money that was actually needed to keep wife and children
from positive want should be spared to buy comforts for those
who were so far away. These vital statistics rest in imperishable
records, but are not in our power to compute. But we may
bear sincere tribute to this woman's work, - a work in which all
joined heartily and simply, recognizing no distinction of rich or

NEW-ENGLAND SANITARY CONTRIBUTIONS. 657

poor, high or low, but in which the real sacrifices came upon
those least favored; and, to their honor be it said, by them was
the greater part of the work done. But it is not as a question
of proportions that the work deserves to be considered ; rather it
should be looked at from the point of view of its harmony and
its universality. Those who had money to give, gave that;
those who had only time, gave that most precious of all things.
The little girl set her first stitches on the comfort-bag for the
soldier ; the little boy picked blackberries for his mother to con-
vert into jam or wine, or spent his pocket-money in some article
of use.

" An associate manager in Maine," says a report of the Association,
" writes, 'Some of the towns in this neighborhood do not even rejoice in
a name : their only distinction is a number. We have had a contribu-
tion of one dollar from little children, in two of these nameless settle-
ments : the postmaster of the nearest town sent the money, with the
names of the children. The sums given ranged from three to five
cents each.'

A lady who had lived to see her ninetieth winter prepared with
her own hands a cask of pickles to send to the boys" in the
army. The school-boy on holidays went to the store-house, and
helped to pack the boxes, which many an express agent and
railway company conveyed to their destination, free of charge.
Telegraph companies offered their wires without cost ; editors of
newspapers opened their columns freely. A Boston gentleman
gave the use of his building at 22 Summer Street, for nearly
two years and a half to the association, for office and store-
rooms ; and, when he could no longer extend such liberality,
two corporations of gentlemen gave free use of rooms at 18
West Street, and in the Savings Bank in Temple Place, until
the close of the work. And so on, the association seems
most fully to have proved the power of the words, "Ask, and ye
shall receive," and, more than that, to have received freely and
constantly when it did not even ask ; and all this was done from
the highest sentiment of patriotism, and for love of those who
were doing their utmost to save the country, and keep it worthy
of our love and our sacrifices. If this record of the work
could preserve a memory of the spirit with which it was carried
42

658 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

on, it would indeed be a page in her history, of which Massa-
chusetts would for ever be proud. As it is, she need never
blush at the mere statistics of values and quantities, remember-
ing, as she must, what untold treasures of patriotism and hu-
manity they but partially indicate.

The whole number of garments and articles of bedding
sent to the soldiers by this association, throughout the three
years and seven months of its existence, was 1,010,869. Of
these, the all-important and most costly articles form a large
part, as follows : flannel shirts, 75,314 ; flannel drawers (pair),
52,585 ; cotton flannel drawers (pair), 15,725 ; stockings
(pair), 125,536 ; blankets, 9,663 ; comforters, 14,540. Of
stimulants and food a great variety was sent, which it is not
necessary here to mention in detail. The one item of "wines
and spirits," 22,275 bottles, may serve to indicate that the
quantity was great. More than 500 barrels of crackers were
sent ; and tea, coffee, chocolate, jellies, preserves, pickles, con-
densed milk, beef-stock, dried and canned fruit, vegetables,
farina, lemons, oranges, cologne water, bay water, medicines,
and articles of use in hospitals, with a large amount of reading
matter, writing materials, and games.

The association received in money $314,874.07. Of this
amount, $145,950.85 was obtained by a great and successful
fair in Music Hall. The principal part of the remainder
was in outright gifts from individuals and societies. About
$133,000 was expended in materials for clothing, $22,000
in purchase of blankets, $52,000 for hospital stores, $1,600
in refitting the floating hospital "Daniel Webster" for her
return to White House, after she had brought a ship-load of
disabled soldiers to Boston. Ready-made clothing, to a small
extent, was purchased, and shoes, slippers, surgical instruments
and apphances ; but it is not needful here to enumerate these.
The annual reports of the association give full details of its
expenditures.

We may mention, however, with pride and satisfaction, that
no salary was paid during the work, with the exception of
$600 appropriated to send an agent to another State, to do
work which otherwise would not have been done, and which

NEW-ENGLAND SANITARY CONTRIBUTIONS. 659

brought immediate returns in thousands of most needed
garments. One porter was the only person permanently
hired. Occasionally, in times of great pressure, extra help
was needed and had; but this was an insignificant item of ex-
pense. The work was done by volunteers, almost entirely
ladies, who, entering into it at that early period when its
magnitude was not at all foreseen, yet accepted the great in-
crease of labor, month by month, to the end. Some of them,
who opened the office in 1861, and helped to unpack the first
boxes contributed, stood by until the end, sent off the last con-
signment of supplies, and closed the doors on the completed
work. They were not only originators and supervisors, but
packers, purchasing agents, book-keepers, and clerks in every
variety of detail ; and they carried on the office work and the
system of book-keeping in a manner to elicit the most favora-
ble comment from gendemen whose business knowledge made
them competent critics.

It was pleasant indeed to enter the spacious office at 22
Summer Street, on some of the dark days when defeat and
disaster seemed to reign abroad, and to find there a score of
resolute women, unpacking, assorting, stamping, repacking, in-
voicing, and forwarding those goods that were to assuage ter-
rible suffering, perchance to bring back the life that seemed
almost to have gone. And all this was done so quietly, so
systematically, with so little thought of self in the doing, that
the spectator knew that those women, young, gay and thought-
less as many of them might otherwise have been, had caught the
spirit of their time, had recognized the terrible issues involved,
and had accepted gladly a share, however small, in the great
work, as the best opportunity that had ever come to them.

Nor let the women outside of Boston be forgotten. Hun-
dreds of them, in societies or acting individually, enlisted in the
work on the fu-st day of its existence, and continued in it until
the end. By constant correspondence with the Boston head-
quarters, they kept themselves informed of the probable re-
quirements, and so were able to anticipate the need in the
timely preparation of supplies. So thorough and cordial was
the understanding between the branch societies and the acting

660 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

committee in Boston, that a word flashed over the telegraph
wires one day brought sure response the next, in boxes, bar-
rels, and bundles of the needed article, or money wherewith to
purchase it.

Such is an outline of our women's work for the soldiers
during the war, under the organization of the New-England
Women's Auxiliary Association.

It is proper, also, that the services of the New-England
Soldiers' Relief Association, the headquarters of which were
in New-York City, and whose active and energetic leader was
Colonel Frank E. Howe, should receive a passing notice at
our hands.

This association was organized April 9, 1862, by sons of
New England resident in the city of New York, with the
purpose of making arrangements to provide for proper atten-
tion to the sick and wounded soldiers as they should from time
to time pass through New York on their return from the seat
of war to their homes.

The first meeting was held at the Fifth-avenue Hotel, March
31, 1862. Mr. William M. Evarts was chosen chairman, and
subsequently president of the association, and Mr. William
Bond and Dr. Maurice Perkins were chosen secretaries, and
S. E. Low, Esq., treasurer. A committee of three from each
New-England State was appointed to provide the necessary
means to carry out this work ; to communicate widi the Presi-
dent, the Secretary of War, and other members of the
national Government, for the purpose of interchanging views
in relation to the relief of sick and wounded soldiers arriving
in the city, and co-operating together, that greater efficiency
might be obtained in effecting the purposes of the association,
and to select a suitable location for its uses.

The proprietors of the Astor House tendered to this asso-
ciation the gratuitous use of a room or rooms in their hotel
for its meetings at any time they might desire to make such use
of them.

The State of New York threw open the Park Barracks on
Broadway as a temporary receiving hospital, and the southern
portion of it was at once fitted up for that purpose. The

THE NEW-ENGLAND ROOMS IN NEW YORK. 661

Association of Physicians and Surgeons of New York and
Brooklyn were appointed to take medical charge of the pa-
tients, called the "New-York Surgical Aid Association." A
building, No. 194 Broadway, was rented for the permanent
uses of the association, and Colonel Frank E. Howe appointed
superintendent.

Five committees were selected from the members of the
association to form visiting committees for the purpose of re-
ceiving, disposing of, and attending to the wounded or disabled
soldiers as they should from time to time arrive in the city ;
such committees to co-operate with the State agents and medi-
cal attendants, and each to serve one week.

A "Women's Auxiliary Committee" was formed to co-
operate with this association, and was divided into five weekly
committees, to hold themselves in readiness to attend at the
association building during their respective weeks, upon due
notice being given.

An invoice of hospital bedding was received from the Assist-
ant Medical Purveyor's office, New York, and the donation of
sundry articles from several generous friends.

His Excellency Governor Andrew, of Massachusetts, placed
at their disposal an ambulance, to be used for the comfortable
transportation of the sick and wounded.

His Excellency Governor Buckingham, of Connecticut, con-
tributed personally one hundred dollars to the association,
expressing his warm appreciation for the thoughtful and con-
siderate kindness in making provision for the soldiers of his
own State.

The Governors of all the New-England States were unani-
mously elected honorary members of the association.

A splendid set of books was presented by the well-known
firm of stationers, Messrs. Francis & Leutrel.

A handsome and excellent carpet was also presented by
Alexander T. Stewart, Esq.

The association received continual calls from physicians,
heartily offering their services ; and also from the two years'
students in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, who were
willing to spend day and night in rendering professional aid.

662 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

The president of the Adams Express Company offered the
gratuitous use of any number, from one to twenty wagons, for
the purpose of conveying wounded soldiers that might arrive in
the city; and would, with pleasure, furnish horses and drivers
also for this benevolent purpose, at any hour of the day or
night.

The treasurer reported the receipt of $4,272 from personal
contributions.

The first efforts of the New-England Soldiers' Relief Asso-
ciation were directed to meeting and supplying, if possible, the
imperative need of a hospital for sick and wounded soldiers in
the great metropolis. For a time the Government of the United
States gladly availed itself of its facilities for this service. The
work rapidly increased until the association was formed, and
its efforts were extended to soldiers from every State. Thus it
was enabled to give shelter, comfort, and cheer to thousands
of men.

From the ninth day of April, 1862, to the first day of Sep-
tember, 1865, it received, registered, lodged, fed, aided, and
clothed sick, wounded, and disabled soldiers, coming from
almost every State, to the number of 86,673.

It also received, welcomed, and entertained New-England
regiments passing through the city on the way to the field,
caring and providing for their wants, to the aggregate num-
ber of 278,496 men. And also it was its privilege to wel-
come the returning veterans of our glorious armies, 34,383
men, bearing upon their standards the names of those memo-
rable battle-fields upon which they had won such immortal
renown.

This does not include the regiments which passed through
the city from the States of Connecticut and Rhode Island ; the
care, reception, and entertainment of which devolved upon
their energetic and able military agent. Colonel John H.
Almy, whose entire time was industriously devoted to their
interests, and whose services were of infinite value to the asso-
ciation.

The hospital record show that there were received and
recorded, from personal visitations at the bedsides of our

THE NEW-ENGLAND ROOMS IN NEW YORK. 663

suffering soldiers in hospitals in and near the city, the names,
company, regiment, residence, hospital, date of admission,
wound, disease, and final disposition of every soldier who
was admitted within their wards, numbering 91,609 soldiers.

The number of soldiers received and entertained upon their
return from the war, was 34,383.

The total number of sick, wounded: enfeebled, discharged, fur-
loughed, and passing, soldiers, aided and provided for, was
490,661.

Marvelle W. Cooper, Esq., the energetic treasurer of the
association, whose hearty and sympathetic action was s o
strongly enlisted for its welfare, reports the amount of its
expenditures in the forty-two months, $60,518.29; being
an average per month of $1,440.91.

Colonel Howe also acknowledges the attention of the United-
States Sanitary Commission throughout the war to the interests
of the association, and their final action in assuming its debts,
amounting to $7,307.04.

He also adds, that to mention all to whom the association
was specially indebted for their active assistance in accomplish-
ing such results, and to measure out to each his adequate por-
tion of thanks, would be altogether impossible; but he places
upon record, in the most earnest manner, an acknowledgment
of constant obligation to the Young Men's Night-watchers'
Association, R. B. Lockwood, Esq., President, who main-
tained during four entire years their most commendable organi-
zation, having never permitted a night to pass without two of
their number watching as faithful nurses at the bedsides of our
brave defenders.

To Mrs. E. A. Russell, the matron, are tendered the fullest
and warmest thanks in behalf of the many thousand sufferers
whom she has reUeved ; also to Dr. Everett Herrick, whose
unremitting care and marked skill were exhibited in his attend-
ance at the hospital.

To S. E. Low, the former treasurer, whose protracted ab-
sence from the city made his resignation necessary, but by
whose ability, prudence, and systematic care the financial con-
cerns were so successfully managed, the association is much;

664 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

indebted; and to the Rev. Alexander R. Thompson, D.D.,
Chaplain, whose self-imposed and efficient labors at the altar of
the institution, and whose devoted ministrations by the bedside
of the sick, wounded, and dying men, have won the love of
all ; and, finally, to the ladies' committee, whose untiring labors
were only an illustration of that self-sacrificing devotion to the
cause which has so marked arid characterized the women of our
country throughout the, war.

Colonel Howe does not close his admirable report without
calling to mind the opportune aid and counsel at all times of
Major-General John A. Dix, late commanding officer of this
Department. Also the kindly co-operation of Brigadier-
General R. S. Satterlee, Medical Purveyor of the Depart-
ment, and Colonel W. I. Sloan, Medical Director, in all
matters appertaining to the interests of the sick and wounded
soldiers. He does not state, however, that he performed his
arduous duties during the entire war without compensation from
this Commonwealth.

And, finally he is indebted to the long-continued kindness
of Mr. Charles A. Stetson and his most estimable family ; the
near proximity of the rooms to the Astor House impelling
frequent applications, day and night, for the luxuries and
delicacies of the market, which were always afforded with an
unsparing hand and hearty will, with the refusal to receive any
thing but thanks.

At the final meeting of the New-England Soldiers' Relief
Association, held Feb. 12, 1866, Hon. William M. Evarts,
President, presiding, the following resolution passed unani-
mously : -

"Resolved, That the grateful acknowledgments and high apprecia-
tion of this association are due, and are hereby tendered, to Colonel
Frank E. Howe, for his patriotic and humane devotion to the interests
of the soldiers who, disabled and suffering, were the recipients of his
thoughtful kindness and care."

Also, on motion of Hon. R. E. Andrews, -

"Resolved, That the thanks of this association are due and hereby
tendered to Hon. William M. Evarts, President, for the able and effi-

MASSACHUSETTS AND BOSTON SOLDIERS' FUND. 665

cient manner in which he has discharged his duties, and for the benefits
which the association has received from his name."

At the commencement of the war, a committee of one hun-
dred gentlemen, comprising the Governor, all the living ex-
Governors, the Mayors of cities, and all the living ex-Mayors
of the State, together with many other distinguished gentlemen
in private Ufe, formed themselves into a society to raise and dis-
burse money for the benefit of the soldiers' families. The fund
thus raised was called the Massachusetts Soldiers' Fund. We
have been unable to learn the precise amount which was raised ;
but it was between sixty-five thousand and seventy thousand
dollars. The fund thus collected was invested so as to produce
interest. It was expended under the supervision of an execu-
tive committee, of which William Gray, of Boston, was chair-
man, and who himself contributed ten thousand dollars at one
time. Of this fund, there remains about thirteen thousand dol-
lars unexpended.

Anther organization of gentlemen was formed in Boston, at
a later period, to raise money for the benefit of soldiers' families
living in Boston. The fund thus raised amounted to about
seventy-five thousand dollars. It was called the Boston Sol-
diers' Fund. The association organized by the election of Ed-
ward S. Tobey, of Boston, as president. Two trustees were
chosen from each of the wards of the city. There was also an
executive committee, of which George W. Messenger, an alder-
man of Boston, was chairman. The money which was raised
was put at interest, and there remains an unexpended balance
of about thirty thousand dollars.

The remains of these funds are still used for the benefit of sol-
diers and their families, and will be until they are exhausted.

In April, 1862, the Surgeon-General of Massachusetts was
the medium through whom donations were received from citizens,
and disbursed as his judgment dictated, for the benefit of disabled
soldiers, and the families of those who had fallen in battle.
The amount received by him during the year 1862 was $504, of
which Governor Andrew contributed $250 ; Miss A,. Morton, of
Andover, $202 ; and the Joy-street Baptist Church, $45. Dur-

666 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

ing the year 1863, $260 were added to this fund, the whole
of which was contributed by Governor Andrew. In 1864, the
amount contributed was $722, half of which was contributed by
Governor Andrew. In 1865, the fund received an addition of
$11,312.70, of which $200 was contributed by Governor An-
drew; $374.50 by Colonel Francis L. Lee, the amount being
the remainder of the regimental fund of the Forty-fourth (nine
months') Regiment ; and $10,465 was contributed by Colonel
J. M. Days Provost-Marshal-General of Massachusetts, from
surplus funds deposited in the State treasury by parties to pro-
cure representative recruits in the army. The money was
donated for this charitable purpose by the persons to whom the
money belonged. $1,000 of this fund was forwarded to Colo-
nel Gardiner Tufts, Massachusetts State agent at Wash-
ington, and the same amount to Colonel Frank E. Howe,
Massachusetts State agent at New York, to be used for the
benefit of sick and wounded soldiers at New York and Wash-
ington.

These contributions of money were wisely expended by the
gentlemen having them in charge. Our official connection with
the Surgeon-General of the State made us acquainted, in a
degree, with the scrupulous fidelity and generous regard with
which that gentleman discharged his duties as disbursing agent
of the fund placed at his disposal.

It would be impossible to give in this volume a full and
accurate statement of the different benevolent enterprises which
were originated, and put in practical operation, during the
war, for the assistance of our soldiers and their families.
These existed in every city and town throughout the Common-
wealth, from the beginning to the close of the Rebellion,
and did incalculable good. We doubt whether there is a com-
munity, of the same number of inhabitants, on earth, that can
parallel the benevolent, humane, and patriotic record of Massa-
chusetts.

The following statement shows the actual number of men fur-
nished by Massachusetts for the service of the United States
during the war, of all arms, and including both the army and
the navy : -

THE MEN FURNISHED BY MASSACHUSETTS.

667

Organizations, Terms, &c.

Number.

Aggregate.

Three Months' Service, 1861.

Four (4) regiments infantry
One (1) battalion riflemen

3,736

Three Years' Men in the Army.

Forty (40) regiments infantry

Fire (5) regiments cavalry

Three (3) regiments heavy artillery

One (1) battalion heavy artillery

Sixteen (16) batteries light artillery

Two (2) companies sharpshooters

Recruits including drafted men for the above organizations

Men for the re^ar army, veteran reserve corps, and other

organizations
Re-enlistments in the State organization

54,187

26,091

9,790
6,202

96,270

One Year's Men in the Army.

Two (2) regiments infantry

Two (2) unattached companies infantry

One (1) regiment heavy artillery

Eight (8) unattached companies heavy artillery

Seven (7) companies cavalry

4,728

Nine Months' Men.

Seventeen (17) regiments infantry

16,686

One Hundred Days Men.

Five (5) regiments infantry

Nine (9) unattached companies infjintry

5,461

Ninety Days' Men.

Thirteen (13) unattached companies infantry

1,209

Men in the Navy.

Number for one year
Number for two years
Number for three years
Term not given

Number enlisted from Dec. 1, 1864, up to and including
August, 1865.

8,074

3,204

13,929

956

26,163

White volunteers

Colored volunteers:

Regulars

Seamen

Marines

Veteran reserve corps.

2,741

1,308

432

164

2GQ

4,913
159,165

Total

668 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

In the above we have not included the five companies which
joined the New- York Mozart Regiment in 1861, nor the re-
cruits who entered the Ninety-ninth New- York Regiment, under
Colonel Wardrop, formerly commanding the Massachusetts Third
Regiment in the three months' service in 1861, which, if added,
would make the aggregate within a fraction of 160,000 men.

On the 5th of January, 1866, Governor Andrew delivered
his valedictory address to the Legislature, in which he reviewed
the action of Massachusetts in the war during his five years of
administration. He fixes the amount expended for the war by
the State, and paid out of her own treasury, at twenty-seven
millions seven hundred and five thousand one hundred and nine
dollars. This was exclusive of the expenditures of the cities
and towns. She had paid promptly, and in gold, all interest on
her bonds, and had kept faith with every public creditor.

The Governor then discussed at considerable length the pos-
ture of affairs in the rebel States, and the best mode of bring-
ing those States again into harmony with the Union. The
views which he expressed on these important topics were liberal
and generous ; and if they had been adopted by the country,
and carried out in the spirit which he manifested, reconstruction
would have been easy. He closes this able and statesman-like
address as follows : -

"In sympathy with the heart and hope of the nation, Massachusetts
will abide by her faith. Undisturbed by the impatient, undismayed by
delay, ' with malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in
the right as God gives us to see the right,' she will persevere. Impartial,
democratic, constitutional liberty is invincible; the rights of human
nature are sacred, maintained by confessors and heroes and martyrs,
reposing on the sure foundation of the commandments of God.

' Through plots and counterplots ;
Through gain and loss ; through glory and disgrace ;
Along the plains where passionate discord rears
Eternal Babel, - still the holy stream
Of human happiness glides on!

There is One above
Sways the harmonious mystery of the world.'

" Gentlemen, for all the favors, unmerited and unmeasured,
which I have enjoyed from the people of Massachusetts; from the

THE LAST OFFICIAL ACT OF GOVERNOR ANDREW. 669

counsellors, magistrates, officers with whom I have been surrounded
in the government ; and from the members of five successive Legisla-
tures, - there is no remm in my power to render, but the sincere ac-
knowledgments of a grateful heart."

On Saturday, Jan. 6, His Excellency Alexander H. Bul-
lock was sworn into office, and delivered his inaugural ad-
dress ; and John A. Andrew passed out from the portals of the
Capitol a private citizen.

On page 405 of the 63d volume of the Governor's correspond-
ence during the war, each volume containing 500 pages, is the
following "Executive Military Order," dated Jan. 6, 1866,
which was the last official act of his life.

Executive M iLiTARY Order.

The Governor and Commander-in-chief, at the moment of retiring
from office, as his last official act, tenders this expression of grateful
and cordial respect to Major-General William Schouler, Adjutant-
General of the Commonwealth, who has served the country, the Com-
monwealth, and his chief, with constancy, devotion, ability, and success,
throughout his administration.

Lieutenant-Colonel Nehemiah Brown, assistant Adjutant-General,
will publish this order, and enter it on the records of the office.

John A. Andrew.

The honor of having been associated in an important and
confidential position with John A. Andrew during the five
eventful years of his administration, is an honor of which any
man may well be proud. That he should cause to be placed
upon the imperishable records of the Commonwealth, as his last
official act, the order above quoted, is ample compensation for
active and important service in the five long years of sanguinary
conflict which marked the advent and the close of this great
and good man's official life.

With the end of Governor Andrew's administration closed
the drama of the great war. How well he served his country,
and upheld the dignity and honor of Massachusetts, these pages
may in some degree serve to illustrate. But we feel and know
how much greater and nobler he was than our inanimate words
can disclose.

At a period when the State required its wisest and best man

670 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.

al the head of the Goveramenl, John A. Andrew was selected.
We beheve this choice to have been a special providence of God.
He had walked amid his fellow-men with quiet and heartfelt re-
spect, with a conscience untarnished, and a heart uncorrupted
by love of gain, or vulgar contact with personal strife and mean
ambition. He possessed transcendent genius as a leader and
executive officer, when those qualities could best be exercised.
He has passed away ; and, with him, the greatest, the wisest,
and noblest of Massachusetts Governors. But his great deeds,
comprehensive statesmanship, and good heart, will live in his-
tory, and the affections of our people, to the end of time.

We had hoped, that, before this page should be written, the
restoration of that Union, for the integrity of which so many of
the sons of Massachusetts had exposed and sacrificed their lives
in far-off States and on distant seas, would have been effected.
Our hopes have not been realized; but it has been from no fault
of those brave and noble men. They did their duty, and the
nation owes them a debt of gratitude which can never be re-
paid. The dead who are buried in Virginia, the Carolinas, or
the States of the Mississippi, at Andersonville, Salisbury, at
home, or wherever they may rest; the sick, maimed, and
wounded who live among us ; and those who escaped unharmed
from a hundred battle-fields, - their families, their names, their
services, their sacrifices, their patriotism, - will ever be held
in grateful remembrance by a generous and enlightened people.
And that "my father fought or fell in the great civil war to
maintain the integrity of our Union, and the honor of our na-
tion," will for ever be an inheritance more precious than land or
riches, and a title of true republican nobility.

Cambridge : Press of John Wilson and Son,

iillililiiiiiiliiiilliili

0003326221

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