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HISTORY

OF THE

Medical Profession

CAMDEN COUNTY, N. J.,

Including a brief review of the

Charitable Institutions Within the County.

E. E. B. GODFREY, A.M., M. D.,

Colonel and Assistant Surgeon-General of the National Guard of New Jersey ; Correspond-
ing Secretary of the Medical Society of New Jersey ; Secretary of the New Jersey
State Board of Medical Examiners; Ex-President of the New Jersey Sanitary
Association, the Military Order of Surgeons of New Jersey, the
Camden District and City Medical Societies ; Physician to
The Cooper Hospital ; Lecturer on Medical Nursing
in the New Jersey Training School for Nurses ;
Member of the American Medical Asso-
ciation, the Association of Mil-
itary Surgeons of the
United States,
etc., etc.

philadelphia

The F. a. Davis Company

1.S96

E. h. B. GODFREY

Preface.

In presenting this work to the public, the author desires to
state that the utmost pains have been taken to insure its accuracy.
In addition to the references given in the foot-notes of the work,
indebtedness is here acknowledged to the personal records that
have been furnished him and to the minutes, published trans-
actions and reports of the societies, associations, orders and
institutions considered ; but the incompleteness of some of these
is, however, a matter of regret. Next to the consecutive history
of professional matters within Camden county, and of the kindred
professions of pharmacy and dentistry, the social, educational,
political and military relationship of the medical fraternity to the
City and County of Camden, the State of New Jersey and to the
Government of the United States, has been carefull}^ presented.
This \-olume was prepared while the author was engaged in
arduous professional duties, and it is his hope that its reader will
deri\-e as much pleasure from its perusal as it has afforded him
in its preparation.

Camden, New Jersey,
January, 1896.

Contents.

CHAPTER I.

Introduction.

SKCTION

I.— Old Gloucester,
II. — The Medical Profession in Old Gloucester,

I'AGE
I

CHAPTER II.
Thp: Period from i 844-1 850.

I. — The Erection of Camden County, . .9

II. — The Organization of the Camden District Medical

Society, . . .10

III. — The Medical Society of New Jersey, . -17

I\'. — The Censors of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 21

\". — The American Medical Association, . 23

\'I. — Miscellaneous, . ... . 25

a. — The Camden County Bible Society, 25

b. — Mulford's History of New Jersey, . 25

c. — The Cholera Epidemic of 1849, . . 25

CHAPTER III.

The Period from i 850-1 855.

I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey, . . 27

II. — The Camden District Medical Society, . 31

III. — The Medical Enactment of 1 85 1, -35

I\'. — Political Interests, . . . -37

V. — The Camden City Medical Societj^ . .40

VI. — The Medical Enactment of 1854, -41

VII.— The Cholera Epidemic of 1854, -43

VIII. — Ph3'sicians and Druggists, . -44

CHAPTER IV.
The Period from i 855-1 860.

I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey, 46

II. — The American Medical Association, 49

Vlll

SECTION

Contents

III.— The Camden District Medical Societ}',
l\ . — The Camden City Medical Society,

^^^ — Fisler's History of Camden,
VI. — Educational, Political and Naval Interests,

PAGE
50

54
55

CHAPTER V.
The Period from i860- 1865.
I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey,
II.— The Camden City Medical Society,
III. — The Camden District Medical Society,
IV. — Political Interests,
v.— The Civil War of 1861-1865,

a. — The United States Army,
b.— The United States Navy,
\T. — Educational Interests,

58
60

65
67
67
81
83

CHAPTER VI.
The Period from 1865-1870.
I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey,
II.— The Camden City Medical Society, .
III. — The Camden City Dispensary,
I\^— The Camden District Medical Society,
V. — The Cholera Epidemic of 1866,
VI. — Miscellaneous Interests,

a. — The Military Order of the Loyal Legion,
b. — The National Guard of New Jersey,
c. — Educational Matters,
d. — Drug Interests,
e. — Masonic Interests, .
VII. — HonuL'opathy, ....

a. — The American Institute of Homoeopathy,
b. — The West Jersey Homceopathic Medical
Society, . . . . .

\'III. — The Camden Home for Friendless Children,
IX. — Deatlis of Prominent Physicians,

85
87
89
92

94
96
96
96
97
97
98
99
99

100
102
to;

CHAPTER VII.
The Period i'roim 1870 1875.
I. — The Camden City Dispensary,
II. — The Camden City Medical Society, .

107

io8

Contents.

SECTION

III. — The Camden District Medical Society,
I\'. — The Medical Society of New Jersey,
\ . — The New Jersey State Homoeopathic Medical
Society, ....
VI. — The New Jersey State Dental Society,
VII. — ^Miscellaneous Interests,

a. — The Water Supply of Camden,
b. — Independent Order of Odd Fellows
c. — Masonic Matters,
d. — National Guard of New Jersey,
e. — Educational Matters,
f. — The Small-pox Epidemic of 1871
g. — Drug and Professional Interests,
h. — The New Jersey Pharmaceutical Asso-
ciation, .
i. — Deaths of Prominent Physicians,

CHAPTER VIII.
The Period from 1875-1880.
I. — The Camden City Dispensary,
II. — The Camden City Medical Society, .
III. — The Camden District Medical Society,
IV. — The Medical Society of New Jersey,

V. — The New Jersey Sanitary Association,
VI. — Charitable Institutions,

a. — The Cooper Hospital,
b. — The West Jersey Orphanage,
VII. — Miscellaneous Interests,

a. — Physicians and Druggists, .

b. — Educational Matters,

c. — The Centennial Celebration,

d. — The American Academy of Medicine,

e. The Grand Army of the Republic,

f. The Camden Microscopical Society,
VIII. — County Physicians, ....

IX.— The New Jersey State Board of Health,
X.- Deaths of Prominent Physicians,

CHAPTER IX.
The Period from 1880- 1885.
I. — The Camden City Dispensary,

PAGE

I ID

1X8
119

121

122
122
123

123

124

129

137
139
141
141
142
143
143
144
144

145
146
146

147
148

151

SECTION

Contents.

PAGK

TI. — The Camden City Medical Society, . 153

III. — The Camden District Medical Society, . . 154

IV.— The American Medical Association, . .158

V — The Medical Societ}^ of New Jersey , . 1 60

VI.— The Medical Enactments from 1 880- 1 885, . 162

VII. — Epidemic Diseases, . .165

a. — The Small-pox Epidemic of 1880, 165

b. — Vaccination, . .167

c. — Epidemic of Typhus Fever, .168

VIII.— The New Jersey State Board of Health, 170

IX. — The New Jersey Sanitary Association, ,173

X. — Miscellaneous Interests, . . 174

a. — Physicians and Druggists, 174

b. — Young Men's Christian Association, . 176

c. — Military Interests, .176

/. — Association of the Sons of Veterans, 176

2. — Medical Officers of the National Guard

of New Jersey, . -177

9.— United States Pension Board of Ex-
amining Surgeons, . .177
d — Political Interests, . . .178
e. — Society for the Relief of Widows and

Orphans of Medical Men of New Jersey, 179

f. — The Philadelphia County Medical Society, 179

g — The Druggists Association of Camden, . 180

XI. — Deaths of Prominent Physicians, . . . 180

CHAPTER X.
The Period from 1885-1890.

I. — The Camden City Dispensary, . . . 185

II.— The Camden City Medical Society, . . 188

III — The Camden District Medical Society, . . 191
IV. — The Medical Society of New Jersey, . -197

V. — The New Jerse}^ Sanitary Association, . . 200

VI.— The Board of Health of the City of Camden, . 202

VII.— The New Jersey State Board of Health, . . 205
\'^III. — The Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary

Association, ..... 209

IX. — The Cooper Hospital, .... 211
a. — The Cooper Hospital Training School for

Nurses, . . . ,214

Contents. xi

SECTION I'Af. l:

X. — The Ninth International Medical Congress, 215

XI. — The Camden County Society for the Prevention of

Cruelty to Children, .217

XII.— Military Interests, . . . 2uS

a. — Medical Officers of the National Guard of

New Jersey, . . . .218

b. — The Military Order of Surgeons of New

Jersey, . . - . .218

c — The Association of Military Surgeons of

the United States, . . .220

d. — The New Jersey Society of the Sons of the

American Revolution, . .220

XIII. — Medical Enactments of 1889, . 221

a. — Concerning Physicians and Surgeons, . 221

b. — Concerning Veterinary Surgeons, 221

XI^^— Medical Professorships and Lectureships, . 222

XV. — Physicians, . . . . 223

X\''I. — Deaths of Prominent Physicians, . . . 224

CHAPTER XI.

The Pkriod from 1890- 1895.

I. — The Camden City Dispe^sar}^ . . . 228

II — The Camden City Medical Society, . . 232

III. — The Camden District Medical Society, . . 237

IV. — The Medical Society of New Jersey, . . 243

V. — The New Jersey Sanitary Association, . . 247

VI. — The New Jersey State and Local Boards of Health, 249

VII. — The New Jersey State Board of Medical Examiners, 253

VIII. — The Cooper Hospital, .... 257

IX. — The New Jersey Training School for Nurses, 259
a. — The Alumni and Alumnae Association of
the New Jersey Training School for
Nurses, . . . -265

b. — The Camdexi Nurse Directory, . . 265

X. — The Camden Day Nursery Association, . . 266
XI. — Medical Department of the National Guard of New

Jerse}', ...... 269

XII. — The Epidemic of La Grippe, . . .271

XIII. — The West Jersey Homoeopathic Dispensary and

Hospital Association, . . . .272

xii Contents.

SECTION PAGK

XIV. — Miscellaneous Interests, .... 275
a. — The Pan-American Medical Congress, . 275
b. — The American Medical Association, . 276
c. — The Methodist Episcopal Home, . 277
d. — The Haddonfield Training School for Back-
ward Children, . . . . 27S
e. — The Camden City Medical and Surgical

Society, ..... 279

f. — Political Interests, .... 280

g. — Professional Interests, . . . 280

h. — Major Surgical Operations, . . 282

i. — Deaths of Prominent Physicians, . . 283

j. — The Cooper Medical Club, . . 283

k. — College Affiliations of Physicians, . . 284

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.

Section I. — Old Gloucester.
[1623- ' 682.] To properly record the history' of the medical
profession of Camden count}' it is necessary to make a brief
review of the parent count)', Old Gloucester, and to trace,
through changing settlements and forms of government, the rise
and progress of the healing art in this section of New Jersey.
The first European settlement in West Jersey was made by the
Dutch in Gloucester county about 1623, who were followed by
the Swedes about 1640. Neither the Dutch nor the Swedes
effected permanent settlements, but were dispossessed by the
English when Charles II, under the claim of prior rights,
conveyed, in 1664, the territory of New York and New Jersey,
with powers of government, to his brother, the Duke of York.
The Duke, in turn, conveyed the Province of New Jersey,
with authority to govern, to Lord Berkele}' and Sir George
Cartaret, and Lord Berkeley, in 1673, disposed of his rights
and interests to two English Quakers, John Fenwicke and
Edward Byllinge.* The province was divided into East and
West Jersey ; and Fenwicke and Byllinge acquired West
Jersey, which they selected as a place of retreat for their perse-
cuted, religious associates in the Society of Friends, and thus
peopled West Jersey with English, Scotch and Irish Friends.
In 1675, Fenwicke founded Salem, and, in 1677, Burlington
was settled and the boundaries of Old Gloucester were laid out,
to. extend from the Delaware river to the Atlantic ocean. In
1682, Newton, the first English settlement in Old Gloucester,
was founded and, in 1685, the county was formally erected,
being the first constituted by the choice of its inhabitants.
From these three settlements, Salem, Burlington and Newton,
the peaceful and cultured civilization of the Friends was dis-
seminated throughout West Jerse)'.

* Gordon's History of New Jersey. Mulford's History of New Jersey. Smith's History
of New Jersej'.

2 History Medical Profession Camden Couiily.

[1681-1776.] A form of government was instituted by
the Friends in 1681, under the proprietary rights which
accompanied the transfer of the land, and the principles of
civil and religious liberty, of trial by jury, and of the validity
of accepted titles to land were guaranteed. The government
was in advance of any existing at the time in regard to indi-
vidual safety and freedom, but, owing to petty disputes, it was
not a success, and was finally surrendered to the English crown
in 1702. There were seven successive governors, during
this period, of whom the most influential personage and the
greatest land-owner was Dr. Daniel Coxe. By the surrender of
1702, *he provinces of East and West Jersey were united, and
thereafter the whole colony was ruled by a governor appointed
by the King of England, which continued until 1776, when the
separation of the American colonies from the mother country
took place, and the State of New Jersey was organized.

[i 776-1844.] During the Revolution, 1 776-1783, Old
Gloucester played a conspicuous part. Its position exposed it
to the raids of Count Donop and Major Simcoe, under whom
on different occasions the British invaded the county at
Cooper's Point, Haddonfield, Woodbury and Gloucester City,
and, on October 22, 1777, met with disastrous defeat in the
Battle of Red Bank. After the Revolution and the formation
of the State of New Jersey, the progress of Old Gloucester in
increased population and in the development of its resources-
was uninterrupted. As the population increased, the interests
of government and of trade demanded a division of the county,
and, in 1837, that portion bordering on the Atlantic ocean
was set apart by Act of Legislature under the name of Atlantic
county, and, in 1844, nearly half of the remaining townships,
including two which date from the earliest settlements in New
Jersey, viz.: Newton and Gloucester, were erected into Camden
county.

Section II. — Thr Medical Profession of Old Gloucester.

[1623- 1 702.] The physicians of Old Gloucester exerted
a marked influence in tlie periods of development previously

The Medical Profession of Old Gloucester. 5.

referred to, viz.: the Dutch and Swedish, proprietary, colonial
and revolutionar}^ periods. During the Dutch and Swedish
periods (1623-1664), there were doubtless clever physicians
among the settlers, though little is known of them except on
the west bank of the Delaware, where two Dutch and two
Swedish surgeons practiced their art.* In the proprietary
period of the Friends (i 675-1 702), some improvement was
made in medical matters throughout West Jersey by the indi-
vidual efforts of a few practitioners. In seeking an asylum in
the New World where freedom from religious persecution
might be obtained, the Friends were not unmindful of the
privations and dangers to be encountered, and brought edu-
cated physicians with them.f Among the best known of these
were Doctors Daniel Wills, John Goslin and Robert Dimmes-
dale. During the governorship of Dr. Daniel Coxe, a distin-
guished London physician, a member of the Ro}al College of
Physicians and Surgeons and physician to Queen Anne, it is
not unlikely that he influenced others of his profession to
settle in the province, though he himself never visited it. At
that time, physicians not infrequently exercised the functions
of the clergy and were not averse to political preferment and
to land speculations. Because of the privations and exposure
incident to pioneer life — pneumonia during the winter, sun-
stroke in summer, malarial fevers and epidemics of small-pox —
their services were in great demand. | There was no law regu-
lating the practice of medicine except the medical code pro-
mulgated by the Duke of York in 1665. This did not prevent
any one from practicing medicine, but was intended " to
restrain the presumptuous from exercising power contrary to
the approved rules, without the advice of those skilled in
the art or the consent of the patient." In consequence of this
law, any one could ply the vocation of a physician at pleasure
and "quacks abounded like the locusts of Egypt." § The
apprenticeship system, which consisted of living a year or two

* Early Physicians of Philadelphia, by James J. Levick, M. D.

t Wickes' History of Medicine in New Jersey.

t Ibid.

J Smith's History of New Jersey.

4 History Medical Profession Camden County.

with a ph\'sician as an assistant and then setting up as a prac-
titioner, was the only method of medical education.

[i 702-1 766.] During the colonial period a great advance
was made in medical practice. Inoculation was introduced
into America, in 172 1, by Cotton Mather, and was early prac-
ticed in West Jersey.* In consequence of increasing immigra-
tion, and the prevalence of diseases incident to a \'irgin soil,
the demand for physicians became urgent and their numbers
multiplied. A great stimulus to a higher medical education
was offered by the French and Indian War, (i 758-1 766).
While the southern portion of New Jersey was not exposed
like the northern to the invasion of the Indians, yet a bat-
talion of English troops was stationed at Burlington, and furn-
ished an opportunity for the native physicians to become ac-
quainted with the newer methods of practice current among
English army surgeons. The stimulus of this war led to the
organization of the Medical Society of New Jersey, t and the
welfare of medicine was still farther advanced by the founding
of the University of Pennsylvania, in 1765, and the gradua-
tion of its first-class in 1768. This gave an opportunity for
medical apprentices to acquire a more liberal and scientific
medical education. In 1766, the Medical Society of New
Jersey was organized, and among its original members was Dr.
Isaac Harris, father of Dr. Samuel Harris, who was the pioneer
physician of Camden. The science of medicine at this time
was at a low ebb, but the new society succeeded in elevating
the professional standard by securing, in 1772, an "Act of
Assembly regulating the practice of physic and surgery within
the Colony of New Jersey," which provided for the licensing
of physicians by Judges of the Supreme Court after an exam-
ination by a board of physicians selected by the court. This
was the first medical law enacted in the Colony of New Jersey,
following that of the Duke of York in 1665 — a period of one
liundred and seven years.

[i 776-1 783.] During the revolutionary period, the
profession in Old Gloucester tendered the county honorable

♦ Wickes' History of Medicine in New Jersey.

t Ihid.

The Medical Profession of Old Gloucester. 5

service both in the councils of government and in the battal-
ions of the army. Dr. Benjamin Van Leer,* of Haddon-
field, served as a member of the "Committee of Correspond-
ence"; Doctors Thomas Hendry, of Woodbury; Bodo Otto, of
Swedesboro, and Jacob Harris, uncle of Dr. Samuel Harris,
were commissioned surgeons, in the American army. Dr-
Hendry was surgeon of the Third Battalion, Gloucester county ;
Dr. Bodo Otto was surgedn of Colonel Charles Reed's Battalion,
Colonel of State Troops, First Battalion, Gloucester county
and a member of the Legislature. f Dr. Jacob Harris,! iu
addition to other services, participated in the Battle of Red
Bank, in 1777, and dressed the wounds of Colonel Count Donop,
the young Hessian commander who fell mortally wounded in
the fight. On account of the Revolution, and of the interest
it excited among physicians, the meetings of the Medical
Society of New Jersey were suspended from 1775 to 1781.
In 1783, the passage of a State law regulating medical practice
was secured, in which the examining provisions of the colonial
law of 1772 were re-enacted. In 1786, a supplementary law
was enacted providing for medical examinations by physicians,
selected by the Supreme Court, or by an}' two of its members,
without the presence of the judges. In this year. Doctors
Benjamin Tallman, of Haddonfield, and James Stratton, of
Swedesboro, joined the State Society, and, in 1788, Dr. Stratton
became its president. Dr. Dayton Lummis, of Woodbury,
subsequently joined the society, but there were a number of
ph)sicians in the county who never became members, among
whom were Doctors John Craig, Evan Clement and John
Blackwood, of Haddonfield, and Dr. Samuel Bloomfield, of
Colestown.

[1790-1859.] In 1790, the Medical Society of New
Jersey was incorporated for a term of twenty-five }-ears, and
among its incorporators were Doctors Tallman and Stratton.
In the war of 181 2, Dr. J. J. Foster was the surgeon of General
Ebenezer Elmer's Brigade, General Elmer being himself a

* Prowell's History of Camden County.

t Stryker's Register

X Wickes' History of Medicine in New Jersey.

6 History Medical Profession Camden County.

physician. In 1816, the Medical Society of New Jersey was
re-incorporated and provision was made for District or County
Medical Societies and for the examination of applicants by
Boards of Censors in each county. The censorship of the
Supreme Court, dating from 1772, was annulled and the
examination by Boards of Censors was made the basis of lawful
practice. In 18 18, a supplement was passed providing that
the State Medical Society should be composed of delegates from
the District Societies which might be formed in the various
counties, each district being entitled to send four. This Act
placed the membership upon a representative basis and, under
these provisions, the Gloucester and Camden Societies were
formed. In 181 8, the Gloucester District Society was organ-
ized with the following members: Doctors Dayton Lummis,
Thomas Hendry, Joseph Fitliian, Lorenzo F. Fisler, Davis,
Evans, Francis Hoover, William Hunt, Samuel Harris, Bow-
man Hendry, J. J. Foster, Ezra Balear and John C. Warner.
The organization continued until 182 1, when it was dissolved.
In 1835, it was reconstituted with the following members:
Doctors C. V. Clark, Isaac S. Mulford, Thomas Lee, Joseph
Fithian and Samuel Harris. This reorganization was not
recognized by the State Medical Societ)', because of the failure
of the ( jloucester Society to submit its constitution and by-laws
for inspection and approval. In 1846, after the separation of
Camden county, the Gloucester Society was again reorganized
by Doctors Joseph Fithian, C. V. Clark, J. C. Weatherby, T. J.
Saunders, John R. Sickler and Benjamin P. Howell. Since
then it has been in active operation and has furnished two
presidents for the State Society, viz.: Dr. Fithian, in 1849, and
Dr. Sickler, in 1859.

Although the profession of Old Gloucester was reluctant
to organize, there were several physicians who exerted an
influence over their co-workers and the general public. Doc-
tors Bowman Hendry, Samuel Harris, Francis Hoover, John
R. Sickler and Isaac S. Mulford were prominent in the locality
now embraced in Camden county. Dr. Bowman Hendry,* son
of Dr. Thomas Hendry of Woodbury, practiced medicine at

Metuoir of Uowinan Hendry, M D., by a Physician.

The Medical Profession of Old Gloucester. 7

Haddonfield with much distinction from 1794 to 1838. "Dr.
Hendry was educated at the Woodbury Academy and at the
University of Pennsylvania. Even in boyhood he was distin-
guished for his courtes}' and kindness of disposition and, as a
student, his punctuality, industr)- and zeal won for him the
confidence and favor of his teachers. Towards the close of his
course of study, at the University of Pennsylvania, the Whiskey
Insurrection broke out in Pennsylvania (1794) and young
Hendr}'- entered the government service as a private soldier
and, by means of a premature medical examination, was com-
missioned as assistant surgeon. * * * Locating in Had-
donfield, his practice soon extended from the Delaware to the
sea. He did more to elevate the standard of medicine and to
rescue obstetrics from the hands of midwives than any physician
of his time in the county. * * * por fifteen years he rode
in the saddle and was often absent days at a time in his
professional visits. * * * ^q^ infrequently, from the
extent of his journeys, he was obliged to sleep in the
woods. * * * It has been estimated that he exhausted
more than two hundred horses in his service. * * * Dur-
ing the latter part of his career, his barns and horses were
burned, and so great was his popularity that his friends imme-
diately erected and presented new buildings to him and
replaced his horses." Dr. Hendry was one of the original
members of the Gloucester District Medical Society, in 1818,
and was the father of Doctors Charles D. Hendry and Bowman
Hendr}-, Jr.

Dr. Samuel Harris* practiced medicine in Camden from
181 1 to 1843. H^ came from a family of physicians, his
father, two uncles, a brother and a nephew all belonging to the
profession. His father. Dr. Isaac Harris, served with distinc-
tion as a surgeon in the Revolution, and was one of the incor-
porators of the Medical Society of New Jersey in 1790 and its
president in 1792. Dr. Samuel Harris was the first physician
to permanently locate in Camden, and he lived in the house still
standing on the southeast corner of Cooper and Second streets.

*" History of Medicine and Medical Men in Camden County," by John R. Stevenson,
A. M., M. D., published in Prowell's History of Camden County.

8 History Medical Profession Camden County.

He was one of the constituent members of the Gloucester
District Medical Society, in 1818, and at its reorganization,
in 1835. He was one of the founders of St. Paul's Church, in
1830, and was a vestryman until his death, in 1843. Dr.
Francis Hoover* located in Camden in 181 2 and was contem-
porary with Dr. Harris, but remained only a short time. Dr.
John R. Sicklerf moved to Camden from Chew's Landing in
1832 and opened a drug-store on Federal street, returning to
Chew's Landing in 1834. Dr. Isaac S. Mulford began his
medical career in Camden in 1823. At this time. Dr. Samuel
Harris was the only physician in the village. Dr. Mulford
was the connecting link between the physicians who were
identified with Old Gloucester and its Medical Society and
those who were distinctively Camden county physicians. | In
the year that Camden county was erected (1844), the following
physicians practiced within its limits: Doctors Isaac S. Mul-
ford, Richard M. Cooper, Lorenzo F. Fisler, Othniel H. Taylor
and J. R. Andrews, in Camden ; Benjamin W. Blackwood,
Jacob P. Thornton, Charles D. Hendry and Aaron D. Wood-
ruff, at Haddonfield ; William C. Mulford, in Gloucester ;
Martin Synott, at Chew's Landing; William Parham and
Ezekiel C. Chew, at Blackwood ; George Barrows, at Tansboro,
and James C. Risley, at Berlin.

* Dr. Francis Hoover was born in Salem, N. J., and was one of the original members
of the Gloucester County Society, in iSi8. At this time he probably lived at Swedesboro.
He removed to Smyrna, Delaware, in 1821, and remained there until his death, in 1832. —
(Wickes.)

t Dr John R. Sickler lived in Camden from 1832 to 1834. He subsequently removed to
Mantua. He was an Associate Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Gloucester county
from 1S28 to 1865 ; a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1844 ; a charter member
of the Gloucester District Medical Society in 1846, and President of the Medical Society of
New Jersey in 18.S9. 'Stevenson.)

I History o. Medicine and Medical Men in Camden County, by John R. Stevenson,
A. M.. M D

CHAPTER 11.

THE PERIOD FROM 1844-1S50.

Section I. — The Erection of Camden County.

[1844.] Camden county was set apart from Old Glouces-
ter county by legislative enactment, March 13, 1844. The
Act was preceded by much discussion and political agitation,
extending over a number of years, in which Dr. Isaac S. IMul-
ford, with other citizens, took a prominent part. Under the
Act providing for the erection of the county, the selection of
the county-seat was left to a vote of the people, and the Board
of Chosen Freeholders set apart August 12, 1845, as the day of
the election. Camden, Haddonfield, Gloucester, Eong-a-coming
(Berlin) and Mount Ephraim were voted upon, but neither
place secured the required majority.* The issue was remanded
to the Board of Freeholders, which was composed of two
representatives from each of the seven townships and the one
city (Camden) comprising the county. The erection of the
new county had caused a most violent opposition against
Camden by the other townships, since it was against their
consent that Old Gloucester county was divided. Several of
the townships desired to have the public buildings located
within their limits, and a majority united in opposing the
selection of Camden. The agitation was continued until 1851,
a period of seven years, when Camden was finally selected as
the count}'-seat.t

In addition to the political issues within the county, the
affairs of the nation. State and city excited unusual attention.
The admission of Texas into the Union was the chief question on
which the people divided in the presidential election of 1844.I
The Whigs, under the leadership of Henry Cla>-, opposed

*" The contest was carried on with a degree of acrimony' that can hardly be appre-
ciated."—MS. History of Camden County Medical Society, by Richard !VI. Cooper, M. U.
t History of Camden County, by George R. Piowell.
{ Ridpath's History of the United States.

History Medical Profession Camden County.

annexation, and the Democrats, under James K. Polk, favored
it. Polk was elected to the presidency, and the contest sur-
passed in excitement any previous presidential election. The
Mexican War followed the admission of Texas, and maintained
a strong hold upon the people until the treat}' of peace in
1848. State issues also claimed attention.* The marks of
colonial dependence retained in the State Constitution were
objectionable to the people. In Februar}-, 1844, the General
Assembly provided for a convention in May to frame a State
Constitution to be submitted to the people for ratification or
rejection. At this convention. Dr. John R. Sickler represented
Gloucester county. In August the Constitution was adopted,
and in October, in pursuance with its provisions, an election
for Governor of the State took place and Charles C. Stratton,
son of Dr. James Stratton, of Swedesboro, was elected to the
position.

In the city of Camden a supplement t was made, in 1844,
to the charter, making the Mayor elective by the people
instead of by Common Council. This occasioned increased
interest in municipal affairs, which resulted in the election of
John R. Cowperthwaite over Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler, who had
previously held the position. The political excitement of the
times, in national. State, county and municipal affairs, delayed
the formation of the Camden County Medical Society for
nearly two years, and finally led to its organization at Haddon-
field, instead of at Camden.

Section II. — Thk Organization of the Camden District
Medical Society.
[1846.] The absence of a medical organization in
Gloucester county, immediately preceding the erection of
Camden county, permitted a lax enforcement of medical law
and rendered the physicians of the new county but little
acquainted with each other. Nevertheless a few physicians,
deeming an organization essential to the highest professional
usefiilncss, circulated a petition, under the care of Doctors

♦ History of New Jersey, by Isaac S. Mulford, M. D.
t History of Camden County, by George R. Prowell.

Organization of the Camden District Medical Society. ii

James S. Risley, of Long-a-coining (Berlin), and Charles D.
Hendry, of Haddonfield, for the signatures of the legal prac-
titioners of medicine within the new county. Only those phy-
sicians who had been examined by the censors of the Medical
Society of New Jersey, and had received a license signed by its
president, were regarded as legal practitioners. The petition
was presented to the State Medical Societ}- at its eightieth
annual meeting at New Brunswick, May 12, 1846, and a com-
mission was issued by the society authorizing Doctors Jacob
P. Thornton and Charles D. Hendr)-, of Haddonfield ; Isaac S.
Mulford and Richard M. Cooper, of Camden, and James S. Risley,
of Berlin, to organize at Haddonfield* a District Medical
Society for Camden county,t "provided that the corresponding
secretary is satisfied that the above named are licensed prac-
titioners of this State, with power to supply other names if
necessar}'."

Pursuant to the commission, a meeting was held at the
hotel of Joseph C. Shivers, Haddonfield, August 14, 1846,
when the "District Medical vSociety for the County of Camden
in the State of New Jersey'' was organized. Doctors Jacob P.
Thornton and Richard M. Cooper, graduates of the University
of Pennsylvania, 1828 and 1839, respectively; James S. Risley,
Jefferson jMedical College, 1844; Charles D. Hendr}- and Oth-
niel H. Taylor, University of Pennsylvania, 1833 and 1825,
respectively, attended the meeting, making the legal number
required to effect an organization. Dr. Isaac S. Mulford,
graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1822, was unable
to attend on account of sickness, but was present at the follow-
ing meeting. Dr. James S. Risle)" was elected president ; Dr.
Othniel H. Taylor, vice-president; Dr. Richard M. Cooper,
secretary, and Dr. Jacob P. Thornton, ti-easurer. A constitution
and by-laws, the originals of which are preserved in the
archives of the society, were adopted. Doctors Risley, Thorn-

*" Doctors Risley and Hendry, who had charge of the petition for the formation of the
society, had Haddonfield inserted in the communication, as they were both against
Camden." -MS. History of Camden County Medical Society, by Richard M. Cooper, M. D.

t In the Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey for 1846, the name of Dr.
Lorenzo F. Fisler is given in the place of Dr. James S. Risley, but in the original commis-
sion the name of Dr. Fisler does not appear.

12 History Medical Profession Camden County.

ton, Hendry, Taylor and Cooper were appointed to attend the
semi-annnal meeting of the State Medical Society at Hights-
town in November, and the secretary. Dr. Cooper, was
instructed to notify the society of the new organization and to
publish a notice of the same in the county papers,

[1847.] The constitution and by-laws, however, were
not received by the State Society, and a special meeting of the
County Society was held at Haddonfield, March 13, 1847, to
consider the reason thereof and to appoint four delegates to
the annual meeting of the State Society at New Brunswick,
May nth. Doctors Risley, Taylor, Cooper and Charles D.
Hendry were appointed, and Dr. Isaac S. Mulford raised the
point that the organization in the previous August was defect-
ive in that it was effected at Haddonfield instead of at Camden,
the county-seat. This exception was presented to the State
Medical Society at the INIay meeting, by which time the inau-
gural proceedings of the County Society had been received and
approved, and* a decision was rendered that, as there was no
permanent county-seat in Camden county, the inaugural meet-
ing at Haddonfield, though informal, did not vitiate the pro-
ceedings, and that the District Society was regularly organized.
Censors for the Camden district were duly appointed.

On June 15th, the society met at the hotel of Israel Eng-
lish, Cooper and Front streets, Camden. The informality
attending the organization of the society was further discussed
and a resolution adopted to hold the annual meeting in Cam-
den, on the third Tuesday in June, and the semi-annual meet-
ing on the third Tuesday in December. Three graduates of
Jefferson Medical College — Dr. A. Dickinson Woodruff, 1844 ;
Dr. Bowman Hendry, Jr., 1846, and Dr. Daniel M. Stout,
1847 — were elected members upon the recommendation of the
censors. Dr. Stout graduated from Pennington Seminary in
1844. Nine months had now elapsed since the organization
of the County Society, and three meetings had been held without
applications for membership, save by those just elected. The
society was regarded with indifference by some physicians, and
others openly refused to join it. This, in part, was due to the
lack of organization of the profession in Old Gloucester county

Organization of the Camden Distriet Medical Society. 13

at the time of tlie erection of Camden count)- ; in consequence
of which, medical law was not actively enforced and the
organization of a District Medical Society and the appoint-
ment of a Board of Censors made an unpopular innovation.
To offset this feeling, and to make plain the relationship which
the District Societ}' and the Board of Censors should maintain
to the profession and to the public, it was decided to publish
the names of all regularl}' licensed ph}-sicians residing in the
county in one of the count}' papers, together with that section
of the law incorporating the Medical Society of New Jersey,
that provided for the organization of District Medical Soci-
eties. The publication aroused the antipath}- of Homoeopaths,
Thompsonians, and those who disregarded the societ)- ; engen-
dered much ill-feeling in the fraternity and occasioned a bitter
newspaper controversy. This reached a climax in the publi-
cation, in the Camden Democrat., of the correspondence
between Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler, of Camden, and the societ)-,
in regard to the omission of Dr. Fisler's name from the list of
licensed physicians. Dr. Fisler, at this time, had been engaged
in the practice of medicine for twenty-eight years, ele\en of
which had been spent in Camden. He was not onh- promi-
nent as a physician, but had also served as Mayor of the cit)- for
four terms, and was widely known as a public lecturer. He
was one of the petitioners for the organization of the Count)-
Societ)- in 1846, and his name appears as such in the Transac-
tions of the State Medical Societ)' for that year, but it was erased
from the commission and the name of Dr. James S. Risle)-
substituted. Dr. Fisler, on this account, refused to take part
in the organization of the County Societ)-, and, when his name
was omitted from the published list of licensed ph)-sicians of
the county, he severely criticised the society for this action in
an open letter in the Camden Democrat. To meet this, a
special meeting of the society was called on September 2nd,
when the matter was considered in a committee of the whole,
and the following address and reply, signed b)- the president
and secretary, was made and ordered to h<t published in the
same journal :

14 History Medical Profession Camden County.

TO THE PUBLIC.

' ' A communication has appeared in the Camden Democrat ^ over the signa-
ture of L. F. Fisler, complaining of the course of the Medical Society of the
Count}- of Camden, in omitting his name from a published list of licensed
practitioners. A simple statement of facts is deemed proper in reply. The
formation of medical associations is recommended by advantages that are
obvious and well understood, and the Society of the County of Camden was
formed with a single view,— the security of these general advantages. Its
institution was effected in pursuance of an order from a superior body, the
members themselves having no other agency in this appointment than
simply to furnish the evidence that they are legal practitioners ; but after
their appointment an obligation was felt to promote to the best of their
ability the objects proposed. It was made their duty to discourage the
practices of persons who were acting in contravention of existing laws and
the regulations of the medical authorities of the State. For this purpose, a
publication of the list of those who were known to be properly qualified
was supposed to be advisable, as a measure of justice to the profession and
to the community at large. In preparing this list, the case of the present
complainant was fully considered. It was known that an application had
been made by him to the Board of Censors to be received and recognized by
them as a licentiate, on the ground of former examination. But the Board
of Censors had no authority to make any such grant based upon the action
of a former body. The}- could only grant upon an actual examination of
the person before them. Besides this, there was doubt as to the issue of the
former application. Information was in possession coming from the presi-
dent of the State Medical Society, and who had also been a member of the
Board of Examiners, to the effect that the complainant had not received a
license. This information was given to different individuals and in positive
terms. Under these circumstances no warrant was thought to exist for plac-
ing the name of the person in question on the list of licensed practitioners.
With the seeming inconsistency of the statements above referred to, with
the production of the certificate now given by the complainant, the society
have nothing to do. That must be settled by the parties directly concerned.
But a confirmation of these statements has since been given in the following
terms, in a letter to the society from Dr. Hannah, the late president of the
State Medical Society, and whose name appears on the certificate given by
the complainant : ' Taking all the circumstances into consideration, I say,
unhesitatingly, that L. F. Fisler never did receive a certificate entitling him
to a diploma from any Board of Censors of which I was a member, and I
was a member of every board that convened in the county during that
period.'* The society disclaim all invidious or unfriendly views or inten-
tions. They have no other desire than to act with fidelity in a public duty.
They wish to injure no one, but they cannot depart from an established
course in favor of any.

By order of the society, James S. Risley, President.

Richard M. Cooper, Secretary.''

•Dr. Charlea Hannah resided in Salem county, and was the president of the Medical
Society of New Jersey in 1846.

Oro;anizatio)i of the Camden District Medical Society. 15

Closely following this special meeting, a new light was
shed upon the Fisler controversy. The missing certificate of
license, given by the Board of Censors of Salem county to Dr.
Fisler in 1825, was found by him and presented to the Camden
count}- censors. The error of Dr. Hannah was immediately
acknowledged by the Camden Board and, upon the institution
of legal proceedings against him by Dr. Fisler, Dr. Hannah
made an ample apology and the matter was dropped.* At the
semi-annual meeting of the society in December, the subject
was presented in detail and the explanatory statement of Dr.
Hannah was ordered filed with the minutes, but no further
public prominence was given to it. A great injustice was
done to Dr. Fisler by the society. Had as much spirit been
shown in investigating his professional record as in deciding
against him upon ex parte testimony, the society would have
found that not onh' had Dr. Fisler graduated from the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania in 1818, but that he was licensed by the
Board of Censors of Salem county in 1825, ^^<^ was appointed
a member of that board by the State Medical Society in 1829.
The method employed to rectify so great an injustice was not
acceptable to Dr. Fisler. He refused to join the Camden
County Society, t and the case was presented to the State Medical
Societ}' for further consideration the following year, at its
meeting in Camden.

Since the organization of the Camden District Medical
Society had now become fully established and regular meet-
ings were held in June and December, scientific questions and
the subject of professional fees began to attract attention. Dr.
James S. Risle)' was appointed to deliver an address at the
annual meeting in June, and Doctors Mulford, Taylor and
Cooper, to report on professional intercourse and fees. Dr. Ben-
jamin W. Blackwood, of Haddonfield, graduate of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania in 1828, was elected a member.

[1848.] At the annual meeting in June, Dr. Risley failed
to deliver the appointed address, and no scientific subject was
therefore discussed. The admission fee was fixed at three dol-

• MS. History of Camden County Medical Society, by Richard M. Cooper, M. D.
* ^ Ibid.

1 6 History Medical Profession Camden Cotinty.

lars and the annual dues at one dollar, with a fine of one dollar
for non-attendance, except in cases of sickness. Dr. J. S. Ris-
ley was re-elected president; Dr. O. H. Taylor, vice-president,
and Dr. R. M. Cooper, secretary and treasurer. The semi-
annual meeting, in December, passed off without discussion
of a medical subject ; the attendance was small and the need
of popularizing the society was recognized, x'ls a means
to this end, it was decided that members failing to attend, or
to pay their fines, should have their names stricken from the
roll. The code of ethics of the American Medical Association
and the fee-bill of the: State Medical Society were adopted,
excepting the fee for a single visit (fifty cents), which might be
increased to one dollar "when persons are able and have in
other instances paid it." Two licentiates of the State Medical
Society were elected to membership, — Dr. Edward J. Record,
of Blackwood, and Dr. John V. Schenck, of Camden. Dr.
Schenck graduated as an A. B. at Rutgers College in 1844,
and M. D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1847.

[1849.] It was the duty of the senior censor to receive
and transmit annually the licentiate fees of the board to the
treasurer of the State Medical Society. The accumulation of
the Camden county fees for 1847 and 1848, amounting to
ninety dollars, had not been forwarded by Dr. Risley, and, at
the request of the treasurer of the State Society, a special
meeting of the District Society was called, January 16, 1849,
to inquire into the matter. Although duly notified. Dr. Risley
failed to attend, and Doctors Cooper, Mulford and Taylor were
appointed a committee to communicate with him and state the
wish of the society that the amount be paid without delay.
But before communication had been held with Dr. Risley, and
at this same meeting, the office of president, which Dr. Risley
had filled with great acceptance since 1846, was declared vacant,
and Dr. Isaac S. Mulford was elected to fill the vacancy. A copy
of the communication in the archives of the society is dated
the following day, January 17th. The summary method used
in displacing Dr. Risley on ex parte testimony, and the filling
of his position by a member of the committee appointed to
confer witli him, before the conference had been held, was as

The Medical Society of Nezv Jersey . 17

unjustifiable as the methods adopted iu the Fisler controversy.
At the June meeting, this committee reported that Dr. Risley
had paid the fees in full to the State Society. During the )ear
Dr. Risley moved to Columbia, Penns}-lvania, and his name
does not appear again in the county records.* At the special
meeting. Dr. Jacob P. Thornton, of Haddonfield, resigned on
account of the expense of attending the meetings, which reason
was ordered placed upon the minutes. Within the year, he
removed to Ohio.

[1849.] 1"^^^ annual meeting was held on June i ith, and
the following elections were made : Dr. I. S. Mulford, presi-
dent; Dr. O. H. Taylor, vice-president; Dr. R. ]\I. Cooper,
secretary and treasurer, and Dr. Robert M. Smallwood, of
Chew's Landing, graduate of the University of Pennsylvania,
1849, a member. On December i8th the semi-annual meet
ing was held at Haddonfield, when the chief object of discus-
sion was the recent epidemic of cholera. Dr. O. H. Ta}lor
was appointed to deliver an address at the annual meeting in
June, and Doctors John W. Snowden, Universit}- of Pennsyl-
vania, 1844, and John J. Jessup, Jefferson IMedical College,
1848, were elected members.

Section III. — The Medical Society of New Jersey.
[1846.] The Medical Society of New Jersey met at New
Brunswick, May 12, 1846, when a petition was presented ask-
ing for a commission to institute a District Societ}- in Camden
coiuit)-. This was favorably received and a commission was
issued to the following gentlemen : Doctors Jacob P. Thornton,
Charles D. Hendry, Isaac S. Mulford, Lorenzo F. P'isler and
Richard M. Cooper, " provided that the corresponding secretar^•
is satisfied that the above-named are licensed practitioners of
this State, with power to supply other names, if necessary."

* Dr. Risley was the son of Judge Risley and was born at Woodstown, 1S17, and died
there in ib66, in the fortv-ninth year of his age. In 1838, he was licensed by the censors
of the Western District and, in 1S44, graduated from Jefferson Medical College, when he
began the practice of medicine in Camden county. He remained here until 1849. "Dr.
Rislev was celebrated for his brilliant colloquial powers When listening to his almost
unbroken flow of language, the hours would pass unnoticed away. In his profession he
had few superiors either as physician or surgeon Wherever he practiced, he immediately
■won the confidence of the people, and became the leading physician. His mind was one
of unusual power." — Transactions N.J. Medical Society, 1S67.

1 8 History Medical Profession Camden Coiinty.

This proviso led to the substitiition of the name of Dr. James
S. Risley for that of Dr. L. F. Fisler, * as has been stated.

The semi-annnal meeting of the society was held at
Hightstown, November loth, with Doctors O. H. Taylor, R.
M. Cooper and J. P. Thornton present as the representatives
from Camden, who stated that the District Society for Camden
county had been duly organized and a copy of the constitution
and by-laws and of the proceedings of the first meeting had
been transmitted to the corresponding secretary. But neither
the secretary nor the standing committee were present at this
meeting, and, in the absence of any communication having
been received from them, permission was given the Camden
delegates to state the character of their proceedings and to
submit certificates of delegation. Under a suspension of the
rules, Doctors James S. Risley, Jacob P. Thornton, Othniel H.
Taylor and Richard M. Cooper were appointed censors for
Camden county.

[1847.] The annual meeting for 1847 was held at New
Brunswick, with Doctors Risley, Hendry, Taylor and Cooper
present as delegates. The Camden Society was fully recognized ;
censors were appointed for the county and Dr. Cooper was
made reporter for the Western District of the State, f — a position
of importance, since it comprised all the counties of West
Jersey. At the semi-annual meeting of the society at Bur-
lington, November 7th, Doctors Risley and Taylor represented
Camden.

[1848.] On May 9, 1848, the society met at New Bruns-
wick, with Doctors Woodruff, Hendry, Stout and Cooper
present as delegates from Camden. Dr. Cooper, in reporting
for the Western District, spoke briefly of ether and chloroform,
the new anaesthetics, concerning which the medical and secular
press were teeming with articles. Doctors Risley, Mulford,

* Records of the Camrten County Medical Society.

tTheStandiiiKCommitteeof the State Society was established in 1820, and, in 1822, one
person from each District Society was appointed to report facts, history, etc., from their
respective districts. In 1830, the State was divided into three medical districts, Eastern,
Middle and Western, and a reporter was appointed for each to report to the standing com-
mittee. In 1849, it was made the duty of each District Society to appoint its own reporter,
and, in 1853, each district or county reporter was made a member, rx officio, of the State
Society.

The Medical Society of New Jersey. 19

Taylor and C. D. Hendry were appointed censors, and Dr.
Cooper, a delegate to the American Medical Association.
Diplomas were granted by the president to Doctors A. D.
Woodruff, D. M. Stout and Bowman Hendry, Jr., for which
the regular fee of fifteen dollars was paid. Doctors Stout and
C. D. Hendry represented Camden at the semi-annual meeting
held at Trenton in November.

[1849.] I'l^s eighty-third annual meeting of the society
occurred on May 8th, at New Brunswick, and Doctors Taylor,
Schenck and Record were present as delegates from Camden.
Doctors Mulford, Taylor, C. D. Hendry and Woodruff were
appointed censors. Dr. Woodruff filling the vacancy caused by
the removal of Dr. Risle>-, and Dr. Mulford taking the position
of senior censor. Dr. O. H. Taylor was elected third vice-
president and w^as appointed on a committee to inquire into the
expediency of establishing a fund for the relief of families of
physicians who die in indigent circumstances. This resulted
in an Act of Legislature, in 1850, entitled, "To Establish a
Fund for the Support of Widows and Orphans of Deceased
Members of the State and District Societies," but the matter
did not assume practical shape until 1882, when the Society
for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical Men of New
Jersey was established. Doctors John V. Schenck, Edward J.
Record and Robert M. Smallwood were made licentiates of
the society.

On the occasion of the semi-annual meeting, November
13th, the society convened for the first time in Camden, at
Elwell's Hotel. There was a large attendance, ten out of the
fifteen counties represented in the society having sent dele-
gates. A communication was presented by Dr. Iv. F. Fisler,
who was dissatisfied with the result of his controversy with the
Camden District Society, which led to the introduction of the
following resolutions by Dr. O. H. Taylor :

" Whereas, Many years ago, our highly respected fellow citizen. Dr.
Lorenzo F. Fisler, regularly and legally subjected himself to an examination
before the proper Board of Examiners for the district in which he then
resided, and duly received from them the usual certificate, entitling him to
a diploma of license from the Medical Society of New Jersey, which certifi-
cate was afterwards for a long time lost ; moreover.

20 History Medical Profession Camden County.

Whereas, Much misapprehension upon this subject has occurred, giving
rise to erroneous statements questioning the reception of a certificate by Dr.
Fisler, and in other respects doing him injury in his professional reputa-
tion ; therefore,

Resolved, That the president be authorized to issue a diploma of license
to the said Dr. Fisler, in a manner which he shall deem most agreeable to the
feelings of the recipient, and best calculated to make amends for uninten-
tional injustice committed by the society in the premises."

These resolutions arose from the desire of the County
Medical Society to make amends to Dr. Fisler for past injus-
tice, and the State Society readily conferred upon him the
deofree of Doctor of Medicine ; but he never overlooked the in-
dignity sufficiently to join the County Society. Nevertheless,
he subsequently took an active part in the organization of the
Camden City Medical Society and of the Camden City Dispen-
sary, maintained the respect of the community as a physician,
and was subsequently elected Mayor of the city. Dr. Othniel
H. Taylor, third vice-president, delivered an address on "Medi-
cal Reform and the Present System of Medical Instruction,"
which was received with much appreciation. The methods of
teaching in medical colleges were attacked and the society
urged to guard more zealously its censorship over applicants
for its honors. The address was published, at the request of
the society, and was one of the factors which led to the con-
centration of the Medical colleges against the society and to
the passage of the Medical Acts of 1851 and 1854, which
practically annulled its censorship, — a result exactly opposite
to that anticipated by the author and by the society. The
separation of State medical examining boards from those of
college faculties was a distinctive tenet of the New Jersey
Medical Society, and its delegates were instructed to bring this
fact to the attention of the American Medical Association.
The report of the standing committee for the Western Dis-
trict was made by Dr. Franklin Gauntt, and the advantage of
having a reporter for each District Society was advocated.
The by-laws, in consequence, were amended to this effect.
The bill of Dr. R. M. Cooper for expenses incurred in attend-
ing the American Medical Association, amounting to twenty-
four dollars was ordered paid.

The Conors of the Medical Society of New Jersey. 21

Section IV. — The Censors of the Medical Society of

New Jersey.
The proper method of admitting new practitioners into the
medical fraternity of New Jersey has been a matter of anxious
discussion by the regular profession in New Jersey, and has
occasioned many and widely different legislative enactments at
various periods. How to maintain the high standard of educa-
tion and character necessary to the good repute of the medical
profession, and at the same time to place no unnecessary burden
upon the candidates for license, has been a complex problem.
For a long time, in the history of the Colony of New Jersey,
the matter was left to adjust itself Between the medical code

promulgated by the Duke of York in 1665, and the
[1772.] "Act to Regulate the Practice of Medicine," passed

in 1772, there were no laws regulating medical
practice in the Colony of New Jersey. The Medical Society
of New Jersey was organized in 1766, but the state of
medicine was so low, at that time, it was not deemed
advisable to ask for legislative sanction, and the organi-
zation was, therefore, voluntary. The society, however, in
the succeeding year raised the standard of education of
medical apprentices by requiring a knowledge of Latin and
Greek and a term of four years of study, and also secured the
enactment of the medical law of 1772, which provided for the
examination of candidates by the Judges of the Supreme Court,

assisted by one or more ph}'sicians selected b\- them.
[1783.J In 1783, the colonial law was re-enacted by the State
[18 II.] and the examining provision was retained. In 18 11,

the State was divided into three medical districts, East-
ern, Middle and Western, and three examiners were appointed for
each -district, and the vState vSociety prayed the Supreme Court
to accept these physicians as the examiners required by law.

In the Act re-incorporating the State Medical Society
[1816.] in 1816, District or County Societies were provided

for, and the State Society was empowered, to nom-
inate examiners, or censors, in each District Society, to examine
intending practitioners of medicine and to certify to their
fitness for license by the president of the State Society ; to direct

2 2 History Medical Profession Cavidcn County.

and prescribe methods of examination ; to license applicants
and to prescribe the penalty of practicing as a physician or

surgeon without a license. In the supplementary
[1818.] Act of 1818, the censors were made the appointees,

instead of the nominees, of the State Society, and
the District Societies were relieved of the responsibility of

their selection. This continued until 1830,* when
[1830.] the State was again divided into three medical
[1844.] districts, Eastern, Middle and Western, and the old

method of appointing censors was reverted to. In
1844, ^^G appointment of four censors for each District Society
was again adopted by the State Society, the fees received being
turned into the treasury of the State Society, in order to
re-awaken interest in District Societies by restoring to them
the rights of examination. This continued until 1866, when
the censors were abolished.

[1846.] Upon the recognition of the Camden District
Medical Society by the State Society, in 1846, Doctors James S.
Risley, Jacob P. Thornton, Othniel H. Taylor and Richard M.
Cooper were appointed censors for the Camden Society. The
appointment of a Board of Censors caused great discussion and
excited much feeling among a number of the medical prac-
titioners of the county. It at once placed the County Society
in a commanding position, because onh' through it could legal
entrance into the profession in the county be obtained. It also
cemented a closer relationship between the County and the
State Society.

[1847.] Doctors Mulford, Risley, Taylor and C. D. Hendr>^
were re-appointed censors in May, 1847, Dr. Hendr}^ taking the
place of Dr. Thornton, and on June 8th the board held their
first meeting and issued the following notice :

"Sir. — You are hereby notified that the annual meeting of the Board
of Censors for Camden county will be held at English's Hotel, Camden, on
Tuesday next, 15th June, inst., at ten o'clock, a.m., for the purpose of
examining candidates for medical licenses.

By order of the District Medical Society for Camden county,

Richard M. Cooper, Secretary.'^

♦The Act of I^egislature, January 28, 1830, provided for the examination of students
througli the Boards of Censors of the several counties or districts; and three approving
signatures made valid each certificate recommending the applicant for license, vrhich,
when presented to the president of the State Medical Society, empowered him to gfrant a
license under the hand and seal of the society.

The A»i trial)! Medical Association. 23

In response to this notice, Doctors Bowman Hendry, Jr.,
of Gloncester ; A. D. Woodruff, of Camden, and D. M. Stout, of
Berlin, appeared before the board for examination and were
recommended to be licensed by the president of the State
Society. These were the first medical licentiates in the county.

[1848.] At the meeting of the State Society, May 9th,
Doctors Risley, Mulford, Ta^dor and C. D. Hendry were
appointed censors, and Edward J. Record and John. V. Schenck
were examined and recommended for license.

[1849.] O^ account of the difficulty relating to the
transmission of licentiate fees to the treasurer of the State
Society, as has been previously related (Sections H and HI),
Dr. Woodruff was appointed censor in place of Dr. Risle}'.
Dr. Robert M. Smallwood was recommended for medical license.

Section V. — The American Medical Association.
[1846.] Notwithstanding the progress of various States in
medical organization, no national effort had been made to unite
the regular profession of medicine or to bind together State
medical organizations. This was greatly needed. The Ameri-
can Institute of Homoeopathy, organized in 1844, provided
for the needs of homoeopathic practitioners, but the regular
profession lacked unit}- of purpose and cohesion, and was
without a code of ethics. In recognition of this, the New
York State Medical Society issued a call, in 1845, for a meet-
ing of delegates from medical societies and colleges through-
out the United States, to convene in New York in May,
1846.* New Jersey was not officially represented. At this
meeting, resolutions to institute a National IVIedical Associa-
tion were adopted and committees were appointed to issue an

address to medical societies and schools of medicine,
[1847.] inviting them to meet in Philadelphia in May, 1847,

to report a plan for a national organization, and to
adopt an authorized code of ethics. At this second meeting,
tlie American Medical Association was organized, a code of
ethics was adopted, the standard of medical education was
elevated and the autonomy of the profession secured. New

* Transactions of the Americau Medical .\ssociation.

24 History Medical Profession Camden County.

Jersey was represented by a number of delegates, among
whom were Doctors R. M. Cooper and O. H Taylor, and the
delegation took an active part in the proceedings. Medical
organization was dear to them, New Jersey being the first
colony to establish a medical society (1766), to institute medi-
cal examinations (1772), and to raise the apprenticeship
standard of medical study (1790). Their interest was more
active because of the effort made, in 1845, by the medical
colleges of New York and Philadelphia, to have their graduates
admitted to practice medicine within New Jersey without
examination and license by the State Medical Society. This
attempt to repeal medical enactments was made in conjunction
with Thompsonians and was successfully opposed through the
influence of the State Medical Society.

This convention marked an era in the medical progress of
the United States, and tended to unite the profession through-
out the country ; to place upon an equal footing the member
of a county medical society and the college professor ; to
bind together by organization medical men of unquestioned
standing and to eliminate from the ranks of the profession
ignorant pretenders and quacks.

[1848.] The association met at Baltimore on May 2,
1848, with four hmidred and seventy-five physicians present,
including eight delegates from New Jersey. Dr. R. M.
Cooper represented the State Medical Society and Dr. O. H,
Taylor the Camden District Society. The organization was
decidedly popular, and the contrast, as stated in the speeches,
between the requirements of American and European medical
colleges made a profound impression and showed the necessity
of an extended curriculum of medical study in this country.
The expenses of both State and coimty delegates were paid
by the societies represented.

[1849.] The animal meeting of the association was held
in Boston, in 1849, twent}--two States being represented by
over four hundred delegates. Dr. Cooper attended on behalf
of the New Jerse>- Medical Societ)', and Doctors J. V. Schenck
and C. D. Hendry for the Camden District Society, and became
permanent members, with Doctors Cooper and Taylor.

Miscellaneous Interests. 25

Section VI. — Miscellaneous Interests.

A. THE CAMDEN COUNTY BIBLE SOCIETY.

[1847.] The Camden County Bible Society* was organ-
ized June 21, 1847, for the object of putting a copy of the
Bible in ever}' household in the county and in the hands of
every worthy person. "After these needs are supplied, the
funds remaining are given to the American Bible Society."
The organization was effected by the election of Dr. Lorenzo
F. Fisler, as president, and Mr. J. C. de la Cour, as secretary,
whose store was the first depositor}^ for the Bibles. These
gentlemen held their respective offices for a number of years.
In 1876, Dr. James A. Armstrong was elected treasurer, a
position held by him until his death, in 1881. In this year,
Dr. S. B. Irwin was made a member of the Executive Com-
mittee.

B. mulford's history of new jersey.

[1848.] In May, 1848, Dr. Isaac S. Mulford's "Civil and
Political History of New Jersey" was published. This is an
important literary contribution and embraces the period
between the early English discoveries in America and the close
of the Revolution, in 1783. The adoption of the State Consti-
tution, following the Revolutionary War, is especially con-
sidered and brief mention is made of its revision in 1844.
The book contains five hundred pages, divided into twenty-
three chapters. It was written during a period of active
medical practice and to carry out a fondness for historical
research for which the author was distinguished. It is the
most elaborate and comprehensive literar}' production by any
member of the medical profession in Camden county, and is an
accepted authorit}- on New Jersey history.

C. CHOLERA.

[1849.] This year was memorable in Camden county
because of the second invasion of cholera. The first epidemic
occurred in 1832, when the disease made its appearance in
Quebec and spread throughout the northern States. At that
time, it prevailed extensively in Philadelphia and Dr. Othniel H..

*MS. Notes of Rev. F. R. Brace, PhD

26 History Medical Professio7i Camden County.

Taylor served as a consulting physician to tlie Sanitary Board
of that city, and rendered such distinguished assistance that he
was presented with a service of silver by the City Council. In
1848, cholera entered this country by the way of New Orleans
and spread rapidly. In 1849, one hundred and nineteen cases
occurred in Camden county, with fifty deaths. It was a more
extensive epidemic than that of 1832, and occasional outbreaks
■occurred throughout the State until 1854. The disease was
largely treated by direct depletion. The physicians of Cam-
den received at this time universal praise for their numerous
acts of heroism in staying the plague.*

* Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey for 1854

CHAPTER III. •
THE PERIOD FROM 1850 TO 1855.
Section I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey.

The relationship between the Medical Societ}' of New
Jersey and the District Societies was cemented during this
period by the establishment of a nominating committee in the
State Society ; the appointment of a reporter in each District
Society and the combined opposition of certain medical col-
leges and systems of medicine against the censorship of the
State Medical Societ}'. The Camden District Society was
more closely linked with that of the State through the presi-
dency of Dr. Othniel H. Taylor.

[1850.] The annual meeting of the State Society was
held at New Brunswick, May 14th, when Doctors Blackwood,
Woodruff and Bowman Hendry represented the Camden
Societ}'. Dr. O. H. Taylor was elected second Yice-president
and Dr. Isaac S. Mulford a delegate to the American Medical
Association. Diplomas were granted to Doctors John W.
Snowden and George J. Jessup, by the president, and Doctors
Mulford, Taylor, Woodruff and C. D. Hendr}', were appointed
censors, — positions retained by them through re-appointment
during this period. The appointment of a nominating com-
mittee for the selection of officers for the State Society, and of
a reporter for each District Societ}', was championed by the
Camden delegates as a means of removing existing jealousies
in the selection of officers and of acquainting the State Society
more fully with the diseases prevailing throughout the State.

The status of medical officers of the United States Arm}-
and Nav}' was made a subject of official inquiry. Because of
the number of medical officers furnished by New Jersey, the
State Societ}' was especially interested in protecting their
rights and advancing their interests. This applied with par-
ticular force to Camden count}-, which was represented in the

28 History Medical Profession Camden County.

navy by Doctors Robert M. Smallwood and William S,
Bishop, and, as an advocate of the canse. Dr. O. H. Taylor sub-
mitted the following resolutions, which were adopted:

" Whereas, It is a manifest duty that organized medical bodies should
exercise a proper iufluen^e for the protection of the rights of such regular
members of the profession as are necessarily detached from the great body
of their brethren ; and,

Whereas, Many of the medical officers included in the military organ-
izations of the country are placed in this condition ; and,

Whereas, We heard with regret that there is a disposition on the part
of a portion of the naval service to deprive medical men connected with that
department of the benefits arising from an assimilated rank, conferred by a
general order of a late Secretary of the Navy ; therefore be it

Resolved, That the New Jersey State Medical Society regards with
pleasure the successful efforts of Naval Boards in raising the standard of liter-
ary and medical knowledge, for admission to their ranks.

Resolved, That the society is much pleased to learn that in their system
of examination the diplomas of the schools (which are now but too easily
obtained) are wholly disregarded ; and that the moral character of the candi-
date, and his scientific and professional attainments, are his only passports
to the medical corps of the navy.

Resolved. That this society cannot look with indifference on any attempt
to depress or degrade a whole class of officers belonging to a liberal profess-
ion, and so indispensable in the proper organization of the navy.

Resolved, That as a well-defined ' assimilated rank ' has been assigned to
medical officers of the army by an Act of Congress dated, February ii, 1847,
this society cannot believe that an invidious distinction will be made
between the medical departments of the public service ; but that the
National IvCgislature will grant to surgeons and assistant surgeons their just
claim to a nominal rank, or to a social position as respectable among the
other grades of the navy as the medical staff of the army now enjoy by law,
in relation to their brethren in the line of that service.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to the Secretary
of the Navy, through the chief of the medical department ; and also that a
copy be forwarded to the Chairman of the Naval Committee in each House
of Congress."

The semi-annual meeting was held in November, at
Klizabethtown, with Doctors Blackwood, Hendry and Wood-
ruff as delegates. The year was reported as unusually healthy
throughout the State ; the cholera epidemic of the preceding
year .seemiug to have exhausted the predisposition to disease.

[185 1.] lu January, the State Society presented a bill to
the Legislature to amend the incorporative Act of 1830, so
that the place aud time of tlie anuual meeting might be
changed to Trenton, in January ; the semi-annual meetings

The Medical Society of New Jersey . 29

discontinued, and the standard of the censors' examinations
advanced for those without a diploma in the arts. The provis-
ions of the Act were enacted, with the exception of that part
relating to the censors' examinations, which was amended to
admit the graduates of certain medical colleges of New York
and Philadelphia to practice without examination by the
censors. The amendment (which will be considered under
the Section relating to the Medical Act of 1851) was, in part,
agreed to by certain prominent physicians throughout the
State, but did not meet with the unqualified approval of the
State Society. The annual meeting, on May 31st, at New
Brunswick, was one, therefore, of unusual interest. The Act
was not satisfactory* and was discussed with much earnestness
by those members who were not graduates of the five favored
colleges. In consequence of this enactment, the semi-annual
meetings were discontinued and the fees accruing from the
censors' examinations were so greatly reduced that the pay-
ment of the expenses of the delegates to the American Medical
Association was discontinued. Dr. O. H. Taylor was the only
representative from the Camden Society and was elected first
vice-president.

[1852.] On January 21st, the State Society met at
Trenton, in accordance with the new medical law, and with
Doctors Cullen, Schenck, Woodruff and C. D. Hendry present
as delegates and Dr. O. H. Taylor, as vice-president. The
provisions of the new law relating to medical examinations
were the subject of animadversion and, much to the satisfaction
of those members who favored a higher standard of medical
education, Dr. O. H. Taylor, who in 1849 so strongly espoused
the censorship of the society, was elected president. Of the
fort\--eight licentiates of the 3'ear, among whom was Dr. John
R. Andrews, of Camden, graduate of Pennsylvania Medical
College, fort)- were graduates of the colleges favored in the
Act, and, therefore, exempt from examination by the censors.
This indicates the force of the college combination against the
society in the legislation of the preceding year.

[1853.] On January 25th, the State Society met at Trenton
with President Othniel H. Taylor in the chair and Doctors

30 History Medical Profession Camden County.

Snowden, Birdsell, Cooper and C. D. Hendry present as dele-
gates. One of the objects in revising the charter of the society
was to provide for holding the annual meeting at Trenton in
January, in order to strengthen the society before the. Legisla-
ture in the interests of higher medical education. Of this, and
of the censorship of the society, Dr. Taylor was an acknowl-
edged exponent, in consequence of which, and to further the
interests named, the Executive and Legislature were invited to
hear his address before the society on the " Relations of Popular
Education with the Progress of Empiricism." The address was
received with favor and published by order of the society, but
failed to turn the tide of public and professional opposition to
its censorship. The appointment of a reporter from each
District Society, under the revision of the by-laws in 1849, had
not proved a success. None had reported to the standing
committee and, to remedy this, the committee suggested that
each reporter be made an ex offi,cio mejinber, — a provision, how-
ever, that remained dormant for a long time.

[1854.] The eighty-eighth annual meeting was held at
Trenton with Doctors Woodruff, Cullen, Mulford and B.
Hendry as delegates from Camden county. This was an im-
portant session. The favoritism shown three years previously
to five medical colleges aroused the jealousies and opposition
of the graduates of other medical schools ; so that conciliatory
measures were adopted, admitting a diploma from any
chartered college, with a curriculum equal to that of the
colleges previously recognized, as sufficient evidence of medical
study to be presented to the censors in lieu of an examination
by them. This marked the extreme limit reached by the
society in its modification of its own censorship, and practi-
cally admitted the graduates of regular medical colleges to
practice, without examination. But this was not sufficient to
stem the tide of opposition to the censors' examination, which
arose from regular and irregular practitioners of medicine, as
well as from the laity, as the enactment of 1854 will show.
At this meeting, the standing committee was composed
exclusively of Camden physicians, viz.: Doctors Mulford,
Cooper and Bowman Hendry. This committee was changed

The Camden Di sir ict Medical Society . 31

annually, and appointments from the same section of the State
were made to facilitate its work. The Medical Act of 1854
(which will be considered under Section VI.) was passed by
the Legislature after the adjournment of the society, and
aroused its membership as they were never aroused before. In
consequence of this, a special meeting of the society was held
at Trenton, July nth, at the request of several District
Societies, among which Camden was foremost, to consider the
recent legislative enactments concerning medical practice.
The society, after discussion, referred the matter to the standing
committee, which reported, through Dr. R. M. Cooper, that the
subject be referred to the Fellows present, to report to the society
at its present session. The report was adopted and the Fellows,
after consideration, requested, through Dr. O. H. Taylor,* that
a committee be appointed to memorialize the next Legislature
to repeal the law in question. A resolution on membership
similar to that adopted b)- the Camden District Society in
June, was submitted and referred to the next annual meeting.
But these efforts to maintain the integrity of the society, which
were largely prompted by Camden physicians, proved futile in
the face of the growing sentiment of liberalism in medical
practice.

Section II. — The Camden District Medical Society.
[1850.] The annual meeting of the Camden District
Medical Society was held at English's Hotel, June i8th,
when Dr. Othniel H. Taylor delivered the annual address on
"Disease of the Prostate Gland." Because of the increase in
membership and the desire for rotation in office, the by-laws
were amended, limiting the eligibility of the president and
vice-president to two years in succession. Since 1846, the
position of president had been filled successively by Doctors
Risley and Mulford. Dr. Isaac S. Mulford was elected presi-
dent; Dr. O. H. Taylor, vice-president; Dr. R. M. Cooper,
secretary and treasurer and also reporter to the State Aledical
Society, a position held by him for a number of years. Dr.

*Dr. Othniel H. Taylor became a Fellow of the Medical Society of New Jersey under
the Medical Act of 1823, which provided that presidents of the society shall rank as Fellows
and be entitled to the rights and privileges of delegates.

32 History Medical Profession Camden County.

Cooper reported attendance at the American Medical Associa-
tion at Cincinnati, in May. At the semi-annual meeting,
December 17th, Dr. Jacob Grigg, of Blackwood, a graduate of
the University of Pennsylvania, 1843; I-^^- Thomas F. CuUen,
of Camden, graduate of the same University in 1844, and Dr.
Sylvester Birdsell, of Camden, a graduate of Jefferson Medical
College, 1848, were elected members.

[185 1.] The annual meeting of the society was held in
Camden, June 17th. Dr. R. M. Cooper delivered the annual
address on " Revaccination." The popularity of the society
had not become fully established and there were still a number
of reputable practitioners in the county who declined to
affiliate with it, and others who disregarded both it and the
laws governing medical practice. In order to become accu-
rately informed concerning the number of physicians prac-
ticing in the county, the society appointed a committee to
report at the next meeting "the names of all persons practic-
ing medicine in the county, distinguishing the licensed phy-
sician and regular graduate from irregular practitioners." Dr.
Isaac S. Mulford was re-elected president ; Dr. Othniel H.
Taylor, vice-president ; Dr. Richard M. Cooper, secretary and
treasurer, and Dr. Ezekiel C. Chew, of Blackwood, graduate of
Jefferson Medical College, 1843, a member of the society.
Following the example of the State Society, the semi-annual
meetings were discontinued.

[1852.] On June 15th, the society held its annual meet-
ing, in Camden, and Dr. Charles D. Hendry delivered the
annual address on "Fracture of the Skull." In accordance
with the resolutions passed in 1850, limiting the term of the
president and vice-president to two years, a change was made
in the selection of officers. Dr. C. D. Hendry was elected
president; Dr. J. W. Snowden, vice-president; Dr. T. F.
Cullen, secretary and treasurer, and Dr. P,. Fullerton Miles, of
Camden, graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1852, a mem-
ber of the society-. A committee was appointed to report, at
the ensuing meeting, the prevalent diseases of the year, and
tlie fees in emergency cases were decided to be due, in the
alxsence of the regular medical attendant, to the physician

The Camden District Medical Society. 33

called upon. The committee appointed to report the number
and names of physicians practicing in the county, distinguish-
ing the regular and licensed from the irregular and unlicensed,
made the following report : Regular physicians — Benjamin
W. Blackwood, licentiate, Haddonfield; Sylvester Birdsell,
licentiate, Camden ; Ezekiel C. Chew, Blackwood ; Richard
M. Cooper, licentiate, Camden ; Thomas F. Cullen, licentiate,
Camden; Lorenzo F. Fisler, licentiate, Camden; Frederick R.
Graham, licentiate, Blackwood ; Jacob Gregg, licentiate, Tans-
boro ; Bowman Hendr}', licentiate, Gloucester ; Charles D.
Hendr}', licentiate, Haddonfield ; Isaac S. Mulford, licentiate,
Camden ; William C. Mulford, licentiate, Gloucester ; B. Fuller-
ton jNIiles, licentiate, Camden ; Edward J. Record, licentiate,
Blackwood ; Daniel ]\I. Stout, licentiate, Long-a-coming ;
Joseph B. Stafford, Camden; John V. Schenck, licentiate,
Camden ; Robert M. Small wood, licentiate, Blackwood ; John
W. Snowden, licentiate, Waterford Works; Martin Synnott,
Blackwood ; Othniel H. Ta}lor, licentiate, Camden ; Jacob P.
Thornton, licentiate, Haddonfield ; A. D. Woodruff", licentiate,

Haddonfield, and x^llen, Williamstown. There were in

addition two homoeopathic practitioners and one botanic
physician. Of the twenty-seven physicians mentioned, twenty-
five were graduates of regular medical colleges, and of these
twenty-one were licensed by the State IMedical Society, includ-
ing one who subsequently practiced homoeopathy. Of the six
unlicensed physicians, four were graduates of regular medical
colleges, one a homoeopathist and one a botanic doctor. Of
the twenty-seven practitioners named, seventeen were members
of the Camden District Medical Society.

[1853.] The annual meeting of the society was held June
2ist, with an attendance of nine members. At this time, there
was but little spirit of co-operation among physicians, and the
District Society, therefore, was not a strong factor in profes-
sional progress. Dr. O. H. Taylor, chairman of the special
committee, reported that remittent fever was generally preva-
lent with a tendenc}- to local congestion and intestinal hemor-
rhage. This report led to the establishment of a standing

34 History Medical Profession Camden Cou7ity.

committee, instructed to report the diseases incident to the
year, and Doctors Taylor, Woodruff and Snowden were made
its members. The sum of ten dollars was received from the
State Medical Society as the apportionment due from censor
and licentiate fees, this being in excess of the amount required
to pay the expenses of the society and of the delegates to the
American Medical Association. Dr. O. H. Taylor reported
attendance at the American Medical Association at New York,
in May; Dr. C. D. Hendry was elected president; Dr. J. W.
Snowden, vice-president, and Dr. T. F. Cullen, secretary and
treasurer; Dr. R. M. Smallwood, U. S. N., was dropped from
the rolls ; Dr. Edward J. Record, of Blackwood, was expelled
for adopting homoeopathy, and the resignation of Dr. Benjamin
W. Blackwood, of Haddonfield, was accepted for the same
reason.

[1854.] On June 19th, the annual meeting of the society
was held at the West Jersey Hotel. Dr. O. H. Taylor made
the report of the standing committee and presented the sub-
ject of "Placenta Prsevia." The constitution was amended
by limiting the term of the president to one year. The new
medical law, enacted in March, was discussed and a resolution
was adopted, requesting the State Medical Society to meet in
special session and petition the Legislature for its repeal or
modification; in consequence, a special meeting of the State
Society was held on July nth. This, however, did not fill the
measure of opposition against the new medical law. A resolu-
tion was adopted, limiting the membership to those possessing
a diploma from the State Society, irrespective of their collegiate
affiliations. But this proved of little avail, because, of the
twenty-seven practicing physicians in the county, only fifteen
were members of the society at this time. Dr. A. D. Woodruff
was elected president; Dr. John V. Schenck, vice-president;
Dr. T. F. Cullen, secretary and treasurer, and Doctors G. W.
Bartholomew, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania,
1853, a^i<i Richard C. Dean, a graduate of Yale College, and
of Jefferson Medical College, 1854, were elected to membership.
During this period, Doctors Mulford, Taylor, Hendry and
Woodruff were the State Society's appointees for censors.

The Medical Enactment of i8^i . 35

Section III. — The Medicai. Enactment of 1851.

[185 1.] The year 1851 marked an era in the medical
history of New Jersey. Previously to this time, the only legal
way of entering the medical profession in New Jersey was
through the censors' examination of the New Jersey Medical
Society. Through the influence of this society, medical exam-
inations were instituted in 1772, under the supervision of the
Supreme Court of the State, and were continued until 1816,
when the State Society was re-incorporated and Boards of
Censors were established as appointees of the society. Under
the direction of its censors, the New Jersey Medical Society
guarded with a jealous care the interests of the profession.
But, in the progress of time, this censorship was complained
of by medical colleges as inimical to public and professional
interests ; the cry of monopoly was raised by empirics and the
law was finally attacked and practically abrogated, through
medical colleges of neighboring States. The society, however,
believed in its censorship, because, at this time, there was no
accepted, universal standard of medical education, and medical
graduates varied considerably in their attainments; so that
restraining laws, governing medical practice, were needful.
Medical education had been a subject of discussion in the
xA-merican IMedical Association since its organization in 1847^
when an effort was made to make up its constituent member-
ship of delegates from County and State Medical Societies
throughout the Union, and to exclude those from medical
colleges, hospitals and asylums. This movement was intended
to advance the cause of medical education, by excluding a
personally interested element, and also to unite more thoroughly
in its interests County and State Societies. The movement
resulted in the formation of the Association of American
!Medical Colleges, which adopted a standard curriculum of
medical study, and has, at this time, a membership of about
seventy institutions.

In January-, the committee, appointed at the preceding
annual meeting of the State Society to propose amendments
for a revision of the charter of the society, presented a bill for
the same to the Legislature. The bill was introduced as a

36 History Medical Profession Camden County.

supplement to the medical Act of 1830, and provided for the
holding of the annual meeting at Trenton, in January; the
discontinuance of the semi-annual meeting ; the power of the
society to revoke medical license for unprofessional conduct ;
the right of the censors to demand a four years' course of
study from applicants not having a diploma in the arts, and
for other medical matters.* This movement was taken advan-
tage of by the graduates of medical colleges in New York and ^
Philadelphia, and the revising bill was amended and passed to
permit the graduates of five medical colleges; viz., the College
of Ph}'sicians and Surgeons of New York, the Medical Depart-
ment of the University of the City of New York, the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, Jefferson Medical College, the Medical
Department of Pennsylvania College, and such other medical
colleges as the society shall from time to time designate, to
present their diplomas to the president of the Medical Society
of New Jersey with testimonials of good character, and, if satis-
fied with such testimonials, the president was authorized and
empowered to grant a license, under his hand and the seal of
the society, to practice within the State, for which a sum not
exceeding five dollars was demanded. The Act was approved,
March 15, 1851. The contest which led to the passage of this
law was begun by the medical colleges in 1845, but was then
defeated by the society. In 1849, ^^^^ cause of higher medical
education was championed by Dr. S. H. Pennington, at the
annual meeting, and by Dr. O. H. Taylor at the semi-annual
meeting of the State Society ; and when the revised charter was
presented to the Legislature, empowering the censors of the
State IMedical Society to demand a four years' course of study
from applicants without a diploma in the arts, the contest
became aggressive on the part of the medical colleges named.
In this year, there were one thousand two hundred and fourteen
medical students at the colleges in Philadelphia and six hundred

•"In 1850, the committee on charter reported several amendments. * * * This pro-
ceeding came to the knowledge of the colleges through the published Transactions. * * *
When the committee came before the Legislature, they were met by the colleges in full
force. • * * Although the committee succeeded in regard to its own amendment, yet
the adverse influence i)rocured the passage of another, virtually exempting certain colleges
from the provisions of the Xaw."— Address of Dr. T. Ryerson, Transaciions of State Medical
Society, 1S58.

Political Interests. 37

and eighty-one in New York.* New Jersey being situated
l)etween these medical centres, the opposition to the extension
of the period of medical study and to the increase of power in
the censorship of the New Jersey Medical Societ}', was
obvious.

Immediately following the executive approval of the law,
its execution became at once a source of embarrassment to the
State and District IVIedical Societies, because of its limitations
and favoritism. It was the fi^st x\ct passed by the Legislature
to thwart the interests of the Medical Society of New Jersey,
whose existence antedates that of the State ; the first to disturb
their mutual relationship since the medical enactment in 1783,
The censors of the society were not ofiEicially connected with
the colleges and were, therefore, disinterested in the examina-
tion. They acted wholly in the interest of the medical
profession and the public good. The law not only abrogated
the examining power of the society, but placed it in a position
of compulsory' favoritism to the five medical colleges named.
Graduates firom these colleges were admitted to practice
medicine within New Jersey, without passing an examination
before the Board of Censors and upon paying a fee of five
dollars, while those of other colleges were examined by
the censors and taxed fifteen dollars by the society for
a diploma. A reward was practically offered students to
attend the colleges mentioned in the Act, and a penalty
prescribed for joining others. The State Medical Society
was outwitted and beaten, and the law was so clearly unjust
that other medical colleges and their graduates secured the
passage of an Act, in 1854, still further modifying its censor-
ship.

Section IV. — Political Interests.

[1850.] The medical profession has always manifested
an interest in national and municipal politics and, during this
period, the physicians of Camden county took an active part
in political affairs. In the winter of 1850, a new charter was
granted to the city of Camden by the Legislature
[1851.] and was supplemented, during the following

*New Jersey Medical Reporter for 1851.

38 History Medical Profession Camde?i County.

year, by an Act greatly enlarging municipal authority. The
growth of the city demanded new provisions for its welfare
and, in the selection of its officers, a deeper interest was mani-
fested by the citizens. The contest for the Mayoralty excited
considerable interest, because of the enlarged official duties and
the number of candidates in the field. The question of the
day, underlying party interests and causing the political division
of national issues into three parties during the Taylor-Fillmore
administration, was slaver>^ The agitation made itself felt in
Camden and necessitated placing three candidates in the field :
Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler, American candidate; Dr. Othniel H.
Taylor, Whig candidate, and John Sands, Democratic candi-
date.* Of the votes cast, Dr. Fisler received four hundred
and forty; Dr. Taylor, one hundred and thirty-five, and Mr.
Sands, three hundred and forty-five, t Dr. Fisler had filled the
office of Mayor in 1840, '41, '42 and '43, and was a candidate,
in 1848, on the Whig ticket, but was defeated. His re-election
again evidenced the respect in which he was held by his
fellow-townsmen.

[1852.] At this time. Dr. Reynell Coates, of Camden,
was the acknowledged champion of aggressive Americanism.
He helped to found the Native American party in 1837,! and at
the first national convention in Philadelphia, in 1845, wrote
the platform adopted by the party. The Native American
party advocated the rights and privileges of Americans, as
opposed to those of foreigners, and demanded a residence of
twenty-one years as a qualification for naturalization. The
party was an incident in the political history of the period.
During the closing years of the Fillmore administration, four
political parties marshalled their forces to secure the presidency.
Pierce and King were the Democratic candidates ; Scott and
Graham, the Whig candidates; Hale and Julian, the Free-Soil
candidates, and Daniel Webster and Dr. Reynell Coates, the
Native American candidates. The main question at issue
before the country was the Compromise Act of 1850, which

*Prowell's History of Camdeu Couutv.

t Ibid.

X Origin and Progress of the American Party in Politics, by J. H. Lee.

Political luh'irsls. 39

the greater parties favored, but the Free-Soil party opposed.
During the campaign, Daniel Webster died, leaving the Native
Americans without a head, and the party, therefore, did not
carry a State in the election. The Democratic candidates
were elected ; the Free-Soil party passed out of existence ; the
Whig and American parties consolidated in the subsequent
presidential election, after which all issues went down before
slaver^' ; the Whig party gave place to the Republican party
and the Native American party degenerated into a secret
political organization called the Know-Nothings.

[1853.] During this year, a fusion ticket of Whigs and
Americans was formed in Camden and Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler,
its candidate, was re-elected Mayor and again re-elected the
following year as an American and Anti-Nebraska candidate.

[1854.] Following the erection of Camden county in
1844, the office of coroner was filled by non-medical men,
which proved unsatisfactory to the people, because of the
medical as well as judicial qualifications required in the
investigation of casual, accidental and violent causes of death.
IVIedical knowledge is required to determine the cause of
death, and legal knowledge to determine the bearing of relative
evidence. The office naturally belongs to medical men and
the recognition of its requirements led to the nomination
and election of Dr. Thomas G. Rowand, of Camden, in 1854.
Since then, the office of coroner of the county has been filled
by Dr. Rowand in 1868; Dr. Duncan W. Blake, of Gloucester
City, in 1871, '74 and '78; Dr. James A. Armstrong, of Cam-
den, in 187 1, ^J2> and '74; Dr- William H. Iszard, of Camden,
in 1878; Dr. John D. Leckner, of Camden, in 1881 and 1884;
Dr. P. W. Beale, of Camden, in 1884 ; Dr. Edwin Tomlinson,
of Gloucester City, in 1884; Dr. H. H. Davis, of Camden, in
1884; Dr. George W. Henry, of Camden, in 1887; Dr. James
G. Stanton, of Camden, 1887 ; Dr. E. R. Smiley, of Camden,
in 1890, and by Dr. Edwin Tomlinson, of Gloucester City, in
1890. The term of office of the coroner was formerly one
year, but it has been extended to three years and the county
divided into three districts.

40 History Medical Profession Camden County.

Section V. — The Camden City Medical Society.

[1853.] On June 2d, the Medical Society for the City of
Camden was organized. This was the medical event of the
year within the county. The growth of Camden ; the increased
number of physicians ; the interval between the meetings of
the County Medical Society, and the necessity for bringing the
physicians of Camden into closer relationship with each other,
in order to advance their mutual interests, led to its formation.
The importance of such an organization had been discussed for
a long time, and, by mutual consent. Doctors Lorenzo F.
Fisler, Isaac S. Mulford, Othniel H. Taylor, Richard M.
Cooper, Sylvester Birdsell, Thomas F. CuUen and John V.
Schenck met June 2, 1853, and organized the society. At
this temporary organization. Doctors Taylor, Birdsell and
Fisler were appointed to prepare a constitution and by-laws
and to report the same at an adjourned meeting to be held June
1 6th. The constitution, as reported, provided for meetings to
be held in December, March and June, and for the annual
meeting in September; a standing committee to execute the
business of the society between the meetings and to superin-
tend its publications ; a membership limited to regular grad-
uates who have complied with the medical laws of New
Jersey ; the adoption of the code of ethics formulated by the
American Medical Association, and of the fee-bill of the
Medical Society of New Jersey, and for a reporter on medical
literature, improvements in medical science and the diseases
prevalent during the quarter. Dr. Isaac S. Mulford was
elected president; Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler, vice-president; Dr.
John V. Schenck, secretary and treasurer ; Dr. R. M. Cooper,
reporter, and Doctors Cooper, Birdsell and Cullen were elected
the standing committee. The financial delinquencies of patients
were made the subject of debate and a constitutional clause was
adopted, providing for the reporting of delinquents by each
member in writing to the secretary, who should arrange
the names alphabetically and furnish copies to each member of
the society. The financial status of the citizens of Camden
became well known to the society, but the law proved unpop-
ular and ineffective in its application and was omitted in the

The Medical Enactment 0/18^4. 41

revision of the constitution in 1887. The organization of
the society was vohmtary ; no charter was obtained, and the
society is still without legal status except in its elective
relation to the Camden City Dispensary.

The first annual meeting was held September ist, when
the officers were re-elected. Dr. R. M. Cooper read the
quarterl}- report and, in discussing malarial and typhoid fevers,
stated, in substance, that remittent and intermittent fevers,
known as " autumnal fevers," were most prevalent in the
southern section of Camden because of the marsh lands and
the prevalence of south-west winds ; and, in that portion
bordering on the meadows, intermittent fever prevailed from
July to October with a tendency to return on the seventh,,
fourteenth or twenty-first day. As the population increased
and the improvements of the city were extended, he believed
that intermittent fever would cease its annual visitations and
give place to typhoid fever, which was most prevalent in
North Camden, where the greatest improvements had been
made. At the December meeting. Dr. Sylvester Birdsell read
a paper on dysentery, claiming it to be of malarial origin
because of its intermittent character.

[1854.] On March 2d, the society convened at the resi-
dence of Dr. L. F. Fisler ; in June, at Dr. J. V. Schenck's ;
in September, the annual meeting was held and Dr. I. S.
Mulford was re-elected president ; Dr. L. F. Fisler, vice-
president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, secretary and treasurer, and
Doctors Richard C. Dean, Samuel Thomas and Jesse Sellers
were elected members. Dr. Mulford delivered an address on
"Laryngitis" and Dr. Cullen reported a case of yellow fever
in a patient recently arrived from Savannah, which recovered
without further infection. In October, a special meeting was
held to discuss cholera, which will be considered under its
proper section. In December, no meeting was held.

Section VI. — The Medical Enactment of 1854.
[1854.] Following the enactment of the medical law of
1 85 1, a condition of dissatisfaction pervaded the profession,
because of the favoritism shown to the five medical colleges

42 History Medical Profession Camden County.

named in the Act ; so that the Medical Society of New Jersey,
at its annual meeting in January, 1854, adopted conciliatory-
measures admitting the graduates of any regular medical
school to practice medicine within New Jersey, without exam-
ination before its censors. But this did not suffice to stem the
tide of opposition to the censors' examinations. Physicians of
the homoeopathic, eclectic, botanic, Thompsonian and other
schools secured a legislative Act that made it "lawful for all
persons of good moral character, who have diplomas from any
medical college or medical department of any university of
any State of the United States, which, before conferring diplo-
mas, requires those upon whom they are conferred to be
twenty-one years of age, to have studied physic and surgery
three full years with a lawful practitioner of medicine, includ-
ing two full courses of lectures of not less than twelve weeks
each, in which shall be taught the principles of materia medica,
pharmacy, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, and the practice of
physic, surgery and midwifery, to practice physic and surgery
in this State, after depositing a copy of such diploma, trans-
lated into the English language, with the clerk of the county
in which such practitioner may reside." This law was passed
at the close of the session of the Legislature and without the
knowledge of the New Jersey Medical Society.* It was
approved March 17th. It practically abrogated the duties of the
censors ; diminished the influence of the society and lowered
the moral and educational standard of the medical profession
in New Jersey. It directly contravened the efforts of the
American Medical Association to extend the period of medical
study, and made easy the registration of fraudulent diplomas
from bogus medical colleges, which began to flourish about
this time. It became unpopular with the regular profession of
the State, because strict examinations had been required to
enter upon medical practice since 1772, a period of eighty-two
years, and the tone of the older members of the medical pro-
fession was consequently very high. For the first time in her
history. New Jersey was thrown open to practitioners of every
kind and grade, since the law was indifferently enforced, and

* MS. History of the Camden County Medical Society, by Dr. R. M. Cooper.

Cholera . 43

the censorship of the State Society so limited, that it was
vohmtarily surrendered to the State in 1866. INIedical practice
in New Jersey remained uninfluenced by restrictive legislation
until 1880, a period of twenty -six years.

The enactment of this medical law gave such encourage-
ment to homoeopathic practitioners of medicine that a State
Homoeopathic Medical Society was organized, but was not
incorporated until 1870. This system of medical practice was
becoming popular throughout New Jersey and won to its ranks
not a few regular practitioners, and much of the influence ex-
erted in securing the legislation in question was due to the
followers of Hahnemann. The organization of the American
Institute of Homoeopathy in 1844 ; the founding of the Homoe-
opathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1848, which subse-
quently became the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadel-
phia (the oldest homoeopathic college in the world), and the
influence of the homoeopathic schools of New York City, made
successful the efforts to overthrow the censorship of the INIedi-
cal Society of New Jersey. In Camden, the new system of
medicine became popular. Dr. J. R. Andrews, a regular gradu-
ate of medicine and a licentiate of the State IVIedical Societ}'
in 1852, was the first to adopt and practice it. In 1853, ^^- ^•
J. Record, of Blackwood, and Dr. B. W. Blackwood, of Had-
donfield, both members of the Camden District Medical Society,
adopted it and, in 1875, Dr. Samuel Carles, of Camden,
began homoeopathic practice.

Section VII. — Cholera.
[1854.] In April, cholera broke out in Chicago, among
recently arrived immigrants, and soon spread throughout the
country. In June, it was introduced into Quebec by an infected
ship and became epidemic in that quarter. In Jul}-, the
disease made its appearance in Camden, and in October became
an epidemic. A special meeting of the Camden City Medical
Society was held on October 14th to consider the subject, and,
with Mayor Fisler, to inaugurate measures to check its spread
and to quiet the general alarm. After accomplishing this, the
society adjourned to the 19th, when it convened for further

44 History Medical Profession Camderi County.

discussion, and the conclusion was reached that "calomel, ace-
tate of lead and the cautious use of opium" gave the best
therapeutic result. At the regular meeting, December 7th,
Dr. T. F. Cullen, in a report on the subject, said: "Cholera
made its appearance in Camden about the middle of July in
Mulford's Alley, where two or three fatal cases occurred. * * *
In a few days, it spread rapidly and well-marked cases were
under the .treatment of almost every physician in the town.
The alarm became general and almost every one either had, or
imagined they had, a diarrhoea. Toper and temperance man
flew to brandy as a preventive, and Brown's Essence of Jamaica
Ginger was deemed by many an 'Elixir of Life.' * * *
Whilst no one part of the town was entirely exempt from the
disease, the majority of cases exhibited themselves in the North
and Middle wards,* and between Third street and the Delaware
river. The disease presented itself in a much more unmanage-
able form than in the epidemics of 1832 and 1849. * * *
In August, the city was almost exempt from the epidemic.
* * * During the first week in October, cholera again made
its appearance without warning. Persons were attacked in
various parts of the town. * * * /pj^^ disease prevailed in
epidemic form until about the first of November." As sum-
marized by Dr. Cullen, there were in the first epidemic fifty-
seven cases and twenty-two deaths ; in the second, thirty-seven
cases with fifteen deaths, making a total of ninety-four cases
with thirty-seven deaths during the year, a death rate of thirty-
nine and one-third per cent. This was a less extensive
epidemic of cholera than that of 1849, when one hundred and
nineteen cases with fifty-seven deaths occurred in Camden, —
a death-rate of forty-seven per cent.

Section VIII. — Physicians and Druggists.
During the period under consideration, the drug interests
of Camden were extended by the opening of a drug-store at
Fourth and Walnut streets by Dr. Sylvester Birdsell, in

*In 1S48, Camden was divided into three wards, North, Middle and South. The North
ward comprised that portion of the city lying north of Federal street ; the Middle ward,
that portion between Federal and Line streets, and the South ward that portion south of
Line street. In 1871, the city was divided into eight wards.

Physicia7is and Druggists. 45

1 85 1, which has passed successively into the possession of Dr.
]\I. West, Samuel Cochran, Dr. C. M. Green and Dr. J. F. Stock ;
by the opening of a drug-store by Dr. T. G. Rowand at the north-
west corner of Fifth and Federal streets, which was removed
to the northeast corner of the same streets and has been owned
successively by Prof h.. P. Brown and Prof. G. M. Beringer,
and by the opening of a drug-store at Haddonfield by C. S.
Braddock. In 1852, the profession lost, through death. Doctors
George Barrows and John J. Jessup. In 1854, Dr. George S.
F. Pfeiflfer, formerly a medical cadet in the navy of Holland
and an officer in the French army, where he won distinction in
his profession, and Dr. William G. Thomas, a graduate of Penn-
sylvania Medical College, located in Camden. Among the
more prominent publications of this period is the paper on
^'Forensic Medicine in New Jersey," by Dr. Isaac S. Mulford.

CHAPTER IV.

THE PERIOD FROM 1855 TO i860.

Section I. — The Medicai. Society of New Jersey.

[1855.] The annual meeting of the society was held at
Trenton, January 25th, and attended by Doctors Mulford,
Cooper and Bowman Hendry as members of the standing
committee, and Doctors Schenck, Bartholomew, Dean and
C. D. Hendry, as delegates. Dr. Othniel H. Taylor never
attended the meetings, after the special meeting in 1854, until
1863. Dr. I. S. Mulford presented an elaborate report on the
cholera epidemics of 1832, '49 and '54, and also urged the
repeal of the legislative enactment of the preceding year relat-
ing to medical practice. Doctors Mulford, Taylor, Woodruff
and C. D. Hendry were appointed censors for Camden county,
and Dr. Richard M. Cooper was elected second vice-president.
Of the twenty-one diplomas granted by the president, only four
of the recipients passed the censors' examination.

[1856.] On January 21st, the society met at Trenton
with Dr. R. M. Cooper present as vice-president and Dr. J, V.
Schenck as a delegate. Dr. Cooper was elected president of
the society. This was the second time the office had been
conferred on a Camden physician, the first being in 1852,
when Dr. O. H. Taylor held the position. A modification of
the medical laws was again made the subject of discussion, and
a second committee was appointed to memorialize the Legisla-
ture to this end, but failed, as in all preceding efforts. The
State, in consequence, became a free field for practitioners of
medicine of every grade and kind ; self-protecting measures,
governing the membership of the societ}-, became necessary,
and the following resolutions were adopted :

" Resolved^ That no person hereafter shall be deemed qualified to hold a
seat in this society unless he shall have obtained a license agreeable to the
provisions of our charter and by-laws as they existed prior to the legislative
session of 1854.
46

The Medical Society of Neiv Jersey. 47

Resolved^ That it be recommended to the several District Societies not
to admit to membership any person who has not received a regular diploma,
according to the by-laws of the Medical Society of New Jersey."

These resolutions were approved and adopted by the Dis-
trict Societies throughout the State and, as a result, the educa-
tional record of physicians, when applicants for membership in
medical societies, became a matter of investigation and
irregular ph}-sicians were openly ostracized. Of the eight
licenses granted by the president, only two were upon the cer-
tificates of the censors, thus showing the indifference with
which the society was regarded by beginning practitioners of
medicine.

[1857.] The annual meeting of the society was held at
Trenton, Januar}^ 27th. Dr. Richard M. Cooper, the presi-
dent, delivered an address on "Vaccination," a subject to which
he had given much attention. Preliminary to the address, Dr.
Cooper said, in reference to the medical enactment of 1854:
"As the most sanguine among us have ceased to look any
longer for the repeal of those enactments that have deprived
us of the power that our society had, for so many years, used
without partiality, but with justice, both to the profession and
the people, we shall be enabled by union and harmony among
ourselves to maintain our society as an organization honorable
in its aims and useful in its results." Notwithstanding this
address, the medical laws of 185 1 and 1854 still rankled in the
bosom of the society, and a resolution was adopted to instruct
the standing committee to obtain legal advice as to "What
constitutes a valid license under existing laws." The Camden
District Society was represented by Doctors C. D. Hendry,
Bowman Hendr}-, T. F. Cullen and J. V. Schenck, and the
censors lor the county were re-appointed. By resolution, the
secretary of each District Societ\' was made a reporter, and the
report to the standing committee from the Camden Society
was made by Dr. J. V. Schenck.

[1858.] The society met at Trenton, Januar}- 25th, with
Dr. R. M. Cooper present as a fellow and Doctors Thomas,
Birdsell, Woodruff" and Snowden, as delegates. Dr. William A.
Newell, Governor of New Jersey, attended the meeting. The

48 History Medical Profession Camdeyi County.

first change was made in the Board of Censors for Camden
county since 1849, the appointees being Doctors Cooper,
Taylor, Hendry and Schenck. Dr. Cooper was appointed in
the place of Dr. Mulford and Dr. Schenck in that of Dr.
Woodruff. The medical enactments of 1851 and 1854 were
still subjects of adverse comment. Dr. T. Ryerson delivered
an address on "An Examination of Some of the Principles and
Workings of the Medical Law," and, after reciting the legisla-
tive histor}' of the society, said :

"At the semi-annual meeting in Camden in 1849, Vice-president Othniel
H. Taylor addressed the society specifically on the existing system of medical
education. In this, the medical colleges received a most unmerciful but just
and well-deserved scoring. Under the influence of this address, the society
formally resolved in favor of Boards of Examiners separate from the faculties
of the different medical schools. At the session of 1850, the committee ap-
pointed on charter reported several amendments directed towards raising the
standard of general education, which amendments the society directed
should be urged upon the attention of the Legislature. Of course all these
proceedings came to the knowledge of the colleges through the published
Transactions, and, as a consequence, when the committee came before the
Legislature they were met by the colleges in full force. The society,

'like an eagle in a dove-cote,'
had fluttered their parchment plumage, and although the committee suc-
ceeded in regard to its own amendments, yet the adverse influence procured
the passage of another, virtually exempting certain first-class colleges from
the provisions of the whole law. * * * The wedge was entered under the
license system and it toppled and fell."

The standing committee presented, under instructions, a
report as to " What constitutes a valid license under existing
laws," from Hon. William L. Dayton, who said : "The sup-
plement of 1854 gives authority to practice medicine in New
Jersey under the conditions named in the Act and obviates the
necessity for a technical license from the Medical Society of
New Jersey." With this opinion, the hope of the State Society
for a restoration of its chartered privileges, in the examination
and licensing of physicians, vanished to re-appear in the meet-
ing of the American Medical Association in the ensuing May.

[1859.] '^1^^ ninety-third annual meeting of the society
was held at Trenton, January 25th, and Dr. R. M. Cooper was
the only representative from Camden. A change was again
made in the Camden Board of Censors, Dr. I. S. Mulford taking

The American Medical Association. 49

the place of Dr. O. H. Taylor who had served since 1847 ; the
board now consisted of Doctors Mulford, C. D. Hendry,
Schenck and Cooper. New departures in the raising- of a
revenue, in the publication of the Transactions of the society and
in the reorganization of the nominating committee, were made.
Since the enactment of the medical law of 1854, the revenue
derived from medical examinations and the licensing of candi-
dates had decreased to such an extent that a direct tax became
necessary' and an assessment of three dollars for every ten mem-
bers was made upon each District Societ}'. One of the objects
of the tax was the publication of the Transactions of the
society in separate form. Up to 1849, none of the proceed-
ings of the society had been published, but at the semi-annual
meeting of that year, in Camden, The Neiu Jersey Medical and
Surgical Reporter was made the official organ of the society,
and the Transactions were printed in its columns until 1858.*
In the following year, the annual issue in the present form was
begun. Another step was taken in the direction of county
equalization, in the selection of officers through a nominating
committee, consisting of one member from each District
Society.

Section II. — The American Medical Association.

[1855,] On May ist, the association met in Philadel-
phia, with Dr. R. M. Cooper present as one of the delegates
from the New Jersey IMedical Society ; Doctors IMulford and
Woodruff, from the Camden County Medical Society ; Dr. T.
F. Cullen, from the Camden City Medical Societ}', and Dr. O.
H. Taylor, as a permanent member. Dr. Taylor was ap-
pointed a member of the committee on vital statistics. Dur-
ing the succeeding year, Camden was not represented in the
association, but, in 1857, Dr. Cooper attended the meeting of
the association at Nashville, Tennessee.

[1858.] On May 4th, the association met at Washing-
ton, D. C, with Dr. J. V. Schenck as one of the representa-

* The New Jersey Medical and Surgical Reporter was started at Burlington, N. J., by
Dr. Joseph Parrish, in 1S47 ; in i860, the journal was sold to Dr. S. W. Butler, who removed
it to Philadelphia and changed the name to The Medical and Surgical Reporter.

50 History Medical Profession Cauiden County.

tives from the New Jersey Medical Society and Dr. A. D.
Woodruff from the Camden County Medical Society. At this
meeting, the delegation from New Jersey took a prominent
part. Failing to repeal or amend the medical laws of 185 1
and 1854, the New Jersey delegates introduced a resolution ask- •
ing that a Board of Censors be established in each Judicial
Circuit of the United States Supreme Court, who should
examine candidates for membership in the association and on
whose certificate the president of the association should
grant a diploma. Doctors Schenck and Woodruff supported
this motion. The resolution was laid over under the
rules and never recalled. It was the last act of the
Medical Society of New Jersey in opposing unlicensed medical
practice and, in 1866, the society voluntarily surrendered its
censorship.

Section III. — The Camden District Medical Society.

[1855.] On June 19th, the society met at the hotel of
James El well, Camden, with an attendance of ten members.
Dr. I. S. Mulford presented the report of the standing com-
mittee and spoke of the tendency of malarial fever to assume
a typhoid form, and of the difference between it and enteric
fever. Dr. A. D. Woodruff, the president, delivered an address
on "Oxide of Silver, as a Medicinal Agent." Dr. G. W.
Bartholomew, having followed Doctors Record and Blackwood
in adopting homoeopathy, was expelled from the societ)-._ At
this time there were six regular graduates in medicine prac-
ticing homoeopathy within the county; viz., Doctors E. J.
Record, of Blackwood; B. W. Blackwood, of Haddonfield, and
Doctors G. W. Bartholomew, J. R. Andrews, Samuel Carles
and G. S. F. Pfeififer, of Camden. The following officers were
elected : President, Dr. John W. Snowden ; vice-president, Dr.
Bowman Hendry; secretary and treasurer, Dr. Richard C.
Dean ; standing committee, Doctors Cooper, Stout and Dean.

[1856.] The annual meeting of the society was held on
June 17th, with an address on "Infantile Pneumonia," by Dr.
Bowman Hendry. Dr. R. M. Cooper read the report of the
standing: committee and advocated revaccination on account

The Camden District iMedical Society, 5 1

of an epidemic of variola and of varioloid which began early in
the year and continued late into the spring. In the sunnner,
pertussis was epidemic and, in the autumn, malarial fever
prevailed, which, when neglected, became complicated, in
many instances, with colliquative diarrhoea, protracted vomit-
ing and intestinal hemorrhage. Two cases of yellow fever,
both of which were imported from Brooklyn, N. Y., occurred
in Camden during the year. The following officers were
elected : President, Dr. Othniel H. Taylor ; vice-president. Dr.
Thomas F, Cullen ; secretary and treasurer. Dr. John V.
Schenck ; standing committee. Doctors Cullen, Hendry and
Woodruff:

[1857.] At the annual meeting held June i6th. Dr. O.
H. Taylor, the president, delivered an address on "The
Obvious Decline in the Respect of the Public for the Medical
Profession in New Jersey, with an Enquiry into Some of its
Causes." The history of the profession, especially in its legis-
lative and educational aspect, was considered and the fee-bill
of the State Society dwelt upon as being too small and un-
wisely arranged. As a result of this address, a committee was
appointed to report a fee-bill at the next meeting. Dr. T.
F. Cullen made the report of the standing committee and, in
substance, said:

"The summer of 1856 was hot and dry ; the autumn, dry and warm ;
the winter, unusually cold, the mercury being lower for a series of days than
it had been known for twenty-five years. There were snow-storms of unpre-
cedented violence ; the river was frozen so as to impede navigation and the
spring was tardy in appearing. During the summer, remitting fever was
general, which, if neglected, became complicated with dysentery and a
typhoid condition. In the winter, erysipelas prevailed with a tendency to
attack the throat and, at this time, puerperal fever was not uncommon."'

Dr. John W. Snowden read a paper on " Ergot of Rye " ;
Dr. R. ]\I. Cooper reported attendance at the American IMedical
Association, at Nashville, and Doctors N. B. Jennings of
Haddonfield, a graduate of Jefferson ]Medical College, 1S56, and
W. G. Thomas of Camden, a graduate of Pennsylvania Medi-
cal College, 1854, were elected members.

The society decided hereafter to hold its meetings at the
West Jersey Hotel. The officers elected for the year were :

52 History Medical Profession Camden County.

Dr. Thomas F. Cullen, president ; Dr. Sylvester Birdsell, vice-
president ; Dr. John V. Schenck, secretar}- and treasurer, and
Doctors C. D. Hendry, B. Hendr}- and A. D. Woodruff, mem-
bers of the standing committee.

[1858.] The records of the society for this year could not
be found. Dr. Sylvester Birdsell was elected president and
Dr. John V. Schenck, vice-president.

[1859.] The annual meeting of the society was held at
the house of Stacy Stockton, Ellisburg, June 21st. The presi-
dent, Dr. Sylvester Birdsell, delivered an address on " The
Physiological and Therapeutical Action of Belladonna" ; Dr.
R. ]M. Cooper read the annual report and laid before the society
the action of the State Society in regard to its assessment, the
publication of its Transactions and the reorganization of the
nominating committee. Dr. John V. Schenck was elected
president ; Dr. N. B. Jennings, vice-president ; Dr. Henr}^
Ackley, secretar}' and treasurer ; Doctors Snowden, Ackley
and Jennings were elected members of the standing committee,
and Dr. Henry Ackley, of Camden, a graduate of Jefferson
Medical College, 1858, was made a member of the society.

Section IV. — The Camden City Medical Society.

[1855.] Regular meetings of the society were held dur-
ing the year and the medical history of each quarter was
presented by Doctors Schenck, Thomas, Taylor and Dean, suc-
cessiveh'. Following the cholera epidemic of the preceding
year, the health of the city was above the average ; a condition
observed in the year following the epidemic of cholera in 1849.
This was not due, according to Dr. Schenck, to the tendency
of cholera to destroy the weak and those predisposed to disease,
because the robust and vigorous were its victims while the weak
and the valetudinarians escaped. In the autumn, d}'Sentery
prevailed as an epidemic. Dr. T. F. Cullen reported a case of
" Hydrophobia" from the bite of a cat ; Dr. O. H. Taylor read
a paper on the "Hydrant Water of the City" and Dr. S. Bird-
sell a paper on " Sulphuric Acid in the Treatment of Dysen-
ter5^" Dr. R. M. Cooper was elected president; Dr. O. H.
Taylor, vice-president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, secretary and

The Camden City Medical Society. 53

treasurer, and Doctors Cooper, Cullen and Birdsell were elected
members of the standing committee.

[1856.] The society held regular quarterly meetings and
the report for the jMarch meeting was made by Dr. I. S. Mul-
ford ; for June, by Dr. L. F. Fisler ; for September, by Dr. R.
i\I. Cooper, and for the December meeting, by Dr. O. H. Tay-
lor. At the annual meeting. Dr. O. H. Taylor was elected
president ; Dr. T. F. Cullen, vice-president, and Dr. J. V.
Schenck, secretary and treasurer. Similar positions were held
in the County Medical Society by these officers.

[1857.] Only three meetings of the society were held
during the year. In September, the annual address was
delivered by Dr. O. H. Taylor, on "The Treatment of Scarlet
Fever,'' and Dr. T. F. Cullen was elected president; Dr. S}'lves-
ter Birdsell, vice-president, and Dr. J. V. Schenck, secretan-
and treasurer. As in the preceding year, these officers held
similar positions in the County Society. At this time, the
local quarantine laws of each State were the subject of inter-
state controvers}' and an effort was made to establish a uniform
system relating to the commerce along the Delaware river.
To effect this, an invitation was extended to the Cit}- Medical
Society by the Philadelphia Board of Health to meet the board
in conference. The society accepted the invitation and
appointed Doctors Cooper, Bishop and Taylor as its representa-
tives. In the following year, the society was requested to send
delegates to the Quarantine Convention at Baltimore, but did
not comply with the request.

[1858.] In March, the society met at Dr. L. F. Fisler's,
who read the quarterly report ; in June, at the residence of Dr.
W. G. Thomas, where Dr. Sylvester Birdsell read a paper on the
hydrant water of Camden as a cause of dysentery. This subject
had engaged the attention of the profession for a long time, and
since the epidemic of cholera, in 1849, it had been regarded as the
chief cause of enteric disorders. The issue made by Dr. Birdsell
was so direct that a committee, consisting of Doctors Mulford,
Taylor and Cullen, was appointed to investigate the matter. The
inquiry was continued through July and August and, during
the latter month, the committee called a special meeting of the

54 History Medical Profession Camden Connty .

societ}' and submitted a report, demanding a better water-
supply, which was sent to the Directors of the Camden Water
Works Company and published in the Public Ledger."^ In
September, Dr. Sylvester Birdsell was elected president and
Dr. J. V. Schenck vice-president, secretary and treasurer.
During the month, Dr. W. G. Thomas died of dysentery, which
accentuated the opposition to the Camden Water Works Com-
pany. Appropriate resolutions were adopted and his funeral
expenses were ordered paid by the society. In December,
Dr. R. M. Cooper entertained the society and Dr. J. V.
Schenck read the quarterly report. The fee-bill of the State
Medical Society was adopted and each member was requested
to place it in a conspicuous place in his office.

[1859.] I^he need of a city dispensary had long been
talked of, and the society made an effort during the year to
establish one. In March, Dr. Othniel H. Taylor brought the
subject before the society, and, upon his suggestion, a com-
mittee was appointed to memorialize City Council to co-operate
with the society, in the establishment of such an institution.
Doctors Taylor, Cooper and Fisler constituted the committee.
Plans for the organization of a dispensary were submitted to
Council, and the interest of the physicians and a number of
influential citizens secured ; but Council viewed the sub-
ject with such indifference that the matter was indefiniteh-
postponed. The quarterly reports were read by Doctors I. S.
Mulford and S. Birdsell. Dr. Henry x\ckley was elected a
member, being the only physician to join the society since
1854. Dr. J. V. Schenck was elected president; Dr. I. S.
]\Iulford, vice-president, and Dr. Henry Ackley secretary and
treasurer.

Section V. — Fisler's History of Camden.

[1858.] During the year, Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler appeared
before the public in a new capacit}\ Hitherto he had won repu-
tation as a physician, politician, public lecturer and local Metho-

* The Camden Water Works Company was chartered April 2,1845. The water-works
then stood upon the site now occupied by the Esterbrook Steel Pen Works. * * * In
iS5:(, new works were cohstructed at Pavouia by the company which are now owned by the
city. — ProwelVs History of Camden County.

Educatioial , Political and Naval Interests. 55

dist preacher. He now aspired to the honors of literature and, in
Jul)-, published, through Francis A. Cassady, a "History of
Camden" and dedicated it "To the Honorable President and
JMembers of the Cit}' Council of Camden." The history pre-
sents a brief outline of Camden from its early settlement to
185S, — the period of publication. Of the early history of the
city, the author said :

"Camden, anterior to the charter of incorporation (1828), which consti-
tuted her a city, was a small and unimportant village situated in the county of
Gloucester and the township of Newton. It contained, at that time, but few
houses and a small population. * * * What little importance she then
possessed was solely dependent on her proximity to Philadelphia. Camden,
in the original town plot, was of limited dimensions. On the north, it was
bounded by the south side of Cooper street, extending down to a line running
about midway between Market and Plum (Arch) streets and from the Dela-
ware to Sixth street. These were the outlines as laid down in the original
survey of the town. All outside of these bounds, with the exception of a few
old houses, were either sterile fields or thick forests of trees. What few
dwellings there were, were mostly along the margin of the river and occupied
by fishermen or ferrymen. About the year 18 14, Edward Sharp * * *
purchased of Joshua Cooper all the land lying between Federal street down
to Line street. * * * it was the intention of Mr. Sharp to construct a
bridge from Camden to Windmill Island,* for which purpose a street one
hundred and twenty feet wide was laid out, called Bridge avenue, at the foot
of which the bridge was to start. A charter for it was granted, January 26,
1819, by the Legislature, but the projectors were unable to dispose of the
stock and the enterprise failed."

The history was published in a pamphlet containing sixty-
two pages and described the public buildings, the churches,
the ferries, the press, the health, water and fire departments
and the city government, over which Dr. Fisler had presided
as IVIayor for seven terms.

Section VI. — Educational, Political and Naval
Interests.

[1854.] The phy.sicians of Camden county have been
closely identified with the management of the public schools.
In 1809, Dr. Bowman Hendry was a trustee of the first public
school built in Haddonfield. In 1842, Dr. Isaac S. Mulford
was chiefly instrumental in securing an Act of Legislature
authorizing the inhabitants of townships to raise money by

* Windmill Island was situated in the middle of the Delaware, opposite Federal street,
and was removed by the U. S Government in 1894.

56 History Medical Profession Camden County.

direct taxation for public schools in addition to the State
apportionment, which alone supported public instruction at
that time. The Act gave a great impetus to the cause of
education. In 1843, ^ public school system was inaugurated
in Camden and a board of trustees for the township was
organized at the residence of Dr. Mulford, who became its
president in 1845. In 1854, the Board of Education of the
City of Camden was organized, over which Dr. Sylvester
Birdsell presided in 1862, Dr. Thomas G. Rowand, in 1866,
and Dr. James M. Ridge, in 1870. Dr. Sylvester Birdsell
also served as secretary of the board in 1858, and Dr. Alex-
ander M. Mecray as superintendent of public schools in 1870.
In addition to these. Doctors C. W. Sartori, A. ]\I. Mecra}-,
M. F. Middleton, John H. Austin, J. D. Leckner, H. H. Davis,
Dowling Benjamin and druggists J. C. De La Cour, Stanley C.
Muschamp, Richard S. Justice and George D. Borton have
served as members of the Board of Education.

[1859.] During this year. Dr. Thomas G. Rowand was
elected Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and General
Therapeutics in Penn Medical University of Philadelphia, and
Dr. Eorenzo F. Fisler gained increased reputation as a public
instructor from the delivery of his lecture on "Queen
Victoria."

In politics, professional interest centered in the candidacy
of Dr. Thomas G. Rowand, who was elected coroner over Dr.
Thomas F. CuUen, and in that of Dr. L. F. Fisler for Mayor
of Camden, who, however, was defeated.

As the third representative of the medical profession of
Camden to enter the United States Navy, Dr. Richard C.
Dean was commissioned an assistant surgeon during the year.
Dr. Dean has attained, through promotion, the grade of medical
director. Dr. Rol)ert M. Smallwood, U. S. N., died of phthisis
pulmonalis during the year. Dr. Smallwood was graduated
from the University of Pennsylvania in 1849; located at Chew's
Landing ; became a member of the District Medical Society ;
was commissioned an assistant surgeon in the United States
Navy in 1851 and served with the Mediterranean Squadron.*

* History of Medicine and Medical Men iu Camden County, by John R.Stevenson,
A. M., M. D.

Educational , Political and Naval Interests. 57

The following pln-sicians located in the county during
this period: Dr. Samuel Carles, a graduate of Jefferson Medical
College, 1838, and of Hahnemann Medical College, 1855, located
in Camden ; Dr. James M. Ridge, a graduate of the University of
Pennsylvania, 1852, located in Camden in 1856; Dr. Henry E.
Branin, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in 1858, located
at Blackwood ; Dr. Elijah B. Woolston, a graduate of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania in 1854, located at Marl ton; Bowman H.
Shivers, a graduate of Penn Medical University in 1858, located
at Marlton in 1858, and Dr. N. B. Jennings, a graduate of Jeffer-
son ]\Iedical College, located at Haddonfield in 1856. In 1855,
Dr. Joseph F. Garrison abandoned medicine for theology and
became rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Camden, and Dr.
William Parham, a graduate of the Universit}- of Pennsylvania
in 1835, died at Blackwood, wdiere he had located in 1846.
Dr. Parham acquired an extensive practice, but never affiliated
with the District ]\Iedical Society.*

♦History of Medicine and Medical Men in Camden County, by John R. Stevenson,
A. M.,M. D.

CHAPTER V.

THE PERIOD FROM i860 TO 1865.

Section I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey.

[i860.] The annual meeting of the society was held at
Trenton, January 25th. Dr. J. R. Sickler, of Gloucester
county, presided, and Dr. S. Birdsell represented Camden
county. There was but little to interest the profession of
Camden county. Dr. Henry A. Branin, of Blackwood, was
made a licentiate and Doctors Mulford, Schenck, Cooper and
C. D. Hendry were appointed censors for the county.

[1861.] During this year, the annual meeting was held
at Trenton, January 27th, with Dr. William Elmer, of Bridge-
ton, in the chair. Ex-president Cooper was the only represen-
tative from Camden. Because of the political excitement of
the times, there were but eight District Societies represented,
which fact led to the appointment of committees to secure
organization in every county in the State. Doctors R. M.
Cooper and H. Genet Ta^'lor, a licentiate of the year, were
appointed to confer with the profession in Atlantic county,
and Dr. A. D. Woodruff was appointed on the Board of
Censors for Camden county in the place of Dr. Cooper.

[1862.] On January 25th, the society met at New
Brunswick with Doctors Snowden, Branin, Woodruff and
Cooper as representatives from the Camden County Society,
which, at this time, numbered fourteen members. Delegates
were sent for the first time to sister State Societies, and Dr.
Cooper was appointed to the Pennsylvania Society and made
a member of the standing committee, and also of the Board of
Censors for Camden in place of Dr. Woodruff.

[1863.] The annual meeting was held this year at Jersey

City "with Doctors Taylor and Cooper present as Fellows, and

Doctors Cullen, Jennings and Snowden, as delegates from

Camden. This was the first meeting attended by Dr. Taylor

The Medical Society of Nciv Jersey. 59

since 1854. Doctors Mulford, Schenck, Cooper and Cnllen
were appointed censors for Camden connty, the latter taking
the place of Dr. C. D. Hendry, who had been a member of the
board since 1847. Dr. "t. F. Cullen was appointed essayist
(the first appointment of the kind given to the Camden
Society) and Dr. R. ]\I. Cooper was re-appointed on the stand-
ing committee and made a delegate to the Massachusetts
Medical Society. Doctors Alexander Marcy and I. Gilbert
Young were among the licentiates of the year, but the appli-
cants for this acknowledgment were so few that the society
deemed a continuation of its censorship over beginning prac-
titioners of medicine useless, since the medical law of 1854,
and appointed a committee, of which Dr. R. ]\I. Cooper was
made a member, to report, at the next meeting, "upon the
propriet}' of a modification of the charter of the society upon
a new basis of organization."

[1864.] For the second time in its history, the IMedical
Society of New Jersey met in Camden, the first occurring in
1849. The society convened in Odd Fellows Hall, Januar}'
26tli, in accordance with the arrangements effected b\- a joint
committee from the County and City Medical Societies. The
expenses of the meeting were paid b}' Dr. R. I\I. Cooper. Dr.
Thomas F. Cullen, essayist, read a paper on " The Influence of
the War upon the Practice of INIedicine and Surgery," in
which the collection and preservation of medical and surgical
observations by the surgeons of New Jersey regiments ; the
enactment of laws securing the rights of patients in military
hospitals; the improvement of the ambulance service and the
adoption of international laws, rendering the medical staff of
the army non-combatants, were ad\'ocated. Dr. John R.
Stevenson presented a paper on " Vital Statistics," collated
from an examination of applicants for exemption from the
draft in the First Congressional District of the State. Between
November 23, 1863, and January 5, 1864, Dr. Stevenson
examined for physical disability six hundred and seventy-five
men, of whom three hundred and thirt\- were found unfit for
military duty. The average age of the applicants was stated to be
29.02 years ; height, 5 feet 7,09 inches ; weight, 133.03 pounds,

6o History Medical Profession Camden County.

and the diseases and infirmities for which exemption was
granted were fifty-nine, of which hernia stood first, consump-
tion of the lungs, second, and injuries to the joints, third. Dr.
Stevenson was made a licentiate of the society and appointed
essayist for the ensuing year. Doctors Mulford, Cullen,
Schenck and Cooper were re-appointed censors. The com-
mittee on reorganization of the society presented a form of
enactment which they recommended for presentation to the
Legislature, and the president was requested to petition the
Legislature, on behalf of the society, for the passage of the
same. The petition for reorganization of the society was
presented to the Legislature without delay and expressed the
desire of the society " to surrender all its special privileges
and pecuniar}^ immunities " and "to reorganize as nearly as
possible on a voluntary basis." The Act of reorganization
was approved March 14th. The Act defined how the society
should be constituted, — its delegates, officers and Fellows ; gave
authority to confer the degree of doctor of medicine and pro-
vided that no one shall be admitted to membership in any
District Society having connection with the State jNIedical
Society, unless he shall have received said degree or been
admitted ad cardem from some medical authorities recognized
by the society ; neither should any County or District Society
admit any one to membership unless a graduate of a medical
school or college in affiliation with the American INIedical
x\ssociation. The incorporation Act of 1830 and all supple-
ments thereto were repealed.

Section IL — The Camden City ]\Iedical Society.
[i860.] Regular meetings of the society were held dur-
ing the year, without special progress in medical matters. In
March, the society met at the residence of Dr. O. H. Taylor ;
in June, at Dr. S. Birdsell's, when Dr. H. Genet Taylor,
a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, i860, was elected
a member ; in September, Dr. Henry Ackley was elected presi-
dent and Dr. H. Genet Taylor vice-president, secretar}' and
treasurer, and, in December, Dr. R. M. Cooper entertained the
society and read the report for the quarter.

The Canidoi City Medical Society. 6i

[i86i.] During the year, medical interests were second-
ar\' to political, and little progress was made in the develop-
ment of the society. In March, there was an attendance of
seven members to hear the quarter!}- report of Dr. T. F. Cul-
len ; in June, an attendance of but fi\'e members with no re-
port ; in September, Dr. Henry Ackley delivered the annual
address, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor read the quarterl}- report
before four members. Dr. Taylor was elected president ; Dr. T. F.
Cullen, vice-president, and Dr. R. M. Cooper, secretar}^ and treas-
urer. In December, Dr. Cooper presided in the absence of the
president, who had entered the United States \^olunteer service
as an assistant surgeon, and Dr. I. S. Mulford read a report on
small-pox, which prevailed in Camden during October, Novem-
ber and December.

[1862.] ]\Iedical affairs w^ere of still less interest this year
in the presence of the great political and military matters that
engaged the attention of the country-. Regular meetings were
lield, except in September, but there were no quarterly reports
made nor were there an}- officers elected.

[1863.] During the present year, an increased interest in
medical matters was effected through the influence of Dr. Cul-
len, who secured the adoption of a resolution, at the jMarch
meeting, requesting each member " to make a clear and suc-
cinct account of at least one case occurring in his practice in
which any peculiarit}- in character or treatment is noticed."
This request met with favorable acceptance and, at the June
meeting, Dr. Cullen read the quarterly report ; Dr. O. H. Tay-
lor reported two cases of puerperal fever and Dr. Schenck a
case of purpura hemorrhagica. In September, the sanitar}-
condition of Camden, which had excited considerable comment
during the summer, was discussed, especially the water-supply
of the cit}-, on account of the appearance of a peculiar form
of diarrhcea presenting some of the s}-mptoms of Asiatic
cholera. The disease was especially prevalent in Kensington,
and obtained the soubriquet, therefore, of " Kensington Diar-
rhoea." Only those who drank the water supplied by the
Kensington Water Works were affected b}' it and, as many of
the residents of Camden were employed in Kensington, the

62 History Medical Profession Camden County.

disease made its appearance in Camden and drew attention to
the source of supply of the Camden Water Works Company,
which had already incurred public displeasure. This found its
highest expression in the action of the society in 1858. Fur-
ther action was now deemed necessar}' and a public meeting
was held on September nth, at which Dr. Reynell Coates
presided, and the Camden Water Works Company was again
denounced and City Council was urged to declare the company
a nuisance. Dr. James M. Ridge and others addressed the
meeting.* In December, Dr. L. F. Fisler read the quarterly
report ; Dr. Schenck reported a case of " Suppression of the
Urine" ; Dr. Stevenson presented a paper on "Facts Elicited
During Examination of Applicants for Exemption from the
Draft" ; Doctors Fisler, Schenck and Stevenson were appointed
to arrange for the meeting of the State Medical Society in the
ensuing January, and to tender the hospitality of the city ; Dr.
Cooper was appointed a delegate to the American Medical
Association, whose sessions were suspended during 1861 and
1862, on account of the Civil War; Dr. O. H. Taylor was ap-
pointed a delegate to the Pennsylvania State Medical Society,
and Dr. Alexander Marcy, a member of the class of 1859, ^^
Amherst College, and a graduate of the University of Pennsyl-
vania, 1 86 1, and Dr. John R. Stevenson, an A. B. of the Phila-
delphia High School in 1850, A. M. in 1853, and M. D. of the
University of Pennsylvania, during the year, located in Camden,
and became members of the society. The names of the
officers elected are not recorded.

[1864.] Concerted effort was made this year, through Dr.
T. F. Cullen, to increase the fee for each visit to one dollar
within city limits, and a notice to that effect was published in
two of the city papers, with the names of all of the members
of the society appended. The minimum obstetrical fee was
fixed, through a motion of Dr. Alexander Marcy, at six dollars.
Reports were made by Doctors JMulford, Cooper, Fisler,
Schenck, Cullen, Dean, Stevenson and Marcy on "Spotted
Fever," which prevailed at this time, all agreeing that free
stimulation gave the only chance of success. A vote of thanks

"Camden Democrat, September, 1S63.

The Camden District Medical Society. 63

was extended to Dr. Cooper for entertaining the State Society
in Camden, in Jannary. In June, Dr. J. R. Stevenson read the
quarterly report and, on the 7th inst., Dr. R. C. Dean repre-
sented the society at the meeting of the American Medical
Association in New York. This was the second meeting of
the association since the Civil War, and its popularity was
attested by the presence of four hundred and sixty-five dele-
gates, representing sixteen States. At this meeting. Dr. William
B. Atkinson was elected pennanent secretary, a position since
held continuously by him. In Septeinber, no meeting took
place and the officers held over. In December, Dr. O. H.
Taylor entertained the society and made the quarterly report,
including a case of "Lumbar Abscess." Small-pox, which was
epidemic during the year, was also considered.

Section III. — The Camden District Medical Society.

[i860.] On June 19th, the society met at the West
Jersey Hotel with an attendance of thirteen members. Dr.
John V. Schenck, the president, delivered the annual address,
on "Nature and Art in the Care of Disease" ; Dr. J. W. Snow-
den read the annual report; Doctors H. Genet Taylor and
Henr}' E. Branin were elected to membership ; Dr. Bowman
Hendry was chosen president ; Dr. Henry Ackley, vice-presi-
dent, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and treasurer.

[1861.] On June iSth, the annual meeting was held

with an attendance of ten members. The political excitement

of the times did not escape the profession, as appears in the

following graphic and satirical report of Dr. Thomas F. Cullen,

chairman of the standing committee :

" How little, when we last met, did any of us realize the terrible import
of the events that have occurred in the United States in one short year !
We could not then realize that for twenty years, political villains had been
steadily working to produce a disintegration of this Union, and that a miser-
able faction would dare to raise an arm against the Federal Government, to
fire upon its flag and murder its defenders. Can such things be and over-
come us like a summer cloud without a special warning? With the circum-
stances concerning the first appearance and growth of this secession,
epidemic fever, you are all well acquainted, and it is to be regretted that the
first cases were not treated heroically and prompt sanitary measures adopted
to prevent the spread of the contagion. The expectant plan of treatment

64 History Medical Profession Camden Co^inty.

was adopted, placebos used, emollients, demulcents and the like were tried,
but without avail. Under this plan, all the symptoms became more violent
and the contagion more widely spread. A change in the mode of treatment
was resolved on and so far with benefit. The nitrate of potash, combined
with sulphur and charcoal, in conjunction with iron and lead, has been
found very serviceable, and large tracts of country have been almost entirely
relieved of the epidemic influence by its judicious use. In fact, so favorable
has been the result of this treatment, that many good judges believe that the
early administration of these remedies in large doses would have instantly
checked the disease. Steel, in various forms, has been found an excellent
adjuvant. [Similia similibus curantur.) For to sieal seems to be a very
prominent symptom in the disease. Do not, Mr. President and gentlemen,
doubt the orthodoxy of your committee for having taken a liberty with the
homoeopathic creed. If the above remedies fail, or should not give the
satisfaction deserved, kemp (cannabis sativa) prepared in a peculiar form and
applied to the neck, it is asserted, will be of infinite benefit in the worst
cases. So potent is this medicine that even the knowledge to the patients
that its exhibition was intended has had the most salutary effect in not only
improving their constitution, but in making them approve our Consti-
ttition. "

The following officers were elected: President, Dr. N. B.
Jennings; vice-president, Dr. H. E. Branin; secretary and
treasurer, Dr. H. Genet Ta}dor ; standing committee. Doctors
Schenck, Woodruff and Branin.

[1862.] On June 14th, the annual meeting was held
with Dr. N. B. Jennings in the chair, who delivered the annual
address, on "Obstetrics." Dr. O. H.Taylor read the annual
report and said that miasmatic diseases which were met with
every spring and autumn were becoming less frequent owing
to the cultivation of the land and improved drainage within
the city of Camden. Dr. Henry E. Branin, of Blackwood,
was chosen president ; Dr. Isaac S. Mulford, vice-president ;
Dr. John V. Schenck, secretary and treasurer; Dr. T. F.
Cullen, reporter, and Doctors Woodruff, Taylor and Schenck
were elected members of the standing committee.

[1863.] On June i6th, the society met at the West
Jersey Hotel. No report was made from the standing com-
mittee. Dr. T. F. Cullen submitted a report of the epidemic of
small~pox which prevailed in Camden in 1861 and 1862 and said
that "small-pox prevailed in Camden in October, November
and December of 186 1, until the middle of the spring of 1862.
It was first observed among^ the colored residents of South

Political /)ili'resls. ■ 65

Camden, but before its tenninatioii there were few blocks in
the city exempt from it. There were no municipal laws gov-
erning vaccination, and there had been but one lame effort
within the preceding fifteen years to procure an)thing like a
general vaccination." Dr. Branin delivered the annual address
on "Sickness at the Almshouse." Dr. John R. Stevenson, of
Camden, and Dr. I. Gilbert Young, of Haddonfield, the latter
an A. B. of the Central High School of Philadelphia and an
M. D. of the University of Pennsylvania, were elected members.
Dr. I. Gilbert Young was elected president ; Dr. J. R. Steven-
son, vice-president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, secretary and treasurer,
and Doctors Taylor, Woodruff and Snowden were made the
standing committee. Dr. Cooper was made chairman of the
committee to arrange for the meeting of the State Medical
Society in January of the ensuing 5'ear.

[1864.] The annual meeting of the society was held this
)'ear at the West Jersey Hotel and, in the absence of Dr. O. H.
Taylor, Dr. Schenck read the report of the standing com-
mittee and said: "About midsummer, the community
became involved in one of the most general epidemics of inter-
mittent fever experienced for years, the type of which was
quotidian, and its character asthenic and attended with painful
vomiting and diarrhoea. Congestion of the brain was of fre-
quent occurrence, and often a fatal complication in children."
The subject of "spotted fever," prevailing at Blackwood, was
also considered. Dr. I. Gilbert Young delivered the annual
address and Dr. Alexander Marcy was elected a member. The
following officers were elected : President, Dr. John R. Steven-
son ; vice-president, Dr. Alexander Marc)- ; secretar}- and
treasurer, Dr. H. Genet Taylor ; standing committee. Doctors
O. H. Taylor, Branin and Jennings.

Sf.ctiox IV. — Political Interests.
[i860.] The causes that led to the breach between the
people of the North and the South strongh- influenced the
physicians of Camden count}-. The Kansas and Nebraska
controversy, the Dred Scott decision of the United States
Supreme Court and the raid of John Brown made slavery

66 History Medical Profession Camden Connty.

paramount to all other issues. Before its influence, the Native-
American, the Whig and the Free-Soil parties were buried in
oblivion, the Democratic party split into three factions and
all anti-slavery sentiment solidified into the new Republican
party. The nineteenth presidential election was one of intense
excitement. There were four candidates for President of the
United States, representing the four political parties. In this
conflict of political elements, Doctors Mulford, O. H. Taylor,
Ridge, Coates, Fisler, Cullen, jMarcy, Carles, Andrews, Birdsell
and R. G. Taylor took prominent parts. In February, Dr.
Reynell Coates, the leader of the Native-American party, united
with the Whigs in calling a convention to meet at Trenton
for the organization of a Constitutional Union party in the
State and the election of delegates to the Constitutional Union
Convention, which, on May 9th, nominated Bell and Everett."^
With equal earnestness, the Northern and Southern wings of
the Democratic party were supported by the leading prac-
titioners of the country. The climax of political excitement
and enthusiasm was reached on May i8th, when the Repub-
lican party nominated Lincoln and Hamlin and adopted a plat-
form opposed to the extension of slavery. On September
15th, Dr. Sylvester Birdsell, who, with Benjamin F. Braker
and Henr\' Iv. Bonsall, was a pioneer Republican of Camden,
presided at the Republican Count)' Convention at Haddonfield,
which ratified the nomination of Lincoln and Hamlin and
placed in nomination candidates for county offices. The
national contest resulted in the election of Lincoln and Hamlin,
which was regarded by the leaders of the South as a just cause
for the dissolution of the Union. As the sentiment of dis-
union increased, the people of New Jersey, irrespective of party,
assembled at Trenton, on December nth, for the purpose of
entering their protest against dismemberment of the Union.
And when, on December 20th, the act of secession was con-
summated by South Carolina, the physicians of Camden county
loyally supported the National government and contributed
officers to both the army and nav}' for the conflict inaugurated
during the ensuing year.

* Canidrn Demon at.

The Civil War. 67

[1S61.] The agitation originating in the slavery question
had now reached a climax. Following the example of South
Carolina, six other States passed ordinances of secession and
withdrew from the Union and, on February 4th, united to
form a new go\ernment under the name of the Confederate
States of America. On April 12th, hostilities began between
the United States and Confederate Governments at Fort Sumter
and, on April 15th, President Lincoln issued a call for troops
to overthrow the secession movement. On April i6th, the
first war meeting was held in Camden and a patriotic address
was issued in response to the President's proclamation, signed
by one hundred and sixteen prominent citizens, led by Dr.
Isaac S. Mulford.* In reply to this address, an enthusiastic
meeting was held at the Court House on the i8th, at which
Dr. Thomas G. Rowand was chosen secretary, and speeches
were made by Samuel H. Grey, David M. Chambers and
others, advocating the raising of troops, money and arms.

Section V. — The Civil War.

A. THE UNITED STATES ARMY.

[186 1.] The attack on Fort Sumter by the ConfederateSy
April 1 2th, aroused the North with a unanimity of purpose to
vindicate the majesty of insulted law. i\n immediate call for
troops was made by the United States Governinent to serve for
three months.t On the 15th, a requisition for four regiments
of infantry was made upon New Jersey, and, on the 17th, Gov-
ernor Olden issued a proclamation sustaining the Government
and ordering the militia to report for dut}- within twenty da\s.
The active militia at this time consisted of four divisions, each
under the command of a major-general, and was, therefore,
without organic unity. Notwithstanding this, the reqiiisition
of the President was honored without delay and, on the 27th,
the organization of a brigade of four regiments, known as the
New Jersey Brigade, was effected and General Theodore
Runyon was placed in command. On May 6th, General

* Prowell's History of Camden County.

t New Jersey and the Rebellion, by John Y. Foster.

68 History Medical Profession Camde^i County.

Rimyon reported for duty, with the brigade, to General
Winfield Scott, at Washington. The presence of the brigade
gave decided support and encouragement to the Government,
since these were the first fully equipped regiments to arrive at
Washington. General Scott began at once the organization of
the Army of the Potomac, which, on May 24th, entered
Virginia. On the 27th, General McDowell took command
and, on June 21st, engaged the Confederates at Bull Run and
sustained a disastrous defeat. The New Jersey Brigade was
not engaged in the battle, being held as a reserve. The
brigade was mustered out of the service on July 24-25, having
served three months. The Fourth Regiment was largely made
up of Camden companies under the command of Colonel
Matthew Miller, on whose staff Dr. Elijah B. Woolston, of
Marlton, formerly a division surgeon in the State militia,
served as surgeon.

Following the battle of Bull Run, General Scott retired
from the army on account of advanced age and General George
B. McClellan was placed in command. Previoush' to this,
however, the secession movement had assumed such propor-
tions that the Government, on May 3d, called for additional
troops to serve for three years, or during the war. On May
17th, a requisition for three regiments was made on New
Jersey and Governor Olden began the organization of another
brigade, known as the First Brigade, New Jersey Volunteers,
and composed of the First, Second and Third Regiments, which
reported at Washington on June 29th. An effort was made
to organize the Second Regiment in Camden by Colonel
Thomas McKeen, who appointed Dr. Thomas F. Cullen as
surgeon, Rev. Joseph F. Garrison as chaplain and Benjamin
V. Archer as quarter-master ; but on account of there being a
greater number of organized companies in North Jersey, wait-
ing to be mustered into the service of the State, the regiment
was organized at Newark instead of at Camden. No surgeons
from Camden county served in these regiments.

In July, a requisition was made on the State for five
additional regiments, and the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh
and Eighth Regiments were promptly organized. The Fourth

The Civil War. 69

Regiiiient, under command of Colonel J. H. Simpson, was
assigned to the First Brigade, under General Phil. Kearne}',
and the remaining regiments were organized into the Second
Brigade, under the command of Colonel Samuel H. Starr.
In addition to the First and Second Brigades, New Jersey
furnished the Government, during the Civil War, with
twenty-nine regiments of infantry, three regiments of cavalry
and five batteries of artillery.* Of these, Camden county
furnished surgeons for the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and
Twenty-fourth Regiments.

The profession of Camden was not without representatives
in the medical department of the regular army. On May 28th,
following the second call for troops by the Government, Dr.
Peter V. Schenck, of Camden, was commissioned, by President
Lincoln, an assistant surgeon of the United States Army, with
the rank of first lieutenant. During the war. Lieutenant
Schenck served with distinction and was brevetted captain and
also major for faithful and meritorious services. He resigned
January i, 1867, after the close of the civil conflict. The close
relationship existing between the surgeons of the vohmteer
forces and those of the regular army renders a brief review of
the development of the medical department of the regular
army necessary. At the beginning of hostilities, the medical,
like other departments of the regular army, was unprepared for
so great a conflict. At this time, the department was com-
posed of one surgeon-general with the rank of colonel, thirty
surgeons each with the rank of major, and eight>-four assistant
surgeons ranking as first lieutenants, with the rank of captain
after five years' service. None of these were attached to any
command, but belonged to the general staff and were subject
to duty wherever their services were needed. t The surgeons
of the volunteer forces were commissioned in some of the
States without a professional examination and, after the battle
of Bull Run, confusion reigned supreme in the care of the
wounded. But the needs of the hour were met and speedih-
remedied bv manv of the most distinguished surgeons of the

*New Jersey and the Rebellion, by John Y. Foster.

t Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion.

^o History Medical P^'ofcssion Camdai County.

North hastening with younger practitioners to Washington
and offering temporarily their professional services. In response
to an invitation from Surgeon-General Henry F. Smith, of
Pennsylvania, Dr. H. Genet Taylor reported for duty at Wash-
ington on July 2 2d, the day following the first battle of Bull
Run, and remained for three days caring for the wounded,
b}^ which time the regular and volunteer surgeons were
enabled to accomplish the work. The attention of the Govern-
ment was directed to the necessity of a better and more
extended system in the medical department, and in the call for
troops, immediately following the battle, Congress authorized
the appointment of brigade surgeons, with the rank of major,
eligible to all the duties and prerogatives pertaining to medical
officers of the army, whether as directors in the field, or as chiefs
in the hospitals. This led the best class of physicians to enter
the army and, in connection with the institution of examina-
tions in the States, prevented the further commissioning of
irregular and incompetent physicians in the volunteer forces.
In April, 1862, the medical department of the army was
reorganized by Act of Congress and its efficiency greatly
increased. The rank of brigadier-general was conferred upon
the surgeon-general and provision was made for an assistant
surgeon-general and a medical inspector-general, with the rank
and pay of a colonel of cavalry ; for eight medical inspectors,
with the rank and pay of a lieutenant-colonel of cavalry, and for
medical purveyors and cadets. In August, 1862, an ambulance
corps was organized, but a uniform system of ambulance service
was not established until March, 1864, when an Act of Con-
gress placed the corps under the authority of the medical
department. Not until near the close of the Civil War was the
autonomy of the medical department secured. Thus, through
regularly ascending gradations, the medical department of
the army, by its inherent fitness and the influence of the pro-
fession at large, received such recognition from the President
and Congress as enabled it to control its operations and carry
them to a height of sanitary and scientific usefulness never
before known in au)- war. The system won the unqualified
admiration of European nations, and was adopted by many of

The Civil War. 71

them. Since the war, the department has passed through a
number of changes. It is now independent of other depart-
ments in its operations; its members are eligible to the rank,
pa\' and emoluments of all grades in the army to brigadier-
general, and its hospital and ambulance corps is established
upon the same militar)- footing as companies of infantry.

Returning to the consideration of the New Jersey regi-
ments and the Camden surgeons serving with them, the
Eighth Regiment of the Second Brigade at this time alone
engages attention. The Eighth Regiment was raised under
the requisition of President Lincoln, July 24th, and was
originally the Second Regiment of the New Jersey Brigade in
the three months' service. When the Second Regiment was
mustered out in July, it was offered to the Government for
three years by Chaplain St. John Chambre, provided it could
remain intact.* The offer was accepted by President Lincoln
and, with the consent of Governor Olden, the regiment w^as
reorganized by Colonel A. J, Johnson, of Newark, under the
name of the Eighth Regiment, with a large percentage of the
old officers, except the medical, to which latter positions Gover-
nor Olden commissioned, on September 14th, Dr. Alexander J.
McKelway, of Blackwood, as major and surgeon, and Dr. H.
Genet Ta}'lor, of Camden, as first lieutenant and assistant sur-
geon. The regiment, together with the Fifth, Sixth and
Seventh, reported, under Colonel S. H. Starr, the senior officer,
to General Hooker, at Budd's Ferry, near Washington, and was
there brigaded as the Third Brigade, Hooker's Division, Third
Corps, t

[1862.] The military operations this year, between the
Federal and Confederate forces, were conducted on a most
extensive scale. The New Jersey troops rendered signal service
in the campaigns of McClellan, Pope and Burnside. On
March loth, the Army of the Potomac, after thorough re-
organization, set forth under General ]\IcClellan to capture
Richmond, whereupon the Confederate army retired beyond
the Rappahannock river, when McClellan changed his plans

*MS. Notes i)f A. St. John Chambre, Chaplain, Eighth Regiment, N. J. V.
t New Jersey and the Rebellion, by John Y. Foster.

72 History Medical Profession Camden County.

and moved his army to the peninsula between the James and
York rivers as the best route to the Confederate capital. This
transfer of the army was made early in April, and included
botli the First and Second Brigades, New Jersey Volunteers.
In the Fourth Regiment, First Brigade, Dr. Bowman Hendry,
3d, of Haddonfield, served as first lieutenant and assistant sur-
geon, having been commissioned February 3d, and, in the
Eighth Regiment, Second Brigade, Dr. Alexander J. McKel-
way served as surgeon and Dr. H. Genet Taylor as assistant
surgeon, both having been commissioned on September 14,
1 86 1, When Hooker's Division, of which the Second Brigade
formed a part, left Budd's Ferry to join the Army of the
Potomac, Lieutenant Taylor was detailed with other surgeons
for duty at the division hospital. But the detail being unsatis-
factory, he made application to Colonel Johnson to march with
the regiment, and Surgeon-Major Alexander McKelwa}- was
assigned to the hospital, and, consequently, in the Peninsular
campaign. Lieutenant Taylor was the only medical officer
with the Eighth Regiment. On June ist. Dr. O. S. Belden, of
Camden, was assigned to the Fifth Regiment, Second Brigade,
under Colonel S. H. Starr, as first lieutenant and assistant
surgeon. These were the only medical officers from Camden
county who served with the New Jerse\' troops in the Penin-
sular campaign. This campaign was waged with a severity
hitherto unknown on this continent. The transfer of the
army was made early in April. On May 4th, Yorktown
was captured and followed by the battles of Williamsburg,*
West Point, Bottom's Bridge, Fair Oaks, Oak Grove, Mechanics-
ville, Gaines' Mill, Savidge Station, White Oak Swamp, Glen-
dale and Malvern Hill. In these battles, the surgeons from
Camden county participated with their regiments in some of
the most desperate engagements of the war, including seven
days of continuous battle. Although, at one time, the Army
of the Potomac was within seven miles of Richmond, General

*In speaking of Assistant-Surgeon H. (ienet Taylor, at the Battle of Williamsburg, a
correspondent of the Newark Mercury, on May i6, 1S62, said : " Dr. H. G. Taylor has done
and does all that mortal man can do for the sick and suffering. He is one of the noblest
men it has ever been my fortuue to meet and has cheerfully worked to prostration day and
night during the trials of our brave regiment."

The Civil War. 73

McClellan failed to capture the city and, in July, was ordered
by the President to transfer his army to Alexandria.

During the occupancy of the peninsula between the York
and the James rivers by McClellan's army, the territory between
Washington and the Rappahannock river was guarded by the
Army of Virginia under command of General John Pope.
Following the withdrawal of General McClellan's command
from the peninsula, General Lee with his Confederate forces
attacked General Pope and won a series of victories during
August at Bristow Station, Bull Run and Chantilly, which
resulted in General Pope's withdrawing his forces within
intreuchments in the vicinity of Alexandria. In these engage-
ments, Lieutenant Bowman Hendry, 3d, Fourth Regiment ;
Lieutenant O. S. Belden, Fifth Regiment; Lieutenant H.
Genet Taylor, Eighth Regiment, and Lieutenant Bowman
Hendry, 2d, commissioned assistant surgeon of the Sixth Regi-
ment, August 8th, participated. After the second battle of
Bull Run, Lieutenant H. Genet Taylor, with other assistant
surgeons, volunteered to go through the Confederate lines
to attend the wounded. An escort of cavalry, with a flag
of truce, ambulances and supplies, was provided ; the enemy's
lines were entered, but, before the necessary relief could be
given. General Pope retreated, leaving the surgeons in the
hands of the Confederates, x^fter ten days, they were paroled
and secured the transportation of their wounded to Washing-
ton. In the report of these engagements, Lieutenant-Colonel
George C. Burling, commanding the Sixth Regiment, said :
" It gives me pleasure to speak of the indefatigable exertions
of Surgeon John Wiley and his able assistant, B. Hendry, for
their care and attention to the wounded."* The defeat of
General Pope led to the consolidation of the Armies of Virginia
and of the Potomac, and General McClellan was placed in
supreme command. This, however, did not check the designs
of General Lee, who, on September 6th, invaded Maryland
and, on the 1 7th, the battle of Antietam, one of the great
battles of the war, was fought. The troops with which the
Camden county surgeons were connected did not participate

*New Jersey and the Rebellion, by John Y. Foster.

74 History Medical Profession Camdc7i County .

in this battle, except the First Brigade. Following the battle
of Antietam, General McClellan, because of his failure to press
his advantage and prevent the withdrawal of General Lee
across the Potomac, was superseded by General A. E. Burnside.
In October, General Burnside advanced against the Confederates
and, on December nth and 12th, engaged them in battle at
Fredericksburg and sustained defeat with terrific loss. The
New Jersey troops lost heavily in killed and wounded and, in
addition to the Fourth, Sixth and Eighth Regiments, with
which Lieutenants Bowman Hendry, 2d and 3d, Major A. J.
McKelway and Lieutenant H. Genet Taylor were respectively
connected, the Twenty-fourth Regiment, with which Lieu-
tenant Thomas G. Rowand, of Camden, served as an assistant
surgeon, was actively engaged. In this engagement, however.
Lieutenant O. S. Belden, who had served with the Fifth
Regiment since June ist, did not participate, having resigned
on November 30th.* The Twenty-fourth Regiment, com-
posed of companies from South Jersey, was mustered into
United States service on September i6th, under command of
Colonel William Robertson with Franklin Knight, of Camden,
as lieutenant-colonel ; William L. Newell, of Millville, as major-
surgeon, and Alban Williams and Thomas G. Rowand as first
lieutenants and assistant surgeons. The regiment was assigned
to the Second Army Corps and ordered to the front without
delay, and participated in the battle of Fredericksburg with a
loss of one hundred and sixty-nine men.f In speaking of the
service of its medical officers during the battle, an officer of the
regiment said: "Too much commendation cannot be awarded
to Surgeon William L. Newell and his assistants, Doctors
Williams and Rowand, who were engaged all day, Sunday
(December 14th), in attending the wounded."J Following the
battle of Fredericksburg, Lieutenant H. Genet Taylor was
detailed by General Hooker to take the medical direction of
the Artillery Brigade, Third Corps, succeeding Lieutenant
Harrison Allen, assistant surgeon. United States Army. This

* Stryker's Register.

t New Jersey aud the Rebellion, by Johu Y. Foster.

\ I hid.

The Civil W'a) . 75

position demanded high professional and military training
and was retained b)- Lieutenant Taylor until his resignation
from the service in 1864.*

[1863.] This year, the Ci\il War grew to enormous
proportions and extensive military operations were carried
on in the West, and along the Atlantic seaboard, as well as in
Virginia. Following the defeat of General Burnside at Fred-
ericksburg, General Joe Hooker, on January 28th, was placed in
command of the Army of the Potomac ; crossed the Rappa-
hannock, April 30th, and engaged the Confederates at Chan-
cellorsville. May 2d. The Fourth Regiment, First Brigade, to
which Lieutenant Bowman Hendry, 3d, was attached, was at
this time serving on provost duty at Washington. The Second
Brigade, under Colonel G. M. Mott, of Bordentown, including
the Sixth Regiment, to which Lieutenant Bowman Hendr}-,
2d, was attached, and the Eighth Regiment, to which Major A.
J. McKelway and Lieutenant H. Genet Taylor were attached,
rendered distinguished service. During the engagement.
Colonel Mott was wounded and Colonel William J. Sewell, Fifth
Regiment, assumed command and led the brigade in a charge
that is regarded as one of the most brilliant of the war. The
Twenty-fourth Regiment also participated in this battle and,
following it. Lieutenant Thomas G. Rowand was detailed for
duty at the Third Division, Second Corps Hospital, Potomac
Creek, where he remained until the regiment was mustered
out of service at Beverly, June 6th.

Flushed with his victories at Fredericksburg and Chan-
cellorsville, General Lee invaded Pennsylvania, in June, and
on July 1-3 met with disastrous defeat at Gettysburg at the
hands of the Federal Army under command of General George
G. Meade, who had succeeded General Hooker in command on
the very eve of battle. This was the greatest battle of the war
and, during its continuance, IVIajor McKelway and Lieutenant
Taylor, of the Eighth Regiment, and Lieutenant Bowman
Hendry, 2d, of the Sixth Regiment, rendered effective service
in caring for the wounded. Following the retreat of General
Lee into Virginia, the New Jersey troops participated in the

* MS. Notes of A. St. John Chambre, Chaplain Eighth Regiment, N. J. V.

76 History Medical Profession Camden County.

movements and battles of the Army of the Potomac at Wap-
ping Heights, McLane's Ford, Brandy Station and Mine Run,
and went into quarters along the Rappahannock, remaining
practically inactive until General U. S. Grant took command
of the army in the following year.

The stupendous proportions which the war had assumed
led Congress, in the early part of the year, to pass a Conscrip-
tion Act, which, on March 3d, was approved by the President.
The Act provided for a Board of Enrollment, consisting of a
marshal, a surgeon and a commissioner, for each Congressional
district, and through Hon. John F. Starr, M. C, the President,
on May 2d, appointed Colonel R. C. Johnson, provost-marshal^
Dr. John R. Stevenson, surgeon, and James M. Scovel, com-
missioner, for the first district of New Jersey.* Dr. Stevenson's
position gave him the rank and pay of a first lieutentant of
cavalry. The law also provided for assistant surgeons who stood
in the relation of contract surgeons and, during the life of
the board from May 2, 1863, to June i, 1865, this position was
held successively by Doctors B. P. Howell, of Woodbury;
Quinton Gibbon, of Salem ; Jonathan Leaming, of Cape May,
and H. Genet Taylor, of Camden. On October 26th, the draft-
ing of men for the army was begun by the Board of Enrollment
in Camden and Lieutenant Stevenson began examinations of
applicants for exemption on account of physical disability, the
results of which he presented in an elaborate report to the
Government and to the Medical Society of New Jersey.

[1864.] The closing conflicts of the war were inaugu-
rated under (Tcneral U. S. Grant, who, on March 2d, was
appointed commander-in-chief of all the Union forces. Under
his direction, the campaign of the Army of the Potomac was
conducted by General Meade and that of the Cumberland
by General Sherman. On May 3d, the Army of the Potomac
began the march to Richmond, and there followed the battles
of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor, ending in
the siege of Petersburg, which began in June and was con-
tinued through the winter. But two of the Camden county
surgeons participated in the campaigns of this Near. On

•MS. Notes of Dr. John R. Stevenson.

The Civil War. 77

March i5tli, Lieutenant H. Genet Taylor, of the Eis^htli Regi-
ment, resigned on account of the ilhiess of his father, and,
on April 7th, Surgeon-Major Alexander J. McKelway, of
the same regiment, resigned, both of whom had rendered
continuous service to the Government from September 14,
1 86 1.* But Lieutenants Bowman Hendry, 2d, of the Sixth
Regiment, and Bowman Hendry, 3d, of the Fourth Regiment,
participated in the campaign and rendered distinguished
service. On September 7th, the former was discharged
at Trenton, b}- reason of expiration of service, having
served with his regiment since August 8, 1862, and the
latter resigned from the Fourth Regiment, November 3d,
having served with the regiment since February 3, 1862.

Near the beginning of the Civil War, Dr. George S. F.
PfeifFer, who had located in Camden, in 1854, moved to Phila-
delphia to accept a Professorship of the Theory and Practice of
jMedicine at the Penn Medical University, which he retained
until 1864. On March 30th, he>was commissioned first lieu-
tenant and assistant surgeon of the One Hundred and Eighty-
sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, and remained with
his regiment until mustered out of the service on August 15,
1865.1 During this period. Lieutenant Pfeififer, from his
experience in the navy of Holland and in the French army,
rendered effective service in matters pertaining to the sanitary
condition of the army. After the war, Lieutenant Pfeiffer
again located in Camden.

On June 29th, the United States Government established
a military hospital of two thousand and fift}xsix beds at Beverly,
N. J., which, on September 29th, was increased to two
thousand, four hundred and sixty-nine beds. The hospital
was placed under a corps of contract surgeons, among whom
were Dr. Elijah B. Woolston, of Marlton, and Doctors Franklin
Gauntt and J. Howard Pugh, of Burlington. The hospital was
maintained by the Go\-ernment until August, 1865, when it
was closed. t

* Record of Officers and Men of New Jersey in the Civil War, by W. S. Stryker.

t Bates' History of Pennsylvania Volunteers.

I MS. Notes Col. James S. Kiger, Adjutant-General's Office Trenton, N. J.

78 History Medical Profession Camden County.

During this year, the Fair of the Sanitary Commission
was held in Philadelphia under the auspices of New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and Delaware, in aid of sick and wounded
soldiers. An auxiliary of the fair was formed in West Jersey,
for the benefit of which Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler delivered a
series of lectures, and in which Dr. John R. Stevenson served
as chairman of the committee on "Original Ballads and Poetry
of the War."

On August 2 2d, the Geneva Convention was held and
"Articles of Agreement for the Amelioration of the Condition
of Armies in the Field" were adopted and signed by the repre-
sentatives of thirty-four nations. ' In the agreement, military
hospitals, ambulances, surgeons, chaplains and employees of
hospitals were to be regarded as neutral in war and possessing
special rights. Freedom from imprison tnent was guaranteed
to the medical corps, upon wearing an arm badge of a red
cross upon a white ground, and protective rights were secured
to hospitals and ambulances, displaying a flag similar to the
badge.

[1865.] The closing period of the war opened this year,,
with a continuation of the siege of Petersburg, and closed with
the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox, April 9th. In
this siege and surrender, the medical profession of Camden
county was represented by Dr. Duncan W. Blake, of Gloucester
City, who was commissioned first lieutenant and assistant
surgeon of the Fourth Regiment, N. J. V., early in the spring;
joined the regiment at Park Station and subsequently partici-
pated in the battles of Fort Steadman, March 25th; Peters-
burg, April 2d; Farmville, April 7th, and was j^resent at
Appomattox at the surrender of the Confederate Army, April
9th. Following the surrender of General Lee, the Fourth
Regiment was ordered in pursuit of Jefferson Davis, the fleeing
President of the Confederacy, and marched as far as Danville,
from which place it was ordered to report at Washington to
participate in the grand review of the Army of the Potomac,
ordered by President Lincoln as the closing act of the drama
of the Rebellion. Lieutenant Blake received honorable men-
tion for meritorious services and was honorably discharged

The Civil War. 79.

from the service in August, when he began the practice of
medicine at (Gloucester City.

There were a number of surgeons who served with dis-
tinction in the Civil War and, after its close, located in Camden
count\-. Dr. James A. Armstrong was commissioned first
lieutenant and assistant surgeon of the Seventy-third Regiment,
Pa. v., September 11, 1861 ; promoted major and surgeon,
October 15, 1862; resigned October 16, 1864, and, after a
short service in Satterlee Hospital, located in Camden.* In
1 86 1, Dr. Joseph W. McCullough was commissioned first
lieutenant and assistant surgeon of the First Delaware Regi-
ment and served until the close of the war, when he was com-
missioned an assistant surgeon in the regular army, but
resigned, in 1866, and located at Blackwood. t In the summer
of 1862, Dr. D. H. Bartine was appointed assistant surgeon on
board the floating hospital, under command of Surgeon-
General Smith, of Pennsylvania, on duty with the Army of
the Potomac; on July 25th, he w^as commissioned first lieu-
tenant and assistant surgeon of the One Hundred and Four-
teenth Regiment, Pa. V., and served with the regiment until
September, 1863, when he was detached and assigned to duty
as attendnig surgeon at General Meade's headquarters ; on
August 22, 1864, he was promoted major and surgeon of the
One Hundred and Twelfth Regiment, Pa. V. After the sur-
render of General Lee, Major Bartine became surgeon-in-chief
of the Fair Ground General Hospital, Petersburg, Va., where
he remained until mustered out of service, January 29, 1866,
when he located at Merchantville. On November i, 1862,
Dr. D. Parish Pancoast entered the United States service as a
contract surgeon and remained until January i, 1866. During
this time, Dr. Pancoast served in the Mower Hospital until
February, 1863, when he was detailed for dut}' wnth the Two
Hundred and Third Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, at P'ortress
Monroe, where he also served as medical commissary and as
surgeon-in-charge of the hospital transport, "Matilda." After
the surrender of General Lee, Dr. Pancoast was assigned to^

* Bates' History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers

t Stevenson's History of Medicine and Medical Men in Camden County.

8o History Medical Profession Camden County.

hospital duty at Petersburg, where he remained until he
resigned from the service, after which he located in Camden.
On July 23, 1863, Dr. William T. Collins was commissioned
first lieutenant and assistant surgeon of the Sixth Regiment,
Delaware Volunteers, and on August 12, 1864, was promoted
major and surgeon of the Seventh Regiment, Delaware Volun-
teers. Early in the war. Dr. Frederick F. Pfeiffer was
warranted a medical cadet and assigned to the Fifth United
States Artillery, with which he served in the seven days' fight
in the Peninsular campaign. He was subsequently transferred
to the hospital transport steamer, " Louisiana," and was on
board when the first exchange of prisoners was made, July 1 9,
1862, and transported wounded prisoners to the North.
During the voyage. Cadet Pfeiffer rendered effective service
and was later assigned to Satterlee Hospital at Philadelphia,
in charge of Surgeon Hayes, the Arctic explorer. In 1863,
Dr. A. M. Mecray was warranted a medical cadet and
assigned to duty at the Satterlee Hospital, and Dr. William
H. Iszard was also warranted a medical cadet and assigned
to the United States Hospital, Broad and Cherry streets,
Philadelphia. In 1861, Henr>- F. Chew served with the
Fourth Regiment, N. J, V., and was subsequently elected
captain of Company I, Twelfth Regiment, where he rose to
the rank of lieutenant-colonel and commanded the regiment
when it was mustered out of service in 1865. After the war,
Colonel Chew studied dentistry and located in Camden.
J. W. Donges served as a private in the One Hundred and
Twenty-ninth Regiment, Pa. V., and participated in the
battle of Fredericksburg, where he was severely wounded,
on account of which he was discharged for physical disability.*
In 1863, I. N. Hugg was commissioned second lieutenant in
Company I, Thirty-fourth Regiment, N. J. V., and served in
General Sherman's army. Uieutenant Hugg attained the rank
of captain and, after the regiment was mustered out of service
in 1866, began the study of medicine, which he is now practic-
ing in Camden. t W. B. E. Miller served as a private in the

"'Steveuson's History of Medicine and Medical Men in Camden County,
t Prowell's History of Camden County, N. J.

The Civil War. 8i

Twenty-third Regiment, N. J. V., in 1862 and 1863, and as a
first lieutenant in the One Hundred and Forty-third Regiment,
Illinois Volunteers, from which he was detached and appointed
acting assistant inspector-general, on the staff of General C. C.
Washburne, in which capacity he received the thanks of
President Lincoln and Secretar}^ Stanton for services rendered.

B. THE UNITED STATES NAVY.

[186 1.] During the Rebellion, the operations of the navy
contributed, in a great measure, to the success of the Federal
cause by the blockading of the Atlantic and Gulf sea-ports,
and by the expeditions along the Mississippi, Tennessee and
Cumberland rivers. At the beginning of hostilities. Dr. William
S. Bishop was a passed assistant surgeon in the navy, having
been commissioned April 11, 1843, ^'^^ promoted to passed
assistant surgeon, January 22, 1848. When the Civil War
began, he was on duty at the Navy Yard, Warrington, Florida,
from which he was detached and placed on waiting orders,
January 17, 1861, and, on November i8th, was ordered to the
Navy Yard, Mare Island, California, where he remained until
November 25, 1864, when he w^as placed on the Examining
Board for admission to the Naval Academy. In March, 1866,
he was commissioned a surgeon on the retired list and, in May,
was assigned to duty at the Naval Academy, from which he
was detached and placed on special duty at Philadelphia,
where he died, December 28, 1868, after a servdce of twenty-
five years.* Surgeon Bishop was an honorary member of the
Camden District Medical Society and one of the corporators
of the Camden City Dispensary.

On April 17, 1856, Dr. Richard C. Dean, of Camden, was
commissioned an assistant surgeon in the navy; promoted
passed assistant surgeon, April 17, 1861, and surgeon, August
I, 1861. During the war, he served on the "Tuscarora,"
and was assigned to special duty at Baltimore, Camden
and the Naval Acadeni}-. He subsequently served on the
"Sacramento" and the "Michigan," in the Bureau of Medicine
and Surgery at Washington and, on June' 8, 1873, ^^^ was

* Records of the United States Navy Department.

82 History Medical Profession Camden County.

promoted medical inspector. On January lo, 1880, he was
promoted medical director,* and on May 27, 1895, was placed
on the retired list, having attained the position of second rank-
ing officer in the medical corps of the United States Navy.

On May 18, 1861, Dr. Charles W. Sartori, of Camden, was
appointed an acting assistant surgeon in the navy, and
ordered to duty on board the steamer " Flag," at Philadelphia.
On October 8, 1863, he was detached and ordered to report to
the department; on December 8th, was assigned to duty on
the "Sassacus" ; on December 17th, was detached and assigned
to the " Wyalusing," at Philadelphia, and on July 19, 1864, he
resigned from the service, f

On July 30, 1 86 1, Dr. Henry Ackley, of Camden, was
commissioned an assistant surgeon in the navy and assigned
to duty at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. On November 2d, he
was detached and assigned to the " Wissahickon " ; on April
29th, he was detached and placed on waiting orders; on June
10, 1863, assigned to the "Marion" ; on June 17th, to the "San
Jacinto"; March 15, 1864, detached and, on August 17th,
assigned to Brooklyn Navy Yard ; on August 31st, assigned to
the "Vermont"; and, October ist, detached and placed on
waiting orders. He died at Philadelphia, December i, 1865. J

[1864.] On March 10, 1864, Dr. John H. Austin was
appointed an acting assistant surgeon in the navy and on
May 26tli was commissioned an assistant surgeon. He ser\^ed
on the "North Carolina"; on the "Manhattan," in the
West Gulf Squadron; participated in the battle of Mobile,
under Admiral Farragut, August 5 1864, and resigned Jan-
uary 14, 1865. § Dr. Austin located in Camden in 1868
and remained until 1879. He served as a member of the
Board of Education in 1871, '72 and '73; captain of Company
B. Sixth Regiment, N. G., N. J., in 1876, and as medical
director of the Grand Army of the Republic. Martin Gold-
smith served as hospital-steward on the "Georgia," during
the closing period of the Civil War, and subsequently opened

* Records of the United States Navy Department.
t Ibid.
\ Ibid.
'i Ibid.

Educational and Other Interests. 83

a drug-store at the corner of Second and Vine streets, now
occupied by George J. Pechin.

Section VI. — Educational and Other Interests.

From i860 to 1864, the physicians of Camden county
showed an active interest in the government of the public
schools. In 1862, Dr. James M. Ridge was elected a member
of the Board of Education from the Middle ward of Camden,
over Dr. T. G. Rowand ; Dr. S. Birdsell was elected for the
South ward and Dr. T. F. Cullen was defeated for the North
ward. Dr. Daniel M. Stout, of Berlin, was elected superinten-
dent of public schools for Waterford township in the same year.
In 1864, Dr. Ridge was elected president of the Board of Educa-
tion of Camden, of which Dr. Sylvester Birdsell was a member.

During this period (i860- 1864), the following physicians
located in Camden county: in i860, Dr. H, Genet Taylor, at
Camden; in 1861, Doctors Alexander Marcy, Robert G. Taylor,
a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, and Louis Hatton, a
graduate of Penn Medical College the same year, at Camden ; in
1863, Dr. John R. Stevenson, at Camden, and Dr. I. Gilbert
Young, at Haddonfield; in 1864, Dr. Henry F. Hunt, a student
at Brown University, Bellevue Hospital and a graduate of
Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia (1864), and Dr. J.
Kemper Brv'ant, a graduate of Hahnemann JMedical College in
1858, at Camden; Dr. Duncan W. Blake, a graduate of Phila-
delphia Medical College and subsequently of Jefferson IMedical
College, at Gloucester City, and Dr. Bowman H. Shivers, who
had moved from ISIarlton to Philadelphia in 1862, located in
Haddonfield.

In 1 86 1, Simeon T. Ringel began the drug business at
the corner of Second and Market streets, which is now owned
by Charles E. Slough, and, in 1862, Albert P. Brown succeeded
Dr. Thomas G. Rowand in the drug-store at the corner of Fifth
and Federal streets, now owned by Prof. G. IVI. Beringer.

In 1864, Dr. J, R, Andrews, the pioneer homoeopathic
practitioner of Camden, died after a life of successful profes-
sional work.*

*Prowell s History of Camden Couuty.

84 History Medical Profession Camden County.

Dr. Andrews was graduated from Pennsylvania Medical
College and was made a licentiate of the New Jersey Medical
Society, in 1852. Afterwards he adopted the principles of
Hahnemann and became an active practitioner of that school.
He was succeeded in his practice by his son, Dr. P. W.
Andrews, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College of
Philadelphia in 1866.

CHAPTER VI.

THE PERIOD FROM 1865 TO 1870.

Section I. — The Medical Society of New Jersey.

[1865.] The society met at Burlington, January 24th,
with Dr. R. M. Cooper present as a Fellow and Doctors Cullen,
Marcy, Branin and H. G. Taylor as the representatives from
Camden county. The legislative Act to reorganize the
society in its centennial year was approved. The report from
the District Society to the standing committee was made by
Dr. John W. Snowden, of Waterford, and included the consid-
eration of "Spotted Fever" at Blackwood; a case of "Lumbar
Abscess," by Dr. O. H. Taylor, and a paper on "The Means of
Improving the Physical Development of the Community," by
Dr. John R. Stevenson. Doctors Mulford, Cullen, Schenck and
Cooper were appointed censors, an office, at this time, entirely
nominal. Dr. R. M. Cooper was made a member of the com-
mittee of arrangements for the centennial anniversary in the
ensuing year.

[1866.] The closing of the old and the dawn of a new
centur}', in the history of the society, was now at hand.
Instituted in 1766, incorporated in 1790, and re-incorporated
in 18 16 and in 1830, the society, because of the medical
enactment of 1854, deemed it wise to relinquish its special
examining privileges and to reorganize, as nearly as possible,
on a voluntary' basis. This movement was begun in 1863,
when a committee, of which Dr. R. M. Cooper was a member,
was appointed to revise the charter of the society. The
revision was presented to the Legislature in 1864 and an Act
of re-incorporation was passed, repealing the incorporative
Act of 1830, and all supplements relating thereto, which
became operative on the fourth Tuesday of Januar}-, 1866.
The Act provided for the abolition of the censors; the con-
ferring of the degree of Doctor of iMedicine, instead of a license

86 History Medical Profession Camden Coiinty.

and diploma; for three delegates from each District Soci..ty
and one additional delegate for every ten members who,
together with the officers and Fellows, slionld constitute the
society; for a change of the annual meeting to the fourth
Tuesday in May, and for authority to formulate rules for its
own management, and, indirectly, for that of the District
Societies. The reorganization united the interests of the
State and District Societies more closely than before and gave
an impetus to medical progress throughout the State.

The annual meeting took place at New Brunswick,
January 23d, where, on July 23, 1766, the society was organ-
ized. Fourteen District Societies, with a total membership of
five hundred and ninety-nine, of whom twenty-four were
members of the Camden Society, were represented. Doctors
O. H. Taylor, Cooper, Cullen, Marcy, Woodruff and Schenck
represented Camden. Dr. Abram Coles, of Newark, presided
and delivered his annual address in poetry, his poem being
called "The Microcosm,"* and Dr. William Pierson, Sr., of
Orange, the secretary of the society since 1835, delivered an
historical address and was elected third vice-president. Dr.
William Pierson, Jr., was elected secretary, a position which he
still retains. At this meeting. Dr. John V. Schenck was
appointed essayist ; Dr. James M. Ridge was made a licentiate
and Doctors Alexander Marcy and I. Gilbert Young reported
special medical cases.

[1867.] The society met this year at Jersey City, in
May, with Doctors Cullen, Marcy, Snowden and H. Genet
Taylor as the Camden representatives. Dr. R. M. Cooper was
present as a Fellow ; Dr. Thomas F. Cullen was elected third
vice-president; Dr. John V. Schenck read an essay on
"Thrombosis," and Dr. John R. Stevenson presented a paper
entitled "A History of Cholera in Camden in 1866 and the
Means i\dopted for its Prevention."

* " Dr. Abram Coles, of Newark, N. J., was, next to Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, the most
distinguished poet the medical profession has produced in America. * * * jn < i>he
Microcosm," he describes with classic dignity and sympathetic fervor the mission of the
physician and introduces, as illustrations, the famous paintings, ' Vesalius Engaged in
Dissecting," 'Harvey Demonstrating the Circulation of the Blood' and 'Rembrandt's
Lessons in Anatomy.'" — "The American Physician in Literature," by E. L. B. Godfrey,
A.M.,M.D.

Tlic Camden City Medical Society. 87

[186S.] The society met at Princeton, in May. Dr. R.
M. Cooper was present as a Fellow ; Dr. T. F. Cullen as third
vice-president, and Dr. J. V. Schenck as the only Camden
delegate. Dr. Cullen delivered an address on "The Inutility of
Tenotomy in the Treatment of Congenital Varus," in which
the histor}' of the deformity, from the time of Thilenius, in
1784, was reviewed and the cause, nature and mechanical
treatment were considered. The paper was extensively illus-
trated and advocated the use of mechanical appliances instead
of the knife.

[1869.] During this year, the society met at Jersey City,
in ]\Iay. Doctors Cooper, Cullen, Ridge, Schenck, Marcy and
H. Genet Taylor were present. Dr. Cullen read a paper on
"Hypodermatic Medication in the Relief of Pain and Nausea"
and was elected first vice-president; Doctors Ridge and
Schenck were made members of the legislative committee,
and the reporters of County Societies were made ex-officio
members of the society.

Section II. — The Camden City Medical Society.

[1865.] Two objects engaged the attention of the society
this year; viz., the establishment of a city dispensary and the
prevention of cholera. The organization of the first was
effected from the surplus funds of the North Ward Bounty
Association, through its representatives. Colonel Thomas
]\IcKeen and Samuel B. Garrison, and through Doctors O. H.
Ta}-lor, Fisler, Cooper, Schenck and Cullen, the representatives
of the society.

On September 7 th, a special meeting of the society was
held to discuss cholera and a committee, consisting of Doctors
Stevenson, Fisler and ]\Iulford, was appointed to confer and to
take measures with City Council to prevent an invasion of the
disease. Dr. Thomas F. Cullen was elected president; Dr.
H. Genet Taylor, vice-president; Dr. J. R. Stevenson, secretary
and treasurer and Dr. Bowman Hendr\^, 2d, a member.

[1866.] The epidemic of cholera and the founding of a
dispensary were matters of active consideration in 1866. The

88 History Medical Profession Camden County .

special committee appointed during the previous September
did effective work in overcoming the cholera epidemic and
commendable progress was made in regard to the dispensary,
by purchasing the Perseverance Hose House and fitting up
a room in the building for the use of the society. The
society met there for the first time on March 21st. At the
annual meeting, Dr. J. M. Ridge was elected a member of the
society and its president ; Dr. Alexander Marcy, vice-president,
and Dr. J. R. Stevenson, secretary and treasurer. Dr. Ridge
presented a specimen of extra-uterine pregnancy. Dr. J. R.
Stevenson was requested to furnish Surgeon-General Joseph
R. Barnes, U. S. A., with all obtainable information concern-
ing wounds of Camden county soldiers for the "Medical and
Surgical History of the War." Through the efforts of Dr.
Schenck, the obstetric fee was raised to ten dollars, if paid in
cash, and fifteen dollars when charged.

[1867.] Regular quarterly meetings of the society were
held throughout 1867, and its membership was increased by
the election of the following graduates from the University
of Pennsylvania: Doctors Reynell Coates, 1823; Peter V.
Schenck, i860; Alexander Mecray, 1864; Thomas J. Smith,

1866, and a graduate of Williams College, 1862; also Dr. J.
Newton Achuff, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College,

1867. Important papers were read by Doctors Schenck,
Marcy, Ta}'lor and Ridge and an operation of inguinal hernia,
and a case of fragilitas ossium, in a child whose right radius and
ulna, left humerus and right femur were fractured, were
reported by Dr. T. F. CuUen. Dr. Alexander Marcy was
elected president; Dr. J. V. Schenck, vice-president; Dr. T.J.
Smith, secretary and treasurer, and six members were elected
to the Dispensary Board of Managers.

[1868.] The chief object of interest, in 1868, was the
effort of the society to fix a uniform fee for post-mortem ex-
aminations, which, however, was not finally settled. Dr.
Alexander Marcy, the president, delivered an address on "The
Elevation of the Medical Profession"; Dr. A. M. Mecray was
elected president ; Dr. T. J. Smith, vice-president ; Dr. J.
Orlando White, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania,

The Caiiidiu Citv Dispoisarv . 89

1868 (elected to membership during the year), secretary and
treasurer, and Rev. Joseph F. Garrison, M. D., a graduate of
the University of Pennsylvania, 1845, was made an honorary
member. The representatives in the Board of IVIanagers of the
dispensary were re-elected.

[1869.] The chief occasions of interest, in 1869, were the
reports of committees on delinquents and on post-mortem
examinations. As for the delinquents, the society concluded
that each member should report the names of those who refused
to pay their medical bills, but that this should not prevent
other members from attending them : As to post-mortem exam-
inations, it was determined that the fee-bill for the same might
vary from five to forty dollars, according to their extent ; that
members should decline to make, or assist in making, a post-
mortem examination for the court, or any coroner, until the fee-
bill adopted should be agreed to by them. Notice of this
decision was forwarded to the presiding judge of the county, the
coroners, the State and the County Societies, but the matter
was never determined and remained a subject of contention
until the law, providing for a county ph}-sician, was enacted in
1877. The annual meeting was not held and the officers of
the society consequently held over.

Section III. — The Ca.aidex City Dispensary.

[1865.] The origin of the Camden City Dispensary is due
to the efforts of Dr. Othniel H. Taylor and of Colonel Thomas
^IcKeen and Samuel B. Garrison, members of the North Ward
Bounty Association.* On December 9, 1864, this associa-
tion was founded to provide substitutes for those unable, or
unwilling, to enlist in the army. Liberal sums were con-
tributed, but, before the quota of the county was completed, the
surrender of the Confederacy occurred (April 9th) and obviated
the necessity for continuing the association. A surplus of
^3)776.91 remained in the treasury, which was ordered to be ex-
pended upon some charitable institution, and Colonel Thomas
McKeen and Samuel B. Garrison were appointed a committee

* Historical Sketch of The Camden City Dispensary, by H. Genet Taylor, A. M., M. D.

9° History Medical Profession Camden County.

to execute the project. The Camden City Medical Society
was advised of this intention and appreciated at once the
opportunity to found a dispensary under its management. On
May 4th, a special meeting was called at the residence ot
Dr. R. M. Cooper, when the subject was fully considered and a
committee, consisting of Doctors O. H. Taylor, Fisler, Cooper,
Schenck and Cullen, was appointed with plenary powers to
advise with Messrs. McKeen and Garrison concerning the
project. As a result of this conference, plans were adopted
for the founding of a dispensary, but their execution was
delayed by an appeal to the courts by those contributors to the
fund who wished to divide the surplus among themselves.
The action of the association was subsequent!}- sustained and
the committee continued its work.

[1866.] Early in the }'ear, Messrs. McKeen and Garrison
purchased the Perseverance Hose House* and began fitting it
up for a dispensary, in which they set apart a room for the
City Medical Society to meet. The total cost was $2,005.46,
Arrangements were made to procure a charter and subscription
books were opened for securing funds. On March ist,
Dr. Othniel H. Ta}-lor submitted a plan of organization to the
City Society, similar to that advocated by him in 1859, which
was adopted, and the committee was instructed to co-operate
with Messrs. McKeen and Garrison, and such citizens as might be
appointed to work with them, in the organization of the work.
On March 4th, the matured plan of the joint committee was
approved by the City Society at a special meeting and, on the
17th, the building, equipped for dispensary purposes, was
formally turned over to the Cit}^ Society by Messrs. McKeen and
Garrison, with the request that the institution be carried on by
the society until a charter could be obtained from the Legisla-
ture, authorizing a Board of Managers. The trust was accepted
by the society, with public expression of satisfaction to Messrs.
McKeen and Garrison and the North Ward Bounty Associa-
tion. On March 21st, the society met for the first time in the
room provided for its use. On April ist, the dispensary was

*The Perseverance Hose House stood on Third street below Market, where the
vaults of the West Jersey Title and Guarantee Company now stand.

The Catudcn City Dispoisary. 91

opened for professional work, with a ward for the care of
patients, the following staff having been appointed: North
ward. Dr. H. Genet Taylor; INIiddle ward. Dr. John R. Steven-
son; South ward. Dr. iVlexander M. Mecray; superintendent
and apothecary, Othniel G. Taylor. On June ytli. Doctors
Cooper, F'isler and Cullen were appointed consulting physi-
cians. There were three hundred and four cases treated during
the }ear.

[1867.] On February 5th, the Act of incorporation was
approved with the following corporators: I3octors Isaac S.
Mulford, Othniel H. Taylor, Richard M. Cooper, Lorenzo F.
Fisler, Thomas F. Cullen, John V. Schenck, William S.
Bishop, Alexander Marcy, Bowman Hendry, 2d, James M.
Ridge, H. Genet Taylor and John R. Stevenson. On March
7th, an organization was effected with the following officers:
President, Dr. Othniel H. Taylor; vice-president. Dr. Lorenzo
F. Fisler ; secretary. Dr. John R. Stevenson ; treasurer.
Dr. Richard ]\I. Cooper. Doctors O. H. Taylor, Fisler, Schenck,
Cooper and Stevenson were appointed to prepare a constitution
and to assume the management of the institution until the next
annual meeting. On December 12th, the deed of the building
was procured.

[1S68.] The first annual meeting was held January 4th,
when a constitution, providing that the Board of Managers
shall consist of eleven members, six of whom shall be chosen
b\- the Camden City Medical Society and five by the contribu-
tors to the institution, was adopted. This placed the institu-
tion under medical control, — a wise forethought on the part
of the committee on the preparation of the constitution.
Doctors L S. Mulford, O. H. Taylor, R. M. Cooper, J. V.
Schenck, T. F. Cullen and Alexander Marc}- were elected to
the Board of ^Managers, as the representatives of the Cit)-
Medical Societ)-, and Thomas P. Carpenter, Thomas A. Wilson,
Joseph J. Reed, Richard W. Test and Jeremiah Smith, as the
representatives of the contributors. On Januar}- 21st, the
board organized by electing Dr. T. F. Cullen, president ;
Dr. J. V. Schenck, vice-president ; Dr. R. M. Cooper, secretary
and treasurer; Doctors H. Genet Taylor, J. X. Achuff and T. J.

92 History Medical Profession Camden County .

Smith as attending physicians; Doctors Cooper, Fisler and
Cullen as consulting physicians, and Othniel G. Taylor as
superintendent and apothecary.

[1869.] At the annual meeting held January 12th, Colonel
Thomas McKeen, Thomas A. Wilson, John Morgan, Joseph C.
De La Cour, Richard W. Test and Doctors I. S. Mulford, O. H.
Taylor, R. M. Cooper, J. V. Schenck, T. F. Cullen and Alex-
ander Marcy were elected managers. The board organized by
electing Dr. Cullen, president; Dr. Schenck, vice-president,
and Dr. Cooper, secretary and treasurer. An appropriation of
$300.00 was received from City Council, which, in addition to
the interest of the invested fund, $1,771.45 (the balance
remaining of the grant from the North Ward Bounty Associa-
tion, after deducting the amount expended for the purchase of
the Perseverance Hose House), and the annual subscriptions,
amounted to $666.30. The operating expenses for the year
were $531.71 and two hundred and thirty-nine patients were
treated. The hospital ward, fitted up at the opening of the
dispensary, was closed for want of funds to properly main-
tain it.

Section IV. — The Camden District Medical Society.

[1865.] But little of interest occurred in the society
during the year. A resolution, imposing a fine of one dollar
for non-attendance, except in sickness, was adopted, and a
refusal to pay the same for three consecutive meetings forfeited
the rights of membership. Dr. John R. Stevenson, the presi-
dent, delivered an address on "The Final Report of the
Provost-Marshal"; Dr. O. H.Taylor read the report of the
standing committee, and Dr. Bowman Hendry, 2d, read a
paper on "The Work of the Mower U. S. Hospital from its
Opening, January 2, 1863, to May 31, 1865." This hospital
was located at Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, and had a capacity
of three thousand, six hundred beds. Dr. Hendry served on
its surgical staff, after his resignation from the United States
Volunteer Service. Dr. H. Genet Taylor was elected president
of the society; Dr. Alexander Marcy, vice-president, and Doctors

The Camden Dish'ict Medical Society . 93

Cooper, Stevenson and Young- were elected members of the
standing committee. The name of the secretary and treasurer
is not recorded. Dr. W. S. Bishop, U. S. N., a graduate of
Jefferson Medical College, 1842, was elected an honorary mem-
ber. Doctors A. D. Woodruff and C. D. Hendry, of Haddon-
field, who had moved to Philadelphia, were allowed to retain
their membership.

[1866.] The society convened this year at the West
Jersey Hotel, June 19th, with Dr. H. Genet Taylor in the chair,
who delivered an address on "The Surgery of the Rebellion."
Dr. R. ]\I. Cooper presented the report of the standing com-
mittee; Dr. Alexander Marcy was elected president; Dr.
James M. Ridge, vice-president; Dr. H. Genet Ta}-lor, secre-
tary and treasurer, and Dr. James M. Ridge, of Camden, and
Dr. Jonathan J. Comfort, of Haddonfield, a graduate of Jefferson
Medical College, 1859, were elected members. Rev. Joseph
F. Garrison, M. D., was elected an honorary member.

[1867.] The annual meeting of the society was changed,
by a constitutional pro\-ision, to the second Tuesda}- in May,
because of the change of time for the meeting of the State
IVIedical Societ}-. Dr. Alexander Marcy delivered an address
on "Hypodermatic Medication," a method of treatment then
coming into vogue, which he was the first to introduce into
Camden in the treatment of a case of tetanus. Dr. Marcy used
this method with signal success in the cholera epidemic of the
preceding year, and was the first physician to use strychnia
hypodermatically for the treatment of collapse. In the county,
Dr. Henry E. Branin, of Blackwood, was the first physician to
employ hypodermatic medication. Dr. R. M. Cooper read the
report of the standing committee ; Dr. J. M. Ridge was elected
president; Dr. J. J. Comfort, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet
Taylor, secretary' and treasurer, and Doctors Peter V. Schenck,
A. M. Alecray, T. J. Smith and J. N. Achufif, of Camden, and
John L. Sullivan, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1856,
and H. A. M. Smith, of Gloucester, a graduate of Jefferson
Medical College, 1864, were elected members.

[1868.] The annual meeting was held on May 12th.
Dr. James ]\I. Ridge delivered an address on "Criminal Abor-

94 History Medical Profession Camden County.

tion" ; Dr. R. M. Cooper read the report of the standing com-
mittee, and Dr. I. G. Young read a paper on, and presented a
specimen of, "Cancer of the Stomach." Dr. J. J. Comfort, of
Haddonfield, was elected president; Dr. A. M. Mecray, vice-
president; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and treasurer, and
Dr. J. Orlando White, a member. The regular delegates were
appointed.

[1869.] At the annual meeting in May, the County
Society was chiefly occupied in considering the code of medical
ethics. Dr. J. J. Comfort delivered an address on "Functions
of this Society in Affiliation with other Societies," in which he
cited the consultation of Philadelphia surgeons with a homoeo-
pathic physician in Haddonfield. This led to the appointment
of a committee to investigate the allegation, with instructions
to report the results of the same to the State Medical Society.
Dr. R. M. Cooper was appointed to prepare a historical sketch
of the society for its twenty-fifth anniversary in 187 1 ; Dr. A.
M. Mecray was elected president ; Dr. H. A. M. Smith, vice-
president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and treasurer, and
Dr. Cooper, chairman of the standing committe. The society,
at this time, numbered nineteen members.

Section V. — Cholera.

[1865.] The prevalence of cholera in Europe, this year,
called forth the best quarantine measures of the period to
prevent its appearance in this country. The medical profes-
sion of Camden were abreast of the times in this matter.
Mindful of its visitation, in epidemic form, in Camden in 1832,
'49 and '54, a meeting of the Camden City Medical Society
was called on September 7th, and a committee, consisting of
Doctors J. R. Stevenson, L. F. Fisler, I. S. Mulford and T. F.
Cullen, was appointed "to confer and to take measures with
City Council to prevent an invasion of the disease." The
committee met on the 9th, and memorialized Council to call a
special meeting, which was held on the i6tli, when its sanitary
committee was given plenary powers over sanitary matters and
instructed to meet in conference the special committee of the

Cholera . 95

City Medical Society. A joint meetin"; of the committees was
held on the 19th, when arrangements were made for an inspec-
tion of the city, and Dr. L. F. Fisler, as the representative of the
committee from the City Medical Society, and Benjamin F.
Archer, as a member of the sanitary committee of Council,
were appointed to prepare a circular of information and advice
to be printed and distributed throughout the city. So thorough
was the work of the committees that, at a joint meeting held
on November 13th, the city was reported to be in good sanitary
condition.

[1866.] In April, cholera, so prevalent in Europe, invaded
New York City and gradually spread throughout the country.
Further sanitary precautions were taken in Camden, and, in
order that the best results might be obtained. City Council
empowered the special committee of the City IMedical Society
"to execute any measure they might adopt to resist an inva-
sion of cholera." Notwithstanding this delegated authority,
the disease appeared in Camden on June 25th, and continued
with varying severity until October 20th, between which dates
thirty-nine cases were reported with thirty deaths.* It was
most prevalent at Second and ^Mickle and Second and Line
streets, and at Ninth and Chestnut streets. One case occurred
at Winslow.

The prevalence of cholera in New Jersey, in 1866, led to
the appointment of a State Sanitary Commission, by Governor
Marcus L. Ward, wath instruction to furnish the Executive
with such advice and information as they might deem impor-
tant, in reference to cholera. The commission consisted of
Doctors E. IM. Hunt, S. B. Coleman, Thomas Ryerson and I. A.
Nichols, and R. M. Cooper, of Camden. The public was
informed, through the press, of the course and nature of the
disease and the methods of prevention, and, b)- means of the
restrictions placed upon public travel and public highways, the
disease did not become generall}- epidemic throughout the
State, although there were two hundred fatal cases reported
by the commission during the year.f

* History of Cholera in Camden in 1866, by John R. Stevenson, A. M. , M. D.
t The Progress of Sanitation in New Jersey, by E. L. B. Godfrey, A. M., M. D.

96 History Medical Profession Camden County.

Section VI. — Miscellaneous.

A. THE MILITARY ORDER OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF
THE UNITED STATES.
[1865.] Following the assassination of President Lincoln,
April 14, 1865, Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel B. Wylie
Mitcliell, M. D., Surgeon, Eighth Pennsylvania Cavalry; Lieu-
tenant-Colonel T. Elwood Zell, Third Pennsylvania Infantry,
and Captain Peter D. Keyser, M. D., Ninety-first Pennsylvania
Infantry, and late acting assistant surgeon United States Army,
organized the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, April 15th,
to aid in maintaining the supremacy of the National Govern-
ment at that critical period of its history, to commemorate the
efforts of Abraham Lincoln and the principles for which he con-
tended, and to strengthen the friendships of the officers of the
Army, Navy and Marine Corps of the United States, formed by
companionship in arms. Like the inception and organization ot
the Grand Army of the Republic and the Sons of Veterans,
the principles and objects of the Order were largely conceived
and put into execution by a ph}'sician.

While less representative of the civil conflict than the
Grand Army of the Republic, the Order of the Loyal Legion
has grown to national proportions and bears the same relation-
ship to the Civil War that the Order of the Cincinnati bears
to the Revolution. The officers from Camden county, who
served in the Civil War and belong to the Order, are members
of the Pennsylvania Commandery, having joined on the follow-
ing dates: Brevet Major-General William J. Sewell, in 1868;
Major John M. McGrath, Surgeon Seventy-eighth Regiment,
P. v., 1874; Dr. Henry F. Chew, Lieutenant-Colonel Twelfth
Regiment, N. J. V., 1881; Captain George E. Wilson, Sixth
Regiment, N. J. V., 1877; Lieutenant H. Genet Ta>lor,
Assistant Surgeon, Eighth Regiment, N.J. V., 1888, and Major
D. H. Bartine, Surgeon, One Hundred and Twelfth Regiment,
P. V. Major Hamilton Markle>^, of the National Guard of
New Jersey, became a junior member in 1891.

B. NATIONAL GUARD OF NEW JERSEY.

[1869.] On March 9th, the old militia law of the State
was repealed and an Act, establishing the present National

Miscel/ainoiis. gy

Guard, was passed b}- the Legislature and approved by the
Governor. The niilitar\' companies of West Jersey were,
b}- order of General Run)'on, consolidated into the Fifth
Battalion, Second Brigade, First Division, under connnand of
Major E. G. Jackson, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor was appointed
major and surgeon on Major Jackson's staff, and commissioned
December i, 1869. Under the Act of organization, a medi-
cal department was provided for in the National Guard, under
the super\'ision of the surgeon -general, who was given the
rank of brigadier-general. The Act also provided for the
examination of surgeons and assistant surgeons in medicine
and surger}' by the surgeon-general, or a medical officer desig-
nated by him for that purpose, before a commission could
be issued by the Governor. This placed the medical depart-
ment on a high professional basis. Dr. Theodore R. Varick
was commissioned surgeon-general October 5, 1869, succeeding
Dr. Lewis W. Oakley, who had served since December 27,
1865.

C. EDUCATIONAL.

[1865.] The physicians of Camden exerted a marked
influence in educational matters during this period. The
early efforts of Dr. L S. Mulford in securing an enactment
providing a tax for school purposes ; the establishment of the
Board of Education for Camden and the creation of county
superintendents for the public schools, promoted, in a great
degree, the cause of education. In this year, Doctors Sylvester
Birdsell and Thomas G. Rowand served as members of the
Camden Board of Education, and Doctors Lorenzo F. Fisler,
Thomas F. Cullen and James M. Ridge were appointed censors
of the Philotechnic Institute, established by Rudolphus Bing-
ham.* In 1867, Dr. Thomas G. Rowand was elected presi-
dent of the Board of Education of Camden, and served also as
a member during 1868.

D. DRUG INTERESTS.

[1865.] The drug interests were extended this year by the
opening of a drug-store, at the corner of Second and Main

"Camden Democrat.

98 History Medical Profession Camden Coiinty.

streets, by Martin Goldsmith, now owned by George J. Pechin ;
by the purchase, in 1866, of the drug-store of Dr. M. West, at
Fourth and Wahiut streets, by Dr. A. M. Mecray and since
owned successively by Doctors C. M. Schellenger, C. G. Hoell
and W. W. Kaighn; by the purchase of a store at Third and Line
streets, by Dr. D. P. Pancoast, which was subsequently removed
to Fifth and Clinton streets, and by the establishment of a store
on West street, by Doctors Cullen and Ridge, which was pur-
chased by Dr. T. G. Rowand, moved to Fifth and Benson
streets,* and now occupied by Dr. A. H. Lippincott.

E. MASONIC INTERESTS.

Since the time of Colonel Daniel Coxe, provincial grand-
master of the Masonic fraternity of New Jersey, and son of Dr.
Daniel Coxe, governor of West Jersey during the latter part of
the proprietary period of the Friends, the order of Free and Ac-
cepted Masons has had a continuous existence in New Jersey.
Camden Lodge, No. 15, was originally instituted in 1821, but
surrendered its charter in 1842, and reorganized in 1850. With
this lodge many physicians have been connected ; among them
the names of Doctors Thomas F. Cullen, Charles W. Sartori, H.
F. Hunt, W. H. Malin, Maximilian West, Alexander Marcy, H.
Genet Taylor, George R. Fortiner, M. F. Middleton, William
C. Mulford, P. W. Beale, W. A. Davis, C. G. Hoell, Rowland
L Haines and W. S. Moslander appear. Dr. Charles W. Sar-
tori attained the position of Master ; Dr. Thomas F. Cullen
withdrew upon connecting himself with the Roman
[1867.] Catholic Church. In 1867, Siloam Royal Arch Chap-
ter, No. 19, was organized, and the following phy-
sicians are, or have been, connected with it: Doctors D. P.
Pancoast, H. H. Davis, W. R. Powell, G. T. Robinson, E. S.
Wynn, C.J. Cooper, J. D. Leckner, C. G. Hoell, L. L. Sharp and
Harr}' Jarrett, of Camden ; James A. Walmsley, of
[1868.] Gloucester, and Henry E. Branin, of Blackwood. In
i868,Cyrene Commandery, No. 7, K. T., was chartered
and organized, with Doctors William H. Malin and Frederick
P. Pfeiffer among its constituent members. Members of the

* Prowell's History of Camden County.

I loniicopa thy . 99

medical fraternity who have joined the coniniandery are
Doctors H. H. Davis, J. D. Leckner, George T. Robinson,
L. L. Sharp, James A. Wahnsley and Harry Jarrett.

Ionic Lodge, No. 94, was instituted, in 1868, as an out-
growth of Camden Lodge, with Doctors Charles W. Sartori,
Alexander M. ISIecray and Frederick P. Pfeififer among its
charter members. In its membership, the names of Doctors J.
N. Achuflf, J. H. Austin, C. J. Cooper, H. H. Davis, George R.
Fortiner, N. B. Jennings, J. D. Leckner and T. J. Rowland ap-
pear. Dr. Leckner became Master in 1886; Dr. Pfeiffer, with
others, instituted Mozart Lodge, No. 121, in 1871, and Dr.
Jennings became a charter member of Haddonfield Lodge, No.
130, in 1872. Doctors Charles H. Jennings and John W.
Marcy have held official positions in Merchantville Masonic
Lodge, and Dr. Henry E. Branin has been prominently
connected with Florence Lodge of Woodbury.

Section VII. — Homceopathy.

A. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF HOMCEOPATHY.

[1867.] The American Institute of Homoeopathy was
established, in 1844, for the improvement of homoeopathic
therapeutics and other departments of medical science. It
was organized the year that Dr. Sanuiel Hahnemann died, and
has done much to disseminate his medical doctrine. In
1867, Dr. H. F. Hunt, of Camden, became a member and,
since then. Doctors ^I. V. Middleton, in 1869; Wallace Mc-
George and Bowman H. Shivers, in 187 1 ; Anna E. Griffith, in
1881 ; E. M. Howard, in 1883; Jerome L. Artz, Thomas R.
Blackwood, Franklin E. Williams and George D. Woodward,
in 1891 ; George R. Fortiner, Ida F. Fortiner, Henry A. Lacey
and S. Bryan Smith, in 1892, have become connected with it.
The Institute was founded largely by Philadelphia physicians,
who, in 1848, founded the first Homoeopathic ]\Iedical College
in this country; viz.. The Homoeopathic Medical College of
Pennsylvania. In 1867, this college was consolidated with the
Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, and its gradu-
ates will be credited to Hahnemann College.

loo Hisforv Medical Profession Camdoi Coiinty .

B. THE WEST JERSEY HOMCEOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY.

[1869.] This society was organized in Camden, on the
third Wednesday of May 1869, in response to a call issued to
the homoeopathic physicians of West Jersey, by Doctors Wal-
lace McGeorge, of Hightstown ; R. M. Wilkinson, of Trenton ;
Henry F. Hunt, of Camden; J. G. Street, of Bridgeton, and
Walter Ward, of Mt. Holly. The invitation was accepted by a
large number of physicians, among whom were Doctors W. H.
Malin, M. F. Middleton and J. H. Austin, of Camden. An
organization was effected by the election of Dr. Alexander
Kirkpatrick, of Burlington, as president; Dr. Wallace Mc-
George, of Hightstown, as secretary, and included the following
members: Doctors D. R. Gardiner, of Woodbury; R. M.
Wilkinson, of Trenton ; J. G. Street, of Bridgeton ; Wallace
McGeorge, of Hightstown ; Isaac Cooper, of MuUica Hill ; E.
R. Bancroft, of Mt. Holly ; E. K. Phillips, of Cape May ; S. E.
Allen, of Trenton ; L. W. Brown, of Vineland ; Alexander
Kirkpatrick, of Burlington; David E. Gardiner, of Borden-
town; M. W. Wallins, of Woodstown, and W. H. ISIalin, H.
F. Hunt, M. F. Middleton and J. H. Austin, of Camden.
The society adopted the code of ethics of the American
Institute of Homoeopath}', established a uniform fee-bill and
provided for quarterly meetings. It contributed materially
towards securing, in 1870, a charter for the New Jersey State
Homoeopathic Medical Society and the adoption of a three
years' graded course of stud}- in homoeopathic medical colleges.
The societ}' has unified the interests of the homceopathists of
West Jersey and advanced their standard of medical practice.
The following Camden county physicians became members of
the society on the accompanying dates: In 1869, Doctors
Wallace McGeorge, W. H. Malin, H. F. Hunt, J. H. Austin, M.
F. Middleton, R W. Andrews and G. S. F. Pfeiffer, of Camden ;
in 1870, Doctors Richard Gardiner, Jr., of Gloucester City;
Joseph Shreve, of Berlin, and Charles W. Perkins, of Marl ton ;
in 187 1, Dr. Bowman H. Shivers, of Haddonfield ; in 1872, Dr.
Clark J. Cooper, of Camden; in 1873, ^i'- Thomas R. Black-
wood, of Camden ; in 1876, Dr. Anna E. Griffith, of Camden;
in 1878, Dr. Joseph G. Edwards, of Blackwood, and Doctors

I Io)iiHOpalhv . loi

Silas H. Ouiiitand K. M. Howard, of Camden ; in 1879, Dr. Rli
R. Tnllis, of Camden; in 1880, Dr. Franklin E. Williams, of
Haddonfield; Dr. John D. Leckner, of Camden, and Dr. William
G. DnRois, of (iloncester City ; in i88t, Dr. Robert H. Peacock,
of Berlin; in 1884, Dr. J. K, Bryant, of Camden; in 1886, Dr.
George D. Woodward, of Camden, and Dr. E. B. Sharp, of
Marlton; in 1887, Dr. Jacob M. Hinson, Jr., of Meichantville,
and Dr. Jerome Artz, of Dndley; in 1888, Dr. George R.
Fortiner, of Camden ; in 1889, Doctors S. Bryan Smith, C. J.
Wallace and William S. Moslander, of Camden; E. K. McGill,
of Collingswood, and James A. George, of Cramer's Hill; in
1890, Dr. Frederick M. Eaton, of Camden; in 1892, Dr. Oscar
L. Grumbrecht, of Camden; in 1893, Dr. William W. Knowl-
ton, of Camden, and, in 1894, Doctors H. C. Garrison, Emerson
P. IMcGeorge, iVllen S. Ironside and W^illiam G. Gardiner.

The following Camden connt}- physicians have served
as president: Dr. Henry F. Hunt, in 1873; Dr. Wallace
IMcGeorge, 1876 ; Dr. Clark J. Cooper, 1877 ; Dr. Silas H.
Quint, 1879 ; Dr. E. R. Tnllis, 1887 ; Dr. M. F. Middleton,
1888; Dr. T. R. Blackwood, 1890; Dr. E. M. Howard, 1891,
and Dr. George D. Woodward, in 1893. As vice-president. Dr.
P. W. Andrews served in 1878; Dr. C. J. Cooper, 1879 \ I^^- E.
M. Howard, 1880, '81, '82 and '83; Dr. R. H. Peacock, 1884
and 1885, and Dr. E. R. Tnllis, 1886. As recording secretary.
Dr. Wallace McGeorge served from 1869 to 1876, and from
1876 to 1880; Dr. S. H. Quint, 1880; Dr. R. H. Peacock,
1882; Dr. E. M. Howard, 1884 to 1888; Dr. George D. Wood-
ward, 1888, and Dr. Wallace McGeorge from 1890 to the
present time (1895). In 1884, Dr. Anna E. Griffith was elected
treasurer and still retains the office. Delegates have been regu-
larly appointed to the American Institute of Homoeopathy and
to the New Jersey State Homoeopathic Society, and the
homoeopathic profession of West Jersey has been kept in touch
with State and National medical interests, while important
papers have been presented from the Bureau of Medicine, Sur-
gery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, at each quarterly session. In
1890, the American Institute of Homoeopathy met at Atlantic
City, upon invitation of the West Jersey Homoeopathic Medi-

I02 Hisiorv Medical Profession Camden Coimty .

cal Society, and in May, 1894, tlie society celebrated its
twenty-fifth anniversary in Camden.*

Section VIII. — The Camden Home for Friendless

Children.

[1865.] The Camden Home for Friendless Children was
incorporated April 6, 1865, for "the object and design of afford-
ing a home, food, clothing and schooling for destitute, friendless
children and, at a suitable age, to place them with respectable
families to learn some useful trade or occupation." The
corporate charter was granted unto Matthew Newkirk, Elijah
G. Cattell, James H. Stevens, George W. N. Curtis, J. Earl
Atkinson, Joseph C. De La Cour, Joseph D. Reinboth, Robert
B. Potts, Jesse W. Starr, Edmund E. Reed, John R. Graham,
Benjamin H. Browning, S. M. Stimson, P. C. Brick, John
Aikman, Thomas P. Carpenter, Elisha V. Glover, Thomas B.
Atkinson, Isaac L. Lowe and Peter L. Voorhees.

The Home is organized upon a liberal basis, and children are
admitted at the discretion of the Board of Managers and cared
for under specific, charter provisions. It is sustained by volun-
tary contributions. The affairs of the Home are conducted by
a Board of Managers, consisting of twenty-four ladies, and
a Board of Trustees, consisting of twenty gentlemen. In the
report for 1894, the managers comprised the following ladies:
Miss E. L. Few Smith, president; Mrs. H. B. Wilson, first
\-ice-president ; Mrs. John F. Starr, second vice-president; Miss
Fl F. Jennings, treasurer ; Mrs. George G. Felton, assistant
treasurer ; Mrs. J. A. Vansant, recording secretary ; Mrs. Joseph
H. Watson, corresponding secretary, and Mrs. Joseph Elverson,
Mrs. Jcseph J. Read, Mrs. John T. Bottomly, Mrs. Charles
Hollingshed, Mrs. George F. Archer, Mrs. Samuel H. Grey,
Mrs. L. H. Gold)', Miss S. Fitzwater, Mrs. F. Wayland Ayer,
Mrs. Horace M. Sharp, Mrs. George E. Wilson, Mrs. H. Alex-
ander, Mrs. C. V. D. Joline, Mrs. J. L. Nicholson, of Camden,
and Mrs. Charles Rhoads and Mrs. George Glover, of Haddon-
field. The following gentlemen constituted the Board of

*MS. Historical Sketch of the West Jersey Homoeopathic Medical Society, by Wallace
McGeorge, M. D.

Dail/is of Pro)ni)unf Physicians. 103

Trustees in 1894: Charles Rhoads, president; Henry B. Wilson,
first vice-president; Joseph J. Read, second vice-president;
N. F. Cowan, treasurer; H. B. Hanford, secretary', and Dr. H.
(jcnet Taylor, John T. Bottomly, Hon. L. T. Derousse,
Hon. John F. Starr, Maurice Browning, William Severns,
David M. Chambers, Samuel H. Grey, Judge E. A. Armstrong,
Dr. H. H, Davis, George A. Hunger, Hon. Edward Bettle,
J. A. Vansant and George E. Taylor. The medical staff
consisted of Dr. H. Genet Taylor, physician-in-chief; Dr.
William R. Powell, Dr. G. T. Robinson, Dr. Alexander
]\IcAlister, Dr. Orange W\ Braymer, Dr. E. A. Y. Schellenger,
Dr. John G. Doron, Dr. William H. Pratt and Dr. Joseph
L. Nicholson. Solicitors, vSamuel H. Grey and Judge Howard
Carrow ; matron, ^liss Elizabeth N. Butcher ; teacher. Miss
Sarah Brooks. During 1894, eighty-seven children w^ere
admitted and received care at the Home. The trustees and
managers have afforded the medical staff liberal pro\'isions
for the care of the children when sick, and, in compliment
to the medical profession, have permitted the managers
of the New Jerse)' Training School for Nurses to establish
clinics at the Home, for the purpose of giving instruction to
nurse pupils.

Section IX. — Deaths of Prominent Physicians.

[1865.] On December ist. Dr. Henry Ackley, United
States Navy, died in the twenty-ninth )'ear of his age. Dr.
Ackley was a son of Thomas Ackley, of the National State
Bank of Camden. After taking the degree of A. B., he
was graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1858, located
in' Camden and became a member of the County Medical
Society and, on August 14, 1861, was commissioned an
assistant surgeon in the United States Navy. He served
with distinction in the East Gulf Blockading Squadron, and
also in the Mississippi Squadron, and participated in the battles
of New Orleans, Vicksburg and in a number of minor engage-
ments, finally attaining the position of acting surgeon-in-chief
of the squadron.*

♦Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1866.

I04 History Medical Profession Camden Coxuity.

[1868.] On June 8th, Dr. Bowman Hendry, 2d, died at
his residence in Camden. For four generations, the Hendrys
were representative physicians in Gloucester and Camden
counties. Dr. Thomas Hendry, of Woodbury, the grand-
father, served with great distinction as a surgeon in the
Revolution ; Dr. Bowman Hendry, of Haddonfield, son of
Dr. Thomas Hendry and father of Doctors Bowman Hendry,
2d, and Charles D. Hendry, served as an assistant surgeon in
the Whiskey Insurrection in Pennsylvania in 1794, and, after
locating at Haddonfield, became the foremost physician in
Gloucester county, while Dr. Charles D. Hendry practiced with
great acceptance at Haddonfield. Dr. Bowman Hendry, 2d,
was graduated from Jefferson Medical College, in 1846, and
began medical practice at Gloucester City and, in the following
year, joined the Camden County Medical Society, of which he
was president in 1869. In 1862, he was commissioned assistant
surgeon of the Sixth Regiment, N. J. V., and served with
distinction in the Civil War until mustered out of service
with his regiment in 1864. He then accepted a position on
the surgical staff of Mower Hospital for a short time, after
which he began medical practice in Camden, where he resided
until his death.

Dr. William S. Bishop, United States Navy, an honorary
member of the Camden County Medical Society and an
incorporator of the Camden City Dispensary, died December
28th. Dr. Bishop was connnissioned an assistant surgeon in
the United States Navy, May 11, 1844, and served in nearly
every quarter of the globe.*

[1869.] Dr. Charles D. Hendry, of Haddonfield, died
April 25th, of apoplexy. Dr. Hendry, who was the grandson
of Dr. Thomas Hendry and also, on his mother s side, of Dr.
DufiHeld, of Philadelphia, was the son of Dr. Bowman Hendry,
ist, and the father of Dr. Bowman Hendry, 3d, thus making
the four generations of physicians in the Hendry family. He
was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1832,
and began practice at Haddonfield, where he continued for
thirty-two years. He was distinguished for his ability in

♦Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, i86g.

Deaths of Pro))iincnt Physiciaiis. 105

diagnosis ; served as a member of the Board of Censors for the
Camden County Medical Society from 1847 to 1862; was a
charter member of the society and its president in 1852 and
1853. Dr. Hendry was a constituent member of Grace P.
E. Church in Haddonfield. He was interred at Colestown
Cemeter}'.*

Dr. Othniel H. Taylor died of pneumonia at his residence
in Camden, September 5th. Dr. Taylor was graduated from the
University of Pennsylvania in 1825, and began practice in
Philadelphia. In the epidemic of cholera in 1832, he volun-
teered his services to the municipal authorities of Philadel-
phia, and was made consulting physician to their sanitary
board and placed in charge of St. Augustine's Hospital, where
five hundred and twelve cholera patients were treated. Dr.
Taylor, with others, was appointed to visit Canada, where
the epidemic first appeared, to study its nature and treatment,
but was obliged to decline. For his public services during
the epidemic, he received the thanks of the Philadelphia City
Council, and was presented with a service of silver, "as a token of
regard for intrepid and distinguished services." In 1844, Dr.
Taylor located in Camden, and at once took a commanding
position in the medical profession. He was one of the organ-
izers of the Camden County Medical Society, in 1846, and was
made its first vice-president. In the same year, he was ap-
pointed one of the censors of the State Medical Society, for
Camden county, and was made one of the delegates to represent
that society at the organization of the American ^Medical Asso-
ciation. In 1849, he was elected third vice-president of the
State Medical Society, and, out of compliment to him, the
semi-annual meeting of that year was held in Camden. At that
meeting he delivered his celebrated address on " Medical Reform
and the Present System of Medical Instruction," which has
been noticed in connection with the medical enactments of
185 1 and 1854. In 1850, he was elected second vice-president of
the State Medical Society; in 1852, its president; after which
he became a Fellow of the society. In 1853, ^^^ was one of
the organizers of the Camden City [Medical Society ; wrote its

*Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1869.

io6 History Medical Profession Camden County.

constitution and by-laws, and subsequently became its president.
In 1856, he was elected president of the Camden County Medi-
cal Society. In 1859, he endeavored to establish a dispensary
in Camden, and was unsuccessful ; but in 1865, when the North
Ward Bounty iVssociation made the project possible, Dr. Taylor
presented the plans of organization, which were adopted, and
became one of its incorporators in 1867. Dr. Taylor was a
versatile and prolific writer on medical subjects, one of his best
efforts being on the "Topography of Camden County." Ac-
tive in politics and an ardent Whig, he became a candidate for
Mayor of Camden in 1851, but was defeated by Dr. Lorenzo F.
Fisler, the American candidate. In religion Dr. Taylor took
an active part, especial!}- in St. Paul's Church, following in the
footsteps of Dr. Samuel Harris and Dr. Bowman Hendry, ist,
who were associated with the church at its organization in
1830. Dr. Taylor gave to his profession all the energies of his
life. Dr. Reynell Coates said of him: "His death brought
gloom over hundreds of families who had placed confidence in
his skill and value in his friendship." He left three children —
Dr. H. Genet Taylor, who is prominent in the medical affairs
ot the State ; Othniel G. Taylor, pharmacist and superintendent
ot the Camden City Dispensary for twent)' years, and Marma-
duke B. Taylor, an eminent lawyer, who was regarded as "the
legal guardian of the medical profession." *

Among the physicians who located in Camden, between
1865 and 1870, are the following: Dr. A. M. Mecray, a gradu-
ate of Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, in i860, and of the
University of Pennsylvania, 1863; Dr. Frederick P. Pfeiffer,
a graduate of Penn Medical College, in 1863, and an ex-army
surgeon, and Dr. Isaac N. Hugg, graduate of Philadelphia
University of Medicine and Surgery. In 1866, Dr. David
Hedding Bartine, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania,
1862, acting assistant surgeon at St. Joseph's Hospital, Phila-
delphia, in 1862, and an ex-army surgeon, 1862 to 1866,
located in Merchantville.

* Trausactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1.S70.

CHAPTER VII.
THE PERIOD FROM 1870 TO 1875.

Section I. — Thk Camden City Dispensary.

[1870.] The annual meeting of the dispensary was held,
January nth, when the report of the fiscal year showed an
income of $793.51, including- an appropriation of $300.00
from City Council. The beneficiaries for the year numbered
two hundred and eleven. Colonel Thomas McKean, Thomas
A. Wilson, John Morgan, Richard W. Test and Joseph L. De La
Cour were elected to the Board of Managers, as the representa-
tives of the contributors, and Doctors R. M. Cooper, J. M.
Ridge, J. V. Schenck, H. Genet Taylor and A. M. Mecray,
as the representatives of the Cit)' Medical Society. Thomas
A. Wilson was elected president and Dr. R. M. Cooper, secre-
tary and treasurer.

[187 1.] The report for the past year showed an income
of $1,062. 19; the number of cases treated was three hundred
and thirt}'-four. The Board of Managers consisted of the same
officers and members as in the preceding year.

[1872.] The annual meeting of the managers was held,
January 9th, and the representatives of the contributors were
re-elected, with the exception of Richard W. Test, who was
succeeded b\- Joseph W. Cooper. Doctors Cooper, Schenck,
Ridge, Marcy, Taylor and White were elected to represent the
City Medical Society. Thomas A. Wilson was elected
president; Dr. R. M. Cooper, secretary and treasurer, and
Doctors Cooper, Taylor, Mecray and White were elected attend-
ing physicians. An extra appropriation was secured from
Council because of the prevalence of small-pox.

[1873.] Notwithstanding the extra appropriation of the
preceding year, the funds of the dispensar}' were unable to
meet the current demands, and, in consequence, but one meet-
ing of the managers was held; no election for officers took
place and the members of the attending staff resigned.

107

io8 Histoiy Medical Profession Camden County.

[1874.] During the greater part of 1874, the dispensary
was still without attending physicians. Efforts to secure an
increased appropriation from Council, or the appointment of a
salaried cit\- ph}-sician, were unavailing. Toward the close of
the year, Dr. William G. Taylor volunteered his services and
performed the clinical work of the dispensary alone. The
officers for the year were John Morgan, president; Dr. R. M.
Cooper, secretar}^ and treasurer, and O. G. Taylor, pharmacist.
Upon the death of Dr. Cooper in Alay, Dr. H. Genet Taylor
was elected secretary and Joseph B. Cooper treasurer.
Dr. Taylor has held the office of secretary ever since. The
dispensary received a legacy of $1,000.00 from Dr. R. ]\I.
Cooper and $500.00 from Esther E. Cooper.

Section II. — The Camden City Medical Society.

[1870.] The regular quarterly meetings of the society
were held during the year, and, in addition to the quarterly
reports. Dr. James M. Ridge read a paper on "Anaesthesia "
and Dr. A. M. Mecray, the president, delivered an address on
"Inflammation of the Cellular Tissue." Dr. Charles A. Baker,
druggist and physician ; Dr. D. P. Pancoast, a graduate of
Marietta Academy, 1853, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy,
1856, and of the University of Pennsylvania, 1859, and
Dr. Randall W. Morgan, a student of Dr. Henry E. Branin, a
former pupil at the U. S. Naval Academy and at Bucknell
University, and a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania
during the year, were elected members. Dr. J. Orlando White
was elected president ; Dr. Reynell Coates, vice-president, and
Dr. Charles A. Baker, secretary and treasurer.

[187 1,] Regular meetings of the society were held during
1 87 1, but, at the annual meeting, the absence of a quorum was
noted and, in consequence, the election of officers was post-
poned. Dr. Isaac I). Mulford, a graduate of West Jersey
Acadeni)', 1861, of Princeton College, 1865, and of the
University of Pennsylvania, 187 1; Doctors John R. Haney,
William H. Ireland, and Richardson B. Okie, graduates of the
University of Pennsylvania, 1861, 1867 and 1870, respectively,
and Thomas D. Westcott, a student at Bucknell University and

The Camden City Medical Society. 109

at Jefferson Medical College, were elected members. The
revision and amendment of the charter of Camden, approved
in February, by which the boundaries of the city were
extended, provided for a division of the city into eight wards.
This called for the re-arrangement of the duties of the dispen-
sary staff and Dr. R. B. Okie was appointed physician for the
First, Second and Eighth wards; Dr. I. B. Mulford for the
Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth wards and Dr. J. R. Haney for
the Seventh ward. In December, Doctors Cooper, Schenck,
Taylor, Ridge, Mecra\- and White were elected managers for
the dispensary.

[1872.] No meetings of the societ}' were held in ]\Iarch
or in June, but in September, through the influence of Doctors
Cullen and White, the annual meeting was held and
Dr. White, the president, delivered an address, "On the Apathy
of the Camden Cit}' Medical Society in those Interests and
Objects for which it was Organized." The meeting resulted
in the appointment of a committee on the reorganization of
the society and a revision of the table of fees. Dr. Reynell
Coates was elected president; Dr. Isaac B. Mulford, vice-
president ; Dr. D. P. Pancoast, secretary and treasurer, and
Doctors Cooper, Cullen, Schenck, Taylor, Mecray and Pancoast,
managers for the dispensar}-. The December meeting was of
unusual interest, because of the discussion of vaccination and
re\accination and the consideration of the reorganization of
the societ}-. Dr. Cullen, chairman of the committee on
reorganization, recommended that in the future the meetings
of the society be held at the offices of members, instead of at
the dispensar}^, and invited the society to hold its next meeting
at his residence. The inauguration of this custom aided
materialh- in building up the societ}' and was continued for a
number of )-ears. The re\'ision of the fees was referred to a
special meeting in December, when Doctors Cullen and White
presented a resolution increasing the regidar fee for a profes-
sional visit in Camden to two dollars and the obstetric fee from
fifteen to twent>- dollars. This resolution was unanimously
adopted, signed by ever>- member of the society, and published
in the newspapers of the cit>-. The effect was not favorable to

no History Medical Profession Camde?i County.

the interests of the regular profession of Camden. An oppor-
tunity was thus afforded to homoeopathic physicians and others,
who charged but one dollar per visit, to extend their practice,
and, as the increased fees met with unexpected disfavor from
the citizens of Camden, the policy of the society was abandoned.

[1873.] The adoption of the Cullen resolution greatly
increased the popularity of the meetings, which were regularly
held at the residences of members. In July, a special meeting
was called to consider cholera, which had appeared at New
Orleans in February, and gradually spread throughout the
West, reaching New York and Philadelphia in September.
At this meeting, a special committee was appointed to act in
conjunction with the sanitary committee of City Council and
to supervise the sanitar}' condition of the city. Three cases of
cholera, however, occurred, one of which proved fatal. At the
annual meeting. Dr. Reynell Coates delivered an address on
"The Later Development of the Microscope"; Dr. Isaac B.
Mulford was elected president ; Dr. D. P. Pancoast, vice-presi-
dent, secretar}- and treasurer, and the managers for the dispensarv-
were re-elected.

[1874.] Considerable interest was expressed this year in
the discussion of medical subjects ; in an endeavor to induce
Council to enlarge the laws relating to the reports of births
and deaths, and in the effort to secure the appointment, by
Council, of a city physician. Neither of the requests to
Council were granted. At the annual meeting. Dr. I. B.
Mulford delivered the annual address ; Dr. D. P. Pancoast was
elected president ; Dr. J. R. Haney, vice-president ; Dr. I. B.
Mulford, secretary and treasurer; Dr. T. G. Ro wand, a graduate of
Philadelphia Medical College, 1850, a member, and Doctors
Cullen, Schenck, Taylor, Mecray, Ridge and Pancoast were
elected managers for the dispensary.

Section III. — Thic Camden District Medical Society.

[1870.] At the last meeting of the District Society,
Doctors J. J. Comfort and N. B. Jennings were appointed a
committee to investigate the alleged violations of the code of
ethics, in Camden count)". They reported that Professors S. D.

The Ca/ndeii District Medical Soeletv . i i i

Gross and Joseph Pancoast, of Jefferson College, had held con-
sultations with an irregular practitioner of the county; that
correspondence had been held with the physicians named ;
that the matter had been presented to the Medical Society of
New Jerse}- and referred by that bod)- to the Medical Society
of Pennsylvania. The charges against Dr. Pancoast were ulti-
mately withdrawn, upon his explanation, and those against
Dr. Gross were dropped after they had been heard and
dismissed by the Penns\-lvania State Medical Society. In this
case, the Count)' Society was clearly in the wrong because
sufficient opportunity was not given Dr. Gross to explain his
position, as is shown in his communications with the society.
As in the Ri.sley and Fisler controversies, the society acted upon
ex parte testimony, and was compelled to drop the charge
because the point of the discussion "was explained away.

F'or the first time in several )-ears, a representative of the
Count)' vSociet)- attended the American Medical Association,
which met at Washington in May, and Dr. H. Genet Ta)lor,
acting in this capacity, was made a permanent member of the
association. Dr. R. M. Cooper represented the State Society
on the same occasion. The election of officers for the County
Society was as follows: Dr. J. Orlando White, president;
Dr. I. W. Heulings, vice-president, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor,
secretary and treasurer. Doctors I. W. Heulings, of Haddon-
field, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1869, and R. W.
Morgan, of Camden, were elected members. Dr. Isaac S.
Mulford, in view of his distinguished services to the profes.sion,
was made an honorary member. The fee- bill of the City
Medical Society, for making post-mortem examinations, was
adopted and officially sent to corresponding societies through-
out the State. From the Gloucester County Society, it met
with ready acceptance, but was not generally adopted b)-
others.

The first effort to rescue the profession from the low state
into which it had fallen, in regard to the professional standing
of its members, was made this year. The removal, in 1854, of
all legal restrictions over medical practice in the State, was
followed by an influx of incompetent and irregular physicians,

112 History Medical Profession Camden County.

who seriously injured the reputation of the profession. No
legislative action within the State had lately been attempted,
except the securing of a charter for the Homoeopathic State
Medical Society. The organization of the West Jersey
Homoeopathic Society, together with the adoption of the code
of ethics of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, tended to
classify and control medical practitioners. But at the meeting
of the American Medical Association, at New Orleans, the
pre\-ious year, a resolution, requesting the several States to
secure the registration of all medical practitioners and the
colleges from which they had graduated, was passed, and, in
consequence, the New Jersey Medical Societ\' called the atten-
tion of the District Societies to the matter. The Camden
District Society, thereupon, appointed a committee to take a
medical census of the county. This report was made in 1872,
but little good, however, was accomplished until the passage
of the medical Act of 1880. Dr. R. M. Cooper read the annual
report and discussed the treatment of scarlet fever then prevail-
ing as an epidemic; the effects of chloral, a new agent
recently introdiiced by Leibricht, of Prussia, and intermittent
fever, which he said was not as prevalent as formerly on
account of the sanitary improvements in the city and the
reclamation of land in the country. Dr. A. M. Mecray
reported a case of rupture of the uterus, with recover}^, in
which one leg of the foetus protruded through a rent in the
uterine wall.

[187 1.] On May 9th, the society held its twenty-fifth
anniversary at the West Jersey Hotel. A special programme
and banquet had been prepared, and Dr. R. M. Cooper, by
request, reviewed the history of the society in an elaborate
address in which its organization, its relation to the changes in
the medical laws of 1851, '54 and '66, and the services
rendered by the constituent members were narrated. This
address was not published. With the exception of Dr. Isaac S.
Mulford, who had been placed on the honorar}' list. Dr. Cooper
was the only charter member now living. He had repeatedly
refused the office of president ; but, at this meeting, the honor
was bestowed upon him and Dr. I. W. Heulings was elected

The Camden Distriet Medical Society. 113

vice-president, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and treasurer.
The president, Dr. J. Orlando White, delivered an address on
" The Emotions as Therapeutic Agents in the Treatment of
Disease"; Dr. Cooper read the annual report, in which he
stated that d}-sentery, which in years past had been prevalent,
was disappearing, like intermittent fever, and Dr. T. F. Cullen
reported a case of extra-uterine gestation at full term, which
died undelivered. Doctors Cooper and Taylor reported attend-
ance at the American ^Medical Association at Washington, D. C.

The bounds of professional intercourse were extended
through a resolution, introduced by Dr. Alexander Marcy,
providing for the appointment of delegates to corresponding
District Societies, and appointments were made for the first
time to Burlington, Gloucester and Union District Societies.
The society, at this time, numbered twenty-one members, to
whom were added, b)- election. Doctors John R. Hane}', D. P.
Pancoast, R. B. Okie, I. B. Mulford, Thomas D. Westcott and
W. H. Ireland, of Camden, and Doctors Joseph W. McCul-
lough, of Blackwood, and George W. Boughman, of Glouces-
ter City, the former a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in
i860 and the latter in 1863. Dr. A. D. Woodruff resigned
because of his removal to Maryland. Dr. Woodruff served
as president of the society in 1854, and was elected an honorary
member on his retirement.

[1872.] The annual meeting of the society was held on
Vl2,\ 14th, with Dr. R. M. Cooper in the chair. The medical
census of the county, as reported at this time, showed that
there were fifty-two physicians residing in the county, most of
whom were engaged in active practice. Of these, there were
thirty-three regular graduates, practicing as such, twenty-one
of whom resided in Camden, four in Haddonfield, three in
Blackwood, three in Gloucester, and one each in Waterford and
Berlin. Twenty-four were members of the Count}- Medical
Society. There were fourteen practicing homoeopath}-, includ-
ing one regular graduate ; there were also five eclectics. There
was an increase of twenty-five physicians in the county since
the last medical census, in 1852. Dr. Cooper delivered the
annual address and reported for the standing committee the

114 History Medical Profession Camden County.

subject of small-pox, then prevailing in epidemic form, and
Dr. Joseph F. Garrison read a paper on " European Hospitals."
Doctors Schenck, Cullen and Snowden attended the American
Medical Association at Philadelphia, May 7th. Dr. I. W.
Heulings was elected president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, vice-presi-
dent ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and treasurer, and Dr.
Edwin Tomlinson, of Gloucester City, a graduate of Jefferson
Medical College, 1872, a member. Delegates were appointed
to corresponding societies.

[1873.] The close relationship between the Masonic
fraternity and the medical profession led Camden Lodge, No. 15,,
F. and A. M., to offer, through Colonel Thomas McKeen and
William H. Gamble, the use of its room for the meetings of
the County Society. This offer, however, the society declined
with regret, because of the inconvenient location, and the
annual meeting was held at the West Jersey Hotel. A marked
progress was made by the adoption of a provision, introduced
by Dr. N. B. Jennings, re-establishing the semi-annual meeting
on the second Tuesday in November, which had been discon-
tinued in 1 85 1. The president, Dr. I. W. Heulings, delivered
an address upon "The Profession and the People"; Dr. J. V.
Schenck read the annual report and Dr. H. Genet Taylor
reported attendance at the American Medical Association at
St. Louis. Dr. Schenck was elected president; Dr. J. W.
Snowden, vice-]3resident ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary and
treasurer, and Dr. Charles H. Shivers, of Haddonfield, a former
student at Bucknell University and the University of Penn-
sylvania and a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1872, was
elected a member. The usual delegates were appointed. The
semi-annual meeting was held at Cooper's Point Hotel, Novem-
ber nth, when the society went into a committee of the whole
for the discussion of such medical topics as might be presented.
The following papers were read: "Use of the Forceps" and
"Hypodermatic Medication," by Dr. R. M. Cooper; "Rupture
of the Perineum," by Dr. T. F. Cullen, and "Ovarian Cysts,"
by Dr. I. B. Mulford. Among the visitors present were
Professor William Goodell, Dr. Franklin Gauntt and Dr.
Thomas G. Rowand.

The Medical Society of Nezv Jersey. 1 15

[1874.] The annual meeting of the society was held at
Cooper's Point Hotel, jVIay nth, when Dr. Schenck, the
president, delivered an address on "Physiognomy of Disease";
Dr. Taylor read the annual report, in the absence of Dr. Cooper,
who was sick; resolutions, expressive of sympathy for Dr.
Cooper, "the Nestor of the society," were passed, and he was
unanimously elected permanent president. Dr. Cullen was
elected vice-president ; Dr. Taylor, secretary, and Dr. Mulford,
treasurer, this being the first time that the office of treasurer
was held separately from that of secretary. On May 24th,
Dr. Cooper died, after an illness of several months, and, at the
semi-annual meeting in November, Dr. Cullen presided and
committees were appointed to take charge of the legacy left by
Dr. Cooper to the societ}-, and to arrange for a reception to the
State Medical Society at its ensuing meeting at Atlantic City.

Section IV. — The Medical Society of New Jersey.

[1870.] The society met at Trenton, on May 24th and
25th, with Dr. R. M. Cooper present as a Fellow and as a
reporter. Dr. T. F. Cullen as first vice-president and Doctors
Ridge, Branin, Comfort and White, as delegates from the
Camden District Society. Dr. Cullen was elected president
and Dr. Cooper a representative to the American Medical
Association. An elaborate memoir of Dr. O. H. Taylor was
presented and ordered published in the Transactions.

[187 1.] The annual meeting was held at Flemington,
May 23rd, and was of special interest to Camden physicians on
account of the presidency of Dr. Cullen. For the third time,
Camden County Society had been honored with this position.
Dr. O. H. Taylor having held it in 1852 and Dr. R. M. Cooper
in 1856. Dr. Cullen had well earned this high honor. He
was the recognized leader of medical thought in the county ;
an accepted court expert ; distinguished as a surgeon, and
favorably known in politics and polite literature. From his
first association with the society, he imparted to it so much of
his strong personality that his presidency was regarded with
great favor. He delivered his annual address on " The Posi-
tion, Rights and Duties of the Medical Expert in a Court,"

ii6 History Medical Profession Camden Coimty.

concluding that medical colleges should establish duplex pro-
fessorships on medical jurisprudence for the education and self-
protection of the physician and the more effective practice of
the lawyer. The curriculum of medical study, " by which
mediocrity and even still slighter capacity secures, with ease,
the diploma that admits its possessor into the fellowship of the
medical profession," was reviewed with emphatic disfavor.
Doctors Schenck, White and Heulings were present as dele-
gates at this meeting.

[1872.] On May 28th, the society met at Paterson, with
Dr. Cullen present as a Fellow, and Doctors Ridge, Schenck,
Taylor, Mulford and Marcy, as delegates. Dr. A. M. Mecray
presented a paper on " Narcotism" from the hypodermatic use
of one-third grain of morphia, and Dr. Cooper, a case of cyst of
the right kidney, with the report of the standing committee.

[1873.] At the annual meeting of the society at Mt.
Holly, in May, Dr. John V. Schenck was elected third vice-
president and Dr. H. Genet Taylor presented the report of the
standing committee for the county, in the place of Dr. Cooper.
Doctors Marcy, Jennings, Shivers, Schenck and Taylor were
present as delegates.

[1874.] The custom of holding the annual meeting of
the society at prominent resorts along the coast was inaugurated
this year and, for the first time in its history, the society met at
Long Branch. The innovation proved so acceptable that it has
since been continued. Dr. Schenck delivered an address on
"Obstetrical Forceps," in which he stated that the profession
should " sing paeans of praise to the inventor of the forceps,
and that he who stands by the couch of suffering and lends
no helping hand is unworthy of a position in the grand
profession of medicine, since the forceps robs obstetrics of
its greatest annoyances and anxieties." Dr. Schenck was
elected second vice-president and Dr. Taylor presented the
annual report for the county. Upon the invitation of the
Camden County Society, the next annual meeting was
voted to be held at Atlantic City, and Doctors Cullen,
Snowden, Taylor and Stevenson were appointed to perfect
the arrangements.

The Ncic Jersey State Hoiiiaopat/iie Medical Society. 1 17

Section V. — The New Jersey State Homckopathic
Medical Society.

[1870.] Iniinediately following the revocation of the
censorship of the Medical Society of New Jersey over medical
practice in 1854, the homoeopathic physicians of New Jersey
organized a State Medical Society, but did not secure its
incorporation until this year (1870). On February 9th, the
Act incorporating the New Jersey State Homoeopathic Medical
Society was passed and provided "that the regular members
shall have all the benefits and privileges that any duly
licensed physicians or surgeons now have, or may hereafter
have, under any law of this State." In 1884, a supplementary
Act was passed defining a homoeopathic physician "as a graduate
of a homoeopathic medical college or a member of a homceo-
pathic medical societ)'." The incorporation of the society
was due, in a large measure, to the efforts of the West Jersey
Homoeopathic Medical Society. Doctors Wallace McGeorge,
H. F. Hunt and C. J. Cooper, of Camden, were among the
incorporators. The object of incorporation was to secure the
advancement of medical science, the mutual improvement
of the members and the protection of their legal rights.
Authority was given to organize county societies. Among
the homoeopathic physicians of Camden county who have
joined the society are the following : Doctors H. F. Hunt, M.
F. Middleton, E. M. Howard, C. J. Cooper, P. W. Andrews,
Wallace McGeorge, T. R. Blackwood, W. G. DuBois, M. F.
Eaton, G. R. Fortiner, Ida R. Fortiner, Anna E. Griffith, W.
H. Hunt, J. D. Eeckner, S. H. Quint, W. S. ]\Ioslander, S.
Bryan Smith, E. R. Tullis, W. C. Williams, G. D. Woodward,
James A. George and W. W. Knowlton, of Camden ; E. K.
McGill, of Collingswood ; J. L. x\rtz, of Dudley; B. H.
Shivers and F. E. Williams, of Haddonfield, and J. M. Hinson,
of Merchantville. Doctors H. F. Hunt, Wallace McGeorge
and E. M. Howard have served as presidents of the society ;
Dr. G. D. Woodward, as vice-president and Dr. Wallace
McGeorge as secretary.*

*Traiisactions of the New Jersey State Honiceopathic Medical Society, 1891.

II S History Medical Profession Camden County.

Section VI. — New Jersey State Dental Society.

[1870.] The profession of dentistry in West Jersey was
crystallized into the organization known as the West Jersey
Dental Association, November 11, 1867 ; but this organization
was absorbed by the New Jersey State Dental Society, organized
October 25, 1870, and incorporated March 14, 1873. The
incorporative Act made it " unlawful for any person to engage
in the practice of dentistry unless a graduate of a chartered
dental college"; provided for a State Board of Examiners to
be elected by the society and for the granting of certificates
to applicants who passed a satisfactory examination. The
society took an active interest in building up the profession
and, in 1880, secured the passage of a supplementary Act,
making it unlawful to engage in the practice of dentistry
unless a regular course of instruction of at least one year had
been pursued in a reputable and chartered dental college, or a
certificate or diploma had been granted by a board of dentists
authorized to issue such. The filing of the diploma with the
county clerk was also required. In 1882, Dr. A. Irwin was
elected a member and is the only Camden dentist connected
with the society. In 1884, a further supplement was passed
regulating dental practice and, in 1890, a State Board of
Registration and Examination in Dentistry was created,
consisting of five persons appointed by the Governor upon
the recommendation of the State Dental Society and the
dental enactments of 1873, '^^ and '84 were repealed. This
board was given supervision over the practice of dentistry in
New Jersey. With the West Jersey Association, Dr. J. B.
Wood, of Camden, served as secretary. Dr. D. W. Neal,
of Camden, was the first dentist in the United States to
manufacture porcelain teeth.* Among the prominent dentists
of the county are the following : Doctors A. E. Street,
Henry F. Chew, x\lphonso Irwin, E. E. Bower, J. E. Duffield,
B. E. Fortiner, W. W. Morgan, F. M. Smith, C. P. Tuttle,
S. G. Wallace, William Blanc, B. R. West, M. F. Worrell,
W. H. Gelston, Charles W. Street, Marvin A. Street and
Christoj)her vS. Street.

* MS. notes of A. Irwin, D. D. S.

Mi sal hi ncoKs In teres ts . 119

Section VII. — Miscellaneous Interests.

A. WATER-SUPPLY.
[1870.] Originally established in 1845 as a private enter-
prise, on the site now occnpied by the Esterbrook pen factory,
the Camden Water-works Company failed to keep pace with the
growing demands of the city and was a sonrce of public dis-
satisfaction for a number of years. A better water-supply had
frequently been demanded by the medical profession, and this
}-ear the water-works, which had been established at Pavonia,
passed into the control of the city, a result which Doctors
Re}-nell Coates and James IVI. Ridge largel}- contributed to
bring about. Notwithstanding the change in ownership, and
the oversight of city officials, the quality of the supply is still
iinsatisfactor}'.

B. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS.
[1870.] This Order has always been popular with the
medical profession, since its introduction into this country in
181 9,* and, like it, is bound to humanity by the triple links of
friendship, love and truth. The first lodge in New Jersey was
established in Camden in 1829, and the State Grand Lodge in
1833. In 1870, Dr. William H. Iszard was made a Grand
Representative to the State Lodge and became a Grand Master,
and, in 1881, was made a representative to the Sovereign Grand
Lodge, a position which he has held continuously since.
Dr. T. R. Blackwood has served, as a representative in the
Sovereign, and also in the State, Grand Lodge. In 1882,
Dr. Iszard became a Patriarch ]Militant, serving as surgeon-
general, and Dr. William B. Christine served as surgeon of the
Order in New Jersey, with the rank of major, and as Past Grand,
since 1885. Dr. B. S. Lewis has served as Past Noble Grand
of the Order. Among the members of the Order in the county
are the following : Doctors James M. Ridge, H. E. Branin,
D. H. Bartine, W. T. Collins, E. E. DeGrofft, C. J. Hoell,
W. S. Long, Wallace T^IcGeorge, G. E. Kirk, J. W. Donges,
N. A. Colien, R. I. Haines, J. E. Hurff", P. W. Beale, J. :\I.
Walmsley, G. W. Henry, L. B. Hirst, William I. Kelchner,
O. W. Braymer, Jerome L. Artz and Edgar B. Sharp.

* Odd Fellowship, by Theo. A. Ross.

I20 History Medical Pi'ofession Camden Coxinly .

C. MASONIC.

[1870.] The reorganization of Camden Lodge, No. 15,
F. and A. M., in 1850, paved the way for the rapid rise of the
Masonic fraternity in Camden. Acting under the strict super-
vision of the Grand Lodge of New Jersey, which, since its
organization in 1786, has preserved with jealous care the tradi-
tions and landmarks of the craft, and, by frequent visitations of
its officers, disciplines subordinate lodges into harmonious
operations, Camden Lodge became popular and enrolled among
its members many of the leading citizens of the county. As
its membership assumed proportions warranting the institution
of other lodges, it cheerfully embraced the opportunity to
extend the filial bonds of the fraternity, and, from its bosom,
Ionic, Trimble, Merchantville and Haddonfield Lodges sprang
into full-fledged activity. In 1870, Trimble Lodge, No. 117,
F. and A. ]\I., was constituted, with Dr. H. Genet Taylor as
one of its charter members. Among the members of this
lodge are, or have been, Doctors Joseph F. Garrison, Charles G.
Garrison, John H. Austin, Henr>^ F. Chew, Dowling Benjamin,
W. R. Powell, W. H. Hunt, O. B. Gross, S. H. Quint, L. B.
Hirst, E. R. Tullis, Harr\^ Jarrett, O. W. Braymer and E. L. B.
Godfrey. During 1870, bodies of Scottish Rite Masonry were
established in Camden, meeting a higher interest in the
fraternity and indicating the progress of Masonic sentiment in
this section. Among the physicians who became members
are the following: H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, O. B.
Gross, H. H. Davis, W. R. Powell, Harry Jarrett, F. P. Pfeiffer,
J. D. Leckner, C. J. Cooper and L. L. Sharp.

[187 1.] The Ancient and Honorable Order of Free-
masonry was further extended this year by the institution of
Mozart Lodge, No. 121, F. and A. M., through the instru-
mentalit)- of Dr. Frederick P. Pfeiffer, and others. Dr. Pfeiffer
was a charter member of Ionic Lodge, and, upon the organiza-
tion of Mozart Lodge, was made master of the latter, — a posi-
tion held by him for two years with marked acceptance to the
members.

In 1872, Haddonfield Lodge, No. 130, F. and A. M., was
constituted, with Dr. N. B. Jennings as a charter member and

i Mi see/ /a neons In te rests . 121

past master, by dispensation. Of this lodge, Dr. Lawrence L.
Glover and Dr. Charles H. Shivers are members, and the latter
served as master in 1880.

Of the charter members of the Masonic lodges in the
connty, Doctors C. W. Sartori, A. M. Mecray and F. P.
Pfeiffer were charter members of Ionic Lodge ; Dr. H. Genet
Taylor, of Trimble Lodge ; Dr. F. P. Pfeiffer, of Mozart Lodge,
and Dr. N. B. Jennings, of Haddonfield Lodge. Dr. Sartori
attained the position of W. M. in Camden Lodge, Dr. F. P.
Pfeiffer in Mozart Lodge, and Dr. J. D. Leckner in Ionic
Lodge.

D. NATIONAL GUARD OF NEW JERSEY.

[1870.] Following the organization of the Fifth Battal-
ion of the National Guard of New Jersey in 1869, public
interests became aroused in military matters and new com-
panies were recruited, necessitating a regimental formation of
the battalion. This resulted in the organization of the Sixth
Regiment, National Guard, in 1870, under the command of
Colonel James M. Scovel. Dr. H. Genet Taylor was commis-
sioned major and surgeon and Dr. J. Orlando White first

lieutenant and assistant surgeon, September 24, 1870,
[1871.] on Colonel Scovel's staff. On September 11, 1871,

Lieutenant White resigned and, on September 28th,
Dr. I. B. Mulford was commissioned first lieutenant and assistant
surgeon. Under Colonel Scovel, the regiment rendered effective

service in protecting the ballot in the Centreville riots
[1873.] of that year. In 1873, Colonel Scovel resigned the

command of the regiment and Major-General William
J. Sewell was elected and commissioned colonel, January 22,
1873. In 1877, the regiment w^as ordered on duty to enforce
the law in the railroad riots at Phillipsburg ; a provisional
brigade was formed. General Sewell placed in command and
IMajor Taylor was made surgeon of the brigade. On vSeptem-
ber 7, 1877, Major-General Sewell was promoted to the com-
mand of the Second Brigade, National Guard, and was
succeeded by Colonel William H. Cooper.

122 History Medical Profession Camde7i County.

E. EDUCATION.

[1870.] During this year, Dr. James M. Ridge was
elected president of the Board of Education of Camden, and
Dr. A. M. Mecray, superintendent of public instruction.
Both brought to their positions trained abilities and advanced
the educational interests of the city. Considerable intellectual
activity was also displayed in the organization of the Camden
Literary and Library Association, through the influence of
Doctors Reynell Coates, L C. Martindale, F. Bourquin, John F.
Harned, U. F. Richards and others. At this time. Dr. Coates
stood in the front rank of polite literature. The organization
lasted only a short time, but helped to cement the friendship
of those interested in literary pursuits. In 1872, Dr. C. W.
Sartori served as a member of the Camden Board of Educa-
tion ; in 1873, Doctors J. M. Ridge, M. F. Middleton, J. H.
Austin and J. R. Haney were members, and, in 1874,
Dr. Haney and Druggists J. C. De La Cour and Herman Miller
became members.

F. SMALL-POX.

[187 1.] In August, an epidemic of small-pox* appear-
ed in South Camden, but its extent could not be accur-
ately ascertained because there was no city ordinance re-
quiring the quarantining or reporting of cases. Dr. R. M.
Cooper approximated the number of cases at one thousand,
with one hundred and fifty-seven deaths, in a population of
twenty-three thousand, which Camden then contained. The
sanitary committee of Council took charge of the infected
district and checked, for a time, the progress of the disease,
but, in October, it spread to other sections of the city. A
small-pox hospital was then opened by the city and placed in
charge of Dr. R. W. Morgan, who treated one hundred and
thirty-three cases with a mortality of 18.2 per cent. The
mortality, in one hundred and four cases reported in the
private practice of a number of physicians, averaged 16.4 per
cent. With the advent of cold weather, the disease spread and
frequently, among the unvaccinated, assumed a malignant
form. Dr. Morgan did much to subdue the epidemic and

* Transactious of the Medical Society of New Jersey for 1872.

MisccUa)icon$ hiicrests. 123

received the just praise of the public and of the medical
profession of the city.

G. DRUG AND PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS.

[187 1.] In this year, Dr. J. R. Haney established the
drug-store on Kaighn's avenue, now occupied by Dr. W. T.
Collins, and Dr. Max. West bought the store at the corner of
Fourth and Walnut streets, of Dr. S. Birdsell; in 1872,
Dr. D. P. Pancoast opened a drug-store at the corner of Fifth
and Clinton streets, now occupied by Dr. J. W. Fithian, and
J. E. Lehman, on March ist, opened the store at the corner of
Eighth and INIarket ; in 1874, Dr. R. W. Morgan established
a drug-store at the corner of Fifth and Kaighn's avenue, and
George D. Borton purchased the store, at Second and York
streets, established by Dr. William H, Ireland, in the preced-
ing year.*

In 1870, Dr. William C. Mulford moved from Gloucester
to Charles City, Va., where he died in 1878. Dr. Mulford, in
his earlier life, was a member of the Salem County Medical
Societ}- and frequently represented it in the State Society.
He was favorably known in Masonic and political circles
and served as superintendent of public schools and also as post-
master at Gloucester, and as a surgeon in the Civil War, but
never became identified with the Camden County Medical
Society.

In 1872, Dr. Charles H. Shivers located at Haddonfield
and Dr. Randall W. Morgan received the degree of Ph.D.
from the University of Pennsylvania; in 1873, Dr. Silas H.
Quint, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, located in
Camden ; in 1874, Dr. Anna Elizabeth Griffith, a graduate of
the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women and
a member of the staff of the Woman's Hospital, New York,
and Dr. Elijah J. Snitcher, a graduate of the Chicago Medical
College, 1874, located in Camden.

H. NEW JERSEY PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION.

[1874.] On February 18, 1874, this association was
incorporated for the advancement of the science of pharmacy

* Prowell's History of Camden County.

1 24 History Medical Profession Camden County.

and exerted a direct and favorable influence upon the
profession throughout the State. Among its members were
J. C. De La Cour, J. L. De La Cour, A. P. Brown, S. T. Ringel,
A. W. Test, M. Goldsmith, Emmor H. Lee, F. G. Thoman, O.
G. Taylor, G. W. Henry, of Camden, and W. H. Zelly, of
Marl ton. J. L. De La Cour served as vice-president in 1874, and
as president of the association in 1875, and A. P. Brown
as recording secretary from 1876 to 1884, and as president in
1884. In 1877, the association secured the passage of an
Act, regulating the practice of pharmacy, which provided for
the appointment of a State Board of Pharmacy. In 1879,
the Act was amended and, in 1886, further legislation was
secured, providing that stores for the retailing, dispensing
or compounding of drugs or medicines must be managed
by a registered pharmacist ; for the appointment, by the
Governor, of a State Board of Pharmacy, to consist of five
members recommended by the association, and for the condi-
tions for examinations, the regulating of the terms of office,
place of meeting, compensation and the penalties for procuring,
or attempting to procure, fraudulent registration. Of this
board, Professor A. P. Brown, of Camden, was made a member
in 1883. The board meets on the third Thursday of January,
April, July and October, alternately at Newark, Trenton,
Camden and Paterson, and its examination embraces pharmacy,
materia medica, chemistry and toxicology.

I. DEATHS OF PROMINENT PHYSICIANS.

During this period (i 870-1 875) the profession and public
were called to mourn the death of the three foremost
physicians in West Jersey, — Doctors Lorenzo F. Fisler, Isaac

S. Mulford and Richard M. Cooper. On March 30,
[187 1.] 1 87 1, Dr. Lorenzo V. Fisler died of softening of the

brain, at his residence in Camden, in the seventy-
fourth year of his age. Dr. Fisler came from a family of
physicians, his father and twin brother being members of the
medical profession. In 181 8, he was graduated from the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania; in 1825, 1^^ was licensed by the Salem
County Board of Censors and, in 1829, served as a member of

Afiscel/aueoKs /n/r/rs/s. 125

that board. At this time, he practiced at Port Elizabeth.
In 1837, he moved to Camden, where he at once took a
commanding position in the medical profession, in politics,
as a local preacher of the IMethodist Church and as a public
lecturer. In 1840, '41, '42 and '43, he was elected Mayor* of
Camden ; in 1846, he was one of the petitioners for the
Camden County Medical Society; in 1848, he was defeated for
]\Iayor on the Whig ticket; in 1851, he was elected to the
same office as the American candidate; in 1852, he was
again defeated; in 1853, he was elected Mayor on the Whig
and American tickets, and in this year, also, he was one of the
organizers of the Camden City Medical Society ; in 1854, he
was elected ]\Iayor as the American and anti-Nebraska nominee ;
in 1858, he wrote and published a " Histor}- of Camden" ; in
1859, ^^ was defeated for Mayor as the Republican candidate;
in 1865, he gave public lectures in aid of the Sanitar}- Fair; in
1866, he was defeated for Ma}-or as the Democratic candidate.
In this year, he was prominent in the organization of the
Camden City Dispensar\' and, in 1867, he became one of its
incorporators. As a practitioner of medicine, Dr. Fisler
displayed great abilities, commanded the confidence of his
patients and was the first in Camden to use chloroform for
anaesthetic purposes. As a politician, he was very popular.
He was a candidate for ]\Iayor of Camden twelve times, eight
of which he was elected, and represented successively the Whig,
American, Republican and Democratic parties. In the Metho-
dist church, he attained distinction as a local preacher. As a
public lecturer, he was best known by his lectures on "Queen
Victoria" and "Witchcraft." Appropriate notice was taken
of his demise by the medical societies and he was interred at
Port Elizabeth.

[1873.] On Februar>' i8th. Dr. Isaac S. ISIulford, the
oldest member of the medical profession in Camden county,
died at his residence in Camden, in the seventy-fifth year of
his age. Dr. IVIulford was graduated from the University of
Pennsylvania, in 1822, and located in Camden. He was a
contemporary' of Dr. Samuel Harris, the pioneer practitioner

*Proweirs History of Camden County

126 History Medical Profession Camden County.

of Camden, and was the connecting link between the
physicians in practice anterior to the erection of Camden
county and his confreres of the County Medical Society.
Dr. Mulford possessed high professional and literary quali-
fications and, during the period of his greatest activity, he
was regarded as the foremost citizen of Camden. His labors
in behalf of the public-school system, the State, County and
City Medical Societies, the Camden Dispensary, in the fields of
literature and politics and, as an elder of the Society of
Friends, were productive of far-reaching benefits. In 1842,
the public-school system was broadened by a legislative Act,
secured largely through his influence, admitting of direct
taxation for the support of public schools, in addition to the
State appropriation. He was identified with the management
of the schools for many years and, in 1845, was made president
of the Camden Board of Education. Through his counsel,
the Board of Education, in 1852, was made a separate factor
in the city government. In consequence of his efforts for the
public good, he was made a member of the State Board of
Education and the Mulford Grammar School of Camden was
named in his honor. In the State Medical Society, he served
as a member of the standing committee in 1855, and, for a
number of years, as chairman of the Board of Censors for
Camden county. He was a constituent member of the Camden
County Medical Society in 1846, of the Camden City Medical
Society in 1853 ^^^ of the Camden City Dispensary in 1865.
In 1848, he published a " History of New Jersey"; in 1861,
he was foremost among the citizens of Camden to support
President Lincoln, and his name heads the list of citizens
called to meet for that purpose. In 1870, he was made an
honorary member of the Camden County Medical Society, of
which he was president from 1848 to 185 1. Dr. Mulford
resided on the site now occupied by the Camden Safe Deposit
and Trust Company, which was chartered the year he died.
He was buried at Newtown Cemetery.

On May 24th, Dr. Richard M. Cooper died at his residence,
Cooper and Second streets, of gout, in the fifty-eighth year of
his age. He was a son of Hon. Richard M. Cooper, who was a

J/is(r//a//t'o/ts hitorsts. 127

State Senator, Judge in Old Gloucester County Court, member
of Congress, president of the National State Bank of Camden
and a lineal descendant of William Cooper, who settled in
Camden in 1682. Dr. Cooper was graduated as an A. B. from
the University of Pennsylvania in 1836, and as an M. D. in
1839. He then located in Camden, where he practiced for
thirty-five }'ears. He soon attained a high position in the
profession and was regarded as one of the leading physicians in
New Jersey. At the time of his decease. Dr. Cooper was the
oldest active practitioner in Camden. In 1846, he was one of
the organizers of the County ]\Iedical Society and served as a
censor until 1851, and, in 1853, ^^^ became a constituent member
of the City Medical Society. In 1856, he was elected president
of the Medical Society of New Jersey and served on the stand-
ing committee in 1854, '56 and '57. In 1865, he was one of the
incorporators of the Camden City Dispensary'; in 1866, he was
appointed by Governor Ward a menibei of the State Sanitary
Commission, to furnish the State information and advice in
reference to cholera, this being the first sanitary commission
ever appointed in New Jersey; in 1871, he was elected presi-
dent of the County Medical Society and prepared a history of
the society, which was never published, and, in 1874, he was
elected permanent president, — a position never before accorded
to any one. He was also appointed the same year a member
of a State commission to examine into the sanitary needs of
the State, into the laws bearing upon the prevention of disease,
and to inquire what should be done by the State towards con-
serving the physical welfare of its citizens. This commission
made an elaborate report to the Governor and Legislature
and paved the way for the organization of the New Jersey
Sanitary Association in the following year, and the establish-
ment of the State Board of Health in 1878. But before
the commission had concluded its work. Dr. Cooper died and
Dr. H. Genet Taylor made the report for Camden, which
considered the prevailing diseases, drainage, water-supply,
vaccination and garbage collection. The funeral of Dr. Cooper
was attended by delegations from the Dispensary, City and
County Medical Societies and also from the State Society, which

128 Histoiy Medical Pj'ofcssion Camden County.

was ill session at the time. Appropriate resolutions were passed
by each of these bodies. In addition to his professional repu-
tation, Dr. Cooper was highly esteemed socially and was
distinguished for his philanthropy. The hospital, which bears
the Cooper name, was a favorite project of his, although it was
not commenced until after the death of his twin brother,
William D. Cooper. He bequeathed $i,ooo to the Camden
City Dispensary, his medical library to the Camden City
Medical Society and $3,000 to the Camden County Medical
Society. The extract from his will, relating to the legacy to
the County Society, is as follows :

" I give and bequeath to the Camden County District Medical Society, of
which I have been a member since its organization, the sum of three thou-
sand dollars, to be invested by the said society in the loans of the United
States, the State of New Jersey or the City or County of Camden, or some
other public loan, and the interest of said sum to be used by the said society
in the payment of the expenses usually incurred by the said society at its
annual or other meetings, or for any other expense of said society.

In case my said executors should think proper to pay said legacy in any
securities belonging to my estate bearing interest at their market value I do
authorize and direct them to pay said legacy in such securities instead
of cash."

CHAPTER VIII.

THE PERIOD FROM 1875 TO 18S0.

Section I. — The Camden City Dispensary.

[1875.] The managers of the dispensary, bnrdened with
the difficnlties of the preceding year, were still unable to
secure the services of an attending staff of physicians, or the
appointment, by City Council, of city physicians to attend the
indigent sick, at stated salaries. Dr. William G. Taylor again
volunteered his services as medical interne for the year. There
were, however, four hundred and twenty -seven patients treated,
at a cost of $627.83. At the annual meeting, John Morgan
was elected president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, vice-president ;
Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary, and Joseph B. Cooper,
treasurer. The legacies of $1,000 from the estate of Dr.
Richard AI. Cooper, and $500 from Esther L. Cooper, as
previously mentioned, were acknowledged, which, in addi-
tion to $2,200 already invested in the bonds of the Camden
Horse Railroad Company, made a permanent fund of $3,700.

[1876.] The annual meeting- of this year was held, in
January, with the following managers present : John Morgan,
Colonel Thomas McKeen, Joseph B. Cooper, Maurice Brown-
ing, Rudolphus Bingham, and Doctors J. V. Schenck, H.
Genet Taylor, A. M. IVIecray, D. P. Pancoast, T. F. Cullen and
J. M. Ridge. The officers of the preceding year were re-
elected. Five hundred and ninety-eight patients were treated,
at a cost of $574.48. The appropriation received from City
Council was $300.

[1877.] The failure to secure a larger appropriation from
the city or the appointment of salaried city physicians, and the
difficulty of securing the services of an attending staff of
physicians, led to a proposition to the trustees of The Cooper
Hospital to transfer the dispensar>' to the hospital manage-
ment, but the proposition was declined. During the year,
Dr. William G. Taylor, who had performed the clinical duties

9 129

130 History Medical Profession Camden Coiinty.

since 1874, died, and this emphasized the necessity for a change
in the policy of the institntion. Clinics were established at
the dispensary, and Doctors W. H. Ireland, W. P. Melcher,
John Miller and E. Iv. B. Godfrey were appointed by the Cit)-
Medical Society to conduct them. These were the first clinics
established at the dispensary, but were not successful because
of the irregular attendance of the ph}'sicians. The number of
cases treated during the year was five hundred and nineteen,
at a cost of $798.50. The Board of Managers consisted of the
same members as in the preceding year, with the exception
that Doctors Alexander Marcy and I. B. Mulford were elected
in the place of Doctors T. F. Cullen and J. M. Ridge. The
officers of the preceding year were re-elected.

[1878.] Interest in the dispensary was less active than in
any previous year, on the part of both the managers and the
attending staff, who were the same as in 1877. But one meet-
ing of the managers was held and the only charitable work
done, except in the filling of prescriptions for members of the
City Medical Societ)', was at the clinics, which were indiffer-
ently attended by the ph}^sicians. Five hundred and sixty-
eight cases were treated during the year.

[1879.] The efforts of the managers were not less
arduous this year in securing the services of an attending stafif
at the dispensary, who, at this time, were appointees of the City
Medical Society. This difficulty, added to the financial embar-
rassment of the institution, led the managers to again seek a
larger appropriation from City Council. At this time,
medicines were supplied to the poor by druggists in certain
part's of the city, under contract with Council, and the request,
in consequence, met with some opposition. But through the
influence of Dr. John W. Donges, a member of Council, a
resolution was adopted b>' Council, directing its sanitary
committee to enter into an agreement with the Board of
Managers of the dispensary to supply medicine and medical
attendance to the poor of the city for $1,600 per annum.
This action of City Council infused new life into the institu-
tion. The sanitary committee consisted of William iVbels,
J. Willard Morgan, A. J. Milliette, Elwood W. Kemble and

The Cai/i.in/ City Medical Society. 131

I")r. John W. Donges. A joint meeting of the committee and
dispensary managers was held and the following conditions,
under which the dispensary should operate, were agreed to :
*' The cit)' to be divided into three medical districts, for each
of which medicine and a medical attendant should be appointed,
who, upon application of the sanitary committee or any
overseer of the poor, should render attendance except in
parturient cases, or illness or injury induced by intoxication."
Following this meeting, the committee, on May 29th, intro-
duced into Council an ordinance, embracing these provisions,
which was adopted, and, on June 3rd, the contract was signed
b\- both parties. The clinical facilities of the institution were
extended ; the duties of the pharmacist increased, and the
following medical appointments were made : Dr. O. B. Gross,
attending physician for the First district ; Dr. C. M.
Schellenger, for the Second district, and Dr. Maximilian West,
for the Third. In October, Dr. West resigned and Dr. J. F.
Walsh was appointed to fill the unexpired term.

Section II. — The Camden City Medical Society.

[1875.] Regular quarterly meetings were held at the
residences of Doctors Cullen, White, Pancoast and Mulford,
respectively, at each of which quarterly reports were read. At
the annual meeting, Dr. D. P. Pancoast delivered an address
on "Disinfectants and Disinfecting Agents," and Dr. T. F.
Cullen reported a case of yellow fever. Dr. William G. Taylor,
a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1873 ; ^r. IMaximilian
West, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1875 ;
Dr. E. J. Snitcher, a graduate of Chicago Medical College, 1874,
and Dr. R. G. Taylor were elected members. Dr. A. M.
Mecray was elected president ; Dr. Maximilian West, vice-
president, and Dr. I. B. Mulford, secretary and treasurer. The
managers for the dispensar}- were re-elected.

[1876.] The society was entertained during the year, in
turn, by Doctors Marcy, Cullen, Morgan and Ireland, each of
whom read the report for his respective quarter. Dr. A. M.
^Nlecray. delivered an address on " Quacker>-" ; Dr. William P.
Melcher, A. B. of Waterville College, .Maine, and M. D. of the

132 History Medical Profession Camden County.

University of Pennsylvania in 1876; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey^
Ph. B. of Peddie Institute, 1872, M. D. of Jefferson Medical
College, 1875, and ex-resident physician of the Presbyterian
Hospital, Philadelphia, and of the Rhode Island Hospital,
Providence, Rhode Island ; Dr. James A. Armstrong, Ph. G. of
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1855, M. D. of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, 1861, ex-surgeon United States Volun-
teers, and ex-coroner of Camden, were elected members. Dr.
Maximilian West was elected president ; Dr. R. W. Morgan,
vice-president; Dr. I. B. Mulford, secretary and treasurer, and
Doctors Schenck. Taylor, Mecray, Pancoast, Cullen and Ridge
were elected dispensary managers.

[1877.] Regular meetings of the society were held
during the year and the following papers were read: " Cleft
Palate," by Dr. H. Genet Taylor ; " Premature Labor," by
Dr. W. H. Irelnad; "Amputation of the Thigh and Fore-
Arm," by Dr. A. M. Mecray ; " Alcohol," by Dr. Max. West,
and " Dislocation of the Lower Jaw," by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey.
Dr. E. J. Snitcher was elected president ; Dr. W. P. Melcher,
vice-president ; Dr. I. B. Mulford, secretary and treasurer, and
Dr. William A. Davis, a graduate of the University of Pennsyl-
vania, 1876 ; Dr. Samuel B. Irwin, a graduate of Jefferson
Medical College, 1844, and ex-surgeon in the U. S. Marine
Hospital service, and Dr. John S. Miller, a graduate of George-
town Medical College, were elected members. The managers
of the dispensary were re-elected, except that Dr. I. B. Mulford
was chosen to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dr. T. F.
Cullen.

[1878.] In March, Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey entertained the
society and read a paper on the " Resuscitation of the
Apparently Dead from Drowning," with the report of a case
resuscitated after ten hours of continuous effort ; in June, the
society met at the residence of Dr. James A. Armstrong, who
read a paper on " Bronchocele" and exhibited a case.
Dr. Melcher was elected president ; Dr. Godfrey, vice-president ;
Dr. Mulford, secretary and treasurer, and Dr. J. F. Walsh, a
graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in 1876; Dr. O. B.
Gross, a graduate of the same institution in 1878, and Dr.

The Caiiidoi Dis/rict Ah-d/cal Socifiv . 133

William H. Iszard, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in
1870, were elected members.

[1879.] During this year, but one meeting of the society
was held, at which Dr. James H. Wroth, a graduate of the
University of Penns}'lvania, 1878, was elected a member.

Section III. — The Camden District Medical Society.

[1875.] The preparations for entertaining the State
Medical Society at Atlantic City, in May, were reported in
detail at the annual meeting and included an offer from John
Lucas to furnish a special, complimentar}- train, over the Camden
and Atlantic Railroad from Camden to Atlantic City and return,
for the use of the delegates and their friends, and the statement
that arrangements had been made for a complimentary banquet
at Congress Hall. The report of the committee was unani-
mousl}- accepted and the society looked forward to the event
with pleasant anticipations. At this meeting, the •' Dr. Richard
^I. Cooper Legacy," consisting of three one thousand dollar
bonds of the West Jei'sey Railroad Company, was received.
Dr. Alexander iNIarcy read the annual report, and, in discussing
pneumonia, said: "That in the treatment, equal parts of
s\'rup of squills and the tincture of veratrum viride, beginning
with ten drops and increasing one drop every hour until the
toxic effects of veratrum viride are obtained, or the disease
yields, will give good results." Dr. T. F. Cullen, in lieu of an
address, gave an account of the work being done at The Cooper
Hospital, then in course of construction. Dr. John W.
S no wden was elected president; Dr. T. F. Cullen, vice-presi-
dent ; Dr. H. Genet Ta}-lor, secretary-, and Dr. I. B. Mulford,
treasurer. At the semi-annual meetitlg in November, a large
number of in\'ited guests were entertained, and a bill, amount-
ing to $429.50, for entertaining the State Medical Society,
numbering two hundred and twenty, at a banquet at Congress
Hall, Atlantic City, was presented and ordered paid. Dr. Maxi-
milian West was elected a 'member.

[1876.] Considerable progress was shown, and professional
interest in the society was increased, by the establishment
of .sections on medicine, surgery, obstetrics, pathology and

134 History Medical Profession Camden County.

microscopy. The progress of medical science and the desire
of the members necessitated this innovation and an abundant
opportunity was offered, at the semi-annual meetings, for its
exemplification. The success of sectional work was demon-
strated at the first meeting and led to the appointment of a
committee, consisting of Doctors H. G. Taylor, J. V. Schenck
and J. M. Ridge, to revise the constitution and by-laws and to
make suitable provisions for its continuance. Dr. J. W.
Snowden, the president, delivered an address on "A Plea for
Women," in which the principles of gynaecology, then becom-
ing generally adopted, were ardently advocated. Dr. Alexander
Marcy was elected president; Dr. Edwin Tomlinson, vice-
president; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary; Dr. I. B. Mulford,
treasurer, and Doctors James A. Armstrong, William P. Melcher,
E. J. Snitcher, Thomas G. Rowand and E. L. B. Godfrey,
of Camden; E. B. Woolston, of Marlton, a graduate of the
University of Pennsylvania, 1854, ^^^^ Duncan W. Blake, of
Gloucester City, a graduate of Philadelphia Medical College,
1864, ^"d of Jefferson Medical College, 1876, were elected
members. At the semi-annual meeting, the revised constitu-
tion was adopted. This provided for the reading of the report
of the standing committee (practically the medical history of
the county for the year) at the annual meeting and reports,
from the sections named, at the semi-annual meeting. The
constitution also provided for a nominating committee and a
Board of Censors.

[1877.] On May 8th, the annual meeting was held at
Cooper's Point Hotel, with Dr. Alexander Marcy, the president,
in the chair. Dr. Marcy delivered an address on "The
Importance of Diseases of Women," in which he traced the
history of gynaecology, and medicine as applied to women,
through Egyptian, Greek and Ptolemaic civilization and
reviewed the present methods of local and general treatment.
Dr. Edwin Tomlinson, of Gloucester City, was elected presi-
dent ; Dr. H. A. M. Smith, of Gloucester City, vice-president ;
Dr» H. Genet Taylor, secretary ; Dr. I. B. Mulford, treasurer ;
Dr. J. W. Snowden, chairman of standing committee ; Doctors
Schenck, Cullcn, Snowden, Marcy and Branin were elected

The Caiiidoi District Medical Society. I35

censors, and Dr. Dowling Benjamin, a ^^raduate of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, 1877, and Doctors William A. Davis
and John S. Miller, of Camden, to membership. K\. the semi-
annnal meeting, reports were made from sections on medicine,,
surgery and obstetrics.

[1878.] The society met at Cooper's Point Hotel on
March nth, with Dr. Edwin Tomlinson in the chair, who
delivered an address on "Quackery." Dr. Snowden, chairman
of the standing committee, reported the prevalence of periodical
fevers in Camden and an epidemic of diphtheria in the Academy
at Haddonfield, which infected twentv out of forty-five pupils,
with a death-rate of ten per cent. Dr. H. A. M. Smith was
elected president; Dr. D. P. Pancoast, vice-president; Dr. H.
Genet Taylor, secretary ; Dr. I. B. Mulford, treasurer ; Dr. J. W.
Snowden, chairman of the standing committee; Doctors
Schenck, Cullen, Snowden, Marcy and Branin were elected
censors, and Doctors John F. Walsh and S. B. Irwin to mem-
bership. At this meeting, a committee of arrangements was
appointed for the first time, through general consent. The
usual delegates were appointed. At the semi-annual meeting,
Dr. Snowden made the report for the section on medicine;
Dr. Godfrey, on surgery; Dr. Schenck, on obstetrics, and Dr.
Ridge, on patholog}'.

[1879.] I^l^e annual meeting was held May 12th, with
Dr. H. A. M. Smith in the chair. Dr. Snowden read the
annual report and called attention to the increase of typhoid
fever in Camden and Gloucester City, the prevalence of malar-
ial fever at Blackwood and Berlin, and to the fact that
Winslow has always been exempt from malaria, which is due to
its location within the pine belt and to the sandy, poroiis soil.
The constitution was amended to provide that the standing
committee should consist of five members and that its report
should be transmitted annualh' to the State ^Medical Society.
Dr. Smith, the president, delivered an address on "The Useful-
ness of the Society as an Element of Professional Power."
During the preceding year, the Board of Chosen Freeholders
erected a three-story brick building with modern appliances,
on the county farm at Blackwood, for the care of the indigent

136 History Medical Profi'ssio)! Camden County.

insane of the county, under the State law, granting counties
an allowance for such purposes. The building accommodates
ninety patients and is known as the Camden County Insane
Asylum. Upon the opening of the building for the reception
of patients, the board elected Dr. Silas H. Quint, a prominent
homoeopathic physician of Camden, resident physician and
superintendent. This act at once aroused the opposition of the
members of the regular profession and, upon the assembling of
the County Society, Dr. J. M. Ridge introduced a resolution
calling for the appointment of a committee " to consider what
action should be taken in reference to the appointment of a
homoeopathic physician by the Board of Freeholders as resident
ph}'sician of the Camden County Insane Asylum." The resolu-
tion was adopted and Doctors Ridge, Marcy and Benjamin, of
Camden ; Dr. N. B. Jennings, of Haddonfield, and Dr. E. B.
Woolston, of Marlton, were appointed with instructions to
report their conclusions to the society. The committee met
in June and, after formulating a plan of action, appointed
Doctors Dowling Benjamin and O. B. Gross a sub-committee
to attend the next regular meeting of the Freeholders and
urge the removal of Dr. Quint. The sub-committee met the
Freeholders in session and were accorded a hearing, with the
result that, at the semi-annual meeting of the society, in
November, Dr. Ridge reported " that the Board of Freeholders
had replaced Dr. Quint by Dr. J. J. Comfort, a regular physi-
cian of Haddonfield." Following this, the society appointed
Doctors Jennings, of Haddonfield ; Branin, of Blackwood ;
Woolston, of Marlton ; Tomlinson, of Gloucester City ;
Snowden, of Waterford, and H. Genet Taylor, Ridge and
Benjamin, of Camden, a visiting committee for the asylum ;
but they were never officially recognized b}^ the Freeholders
and, after two visitations, no further appointments were made.
On June i, 1880, Dr. Comfort resigned and the Board of Free-
holders elected Dr. Henry E. Branin medical director to the
Asylum, a position still retained by him. The following were
eleacted officers of the society for the ensuing }ear : President,
Dr. D. Parish Pancoast ; vice-president, Dr. Charles H. Shivers;
secretary. Dr. H. Genet Taylor ; treasurer, Dr. I. B. Mulford ;

The Medical Socio 1 1 ' of Ncu ■ Jc rsc v. 137

chainuaii, standing committee, Dr. J. W. Snowden ; censor for
five years, Dr. N. B. Jennings. Doctors O. B. Gross, W. H.
Iszard, and James H. Wroth were elected members, and
Dr. W. P. Melcher resigned upon removing to Pemberton.
Dr. Melcher subsequently removed to Mt. Holly, where he now
enjoys a lucrative practice. At the semi-annual meeting,
reports were made in the sections on medicine, surgery and
obstetrics.

Section IV. — The Medical Society of New Jersey.

[1875.] The innovation of holding the State Medical
Society at the sea-shore furnished the Camden County Society
an opportunity, long desired, of inviting the State Medical
Society to meet in South Jersey. At the annual meeting at
Long Branch in the preceding )-ear, the State Society accepted
an invitation to hold its next meeting at Atlantic City, as
the guest of the Camden Count}- Societ}-. Extensive arrange-
ments were made by the County Society for the occasion. A
special, complimentar}- train was tendered by the officers of the
Camden and Atlantic Railroad Company and, on the evening
of May 25th, the date of the meeting, a complimentary
banquet was served for two hundred and twenty guests, at a
cost of $429.50. This afforded the first instance in which a
County Society entertained the New Jersey Medical Society as
its guest and the first occasion on which a complimentary train
was placed at the disposal of either societ}'. Camden was well
represented at the con\-ention. Dr. T. F. Cullen was present
as a Fellow; Dr. J. V. Schenck, as second vice-president;
Dr. Alexander Marcy, as reporter for the Count}- Society;
Dr. J. W. Snowden, as chairman of the committee of arrange-
ments and Doctors Mulford, Taylor, Haney, Jennings and
Ridge attended as delegates. Dr. Cullen read a paper on "Dis-
location of the Radius and Ulna'' and reported a case of "A
I\Iale Monstrosity," with photographic views; Dr. Marcy pre-
sented a paper on "Remitting Fever," and Dr. Schenck pre-
sented a paper on an "Interesting Case of Labor," and was
elected first vice-president.

138 History Medical Profession Camden County.

[1876.] On May 23d, the society met at Cape May and
was given special, complimentary transportation over the
West Jersey Railroad, through the influence of the Camden
County Society. Dr. Ridge, in his report of the standing
committee of the County Society, discussed the germ theory of
disease and alluded to the close relation between putrefaction,
fermentation and zymosis. He also made a special report of
the treatment of a case of fibroid tumor by hypodermatic injec-
tions of ergot and presented a paper on "Theories of Fermen-
tation." Dr. J. V. Schenck was elected president; Dr. J. M.
Ridge was made one of the delegates to the International
Medical Congress, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor, a delegate to the
American Medical Association, both of which met in Philadel-
phia during the Centennial year.

[1877.] The annual meeting of the society was held in
Trenton, May 2 2d, with President John V. Schenck, of
Camden, in the chair and with Doctors Snowden, Branin,
Godfrey, Melcher and Taylor present as the representatives of
the Camden Society. There were ninety-eight delegates present
from a membership of four hundred and fifty-eight in the Dis-
trict Societies. Dr. Schenck delivered his address on "The
Physician, Physically, Mentally and Morally Considered." He
claimed that, "In none of the learned professions is a higher
grade of health required than for the student of medicine. The
practitioner of medicine is too lavish of his vital powers ; he
peals his own death-knell in the vain effort to answer all- the
demands upon him. Intellectually, a first-class preliminary
education is required. * * * Medicine has always been
progressive and the medical investigator yok.es to his car the
scientist of every field. * * * /\^s ^ moralist, a wide range
of duty is open. * * * f]^g votaries of medicine have
occupied a place in history from the earliest time. Its prac-
titioners have kept pace with the sciences, art and learned
professions. The accomplishments of the medical profession
are great, and noble should be the monument erected to the
fame of those who have preceded us."

[1878.] On May 28th, the State Society met at Spring
Lake with Doctors H. Genet Taylor, Snowden, Benjamin,

The Nvzc Jersey Sanilarv Association. 139

Woolston and Ste\-eiison present as delegates from Camden.
Dr. Taylor was appointed, by the president, essayist for the
next meeting.

[1879.] 0^1 ^I^y 27th, the society met at Englewood,
with Dr. J. V. Schenck present as a Fellow; Dr. J. W.
Snowden, as reporter, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, Ridge,
Branin, White, Benjamin and Woolston, as delegates from
Camden. Dr. Taylor read an essay on "The Unity of the
Medical Profession." He claimed, in snbstance, that the
physician should possess a unit\- of mind and purpose ; that the
aim of professional intercourse should be to repel any attack
upon the dignity and rights of the profession ; that the char-
acter of a physician should have a mighty influence over his
patients, and that the physician should feel himself charged at
all times with the care of the profession as a whole.
Dr. John W. Snowden, of Waterford, was elected third vice-
president.

Section V. — The New Jersey Sanitary Association.

[1875.] The first definite movement in the direction of
State sanitation in New Jersey was m^ade in 1866, when a
legislative Act was passed empowering Governor Marcus L.
Ward to appoint a sanitary commission for the purpose of
reporting to the Governor, at as early a date as practical, "such
information and advice as they might deem important in refer-
ence to Asiatic cholera." This enactment was effected through
the influence of Doctors Ezra M. Hunt and Samuel Lilly, who,
with Dr. Richard. M. Cooper, of Camden, and others, were
appointed members of the commission. In 1874, another
step was taken in State sanitation, through the influence of
Dr. Hunt, and a law was enacted, providing for a Health Com-
mission to be appointed by the Governor to inquire, among
other duties, "what ought to be done by the State towards
conserving the physical welfare of its citizens." Dr. R. M.
Cooper was also appointed a member of this commission. The
report of this commission increased popular interest in sanitary
matters with the result that, on September 24th, a call was

140 History Medical Pyofcssion Camden County.

issued b)' Dr. Hunt and others to prominent physicians and
sanitarians throughout the State to meet at Newark, N. J.,
October 13th, to discuss sanitary matters. At the appointed
time, the meeting was held and was presided over by Dr.
Stephen Wickes, of Orange, N. J., the distinguished author of
the "History of Medicine and Medical Men in New Jersey."
As a result of the conference, the New Jersey Sanitary Associ-
ation was formed. Frederick Bourquin, a member of the
sanitary committee of City Council, represented Camden.
The organization was effected on a liberal basis ; physicians,
sanitarians, pharmacists, teachers, architects, civil engineers,
and all those impressed with the claims of sanitary science,
and interested in public and personal hygiene, were invited to
become members. From the outset, the organization met with
favor from sanitarians ; meetings have been held annually and
the association has become a potent factor, within the State, in
matters of sanitation. Camden county has furnished two
presidents for the association, — Dr. Dowling Benjamin in 1889
and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey in 1892. Rev. F. R. Brace, Ph.D.,
of Blackwood; Doctors Dowling Benjamin, Daniel Strock,
E. L. B, Godfrey, Hon. L. T. Derousse and Richard H. Reeve,
of Camden, and Arnold H. Moses, of Merchantville, have
served in the executive council. Dr. Daniel Strock was elected
recording secretary of the association in 1894. Among those
who have been elected to membership from Camden county are
the following: Hon. H. L. Bonsall, Dr. B. S. Lewis, Hemy
B. Francis, E. E. Read, Jr., Dr. William Shafer, Dr. W. B. E.
Miller, Dr. W. H. Iszard, Dr. E. M. Howard, Dr. W. A. Davis
and Prof C. Henry Kain, of Camden ; Dr. J. A. Walmsley, of
Gloucester, and Dr. Henry E. Branin, of Blackwood. In 1877,
Rev. Dr. F. R. Brace, superintendent of public schools for
Camden county, made a report on "School Hygiene," in which
the location, structure, air-space, lighting and heating of school-
houses were elaboratelj- set forth.*

* History of Sanitation in New Jersey, by B. L. B. Godfrey, A. M., M. D.

Chaiitable Instiliitioiis. 141

Section VI. — Charitable Institutions.

A. THE COOPER HOSPITAL.

[1875.] The Cooper Hospital was incorporated March 24,
1875, under the name of "The Camden Hospital," bnt the
name was changed to the present one, March 6, 1877, by legis-
lative enactment. From the experiences of a medical practice
extending over a j)eriod of thirty-five years, and from long
connection with the management of the Camden City Dispen-
sary, Dr. Richard M. Cooper appreciated the urgent need of a
hospital for the cit}' of Camden, and impressed upon his twin
brother, William D. Cooper, the manager of the Cooper estate,
his sisters, Sarah W. and Elizabeth B. Cooper, and his medical
confreres the importance of establishing such an institution.
Dr. Cooper, however, died in 1874, without bequeathing any
part of his estate for hospital purposes, with the exception of
$1,000 to the Camden City Dispensary. In 1875, William
D. Cooper died, without perfecting a plan for a hospital or
leaving a bequest for hospital purposes. But the subject had
been so frequently considered by the Cooper family that, in his
last illness, William D. Cooper designated to his brother
Alexander, and his sisters, Sarah and Elizabeth, the grounds
upon which he would like a hospital to be erected, and named
Albert W. Markley, Charles P. Stratton, Rudolphus Bingham,
Dr. Thomas F. Cullen, Joseph B. Cooper, Augustus Reeve,
Alexander Cooper, John W. Wright and Peter L. Voorhees as
trustees. An Act of incorporation was secured, March 24,
1875, after which Alexander Cooper, Sarah W. Cooper and
Elizabeth B. Cooper, desirous of carrying out the wishes of
their brother, conveyed the grounds valued at $50,000, upon
which the hospital now stands, to the trustees, and Sarah W.
and Elizabeth B. Cooper jointly donated $200,000. Upon
receiving this donation, the trustees began the erection of the
present building, which was completed in 1877, but the
expense of construction proved so great that its opening was
delayed until August 11, 1887. In the meantime, Sarah W.
Cooper died (1880) and bequeathed to the institution $25,000,

142 History Medical Profession Camden County.

which was supplemented by a further gift of $25,000 from
Elizabeth B. Cooper, who died in \\

B. WEST jerse;y orphanage.

[1875.] The West Jersey Orphanage was chartered during
the preceding year, under the management of the Society of
Friends, and opened in February', 1875, for the reception of
colored children. The object of the Orphanage is to provide a
home for destitute colored children, to furnish them the means
of acquiring an elementary education and to afford them, at a
suitable age, an opportunity to learn a trade or engage in a
useful occupation. The Orphanage is governed by a Board of
Trustees, composed of gentlemen, and a Board of Managers,
consisting of ladies. In the report for 1894, the Board of
Trustees consisted of the following: President, Howard M.
Cooper ; first vice-president. Dr. George W. Bailey, of Wenonah;
second vice-president, Daniel Thackara, of Woodbury ; secre-
tary and treasurer, Alexander C. Wood, of Camden ; solicitor,
Howard M. Cooper ; physician, Dr. Alexander McAlister, of
Camden ; members of the board, Dr. Wallace McGeorge,
William Bettle, John Cooper, Augustus Reeve, Richard H.
Reeve, Benjamin C. Reeve, Edward E. Farr, William J.
Cooper, Henry Troth and Harvey Sharpless, of Camden ; John
Gill, of Haddonfield ; William J. Evans and David E. Cooper,
of Marl ton ; Thomas W. Synnott, of Wenonah, and Josiah
Wistar, of Salem. The Board of Managelrs consisted of the
following : President, Lucy S. Cooper ; first vice-president,
Mary Emma S. Wood, of Cinnaminson ; second vice-president,
Dr. Sophia Presley, of Camden ; treasurer, Rebecca C. W.
Reeve, of Camden ; secretary, Rebecca C. Reeve, of Philadel-
phia ; corresponding secretary, Susan S. Wood, of Merchant-
ville ; secretary of donations, Margaret B. French, of Camden ;
members, Hannah F". Carter, Moorestown; Susan S. Haines,
Helen Lippincott and Annie S. Sharp, of Riverton ; Hannah
H. Stokes and Elizabeth Allen, of Cinnaminson ; Mary E.
Eyre, of Philadelphia ; Hettie G. Evans and Caroline S.

* Historical Sketch by Peter L. Voorhees iu the Report of the Managers of The Cooper
Hospital for 1892.

Misallaneoiis bitercsts. 143

Haines, of Haddoiifield ; Maria M. Clement and Sarah C.
Griscom, of Woodbury, and Mary L. Troth, Laura W. Scull,
Elizabeth C. Reeve, Mar\' R. C. Reeve, Rebecca H. C. Reeve
and Anna Waring, of Camden. Dr. Isaac B. Mulford was the
first ph)-sician appointed to the Orphanage and was succeeded
by Dr. Sophia Presley, who in turn was succeeded by Dr. Alex-
ander McAlister, the present medical director of the institu-
tion. The management of the Orphanage has always afforded
the attending physician the best facilities for caring for the
sick of the institution. On January 2, 1895, an epidemic of
diphtheria broke out in the Orphanage and infected nineteen
of the inmates. Upon requisition of Dr. Mcx'Vlister for anti-
toxin, a new remedy then coming into vogue, the Board of
Trustees sent an agent to New York to procure the blood-serum
from the Pasteur Institute. As soon as the remedy was
obtained. Dr. McAlister began its immediate use, stopping all
other forms of treatment, and, in eighteen cases, effected a
cure. In the case that died, antitoxin was not used because
death occurred within thirty-two hours after the epidemic
began and before the antitoxin could be procured. This was
the first instance in which antitoxin treatment was eniplo\-ed
in Camden county in diphtheria cases. Within three months.
Dr. AIcAlister used it in nine cases in his private practice, mak-
ing a total of twent)^-seven cases, with a death-rate of seven per
cent. Of these, twelve were laryngeal cases, with a death-rate
of eight and one-half per cent., — one case dying.

Sectiox VII. — Miscellaneous Interests.

A. PHYSICLANS AND DRUGGISTS.

[1875.] The drug interests of Camden were extended by
the opening of stores at the following locations : Broadway and
Ferr}- avenue, by Dr. J. W^ Donges ; Linden and Fourth streets,
b\' Emmor H. Lee, who was succeeded by Stanley C. Muschamp
and, later, by Lewis H. Wilson ; Third and Kaighn's avenue,
by Dr. H. H. Davis, now owned by Dr. R. I. Haines, and
Fourth and Walnut streets by Dr. Maximilian West,
[1876.] successor to S. W. Cochran. In 1876, Dr. D. P.

144 History Medical Profession Camden Co2inty.

Pancoast opened a drug-store at Sixth and Royden streets.
During the 3^ear, Doctors Dowling Benjamin, William A.
Davis, E. L. B. Godfrey and John D. Leckner, the latter a
graduate of Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia in
1873, located in Camden, and Edgar B. Sharp, a graduate of

Hahnemann Medical College, 1876, located at Berlin.
[1877.] In 1877, Dr. W. A. Davis opened a drug-store at

Third and Washington streets, now owned by Dr. J. S.
Baer, and Richard S. Justice, a graduate of the Philadelphia
College of Pharmacy, opened a store at Fifth and Elm streets.
During this year. Dr. E. M. Howard, B. S., of Cornell University,

1873, and M. D. of the Hahnemann Medical College of
[1878.] Philadelphia, 1877, located in Camden. During 1878,

Dr. O. B. Gross and Dr. Willis H. Hunt, the latter a
graduate of Harvard Medical School, 1877, and of Hahnemann
Medical College, 1878, located in Camden; Dr. James A.
Walmsley, graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1878, located
at Gloucester City, and R. G. Stevenson, Ph. G,, opened the

drug-store at Sixth and Market streets, now owned by
[1879.] Frank S. MacPherson. During 1879, I^^- P- W.

Beale, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College in
1876, located at Wrightsville, but subsequently removed to
Camden ; Dr. Franklin E. Williams, a graduate of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania in 1878 and of Hahnemann Medical
College in 1879, located at Haddonfield ; Doctors George R.
and Ida F. Fortiner, graduates of Penn Medical University,
1879, and Dr. Eli R. Tullis, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical
College, 1879, located in Camden.

B. EDUCATION.

[1875.] In 1875, Dr. James M. Ridge represented the
Third ward of Camden in the Board of Education; in 1876V
Dr. Max. West served in the board from the Fifth ward ; in
1878, Dr. J. D. Leckner served as a member of the board, and,
in 1879, F)octors Dowling Benjamin, H. H. Davis and M. F.
Middleton were members.

C. THE CENTENNIAL.
[1876.] The celebration, in Pliiladelphia, of the centen-

J/isir/laitcons htUrests. 145

iiial year of the Nation's independence afforded an opportnnity
for the nieetino^ of varions scientific associations of the country.
In the Fifth International Medical Congress, which met in
Philadelphia during the }ear, Dr. James M. Ridge was one of
the representatives of the New Jersey Medical Society ; in the
World's Congress of Homoeopathic Physicians, Dr. H. F. Hunt
was one of the representatixes of the New Jersey State Homoeo-
pathic Society, of whicli he was president ; and in the American
IVIedical Association, Dr. H. Genet Taylor represented the New
Jersey Medical Society and Doctors Alexander Marc\- and
J. V. Schenck represented the Camden District Medical
Societ}-.

D. THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF MEDICINE.

[1876.] On September 6th, the American Academy of
Medicine was organized for the purpose of bringing those who
are alumni of classical, scientific and medical schools into closer
relationship with each other, to encourage drill in the classics
before beginning medical stud}- and to extend the bounds of
medical science. Graduation from a college of the arts and
sciences in which the degree of A. B. is conferred, or a period
of residence at such an institution, is essential to membership.
The academy is intended to encourage an extension of the
period of medical stud)' and has, in a great degree, accom-
plished its object. Of the Camden county physicians, Doctors
Isaac B, Mulford and Orange W. Braymer have been elected to
membership.

E. GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC.

[1876. J Following the Civil War, the honorabl)- dis-
charged soldiers and sailors, imbued with the necessity of
perpetuating the principles for which the}- contended and the
deeds of heroism and patriotism incident thereto, organized the
Grand Army of the Republic, with the motto of P'raternity,
Charity and Loyalty. This organization, like the Lo>al Legion
and the Sons of Veterans, was largely effected through the
influence of a physician; viz., Col. B. F. Stephenson, M.D., of
Springfield, Illinois. Various Posts, usually named in honor
of a dead comrade, were organized throughout the countr) .

• 10

146 History Medical Profession Camden County.

In January, 1876, T. M. K. Lee Post was organized, in Camden,
with Doctors H. Genet Taylor and James A. Armstrong among
its members. Dr. G. S. F. Pfeiffer subsequently became a
member of the Post. In 1879, William B. Hatch Post was
established with Dr. Thomas G. Rowand as surgeon, and, later,
Thomas H. Davis Post was organized, at Haddonfield, with
Dr. John R. Stevenson as a member.

F. THE CAMDEN MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

[1878.] In November, the Camden INIicroscopical Society
was organized, largely through the influence of Professor A. P.
Brown, druggist at Fifth and Federal streets, and lecturer on
Microscopy at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. The
upper room of the Camden City Dispensary was furnished for
the purposes of the society, and cases containing an almost
complete herbarium of the flora and collection of the minerals
found in New Jersey, were presented to the society. Among
the constituent members were Prof A. P. Brown, Prof. C.
Henry Kain, Hon L. T. Derousse, Rev. C. F. Bowden, Col. S.
C. Hufty, H. S. Fortiner, E. E. Read, Jr., I. C. Martindale,
J. L. De La Cour, John T. Woodhull, Esq., N. F. Cowan, G. G.
Browning, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, M. F. Middleton,
J. H. Wroth, J. F. Walsh, George T. Robinson, S. T. Banes,
George R. Fortiner and E. L. B, Godfrey. Prof Brown was
elected president and J. L. De La Cour secretary. The society
flourished with considerable activity for a number of years and
gave the public frequent microscopical exhibitions during the
period of its existence.

Sect^ion VIII. — County Physicians.

[1876.] The legislative "Act Respecting County Physi-
cians" was passed April 21, 1876, because of the want of
medical knowledge among coroners, who were usually laymen,
and the consequent expense attending their official investiga-
tions. The Act provided for the election of count}- physicians
by Boards of Freeholders; gave them the precedence and
authority over coroners and justices of the peace, in the investi-
gation of the causes of casual, accidental and violent deaths,

New Jersey State Board of Ileallli. 147

and placed the inmates of county jails under their professional
care. In 1878, a supplementary Act was passed, empowering
county physicians to take charge of the remains of the unknown
dead and to take an inventory of their effects. In 1879, a
further supplementary Act was passed, fixing the salary of the
county physician ; in 1885, another supplement was enacted,
making the fees of coroners, for holding inquests or viewing
bodies, non-collectable without a written order from the
county physician, unless his permission could not be obtained
within six hours after being notified in writing by the coroner.
Further supplementar}- Acts have been passed, defining
the powers and duties of county physicians. When the law
providing for the election of a county physician went into
effect in Camden county, in 1876, the Board of Freeholders
advertised for bids from physicians, with responses from six.
Dr. Randal W. Morgan was elected to the position for five
years, at a salary of $467 per annum. During his term of
office, Dr. Morgan went to Europe to regain his health, and,
in his absence, Dr. E. L- B. Godfrey was qualified as county
physician. Upon the expiration of the term of Dr. Morgan,^
in 1 88 1, Dr. William H. Ireland was elected to the position for
three years. He was succeeded by Dr. O. B. Gross in 1884.
Dr. William H. Iszard was elected in 1887 and re-elected in
1890. In 1894, Dr. William S. Jones succeeded Dr. Iszard as
county physician.

Section IX. — New Jersey State Board of Health.

[1877.] Following the organization of the New Jersey
Sanitary Association in 1875, the necessity for a State Board
of Health became so apparent that the Legislature, through
the influence of Dr. Ezra M. Hunt and others, enacted, in
1877, a law instituting a State Board of Health and Vital
Statistics, which Governor Bedle approved. May 22nd. The
law provided that the board should take cognizance of the
sanitary interests and of the health and lives of the people;
make sanitary investigations; inquire into the causes of
epidemics; investigate the diseases of animals and make an

148 History Medical Profession Caviden County.

annual report to the Governor in December of each year.
Upon the approval of the enactment on May 22nd, Governor
Bedle appointed the following gentlemen as members of the
board : E. A. Osborne, C. E., of Newark ; Laban Dennis,
M. D. ; Elias J. Marsh, M. D., of Paterson ; Prof Cyrus
Rrackett, of Princeton ; Surgeon-General Theodore Varick, of
Jersey City ; Ezra M. Hunt, M. D., of Metuchen, and James
M. Ridge, M. D., of Camden. In the organization of the
board, Dr. E. J. Marsh was elected president and Dr. Ezra M.
Hunt secretary, — a position retained by the latter until his
death, in 1894. During the year, Dr. James M. Ridge
presented a studied communication on " Domestic Hygiene,"
discussing with elaboration the subjects of air, water and
food, which was published in the annual report. x\lthough
appointed for five years. Dr. Ridge resigned from the board
in 1879. "The board took a wide and comprehensive
view of its sphere and privileges. A critical examination of
its reports and circulars shows that a definite plan was pursued,
which was the diffusion of sanitary information, first, among
the members of the medical profession, and, second, among the
people. Next to physicians, the board enlisted the interest of
civil engineers, teachers, architects, chemists, plumbers and
members of other allied callings. Even the agricultural popu-
lation was reached through circular information given concern-
ing the care of animals in contagious diseases. By its reports
and circulars, by the use of the press, by conferences with boards
of trade, local boards of health, common councils and mayors
of cities, and b)' talks on sanitary subjects, the board educated
a sentiment throughout the State so favorable to sanitary
progress that the laws relating to public health have been revo-
lutionized in New Jersey." *

Spxtion X. — Deaths.

[1875.] During the period under consideration, the
medical profession and the public were called to mourn the
death of Doctors Charles W. Sartori and Charles F. Clark, of

•The I'rogress of Sanitation iu New Jersey, by E- 1.. B. Godfrey, A. M., M. b.

D( at/is. 149

Camden ; Dr. Martin Synnott, of Blackwood, and Doctors
William G. Taylor and Thomas F. Cnllen, of Camden.

Dr. Charles W. Sartori died at his residence in Camden,
Dctober 24th. Dr. Sartori is accredited by Stevenson as being
a graduate from Jefferson Medical College in 1829, ^^^t his
name does not appear in the catalogue of graduates. During
the Civil War, Dr. Sartori served with distinction in the
United States Navy from May 18, 1861, to July 19, 1864, as
an acting assistant surgeon, which has been previously related.
After the war, he located in Camden and engaged in teaching
in the pvxblic schools, in which he became a principal. He
was also a member of the Board of Education. In Masonry,
Dr. Sartori took an active interest and became Master of
Camden Lodge and a charter member of Ionic Lodge. He
never affiliated with either the City or the County Medical
Society.

Dr. Charles F. Clark, an honorary member of the Camden
City Medical Society, died at his residence, in Camden, in
September. Dr. Clark practiced medicine at Woodbury and,
with Doctors I. S. IMulford and vSamuel Harris, of Camden, was
one of the constituent members of the Gloucester County
Society at its reorganization in 1835, and again in 1846.
Upon retiring from practice in Woodbury, he moved to
Camden. He was succeeded at Woodbury by his son. Dr. H.
C. Clark.

[1877.] Dr. Martin S. Synnott died at Blackwood, in
1877, of consumption. Dr. Synnott was graduated from Jeffer-
son Medical College in 1839. He began practice at Chew's
Landing, but subsequently removed to Blackwood.*

Dr. William G. Taylor, son of Dr. R. G. Taylor, died at
his residence in Camden, April 8, 1877, and was buried at
Evergreen Cemeter>-. Dr. Taylor was graduated from Jefferson
Medical College in March, 1873, and entered upon the work
of a missionar)' under the Presbyterian Board of Foreign
Missions. "On June 11, 1873, he sailed from New York for
Africa. His station was Gaboon, on the west coast, and his
duty was to visit monthly, or oftener, the stations between it

*The Medical History of Atlantic County, by J. B. Somers, M. D.

150 History A/edical Profession Camden County.

and Beiiita, a point one hundred miles north. The mode of
travel was by sea, in an open boat five and one-half feet wide
by twenty-six long. This exposed life and repeated attacks of
African fe\'er impaired his health and, after two years' labor,
he returned home."* Dr. Taylor served as physician to the
Camden City Dispensary.

Dr. Thomas F. CuUen died in Camden, November 21,
1877, of consumption, in the fifty-sixth year of his age.
Dr. Cullen was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania
in 1844, and was one of the most distinguished physicians of
his time in New Jersey. He was the recognized leader of the
profession in West Jerse}-. As a surgeon, he possessed decided
merit, but never sought notoriety b}' the use of the knife. In
his every-day life, he was noted for upholding the honor and
dignity of the medical profession, and, as a strict observer of
professional etiquette, he became closely attached to his profes-
sional brethren by the ties of a common brotherhood which
were strengthened by his superior wisdom and skill. As a
court expert. Dr. Cullen was greatly distinguished. In 1850,
he joined the County Medical Society and became its president
in 1857; in 1853, he, with others, organized the Camden City
Medical Society; in 1866, he was one of the incorporators of
the Camden City Dispensary; in 1870, he was elected president
of the Medical Society of New Jersey and, in 1874, he was one
of the incorporators of the Cooper Hospital. Dr. Cullen wrote
many valuable medical and surgical papers and attained a
reputation as a dramatist, as well as a musical composer. He
was buried at Evergreen, where a monument marks his resting-
place.

* A History of Medicine and Medical Men in Camden County, by John R. Stevenson,
A.M.,M.D.

CHAPTER IX.
THE PERIOD FROM 1880 TO 1885.

Section I. — The Camden City Dispensary.

[1880.] The contract made the preceding year between
the managers of the dispensary and City Council, by which
the dispensary received $1,600 per annum for furnishing
medicines and providing medical attendants for the indigent
sick, increased both the work and worth of the institution.
During the year, fourteen hundred and five patients were
treated, — an increase of six hundred and sixty-six over the
preceding year. The city contract was again renewed. The
following managers were elected: Maurice Browning, John
Morgan, Colonel Thomas McKeen, Joseph B. Cooper, Rudolphus
Bingham and Doctors J. V. Schenck, H. Genet Taylor, A. M.
r^Iecray, D. P. Pancoast, Alexander Marc>- and I. B. Mulford.
John Morgan was elected president ; Dr. J. \. Schenck, vice-
president; H. Genet Taylor, secretary; Joseph B. Cooper,
treasurer ; Dr. O. B. Gross, physician for the First district ;
Dr. C. i\I. Schellenger, for the Second, and Dr. C. W. Green, for
the Third.

The annual meeting was held January i ith, and the report
for the year showed that one thousand and forty-eight cases
had been treated, two thousand and seventy prescriptions com-
pounded and a deficit of $9.96 incurred, from an income of
$2,077.33, for the year. John Morgan was elected president;
Dr. J. V. Schenck, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secre-
tary; Joseph B. Cooper, treasnrer; Dr. O. B. Gross, physician
for the P'irst district ; Dr. H. H. Davis, for the Second, and
Dr. J. W. Donges, for the Third. In October, these medical
appointees resigned and Dr. J. W. Wroth was appointed for the
First district; Dr. W. A. Hamilton, for the Second, and
Dr. H. F. Palm, for the Third.

[1882.] On November 8th, of the preceding year, the
dispensary sustained a loss in the death of John Morgan, presi-

151

152 History Medical Profession Camden County.

dent of the Board of Managers, and, at the annual meeting in
January, 1882, Joseph B. Cooper, the treasurer, presented his
resignation. Richard H. Reeve was elected a member of the
board in place of John Morgan and William B. Cooper
succeeded Joseph B. Cooper. The expenses of the institution
for the fiscal year, ending in January, were $1,734.86; two
thousand and fifteen cases were treated and six thousand three
hundred and ten prescriptions compounded. Colonel Thomas
McKeen was elected president ; Dr. J. V. Schenck, vice-presi-
dent; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary; Richard H. Reeve,
treasurer; Othniel G. Taylor, pharmacist; Dr. J. H. Wroth,
physician for the First district; Dr. George T. Robinson,
for the Second ; Dr. H. F. Palm, for the Third, and Dr. W. A.
Hamilton, interne. The dispensary received a legacy of $100
from the estate of John Morgan.

[1883.] The annual meeting was held, January 9th, and
the record of the year showed that eighteen hundred and
ninety-one cases were treated, at an expense of $2,001.67. The
management had sustained a double loss in the death of
Dr. J. V. Schenck, on July 25th, and of Dr. I. B. Mulford, on
November 21, 1882. Dr. E.J. Snitcher was elected in place of
Dr. Schenck, and, with Doctors Marcy, Taylor and Mecray,
represented the City Medical Society for the remainder of the
year. Dr. Mulford's place was not filled. Colonel Thomas
McKeen was elected president; Dr. Alexander Marcy, vice-
president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary ; Richard H. Reeve,
treasurer ; Dr. A. T. Dobson, physician for the First district ;
Dr. C. M. vSchellenger, for the Second ; Dr. George T. Robinson,
for the Third, and Dr. H. F. Palm, interne.

[1884.] The dispensary sustained another loss, during the
year just closed, in the death of Colonel Thomas McKeen, mak-
ing four vacancies by death in the management in three succes-
sive years. At the annual meeting held January 9th, the follow-
i ng managers were elected by the contributors : Maurice Brown-
ing, Rudolphus Bingham, Richard H. Reeve, William B. Cooper,
and David M. Chambers. The representatives from the City
Medical Society were Doctors H. Genet Taylor, Alexander
Marcy, A. M. Mecray, W. A. Davis, E. J. Snitcher and

The Camden City Medieal Society. i53

J. Orlando White. Dr. :\Iarcy was elected president ; Manrice
Browning, vice-president; Dr. Taylor, secretary; R. H. Reeve,
treasurer ; O. G. Taylor, pharmacist ; Dr. A. T. Doi)son, physi-
cian for the First district; Dr. C. IM. Schellenger, for the
Second, and Dr. H. F. Palm, for the Third, and also interne.
There were thirteen hundred and two cases treated and seven
thousand and twenty-five prescriptions compounded, at an
expense of $2,254.19.

Section II. — Thk Camdkn City Medical Society.

[1880.] Because of the suspension of the meetings of the
society during the greater part of 1879, but little encourage-
ment was held out for regular meetings this year. On March
24th, a special meeting, at which Dr. J. E. Clawson presided,
was called for the purpose of reviving an interest in the society,
but it was not wholly successful on account of the small
attendance. The necessity for the existence of the society was
ardently discussed and frankly admitted, and a committee,
consisting of Doctors J. H. Wroth, O. B. Gross and I. B.
Mulford, was appointed to wait upon the members and solicit
their aid in the reorganization. The meeting thereupon
adjourned to April 8th, when the committee reported their
action and recommended " that the meetings be held hereafter
at the residence of such members as may invite the society, or
at the dispensar}'." Dr. William A. Hamilton, a graduate of
the University of Maryland, 1870, was elected a member.
This second meeting was so poorly attended that no further
effort at reorganization was made until September 7, 1882.

[1882.] Solicitous for the welfare of the profession,
Dr. Dowling Benjamin issued an invitation to the members of
the society to meet at his residence, September 7th, where a
reorganization was effected by the election of Dr. William A.
Davis, president ; Dr. William H. Iszard, vice-president ;
Dr. E. J. Snitcher, secretary and treasurer; Doctors Marcy,
Taylor, Mecray, Mulford and Snitcher as dispensary managers,
and Doctors Conrad G. Hoell, Ph. G., and George Taylor
Robinson, graduates of the Unixersity of Pennsylvania during
the year, and Dr. Dowling Benjamin were elected members.

154 History Medical Profession Camden County.

[1883,] Following the meeting at Dr. Benjamin's, interest
in the society revived \ regular quarterly meetings were held
during the year, and Doctors E. P. Townsend and Henry H.
Davis, graduates of Jefferson Medical College, the former in
1863 and the latter in 1879, and H. F. Palm, a former student
at Pennington Seminary and graduate of Jefferson Medical
College, 1881, were elected members. At the annual meeting,
Dr. William H. Iszard was elected president ; Dr. E. P.
Townsend, vice-president ; Dr. E. J. Snitcher, secretary and
treasurer. Doctors Ta}'lor, Marcy, Mecray, W. A. Davis, White
and Snitcher were elected managers of the dispensar^^, and Dr.
C. M. Schellenger, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College,
1879, was elected a member.

[1884.] This year witnessed a decline in the interest in
the societ)' to such an extent that only two meetings were held.
The first took place at the residence of Dr. William A. Davis,
when Professor B. F. Baer, of Philadelphia, read a paper on
" Metrorrhagia," and the second, at Dr. E. P. Townsend's,
when Dr. Townsend read a paper on " Modern Therapeutics."
Dr. Townsend was elected president ; Dr. J. F. Walsh, vice-
president ; Dr. E. J. Snitcher, secretar}- and treasurer, and the
managers for the dispensary were re-elected.

Section III. — The Camden District Medical Society.

[1880.] The society met at Cooper's Point Hotel, May
nth, with Dr. D. P. Pancoast in the chair, who delivered an
address on '' The Therapeutics of Homoeopathy." Dr. John
W. Snowden read the annual report, embracing papers by
Dr. Alexander Marc}-, of Camden ; Doctors H. A. M, Smith
and D. W. Blake, of Gloucester ; N. B. Jennings and C. H.
Shivers, of Haddonfield ; H. E. Branin and J. W. McCullough,
of Blackwood, and D. M. Stout, of Berlin. Dr. John R.
Stevenson read a paper on "Syphilis" and Dr. O. B. Gross
one on "Three Cases in which Bromide of Ethyl was Used."
Dr. Charles H. Shivers, of Haddonfield, was elected president ;
Dr. Isaac B. Mulford, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor,
secretary; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer; Dr. John W. Snowden,

The Camden District Medual Society. 155

chairman, standing committee ; Dr. Alexander Marcy, censor
for five years, and Doctors J. W. McCnllongh, of Blackwood,
a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, i860; John W. Donges,
University of Pennsylvania, 1866, and Charles W. Green,
Dartmouth Medical College, 1867, were elected to membership.
On August 1 6th, a special meeting was called to consider the
medical enactment of 1880. At the semi-annual meeting, in
November, sections on jurisprudence and nervous diseases
were established, in addition to those already existing, and
^Doctors O. B. Gross and N. B. Jennings reported attendance
at the American Medical Association, at New York, in June.
[188 1.] On May 9th, the society convened at Gloucester
City for the first time. With the exception of the meetings
held at Haddonfield and Ellisburg, the sessions had been held
in Camden. The president, Dr. C. H. Shivers, was absent.
The standing committee reported the prevalence of an
epidemic of small-pox in Camden ; an epidemic of typhus
fever at the County Almshouse ; the prevalence of malarial
fever throughout the county and the presence of diphtheria
and scarlet fever in Camden every month of the year, except
July and August. Dr. Isaac B. Mulford was elected president ;
Dr. E. L. B. Godfre>', vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor,
secretar}^ ; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer, and Dr. J. W. Snowden,
chairman of the standing committee and censor for five years.
On November 8th, the semi-annual meeting was held at
the West Jersey Hotel, Camden. Dr. J. W. Snowden read the
report of the section on medicine; Dr. J. V. Schenck, on
obstetrics; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, on surger>^ and Dr. D.
Benjamin, on nervous diseases. Reports were made by the
Asylum committee and the committee on medical registra-
tion. Dr. Charles G. Garrison was elected an honorary
member; Doctors C. M. Schellenger and H. H. Davis were
elected members and Dr. Charles W. Green resigned. Doctors
H. Genet Taylor, I. B. Mulford and E. L. B. Godfrey reported
attendance at the American Medical Association, Richmond,
Va., May 3d.

[1882.] The society convened at the West Jersey Hotel,
May 9th. The president. Dr. Isaac B. Mulford, was absent.

156 Histoiy Medical Profession Ca^nden Coiintv.

Tlie standing committee made a report on the increase of
malarial fever and its tendency to assume a typhoid form ; on the
effect of the deposits of mud along the river-bank, and on the
common use of bovine virus. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey read a
paper on "Humanized and Bovine Virus" and Dr. O. B.
Gross reported "A Case of Hydatid Disease of the Uterus."
Dr. H. Genet Taylor, chairman of the committee on medical
registration, reported that there were no illegal practitioners
known to the committee, since the law of 1880 was being
enforced, but that no one was indictable before the court for
illegal practice unless action was taken by the employe. The
work of this committee will be considered under the section
relating to the medical enactment of 1880. Dr. E. L. B.
Godfrey was elected president ; Dr. John R. Haney, vice-presi-
dent; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary; Dr. I. B. Mulford,
treasurer; Dr. J. W. Snowden, chairman of the standing com-
mittee, and Dr. J. V. Schenck, censor for five years.

The semi-annual meeting was held November 14th, with
Dr. E. ly. B. Godfrey in the chair. Doctors Dowling Benjamin
and E. L. B. Godfrey reported, in the section on surgery, a
tase of "Compound Fracture of the Skull with the Removal
of the Greater Part of the Left Parietal Bone, with Recovery" ;
Dr. J. W. Snowden made the report on medicine ; Dr. A. M.
Mecray, on obstetrics, and Dr. Charles G. Garrison, on juris-
prudence. As an effect of the latter report, Dr. Benjamin
introduced a resolution requesting, in substance, the section on
jurisprudence to prepare a bill for the Legislature, requiring
all expert testimony to be called by the court, instead of by
parties at suit; that the presiding judge shall, at the request of
either party, designate and summon one or more experts, who
shall indicate the points on which scientific light is required,
and that the fees of experts shall be paid in the first instance
by the court, but eventually added to the costs of the suit.
This resolution prevailed and resulted in the presentation to,
and adoption by, the State Medical Society, of a bill of a similar
character, prepared by Dr. Charles G. Garrison. The bill,
however, was not presented by the society to the Legislature.
Dr. William A. Hamilton was elected a member and Dr. J. W.

The Camden Distriel Medical Society. 157

Wroth resigned in consequence of his removal to New Mexico.
Following the meeting, a banquet was served and the following
toasts were responded to : " Listerism in its Application to Surg-
ery," by Dr. Richard J. Levis, of the Pennsylvania Hospital ;
"The Experiments of Pasteur in their Application to Medicine,"
by Dr. J. Solis-Cohen, of Jefferson College; "The Discoveries
of Koch in their Application to Medicine," by Dr. James ]M.
Ridge, of Camden ; "Artistic Anatomy," b)- Dr. W. W. Keen,
of the Philadelphia School of Anatomy; "The Profits and
Loss of the Profession," by Dr. Oscar H. AUis, of Jefferson
College Hospital ; " IMedical Specialties," by Dr. Charles K. Mills,
of the University of Pennsylvania, and "Medical Journalism,"
by Dr. John V. Shoemaker, editor of the Medical Bulletin.

[1883.] The annual meeting of the society was held in
Camden, May 8th, with the president. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey,
in the chair. Dr. J. W. Snowden spoke, in the annual report,
of the prevalence of typhoid fever in Camden and of periodic
fevers in the county. Dr. John R. Stevenson read a paper on
"The Revision of the Pharmacopoeia" ; Dr. O. B. Gross, on the
"Water-Supply of Camden"; Dr. Charles G. Garrison, on
"Medical Jurisprudence," and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey delivered
the annual address on "Syphilis in its Relation to Marriage."
Dr. John R. Haney was elected president; Dr. Dowling
Benjamin, vice-president; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretar}^;
Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer; Dr. John W. Snowden, chairman,
standing committee; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, a member of the
Board of Censors in the place of Dr. Schenck, and Dr. Ellis P.
Townsend and Dr. Howard F. Palm were elected members.
At the semi-annual meeting in November, Dr. D. P. Pancoast
reported attendance at the American Medical Association, at
Cleveland, in June ; Dr. J. W. Snowden reported for the section
on medicine; Dr. A. M. Mecray, for obstetrics; Dr. J. M.
Ridge, on patholog}', and special papers were read b)- Dr. O. B.
Gross, on "The Water-Supply of Camden," and by Dr. E. L. B.
Godfrey, on "The Germ Theory of Disease."

[1884.] The annual meeting of the societ)' was held at
Gloucester City, ]\Iay 13th. Dr. D. Benjamin occupied the
chair in the absence of the president, Dr. John R. Haney.

158 History Medical Profession Camden County.

Dr. John W. Snowden read the annual report; Dr. A. M.
Mecray reported "A Case of Pyothorax, with Recovery, from
the Introduction of a Drainage-Tube" ; Dr. John R. Stevenson
read a paper on "Homoeopathic Remedies," and Dr. E. L. B.
Godfrey a paper on "The Germ Theory in its Relation to
Disease." Dr. Dowling Benjamin was elected president;
Dr. E. B. Woolston, vice-president; Dr. H. Genet Taylor,
secretary ; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer ; Dr. J. W. Snowden,
chairman of the standing committee ; Dr. Henry E. Branin,
censor for five years ; Doctors Philip W. Beale, C. G. Hoell and
Augustus T. Dobson, a graduate of the University of Penn-
sylvania, 1882, were elected members, and ex-presidents
I. Gilbert Young, of Philadelphia, and J. W. Heulings, of
Moorestown, were elected honorary members. At the semi-
annual meeting in November, Doctors J. W. Snowden and
D. Benjamin reported for the sections on medicine and surgery,
respectively ; City Council of Camden was again requested to
establish a Board of Health, under the laws of the State, and
an amendment to the constitution was introduced by Dr. E. L.
B. Godfrey, providing for a regular meeting of the society on
the second Tuesday in Februar}\ Doctors Godfrey, Taylor and
Mecray were appointed to arrange for a special meeting at that
time for the consideration of cholera. A resolution was adopted
expressive of admiration for the skill, bravery and heroic devo-
tion to duty of Dr. Henry E. Branin, and of Dr. Joseph W.
McCullough, in the typhus fever epidemic at the Almshouse,
in which Dr. McCullough lost his life.

Section IV. — The American Medical Association.

[1880.] During the period under consideration, the
Camden District Medical Society was well represented in the
American Medical Association. In 1880, Doctors N. B.
Jennings and O. B. Gross attended the meeting of the
association in New York; in 1881, Doctors H. Genet Taylor,
Isaac B. Mulford and E. L. B. Godfrey attended the meet-
ing at Richmond, Va. ; in 1882, Dr. Isaac B. Mulford, at
St. Paul, Minn.; in 1883, ^^i'- D. P. Pancoast, at Cleveland,

The American Medical Association. 159

[1884.] Oliio, and, in 1884, Doctors Bowling- Benjamin,
William A. Davis, O. B. Cxross, John W. Donges and
William H. Ireland, at Washington, D. C. At this latter
meeting, membership in the association was made obtainable
by an>' delegate of a State or County Medical Society, recog-
nized by the association, upon application indorsed by the
president and secretary of said societ)-, and said membership
was acknowledged by the association so long as delegates
remained in good standing in their local societies and paid the
annual dues of the association. At this meeting, also, the
advocates of a higher medical education won a decided victory
and extended, in a marked degree, the influence of the Amer-
ican Medical Association over the Association of American
Medical Colleges, in the methods and extent of medical teach-
ing. This was largely accomplished through Dr. Dowling
Benjamin, of Camden, a delegate from the Medical Society of
New Jersey, who introduced and secured, after pronounced
opposition, the adoption of a resolution, " urging upon all
American medical colleges the necessity of elevating the
standard of education at least so far as to require a preliminary
examination, a three years' course of study, a registration of
attendance and practical demonstrations in physical diagnosis."
The resolution was opposed with vehemence and bitterness by
a number of delegates present, who were officially connected
with medical colleges and members of the Association of
American Colleges; but the necessities of the hour demanded
that the American Medical Association should again take an
advanced position in extending the curriculum of medical
study, and when, after prolonged debate, the Benjamin resolu-
tion was put to vote, it was adopted by a decided majority.
This movement in the National Association was in accordance
with similar resolutions previously adopted b>- the Medical
Society of New Jersey and the Camden District ^Medical Society.
Situated between two great centres of medical instruction, the
necessity of a more extended curriculum of medical study was
so apparent that the adoption of the Benjamin resolution met
the universal approval of the medical profession of New Jersey.
The desire for a higher medical education, among the physi-

i6o History Medical Profession Camdcfi County .

ciaus of New Jersey, was based upon their experience of the
advantages obtained from examinations under strict medical
law and the disadvantages arising from unlicensed privileges in
medical practice. Medical examinations were a preliminary
condition to medical practice in New Jersey from 1772 to
1854, and, during that period, the esprit dii coi^ps of the
profession was a matter of just pride and its influence was
everywhere acknowledged throughout the State. But, in 1854,
through the rivalry of medical colleges, which, as joint-stock
corporations, sprang up with mushroom-like growth in Phila-
delphia and New York, aided by the influence of the disciples
of Hahnemann, the restrictive legislation governing medical
practice in New Jersey was offset by the enactment of a law
allowing graduates of any medical college, in which the
principles of medicine were taught through two courses of
instruction of sixteen weeks each, to practice medicine upon
filing their diplomas with the clerk of the county in which
they had decided to practice. In consequence of this legisla-
tion, the Medical Society of New Jersey surrendered its examin-
ing privileges in 1866; physicians multiplied rapidly and the
title of Doctor was despoiled of much of its former dignity.
In 1880, the need of restrictive measures governing medical
practice became so apparent that the filing of a fraudulent
diploma was made a misdemeanor, and this was further
enforced, in 1883, by an Act of Legislature, requiring count)-
clerks to report to the State Board of Health the names of all
physicians filing their diplomas, with the name of the college
from which they had graduated. But this was not sufficient
to prevent the possessors of diplomas of bogus medical colleges
from illegally plying an honorable calling, and it remained for
the State Board of Medical Examiners, established in 1890, to
free New Jersey from charlatans and quacks.

Section V. — The Mi-dical Society of New Jersey.

[1880.] The society met at Princeton, May 25th, with
Dr. John W. Snowden present as third vice-president, and
Doctors Taylor, Benjamin, vStout and (iodfrey as delegates from

The Midiail Society of Ncic Jersey . i6i

Camden. Dr. Suowden was elected second vice-president and
delivered an address on "The Abuse of the Obstetric Forceps,"
claiming that much of the gynaecological work of the present
was due to an abuse of the instrument. County societies were
requested to appoint committees to examine the list of physi-
cians registered under the medical law just enacted.

[1881.] On May 24th, the society met at Long Branch.
Dr. J. V. Schenck was present as a Fellow, Dr. J. W. Snowden
as second vice-president, and Doctors Taylor and Godfrey as
delegates. Dr. Snowden was elected first vice-president.

[1882.] On May 23d, the society met at Asbury Park.
Doctors Snowden, Taylor, Pancoast and Godfre}- were the rep-
resentatives of the Camden society. Dr. Snowden was elected
president of the society, and, through the influence of the
Camden delegates, the next meeting of the society was voted to
be held at Atlantic Cit\", and Doctors Taylor and Godfrey were
appointed on the committee of arrangements, with power to
add to their number.

[1883.] In accordance with arrangements, the society
convened at Atlantic City, June 12th, with an unusually large
attendance of delegates and fi lends. The committee of arrange-
ments, consisting of Doctors H. Genet Taylor and E. L. B.
Godfrey, of Camden ; Boardman Reed and Willard Wright, of
Atlantic City, and D. B. IngersoU, of May's Landing, secured,
through General William J. Sewell, a special, complimentary
train, over the Camden and Atlantic Railroad from Camden to
Atlantic City and return, for the use of the delegates and their
friends, which led to a meeting of unusual interest because of
the number of physicians present. The society was welcomed
to Atlantic City by ]\Iayor Charles Maxwell, Dr. Boardman
Reed and by Dr. H. Genet Taylor, the chairman of the com-
mittee of arrangements. In the evening an elaborate banquet
was ser\'ed by the citizens of Atlantic City, in honor of
the societ\-. Camden was represented by Doctors Godfrey,
Stevenson, Tomlinson and Haney as delegates. Dr. John W.
Snowden, the president, delivered an address on ''The Advances
Made in ]^Iedicine by Physical Diagnosis," in which he
reviewed the history of auscultation, percussion and the arra>-

1 62 History Medical Profession Caviden County.

of means and appliances used in physical diagnosis, and showed
that they had been introduced by the profession within the
century. Cape May was selected as the next place of meeting
and Doctors Taylor and Godfrey were again made members of
the committee of arrangements, with power to add to their
number.

[1884.] The society met at Cape May, in June, as previ-
ously arranged, and, through the committee of arrangements,
the delegates and friends were transported from Camden to
Cape May and return, on a special, complimentary train over
the West Jersey Railroad, through the courtesy of General
William J. Sewell, its vice-president. The address of welcome
was delivered by Dr. H. Genet Taylor. Camden was repre-
sented by Doctors Snowden, Mecray, Taylor, Iszard, Tomlinson,
Branin, Benjamin, Davis and Godfrey.

Section VI. — Medical Enactments from 1880 to 1885,

[1880.] On March loth, an "Act to Regulate the Prac-
tice of Medicine and Surgery" was passed by the Legislature^
approved by the Executive, March 12th, and went into effect
June I, 1880. The x\ct provided that every person practicing
medicine in New Jersey shall be a graduate of a legally-
chartered medical college ; that copies of all diplomas must be
recorded in the office of the county clerk in the county in
which the possessor is practicing medicine; that practicing
medicine without conforming to the Act is a misdemeanor,
punishable by a fine of twenty-five dollars for each prescription,
or operation performed, or imprisonment from three to six
months; that illegal practitioners shall be disqualified from
collecting fees, and that the recording of a fraudulent diploma
is a high misdemeanor, punishable by a fine not less than three
nor more than five hundred dollars, or imprisonment at hard
labor for not less than one nor more than three years. The
Act revolutionized medical registration throughout the State,
in that it compelled the filing of all medical diplomas with
clerks of counties ; gave an opportunity to discover the validity
of recorded diplomas ; made fraudulent ' registration a mis-

Medical linactnioits from iSSo lo iSS^. 163

demeanor, punishable b}- fine or imprisonment, and again
restored the guardianship of the State over medical practice.

Appreciating the importance of the law, the State Medical
Society, at Princeton, May 25th, requested County Societies to
appoint committees to examine the list of registered physicians
in each county. In accordance therewith, the Camden County
Medical vSociety met in special session, iVugust i6th, to take
action concerning the registration of physicians under the new
law, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, Dowling Benjamin and
J. W. Wroth, of Camden ; Edwin Tomlinson, of Gloucester ;
John W. Snowden, of Waterford ; John R. Stevenson, of
Haddonfield, and D. ^I. Stout, of Berlin, were appointed a
committee " to investigate the legal standing of registered
practitioners of medicine within the county." The committee
met in September, and arranged for the prosecution of their
work and, at the semi-annual meeting of the society, Novem-
ber 9th, made the following report : " There are eighty -five
diplomas registered in the office of the county clerk ; there are
nine physicians practicing without diplomas and nine registered
diplomas of doubtful origin. The committee recommend a
return to the former method of examination b}- censors ap-
pointed by the State ]\Iedical Society."

The report produced a sensation in the society. It
not only revealed its numerical weakness,* but caused the
name of one of its members, because of illegal registration, to
be stricken from its rolls. The recommendation of the
committee was impracticable. Instead of advising the society
to maintain the present law, a return to the regulations
governing medical practice previous to 1854 (which the State
Medical Society had voluntarily surrendered) was recom-
mended. The recommendation was not adopted, but the
committee was continued and, in 1882, reported to the society
that there were no illegal practitioners of medicine within
the county. The need of a restraining law to assure the
public that each practitioner was a graduate of an authorized
school of medicine was manifest. Of the eighty-five registered

*Of the ninety-four physicians practicing within Camden county, fifty- four were
graduates of the regular system of medicine and only thirty-eight were members of the
Camden County Medical Society.

164 History Medical Profession Camden County.

practitioners in Camden county, twenty-nine were graduates of
the University of Pennsylvania ; nineteen, of Jefferson Medical
College ; thirteen, of Hahnemann Medical College ; five, of
Pennsylvania College of Homoeopathic Medicine ; four, of
Penn Medical University ; three, of Philadelphia Universit}' of
Medicine and Surgery; two, of the University of Maryland;
one each of the University of Glasgow, Dartmouth College,
Northwestern University of Chicago, Harvard Medical School,
Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania
Medical College, Pennsylvania Homoeopathic College, Eclectic
Medical College, Woman's Homoeopathic Medical College of
New York and the iVmerican Veterinary College. Of these
institutions, nearly one-third are now defunct ; not, however,
through the direct efforts of the medical profession, but chiefly
through the exposure of the charlatanism of some of them by
the Philadelphia Record of that year. The progress made in
the legal protection of the medical profession was not confined
to New Jersey. In 1877, Illinois took the initial steps in the
licensing and registration of physicians, and the protection of
the public from charlatanism, and it was discovered that out
of seven thousand six hundred ph^'sicians in that State, onl)^
three thousand six hundred were legalized practitioners.

In addition to the Act just considered, an "Act Respect-
ing Bridges" was passed by the Legislature, " exempting
physicians from a penalt}' for driving faster than a walk over
a bridge while visiting patients, but liable to damages for
reckless or negligent driving."

[188 1.] The medical Act of 1880 seemed, however, to
work some hardship, and, on March 2, 1881, a supplementary
law was enacted by the Legislature, exempting an)- physician
from the provisions of the Act of the previous year, who had
practiced twenty years in one place.

[1882.] A further modif}'ing supplement was enacted in
1882, providing that physicians and surgeons, graduates of
medical colleges, who should deposit their diplomas with the
county clerk within one year, shall not be subject to the fines
and penalties prescribed in the Act of 1880.

[1883.] On March 28, 1883, a further supplement to the

Rpidcniic Diseases. 165

medical Act of 1880 was secured, through the State Board of
Health, requiring county clerks to furnish the board, once a
vear, with a list of all physicians and surgeons who had regis-
tered copies of their diplomas during the year, with the name
of the institution from which each had graduated. This
amendment was secured because the unscientific death reports
forwarded to the board necessitated a knowledge of the
professional standing of physicians, in regard to the facts of
their graduation and registration and their right, under the
law, to give a certificate of death. As a result of this amend-
ment, the names of sixty-nine physicians were forwarded to the
State Board of Health as practitioners in Camden ; six, from
Gloucester City ; six, from Haddonfield ; four, from Berlin ;
two, from Blackwood ; one each from Merchantville, Marlton
and Waterford, and twenty-eight without post-office address,
but presumably from Philadelphia, making, in all, one hundred
and eighteen registered physicians in Camden county. At
this time, the Camden County Medical Society had thirty-
se\'en members.

[1884.] In 1884, an Act of Legislature, defining a
homoeopathic physician to be a graduate of a homoeopathic
college or a member of a homoeopathic medical society, was
passed.

Section VH. — Epidemic Diseases,
a. small-pox.

[1880.] In February, small-pox appeared in Camden and
assumed an epidemic form of unusual severity, both in its
extent and fatality, because of the inadequate means employed
by the sanitary committee of Cit>- Council to arrest it. The
Camden City Medical Society, appreciating the urgent need
of municipal supervision over the epidemic, urged the sanitary
committee to enforce vaccination and quarantine, which the
committee claimed could only be done, to a limited extent,
under existing municipal laws. City Council was the source
of authority for the operations of the committee, and, conse-
quently, the sanitary provisions of the cit>- were not abreast of
the times; vaccination and quarantine were tardily enforced
and cases of contagious diseases were indifferently reported.

1 66 History Medical Profession Camden County.

Up to Junt, ten deaths were reported in the city ; in July, a
temporary hospital was erected by the sanitary committee
upon vacant lots in the Eighth ward, against which, however,
an injunction was issued, but was dissolved, July 26th.
Dr. C. M. Schellenger was appointed physician to the hospital
and rendered invaluable service. On July 28th, Dr. E. M.
Hunt, secretary of the State Board of Health, met the sanitary
committee and a number of the leading physicians of the city
in a conference, and urged a general vaccination and the segre-
gation of small-pox cases. Provisions, however, were not made
by the sanitary connnittee for free vaccination of the public.
On August 4th, the managers of the Camden City Dispensary,
because of the continued spread of the epidemic and the inade-
quate means provided to arrest it, invited Dr. Hunt and the
members of the sanitary committee to a conference, August
1 6th, and a general vaccination was then agreed to, and subse-
quently ordered. During the remainder of the month, eight
thousand persons were reported to have been vaccinated. On
August 2 2d, thirty-eight cases of small-pox were reported in
the hospital and sixt}- in the city. Following the general
vaccination and the segregation of cases, the epidemic yielded,
but lingered through a series of months, to the great detriment
of the city. Six hundred and eighty-eight cases were reported
with one hundred and thirty-four deaths.* During 1880, and
up to July, 1 88 1, one hundred and forty-four death certificates
from small-pox in Camden were filed in the office of the State
Board of Health.

During the epidemic under consideration, Dr. John "U'.
Donges was a member of City Council, having been first
elected in 1878, and, at this time, served as a member of the
sanitary committee. Dr. Donges used his best endeavors to
check the spread of the epidemic and to further the sanitary
interests of the city, and supervised the transportation of the
afflicted to the hospital, free of charge. For his intrepid and
unselfish services and his efficiency during the epidemic. City
Council unanimously passed the following resolutions and
ordered them framed :

Transactious of the Medical Society of New Jersey for 1881.

/'^pidciiiic Diseases. 167

Council Chamber, City Hall,

Camden, April 28, 1881.

"At a stated meeting of City Council, held on the above date, it was
unanimously

Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to draft suitable reso-
lutious conveying the thanks of this body to J. W. Donges, M D., for special
services rendered as a member of the Camden Board of Health, during the
prevalence of small-pox in our city in the fall of iSyg-'So.

The committee reported the following, which was unanimously adopted :

Whereas, The citizens of this community, through their representa-
tives, having expressed an earnest desire that a token of public appreciation
should be extended to J. W. Donges, M. D., for the fearless and faithful
discharge of his duties as a member of the Board of Health, be it therefore

Resolved, That the sincere and heartfelt thanks of this body and commu-
nity are hereby extended to J. W. Donges, M. D., member of City Council
from the Eighth Ward, and member of the Board of Health, for his indefati-
gable, self-sacrificing and successful efforts to obliterate the loathsome
disease that infested our city.

Resolved, That to his valuable assistance and wise professional judgment
is due the successful effort of the board in preventing a wide-spread
epidemic, and placing practical safeguards against a recurrence of the
disease for j-ears to come.

Resolved, That his exceptional care and provision for the comfort of the
public patients commands their gratitude in a manner that words are
inadequate to express.

James P. Michellon, President, City Cou7icil,
Frank F. Michellon, Clerk, City Council.

Al^X. J. MiLLIETTE, i

Wilbur F. Rose, Committee.'"

F. P. Pfeiffer, ;

B. VACCINATION.

During this epidemic of small-pox, Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey

published a monograph on "Dr. Edward Jenner's Discovery of

\^accination." After reciting the brilliant experiments of

Dr. Jenner, wliich began on the 14th of May, 1796, and

which have placed the practice of vaccination upon an

unshaken basis, the histor\- of vaccination in both Europe

and America was outlined, and its effects upon the public and

the medical profession were portrayed. The monograph closed

with the following paragraphs :

" Nearly one hundred years have passed since Jenner announced to the
world his discovery of vaccination. The most loathsome and universally
destructive of all the acute diseases known to man has been stayed in its

1 68 History Medical Profession Camden County.

deadly progress and greatly divested of the virulence of its infecting poison.
Mankind of every language, creed and clime have broken down all barriers
and received even from profane hands its protective power, and, had legal
enactments compelled vaccination, small-pox would be known only from its
gloomy records in the past.

Every age has been marked with the results of its geniuses. Neither the
genius of the sculptors of the Periclean age of the ancient world, nor of the
romantic and dramatic poets, philosophers or historians of the Elizabethan
age of the modern world, have furnished anything whose results have sur-
passed the immediate and universal good of the discovery of vaccination.
Cuvier has said, 'If vaccination were the only discovery of the epoch, it
would serve to render it illustrious forever.'

Living to see the practice of vaccination adopted in every quarter of
the civilized world, Jenner died on the twenty-sixth day of January, A. D.,
1S23, at the ripe age of seventy-four, conscious that the imperishable effort
of his consistent life made him universally recognized as a willing benefactor
of his kind. If burned cities and desolated countries make the soldier
worthy of monumental marble, then, indeed, has vaccination erected to
Edward Jenner an enduring monument and ' inscribed the marble with his
name.'

' More than armies to the public weal
Is a wise physician, skilled our wounds to heal.'

On the monument that marks his resting-place, his generous country-
men have inscribed in poetic verse the measure of his greatness:

' Within this tomb hath found a resting-place
The great physician of the human race —
Immortal Jenner, whose gigantic mind
Brought life and health to more than half mankind.
Let rescued infancy his worth proclaim.
And lisp our blessings on his honored name !
And radiant beauty drop her saddest tear,
For beauty's truest, trustiest friend lies here. ' "

C. TYPHUS FEVER.

[1880.] On November 24th, typhus fever was conveyed
to the Camden County Ahnshouse, at Blackwood, through the
admission of a subject from a sailors' boarding-house in Phila-
delphia. At this time, the Almshouse contained two hundred
and seventy-five inmates and was without proper hospital
facilities. The original building was constructed in 1864 and
enlarged in 187 1. The present hospital building was then
under course of construction, which necessitated the overcrowd-
ing of the main building with fever subjects. In consequence of
this, and of the prevailing cold weather, which rendered venti-

Epidemic Diseases. 169

lation ineffective, the disease spread rapidly and, by the latter
part of December, there were fort\--one cases of the fever. The
importance of the epidemic was recognized by Doctors Henry E.
Branin and Joseph W. IMcCnllough, the attending physicians,
who urged the segregation of fever subjects and the speedy
completion of the new hospital building. Through the
strenuous exertions of Messrs. John Gill, Thomas Wentz and
Louis T. Derousse, the Almshouse committee of the Board of
Freeholders, the new building, containing forty beds, was
opened for the reception of patients before the close of the year.
Notwithstanding the increased accommodations for the care of
the sick, the disease continued to spread. Early in Januar\-,
Mr. E. A. Ward, the builder of the hospital, contracted the
disease; on January nth, Dr. William Pepper, of Philadelphia,
visited him in consultation with Doctors Branin and
McCullough and, after visiting the Almshouse wards, pro-
nounced the disease typhus fever of a malignant type. On
January 17th, Dr. E. M. Hunt, secretary of the New Jersey
State Board of Health, visited the institution upon the request
of Dr. Branin and, with Mr. Derousse, investigated in detail
the buildings, drainage and water-supply and took away
specimens of drinking-water for analysis. On Februar}- loth,
Dr. E. M. Hunt, of Trenton ; Dr. Franklin Gauntt, of Burling-
ton, and Prof. C. F. Brackett, of Princeton, members of the
State Board of Health, visited the Almshouse a second time
and requested that a post-mortem examination of one of the
victims be made, for which the board would pa}- one-half of
the expense, in order to determine with exactness whether the
fever was t}'phus. This request was complied with and Doctors
James Tyson and H. F. P'ormad, of Philadelphia, were
employed for the work ; three post-mortem examinations were
made and a written opinion was submitted that the fever was
typhus. From November 24, 1880, to April 9, 1881, there
were one hundred and three cases of the fever treated, with a
death-rate of thirty-three, making the mortalit\- a little over
thirty-two per cent. The death-list included Dr. Joseph W.
McCullough ; Isaac P. Wilson, the steward ; E. A. Ward, con-
tractor and builder of the new hospital building ; the assistant

170 History Medical Projessioi Camdoi County.

matron and two assistants.* It was the most extensive epidemic
of typhus fever ever known in Camden count}'. Appropriate
notice of the death of Dr. McCnllough, March 15, 1881, was
taken by the County Medical Society and, at the semi-annual
meeting of the society in November, 1884, a resolution was
adopted expressive of the bravery, skill, intrepidity and devotion
to duty of Doctors Branin and McCnllough during this deadly
epidemic. Dr. Joseph E. Hurfif was elected to fill the unex-
pired term of Dr. McCullough and rendered signal service at
the Almshouse, during the epidemic. He has since held the
position of visiting physician.

Section VIII. — New Jersey State Board of Health.

[1880.] The services of the State Board of Health were
of acknowledged value to Camden city .and county during the
year, because of the epidemic of small-pox in the former and
of typhus fever in the latter, which have been referred to.
The board educated the city and county officials to a higher
and broader idea of sanitation, and reports were made to the
board, by Alexander J. Milliette, of the sanitary committee of
City Council, for Camden ; Ezra C. Bell, for Centre township ;
Abel Hillman, for Delaware township; Alfred Hillman, for
Gloucester township; J. Stokes Coles, for Haddon township,
and Dr. P. W. Beale, for Stockton township.

[1881.] In response to circular inquiries concerning
local sanitation, reports were received by the board from the
various townships throughout Camden county, but none from
the city of Camden. Hiram E. Budd reported for Centre
township; .A. Hillman, for Delaware; R. B. Stevenson, for
Gloucester; Mathias Simmerman, for Winslow; J. Stokes
Coles, for Haddon; Dr. P. W. Beale, for Stockton; John
Horner, for Merchantville, and William H. Boker, for
Gloucester Cit\-.

[1882.] The policy of diffusing sanitary knowledge by
means of circulars and of placing the responsibility of the

* " The History, Origin, etc., of the Epidemic of Typhus l-'ever at the Camden County
Almshouse, by Henry E. Branin, M. D."— Transactions of the Medical Society of New
Jersey, 1881.

New Jersey Stale Board of Ilcaltli . 171

public health on local boards, empowering them to meet
sudden sanitary emergencies and to enforce local health laws,
as provided by the sanitary Act of 1880 and its supplements,
led to the organization, under this Act, of local boards in
Merchantville, Gloucester Cit\' and in Centre, Delaware,
Gloucester, Haddon, Stockton and Winslow townships.
Camden, however, still acted independently. Reports were
forwarded to the State Board, during the year, from Centre
township, by Dr. F. H. Williams, and from Haddon, by
J. Stokes Coles.

[1883.] The health reports, for 1883, from Camden
county to the State Board, were made from Haddon township,
b\' J. vStokes Coles ; from Gloucester township, by Dr. Joseph
E. Hurif; from Stockton, by Dr. P. W. Beale, and from
Delaware, by Dr. F. E. Williams. The city of Camden still
continued to supervise sanitary matters independenth' of the
State Board, notwithstanding the efforts made by the County
and City Medical Societies to induce the organization of a
local health board under State laws. Frederick Bourquin was,
at this time, chairman of the sanitary committee of City
Council. An ordinance had been introduced into Council,
providing for the organization of such a health board, but it
was indifferently advocated because it would deprive Council
of some of its political power. Impressed with the belief that
a board of health, operating under State laws, would be more
effective in executing sanitary measures than a committee of
Council, the advocates of the measure continued their work
and, at the annual meeting of the Camden Count>- Medical
Society, the following resolution, introduced b\- Dr. Dowling
Benjamin, was adopted and forwarded to City Council: "That
it is the opinion of the societ>' that the interests of the city of
Camden demand an organization of a board of health under
State laws."

[1884.] Notwithstanding this communication from the
County Medical Societ\-, and the efforts of the State Board in
1880, as has been related, City Council still delayed action aud
continued to control sanitary matters under municipal laws.
The various townships of the county, since the typhus-fever

172 I/is/orv Mtdica/ Profession Caiiidoi County.

epidemic at Blackwood, had organized, in 1882, under the
sanitary code of 1880, and were co-operating with the State
Board of Health. Camden still remained independent and had
forwarded but one annual report to the State Board; viz., in
1880, following the small-pox epidemic. To obtain a report
of the sanitary conditions of Camden, it became necessary for
the State Board to appoint a special sanitary' inspector. This
position was offered to Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, who was unable
to accept it, and, upon his recommendation, Dr. Onan B. Gross
was appointed. The sanitary committee of City Council was
officially notified of the appointment by the State Board of
Health. Dr. Gross made an exhaustive report on the location,
geology, topography, climate, population, streets and houses,
markets and manufactures, public buildings and schools,
slaughter-houses and diseases of animals, cemeteries, refuse and
garbage, water-supply, drainage and sewage, public health laws
and expenses and vital statistics. In concluding his report,
Dr. Gross said: "As the result of a prolonged inspection, the
sanitary condition of Camden loudly calls for the relief
embodied in the late enactments of our State laws in regard
to local boards of health," and that "the board should be
composed of practical sanitarians and able inspectors, organized
according to the spirit and letter of approved sanitary science
and administrative art." In speaking of this report, Dr. E. M..
Himtsaid: "The report should lead to a vigorous sanitary
policy in the interests of Camden and will be found in many
respects a model report for sanitary methods and study in other
localities." In consequence of the inspection and report of
Dr. Gross, which was published in the "Annual Report of the
State Board of Health," the sanitary committee of Council,
through George Van Benschoten, for the second time in its
history, made a report to the State Board, and local reports
were also made by N. Barton, of Centre township; Dr. F. E.
Williams, of Delaware ; Dr. J. E. HurfF, of Gloucester ; J. Stokes
Coles, of Haddon, and Dr. P. W. Beale, of Stockton.

The Nc'a' Jersey Sanitayy Assoeia/io)i . i'JT)

Skction IX. — Thk New Jersey Sanitary ^Association.
[1882.] The organization of this association, which has
been previously considered, advanced the cause of sanitation,
in a marked degree, throughout the State. The sixth annual
meeting was held at Trenton, the seventh at New Brunswick,
and the eighth at Trenton. At the latter meeting (1882),
Dr. E. L. I>. Godfre}-, of Camden, read a paper on "Animal
Vaccine-l}niph, its Propagation by Variolation of Kine,
Retro-vaccination and Inoculation from Original, Sponta-
neous Cow-pox." The history of each of these was given, and
inoculation from original cow-pox was shown to be the onh-
true source for obtaining animal-lymph for the purpose of
vaccination. In considering these sources of supply, the follow-
ing conclusions were stated, and a brief summary of the history
of small-pox was given :

"From a knowledge of the cultivation of bovine-lymph, and from an
experience in its employment for vaccination, two points, in conclusion,
suggest themselves :

Firstly. That lymph should be procured directly from propagators of
acknowledged skill, intelligence and honesty ; not through agents paid from
thirty to sixty per cent, for its disposal

Secondly. That this association should recommend legislation that
would enable the State Board of Health to cultivate bovine-lymph for
gratuitous distribution.

In our generation, when vaccination has curtailed small-pox to an almost
incomputable degree, but a faint conception can be formed of its ravages in
former times. From the middle of the sixth century until the announcement
of the principle of vaccination, near the close of the eighteenth, the most
destructive epidemics of small-pox prevailed in every quarter of the civilized
globe. Procopius, who flourished in the sixth century, gives the first
description of the character of the disease, then raging in epidemic
violence in Egypt and Arabia Bruce, in his ' Travels to Discover the Source
of the Nile,' expresses his belief that the abandonment of the siege before
Mecca by the Abyssinian army was due to the effects of small-pox among
the troops. During the ninth century the disease invaded England, and
was carried throughout Europe by the Crusaders In 15 16, it was carried to
St. Domingo by the Spaniards, and three years later it entered Mexico,
destroying more than three millions of its inhabitants. In 1707, it reached
Iceland; extended to Greenland in 1733, and in a short time destroyed
one-quarter of the population of those islands So terrible have been its
ravages that, not excepting the black death, which destroyed in the Eastern
countries during the fourteenth century more than twenty-four millions of
people, or the sweating sickness of the sixteenth century, has this scourge
been regarded as the most destructive of all the acute diseases known to

174 History Medical Profession Camde^i County.

man. Not alone for its great fatality, the loathsome condition attending it, or
the disfiguration of those who escape its dangers, but also for the demoraliza-
tion it engenders, as seen in the prostration of business, the desertion of
friends, and the abandonment of homes, has it been regarded by Macaulay
as ' the most terrible of all the ministers of death.' When it is remembered
that, in the century preceding the discovery of vaccination, forty-five
millions of people died from the effects of small-pox ; that more than two
hundred thousand, according to Dr. Lettison, fell annual victims to it on the
continent of Europe ; that two millions perished in the Russian empire in a
single year; that the yearly mortality in England was forty-five thousand, —
forty times greater than it is at this time, in proportion to the increase of
population ; that an epidemic existed in London for more than ninety con-
tinuous years; that cities have been desolated, villages abandoned, and
armies disbanded, some estimate can be formed of the transcendent impor-
tance of the discovery of the principle of vaccination."*

At this meeting, Rev. F. R. Brace, of Blackwood, county
superintendent of public schools, read a paper on "What is
Feasible as to Method and Law for the Protection of Schools
from Uncleanliness and Contagious Diseases."

[1883.] The ninth annual meeting of the association
was held at Trenton, December 6th and 7th. Dr. Dowling
Benjamin discussed the "Germ Theory" in its application to
malaria, which theory was opposed by Dr. E. M. Hunt and
others, because malaria was believed to be of paludal origin.
Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey read a paper on "The Germ Theory in its
Relation to the Cause of Specific Diseases." Louis T.
Derousse and Dr. Dowling Benjamin were made members of
the Executive Coimcil.

[1884.] At the meeting of the association at Trenton, in
December, Dr. Dowling Benjamin made an address on "The
Work of the Water-Supply Commission" and advocated the
right and duty of the State to protect the sources of water-
supply.

Sfxtion X. — Miscellaneous Interests.

A. newly located physicians and druggists.

[1880.] During the year, the following physicians^
besides those mentioned in connection with the Camden City
and County Medical Societies, began practice in Camden :
Dr. George W. Henry, a graduate of the Philadelphia College of

* Annual Report of the New Jersey State Board of Health for

.Uiscf//a>uv!is Ink rests. i75

Pharmacy in 1875 and of Jefferson Medical College in 1880;
Dr. John H. Sutton, a graduate of the College of Physicians and
Surgeons of New York in 1877; Dr. E. R. Smiley, a graduate
of Jefferson Medical College during the year; Dr. Daniel
Strock, a Jefferson College graduate of 1877, and Dr. Thomas
R. Blackwood, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1870.
Dr. William G. DuBois, a graduate of Hahnemann College, 1880,
located at Gloucester city, but subsequently removed to Camden.
During 1881, Dr. Sophia Presley, a graduate of the Woman's
^Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1879 ; Dr. James G. Stanton
and Dr. Howard F. Palm, graduates of Jefferson Medical
College in 1881, and Dr. P. W. Beale located in Camden, and
Dr. Joseph E. Hurff, a graduate of Jefferson College, 1881,
located at Blackwood. During 1882, Dr. Robert H. Peacock, a
graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1 881, located at Berlin,
and r^Irs. Jennie Rickards,* graduate of the Eclectic College of
Philadelphia, located in Camden. In 1883, William A.
W^estcott, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College during the
year, began practice at Berlin, and Doctors George H. Jones,
a graduate of the University of New York, 1870; James H.
Stanton, William Warnock and Joseph H. Wills, the two
latter graduates of the University of Pennsylvania in 1883,
located in Camden, and Dr. J. W. Gardiner, a graduate of
Hahnemann Medical College, 1875, located at Gloucester City.
During 1884, Dr. Guilford Gunter, a graduate of the University
of Pennsylvania, 1880; Dr. William C. Raughley, a graduate of
the same institution in 1884, and Dr. William Shafer, a graduate
of Jefferson Medical College during the year, began practice in
Camden. Dr. George D. Woodward, a student at Swarthmore
College and a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1884,
began practice at Belair, Md., and moved to Camden, two years
after.

During 1880, William H. Braddock opened a drug-store
at the corner of Third and Elm streets, which has since been
removed to Third and Birch, and is now owned by G. S.
Hoffecker; in 1882, Dr. N. Davis opened a store at Broadway
and Spruce streets; in 1884, Dr. William Shafer opened a

* Pro well's History of Camden County.

176 History Medical ProJessioiL Camden County.

store at Fourth and Hamilton streets; Dr. E. R. Smiley, at
Third and Washington streets, and Dr. P. W. Beale, at Ninth
and Federal streets.

B. YOUNG men's CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.

[188 1.] The Young Men's Christian Association of
Camden was organized October 16, 1878, and has filled an
important position in the development and maintenance of the
religious interests of the city. The growth of its influence
and possessions, from its organization and early meetings in
the lecture-room of the Tabernacle Baptist Church, now
William B. Hatch Post, G. A. R., to its present handsome and
spacious quarters on Federal street, attest its popularity among,
and its usefulness to, the young people of Camden. With its
development, the physicians of Camden have been strongly
and actively identified. In 1881, Dr. E. M. Howard was
elected a member of its Board of Directors and has held the
position since with much advantage to the association.
Doctors William A. Davis, John G. Doron and A. E. Street,
dentist, have each served for a number of years on its govern-
inof board and have contributed in manv wavs to its success.

C. MILITARY INTERESTS.

I. The Association of the Sons of Veterans of the United

States.

[188 r.] The principles and the organization of this
association originated with Dr. G. S. F. Pfeiffer, of Camden,*
who had served with distinction as a medical cadet in the navy
of Holland; in the French arm>- in 1825, and as an assistant
surgeon in the One Hundred and Eighty-sixth Regiment,
Pennsylvania Volunteers, during the latter part of the Rebellion
of 1 86 1 to 1865. The Order of the Eoyal Legion and the
Grand Army of the Republic, which preceded the Sons of
Veterans in the order of organization, were also originated b}-
physicians. The association is formed of the male descendants
of the deceased or honorably discharged soldiers, sailors and
marines of the United States forces who served in the Rebellion.

* M.S. Notes of Dr. F. P. Pfeiffer.

. Miscel/aiuoKs In tci esls . 1 7 7

Its object is "to keep green the inemories of their fathers and
their sacrifices for the maintenance of the Union." The
association is divided into camps, State organizations and the
commandery-in-chief Among those in Camden connty who
ha\-e taken an active interest and held important positions in
the association are Doctors E. E. De Grofft, of Camden, and
J. J. Haley, of Gloucester City.

2. Medical Officers of the National Guard of New Jersey.

[1882.] Important changes occurred in the Sixth Regi-
ment, National Guard, this year. Major-General William J.
Sewell, colonel commanding, was promoted to the command
of the Second Brigade, National Guard, and Major H. Genet
Ta}-lor, surgeon of the regiment, resigned his position, June
23, 1882, after a service of thirteen years in the State forces,
dating from December i, 1869. Lieutenant-Colonel William
H. Cooper was elected and commissioned colonel of the
regiment, September 21, 1882, to succeed General Sewell;
First Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon Isaac B. Mulford was
promoted major and surgeon, October 9, 1882, on the staff of
Colonel Cooper to succeed Major Taylor, and, on the same date.
Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey was commissioned first lieutenant and
assistant surgeon of the regiment, vice Mulford promoted. On
November 21, 1881, Major Mulford died and Lieutenant
Godfrey was promoted to the majorate of the regiment and
commissioned Januar>' 4, 1883, and Dr. Dowling Benjamin was
commissioned first lieutenant and assistant surgeon on the same
date. On September 16, 1884, Lieutenant Benjamin resigned
and, on October 6th, Dr. George T. Robinson was commis-
sioned first lieutenant and assistant surgeon to fill the vacancy.
In 1884, Levi B. Hirst was warranted hospital steward of the
regiment and retained the position until 1894, when he was
honorably discharged.
3. The United States Pension Board of Examining Surgeons.

[1884.] This board was established in Camden, June 14th.
Previously to this, the physical examinations of disabled
soldiers and sailors were made by Dr. James A. Armstrong, of
Camden, ex-surgeon of the Seventy-fifth Regiment, Pennsyl-

178 History Medical Profession Camden County.

vania Volunteers, and, if approved by the Pension Bureau of
Washington, the applicant would be ordered to report for
examination to a United States Pension Board, then only found
in large cities. The difficulty and delay of securing examina-
tions for pensions, by the soldiers and sailors of this vicinity^
was brought to the attention of United States Senator William
J. Sewell, and, through his influence, a board was established
in Camden by the Commissioner of Pensions, and Doctors H.
Genet Taylor, James A. Armstrong and O. B. Gross were
appointed to constitute the board. In 1885, Doctors Taylor
and Armstrong were succeeded by Doctors James M. Ridge and
John W. Donges and Dr. O. B. Gross was retained. In 1889^
Doctors H. H. Davis, P. W. Beale and E. P. Townsend were
appointed to constitute the board. In 1892, Dr. Townsend
resigned and Dr. Howard F. Palm was appointed to fill the
vacancy. In 1893, Doctors John W. Donges, John K. Bennett
and P. W. Beale were made its members.

D. POLITICAL INTERESTS.

[1882.] In the revision of the charter of the city of
Camden, in 1851, the power and authority of City Council to
elect its presiding officer was provided for and, during
this year (1882), Dr. John W. Donges was elected president of
Council. Dr. Donges was elected a member of City Council in
1878 and won distinguished recognition from his confreres^
as a member of the sanitary committee, in the epidemic of
small-pox, in 1880. He was the first physician to hold the
position of president. Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler was the first
physician to hold a councilmanic position, and, since then,
Doctors Charles W. Sartori, Frederick P. Pfeiffer, W. B. E.
Miller, John D. Leckner, P. W. Beale, William S. Jones and
B. S. Lewis have been members of this department of the
government of Camden. In 1881, Doctors M. F. Middleton
and H. H. Davis represented, respectively, the Second and
Fifth wards of Camden in the Board of Education, and were
re-elected in 1882.

Miscellaneous Interests. 179

K. SOCIKTY FOR RELIEF OF WIDOWS AND ORPHANS OF
MEDICAL MF;N OF NEW JERSEY.

[1882.] The plan of organization of this society was first
presented to the New Jersey Medical Society in 1850, and an
Act of Legislature was secured to enable the members of the
Medical Society of New Jersey to provide a fund for the relief
of widows and orphans of deceased physicians and surgeons,
members of the State Society and of District Medical Societies.
The project was not completed until May 20, 1882, when the
present society was incorporated at Newark, largely through
the influence of Dr. Charles J. Kipp, for the purpose of afford-
ing pecuniary aid to the families of deceased medical men and,
also, to its members in time of special need. The society has
a relief fund, for the purpose of affording immediate aid on the
death of a member, and a permanent fund which enables it to
make yearly allowances, when required. Its president,
Dr. Joseph D. Osborne, has contributed materially to its
success and the organization has assisted the families of a
number of its deceased members. Among the Camden county
physicians who have become members of it are Doctors H.
Genet Taylor, Joseph J. Wills and E. L. B. Godfrey.

F. THE PHILADELPHIA COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY.

[1883.] This society was organized, in 1848, for the
purpose of securing a delegate relationship with the American
Medical Association. It became, in consequence, an organi-
zation with a large membership and has maintained a
close affiliation with other county medical societies. The
professional and social amenities of the county societies of
Philadelphia and Camden have strengthened the bonds of pro-
fessional fellowship. For a number of years, it has been the
custom for the Camden County Medical Society to entertain
prominent Philadelphia physicians and those from other places
at its semi-annual meeting, and, to do this on a more extended
scale, the Februar}' meeting was provided. The Cooper legac}-
was bequeathed mainly for social purposes. To reciprocate
the many acts of hospitality of the Camden Society, the Phila-
delphia County Society set apart October 10, 1883, for the

i8o History Medical Profession Camden County.

purpose of entertaining the Camden count}' physicians at the
hall of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, when Dr. E. M.
Hunt, secretary ot the New Jerse}- State Board of Health,
delivered an address on "Cholera."

G. THE druggists' A.SSOCIATION OF CAMDEN.

[1884.] This association was organized in Camden,
July I, 1884, for the purpose of promoting and protecting the
professional and trade interests of the druggists of Camden.
The association met monthly at the Camden City Dispensary
and existed for about three years. For a time it sustanied a
delegate relation.ship with the National Pharmaceutical Asso-
ciation and increased and profited the common interests of the
profession. During 1885, it entertained as its guests the New
Jersey Pharmaceutical Society, of which Prof Albert P. Brown,
of Camden, was president. Prof Brown also served as presi-
dent of the association and Stanley C. Muschamp as secretary
and treasurer. The following druggists were members:
Doctors D. P. Pancoast, Dowling Benjamin and George W.
Henry, and Druggists J. L. De La Cour, A. W. Test, L. H.
Street, George D. Borton, Charles E. Slough, William H.
Braddock, Richard S. Justice, Simeon T. Ringel and Ehrman
Lehman.*

Section XL — Deaths.

[1881.] During the period under consideration, Camden
county sustained severe losses in the death of Dr. Joseph W.
McCuUough and of John Morgan^ in 1881 ; Doctors John
V. Schenck and Isaac B. Mulford, in 1882 ; Doctors Sylvester
Birdsell and G. S. F. Pfeififer and Colonel Thomas McKeen, in
1883, and Dr. Randall W. Morgan, in 1884.

Dr. Joseph W. McCullough died March 15, 1 881, of typhus
fever contracted while on duty at the Almshouse, Blackwood,
during the epidemic previous!}' referred to. His death illus-
trated, in a degree rarely equalled, a devotion to professional
duty. P'^rom November to March, he continuously faced the
dangers of malignant typhus fever without sign of fear or

* MS. Notes of S. C. Muschamp.

Deaths. i8i

relaxation of service, until prostrated with the plague, from
which he died a martyr's death. No such evidence of
unfaltering courage and heroic devotion to duty has ever been
exhibited by any physician in Camden county, except his
distinguished co-laborer and confrere^ Dr. Henry E. Branin,
and his successor, Dr. Joseph E. Hurflf. The medical fraternity
of Camden county owe to their profession, and to posterity,
the erection of a tablet at the Almshouse to commemorate the
heroic services of Doctors McCuUough, Branin and Hurff. Dr.
]\IcCullough served in the Rebellion as assistant surgeon, and
subsequently as surgeon, of the First Delaware Regiment,
and participated in many of the battles of the Army of the
Potomac. After the close of the Civil War, he was com-
missioned an assistant surgeon in the regular army, but
resigned, in 1866, and located at Blackwood. In 1868, he
was appointed physician to the Almshouse, — a position retained
by him until his death. Dr. McCullough was a member of the
Camden County Medical Society, which took appropriate action
at his death.

John Morgan, president of the Camden Cit}- Dispensary,
died November 8, 1881. For a ninnber of years, he had been
an active supporter of the dispensary and, at the time of his
death, had served as its president seven }'ears. He left a legacy
of one hundred dollars to the dispensary.

[1882.] Dr. John V. Schenck died July 25, 1882. Dr.
Schenck was graduated with the degree of A. B. from Rutgers
College, in 1844, and as an M. D. from the University of Penn-
sylvania, in 1847. He located in Camden, in 1849, and soon
became prominently and favorabl)' known because of his labors
in the cholera epidemic. In 1853, ^^^ was one of the organizers
of the Camden City Medical Society ; in 1859 and in 1873, he
served as president of the County Medical Society ; in 1867, he
was one of the incorporators of the Camden City Dispensary ;
in 1877, he was elected president of the Medical Society of
New Jersey and, in this year also, upon the death of
Dr. Thomas F. Cullen, he was made a member of the Board of
Trustees of The Cooper Hospital, — a position held by him until
his deatli. Dr. Schenck was the most extensive practitioner of

i82 History Medical Profession Camden County.

obstetrics Camden county has e\er known and, at the time of
his death, was the acknowledged leader as well as the oldest
member of the profession. It was said of him that he averaged
attendance upon a parturient case daily, during some years of
his practice.

Dr. Isaac B. Mulford died November 21, 1882, in the
thirty-ninth year of his age. Dr. Mulford was graduated as an
A. B. from Princeton College, in 1865, and as an M. D. from
the University of Pennsylvania, in 187 1, after which he began
medical practice in Camden. In 1868, Princeton College con-
ferred on him the degree of A. M. In 1 881, he was elected
president of the Camden County Medical Society. He served
for a number of years on the Board of Managers of the Camden
City Dispensary and also as physician to the West Jersey
Orphanage and took an active interest in their management.
He was a member of the American Medical Association, the
American Academy of Medicine and of the New Jersey Sani-
tary Association. He was commissioned an assistant surgeon
in the National Guard of New Jersey and appointed on
the staff of Colonel William J. Sewell, Sixth Regiment,
and, upon the resignation of Major H. Genet Ta^-lor, surgeon
of the regiment, he was promoted major and surgeon and served
on the staff of Colonel W. H. Cooper of the same regiment,
imtil his death. Following the example of Dr. R. M. Cooper,
Dr. Mulford bequeathed his medical library to the Camden Cit\-
Medical Society, on the condition that it should be properly
cared for and known as "The Mulford Library." The library-
contained a choice collection of books and was valued at one
thousand dollars. The society accepted the bequest with the
conditions named ; procured a proper case, catalogued the books
and appointed a librarian.

[1883.] Dr. Sylvester Birdsell, whose death occurred
during the year, was graduated from Jefferson Medical College-
in 1848, and began his professional career in Camden, in 1850.
In 1853, ^^^ assisted in the organization of the Camden City
Medical Society and, in 1858, was elected president of the
Camden County Medical Society. He held, at one time, a
lectureship in the Woman's Medical College of Philadelphia.

Deaths. 183

]\Iost of his time, however, after a few years of medical
practice, was devoted to his drug interests at Fourth and
Wahiut streets, Camden. He served for a number of terms as
a member of the Board of Education.

Dr. George S. F. Pfeififer died at his residence in Camden,
November, 1883. Dr. Pfeiffer, a native of Worms, Germany,
was born in 1806 and came to America, in 1833. Previously
to this, his career had been eventful. While a student at the
University of Strasburg, he entered the naval service of
Holland as a medical cadet. In 1825, while cruising off the
coast of Algiers, he, with a number of shipmates, made an
incursion inland and was captured by Bedouins and retained
a prisoner until 1830, when the French captured Algiers
and liberated them. He then entered the French army
and won meritorious recognition because of his knowl-
edge of the country and of the language and customs of the
Algerians. He remained with the army for six months, when
he was permitted to return to German}- to resume and com-
plete his medical studies. In 1833, he emigrated to America
and, in 1854, located in Camden. In 1856, he was graduated
from Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia; about
i860, he accepted the professorship of the Theory and Practice
of Medicine in the Penn Medical University of Philadelphia,
which he retained until 1864, when he was commissioned an
assistant surgeon in the One Hundred and Eighty-sixth Regi-
ment, Pennsylvania Volunteers. He retained this position until
nmstered out of the service in 1865, when he returned to Camden.
Dr. Pfeiffer was a master of eight languages. He wrote a number
of ])ooks and translations, for the benefit of his countrymen, on
the manufacturing industries of the United States, which were
published in Germany. He was a member of the Historical
Society of Pennsylvania; Post 5, G. A. R., of Camden; the
originator of the Order of Sons of Veterans and member of
Lodge No. 51, F. and A. M., of Philadelphia.*

In the death of Colonel Thomas McKeen (1883), the
Camden Cit}- Dispensary and the medical profession lost an
active friend and an ardent supporter. To him, more than to

* MS. Notes of F. P. Pfeiffer, M. D.

184 History Medical Profession Camden Co2inty.

any other, was due the organization of the dispensary, and his
continued interest in its welfare, as a member of its Board of
Managers and its president, bears testimony to the singleness of
purpose that actuated him in devoting the surplus funds of the
North Ward Bounty Association to the founding of the insti-
tution. At the time of his death, he was president of the
Board of Managers of the dispensary. He bequeathed to his
family a record ennobled by deeds of charity and acts of
benevolence.

[1884.] Dr. Randal W. Morgan died at sea on a return
voyage from Europe, October 20th. Dr. Morgan was
appointed to a cadetship at the U. S. Naval Academy, at
Annapolis, but was obliged to resign on account of ill health.
He then studied at Bucknell University for a time and was
graduated as a Doctor of Medicine from the University of
Pennsylvania, in 1870, after which he located in Camden. In
1872, the University of Pennsylvania conferred on him the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In the same year, he won
distinction in an epidemic of small-pox prevailing in Camden,
which has been referred to. In 1876, he was elected county
physician and was the first physician to hold the position
under the legislative Act creating the same. In 1879,
he established a drug-store at the corner of Kaighn and
Newton avenues.

CHAPTER X.

THE PERIOD FROM 1885 TO 1890.

Section I. — Thk Camden City Dispensary.

[1885.] The annual meeting of the Board of Managers
was held January 13th. The report for the year showed that
six hundred and twenty-five patients had been treated, and four
thousand, seven hundred and seventeen prescriptions com-
pounded, from an expenditure of $2,634.69, including all the
expenses of the institution. Dr. Alexander Marcy was elected
president; Maurice Browning, vice-president; Dr. H. Genet
Taylor, secretary, and Richard H. Reeve, treasurer. The con-
tract with City Council, for furnishing medicine and medical
attendants for the poor of the city for $1,600 per annum,
first made for that amount in 1879, expired May 31st. Its
renewal met with opposition from the managers of the Camden
Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary, who requested the
sanitary committee of City Council to permit them to submit
a bid for supplying the poor of the city with medicine and
medical attendants for the ensuing year. The request was
complied with ; the managers of the Camden City Dispensary
were duly notified and solicited to make a bid for the work,
which would be opened and recorded upon the meeting of the
committee. The invitation was officially refused and, in con-
sequence of a bid of $1,500 from the Camden Homoeopathic
Hospital and Dispensar\^, the entire contract was awarded to
that institution for the ensuing year. During the year, the
dispensary came into possession of a legacy of $1,000 from
Elizabeth Cooper and of $100 from the estate of Jolin
Morgan.

[1886.] In consequence of the failure of the dispensary
to secure the usual appropriation from the city for the care of
its indigent sick, an effort was made to provide a sustaining
fund, by means of private subscriptions, and, at the annual
meeting in Januar\-, the report showed that, while less work

185

1 86 History Medical Professioyi Camden County.

was done throughout the city in the way of professional visits,
an increased number of prescriptions were written at the dis-
pensary and the expenses for the last fiscal year, amounting to
^i>335-34) were met without difficulty, from private subscrip-
tions and the interest of invested funds. At this meeting, the
managers and officers were re-elected, with the exception of
Othniel G. Taylor, the pharmacist, who had served in that
capacity since the organization of the dispensary, but now
resigned because of ill-health. Dr. Howard F. Palm was
elected pharmacist and interne at a salary of $300 per
annum. The effort to support the dispensary by means of
contributions from the citizens of Camden led to an extension
of interests in other directions. A constitutional provision
was introduced b)- Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey increasing the Board
of Managers to fifteen persons, eight of whom should be elected
as the representatives of the Camden City Medical Society and
seven as the representatives of the annual contributors. Clinics
were again established with the following appointments:
Medicine, Doctors H. F. Palm and Jesse J. Wills ; surgery,
Alexander McAlister and Joseph H. Wills ; gynaecology, J. F.
Walsh and Alexander McAlister; diseases of the e)e, E. P.
Townsend ; diseases of the skin, George T. Robinson, and
diseases of the throat, F. G. Stroud. The report for the year
was printed for distribution. As the time approached for the
expiration of the contract between the city and the Camden
Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary, the managers of the
Camden City Dispensary realized the necessity of securing at
least a part of the city's appropriation and, as a result of the
effort, the annual appropriation of City Council for the poor
was increased to $1,800, half of which was paid to the
Camden City Dispensar}- and half to the Camden Homoeopathic
Hospital and Dispensary. An agreement was then made
between the institutions to divide the city into regular and
homoeopathic districts; to provide medicine and medical
attendants for each, and the First, Third, Fifth and Sixth
wards were assigned to the Camden City Dispensary, and the
Second, Fourth, Seventli and Eighth wards to the Homoeo-
pathic Hospital and Dispensary. Dr. Joseph H. Wills was

The Canidoi City Ih'spoisary . 187

appointed physician for the First and Third wards, and
Dr. William Warnock for the Fifth and Sixth wards, on the
part of the Camden City Dispensary. The names of the repre-
sentatives of the Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispen-
sary could not be procured.

[1887.] The annual meeting was held in January and,
under the new constitutional provisions, Messrs. Maurice
Browning, David M. Chambers, Richard H. Reeve, Joseph B.
Cooper, Peter V. Voorhees, Rudolph W. Birdsell and Henry B.
Wilson were elected to the Board of Managers, to represent the
annual contributors, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M.
Mecray, E. L. B. Godfrey, William A. Davis, H. H. Davis,
Dowling Benjamin, J. F. Walsh and E. P. Townsend, as the
representatives of the Camden City Medical Society. Maurice
Browning was elected president; David M. Chambers, vice-
president ; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, secretary ; Richard H. Reeve,
treasurer, and Dr. H. F. Palm, pharmacist. There were treated
during the year one thousand, three hundred and ninet}-
cases and three thousand, eight hundred and twenty-three
prescriptions were compounded. The contract with the city
($900) was renewed in June. The first effort to enlarge the
dispensary building, or to purchase a new building, was made
during this year, but met with opposition in the Board of
^lanagers.

[1888.] The annual meeting of the dispensary was held
January- loth. The managers, officers, attending staff" and
district physicians were re-elected. Two thousand, one hundred
and sixty-three patients were treated, at an expense of $1,216.64,
during the past year. The Society for the Relief of Poverty*
was given free quarters at the dispensary and the prescriptions

♦The Camden Society for the Prevention and Relief of Poverty was organized, in 1884,
for the object which its title indicates and to prevent children from growing up as paupers.
The managers of the dispensary placed a room in their building at the disposal of the
society, for the use of its officers and superintendent, and the society became the recipient
of the annual appropriation of City Council for the relief of the poor. The officers for 1892
were as follow: President, His Honor, the Mayor of the City; vice-presidents, General
William J. Sewell, F. W. Ayer and S. H. Grey ; secretary, Edmund U. Read, Jr ; treasurer,
Wilbur F. Rose; superintendent, Abel Smith; directors, D. xM. Chambers (chairman),
Wilbur F. Rose, Geoffrey Buckwalter, J. Lynn Truscott, Rev. Moses Wilcox, F. H. Burdsall,

B. C. Reeve. J. B. Fox, E. E. Read, Jr., Howard M. Sharp, Joseph P. Weatherbyand William

C. Dayton.

1 88 History Medical Profession Camden County.

from the out-patient department of The Cooper Hospital, and
from the Camden Home for Friendless Children, were ordered
to be compounded free of charge.

[1889.] The annual meeting was held January 8th, with
President Maurice Browning in the chair. Three thousand, five
hundred and eight cases were reported to have been treated
during the }'ear, and six thousand, four hundred and twenty-
eight prescriptions compounded. The managers representing
the Camden City Medical Society were re-elected, with the ex-
ception of Dr. O. B. Gross in the place of Dr. J. F. Walsh, and,
also, those representing the contributors. The officers of the
Board of Managers, the staff and district physicians and the
pharmacist were re-elected. The contract with the city was
renewed. During the year, Joseph B. Cooper, who had been
identified with the management of the dispensary for seventeen
years, eight of which he served as its treasurer, died and left a
legacy of $500, of which the dispensary came into possession
the following year. A legacy of $2,000 was also received,
October 29th, from the estate of William B. Cooper, who was
a strong factor in the support of the West Jersey Orphanage
and also a member of the Board of Managers of the Dispensary
and of The Cooper Hospital.

Section H. — The Camden City Medical Society.

[1885.] In the early portion of the year, but little
interest was taken in the City Medical Society and the March
meeting was not held. In April, however, the necessity for
the organization of a board of health under State laws led to a
special meeting of the society and the appointment of a
committee, consisting of Doctors E. L. B. Godfrey, H. Genet
Taylor, A. M. Mecray, O. B. Gross, H. H. Davis, J. F. Walsh
and D. Benjamin, to request Dr. E. M. Hunt, secretary of the
State Board of Health, and the sanitary committee of City
Council to meet them in a conference concerning said organi-
zation. On June 15th, the conference was held at the City Hall
and measures for the organization of a board of health, under the
State sanitary code of 1880, and its supplements, was adopted.
At the annual meeting in September, a resolution was adopted.

The Cavidcn City Medical Society. 189

which became a constitutional provision in 1887, providing for
monthly meetings of the society at the dispensary ; for the
appointment of an essayist by the president and for the serving
of a collation after each meeting. This marked an era in the
history of the society, and since then regular monthly meetings
have been held, except during July and August, under the
conditions named in the resolution. At this meeting, a paper
on "Burns and Scalds" was read by Dr. D. Benjamin. Dr. J.
F. Walsh was elected president ; Dr. O. B. Gross, vice-president,
and Dr. W. A. Davis, secretar}- and treasurer. In November,
Dr. A, M. Mecray read a paper on " Puerperal Convulsions" and,
in December, Dr. H. F. Palm presented a paper on " Negative
Points in Practice." Doctors Joseph H. Wills, an A. B. of
Haverford College, 1868, A.M. of the same, 1871, M. D. of
the University of Pennsylvania, 1880, and ex-resident physician
and surgeon of the Pennsylvania and Orthopaedic Hospitals of
Philadelphia; Jesse J. Wills, a graduate of Jefferson Medical
College, 1884, George W. Henry and Philip W. Beale were
elected members.

[1886.] A spirit of progress was manifest in the society
throughout the year. Papers were read by Prof H. F. Formad,
of Philadelphia, on "Criminal Abortion"; by Prof. John
\\ Shoemaker, of Philadelphia, on "Lupus"; by Dr. W. H.
Iszard, on "Post-partum Hemorrhage," and Dr. C. G. Hoell, on
"Quinine." Dr. O. B. Gross was elected president; Dr. W. A.
Davis, secretary and treasurer; Doctors Taylor, IMecray,
Ck)dfrey, Gross, Benjamin, H. H. Davis, W. A. Davis and
Walsh were elected as the representatives of the society in the
Board of Managers of the City Dispensary, and Dr. John W.
Donges, Dr. Daniel Strock, Dr. Nehemiah Davis, a graduate of
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1878, and Jefferson Medical
College, 1886; Dr. Alexander McAlister, Ph. G. of the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1882, and M. D. of the
University of Pennsylvania, 1885; Dr. William S. Jones,
a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1878; Dr. Frank G.
Stroud, Jefferson Medical College, 1885, and Dr. William
R. Powell, Jefferson Medical College, 1877, were elected
members.

I go History Medical Profession Camden County.

[1887.] Regular monthly meetings were held at the
City Dispensary (No. 46 North Third street), the upper room
of which was furnished for the use of the society. The consti-
tution and by-laws were revised by a committee, consisting of
Doctors Townsend, Godfrey, Ireland, H. H. Davis, W. A. Davis
and Benjamin, to provide for monthly meetings (except in July
and August) ; for the election of officers and of honorary and
contributing members and for the government of the society.
The revision became operative in 1888. The following papers
were read during the year: "The Cause of Cough," by Dr. W.
S. Jones; "Croup and Diphtheria," by Dr. D. Benjamin;
"The Removal of the Uterine Appendages, with Exhibition of
Specimen," by Dr. Alexander McAlister; "The Treatment of
Phthisis by Gaseous Enemata," by Dr. Joseph H. Wills;
"Ovariotomy," with a report of a case with recovery, by Dr. J.
F.Walsh; "Ovariotomy," with a report of a case, by Dr.
Alexander Mcx^lister, and "Abdominal Section," with the
report of a case, by Dr. J. F. Walsh. The election of the
officers for the year is not recorded in the minutes of the
society. Dr. William Shafer, a graduate of Leesburg Academy,
1872, and of Jefferson Medical College, 1884, and Dr. Robert
Casperson, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1884, and
subsequently a student at London and Paris, were elected
members, and Dr. Harry H. Sherk, of Cramer Hill, was elected
a corresponding member of the society.

[1888.] The revised constitution and by-laws provided
for the election of the officers of the society in January. Dr.
H. H. Davis was elected president ; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, vice-
president; Dr. W. A. Davis, secretary ; Dr. George T.
Robinson, treasurer; Dr. Daniel Strock, annual reporter;
Dr. H. F. Palm, librarian ; Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M.
Mecray and D. P. Pancoast were elected the standing com-
mittee, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, E. L. B. Godfrey, W. A.
Davis, D. Benjamin, E. P. Townsend, H. H. Davis, A. M.
Mecray and J. F. Walsh, the representatives in the manage-
ment of the City Dispensary. The following papers were read
during the year: "A Plea for Pure Milk," by Dr. Daniel
Strock ; " The Venom of Reptiles and Insects," by Dr. D. P.

The Camden District Medical Society. 191

Pancoast ; " Laparotomy for Plastic Peritonitis," by Dr. J. F.
Walsh ; " Trichina Spiralis," by Dr. Joseph H. Wills, in which
microscopical views of the parasite taken from cases in his
practice were shown ; " Lencorrhea," by Dr. W. H. Ireland ;
"Infant Feeding," by Dr. William Shafer ; "Uterine Hemor-
rhage," by Dr. E. P. Townsend; "Tetanus," by Dr. D. Strock.
Prof John \\ Shoemaker, of the Medico-Chirurgical College
of Philadelphia, was elected an honorary member and Dr. John
F. Leavitt, a graduate of the University of the City of New
York, was elected to membership.

[1889.] The first meeting of the society, for the year,
was held January loth, when the following officers were
elected : President, Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey ; vice-president. Dr.
Daniel Strock ; secretary. Dr. W. A. Davis ; treasurer. Dr.
George T. Robinson ; annual reporter, Dr. Daniel Strock ;
librarian. Dr. H. F. Palm ; standing committee. Doctors H.
Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray and D. Benjamin; dispensary
managers. Doctors A. M. Mecray, H. H. Davis, H. Genet
Taylor, W. A. Davis, E. L. B. Godfrey, E. P. Townsend, O. B.
Gross and D. Benjamin. Dr. O. W. Braymer was elected to
membership. The following papers were read during the
year: "Nasal Catarrh," by Dr. W. S. Jones; "The Cause of
Typhoid Fever," by Dr. W. H. Ireland; " Typho-malarial
Fever," by Dr. George T. Robinson; "Typhlitis," by Dr.
W. A. Davis; "The Human Countenance in Health and
Disease," by Dr. J. F. Leavitt; "Surgical Shock," by Dr.
Harry Jarrett; "Evolution of the Four-cavity Heart," by Dr.
O. B. Gross. In June, Dr. J. F. Walsh resigned from active,
and was elected to honorary, membership.

Section III. — The Camden District Medical Society.

[1885.] As previously arranged, a social meeting of the
society was held Februar}' loth, to which a large number of
guests were invited. This was the first meeting of the society
in Februar}', and its success led to a change in the constitution,
providing for its continuance. The meeting was under the
care of Doctors E. L. B. Godfrey, H. Genet Taylor and A. M.
Mecray, the committee of arrangements, who selected cholera

192 History Medical Profession Camden County.

as the subject for discussion, because of its prevalence in
Europe, in epidemic form, during 1884. In that year, Koch
discovered the comma bacillus, and claimed that it was always
present in cholera, found in no other disease and afforded the
only means of propagating the malady. The subject was of
special interest, and Dr. John R. Stevenson, of Haddonfield,
who had had experience with the disease in Camden in the
epidemic of 1866, was selected to present it. The subject
of his paper was "A Germ of Cholera in New Jersey." Prof.
Peter D. Keyser, of Philadelphia, exhibited, at the same time,
a specimen of the comma bacillus of Koch under the micro-
scope. The subject was well presented and discussed.
Cliolera, however, did not gain a foothold in this country,
because of quarantine restrictions.

The annual meeting of the societ}- was held at the West
Jersey Hotel, Camden, May 12th. Dr. J. W. Snowden read
the annual report and Dr. Alexander Marc}- read a paper on
diphtheria, advocating a mercurial treatment both locally and
internally. A resolution was introduced and adopted, disquali-
fying from membership any physician accepting " a profes-
sional position or attending by the day, week, month or year
any corporation, railroad company or any private or public
society for a less consideration than the schedule of prices
adopted by the society." The object of the resolution was to
compel tlie surgeons of the Pennsylvania and the Camden and
Atlantic Railroad Companies, and the physician to the Catholic
societies of Camden, to resign their positions. To offset it, a
counter-resolution was adopted " expressive of the great detri-
ment to the medical profession and the society, for physicians
owning drug-stores to prescribe medicines without charging
legitimate fees, unless done in the spirit of charity." The
primary resolution was introduced by a physician operating a
drug-store and, consequently, at the following semi-annual
meeting, both resolutions were agreeably rescinded. The
following were elected officers for the ensuing year : President,
Dr. E. B. Woolston ; vice-president, Dr. W. H. Ireland ; secre-
tary, Dr. H. Genet Taylor ; treasurer. Dr. A. M. Mecray ; chair-
man of the standing committee. Dr. J. W. Snowden ; censor

The Camden Dish'ict Medical Society . 193

for five years, Dr. J. R. Stevenson. Doctors Daniel Strock and
Joseph H. Wills were elected members. The amendment to
the constitution, providing for a meeting of the societ)' on the
e\'ening of the second Tuesday in Februar)-, introduced by
Dr. Godfrey, was adopted. At the semi-annual meeting in
November, Dr. J. W. Snowden made the report for the section
on medicine and Dr. W. A. Davis reported for the section on
obstetrics.

[1886.] At the February meeting of the society, Dr. Wil-
liam Pepper, of Philadelphia, read a paper on " Typhoid
Fe\-er," which was discussed with fervor by a number of the
members and invited guests. Its causative agent was not then
believed to be a living entity and the nitrate-of-silver treatment
was advocated by Dr. Pepper.

At the annual meeting. May nth. Dr. E. B. Woolston
presided ; Dr. J. W. Snowden read the annual report, reciting
the appearance at the County Almshouse of three cases of
typhus fever, which were quarantined and the further spread-
ing of the disease checked. He also advocated the employ-
ment of salicylic acid, then coming into use, in the treatment
of rheumatism. Dr. Charles H. Shivers presented a paper on
"Thrombosis Complicating Labor," and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey
spoke of the necessity for the appointment of an inspector of
plumbing for Camden and of making the street-cleaning
service a part of the public service, under the direct supervi-
sion of a board of health. Dr. William H. Ireland was elected
president ; Dr. O. B. Gross, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet
Taylor, secretary ; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer ; Dr. Alexander
IMarcy, censor for five years ; Dr. J. W. Snowden, chairman of
the standing committee, and Doctors Joseph E. Hurff, of
Blackwood ; Jesse J. Wills, William Warnock and George T.
Robinson, of Camden, and Dr. James A. Walmsley, of Glou-
cester Cit>-, were elected members. Dr. G. W. Bough man, of
Gloucester, resigned, because of his remo\al to Delaware.
Delegates to the State and other Medical Societies were
appointed. Dr. John R. Stevenson was appointed to prepare
a "History of jNIedicine and Medical Men of the Society" for
publication in Prowell's History of Camden County.

194 History Medical Profession Cavide^i County.

The November meeting was held on the 9th instant. The
following papers were presented in the section on surgery,
which was the only section to report: "Antiseptic Treatment
of Wounds," by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey; "Strangulated Hernia,"
by Dr. O. B. Gross; "Fracture of the Lower End of the
Radius," by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey. The medical history of
Camden county, which Dr. Stevenson was appointed to prepare,
was presented and received with much favor and three hundred
copies were ordered for distribution. A committee, consisting
of Doctors John R. Stevenson, of Haddonfield ; H. E. Branin^
of Blackwood; C. G. Garrison, of Merchantville ; H. A. M.
Smith, of Gloucester City, and E. P. Townsend, of Camden,
were appointed to investigate and report on the present and
prospective water-supply of the towns and cities of the county.

[1887.] Dr. Thomas G. Morton delivered an address on
"Antiseptic Surgery," at the February meeting, in which he
illustrated the antiseptic principles of Dr. Joseph Lister and
demonstrated, from the results of a series of surgical cases, that
suppuration, erysipelas and pyaemia arise from pyogenic
organisms.

On May loth, the annual meeting was held at Gloucester
City. Dr. John W. Snowden read the annual report, with a
report of the following special cases: "Scarlatina," by Dr»
Alexander Marcy; "Tapping the Pleural Sac in Empyema,
with Recovery," by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey; "The Treatment
of Phthisis by Gaseous Enemata," by Dr. Joseph H. Wills, and
"Traumatic Tetanus," by Dr. L. L. Glover, of Haddonfield.
Dr. O. B. Gross was elected president ; Dr. William H. Iszard,
vice-president; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, secretary; Dr. A. M.
Mecray, treasurer; Dr. E. P. Townsend, chairman of the
standing committee; Dr. H. Genet Taylor, censor for five
years, and the usual delegates were elected. Upon the volun-
tary retirement of Dr. H. Genet Taylor from the secretaryship
of the society, a committee, of which Dr. D. Benjamin was
chairman, was appointed to procure a suitable testimonial
expressive of the appreciation of the society for his long-con-
tinued and faithful services. Dr. Taylor was elected secretary
of the society in i860 and served until 1862, when he entered

The Camdoi District Medical Society. 195

the United States service as assistant snrgeon of the Eighth
Regiment, N. J. V. In 1864, npon his resignation from the
army, he was re-elected to the position and served in that
capacit}- nntil 1887, a quarter century of service. The follow-
ing were elected members of the society: Dr. Lawrence L.
Glover, of Haddonfield, Jefferson Medical College, 1882, and
Doctors William S. Jones, Alexander INIcAlister, Robert G.
Taylor, George W. Henry and William Shafer, of Camden.

At the semi-annual meeting, November 8th, Dr. E. L. B.
Godfrey made the report for the surgical section and Dr. W. A.
Davis for the obstetrical, during which the latter exhibited the
obstetric forceps devised by Dr. D. Benjamin and stated that
they possessed the combined virtues of a Hodge and a Simpson
forceps and could be obtained of the surgical instrument
makers in Philadelphia. Doctors W. H. Ireland, D. Benjamin,
H. Genet Taylor, E. P. Townsend and E. L. B. Godfrey were
appointed a committee to revise the constitution and by-laws.
The committee on the water-supply of Camden county,
appointed the previous year, made in substance the following
report :

Wells were almost exclusively the source of supply throughout the
county until 1845, when water from the Delaware river was introduced into
Camden. In 18S3, in an effort to introduce water into Gloucester City from
Newton creek, springs were found in digging the basin and proved of
sufficient volume to supply the cit}'. In 1886, water was introduced into
Merchantville from springs along Pensaukin creek. In 1887, water was
introduced into Haddonfield from springs along the north branch of Cooper's
creek, in the vicinity of Ellisburg. Professor George H. Cook, State Geolo-
gist, is authority for the statement that "the springs along Newton, Pen-
saukin and Cooper's creeks arise from the lower sand strata interposed
between the clay beds which underlie the marl beds." The committee
condemned the use of wells as a source of supply, except at Blackwood, and
stated ' ' there seems to be an inexhaustible supply of good, wholesome water,
for any future population, from the springs along the streams in Camden
county and the springs should be guarded from an influx of sewage or surface
drainage."

Dr. William S. Long, of Haddonfield, a graduate of the
University of Pennsylvania, 1878, ex-interne of the Philadel-
phia Hospital, i879-'8o, visiting physician to St. Christopher's
Hospital, 1882, surgeon to the Pennsylvania Railroad, Ken-
sington Station, 188 1 -'85 ; Dr. John W. Marcy, of Merchant-

196 History Medical Profession Camden Coiaity.

ville, a student at Ivafa}-ette College and a graduate of the
University of Pennsylvania, 1885; Dr. Guilford Gunter, and
Dr. F. G. Stroud, of Camden, were elected members. Dr.
Stroud resigned the following year and located at Moores-
town, N. J.

[1888.] The first meeting of the society for this year
was held Februar}- 14th, with the following programme :
" The Treatment of T>-plioid Fever," b)- Dr. A. M. Mecray ;
"The Treatment of Spermatorrhoea," by Dr. J, F. Walsh;
"Intubation versus Tracheotomy," by Dr. W. S. Jones;
" Tedious Labor," by Dr. C. H. Shivers.

The annual meeting was held at Gloucester City, May
8th, with Dr. O. B. Gross in the chair, who delivered the
annual address. The following papers were read : The annual
report, by Dr. E. P. Townsend ; "Trichinosis," by Dr. Joseph
H. Wills; "Sarcoma of the Kidney," with the report of a
case in a child sixteen months old, by Dr. William S. Long ;
" Eleven Broken Bones, with Compound Dislocation of
Shoulder, with Recover)," by Dr. D. Benjamin ; "Sulphurous-
acid Poisoning," by Dr. Daniel Strock. The position of
historian of the society was created, on motion of Dr.
Godfrey. Dr. William H. Iszard was elected president; Dr.
W. A. Davis, vice-president ; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, secretar}- ;
Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer ; Dr. John R. Stevenson, his-
torian ; Dr. J. W. Snowden, censor for five }ears, and Dr. E.
P. Townsend, chairman of the standing committee. In
accordance with the resolution adopted at the annual meeting,
in 1887, the society presented ex-secretary H. Genet Taylor
with a series of resolutions, engrossed and framed, and a silver
cup and pitcher, as an expression of their regard for his
faithful service for a quarter of a centur)-. The presentation
speech was made b)- Dr. D. Benjamin ; the reception, on
behalf of Dr. Taylor, b)- Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey.

The November meeting was held at the City Dispensary
on the 13th inst. The revised constitution, as presented by
the committee appointed the previous >'ear, was adopted. The
following papers were read : " The Treatment of Diphtheria,"
l)y Dr. E. P. Townsend; "The Treatment of Typhoid Fever,"

The Medical Society of Neio Jersey. 197

bv Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey; " Recent Advances in Surgery," by
Dr. Alexander McAlister ; "Antiseptic and Aseptic Surgery,"
b\- Dr. J. F. Walsh. A section on h)'giene was established.
Dr. Robert Casperson and Dr. Harr}- H. vSherk were elected to
membership.

[1889.] The regular meeting of the society was held, in
February, with the following papers : " Empyema," by
Dr. Alexander McAlister; "The Use of Quinine in Labor," by
Dr. H. H. Sherk ; "Nervous Conditions," by Dr. H. E. Branin.
Dr. John K. Bennett, of Gloucester City, a graduate of the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1878, and of Jeflferson
Medical College, 1887, was elected a member.

The annual meeting of the society was held at Gloucester
City, May 14th, with the president. Dr. William H. Iszard, in
the chair, who delivered an address on " Expert Testimony."
Dr. E. P. Townsend made the annual report and Dr. John R.
Stevenson a report as historian. Dr. W. A. Davis was elected
president ; Dr. H. H. Davis, vice-president ; Dr. E. L. B.
Godfrey, secretar)- ; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer ; Dr. John R.
Stevenson historian ; Dr. H. E. Branin, censor for five years,
and Dr. E. P. Townsend, chairman of the standing committee.

The November meeting of the society was held at the
West Jersey Hotel on the 12th inst. Reports were made from
the sections on medicine, surgery, obstetrics, pathology and
hygiene. The water-supply of Camden was made the subject
of discussion and Doctors Ireland, Gross, Iszard, Benjamin,
Strock, Townsend and Godfrey were appointed to present a
report defining the position of the society in relation to it.
Dr. Robert G. Taylor resigned from active membership and
was elected an honorary member.

Section I\'. — The :\Iedical Societv of New Jerskv.

[1885.] The society met at Long Branch, with Doctors
J. R. Stevenson, O. B. Gross, D. W: Blake, J. M. Ridge and
E. L. B. Godfrey present as Camden's representatives, and
Dr. J. W. Snowden as a Fellow and reporter. The by-laws and
the rules of the society were revised. Dr. H. Genet Taylor
was nominated third vice-president, on the first ballot.

igS History Medical Profession Camden Conniy.

[1886.] During this year, the society met at Sea Girt,
with the attendance, from Camden county, of Dr. J. W.
Snowden as Fellow and reporter, Doctors W. A. Davis, H. H.
Davis, D. Benjamin, E. L. B. Godfrey, H. A. M. Smith and
J. R. Stevenson as delegates, and Dr. H. Genet Taylor as third
vice-president. Dr. Taylor delivered an address on "Medical
Education," in which he reviewed the legislative history of the
society, with special reference to the medical enactments of
1830, '51 and '54, in their relation to medical education, and
claimed that medical education brought into existence the
American Medical Association. Following "his efforts in the
interests of medical reform, made at the meeting of the
American Medical Association in 1884, Dr. D. Benjamin intro-
duced a resolution to the effect "that this society can con-
sistently recommend only those medical colleges that compel a
preliminary examination and at least a three years' course of
study." The resolution was adopted and contributed, in a
great measure, towards an extension of the curriculum of study
in the medical colleges of Philadelphia and New York and
made clear to many of the leading members of the medical
profession in New Jersey, the need of a State Board of Medical
Examiners. The society, however, subsequent!}' refused to
further the appointment of such a board. Dr. D. Benjamin
was appointed essayist for the ensuing meeting ; Dr. H. Genet
Taylor was elected second vice-president ; Dr. D. Benjamin, a
delegate to the American Medical Association ; Dr. W. A.
Davis, to the Delaware State Medical Societ}', and Dr. E. E. B.
Godfrey, a member of the committee of arrangements for the
next meeting.

[1887.] On June 14th, the society met at Beach Haven
and, after a session of much interest, was elaboratel)' enter-
tained at a banquet given b}^ C. F. Parr}', owner of the Hotel
Baldwin. Among the delegates. Doctors J. M. Ridge, C. G.
Hoell, O. B. Gro^s, H. H. Davis, J. Orlando White, Alexander
McAlister, W. H. Iszard, K P. Townsend, J. R. Stevenson,
H. E. Branin, J. F. Walsh, H. F. Palm, J. W. Walmsley,
Alexander Marcy, Charles G. Garrison and Sophia Presley
were present from Camden county. Dr. H. Genet Taylor

The Medical Society of Neiv Jersey . 199

attended as second vice-president and Dr. E. Iv. B. Godfrey as
a member of the committee of arrangements. Dr. D.
Benjamin, essayist, read a paper on "The Present Position of
Antiseptic Practice" and, after referring to the marvelons
experiments and snccesses of M. Pasteur, and their application
to surgery by Dr. Joseph Lister, said that "antiseptic practice
is based upon the demonstration that putrefaction and decay
are due to the presence and action of living germs, or micro-
organisms, and that many, if not all, of the contagious or
infectious diseases are also due to the same cause." He spoke
■of "the habitat and methods of distribution of germs,"
reviewed the recent growth of antiseptic practice and claimed
that " the adoption of the system is absolutely necessary in
private practice by any physician who assumes the responsi-
bility of a case." Dr. H. Genet Taylor was elected first vice-
president.

[1888.] The society met at Schooley's Mountain, in
June, with Doctors J. R. Stevenson, H. A. M. Smith, H. H.
Davis, E. L. B. Godfrey, Daniel Strock, W. H. Iszard and
W. A. Davis present as delegates from Camden. Dr. H. Genet
Taylor was elected president ; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, a member
of the business committee and a delegate to the American
Medical Association; Dr. W. H. Iszard, a delegate to the
Massachusetts Medical Society, and Dr. W. A. Davis, to the
Delaware Medical Society.

[1889.] The society met, in June, at Asbury Park, with
President H. Genet Taylor in the chair, who delivered an
address on "Retrospection of the Medical Society of New
Jerse)-, with some Suggestions as to its Improvement." After
reviewing the organization of the society in 1766, the Colonial
legislation of 1772, its re-enactment by the State in 1783, the
incorporation of the society in 1790, its re-charter in 18 16 and
renewal in 1830, and the medical enactments of i85i,'54 and
'80, he suggested, for its advancement, the establislnnent of
sections for the principal medical subjects, the journalizing of
the Transactions and the founding of a medical library. The
last suggestion was carried into effect and space has been pro-
vided in the State Library, at Trenton, for the purposes of the

200 History Medical Profession Camden County.

society. The yearly Transactions of the different State Medical
Societies are being added to it and the library numbers many
hundred volumes at this time. As a mark of respect for the
president, Dr. Taylor, Rutgers College conferred upon him the
degree of Master of x\rts, at its commencement in June.
Among the more important subjects for the consideration of
the society, at this meeting, was the report of the committee
" On the Propriety of Establishing a State Board of Medical
Examiners," which report Dr. John R. Stevenson, of Haddon-
field, prepared. Dr. Stevenson presented an elaborate review
of medical legislation within the United States* and considered
with particularity that of New Jersey. The report of the com-
mittee was adverse to the establishment of such a board and
was adopted by a large majority vote of the society. In the
following year, a State Board of Medical Examiners was estab-
lished, independently of the society, and will be considered
under its own section. Dr. D. Benjamin was made chairman
of a committee to represent the society at the National Conven-
tion for the revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia. The
delegation from the Camden County Society, which at this time
numbered forty-six members, consisted of Doctors D. Benjamin,
John R. Stevenson, E. U. B. Godfrey, D. W. Blake, W. A.
Davis, W. S. Jones and E. B. Woolston. Dr. Godfrey was
appointed the essayist for the next meeting by President
Taylor. •

Section V. — The New Jersey Sanitary Association.

[1885.] The eleventh annual meeting of the association
took place at Trenton, November 19th and 20th, with Rev. F.
R. Brace, of Blackwood, and Doctors Dowling Benjamin and
E. L. B. Godfrey present as members of the executive counciL
Dr. Joseph H. Raymond, of Brooklyn, N. Y., presented a paper
on " The Collection and Final Disposal of Garbage," which
was discussed by appointment, by Dr. Godfrey.

[1886.] The session of 1886 was held at Trenton,
November 12th. Rev. F. R. Brace discussed the paper of

* Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1889.

The Neiv Jersey Sanitary Association. 201

Professor Charles Jacobus, of New Brunswick, on "Physical
Restraint and Relaxation in the School-room," and Dr. Dow-
ling Benjamin, that of Dr. Shippen Wallace, of Burlington,
on " Preserved Foods." Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey was elected
second vice-president and Dr. Benjamin was made chairman of
the executive council.

[1887.] The thirteenth annual meeting of the associa-
tion was held at Trenton, October 28th. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey
delivered an address on "The Collection and Disposal of Gar-
bage." As to the collection, the contract system and the
system by which the supervision of the work devolves directly
upon the municipal authorities were discussed, with the con-
clusion that the latter offers the better results, if made a branch
of the street-cleaning service, under the control of a superin-
tendent, responsible to the executive or health authorities.
The removal of garbage was considered also, both as to time
and method, and galvanized iron or non-absorbent receptacles,
and water-tight garbage carts, or water-tight barrels with
covers, were recommended. Its disposal was considered from
five stand-points: (i) Mixing with ashes and throwing upon
vacant lots ; (2) feeding to swine ; (3) making into composts ;
(4) removal to sea; (5) burning. The first was strongly
condemned ; the second was regarded as objectionable ; the
third, as non-remunerative in comparison with other similar
waste ; the fourth, as a good method for cities bordering on the
coast ; the fifth, as the best solution when garbage has no mar-
ketable value, or cannot be carried out to sea. The general adop-
tion of the cremation of garbage, for inland cities, was believed
to be only a matter of time. Dr. Dowling Benjamin discussed a
paper presented by Dr. Shippen Wallace, of Burlington, on
"Poisons in Food of Animal Origin," dwelling especially on
tyrotoxicon in milk.

[1888.] The session of this year was held in the
Assembly Chamber, at Trenton, on December 7th. The presi-
dent. Dr. Henrs- Mitchell, occupied the chair. Dr. Daniel
Strock read a paper on " Impure Milk as a Cause of Disease."
After stating the general interest of the public in milk, because
of its universal use, the quality of milk was discussed, the

202 History Medical Profession Camden County.

danger of tyrotoxicon poisoning and the transmission of the
germs of typhoid fever, phthisis and other diseases were
clearly defined and the conclnsion reached that it is the dut}'
of the State to protect its citizens against contaminated as
well as adulterated milk. Dr. Dowling Benjamin was elected
president and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey was made a member of the
executive council.

[1889.] 'I'^ie fifteenth annual meeting of the association
was held at the State House, Trenton, November 22nd and
23rd, with the president. Dr. Dowling Benjamin, in the chair,
who delivered an address on ''The Thermometry of Hygiene."
The subject had engaged the attention of Dr. Benjamin for a
number of years and, from actual tests, he had ascertained the
varied temperatures in different parts of the sick-room at the
same time. He showed, by means of diagrams, the variations
between the center and sides, floor and ceiling, of a room and
between the vicinity of windows and the remote corners. His
address was well received and extensively published by medical
and sanitary journals. Dr. Daniel Strock and Dr. W. A.
Davis discussed, by appointment, a paper on "The Climatic
Treatment of Gastro-intestinal Diseases in Children," by
Dr. Boardman Reed, of Atlantic City, and advocated the need
of a change of climate, the sterilization of milk and water and
hygienic methods of clothing. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey discussed
a paper presented by Dr. G. F. Wilbur, of Asbury Park, on
" The Need of Medical Officers for School-districts," and
advocated medical super\dsion over school interests, because it
would best tend to prevent bad pli}'sical tendencies in school-
children, and remove faulty construction in school-houses.
Dr. Godfrey was elected second vice-president.

Section VL — The Board of Health of the City of

Camden.

[1885.] The "Act Concerning the Protection of the
Public health and the Record of Vital Facts and Statistics,"
approved March 11, 1880, and the "Act Relating to Local
Boards of Health," approved March 22, 1881, made mandatory

The Board of Health of the City of Camden. 203

the organization of boards of health in the townships and
cities thronghont the State. Notwithstanding these statutory
laws, the City Council of Camden, the source of municipal
authorit}', continued its sanitar}- administration through its
sanitary committee until 1885. In April of that year, the
Camden City Medical Society held a special meeting and
appointed a committee, consisting of Doctors E. L. B. Godfrey,
H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, O. B. Gross, H. H. Davis, J.
F. Walsh and Dowling Benjamin, to request the sanitary
committee of Council to meet them in a conference, to which
Dr. E. M. Hunt, of the State Board of Health, was invited, con-
cerning the organization of a board of health for the city of
Camden. A joint meeting was held at the City Hall, June 15th,
at which Dr. John D. Leckner and Messrs. Mead, Ivins, Harman
and James, of the sanitary committee of City Council, and
Dr. E. M. Hunt and the special committee of the Camden
City Medical Societ}- were present. This conference resulted
in the organization of a board of health, July 15th, under an
ordinance of Council and the State laws, with the following
members: Messrs. Leckner, Mead, James, Ivins, Harman,
Thompson and Carman. A permanent organization was
effected b>- the election of Dr. John D. Leckner, chairman,
and D. Cooper Carman, secretary. The rules of the Paterson
Board of Health were adopted and ordinances relating to
contagious diseases, drainage and nuisances were enacted.
On November nth, the annual meeting of the board was
held and resulted in the election of Dr. John D. Leckner,
president ; D. Cooper Carman, secretary ; J. Willard Morgan,
solicitor, and Septimus Knight, inspector. The organization
of this board and that of Newark, according to the report of
the State Board of Health for 1885, "placed the State, as a
whole, under special and definite laws for the protection of the
public health, so that now each city and township has the plan
of organization and the power for effective administration."
A report to the State Board of Health was made by Septimus
Knight, in which it was stated that " the laws regulating the
public health are not very extensive, but that they are being
enlarged for the maintenance of the health of the city."

204 History Medical Profession Camden County.

[1886.] An ordinance, relating to the establishment of a
board of health for the City of Camden, was enacted May
27, 1886, in accordance with the legislative Act concerning
boards of health, approved April 27th. It provided that the
board should consist of seven persons, who shonld be nomi-
nated by the Mayor of the city and confirmed by Conncil, and
that their appointment should be for a term of four years. The
following appointments were made by the Mayor and subse-
quently confirmed by Council : Dr. W. B. E. Miller, Charles
Watson, William T. Mead, Dr. John D. Leckner, George F.
Hammond, Herman W. Miller and Dr. John W. Donges.
The board organized June 28, 1886, with the election of Dr.
John D. Leckner as president ; D. Cooper Carman, secretary ;
J. Willard Morgan, solicitor, and Septimus Knight, inspector.
New rules were adopted ; monthly meetings were ordered and
the annual meeting was set for the last Monday in June. This
was a year of sanitary progress. The board took an active
interest in city sanitation and rendered effective work, especially
in preventing the dumping of mud along the water-front.
School-houses, manufacturing establishments and other public
buildings were inspected, the water-supply examined, the
drainage of the city inquired into, nuisances abated, slaughter-
houses removed, and garbage was more thoroughly collected.
The report of the inspector to the State Board included these
items together with a review of the general sanitary condition
of the city.

[1887.] During this year, the rules and regulations were
enlarged and the sanitary code amended to perfect the work of
the board, especially the duties of the inspector, who exhibited
commendable energy in preventing the dumping of mud
along the water-front of the city. Two thousand dollars were
appropriated by City Council for the purpose of the board.
A general vaccination was ordered and an effort was made
to create a fund for the establishment of a municipal hospital,
because of a threatened invasion of small-pox. On June 27th,
the new board organized for the year with the election of
Charles Watson as president ; D. Cooper Carman, secretary ;
Henry M. Snyder, solicitor; Dr. John D. Leckner, inspector,

The Nciv /erscv State Board of Health. 205

and Septimus Kniglit as assistant inspector. Messrs. Tliaddeus
P. \'arne}- and William T. Mead were appointed members of
the board.

[1888.] The sanitary code of the board was revised,
with an increase of its powers, and a second unsuccessful effort
was made to found a nmnicipal hospital for the care of conta-
gious diseases. In order that the inspector might become
familiar with the exact location of contagious diseases, the
board prepared a map of the city to mark them as they were
reported. On June 25th, Dr. George R. Fortiner was appointed
a member of the board, which consisted at this time of Charles
Watson, George F. Hammond, Herman W. Miller, William
T. Mead, Thaddeus P. Varney and Dr. John W. Donges. The
board organized with the election of Charles Watson, presi-
dent ; D. Cooper Carman, secretary ; Mahlon F. Ivins, treasurer,
and Dr. John D. Leckner and Septimus Knight, inspectors.

[1889.] The power and influence of the board were
greatly extended during this }'ear. A plumbing inspector was
appointed and an ordinance passed, prescribing his duties.
The cremation of garbage was discussed and Newark and
other cities were visited and inspected in this particular ; but
the appropriation of the board did not warrant the expenditure
that a satisfactory cremating-plant would require. On June
29th, the annual meeting was held and the following officers
were elected: President, George F. Hammond; secretary,
Thaddeus P. Varney ; medical inspector. Dr. John D. Leckner ;
plumbing inspector, Septimus Knight; assistant secretary and
assistant inspector, Eugene B. Roberts. Doctors John W.
Donges and George R. Fortiner were members of the board.

Sf.ction VH. — The New Jersey State Board of
Health.

[1885.] By the medical Act of 1883 (a supplement to the
Act approved March 12, 1881), it was made the duty of practi-
tioners of medicine and surgery, in New Jersey, to record their
diplomas, with date and place of graduation, or a certificate in
case of twenty years' practice, with the clerk of the county in

2o6 History Medical Profession Ca7?ide7i County.

which the practitioner lived. These names were required to
be indexed and forwarded to the State Board of Health by the
county clerk, who transmitted this year the names of twenty-
one physicians, graduates of the following colleges : Jefferson
Medical College, ten ; University of Pennsylvania, six ;
Hahnemann Medical College, three ; Ohio Medical College,
one, and Howard College one. Reports to the State Board
were made by Septimus Knight, of Camden ; Dr. F. E.
Williams, of Delaware township ; Dr. Joseph E. Hurff, of
Gloucester township ; J. Stokes Coles, of Haddon, and Dr. P.
W. Beale, of Stockton.

[1886.] Under the law relating to boards of health, local
boards in cities, towns, townships, boroughs, etc., were required
to make an annual report to the State Board of Health on or
before the first day of October, and to answer any inquiries that
might be addressed to them by the State Board. In accord-
ance with this section of the law, reports were made from
Camden by Inspector Septimus Knight ; Gloucester City, by
Dr. James A. Walmsley ; Delaware township, by Joseph G.
Evans ; Haddon, by Dr. F. E. Williams ; Merchantville, b}'
William H. Moses. The medical registration for the year
showed sixteen recorded diplomas from the following institu-
tions : Jefferson Medical College, four ; Hahnemann Medical
College, three ; one each from Albany Medical College, Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia University, College of
Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Michigan College of
Medicine, Electropathic College, University of New York,
Detroit Medical College and Pennsylvania Medical College.

[1887.] During this year, twenty-four physicians regis-
tered at the office of the county clerk, three of whom subse-
quently became members of the County Medical Society, In
accordance with the printed schedule sent, in October, to the
local boards for their annual reports, responses were made by
Septimus Knight, of Camden ; John H. Jackson, of Centre ;
Dr. William S. Long, of Delaware; J. Stokes Coles, of
Haddon, and Edward C. Pedigree, of Stockton.

[1888.] The board made an inspection of the charitable
and penal institutions throughout the State, and presented a

The Ne-cv Jersey State Board of Health. 207

detailed report to the Governor, in which defects in strnctiire
and sanitary management were set forth, and the needed alter-
ations and improvements outlined. The visit to the Camden
County Almshouse was made by Dr. E. M. Hunt, the secretary,
on April 25th. At this time. Dr. Henry E. Branin was the
physician and Charles F. Adams the steward. Dr. Hunt
stated that the structural arrangement and sanitary care were of
the best. The County asylum was visited at the same time and
its management was commended, except that classification of the
insane was not enforced. The Camden jail was visited, March
loth, and April 25th and condemned "as a disgrace to our
common civilization and a menace to the health of the
people." This report led to its reconstruction and enlarge-
ment by the Board of Freeholders. The water-supplies of
Camden, Gloucester City, Haddonfield and Merchantville were
inspected. Camden was stated to contain a population of
52,884, supplied with 5,000,000 gallons of water per day. .Its
source of supply, the Delaware river, was stated to be in
danger of contamination. The water is pumped from the
Delaware, at Pavonia, into a reservoir, thence into a stand-
pipe one hundred and twenty-seven feet in height and five
feet in diameter. The water-works at Gloucester City were
erected in 1883, and the w^ater is taken from springs and from
Newton creek and pumped into a stand-pipe, with a capacity
of 145,000 gallons, seventy-five feet in height and eighteen
feet in diameter. The population of the city was 5,966.
Haddonfield, with its population of 1,950, is supplied with
water taken from springs along the north branch of Cooper's
creek. The works have a pumping capacity of 700,000
gallons per day and were erected in 1887 ; the stand-pipe is
one hundred and ten feet in height, with a diameter of fifteen
feet. The water- works of Merchantville were erected in 1887,
and the supply is taken from thirteen springs along Pensauken
creek, which flow into the basin. The stand-pipe is one
hundred feet high, eight feet in diameter and has a capacity of
40,000 gallons.

In accordance with the State requirements, the printed
schedule of questions, sent to local boards of health, was gener-

2o8 History Afcdical Profcssioji Camden County.

ously responded to, and Inspector Knight made a report on the
location, climate, soil, water-supply, streets, houses, lights,
refuse, market-houses, slaughter-houses, manufacturing estab-
lishments, schools, charitable institutions, cemeteries, health
codes and vital statistics of Camden. Similar reports were made
from Centre township, the board of which consisted of Ezra
C. Bell, John Hutchingson, David H. Williams and C. C.
Clark, with Dr. F. E. Williams as inspector; from Delaware
township, with J. A. Meredith, William Graff, S. T. Coles and
W. D. Coles as members, and Dr. W. S. Long as inspector ;
from Gloucester City, with Dr. J. A. Walmsley, Dr. D. W.
Blake, William J. Thompson, T. K. Costello and J. Edgar
Parker as members, and Patrick Mealey as inspector ; from
Gloucester township, with George Brewer, Charles Stevenson,
Dr. J. E. Hurff, Seth C. Bishop and Joseph S. Steward as
members; from Haddon township, with John Stoy, W. C.
Nicholson, Samuel Wood and J. Stokes Coles, as members, and
Dr. F. E. Williams as inspector ; from Stockton township, with
George Molineaux, Benjamin Abbott, Frank Horner, Charles
K. Seddenger and Dr. Jerome Artz as members ; from Wins-
low township, with Josiah Albertson, H. M. Jewitt, E. A.
Russell, Zober Venton and M. G. Burdsall as members.

The medical registry of the year included thirty-four
physicians, some of whom had registered during the previous
year. During 1883, the quinquennial report of vital statistics
was made by the board, and those relating to Camden county,
Camden and Gloucester City were as follows :

Camden county : — marriages, 433 ; births, 1,685 I deaths, 1,598; popula-
tion, 15,936 ; death-rate, 20.06.

Camden : — marriages, 2,057 ! births, 3,690 ; deaths, 4,391 ; population,
41,659; death-rate, 21.08.

Gloucester City: — marriages, 184 ; births, 695 ; deaths, 481 ; population,
5,347 ; death-rate, 17.99.

The first decennial report of the board was made this
year. For the ten years ending June 30, 1888, the death-rate
per thousand was as follows : For the State, 19. 15 ; for
Camden county, 19 ; for Camden, 20 ; for Gloucester, 19. In
the county, including Camden and Gloucester City, consump-
tion ranked as the most connnon cause of death ; then followed.

Camden Hoviaopathic Hospital and Dispensary Association. 209

in the order of statement, diarrlioeal diseases, acute lung
diseases, nervous diseases of children, adult brain and spinal
diseases, diseases of the heart, croup and diphtheria and t\-plioid
fe\'er. Z)-niotic diseases have been a most prolific cause of
death in the county.

[1889.] '^\\^ board made a report of the " Sewer Systems
of New Jersey," including those of Camden and of Gloucester
City, and, in October, transmitted twenty-three inquiries con-
cerning health matters to the local boards. The Camden
board made an exhaustive report and stated that typhoid fever
and diphtheria were the most prevalent diseases of the year ;
while the boards of Gloucester City, and of the townships,
reported a healthful condition. The board of Gloucester City
consisted of Dr. J. A. Walmsley, Dr. D. W. Blake, W. J.
Thompson, E. J. Steer, Patrick Mealey and W. H. Grey, with
Dr. J. K. Bennett as health inspector ; that of Centre town-
ship was composed of E. C. Bell, J. M. Haines, D. A. Shreeve
and J. H. Jackson, with Dr. W. B. Jennings as inspector ; that
of Delaware township, of William Graff, W. D. Coles, E. W.
Coffin, and John A. INIerideth, with Dr. W. S. Long as inspec-
tor ; that of Gloucester township, of George Brewer, S. C.
Bishop, J. B. Sickler, Dr. J. E. Hurfif and J. S. Stewart ; that
of Stockton township, of Dr. Leolf Reese, B. P. Abbott,
George Molineaux, Charles Pedigree and H. K. Eeddington ;
that of Waterford township, of B. W. Bennett, John Hampton,
William Haines, W. D. Walton, W. H. Norcross and Edward
Stafford ; that of Winslow township, of H. M. Jewett, Elias
Russell, Charles Albright and M. G. Burdsall. Sixt>-five
physicians registered at the office of the county clerk during
the 5'ear, several of whom were from Philadelphia.

Section VHI. — Camden Homceopathic Hospital and
Dispensary x^ssociation.

[1885.] The necessity for a hospital in Camden, coupled
with the dela>- in opening to the public the institution founded
b>- the Cooper family, led to the soliciting of subscriptions, by
a number of ladies, under the direction of ]^Irs. S. B. Northrop,

2IO History Medical Profession Camden County.

for the purpose of " establishing an institution where cases of
sudden sickness or accident could be taken and temporarily
cared for, and where homoeopathic treatment could be given to-
such worthy persons as were unable to employ a physician."
The project was inaugurated in the early part of January and
met with such general acceptance that a meeting of the
subscribers was called, Januar}^ 30th, and the Camden Homoeo-
pathic Hospital and Dispensar}'^ Association was then organ-
ized, with a membership comprising all of the homoeopathic
physicians in Camden, and those persons who had contributed
to the fund the amount of five dollars and upwards. A consti-
tution and by-laws were adopted, and a board of trustees,
consisting of twenty gentlemen, and a board of lady
managers, comprising thirty ladies, were elected, Hon. E.
Ambler Armstrong was elected president of the Board of
Trustees ; James M. Stradling and B. Frank Sutton, vice-
presidents ; Dr. Silas H. Quint, secretary ; Charles Watson, treas-
urer ; and Dr. Purnell W. Andrews, Dr. Thomas R. Black-
wood, Dr. J. K. Bryant, Charles P. Bowyer, John Campbell,
Jr., E. N. Cohn, G. W. Coles, S. S. E. Cowperthwaite, Harris
GrafFen, William Groves, C. M. Hogan, Charles Hollingshed,
Dr. E. Melville Howard, Dr. Henry F. Hunt, D. G. Langen-
dorf. Dr. M. F. Middleton, J. E. Roberts, H. S. Scull, Dr. A.
E. Street and Dr. E. R. Tullis, members. The Board of Lady
Managers consisted of Mesdames Purnell W. Andrews, J. K.
Bryant, John Campbell, Jr.. W. H. Chamberlain, George
Dobbins, A. E. Griffith, J. R. Grubb, M. W. Hall, Charles
Hollingshed, E. Melville Howard, Henry F. Hunt, Mahlon F.
Ivins, Luther V. Kellum, D. G. Langendorf, J. C. Meteer,
M. F. Middleton, S. B. Northrop, W. M. Patton, Silas H.
Quint, John Rogers, Franklin Roop, Samuel Russell, H. S.
Scull, J. M. Stradling, George E. Taylor, E. R. Tullis, S. H.
Morrison, and the Misses E. Fa}'etla Jennings, S. E. Roberts,
and Ada Peacock. On P'ebruary 5th, a charter was procured ;
the building at the northwest corner of Arch and Fourth
streets was secured and, on March 2nd, two wards and an out-
patient department were fitted up. The following medical
and surgical staff was appointed: Surgeons, Doctors E. M.

The Cooper Hospital. 211

Howard, ]\I. F. Aliddleton, S. H. Quint, J. D. Leckner and
G. D. Woodward ; physicians, Doctors J. K. Bryant, P. W.
Andrews, E. R. Tullis, J. R. Blackwood and Anna E.
Griffith ; consulting surgeon. Dr. W. H. Van Lennep. The
association secured the annual appropriation of the city for the
care of the poor (Section I) amounting to $1,500 and thus

started under favorable circumstances. In the foUow-
[1886.] ing year, the appropriation of City Council for the

care of the indigent sick was increased to $1,800
and evenly divided between the association and the Camden
City Dispensary, and the city was divided into medical districts
(Section I) under their care and supervision.

The establishment of this hospital was the second effort
of the kind in Camden ; the first having been made in 1867,
when the managers of the Camden City Dispensary fitted a
ward, for the care of accidents and other sickness, which they
abandoned in 1869, because of the want of funds to maintain
it. The Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary

^Association, after two years of life under its primary
[1887.] organization, was converted into a stock company.

The management purchased the property on the
southeast corner of West and Stevens streets, fitted it for hos-
pital purposes and continned its work there until the fall of
1890, when, owing to various causes, the association voted to
close the hospital. Efforts were made during the following
year to revive the work, but without success, and, through the
advice of Dr. J. D. Leckner, the president of City Council,
and others, measures were taken to organize the West Jersey
Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary, in order to retain the
part of the appropriation of Council, for the care of the
indigent sick, which the former association had previously
secured.*

Section IX. — The Cooper Hospital.

[1887.] The history of The Cooper Hospital has been
referred to in Chapter VIII, Section VI. The hospital building
was begun in 1875 and completed in 1877, at a cost of

*From the minutesof the Camden Homceopathic Hospital and Dispensary Association.

2 12 History Medical Profession Camden County.

$95,645.48. The original endowment of the sisters, Sarah W.
and Elizabeth B. Cooper, was $200,000, exclusive of the land
upon which the hospital stands, which was jointly donated by
their brother, Alexander Cooper, and themselves, and was
valued at $50,000, Deducting the cost of construction from
the endowment fund, there was left a balance of $104,354.52,
which, as an invested fund, the Board of Managers deemed
insufficient "to support the hospital upon a scale commensu-
rate with the probable demands upon its charity." The
dedication of the hospital to the public was delayed, therefore,
until August II, 1887. During the ten years intervening
between the completion and the dedication of the hospital,
the income received from the invested endowment fund
amounted to $80,924.65, which, together with $25,000
bequeathed by Sarah W. Cooper, in 1880, and a supplementary
gift of $25,000 from Elizabeth B. Cooper, increased the invested
endowment fund to $235,279.17. This, added to the cost of
constructing the building, and the value of the grounds upon
which it stands, made the gift of the Cooper family to the
hospital, up to the time of dedication, amount to $380,924.65.*
Since the dedication of the hospital, the invested fund has
been increased by liberal bequests from Mrs. Abigail M.
Wright, a sister of the Coopers; from John W. Wright,
her son (the first secretar}- and treasurer of the Board of
Managers), and from Alexander Cooper, the first president
of the institution. The Cooper Hospital was dedicated and
opened to the public x\ugust 11, 1887, with formal ceremonies
at the hospital, consisting of an historical address by Peter L.
Voorhees, of the Board of Managers, and an address by
Hon. E. A. Armstrong, president of the Camden Homoeopathic
Hospital and Dispensary Association. Previously to the
dedication, extensive alterations, repairs and improvements,
amounting to $30,516.46 were made in the interest of sanita-
tion, and the most advanced appliances in medicine and surgery
were procured. The attending staff were afforded thorough
aseptic and antiseptic facilities for the care of injuries and
disease. In the interval referred to, a number of changes

* By-laws and Rules of The Cooper Hospital, June 22, 1887.

The Cooper Hospital. 213

took place in the Board of iManagers. Of the original trnstees
who subsequently became incorporators of the institution,
Albert W. Markley, Charles P. Stratton and Dr. Thomas F.
Cullen had died, and were succeeded, respectively, by William B.
Cooper, Richard H. Reeve and Dr. John V. Schenck.* In
1882, Dr. Schenck died and was succeeded by David M.
Chambers. At the time of the dedication of the hospital, the
Board of IManagers consisted of the following gentlemen :
President, Alexander Cooper ; secretary and treasurer, John W.
Wright; managers, Peter L. Voorhees, Rudolphus Bingham,
Joseph B. Cooper, Augustus Reeve, William B. Cooper,
Richard H. Reeve and David M. Chambers. On June 2 2d, the
managers appointed the following attending medical staff:
Physicians, Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, D. P.
Pancoast and W. A. Davis; surgeons, Doctors E. L. B.
Godfrey, O. B. Gross, D. Benjamin and J. F. Walsh; patholo-
gist, Dr. Joseph H. Wills; interne, Dr. Harry Jarrett. The
staff held their first meeting, July 13th ; elected Dr. H. Genet
Taylor chairman, and arranged the assignments for duty at the
hospital as follows: During July, August and September,,
Dr. A. M. Mecra)', attending physician, and Dr. D. Benjamin,,
surgeon ; October, November and December, Dr. D. P. Pancoast,
physician, and Dr. O. B. Gross, surgeon; January, February
and March, Dr. W. A. Davis, physician, and Dr. J. F. Walsh,
surgeon ; April, May and June, Dr. H. Genet Taylor, physician,
and Dr. E. E. B. Godfrey, surgeon. A dispensary service was
established, and an arrangement was made with the managers
of the Camden City Dispensary for the compounding of
prescriptions at the dispensar\'. The opening of The Cooper
Hospital inaugurated a new era in the progress of medicine in
Camden County. Previously to this, the greater portion of the
surgical injuries occurring in Camden were attended at the
Philadelphia hospitals, and, as soon as the wards of The Cooper
Hospital were thrown open to patients, the members of the
attending medical and surgical staff were confronted with the
gravest medical and surgical problems, which were soh'ed with
almost unvarying success.

•Address on the Origin, History and Purpose of The Cooper Hospital, by Peter I,.
Voorhees.

214 History Medical Profession Camden County.

[1888.] From August 11, 1887, to December 31, i^
there were treated three hundred and seventy patients within
the wards of the hospital (one hundred and sixty-five of whom
were medical and two hundred and five surgical), and one
thousand, three hundred and twenty-five in the out-patient
department. There were seventy surgical operations performed,
including twenty amputations, one suprapubic hysterectomy,
two exploratory laparotomies for carcinoma, one laparotomy
for gunshot wound of the intestines and one for perityphlitis,
two ovariotomies and one cystotomy. During 1888, Dr. Harry
Jarrett was elected surgical interne and Dr. B. W. Macfarland
medical interne. Upon the expiration of their respective
terms of service, Dr. Jarrett began medical practice in Camden
and Dr. Macfarland, in Bordentown.

[1889.] During the year ending December 31st, three
hundred and seventeen cases were treated in the wards; fifty-
nine surgical operations were performed and one thousand, six
hundred and forty-three patients were treated in the out-patient
department of the hospital. Dr. William Martin, now of
Bristol, Pa., and Dr. S. F. Ashcraft, of MuUica Hill, N. J.,
served as resident physicians.

A. THE COOPER HOSPITAL TRAINING-SCHOOL FOR NURSES.

[1887.] Following the opening of The Cooper Hospital,
this training-school for nurses was inaugurated in 1887, and has
contributed materially to the success of the institution. The
period of study in the training-school covers a term of two
years, including a probationary month, and, during this time,
the pupil is lodged and boarded at the hospital and is paid nine
dollars per month for the first year and twelve dollars per
month during the second year. The ward-training includes
nursing in accidents and emergencies; in surgical, medical,
obstetrical and gynoccological cases; and a course of invalid
cookery at the Drexel Institute, from February ist to June ist,
of each year. The pupils also attend the course of lectures,
given twice a week, by the attending staff of The Cooper
Hospital. • The following are the graduates of the school : In
1890, Belle Neely, Kate Stow, Lily D. Baltz and Florence

The Ninth International Medieai Congress. 215

Wise; 1891, IM. S. Dare, Maud F. Reynolds, Charlotte S.
Gibson and Eleanor Alyers ; 1892, Laura B. Bunting, Emma
L. Steelman, Arabella B. Hutton and Mary L. Johnson; 1893,
Dessie Kimble, Catharine Butler, Annie T. Dunmire and
Amelia Y. Richardson ; 1894, Charlotte E. Parke, Irene T.
Fallon, x\nna Cooper Campion and Jennie H. Stiles.

In September, 1890, Miss Rachel Bourke, a graduate of the
Training Schools of the Massachusetts General and McLean
Hospitals, was elected chief nurse at The Cooper Hospital and
placed in charge of the training-school. LTnder her direction,
the course of instruction has been extended to two years and
arrangements have been made with the Drexel Institute for a
course in invalid cookery. Through the efforts of ]\Iiss Bourke,
the school has attained marked success.

Section X. — Thk Ninth International Medical
Congress.

[1887.] In response to an invitation, extended by the
American Medical Association in May, 1884, to the Eighth
International INIedical Congress, assembled that year at Copen-
hagen, Denmark, to hold its next meeting in America, in
1887, the ninth congress assembled at Washington, D. C,
September 6th, and remained in session for six days. The list
of delegates and members embraced more than three thousand
physicians, including many of the most distinguished practi-
tioners of Europe, Asia and America. The congress was
welcomed to the United States by President Cleveland and the
Honorable Secretar}- of State, Thomas F, Bayard, after which
the inaugural address was delivered by Dr. Nathan S. Davis, of
Chicago, the president of the congress. The work of the
congress was divided into eighteen sections, each in charge of
a president, and the results were published in six large
volumes, which were distributed, free of charge, to the
members of the congress. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey was appointed,
by the executive committee, a member of the Section on
Public and International Hygiene, of which Dr. Joseph
Jones, of New Orleans, was president. The preparations for
the meeting of the congress excited much controversy

2i6 History Medical Profession Camden County.

and engendered much ill-feeling in the medical profession
throughout the country. The invitation was extended, as has
been stated, by the American Medical Association at its
meeting in Washington, in 1884. The committee, appointed
by the association, visited Copenhagen, and formally extended
the invitation with fraternal greetings to the Eighth Congress,
which was accepted. At the meeting of the association, in
New Orleans, in 1885, the committee submitted a report and
a plan of action, without providing for representation by
delegates from any medical society, national, state or county,
limiting its membership to such persons as the executive
committee should invite, and then proceeded to select from the
larger cities officers for sections, without regard to their
membership in the association or in other societies. The report
aroused such antagonism in the association that it was not
accepted, and the executive committee, appointed to arrange
for the meeting of the congress.- was enlarged to consist of one
representative from each State and Territory, the District of
Columbia, the Army, Navy and Marine Hospital Service,
This committee was empowered to revise, alter and amend
the plan of the original committee and to select a chairman
and secretary. This action caused a general quarrel in the
medical profession of the United States and occasioned the
withdrawal of the original committee and their special
appointees to the congress. The new committee met in New
York, in September, and transferred the management of the
congress to an executive committee, composed of the president
of the congress, the secretar}'-general, the treasurer, the
chairman of the finance committee, and the presidents of
sections. This concession failed to harmonize, however, the
original differences. The subject became one of professional
comment throughout the country and, at the November meet-
ing of the Camden County Medical Society, a resolution was
adopted and forwarded to the County Medical Societies through-
out the State, supporting the transference of the future man-
agement of the congress to an executive committee, composed
of the officers of the congress, and stating "that this action
should be sufficient to silence criticism and to enlist the

Ca)iidc)i County Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children. 217

sympathies and support of the medical profession of the United
States." In 1886, the American ^Medical Association met at
St. Louis, when Doctors B. A. Watson, I. N. Ouimby and
E. L. B. Godfrey represented the Medical Society of New Jersey,
The association gave finther emphatic approval of the work of
the general and the executive committees of the congress, in
their efforts to popularize it among the medical fraternity, by
extending membership in the congress to all regular plnsicians
who should register and take out tickets of admission. The
early interest manifested by the Camden County Medical
Society in the work of the congress, led to a large represen-
tation from Camden, consisting of Doctors H. Genet Taylor,
James M. Ridge, John W. Snowden, J. W. Donges, H. H.
Davis, O. B. Gross, Alexander IMcAlister, S. T. Banes, J. W.
Sutton and E. L. B. Godfrey, all of whom registered and
became members of the congress.

Section XI. — The Camden County Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Children.

[1887.] Under the " Act for the Incorporation of Societies
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children," approved April 18,
1876, the Camden Society was organized January 26, 1887,
with the following members : Alexander G. Cattell, E. A.
Armstrong, Dr. S. H. Quint, H. D. Speakman, Wilbur F.
Rose, F. W. Ayer, D. M. .Chambers, B. C. Reeve, Samuel H.
Grey, Dr. Joseph H. Wills, William Bettle, I. C. Martindale,
Rev. W. C. Strickland, Dr. W. A. Davis, John W. Wright,
John L. Westwood, H. ]\I. Cooper, Edward Dudley, Peter L.
Voorhees, Peter V. Voorhees, E. N. Cohn, John F. Starr,
Watson Depuy, B. F. Archer, W. H. Davis, R. H. Reeve,
William H. Allen, George Holl, V. G. Bennett, Dr. W. T.
Collins, W. B. Tyler, A. McCully, John Farrell, J. Henry
Hayes, Dr. H. Genet Taylor, Louis T. Derousse, G. Buck-
waiter, J. R. Eastlack, Mrs. E. L. B. Godfrey and Mrs. A. R.
Varney. The certificate of incorporation was filed in the
office of the Secretar>- of State, Trenton, January 31, 1889.
The object of the society is the prevention of cruelty to children
in Camden countv, and the enforcement of existing and

2i8 History Medical Profession Camden Comity.

prospective laws relating to their welfare. The society was
formed largely through the efforts of Dr. Joseph H. Wills,
of Camden, and has accomplished much good. The Acts
relating to the protection of children, approved March 4, 1880,
January 30, 1883, and March 9, 1885, have increased the
power and influence of the society. The officers for 1889 were
Samuel H. Grey, president; Edward N. Cohn, and Isaac C.
Martindale, vice-presidents; Wilbur F. Rose, treasurer; Abel
Smith, secretary; Samuel H. Grey, Dr. Joseph H. Wills,
Dr. S. H. Quint, Louis T. Derousse, F. W. Ayer, H. M. Cooper,
D. M. Chambers, H. D. Speakman, J. Henry Hayes, I. C.
Martindale, B. C. Reeve, and Wilbur F. Rose, managers;
Hon. E. A. Armstrong and Charles R. Stevenson, solicitors,
and Doctors Joseph H. Wills and S. H. Quint, surgeons.
The society has grown in popular favor because it has extended
a helping hand to children in need of protection and of the
comforts of a home. The Camden City Dispensary has freely
provided a room for the use of the officers of the society, since
its formation.

Section XH. — Military Interests.
a. medical officers of the national guard of new

JERSEY.

On July 12, 1886, Brigadier-General and Surgeon-General
Theodore R. Varick resigned, after a service of seventeen years
in the State forces, and was succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel
John D. McGill, surgeon, First Brigade, N. G. N. J., who was
commissioned Brigadier-General and Surgeon-General, July 13,
1886. On June 28, 1888, First Lieutenant and Assistant
Surgeon George T. Robinson resigned from the Sixth Regi-
ment, National Guard, and was succeeded by Dr. Daniel
Strock.

B. THE MILITARY ORDER OF SURGEONS OF NEW JERSEY.

[1889.] In response to a call issued May 12, 1889, by
Major E. L. B. Godfrey, surgeon Sixth Regiment, N. G. N. J.,
and signed by a number of ex-surgeons of the United States

Milita r i ' /;/ to rs/s. 219

A'olunteer Service and medical officers of the National Guard
of New Jersey, The IMilitary Order of Surgeons of New Jersey
was organized at the Coleman House, Asbury Park, June 18,
1889, with the election of the following officers: President,
Surgeon-General John D. McGill, of Jersey City; vice-presidents,
IMajor J. H. H. Love, Montclair, and INIajor H. Genet Taylor,
Camden ; secretary, Major E. L. B. Godfrey, Camden, and
treasurer. Major Joseph D. Osborne, of Newark. The invita-
tion to take part in the organization of the order was extended
to those medical officers " who have sensed, and those who are
now serving in the military service, under commissions issued
b\- the Governors of New Jersey, and also those medical officers
who served in the war of the Rebellion, under conunissions of a
corresponding rank issued b}' the war and navy departments of
the government of the United States." The object of the order
is the discussion of militar>- surgery the promotion of friend-
ship among the members of the order and the advancement of
the interest of the medical officers in the National Guard of New
Jersey. On July nth, an adjourned meeting of the order was
held at the headquarters of the First Brigade, N. G. N. J., Sea
Girt, when the organization was completed by the adoption of
a constitution and of an insignia, consisting of a pendant and
button. At this meeting, Lieutenant Daniel Strock, assistant
surgeon, Sixth Regiment, N. G. N. J., was elected a member.
In 1 89 1, the State Military Board officially approved of the
institution of the order and, on June 29th, an order was
issued from the Adjutant-General's office, Trenton, that "The
Order of ^Military Surgeons of New Jersey may wear the
insignia, which they have adopted, on dress or undress uni-
form." During this }ear new officers were elected with
the exception of the secretary who retained his position
until 1893, when he was elected vice-president and Major
Daniel Strock was elected secretary. In 1894, Lieutenant-
Colonel E. L. B. Godfrey, :\Iedical Inspector of the National
Guard, was elected president; IMajor Daniel Strock was
re-elected secretary, and First Lieutenants and As.sistant
Surgeons Orange W.'Braymer and Wilson Gill Bailey, of the
Sixth Regiment, were elected members. The order has

220 History Medical Profession Camden County.

assisted in perfecting the medical department of the National
Guard and in advancino; military surgery in New Jersey.

C. THE ASSOCIATION OF MILITARY SURGEONS OF THE
UNITED STATES.

This association was organized at Chicago, largely through
the influence of Surgeon-General Nicholas Senn, of Illinois, on
September 17, 1 891, for the purpose of advancing militar>^and
accidental surgery and the welfare of the civilian soldier. The
association embraces in its inembership medical officers of the
United States Army and Navy and of the National Guard of
the several States, and was, in a degree, the outgrowth of The
Military Order of Surgeons of New Jersey, whose insignia,
with slight modifications, was adopted. The second meeting
of the association was held in St. Louis, in 1892, when
Lieutenant-Colonel Godfrey and Major Strock were made
members. The third meeting was held at Washington, D. C,
the fourth at Chicago and the fifth at Buffalo.

D. THE NEW JERSEY SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF THE AMERICAN

REVOLUTION.

[1889.] This society was founded April 30, 1889, for the
purpose of keeping alive the patriotic spirit of the men who
achieved American independence, and of collecting and
preserving records and documents relating to the Revolution.
Any male descendant of an ancestor engaged in establishing
the independence of America is entitled to membership. The
society has done much to collect and preserve the revolutionary-
annals of New Jersey, and valuable data, relating to the battles
of Red Bank, Trenton, Springfield, Princeton and Monmouth,
are in its possession. Among the members from Camden are
Dr. Dowling Benjamin, who was admitted April 24, 1893 ;
Dr. George R. Fortiner, admitted December 13, 1892, and
Edward Francis Mood\', Henry Samuel Fortiner and Charles
Heath Heyl.

Medical EnactDioits. 221

Skctiox XIII. — Medical Enactments.

A. PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS.

[1889.] On April i6th, a supplement to the medical Act
of 1880 was approved, which, after prescribing the fines or
imprisonment for practicing medicine without conforming to
the medical Act of 1880, exempted from its provisions any
physician who shall file with the county clerk an affidavit
setting forth an experience of twenty years of medical practice
in any one locality.

B. VETERINARY SURGEONS.

On March 4, 1889, an "Act to Protect the Title of Veter-
inar}- Surgeons, and to Regulate the Practice of Veterinary
Medicine" was approved. The Act provided that veterinary
surgeons should be graduates from legally chartered veterinary
colleges ; for the registration of their diplomas with the clerk
of the county in which they intended to practice ; for a fine or
imprisonment for fraudulent registration of a diploma, and for
the furnishing, each year, by the county clerk, of a registered
list of practicing veterinarians to the State Board of Health.
This Act re-enforced the law approved March 18, 1885, which
provided for the promotion of veterinary science and the incor-
poration of veterinar}' societies. Under this Act, the following
registrations have been made in the office of the clerk for
Camden count}' : Dr. W. B. E. Miller, a graduate of American
Veterinary College of New York, 1879; Doctors A. T.
Sellers, John Oliver George and Harry B. Cox, graduates of
the same college in 1887, 1894 and 1895, respectively;
Dr. Charles S. Williams, a graduate of the Veterinary Depart-
ment of the Universit}' of Pennsylvania, 1887; Doctors
Edgar H. Landis, Leonard Pearson, John J. Maher and T. J.
Kean, graduates of the University, 1890; Doctors Harry
Walter and George A. Smith, graduates of the University,
1892, and Dr. Enoch H. Moore, a graduate of 1894 ; Dr. James
McCoart, a graduate of the Veterinar)- College of Philadelphia,
1864; Dr. John Compton Kingston, a graduate of the Royal
College of Veterinary Surgeons of London, 1877, and Dr.
Thomas H. Ash, a graduate of the Ontario Veterinar)- College,

222 History Medical Profession Camden Cou?ity.

i88i. On February 5, 1884, the Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation of New Jersey was organized and incorporated, April 15,
1885. Dr. W. B. E. Miller, of Camden, was one of the
corporate members and has held the position of president and
trustee. The association has thrown a safeguard around the
rights and privileges of the veterinarians of the State and has
elevated the standard of the profession by scientific intercourse.

Section XIV. — Medical Professorships and
Lectureships.

[1889.] The medical profession of Camden has furnished
a number of professors and lecturers for the medical colleges
of Philadelphia, and for the New Jersey Training School for
Nurses. In 1859, Dr. Thomas G. Rowand was elected professor
of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and General Therapeutics in
Penn Medical University of Philadelphia, a position retained
by him until the close of the college term in i860. In i860,
Dr. George S. F. Pfeiffer was elected professor of Theory and
Practice of Medicine in the same university, and retained the
position until 1864, when he was commissioned an assistant
surgeon in the United States Volunteer service; in 1880,
Dr. E. M. Howard was elected lecturer on Botany in the
Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, afterwards made
lecturer on Pharmacy, and subsequently promoted to the
position of associate professor of Materia Medica, a position
which he still retains; in 1887, Dr. E. Iv. B. Godfrey was
elected lecturer on Fractures and Dislocations in the Medico-
Chirurgical College of Philadelphia; in 1889, he was made
lecturer on Gynaecology in the same college, and, at this time,
clinics on Gynaecology were established at The Cooper Hospital,
under the control of Doctors W. A. Davis and E. L. B.
Godfrey. Dr. Dowling Benjamin succeeded Dr. Godfrey as
lecturer on Fractures and Dislocations, which position he
retained for three years. Dr. Godfrey resigned from the
lectureship on Gynaecology, in 1893, after having been con-
nected with the Medico-Chirurgical College for six years. In
the New Jersey Training School for Nurses, Doctors Dowling
Benjamin, W. A. Davis, O. B. Gross, Daniel Strock, Joseph H.

Physicians. 223

Wills, George T. Robinson,* Joseph L. Nicholson, W. R.
Powell, O. W. Braymer and E. L. B. Godfrey hold lectureships.
Dr. W. S. Jones holds the position of chief of the department
of Diseases of the Throat at the Jefferson ]\Iedical College
Hospital.

Section XV. — Physicians.

[1885.] During this year, Dr. Alexander McAlister
located in Camden ; Doctors Lawrence L. Glover and William S. .
Long, at Haddonfield, and Dr. John W. Marcy, at Merchant-
ville. Dr. C. G. Hoell opened a drug-store on Federal street
above Second ; Dr. N. Davis opened a drug-store at Broadway
and Spruce streets, and Levi B. Hirst purchased the drug-store
at the corner of Federal street and Haddon avenue.
[1886.] In 1886, Dr. Howard G. Bonwill, a graduate of Jeffer-
son ]\Iedical College of this year ; Doctors George D.
Woodward, William R. Powell, Robert Casperson and Nehemiah
Davis began medical practice in Camden, and Dr. Henr\' H.
Sherk, a student at Lebanon College, a graduate of Phila-
delphia College of Pharmacy, 1880, and of Jefferson Medical
College, 1886, located at Cramer Hill. George D. Borton,
druggist, was appointed Collector for the Port of Camden, a
position once held by Dr. Lorenzo F. Fisler, and Dr. John R.
Stevenson was elected a member of the New Jersey Historical
Society and appointed on the genealogical committee.
[1887.] In 1887, Dr. William T. Collins located in Camden,
having moved from Smyrna, Delaware. Dr. Collins
was graduated from Dickinson College in 1854, and from
Jefferson ^Medical College in 1857. In 1863 and 1864, he
served as a surgeon in the Rebellion, as has been noted ;
in 1872, as a presidential elector from Delaware for General
Grant; in 1876, as president of the Republican State Conven-
tion of Delaware ; in 1877, as president of the Delaware State
Medical Society, and in 1886, as president of the Smyrna
Board of Health. Dr. John G. Doron, an A. B. of Brown
University, 1884, and ]\I. D. of the University of Pennsylvania,
1887, located in Camden, and Dr. George R. Fortiner, a

* Deceased.

224 History Medical Professio7i Camden Cou7ity.

graduate of Penn Medical University, 1879, was graduated from
Hahnemann Medical College ; Stanley C. Muschamp, druggist,
served as a member of the Board of Education, and was largely

instrumental in the founding of the Manual Training
[1888.] School. In 1888, Dr. S. Bryan Smith, a graduate

of Hahnemann Medical College, located in Camden.
During the year. Dr. Alexander Marcy, Sr., retired from
medical practice. Dr. Marcy was educated at Amherst College,
1859, ^^d University of Pennsylvania, 1861, and brought to
the profession a mind well trained to grapple with the problems
of life and death. Dr. Marcy was closely identified with the
State, County and City Medical Societies, and with the Camden
City Dispensary, of which he was one of the incorporators.
He was the first physician to introduce the use of the hypo-
dermatic syringe to the medical profession of Camden ; the first
to employ strychnia, h}'poderniatically, in cases of collapse, and

the first to administer mercury, locally and internally,
[1889.] in the treatment of diphtheria. In 1889, Doctors

Frederick M. Eaton, Allan S. Ironside and William
S. Moslander were graduated from Hahnemann Medical College
of Philadelphia, and located in Camden. Dr. Ironside had
previously studied medicine at the Toronto School of Medicine,
and practiced for a time at Florence, New Jersey.

Section XVI. — Deaths.

[1885.] During the period from 1885 to 1890, the
profession was called to record the death of Doctors Alexander
J. McKelway, Peter V. Schenck, Napoleon B. Jennings, James
A. Armstrong, Reynell Coates, J. R. Haney, E. J. Snitcher,
John R. Snowden, William Warnock and Pharmacist O. H.
Taylor.

Dr. Alexander J. McKelway was graduated from Princeton
in 1 83 1, and from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1834. He
served with distinction as surgeon of the Eighth Regiment,
N. J. v., during the Civil War, and rose to the position of
division surgeon on the staff of Major-General Joseph Hooker.
After the war, he located at P)lackwood, but subsequently

Dvaf/is. 225

removed to Willianistowii, where he died, in 1885. He was
not a member of the Comity Medical vSociety.*

Dr. Peter V. Schenck, a brother of John \'. Schenck, died
March 12, 1885. He was gradnated from the University of
Pennsylvania in i860, and entered the regular army, as has
been noted. In 1867, he was admitted a member of tlie
Camden County and Cit\- Medical Societies. In 1868, he
located at St. Louis, where he became distinguished in hospital
and private practice.

Dr. Napoleon B. Jennings died at his residence at Haddon-
field, April 17, 1885, of phthisis. He was graduated from
Jefferson Medical College, in 1856, and located at Haddonfield,
where, b)- his skill and genial nature, he secured in an eminent
degree the confidence of the communit}'. He was president
of the County Medical Society in 1861, and, in 1872, a
charter member of Haddonfield Lodge, F. and A. M., and its
second master.

Dr. James A. Armstrong died November ist, of apoplexy, at
the bedside of a patient. He was a graduate of the Philadelphia
College of Pharmacy, 1855, and of the University of Pennsyl-
vania, 1 861; surgeon of the Seventy-third and also of the
Seventy-fifth Regiments Pennsylvania Volunteers, and partici-
pated in man}- of the battles of the Army of the Potomac
during the Civil War. After the war, he served on the surgical
staff of Satterlee Hospital and subsequently located in Camden.
Ill 187 1, he was elected coroner of Camden county and, in
1 876, a member of the County Medical Societ>-. Dr. Armstrong
was actively interested in the Camden Count}- Bible Societ}-
and was an elder in the First Presbyterian Church.

[1886.] Dr. Reynell Coates was born in Philadelphia,
December 10, 1802; graduated from the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1823, and went to India that year as surgeon of a
trading-ship, beginning his practice in Philadelphia upon his
return in the following year. In 1829, he was elected professor
of Natural Sciences in Allegheny College, Pa., a position he
held one year, when he returned to Philadelphia. In 1834, he
abandoned practice and turned his attention to literature, taking

♦Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 18S5.

226 History Medical Profession Caviden Coiinty.

a front rank among American medical writers and exercising a
powerful influence upon tlie medical policy of the day. He also
became distinguished as a lecturer on medical subjects. As a
lyric and dramatic poet ; as a political and scientific writer and
as an editor and novelist, he was famous among his contem-
poraries. Among his works are the following: "The
Gambler's Wife," " The Exile of Connecticut," " The Mimic
Chase," "Reminiscences of a Voyage to India," " Manners and
Habits of Deep-Sea Fish," " The Battle of the Gold Fish,"
"The Lightning of the Waters," "Night at Sea," "The
Heart's Best Dream," " W^e Part No More"; in poetry^
"Through the Cave of Despair," "The Moimtain Child,"
"Eighteen To-morrow," "The Grecian Maid," "The Nautilus,"
" The Island Lyre" ; on scientific subjects, " Popular Medicine,"
"First Lines in Physiology," "First Lines in Natural
Philosophy," also monographs in The Cyclopedia of Practical
Medicine, numerous contributions to the Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the
American Journal of Medical Sciences of Philadelphia, and an
oration on " Medical Instruction in America," delivered before
the Philadelphia Medical Society; in fiction, a novel, "The
Fire-Doomed," and contributions in both prose and verse to
the Wester7i Literary Magazine of Cincinnati, ^'- Friendship' s
Offering'^'' and the Boudoir Ajinual of Boston, and the Leajlets
of Memory^ of which Dr. Coates was the editor.*

Othniel G. Taylor died soon after his resignation from
the dispensary, from inflammator}' rheumatism. Mr. Taylor
was a son of Dr. O. H. Taylor and brother of Dr. H. Genet
Taylor. He was appointed pharmacist and superintendent of
the Camden City Dispensary, March 21, 1865, and served
continuously until his resignation in January, 1886, a period
of twenty-one years. This unusually long term of service
made him well known to the physicians of Camden, with
whom he was very popular. ^

[1887.] On August 27th, Dr. John R. Haney died at his
residence on Kaighn's avenue, of Bright's disease. Dr. Haney
was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1861 and

*Dr. Jo hn S. Hart in Graham^ s Magazine of Literature and Art, October, 1846.

Deaths. 227

served as an acting assistant surgeon in a United States Army
Hospital for several months. In 1870, he located in Camden
and opened a drug-store on Kaighn's avenue, which he super-
N'ised in connection with his practice. In 1883, he was elected
president of the County Aledical Society and, in 1884, he
served as a member of the Board of Education.

[1888.] Dr. Elijah J. Snitcher died of pneumonia on
February 5th. Dr. Snitcher was a graduate of Exeter
Academy, N. H., and of the Chicago Medical College, in 1874,
after which he served as interne in St. Mark's Hospital,
Chicago. He was a faithful and skillful servitor of his
patients and possessed the respect and confidence of both the
profession and the public.

Dr. John W. Snowden died of cancer at his residence at
Hammonton, May 28th. Dr. Snowden was graduated from
the University of Pennsylvania in 1844, and located at Ancora.
He joined the Camden County Medical Society, in 1849, and
was rarely absent in the thirty-nine years of his membership^
serving as president in 1855, and also in 1875. In 1878, he
was appointed chairman of the standing committee and served
for nine years. In 1882, he w^as made president of the Medical
Society of New Jersey, being the fifth physician from Camden
county to hold that position. Dr. Snowden exerted a marked
influence in the community on account of his skill and
accomplishments.

[1889.] Dr. William Warnock died of phthisis at
Burlington, during the year. He was graduated from the
University of Pennsylvania, in 1880, and served for two years
as surgeon on the Red Star Trans-continental line of steamers,
after which he located in Camden. He served for a term as
district physician of the Camden City Dispensary.

CHAPTER XL

the period from 1s90 to 1895.

Section i. — The Camden City Dispensary.

[1890.] The annual meeting of the association was held
January i4tli, with President Maurice Browning' in the chair.
Nine hundred and fifteen medical and surgical cases were
reported to have been treated and fifteen hundred and ninety-
eight prescriptions compounded, from an expenditure of
$3,307.72. Messrs. Maurice Browning, David M. Chambers,
Richard H. Reeve, Henry B. Wilson, Peter V. Voorhees,
Rudolphus W. Birdsall and Howard M. Cooper were elected
members of the Board of Managers by the contributors of the
dispensary, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. AI. Mecray, W. A.
Davis, O. B. Gross, H. H. Davis, E. P. Townsend, Dowling
Benjamin and E. L. B. Godfrey, by the Camden City Medical
Society. The board organized b}- electing ]\Iaurice Browning
president ; David M. Chambers, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet
Taylor, secretary, and Richard H. Reeve, treasurer. The
medical staff were re-elected. On February 27th, a special
meeting was held to consider the sale of the dispensar}' build-
ing and lot, No. 46 North Third street, to the West Jersey
Title and Guarantee Company, for $4,500. The sale took
place on March 12, 1890, for the sum named ; the building
was removed and the vaults of the compau}- were built upon
the site. The dispensar)- service was then established at No.
532 Market street, until a new building could be erected. On
March i-5th, the dispensar)' received a legac)- of $500 from the
estate of Joseph B. Cooper, and, on July 8th, the salar)' of
Dr. H. F. Palm, interne and superintendent, was increased to
$500 per annum.

[189 1.] The annual meeting was held January 13th.

There was the same number of cases treated and of prescriptions

compounded as in the previous year. The treasurer reported

$7 ,773.90 in his possession from the following sources : Balance

228

The Camden Cifv Ih'sfyfiisarv. 229

Irom 1890, $812.65 ; sale of dispensary building, $4,500 ; inter-
est on invested funds, $637 ; rent from United States Pension
Board, $60; appropriation from City Council, $1,200; legacy
from Joseph B. Cooper, $500 ; total, $7,773.90. Those members
of the Board of Managers, elected by the contributors, were
re-elected, and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray,
W. A. Davis, H. H. Davis, W. H. Ireland, W. H. Iszard, E. P.
Townsend and E. L. B. Godfrey represented the Camden City
]\Iedical Society in the board. The board organized with the
re-election of its former officers. On May 19th, the vacant
lots at 725, 727 and 729 Federal street were purchased for
$2,859.50 for building purposes and, on June 30th, the building-
plans submitted by Moses and King, architects, were adopted
by the board and a building committee was appointed, who at
once began the construction of the present edifice. Up to this
time, the pharmacist of the dispensary had been elected by the
Camden City Medical Societ}-, but, in order to place all officials
of the institution under the supervision of the managers, the
constitution and by-laws of the dispensar\' were revised to meet
this need. The city appropriation of $1,200 for the indigent
sick was again secured, and Dr. Joseph H. Wills was elected
district physician for the First and Third wards, and Dr. O. W.
Braymer for the Fifth and vSixth wards. A legacy of $500
was received from Rachel Cooper, on December 5th.

[1892.] Following the adoption of the plans for a new
dispensary building, June 30th, 1891, the managers proceeded
to erect the present building, which was completed and
dedicated to the public use, January 8, 1892. The new edifice
has a frontage of thirty-four feet and is eighty-six feet in
depth. It is two stories in height ; built of brick with Indiana
limestone trimmings ; the first floor arranged for dispensary,
clinical and lecturing purposes, and the second for the use of
the Camden City Medical Society, in whose rooms provi-sions
have been made for the Cooper and Mulford libraries. The
cost of construction was $8,323.03, which, added to the
purchase price of the lots, $2,859.50, made the entire cost
$11,182.53. '^^^^ dedicatory ceremonies included an " Histor-
ical Sketch of the Camden City Dispensary," by H. Genet

230 History Medical Profession Camden County.

Taylor, A.M., M. D., and addresses by Hon. Christopher A.
Bergen, M. C, and Rev. William Boyd. The annual meeting
of the Board of Managers was held Jannar}^ 12th, with Presi-
dent Browning in the chair. The representatives of the con-
tributors were re-elected members of the board, and Doctors H.
Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecra)-, W. A. Davis, H. H. Davis, O. B.
Gross, D. Benjamin, E. P. Townsend and E. L. B. Godfrey
were elected to the board from the Cit)' Medical Society. The
officers of the preceding year were re-elected. The revised
constitution was adopted and T. J. W. Phillips, Ph. G., was
elected pharmacist in the place of Dr. H. F. Palm, resigned.
The following consulting and attending staff were elected :
Consulting physicians, H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray, William
A. Davis and James M. Ridge ; consulting surgeons, O. B. Gross,

E. L. B. Godfrey, D. Benjamin and Daniel Strock ; attending
staff, — medicine, H. F. Palm, G. W. Henry, William Shafer
and B. S. Lewis ; surgery, Alexander McAlister, J. H. Frick,

F. L. Horning and John F. Leavitt ; gynaecology, William H.
Ireland, H. H. Davis, J. S. Baer and Milton M. Osmun ; eye
and ear, E. P. Townsend, William R. Powell and Robert
Casperson ; diseases of the throat, William S. Jones ; diseases
of the skin and pathologist, George T. Robinson ; district
physicians, Joseph H. Wills and O. W. Braymer; microscopist,
Albert P. Brown, Ph. G. ; pharmacist, Thomas J. W. Phillips,
Ph. G.

[1893.] The construction of a new building and the
enlargement of the corps of physicians increased the work and
usefulness of the dispensary. At the annual meeting, January
17th, four thousand, three hundred and ninety-four cases were
reported to have been treated, and ten thousand, one hundred
and seventy-one prescriptions compounded. The lay members
of the Board of Managers were re-elected, except that Samuel
H. Grey succeeded Rudolphus W. Birdsall, who had removed
from the cit>-. Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray,
W. A. Davis, ( ). 11 (iross, Daniel Strock, W. H. Ireland, J. S.
Baer and V,. L. B. Godfrey represented the City Medical Society.
The old officers were re-elected, with the exception that Hon.
Henry B. Wilson was elected \ice-president of the board in

The Camden City Hispensarw 231

place of David M. Chambers, declined, and, with few excep-
tions, the medical staff were re-appointed. The appropriation
of City Council for dispensary service was again renewed.
The first appropriation of Cit}- Council to the Camden City
Dispensary was made in 1868. The sum was $300, which was
annually granted until 1879, when the amount was increased
to $1,600; the city was divided into three districts, and physi-
cians were appointed for each district. iVt this time, a salary
of $200 per annum was granted each district physician.
Previoush' to this, all dispensary work had been gratuitous on
the part of its medical staff. The annual appropriation of
$1,600 for the sick poor was continued until 1885, when the
sanitary committee of City Council asked for a bid from the
Board of Managers, because of the desire of the Camden
Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensar}' Association to compete
for the work of caring for the indigent sick of the city. The
managers refused to do this and the Homoeopathic Association
secured the entire appropriation for that year. In 1886, City
Council increased the appropriation to $2,400, and divided it
equally between the two associations named, and, since then,
each has received $1,200 per annum.

[1894,] During this year, two thousand, eight hundred and
forty-five cases were treated at the dispensar)-, and six hundred
and thirty-six at their residences. Tlie work of the institution
for the year in the clinical rooms and outdoor service made a
total of twelve thousand, nine hundred and eighty-four visits.
The following managers were elected for the ensuing year :
Maurice Browning, Henry B. Wilson, Richard H. Reeve,
David M. Chambers, Samuel H. Grey, Peter V. Voorhees,
Howard M. Cooper and Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray,
W. A. Davis, O. B. Gross, D. Benjamin, W. R. Powell, J. G.
Doron and E. L. B. Godfre\'. Maurice Browning was elected
president ; Henry B. Wilson, vice-president ; Dr. H. Genet
Taylor, secretars', and Richard H. Reeve, treasurer. The
following constituted the consulting and attending staff: Con-
sulting physicians, H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecra}-, E. L. B.
Godfre\-, W. A. Davis, J. I\I. Ridge and G. T. Robinson ; con-
sulting surgeons, O. B. (yross, D. Benjamin, J. H. Wills, Daniel

232 History Medical Profession Lavidcn County.

Strock and W. R. Powell ; attending staff, — medicine, J. G.
Doron, A. H. Lippincott, E. A. Y. Scliellenger and G. E. Kirk \
surgery, F. L. Horning, J. F. Stock, W. G. Bailey and W. I.
Kelchner ; gynaecology, J. S. Baer, O. W. Braynier, W. S. Bray
and S. Presley; eye and ear, Robert Casperson and C. B.
Donges ; throat and skin, J. L. Nicholson, W. W. Kaighn, E. E.
De Grofft and W. S. Miller ; pathologist, L. B. Hirst ; district
physicians, W. H. Pratt and W. S. Miller ; microscopist, W. S.
Bray ; pharmacist, Thomas J. W. Phillips.

Skction n. — The Camden City Medical Society.

[1S90.] Tlie records of the society for the year are
incomplete. At the annual meeting, January 9th, Dr. Daniel
Strock was elected president ; Dr. Howard F. Palm, vice-
president ; Dr. William A. Davis, secretary ; Dr. George T.
Robinson, treasurer; Dr. Howard F. Palm, librarian ; Doctors
H. Genet Taylor, Alexander M. Mecray and Dowling Benjamin
were elected members of the standing committee, and Doctors
Taylor, Mecray, Benjamin, Strock, W. xA. Davis, H. H. Davis^
Townsend and Godfrey, managers for the Camden City Dis-
pensary.

[1891.] The annual meeting of the society was held
January 8th, when the retiring president. Dr. Daniel Strock,
delivered an address on "The Hvgiene of Every-Day Life."
Dr. Howard F. Palm was elected president; Dr. Alexander
McAlister, vice-president ; Dr. Joseph H. Wills, secretary ;
Dr. George T. Robinson, treasurer; Dr. Daniel Strock, his-
torian ; Dr. Howard F. Pahn, librarian ; Doctors H. Genet
Taylor, A. M. Mecray and E. P. Townsend were elected
members of the standing committee ; Doctors Taylor, Mecray,
W. A. Davis, H. H. Davis, Townsend, Ireland and Godfrey,
managers for the dispensary, and Dr. Benjamin S. Lewis was
elected to membership. At the February meeting, a paper was
read by Dr. E. LB. Cxodfre)', on " Laceration of the Cervix
Uteri "; in March, one on " Artesian Wells," by Dr. Joseph H.
Wills; in June, Dr. W. H. Ireland spoke on "The Manage-
ment of the Secundi after Parturition and Abortion"; in

Tlic Canidoi Citv Medical Society. 233

October, a paper on " Milk Sterilization " was read by Dr.
Nehemiah Davis ; in November, one on "Diphtheria," by Dr.
Daniel Strock, and in December, one on " Rectal Polypi," by
Dr. Sophia Presley. Dr. Alexander Marcy, of Riverton ; Dr.
John R. Stevenson, of Haddonfield ; Dr. H. H. Sherk, of
Cramer Hill, and Doctors H. A. M. Smith and D. W. Blake,
of Gloncester City, were elected corresponding members, and
Dr. J. Howard Frick and W. V. H. Osmnn, the former a
graduate of Jefferson IMedical College in 1888 and the latter in
1889, were elected active members of the society.

[1892.] The annual meeting of the society was held in
the new dispensary building, January' 14th, in the rooms
assigned to the society by the dispensary- managers. Dr. H.
F. Palm presided and delivered an address on " Ye have the
Poor always with You," and Dr. D. Strock read an historical
account of the society for the past year. Dr. Alexander
McAlister was elected president ; Dr. George T. Robinson,
vice-president and treasurer ; Dr. Joseph H. Wills, secretary ;
Dr. H. F. Palm, librarian; Dr. Daniel Strock, historian;
Doctors H. Genet Taylor, A. M. Mecray and E. P. Townsend
were elected members of the standing committee, and Doctors
Taylor, Mecray, Benjamin, Gross, W. A. Davis, H. H. Davis,
Townsend and Godfrey, managers for the dispensary. At the
February meeting. Dr. Joel W. Fithian, a graduate of South
Jersey Institute and of Jefferson Medical College, 1887, and
ex-interne of St. Luke's Hospital, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,
was elected to membership. Dr. Dowling Benjamin discussed
the subject of " Ovarian Tumors" and exhibited a pathological
specimen. In March, Dr. J. S. Baer read a paper on the
" Diagnosis and Treatment of Uterine Fibroids" ; in April,
Dr. James G. Stanton was elected a member and Dr. Henry F.
Formad, of Philadelphia, exhibited a unique specimen of
enlarged colon ; in Ma\', Dr. Daniel Strock read a paper on
"Emergencies in Labor" ; in June, Dr. Joel W. Fithian read
a paper on " Diabetes Mellitus " ; Doctors Grant V,. Kirk,
Ph.G., and Walter S. Bray, the former a graduate of Jefferson
Medical College, 1891, and the latter in 1887, and Rowland I.
Haines, a former student at Swarthmore College and a graduate

234 History Medical Profession Camden County.

of the University of Pennsylvania, 1890, were elected mem-
bers, and Dr. William B. Jennings, of Haddonfield, corre-
sponding member; in September, Dr. H. F. Palm, who had
been appointed chairman of a committee on the registration of
mid wives, reported that he had examined the records of
hirths at the Cit}' Hall and found that there M'ere twenty-six
inidwives in active practice in Camden ; that they had attended
about twenty-five per cent, of the cases reported, and that he
had supplied them with a copy of the law requiring their
registration at the office of the county clerk. Dr. J. Howard
Frick read a paper on cholera and exhibited the comma
bacillus. On September i6th, a special meeting of the society
was called to consider what steps should be taken in the
event of the appearance of cholera, then epidemic in various
parts of Europe and present at the New York Quarantine, at
Jersey City, and at New Brunswick, where one death occurred.
Resolutions were adopted, reciting the contagious nature of
the disease, its mode of transmission and the effects of thorough
sanitation in its prevention and treatment, with the offer to
assist the Board of Health, upon request, should the disease
invade the city. Dr. Robert Casperson read a paper on
" Abortion," at the October meeting, and Dr. Edward Phelan,
a graduate of McGill University, Canada, was elected a corre-
sponding member. On October 27th, a special meeting was
held to hear a paper on the observations and discoveries by Dr.
•George T. Robinson, of the changes that take place in the
blood during disease. Dr. Robinson claimed to be the first to
discover certain changes that take place in the blood in acute
diseases, particularly diphtheria, which can only be recognized
by the spectroscope. In November, Dr. James M. Ridge dis-
cussed "The Chemical Analysis and Microscopical Examina-
tion of Water" ; in December, Dr. B. S. Lewis read a paper
on "The City's Death-rate and Sanitary Plumbing," and Dr.
Jacob F. vStock, Ph.O., and Dr. Wilson Gill Bailey, graduates
of Jefferson Medical College, the former in 1890 and the latter
in 1891, and Dr. vSylvan (x. Bushey, a graduate of Wyoming
Seminary in 1887 and of Jefferson Medical College in 1891,
were elected members.

The Camden City Medical Society . 235

[1893.] The annual nieetiny;^ was held at the rooms of
the society, January rath. Dr. Alexander McAlister delivered
the annual address on the " Dangers of Malt Liquors as Galac-
tagogues" and Dr. Daniel Strock read the historical record for
the past year. The treasurer reported the annual income of
the society to be four hundred and fort)'-nine dollars and sixt\-
nine cents, and the constitution was amended to provide for
the meeting of the society on the third Wednesda}- night,
instead of Thursday, of each month. Dr. George T. Robinson
was elected president ; Dr. Joseph H. Wills, vice-president and
secretary ; Dr. O. W. Braymer, treasurer ; Dr. Daniel Strock,
reporter ; Dr. H. F. Palm, librarian ; Doctors H. Genet Taylor,
A. M. Mecray and J. M. Ridge were elected members of the
standing committee and Doctors Taylor, Mecray, W. A. Davis,
Gross, Strock, Ireland, Baer and Godfre>', managers of the
dispensary. Dr. D. Benjamin exhibited a diseased ovary
which he had recently removed. The stated meeting of
February was held with an attendance of twenty-eight members.
Dr. D. W. Blake read a paper on " Intestinal Hemorrhages in
Typhoid Fever"; in March, Dr. O. W. Bra)nier reported an
operation of "Oophorectomy" ; in April, Dr. O. B. Gross read
a paper on " Hemorrhoids" ; in May, Dr. W. S. Bray gave an
illustration of " Hypnotism " ; in June, Dr. John R. Stevenson
read an historical paper on " Our Fortieth Anniversary," and
Dr. Ahab H. Lippincott, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College,
1892, was elected a member; in September, Dr. J. S. Baer
read a paper on "Ovariotomy." The constitution was
amended to provide for a legislative committee of three mem-
bers to make a report, at the regular, special or annual meetings,
of all new medical laws. Dr. Eugene E. De Grofft, a graduate
of Jefferson IMedical College, 1875, and a member of Salem
and Gloucester County Medical Societies, was elected a member ;
in October, a painting called the "First Dissection" was
presented to the society by Colonel John R. Johnston, the artist,
through Dr. James M. Ridge, and accepted by Dr. O. B. Gross
on behalf of the societ)-. This was made the occasion of a
special meeting which was followed b)' a banquet. Colonel
Johnston had previously presented to the societ>- the portraits of

236 History .IJedical Profession Camden County .

Dr. Thomas F. Ciillen and Dr. James F. Ridge, which, with
those of Doctors L. F. Fisler, Reynell Coates, Richard M.
Cooper, Othiiiel H. Taylor and Colonel Thomas McKeen, now
adorn the rooms of the society. In November, the subject of
diphtheria was discussed by Dr. George T. Robinson ; Dr. Joseph
L. Nicholson, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania,
1890, and ex-resident of Cooper and Philadelphia Hospitals,
was elected a member, and Dr. William W. Kain, Ph.G., a
graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1893, and Dr. William
H. Pratt, Ph. G., a graduate of the Medico-Chirurgical College
of Philadelphia, 1893, were elected corresponding members.
In December, the nominations for officers for the ensuing year
were made and Dr. E. A. Y. Schellenger, graduate of the
University of Pennsylvania, 1892, and ex-resident physician of
The Cooper Hospital, was elected a member.

[1894.] At the annual meeting, January loth, Dr. Joseph
H, Wills was elected president ; Dr. O. W. Braymer, vice-
president ; Dr. Sophia Presley, secretary ; Dr. A. H. Lippincott,
treasurer ; Dr. Joseph L. Nicholson, librarian ; Dr. Daniel
Strock, historian ; Doctors J. M. Ridge, G. E. Kirk and W. S.
Bray were elected members of the standing committee ; Doctors
George W. Henry and D. Benjamin, members of the legislative
committee, and Doctors Taylor, Mecray, Baer, Robinson, W.
A. Davis, Stock, Gross and Godfrey, representatives of the
society in the Board of Managers of the Camden City Dispen-
sary. The treasurer reported the income of the society to be
$378.87 for the year. Dr. Daniel Strock presented a history
of the society for the past year and Dr. George T. Robinson
delivered the annual address. In February, Dr. H. H. Sherk
read a paper on " La Grippe " ; in March, the society received
the portrait of Dr. Reynell Coates, presented by Dr. D.
Benjamin ; in April, no medical discussion took place ; in May,
the " Present and Prospective Sources of the Water-supply of
Camden " was discussed ; in June, Dr. Benjamin read a paper
on " Typhoid Fever in Camden " ; in September, Dr. O. B.
Gross read a paper on " Lactic Acid as a Remedial Agent," and
Doctors Edward Phelan and William I. Kelchner, the latter
a former student at Schuylkill Seminary, Keystone State

The Caindvii District Medical Society 237

Normal School, and a g'raduatc of the IhiiversiLy of Pennsyl-
vania, 1893, were elected members; in October, Dr. J. Howard
Frick read a paper on "Ophthalmia Neonatorum"; in
November, Dr. Judson Daland, of Philadelphia, spoke on the
" Diagnosis of Blood Diseases," and Dr. William H. Pratt was
elected a member; in December, Dr. William W. Kain, Ph.G.,
and Dr. William E. Miller, Ph.G., the latter a graduate of the
University of Pennsylvania, 1893, were elected members. At
the annual meeting in January, 1895, Dr. Joseph H. Wills de-
livered the annual address ; Dr. Daniel vStrock read an historical
sketch of the society for the past year ; Dr. O. W. Braymer was
elected president; Dr. William S. Jones, vice-president; Dr.
Sophia Presle}-, secretary ; Dr. A. H. Lippincott, treasurer ; Dr.
Daniel Strock, historian; Dr. S. G. Bushe)', librarian; Doctors
James AI. Ridge, W. S. Bray and George T. Robinson were
elected members of the standing committee ; Doctors E. E. De
Cxrojfft, J. W. Donges and Robert Casperson, members of the leg-
islative committee, and Doctors Taylor, Mecray, W. A. Davis,
Benjamin, Powell, Doron, Gross and Godfrey, managers to the
dispensary.

SEcrioN III. — The Camden District Medical Society.

[1890.] The February meeting of the society was held
on the nth instant, at the West Jerse\- Hotel. The following
papers were read: "Pneumonia," by Dr. E. P. Townsend ;
"Salpingitis," by Dr. Alexander McAlister, and "Puerperal
Fever," by Dr. H. F. Palm.

The forty-fourtli annual meeting of the society was held
at Gloucester City, May 15th, wdth the president. Dr. William A.
Davis, in the chair, who delivered an address on "The Anti-
septic Treatment of Typhoid F'ever." The society at this time
numbered forty-three members. Dr. John R. vStevenson read
the historical record of the societ)- during the past year, and
Dr. E. P. Townsend reported for the standing committee that
Camden county had had less than the usual amount of sick-
ness, aside from the prevalence of the epidemic of la grippe,
which will l)e considered subsequently. The advisabilit}- of

238 History Medical Profession Camden County.

establishing a State Board of Medical Examiners was com-
mented upon adversely by a number of the members. Dr. H. H.
Davis was elected president ; Dr. D. W. Blake, vice-president ;
Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, secretary; Dr. A. M. Mecray, treasurer;
Dr. John R. Stevenson, historian ; Dr. E. P. Townsend, chair-
man of the standing committee, and Doctors Stevenson, Marcy,
Branin, Smith and Taylor were elected censors. The usual
delegates to the State Medical and corresponding societies were
appointed. Dr. E. L- B. Godfrey declined re-election to the
secretaryship, because of pressure of work, and Dr. H. F. Palm
was elected to succeed him. Dr. /V. M. Mecray, for the same
reason, declined re-election as treasurer, and Dr. George T.
Robinson was elected to fill the vacancy. Doctors Sophia
Presley and Harry Jarrett were elected members, and Dr. D. P.
Pancoast resigned because of removal from the county.
Dr. Presley was graduated from the Granville Female Seminar}-,
Ohio, in i860; from the Woman's Medical College of Philadel-
phia, in 1879; served as resident physician in the Hospital for
Women and Children, Philadelphia, for one year, and then
located in Camden. She was the first female physician elected
a member of the society. Dr. Harry Jarrett was graduated from
Jefferson Medical College, 1887, and served as medical and
surgical interne in The Cooper Hospital for two years. The
November meeting was held at the West Jersey Hotel, on the
nth, when the following papers were presented: "Antiseptic
Midwifery," by Dr. William H. Ireland; "Rib Presentation,"
by Dr. J. F. Leavitt ; " Retroflection of the Uterus," by
Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey; "Tetanus," by Dr. H. H. Sherk;
"Abdominal Surgery," by Dr. O. B. Gross. Doctors Orange
W. Braymer and Frank L. Horning were elected members.
Dr. Braymer was graduated from Allegheny College, in 1886,
with the degree of A. B., and from Jefferson Medical College,
in 1888. In 1889, Allegheny College conferred on him the
degree of A. M. and, in 1892, the degree of Ph. D. Dr. Horning
was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1889.

[189 1.] The February meeting of the society was held
at the West Jersey Hotel, on the loth instant. Dr. Daniel
vStrock read a paper on "A Report of the Hyderabad Chloro-

The Caindfii District Medical Society. 239

form Commission"; Dr. Alexander McAlister, a paper on
"A Case of Volvnlus of the Ileum," and Dr. Joseph H. Wills,
a paper on "Artesian Wells as a Source of Drinking- Water."
Dr. Benjamin S. Lewis and Dr. Joseph S. Baer, graduates of
Jefferson Medical College, 1888, were elected members.

The forty-fifth annual meeting of the society was held at
Westville, Ma)- 12th. This was the first time the annual
meeting was held beyond the county limits. Dr. John R.
Stevenson presented the history of the society, and Dr. E. P.
Townsend read the report of the standing committee and
considered the prevalence of la grippe and other diseases.
The president omitted the annual address. Dr. Duncan W.
Blake was elected president ; Dr. Howard F. Palm, vice-presi-
dent ; Dr. A. T. Dobson, secretary ; Dr. George T. Robinson,
treasurer; Dr. John R. Stevenson, historian; Dr. E. P. Towns-
end, chairman of the standing committee, and Doctors H. Genet
Ta)lor, Alexander ]Marcy, H. E. Branin, J. R. Stevenson and
H. A. M. Smith were elected censors. Delegates were elected
to the State Medical and other societies.

The November meeting was held at Haddonfield for the
first time since 1849. Dr. O. W. Braymer read a paper on
"Diphtheria" ; Dr. Dowling Benjamin, a paper on "Abdominal
Section for Ventral Hernia," and one on "Ligation of >the
Femoral Artery for Popliteal Aneurism " ; Dr. Harry Jarrett,
one on "Intra-capsular Fracture"; Dr. James M. Walmsley,
one on " Hygiene of Public Schools," and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey,
one on "The Physician in Literature." Doctors W. F. H.
Osmun, of Camden; Charles H. Jennings, of Merchantville,
and William H. Kensinger, of Cramer Hill, graduates of
Jefferson Medical College, 1889, were elected members.

[1892.] The February meeting was held at the Camden
City Dispensary building, on the 9tli instant, with Dr. D. W.
Blake in the chair. Dr. William H. Iszard read a paper on
" La Grippe." There were a number of distinguished guests
present, including Doctors W. P. Melcher and R. H. Parsons,
of Mt. Holly, and Professors H. A. Hare and J. V. Shoemaker,
of Philadelphia. Doctors William T. Collins, William R.
Powell, Ph. G. ; James G. Stanton, Nehemiah Davis, Ph. G.,

240 History Medical Profession Camden Connty. *

and John J. Haley, Ph. G. (a former student at Swarthmore
College and a graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1890),
were elected members.

The annual meeting was held at Westville, May lotli.
Dr. B. P. Townsend, in the report of the standing committee,
said in substance that la grippe, with the various sequelae, was
generally prevalent ; that diphtheria had occurred in all parts
of the county, and that scarlet fever had prevailed extensively
in Camden. Dr. John R. Stevenson read the history of the
society during the past }'ear and Dr. Sophia Presley a paper on
^'Puerperal Fever." Dr. Howard F. Palm was elected
president ; Dr. E. P. Townsend, vice-president ; Dr. A. T.
Dobson, secretary; Dr. George T. Robinson, treasurer;
Dr. John R. Stevenson, historian; Dr. E. P. Townsend,
chairman of the standing committee ; Doctors Ridge and
Marcy were elected permanent delegates to the State Medical
Societ)' and Dr. Joel W. Fithian was made a member.

The regular November meeting was not held, because of
the failure of the secretary to call it, and a special meeting was
appointed in consequence, November 15th, when Dr. A. M.
Mecray, from the section on practice of medicine, read a paper
on " Cholera " ; Dr. Alexander McAlister, a paper on "Appen-
dicitis" ; Dr. Joseph H. Wills, one on " Tumors of the Jaw,"
and Dr. James M. Ridge, one on " Intestinal Obstruction."
Dr. John G. Doron was elected a member. The medical
census of the county was taken during the \'ear and showed
that there were one hundred and seventeen practicing
physicians located as follows: In Camden, sixty-five regular,
twenty homoeopathic and five eclectic physicians, total ninety ;
in Haddonfield, five regular and two homoeopathic, total seven ;
in Gloucester City, six regular and two homoeopathic, total
eight ; in Berlin, three regular ; in Merchantville, two regular
and two homoeopathic, total four; in Atco, one homoeopathic ;
in Blackwood, two regular; in Mt. Ephraim, one homoeo-
pathic; in Marlton, one regular physician, making the entire
number one hundred and seventeen, of which eighty-four were
regular, twenty-eight homoeopathic and five eclectic prac-
titioners. The medical census of 1852 (Chapter III, Section

The Carnden District Medical Society. 241

II) shows that there were twenty-seven practitioners, and that
of 1.S72 (Chapter VII, Section III), fifty-two within the county.

[1893]. The February meeting of the society was held
on the 15th inst., with a large attendance. Dr. B. S. Lewis
read a paper on " Asiatic Cholera " and Dr. John V. Shoemaker,
of Philadelphia, addressed the members on "Cerebrin.'"

The forty-seventh annual meeting was held at the West
Jersey Hotel, May 9th, with Dr. Howard F. Palm in the chair.
The society numbered at this time fifty-six members. Dr. John
R. Stevenson presented the historical record for the year ;
Dr. Daniel Strock read the annual report and gave a hri^i resuuie
of the prevailing diseases and Dr. H. F. Palm delivered the
annual address. Dr. Augustus T. Dobson was elected presi-
dent; Dr. Henry H. Sherk, vice-president; Dr. Benjamin S.
Lewis, secretar}- ; Dr. George T. Robinson, treasurer ; Dr. John
R. Stevenson, historian ; Dr. H. A. M. Smith, senior censor,
and Dr. Daniel Strock, chairman of the standing committee.
The usual delegates to the State Medical and corresponding
societies were appointed . Dr. J. Orlando White resigned from
the society, because of discontinuing the practice of medicine.

The November meeting of the society was held at the
rooms of the Camden City Medical vSociety on the 14th instant,
with Dr. H. H. Sherk, vice-president, in the chair. The .society
officially inspected The Cooper Hospital, by invitation of its
Board of Managers and Attending Staff, and were entertained
at a lunch. Upon re-assembling, the following papers were
presented through their respective sections: "The Antisepsis
of Midwifer}'," by Dr. J. S. Baer; "Salpingitis," by
Dr. Alexander McAlister; " The Treatment of Diphtheria," by
Dr. E. L. B.Godfrey; "Tetanus," b\- Dr. Daniel Strock;
"Amputations," by Dr. O. B. (xross ; "Compound Fractures of
the Skull," by Dr. Joseph H. Wills. Dr. John R. Stevenson,
chairman of the Board of Censors, presented the resignation of
Dr. A. T. Dobson from the presidency of the society, and
Doctors -S. G. Bushey, J. F. Stock and Wilson Gill Baile)-
were elected members.

[1894.] The Februar>- meeting of the society was held in
the rooms of the Camden City Medical Society, on the 13th

242 History Medical Profession Camden Comity.

instant, with Dr. H, H. Sherk in the chair. Dr. H. Augnstus
Wilson, of Philadelphia, read a paper entitled "Can a Physician
Honorably Accept the Commissions Frequently Offered by
Orthopaedic-Instrument Manufacturers? " which was pointedly
discussed. Dr. Frederick W. Marcy, a graduate of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, 1891, and ex-resident physician of The
Cooper Hospital, and Dr. Ahab H. Lippincott were elected
members.

The forty-eighth annual meeting of the society was held
May 8th, Dr. H. H. Sherk presiding. The membership of the
society included sixty-three physicians, and among the corre-
sponding delegates were Doctors Franklin Gauntt, of Burling-
ton ; George E. Reading, of Woodbury ; James Hunter, of
Westville; L. M. Halsey, of Williamstown, and H. A. Stout,
of Wenonah. Dr. John R. Stevenson presented the historian's
report, and Dr. Daniel Strock the annual report, in which an
exhaustive review of the diseases incident to the past year was
made, and the therapeutic virtues of a number of new remedies
were considered. Dr. Strock submitted reports of medical
cases from Doctors Taylor, Ridge, Davis, Mecray, Baer,
McAlister, Braymer, Palm, Gross, Bailey and Godfrey, of
Camden; Doctors Stevenson and Jennings, of Haddonfield;
Dr. Hurff, of Blackwood, and Dr. Blake, of Gloucester City,
and the following list of surgical operations : Laparotomy for
plastic peritonitis, and amputation of the thigh, by Dr. Gross ;
five cceliotomies for tubo-ovarian disease, by Dr. Baer; vaginal
hysterectomy, by Drs. Goodell and Mecray; three abdominal
sections, by Dr. McAlister; removal of a goitre, by Dr. Bailey;
three cases of compound fracture of the skull, with recover^',
by Dr. Wills ; suprapubic cystotomy, litholapaxy, amputation
of thigh, by Dr. Strock ; hysterectomy, by Dr. Godfrey. Ever
since the annual meeting was held, in 1 891, at Westville
(beyond the county limits), exception had been taken to its
legality, and, in order to ascertain the correctness of this,
the opinion of Judge David J. Pancoast was obtained, which
was "that the business meetings of the society cannot be
held lawfully outside of the county." The following officers
were elected : President, Dr. H. H. Sherk ; vice-president,

The Medical Society of New Jersey . 243

Dr. Alexander AIcAlister; secretary, Dr. Beiijaiiiiii vS. Lewis;
treasurer, Dr. John G. Doron ; historian, Dr. John R. Steven-
son; chairman of the standing- committee. Dr. Daniel Strock ;
senior censor, Dr. H. E. I>ranin. The usual delegates were
appointed.

The November meeting of the society was held on the
13th, with Dr. H. H. Sherk in the chair and Doctors Thomas J.
vSmith, of Bridgeton, Levi B. Hirst, Joseph L. Nicholson,
William H. Pratt, Paul Mecray, Milton Osniun andG. E. Kirk,
of Camden, present as visiting members. Doctors Edward
Phelan, E. A. Y. Schellenger and E. E. De Grofft were elected
members. The following papers were read: "A Case of
Prolapse of the Laryngeal Ventricle," by Dr. William S.
Jones; "A Case of Strontium Poisoning," by Dr. H. H.
Sherk; "Scarlet Fever," by Dr. Joseph E. Hurff; "Epithe-
lioma," by Dr. Alexander McAlister ; "Gunshot Wounds of
the Intestines," by Dr. O. B. Gross; "Fracture of the Skull,"
by Dr. Joseph H. Wills; "The Pathology of Insanity," by
Dr. J. M. Ridge; "Antiseptic Properties of Creolin," by
Dr. George T. Robinson; "Eclampsia," by Dr. W. H. Ireland,,
and "Obstetrical Blunders," by Dr. H. F. Palm.

Section IV. — The ^Medical Society of New Jersey.

[1890.] The one hundred and twenty-fourth annual
meeting of the society convened at the Heath House,
Schooley's Mountain, June 10, 1890, with Dr. B. A. Watson,
of Jersey City, in the chair. A summar>' of the membership
of the district societies of New Jersey, for the last two
decades, showed three hundred and fifty-three members
in 1870, four hundred and ninety-nine in 1880, and six
hundred and seventy-six in 1890. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, the
appointed essayist, read a paper on "Endometritis," and
considered the acute and chronic forms of the disease, as it
affects either or both the neck and bod)- of the uterus, and
outlined the treatment. Dr. Dowling Benjamin presented a
report of the convention for the revision of the United States
Pharmacopoeia, held at Washington, D. C, May 6th, and

244 History Medical Professio7i Camde7i County.

stated, in substance, that strong influences from wholesale
drug-houses were brought to bear on delegates to favor certain
specialties, but the Phannacopceia of 1 890 would be in advance
of that of 1880. Dr. H. Genet Taylor presented the report of
the committee on the Fellows' Prize Essay. The Camden
District Medical Society was represented b}' Doctors W. H.
Iszard, D. Benjamin, O. B. Gross, W. A. Davis, E. P.
Townsend and E. E. B. Godfrey. Dr. E. P. Townsend was
elected a member of the standing committee, being the fourth
delegate from Camden count}- to hold this position. The
standing committee was first instituted in 1820. Doctors
Isaac S. Mulford, Richard ]\I. Cooper and Bowman Hendry
constituted the committee in 1854, and Dr. R. M. Cooper served
as a member in 1856 and 1857. Dr. H. Genet Taylor was
made a member of the business committee and of the committee
on honorar}- membership ; Doctors Alexander IVIarcy and O. B.
Gross were appointed delegates to the Penns\'lvania ^Vledical
Society ; Dr. W. A. Davis was appointed to the Delaware State
Medical Societ}- ; Dr. D. Benjamin, to the American ^Medical
xAssociation, and Dr. E. E. B. Godfrey, a member of the
committee of arrangements.

[189 1.] The one hundred and twenty-fifth annual
meeting was held at Eong Branch, June 23d. Dr. E. J. Ill, of
Newark, read a paper entitled " An Attempt to Show what
New Jersey Surgeons have Done in Abdominal Surgery." He
reported one hundred cases of abdominal section in his own
practice and referred to similar operations performed b)'
Doctors Benjamin, Gross, Strock, McAlister, Ireland, Palm,
Taylor, Donges and Godfre}-. The by-laws of the societ}' were
amended to provide for the election of permanent delegates by
district societies, one for each thirty members, once in three
years, provided that each permanent delegate shall have been
a member of a district society for five years, and in good
standing. Doctors E. E. B. (rodfrc}-, Daniel Strock, H. E.
liranin, I). Benjamin, Alexander McAlister and D. W. Blake
comprised the Camden delegation. Dr. E. P. Townsend was
re-elected a member of the standing committee ; Dr. H. Genet
Taylor, a member of the honorar}- committee; Dr. E. E. B.

The Medical Society of New Jersey. 245

Godfrey was elected a member of the committee on Fellows'
Prize Essay, and, with Dr. D. W. Blake, a member of the
committee of arrangements for the next meeting.

[1892.] The one hnndred and twenty-sixth annnal
meeting was held at Atlantic City, Jnne 28th, with Dr. R. J.
INIarsh in the chair. The meeting was of nnusiial interest
because of the large number of delegates and visiting physicians
present. The committee of arrangements, appointed at the
preceding meeting, were empowered to add to their number,
and the following physicians comprised the committee :
Doctors Dowling Benjamin, W. A. Davis and E. L. B. Godfrey,
of Camden ; Boardman Reed, T. B. Thompson and W. M.
Pollard, of Atlantic City ; D. W. Blake, of Gloucester City,
and Joseph C. Marshall, of Tuckahoe. Dr. Godfrey was
elected chairman. A special, complimentary train, over the
Philadelphia and Atlantic City railroad, from Camden to
Atlantic City and return, was tendered to the committee
of arrangements for the delegates and invited guests ; a
special, complimentary^ train, over the Camden and Atlantic
City railroad, from Atlantic City to Longport and retmn,
was tendered by Mr. A. O. Dayton, and free yacht excur-
sions on the ocean were given by Colond John E. Mehr.
Doctors W. H. Ireland, George T. Robinson, P. W. Beale,
H. F. Palm and W. H. Iszard comprised the Camden delegates ;
Dr. H. Genet Taylor was present as a Fellow ; Dr. E. P.
Townsend, as a member of the standing committee ; Doctors
James M. Ridge and Alexander Marcy attended as permanent
delegates, and Doctors D. Benjamin, W. A. Davis, D. W.
Blake and E. L. B. Godfrey, as members of the committee of
arrangements. The society was welcomed in addresses by
Dr. Willard Wright, Mayor of Atlantic City ; Dr. Boardman
Reed and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey. A number of important
papers were read. Dr. E. P. Townsend was re-elected a
member of the standing committee; Dr. Daniel Strock was
elected a delegate to the Pennsylvania IMedical Society; Dr. H.
(jcnet Taylor, to the Rhode Island Society; Dr. W. H. Osmun,
to the American ^Medical Societ\% and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey
was elected corresponding secretary of the society. This

246 History Medical Profession Camden County.

position was instituted in 1807, and Dr. Godfrey was the first
physician from Camden county to hold the office.

[1893.] The one hundred and twenty-seventh annual
meeting was held at Asbury Park with president George T.
Welch in the chair. Doctors W. H. Ireland, H. H. Slierk,
Joel W. Fithian, W. H. Iszard, William Kensinger and
D. Benjamin were reported as the delegate representatives from
Camden. Dr. H. Genet Taylor was present as a Fellow ;
Dr. Daniel Strock, as a reporter; Doctors Alexander Marcy
and J. M. Ridge attended as permanent delegates and Dr. E. L.
B. Godfrey as corresponding secretar}-. Dr. D. Benjamin, in
discussing the report of the standing committee, said, in
substance, that typhoid fever had become milder in character
since the adoption of intestinal antiseptics as the basis of treat-
ment, and that during the past two }'ears the mortality from
the fever had been reduced to two per cent, in The Cooper
Hospital. Dr. W. B. E. Miller, veterinar)' surgeon of Camden,
discussed the subject of bovine and human tuberculosis ;
expressed his belief in their relationship and advocated the
necessity of the inspection of dairy herds by veterinarians.
Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey was re-elected corresponding secretary ;
Dr. William H. Iszard was elected a member of the standing
committee, in the place of Dr. Townsend ; Dr. Alexander
IMcAlister was elected a delegate to the American Medical
Association and Doctors Daniel Strock and E. L. B. Godfrey
were appointed by the president to represent, with others, the
society in the Pan-American Medical Congress.

[1894.] The one hundred and twenty-eighth annual
meeting was held at Hotel Breslin, Lake Hopatcong, June
26th, with Dr. John G. Ryerson in the chair. Doctors William
I). Jennings, B. S. Lewis, I). W. Blake, Alexander McAlisier,
I). Benjamin, John W. Marcy and Joseph W. Hurflf were
recorded as delegates ; James M. Ridge and Alexander Marcy
as permanent delegates; Daniel Strock as reporter from
Camden county and E. E. B. Godfrey as corresponding
secretar)-. Dr. W. H. Iszard was re-elected a member of the
standing committee and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, as corre-
sponding secretary and a member of the business committee ;

New Jersey Sanitary Association. 247

Dr. Alexander McAlister was elected a delegate to the American
Medical Association; Dr. J. S. Baer, to the New Jersev
Pharmaceutical Society ; Doctors D. W. Blake and W. H.
Ireland were elected delegates to the Pennsylvania Medical
Society, and Dr. B. S. Lewis was made a member of the
committee of arrangements. Dr. John R. Stevenson pre-
sented a paper on "La Grippe in Haddonfield."

SEcrioN V. — New Jersey Sanitary Association.

[1890.] The sixteenth annual meeting of the association
was held at Trenton, December 12th, with Colonel George P.
Olcutt in the chair. Important papers were read by Colonel
George E. Waring, Dr. E. M. Hunt, Prof. J. C. Smock and
others. James Owen, C.E., presented a paper on "The Death-
rate of Different Localities in New Jerse)' " and stated that
the death-rate throughout New Jersey depended more upon the
conditions under which populations live than on the location
of their territory. In quoting the death-rate of sixteen cities,
he placed that of Camden at 19.4. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey
discussed by appointment a paper on "Gymnastics, Past and
Present,'' presented by Prof. C. H. Raymond, of Lawrence-
ville, and discountenanced the old system of physical training,
claiming that it is not muscular hardness but muscular adapta-
bility and pliability that is most to be desired. Dr. Godfrey
was elected first vice-president of the association.

[189 1.] The seventeenth annual meeting of the associa-
tion was held at Trenton, December 5th. Important papers
were read by a number of sanitarians. Dr. Daniel Strock
discussed the question of tuberculosis; advocated its commu-
nicability and the necessity of teaching the public this fact.
Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey read a paper on "The Removal and
Disposal of Garbage." Dr. Godfrey was elected president and
Dr. vStrock and Richard H. Reeve of Camden were elected
members of the executive council.

[1892.] The eighteenth annual meeting of the associa-
tion convened at the Laurel House, Lakewood, December 9tli,
with the president, Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, in the chair. The

248 History Medical Profession Camden Coimfy.

attendance was unusually large and twenty new members were
enrolled. Among those present were Doctors H. Genet Taylor,
D. Benjamin, Daniel Strock, W. A. Davis, Henry F. Hunt, B.
S. Lewis, W. B. E. Miller, and A. T. Sellers, and Messrs.
Richard H. Reeve and Henry B. Francis, of Camden, and
Arnold H. Moses, of ^Vlerchantville. Dr. E. O. Shakespeare^
Port Physician of Philadelphia ; Dr. Joseph F. Edwards, of the
Pennsylvania State Board of Health ; Dr. William B. Atkinson,
secretary of the American Medical Association, and Dr. Peter
D. Keyser, of the Philadelphia Board of Health were present
by invitation of the president. Among the papers read were
"Architecture in Relation to Sanitation," by Arnold H. Moses,
and "The Cause and Prevention of Diphtheria," by Dr. Daniel
Strock. Dr. Strock reviewed the efforts of Pasteur, Klebs
and Loeflfler, and the laws governing the propagation and
growth of the bacillus of diphtheria, and discussed its pre-
vention and treatment from the stand-point of its bacillary
origin; Doctors Benjamin and Miller discussed "Sanitary
Milk-control" and Dr. B, S. Lewis and Mr. Henry B. Francis
spoke on the subjects of plumbing and drainage. Dr. Godfrey
delivered an address on "The Progress of Sanitation in New
Jersey" and reviewed the sanitary Acts of 1799 and 181 2;
the work of the State Sanitary Commission of 1866; the
Public Health Commission of 1874; the organization of the
New Jersey Sanitary Association in 1875, ^^^ the establish-
ment of the State Board of Health in 1877. Dr. Daniel
Strock was re-elected a member of the executive council and
Dr. Godfrey was made an honorary member of the council.

[1893.] The annual meeting of the association was held
at Lakewood. Dr. Daniel Strock and Henry B. Francis were
present from Camden and took an active part in the pro-
ceedings.

[1894.] The twentieth ainiual meeting convened at
Trenton, December 8th, with Dr. A. B. Pollard in the chair.
Mr. Henry B. Francis discussed the ventilation of school-
houses and of public sewers and Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey spoke
concerning special legislation for the prevention of the spread
of consumption. Dr. Daniel Strock was elected recording

A^exc /erscv Sfafc and Local Boards of HcalfJi. 249

secretan- of the society and Mr. Henry B. Francis was made a
member of the executive council.

Section VI. — Nkw Jkrskv State and Local Boards of

Health.

[1890.] The chief objects for which the State Board of
Health has labored, since its establishment in 1877, are the
centralization of information relating to the public health and
its diffusion among local authorities to enable them to render
effective sanitary service. This has been accomplished by
means of its annual reports, its inspectors' guide, its public
circulars, its printed inquiries to local boards and its publi-
cation of the vital statistics of the State. In October of each
year, the board transmits a printed schedule of inquiries to local
boards of health, in the various townships and cities of the
State, relating to health matters, which, under the law, must
be annually reported. With the work of these boards and
their reports, the physicians of the county have been closely
connected. The report from Camden for this year, made by
Eugene B. Roberts, health inspector, considered the subjects of
water-supply, diseases of animals arid slaughter-houses, and
stated that typhoid fever, scarlet fever and diphtheria were the
most prevalent diseases of the year. The following officers and
members comprised the Camden board : George F. Hammond,
president; T. P. Varney, secretary; H. M. Snyder, solicitor;
Dr. J. D. Leckner, medical inspector ; and Herman W. Miller,
Dr. John W. Donges, Charles Watson, Dr. George R. Fortiner
and Frank B. Delaplaine.

[189 1.] In 1 89 1, the same officers and members comprised
the Camden board, except that Frank H. Burdsall succeeded
T. P. Varney, and M. F. Ivins was elected treasurer. The
water-supply, sewage, school-houses and general inspection of
the city were reported, with the statement that six hundred
cases of scarlet fever and diphtheria occurred in the city during
the year.

[1892.] In 1892, Frank H. Burdsall served as president
of the board ; T. P. Varney, secretary ; M. F. Ivins, treasurer ;

250 History Medical Profession Camden County.

Dr. J. D. Leckner, medical inspector; and H. B. Francis,
plumbing inspector. Allen C. Wood, George F. Hammond,
Charles Watson, Dr. William S. Moslander, Dr. Benjamin S.
Lewis and Dr. George R. Fortiner served as members.
Considerable progress was made in municipal sanitation. The
office of nuisance inspector was created, and effective work
was accomplished by the medical, plumbing and nuisance
inspectors. The city was reported to have thirty-seven miles
of sewers, nineteen school-houses, one hospital, two dispensaries,
two homes for friendless children and five cemeteries. A total
of eight hundred and sixty-two cases of typhoid fever, scarlet
fever and diphtheria was reported.

[1893.] In 1893, Dr. George R. Fortiner served as
president of the board, with George F. Hammond, Charles
Watson, Frank H. Burdsall, Allen C. Wood, Dr. William S.
Moslander and Dr. Benjamin S. Lewis as members, and Dr.
John D. Leckner as medical inspector. An elaborate report to
the State Board was made for the year, including six hundred
and seventy-three cases of contagious disease, tw^o hinidred and
twenty-two of which were t}'phoid fever, one hundred and
thirty-six were scarlet fever and three hundred and fifteen
diphtheria.

[1894.] In 1894, Dr. William S. Moslander was elected
president, with Charles Watson, Allen C. Wood, George F.
Hammond, Dr. Benjamin S. Lewis, Dr. William Shafer and
Dr. M. F. Middleton as members ; Dr. John D. Leckner,
medical inspector, and H. B. Francis, plumbing inspector.
The number of inspectors was increased by the additional
appointment of Dr. W\ B. E. INIiller as inspector for meat and
food.

[1895.] In 1895, Dr William S. Moslander was
re-appointed a member of the board by Ma)or J. Leighton
Westcott and Dr. S. G. Bushe)- was appointed in the place
of Dr. William Shafer.

[i890-'95.] The Gloucester City Board of Health for
1890 comprised the following members : Doctors J. A. Walms-
ley and D. W. Blake, Messrs. H. M. Horley, E. J. Steer,
Patrick Meale>-, W. A. Ginz and D. F. Lane, and Dr. J. K.

New Jersey Stale and Local Boards of HealtJi . 25 i

Bennett, inspector. Improvements in the \vater-snppl>' made
by driving fonr artesian wells, and the expenditnre of $20,000
on sewers and inlets lessened in a marked degree the malaria
in the city. In 1891, Dr. D. W. Blake was elected president ;
D. F. Lane, secretary, and Dr. J.-K. Bennett, inspector. In
1892, Dr. D. W. Blake served as a member of the board with
Dr. John J. Haley, inspector. Extensive improvements were
made in drainage and the whole city was inspected by order of
the board. In 1893, John W. Warner was elected president
of the board ; Dr. John J. Haley, inspector, and Dr. D. W.
Blake served as a member. Ten artesian wells were driven,
from seventy-five to two hnndred feet in depth, and the
general health of the city was improved. In 1894, John W.
Warner served as president ; Dr. D. W. Blake, as chairman of
the sanitary committee, and Dr. John J. Hale\^, as inspector.
The water-snpply from artesian wells proved an important
factor in the health of the city.

[i89i-'95.] The Haddonfield Board of Health was organ-
ized in 1 89 1. At this time there were no physicians on the
board. In 1893, George D. Stewart was elected president;
Dr. John R, Stevenson, secretary, and Dr. William B. Jennings,
inspector. Dr. Stevenson made an exhaustive report to the
State Board of Health on the location, water-supply, dwell-
ings and natural drainage of Haddonfield and of the con-
tagious diseases. In 1894, Doctors Stevenson and Jennings
were re-appointed to their respective positions.

[1892-95.] In 1892, the Merchantville Board of Health
was reorganized and Doctors D. H. Bartine and John W.
Marcy were made members. Merchantville was reported to
the State Board as being located on a ridge of sand>- soil,
nhiety-nine feet above high-water mark and one mile in width,
sloping on the north to the Delaware river and on the south
and east to Cooper\s creek valley. In 1893, Dr. D. W. Bartine
was elected president and Dr. John W. Marc\-, medical
inspector; both were re-elected in 1894.

[i890-'95.] In the Boards of Health for Centre, Dela-
ware and Haddon townships, Dr. William B. Jennings, of
Haddonfield, served as medical inspector for the period from

252 History Medical Profession Camden County-

1890 to 1895 ; in the Gloucester township board, Dr. Joseph E.
Hurff, of Blackwood, served as a member during the same
period ; in the Stockton township board. Dr. J. A. George
served as a member in 1890, Dr. Jerome Artz in 1892 and Dr,
L. Reese in 1893. ^^ the Boards of Health of Waterford,
Winslow and Pensaukin townships, no physicians served as
members during this period.

The report of the New Jersey State Board of Health on
the vital statistics of Camden coimty shows the average death-
rate of the county for five years (July i, 1888, to June 30,.
1893) to have been 19.72 per cent, per thousand and due in a
great measure to diarrhoeal diseases, from which there were
thirteen hundred and forty-seven deaths; to consumption,
from which there were eleven hundred and thirty-five deaths;
diphtlieria and croup, six hundred and seventy-three deaths;
typhoid fever, three hundred and forty-two deaths; scarlet
fever, ninety-two deaths, and remittent fever, fifty-seven deaths.
Diarrhoeal diseases furnished the most common cause of death,
especially in infants and children, during the statistical period
mentioned. This was due to high atmospheric temperature^
absence of rain-fall, impure water and milk supply, adultera-
tion of food, etc. Consumption stands second in the list of the
death-causes of the county. It is the most prevalent and fatal
malady that affects mankind and causes about one-seventh of
the deaths in the State. It is a communicable and preventable
disease, conveyed by the bacillus tuberculosis, first demonstrated
by Koch, of Germany, who claimed it to be invariably asso-
ciated with the disease. The bacilli are discharged from the
lungs in the expectoration and, becoming dry, are blown
about and thus reproduce consumption in susceptible subjects.
All tuberculous discharge should be destroyed and, in this
matter, health authorities can render an incalculable service by
educating the public. In 1890, Koch announced the dis-
covery of tuberculin and claimed it capable of curing a large
percentage of consumption.

Diphtheria stands third in the list and should engage the
attention of health officers, because it is largely spread through
the medium of the public schools. The bacillus diphtheriae is

The State Boa)d of Medical l-lxauiiyiers. 253

not infrequently present on the subject after the recovery from
the disease, and, hence, domiciliary quarantine, cleanliness and
disinfection should be rigidly enforced. Of the common and
often fatal prevalence of typhoid fever, which stands next on
the list, health authorities are agreed. It ranks among the
most serious of prevailing diseases, especially in Camden. The
bacillus of Eberth is believed to be its causa cansans ,- and,
since it is most generally diffused by excremental filth and
carried in water, the appearance of the fe\'er should especially
engage the attention of health officers. The fever bears a dis-
tinctive relationship to polluted water, and also to the milk-
supply of cities; so that its prevention and limitation is the
dut)' of local government. Scarlet fever is a contagious and,
in a great degree, a preventable disease and calls for segre-
gation and isolation of cases and subsequent disinfection of the
premises in which it occurred. Epidemics not infrequently
arise in the vicinity of slaughter-houses. Remittent fever has
markedly diminished in prevalence in the county within the
last twenty-five years. In the early history of the county, the
great areas of wet and undrained land, and the exposure of
new strata of soil to the fermenting influence of heat and
moisture, made it one of the chief enemies of the inhabitants.
With the extended and continuous cultivation of the soil, the
disease has decreased in prevalence and has become more
amenable to treatment.

Section VII. — Thk Statk BoWrd of Medical Examiners.

The history of medical legislation in New Jersey began in
1665, when the Duke of York, the proprietor of the province,
promulgated a code of medical laws, known as the "Duke's
Laws," which lemained in force until 1772. During this
period of one hundred and seven years,' the founding of Prince-
ton College in 1746, the first president of which was Dr.
Jonathan Dickinson ; the outbreak of the French and Indian
war in 1758; the establishment of the University of Pennsyl-
vania in 1765; the formation of the ]\Iedical Societ)- of New
Jersey in 1766, and the organization of a medical school

254 History Medical Profession Camden County.

in New York in 1767 enlarged the opportunities for medical
study and advanced the cause of medical practice and legisla-
tion within the Colony of New Jersey. In 1772, through the
influence of the Medical Society of New Jersey, the Colonial
Assembly enacted a law governing the practice of medicine,
the provisions of which have been considered. This was the
second law enacted in New Jersey concerning medical practice
and it expired by limitation in 1777. In 1775, the Revolution
arrested further efforts towards medical legislation, but, in
1783, the society secured the re-enactment of the colonial law
of 1772. This law remained in force until 1816, when the
society was re-incorporated and provisions were made for
examinations, preliminary to medical licensure, by censors
of the State Medical Society, instead of by Judges of the
Supreme Court, as the laws of 1772 and 1783 provided.

The restraining law of 1816 remained operative until the
medical enactments of 1851 and 1854, because of which the
State Medical Society voluntarily surrendered its examining
and licensing privileges, in 1866.* From 1866 to 1880, no
legal restrictions were exercised over the practice of medi-
cine in New Jersey. In 1880, an Act governing medical
practice was passed by the Legislature, which was further
supplemented by a restraining measure in i883.t But this
enactment proved worthless to prevent the registration of
fraudulent diplomas and to protect the public and the medical
profession from charlatans and quacks. The establishment of
a State Board of Medical Examiners, charged with the exam-
ining, licensing and registration of physicians, became a
necessity.

[1890.] On May 12, 1890, "An Act to regulate the
practice of medicine and surgery, to license physicians and
surgeons and to punish persons violating the provisions there-
of" was passed by the Legislature and approved, which pro-
vided for the appointment by the Governor of " five old-school
physicians, three homoeopathic physicians and one eclectic
physician" to constitute the State Board of Medical Exam-

* Chapter VI, Section I.
t Chapter IX, Section VI.

The State Board o/Mcdical /{.\a/n///<rs. 255

iners. The powers and duties of the board were defined in the
Act, which went into effect July 4, 1890. The board organized
September 7th; elected Dr. William L. Newell, of Millville,
president; Dr. W. P. Watson, of Jersey City, secretary, and Dr.
A. H. Worthington, of Trenton, treasurer, and formulated
regulations for conducting examinations. The first examina-
tions were held October 8, 1890, and between that and
[189 1,] the corresponding date in 1891 one hundred and one
candidates were examined, but only eighty-two were
licensed to practice medicine within the State. In com-
parison with previous years, the number of registered physi-
cians within the State was greatly diminished; a condition
of affairs that offered food for reflection for the medical colleges
of adjoining States. The board also secured the revocation of
the charter of the Medical and Surgical College of New Jersey,
located at Jersey City. Dr. Rowland I. Haines, of Camden,
was licensed by the board during the year.

[1892.] During the fiscal year ending October 12, 1892,
the board examined one hundred and forty-three candidates
and issued one hundred and eleven licenses to practice medi-
cine within the State, including licenses to Doctors Duncan
W. Blake, Jr., of Collingswood ; Oscar L. Grumbrecht, of
Cramer Hill, and Samuel G. Bushey, Clarence B. Donges,
Alary Anna Howell, Grant E. Kirk, Henry A. Lacey, Ahab
H. Lippincott, Edward D. Phelan, George H. Richardson,
Edward A. Y. Schellenger and Charles T. Shinn, of
Camden. On March 28, 1892, the passage of an " Act to
regulate the practice of midwifery in the State of New Jersey"
was secured by the board, which provided for the examination,
licensing and registration of midwives and placed them on a
professional basis under the direct supervision of the board.
Under this Act, certificates to practice midwifery were issued,
during the year, to Elizabeth Burns, Alargaret Buttner, Jane
Countryman, Mary Gilmore, Priscilla Green, Mary A. Gunb}-,
Anna E. Jennings, Cornelia S. Kaighn, Elizabeth Mosele}-,
Susan Sweeten and Theresa Tokarska, of Camden. Amend-
ments to the medical Act of 1890 were secured which exempted
surgeons of the United States Army, Navy and Marine Hos-

256 History Medical Profession Camden Coujiiy.

pital Service ; consulting physicians from other States and
internes in hospitals and asylums within the State, while
acting as such, from the provisions of the law.

[1893.] During the fiscal year ending October nth, one
hundred and fifty applicants for medical license were examined
and certificates to practice medicine within the State were
issued to one hundred and fifteen pli)sicians, among whom
were Doctors Wilson Gill Bailey, Lawrence R. Grier, William
W. Kain, William I. Kelchner, William W. Knowlton, Fred-
erick W. Marcy, William H. Pratt, William H. Slocum and
Wendell P. Wingender, of Camden, and Dr. James Winter
Walmsley, of Gloucester City. Thirty women were licensed to
practice midwifery, among whom was Caroline T. Dougherty,
of Camden.

[1894.] Although the law establishing a State Board of
Medical Examiners had advanced the standard of medical
education among the incoming members of the medical pro-
fession to a higher grade than ever before attained, and though
the practice of midwifery had been regulated within the State,
its provisions were found to be insufficient, and, in con-
sequence, the board secured the passage of a new law, which
was approved May 22, 1894, that still further advanced its
powers and privileges and the common interests of the medical
profession. Its provisions became operative July 4th. This
law provided for the appointment, by the Governor, of a State
Board of Medical Examiners, to consist of nine members
of recognized professional ability and honor, including " five
old-school physicians, three homoeopaths and one eclectic";
empowered the board to elect its officers, to hold meetings at
the capitol on the third Tuesda}' of June and September of
each year, to examine applicants for the practice of medicine
within the State, to issue certificates, to revoke licenses for
cause and to punish unlawful practitioners. Doctors Edwin
de Baun, of Passaic; P\ B. Lane, of East Orange; A. H.
Worthington, of Trenton ; A. K. Baldwin, of Newark ; E. E.
B. Godfre)', of Camden; G. F. Wilbur, of Asbury Park; Wm.
Iv. Newell, of Millville; A. Uebelacker, of Morristown, and
Wm. Perry Watson, of Jerse}- City, were appointed members of

The Cooper Hospital. 257

the board by Governor George T. Werts. Dr. Godfre}' was
made examiner in obstetrics and gyn^ecolo^N'. Reqnirements
for license to practice medicine and surgery within the State
of New Jersey and rules for conducting medical examinations
were issued by the board. During the year ending July 3,
1894, 0°^ hundred and thirt}- candidates were examined and
one hundred and ten certificates were issued. During these four
3ears of the existence of the board, five hundred and twent)-
four candidates were examined and foiu' hundred and seventeen
were licensed to practice medicine and surgery. The rejected
applicants comprised 18.81 per cent, in 1891, 24.47 per cent, in
1892, and 22 per cent, in 1893. Among those licensed during
the >ear were Doctors Emerson P. McGeorge, William E. Miller,
]\larcus K. Mines, Milton M. Osmun, Paul M. Mecray and
Levi B. Hirst, of Camden; Dr. George W. McKensie, Jr.,
of Haddonfield, and Dr. Joseph W. Marti ndale, of Cramer
Hill. Mrs. Betty Stern was granted a license as a midwife.

Section VII I. — The Cooper Hospital.

[i890-'95.] The work of The Cooper Hospital steadily
increased and rendered manifold service to the communit}' in
the period under consideration. Situated at the junction ol
the great railroads centering in Camden, its doors have swung
widely open to receive accident cases from any part of the
State, and most of those occurring between Trenton and Cape
]\Ia>' have found help and comfort within its wards. Not less
attention has been paid to those seeking relief from diseases
of a strictly medical nature. From the opening of the
hospital, August 11, 1887, to December 31, 1894, two thous-
and, nine hundred and twenty-seven patients were treated
within its wards, and sixteen thousand, nine hundred and fift)--
eight within its out-patient departments. The latter patients
made, during the period, thirt>- thousand, six hundred and
thirty-two visits. There were five hundred and eight surgical
operations performed, including one hundred and se\'ent>-two
amputations, also laparotomies for Caesarian section, hysterec-
tomy, extra-uterine pregnancy, ovarian tumors, abscess, intes-
tinal adhesions, stab wounds of the abdomen, chronic periton-

258 History Medical Profession Caindeyi County.

itis, carcinoma, appendicitis, gun-shot wounds of the abdomen y
cystic ovaries, hernia, pyosalpinx and atresia of the rectum.
Neurectomy, lithotomy, internal urethrotomy, resection of the
lower jaw and a great variety of major operations should be
added to the list.

Since the dedication of the hospital, a number of changes
have taken place in the Board of Managers and in the attend-
ing and resident staff. Of the Board of Managers, William B,
Cooper, Joseph B. Cooper, John W. Wright and Alexander
Cooper have died. Both William B. and Joseph B. Cooper
served on the Board of Managers of the Camden City Dispen-
sary, as well as that of the hospital, and contributed to the
success of each by their active interest and generous donations.
John W. Wright, a nephew of Dr. Richard M. Cooper, was
the first secretary and treasurer of the institution and gave
so much of his time and money to its establishment that his
name has been perpetuated upon an enduring tablet placed
within the room of the managers. Alexander Cooper, a
brother of the founders of the great charity, was its first
president. From the incorporation of the hospital, he took
the heartiest interest in its welfare and, at his death (1893),
supplemented his former munificence by a generous legacy.
Harry Genet Taylor, Jr., and Richard Cooper Taylor, sons of
Dr. H. Genet Taylor, are grandsons of Alexander Cooper. The
present Board of Managers consists of the following gentlemen :
President, Augustus Reeve ; secretary and treasurer, Richard
H. Reeve; managers, Peter L. Voorhees, Rudolphus Bingham,
David M. Chambers, Alexander C. Wood, Peter V. \^oorhees,
Richard M. Cooper and Dr. H. Genet Taylor.

k number of changes have taken place in the attending
staff since their appointment in 1887 (Chapter X, Section IX).
In June, 1889, Dr. J. F. Walsh resigned from the surgical staff
and was succeeded 1)n- Dr. Daniel Strock ; in September of the
same year. Dr. D. P. Pancoast resigned from the medical staff
and was succeeded, in Octol^er, by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, trans-
ferred from the surgical staff; in February, 1890, Dr. Joseph
H. Wills, pathologist, was appointed to the surgical vacancy
and Dr. George T. Robinson was appointed pathologist ; in

The Nerd' Jersey Traiyiing Sehool for Nurses. 259

June, 1894, Dr. Dowling Benjamin resigned from the surgical
staff and was appointed obstetrician to the hospital. Dr. Ben-
jamin was succeeded by Dr. Joseph L. Nicholson. Near the
close of the year, Dr. William R. Powell was appointed ophthal-
mologist to the hospital. The attending staff is as follows :
Physicians, H. Genet Taylor, Alexander M. Mecray, William
A. Davis and E. L. B. Godfrey ; surgeons, Onan B. Gross,
Daniel Strock, Joseph H. Wills and Joseph L. Nicholson ;
obstetrician, Dr. Dowling Benjamin ; ophthalmologist. Dr.
William R. Powell ; pathologist. Dr. George T. Robinson.*
Dr. Paul ]\I. Mecray has since succeeded Dr. Robinson, as pathol-
ogist.

The following changes have taken place in the resident
staff of the hospital : Dr. Harry Jarrett was appointed resident
physician in 1887 ; Doctors Harry Jarrett and B. W. Macfar-
land were appointed resident physicians in 1888; Doctors
William Martin and S. F. Ashcraft, in 1889 ; Doctors Joseph
L. Nicholson and Morris B. Miller, in 1890; Doctors A. H.
Scofield and F. W. Marcy, in 1891 ; Doctors E. A. Y. Schell-
enger and Paul M. Mecray, in 1892 ; Doctors Paul M. Mecray
and J. K. F. Stites, in 1893, and Doctors J. R. Noel and J.
Winter Walmsley, in 1894. In 1890, Mrs. J. S. Wilson,
appointed matron at the opening of the hospital, was succeeded
by Thomas Waring as superintendent and Anna Waring as
matron, and Miss Rachel Bourke was appointed chief nurse of
the hospital and superintendent of its training school for
nurses.

Section IX.— The New Jersey Training School For

Nurses.

[1889-^90.] Recognizing the necessity for trained and
skillful nurses to execute with loyalty and obedience the direc-
tions of the physician in the sick-room, the attending staff of
The Cooper Hospital resolved to supply this deficiency by
organizing a training school for nurses. On September 7,
1889, the Camden Training School for Nurses, which subse-
quently became the New Jersey Training School for Nurses,

* Deceased.

26o History Medical Profession Camden County.

was organized at The Cooper Hospital, under the care of its
attending staff, and was chartered during the following month.
Since then, the system of nursing has been revolutionized in
West Jersey ; the monthl}- nurse has been relegated to the
past; aseptic and antiseptic methods of nurse practice, and
what to oliserve and record in the progress of disease, have
been inculcated. The management of the school was vested
in a Board of Trustees, consisting of Doctors H. Genet Ta)ior,
Alexander M. Mecray, E. L. B. Godfrey, Bowling Benjamin,
William A. Davis, Onan B. Gross, Daniel Strock and Joseph
H. Wills. Dr. Taylor was elected president; Dr. Mecray,
vice-president ; Dr. Strock, secretar}-, and Dr. Davis, treasurer.
A course of didactic and clinical instruction, covering the fall
and spring months through a period of two years, was
arranged and the following lecturers were appointed : Medical
nursing, Dr. E. L. B. Godfre}- ; surgical nursing, Dr. Dowling
Benjamin ; obstetrical nursing, Dr. William A. Davis ; anatomy
and physiology, Dr. O. B. Gross ; dietetics, Dr. Daniel Strock,
and hygiene. Dr. Joseph H. Wills. The school was formally
opened at The Cooper Hospital, October ii, 1889, with intro-
ductoiy addresses by Dr. William Pepper and the president.
Dr. H. Genet Taylor. There were a number of students enrolled
and lectures were regularl)- gi\'en during the school year. On
February nth, Dr. George T. Robinson was elected a member
of the faculty and of the Board of Trustees, and lecturer on
general nursing.

[iSgo-'gi.] The second year of the school was inaugu-
rated, September 30th, under the same managers and facidty,
and with twenty-three matriculants. Introductor}' addresses
were made by Dr. H. Genet Taylor, Dr. William H. Parrish,
of Philadelphia, and Rev. J. R. Westwood, of Camden.
Ivcctures were regularly given during the school year. On
June ist, the first commencement was held at Morgan's Hall,
when the president conferred the diploma of the school on the
following graduates: Lottie M. Pvvans, Carrie Haberstroh,
Jessie F. Haberstroh, Cxrace V,. Powell, PvUima M. Richardson,
K. E. S. Waugh and Thomas A. J. Williams, of Camden ; Mary
\\. Ketchum, of Montclair, N. J., and Rachel C. Wildman, of

The Nciv Jersey 'n'aifii>iq; School for A'Krses. 261

Media, Pa. The address to the graduates was delivered by E. L.
R. Godfrey, A. M., AI. D., and the president's prize, consisting of
a gold cross, lettered with the name of the recipient and the
following inscription, " Presented b}' the Camden Training
vSchool for Nnrses for Passing the Best General Examination,"
was presented to Mrs. Emma M. Richardson by Hon.
Christopher A. Bergen, M. C, with honorable mention of Mrs.
Grace E. Powell and Miss Lottie M. Evans.

[1891-92.] The third year of the school opened with
an increased number of matriculants and with enlarged oppor-
tunities for instruction through the removal of the classes for
didactic teaching to the lecture-room in the new building of
the Camden City Dispensary, where the first lecture was given
in March. INIedical, surgical and gynaecological clinics were
continued at The Cooper Hospital. On ]\Iay i8th, the lecture-
ship on general nursing was abolished and Dr. Robinson was
assigned to the lectureship on physiology, the change taking
place at the close of the school >'ear. The second annual
commencement was held in the First Presbyterian Church,
June 6, 1892, when the diploma of the school was conferred
on Alliher E. Kimper, Charlotte A. Ogden, Catherine Plait,
May E. Stebbins, Ruth Evans Sheppard and Maggie D. Wrif-
ford, of Camden ; Laura B. Bunting, of New York, and Lucy
C. Mann, of Philadelphia. The address to the graduates was
delivered by Dowling Benjamin, M.D., and the president's
prize was presented to Miss May E. Stebbins by Judge Charles
G. Garrison, with honorable mention of ]\Iiss Laura B.
Bunting.

[1892-93.] The fourth year of the school was inaug-
urated in October, with twenty-four matriculants and with an
increased curriculum and staff of instructors. Miss May E.
vStebbins and :\Iiss Ruth E. Sheppard were elected demon-
strators. Scarlet and white were adopted as the colors of the
school. In February, 1893, a legislative Act was passed,
empowering any training school for nurses in New Jersey to
confer the degree of Medical and Surgical Nurse (M. S. N.),
provided that instruction be given in medical, surgical and
obstetrical nursing, and in anatomy, physiology, dietetics and

262 History Medical Profession Camden County.

hygiene. Following this (March 30, 1893), the name and title
of the school was changed to the New Jersey Training School
for Nurses; a new constitution was adopted; the Board of
Managers was increased to fifteen members (nine of whom
must be members of the faculty), and the teaching force was
enlarged bj' the election of five instructors. The privilege of
holding clinics at the Camden Count}- Insane Asylum, and at
the Camden Home for Friendless Children, was secured.
Under the new constitution, which provided for the annual
meeting in x'lpril, Gen. William J. Sewell, Hon. Edward Bettle,
Hon. Henry B. Wilson, A. G. Lawson, D. D., Peter V.
Voorhees, Esq., and Rudolph us Bingham were elected additional
managers ; Dr. William R. Powell was elected instructor in the
care of diseases of the eye ; Dr. Orange W. Braymer, in surgical
nursing; Dr. J. S. Baer, in gynaecological nursing; Dr. H. C.
Branin, in nervous diseases, and Dr. J. G. Doron, in medical
nursing. The officers and the original managers were re-elected
and the curriculum of study was extended from the first week
in October to the last week in May. The third annual com-
mencement of the school was held in the First Baptist Church,
June 6th, when the diploma of the school, with the degree of
M. S. N., was conferred upon Jennie H. Derousse, Lillian F.
Patterson, Clorinda H. Simmons and Naomi B. Watson, of
Camden ; Carolyn A. Borden, Florence E. Revell and Alicia
P.. Thompson, of Philadelphia, and Margaret W. Satterthwaite,
of Crosswicks, N. J. The honorary degree of M. S. N. was
conferred on Florence Nightingale. The address to the grad-
uates was delivered by William A. Davis, M.D., and the presi-
dent's prize was presented by Samuel H. Grey, Esq., to Margaret
W. Satterthwaite, with honorable mention of Mrs. Clorinda H.
vSimmons. Tlie degree of M. S. N. was also conferred on all
former graduates.

[i893-'94.] The Training School increased in popular
favor and many improvements were made during the year.
Class-rooms in the dispensar}- were leased; a free maternity
service was established ; extra appliances for demonstration pro-
cured ; the curriculum enlarged ; the number of instructors
increased and cjuiz classes and a post-graduate course estab-

The New Jersey Jrainii/o ScJiool for Nurses. 263

lished. The introductory lecture was o^iveu b}- Dr. H. Genet
Taylor, and an increased number of pupils was enrolled.
Lectures were regularly given and, before the close of the
year, the teaching force numbered nineteen, including, besides
those previously named, Doctors Eugene E. De GrofFt, J.
Howard Prick, E. A. Y. Schellenger and William H. Pratt,
who were elected instructors, and Miss Mattie A. Fox,
M. S. N., as demonstrator in the place of Miss Ruth E. Shep-
pard, M. S. N., who resigned at the close of the term.
Dr. O. W. Braymer, instructor in surgical nursing, and Dr. J.
S. Baer, instructor in gynsecological nursing, also resigned at
the close of the year. A prize, conferred by the facult>- for the
best thesis on a subject pertaining to nursing and called " The
Faculty Prize," was established. The fourth annual com-
mencement was held in the First Methodist Church, May 28,
1894. The address to the graduates was delivered by O. B.
Gross, M. D., and the degree of M. S. N. was conferred on Kate
A. Baldwin, Ida Fricke, Mattie A. Fox, Linda L. Fortiner,
Harriet E. Keys, Sallie J. Miller and Amelia Y. Richardson,
of Camden ; Annie H. Collins, of Cramer Hill ; Mary L.
Council, of Philadelphia, and Marie Ernestine Welch, of
Tacoma, Washington, The president's prize was presented
to Miss Mattie A Fox by J. B. Graw, D. D., with honorable
mention of Miss Ida Fricke, and the faculty prize was
presented by James William Marshall, D. D., to Mrs. Marie E.
Welch, with distinguished mention of Miss Mattie A. Fox and
IVIiss Linda L. Fortiner.

[1894-95.] The prosperity of the school still con-
tinued. The opportunity to obtain thorough instruction in
nursing, without the necessity of spending an apprenticeship
in a hospital, proved a popular itmovation. Young women
were quick to see that the course of instruction offered
unusual advantages to those desiring a knowledge of anatomy,
physiology, hygiene and dietetics, as well as the principles of
nursing, and also enabled them to meet with greater intel-
ligence and skill the many duties of the home. The faculty,
instructors and demonstrators of the school consisted of the
following : Dr. H. Genet Taylor, A. M., M. D., lecturer on

264 History Medical Profession Camden Coiintv .

ethics of nursing ; Alexander M. Mecray, M. D., clinical
lecturer on medical nursing; E. L. B. Godfrey, A.M., M. D.,
lecturer on medical nursing; William P^. Davis, M. D., clinical
lecturer on gynsecological nursing ; Onan B. Gross, M. D.,
lecturer on anatomy ; Daniel Strock, M. D., lecturer on dietet-
ics ; Joseph H. Wills, A. M., M. D., lecturer on hygiene and
massage ; George T. Robinson, M. D., lecturer on physiology;
Joseph L. Nicholson, M. D., lecturer on surgical nursing ;
Henry E. Branin, M. D., instructor in nursing in nervous
diseases; John G. Doron, A. B., M. D., instructor in medical
nursing ; William R. Powell, M. D., instructor in care of the
eye and ear ; Eugene E. De Grofft, M. D., instructor in surgical
nursing ; J. Howard Frick, M. D., E. A. Y. Schellenger^
M. D., and William H. Pratt, M. D., quiz class instructors ;
Miss May E. Stebbins, M. S. N., demonstrator of invalid cook-
ing ; Miss Mattie A. Fox, M. S. N., demonstrator of bathing,
bed-making, etc.

The introductory lecture was given October i, 1894, to a
large class of matriculants, by Dr. John B. Roberts, of Phila-
delphia, and regular didactic and clinical lectures were con-
tinued throughout the year at The Cooper Hospital, the City
Dispensary, the Children's Home and the County Insane
Asylum. The commencement exercises of the school were
held in the North Baptist Church, Monday evening, June 3d,
when the degree of ]\I. S. N. was conferred on the following
graduates: Kathleen Holloway, Cornelia M. Kreh and S.
Virginia Levis, of Philadelphia; Jesse E. Huston, Ida Virginia
Tams and Florence L. Treen, of Camden ; Edith M. Robinson,
of New York City ; Estelle Noble Keilholtz, of Baltimore, Md.;
Clara I. Lewis, of Bingham pton, N. Y., and Mary Carpenter
Smith, of Salem, N. J. The valedictory address was delivered
by Daniel Strock, M. D.; the president's prize was presented
by Charles Van Dyke Joline, A.M., to Estelle Noble Keilholtz,
of Baltimore, for having passed the best general examination
in all branches, with honorable mention of S. Virginia Levis,
of Philadelphia, and the faculty prize was presented by Albert
G. Lawson, D. D., to vS. Virginia Levis, for having written the
best thesis on "Nursing in Typhoid Fever," with honorable
mention of Jessie E. Huston.

The Nnc Jersey Traiii/)i^ School for iWiirsfs. 265

A. ALUMNI AND ALUMN^ ASSOCIATION OF THK NEW JERSEY
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES.

[1892-95.] The Association of Alumni and Aluninse
of the New Jersey Training School for Nurses was organized
September 20, 1892, for "the purpose of promoting the pros-
perit}' of the school and the maintenance of kindly feeling and
interest between its members." At this time, Miss Charlotte
A. Ogden, M. S. N., '92, was elected president; Miss May E.
Stebbins, M. S. N., '92, vice-president; Miss Ruth E. Sheppard,
M. S. N., '92, secretary, and Miss Margaret D. Wrifford,
M. S. N., '92, treasurer. A constitution and by-laws were
adopted ; a distinctive uniform and badge were decided on and
the motto '■'■Nisi Domintis Frustra'''' was voted to be the motto
and guide of the association. The first meeting of the associa-
tion during commencement week was held Monday evening,
June 5, 1893, when the annual address was delivered by Charles
Van Dyke Joline, Esq. On September 20, 1893, Mrs. Emma
M. Richardson, M. S. N., '91, was elected president; Miss Ruth
E. Sheppard, M. S. N., vice-president; Miss May E. Stebbins,
M. S. N., secretary, and Miss Margaret D. Wrififord, M. S. N.,
treasurer. On May 25, 1894, Judge Howard Carrow delivered
the annual address before the association, and, at the September
meeting. Miss May E. Stebbins, M. S. N., was elected presi-
dent; Miss Charlotte A. Ogden, M. S. N., vice-president; Miss
Margaret D. WrifFord, M. S. N., secretary, and Mrs. Alliher
E. Kimper, M. S. N., '92, treasurer. On May 31, 1895, Board-
man Reed, ]\I. D., of Atlantic City, delivered the annual address
before the association. :\Iiss ]\Iattie A. Fox, M. S. N., '94, was
elected president; Mrs. Clorinda H. Simmons, M. S. N., '93,
vice-president; Miss May E. Stebbins, M. S. N., secretary, and
Miss :\Iargaret D. Wrifford, M. S. N., treasurer.

B. THE CAMDEN NURSE DIRECrORY.

[1891.] The Camden Nurse Directory was established at
the Camden City Dispensary, November, 1891, by the faculty
of the New Jersey Training School for Nurses, for the con-
venience and protection of graduated and trained nurses and

266 History Medical Profession Camden County .

for the purpose of furnishing the citizens of West Jersey with
competent and reliable nurses at short notice. The directory
is governed by rules, formulated by the facult}' of the school,
and founded upon the common and accepted interests of physi-
cians, nurses and patients. It is under the direction of a
superintendent, T. J. W. Phillips, pharmacist and superintendent
of the dispensary, where a register of the names, addresses,
terms and engagements of nurses is kept.

Section X. — The Camden Day Nursery Association.

[1890-91.] In the early part of 1890, the Camden
Day Nursery Association was organized to provide the working
mothers of Camden with daily shelter and food for children
too young to leave untended and alone. Two public meetings
were held ; the first, at Trinity Baptist Church, on April 5th,
when Miss Jane Addams, of the Northern Day Nursery of
Philadelphia, gave an address explaining the work ; the
second, at the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion, on April 14th, when Mrs. S. B. Northrop presided, and
the Camden Day Nursery Association was formalh' organized.
For the first six months, the work was experimental and the
organization was temporary. Sufficient funds were collected
in this interval to warrant the founding of a nursery' and, on
July 14th, the institution was opened at 214 Benson street. A
special effort was made to enlist the churches in the work and
eleven, representing five denominations, formed contributing
auxiliaries and furnished thirty-one managers. In October,
the first annual meeting was held ; a Board of Managers was
elected, on a basis of three from each church containing an
auxiliary, and the following officers were elected by the board
to serve for the year ending October, 1891 : President, Mrs.
E. L. B. Godfrey; vice-presidents, Mrs. S. B. Northrop, Mrs.
Charles S. Dunham, Mrs. Thomas A. Tidball ; treasurer, Mrs.
Howard R. Sharp ; corresponding secretary, Mrs. Richard
Twelves ; recording secretary, Mrs. Eva M. Holmes ; secretary
of donations, Mrs. W. H. Brooks ; consulting physicians,
Doctors Dowling P)enjamin and S. Bryan Smith ; advisory

The Camden Day Nursery Association . 267

board, Wilson H. Jenkins, Esq. ; T. B. Harned, Esq. ; W. A.
Davis, M. D. ; E. M. Howard, M. D. ; Colonel John Hood and
Frank H. Burdsall.

Subscriptions of one dollar, or more, entitled the donor to
membership in the association, and the total receipts from
April, 1890, to October, 1891, when the first financial year
closed, were $1,112.92. The cost of maintaining the nm'ser}'
for the same period was $814.12. This provided a comfortable
house, a matron and assistant and three meals per day for the
children. The mothers were taxed six cents per day for each
child, to prevent the charity from encouraging pauperism.
The total attendance for the year was one thousand, nine
hundred and twenty-nine children.

The managers for the >'ear, in addition to the officers
named, were : Mesdames Bowling Benjamin, William E.
Clement, Theodore B. Culver, William A. Davis, E. A. Downs,
Kate Goodwin, Thomas H. Harris, Thomas B. Harned, P. W.
Hirst, E. M. Howard, Carrie Jefferies, Hannah Jackson, Wilson
H. Jenkins, John W. Johnson, Charles H. Knowlton, Elmer
IMorton, J. H. Rorer, William Reed, Charles Samson, John F.
Starr, Jr., C. R. A. Van Valin, Richard Wells, Charles E.
Young, and the Misses Hannah R. Hood, A. Morris, Ida
Northrop and Jennie Nesbitt.

[1892.] During this year, the number of churches con-
tributins: throuo;h auxiliaries increased to fourteen ; the
subscription list more than doubled itself and numbered nearl\-
seven hundred, and the total receipts were $1,108.41. The
total number of children cared for was two thousand, eight
hundred and forty-nine, and the cost of maintenance was
$1,032.23. The officers were the same as last year, excepting
that the third vice-president, Mrs. Thomas A. Tidball, resigned
on account of removal to Philadelphia. In the Board of
Managers there were several changes. Mesdames J. C. Baile>-,
George Finlaw, Israel Fish, E. E. Farnham, Ma\- I. Felton,
Harr\' L. Jones, J. H. Knerr, Harry Knight, R. R. Longland,
William C. Lore, George I. Lewis, Oscar C. Molan, Alexander
:\Iilliette, William E. Needham, Martha E. Nixon, Frederick
A. Rex, J. Ridgeway and John Stiles replaced Mesdames

268 History Medical Profession Camden Connty.

Benjamin, Clement, Culver, Davis, Goodwin and Miss Morris,
who had resigned.

[1893.] The receipts for this year were $1,133.60 and
the expenses were $1,234.20. Two thousand, five hundred
and seventy children were cared for. The institution was
removed in May from 214 Benson street to 426 Steven street,
where it obtained much larger and more comfortable quarters.
Owing to the removal from Camden of Mrs. T. A. Tidball,
third vice-president, and Mrs. Eva Holmes, recording secretary,
their places were filled, respectively, by Mrs. Charles H. Knowl-
ton and Mrs. Charles Samson. The other officers remained the
same as in previous years. The changes in the Board of
Managers were as follows: Mesdames H. B. Hanford, A. L.
Hurflf, W. Haco Cooper, C. G. Thompson, Elmer J. Carll,
Josiah S. Hackett, Charles L. Prince, G. R. Underbill, A. E.
Gausler, W. T. Waters, A. R. Hillaker and Miss Anna Smith
replaced Mesdames Jones, Needham, Nixon, Ridgeway, Van
Valin and the Misses Hood and Northrop, who had resigned,
or whose term of office had expired, and Mrs. E. A. Downs and
Mrs. J. H. Rorer, who died during the year. Mr. F. Wayland
Ayer was elected to the advisory board in place of Mr. Frank
H. Burdsall, resigned. The consulting physicians were
re-elected.

[1894.] The year ending October, 1894, the Day Nursery
closed its book with a balance in bank, though it had
received only $950.74 in subscriptions and donations. The
location of the nursery was changed in May from 426
Stevens street to 319 Washington street. Mrs. E. L. B.
Godfrey, who had served as president since the organization of
the nursery, declined re-election on account of ill-health and
was made honorary president ; Mrs. Charles S. Dunham was
elected president; Mrs. Charles H. Knowlton, Mrs. George
Finlaw and Mrs. John F. Starr, Jr., vice-presidents; Mrs.
Howard R. Sharp, treasurer ; Mrs. Charles Samson, recording
secretary ; Mrs. Richard Twelves, corresponding secretary ;
Mr.s. W. H. P>rooks, superintendent of donations, and Miss
Anna Smith, assistant. The consulting physicians and advisory
board were the same as last year. In the Board of Managers,

The Medical Dcf^artmcnt of the N. (i. N. J. 269

Mesdames A. E. Einer>-, E. E. De Grofft, C. S. Holdcraft, Eva
]\I. Holmes, Emily F'enner, C. H. Davis, and J. C. Russell
replaced Mesdames O. C. Molan, George I. Lewis and Elmer
Morton, whose terms had expired, and Mrs. S. B. Northrop,
who had resigned on account of removal to New York City.
Mesdames William J. Sewell, Richard T. Miller, George A.
\'room, Samuel I). Bergen, Walter Zimmerman, John A. Seeds,
S. G. Baile>-, Thomas E. Mulford and Miss Amanda Heyl were
elected managers-at-large. The total number of officers and
managers was fifty-nine. The churches containing auxiliaries
were St. Paul's and St. John's Protestant Episcopal ; Centenary,
Broadwa)', Tabernacle and First Methodist ; First and Second
Presbyterian ; North, Trinity, Tabernacle, Linden and F'irst
Baptist, and the Unitarian auxiliary. The public schools
which specialh' contributed to the nursery are the John S.
Read, E. A. Stevens, Linden, I. S. Mulford, George Genge,
Broadway, Central, Northeast, C. K. Evered and C. S. Bergen.*

Section XI. — The Medical Department of the
National Guard of New Jersey.

[1892.] In the reorganization of the National (kiard of
New Jersey, in 1869, the surgeon-general was given "general
supervision over the medical department of the State forces
and empowered to issue from time to time such regulations,
subject to the approval of the commander-in-chief, as the
necessities of the case ma}- require." Professional examina-
tions were made a preliminary condition to the issuing of a
commission to medical officers of the National Ciuard, and,
consequently, the medical department has constanth' maintained
the respect and confidence of the State forces. Through the
efforts of Surgeon-Cxeneral John I). McGill, the department has
been brought to a high degree of excellence. The first step in
this direction was the organization of The Militar\- Order of
Surgeons of New Jersey (Chapter X, Section XII). In 1892,
a supplement to the Act for the reorganization of the National
Guard (1869) was enacted by the Legislature, appro\-ed March
23, 1892, and issued from the office of the adjutant-general,
March 31st, providing for the establishment of the medical

* Reports of the Camden Day Nursery Association.

270 History Medical Profession Camden County.

department as a separate department ; for the commissioning of
two medical inspectors, each with the rank and emohiments
of lieutenant-colonel, and for the formation of a hospital and
ambulance corps of twenty-four men. All medical officers and
hospital stewards, as well as the hospital and ambulance corps,
were placed under the direction and control of the surgeon-
general. Under this Act, Major Mortimer Lanipson, of the
Fourth Regiment, N. G., and Major E. L. B. Godfrey, of the
Sixth Regiment, N. G., were each promoted and commissioned
lieutenant-colonel and medical inspector on the staff of Surgeon-
General McGill, March 23, 1892. Following the promotion of
Major Godfrey to an inspectorship. Lieutenant Daniel Strock,
who was commissioned first lieutenant and assistant surgeon of
the Sixth Regiment, N. G., February i, 1890, was promoted
major and surgeon of the Sixth Regiment and commissioned
May 24, 1892.

[1893.] In 1893, the Sixth Regiment was divided into
two battalions, and, on July ist, Dr. Orange W. Braymer was
commissioned first lieutenant and battalion assistant surgeon of
the first battalion, and, on September 2d, Dr. Wilson Gill Bailey
was commissioned first lieutenant and battalion assistant surgeon
of the second battalion. On March 17, 1893, the Act, approved
March 23, 1892, "establishing the medical department of the
National Guard as a separate department," was modified b}- a
supplement providing for the enlistment of a hospital and
ambulance corps for each brigade of the National Guard, under
the immediate control of the brigade surgeons and under the
general medical control of the surgeon-general ; for the profes-
sional examination of surgeons and assistant surgeons before
being commissioned, and of hospital stewards before being
warranted. In March, 1894, Charles S. Ogden, Ph.G., was
warranted hospital steward of the first battalion. Sixth Regi-
ment, N. G., and in July, Dr. Eugene E. De Grofft was
warranted hospital steward in the second battalion, both
succeeding Dr. Levi B. Hirst, who was honorably discharged
by reason of expiration of service.

[1895.] In 1895, the powers and prerogatives of the
medical department were further enlarged b\' legislative enact-

The Epidemic of La iJrippc. 271

ment. The office of assistant surgeon-general was created ;
the hospital and ambulance corps was increased to two officers
and sixty men ; the office of medical inspector was continued,
and all surgeons, assistant surgeons, hospital stewards and the
hospital corps were made a part of the department and subject
to the orders of the surgeon-general. Under this Act, Lieu-
tenant-Colonel E. L. B. Godfrey, medical inspector, was
promoted colonel and assistant surgeon-general, and was com-
missioned April 13, 1895.

Section XII. — The Epidemic of La Grippe.

[1890.] The most wide-spread epidemic that has ever
visited Camden county, or, in fact, the United States, made its
first appearance in the latter part of December, 1890. The
disease was generally known as influenza. It was called by
the French La Grippe and by the Germans, Blitz-catarrh^ but
became finally known in this country as the " Grippe."
It was first observed at St. Petersburg about October 15th, and
spread over European Russia within a month. In November,
it appeared in Germany, France and other Continental States,
visiting England and the United States in December and
extending to China and Japan. It was a true pandemic
disease. It made its appearance in Camden during the last
week of December and, before the close of February, afflicted,
more or less severely, seventy-five per cent, of the population of
the city. According to Dr. William Pepper, "three out of every
four of the eleven hundred thousand people of Philadelphia,
suffered from influenza in a greater or less extent." The sickness-
rate was far in excess of the death-rate, but the malady not
infrequently left depressing and often fatal sequelae in its train.
The deaths in Camden numbered one hundred and seventy-
seven for January, 1890, while those for January, 1889,
numbered ninety-five. The etiology of influenza was due to a
bacillus and the constitutional symptoms arose from the absorp-
tion of influenza-toxin. It was an infectious disease, but this
does not account for simultaneous outbreaks in widely-separated
countries. The disease began with a chill, followed by fever,

272 History Medical Profession Camden County.

headache, pains throughout the bod}' and extremities and
catarrhal affection of the air-passages, frequently leading to
pneumonia, while in other instances it would expend itself
on the nervous system or within the gastro-intestinal track.
Albuminuria was frequently a concomitant condition. The
epidemic re-appeared in the winters of iSgi-'ga, i892-'93
and i894-'95, but became milder in form and less general in
extent at each re-appearance.

Section XIII. — The West Jersey Homceopathic Dispen-
sary AND Hospital Association.

[189 1.] The articles of incorporation of this association
were signed May 15, 1891, by Walter M. Patton, George R.
Danenhower, Frank H. Burdsall, John T. Cox, Leander W.
Goldy, Clayton W. Nichols, Theodore B. Culver, Robert T.
Lacey, Samuel G. Rudderow, Edward W. Sharp and Emelius
Senseman, and filed with the clerk of the county under the
" Act for the Incorporation of Hospitals and Charitable Institu-
tions," approved March 9, 1877. The incorporators were
empowered to manage the affairs of the association for the first
year. The constitution adopted by the association provided
that its membership shall consist of those who annually con-
tribute five dollars or more for its maintenance, except
that a contribution of one hundred dollars or more shall consti-
tute the donor a life member ; that it shall be governed by a
Board of Trustees, one third of whom shall be elected at the
annual meeting ; that no physician shall be eligible for election
on the board ; that the trustees shall appoint a staff of
physicians, of such number as shall be deemed best, who shall
constitute the professional board which shall have full control
of the medical management of the association, and shall also
appoint a Board of Lady Managers who shall take charge of
the household matters of the association. On May 15th, the
Board of Trustees organized, with the election of Walter M.
Patton, president; George R. Danenhower, vice-president;
John T. Cox, .secretary, and S. G. Rudderow, treasurer. The
building, No. 3 North Fifth street, was rented and fitted for

Wis/ /crsrv HoDniopatJiic Dispviisiirv and Hospital . Isso. 273

dispeusai-}- purposes and the roUowiug- professional board was
appointed : Medical director, Thomas R. Blackwood ; surgeons,
George D, Woodward and E. M. Howard ; diseases of women,
Anna E. Griffith and Willis H. Hunt ; eye and ear, E. M.
Howard and F. M. Eaton; nose, throat and lungs, J. M.
Hinson ; heart and kidneys, P. W. Andrews and W. C.
Williams. Daily clinics were established and, on October 19th,
the following changes were made in the professional board :
CxynaecologA', George D. Woodward ; diseases of women and
children, T. R. Blackwood; medical treatment of women,
Anna E. Griffith; skin diseases, W. C. Williams; heart and
kidneys, O. L. Grumbrecht ; eye and ear, F. j\I. Eaton and E.
I\I. Howard ; nose, throat and lungs, J. M. Hinson and O. L.
Grumbrecht. The following ladies' advisory committee on
wa\-s and means was appointed, which led to the organization
of a Lady Board of Managers: Mesdames S. B. Northrop, J. C.
Meeteer, W. M. Patton, L. V. Kellum, Charles L. Prince, Harr>^
Hollinshed, Alfred S. Freeman, John F. Starr, Jr., J. H. Shel-
mire, L. W. Goldy, George A. Munger, G. W. Wakefield and
Miss E. Fayetta Jennings. Frank H. Burdsall resigned from
the Board of Trustees and D. G. Langendorf was elected to fill
tlie vacancy. Eight>-seven cases were reported to ha\e been
treated since the opening of the dispensary-, June 4th.

[1892.] The second year of the association opened with
bright prospects. A part of the appropriation of City Council
for the care of the indigent sick was secured and the property
of the Camden HomcEopathic Hospital and Dispensary Asso-
ciation, located at the corner of West and Steven streets, was
purchased and opened to the public, March 25th. City physi-
cians were appointed in accordance with the requirements of
the city appropriation, and Dr. Oscar L. Grumbrecht was
assigned to the northern and Dr. F. M. Eaton to the southern
district. Dr. A. S. Ironside was elected a member of the
professional board. The annual meeting of the association
was held May gtli, when D. G. Langendorf, S. M. Rudderow
and E. W. Sharp were elected members of the Board of
Trustees for three years and the officers of the board were
re-elected. The professional board reported that fi\c- hundred

274 History Medical Profession Camden County.

and sixty-five cases had been treated since the opening of the
dispensar}-; that two thousand one hundred and thirty-five
prescriptions had been compounded and that Dr. C. M.
Williams had resigned from the board, because of his removal
from the city. The Lady Board of Managers reported the
hospital to be divided into two well-equipped wards, con-
taining six beds and one cot and three private rooms, well
furnished. Their officers were as follows : President, Mrs. S.
B. Northrop ; first vice-president, Mrs. J. C. Meeteer ; second
vice-president, Mrs. C. L. Prince ; treasurer, Mrs. John F. Starr,
Jr., and secretary, Mrs. A. S. Freeman. In October, an obstet-
rical ward was established in the hospital and placed under the
care of Doctors T. R. Blackwood and Anna E. Griffith ;
Doctors F. M. Eaton and O. L. Grumbrecht were appointed on
the professional board and Dr. A. S. Ironside was elected city
physician in place of Dr. Grumbrecht.

[1893,] The annual meeting of the association was held
May 2 2d. The professional board reported eight thousand
eight hundred and seventy -two cases treated in the dispensary ;.
thirteen thousand prescriptions compounded ; forty-nine cases
admitted to the hospital since March, 1892, and seventy-nine
surgical operations performed. The hospital staff was consti-
tuted as follows : Surgeons, G. D. Woodward and E. M.
Howard ; physicians, O. L. Grumbrecht and F. M. Eaton ;
obstetricians, Anna E. Griffith, T. R. Blackwood and W. W.
Knowlton. Dispensary staff: Medical director, T. R. Black-
wood ; gynaecologists, G. D. Woodward, Anna E. Griffith and
O. L. Grumbrecht ; surgeons, G. D. Woodward and E. M.
Howard ; oculists and aurists, E. M. Howard and F. M. Eaton ;
nose and throat, J. M. Hinson ; chronic diseases, A. S.
Ironside; general medicine, O. L. Grumbrecht and W. W.
Knowlton ; city physicians, F. M. Eaton and A. S. Ironside.
Consultants : Surgical, W. B. Van Lennep ; medical, Wallace
McGeorge. Walter M. Patton was elected president of
the a.ssociation ; George R. Danenhower, vice-president ;
S. G. Rudderow, treasurer ; John T. Cox, secretary, and
Robert T. Lacey, Clayton W. Nichols and John T. Cox, mem-
bers of the Board of Trustees for three years, and T. L

Miscellaneous^ Interests. 275

Gifford for the unexpired term of E. W. Sharp. The board
elected Dr. W. W. Knowlton city physician for the first
district and Dr. F. M. Eaton for the second district. In
November, M. F. Ivins was elected a member of the Hoard ol
Trustees for the unexpired term of W. E. Anthony.

[1894.] The annual meeting of the association was
held May 14th, with the election of the following officers and
members of the Board of Trustees : President, Walter M.
Patton ; vice-president, Clayton W. Nichols ; secretary, W. M.
Kaighn; treasurer, D. G. Langendorf, and Walter M. Patton,
M. F. Ivins and W. AI. Kaighn, members of the board for
three years. The professional board submitted the following
report : The number of cases treated in the hospital and
dispensary for the year ending April 30th was five thousand,
nine hundred and fifty-seven ; prescriptions compounded, four-
teen thousand, one hundred and twenty-six ; visits made by
city physicians, four thousand and sixty-three ; surgical opera-
tions performed, sixty-seven ; obstetrical cases attended, eight.
The Board of Lady Managers submitted a report of donations
secured, and other work accomplished, that evidenced their
helpfulness to the association.

SF.CT10N XIV. — Miscellaneous Interests.

A. THE PAN-AMERICAN MEDICAL CONGRF^SS.

[1893.] At the meeting of the American Medical Associa-
tion in Washington, D. C, 1891, a resolution was adopted
extending an invitation to the medical profession of the
Western Hemisphere to assemble in the United States in an
Inter-Continental American Medical Congress and a committee,
consisting of one member from each state and territory and
one each from the army, navy and marine hospital service, was
appointed to effect a permanent organization of the proposed
congress, and to determine the time and place at which the same
should be held. Dr. E. J. Marsh, of Paterson, was appointed
on the committee as the representative from New Jersey. The
committee prosecuted their work diligently ; named the con-
gress the "Pan-American Medical Congress"; decided to hold

276 History Medical Profession Camden County .

the same at Washington, D. C, September 5, 6, 7 and 8, 1893,
and secured the adoption of a joint resolution from the Senate
of the United States and the House of Representatives,
authorizing and requesting the President to invite the se\'eral
governments of the Western Hemisphere to send official dele-
gates to the congress. The resolution met with executive
approval, July 18, 1892, and invitations were accordingly sent
and promptly responded to. The committee fornmlated general
and special regulations for the government of the congress ;
established twenty-two sections for professional work ; appointed
a number of sub-committees and elected Dr. William Pepper,
of Philadelphia, president of the congress, and Dr. Edward J.
Ill, of Newark, vice-president for New Jersey. Like other States,
New Jersey was entitled to one delegate for each District or
County Medical Society, as well as State delegates. Dr. E. L.
B. Godfrey was appointed one of the delegates to represent the
Medical Society of New Jersey with Dr. Daniel Strock as his
alternate. Dr. Godfrey was also detailed by the surgeon-
general of the State to represent the medical department of
the National Guard in the section of military surgery. The
proceedings of the congress did much to promote the interest
of the medical profession in this and other countries, especially
in hygiene, quarantine and kindred questions of inter-state
interests.

B. THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

Since the organization of the American Medical Associa-
tion in 1846, the physicians of Camden county have frequently
represented, through a delegated relationship, the Count}' and
State Medical Societies in its deliberations. All delegates are
made permanent members of the association upon the filing and
approval of their credentials and are continued as such so long
as they remain members of their local societies and pay their
annual dues to the association. The following members of the
Camden County Medical Societ}- have become permanent
members of the association : Doctors Richard M. Cooper and
Othniel H. Taylor, 1847; John V. Schenck and Charles D.
Hendry, 1849; Isaac S. Mulford, 1850; Thomas F, Cullen,

Miscellantous Interests. 277

1855; A Dickenson Woodruff, 1858; H. Genet Taylor, 1870;
John W. Snowden, 1872 ; Onan B. Gross and N. B. Jennings,
1880; Isaac B. Mnlford and E. L. B. Godfrey, 1881 ; D. P.
Pancoast, 1883; Dovvling- Benjamin, W. A. Davis, J. W.
Donges and W. H. Ireland, 1884 ; Alexander McAlister, 1885 ;
O. W. BrayTTier, 1891 ; Henry E. Branin, 1892 and J. M. Ridge,
H. F. Palm and John V. Leavitt, in 1893.

C. THK METHODIST EPISCOPAL HOME.

[1890.] The preliminary steps for the organization of
the home were taken in 1888 and, after a series of meetings,
the organization was effected and the home formally opened in
Camden, April 15, 1890. The constitution states that the
object of the home shall be " to provide for the aged and
infirm members of the Methodist Episcopal Church a com-
fortable home, with clothing, employment, medical aid and
other necessary attendance and religious privileges," and
directs that the management shall be vested in two boards ;
viz., a Board of Trustees and a Board of ^lanagers, the former
consisting of nine gentlemen and the latter of ladies repre-
senting the Methodist Episcopal churches of Camden county.
The organization was effected by the election of (jeorge
R. Danenhower president of the Board of Trustees ; J. T.
Seymour, secretary ; Frank Wells, treasurer, and Dr. A. E.
Street, J. R. Carson, Joseph E. Roberts and B. Plumber as
members. Mrs. David Baird was elected president of the
Board of Alanagers; Mesdames Daniel Erdman and John
Gourley, vice-presidents ; Miss Lida Mayhew, recording secre-
tary ; Mrs. J. S. Baer, corresponding secretary, and Miss
Harriet M. King, treasurer, with a standing committee from
the different Alethodist churches. Doctors J. H. Frick, J. S.
liaer, Sophia Presley, W. S. Moslander and E. L. B. Godfrey
were appointed medical attendants. Nine inmates were ad-
mitted during the year.

[1891.] During 1891, a site for the home was secured at
Collingswood and the corner-stone of the present structure
was laid July 9, 1891. The enterprise has proved of great
usefulness in this community, not alone in affording a home to

278 History Medical Professio?i Camden County.

the aged and infirm, but also in cementing, into closer unity,
the membership of the various Methodist churches of the
county. The officers of the Board of Trustees were re-elected,
with the exception that Thomas Hollinshed and D. S. Risley
were elected in the place of Joseph E. Roberts and B. Plumber.
In the Board of Managers, Mrs. W. T. Collins succeeded Mrs.
John Gourley as one of the vice-presidents ; Miss Clara M.
Doughty succeeded Mrs. J. S. Baer as corresponding secretary ;
Mrs. George E. Fry succeeded Miss Harriet M. King as
treasurer, and the office of financial secretary was established
and Mrs. Anna Parker elected to fill it. With these excep-
tions, the officers and members of the Board of Managers
remained unchanged. The medical advisers of the preceding
year were succeeded by Dr. Eli R. Tullis. After 1891, no
medical appointments were made by the board, but in
the reports of 1892, '93 and '94, the committee on sick
express obligations to Doctors William Shafer, E. R. Tullis,
S. Bryan Smith, Wallace McGeorge, F. M. Eaton, W. S.
Moslander, S. H. Quint and H. C. Garrison for gratuitous
professional services, and to Dr. B. S. Lewis and Messrs. R. S.
Justice, U. F. Richards and George J. Pechin for donations of
medicine.

D. THE HADDONFIELD TRAINING SCHOOL FOR BACKWARD

CHILDREN.

The establishment of the Haddonfield Training School for
Backward Children, in 1883, testifies in an eminent degree the
good that can be accotnplished by woman, when actuated
and urged forward by the love of her kind. This school was
founded by Margaret Bancroft, of Philadelphia, whose experi-
ence as a teacher in the public schools impressed her with the
great need of patient, individual instruction in order to develop
the indifferent and sluggish minds of backward children to the
degree of proficienc\- of which they are capable. In order to
accomplish this work, Miss Bancroft resigned her position and
opened the training school at Haddonfield. From its inception
the school has been a success, and the method of instruction
employed and the results yielded have attracted national

Miscellaneous Interests. 279

attention. Dr. W. W. Keen and Mr. Charles Lippincott, of
Philadelphia, have materially aided Miss Bancroft in her eflforts,
and Dr. Bowman H. Shivers, of Haddonfield, has been the
medical supervisor of the school since 1883. In 1888, Miss
Jean M. Cox became associated with Miss Bancroft in the
work.*

K. THE CAMDEN CITY MEDICAL AND SURCJICAL SOCIETY.

[1891-95.] The Camden City Medical and Surgical
Society was organized November 16, 1891, for the purpose of
furthering- the scientific and professional interests of the physi-
cians of Cam'den. The constitution and by-laws provide for
reports, at each regular, monthl)- meeting, from sections on
practice of medicine, surgery, patholog}-, chemistry, therapeu-
tics, hygiene and dietetics, and thus afford a broad field for
medical discussion and improvement. This is further supple-
mented by a question-box, a feature that has frequently given
rise to interesting debates. At the organization of the society,
Dr. E. P. Townsend was elected president ; Dr. W. H. Iszard,
\ice-president; Dr. W. F. H. Osmun, secretar>^, and Dr. J. S.
Baer, treasurer.

The officers for 1892 were as follows: President, Dr. W.
H. Ireland ; vice-president. Dr. W. H. Iszard ; secretary,
Dr. W. F. H. Osmun ; treasurer. Dr. Alexander McAlister :
For 1893 ; president. Dr. W. H. Iszard; vice-president. Dr. D.
W. Blake; secretar}'. Dr. S. G. Bushey; treasurer. Dr. J. S.
Baer: For 1894; president, Dr. D. W. Blake; vice-president,
Dr. H. F. Palm; secretary. Dr. H. H. Sherk, and treasurer.
Dr. J. F. Leavitt. In addition to the physicians named,
Doctors J. W. Fithian, A. H. Lippincott, W. B. Jennings, B. S.
Lewis, P. W. Beale, Harr>^ Jarrett, George T. Robinson, A. M.
Mecray, C. M. Schellenger, Edwin Tomlinson, William Shafer,
J. H. Frick, Sophia Presley, G. W. Henry, F. G. Stroud, C. B.
Donges, G. E. Kirk, Edward Phelan, W. H. Kensinger,
Charles Jennings, and W. P. Wingeuder are members of the
society.!

* Woman's Progress, for August, 1893.
t M.S. Notes of Dr. A. H. Lippincott.

28o History Medical Profession Camden County .

F. POLITICAL INTERESTS.

Since the erection of Camden county, the medical profes-
sion has been prominently represented in national, state,
county and municipal politics. Dr. Reynell Coates was a
candidate for vice-president of the United States in 1852
(Chapter V, Section IV); Dr. William H. Iszard served in the
Legislature of 1 873-' 74 as a representative from Gloucester
county ; George D. Borton, Ph. G., of Camden, served as a
member of the Legislature in 1883, and Dr. George' W. Henry,
of Camden, in the Legislature of 1893. Doctors Thomas G.
Rowand, Duncan W. Blake, James A. Armstrong, William H.
Iszard, John D. Leckner, P. W. Beale, Edwin Tomlinson, H.
H. Davis, George W. Henry, James G. Stanton and E. R.
Smiley (Chapter III, Section IV) have filled the . office of
coroner. Dr. L. F. Fisler held the position of Mayor of
Camden seven terms (Chapter VII, Section VII). Dr. John
W. Donges served as president of City Council in 1883,
Dr. J. D. Leckner in 1887 and Dr. W. B. E. Miller, D. V. S.,
in 1892 ; Doctors L. F. Fisler, Frederick P. Pfeiflfer, C. W.
Sartori, William S. Jones, B. S. Lewis and P. W. Beale have
also served as members of that body. Dr. L. F. Fisler and
George D. Borton served as collector of customs for the Port of
Camden. In the Board of Education, Doctors Isaac S. Mulford,
Sylvester Birdsell, Thomas W. Rowand, Charles W. Sartori, J.
H. Austin, James M. Ridge, Max. West, John R. Haney,
Alexander M. Mecray, J. D. Leckner, Dowling Benjamin, H.
H. Davis and M. F. Middleton and druggists J. C. De La Cour,
Herman Miller, Stanley C. ]\Iuschamp and Richard S. Justice
have served as members.

(;. PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS.

[i890-'95.] Among the physicians who located in Cam-
den during the period from 1890 to 1895 are the following:
Dr. Clarence B. Donges and Dr. Grant E. Kirk, Ph.G., gradu-
ates of Jefferson Medical College, 1891, and Dr. Henry A,
Lacey, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1891 ; Dr.
Nathan A. Cohen, a graduate of the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy, 1886, the Veterinary Department of the University

MiscellancoHs Intoesis. 281

of Pennsylvania, 1890, and of Jefferson Medical College, 1892;
Dr. Marcus K. Mines, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College,
1892 ; Dr. William E. Miller, Ph. G., a graduate of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, 1893, ^""^ I^^- Rowland I. Haines, of the
same University, 1890; Dr. Wendell P. Wingender, Ph. G., a
graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1893 ; Dr. William W.
Knowlton, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1893 ;
Dr. Levi B. Hirst, Ph. G., and Dr. Milton M. Osmun, Ph. G.,
graduates of Jefferson Medical College, 1894; Dr. Emerson P.
McGeorge, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical College, 1894,
and Dr. William B. Christine, a student at Pennington Sem-
inary and a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, 1877,
Dr. Leolf Reese, a graduate of Penn Medical University, 1862,
and of the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia, 1882;
Dr. Oscar L. Grumbrecht, a graduate of Hahnemann Medical
College, 1890; Dr. Jerome L. Artz, a graduate of Cleveland
Medical College, Ohio, and Dr. Joseph W. Martindale, a graduate
of Jefferson Medical College, 1894, located at Cramer Hill.

In 1893, Dr. Wallace McGeorge began the practice of
medicine in Camden. Dr. McGeorge was graduated from Hah-
nemann Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1868, and has been
identified the greater part of his professional life with public
interests. In 1868, he began medical practice at Hightstown;
moved to Woodbury in 1872 and to Camden in 1893. He was
one of the organizers of the New Jerse)- State Homoeopathic
Medical Society in 1869, one of its incorporators in 1870, and
has held the office of treasurer, secretary and president, and is
now its corresponding secretary. He has also been actively
identified with the American Institute of Homoeopathy and
with the West Jersey HomcEopathic Medical Societ\-, of which
he has served as president. In 1877, he was elected Mayor of
Woodbury; in 1879, a member of the Common Council ut
Woodbury; in 1886, coroner of Gloucester county. He also
served as school trustee, commissioner of deeds and notar\- public
in Gloucester county, besides being an active member in the
Order of Odd Fellows, Sons of Temperance, Red Men,
Knights of Pythias, Legion of the Red Cross and other
associations.

282 History Medical Profession Camden County.

In 1890, Bucknell University conferred the honorary
degree of A. M. on Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, and, in 1893 and
1894, he was elected vice-president of the Alumni Association
of Jefferson Medical College.

H. MAJOR SURGICAL OPERATIONS.

Previously to the opening of The Cooper Hospital, in 1887,
a large percentage of the major operations in Camden county
were performed in Philadelphia hospitals, but most of the sur-
gical cases resulting from railroad accidents were attended by Dr.
Dowling Benjamin, surgeon to the Camden and Amboy Rail-
road and by Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, surgeon to the Camden and
Atlantic Railroad. Cases occurring along the line of the roads
were brought into Camden for surgical treatment. With the
opening of The Cooper Hospital, the majority of surgical acci-
dents, as well as cases requiring operative treatment, were
removed to the hospital.

Of the major operations, amputations of the hip-joint have
been performed b}^ Doctors O. B. Gross and Daniel Strock;
amputation of the thigh, by Dr. George D. Woodward and
others; amputations of the shoulder-joint, by Doctors Dowl-
ing Benjamin, O. B. Gross and E. L. B. Godfrey ; knee-joint,
by Doctors Benjamin, Gross, Strock and Godfrey ; extra-
uterine pregnancy, by Doctors Gross, Strock and Godfrey ;
hysterectomy, by Doctors Benjamin, Braymer and Godfrey;
Caesarian section, by Dr. Benjamin ; abdominal section, by
Doctors J. F. Walsh, Alexander McAlister, Dowling Benjamin,
O. B. Gross, Daniel Strock, J. S. Baer, Joseph L. Nicholson, O.
W. Braymer, H. H. Sherk and E. L. B. Godfre}-; suprapubic
cystotomy, by Doctors Walsh, McAlister and Strock ; litho-
lapaxy, by Doctors Benjamin and Strock, and exsection of
part of the small intestines, by Dr. Gross. Most of these
operations were performed at The Cooper Hospital under
the most thorough antiseptic and aseptic conditions.

Several physicians of Camden have contributed to the
list of surgical inventions. Dr. Dowling Benjamin has
invented an obstetric forceps, manufactured b}- Snowden, of
Philadelphia; an axis-traction instrument, uterine cervix

Miscellaneous /utcrcsis. 283

holders, plaster-of-Paris bandat;e roller, and an improvement
on Day's extension splint ; Dr. J. S. Baer has invented tissue-
forceps, an aseptic obstetric case and a bivalve speculum.
This latter instrument is made by Gemrig, of Philadelphia,
and contains a ratchet attachment and a French lock, in place
of the ordinary screw, that admits of its separation for aseptic
purposes. Dr. Joseph H. Wills has invented a needle-forceps,
and an ether-bottle which is used in the Pennsylvania Hos-
pital.

I. DEATHS OF PROMINENT PHYSICIANS.

[1894.] Joseph F. Garrison, M.D., D.D., died in Camden,
January 30, 1894. Dr. Garrison was graduated from Princeton
College in 1842, from the University of Pennsylvania in 1845
and began the practice of medicine at Swedesboro, where his
father. Dr. Charles Garrison, had practiced many years. In
1855, Dr. Garrison abandoned the profession of medicine and
was ordained a minister in the Episcopal Church. During the
year, he was installed as rector of St. Paul's Church, Camden,
where he remained until 1884, a period of twenty-nine years,
when he resigned to accept the chair of Canon Law in the
Philadelphia Divinity School. During the period of his
rectorship, he was elected an honorar}' member of the Camden
County Medical Society, in which he kept an active interest.
Dr. Garrison was an acknowledged authority in church and
masonic history.

Dr. Jesse J. Wills died in Camden, May 20, 1894. Dr.
Wills was graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1884,
opened an office in Camden and became a member of the City
Medical Society in 1885 and of the County Medical Society in
1886.

J. THE COOPER MEDICAL CLUB.

[i894-'95.] The Cooper Medical Club was organized
January 13, 1894, by the attending staff of The Cooper
Hospital, for the purpose of perpetuating the name of Dr.
Richard M. Cooper, and of cultivating the professional and
social interests of its members. The membership of the club
is limited to those physicians who have been, are now, or who

284 History Medical Profession Camden Connty.

may hereafter be, officially connected with The Cooper
Hospital. The first meeting of the club was held March 27,
1894, at which a banquet was served and Doctors H. Genet
Taylor, A. M. Mecray, William A. Davis, Dowling Benjamin,
O. B. Gross, Daniel Strock, Joseph H. Wills, George T.
Robinson, D. P. Pancoast, J. F. Walsh, Harry Jarrett, B. W.
MacFarland, G. Hudson McCuen, E. A. Y. Schellenger, William
Martin, J. C. Farrar, J. H. Frick, S. F. Ashcraft, F. W. Marcy,
J. L. Nicholson, P. M. Mecra}' and E. L. B. Godfrey became
members. Dr. H. Genet Taylor was elected president ; Dr. A.
M. Mecray, vice-president ; Dr. Harry Jarrett, secretary, and
Dr. F. W. Marcy, treasurer.

The annual meeting and banquet of the club was held at
Rudolph's Cafe, February, 1895. Dr. A. M. Mecray was elected
president ; Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey, vice-president ; Dr. E. A. Y.
Schellenger, secretary; Dr. O. B. Gross, treasurer, and Doctors
Paul M. Mecray, J. L. Nicholson, J. D. Farrar, D. Benjamin
and G. Hudson McCuen, members of the executive committee.

K. COLLEGE AFFILIATIONS OF PHYSICIANS.

One hundred and ninety-six physicians have been identified
with the medical profession of Camden county since its organi-
zation. Of this number, forty-six have taken degrees in the
arts, sciences or philosophy, or have pursued partial or special
courses at scientific or literary colleges. Twenty were graduated
from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and twenty-six
were either graduated, took a partial course or received honor-
ary degrees from the following institutions : Three from Buck-
nell University ; two each from Princeton, University of Penn-
sylvania, Lafayette, Swathmore and Philadelphia High School ;
one each from Allegheny, Amherst, Brown, Cornell, Dicken-
son, Haverford, Lebanon, Peddie Institute, Rutgers, U. S. Naval
Academy, Waterville, Williams and Yale.

Twenty medical institutions are represented by alumni
among the physicians of the county, past and present. Seventy-
seven practitioners were graduated from Jefferson College; sixty-
three from the Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl-

Miscf/laiKViis Iii/cirs/s. 285

vauia ; twenty-seven from Hahnemann College* ; fonr from
Penn Medical University ; three from Pennsylvania Medical
College ; two each from the Medico-Chirurgical College of
Philadelphia and the University of New York ; one each from
Chicago Medical College, Cleveland Medical College, College
of Physicians and Snrgeons of New York, Dartmonth Medical
College, Eclectic College of Philadelphia, Georgetown Medical
College, McGill University, New York Homoeopathic Medical
College and Hospital for Women, Philadelphia College of
Medicine, Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery,
University of Mar^dand and Woman's Medical College of
Pennsylvania.

The veterinarians of Camden county are graduates of the
following institutions: Eight from the Veterinary Department
of the University of Pennsylvania; four from the American
\'eterinar}' College of New York and one each from Veterinar}-
College of Philadelphia, the Ontario Veterinary College and
the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, London.

The dentists of Camden county are graduates of dental
colleges and are registered under the State Board of Examina-
tion and Registration in Dentistr^■.

In closing this review of the medical ])rofession of Camden
county, the high honor the profession has reflected on the
county and the incalculable benefit it has rendered its citizens
are clearly obvious. Erected near the close of the first half of
the present centur\-, the county required but few active medical
practitioners at that time, because of its comparativeh- sparse
population. The Medical Society of New Jerse)- then governed
medical practice throughout the State and its diploma alone
gave legal standing to the plnsician and surgeon. With the
beo:innin$.r of the latter half of the centurv, the licensure of
the society was practicalh" abrogated by legislatixe enactment,
and equal rights and privileges in medical practice were ac-
corded to the graduates of all legally incorporated medical

*The Hahnemann Medical College was consolidated with the Homccopathic Medical
College of Philadelphia, in 1869 (Scharf and Westcott's History of Philadelpliia) and the
oraduates of the latter college are classed with those of the former.

286 History Medical Profession Camden County.

colleges. The number of physicians steadily multiplied and,
in consequence of this and the proximity of Camden county to
the medical schools of Philadelphia, the profession has always
kept abreast of the great advance in medical thought. From
the discovery of anaesthetics, in the year of the organization
of the Camden County Medical Society, to the adoption of
the latest methods of aseptic and antiseptic medical practice
and the recent claims of serum-therapy, there has not been a
discovery in medical science, which in any degree mitigates the
pangs of disease, that has not been adopted by the medical
profession of Camden county. In the International Medical
Congress, the American Medical Association, the American
Academy of Medicine, the Medical Society of New Jersey, the
New Jersey Sanitary Association, the New Jersey State Boards
of Health and Medical Examiners, the New Jersey Historical
Society, the Militar}^ Order of Surgeons of New Jersey, The
Cooper Hospital, the Camden County Insane Asylum and
Hospital and the Camden City Dispensary, the profession has
rendered distinguished service. Not alone in strictly profes-
sional work have Camden county physicians brought character
and reputation to the profession and honor and fame to the
county, but in the domain of politics, literature, education and
in the military service of both State and Nation, they haA-e
enriched the sum of human endeavor. In politics, the profes-
sion has furnished a candidate for Vice-president of the United
States, members of the State Legislature and county and
municipal officials; in literature, it has provided a State his-
torian, local historians, a poet and novelist, a dramatist and a
musical composer and numerous writers on scientific and medical
subjects; in educational matters, it has furnished professors and
lecturers in four of the most prominent medical colleges of
Philadelphia, in the New Jersey Training School for Nurses, and
members of the educational boards of the state, city and county ;
in the military service it has furnished medical officers for the
United States Army and Navy, the Marine Hospital Service
and the National Guard of the State.

The homoeopathic physicians of Camden county have
rendered honorable and efficient service to the county and the

The Closino Revieic. 287

principles in nitdicine for which they contend. They have
been closely identified witii the World's Congress of Homoeo-
pathic Physicians, the American Institnte of Homoeopathy,
and the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia ; while
the organization of the West Jersey Homoeopathic Medical
vSociety, the incorporation of the New Jersey State Homceo-
pathic Medical Society and the founding of the West Jersey
Homoeopathic Hospital and Dispensary were largely effected
through their efforts. Tlie>- have furnished members of the
City Council of Camden and the Camden Boards of Health and
of Education, and have liberally contributed to the literature
of their professional creed.

The kindred professions of dentistry and pharmacy have
won honorable recognition in both state and county; the
former, through the New Jersey State Dental Society, and the
latter, through the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, the New
Jersey State Board of Pharmac)- and the New Jersey Pharma-
ceutical Society.

In estimating the good accomplished by the rapid strides
of medical science and the wide diffusion of medical and
sanitary knowledge, a large share of credit for the great
advance made in the ph>sical welfare of the citizens of Camden
county, and the establishment of her charitable institutions,
must be accorded to the medical profession of the county.

Index.

K PAGE

Abbott, Benjamin^ 208

Abels, William , 130

Academy :

Exeter, 227

U. vS. Naval, 108

West Jersey, 108

AchufF, Dr. J. Newton, ...88, 91, 93, 99
Ackley, Dr. Henry, 52, 54, 60, 82, 103

Act, Conscription, 76

Adams, Charles F., 207

Aikman, John, 102

Albertson , Josiah , 208

Albright, Charles, 209

Alexander, Mrs. H., 102

Allen , Elizabeth , 142

Allen, Dr. Harrison, 74

Allen, Dr. S. E., 100

Allen, William H., 217

AUis, Dr. Oscar H., 157

Almshouse, Camden County,

158, 168, 180, 193, 207

Amputations, 257

Hip-joint, 282

Knee-j oint, 282

Shoulder-joint, 282

Andrews, Dr. John R., 8, 29, 43, 66

Andrews, Dr. Purnell W.,

84, 100, 117, 210, 273

Andrews, Mrs. Purnell W., 210

Anthony, W. E., 275

Antitoxin, 143

Apprentices, Medical, 3, 4, 21, 24

Appropriations, Camden City Council,
92, 107, 129, 130, 151, 185, 204, 211,

231,273

Archer, Benjamin F., 68, 95, 217

Archer, Mrs. George F., 102

Armstrong, E. Ambler,

103, 21a, 212, 217
Armstrong, Dr. James A.,

25. 39. 79. 132, 134. 146, 178, 225

Army, United States 27, 67

Medical Department of, 69,71, 78, 88

Artery, Ligation of Femoral, 239

Artz, Dr. Jerome L,.,

99, loi, 117, 119, 208, 252, 281
Ashcraft, Dr. S. F., 214, 259, 284

Association : page
Alumni and Alumme, N. J. Train-
ing School , 265

American Medical,

23. 24. 35, 49. 62, 63, 158, 276

Members of, 24, 276

American Medical Colleges, 35, 159

Camden Day Nursery, 266

Camden Druggists, 180

Camden Homoeopathic Hospital and

Dispensary , 209

Camden Literary and Library, ....122

Military Surgeons of U. S., 220

N. J. Pharmaceutical, 123

N. J. Sanitary, 139, 147, 173, 200,

247

Members of, 140

Officers of, 140, 249

N.J. Veterinary, 222

North Ward Bounty, 89, 92

W.J. Dental, 118

W.J. Homoeopathic Dispensary and

Hospital 272

Young Men's Christian 176

Asylum, Camden County Insane,

136, 207, 262

Atkinson, J. Earl, 102

Atkinson, Thomas B., 102

Atkinson. Dr. William B 63, 248

Austin, Dr. John H.,

56, 82, 99, 100, 120, 122

Ayer, F. W 187, 2r7, 268

Ayer, Mrs. F. W., 102

B
Bacillus :

Comma, 192, 234

Diphtheriie, 252

Tuberculosis, 252

Typhosus, 213

Baer, Dr. B. F., 154

Baer, Dr. J. S.,

144, 230, 239, 242, 262, 263, 277, 279,
282, 283

Baer, Mrs. J. S., 277

Bailey, Dr. George W., 142

Bailey, Mrs. J. C, 267

Bailey, Mrs. S. G., 269

290

History Medical Profession Canide7i County.

PAGE

Bailey, Dr. Wilson G.,

2x9, 232, 234, 241, 242, 256, 270

Baird, Mrs. David, 277

Baker, Dr. Charles A 108

Baldwin, Dr. A. K., 256

Baldwin, Kate A., 263

Balear, Dr. Ezra, 6

Baltz, Ivilly T., 214

Bancroft, Dr. E. R., 100

Bancroft, Margaret, 278

Banes, Dr. S. T., 146, 217

Barrows, Dr. George, 8, 45

Bartholomew, Dr. G. W., 34, 50

Bartine, Dr. D. H.,

79, 96, 106, 119, 251
Beale, Dr. Philip W.,

39,98, 119, 144, 158, 170, 175, 176,
178, 180, 206, 279

Belden, Dr. O. S., 72

Bell, Ezra, C, 170, 208

Benjamin, Dr. Dowling,

56, 120, 136, 140, 144, 153, 158, 159,

171, 174, 177, 180, 187, 195, 198, 199,

200, 202, 213, 220, 222, 228, 230, 245,

248, 259, 260, 266. 277, 282, 2S4

Benjamin, Mrs. Dowling, 267

Bennett, B. W., 209

Bennett, Dr. John K. , 178, 197, 209,

251

Bennett, Volney G., 217

Bergen, Hon. C. A 230, 261

Bergen, Mrs. S. D., 269

Beringer, George M., 45

Bettle, Edward, 103, 262

Bettle, William, 142, 217

Bingham, Rudolphus,

97, 129, 141, 151, 213, 258, 262

Birdsell, Rudolph W., 187, 228, 230

Birdsell, Dr. Sylvester,

32, 40, 44, 52, 54, 56, 66, 83, 97, 182

Bishop, Seth W., 208

Bishop, Dr. William S.,

28, 8r, 91, 93 104
Blackwood, Dr. Benjamin W. ,

8, 15. 34, 43

Blackwood, Dr. John, 5

Blackwood Dr. Thomas R.,

99, 100, 117, 119, 175, 211, 273
Blake, Dr. Duncan W. Sr.. 1/ ^^ j
39, 78, 83, 134, 20%,^. 239, 245,
• 246, 250, 279

Blake, Dr. Duncan W. Jr., 255

Blanc, Dr. William 118

Bloomfield, Dr. Samuel, 5

Board. U.S. Pension 177

Boker, William H., 170

Bonsall, Henry L-, 66. 140

Bonwill, Dr. Howard G., 223

Borden, Carolyn A., 262

Borton, George D., 56, 123, 180, 223

PAGE

Bottomley, John T., 103

Bottomley, Mrs. John T., 102

Boughman, Dr. George W,,...i]3, 193

Bourke, Rachel 215, 259

Bourquin, Frederick, 122, 140

Bowden, Charles F., 146

Bower, Dr. Elmer E., nS

Bowyer, Charles P., 210

Brace, Rev. F. R., 25, 140, 174, 200

Brackett, Prof. C. F., 148, 169

Braddock, Charles S 45

Braddock, William II., 175, i8o'

Braker, Benjamin F., 66

Branin, Dr Henry E.,

57, 58, 63, 64, 98, 119, 136, 140, 158,
169, 181, 262, 277

Bray, Dr. W. S., 232, 233

Braymer, Dr Orange W.,

103, 119, 120, 144, 191, 219, 223, 229,
235, 237, 238, 262, 263, 270, 277, 282

Bre wei , George, 208

Brick, P. C, 102

Bridges, 164

Brigade :

First Brigade, N. J. V 68

Second Brigade, N.J. V., 69

N J. Brigade, 67, 68

Brooks, Sarah, 100

Brooks, Mrs. William H 266

Brown, Albert P., 45, 124, 146, 180

Brown, Dr. L,. W., 100

Browning, Benjamin H., 102

Browning, G. Genge, 146

Browning, Maurice,

103, 129, 151, 187, 228

Bryant, Dr. J. Kemper, 83, loi, 210

Buckwalter, Geoffrey, 187, 217

Budd, Hiram E., 170

Bunting, L,aura B., 215, 261

Burdsall, Frank H.,

187, 249, 268, 272, 273

Burdsall, M. G 208

Burling, Col. George C, 73

Burlington, i

Burns, Elizabeth, 255

Bushey, Dr. S. G., ,

234, 241, 250, 255, 279 i

Butcher, Mrs. Elizabeth,.. 103 I

Butler, Catharine, 215 l

Buttner, Margaret, 255 1

<= 4

Camden, City of,

9. 10, 37, 38, 44, 53, 54, 55, 62, 109,
122, 125, 250

Campbell, John, Jr., 210

Campbell, Mrs. John, Jr., 210

Campion, Anna Cooper, 215

Carles. Dr. Samuel, 43, 57, 66

Carll, Mrs. Elmer J., 26S

Index.

291

PAGE

Carman, D. Cooper, 203

Carpenter, Thomas P., 91, 102

Carrow, Howard, 103, 265

Carson, J. R 277

Carter, Hannah F., 142

Casperson, Dr. Robert,... .190, 197, 230

Cattell, Alexander G., 217

Cattell, Elijah G., 102

Census, Medical of Camden County,
15, 33, 112. 113, 154, 163, 165, 240

Censors, N. J. State Medical, 21

Centen nial , The, 144

Chamberlain, Mrs. W. H., 210

Chambers, David M.,

67, 103, 152, 187, 213, 217, 228, 258

Chambre, Rev. A. St. John, 71

Chew, Dr. Ezekiel C, 8, 32

Chew, Dr. Henry F.,...8o, 96, 118, 120
Children , Camden Home for Friendless,

102, 262
Cholera,

25, 43. 46, 52, 86, 87, 94, no, 139,
192, 234

Christine, Dr. William B 119, 281

Church, St. Paul's P. E., 8, 106

Clark, Dr. C. F., 6, 149

Clawson, Dr. J. E., 153

Clement, Dr. Evan, 5

Clement, Maria M., 143

Clement, Mrs. William E., 267

Clinics, Medical 130, 186, 273

Club, Cooper Medical, 283

Coates, Dr. Reynell,

38, 66, 88, 109, 119, 122, 225

Cochran , Samuel , 45

Coel iotomy , 242

Coffin, E. W., 209

Cohen, Dr. J. Soils, 157

Cohen, Dr. Nathan A 118, 280

Cohn, E. N., 210, 217

Coles, Dr. Abram, 86

Coles, George W., 210

Coles, J. Stokes, 170, 206

Coles, S. T., 208

Coles, W. D., 208

College :

Allegheny, 225 , 238

Amherst, 62

Dickinson, 223

Lafayette , 1 96

Lebanon, 223

Princeton , 108, 253

Rutgers, 16, 200

Swarthmore, 175, 233, 240

Waterville, i ^ i

Williams, 88

Yale 34

Colleges :

Literary, 284

Medical , 99, 284

Veterinary-, 284

Collins, Mrs, Annie H., 263

Collins, Dr. William T.,

80, 119, 123, 217, 223, 239

Collins, Mrs. William T., 278

Comfort, Dr. J. J 93.94, 136

Commission, State Health, 127, 139

Commission, State Sanitary, ....95, 139

Company, West Jersey Title, 228

Congress :

Fifth International Medical,

138, 144

Homoeopathic Medical , 1 45

Ninth International Medical, 215

Pan- American Medical , 275

Council, Mary L., 263

Consumption, 60, 190, 194, 252

Convention , Geneva, 78

Cooper, Alexander,... 141, 212, 213, 258
Cooper, Dr. ClarkJ.,. 98, 100, 117, 120

Cooper, David E., 142

Cooper, Elizabeth B., 141, 212

Cooper, Esther L., 129

Cooper, Howard M., 142, 217, 228

Cooper, Dr. Isaac, 100

Cooper, John, 142

Cooper, Joseph B,,

107, 129, 141, 151, 152, 187, 188, 213,
228. 258

Cooper, Joseph W., 107

Cooper, Mrs. Lucy S., 142

Cooper, Rachel , 229

Cooper, Dr. Richard M.,

8, II, 16, 17, 18, 24, 30, 31, 40, 46,

52, 58, 85, 91, 95, 107, 112, 115, 126,

129, 139, 141, 276

Cooper, Richard M., 258

Cooper, Sarah W., 141, 214

Cooper, William B.,...i52, 188, 213, 258

Cooper, William D 141

Cooper, Col. William H., 121, 177

Cooper, William J. , 142

Cooper, Mrs. W. Haco, 268

Coroners, Camden County,... 39, 56, 280
Corps, Hospital and Ambulance,

70, 78, 270

Costello, T. K., 208

Council, Camden City,

166, 167, 171, 172. 188, 203
Officers and Members,... 178, 211, 280

Countryman, Jane 255

County, Atlantic 2, 58

County, Camden, 2, 9

County, Old Gloucester, i, 2

Cowan, N. F., 103, 146

Cowperthwaite, S. S. E. 210

Cow-pox, 173

Cox, Harry B 221

Cox, Jean M., 279

Cox, John T 272

Coxe, Dr. Daniel,.'. 2, 3

Coxe, Col. Daniel, 98

29^

History Medical Profession Camden County.

Craig, Dr John , 5

Cross, The Red, 78

Cullen, Dr. Thomas F..

32, 34, 40, 44, 53, 59, 63, 68, 87, 91, 92,
98, 115, 129, 141, 150, 213, 276

Culver, T. B., 272

Culver, Mrs. T. B., ! 267

Curtis, George W. N., 102

Cystotomy, 214, 242, 282

Daland, Dr. Judson, 237

Danenhower, George R., 272, 277

Dare, Mrs. M. S , 215

Davis, Dr. H. H.,

39. 56, 98. 103. 120, 143, 144, 151, 154,
155, 178, 187, 190, 217, 228, 230, 238
Davis, Dr. Nehemiah,

175, 189, 223, 233, 239
Davis, Dr. William A.,

98, 132, 140, 144, 152, 153, 176, 187,
189, 197, 202, 213, 217, 222, 228, 230,
232, 245, 248, 259, 260, 267, 277, 284

Davis, Mrs. William A., 267

Dayton, A. 0 245

Dayton, William C, 187

Dean, Dr. Richard C 34, 50, 56, 81

Death-rate :

Camden, 247

Camden County , 25 2

New Jersey , 247

DeBaun, Dr Edwin, 256

DeGrofft, Dr. E E.,

119, 179, 232, 235, 243, 263, 270
DeLaCour, Joseph C,

56, 92, 102, 107, 122, 124

DeLaCour, Joseph L., 124, 146, 180

Delaplaine, Frank B., 249

Delegates, Permanent, 240, 244

Delinquent Patients, 40, 89

Dentists, Camden County, 118, 285

Dentistry, N.J. State Board of, 118

Depuy , Watson , 217

Derousse, Jennie H., 262

Derousse, Louis T.,

103, 140, 146, 169, 174, 217

Diarrhrea, 252

Diarrhcea , Kensington 61

Diphtheria, 135, 143, 155, 192, 250, 252
Diploma, N.J. State Medical Society,

Directory, Camden Nurse, 265

Dispensary, City 54

Dispensary, Camden City,

41, 87, 89, 107, 129, 151, 166, 185, 228

Dissection, The First 235

Districts, Medical, 21, 186

Dobbins, Mrs. George, 210

Dobson, Dr. A T.,....i52, 158, 239, 241
Donges, Dr Clarencfe B,,...232, 255, 279

Donges, Dr. John W.,

80, 119, 130, 143, 151, 154, 166, 167,
178, 189, 204, 217, 249, 277
Doron, Dr. John G.,

103, 176, 223, 230, 240, 243, 262

Dougherty, Caroline T., 256

Doughty, Clara M , 278

Downs. Mrs. E. A , 267

Drowning, Resuscitation of the,.... 132
Druggists, Camden,

44, 97. 143. 174, 180
DuBois, Dr. William G.,... .101, 117, 175

Dudley, Edward 217

Duf&eld, Dr. J. E 118

Dunham, Mrs. Charles S., 266

Dunmire, Annie T., 215

Dysentery, 41, 52, 54, 113

Eastlack, J. R., 217

Eaton, Dr. Frederick M.,

loi, 117, 224, 273, 278

Eclectics, 113

Education, Camden Board of,

56, 83, 97, 126, 280

Education, N.J. State Board of 126

Education, Medical,

21, 23, 35, 36, 159, 198
Educational Interests,

55. 56, 83, 97, 122, 144

Edwards, Dr. Joseph F., 248

Edwards, Dr. Joseph G., 100

Elector, Presidential , 223

Ellisburg, 52

Elmer, Dr. William, 58

Elverson, Mrs Joseph 102

Empyema, 194, 197

Enactments, Medical,. ..35, 41, 162, 221
Epidemics,

25, 43, 46, 51, 52, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 87,

94, no, 112, 114, 122, 135, 139, 143,

155. 165, 192, 271

Erdman, Mrs. Daniel, 277

Essayists, Medical,

59, 60, 86, 139, 198, 200, 243

Ether-bottle, Will's, 283

Ethics, Code of,

16, 23, 40, 100, no, 192

Evans, Hettie G., 142

Evans, Joseph G., 206

Evans, Lottie M., 260

Evans, William J., 142

Examinations, Medical,

24. 29, 35, 42, 160

Examination, Post-mortem, 88, 89

Examiners, N. J. State Board of

Medical, 160, 19S, 200, 238, 253

Experts, Medical, 115, 156

Eyre, Mary E 142

Index.

293

Fair, The Sanitary-, 78

Fallon, Irene T., 215

Farnham, Mrs. L. E ...267

Farr, Edward L., 142

Farrar, Dr. J. C, 284

Farrell, John 217

Fee-bill, 16

Fees :

Censors, 16

Diploma , 19

Emergency, 32

Licentiate , 34

Obstetric, 62, 88, 109

Professional , 62 , 109

Fellows, N. J. State Medical Society,

31.47

Felton, Mrs. George G., 102

Felton, Mrs. May I., 267

Fevers :

Intermittent, 41, 65, 112

Malarial, 51, 64, 135

Remitting, 33, 41, 254

Scarlet 112, 155, 249, 254

Spotted, 62, 65

Typhoid, 41, 135, 193, 246, 249,

252, 254

Typhus 155, 168, 180, 193

Yellow, 41, 51, 131

Few Smith, Eliza L., 102

Fines, 92

Finlaw, Mrs. George, 267

Fish, Mrs. Israel, 267

Fisler, Dr. Lorenzo F.,

6, 13, 17, 19, 25, 38, 40, 54, 78, 87, 91,
94, 124, 178
Fithian, Dr. Joel W.,

123, 233, 240, 279

Fithian, Dr. Joseph, 6

Fitzwater, Sarah , 102

Forceps :

Baer 's 2 83

Benjamin's Obstetrical,. 195, 283

Obstetric, 116

Will's, 283

Formad, Dr. Henry F., 169

Fortiner, Dr. B. E iiS

Fortiner, Dr. George R. ,

98, 99, loi, 117, 144, 146, 205, 220,
223, 249, 250

Fortiner, H. S., 146, 220

Fortiner, Dr. Ida, 99 117, 144

Fortiner, Mrs. Linda L-, 263

Foster, Dr. J. J., 56

Fox, J. B 187

Fox, Mattie A., 263, 265

Francis, Henry B., 140, 248, 250

Freeman, Mrs. Alfred S., 273

French, Margaret B., 142

Frick, Dr. J. Howard,

230, 233, 263, 277, 279, 284

Fricke, Ida, 263

Friends, Society of, 2, 13, 142

Fry, Mrs. George E., 278

Gamble, William H., 114

Garbage, Collection of, 201, 205

Gardiner, Dr. D. E., 100

Gardiner, Dr. D. R 100

Gardiner, Dr. J W., 175

Gardiner, Dr. Richard, 100

Gardiner, Dr. William G., loi

Garrison, Dr. Charles G ,...120, 155, 261

Garrison, Dr. H. C, loi, 278

Garrison, Dr. Joseph F.,

57, 68, 89, 93, 120, 283

Garrison, Samuel B., 87, 89

Gauntt, Dr. Franklin, ...77, 1 14, 169, 242

Gausler, Mrs. A. E., 268

Gelston, Dr. William H., 118

George, Dr James A., loi, 117, 252

George, Dr. John Oliver, 221

Gibbon, Dr. Quinton, 76

Gibson, Charlotte S., 215

Gifford, T. I., 275

Gill, John, 142, 169

Gilmore, Mary, 255

Gloucester City, 2, 155, 157

Gloucester, Medical Profession of Old,

2, 8, 10

Glover, Elisha V 102

Glover, Mrs. George, 102

Glover, Dr. Lawrence L.,

121, 194, 195, 223
Godfrey, Dr. E. L. B..

120, 130, 132, 134, 140, 144, 146, 147,
156, 161, 167, 173, 177, 186, 191, 194,
200, 201, 213, -215, 219, 220, 222, 228,
230, 238, 243, 247, 256, 259, 260, 270,
276, 277, 282, 284

Godfrey, Mrs, E. L. B., 217, 266

Goitre, Removal of, 242

Goldsmith, Martin, 82, 98, 124

Goldy, Leander, W., 272

Goldy, Mrs. Leander W., 102, 273

Goodell, Dr. William, 114

Gourley, Mrs. John, 277

Graff, William, 208

Grafifen, Harris, 210

Graham, John R., 102

Graw, Rev. Dr. J. B., 263

Green, Dr. C. M., 154, 155

Green , Priscilla , 255

Grey, Samuel H.,

67. 103, 187, 217, 230, 267

Grey, Mrs. Samuel H., 102

Grey, W. H., 209

Grier, Dr. Lawrence R., 256

Griffith, Dr. Anna, E.,

99, 100, 117, 123, 210, 273

294

History Medical Profession Ca?nden Coimty.

PAGE

Grigg, Dr. Jacob 32

Griscom, Sarah C 143

Gross, Dr. O. B.,

120, 131, 132, 136, 137, 144, 147, 151,
172, 178, 188, 189, 194, 213, 217, 222,
228, 230, 242, 259, 260, 277, 282, 284

Gross, Dr. S. D., in

Groves, William, 210

Grubb, Mrs. John R., 210

Grumbrecht, Dr. Oscar L.,

loi, 255, 273, 281
Guard, N. J. National,

67, 96, 97, 121, 177, 269, 276

Gumby, Mary A., 255

Gunter, Dr. Guilford, 175, 196

Gj'uecology, 134, 222, 273

Haberstroh, Mrs. Carrie, 260

Haberstroh, Jessie F., 260

Hackett, Mrs. Josiah S., 268

Haddonfield, 2, 11, 12

Hahnemann, Dr. Samuel, 99

Haines, Caroline S., 142

Haines, J. M 209

Haines, Dr. Rowland I.,

98, 119, 143, 233, 255, 281

Haines, Susan S., 142

Haines, William, 209

Haley, Dr. John J 177, 240, 251

Hall, Mrs. M. W., 210

Halsey, Dr. I,. M., 242

Hamilton, Dr. William A 153, 156

Hammond, George F., 204, 249

Hampton, John, 209

Haney, Dr. John R.,

108, 113, 122, 123, 157, 226

Hanford, H. B., 103

Hanford, Mrs. H B.,..-. 268

Hare, Dr. Hobart A., 239

Harned, John F., 122

Harned, Thomas B., 267

Harned, Mrs. Thomas B., 267

Harris, Dr. Jacob, 5

Harris, Dr. Samuel, 4, 7

Harris, Mrs. Thomas H., 267

Hatton, Dr. Louis, 83

Hayes, J. Henry, 217

Health, Boards of:

Camden City, 158, 171, 1S8, 202, 249

Gloucester City, 171, 250

Haddon field , 251

Merchantville 171, 251

Centre Township 171, 251

Delaware Township. 171, 251

Gloucester Township, 171, 252

Haddon Township, 171, 251

Pensaukin Township, 252

Stockton Township, 171, 252

Waterford Township, 252

PAGE

Health Boards of:

Winslow Township, 171, 252

Health, N. J. State Board of,

147, 165, 169, 170, 172, 203, 205, 249

Hendry, Dr. Bowman, 6, 7, 55

Hendry, Dr. Bowman, 2d.,

12, 19, 30, 63, 73, 77, 87, 91, 104

Hendry, Dr. Bowman, 3d, 73, 77

Hendry, Dr. Charles D.,

8, II, 17, 24,32,34, 104, 276

Hendry, Dr. Thomas, 5, 6

Henry, Dr. George W.,

39, 119, 174, 180, 189, 195, 230, 279

Hernia, 60

Heulings, Dr. I. W., iii, 114, 158

Heyl, Amanda, 269

Heyl, Charles H., 220

Hillman, Abel, 170

Hillman, Alfred, 170

Hinson, Dr. Jacob M., loi, 117, 273
Hirst, Dr. Levi B.,

119, 120, 177, 223, 232, 257, 281

Hirst, Mrs. P. W., 267

Historian :

City Medical Society, 232

County Medical Society, 196

History of Camden, Fisler's, 54

History of Camden City Dispensary,

Taylor's, 229

History, Camden County Med. Society,

Cooper's, 112

History, Camden County Med. Society,

Stevenson's 7, 193, 194

History, Cooper Hospital, Voorhees, 141
History of New Jersey, Mulford's, 25
Hoell, Dr. Conrad G.,

98, 119, 153, 158, 223

Hofifecker, G. S , 175

Hogan, C. M., 210

Holl, George 217

Hollingshed, Charles, aio

HoUingshed, Mrs. Charles, ....102, 210

Hollingshed, Mrs Harry, 273

Hollingshed , Thomas 278

Holloway , Kathleen , 264

Holmes, Mrs. Eva M., 266

Home, Methodist Episcopal, 277

Homoeopathy,

33, 34, 43, 50, 99, "3, "7. 165, 286

Homoeopathy, American Institute of,

23. 43, 99, 100, loi

Hood, Col. John, 267

Hood, Hannah, 267

Hoover, Dr. Francis, 6, 8

Horner, Frank, 208

Horner, John , 170

Horning, Dr. Frank L,., 230, 238

Horley, H. M., 250

Hospital :

Beverly, U. S. A., 77

hidcx.

295

PAGE

Hospital :

Camden County 169

Camden Homoeopathic 185, 208

The Cooper,

129, 141, 211, 236, 238, 241, 242, 257,
282, 283

Women and Children, 238

Military, 78

Mower, U. S. A., 79, 92

Municipal, 204

Orthopedic, 189

Pennsylvania, 189

Philadelphia, 1 95 , 236

Presbyterian , 132

Rhode Island, 132

Satterlee, U. S. A 79, 80

Small-pox, 122, 166

St. Christopher's 195

St . Joseph ' s , 1 06

St. Luke's 233

St. Mary's, 226

W. J. Homoeopathic, 272

U. S. Marine, 132

Howard, Dr. E. M.,

99, loi, 117, 140, 144, 176, 210, 222,
267, 273

Howard, Mrs. E- M 210, 267

Howell, Dr. Benjamin P 6, 76

Howell, Dr. Mary Anna 255

House, Perseverance Hose, 90, 92

Hufty, Col. S. C, 146

Hugg, Dr. I. N., 80, 106

Hunt, Dr. Ezra M.,

95. 139. 147. 166, 169
Hunt, Dr. Henry P.,

83, 98, 99, 100, 117, 145, 210, 248

Hunt, Mrs. Henry F., 210

Hunt, Dr. Willis H., 117, 120, 144, 273

Hunter, Dr. James 242

Hurff. Dr. Joseph E.,

119, 170, 171, 175, 181, 193, 206,246,

252

Hurff, Mrs. A. L., 267

Huston, Jessie E., 264

Hutchingson, John, 208

Hutton, Arabella B., 215

Hydrophobia, 52

Hygiene :

Section of, 1 97

Thermometry of, 202

Hypodermics, 93

Hysterectomy , 214, 282

111, Dr. E. J., 244, 276

IngersoU, Dr. D. B., 161

Inoculation , 4

Inspector :

City Sanitary, 204, 250

Meat", 250

I'AGE

Inspector :

Medical, N. G. N.J 270

Nuisance, 250

Plumbing, 204, 250

State Sanitary, 172

Institute :

Peddie, 132

Philotechnic 97

South Jersey , 233

Insurrection , Whisk ey , 7

Internes, Hospital , 256

Intestines, Exsections of, 282

Inventions, Surgical, 195, 282

Ireland, Dr. William H.,

108, 113, 123, 130, 147, 193, 229, 230,
277, 279

Ironside, Dr. Allen S., loi, 224, 273

Irwin, Dr. A., 118

Irwin, Dr. Samuel B., 25, 132, 135

Iszard, Dr. William H.,

39, 80, 119, 133, 137, 140, 147, 154,
196, 229, 246, 279

Ivins, Mahlon P., 205, 249, 275

Ivins, Mrs. M. F 210

Jackson, Major E. J 97

Jackson, Mrs. Hannah, 267

Jackson .John H. , 206

Jail , Camden , 207

Jarrett, Dr. Harry,

98, 120, 213, 238, 259, 279, 284

Jefferies, Mrs. Carrie, 267

Jenkins, Wilson H., 267

Jenkins, Mrs. Wilson H., 267

Jeuner, Dr. Edward 167

Jennings, Anna E-, 255

Jennings, E. Payetta 102, 210, 273

Jennings, Dr. Charles H.,99, 239, 279
Jennings, Dr. Napoleon B.,

51, 57, 64, 99. "4. 120, 225, 277
Jennings, Dr. W. B.,

209, 234, 246, 251, 279

Jessup, Dr. John J., 17, 27, 45

Jewett, H. M., 208

Johnson, Mrs. John W 267

Johnson, Mary L., 215

Johnston, Col'. John R., 235

Joline, C. V. D 264, 265

Joline, Mrs. C. V. D., 102

Jones, Mrs. Harry L 267

Jones, Dr. George H., 175

Jones, Dr. William S.,

147, 178, 189, 195, 223, 230
Jurisprudence, Medical, ...116, 155, 156
Justice, Richard S 56, 144, iSo, 278

Kaighn, Cornelia S., 255

Kaighn, W. M 275

Kain, C. Henry, 140, 146

296

History Medical Profession Camden County.

Kain, Dr. W. W.,..98, 232, 236, 237, 256

Kean, Dr. T. J., 221

Keen, Dr. W. W., 157, 279

Keilholtz, Estelle Noble, 264

Kelchner, Dr. William I.,

119, 232, 236, 256

Kellutn, Mrs. Luther V., 210, 273

Kemble, Elwood W., 130

Kensinger, Dr. William, 239,279

Ketchum, Mary E., 260

Keys, Harrietts., 263

Keyser, Dr. Peter D., 96, 192, 248

Kimble, Dessie 215

Kimper, Mrs. AUiherE., 261, 265

King, Harriet M 277

Kirk, Dr. Grant E.,

119,232,233,255,279,280

Kirkpatrick, Dr. Alexander, 100

Knerr, Mrs J. H., ...267

Knight, Mrs. Harry, 267

Knight, Septimus, 203, 206

Knowlton, Mrs Charles H., 267

Knowlton, Dr. William W.,

loi, 117, 256,274, 281
Kreh, Cornelia M., 264

Lacey, Dr. Henry A 99, 255, 280

L,acey, Robert T 272

La Grippe, 271

Lampson, Dr. Mortimer, 270

Landis, Dr. Edgar H., 221

Lane, D. F 250

Lane, Dr. F. B., 256

Langendorf, D. G., 210, 273, 275

Langendorf, Mrs. D. G, 210

Laparotomy, 191, 214, 242, 257, 282

Laws, Dental , 118

Laws, Medical :

(1665) 3.4

(1772) 4, 21, 160, 254

(1783) 5

(1786) 5

(1790) 5

(1816) 6, 21, 254

(1818) 6, 22

(1823) 31

{1830) 22, 28, 60

(1851) 20, 28, 35

(1854) 20, 31, 34. 41, 43, 46, 49, 50,
59, 85, 160

ri864) 60, 85

(1866) 43, 50,85, 170

(1870) 117

(1876) 146

(1877) 147, 272

1878) 147

(1879) 147

(1880) 43, 156, 160, T62, 164, 250

(1881) 164

Laws, Medical :

(1882) 164

(1883) 160. 162, 164, 205

{1884) 117, 165

{1885) 146, 162

(1889) 221

( 1 890) 160, 254

(1892) 255

(1894) 256

Laws :

Mid wifery , 255

Medico-Military, 269

Nurses , 26 1

Pharmaceutical , 124

Quarantine, 53

Sanitary, 202, 24S

Veterinary , 221

Lawson, Rev. Dr. A. G., 262, 264

Leaming, Dr. Jonathan, 76

Leavitt, Dr. JohnF. ,...191, 230, 277, 279
Leckner, Dr. John D.,

39. 56, 98, loi, 117, 120, 142, 144, 178,
203, 204, 21 1, 249

Lectureships, Medical, 146, 182, 222

Ledington, H. K., 209

Lee, Emmor H.,..: 124, 143

Legacies :

Alexander Cooper , 258

Elizabeth B. Cooper, 141, 185

Esther L. Cooper, 108, 129

Joseph B. Cooper, 188, 228

Rachel Cooper, 229

Dr. Richard M. Cooper,

108, 115, 128, 129, 133, 141

Sarah W. Cooper, 141

William B. Cooper, 188

John Morgan, 152, 181, 185

Legion, Order of Loyal, 96, 145

Legislature, Members of, 280

Lehman, J. E., 123, 180

Lewis, Dr. Benjamin S.,

119, 140, 178, 230, 232, 239, 241, 247,
248, 250, 278, 279

Lewis, Clara 1 264

Lewis. Mrs. George 1 267

Levis, S. Virginia 264

Librarian, City Medical Society,... 190
Libraries :

R. M. Cooper Medical, 128

I. B. Mulford Medical 182

Medical Societ}' of N. J., 199

Lippincott, Dr. A. H.,

98, 234, 235, 236, 242, 255, 279

Lippincott, Helen, 142

Literature, The Physician in,... 86, 239

Litholapaxy , 242 , 282

Long, Dr. William S.,

119, 195, 196, 206, 223

Longland, Mrs. R. R., 267

Lore, Mrs W. C, '.....267

Index .

297

Love, Dr. J. H. H., 219

Lowe, Isaac L-, 102

Lucas , John 1 33

Lummis, Dr. Dayton, 5, 6

TUT

Macfarland, Dr. B. W 214, 259, 284

MacPherson, Frank S., 144

Maher, Dr, John J., 221

Malaria, 51, 135, 155, 251

Malin, Dr. H. H., 98, 100

Mann, Lucy C, 261

Marcy, Dr. Alexander,

59, 62, 65, 66, 83, 88, 91, 93, 98, 107,
113, 130, 134, 151, 185, 224, 233, 240,

246
Marcy, Dr. Frederick W.,

242, 256, 259, 284
Marcy, Dr. John W.,

99, 195, 223, 246, 251

Markley, Albert W., 141, 213

Markley, Major Hamilton, 96

Marsh, Dr. E. J., 148, 245, 275

Marshall, Dr. J. C, 245

Marshall, Rev. Dr. J. W., 263

Martin, Dr. William, 214, 259, 284

Martindale, Isaac C, 122, 146, 217

Martindale, Dr. Joseph W., 257, 281

Masonry 98, 99, 114, 120

Mayor of Camden,

10, 38, 125, 250, 280

Mayhew, Lida, 277

Mead, William T 204

Mealy, Patrick, 209, 250

Mecray, Dr. Alexander M.,

56, 80, 88, 93, 94, 98, 99, 106, 107, 120,

122, 129, 131, 151, 154, 187, 213, 228,

230, 238, 259, 260, 279, 284

Mecray, Dr. Paul M., 257, 259, 284

Mehr, Col. John E., •' 245

Medicine, American Academy of,. ..145

Meeteer, Mrs. Joseph C, 210, 273

Melcher, Dr. William P.,

130, 131, 132, 134, 137, 239

Merchan tville 25 1

Meredith, J. A., 208

Michellon, Frank F 167

Michellon, James P 167

Middleton, Dr. M. F.,

56, 98, 99, 100, 117, 122, 144, 146, 178,
210, 250

Middleton, Mrs. M. F 210

Midwives, 7, 234, 255

Miles, Dr. B. FuUerton, 32

Military, ...2, 4, 27, 56, 67, 81, 96, 121,
176, 177, 218

Milk, Impure, 201

Miller, Herman W., 122, 204, 249

Miller, Dr. John S., 130, 132

Miller, Col. Mathew, 68

Miller, Dr. Morris B., 259

Miller, Mrs. R. T 269

Miller, SallieJ., 263

Miller, Dr. W. B. E.,

80, 140, 178, 204, 221, 246, 248, 250
Miller, Dr. William E.,

232, 237, 257, 281

Milliette, A. J., 130, 167, 170

Milliette, Mrs. A. J., 267

Mills, Dr. Charles K 157

Mines, Dr. Marcus K., 257, 281

Missionary, 149

Mitchell, Dr. Henry 201

Mitchell, Dr. S. B. W 96

Molan, Mrs. O. C, 267

Molineaux, George, 209

Monstrosity 137

Moody, Edward F., 220

Moore, Dr. Enoch H., 221

Morgan, John, 92, 107, 129, 151, 181

Morgan, J. Willard, 130,203

Morgan, Dr. Randal W.,

108, III, 122, 123, 147, 184

Morgan, Dr W. W., 118

Morrison, Mrs. S. H., 210

Morton, Mrs. Elmer, 267

Morton, Dr. Thomas G i94

Moses, Arnold H., 133, 248

Moses, William H., 206

Moslander, Dr. William S.,

98, loi, 117, 224, 250, 277

Mosley, Elizabeth, 255

Mulford, Dr. Isaac B.,

108, no, 113, 121, 130, 132, 133, 143,
144, 151, 155, 177. 189, 277
Mulford, Dr. Isaac S.,

6, 8, 9, 16, 17, 25, 30, 31, 40, 41, 45.
46, 55, 67. 87, 91, no, 125, 276

Mulford, Dr. W. C, 8, 98, 123

Mulford, Mrs. Thomas E , 269

Munger , George A. , 103

Munger, Mrs. George A., 273

Muschamp, Stanley C,

56, 143, 180, 224

Myers, Elinor, 215

McAlister, Dr. Alexander,

103, 142, 143, 186, 189, 195, 217, 223,
230, 233, 242, 246, 279, 282

McCuen, Dr. G. Hudson, 284

McCuUough, Dr. Joseph W.,

• 79, 113, 154, 158, 169, 180

McCully, A 217

McGeorge, Dr. Emerson P.,

loi, 257 281
McGeorge, Dr. Wallace,

99, 100, ri7, 119, 142, 274, 278, 281

McGill, Dr. E. K., loi, 117

McGill, Dr. John D 218, 219, 269

McGrath, Dr. John M , 96

McKeen, Col. Thomas,

68, 87,89, 107, 114, 129, 151, 152, 183

298

History Medical Profession Camden County.

McKelway, Dr. A. J., 7i-77i 224

McKensie, Dr. G. W., Jr 257

Narcotism , 116

Navy, U. S 27,56,81

Navy, Medical Department, 55

Neall, Dr. D. W., 118

Neeley , Belle, 214

Nesbitt, Jennie, 267

Newell, Dr. William L.,-...74, 255, 256

Newkirk, Matthew 1 02

New Jersey :

Colony of, 2, 4

Constitution of, 10

East and West, 2

Governor of, 47

State of, 2

Nichols, Clayton W 272, 275

Nicholson, Dr. Joseph L,.,

103, 222, 232, 236, 259, 282, 284

Nicholson, Mrs. Joseph L,., 102

Nicholson, W. C, 208

Nixon, Mrs. M. E., 267

Noel, Dr. J. R., 259

Northrop, Ida, 267

Northrop, Mrs. S. B., 209, 266, 273

Nurses :

Cooper Hospital Training School,

214
N. J. Training School, 103, 259

Oakley, Dr. Lewis W., 97

Obstetrics, 62, 88, 109, 116, 133, 182

Odd Fellows, 59, 119

Ogden, Charles S , 270

Ogden, Charlotte A., 261, 265

Okie, Dr. R. B., ic8, 113

Olcutt, Col. George P., 247

Operations, Major Surgical, 282

Orphanage, West Jersey, 142

Osborne, Dr. Joseph D., 219

Osmun, Dr. Milton M.,...230, 257, 280

Osmun, Dr. W. F. H., 232 239, 279

Ossium , Fragili tas, 88

Otto, Dr. Bodo, 5

Ovariotomy, 190, 214, 282

Owen , James, 247

Palm, Dr. Howard F.,

151. I54> 157. 175. 17^- 1S6, 228, 230,
232, 238, 240, 277, 279
Pancoast, Dr. D. P.,

79,98,108, no, 113, 123, 129, 131,
136, 151, 180, 213, 277, 284

Pancoast, Dr. Joseph, in

Parham, Dr. William 8, 57

Parish, Dr. W. II 260

Parker, Mrs. Anna, 278

Parker, Charlotte E., 215

Parker, J. Edgar, 208

Parsons, Dr. R. H., 239

Party :

Democratic 66

Free Soil 39. 66

Native American, 38, 66

Republican, 39, 66

Whig 66

Patterson, Lillian F., 262

Patton, Walter M., 272

Patton, Mrs. W. M 210, 273

Peacock, Ada, 210

Peacock, Dr. Robert H., loi, 175

Pearson, Dr. Leonard 221

Pechin, George J 98> 278

Pedigree, Edward C 206

Pedigree, Charles, 209

Pepper, Dr. William,

169, 193, 260, 274, 276

Perkins, Dr. C. W., 100

Pfeiffer, Dr. Frederick P.,

80, 98, 106, 120, 167, T78

Pfeiffer. Dr. G. S. F.,

45, 77, 100, 146, 176, 183, 222

Pharmacopoea, U. S., 243

Pharmacy :

College of, 284

N.J. State Board of, 124, 287

Phelan, Dr. Edward,

234, 236, 243, 255, 279

Phillips, Dr. E. K., 100

Phillips, T. J. W., 230, 266

Philosophy :

Bachelor of, 132

Doctor of, 184, 238

Physician, County, 146

Pierson, Dr. William, Sr., 86

Pierson, Dr. William, Jr., 86

Piatt, Catherine, 261

Plumber, B., 277

Pneumonia , I33

Politics,

9.37,55.58,61,63,65, 178,280

Port, Collector of, 223

Portraits, Medical 236

Potts, Robert B., 102

Poverty, Society for Relief of, 187

Powell, Mrs. Grace E., 260

Powell, Dr. William R.,

98, 103, 120, 189, 223, 230, 239, 259,

262
Pratt, Dr William H..

103, 232, 236, 237, 256, 263

Pregnancy, Extra-uterine,

88, 113, 257, 282

Presley, Dr. Sophia,

142, 143, 175. 232, 236, 238, 277, 279

Prince, Mrs. Charles L., 268, 273

Professorships, Medical, 183, 222

Index.

299

Pugh, Dr. J. Howard 77

Pyothorax, 158

Quinby, Dr. I. N., 217

Quint, Dr. vSilas, H.,

loi, 117, 120, 123, 136, 210, 217, 278
Quint, Mrs. Silas H., 210

Railroads :

Camden and Atlantic,

133. 137. 245, 282

Camden and Amboy, 282

Philadelphia and Atlantic City, 245

West Jersey, 138

Raughley, Dr. William C, 175

Read, Edmund E., 102

Read, E. E.,Jr., 140, 146, 187

Read, Joseph J., 91, 103

Read, Mrs. Joseph J 102

Read, Mrs. W. T., 267

Reading, Dr. George E., 242

Record, Dr. E. J., 16, 34, 43

Red Bank, Battle of, 5

Reed, Dr. Boardman, 161, 245, 265

Reese, Dr. Leolf, 209, 252, 281

Reeve, Augustus, 141,142, 213, 258

Reeve, Benjamin C, 142, 187, 217

Reeve, Elizabeth C, 143

Reeve, Mary R. C 143

Reeve, Rebecca C , 142

Reeve, Rebecca C. W., 142

Reeve, Rebecca H. C. 143

Reeve, Richard H.,

140, 142, 152, 185, 213, 217, 228, 247,

258
Regiments :

Eighth, N.J. v., 71, 79

Fifth, N.J. v., 72, 79

Fourth, N.J. v., 72, 79

Second, N. J. V., 68

Sixth, N. J. v., .•••••73. 79

Sixth, N. G. N. J 121, 218, 270

Twenty-fourth, N. J. V., 74, 79

Registration, Medical,

156, 162, 165, 205, 20S, 284

Reinboth , Joseph D. , 102

Reporter, N. J. Medical and Surgical,

Republic, Grand Army of the 145

Revell, Florence E 262

Revolution :

Sons of the American, 220

War of the, 2, 5

Rex, Mrs. F. A., 267

Reynolds, Maud F., 215

Rheumatism , 1 93

Rhoads, Charles, 103

Rhoads, Mrs. Charles, 102

Richards, U. F., 122, 278

PAGE

Richardson, Amelia Y 215, 263

Richardson, Mrs. Emma R.,...26o, 265

Rickards, Dr. Jennie I75

Ridge, Dr. James M.,

56, 57, 83. 86, 88, 91, 93, 107, "9.

122, 129, 136, 138, 144, 145. 148, 178,

217, 230, 240, 246

Ringel, Simeon T. , 83, 124, 180

Risley, D. Somers 278

Risley, Dr. James C, 8, 11, 16, 17

Roberts, Eugene B., 205, 249

Roberts, Dr. John B 264

Roberts, J. E., 210, 277

Roberts, S. E., 210

Robinson, Edith M 264

Robinson, Dr. George T.,

98, 103, 146, 152, 153. 177. 186, 193,

218, 222, 230, 232, 234, 235, 238, 259,

260, 279, 284

Rogers, Mrs. John C., 210

Roop, Mrs. Franklin 210

Rorer, Mrs. J. H., 267

Rose, Wilbur F 167, 187, 217

Rowand, Dr. Thomas G.,

39.45.56, 67, 74, 97, 99. no. 134,
146, 222

Rudderow, Samuel G., 272

Russell, E. A., 208

Russell, Mrs. Samuel, 210

Ryerson, Dr. John G., 247

Salem, i

Samson, Mrs Charles, 267

Sanitation, Camden City, 166, 204

Sanitation in New Jersey, 95, 139, 248
Sartori, Dr. Charles W.,

56, 82, 98, 121, 122, 148

Satterthwaite, Margaret W., 262

Saunders, Dr. T. J., 6

Schellenger, Dr. C. M.,

98, i3t, 151, 154, 155. 166, 279
Schellenger, Dr. E. A. Y.,

103, 232, 236, 243. 255, 259, 263, 284
Schenck, Dr. John V.,

16, 24, 40, 51, 52, 54. 65, 86, 88, 91,
107, 114, 116, 129, 138, 151, 181,213,

276

Schenck. Dr. Peter V., 69, 93. 225

Schofield, Dr. A. H., 259

Schools :

Harvard Medical , I44

Haddonfield Training 278

Philadelphia High 62, 65

Public 55, 97, 202

Scovel, Col. James M., 76, 121

Scull, Mrs Laura W I43

Scull, H. S., 210

Scull, Mrs. H. S., 210

Secretary, N.J. Med. Society, Corres-
ponding 245

300

History Medical Profession Camden County.

Section :

Abdominal, 190, 242, 244, 282

Caesarian 257, 282

Seddinger, Charles K., 208

Seeds, Mrs. John A 269

Sellers, Dr A. T , 221, 248

Sellers, Dr. Jesse, 41

Seminary, Pennington, 12, 152

Senn, Dr. Nicholas, 220

Senseman , Emelius 272

Settlements :

Dutch, I

Engl ish I

Swedish, i

Severns, William, 103

Sewell, Gen. William J.,

75, 96, 121, 161, 177, 178, 187, 262

Sewell, Mrs. W. J., 269

Seymour, J. F., 277

Shafer, Dr. William,

140, 175, 190, 195, 230, 250, 278, 279

Shakspeare, Dr. E O., 248

Sharp, Mrs. Annie S., 142

Sharp, Dr. Edgar B , loi, 119, 144

Sharp, Edward W., 272

Sharp, Mrs. Horace M 102

Sharp, Mrs. Howard R., 266, 268

Sharp, Dr. L. L,., 98, 120

Sharpless, Harve}' 142

Shelmire, Mrs. J. H., 273

Sheppard, Ruth E 261, 263, 265

Sherk, Dr. Harry H.,

190, 197, 223, 233, 242, 279, 282

Shinn, Dr. Charles T., 255

Shivers, Dr. Bowman H.,

57, S3, 99, 100, 117, 279
Shivers, Dr. Charles H.,

114, 121. 123, 154, 196
Shoemaker, Dr. John V.,

157, 191, 239, 241

Shreeve, D A., 209

Shreve, Dr. Joseph, 100

Sickler, J. B., 209

Sickler, Dr. J. R., 6, 8. 10, 58

Simmerman, Mathias, 170

Simmons, Mrs. Clorinda H., 262, 265

Skull, Fracture of, 156, 242

Slavery, 65-67

vSlocum, Dr. W. H., 256

Slough, Charles E., 180

Small-pox,

61, 63, 64, 107, 114, 122, 155, 165,

168, 173, 204

Smallwood, Dr. R. M.,...i7, 28, 34, 56

Smiley, Dr. E. R., 39, 175

Smith. Abel 187

Smith, Dr. Frederick M., 118

Smith, Dr. George A., 221

Smith, Dr. H. A. M.,..93, 135, 233, 241

Smith, Jeremiah, 91

Smith, Mary Carpenter, 264

Smith, Dr. S. Bryan,

99, loi, 117, 224, 266, 278
Smith, Dr. Thomas J. ,...88, 91, 93, 243

Smock, J. C, 247

Snitcher, Dr. Elijah J.,

123, 131, 132, 134, 152, 153, 227
Snowden, Dr. John W.,

17, 27, 50, 133, 154, 161, 227, 277

vSnyder, Henry M 204, 249

Society, Camden Citj- Medical,

40, 52, 60, 87, 108, 131, 153, 165,
188, 232

In Cholera Epidemic 94

Constitution, 40, 190

Essay is t , 1 89

Fee-Bill, 54

Fees, 62, 88, 109

Honorary Members, 89, 191

Limitation of Membership, 40

Monthly Meetings, 189

Organization of City Board of

Health, 188, 203

Organization of the Catnden

City Dispensary , 90

Re-organization, 109, 153

Rooms of the Society, 90

Suspension of Meetings, 153

Voluntary Organization, 41

Society, Camden City Medical and

Surgical,.. 279

Society, Camden County Bible, 25

Society Camden District Medical,

10, 31, 50, 63. 92, no, 133, 154,
163, 179, 191, 216, 237

Annual Meeting, 12, 134

Banquet to N. J. Med. Society,

133. 137

Censors 18, 22, 46, 58, 134, 154

Code of Ethics 16

Committee of Arrangements, 135

Complimentary Trains,

133. 137. 138
Constitution,

II, 31, 34, 93, 134, 195. 196

Cooper Legacy 115, 128

Cor responding Societies, 113

Dues, 16, 92

Expulsion of Members, 50

February Meeting,

158, 191, 193, 196

Fee-Bill 16

Fees, 34

History, 15, 94

Honorary Members,

93, III, 113, 155, 158, 197

Limitation of Membership, 34

Medical Census,

15, 32, 33. "2, 113, 154, 163

Meetings outside of County, 242

Office of President declared
vacant, 16

hidex.

30 r

Society, Camdeu District Medical :

Organization , 10-12, 18

Permanent President, 115

Sections, 133 , 1 97

vSemi-Annual Meeting,

12, 32, 114, 134

Standing Committee, 33, 134, 135

Term of Office 31

Society, Camden Microscopical, 146

Society, Delaware State Medical,... 223
Society, Gloucester District Medical, 6
Society, Medical, of New Jersey,

17, 27, 46, 58, 85, 115, 137, 160,
197, 199, 243
Censors,

18, 21-23, 27, 46, 49. 58, 60, 85

Centennial Anniversary, 85

Complimentary R. R. Trains,

133. 137, 138, 245

Corresponding Secretary, 245

Corresponding State Societies 58

Diploma, 19, 27, 30, 85

District Societies, 6, 18, 21, 22, 86

Essayists,

59, 60, 86, 139, 198, 200, 243

Fellows 3 1 . 47

I ncorporation 5 , 85

Incorporators,' 5, 7

Licentiate Fees, 34, 49

Medical Degree 85

Meetings at Atlantic City,

116, 137. 161, 245
Meetings in Camden, 19, 59, 62, 63, 65

Meetings at Cape May, 138, 162

Nominating Committee , 49

Organization, 4, 21, 85

Permanent Delegates, 240, 244

Presidents, 29,46, 115, 138

Re-incorporation , 21, 85

Re-organization , 60, 85

Semi-Annual Meetings, 18, 29

Special Meeting 31, 34

Standing Committee;

18, 30, 58, 244, 246

Suspended Meetings, 5

Transactions 49, 1 99

Society. N.J. Historical, 223

Society, N.J. Pharmaceutical 180

Society, N. J. State Dental 118

Society, N.J. State Homoeopathic

Medical, 43, 100, 145

Society, Philadelphia County Medical,

'79
Society, Prevention of Cruelty to

Children 217

Society, Relief of Poverty, 187

Society, Relief of Widows and

Orphans of Medical Men 19, 179

Society, N. J. Homoeopathic

Medical 100, 112, 117

Speakman, H. D., 217

PACK

Spectroscope , 234

Speculum , Baer 's, 233

Stanton, Dr. James G. 39, 175, 239

vStanton, Dr. James H 175

Starr, Jesse W., 102

Starr, Hon. John F. , 76, 103

Starr, Mrs. John F., 102, 217

Starr, Mrs. John F. Jr., 267, 273

Statistics, Vital, 208, 252

Stebbins, May E 261, 265

Steelman, Emma L., 215

Steer, E. J-, 250

Stern, Mrs. Betty, 257

Stevens, James H 102

Stevenson, Charles, 208

Stevenson, Charles R., 217

Stevenson, Dr. John R.,

59- 62, 65, 76, 78, 83, 87, 91, 94, 146,

192, 193, 197, 200, 223, 233, 242,

247. 251

Stevenson, R. B., 170

Stevenson, Richard G 144

Steward , Hospital , 270

Steward, Joseph S., 208

Stewart, George D., 251

Stiles, [ennie H., 215

Stimson, S. M., 102

Stites, Dr. J. K. F 259

Stock, Dr. J. F., 45, 232, 234, 241

Stout, Dr. Daniel M.,....I2, 19, 83, 163

Stout, Dr. H. A 242

Stowe, Kate 214

Stoy, John, 208

Stradling, J. M 210

Stradling. Mrs. J. M 210

Stratton, Charles P 141, 213

Stratton, Dr. James, 5, 10

Street, Dr. A. E., 118, 176, 210,277

Street, Dr. Charles W., iiS

Street, Dr. Christopher S., 118

Street, Dr. J. G., 100

Street, L. H 180

Street, Dr. Marvin A., 118

Strickland, Rev. W. C, 217

Strock, Dr Daniel,

140, 175, 189, 193, 201, 218, 219, 220,

222, 230, 232, 241, 242, 246, 247. 248,

258, 259, 260, 270, 276, 282, 2S4

Stroud, Dr. F. G., 1S6, 189, 196, 279

Sullivan, Dr. John L., 93

Surgeons :

National Guard, N. J., 97, 121, 177,

269

N. J. Military, Order of 218, 269

Railroad, 192, I95

Revolutionary, 5

U. S. Army, 69, 77, 255

U. S. Navy, 81

U. S. Pension, I77

Veterinary 221

302

History Medical Profession Camden County.

Surgeon General of N.J.,.. 97, 218, 269
Surgeon General of N. J., Assistant,

271
Surgery :

Abdominal , 244

Antiseptic, ....190, 194, 199

Major, 282

Sutton, B. Frank, 210

Sutton, Dr. John H., 175, 217

Sweeten, Susan, 255

vSynnott, Dr. Martin S., 8, 149

Synnott, Thomas W., 142

Tallman, Dr. Benjamin, 5

Tarns, Mrs. Ida Virginia, 264

Taylor, George E., 103

Taylor, Mrs. George E., 210

Taylor, Dr. H. Genet,

58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 70, 77, 83, 91, 93,
96, 97, 98, 103, 107, 108, 120, 121,
127, 129, 133, 138, 139, 145, 146, 151,
154, 161, 177, 178, 185, 194, 196, 197,
199. 213, 217, 219, 228, 230, 258, 259,
260, 277, 284

Taylor, H. Genet, Jr., 258

Taylor, Marmaduke B., 106

Taylor, Othuiel G.,....92. 124, 186, 226
Taylor, Dr. Othniel H.,

8, II, 16, 17, 19, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31,
38, 40, 51, 53, 89, 91, 104, 115, 276

Taylor, Richard Cooper 258

Taylor, Dr. Robert G.,

66, 83, 131, 149, 195, 197

Taylor, Dr. William G 108, 129, 131

Tenotomy, 87

Test, Richard W., 91, 107, 124, 180

Thackera, Daniel, 142

Thoman, F. G., 124

Thomas, Dr. W. G., 45, 51,54

Thompson, Alicia B., 262

Thompson, Mrs. C. G., 268

Thompson, Dr. T. B., 245

Thompson, William J., 208

Thompsonians, 13

Thornton, Dr. Jacob P., 8, 11, 17

Tidball, Mrs. Thomas A., 266

Tokarska, Theresa, 255

Tomlinson, Dr. Edwin,

39, 114, 134, 163, 279
Townsend, Dr. E. P.,

154, 157, 178, 186, 244, 279

Treen, Florence L., 264

Trichina, 191

Troth, Henry, 142

Troth, Mary L., 143

Truscott, J. Lynn, 187

Tuberculin, 252

Tuberculosis 246, 247

Tullis, Dr. Eli R.,

loi, 117, 120, 144, 210, 278

Tullis, Mrs. E. R., 210

Tuttle, Dr. C. P., 118

Twelves, Mrs. Richard, 266

Tyler, W. B 217

Ty rotoxicon , 20 1

Tyson, Dr. James, 169

Uebelacker, Dr. A., 256

Underhill, Mrs. G. R., 268

University :

Brown , 223

Bucknell, 108, 114, 282

Cornell, 144

Pennsylvania, 4, 253

Uterus, Rupture of, 112

Vaccination, 166. 167, 173, 204

Van Benschoten, George, 172

Van Leer, Dr. Benjamin 5

Van Lennep, Dr. W. H., 211, 274

Van Valin, Mrs. C. R. A., 267

Vansant, J. A., 103

Vansant, Mrs. J. A., 102

Varick, Dr. Theodore R.,...97, 148, 218

Variola, 51

Varioloid , 51

Varney, Mrs. A. R., 217

Varney, Tliaddeus P., 205, 249

Ven ton , Zober , 208

Veterans, Sons of, 145, 176

Veterinarians, 221, 285

Voorhets, Peter, L.,

102, 141, 212, 213, 217, 258
Voorhees, Peter V.,

187, 217, 228, 258, 262
Vroom, Mrs. George A., ....269

Wakefield, Mrs. G. W., 273

Wallace, Dr. C. J., loi

Wallace, Dr. Shippen, 201

Wallace, Dr. S. G., 118

Wallins, Dr. M. W,, 100

Walmsley, Dr. James A.,

98, 119, 140, 144, 193, 206, 250

Walmsley Dr. J. Winter, 256, 259

Walsh, Dr. J. F.,

131. 132, 135. 146, 186, 189, 191, 213,
258, 282, 284

Walter, Dr. Harry, 221

Wars :

Civil 62, 63, 67, 89

French and Indian, 4, 253

"1812," 5

Mexican 10

Revolutionary 2, 5

Ward, E. A., 169

Ward, Dr. Walter, 100

Index

305

PAGE

Waring, Anna 143, 259

Waring, Thomas, 259

Warner, Dr. J. C 6

Warner, J. \\ ., 251

Warnock, Dr. William,

175, 187, 193, 227
Water-supply :

Camden 53, 62, 119, 194, 195, 207

Gloucester City, 195, 207, 251

Haddonfield, 195, 207

Merchantville, 195, 207

Waters, Mrs. W T., 268

Watson, Dr B. A., 217

Watson, Charles, 204, 210, 249

Watson, Mrs. Joseph H., 102

Watson, Naomi B , 262

Watson, Dr. W. P 255, 256

Waugh, Mrs. K. E. vS 260

Weatherby, Dr. J. C 6

Weatherby, Joseph P 187

Welch, Dr. George T., 246

Welch, Mrs. Marie E., 263

Wells, Frank, 277

Wells, Mrs. Richard 267

Wentz, Thomas, 169

West, Dr. B. R., 118

West, Dr. Maximilian,

98, 131, 132, 133, 134

Westcott, Hon. J. Leighton, 250

Westcott, Dr. Thomas D, 108, 113

Westcott, Dr. William A., 175

Westville 242

Westwood, Rev. John R 260

White, Dr. J. Orlando,

88, 94, 107, 108, III, 121, 131, 153,

241

Wickes, Dr. Stephen, 140

Wilbur, Dr. G F.,- 256

Wilcox, Rev. Moses, 187

Wildman, Rachel C, 260

Wiley, Dr. John, '. 73

Wilkinson, Dr. R M., loi

Williams, Dr. Alban, 74

Williams, Dr. Charles S., 221

Williams, David H., 208

Williams, Dr. F. E.,

99, loi, 117, 144, 171, 206

Williams, Thomas A. J., 260

Williams, Dr. W. C, 117, 273

PAGE

Wills, Dr. Daniel, 3

Wills, Dr. Jesse J., 186, 189, 193, 283
Wills, Dr, Joseph H.,

175. 179. 186, 189, 193, 194,213,217,
222, 229, 232, 2^6, 242, 259, 260, 283,

284

Wilson, George E., 9&

Wilson, Mrs. George E., 102

Wilson, Dr. H. Augustus, 242

Wilson, Henry B.,

103, 187, 228, 2jO, 262

Wilson, Mrs. Henry B., 102

Wilson, Isaac P., 169

Wilson, Lewis H., 143

Wilson, Thomas A., 91, 107

Wingender, Dr. W. P. ,....256, 279, 281

Wise, Florence, 215

Wistar , Josiah , 1 42

Wood, Alexander C, 142, 258

Wood, Allan C, 250

Wood, Dr. J. B., 118

Wood, Mary Emma S , 142

Wood, Samuel, 208

Wood Susan S., 142

Woodhull, John T., 146

Woodruff, Dr. A. D.,..8, 12, 19, 34, 113
Woodward, Dr. George D.,

99, loi, 117, 175, 211, 223, 273, 282
Woolston, Dr. Elijah B.,

57. 68, 77, 134, 192

Worrell, Dr. M. F., 118

Worthington, Dr. A. H., 255, 256

Wright, Mrs. Abigail M., 212

Wright, John W.,

141, 212, 213, 217, 258

Wright, Dr. Willard, 161, 245

Wroth, Dr. J. H.,

133. •37> 146, 151. 157
Wynn, Dr. E. S., 98

York, Duke of, i, 3

Young, Mrs. Charles E., 267

Young, Dr. I. Gilbert, ...59, 65, 83, 158

Zell, Col. T. Elwood, 96

Zimmerman, Mrs. Walter, 269

ft»

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Full text of "History of the medical profession of Camden County, N. J., : including a brief review of the charitable institutions within the county"

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